IMiilol 5 Ply riiPHIi^n lliv 'A^im'^fiiunk:^. 5{-|s»fjia^j?js;ifnL> YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Passaic Valley NEW JERSEY IN THREE CENTURIES Historical and Descriptive Records of the Valley and the Vicinity of the Passaic j^ Past and Present a* Illustrated By JOHN WHITEHEAD, LL.D. The New Jersey Qpnealoglcal Company 136 Liberty Street ? New York 9 1901 a i^ /^' '-' ./ THE WINTHROP PRESS NEW TORK DEDICATED TO THE Memory of the courageous men and -women who, for principle and conscience, abandoned home and country, and founded an empire devoted to human liberty in this Western World; and to their descendants, who have preserved the virtues and emulated the heroism of their ancestors. JOHN WHITEHEAD. Morristown, N. J., October, 1901. " 1 see the white sails on the main ; I see, on all the strands, Old Europe's exiled households crowd, and toil's unnumbered hands — From Hessenland and Frankenland, from Danube, Drave, and Rhine, From Netherland, my sea-born land, and the Norseman's hills of pine. From Thames, and Shannon, and their isles — and never, sure, before, Invading hosts such greeting fouud upon a stranger shore. The Generous Genius of the AVest his welcome proffers free ; 'T is a good land to fall in with, men, and a pleasant land to see ! " They learn to speak one language; and they raise one flag adored Over one people evermore, and guard it with the sword; In gay hours gazing on its four and fourty stars above. And hail it with a thousand songs of glory and of love. Old airs of many a fatherland still mingle with the cheer. To make the love more glowing still, the glory still more dear — Drink up-seas out ! join hands about ! bear chorus all," chants he; " 'T is a good land to fall in with, men, and a pleasant laud to see ! " — Ancient Chronicles. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. The Passaic Eiver — Geological Formations. . . 1-14 General Description — The Seven Counties — Tributary Streams — Dead River, the Whippany, the Rockaway, the Pequanuock, the Pomp- ton, aud Others — Little Falls — Its Scenery — Nature's Changes — The Great Falls — Gorge Formations — From Passaic to Newark — The Hackensack River — The Salt Meadows. CHAPTER II. Paterson — Its Inception and Growth. . . . 15-28 Alexander Hamilton and his Great Project — The Society for Estab lishing Useful Manufactures — Legislation — Governor William Paterson — Incorporation of the City — Courts and Civil Government — Major L'Enfant — A Ship Canal — Erection of Factories — Character of the Inhabitants — Modern Paterson. CHAPTER III. Bernard Township and Its Noted Men. . . . 29-51 General Features — Madisonville-^The "Coffee House" — Bernards- ville — Railroad Facilities — Vealtown — Basking Ridge — Churches — Revolutionary Incidents — Charles Lee and Washington — Capture of Lee — " White's Tavern " — William Alexander, Lord Stirling — His Parents and Sisters — Wedding of William Duer and Lady Kitty — Andrew Kirkpatrick — Samuel L. Southard — The Missouri Compromise Resolutions — Williain Lewis Daytou — Judicial Changes — Organization of the Republican Party — The Fremont and Dayton Campaign- — Lin coln and Dayton — Dayton's Work and Death in Paris. VI contents CHAPTER IV. Somerset County — Continued. ..... 53-69 The First Settlers of Bernard Township— James Pitney— The Alex ander Family — (Joveruor Francis Bernard — Millington — Long Hill — Some Geological Theories — Frederick Nishwish — Organization of Somerset Coimty — Courts — Division of the State into Four Counties — Middlesex County— Noted Families of Somerset— The Campbells, Governor William Pinhorne, and the Duchess of Gordon — The Fre- linghuysens — The Smith Family — Peter Sonmans — The Stocktons — Garven Lawrie — The " Fundamental Constitution " — The Van _ Nest Family — Revolutionary Memories — The Encampment at Somerville — The Wallace House. CHAPTER V. Mendham and Other Towns. ..... 71-82 Physical Characteristics — Early Settlement — The Pitney Family — Other Pioneers — Stirling and Gillette — The Lindsley Family — Long Hill — Rev. James Caldwell, the " Fighting Parson " — Battle of Springfield — The Ludlows — Myersville — Passaic Township in the Revolution — The Wick House and Tempe Wick. CHAPTER VI. The Great Swamp — Passaic Lake. .... 83-89 Geological Formation — Professor George H. Cook's Theory — General Features — State Geologists' Reports — Ice Movements. CHAPTER VII. Passaic and Chatham Townships. .... 91-106 General Features — William Pitt, Earl of Chatham — The Great Swamp — Railroads — Stanley — George Shepard Page — Churches and Schools — Chatham — The Lum and Other Families — Aftou — John Hancock— Florham Park — Leslie D. Ward, M.D. — The Convent of Saint Elizabeth — Union Hill, Green Village, and Other Places. CHAPTER VIII. The Borough of Madison 107-115 Hanover — Origin of " Bottle Hill '" — General Characteristics of Madison — Churches — D. Willis .James — The Library — Jeremiah Baker — Daniel Drew and Drew Seminary — Vincent Boisaubin — An Historic Funeral. contents vii CHAPTER IX. Morris Toavnship and Morristown. . . . 117-132 Early Settlers and Land Conveyances — William Penn — Rev. Timo thy Johnes — Puritan Immigration — Discovery of Iron Ore — Churches —New and AVest Hfinover — An Ecclesiastical Quarrel — Presbyterian- ism — Church Records — The Condict and Mills Families Colonel Jacob Ford — The Ford Mansion, Washington's Headquarters — The Piersons, Johnsons, Whiteheads, and Others — Major Jacob Arnold — The New Element in Morristown. CHAPTER X. Morristown — Continued. 133-143 Churches — The First and Seeond Presbyterian Societies — The Bap tist Denomination — The Methodists — Protestant Episcopal Churches — The Roman Catholics — Colored Congregations. CHAPTER XI. The Morristown Library — Revolutionary His tory. 145-155 Chartered by the Legislature — William L. King — Morristown in the Revolution — The First Winter — The Arnold Tavern — Colonel Jacob Ford, Jr., and his Powder Mill — All Souls Hospital — The Second Encampment — Continental Currency — Patriotic Citizens — The Ford Mansion — Patriotism of the Women — The First Telegraph Line — Speedwell and its Iron Manufactures. CHAPTER XII. Hanover Township. 157-174 Local Characteristics — Villages and Hamlets — Whippany — The Whipanong Hall and Library Association — H. C. Reynolds — An Elec tric Railway Project — Iron Manufacture — Morris Plains — The State Asylum for the Insane — Mount Tabor and Methodism — Church Or ganizations — -Rev. Jacob Green — Parsippany — The Kitchells — Rhoda Farrand — Andrew B. Cobb — General J. Condit Smith — Beaverwyck and the Boudinot Family — Old Boonton in the Revolution — A Cannon Foundry — Hanover and Hanover Neck — David Young, the Almanac Maker, vill contents CHAPTER XIII. Montville and Vicinity. ..... 175-185 The Hook Mountain Rsiiige — Meadow or Swamp Lands — Mont ville and the Uyle Kill — Churches — Holland Immigrations — The Morris Canal — Distilleries and Other Manufactures — Stone Quarrying — Taylortowii and Whitehall — Beavertown, now Lincoln Park — Pine Brook — Dutch Families. CHAPTER XIV. Boonton Township and Borough. .... 187-197 The Iron Industry — Mine Ridge — William and John Scott — The New Jersey Iron Company — Decline of Iron Manufacturing — Dudley B. Fuller — An Era of Prosperity — In Revolutionary Times — Sheep Hill — William Girard Lathrop and the Iron Interests — Modern Boon- ton — Churches and Other Institutions — A Romantic Spot — John Jacob Faeseh. CHAPTER XV. The Township of Pequannock 199-209 Descriptive Notes — Butler — Pompton Plains — Lincoln Park — Jack sonville and Stony Brook — Railroads — Riverdale — Holland Settlers and the ludians — English Land Claims — Grant of the Duke of York — Berkeley and Carteret — Governor Richard Nicolls — Indian Laud Titles — Arent Schuyler and Anthony Brockholst — Dutch Character istics. CHAPTER XVI. Morris County — Concluded. ..... 211-225 Organization of Hunterdon County and of the Countv of Morris — Local and Civil Affairs — First Court and Township Officers — Pioneer Settlements — The Hollanders — English Immigration — The Germans — Settlemeu., the Result of an Accident — Morris County iu the Revo lution — First Demonstrations — Stamp Act Troubles — Patriotism of tbe People — The Army Welcomed with Open Arms — \Vomeu in the Struggle — Lewis Morris. CHAPTER XVII. Passaic County 227-237 Irregularity of Formation — Mountains and Streams — Greenwood Lake — The Bearfoot Mountains — Lake Maccipin — Railroads — Dutch Settlers — Incorporation of the Coimty — Paterson — Townships and Boroughs — Little Falls, Passaic, and Acqiiackanonk. contents IX CHAPTER XVIII. West Milford, Pompton, and Wayne. . . . 239-248 The Wanaqua Valley — Iron Manufactures — German Immigration — The Kanouse Family — Schools and Churches — Agricultural and Mill ing Interests — Kaolin Deposits — The Ringwood Mines — Dutch Settlers — The Ryerson Family — Pompton Lakes — Wayne and its Villages — Arent Schuyler and Anthony Brockholst — Manufacturing — Anthony Wayne. CHAPTER XIX. Little Falls and Manchester 249-257 The Eight Acquackanonk ¦ Purchasers — Dutch Families — Singac — Iron, Carpet, and Other Manufactures — Stone Quarries — Organization of Little Falls — Schools and Churches — Manchester — Boroughs and Schools — Manufacturing — Early Burial Grounds. CHAPTER XX. Acquackanonk Toavnship 259-268 Description and Orthography — Indian Names — First Settlement in the County — The Acquackanonk Purchasers — Grant to Christopher Hoagland — The " Landing " — In the Revolutionary Period — The Famous Van Winkle Deed. CHAPTER XXI. Passaic County — Concluded. .... 269-278 Dutch Settlers — The Reformed Dutch Denomination — Methodism — Other Religious Societies — Schools — Impressions of the People — Development of Water Power — The City of Passaic — Paterson — Its Churches, Schools, Newspapers, and Inhabitants — Cosmopolitan Fea tures — Clifton, Athenia, Haledon, and Other Villages. CHAPTER XXII. Bergen County 279-292 Early Settlers^ — Townships — Original Boundaries of the County — Indian Traders — Jersey City — Bergen in the Revolution — Raids and Invasions — Washington and Lafayette — War Taxes — Hohokus — Rod man M. Price — Ramsey's — Colonel Provost, Madam Jnmel, and Aaron Burr — Allendale, Mahwah, and Darlington. X contents CHAPTER XXIII. Bergen County — Concluded. .... 293-312 Franklin Township — The Wortendyke Family — Oakland, Crystal Lake, Midland Park, and Wyckoff — William Franklin — Ridgewood — Churches — Godwinville — Saddle River — The Doremus Family — Mid land and its Revolutionary Interests — The Demarest Family — River Edge — Lodi — Carlstadt — Woodridge — Union Township — The Penning- tous and Sandfords — Rutherford — Kingsland and Lyndhurst — The Schuyler Copper Mines. CHAPTER XXIV. Essex County and Elizabethtown. . . . 313-329 Organization of Courts and Counties — Old and Modern Essex — Elizabethtown — Inducements to Settlers — Berkeley and Carteret — Local Characteristics — Distinguished Citizens — Boudinot, Livingston, and Others — Revolutionary Incidents — Elizabethport. CHAPTER XXV. The Puritan Settlers 331-346 Formation of Essex County — The Connecticut Immigrants — Their Principles aud Characteristics — A God-fearing People — Berkeley and Carteret's " Grants and Concessions " — Robert Treat — Arrival of the Colony at Newark — The Fundamental Agreement and its Signers — Troubles with the Indians — Robert Treat's Story — The Two Indian Deeds — The Founding of Newark. CHAPTER XXVI. The Founding of Newark 347-357 Laying out the Town — Bounds Described by the Queen Anne Charter — The First Settlers — Their Characteristics — Government of the Colony — The Plotting of " Home " Lots— The Plume and Other Fam ilies — Religious Matters — StreetSj^Parks, and Water Courses — Schools. CHAPTER XXVII. Newark — In the Revolution and the Rebellion. 359-372 Churches and Schools — Growth of the City — Manufaotiu'ing — Trade with the Sonth — Revolutionary History — Prompt Response of the Citi zens — Raids and Outrages — The Minutemen — Names on the Rolls — The Civil War — -Patriotic Responses — Regimental Organizations — General Philij) Kearney. contents XI CHAPTER XXVIII. Ira'ington, Montclair, and the Oranges. . . 373-388 Camptown, now Irvington — Early Settlers — Tory Corner — Belle ville, Bloomfield, Orange, and Springfield — Montclair — West Orange — ¦. Llewellyn S. Haskell and Llewellyn Park — Thomas A. Edison — Saint Cloud and George B. McClellan — South Orange — The Old Stone House — East Orange. CHAPTER XXIX. Clinton, Franklin, Belleville, Verona, Caldwell. 389-406 The Township of Clinton — Camptown and its " Navy Yard " — State Fair Grounds — Irvington — Franklin and Belleville — Ancient Dwell ings — Nutley — A'eroua — Its Lake and Park — Caldwell. CHAPTER XXX. Essex County — Concluded 407-417 Livingston Township — The Teed Family — Milburn — Wyoming and Short Hills — Stewart Hartshorne — Orange and the Mountain Society — Development of the Town — Interesting Reminiscences. CHAPTER XXXI. The County of Hudson. ..... 419-433 The Village of Bergen — Grants of Stuyvesant and Carteret — Bergen County as Originally Formed — Creation of Townships, Cities, and Towns — Railroads — Hoboken Hacking and Ahasinius — Michael Pauw and the Pavonia Colony — Planck's and Van A^orst's Plantations — Gov ernor Kieft — The Massacre of Pavonia — Early Settlers — The Queen Anne Charter — Common Lands — Hudson County Families. CHAPTER XXXII. Hudson County — Concluded. . . . 435-444 Captain William Sandford's Purchase — Nathaniel Kingsland — New Barbadoes Neck — Colonel Peter Schuyler — " New Town" — Roads — Kearney Township — The State Soldiers' Home — Harrison and East Newark — Revolutionary Incidents — Lee's Attack on Paulus Hook — Bergen Neck Evacuated. CHAPTER XXXIII. The County of Union. 445-454 Scenery and Natural Features — Elizabeth- -New Providence — Mur ray Hall, Berkeley Heights, aud other Towns — Summit — Jonathan C. Bonnel — The Beacon and " Old Sow " — Finis. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS A patriotic barber 354 A Song for the Union 368 After a, blizzard 240 Alexander, James 34 Alexander, Mrs. James 35 Alexander, William 33 American Peace Commissioners. . 146 Amsterdam, Holland 64 Amsterdam, Holland, Street in . . 397 Amsterdam City Hall, Holland, before 1615 215 An old house 41 1 Arms and autograph of Robert Hunter 431 Arnold Tavern, Morristown 151 Arrival of Lafayette in 1824 ... 364 At a comity fair 246 Autograph and arms of Robert Hunter 431 Autograph of Lord Berkeley .... 65 Autograph of Philip Carteret . 65 Autograph of Richard Nicolls . . 323 Autograph of William Bradford . 336 Baldwin homestead 383 Bellin's, S., map 72 Belt of wampum 266 Bergen and Buyten Tuyu in 1660 . 422 Bergen County, maps of . . .280, 289 Berkeley, Lord, autograph of . . 65 Bible, ancient 272 Block's " Figurative Map "... 7 Boston massacre l.'H Boudinot arms 326 Boudinot, Elias 326 Boudinot house, Elizabeth . 446 Bows and arrows 23 Bradford house at Plymouth . . . 335 Bradford, William, autograph of . 336 Breukelen in Holland 244 British officers, uniforms of 153 British troops, departure of 159 British troops, entry of 140 Campaign medals 48 Carteret arms 206 Cateret, Philip, autograph of. 65 Castle Point, Hoboken 432 Central Part of Rahway 453 Charles 1 420 Chaves, Alonzo, map of 2 Church 257 Church at Bergen, 1680 143 Church, the first, in Newark. . . . 355 City Hall, Amsterdam, Holland, before 1615 215 City Hall at The Hague 294 Clinton arms 391 Clinton, De AVitt 390 Cockloft Hall and summer house 351 Colonial chatelaine 409 Colonial coin 349, 372, 388 Colonial currency, 202, 237, 254, 350, 361 Colonial gentleman 20 Colonial Jack 82 llSTDEX -TO ILLUSTRATIONS Xlll Colonial pistol 277 Colonial silver 99 Colonial tea set of gold 30 Colonial vase 306 Colt's Hill, Patersoii 235 Conflict with the Indians 6 Congress, medfil of 28 Continental currency 268 Continental soldier 76 Country Club house, Hutton Park 387 Country home, a 408 Country tavern, a 410 Crane Tavern, the 328 " Crazy " quilt 230 Crown of George II 59 Dayton, William L 43 " Deep a Voll " homestead. Mid land Park 296 Departure of the British troops . . 159 Doremus house at Bloomfield. . . . 376 Dragoon officer 148 Duke of York's seal 207 Dutch Church 200 Dutch country people 180 Dutch courtship 219 Dutch house 19 Dutch patroon 247 Dutch town, showing crow-stepped gables 299 Dutch windmill 106 E Pluribus Unum 357 East Jersey,- seal of 58 Eastside Park, Paterson 26 Edison, Thomas A 380 Edison, Thomas A., residence of. 375 Elizabethtown in 1840 316 " Figurative Map," Block's 7 First church in Newark 355 First State House at Trenton . . 212 First telegraph line 154 First view of New Amsterdam, . . 178 Flag of Holland 27 Flag of the Thirteen Colonies . . . 329 Flag of the West India Company 265 Ford Mansion, Morristown 130 Fort Lafayette 371 Fort Lee in 1776 263 Fort Wadsworth and the Nar rows 436 Fort Washington and vicinity in 1779 284 Frelinghuysen, Frederick T. . . . 63 Frelinghuysen, Theodore, facing. 61 Frelinghuysen, Theodore 62 Fremont, John C, medallion .... 45 Gate-house and dam at Ursino Lake 318 George I, Great Seal of 55 George II 109 George II, crown of 59 George II, Great Seal of 56 George II, shilling of 114, 433 George III 112 " Glenmont," residence of Thomas A.Edison 375 Great Falls at Paterson 8, 9, 18 Great Seal of George I . . 55 Great Seal of George II 56 Great Seal of James II 205 Greenwood Lake, views at 228 Grenadier officer 80 " Half Moon," the 209 " Half Moon " leaving Amster dam 183 Hall of the Knights, Binnenhof, Holland 393 Hamilton, Alexander, facing ... 16 Hamilton-Burr duelling ground . . 424 Hamilton Grange, New York. ... 16 Hamilton's tomb in Trinity churchyard 17 Hanging a Tory 223 Hasbrouck Institute, Jersey City 441 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Haskell, Llewellyn S., bust of . . . 379 Hessian hut 292 Highlander, a 442 Hoboken in 1770 423 Home for Aged Women, Eliza beth 446 Homestead of John Mills 128 Homestead, the Baldwin 383 Horseneek Bridge, views near . . 25 House in Amsterdam, Holland . . 267 Hudson County, map of 429 Hudson in the Highlands 204 Hudson River, scenes on. . 281, 297 Hunter, Robert, arms and auto graph 431 Indian ceremonial stone 262 Indian chieftains, 74, 196, 213, 260, 309 Indian group in Lincoln Park, Newark 315 Indian king ... 341 Indian mortar and pestle 96 Indian Primer, title page of 343 Indian speciraens 86 Indian totemic signatures 87 Indian totems 342 Indian vase 344 Indian vessel 102 Indians, conflict with 6 Irving, Washington 352 Irving, Washington, home of . 392 James 1 334 James II, Great Seal of 205 Jersey prison ship 118 Kearney, General Philip, facing . . 370 Kieft's mode of punishment 426 King's statue, tearing down .... 81 Kirkpatrick, Andrew 36 Lafayette, General 287 Lafayette, arrival of, iu 1824. . . 364 Lexington, news of 136 Liberty enlightening the world . . 274 Liberty Hall, Elizabethtown . 324, 451 Liberty placard , 221 Lincoln, Abraham 50 Little Falls, view at 4, 252 Livingston arras 35 Livingston sugar house. New York 303 Llewellyn Park, entrance to ... . 378 Log cabin 14 Lower Green at Newark 333 Madison, James 110 Manhattan Island iu the sixteenth century 270 Map of Adriaen Van der Donck 11 Map of Alonzo Chaves 2 Map of Bergen and Buyten Tuyn 422 Map of Bergen Coimty 280, 289 Map of Hudson County 429 Map of New Amsterdam 169 Map of New Jersey m 168C 84 Map of New York City, the earliest 282 Map, Popple's 12 Map of S. Bellin 72 " Mayflower," the 51 McClellan, George B 381 Medal of the Revolution 225 Mill on the Saddle River 300 Mills, .John, homestead 128 Monuraent at Springfield 78 Morris arms 132 Morris, Lewis 224 Morristown in 1828 123 New Amsterdam, first view ul'. .. 178 New Amsterdam in 1656 189 New Amsterdam, map of 169 New Amsterdam, seal of . . 182 New Jersey, map of, in 1680 .... 84 " New Netherland," the 217 New Netherlands, seal of 66 New York City, earliest map of . 282 New York City iu the Revolution ary period 438 New York in 1673 305 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS XV New York in 1732 192 New York, part of, in 1666 339 New York, seal of, in 1686 ... 345 Newark iu 1832 348 Newark, Lower Green 333 Newark, view of old 321 News of Lexington 136 Nicolls, Richard, autograph of . . 323 North Park, Elizabeth 450 Ogden, Aaron 39 Ogden, Col. Josiah, saving his hay on Sunday 338 Old farm house 398 Old house 250 Old print 163 Old residence 194 Ou the march 173 Orange orphan house .415 Palisaded village 88 Passaic River -1, 8. U, 13, 25 Paterson, Colt's Hill 235 Paterson, Great Falls S, 9, 18 Paterson, William 22 Peace Commissioners, American . 146 Penn, William 120 Pennington, William 47 Pitt, William 92 Pompton, old Revolutionary house at 242 Popple's plan of 1733 12 Presbyterian Church in Newark 360 Rahway, central part of 453 Republican campaign raedals .... 48 Revolution, medal of 225 Revolutionary house at Pompton . 242 Revolutionary monument at Sum mit 452 Rhinelander sugar house, Nevv York 302 Rosa Americana coin 454 Royal troops entering New York . 140 Runyon, Theodore 369 Saddle River, mill on 300 Saint James's Church, Elizabeth. 448 Schnoering, John, property of . . . 296 Schuyler arms 208 Schuyler, Peter 437 Seal of East Jersey 58 Seal of New Amsterdam 182 Seal of New Netherlands . 66 Seal of New York in 1686 345 Seal of the Duke of York 207 Second PresbytfHnn Church, Eliz abeth 447 Shilling of George II 1 14, 433 Ship 406 Silver dollar of 1794 125 Snufl' boxes 186 Southard, Sarauel L 38 Springfield, monument at 78 Stage coach, an early 94 Stamp-act stamp 222 State House, first, at Trenton. ... 212 Statue of Washington in Wall Street 152 Stirling, Lord 33 Stone house at South Orange . . . 384 Street in Amsterdam, Holland . . 397 Stuyvesant, Petrus, grave of 283 Stuyvesant's Bowery house . . . 430 Stuyvesant's pear tree 322 Suburban house 261 Summit, Revolutionary monument at 452 " Sunnyside," Washington Irv ing's home 392 Tankard, ancient 89 Tearing down the King's statue in New York 81 Telegraph line, the flrst 154 Thirteen colonies, flag of 329 Uniforras of British officers .... 153 Valley of the Roeks at Paterson. 18 Van Cortlandt Arms 395 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS Van Der Donck, Adriaen, map. . 11 Van Wagouer horaestead at Pas saic 276 Verona Lake and Park . ... 401 View 417 View of old Newark 321 " Vyyer " at The Hague 232 Wallace House, near Somerville . 67 Wampum, belt of 266 Washington chair, a 311 Washington, General, reconnoiter ing 440 Washington, George, facing 150 AVashington, George (Peale's 150 portrait) 68 Washington, Martha 149 Washington, President, writing desk of 443 Washington, statue of, in Wall Street 152 Washington taking the oath as President 365 Washington's bookplate 444 Washington's chair 363 W ashington's headquarters, 67, 130, 151 AA'ashington's writing table 304 Wayne, Anthony, note to Wash ington 248 West India Company, flag of ... . 265 Whitehead, John, LL.D. .Frontispiece Windmill 106 Winthrop, John, of Connecticut. 332 Winthrop, John, of Massachusetts 337 i*.t:i\.'crf, ~J^'^{'> r*Y. "V- "^'^ 7l^ip¦?¦, ,, 5''*? -> , 'VJ CHAPTER I THE PASSAIC RIVER — GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS HE PASSAIC RIVER in all respects is a NeAV Jersey stream. It has its rise in this State; its whole course is Avithin its borders; and its journey is ended by its waters being poured into Newark Bay a short distance south of the City of Newark. It is the longest and most important river in New Jersey; it turns more mills, operates more factories, and furnishes more Avater poAver for the uses of man than any other stream of its size. Ninety miles only in length from its source to its final deposit, it drains eight hundred and more square miles of seven counties and forms the nat ural boundarj^ lines between parts of those seven counties : Morris, Somerset, Union, Essex, Passaic, Bergen, and Hud son. Its value to the State, and especially to these seven counties, is beyond calculation, nor can it be estimated. It rises in jMorris County, near Mendham, in swampy ground, though in a mountainous region, at an elevation of nearly nine hundred feet, and begins its race to the ocean, running in a general course east of south for about ten miles, receiving scA^eral small brooks, and draining a large swamp, thereby increasing the volume of Avater sufficiently to operate scAcral mills. For this distance it courses over a very picturesque country, in some places presenting bold and rather romantic landscapes, but forming no immediate 2 THE PASSAIC VALLEY appreciable valley. It is for a part of this ten miles the natural boundary line between Morris and Somerset Coun ties. When it reaches a point almost directly south of Mil lington, and Avhere it receives Dead River, it turns abruptly, northeasterly, Avitli a horseshoe-like curve, still dividing the two counties. It then, however, and almost immediately, changes its sAvift movement and becomes exceedingly slow Jounl» limTIariSt^ A SECTION OF THB MAP OF ALONZO CHAVES. Showing the Enstern Coast of the United States. Beconstructed frum the deecriptioD of Oviedo in hia " Historia General," &c. 1537. By B. F. De Costa. To which is added an extract from the Mqp of Ribero. , . —tr' — >/• -«' —if" and sluggish, in which characteristic it is excelled by no other stream. This lazy movement is retained until it ap proaches Little Falls in Passaic County. The descent for nearly the whole distance is only about four feet to the mile. After receiving the waters of Dead Eiver, a Somerset stream, near Millington, Union Tounty is soon found be tween Warrenville and New Providence, and then the river THE TASSj^aC RIVER 3 runs between Union and .Morris a short distance beyond the bridge of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Kail- road, just Avest of Sumndt, to Chatham Township, in the last named county. Thence it flows, still slowly, in a north- Avard direction to the extreme northwest corner of Caldwell Township in Essex, near Montville, in Morris, dividing the last tAvo named counties. In this course from Somerset to the end of Essex the river follows every direction of the com pass. When it reaches Passaic County, which it does al most immediately after leaving Caldwell, it makes another turn, this time eastward, and then it changes and becomes an impetuous, turbulent, SAvift-moving body of water. Between Somerset and Passaic its Avaters are largely aug mented by many considerable streams which have joined it. It also receives several brooks and creeks, some from Somer set, others from Morris, Union, and Essex. The Whippany, an important mill stream, and the EockaAvay, still more important, and both from Morris, unite in Hanover Town ship, a short distance from where their combined waters are added to the Passaic. The Pequanock, the Wanaque, or Wynockie, as it is sometimes called, and the Kamapo, uniting near Pompton in Passaic, form a large stream after that called the Pompton, and make great additions near the boundary line between Essex and Passaic, and only a few miles from Little Falls. When the river was in a state of nature the scene around it at Little Falls Avas grand and really sublime. The stream broadened and deepened, and, gathering its waves into one immense mass, as if preparing for the task before it, plunged down two almost perpendicular descents with a loud roar, dashing its foam up to the clouds. The fall here was fifty-one feet in a half mile; the river was three hundred feet wide and ten feet deep. The first descent was CHANGES OF NATURE 5 in a measure more gentle as compared \\'ith the other, Avhich Avas sixteen feet deep and much more grand and im pressive. The hand of man has been industriously at work here, and has materially changed the characti r and moA^ement of the river; it has marred, but not entirely destroyed, the natural beauty of the scene. Bi-fore man made his appear ance on the spot and interfered Avith Nature's work great changes took place. It is supposed by geologists that an immense lalvc existed at one time on what are now both banks of the ri\-er, extending from and involving the Avest- ern part of Somerset County, northward to Little Falls, and eastward and Avestward, including :Morris County and parts of the adjacent country. At some time in the history of the Avorld a mighty convulsion in the ice covering the land took place, and the lake broke open the barriers Avhich confined it and changed the Avhoh^ character of the land and water. The surface of the fiood receded, the ri\-er cut through the mountain, formed a channel for its fiow, drained the Avaters of the la,ke, and created Little Falls. But their position Avas ultimately changed and receded, perhaps, a distance of seven hundred feet from the wall front, Avhere the falls were three hundred feet broad and probably fifty feet deep. The falls have been blasted aAvay and entirely obliterated. The stream has been cribbed, confined, and made to play an important part as an appliance in ministei-ing to th<' Avants and demands of modern civilization. Large facto ries have been erected on the banks of the river, and have been supplied with a never failing and ahvays sufficient mo tive power and an impetus given to manufactures. The masterful mind of man has harnessed the Avaters, made them subservient to his Avill, and utilized them for his X)ur- poses. This motive power has moved many vast plants of THE PASSAIC VALLEY machinery, driven enormous wheels, and the builders of these factories have been enabled to make them hives of industry, employing hundreds of active, busy, intelligent Avorkmen. Great channels of trade and commerce have been opened, the community has been blessed, and thou sands have been benefited by the change from the rough, Avild scenes of nature to the peaceful evidences of man's in genuity, enterprise, and perseverance. Just beyond the falls the river passes un der the aque duct of the Mor ris Canal, with a noble arch made of cut stone of very beauti ful construc tion. Thence it makes its placid Avay, occasional ly agitated by a few ripples, but never disturbed by any considerable rapids, until after a travel of about five miles the Great Falls at Paterson are reached. The descent, hoAvever, betAveen the tAvo localities is sufficient at places to drive a few mills. The general direction of the river is now northeast erly, but as it reaches a point nearly, if not quite, midway between Little Falls and West Paterson, it makes a sharp turn to the southeast, and then about half a mile beyond this point it again resumes the northeasterly course. CONFLICT WITH THE INDIANS (dE BRY). CHANGES OF NATURE At West Paterson the Passaic crosses First Mountain through a gap Iavo miles wide. In the bottom of this gap the riA-er has cut a deep gorge, at the upper end of Avhich it block's " FIGURATIVE MAP,'' 1614. plunges over a narrow caiion seventy feet deep, and this is the " Great Falls." The ice, Avhen it moved and disappeared, undoubtedly created great changes in this locality, as it did at Little Falls; the bed of the river Avas lowered, the height of the 8 THE PASSAIC A^ALLEY water flowing in the river was materially lessened, the breadth, elevation, and location of the falls Avere changed, and the whole appearance of the land greatly altered. The original height of the descent of the Avater here Avas probably from one hundred and tAventy-five to one hundred and fifty feet, and the ledge over Avhich the descent was made must have been at least three hundred feet wide. The location of the falls, before this action of the ice movement, Avas several hundred feet away from its jiresent position. GREAT FALLS AT PATERSON. Had all these remained as they Avere before the ice moved such obstacles Avould have existed as Avould have obstructed man in his utilization of the appliances Avhich nature in her benevolence presented to him in this improved condition, fitted for his use, in serving his needs. How long a time Avas employed in arcompli-liing all these stupendous results is left entirely to conjecture. It is sim ply impossible to form any estimate whatever whether it was millions of years or less. No diita have been afl'orded 10 THE PASSAIC VALLEY by Avhich any proper judgment can be formed; no hand- Avriting of the Deity has been traced on the rocks. The ice has disappeared; it has left indubitable evidences of its former presence and of its mighty works; the waters have tunnelled the mountains, have cut great gaps in the earth, have forced the stubborn rock to yield to their irresistible power; the floods have receded from the earth, the dry land has appeared, the peaceful river now flows in its appointed course, and the heart of man has been gladdened by its beneficent influence. It is estimated that 1,493,100 cubic yards of trap rock alone have been removed from the gorges opened by the ice and water. Some idea may be formed of the amount of this material thus removed hy a reduction of the mass to feet. It Avill form a column three hundred feet long and four hundred and forty-seven feet high. Even this calcula tion will not enable us to estimate the time it took to remove the rock. It must be remembered that this statement only involves one kind of material which Avas removed. No esti mate can possibly be made of other substances carried away, such as shale, sand, gTavel, and earth. As the stream approaches its last descent it again widens as if preparing for its final and greatest effort, and then Avith an impetuous foi^e is driven over a chasm sixty feet in depth, in an unbroken sheet, into a narrow channel below sixty feet Avide, where it foams and dashes between high perpendicular, rocky Avails on either side, until it reaches a calm and broad basin, Avhich it has carved for itself by its OAvn inherent poAver out of the rock. From this reser voir it again assunies a swift moving motion, caused by a descent of twenty feet, and below the level of the plain around Paterson. Beyond that city it makes another sud den turn, this time southAvard, and then, pursuing a more IVOVA BEL, G I C A five N I E U W Xa4owila.c ¦ifi,ft Que!>ec^ a.,ufftn <© Colo iM'-it^f^wn ;i" , KeNSELAERS Tg-WTTCK „ ¦ ^ —^-y-^-^i^t^^ .AfartenGrrritfionx f>YZa.nT -. ., « „ ~ TntyS . , y,^---,^ ^^3^ i*«4 is,s.-* ;i.ij; ts*^*- ^'.(a.ytcCt' ''Van- CKtvhs ^K*^^ 1'^\^*N E D E R Minnessinclcofle -tCXGo^e-fanJ -t-' -..Ji^.r^i _ -^i — ^^^. ftroech IconeJcf ' S,M:i:haricnioiuik BOTUnS Kb Conn ik^l 4s*»' 'Warana..aii "Kius £rlifnt ^ fe^k" ^-'"' HORSI a'x/J^i _ rcfeii/i il I quapoekS p --A^? ' ^ ^ i Sanlticaxis MatavancoiLS ,<;«^ -^.^XjiK.id.'^- r^'^ / "C^^ I'AffuaiiacIiu^'mica / '-^y. %, -SnzLomex Naraticons f 5 f .K S l^o'^^ \ -'tdj'BeyeTiaveB'*^ - O R V ADRIAEN VAN DER DONCK's MAP, 1056. —- -»».-~-^ -.s —.^...¦¦¦.. . ¦g.^mv •popple's plan of 1733 iii* >? '^ f 5cale of Miles NEAVARli BAY AND N'IGINITV 13 peaceful movement for several miles, reaches the modern City of Passaic, Avhere it meets tidcAvater from the sea. Here, assuming moi-e and more the characteristics of a true river, it moves ouAvard Avith Avidening stream and dignified floAV until it unites its accumulated waters Avith those of the Hackensack and forms NcAvark Bay. During this course it receives several streams from Bergen County, of AA'^hich Preakness and Saddle Bivers are the principal. From Passaic to Newark the banks of the stream and its immediate A'alley jDresent most charming natural scenery. There are no high bluffs, no palisades, no mountain heights frowning doAvn upon the fiood below; gentle declivities, en livened by vale and valley, and occasional acres of woodland brighten the scene. ^Man's ingenuity and ai-t havt' added their charms to the work of nature; richly cultivated fields and fruitful farms are found on either side; Avell built villages, slioAving thrift and energy, elegant residences, Avhere wealth and taste have embellished their surrounrl- ings, are seen at every turn; occasional factories substan tially built, Avitli neat cottages surrounding them for their many employees and their families, evince by their appear ance industry and prosperity, and please the ej^e and glad den the heart of the utilitarian and economist. IMany bridges, in some instances of excellent and artistic struct ure, span the stream, affording facilities for travel by ordi- narv carriage and for several railroads. Numerous vessels, both steam and sail, ply up and doAvn, carrying merchan dise to different points, and rejoicing the hearts of those Avho delight in such evidences of enterprise. After leaving Newark and before its entrance into the bay the river passes through a fiat country extending east ward for several miles between the Passaic and Hacken sack Biver-*, and east of the last named stream and north- 14 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ward to the town of Hackensack in Bergen County. This section of country, containing mau}^ thousand acres of land, and called, generally, the " vSalt ^Meadows," Avas once cov ered by a groAvth of scrub pines and cedars, Avhich have now nearly all been cut off. It is intersected by numerous small creeks and ditches affected by the tides of the ocean, and is now covered by a growth of sedge, rushes, and salt grass. In the summer season large patches of marshmallows and other fiowering aquatic plants are scattered oA'er these low grounds and add greatly to the beauty of the landscape. The sea undoubtedly at one time flowed OA^er these acres. Several railroads traA'erse these meadoAvs on their Avay to the great metropolis of the republic, and near Newark many factories have been erected upon them. It is possible that in the near future they may be utilized for manufacturing purposes. Just before the Passaic makes its great plunge at the " Great Falls "an immense dam has been built across the stream and its waters have beeu utilized for the purposes of many large manufactories at Paterson. CHAPTEE II, PATERSON ITS INCEPTION AND GROWTH LEX ANDER HAMILTON, the first Secretary of the Treasury of the Unitcnl States under President Washington, has not in one respect received the aAvard of praise he deserves. His efforts to raise the standard of American industry were unwearied and were of the most practical character. He is remembered as a financier, as a statesman, and as a soldier, but is seldom if CA^er recognized as really the founder of protection to American manufactures. Late in the eighteenth century, at a time Avhen the manu facturing interests of the republic Avere in a formative state and the attention of statesmen was turned to that impor tant subject, Colonel Hamilton conceived the idea of the creation of an association which should. practically demon strate that the American people need no longer be depend ent upon foreign countries for manufactured products neces sary for ordinary use. His capacious, far-reaching mind embraced Iavo purposes in his scheme : First, that the citi zens of the then struggling republic should be taught the lesson of self-dependence and freedom from the thraldom of foreign producers; and, second, the introduction of a prin ciple of action into the policy of the country which would insure for the future the application of American industrj' 16 THE PASSAIC A'ALLEY to the manufacture of various kinds of goods which were in common demand, and make the people of the United States able not only to produce wliat was needed for home consumption, but in time to coiii])ete Avith foreign countries as exporters and cease alone to be importers. America, tlirough its varied climate and by its manifold appliances, could produce the raw material necessary for the manufac ture of CAery article needed for the ordinary demands of all classes in the cominunity. HAMILTON GRANGE, NEW YORK. The plan Avas a grand one, patriotic in all its aspects, and worthy of the great man Avho conceiA'cd it. But to carry it out to a practical result co-operation Avas needed. So Col onel Hamilton sought aid in his great project. He submit ted it to many leading cajiitalists and patriotic citizens of the time, and finallA', after much toil and great exertion and many discussions, a company Avas formed in the early part of 1791, by the active eft'orts of this distinguished states man, foi- establishing useful manufactures. Five thousand shares of stock, at one hundred dollars per share, A\-ere sab- scribed, but only 2,2GT shares Avere fully paid for. The ex- Enghy WdhomaifewYsr]' IIAAIILTON'S GREAT PRO.TECT 17 pressed iiurpose of the association was the manufacture of "all articles not prohibited by law." At first, however, it Avas determined that only cotton cloth should be made. At that time the appliances for the making of this material were very crude and imperfect as compared with those of modern times. Sir Eichard ArkAA'right's process had been iuA-ented, but it had not been submitted to any practical test, suflieient at least to insure success. In fact it was only partially liuoAvn in England. No cotton yarn even had been spun in Amer ica except by hand. /-Itr'^^5Sis,C ' ' "^ The price at which cotton fabrics were then sold abundant ly showed the diffi culty in its produc tion. That price was fifty cents a yard. The purposes of the originator of the scheme and of the first " contributors " were grand and far- reaching. Those plans embraced not only the manufacture in time of many and varied products, but also the founding of a vast emporium where innumerable factories should be erected; where immense plants of machinery in all its vari ous forms introduced; Avhere thousands of workmen should be employed; and from whence the whole Avorld should be supplied with Avhatever it inight need in the way of manufactures. Verily no other genius than that of a Ham ilton could have conceived so Avonderful a scheme, and it is greatly to be regretted that his masterful intellect had HAMILTON S TOMB IN TRINITY CHURCHYARD BEGINNINGS OP PATERSON 19 not been employed in perfecting the plan and in securing its perfect success. New Jersey Avas selected as the State in which a site should be chosen for this magniflcent enterprise, but the exact j)lace Avas not designated. That Avas postponed until some prior arrangements were carried out. In the meantime an exhaustive examination was being made of various localities where it was deemed that the contemplated factory should be erected, and at last the " Great Falls," as they were then called, on the Passaic, Avere selected. Paterson at that time had no existence, not even in name. There Avas a small hamlet on the opposite bank of the river known then as OttoAva, from the Indian name of the falls, after wards called jManchester. A feAV small dwelling houses Avere scattered around the present site of Paterson. This very important point, the selection of a locality for the practical operation of the society, being settled, the next stej» Avas the forma tion of an incorporation. For this purpose the promoters of the enterprise turned toAvards the Legislature. On the 22d of November, 1791, the Legislature of New Jersey passed an act incorporating the new society. The title of the law Avas this : " An act to incorporate the contributors to the Society for establishing useful manufactures, for the encourage ment of the said Society." A DUTCH HOUSE. 20 THE PASSAIC VALLEY This title does not give any corporate name, but one of the clauses of the act declared that the new corporation should be knoAvn as " The Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures." By this name its legal existence has been recognized throughout the State and by the courts, where it has been many times a suitor, either as plaintiff or defend ant. In that name it has received its title to land pur chased and by it it has made conveyance of real estate. But in the City of Paterson, where its affairs have been ccmducted since its organization, and in the surrounding country, it is called " The Society." The statute by A^ hich the Legis lature granted corporate powers to the " contributors " was the most liberal ever enacted, and abundantly manifested the esti mation in Avhich the company Avas held by the laAv-making body and the community, and the great hopes that Avere enter tained of the immense advan- to be gained from the A COLONIAL GENTLEMAN. tages presence of such an organization. The act was most elaborately drawn, aud A\"as, evidently, the work of an intellect of the highest order. Alexander Hamilton undoubtedly prepared it, or dictated its several clauses; he certainly revised it; it bears the impress of his clear, thoughtful mind, the caution and Avisdom of his judgment, and the expression of his comprehensive, far-reaching fore thought. The preamble gives the history, in the main, of the So- INCORPORATION OF A COJIPANY 21 ciety, and also exhibits the motives whicli induced the Legis lature to pass so generous an act of incorporation: Whereas, It is represented to this Legislature that a subscription has been made for the purpose of introducing and establishing usefid Manufactures, to an amount which already exceeds Two hundred Thousand Dollars. And AVhereas, the State of New Jersey having been deemed liy the Contributors the most suitable for carrying the same into EfEect, the aid of this Legislature has been requested in Promotion of the Views of the said Contributors. And Whereas, it appears to this Legislature that the granting such Act will be conducive to the Public Interest. Therefore, etc. Then follow the several clauses defining the powers and the restrictions and conditions imposed, and the rights con ferred upon the corporation. The character of this statute is so extraordinary, so exceedingly favorable to the enter prise and its results to the locality Avliere the business of the company was established, and so important, that it seems proper that KOine of its salient features should be noticed. The capital of the company Avas fixed at one million dol lars, divided into ten thousand shares each of the par value of one hundred dollars. The powers and privileges of the Society were specified by the charter, among which were the following: To hold real and personal estate, not exceeding four mil lions of dollars in value, with power of sale. To manufacture and sell any article, not forbidden by law, but Avith this restriction— that the " said Corpcjration shall not deal, nor trade, except in such articles as itself shall manufacture and the materials thereof, and in such articles as shall be really and truly received in payment or exchange therefor." " And the more effectually to encourage so useful and beneficial an establishment," no " taxes, charges, and im positions " were to be levied on the real and personal prop- 22 THE PASSAIC VALLEY erty of the company for ten years. Artificers and manufac turers in the immediate serA'ice of the corporation were exempted from all poll and capitation taxes and from taxes and assessments on their " respective faculties and occu pations." The company was authorized to dig canals and to clear and improve the channels of rivers, " the advantages of AA'hieh will not be confined to the members of the said Society, who ought there fore to be authorized to re ceive a reasonable toll to defray the expenses of im- proA^ements ultimately so valuable to the State." The fullest power possi ble was granted to enter lands for the purpose of sur veying the same and locat ing the lines of the proposed canal. The company was authorized to treat with the owners of such lands for the purchase thereof, and if nec essary to take measures to condemn the property. The canal might be located from river to river, to tide water, or on such lines as mio-ht be deemed advisable by the corporation; toll might be col lected on the canals, when constructed. The minutest de tails of the proceedings for condemning the land necessary to be taken for the proposed canals are given in the charter with the greatest care and precision, and Avhile the rights of FOUNDING OF THE CITY 23 the landoAvner Avere protected the corporation Avas afforded every advantage in securing the land consistent with those rights. The Ignited States, or any State, Avas authorized to be come a subscriber to the capital stock, and the company was authorized to raise money to the amount of ten thousand dollars by the means of a lottery. But the most important l)rovision of this charter Avas the one which led to the found ing of the City of Paterson, Avhich at that time had no existence whatever. " After the Directors had made choice of the principal seat of their manufacture," then the inhabitants A\'ithin a space of " six miles square '' were inc(irporated into a municipal ity Avith the most extramdinary pow ers. It Avas to be called " Paterson," iu honor of Governor Paterson, who signed the charter after it had been passed by the Legislature. The offi cers were to be a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, twelve assistant aldermen, and a town clerk, AA^ho were to be appointed by the joint meeting of the Legislature; the otlier officers were to be elected by the people at their annual town meetings. The mayor, recorder, aldermen, and assistant aldermen were " seA-erally and respectively " made justices of the peace, and any seven of them were empowered to hold a Court of Quarter Sessions, with jurisdiction over all crimes cogniza ble by the several Courts of Quarter Sessions of the State, with full power to try criminals and punish such as were BOWS AND ARROWS. 24 THE PASSAIC VALLEY convicted with fine and imprisonment. The same offlcers were also empowered to act as a Court of Common Pleas, " Avitli poAver to hold pleas of all such civil actions, suits, and controversies as are cognizable in the several County Courts within the State; to summon and impanel juries, to give judgment therein, and to carry such judgments into execution in as full and ample a manner and by all such ways and means as any Court of Common Pleas within this State may or can do." This court should be a court of record, haviug a seal and possessing all the powers of other Courts of Common Pleas in the State. An amend ment to this charter, passed in 1792, confined the poAver of acting as Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas to the twelve aldermen; the tAvelve assistant aldermen were to act simply as members of the Common Council and were to be elected by the people. Non-use of the charter Avas not to work forfeiture, and the act of incorporation was to be construed in the most liberal manner in all courts in the State. The district selected by the corporation was then situate in the Counties of Essex and Bergen, and Avas thus de scribed : Beginning at the mouth of Third River, formerly called Yonteeaw, where it empties into Passaic River, thence North 51 degrees 11 minutes. West 570 links, thence along marked trees, marked with a blaze, and the letters P. A., to a stake and stones, thence North 50 degrees, East across tbe Passaic River, above the upper reef to the Little Falls, 50 chains to n large chestnut tree marked as before, thence North 49 degrees East 135 chains and 21 links, thence due East 144 chains, thence South 10 degrees East 450 chains to near Saddle River Bridge, thence South 19 degrees West 266 chains, thence North 51 degrees and 16 minutes West 28 chains to the place of Beginning aud containing thirty- six square miles equal to six miles square. This Avas the foundation of the City of Paterson, then really unknown, now recognized as one of the most impor tant manufacturing centers in NeAv Jersey. PASSAIC RIVER BELOW HORSENECK BRIDGE. PASSAIC RIVER FROM HORSENECK BRIDGE. 26 THE PASSAIC VALLEY The plan, however, as developed in the charter of the Society for the government of Paterson as a municipality and for the establishment of courts, Avas never carried out. The present toAvn once formed a i.)art of the old township of Acquackanonk, and was governed in the same manner as most of the other municipalities of the same character in the State. In 18-31 the Legislature of Ncav Jersey set off Paterson from its old neighbor, under whose rule the in habitants of the new toAvn had been restive for many years. VIEW IN EASTSIDE PAEK, PATERSON. Photo by Vernon Royle, Paterson. The Society, unfortunately as it seemed at the time, be came, notAvithstanding its magnificent prospects, embar rassed and was obliged to abandon the enterprise of manu facturing, to Avhich its great projector had given so much thought and had made such elaborate preparations. Most unfortunately it fell into the hands of a reck less adventurer, a Frenchman, Major L'Enfant, who launched out into the most extravagant undertakings, among them the laying out and digging of a ship canal from Paterson to tidewater on the Passaic Biver, below MODERN PATERSON 27 what is now the City of Passaic. This and other almost equally as chimerical plans undertaken by Major L'Enfant iuA'olved the Society in enormous expenses, and finally obliged its stockholders to abandon the main feature of the enterprise for establishing manufactures. The plan, how ever, had taken deep root in the minds of some of its sup porters, and it was destined to develop into a substantial and well-grounded system. The Society had erected a small factory and had purchased a large amount of real estate, much more in extent than Avas needed for tlieir pur poses. The immense Avater j)0Aver and the nearness of ac cess to the great market of New York invited manufactur ers of difierent kinds of products, at first mostly of cotton fabrics, but latterly of other goods, and Paterson Avas soon filled with a population of busy Avorkmen and their families, Avho have added by tlieir industry and thrift to the material pros perity of this great manufactur ing town. Many of these Avere of foreign birth who left their native '^ I FLAG OF HOLLAND, countries to seek employment in this Manchester of Ncav Jersey. The various patronymics to be fouud in the directory of Paterson indicate the different nationalities gathered with in its borders, but the recurrence of many other names is a sure evidence that the main element of the population is of Holland origin. The present prosperous condition of this fiourishing town is undoubtedly due to the existence of the Society for the Establishing of Useful Manufactures. It has noAV one hun dred and twenty silk factories, producing as excellent fab rics of that character as can be manufactured in any other 28 THE PASSAIC VALLEY cimntry. These factories employ twenty thousand oper atives. Besides these, many products of other kinds are manufactured, such as machinery, locomotiA^es, and other appliances into Avliich iron largely enters. The population of this important manufacturing city, according to the last census, is over 10.5,000. Among its most prominent and in fluential citizens of to-day are many descendants of skilled workmen who were invited from Europe at the close of the eighteenth century to come to Paterson to aid in the de velopment of the plan of the Society. They came from Eng land, Scotland, France, and Germany, and a feAv from SAvitzerland. They remained, and they and their children, by their worth and industry, have materially aided the manufacturing interests of the Avhole country and to make Paterson what it is to-day. CHAPTEE III BERNARD TOWNSHIP ANI) ITS NOTED MEN HE PASSAIC EIVEB, in its course southward from its rise in Morris County, near Mendham, strikes within a very few miles the northwestern corner of Bernard Township, in Somerset County. The ground changes materially from that in Avhich the river rises. There it is marshy, although in an elevated region. Here it becomes exceedingly picturesque and beautiful. Many hills, several of almost sufficient elevation to be classed aiuong mountains, are scattered in rich profusion, with narrow vales and a fcAv broader valleys. Mountain brooks, some mere streamlets, shine and shimmer in the sunlight, and add grace and charm to the landscape. Most of them unite Avith the Passaic, but some flow into a branch of the Earitan. MadisonAdlle, a small hamlet, known to the immediate residents as the " Coffee House," is the first named locality reached in Somerset. Just beyond this hamlet, a short dis tance to the southeastward, Bernardsville, one of the most iuAdting localities found in Ncav Jersey, lies nestled among the hills, beautiful for situation, and presenting many at tractions to families seeking rest and recreation during the summer. Many such have located here and more are sure to follow. The recent excellent facilities for travel afforded by the Delaware, LackaAvanna and Western Eailroad through its Passaic and Delaware branch have encouraged this immigration, and now scattered among the valleys 30 THE PASSAIC VALLEY and on the hillsides of this romantic region are to be seen numerous dAvellings, where wealth and taste have revelled in adding appliances for comfort aud ornament. Bernardsville once rejoiced in the euphonious name of Yealtown. By this name it was known during the Eevolu tion. In Bryant's History of the United States it is so called in the recital of the moA^ements of General Lee dur ing Washington's retreat through Ncav Jersey. Old resi dents in its A'icinity still know it only by its ancient title, a n d w i t h ^^¦^¦^>,'i some diffi- ¦"* culty recog nize its mod ern appella tion; they still call it by the name given to it in the long a go. Of course, the neAv element of population, now controlling the interests of the locality, could not toler ate the old name and hence the chance. Nearer to the river and a short distance from Bernards ville is Basking Eidge, another charming village spreading itself along the broad top of au elevated ridge rising sev eral feet above the surrounding countrv. Baskins Eidoe differs greatly from Bernardsville, mostly in this respect: it is so situated that it may be C(unpactly built, Avith rcm- lar streets, Avliile Bernardsville is so broken up by hills and narrow vales that it is iin])ossible to preserve any regularity in the erecticm of dAvellings or location of streets. A COLONIAL TEA SET OF GOLD. BASKING RIDGE AND CHARLES LEE 31 There are four churches at Basking Eidge: a Presbyte rian, a Methodist, an Episcopalian, and one Eoman Catho lic. The first tAVO congregations occupy very respectable edifices, especially the Presbyterian, Avhich is large and I'oin- modious; the other tAvo congregations are small and strug gling. A noticeable fact connected Avith the Presbyterian organization is that, in its history, it has been honored by the ministrations of some of the most distinguished divines of that denomination, mauj^ of whom have spent long pas torates in that particular field. Trees on each side of the main street add grace and ornament to the Adllage. It is a busy, thriving small town, Avith possibilities of greater prosperity in the future. A railroad — that impelling force in securing success — uoav passes through the village, and it probably Avill prove an appliance for the growth of popu lation and of material benefit. Like Bernardsville, Basking Eidge is a Avell-knoAvn local ity spoken of in the history of the EeA^olutionary War. It Avas here that Charles Lee, one of General AVasliington's corps officers, Avas captured during the time of the com mander-in-chief's retreat through Ncav Jersey before the vic torious British army after the loss of the battles on Long Island and the capture of Forts Lee and AVashington. Lee was in command of a large force at North ('astle, near the Hudson. While on his retreat AVashington's position be- , came exceedingly dangerous, and he sent four positive orders within ten days to Lee to bring up his troops and unite them Avith the retreating Americans. But that offi cer disregarded these orders, lingered, delayed, and leis urely marched at his own pleasure. Lee was vainglorious, conceited, disliked AVashington, and Avas insanely ambitious of displacing him, or at least of se- curino' for himself an independent conimand. Sixteen days 32 THK PASSAIC A'ALLEY after receiving these direct commands he crossed the Hudson and moA^ed southAvard Avith his corps, ostensibly for the pur pose of uniting with the commander-in-chief. Nine days aft er he began his inarch he was no farther than A'ealtown, or Bernardsville, as it is noAV called. LeaAdug his main army there, he pushed on Avith his staff and about a dozen guards to Basking Eidge, where he spent the night at a tavern kept by a Mrs. White and known as " AVhite's Tavern," still standing, somewhat altered, but not materially. A T(uy liv ing in the neighborhood, learning of his presence and rest ing place, rode twenty miles the same night that Lee arrived to a British scouting party, Avhose commander, Avith a small squad of men, hurried to Basking Eidge, reaching that place at ten o'clock the next morning. Lee Avas still daAvdling aAvay his precious time and Avas captured. Placed on horse back, his arms pinioned, his legs tied under the animal, he was conducted in this ignominious manner to the British headquarters and detained as a ]3risoner of war. He was aft- erAvard exchanged and returned to the army to renew his ambitious designs against AVashington and repeat his treason, committed in March, 1777, when he furnished a plan of campaign to the British officers, pledging his life that it would so isolate AVashington from his other commands that he could easily be captured and thus end the Avar in the en tire subjugation of the colonies. Lee Avas at the battle of Monmouth, Avhere he Avas reprimanded by the commander- in-chief. He Avas afterward retired from the army and died in obscurity. AVilliam Alexander, who idaimed to be the rightful heir to the title and estates of the Earldom of Stirling in Scot land, and who is called Lord Stirling in the history of the day, was a resident at one time in the ToAvnship of Bernard, near Basking Eidge. His father had purchased a large LORD STIRLING 33 tract of land in Somers i^t County. The son had utilized part of this purchase for a residence, and had formed out of it one of the most elegant country seats in New Jer sey, fitting it up with all the appliances of the times for comfort and convenience. He built on it a large and com modious mansion, Avith garden and grounds attached, filled Avith fruit trees, shrubbery, and fiowers, and had added a park stocked with deer, and stables with blooded horses and cattle of approved breeds. The edifice used as a dAvelling Avas standing until sometime in the second quar ter of the nineteenth century, but the grounds, garden, and Avell appointed stables have disappeared. William Alexander ahvays wrote his name " Stirling," disregarding his first name, AVilliam, and his patronymic, Alexander, after the style of English noblemen. His signa ture, " Stirling Maj'r Genl.," in bold characters, is still preserved at Washington among the records of the great struggle. He was the son of Jaines Alexander, a lawyer of great distinction practicing at New York, and a Scotchman who came to this country early in the eighteenth century, fleeing from his native land to escape punishment for his active exertions in the cause of the Pretender. This James Alexander Avas one of the counsel in the celebrated Eliza bethtown Bill in Chancery and prepared the bill in that cause. 34 THE PASSAIC VALLEY William Alexander, Lord Stirling, Avas bom in New York, where his father was practicing. He espoused the patriotic cause soon after the struggle began between the mother country and the colonies. He Avas very much attached to AA^ashington, became distinguished as an officer in the army, and rose to the rank of major-general. He was present and took a prominent part in the battles (jf Long Island and other contests, especially at Monmouth, Avhere he com manded one of the wings of the army and aided greatly in the success of that decisive conflict. Lord Stirling's sister had married William Livingston, first Gov ernor of the State of New Jersey, aud his daughter, " Lady Kit ty," as she was called, was married July 27, 1779, with great festivi ties at the Stirling man sion, to AA^'illiam Duer, a colonel in the Eevolu tionary army, and Avas the ancentress of the Duer family Avhich afterward became so conspicuous in the social and political circles of Ncav York. The elder daughter, kuoAvn at the time as " Lady " xMary, had married Eobert AA'atts, a prominent citizen of New York. The wedding of Lady Kitty and Colonel Duer Avas cele brated with unusual pomp and ceremony. A large number of army officers were present. The actual ceremony took JAMES ALEXANDER. ANDREAV KIRKPATRICK 35 place on the laAvn under a cedar tree in the presence of a large concourse of people. Lord Stirling was a bounteous host, and on this occa sion he spared no ex pense iu providing for the entertainment of his numerous guests. AYine floAA'cd in abundance, a Avhole ox Avas roasted, and the other refresh ments Avere equally lav ish. Bernard ToAvnshi]3 has been prolific in its ;reat men, Avho have added lustre to the his tory of the State, and some of AVhom became mrs. james Alexander. conspicuous in the national councils of the republic. Andrew Kirkpatrick, who adorned the bench of the Supreme Court as one of its associate justices and as its chief justice for so many years, Avas born near Basking Eidge. His family claimed descent from Scottish nobility. A representative of it came to New Jersey in 1736, from Belfast, Ireland. He was, however, a Scotchman by birth, and removed in 1725 from his native country to Ireland. He and his family wandered from Ncav Castle in Delaware, Avhere they first landed in this country, through Pennsylvania to Mine sPEHOMELijb^ LIVINGSTON ARMS. 36 THE PASSAIC A'ALLEY Brook, about two miles west from Basking Eidge. The site for a dAvelling Avas well chosen. It was picturesque, romantic, and beautiful, but also well calculated for the support of a family. Near the chosen spot a spring of pure Avater, gushed out of the ground by the sid e of the stream, affording an abundant and never failing supply of that nec essary element. Enough water fiowed in Mine Brook and the lay of the ground was such that a mill could easily and Avell be supplied with power. Before them and around them, on every side, spread out a meadow of virgin soil, rich and fertile and luxuriant in its native groAvth. The hills in the imme diate neighborhood Avere covered Avith choice timber. The sturdy Scotch family grew in numbers and prospered. An drew, a lineal descendant of Alexander, the original settler in New Jersey, Avas born Febru ary 17, 1750. His father was a strong-willed Scotch Presbyte rian who believed in implicit obedience by son to father. An older brother of Andre av, the future chief justice, was a clergyman, and the father destined his younger son to the same holy calling. So the young man early in life entered upon an educational career preparatory to his assuming the dignity of a clergyman. He avus graduated from Prince ton College, and then spent six months in the study of di- A'iuity with the Eev. Dr. Kennedy, a Presbyterian clergy man. But the young man did not believe that he Avas fitted for a minister of the gospel, and he refused to proceed any ANDREW KIRKPATRICK. ANDREAV KIRKPATRICK 37 further Avith his studies in that direction, frankly inform ing his father that he purposed abandoning the profession selected for him and turning his attention to the law. The elder Kirkpatrick was bitterly disappointed, and resented the disobedience of his son to such an extent that he with drew his support and turned the rebel from his home. His mother, as he left the house, slipped into his hand a single gold piece, a half " Joe," the savings of many years. The son never parted with this testimony of a mother's devotion, and this gold piece, still preserved with pious care by the family, is now in possession of the Hon. Andrew Kirkpat rick, the grandson of the chief justice and now judge of the United States District Court of New Jersey. Andrew Kirkpatrick, the elder, became associate justice of the Supreme Court in January, 1798, and after serA'ing in that capacity for six years became chief justice, acting in both capacities for tAventy-one years. He was a most accomplished jurist, not brilliant nor extraordinarily alert in his mental perceptions, but of untiring industry, of pro found learning, of keen discrimination, and of that charac ter of intellect which enabled him to arrive at a result which more brilliant men could not successfully attack. His decisions were rarely if ever reversed. He has left be hind him a most enviable reputation as an honest man, an upright judge, and as one of the most accomplished jurists AAdio ever adorned a Ncav Jersey court. One of his liu'-al descendants is now a practicing lawyer in Ncav Jersey. An other descendant has already been mentioned as now a judge of the District Court of the United States for New Jersey. Samuel L. Southard Avas a lawyer of great distinction in his native State, and a statesman known all over the re public. He was born in Basking Ridge, June 9, 1787, was 38 THE PASSAIC VALLEY graduated at a very early age from the College of New Jer sey, and very soon afterward Avent to Virginia, where he began the study of the laAv, paying his own expenses by em ploying his leisure time as a private tutor. After being licensed to practice by the Virginia courts he returned to New Jersey, and in 1811 began practice at Flemington, in Hunterdon County. From that time his promotion was the most rapid ever known in the State. In 1813 the Legislature of New Jersey passed a statute providing that Aaron Ogden and Daniel Dod, both Jersey- men, should be vested Avith the ex clusive right of navigating the wa ters of New Jersey between this State and New York with steam vessels. Prior to that time New York had, by direct law, granted the monopoly of steam navigation over its waters to the first inventor of a steam boat of a certain re quired speed. The New Jersey statute was undoubtedly intended as retaliatory for the passage of the New York act, certainly as a check to its operation. Serious doubts were entertained at the time by laAvyers whether the New Jersey legislation was constitutional. Its legality, certainly, Avas questionable. Fulton and Livingston had succeeded in acquiring the monopoly granted by the New York Legislature, and they sought to have the Ncav Jersey statute repealed. This Avas as early as 1815, Avhen Southard had been licensed only four years. He was employed, in connection with Joseph Hopkinson, to appear at the hearing before the Ncav Jersey Legislature for Ogden and Dod. Thomas Addis Emmet SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD 39 represented Fulton and Livingston. Mr. Southard failed in conA'inciug the Legislature that the act should not be repealed, but he succeeded in establishing a reputation for clearness of utterance, for keenness in debate, for breadth of intellect, for profound argument, for legal acumen, which placed him in the front rank of the laAvyers of the country, and he found it unnecessary thereafter to seek clients; they sought him. In 1816 he Avas elected a member of the As sembly, and during his term of office Avas chosen an asso ciate justice of the Supreme Court, being one of the young est men who ever held that position in New Jersey. He Avas five years on the bench, and in 1821 was elected United States senator. Noav Mr. Southard had reached the sphere in Avliich he Avas most fitted to act, and which he Avas eminently capable of adorning. He was made senator at a most critical period in the political his tory of the republic. The country was in a ferment; the Missouri question had been agitating the public mind for three years, and Avas still unsettled. That State had applied for admission into the Union, but the applica tion had been rejected by a very large majority. The Southern members of Congress were loud in their denunci ations of this action of the majority. The Avhole South Avas in a tumult and Avas stirred to the point of secession; acrimonious debate followed; the Union was in peril; black clouds lowered on the political horizon, and the hearts of true patriots trembled at the imminent danger of disrup tion and civil war. It is impossible fully to describe the 40 THE PASSAIC VALLEY situation. ConservatiA'^e men Avere seeking some means by Avhich the tumult might be stilled, and the terrible disaster averted which so many deemed inevitable. Henry Clay was then a member of the lower house from Kentucky. He had moved that a joint committee should be appointed from both houses of Congress. His motion was adopted and a committee from the house was elected, of Avhich he was the chairman. He was a veteran politician, had been a member of the Senate, was then speaker of the popular branch of Congress, and had the benefit of a long experience in political life and the prestige of a past bril liant career. He was a Southern man, born in a slave State, Avas then a resident in and representatlA^e of another slave State, and was a slaveholder himself. Mr. Southard was a new member. He had had no experience in national political affairs as they Avere conducted in Congress. He lacked the infiuence gained by long service in the legisla ture of the nation and the advantage of an acquaintance Avith the manner and form of congressional procedure. He Avas, however, a member of the committee appointed by the Senate as a part of the joint committee, and was intensely moved by the alarming exigencies of the occasion. New Jersey, the State he represented, occupied a position in the country with her territory near to both sections, and this rendered her neutral betAveen the North and South. While the majority of its citizens were opposed to slavery, still that institution existed within her borders in full force. Mr. Southard, therefore, was ready to support such measures as would be conciliatory and would meet the ap proval of the leaders of the contending parties. He had prepared some resolutions and submitted them to Mr. Clay, who at once approved of them. It Avas agreed then that Mr. Southard should present them in the Senate. But on SAMUEL I;. SOUTHARD 41 the morning of the very day that they were to be offered in that body ^Mr. Clay urged that they should be presented by him in the House. The Ncav Jersey senator yielded, and the Kentucky representatiA^e brought them Avithout altera tion before the lower branch of Congress, where, after a severe struggle, they were passed, and then sent to the Senate, Avhich approved them, and they became a part of the law of the land. They ansAvered the purpose for which they were prepared and passed. The danger, apparently so imminent, was averted; the passions of men Avere soothed, and the country Avas quieted for a time. These Avere the celebrated Missouri Compromise Eeso lutions for which Mr. Clay has been so much lauded. But they were really the product of the great intellect of the Ncav Jersey senator, Avho is entitled to the glory, whatever it may be, resulting from their creation and effects. A pleasing incident connected Avith this transaction arose from the fact that the father of Senator Southard Avas a congressman from Ncav Jersey at the time, and was also a member of the joint committee. While a tutor and student in Virginia Mr. Southard had met James Monroe, and had become his Avarm friend and ardent admirer. The friendship Avas reciprocated, and AA'hen Monroe became President he remembered his youth ful associate and made him Secretary of the Navy. This was in 1823. On the accession of John Quincy Adams to the presidency he continued Mr. Southard in the position, thus giving testimony of the appreciation in Avhich the Jerseyman was held by the Massachusetts statesman and adding a high and merited compliment to the secretary for his ability in the performance of duty. In 1829 Mr. Southard Avas made attorney-general; in 1832 he was again returned to the Senate, and was re-elected in 42 THE PASSAIC VALLEY 1836. In 1841 AVilliam H. Harrison died, soon after being inaugurated President. This event created a vacancy in the Senate by the withdrawal of John Tyler from that body as its presiding officer to assume the presidency. Sena tor Southard, prior to the decease of Harrison, had been elected president of the Senate, and this virtually made him A^ice-President. He died in 1842, in Virginia, beloved by his friends and associates and respected by all who came within the circle of his influence. Among the eulogies de livered in the Senate chambers Avhen his death was an nounced to that body none was more feeling, warmer, or more sympathetic than that delivered by Senator King, from Alabama, one of his former political opponents. William Lewis Dayton was another distinguished Jersey- man who obtained honor in two widely different spheres of action : as a jurist and as a statesman. He was born at Basking Eidge in 1807, and Avas descended from a family which has given scA^eral prominent men to the service of their country. One of these Avas a general in the Eevolu tionary Army; another was a member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, afterward a repre sentative and speaker of the House of Eepresentatives, and subsequently senator from Ncav Jersey. Young Dayton had excellent opportunities for obtain ing academic instruction. Basking Eidge Avas remarkable at that time for its schools, and some of the A'ery best talent was employed in conducting them. He Avas educated in his preparation for college at these schools, and after the proper time entered Princeton University and was grad uated, with no particular honor, in 1825. In fact neither his academic nor collegiate life gave much promise of his future greatness. He seemed dull, slow iu comprehension, and not at all alert in his studies. AVILLIAM L. DAYTON 43 He entered the office of Peter D. Vroom, one of New Jer sey s most accomplished lawyers, as a student-at-law, and was licensed in 1830, as an attorney, and as counsellor in 1833. He removed to Freehold, in Monmouth County, and remained there until he Avas appointed justice of the Su preme Court. His health Avas not robust, and at one time he was quite slender in person. It is altogether possible that this physical defect had some influence on his mental activity. He required strong impulse to arouse him into action. He was not what could truthfully be called an indolent man. His mind certainly Avas alert enough, but he did not, by any means, assert his full poAV- ers on every occasion, and might be described as an unequal man, sometimes ex hibiting great powers of in tellect, especially when obliged to act, think, and speak independently, at other times disappointing his friends. But he had Avithin himself the elements of aroused was equal to any emergency and competent to grapple Avith the most abstruse principles. A fortunate circumstance brought him into notice as a laAvyer while practicing at Freehold. An indictment was found against a client for assault and battery. After ex amining into the case he feared that the defendant could not be acquitted on the merits of his case, and therefore strove to find some technicality upon which he might base WILLIAM L. DAYTON. greatness, and Avhen fully 44 THE PASSAIC VALLEY a motion to quash the indictment. His examination re vealed the fact that the grand jury Avhich retumed the in dictment had not been legally summoned, and he chal lenged the validity of its findings. His motion Avas suc cessful and the indictment Avas quashed. Of course every other criminal proceeding based on the action of the grand jury at that term was dismissed. This brought him speedily into public notice. Clients flocked to his office and his practice Avas largely increased. He was naturally an ambitious man, and, not satisfied with the acquisition of legal honor, he longed for a more enlarged sphere and sought political preferment. This was soon ac corded to him. That was the day Avhen voters were di vided into tAVO great parties, AVhig and Democrat. Mr. Dayton was a decided AA^hig in politics. Monmouth Avas overwhelmingly Democratic, and it seemed hopeless for him to expect an election to any political office which was in the gift of the people. But he was a born politician, and, rising to the situation, entered into the contest with a de termination to succeed. His party nominated him as a candidate for the Council, as the higher branch of the Legis lature was then called. He was at the head of his ticket, and succeeded not only in securing his OAAm election, but also carried Avith him his fellow candidates. He had now found his proper sphere of action. ^ His am bition Avas for a public life, and rightfully so. Such natures as his must find their true position, and whatever trammels might obstruct or obstacles oppose, the end was sure and certain. A new field of endeavor Avas opened to his aspira tions, and in this arena he Avas destined to gain his greatest glory and Avin his greenest laurels. He was a young man, just thirty, untried in politics as a legislator, for he had never been in office. He at once becaine the leader of his WILLIAM L. DAYTON 45 party in the Legislature, and prominent in every movement in the Council. It soon became patent to every thoughtful observer that the proper place for a man of Mr. Dayton's consummate abilities Avas in the domain of politics, and here there began for him a career of almost unexampled activity and brilliant success. Mr. Dayton's ambition Avas not that of the demagogue; he was a broad minded patriot of high resolves and noble aims. He never descended to the Ioav arts Avhich too often characterize those who seek political preferment; he never did a mean act; he never sullied his life by baseness. He loved office, not so much for the honor gained by its pos session as for the opportunity it af forded him of ac complishing good for the republic. His merits com manded that respect Avhich obliged his party to offer him office that he had not sought. AA'hile he was a member of the Council a radical change Avas made in the jurisprudence of the State. The Courts of Common Pleas of the several counties had, as they still have, jurisdiction over all civil actions. Issues made up in causes instituted in the Supreme Court were sent for trial to the circuits of that court in the several counties. These circuits were presided over by one of the justices of 46 THE PASSAIC VALLEY the Supreme Court. But if the amount recovered diS not exceed tAvo hundred dollars plaintiffs were obliged to pay their own costs. The judges of the Common Pleas Courts were generally laymen, uneducated and unfitted for their position. A vicious system had obtained in their appoint ment, which was given as reward for political activity. The evils arising from this condition of affairs became unbear able, and lawyers and litigants were anxiously seeking for some relief. An acute minded laAvyer from Essex County, Alexander C. M. Pennington, introduced a law which pro vided for the establishment of Circuit Courts in the several counties of the State, Avith statutory jurisdiction over civil actions, giving costs iu cases Avhere one hundred dollars were recovered. These courts took the place of the Com mon Pleas and relieved litigants from the burdens incident to the old system. The justices of the Supreme Court pre sided over these ueAV tribunals, as Avell as in the old circuits, so that laAvyers took the place of uneducated laymen as judges. Mr. Dayton was chairman of the committee on the judi ciary and aided greatly in the passage of the new laAV. It is very doubtful whether it Avould have passed but for his intelligent and effective assistance, as it met with consider able opposition. On the 28th of February, 1838, Avhile still a member of the Council, he was made an associate justice of the Supreme Court. He was then hardly thirty-one years old, but soon manifested, notAvithstanding his youth, his entire fitness for the position. He remained on the bench nearly three years, resigning on the 18th of February, 1841, and returned to the practice of his profession. The reason assigned for this step was that the salary of the office Avas not sufficient to support his family. AVILLIAM L. DAVTON 47 At this time Mr. Southard AA'as senator from New Jersey, but he died the next year, and this opened the Avay for Mr. Dayton to reach that position for Avhich he seemed best fltted, both by his inclination and by the bent of his intel lectual nature. Governor AVilliam Pennington commis sioned him, in the interim of the Legislature, to fill the va cancy occasioned by jMr. Southard's death. His entry into so important a body as the United States Senate was made at a time A\'hen men of talent and Avisdom Avere needed in the national councils. The AVhig party had succeeded at the prcAious election in carrying their candidate. General AVilliam Henry Harrison, into the President's chair. His death. Aery soon after his in auguration, had elevated John Tyler as his successor, but it was soon evi dent that he Avas intending to prove a traitor to the party which had placed him in that position. The sit- iiaticm presented embarrassments whicli other men might have found OA^erwhelming. Tyler's defection cre ated a condition of affairs in connec tion with other circumstances Avhich plainly indicated that the AVhig party Avas fast losing its grip on the people, and that the power which seemed assured by the election of Harrison Avas slipping away from that organization. The ucAV senator had no easy task before him, but his cool head, his equable temperament, his calm foresight, and his great ability enabled him to avoid the dangers Avhich a more in ferior man could not have avoided. He spoke seldom, and only when occasion demanded, but he then demon strated that, though so silent, he was equal to any emer- TMtUuum 48 THE PASSAIC VALLEY gency. He soon impressed himself upon his fellow senators and was placed upon several of the most important com mittees. At the formation of the Eepublican party he took an act ive and prominent part in shaping and moulding its i)olicy, and soon became infiuential in that organization. In 1856 John C. Fremont Avas nominated for President, with Will iam L. Dayton as Vice-President. These nominations were not received with entire satisfaction by thoughtful Eepub licans, many of whom believed that it would have been much better if the names on the ticket had been reversed. CAMPAIGN medals. No one Avhose judgment was of any value imagined that the candidates could be elected. They were not, but through no fault of the candidate for Alce-President. His term of office as senator expired in 1851, and, the Democratic party being then in poAver, Commodore Eobert F. Stockton Avas appointed his successor. AA'hile in the Senate Mr. Dayton measured swords Avith some of the great- est men in that body and did not hesitate to try his strength with Daniel Webster himself. He lost nothing by the com parison, Avhich, of course, Avas made betAveen his efforts and those of his antagonists. WILLIAM L. DAYTON 49 In 1857 Mr. Dayton was appointed attorney-general of Ncav Jersey by William A. Newell, then governor. His rival candidates for the position were Frederick T. Fre linghuysen, afterAvards Secretary of State under President Arthur, and Cortlandt Parker, one of the most distinguished laAvyers the State ever produced. In 1860 Lincoln was elected President, and the eyes of all Jerseymen were turned to Senator Dayton as a proper mem ber of his Cabinet. Lincoln desired to appoint him, and would have done so, but it was thought that, under the cir cumstances, other States had more powerful claims than New Jersey in the selection of the members of his political family. But he determined to show his appreciation of his merits and ability by placing him in such a prominent posi tion that there could be no question as to the opinion in which he held him. To use his own words : " I then thought of the French mission and Avondered if that would not suit him. I have put my foot down and will not be moved. I shall offer that place to jMr. Dayton." He did make the otter to the senator and it Avas accepted. The position, honorable as it was, Avas no sinecure; it was at that time the most important and most embarrassing embassy in the gift of the President. Civil Avar broke out between the North and the South, the emissaries of the Con federacy swarmed in Paris, and the Emperor of the French was more than half inclined to throAV his infiuence in favor of the Southern cause and to recognize the independence of its government. He had actually accorded belligerent rights to it. A\'ith consummate tact, and with far-reach ing foresight, the American minister thAvarted the plans of the Southerners, and finally succeeded in inducing the French government tc^ adopt a policy materially crippling the Confederacy and greatly aiding in the result. Mr. Day- ABRAHAM LINCOLN. AAaLLIAAI L. DAYTON 51 ton lived long enough in Paris to secure the confidence of the French Emperor and of his court, and to render the most inestimable service to his country. He died very sud denly, at Paris, on the first day of December, 1864, before the war closed, but when it required very little sagacity to understand that the end of the great struggle was near. THE " MAYFLOWER.' CHAPTEE IV SOMERSET COUNTA' — CONTINUED HE first settlers in Bernard Township were Scotch Presbyterians, Avhich element, in some ineasure, is still represented in the present inhabitants. The first actual settler, so far as can be learned by any records now in existence, was James Pitney. He was an Englishman, a button maker, Avho had his shop on Lon don Bridge. He came from England with James Alex ander, the father of Lord Stirling, to Avhom he Avas in some way related, either by blood or marriage. He Avent from Ncav Brunswick in New Jersey to Somerset County and took possession of some land there. He is mentioned in a deed executed in 1720 as being in possession of some land on the east side of the north branch of Dead Eiver. A re cent author, Ludwig Schumacher, in his delightful book, " The Somerset Hills," speaks of him as a squatter. This can not be true, as his connection with the Alexander fam ily Avould have enabled him to secure all the land he needed, and his after history showed that it was not necessary that he should adopt such measures for a livelihood. He was a Presbyterian and connected with the church of that denomi nation at Basking Eidge, and became a grantee, with other persons, in a deed to the trustees of that church for a lot for the erection of a building for worship and for a ceme tery lot. 54 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Bernard ToAvuship Avas named in honor of Francis Ber nard, colonial governor of New York and Ncav .Jersey in 1756. He held office for about two years, and was then transferred to Massachusetts to become the chief magistrate of that colony. He was very popular in New Jersey as gov ernor, but Avas very obnoxious in New England. Some doggerel of the time AAdll give an idea of the poetry of the day and of the estimation in which he Avas held in the dif ferent parts of the countrj^ Some student of Princeton Col lege thus sang about him : We sing great George upon the throne, And Amherst, great in arms ; While Bernard, in their milder forms. Makes the royal virtues known. A New England poet uses a different note : And if suoh men are by God appointed. The Devil might be the Lord's anointed. Not many representatiA^es of the old families who origin ally settled in Bernard remain, but some are still to be found. Several of these original families are represented by residents uoav in the toAvnship, not of the original name, but descended from daughters who have married husbands of different patronymics than their own. Just below Basking Eidge the Passaic reaches Milling ton, a small village stretching on both sides of the stream with its larger part on the Morris County side. Here the river assumes a character not found anywhere else in its Avhole course. It has forced its way through Long Hill, at Millington, forming a gorge of various depths and extend ing for about a quarter of a mile. Through this gorge the stream rushes with some velocity. The ravine is steep- sided, about seventy-five feet Avide at the top, lessening quite gradually in width before reaching the bottom. Although THE GORGE AT MILLINGTON 55 the sides are so steep yet they are covered from the top to the stream beloAV Avith a thick groAvth of trees and under brush. Some theories have been advanced by geologists as to Avhen and hoAv the river accomplished the feat of creating this gorge, but their examination and research have not enabled them to determine definitely the vexed question. It was probably done during the time aa hen this part of New Jersey Avas coA'ered with a heaA^y mass of ice. The waters of the upper river were dammed by its immense ac- GREAT SEAL OF GEORGE I. cumulation, and in their efforts to escape they broke through the hill and thus formed the ravine for the passage of the Avater. A bridge of some artistic taste, used by the Passaic and Delaware Eailroad, spans the river near Millington. The pure air and beautiful sceneiy of this region have in vited several summer visitors to locate their country resi dences here, and more will surely follow. One of the most notable of these residences is that built by Frederick Nish- 56 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Avish, now deceased. Mr. Nishwish was a man of prom inence and influence. His i^oAver was manifested in public affairs and in political circles. His energy was felt in all matters relating to public interests. His honesty com manded universal respect and inspired confldence. He was the inventor of an improved harrow, which he called the " Acme," and a manufactory of this useful agricultural im plement Avas established by him at this village some years before his death which is still in profitable operation, its GREAT SEAL OF GEORGE II. products being in great demand for their usefulness in all parts of the country. There is a Baptist Church of some antiquity at Milling ton, but on the Somerset side, which is an infiuential factor in controlling the religious sentiment of this part of the State. After leaving Millington, and before reaching Union County, there are some named localities in Somerset: Mount Bethel, Warrenville, Coontown, Smalleytown, Mount FORMATION OF COUNTIES 57 Tabor, and Union Village. These are small villages, or hamlets, of inconsiderable size and in farming districts. At Mount Bethel is another Baptist Church and at Mount Tabor a jNIethodist, with a numerous congregation and very commodious building. Somerset County was named probably from Somerset shire in England. This is conjecture, based somcAvhat on tradition and on one or tAVO significant facts conflrmatory of this tradition. There were undoubtedly some eariy settlers in the county Avho immigrated from Somersetshire. An imaginative resemblance between the scenery of their former home and that found in their new abode, or per haps a desire to perpetuate in New Jersey a name left in England, led them to call that new home Somerset. It can not be ascertained when that name Avas flrst applied to any locality in New Jersey. It Avas not probably knoAvn until the creation by statute of the county. The first mention by the colonial Legislature of any division of the colony into counties is to be found in an act passed November 13, 1675, by the Assembly of the whole province held in Elizabeth- town; but that mention is exceedingly indeflnite. It ap pears in this manner in the preamble of an act : Having taken into serious consideration the great Change, that hath been oc casioned by a Necessity of keeping Courts within the Province as also the Ne cessity that Courts of Justice be maintained and upheld amongst us, whieh said Courts may go under the denominations of County Courts. Therefore it was enacted : That there be two of the aforesaid Courts kept in the year, in each respective County, viz. . Bergen and the adjacent plantations about them, to be a County and to have two Courts in a Year, whose Sessions shall be the flrst Tuesday in September; Elizabethtown and Newark to make a County and have two Courts in a Year, whose Sessions shall be the first Tuesday in March and third Tuesday in September ; Woodbridge and Piscataqua to be a County and to have two Courts, the first of them the third Tuesday in March and the second Tuesday in 58 THE PASSAIC VALLEY September. The two towns of Nevysink to make a County, the Sessions to be the last Tuesday in March and first Tuesday in September. There Avas no legislation prior to this time relative to the creation of counties. It is not probable that the Legis lature by this act intended to set apart any particular sec tion of the colony for the purposes of a county. It would have been exceedingly difficult at that time, in the then un settled state of the country, with so much uninhabited land, with no kuoAvledge of what might be taken for boundary lines, to have defined Avith any exactness any region of country for the creation of a county. But at a session of the Legislature of East Jersey held in March, 1682, at Eliza bethtown, four counties were created, their boundaries very imperfectly described, and their powers somewhat de fined. These four counties were Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, and Monmouth. Middlesex County was thus described in that act: Middlesex County to begin from the part ing line between Essex County and Wood- bridge line, containing Woodbridge and Pis cataway and all the Plantations on both sides the Raritan River as far as Chesequake Har bor Eastward, extending South West to the utmost bounds of the Province. This description is most indefinite, but a glance at it re veals the fact that, indefinite as it is, it contains much more territory than is uoav found in the modern county. It is quoted here because Somerset County, when erected, was taken from Middlesex. " Chesequake" Harbor is now known as Cheesequake, a small stream flowing from near Jackson ville, in Middlesex County, into Earitan Bay, a fcAV miles south of Amboy. On the 11th day of May, 1688, the Legislature for East SEAL OF EAST JERSEY. ERECTION OF SOMERSET COUNTY 59 Jersey met at Perth Amboy. The third act passed at that ses sion was one Avhich erected Somerset County, and Avas thus entitled: ''An act for dividing the County of Middlesex into two Counties.'' The preamble Avhich recited the reasons for passing the statute is too curious to be omitted: Forasmuch as the uppermost Part of Earitan River is settled by persons whom (sic) in their Husbandry and manuring their land, forced upon quite different ways and methods from other Fanners and Inhabitants of the County of Middle sex because of the frequent Floods that carry away their Fences on their Meadows the only arable land they have and so by consequence their interest is divided from the other Inhabitants of said County. It Avas therefore enacted that the Said uppermost Part of the Raritan beginning at the mouth of the Bound Brook, where it empties itself into the Raritan River and to run up the said CROWN OF GEORGE II. Brook, to the meeting of the said Bound Brook with the Green Brook and from the said meeting, to run upon a North West line into the Hills, and upon the South West side of the Raritan to begin at a small Brook, where it empties itself into the Raritan, about seventy chains below the Bound Brook and from thence to run upon a South West line to the uttermost line of the Province, be divided from the said County of Middlesex and hereafter to be deemed, taken and be a County of this Province; and that the same County be called the County of Somerset. It would have been very difficult at the time this act was passed to have located the boundaries of the new county; it would be impossible to do so now. Very soon it became necessary to secure further laAvs to remedy the many evils 60 THE PASSAIC VALLEY caused by such a crude method of legislation. There is no county in the State which has been the object of so many statutes of the Legislature passed for the purpose of alter ing, changing, defining, and settling its boundaries as Somerset. It was not until 1876 that the county's bounda ries were deflned and it became finally established in its present territory with certain defined division lines be tween it and the adjoining counties. For twenty-five years after its creation Somerset had no independent courts; in fact it had no entirely independent existence as a municipality. For courts it Avas dependent upon Middlesex, and it Avould seem also that it had no county offices of its own. Certainly up to 1710 it had no township. In 1693 an act was passed providing for the di- Adsion of the several counties into tOAvnships, but by the same act it was enacted that " the County of Somerset, as it is already bounded by a foriner act of Assembly," shall be a toAvnship. There are noAV nine toAvnships in the coun ty : Bridgewater, Bedminster, Bernard, Branchbiirg, Hills borough, Franklin, Montgomery, Warren, and North Plain- field. Of these Bernard and Warren are directly connected Avith the Passaic, which forms the boundary line between them and Mendham and Passaic ToAvnships in Mori'is. Somerset County has ahvays been remarkable for its cul tured and educated people. Early in its history, even be fore the Eevolution, many families of this class were num bered among its inhabitants. The residence of Lord Stir ling, his bounteous hospitality, and his charming and beau tiful daughters attracted many visitors. Several pur chases of land in different parts of the county had been made by Avealthy individuals, and some of the nobility of Scot land had been induced to become proprietors. Among these was Lord Neil Campbell, brother of the Duke of Argyle, H-AHPEB, fc BB-OTHEHS. THE FRELINGHUYSEN FAMILY 61 Avho bought an extensive tract of several hundred acres on the Earitan and settled there with ninety-five servants. Two sons of Argyle, John and Charles Campbell, and a cousin, Archibald Campbell, all of whom had participated in the attempt to seat the Pretender, Charles Edward, on the throne of England, fled from their native land to escape death, and settled also on or near the Earitan. Each was accompanied by a retinue of followers more or less in num ber. William Pinhorne, at one time governor of the colony, was also a purchaser, but he never resided in the county. The Duchess of Gordon was led, probably by the presence of so many of her countrymen in Somerset, to invest in the purchase of land in that county. Her title of " duchess " is still attached to this day, by the old inhabitants in its neighborhood, to the land she bought. The Frelinghuysen family has been and is now prominent in social and religious circles. The Eev. Theodoras Jacobus Frelinghuysen, the flrst of the name known in Ncav Jersey, came to this country in 1720. He Avas a Dutch Eeformed minister, educated at Amsterdam in Holland, and preached the gospel in Somerset, Middlesex, and Hunterdon Counties. His wife was the daughter of an eminent and Avealthy mer chant in Holland, and Avas a marked character of pro nounced piety and great intellectual ability. One of their grandsons, Frederick Frelinghuysen, became a represent ative in the Provincial and Continental Congresses and a senator in the United States Senate from New Jersey. He was a captain of artillery early in the War for Independ ence and rose to the rank of general before its close. He was present at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Mon mouth, and other great confiicts. Another grandson, Theo dore Frelinghuysen, was eminent in church and State. He was licensed as a lawyer early in life, was appointed attor- 62 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ney-general of the State, and was offered a seat on the Su preme Court bench, which he declined. He became United States senator and was the candidate of the Whig party for Vice-President with Henry Clay as President. Later in life he accepted the chancellorship of the UniA-ersity of New York and subsequently was president of Eutgers College. He was also president of the American Bible Society, and held the same executive office in the Board of Foreign ^Missions, the Tract Society, and the Temperance Union. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen was the grandson of General Frederick Frelinghuysen and the nephew of the senator, by Avhom he was adopted when only three years old. He also was licensed as a lawyer, and practiced his profession at Newark. He was appointed attorney-general of the State, became a member of the Peace Congress, as it was called, then United States senator, and flnally Secretary of State under President Arthur. Eepresent atives of this family are still to be found in Somerset and elsewhere. Three sons of the late Secretary of State are living, two of whom are lawyers : Frederick, now president of the Howard Savings Institution at NcAvark, one of the 1 argest and most prosperous institutions of the character in the State; George, a successful lawyer practicing his pro fession in New "York City; and Theodore, treasurer of the Coates & Co.'s thread business in New York City. Other families also prominent in social life, in ecclesias- (j^%^-«'r:?72wwy5'.4-»->-v/^-»<-'- OTHER OLD FAMILIES 63 tical and political circles, are still represented in Somerset County. Among them may be mentioned thcjse bearing the names of Dumont, Elmendorf, Vanderveer, Veghte, Stelle, Gaston, Bergen, NcAdus, A'room, A'oorhees, Schenck, and AVyckoff. In 1876 two members of the Smith family, Abraham Smith and Peter Z. Smith, resident in Bernard ToAvnship, in connection with some other members of that largely scat tered and very numerous family knoAvn by the name of Smith, formed an association called " The Smith Family and Friends Eeunion.'' Since that time these " reunions " have been regularly held on the Smith farm in Bernard ToAvnship, near Peapack. This association has proA'ed to be one of the most popular of the kind in the coun try. It is estimated that ten thousand Smiths have attended at one of these meetings. Somerset County at one time incorporated within its bounds Ncav BrunsAvick and Princeton and a large part of Middlesex County. Then the Stockton family were resident at Princeton, so that Eichard Stock ton, the signer, can be said to have belonged to Somerset. Several men distinguished in the colonial history of New Jersey were either residents in Somerset or largely inter ested in its affairs. Among these was Peter Sonmans, a Hollander, who went to England under AAllliam and Mary, and came from there to this country, settling in New Jersey. He was for many years surveyor-general of the province, became a member of the Governor's Council, and was one Cf-tL/ . Z72.i^^..^.....-t>/C«.<..«. cTo 64 THE PASSAIC VALLEY of a committee to prepare an ordinance for a " High " Court of Chancery. He purchased land in Somerset Coun ty, and, although a member of the Church of England, do nated valuable tracts to aid in erecting both a Presbyte rian and a Eeformed Dutch Church. Garven Lawrie was also prominent in Colonial history. He was a merchant in London before he became interested in the new Avorld. He was appointed one of the trustees of Edward Byllinge, an original proprietor of West Jersey. AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND, William Penn and Nicholas Lucas were associated with him in this trust. He succeeded Thomas Eudyard as gov emor of New Jersey. He brought with him a new code of laws called the " Fundamental Constitution." This code Avas c(msidered at the time as superior to the far famed " Concessions " of Berkeley and Carteret, but they do not seem to have been put into operation. It is quite doubtful Avhether Lawrie was its author, as he was not supposed to have possessed the ability to have prepared so excellent a THE VAN NEST FAMILY 65 system. He was one of the Council of Lord Neil Campbell, Avho succeeded him as govemor. Like his successor, he owned land in Somerset. The Van Nest family at one time exercised considerable influence in the county. It had been exceedingly useful in public affairs in Holland, especially during the time of Will iam the Silent. One of the name became attached to the Court of Philip II as his private secretary Avhile the great stadt- 'U/J'TO'^U^ holder was carrying on his -^ terrible struggle for freedom and religious toleration with the Spanish tyrant. He then became acquainted with all the plans and purposes of the monarch. Philip was a most voluminous writer, scratching in his miserable chirography, on the margins of every state paper or other document com ing into his hands, notes and annotations, generally of the most frivolous character. Van Nest copied at night every thing which came under his notice during the daytime, and transmitted his work to AVilliam, who in this manner was enabled to thwart many of the plans of his antagonist. Strange to say, after many years of ^ ^^ /V this wonderful activity on his part M/T^S^^J^Tti^T^* Van Nest escaped from Spain and <7 (^ returned to Holland. Another of the family was in conimand as vice-admiral Avith Admiral de Euyter in one of those terriflc sea engagements between the English and Dutch Avhich added so much renown to the sea " beggars " of Holland. The flrst Van Nest in America came here in 1647, and settled in Ncav Amsterdam, as New York was then called. 66 THE PASSAIC Valley His name was Peter, and he was the ancestor of all of his patronymic in this country. About thirty years afterward an immigrant of the same name, probably his son, came to Somerset and settled on the Earitan Eiver. The presence of so many names in the records of the coun ty denote that its population has been derived from many sources; Dutch, Scotch, and English j)atronymics are most numerous, but other names are found, evincing that there is a strain of other blood from other sources. The Eev. Mr. McCrea, the father of the unfortunate Jane McCrea, was at one time pastor of a church at Lamington. The house in Avhich he resided Avas still standing a fcAV years ago. Somerset is not without its Eevolutionary memories. It gave many distinguished men to the Councils and to the army of the country in that time Avhen men Avere needed. Besides General Frelinghuj'sen and Lord Stirling, already noticed, Hendrick Fisher, John Mehelm, John Bay ard, Peter D. Vroom, and others Avere among the offlcers from Somerset Avho were honorably mentioned from time to time during the Avar. A very large majority of the people of Somerset County AA'cre true to the cause of American Independence, and did not fail in showing their patriotism by their services iu the field, by their sufferings from the i)resence of the patriot army, and from the inroads made b.v the enemy while they were near and at Ncaa' Brunswick. In the Avinter of 1778 and 1779 the Eevolutionary Army Avas encamped near SEAL OF NEW NETHERLANDS. THE AVALLACE HOUSE 67 Somerville and Washington occupied the Wallace house at that place as his headquarters. This house is still stand ing, in most excellent condition, having been bought by " The Eevolutionary Memorial Society of New Jersey," a patriotic association of ladies and gentlemen formed in 1897 under the leadership of General Eichard F. Stevens, Avho is still its president. The Wallace house is so called because it was built by AA'illiam Wallace, a merchant, of THE WALLACE HOUSE, NEAR SOMERVILLE. New York, Avho inherited the land upon which it was built from his father, John Wallace, who bought the property in 1775 from the Eev. Dr. Jacob E. Hardenburgh. Peter Van Nest, already mentioned, had purchased, in 1693, a larger tract of which the land sold to .John AA'allace formed part. The house at the time of its erection Avas deemed to be the most elegant edifice in Somerset. It certainly was erected in the most substantial manner, as its present condition GEORGE WASHINGTON (PEALE's PORTRAIT). THE WALLACE HOUSE 69 fully proves. It is a tAvo-story frame dwelling, with a wide hall passing through its center, AAitli two rooms on each side. One of these, in the front, Avas occupied by Washing ton as a parlor, and that in its rear for a bed chamber, the front room on the other side of the hall being used as a re ception room. The house is built on a massive stone founda tion, with thick oak-hewn timbers and large chimneys. The hall is entered through a Avide double door, on Avhich is the old fashioned brass knocker. Several small buildings near the mansion Avere once the slave quarters, but they have now disappeared. On the laAAm in front of the dwelling stood a superb live oak tree, eight feet in diameter, the largest of its kind and, perhaps, the oldest in America. Beneath it, in its shade, Avhenever the weather permitted, " Lady " Washington Avas fond of sitting with her book and work. From this house Avere issued all the general orders of the Commander-in- Chief in the Avinter of 1778-79 and spring of 1779 and dated " Head Quarters, Middlebrook." Here, too, Washington planned one or two important campaigns. Eooms in the building have been surrendered to several local loyal societies which have ornamented them with patriotic designs and many mementoes of Eevolution ary times. The grounds have been put in excellent order, and Avith the beautiful trees found there, and the many memories clustering around the house, invite all lovers of their country to become pilgrims to this reminder of the virtues and services of the great leader in the struggle for American independence. CHAPTER V MENDHAM AND OTHER TOWNS ENDHAM, near Avhich locality the Passaic Eiver rises, is a beautiful, thriving village situated in the southern part of Morris County, immediately adjoining Somerset. It is placed on a command ing position, some six hundred feet above mean tide. The township, also called IMeudham, is one of the smallest in the county, containing 14,764 acres. Its land is mostly hilly, some of it being almost mountainous. A small extent of its surface near the source of the Passaic is marshy, but all the rest of it is free from swamp. Many streams drain the whole county, and springs of pure, fresh w.ater are found in almost any direction. The brooks which fiow over the west ern part of the toAvnship add their waters to the Earitan; those from the eastern side empty into the Passaic. The soil, as a general rule, is fertile, and almost any product of the temperate zone can be raised at any point within its borders. It Avas established as a township in 1749, being among the earliest to be formed. The north branch of the Earitan rises only a short distance from the source of the Passaic, but the two rivers diverge immediately after leav ing their natal springs. When and by Avhom Mendham Avas first settled cannot be definitely ascertained. It is quite difficult for those who live at the present time, enjoying the comforts and often the 72 THE PASSAIC VALLEY luxuries of modern life, to understand or appreciate the in ducements which led the first white man to select an un broken wilderness as a dAvelling place for himself and his family. Even the impulse which drove those who sought 8. BELLm'S BA.BE itxF OF VIU. refuge from religious persecution is not always nor ever, perhaps, properly estimated. This im])iilse did not send the first settlers to Mendham, and it is a matter really of con jecture as to what was the impelling force which sent the FIRST SETTLERS OF MENDHAM 73 first immigrants thither. That part of the countiy where Mendham is situated is remarkably Avell Avatered. Numer ous streams run over it into both the Passaic and Earitan. The trapper and hunter may have found peltry and game in abundance in the forests and Avaters of this region Avhen there were no settlements to disturb the solitude or to frighten aTsay the objects of their pursuit. The alert and quick-eyed Anglo-Saxon, ever since he has been known to history, has been fond of adventure, eager to explore other lands than his own, sometimes not over honest nor careful to regard the rights of others in the possession of country and home, and never has he more manifested his restless energy than in his migrations in this western continent. Perhaps the fertile soil, the pure air, the healthful climate may have induced immigration to the beautiful mountain land. The trapper and the hunter never kept Avritten rec ords of their genealogy, of their race, or lineage, nor noted upon the written page the births of their children, the mar riages of their maidens, the death of their ancestors. They did not trouble themselves about Autal statistics; the stern realities of their rude life, of their present wants, simple thougli they might be, were the objects of their con sideration. The warlike Anglo-Saxon carved his record Avith his sword, so the brave men who went out into the wilder ness and helped found an empire of freemen have given no information of who they Avere, what was the place of their nativity, or what was their race or lineage. The ea.rliest date which can be established by any record is about 1738, and the first settler known by name was James Wills, who bought land at Ealstonville from the Pro prietors. He was succeeded by some Scotch and Irish Protestants, who erected a log church near Indian Brook, which flows into the Earitan, Avest of the village. In 1740 74 THE PASSAIC VALLEY v.' the population had largely' increased, among Avliom were found families named Cook, Beach, BaldAvin, Thompson, Condict, Cooper, AVick, Loree, Cary, Smith, Dod, Clark, and HoAvell. James Pitney's name appears there in 1740. He was a son of the James Pitney AA^ho is spoken of as being in pos session of some land in Somerset County on the east side of the north branch of Dead Eiver. He became a large landoAvner in and near Mendham. A farm once OAvned by him, between Mendham and Brookside, is still in the family, being now the property of the Hon. Henry C. Pitney, one of the vice-chancellors of New Jersey' and uoav re siding at Morristown. •James Pitney's brother, Jonathan, also settled at Mendham. From these tAVO brothers are de scended the large and re spectable Pitney families in Morris. The vice-chancellor has three sons, laAvyers, one of whom has recently been appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey; another is a civil engineer. The names of Axtell and Losee apj)ear among the early settlers or soon after they came. If the names of the first recorded inhabitants are any indication of the locality from AN INDIAN CHIEFTAIN. MENDHAM FAMILIES 75 Avhence they came, those Avho aro familiar with the nomen clature of the families in l]ssex County would conclude that they undoubtedly migrated from that county. They were, hoAvever, all of English origin. At the present time the names prominent in Mendham are Losee, Phoenix, Gara- brant, Quimby, Sutton, Bockoven, Oliver, Drake, Menagh, Thompson, Stiger, Nesbitt, and Cooper. The names of Ax tell, Mcllraith, Dod, Sanders, Pitney, Stevens, Eiggs, and Marsh, once prominent here, have now few, if any, repre sentatives. The Axtell faniily Avere once quite numerous, but they haA^e disappeared from this locality. A meniber of it, the Hon. Charles F. Axtell, a lawyer and formerly a inember of the State Legislature from Jlorris County, re sides at Morristown, and others are found scattered over the country. Stephen Dod, a remarkable mechanic and mathematician, was the ancestor of several distinguished clergymen, one of whom was a professor in Princeton College. He himself was a descendant of Daniel Dod, one of the first immigrants from Connecticut to Newark. After leaving Mendham, and before reaching Union Coun ty, several small villages in Morris County are included within the range of the Passaic Valley: Brookside, once called Water Street, and AVashington Corners in Mendham Township; Logansville, Green Village, AAliite Bridge, Pleas ant Plains, Pleasantville, Green Village, Long Hill, Meyers- ville, Stirling, and Gillette in Passaic ToAvnship. Stirling and Gillette are new localities; the others are of some an tiquity. The Passaic and Delaware Railroad passes through or very near Gillette and Stirling. This fact and the beauty of the surrounding country have induced specu lators to purchase many tracts of land on the line of this railroad in the hope of securing immigration of summer 76 THE PASSAIC VALLEY residents and permanent settlers. At Stirling the land has been mapped and laid out into city building lots. Silk mills have been established and a. population of about 900 have been gathered here. A large proportion of these are foreigners of different nationalities : many Italians, some Armenians, and a fcAv SAvedes. The other localities are small villages, hamlets, insignificant centers of agricul tural interests, Avith no manufactures. With some very few exceptions there are no representatiA^es of old families in this region. A very distinguished Morris County family was found at Ncav Vernon before and during the Eevolu tion, one of whom, perhaps more, served in the patriot army. This family was of the Lindsley race, descended from Fran cis Linle, one of the first settlers of New ark in 1666, and whose descendants are scattered in different parts of the coun try. Eleazar Lindsley, one of this fam ily, became a colonel in the Eevolution ary Army. He is represented to-day by many descendants in Morris County and elsewhere. Philip Lindsley is another of the same blood, avIio made himself distinguished, early in the nineteenth century, as a theologian and college and seminary professor. He was born at New Vernon in 1780, was graduated from Princeton in 1804, was licensed to preach in 1810, became a tutor and professor in his alma mater, Avas its vice-presi dent, refused the position of president, and finally ac cepted the chancellorship of the University of Nashville, Tenn., after three times refusing the proffered honor. His A CONTINENTAL SOLDIER. LONG HILL AND VICINITY 77 son, John Berrien Lindsley, has secured distinction as a physician, and became the successor of his father as chan cellor. He held the position from 1855 to 1S70, with great credit for his admirable performance of its duties. He and his father were both voluminous authors, he Avritiug upon medical and germane subjects and his father on theological themes. A grandson of Philip Lindsley bearing the same name is uoav a distinguished laAvyer at Dallas, Tex. Oscar Lindsley, who recently died at Pleasantville, Avas a mem ber of the same family, as is also J. Frank Lindsley, editor and proprietor of the Morris County Vliroiiicle, an able and successful ncAVspaper published at MorristoAvn, (lillette is a small hamlet Avhere .-ire several summer resi dences. The name of Long Hill can hardly be given to auy certain locality, although there is a postoffice called by that name, near Meyersville, affording postal facilities for the region adjacent. But what is knoAvn as Long Hill is an ele vation, in some points nearly 500 feet above the tide, ex tending from Chatham for ten miles and ending in Somer set County. Although no village nor hamlet exists Avhich can be called Long Hill, yet there has been quite a numer ous population, mostly agricultural in its character, living for the last century and more on farms in and about this elevation. Among this population were several families of historical fame. A reference to only one or tAVo of these can be made. Eev. James Caldwell, the Avell knoAvn chap lain and quartermaster in the Eevolutionary Army, be longed to one of these. He took a very prominent part in the Eevolution and Avas a participant in many battles, not only as chaplain, but as an actual combatant. His courage gave him the name of the " Fighting Parson." At Springfield he shoAved the greatest intrepidity, mingling in the thickest of the contest, and encouraging the soldiers by voice and 78 THE PASSAIC A^ALLEY example. At a critical moment when the cartridges were exhausted he rushed into the church, near at hand, gathered up the hymn books, and gave them to the men with the ex clamation " Give them Watts, boys! " Many amusing anec dotes are related of him and of his ready answers. It was MONUMENT ERECTED BY THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF THE PATRIOTS WHO FELL AT SPRINGFIELD, JUNE 23, 1780. at the time of the battle of Springfield that his wife, Avhile standing in a house at Connecticut Farms, Avith a babe in her arms Avatching the British Army as it passed by, was shot and killed by a soldier in the invading ranks. He himself Avas murdered, in 1781, by a drunken soldier near Elizabethtown. He Avas greatly respected by the officers in RE\-. .I.AMES CALDAVELL AND THE LUDLOAVS 79 the patriot army and beloved by the men. His murderer Avas promptly tried and as promptly executed. His virtues and patriotism have been the theme of many poets and ora tors since his time, and his name Avill ever be spoken Avith reverence by all Jerseymen. His oavu immediate descend ants Avere numerous, nine sons and daughters having been born to him before his brutal murder. These children were all provided for immediately after his death. Afterward they became leaders in societ}- in one direction or another. The daughters Avere well married, one son was carried to France by Lafayette, two became employes in governmental departments, and one Avas a judge of the county courts in ( rloucester County. A lineal descendant, a great-grandson, Noel Eobertson Park, is uoav a inember of the New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Eevolution, claiming eligibility for membership hj his descent from this distin guished ancestor. In the graveyard of the First Presby terian Church at Elizabeth is a monument Avith this in scription : This monument is erected to the memory of the Rev. James Caldwell, the pious and fervent Christian, the zealous and faithful minister, the eloquent preacher, and a prominent leader amongst the worthies who secured the independ ence of his country. His name will be cherished in the Church and in the State as long as virtue is esteemed and patriotism is honored. The Ludlow family Avas once prominent in this section of Morris County. Cornelius and Benjamin Avere conspicu ous during the Eevolutionary times, and foremost in the politics of their day. Benjamin became a major-general in the patriot army. One of their descendants, George H. Ludlow, was at one time clerk of the County of Morris, and then became its sheriff. Another, George C. LiidloAV, Avas governor of the State for one term and afterAvard an asso ciate justice of the Supreme Court. 80 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Other families of note were set:tled along Long Hill, bearing the names of Eunyon, Carle, Little (Littell), Con- net, Moore, Badgley, Baker, Elmer, and others. Very few of these are to-day represented by actual residents. Meyersville was originally settled by Germans, who es tablished here a Lutheran Church. These sturdy men have become entirely Americanized, although retaining many customs of their forefathers and clinging to their beloved church. The Campfield family origin ated, so far as Morris County is con cerned, at New Vernon, once called South Hanover. The first of the name was Abraham, who settled here in the eighteenth century. He Avas an active, intelligent citizen, conducting an iron manufactory in connection with a coun try store, sending pack-horses to the mines near Dover, and thus bringing the needed material to his blacksmith shop. His descendants removed to Morristown and added their influence to the progress and prosperity of that locality. The people of Passaic Township early provided religious appliances for their OAVU benefit and for their families and neighbors. Besides those at Millington, Stirling, and Meyersville, Methodist Churches have been established at Pleasant Plains and Green Village and a Presbyterian at New Vernon. Passaic ToAvnship has some Eevolutionary reminiscences. In 1780-81 the patriot army was encamped in Morris Coun ty, a large part of it being located in the northern and north western parts of the township, where the soldiers built huts A Ol.LNADIEROFFICER. o H-< W O 0 agS 82 THE PASSAIC VALLEY for their accommodation. An abundance of chestnut trees grew in the locality and these were used for the erection of these huts, whicli were made as comfortable as possible. The winter, hoAvever, was one of the severest ever known in the county and the men suffered severely. In addition to the cold there was a lack of clothing and food, and the pa triotism of the sufferers was severely tried. They were true, howcA'er, to themselves and to their country, and did not murmur. The Wick house, celebrated in Eevolutionary history, is situated in this township. It is still standing, in good preservation, on the road from Mendham to what was knoAvn a few years ago as Hoyt's Corners. Its architecture is of a style well knoAvn at the time of its erection — long, low, one story and a half in height, with a narrow hall pass ing through the center of the dwelling and tAvo rooms on each side. It was in one of these rooms that Tempe Wick secreted her pet horse to save it from being taken for the use of the army. COLONIAL JACK. CHAPTEE VI THE GREAT SAA^A.JIP — PASSAIC LAKE N THE southeastern part of Passaic Township is a large extent of country called the Great Swamp, tomprising many thousands of acres. It borders directly upon the river and extends quite a distance into the country. A very large part of it is as level as a XJarlor fioor and not a stone of any considerable size can be found anywhere on its surface. Undoubtedly an extensive swamp once existed at this spot, having all the characteris tics of a marsh. But the ground has now become hardened, houses are built upon it, roads ruu across it, every acre of it can be cultivated, and all the products of the temperate zone can be grown in its fruitful soil. This Great SAvamp was probably at one time part of the bed of the immense lake to which some reference has already been made. This imaginary body of water has received from Ncav Jersey geologists the name of the " Passaic Lake." Several theories have been advanced by scientific men as to its origin, nature, and final obliteration. Whether such a body of water did ever actually exist has not been definitely settled. Pro fessor George H. Cook, for many years State geologist of New Jersey, first noticed, in 1880, the apparent former ex istence of a large body of fresh Avater. He fixed its date during the latter ice age, when, as Avas supposed, the whole or nearly the whole of the State Avas coA^ered with ice. He JJ ^ to 1^ ao- ^ jg JS- jo 4i >" fi-ji) s- i> is- go qa JL ICll COURTSHIP 220 THE PASSAIO VALLEY But there was another element in the population of Mor ris County which must not be overlooked, although not so important so far as its numbers are concerned as the others already mentioned. Early in the eighteenth century a small band of immigrants founded a settlement at German Valley, in the southwestern comer of the county. This was only a small part of a large volume of immigration which left Germany early in the eighteenth century for this western world and spread from the Mohawk and Hudson Valleys in New York as far south as Savannah in Georgia, leaving large numbers, however, in Pennsylvania. The settlement in Morris County was the result of an acci dent. The design of this particular band was to reach the Mohawk Valley, but the vessel which brought them across the Atlantic was driven by stress of weather into Delaware Bay, and, landing at Philadelphia, the colonists, strangers in the country, unacquainted with the routes of travel, resolved to make their way overland to their original place of destination. When they reached the locality afterward, and by them, called German Valley, attracted by its goodly situation, its fertile soil, and its delightful climate, they determined there to fix their habitation. The land was before them; there were no inhabitants there except, perhaps, a few whites and some straggling, wandering In dians. A beautiful stream making its way to the Raritan passed through the valley. The hillsides were covered with timber suitable for the erection of their dwellings. There they remained, and there are their descendants to this day. They reared their church, in which they worshipped accord ing to the faith of their fathers. The log edifice has given l>lace to a substantial and commodious structure, where godly men have ministered to them from generation to gen eration. MORRIS OOUNTY IN THE REVOLUTION 221 Such are the elements which have peopled Morris Coun ty, and such are the men who laid the foundations of its prosperity and made it what it is to-day. They little knew and in their wildest imagination never dreamed what were to be the mighty results of their labors. They builded deeper and stronger and reared, a structure more colossal in its proportions than their fancy even conceived. The part which the citizens of Morris County took in the Revolutionary War is deserving of the highest commenda tion. The whole population with exceedingly few excep tions were loyal to the cause of freedom. Their women and children manifested this loyalty in the strongest manner possible. Prior to the actual beginning of hostilities be tween the colonies and the mother country, as early as 1772, full evidence was given of the restive spirit of the people under the op pressive acts of the King and Parliament of Eng land. Morris County was too far removed from the actual scenes of oppression, and its situation was such that its people could be lit- a liberty placard. tie affected by the laws which were intended by the English authorities to strike at the seaboard towns and commercial and navigating in terests. But beneath all the events which were agitating the colonists there were involved certain principles which their intelligent minds and consciences could and did ap preciate. These principles were attacked by the action of the mother country, and that affected the patriots of Mor- 222 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ris County to such an extent that they were ready to make common cause with their fellow citizens in other colonies. The first public demonstration of the patriotic feeling of the community was made on the 27th day of June, 1774, when a public meeting of the freeholders and inhabitants of the county was held, pursuant to prior call, at the court house in Morristown, Jacob Ford acting as chairman. Reso lutions wei'e passed expressing the sentiments of the meet ing. These avowed loyalty to King George, but at the same time gave vent in the strongest terms to the indignation of the .people and at the attempted invasion by the English Parliament of the rights of the colonists. They repudiated the action of the authorities in shutting up the port of Bos ton, in raising a revenue by taxing the colonies; they protested against the Bos ton port bill, and all other acts at all sub versive of the rights of the people. They promised unqualified assistance to their oppressed fellow citizens of other colonies, declared that no purchase should be made of any articles imported from Great Bri tain or the; East Indies, and provided for the appointment of committees of corre spondence in different parts of the country. From the time when this meeting was held the people of the county were ablaze Avith patriotism; the very best men in the county came to the front, and by the appointment of the people assumed the control of public affairs, and the communities in all parts of the county followed these leaders. Committees of correspondence and safety were appointed. It was unsafe for a knoAvn and recognized Tory to remain in the county. A most excellent man, respected and beloved by his neigh- STAMP-ACT STAMP. MORRIS COUNTY IN THE REVOLUTION 223 bors and who had been elected to the office of sheriff, was an outspoken adherent of King George. He Avas at once notified that he must change his principles or leave the county. He was conscientious in his convictions and re fused to submit to the dictation of his fellow citizens, and was obliged to leave. The patriotism of the inhabitants of Morristown was so well assured that political prisoners who had been arrested for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the new gov ernment were sent to be confined in that town. A single in cident Avill show the universality of the patriotism which actuated all classes. In July, 1776, in a remote part of the county at a small hamlet, a Mr. Gaston conducted a country store, where could be found all the articles neces sary for the simple wants of his customers. His book of accounts kept at that time is in existence and in the possession of one of his descendants, preserved Avith filial reverence. On the Fourth of July, 1776, page after page records the sales made of the ordinary articles required for household purposes. But on the day succeeding that, on which the news of the Declara tion of Independence was received, the entries in this old day book are all made up of charges for poAvder and ball and shot, and the persons so charged covered nearly all the inhabitants of the hamlet. When the army visited Morristown in 1777 and again in 1780 and 1781 the people met them with open arms, wel comed them to their homes, gave them gratuitously of their substance, and unmurmuringly bore all the burdens conse- HANGING A TORY. 224 THE PASSAIO VALLEY quent upon the presence of so many additions to their num bers. The Avomen of the county were not behind the men in their patriotism. They sustained and encouraged their husbands, brothers, and sons in their devotion to the public cause; they tilled the farms while the men were away with the army; they ministered to the wants of the sick and wounded, manufactured clothing for the soldiers, opened their doors to them as they passed, fed the hungry, and suf fered privations and sacrificed much for their country. Said Anna Kitchell, wife of Uzal Kitchell and sister of Captain Timothy Tuttle, when by a timid friend urged to ac cept British pro tection : " I have a husband and five brothers in the American Army; if the God of battles does not care for us we will fare with the rest." Morris County is named after Lewis Morris, the first inde- pendent colonial governor of New Jersey, and who was instrumental in se curing the creation of the county. More space has been given to this history of Morris Coun ty and its subdivisions than perhaps may be deemed by ^:^^^&mJ y^ffv-r^^ MORRIS COUNTY IN THE REVOLUTION 225 some it deserved, but it is hoped that it will be remembered that that county is one of the historic counties of the Valley of the Passaic, connected with the war Avhich secured for this great republic its independence and its present proud position in the world; that around it and its history cluster memories dear to every American heart; and that it was natural for a citizen of the county and a descendant of heroes who perilled all for independence, and were resident in this memorable locality at the time, to believe that all who are now the recipients of the privileges of freedom gained by the struggles and sacrifices of patriots of the olden time would rejoice in the recital of some of the events Avhich transpired in that day of the country's peril. MEDAL OF THE REVOLUTION. CHAPTER XVII PASSAIC COUNTY ASSAIC COUNTY is the most irregularly shaped of all the counties in Ncav Jersey, and in this respect it almost defies description. It is difficult to un derstand how it was possible that in the division of the State into counties one so irregular, so ill shaped, as is Passaic could possibly have been formed. It has its northern boundary on Orange County in New York; its westerly line impinges on Sussex and is drawn southward nearly to Stockholm in that county, at right angles with the division line between New Jersey and New York; its eastern boundary is also at right angles, or very nea.rly so, with the same division, so far as it extends southward be tween Passaic and Bergen to Pompton. At this point the di mensions of the county are so compressed that the northern and southern sides approach each other with hardly a mile distance between them. This singular formation divides the county into two un equal parts. The northerly part is considerably larger than the other, three sides of it being square — the side next to New York and those bordering on Sussex on the west and Bergen on the east. The other division broadens as it passes southeasterly from this compressed part, but again lessens until it reaches a sharp point at the end of Acquackanonk, between Essex and Bergen. As laid PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 229 out on the maps the county has the appearance somewhat of an old fashioned hour-glass, very unsymmetrical, how ever, and with ill shapen sides. A large part of Passaic is mountainous, especially at the north and west. A range of mountains of small height come up from the south below Paterson and seem to stop abruptly at the Passaic River. In and around Pompton are several hundred acres of very level land, composing part of what is called Pompton Plains, the larger portion of which, however, is located in Morris County. Passaic is well watered. Besides the river from which it takes its name, and which has already been described, the Pequannock, its noble tributary, skirts the southern boun dary of the county while making its way to its final resting place. The Wanaqua, or Wynockie as it is called by the in habitants in its vicinity, has the whole of its course in the county. The Ramapo comes from Bergen and crosses Pas saic at its narrow part, near Pompton, and a considerable stream from Greenwood Lake makes its entire way in Pas saic until it finds the Wanaqua Valley near Boardville. A stream called the Singac is of some importance in drain ing the surrounding country. There are numerous other small streams and streamlets, tributaries of the Pequannock and other rivers, and some that run into Greenwood Lake. That beautiful sheet of Avater, called also Long Pond and better known by that name to those Avho live near it, extends from New York into the northern part of West Milford, nearly one-half lying south of the dividing line between the two States. It is well stocked with fish of various kinds, and for genera tions has been the resort of fishermen. But of late years it has been much sought by summer visitors, both in New Jersey and in New York. The Greenwood Lake Railroad 230 THE PASSAIC VALLEY has made its banks easy of access. Its location is charm ing, and all lovers of wild scenery must delight in the land scapes around it which meet their eyes. The Bearfoot Mountains, the roughest, wildest, and most rocky in the State and th(^ dread of explorers who seek to A " CRAZY QUILT. mount their rugged sides, enter New Jersey from New York at the northern t-xtremity of West Milford and pass south ward. They are covered Avith a thick growth of laurel and other gnarled bushes, of scrub oaks, and some chestnut. They lie on the Avest side of Greenwood Lake aud cover its western banks with a thick shade in the brightest of sum mer days. Some twelve or more ponds and larger bodies of water RAILROADS AND AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS 231 Avhich may be called lakes are found in the county, mostly in West Milford, the largest of which is Macopin, an exceed ingly beautiful body of water covering two hundred and ninety-nine acres, which seems to have hitherto escaped the attention of summer visitors. Greenwood Lake has one thousand nine hundred and twenty acres of land lying be neath its Avaters. Numerous railroads intersect the county in almost everj^ direction, giving easy access to travellers into other parts of the country. The DelaAvare, Lackawanna and Westem runs from Hoboken northward, enters the county near the City of Passaic, then passes to Paterson, and from thence to Morris County, crossing the Pequannock at what was once called Mead's Basin, but is now known as Mountain View, and where there is a station on the railroad. The New York and Erie also starts from Hoboken, goes direct to Paterson and then into Bergen County, and after travers ing a portion of that county makes its way into New York. The New Y^ork, Susquehanna and Western also reaches Paterson, finds its way from that city with a rather cir cuitous route to the Pequannock, which it crosses at Pomp ton, and then follows the last named river along the south ern boundary of the county. The New York and Green wood leaves the New York, Susquehanna and Western about midway betAveen Pompton and Bloomingdale and finishes its course at Greenwood Lake, traversing Pompton and West Milford Townships. The agricultural interests of Passaic are considerable. There are some excellent farms within its boundary, espe cially in the vicinity of Pompton, some of which are culti vated with profit. West Milford, although so wild and forbidding, has some good arable land near Macopin Pond, 232 THE PASSAIO VALLEY and the Dutch farmers on the Pequannock, for two centuries and more, have cultivated most excellent farms. Passaic County has 128,100 acres within its bounds : 126,- 454 of land and 1,646 water; 1,346 acres of the land covered with water lie within West Milford. Of the land 50,284 , .^-=??^^ THE " VYVER " AT THE HAGUE. acres are cleared; the balance is still covered with forests. Some idea of the growth of the population may be gained from these facts : in 1840, three years after the county was formed, its population was 16,734; in 1880 the combined population of the cities of Paterson and Passaic was 59,900; the whole population then of the county was 60,805. By EARLY SETTLEMENTS 233 the census of 1900 the people in Paterson alone numbered somewhat over 105,500. In the rural districts outside of the two large cities, where the people are engaged in agricultural pursuits, they are permanent in their residences. This is especially applicable to the localities Avhere Dutch immigrants settled in the early history of the county, and Avhere many of their de scendants are still found living on the same farms occu pied by their ancestors. This, hoAvever, does not apply to all who have Holland blood in their veins. Many of them of the present day have been impelled by the energy of their neighbors of other kin, have caught their spirit and prog ress, and have mingled Avith the people and rivalled them in their application to other pursuits than agriculture and in their efforts to serve the community as citizens. In the early records of the county, in the lists of civil officers, names of undoubted Dutch origin so often occur that it may be asserted without fear of contradiction that more than three-fourths of those officers were of Holland descent. This state of affairs continued for many years, but of late the infiux of men of foreign blood has turned the scale, and now these Holland names, so often once recorded, seldom appear. At one time the very great majority of the people of the county were devoted to agriculture; now nearly all give their attention to mechanical and manufacturing pursuits, and in this respect it is not excelled by any other county in the State. Passaic had no independent history of its own prior to tbe time of its incorporation as a county. Up to that period it had been so intimately connected with Essex and Bergen that it could have had no separate historical record. The Dutch had come over first from Manhattan to Bergen Coun- 234 THE PASSAIO VALLEY ty, and then gradually they pushed their way in their slow, systematic manner into Acquackanonk and Pompton, occupying the lowlands found in those localities. There they built their substantial stone dwellings of one story, with outreaching eaves, cultivated their farms with perse vering industry, living quiet lives, rearing their children, and teaching them the virtues which have so adorned the character of these phlegmatic men. Suddenly they were confronted by a new order of things. They were awakened by the splash of water wheels, by the clatter and swing of machinery, by the rush of a new, busy life. Their young men began to appreciate this great change going on around th(;m, they aAvakened from their apathy, and soon learned that this new, busy life was before them, that it was for them, and that it meant something better, nobler than the dreary monotony of a farm. So they began to keep step with ihe push of this new existence and soon found that they had possibilities within them of Avhich they had never dreamed, and took their proper place in the great battle around them. Passaic County was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature approved on the 7th of February, 1837. In this act the county is thus described: All those parts of the Counties of Essex and Bergen contained within the following boundaries and lines : Beginning at the mouth of Yantakaw or Third River, at its entrance into Passaic River, being the present boundary of the township of Acquachanuck; running thence northwesterly along the course of the line of said Township to the corner of said line, at or near the Newark and Pompton Turnpike; thence in a straight line to the bend of the road below the house now occupied by John Freeman, iu the township of Caldwell, being about one and a half miles in length ; thence to the middle of Passaic River; thence along the middle of said River to the middle of the mouth of the Pompton River by the two Bridges; thence up said River along the line between Bergen and Morris Counties to Sussex County; thence along the line between Sussex and Bergen Counties to the State of New York ; theuce Easterly along the line be- 236 THE PASSAIO VALLEY tween the two States to the division line between the townships of Pompton and Franklin; thence along said line dividing said townships and the townships of Franklin and Saddle River to where it intersects the road commonly called Goetchius' lane; thence down the center of said road or lare to the Passaic River; thence down the middle of Passaic River to the plaee of Beginning. When Passaic was first organized it had five townships : Acquackanonk, Manchester, Paterson, Pompton, and West Milford. Of these Acquackanonk was the oldest, having been made a township as early as 1693, when it formed a part of Essex, to which it continued to belong until the creation of Passaic, when it was added to the new county. Manchester was included in Saddle River, one of the town ships of Bergen, but was transferred to Passaic in 1837. Some reference has already been made to the early his tory of Paterson in connection with the Society for the Es tablishment of Useful Manufactures. A large part of it was originally severed from Acquackanonk in 1831, when it became an independent township, and was afterward, in 1851, incorporated as a city, but since that time has re ceived large additions to its territory in its first and second wards by some part of Little Falls and a further portion from Acquackanonk. Pompton was also an ancient munici pality, founded in 1797 from part of Bergen, from which county it was transferred to Passaic in 1837. West Milford belonged to Pompton until 1834, when it was made a town ship, an.l three years afterward added to Passaic Oounty. Since the formation of Passaic three new townships have been erected Avithin its bounds: Little Falls, Passaic, and Wayne. Little Falls was once within the bounds of Acquackanonk, but in 1868 was made an independent town ship. Passaic was taken from Acquackanonk in 1866 and made a township; three years later it became a village; and it Avas incorporated as a city in 1873. In 1847 Wayne was set off from Manchester. BOROUGH ORGA^^ZATIONS 237 Five boroughs have been created in Passaic; three, Pomp ton Lakes, Totowa, and Hawthorn, were incorporated prior to 1901. In 1901 two others were formed by the Legisla ture : Prospect Park, by act approved March 13, and Hale don, on March 20. Both were taken from the Township of ISIanchester. l«, '^ ¦WP* i^ <* ^ ^ 4^ ^ C^ 1^ .5v .^ • •>* S?0 N' F P ENNr.^ 0 jre SPt/^jry). :^Pne]?^^^4g^^?[ Penny.' CHAPTER XVIII WEST MHjFORD, POMPTON, AND WAYNE EST MILFORD TOWNSHIP is situated in the northwestern part of the county and is its largest municipality. There are few townships in the State that have so large an acreage and not many that have so few inhabitants. It is bounded on the north by Orange County in New York, on the east by Pompton Township, on the south by Morris County, from which it is separated by the Pequannock River, and on the Avest by Sussex County. Almost the whole of the township is covered by mountains, whose summits are bare of vegeta tion and covered by scraggy rocks. The valleys of the Ring- wood and Wanaqua Rivers, which extend through the whole length of West Milford from north to south, and occasional valleys on the tributaries of these and other rivers, are filled with fertile farms, which in a measure compensate for the sterility found in other portions of the township. The Wanaqua Valley, which begins at Pompton Plains, is beautiful and picturesque. More beautiful landscapes can not be found elsewhere. Iron ore of the very best quality has been mined in various parts of the township. The rich deposits of this metal, found in Morris County and at Ringwood and other parts of what is now Passaic, invited eariy in the eighteenth century immigration and capital frora England and Europe. Large tracts of land were pur chased, mines opened, and iron ore mined in great quanti- 240 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ties and of excellent quality; forges and furnaces were erected and iron manufactured. Germans came over from Hesse-Cassel and other parts of the Fatherland. Of course all these facts led to explorations for the precious metal in parts of the country adjacent to the mines already opened. This led explorers into West Milford, and there iron was found of a superior character and in quantity. West Milford was settled as early as 1720 by immi grants from Germany amd other parts of Europe, some AFTER A BLIZZARD. coming from Holland. A few of the names of these early settlers still survive in the township. such as Stru- bel, Schuls- ter, V r e e- land. and Kanouse. The Kanouse family is of Holland descent, the ancestor, John George Kanouse, coming here about 1720. He was unable to pay his passage, and, like many others, was sold on his arrival here to pay the amount due. His descendants have ramified into many of the most respectable families in the county. One of them was the mother of John P. Brown, Avhose father, Peter P. Brown, and himself kept the famous hotel at New Foundland for more than seventy years. This lady survived until a few years ago. There are several school districts in the township, but the sparsity of the population necessarily obliges the extent RELIGIOUS AND AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS 241 of these districts to be large; the children as a general rule attend and much interest is manifested in the care and sup port of the schools. There are five churches in the township : a Roman Catho lic and a Baptist at Echo Lake, two Presbyterian — one at New Foundland and one at the village of West Milford, — • and a Methodist at New Foundland. Of these the Roman Catholic at Echo Lake is the oldest. It was established to meet the wants of the German population, who were Roman Catholics in their religious views. It has not, how ever, been well supported, as the number of its attendants has not warranted the settlement of a regular priest. The other churches are well attended and well supported. Agriculture is the principal pursuit of the inhabitants. The iron interests have not been sustained of late years, as formerly. In 1840 the town had ten forges, two tan neries, two gristmills, five sawmills, and a population of 2,108. In 1880 it had as many mills and as many forges, but these last were not in active nor continual operation, and its population was about 2,500. In 1900 it cast less than five hundred and eighty votes. The introduction into the township of railroad facilities has added greatly to the convenience of its citizens in the quick transportation of the products of the soil to good markets. Great quanti ties of milk are daily sent to the City of New York. Near Macopin, at the foot of a hill, is quite a large deposit of kaolin of excellent quality. The depth of this deposit has not been ascertained, but the earth in wells dug in the vicinity, fifteen or twenty feet in depth, is discolored by the kaolin. The deposit seemed caught up between the roots of the hill and a ledge of rocks running parallel with the elevation from which this material seems to proceed. There are some small aud unimportant hamlets in West 242 THE PASSAIO VALLEY Milford: Uttertown, Postville, Clinton, Cooper, Upper Ma copin, and Hewitt. New Foundland and West Milford are more important villages. West Milford has 51,326 acres, of which 1,346 are covered by water and 37,363 by forests. Pompton Township contains 34,172 acres, of which two hundred and four are under water and 26,433 uncleared. Like West Milford, its territory extends from the northern 'J^-^ii^C-i. - >.'"^ ft"-"- OLD REVOLUTIONARY HOUSE AT POMPTON. to the southern lines of the county. It is bounded on the north by New York, on the east by Bergen, on the south by Morris County with the Pequannock River as a dividing line, and on the Avest by West Milford. In its western por tion it is quite hilly, but the valley of the Wanaqua, where is found some excellent cultivable land, fills up almost its entire western part. Large quantities of iron ore have been mined in different parts of Pompton in years gone by. The celebrated Ringwood mines are situated very near to the New York line. These mines at one time were very EARLY SETTLERS 243 successfully conducted under the management of members of the Ryerson family, who were influential and successful in this township. They belonged after they went out of the control of the Ryersons to the Trenton Iron Company, owned by the philanthropist, Peter Cooper, and his son-in- law, Abram S. Hewitt, formerly mayor of New York City, who is still living at a very advanced age. Many years ago Mr. Hewitt, Avho was an accomplished expert in all mat ters relating to iron from the ore to the finest steel fabric, declared that more than five hundred thousand tons of first rate ore had been taken from this Ringwood mine. Pompton was one of the localities which early attracted Dutch immigration, and many descendants of these Holland immigrants abound here and in its vicinity. Such names as Van Ness, De Bow, Mandeville, Ryerson, Roome, Van Saun, De Baun, Doremus, Bertholf, Van Wagenen, Rb- maine, Mead, Berdan, and others, all undoubtedly of Hol land origin, still are found here. Those who bear these names Avho are past middle life are all able to speak the Dutch language, and in many old dwellings, some built by the original ancestors, that vernacular is the only mode of conversation in their households. The Ryerson name was borne by some of the most noted men in the State. Martin J. Ryerson, who for many years conducted and was the owner of the Ringwood mines, was State senator from Passaic for three successive years. Martin J. Ryerson, his uncle, was the owner of a large furnace at Avhat is now called Pompton Lakes, was a very successful iron manufacturer, and a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Bergen County. His son, Peter M. Ryer son, succeeded him in the business, and was for many years the largest iron manufacturer in the United States. At the age of fifty-seven he entered the Union Army as captain in 244 THE PASSAIC VALLEY a New Jersey regiment of infantry, was afterward promoted to major, and was killed at the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862. On the day he left for the front he expressed to an intimate friend his conviction that he would be killed, and expressed the hope that he would be in the command of his regiment. His hope was realized, for on the day of the battle both his colonel and lieutenant-colonel Avere ab sent, and he necessarily took the command. His son, David A. Ryerson, now a successful lawyer in Newark, after his father's death raised a company from the hardy mountain eers of West Milford and Pompton, and entered the service as captain with his brother, Peter M., Jr., then a cadet at West Point, as one of his lieu tenants. Peter M., Jr., was killed in Tennessee, and David A. was wounded at Gettysburg. Another son, Richard W., physically unable to enter the ranks, went into the quartermaster's department and re turned safely to his family. There are several villages and hamlets in Pompton. The villages are all important, and are Bloomingdale on its southern border, where there are several churches and a postoffice; Pompton in the southeastern corner Avith an old Reformed (Dutch) Church and a postofflce; and Ringwood BREUKELEN IN HOLLAND. WAYNE TOWNSHIP 245 in the extreme north, where are situate the Ringwood mines and a postoffice. The hamlets are Boardville, Stonetown, Midvale, and Wanaqua. Pompton Lakes, one of the five boroughs of Passaic, is situate in Pompton Township, near and around the spot where once stood Judge Martin J. Ryerson's furnace, and in cludes the ponds used by him in connection with his iron manufactures. These collections of water give name to the borough. Pompton derives its title from the Pompton In dians, who frequented this region. Wayne Township is situate in the central part of the county, is of irregular shape, and extends southerly from the locality where the county is compressed into narrow di mensions, as already described, until it reaches Little Falls. Its boundaries can not be very accurately defined in conse quence of this irregularity of formation. It is narrow at each end and broadens out in its center, and is bounded north by Bergen, east by Bergen, Paterson, and Little Falls, south by Essex and Little Falls, and west by Morris and Essex. It is mostly level, and excellent and well culti vated farms abound within its territory. Several small streams fiow over its southem part into the Pequannock, which passes along the western boundary, dividing the township from Morris. It contains 17,107 acres, ninety-six of which are covered by water, 9,488 are cleared, and 7,523 are still forest land. It has a few hamlets and villages — Preakness, Wayne, and Mountain View or Mead's Basin, where there is a station on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which traverses the southwestern part of the township on its way from Paterson to Boonton. The New York, Susquehanna and Western also passes over a small portion of Wayne with a station at the village of Wayne. The township is divided into two undefined dis- 246 THE PASSAIC VALLEY tricts called Preakness and Pacquanack. These divisions are arbitrary and denote no particular peculiarity either of locality or of interest. This township has an exceedingly interesting history. Its earliest settlement was the second oldest in the county. It had then no municipal organization, but afterAvard it formed a part of Manchester, from which it was taken Feb raary 17, 1847, and created an independent township by an act of the Legislature. It was settled more than tAvo cen- AT A COUNTY FAIR. turies and a half before that date, when Arent Schuyler and Major Anthony Brockholst, the original grantees of the title for five thousand five hundred acres in Passaic, covering a large part of Wayne Township, immigrated to Wayne and lived on a part of their purchase. The settlement prior to this was in Acquackanonk. These first two settlers, Avho were Hollanders, although Schuyler was born in Albany in New York, Avere soon followed by numerous permanent immigrants of the same race, whose descendants to-day com- WAYNE TOWNSHIP 247 pose the majority of the citizens of Wayne. This Arent Schuyler was undoubtedly the ancestor of the numerous and infiuential family of Schuylers scattered all over New Y''ork and New Jersey. An examination of the list of offi cers of the township shows that much more than one-half are of Holland descent. The names most prominent are Schuyler, Ryerson, Berdan, Doremus, Mandeville, Van Riper, Kip, and Demarest. The manufacturing interests of Wayne are inconsider able, the people being mostly engaged in agriculture. Some years ago a large powder mill was established at the village of Wayne under the man agement of the Lafiin and Rand Powder Company. Several brick yards have been very successfully con ducted at Mountain View and other points. The first school in Wayne, accord ing to tradition, was opened as late as 1776, in a " dug out " at the bottom of a hill near Mead's Basin or ^lountain View. This dug out had a substan tial roof, and was used by General Anthony Wayne as a stable during the Revolutionary War and while he was stationed in the vicinity. There are now five school districts, each with a comfortable house. The old Reformed Church at Preakness was established in 1798, when a small church edifice was built. The con gregation was poor, and for years struggled against great disadvantages, unable to secure the services of an independ ent minister of their own and depending for such religious instruction as they could obtain from the pastors of the DUTCH PATROON. 248 THE PASSAIO VALLEY neighboring churches. But in 1843 they were able to call to their aid the Rev. John A. Staats, who ministered to them for nearly twenty years. In 1852 they were enabled to re build, and are now an active, progressive congregation, with Sunday school and other organizations. During the Revolutionary War portions of both contend ing armies at times visited the township, but no particular incidents connected with their presence are of any interest. The township is named in honor of Major-General Anthony Wayne. A -¦^¦^^^^w^ ^^-'-^. ANTHONY WAYNE'S NOTE TO WASHINGTON ON THE CAPTURE OF STONY POINT. CHAPTER XIX LITTLE FALLS AND ilANCHBSTER ITTLE FALLS is the smallest township in Passaic County, having only 3,175 acres, none of which are under water; 2,589 are cleared and the balance is still covered by the forest. The importance of this township is centered in its manufacturing interests at the town of Little Falls. The land is of good quality in certain portions, but at the southern end of the township there is a small extent of swampy ground and some mountains, through one of which an extensive gap or notch has been cut by some convulsion of nature, affording a passage for the Greenwood Lake Rail road. The township is well watered. The Passaic runs through the western portion of Little Falls and Peckman's River traverses the central part. Both these streams afford excellent water power, especially the Passaic. By no possibility can any information be given as to the first settlement of this part of the county. It seemed to have had no iron mines to be explored, its great advantages in the possession of immense water power on the Passaic were overlooked, and it was not until 1711 that any records can be found giving any definite knowledge as to the immi gration into this section of Passaic. It is altogether prob able, however, that its contiguity to Acquackanonk must have induced some of the population of that locality to have 250 THE PASSAIC VALLEY turned their attention to the advantages of the country so near their own residence. In 1711 a purchase was made by eight Acquackanonk farmers of two thousand eight hundred acres. These eight farmers all bore Holland names; they were Francis Post, John Sip, Harmanus Gar- retse (now written Garretson), Thomas Jurianee (now called Van Riper), Christopher Stynmets or Steinmetts, Cornelius Doremus, Peter Poulesse, and Hessel Pieterse, now modernized into Peterson. The land thus purchased extended from the " Great Falls " at Paterson, up the Pas saic to Peckman's River, and over to the summit of Gar ret Mountain, and included a large part of Little Falls, and was afterward divided into tracts ten chains wide passing from river to mountain. From this time onward immigrations were frequent, and at first generally of those bearing Dutch names and undoubtedly of that race. Those names were Board, Van Ness, Brower, Riker, Jacobus, Dey, and Messeke, noAV written Masker, but a very uncommon name and not found elsewhere. Most of these names have now disappeared and have given place to new comers. In the list of officers of the township for the year 1881 only one Holland name appears, while in 1868, the first year of the independent history of Little Falls as a township, nearly one-half of these offices were filled by men of Dutch origin. AN OLD HOUSE. LITTLE FALLS AND ITS INTERESTS 251 but they gradually disappear, their places being taken by new settlers. The township is bounded on the north by Paterson, on the east by Acquackanonk, on the south by Caldwell in Essex, from which it is separated by the Passaic, and on the west by Wayne. Besides the town of Little Falls there is a small hamlet in the township named Singac, taking its title from the stream of that name situated in the extreme northwest of the town ship. This locality was settled by a Hollander called John Riker, but at what date can not be easily ascertained; prob ably, howeA'er, in the early part of the eighteenth century. He OAvned most of the land in the immediate vicinity, and his descendants are still in this locality, some of them very recently living on a part of the land purchased by their an cestor. This is a Adllage of some importance. Singac gate, for the collection of toll on the Newark and Pompton Turn pike, was a landmark in this part of the country early in and until the middle of the nineteenth century. A post- office is placed at Singac. Mention has already been made of Little Falls and its great advantages for the establishment of factories arising from the great water power found there. These advantages seemed to have remained unnoticed until 1772, when Thomas Gray €'rected a foundry and a mill on the ground afterward occupied by Beattie's carpet factory. Mr. Gray built a dam across the streani which excited some oppo sition from the Legislature, but not serious enough to pre vent the completion of the dam. The title to this property of Gray passed through other owners, one of whom was a clergyman named John Duryea, until it became the prop erty of Robert Beattie, who in 1846 established an exten sive carpet and woolen factory. The first building used 252 THE PASSAIC VALLEY for his purposes was of wood, but owing to the increased demand for the products of the factory the appliances have been largely increased by the erection of brick buildings. The enterprise has been very successful, and several hun dred employees have daily crowded within the walls of the buildings. In 1850 George Jackson established the Little Falls mills for the manufacture of hair and wool felt and carpeting. Other factories for the manufacture of many VIEW AT LITTLE FALLS. aiticles in demand all over the country have been estab lished here from time to time until Little Falls has become a hive of industry. As long ago as when Trinity Church of New Y''ork re built their church edifice search was made by the architect employed to conduct the erection for the proper kind of stone, and after considerable search he found it at Little Falls. A quarry of brown stone was developed there and leased by that wealthy organization for five years. At the TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION 253 expiration of these five years it Avas leased to William H. Harris, of Montclair, and afterward bought by Robert Beat- tie. Professor George H. Cook, State geologist of New Jersey, speaks thus of the stone quarried at Little Falls at page 505 of his annual report for 1868 : The color of this stone is from a light gray to red. It comes in thick beds, and stones seventeen by twelve by four feet are sometimes got out. Most of it is very flne grained, and is styled by the workmen " liver rock." The quarry has furnished stone for several of the finest brown stone structures of New York and the adjacent cities. For any architectural purposes it is certainly a very superior material. It has been successfully used for sculpture. Little Falls Avas organized as a township by act of the Legislature approved April 2, 1868. In the act of incor poration its territory is thus described : All that part of the township of Acquackanonk, in the County of Passaic, lying westerly of the line running from the line of the City of Paterson along the steep rocks and mountains southerly to the line of the County of Essex, being the same line known as part of the westerly line of the old Acquackanonk patent, as described in an indenture made by the Proprietors of East New Jersey to Hans Diederick and others, dated March fifteenth sixteen hundred and eighty- four, and recorded in the office of the Secretary of State of New Jersey in Liber A of Deeds page one hundred and sixty-four. The earliest school in the locality now knoAvn as the Township of Little Falls Avas conducted under an apjile tree, so says tradition. The tree was large, its branches outspreading, and its hollow trunk, five feet in diameter, Avas used as a cloak and hat room. The appliances after Avard used for some time were no very great improvement on the first. The apple tree gave way to the ravages of time, and then the school met in an old distillery and there a room seven by twelve was utilized. In 1850 there was only one school district in the township. Now there are several, and excellent school facilities are provided for the young. 254 THE PASSAIC VALLEY In 1825 services after the form of the Methodist Episco pal Church were first held in a school house at Little Falls. The congregation then gathered was very small. It struggled, however, against many disadvantages, and after a season, receiving in the mean time, in connection with three other parishes, the ministrations of a pastor until 1860, it was able to secure the services of a regular minister of its own. In 1839 an edifice was erected for the purposes T W O P O UN D S. No. ^/^/" />ra i^ato of tfie Coionyof'^ ^ Nivi-rork, tl»ij!f Bui. V)tA\\it\ recei-veJ lit all Paytnints in fhe Trea/ury^ for TWO POUNDS. N^ir-roKK, TT f Fetauaty 16, 1771, ^^^f^^ iX.JLtt COLONIAL CURRENCY. of the congregation. On the 17th of October, 1837, a Re formed (Dutch) Church was organized at Little Falls by a committee of the Classis of Bergen. The congregation was obliged to share with the church at Fairfield, in Essex County, in the care of a minister. But in 1844 the Rev. Edwin A''edder was installed as pastor and devoted his whole time to the pastorate. This organization is now a strong and vigorous body. MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP 255 Manchester Township was once a part of Bergen, but on the formation of Passaic on February 7, 1837, it was annexed to that county. In the act of incorporation Manchester is de scribed in these few words : " That part of Saddle River lying east of the middle of Gaetchiu's road or lane." It contains 6,998 acres, none of which is under water; 4,556 are cleared, and the balance is still forest land. It is bounded north by Bergen Oounty, south by Little Falls, east by Little Falls and Paterson, and west by Wayne. As it was originally incorporated in the bounds of Saddle River it has no independent history prior to the time of its annexation to Passaic, Avhen it became a township. It Avas settled as early as 1706 by immigrants of Holland descent. The names of the first pioneers, who were also the owners of the land on which they settled, determine that fact. Those names were Ryerson, Westervelt, and Van Houten. From the time that Manchester became an independent township up to 1881 one or more of these three names ap pear nearly every year among the township officers, but after that date they are seldom found. Other Dutch fam ilies settled in that part of Saddle River now Manchester soon after the advent of the persons bearing the three names just mentioned. Prominent among these were Van Winkle, Brockholst, Roclofse, Van Saun, Van Allen, Merselis, and the strange one of Helmeghee, undoubtedly now modern ized into Halmagh. The surface of the land is various : in the center and to- Avards the south it is rolling, with valleys of fertile and level land; to the north and northwest some ranges of hills are found called Deer Hills. Two of the new boroughs of Passaic, Haledon and Pros pect Park, were taken from Manchester. Totowa and 256 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Hawthorn Boroughs, created some years ago, were also carved out of this township. The first record of schools appears as late as 1822. A man named John W. House, who taught this first school for foar years, was succeeded by his son, then a youth of only seventeen, who successfully taught in Passaic and Bergen for many years. His term of service in these schools Avas so long that in the last years of his life he not only met those who had been his pupils, but had also taught their children and even their grandchildren. The township is now divided into several districts. The manufacturing interests of Manchester are over- shadov/ed by those of its greater neighbor, but it has many '.m.iiortant and interesting manufactures carried on within its territory. A large factory for the manufacture of toys was established in 1875 by G. W. Knight. Two Italians named Gannetti and Gazzara, in the same year, began the business of making silk throwsters on commission. In 1879 the jute print Avorks were removed from Paterson and car ried to Manchester. Carpets were manufactured from this product, which was imported mostly from Dundee, Scotland, although the plant from which it was stripped was grown in India. A wax bleaching factory was removed from Westchester in New York to Haledon as early as 1850. Other industries have been introduced and successfully con ducted, so that Manchester can be ranked as a manufactur ing center of some importance. A survival of an ancient custom in many of the old set tled localities, especially where the first settlers Avere of Dutch origin, is still in existence at Manchester. In the times of the early settlements, when cemeteries and even graveyards had not come into existence, it was customary for some part of the ancestral farm to be selected where EARLY BURIAL PLOTS 257 the dead were deposited with pious care. When sales were made of the farms where any of these sacred spots existed they were excepted from the operation of the deed and spe cial conditions inserted permitting burials to be made by de scendants of the original owners in these family burial lots. An inclosure of this kind is to be found on the farm formerly owned by John Ryerson at Manchester, where there are sev eral graA'es with headstones, some marked only by dates and initials, others by quaint poetical inscriptions. ' .r:r^'.'Ti..i"<<>ii,i ¦ ' I • ' I' -' III 1 1 ¦¦ '(- •¦ '-' ' ' 'Mim CHAPTER XX ACQUACKANONK TOAVNSHIP CQUACKANONK is the most southern township in Passaic County and the one earliest settled. It has been very largely diminished by much of its territory being taken from time to time and added to other townships or to create new municipalities. It be longed to Essex County when it was first created in 1693, and continued to form part of that county until 1837, Avhen Passaic was created and Acquackanonk annexed to the new county. At the time when it Avas an integral part of Essex its territory extended to the Passaic and embraced all that lay southwest of that stream now contained in the County of Passaic. In 1831 Paterson was dissevered from it; in 1S54 and 1855 the territory now known as the first and sec ond Avards of Paterson Avas talcen from it; in 1866 Passaic Township Avas carved almost from its very center; and again in 1868 the whole of Little Falls was made up of part of Acquackanonk. In 1869 Paterson was again enriched by another portion of this ancient municipality. In its shape it assumes some of the peculiarities of the county to which it now belongs, having been cut and carved Avithout much regard to symmetry of sides or of formation. It is bounded north by Paterson and Little Falls, east by Paterson and Bergen County, and south by Essex. It runs southward to almost a sharp point between Essex and Bergen. 260 THE PASSAIO VALLEY It has 7,256 acres, none of which is under water, and nearly all of Avhicli is cleared. The land is largely a sandy plain, Avith some hills of no great elevation in its western part and near the Passaic River. Nearly the whole of this land is in actual cultivation, being susceptible of a very high degree of culture. Its singular name is undoubtedly derived from the title formerly bestowed upon it by the Indians. Some theories have been advanced as to its meaning, but they are all so fanciful that nothing Avould be gained by an ex amination. The name is spelled in the ancient records in various modes. As the aborigines could not write the word the only way in which it could be recorded was by adopting the phonetic system. It is found in these different modes : Hockquackanong, Ha- quequenunck, Achquackununk, Hockquackanung, Achquege- nouch, Acquequenoung, Aqiiiko- noug, and Aqueyquinunke. The first settlement made in Avhat is now Passaic County was in this township, probably in 1678. In that year an Indian chief sold Dundee Island to Hartman Michielsen, who came from Bergentown. Michielsen secured a title to his purchase from the pro prietors in 1686 for the consideration of the yearly payment of one " fatt henn." From this time onward immigrations of Holland stock gradually came. The nature of the coun try, so like that left by ihem in their native land, invited them, and they came and settled on their farms. A large extent of country in the deed conveying it Avas said to con- AN INDIAN CHIEFTAIN. THE ACQIIACKANONK PURCHASERS 261 tain 5,520 acres, but really by the description twice that number was bought from the Indians. That description in the deed was as follo^vs : " From the Third River up the Passaic to the falls, thence to Garret Rock, thence along the face of the steep rock soutliAvesterly to the present county line, and thence to the mouth of Third River." This Avas called by the Indians at the time of this conveyance, as their pronunciation of the word was understood by their white grantees, Haquequennunck, and the bounds as de scribed in the deed corre spond almost exactly with those of the township of A c q u acka- nonk as es tablished in 1693. The names of these pur chasers were Hans Died- ricks, Hart man Michielsen, Johannes Michielsen, Adrian Post, Uriah Tomassen, Cornelius Roelofsen, Symon Jacobs, John Hend rick Speare, Cornelius Lubbers, Abraham Bookey, Garret Garretson, Walling Jacobs, Elias Michielsen, and Cornelius ]Michielsen — fourteen in all and every one a Dutchman. This property along the line of the river was divided by mutual agreement into fourteen farms of one hundred acres each, and the other portion, as the demand of new immigra tions and the growth of the population made necessary, was A SUBURBAN HOUSE. 262 THE PASSAIC VALLEY allotted to various persons, all of Holland stock, until 1714, when the last division was made. Among these fourteen purchasers were representatives of some of the very best blood in Holland, and with very few exceptions they are represented amoug the present inhabi tants of Acquackanonk. Some of the names have been ma terially changed, but those living can trace their genealogies back to the original settlers, though the present holders bear different surnames from those ancestors. The Van Wagenens descended from Garret Garretson, who was sometimes called Van ("from") Wageningen, the locality in Holland from where he emigrated. His descendants gradually became Van Wagenens or Van Wagoner, as the name is often writ ten in Passaic. The Yan AVinkles come from Walling and Symon Jacobs. The Vreelands trace their geneal ogy back to the Michielsens. The Van Ripers find their ancestor in Uriah Tomassen, while the Van Houtens claim descent from Roelofsen. In 1680 Sir George Carteret granted a patent to Christo pher Hoagland for two hundred and seventy acres now cov ered by the City of Passaic. The name " Stofl:el " is obtained from the Dutch, being used by them as the diminutive for Christopher. The patent from Sir George Carteret for this tAVO hundred and seventy acres is sometimes called Hoag- land's and is also known as Stoffel's Patent. Acquackanonk Avas located at the head of tidcAvater in the Passaic River, and sloops and schooners of considerable burthen were able to pass up that stream for the purposes INDIAN CEREMONIAL STONE. MERCANTILE INTERESTS 263 of commerce. There were no railroads to disturb the scene until near the middle of the nineteenth century. Merchants in the northern part of New Jersey and even as far as Orange County found it convenient to transport their goods purchased in New York City by vessels sailing from that emporium to Acquackanonk, and from that point transport ing them by wagons. In this manner a large trade sprung up at the " Landing," as the wharf at Acquackanonk was called. In the meantime many of the old Dutch desceudants remained on their farms, toiling on in their quiet, indus trious manner, seemingly sat- i s fi e d with the products of their la- b o r s. But gradually a t 0 A\' n was gathered o n the Avest bank of the river and in the neighborhood of the " Landing." The shriek of the car Avhistle had not yet aroused them from their apathy. But at last it came; the iron horse dashed through their sleepy toAvn, by their farms, and past their scrupulously dean farmhouses, orna mented by their antique, cumbrous furniture of the fashion of a century and more ago. In 1832 the Paterson and Hud son Railroad was built, and this long established trade was gone. Goods could be carried longer distances and more quickly than by the old fashioned, dilatory sailing vessel. The Passaic was crossed by General Washington at FORT LEE IN 1776. 264 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Acquackanonk when he made his wonderful retreat before the victorious veteran army of England after the disastrous battles on Long Island and the loss of Forts Lee and Wash ington, and the exact place where he crossed is pointed out by patriotic citizens of the town of Passaic, who have made a full examination of the subject. In 1778 an officer of the Continental Army who passed through Acquackanonk and Paramus thus writes about these two localities: These towns are chiefly inhabited by Dutch people. Their churches and dwell ing houses are built of rough stone, one story high. There is a peculiar neatness in the appearance of their dwellings, haviug an airy piazza supported by pillars in front, and their kitchens connected at the ends in the form of wings. The latad is remarkably level and the soil fertile, and being generally advantageously cultivated the people appear to enjoy ease and happy competency. The furni ture in their houses is of the most ordinary kind, and such as might be supposed to accord with the fashion of the days of Queen Anne. They despise the super fluities of life, and are ambitious to appear always neat and clean and never to complain of an empty purse. Mr. Abraham Van Winkle, of Newark, a lineal descendant of the Jacobse Van Winkle who came into Acquackanonk from Holland, has in his possession the original deed from Symon Jacobs Van Winkle, son of Symon Jacobs, one of the fourteen grantees already mentioned, to Jacob Van Winkle and others. Mr. Van Winkle has very kindly per mitted a copy to be made of this ancient and interesting deed for this Avork, as follows : THIS INDENTURE made on the twenty ninth day of July in the seventh year of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George the second by the Grace of God King of Great Brittain, France and Ireland, Defend''' of the Faith &c An- noque Dom 1728, Between Symon Jacobs van Winckle of Aghquachanunck in the County of Essex in the Eastern Division of the Province of New Jersey, husbandman, of the One Part, and Jacob van Winkel, Simeon van Winkel, Marinus van Winkel and Abraham van Winkel of the County and Province aforesaid. Husbandmen of the other Part. WHEREAS the Lords Proprietors of the Province of East New Jersey (now called the Eastern Division of the Province of New Jersey) by Certain Indentures under the Common Seal of the ACQUACICANONK DEED 265 said Province and signed by the Deputy Governor and the major Part of the Councill of the same bearing Date the .sixteenth day of March in the year of Our Lord One Thousand six Hundred and Eighty Four and in the Seven and Thirtieth year of the Reign of the Late King Charles the second for and in the Consideraion therein mentioned and Exprest did grant, bargain and sell unto Hans Diderik, Garrit Garritsen, Waling Jacobs, Elias Michielsen, Hartman Michielsen, Joannis Michielsen, Cornelis Michielsen, Adrian Post, Jurian Thomas, Cornelis Roelofsen, Symon Jacobse (being the abovenamed Symon Jacobse van Winkel), Jan Hendricks Spier, Cornelis Lubbertse and Abraham Booke their heires and assignes forever A Certain Tract of Land Situate lying and being upon Pesaick River in the County of Essex and Called and known by the name of Aghquachanunck. Beginning at the Northernmost bounds of the Town of Newark and so running from the Lowermost part to the uppermost part thereof as farr as the Steep Rocks or mountains And from the said Lowermost Part along Pesaick River to the great falls thereof and so along the Steep Rocks and mountains to the uppermost part of Newark bounds aforesaid As it is more Particularly or Plainly demonstrated by a Chart or Draft thereof made by the Late SurveyC GeneraU Together with all the Rivers Ponds Creeks Isles Islands (Hartmans Island which Particu larly belongs to Hartman Michielsen and a Neck of Land within the bounds aforesaid Conteining Two Hundred Seventy Eight acres Called and known by the name of Stoffells Point formerly Patented to One Christopher Hoogland and Siiise sold to the within named Hartman Michielsen and Company always Excepted) and allso all Inletts Bays Swamps Marshes Pastures fields fences woods underwoods fishing Hawking fowling hunting and all other appurtenances whatsoever thereunto belonging and appurteining (half Part of the Gold and Silver Mines and the Royalty of the Lords Proprietors allso Excepted). To Have and to Hold the said Tract of Land and premisses and every part and parcell of the same to them the said Hans Diderik, Garrit Garritsen, Waling Jacobs, Elias Michielsen, Hartman Michielsen, Johannes Michielsen, Cornelis Michielsen, Adrian Post, Jurian Thomas, Cornelis Roelof sen, Symon Jacobse (the before named Symon Jacobse van Winkel), Jan Hen- drikse Spier, Cornelis Lubbertse and Abraham Booke their heires and assignes forever and to the use of them their heires and assignes forever as in and by the said Deed Recorded in the Records of the said Province in the year One Thou sand Six Hundred and Eighty Four Lib A. T. Belaion thereunto being FLAG OF THK WEST INDIA COMPANY. 266 THE PASSAIC VALLEY had may more fully and at Large appear. And Whereas the abovenamed Hans Diderik, Garrit Garritse, Waling Jacobs, Elias Michielsen, Hartman Michiel sen, Joannis Michielsen, Cornelis Michielsen, Adrian Post, Jurian Thomase, Cornelis Roelofse, Jan Hendriksse Spier, Cornelis Lubbertse and Abraham Booke Thirteen of the grantees in the said Deed named are long sinse deceased whereby all the Right and Title to the said Lands in the said Deed mentioned are become the Right and Title of him the said Symon Jacobse van Winkel by the name of Symon Jacobse aforesaid. Now this Indenture Witnesseth That he the said Symon Jacobse van Winkel for and in Consideraion of the naturali Love and affection which he hath and beareth unto his Sonns the abovenamed Jacob van Winkel, Simeon van Winkel, Marinus van Winkel and Abraham van Winkel Hath given granted Released Enfeoffed and Confirmed and by these presents doth fully and assolutely give grant Release Enfeoff and Confirm unto the said Jacob van W^inkel, Simeon van Wiukel, Marinus van Winkel and Abraham van Winkel their heires and assignes for Ever All that the beforementioned Tract and Parcell of Land and Premisses with the hereditaments and appurtenances Scituate lying aud being and but ted and bounded as iu the before in part Print ed Deed is Exprest (always Excepting out of this present Deed the Island Called Hartmans Island thereby granted to Hartman Michielse And the Neck of Land Conteining Two hundred Seventy Eight Acres Called and known by the name of Stosstells Point formerly Patented to Christopher Hoogland and sinse sold to Hartman Michielse and Company as allso all the Royalties in and by the said Reserved to the Lords Proprietors of the said Provinoe and allso Excepted out of this present grant all other the Lands and premisses which as Part and Parcell of the abovemenioned Tract of Land were at any Time or Times heretofore granted Conveyed or Released by the said Simon Jacobse van Winkle by himself sold under his hand and Seal or Joyntly with the otlier or any of the grantees in the said Deed from the said Lords Proprietors named under his and their hands and Seales to all or auy of the said grantees their Respective heires and assignes or any of them or to any other Person or Persons whatsoever anything herein conteined to the Contrary hereof in any wayes notwithstanding) and all the Estate Right Title Interest Possession Property claim and demand of him the said Simon Jacobse van A BELT OF WAMPUM. ACQI'AOK.VXONK DEED 267 Winkel of in or to the same or any part and Parcell thereof And the Reversion and Reversions Remainder and Remainders R ^iits Issues and Profitts thereof and of evei-y Part and Parcell thereof To Have and to Hold the above- mentioned and hereby granted or meant mentioned or Intended to be hereby granted Lands and Premisses with the hereditaments and appurtenances unto them the said Jacob van Winkel Simeon van Winkel Marinus van Winkel and Abraham van Winkel their heires and assignes forever (always Excepted as be fore Excepted) unto the sole and only proper use benefit and behoof of them the said Jacob van Winkel Simeon van Winkel Marinus van Winkel and Abraham van AA^inkel their heires and assignes for ever aud to no other use and Pur pose whatsoever the Interest due and yearly to become due to the Lords Pro prietors of the said Province their heires and assignes acording to the First in Part Prented Deed alwayes Excepted and Reserved. In witness whereof the Parties to these present Indentures have Interchangeably set their hands and seales the Day and year First abovewritten. Symon Jacobs van Winkel. On the back of this document are the follow ing official en dorsements : Be it Remembered that on ye 21st (Jay of September Anno Dom., 1732, there personally appeared before me John Cooper, one of his Majesties Judges of the Inferiour Court of Common pleas for the County of Essex in New Jersey, the within Named Jacob Vauwinkle, and acknowledged the Within W^ritten Instrument to be his free and Voluntary Act and Deed. Jno Cooper. Datd 29 July, 1728. Received in the Office June 22"^, 1802, and recorded in Book G. ... of Deeds for Essex County pages 16 and 17 and 18. J. Parkhurst, Clk. Recording paid. The deed from which this copy is taken is a genuine docu ment, and it confirms the history already given of Acquack- HOUSE IN AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND. 268 THE PASSAIC VALLEY anonk. The land described and intended to be conveyed by it relates beyond a question to that contained within the bounds of Acquackanonk when forming part of Essex County. The method used in it of identifying the grantor, formerly Symon Jacobse, but Avho when the deed was exe cuted was known as and called Van Winkle, gives informa tion of the manner in which the Holland immigrants were the ancestors of descendants who were known by other names than those once held by the original settlers from whom they claim descent. The syllable se simply means son, and its addition to Jacob or Garrit or Michiel meant the son of Jacob, Garrit, or Michiel. CHAPTER XXI PASSAIC COUNTY CONCLUDED HE first Dutch settlers at Acquackanonk were firm believers in the Christian religion, as its doctrines were taught by the Reformed Church of Holland. The first church organization of any character in Passaic County was of that denomination, and was estab lished at that locality as early, certainly, as 1686. The Hol landers in Acquackanonk undoubtedly followed the ex ample of their co-religionists elsewhere, and their first ef fort after their settlement was to make provision for the religious interests of their community. This date of 1686 is stated in this connection because in the records of the old Reformed Church at Hackensack, in Bergen County, an entry appears in the Dutch language, " Anno 1686," to the effect that Dominie Petrus Tassemaker had found there at Hackensack, or " Ackensack " as the name is written, certain members of the church whose names are given in the minutes. In 1679-80 some Labardist missionaries visited Ac quackanonk and the Great Falls. They met Tassemaker at New York in September, 1679, and then had a conversa tion with him relative to his antecedents and present pros pects. In the same year (1679) he preached at Bergen. He labored among his people, the Dutch, at various points until 1682, Avhen he accepted a call at Schenectady in New York, pnd while there visited Hackensack and preached there 270 THE PASSAIC VALLEY and at Acquackanonk. In the bloody attack by the In dians on the whites at Schenectady he and his wife and two colored servants fell victims to the rage of the savages. It is doubtful Avhether a church edifice was erected at Acquackanonk as early as 1686. It is not altogether prob able that these enthusiastic supporters of their national MANHATTAN ISLAND IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, church — and all Dutchmen in the early history of this county were — would have lived in their new home for eight years without some recognition of the claims of their com munity to the comfort and solace of religious worship in a sanctuary dedicated to Almighty God. But after all that can be said, and all conjecture exhausted, it must be ad- RELIGIOTTS INTERESTS 271 mitted that there is no exact date of the first organization of a church or erection of a church building which is relia ble. No records are in existence prior to 1726. There is, however, or Avas a few years ago, a volume of memoranda going back to as early a date as June, 1693, in which was kept a record of the Aveekly collections in the Sunday serv ice; aud in a lease made by Walling Jacobse to his son-in- law, Hermanns Garritse, dated April 10, 1693, a reference is made in the description of the leased land to the " pub lick Church Yard." It is supposed that the expression " church yard " must refer to a graveyard, but as the expres sion " church " is used the inference is plain that there must then have been some sort of a church building. However that may be, there was no regularly ordained minister of either the church at Acquackanonk or at Hackensack, for in 1693 Guillaume Bertholf was sent to Holland to receive ordination. There could be no valid ceremony of that char acter outside of the ecclesiastical authority in the Father land. Bertholf returned in 1694, aud then became the pas tor of both churches. This church organization is still in force, a strong and vigorous society, and during its history has received the ministrations of some of the most talented and godly clergymen of the denomination. In 1822 dissensions arose in the Reformed Church of America on the doctrines of the atonement and natural ability. The modified Calvinism on the great doctrine of election and kindred dogmas which began to be preached in nearly all Protestant denominations about that time, ex cept the Methodist Episcopal, did not meet the views of the conservative members of the Reformed Church, and those who held to the strictest Calvinism of their fathers in many cases separated from existing churches and formed 272 THE PASSAIC VALLEY other organizations. In 1825 the True Reformed Church of Acquackanonk was constituted and is still existing. A Methodist Church Avas established at Acquackanonk in 1840. Other denominations since the creation of the City of Passaic have established churches under the care of their different ecclesiastical organizations, and other 1^ AN ANCIENT BIBLE. societies of the Reformed Church have also been formed. As Passaic is really a part of Acquackanonk these churches may be mentioned in this connection. They are the Bap tist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, German Presbyterian, First Holland, Washington Place Holland, and First Reformed Churches of Passaic. All of these have church edifices and are well supported. KDUCVriON AND TRADE 273 The education of their children was not neglected by the early Dutch settlers at Acquackanonk. A school seems to have been established there very early in the history of the town. Guillaume Bertholf, avIio was sent to Holland to be ordained as a minister, Avas a school teaidier at Ac quackanonk. The school system of that locality Avas not very aggressive until Passaic came into existence. The Dutch appreciated good instruction, but they were not pro gressive in their ideas on that subject and did not keep up with the progress of the times. Thev desired the substan tia] results, however, of what they considered necessary educational facilities and gave particular attention to their schools, established a fund for their support, and set apart land for the sites of the school houses. There was a disposi tion to connect school and church. The school house and church were erected side by side, and it was often the case that the good dominie was obliged to teach as wvW as preach. These impassive people of Ac(iuackanonk, AA'hen they saw the river trade, the source of so much profit, slipping from their grasp, overlooked a natural appliance for greater re muneration than the riA-er trade for any labor they might bestow upon it, and which Avas lying before their very eyes ready at hand to be utilized. For two hundred years the people had lived on their farms on the banks of the Passaic, and had not discovered the immense water poAver there gathered in the rapids of the river fiowing before them. An occasional saw or gristmill had been built by some one more enterprising than any of his neighbors, but it was not until 1828 that the idea seems to have been entertained that the river might be dammed and then utilized for manufac turing. In that year two inhabitants of Acquackanonk, de scendants of the original settlers, John S. Van Winkle and LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER POWER 275 Brant Van Blarcom, obtained a grant by act of the Legis lature of the right to dam the river above tidewater. The dam was to be erected eight feet high at the site of an old dam, or between that point and the island above. The rights of owners of other land than that belonging to Van Winkle and Van Blarcom were guarded by the act, and the State was protected in any endeavor which it might make to open navigation to Paterson. Little effort was made, however, by the beneficiaries un der the act to secure the great advantages afforded them. An inefficient dam was constructed, but the project lan guished and finally was abandoned, and other parties sev eral years afterward secured another act from the Legis lature which resulted in the establishment of the Dundee Manufacturing Company. This Avas in 1832. This last named enterprise seemed still to languish. Additional and supplementary acts were passed from time to time granting fuller powers to the company until 1870, when the name was changed to the Dundee Water Power and Land Com pany. From this time success followed and the corporation seemed founded upon a sure basis. Its works consist of a substantial dam across the river, with a canal used to con vey water to the various mills on the banks by an ingenious system of locks. This canal is a mile and a half in length. The dam is four hundred and fifty feet in length, forty- five feet wide at the bottom, and six feet at the top. The expansion of water above the dam is called Dundee Lake, and by a system of most admirable engineering a head of water of twenty-five and a half feet is obtained for the mills. This is the foundation for the wonderful success and en during growth of Passaic City. It has taken only a quarter of a century to change this quiet, sleepy locality into an 276 THE PASSAIC VALLEY active, stirring, bustling city of several thousand inhabi tants, where enterprise and energy have been masterful, Avhere manufactures of many varieties are successfully con ducted, and where intelligent Avorkmen and their families find happy and comfortable homes. The population of Pass.aic, according to the census of 1900, is over 27,000. Paterson iu its inception and rise has already been THE VAN WAGONER HOMESTEAD AT PASSAIC. (Erected in 1778.) noticed, but it deserves some further mention, certainly as to its appliances for the religious aud educational inter ests of its inhabitants. It has fifty established churches : Ten Presbyterian — seA'en English, one German, and one col ored; four Baptist, one of which is colored; uiue IMetho dist — tAVO African IMethodist, one Zion .Methodist Episco pal, and one non-Episcopal; five Episcopalian; Iavo Lu theran — one German and one Swedish; one SAvedenborgiau ; CITY OF Paterson 277 one Christian Science; six Reformed; nine Roman Catholic — six English, one German, one French, and one Italian; and three synagogues — two English or German and one Italian. There are twenty-three commodious buildings in the city devoted to the purpose of education in Avhich the children of the town are gathered. There are ten news papers — three issued in the afternoon for English readers, two in the moming (one English aud one German), three weeklies (one German, one Holland, and one Italian), and one English Sunday paper. The news paper issues will give some idea of the proportion of the native born and for eign popula tion. It is es- timated by good judges that these are very nearly equally divided, with the pre ponderance in favor of the native born. The foreigners are divided among Irish, German, French, Holland, Italian, Swedish, Russian, Polish, and English nationalities. For the most part these people are intelligent, peaceable, and law abiding. There is, however, a sprinkling of agitators, social reformers, and a few anarchists, who are all of for eign birth. The Dutch blood descending from the first set tlers is largely represented in the city, and they are to be found among the very best members of society. The names of many of the business men and officers of the county found in the civil list which were borne by the Dutch settlers of A COLONIAL PISTOL. 278 THE PASSAIC VALLEY the county fully attest this, such as Quackenbush, Hopper, Garrison, Van Winkle, Van Blarcom, Post, Van Riper, Van Houten, and many others which might be mentioned. There are three hospitals: one for orphans under Protes tant management with one hundred and twenty-six beds; Saint Joseph's, under the care of the Sisters of Charity; and the Isolation Hospital for Contagious Diseases. There are four asylums : the Paterson Orphan's, under Protestant management; Saint Joseph's, under the Roman Catholics; the Fisher Home, a private institution for homeless waifs; and the Florence Crittenton Home for fallen women. There is also a Women's Christian Home for the immediate aid of needy women, a children's day nursery, and a mission for fallen women. There are several villages in Passaic Oounty, most of which are the result of the great facilities afforded by the several railroads crossing the county, and which are se lected in many instances lor residences as well as for manu facturing purposes. Five of these have been incorporated into boroughs, as already mentioned. Clifton is a small village on the line of the railroad between Passaic and Pat erson. It has some important mills and several elegant residences. Athenia is on the line of the Paterson and New ark Railroad near Clifton. It is a locality of some im portant manufactures and has several handsome dwellings. Richfield is the center of a large agricultural district. These three — Clifton, Athenia, and Richfield — lie in Acquack anonk Township. Haledon is a suburb of Paterson, of large interests, mostly in silk manufacture. North Paterson, or Hawthorne, is a residential suburb of Paterson. Delawan- na is a small station on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. CHAPTER XXII BERGEN COUNTY ERGEN COUNTY was the first settled by Euro peans in New Jersey. Very soon after the lodg ment made by the Dutch at Manhattan, or New- York, and as early as 1618, some Hollanders with a fcAv Danes and Norwegians crossed the Hudson and set tled in the lowlands on the Hackensack and its tributaries. The Dutch element remained and became dominant in all this part of Northern Ncav Jersey. Those of other nation alities who came with them were absorbed or returned; not a trace of them can be recognized at the present. A small part only of this county can, with propriety, be claimed as belonging to the Valley of the Passaic. Its rela tive position to the two rivers, the Hudson and the Passaic, necessarily divides it into two valleys, that of the Hudson and that of the Passaic, the Hudson being much the larger and important of the two. A range of hills occupies the northern part of the county, and the picturesque Palisades, which add so much beauty and grandeur to the scene, toAver up on the eastern boundary from the west bank of the Hudson. Thousands of acres of low, level, marshy ground called the Salt Meadows extend northward from Newark Bay through almost the whole length of the center of the county, and were once undoubtedly the bed of an in let from the ocean. 280 THE PASSAIC VALLEY The county is well watered with the Hudson on its east- e r n bounds the Pas- L., Pequan- and sale, nock, and Pompton on its west. The H ac ken sack flows from its northern b oundary south through the county, emptying into Newark Bay. Saddle River is an impor tant stream in its north western part, draining sev eral square miles and flowing into the Passaic. Bergen County has several town- ships, of Avhich the fol lowing only have any con nection with the Passaic Valley : Hohokus, Franklin, Ridge wood, Saddle River, Union, and Lodi. / MAP OP BERGEN COUNTY IN 1693. ORGANIZATION OF BERGEN COUNTY 281 The territory of Bergen was once much larger than it is at present. It Avas one of four counties organized in 1682 by the Legislature of the whole Province Avhich met at Elizabethtown in iMarch of that year. The other three counti(^s Avere Essex, Middlesex, and Monmouth. The terri tory of Bergen, as then described by the act of incorpora tion, was included Avithin these bounds : " All the settle ments between Hudson's River and Hackensack River begin ning at Con stable's Hook and so to ex tend to the u p p e r m ost bounds of the p r o V i n c e." Cons table's Hook is now the extreme southem end ,0 f Hudson County. Con stable is an English tra vesty of the Dutch word " Konstapel," used to designate the locality, which means gunner or hunter, so that the translation really should have been gunner or hunter. Additions were afterward made to this territory so that the county embraced all the land between the Hackensack and the Passaic and the township of Manchester, Avhich was taken from Bergen and added to Passaic in 1837. The county has also been reduced by the creation of Hudson, all of which was taken from Bergen. SCENE ON THE HUDSON. 282 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Prior to the exodus of the first settlers from Manhattan into New Jersey a trading post protected by a stockade had been established near Jersey City, at what was called Bergen. This was simply for the purpose of trade with the aborigines by the way of bartering such commodities as had been ascertained were prized by these simple hearted men for peltry and furs. The stockade was not far from the settlement on the island of Manhattan. These merchants found it more con venient, or perhaps more prudent, to meet their custom ers at this place and in this manner than to invite them to visit the Adllage occupied by the Dutch on the is land. The stockade was a rude fortifica tion, not intended for residential pur poses. The build ings, whatever they were, were built closely together, their roofs touching each other. When this event took place it is impossible to ascertain. In process of time, however, a change came and the stock ade assumed the appearance of dwellings. The traders car ried their families there, and a town sprang up and in creased so greatly that in 1661 it Avas deemed necessary to provide it with a municipal government, and on the 4th of August of that year a request was forwarded to the au thorities at New Amsterdam for the appointment of a schout EARLIEST MAP OF NEW YORK CITY. TERRITORIAL CHANGES 283 for the town. The office represented by this name is equiva lent to that of the sheriff of the shires in Scotland. It com bined the duties somewhat of an ordinary sheriff of modern times as well as those of judge and prosecuting attorney. The appointment was made, and the commission to Tillman Van Vleck as schout was signed by the redoubtable Petrus Stuyvesant as director-general. The first provincial Legislature met at Elizabethtown on the 26th of May, 1668. Two out of its ten members were Gas per Steenmetts and Baltazar Bayard, representing Bergen. But this town i^^fejST- AZ) ..fjETRUS STUYVESANT [ft.UC*bt4 are covered with water, and about 20,000 are still forests. It has thirteen toAvuships, three cities, and sev eral boroughs and villages. The territory of Essex, as at first formed, was much larger than it is at present. It was created by act of Legislature in IMarch, 1682, and, according to that act, comprised all the land within these bounds : All the settlements between the west side of the Hackensack River and the parting line between Woodbridge and Elizabeth Town, and so to extend west ward and northward to the utmost bounds of the Province. This included all of the present Counties of Essex, Union, and Passaic, a large part of Bergen, and some of Somerset. If there had been no division of the Province into East and ^A^est Jersey at that time it would have taken in the whole of Morris and Sussex, most of Somerset, and a large portion of Hunterdon. A great amount of the territory of Essex as it was orig inally formed has been taken in the creation of other coun ties. When the boundary lines of Somerset were finally determined Essex was obliged to surrender some of its land. The large and important Township of Acquackanonk, in 332 THE PASSAIC VALLEY 1837, Avhich since 1682 had been incorporated within Essex, was added to Passaic. The whole of Union, in 1857, was separated from Essex. Notwithstanding these changes it is now the second most populous and influential county in the State. At the time when the Duke of York made his grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret the English colonies in Connecticut began to assume great importance and exer cised a dominating in fluence in the public affairs of that Prov ince. Several towns had been settled, scat tered in the Valley of the Connecticut River. New Haven, Guilford, Milford, and Brand- ford were some of these localities. Their inhabitants were all of the same religious be lief, all enthusiasts, and tenacious of their rights, whether civil or religious. These peo ple were bigoted and intolerant according to modern notions of tolerance. They were strict in the performance of every duty incumbent upon them, but they demanded the right to judge of their own liability as to duty, claiming that their conduct was to be governed by one infallible guide, and that was the revealed Word of ¦ 1. In construing that Word they strangely mingled the severity of the Old Testament with the requirements of that divine love which Christ, JOHN WINTHROP, OP CONNECTICUT. 334 THE PASSAIC VALLEY their only acknowledged leader and guide, proclaimed to be the sole foundation of His church upon earth. Implicit obedience was demanded from all Avho were within their jurisdiction. They loA^ed their families, and guarded and cherished them with never failing tenderness, but within the family circle and in the household the head of the house was supreme, and he must be obeyed Avith instant and reverential submission. They were merciless to the unie- pentant sinner, in flicted the harshest punishments for crime and contu macy, and never for gave those who con- t e m n e d authority. They Avere the Saints of the Lord, and as sumed the right to dominate over the Ha'CS and opinions of those who dwelt among them, and who sought shelter JAMES I. in thdr homes or iu their community. They required the strictest conformity with the opinions they cherished and commanded all to abstain from auy transgression of the rules they established or the laAvs they enacted. They were superstitious, aud hung poor girls and Avomen for alleged AAdtchcraft. But they were honest in all their dealings with their neighbors aud lived unblemished lives. They feared God, had faith in His promises, and Avorshipped Him lovingly THE PURITAN SETTLERS 335 and faithfully. They erected churches for His honor and glory and filled them Avith His praise. By the side of the church edifice they built the school house and college, and made sacrifices to support their institutions of leaming. While they refused liberty of thought or tolerance of opin ion to others they claimed the right of exercising their oavu liberty of thought, of opinion, and action, and they laid broad and deep in their ucav home, and for all time, the foundations of freedom. When judging of these men it must be remembered that they lived in an age Avhen intoler ance Avas uniA'ersal and tolerance the exception to the general rule. This, too, must be said in their be half : they had braved the dan gers of the ocean; they had fronted the priA^ations and hardships of a ucav life iu a sterile land, under an unfriendly sun, Avhere savage beasts and more savage men surrounded them; they had surrendered the delights of civilized life, the comfort and solace of home, the associations of country, the protection and guardianship of organized government, so that they might isolate themselves and enjoy in their own way their peculiar notions of religious liberty. Having braved all this with a common purpose, with united hearts and minds, they claimed the right to select from those who sought admission to their communities such as would com- THE BRADFORD HOUSE AT PLYMOUTH. 336 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ply with the rules and ordinances they had established for their oavu government. In making this claim they asserted nothing more than the head of any family who had estab lished a home and rules for its guidance might properly de mand from any stranger who should seek a permanent shel ter under his roof. Impressed with the idea that all things must be made sub servient to religion, jmre and undefiled, and to the glory of Almighty God, they deemed it a sacred duty to bring family, communit3% and State into conformity with this ruling ])rinciple dominating their Avhole lives, public and private : that the Creator must be made the first object of their influence. So they enacted a law in their colonies along the Connecticut that no one in those colonies should hold office or OAvn land or vote unless he were a member of som<- M. 'PXaujO^VL Congregational Church, uor should any be admitted as set tlers unless they could pass the scrutiny of the town meetings. These laAVS Avere annulled, and the sterner souls, Avho believed in such legislatiou, re solved to seek another home where they could enforce this rule to its fullest extent. About this time the " Grants and Concessions " of Berke ley and Carteret were scattered abroad in Ncav England, aud the attention of the Connecticut people Avas directed to the glowing accounts they contained of NeA\' Jersey and the promises of toleration made by them. But these men AAcre prudent, and undertook no hasty, impulsiAe action. A dele gation of some of their very best men, with Robert Treat at its head, was sent to New Jersey to view the land, to m_ake negotiations with Governor Philip Carteret, the agent of the lords proprietors, and if expedient to make the neces- ARRIVAL OF THB PURITANS 337 sary arrangements for a purchase. Robert Treat resided at Milford, and Avas at that time one of the most prominent men in Connecticut. He afterward became governor of that colony and died while in ofiice. The delegation came to New Jersey, saAv Governor Car teret, explored the country as far as Burlington and the DelaAvare River, and finally fixed upon the land on the Passaic where soon afterAvard were laid the primitive foun dations of the goodly City of Newark. These were the men who settled in NcAvark, and these are the circum stances under which that settlement was made. These immigrants came from Milford, Branford, and Guilford, and some from New Haven. The first movement for the contemplated exodus seems to have come from Milford. It is evident from all the records that the people of that locality were prominent in the enterprise. Before the initiatory step Avas taken the blessing of God was invoked. No important action, indeed no action what ever, of any character, could have beeu taken by those pious men Avithout first seeking counsel with their Father in Heaven and fervently praying for His blessing. Before starting on their hazardous journey it was agreed that certain fundamental agreements should be made. These were signed on the 13th dcxy of October, 1666, by JOHN WINTHROP, OF MASSACHUSETTS. 338 THE PASSAIC VALLEY twenty-three heads of families, and on the 24th of June fol- loAviug by forty-one more, aggregating sixty-four signers — all, as is supposed, heads of families. No record of the number of these immigrants can be found, but, taking the usual average number of persons in families, it is probable that Terj nearly three hundred people, men, women, and COLONEL JOSIAH OGDEN SAVING HIS HAY' ON SUNDAY". children, Avere gathered together in " our Town on the Pas- saick " A\ithin a year after the first settler landed. The fundamental agreement is so peculiar that it is given in full for the benefit of the reader: October 30'h, 1666. At a meeting Touching the Intended design of many of the inhabitants of Branford the following was subscribed: 1=". Tliat none shall be admitted as freemen or free Burgesses Deut1.2Si . .... ?-., Bxod 18. 31 within our Town upon Passaic River in the Provinee of New Jersey but such Planters as are members of some or other of the Congregational Churches, nor shall any but such be chosen to Magistracy, or to THE FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENT 339 Jerem. £6. 21. carry on any part of Civil Judicature, or as deputies or assistants, to have power to Vote in establishing Laws, aud taking or Repealing them, or to any Chief Military Trust or Office. Nor shall any but such Church Members have any A^ote in any such elections; Tho' all others admitted to Be planters have right to their proper Inheritance, and do and shall enjoy all other Civil Liberties and Privileges, According to all Laws, Orders, Grants which are or shall hereafter be made for this Town. s*^- 2nd. We shall with Care and Diligence provide for the maintenance of the purity of Religion professed in the Congregational Churches. Whereunto sub scribed the inhabitants from Branford. This is signed by the folloAving: Jasper Crane, Abra Peirson, Saml Swaine, Laurance Ward, Thomas Blatchly, Ebenezer Camfield, John Ward, Senior, Ed. Bull, John Harrison, John Crane, Samuel Plum, Josiah Ward, Samuel Rose, Thomas Peirson, John Warde, John Catling, Richard Harrison, Thomas Huntington, Delivered Crane, Aaron Blatchly, Richard Laurance, John Johnson, Thomas L. Lyon. On the 24th of Juue, 1667, the same fundamental agree ment Avas signed by the following: Robert Treatt, Obadiah Bruen, Matthew Camfleld, Samuel Kitchell, Jeremiah Peeke, Michael Tompkins, Stephen Freeman, Henry Lyon, John Browne, John 340 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Rogers, Stephen Davis, Edward Rigs, Robert Kitchell, J. B. Brooke, Eobert Lymens, Francis F. Linle, Daniel Tichenor, .John Bauldwin, Senior, John Bauld- win. Junior, Jona Tomkins, Geo. Day, Thomas Johnson, John Curtis, Ephram Burwell, Robert R. Denison, Nathaniel Wheeler, Zachariah Burwell, William Campe, Joseph Walters, Robert Daglish, Hanns Albers, Thom: Morris, Hugh Roberts, Eph'm. Pennington, Martin Tichenor, John Browne, Jr., John Sear- geant, Azariah Crane, Samuel Lyon, Joseph Eiggs, Stephen Bond. Most of these names are represented in the present resi dents of Newark, aud many citizens of the State of New Jer sey can trace their genealogies back to one or more of these original set tlers. The lords pro- prietors, av h o claimed to own the land where the im migrants purposed to locate their ucav colony, had fully a gree d that the landing might be made and a certain extent of country used for the ucav settlement. The colonists, therefore, supposed they would have uo difficulty iu landing. But as they came to the bank of the river aud Aveut on shore tliey Avere met by some of the Hackensack Indians, AA'ho hunted oAcr the lands in the north ern part of New Jersey aud fished in its rivers. These Indians refused to alloAv the immigrants to remain, and demanded that the goods Avhidi had been brought upon the land should be returned to their vesscds. Governor Treat Avas armed AN INDIAN CHIEFTAIN. ARRIVAL OF THE PURITANS 341 Avith a letter from Governor Carteret to the chiefs of the tribe, but they insisted that the land was theirs, that it had not been bought from them, and disclaimed auy author ity of Berkeley and Carteret to sell, and still Avarned the ncAvcomers to return. A fcAv years afterward Robert Treat thus told the story in his own quaint way : But no sooner was the Company present got on the Place and landed some of their goods than I, with some others, were by some of the Hackensack In dians warned off the Grounds, and (they) seemed troubled and angry that we landed any of our goods there, tho' first we told them we had the Governor's order, but they replied the land was theirs and was unpurchased, and then we put our goods on board the vessels again, and acquainted the Governor with the matter. Subsequently p e a c e was made Avith the Hack- ensacks, their claim Avas honestly met by the colo nists, and the land deed ed from the river to the foot of the Orange Moun- tains, and extending southward to the boundary line of Elizabethtown and northward in an indefinite manner, but sufficiently described so as to include the modern cities of Newark, Orange, and East Orange, the boroughs of Glen Ridge, Irvington, and Vailsburgh, the towns of Bloomfield, Mont clair, and West Orange, and the townships of Belleville, Clinton, Franklin, Livingston, and South Orange. Other purchases were subsequently made from the Indians which AN INDIAN KING. 342 THE PASSAIC VALLEY included the rest of the present County of Essex. The con siderations paid to the aborigines for these purchases were ridiculously insignificant according to modern ideas of values, but at the time, taking into consideration all the circumstances surrounding the transactions, they were abundant and the sellers were entirely satisfied. The second purchase was confirmed by a deed so quaint and so interesting, and giving a specimen of the mode of conveying in those days, that it is copied into these pages and given verbatim et literatim, et puncteratim: Know all men by these presents that Wee, Wapamuck the Sakamaker, and Wamesane, Peter, Captamin, Wreaprokikan, Nasseam, Perawac, Seasom, Mamus- INDIAN TOTEMS. tome, Cacanakque, and Hairish, Indians belonging now to Hackinsack, the known acknowledged proprietors of a certain tract of Land Lying on the west of Pesayak River, being parties on the one side, and Mr. Obadiah Bruen, Mr. Samuel Kitchell, Michael Tomkins, John Browne and Eobert Denison, with the consent and advice of Capt'n Philip Carteret, Governor of the Province of New Jersey, and in behalf of ye Inhabitants now being or to be, ye possessors of the tract of Land Inserted in this Deed of Sale the other parties. Doe make tliis In denture the Eleventh day of July, in the year of our Lord 1667 (being the en larging and perfecting of a deed of Sale made With the Indians, the year before the present) in manner and form following, viz. : That Web, the said Wapamuck the Sakamaker, and AVamesane, Peter, Captamin, Wreaprokikan, Nasseam, Perewac, Sessom, Mamustome, Cacanakque, and Harish, doe for ourselves and with consent of the Indians, Bargain, Sell and Deliver, a certain tract of land. Upland and meadows of all sorts. Wether Swamps, Rivers, Brooks, Springs, fishings, Trees of all sorts, Quaries and Mines or Metals of what sort soever, With full liberty of hunting and fouling upon the THE INDIAN DEED 343 Am OR, ^-i. "t^ kno.vkdge nfGo(», in ihc ^?^ ttj^' knovvilcdgc.fdicSciiprunc' ^3^ j^J andin an alvliiy tn Pfi'a.ie. *^<* same E.xcepting Liberty of huntirg for ihe above said proprietors, that were upon the upper eommons and of flshing in the above said Pesayak River, which said tract of Land is bounded and Limited with the bay Eastward and the great River Pe.sayak Northward, the great Creke or River in the Meadow running to the head of the Cove and from theuce bareing a West Line for the South bound wh. said Great Creek is commonly called and ItnowTi by the name ^^a]/' Wecquachick, ou the .J West Line backwards in the Country to the foot of the great moun- taine called Watchung, being as is Judged about seven or Eight miles from Pesayak towne; the said Moun- taiue as AA''ee are in formed hath one branch of Elizabeth Towne River running near the above said foot of the mountaine; the bounds northerly, viz, Pesayak River reaches to the Third River along- above the towne, ye River is called Yan- takah, and from thence upon a northwest line to the aforesaid moun taine; all which before mentioned Lands for the several kinds of them, and all the sin gular benefits and Privileges belonging to them, with ye several bounds affixed and expressed herein, as also free liberty and range for Cattle, horses, boggs, and that though they Range beyond any of the bounds in this deed Expressed, to feed and pasture Without Molestation of or damage to the owners of the cattle &c aforesaid. AVee the above said Indians, Wapamuk &c. doe sell. Alienate and Confirm all our Right, Title and Interest of us, our heirs aud Successors for ever Unto the said Lands &c as above mentioned to Mr. Obadiah Bruen, Mr. 1 fim. 3 14,15. .^it l^e,:i!.ig. ^,^ ¦iviittlifi,ic.i,nan'h, wr.kxdt^'^ i ^objicibUihtaxonidt ^J» \ 15) K^h wit'cb fiitmimli{i-f.i!i>t- ^^ » "S^ •'''•ft k'^-^^i>Uowii/;>icetiipiifii ©, 1 .yy. — - — — -; 5c>if I %' .^y V ^ ^f ,^- \^ W 'i* V -(K , §* - i .FAC-SiMILE OF THE TITLE-PAGE QEJilE_EaJMEBJDJE-1669,j 344 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Samuel Kitchell, Michael Tomkins, John Browne, and Robert Denison, townsmen and agents for ye English Inhabitants of Pesayak, to them their heirs and associates for Ever, to have, hold and dispose of. Without Claim, let or Molestation, from ourselves or any other Whatsoever. These Lands &c are thus solde and deliv ered for and in consideration of fifty double hands of powder, one hundred barrs of lead, twenty Axes, twenty Coates, ten Guns, twenty pistolls, ten kettles, ten swords, four blankets, four barrells of beere, ten paire of breeches, fifty knives, twenty howes, eight hundred and fifty fathemof wampem, two Ankors of Liquers or .some thing Equivalent and three troopers Coates; these things are received, only a small remainder Engaged by them by bill. To the true and just performance accord ing to ye true intent of our bargain. Wee ye said Obadiah Bruen and the rest above said doe for ourselves and our heires, Ex'tors, Adm'n'tors, or Assigns, to the said Wapamuk &c the true proprietors of the said Lands doe bind and Covenant. Wee the said Wapamuk and the rest of the Indians above said doe fully sur render, pas over and Yield up all our Eight, privilege and power in the same, and to free the above said Lands from Claim, Incumbrances of What kind soever, all the above mentioned purchase Wee doe grant and deliver to Oba diah Bruen and ye rest above said to them, their associ ates, heires and all the lawful possessors. And for the full Eatiflcation and testification of the above said bargain and agreements about the aforesaid tract aud parcells of Land so bounded. Wee the said parties above mentioned bave hereunto Enterchangeably, sett our hands and seales, the day and year above said in the presence of Us Wit nessing. Moreover Wee doe grant them free liberty to take what timber and stones they please in any of our Lands where Wee the above said Indians have propriety. Obadiah Bruen, Michael Tomkins, Samuel Kitchell, John Browne, Eobert Denison, Wapamuk, his marke, Harish, his marke, Captamin, his marke, Mamus tome, his marke, Peter, his marke, Wamesame, his marke, Wekaprorikan, his marke, Caecanakrus, his marke, Sessom, his marke, Perawae, his mark. Signed, Sealed and Delivered in presence of Samuel Edsall, Pierwim Sachem of Pan, his marke, Edward Burrowes, mark of Richard Fletcher, Classe, his marke. In 1677-8 another deed was made by the Indians which ex plains itself, as will appear by the following copy: Whereas by the original deed of sale made by the Indians to the inhabitants of the town of Newark, bearing date the Eleventh day of July, 1667, it is said to the foot of the Great Mountaine, called Watchung, alias Atehunck, Wee Win- ocksop and Shenoektos, Indians, and owners of the said Great Momitaine, for and THE SECOND INDIAN DEED 345 in consideration of two Guns, three Coates, and thirteen kans of rum to us in hand paid, the receipe Wereof Wee doe hereby acknowledge, doe Covenant and declare to and with Mr. John Ward and Mr. Thomas Johnson, .Justices of the peace of the said towne of Newark, before the Right Hon'ble Philip Carteret, Esq. , Governour of the Province of New Jersey and the other witnesses here under written, that it is meant, agreed and intended that their bounds shall reach or go to the top of the said Great Mountaine and that Wee the said In dians will marke out the same to remaine to them the said inhabitants of New ark their heires or assignes forever. In Witness W^hereof Wee the s'd Indians have hereto set our hands and seales the 18th of March, 1677-8. AVinocksop, his marke, Shenoektos, his marke, Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the presence of James Boiler, Secretary, Hendrik Drogestadt, Samuel Har rison. This acknowledge before me the day and yeare above vsritten. Ph. Cartarett. By these two deeds it is apparent that the settlement on the Passa.ic had no name at the time of the execution of +he first deed, and that it had received the name of Newark be tween the time of the date of the first deed and that of the second. It is generally supposed that the toAvn was named after the city of that name in Yorkshire, England, where the Rev. Mr. Pierson, the first pastor of the church at New ark, once lived. SEAL OP NEW YORK IN 1686. CHAPTER XXVI THE FOUNDING OF NEWARK N THE 13th of October, 1676, a warrant was issued by the proprietors " to lay out for the use and bene fit of the ToAvn of Newarke so much Land as shall be convenient for Landing places within the said Towne, Land for a School House, for a Town house, Meeting- House, a Market Place or Market Places, and two hundred Acres of Upland and Meadow in proportion for a Parson age." This Avarrant Avas confirmed by a deed dated Decem ber 10, 1696, which conveyed several other tracts besides the several parcels of land mentioned in the warrant, and also made this other conveyance : " the streets of th,e sayd towne of Newarke as they are now layed out, viz : the high street to remaine about two chaine more or less in breadth and in length from Hugh Roberts brooke to the mill brooke thorow the Middle of the Towne; and the rest of the streets to be as they are uoav in breadth." This street described as running from Hugh Roberts's brook north to Mill Brook or First River is undoubtedly Broad Street. Hugh Roberts's allotment was at the end of what is now Lincoln Avenue at the bifurcation of the road, where one highway goes to Elizabethtown and the other to Irvington. A small brook once ran across the street at his lot and made its way to the Salt Meadow. 348 THE PASSAIC VALLEY On the 7th day of " Apreill," 1713, a charter was granted by Queen Anne to NeAvark. In that charter the bounds of Newark are thus described : All that Tract of Land uow known by ye name of Newarke, Bounded Easterly by a Great Creek that Runs from Hackinsack Bay through ye Salt Meadow called by the Indians Wequahick and now known by ye name of bound Creek, and Continuing from j'e head of Said Creek to tbe head of a Cove to a Markt Tree, from theuce it Extended Westerly upon a Straight line by computation seven miles be the same more or Less to the End or foot of the Great Mountain and with Ridge thereof Called by the Indians AVaechung, Near where runs a branch of Raway River, from thence extending on a Northerly course along the NEWARK IN 1832. Ridge of the said Mountain to a heap of Stones Erected to Asertain the Bound ary between the s'd Town of Newark and the Town of Acquickatnunck, from thence Eunning a South East Course by Acquickatnunck Bound to where the brook or Eivolet Called by the Indians Yantokah, but now known by the name of Third Eiver, Emptieth itself into Pasayack Eiver, and from thence Continu ing Down along by the said Pasaiack and Hackingsack Bay to tbe mouth of said Bound Creek. This Bound Creek was at one time navigable for small vessels, sloops, and periaguas of light burthen. A dock had been built on the east side of the road to Elizabethtown, THB FOUNDING OF NEWARK 349 from Avhich, in the early part of the nineteenth century, con siderable trade with New York was conducted in wood, hay, and farm products. It also then abounded with fish of sev eral varieties, but it is uoaa' shrunken in its proportions and its waters are so polluted that all fish have been driven aAA'ay. When the first settlers in Newark left their Connecticut homes and came to their new habitation they brought with them their beloved pastor, the officers, records, and com munion service of their church, their wives and little ones, their old men aud white-haired women. These they com mitted with prayer to some rude vessels of the day, sailed down the Connecti cut River to Long Is land Sound, then out into East River and to New York Bay, then through the Kills into Newark Bay, and thence up the Passaic River to their destination. A romantic incident is connected with the debarkation. A young maiden, the daughter of Lieutenant SAvaine, one of the prominent men of the company, and A\'ho afterward Avas honored bv the colony with appointments to posts of honor, had promised to become the Avife of Josiah Ward, one of the passengers. The young lover had determined that his promised' bride should be the first to put foot on the land of thdr new home. He so arranged matters that she Avas the first to land. She became the ancestress of the numerous and highly respectable family of Wards who are scattered .all over the United States. These first settlers in Newark were all men of substance. 350 THE PASSAIC VALLEY according to the notions of those days, and brought consid erable wealth with them into their new home. Strange to say their minister, the ReA'. Abraham Pierson, was the wealthiest man among them. The site of the new town was soon settled, and then the colonists were confronted Avith the question as to what mode should be adopted for making a proper and honest division of the land among themselves. This problem seemed to have been solved without any great difficulty. The method of governing the colony by the system of town meetings Avas introduced at once. These meetings were considered of the greatest importance. ONE CEIVT. i Every citizen was I The Carpora'licm of the city of % oViTrr rl + q++o 1 Tf L OfewVoTkjffonase lopaYllieJEearer ^S ODllgeO. tO atteUfl. II I ONE J CENT. ^1 sent ees they were I JVewYork eSth J)eeem/>e?;l8Lt Wl SOUght OUt by a COm- ^j Order afjlie-fiiirjarotion , i^m pointed for the pur pose, and if no suffi cient excuse could be given by the absentee he was promptly fined. Two persons were employed, one at the north and the other at the south end of the settlement, whose especial duty it was the day be fore each meeting to give notice to all the inhabitants. At these assemblages all business relating to the colony and its interests, of every nature, was transacted, their ministers were called, their salaries settled, the schoolmasters were employed and their compensation fixed, plans for the erec tion of school houses and church edifices were discussed and determined, courts of justice established, their judges aud officers appointed and their fees limited, township offi- ICeirt OM5 CE?«^T ICent WARD DIVISIONS 351 cers elected and their duties prescribed. This mode of gov ernment Avas retained in Newark until 183G, when the Legis lature granted a charter whicli provided for the election of a mayor and common council. In 1832 the township had COCKLOFl II All AND SUMMER HOUSE. ' been divided into four Avards, Avhich were each represented by four alder men. This arrangement of A\'ards was retained in the charter; but now (1901) there are fifteen Avards in the city, and many of these contain more population than there was in the Avhole citv in 1832. 1 During the flrst decade of the nine teenth century this property was owned by Gouverneur Kemble. It was a fav orite resort of its young owner, the Irvings — Washington, Dr. Peter, and VVilliam, — James Kirke Paulding, Cap tain Porter (father of Admiral Porter), Henry Brevoort, and others, who made the ancient mansion gay with their fun and frolic. It was christened " Cock loft Hall " by Washington Irving, and called Mount Pleasant. The house was built by Nicholas Gouverneur, grand son of Abraham Gouverneur, who mar ried the daughter of Governor Jacob Leisler. 352 THE PASSAIO VALLEY At the first regular town meeting held October 30, 1666, partial arrangements as to the future govemment of the colony were made and the mode of dividing the land among the colonists discussed and settled. Streets were laid out, of which there were four principal ones : the broad street, running nearly north and south and as near the center of the prospective town as could be, with two parallel streets, one on the east and the other on the west. The broad street is now called Broad, that on the east, first known as the east back lane, was named Mulberry, and that on the west, first desig nated the west back lane, was named Wash ington. There was also a road running to the three highways, whicli A\'as the ferry, but now known as Market Street. The land on these principal streets Avas then plotted into " Home " lots of about six or seven acres each. The land outside the town, that is the Salt Meadow and that on the hill, was thereafter to be partitioned into what were called " out " lots and dlA'ided, It was so ar- river,then '^fl, WASHINGTON IRVING. crossing the other called the road to DISTRIBUTION OF HOME LOTS 353 ranged by a vote of the toAvn meeting that the inhabitants of the several towns in Connecticut from whence they came should have thdr " home " lots together, in the same neigh borhood, and adjacent to each other. On a certain day fixed by the town meeting the inhabit ants came together, and after a devout prayer to God for a blessing on the undertaking it was determined by lot to whom the home lots should be awarded. Every one inter ested was obliged to submit to this plan, the one exception being Robert Treat, who, by a unanimous vote, was per mitted to make his selection without being subjected to the uncertainty of chance. With becoming attention to his own interest he chose the southeast corner of Broad and Mar ket Streets, the most valuable property in the whole town. There is only one descendant of an original settler now residing on any part of the land thus gained by the ances tor. William Camp received the lot on the east side of Broad Street, adjoining Chestnut and Camp Streets, and running to ^Mulberry Street. One of his descendants in a direct line, a lady, uoav lives in a house built on a portion of the property on Broad Street, between Chestnut and Camp. Her father, John J. Camp, who died several years ago, formerly owned nearly the Avhole of the original lot. .Mr. William Plume, a descendant of Samuel Plum, one of the original settlers, occupied a part of his ancestor's allotted land on Bridge Street until about ten years ago, and prior to his time an unbroken line of lineal descendants from the original settler lived on the same lot. Mr. William Plume Avas born about eighty years ago in the house still standing, and died in the same room in which he was born. The Plumes, as the name is now written by some of the family, are still abundant in Newark. The Camps have al- 354 THE PASSAIC VALLEY most entirely disappeared from Newark, although some are to be found in other parts of the State. A PATRIOTIC BARBKR. The first settlers in Newark Avere no common men despite their intolerance aud bigotry. They Avere mindful of the future in providing for the wants of their descendants. THE FIEST MEETING HOUSE 355 They laid out broad streets for their travel, but that was not their first care. Their church and its blessings were the first objects of their protection. They had brought with them their pastor, so that prime necessity, as they properly deemed it, was supplied. Their next care Avas to erect a meeting house for divine worship. At a town meeting held September 10, 1668, it " Avas ordered and Agreed to Build a fleeting House as soon as ;May be; of Four or Six and Twenty Foot wide, and thirty- four Foot Long and Ten Foot Be tAveen Joints." At the same town meeting it was agreed that their minister should be freed from all " common rates '' during the time he ministered to them, that he should receive eighty pounds for the first year of his ministry, to be paid " yearly at two sev eral times," in October and March, and " they " (the inhabit ants) " do agree to pay him Yearly a pound of Butter for every milk's cow in the town in part of his pay." When it is remembered how cheaply a minister or any one could live in those days this salary Avas certainly munificent. In the laying out of the town a site for the erection of a church edifice was not forgotten, nor were the future wants of the church overlooked. A lot on the broad street was THE FIRST CHURCH. 356 THE PASSAIC VALLEY set apart for the erection of a meeting house and extensive grounds excepted from the general division and devoted to the support of the sanctuary. Two parks, as they would be called to-day, Avere laid out: one in the center of the town for military evolutions, then called the " Training Place," now known as Military Common, the other in the more northerly part of the toAvn for a market place, now called Washington Park. The dead must be cared for and reverently buried, so a portion of land opposite the present First Presbyterian Church was devoted to the purposes of a city of the dead. There were then two streams running through the town, one issuing out of a beautiful large spring on the hill back of the town, called First River or Mill Brook, which was utilized in the early history of the colony for mill purposes, another sm.aller stream, rising in the western part of the town near the head of Market Street, where at one time there were two small ponds caused by this last named brook, from which it ran down the center of the town, form ing on the south side of Market Street a marsh, called " the Swamp," where in early times the tanners and curriers con gregated, and where many of them are still to be found. This stream, leaAdng the " SAA^amp '' and a small pond on Market Street, continued its way southAvard, sometimes ou the line of the streets, but most of the way between Broad and Washington Streets, forming another portion of marshy ground between what is now Halsey Street and Washing ton, extending almost to Spruce, where it made an abrupt turn eastAvard and crossed Broad Street a short distance be low where Halsey joins Clinton Avenue. Thence it made its way across the ground where Lincoln Park is located to the Salt Meadows. Both of these streams have disappeared, the two marshes are gone, and the pond called the " Watering THE FIRST SCHOOL HOUSES 357 Place " by the early settlers, and set apart for the purposes of supplying Avater to the cattle, is also gone. Their places are covered by dAvellings and shops and factories. School houses Avere built, one in the north end, one in the center, and one in the south end of the town. When the first building for school purposes was erected can not be ascertained. Tavo sniall edifices of this character were standing until recently — one on Market Street and one on Orange Street — small, modest buildings of stone, evidently ancient in tlieir history. The one on Orange Street was de stroyed some ten or fifteen years ago, the other was de molished in 1900. CHAPTER XXVII NEWARK IN THE REA^OLUTION AJSTD THE REBELLION HE first Christian assemblage in Newark was Con gregational in its creed, government, and ecclesias tical affinities, but in the eighteenth century it transferred its relations to the Presbyterian de nomination and is now recognized as the oldest organization of that sect in New Jersey. In 1845 there was only one public school house in New ark, costing less than |4,000 to build — a very plain edifice situated within the square bounded by Washington, Hill, Halsey, and Court Streets. Now there are fifty-one scattered all over the city, elegant in their architecture, commodious iu all appliances for the purposes of such erections, supplied with the very best teachers, and filled with thousands of scholars who can receive a substantial training in all the ordinary and even higher branches of an English education. There are also two normal or high schools meeting in two large edifices, where education in the languages, modern and classic, and in the very highest mathematical studies, can be obtained and students prepared for college or pro fessional life. There are to-day no better schools with more complete arrangements for the education of youth, with more accomplished teachers and better equipped for their duties, than those which the noble liberality of the citizens of Newark has provided for the educational interests of the young. 360 THE PASSAIC VALLEY " Our town on the Pesaiack," thus begun with such en vironments, has now become a city of 250,000 inhabitants, and the descendants of those courageous men and women who found a home in the unbroken wilder ness have gone all over the republic and, discarding the harsh, illiberal principles of their ancestors, have perpetuated their virtues. Wherever they have gone their infiuence has always been masterful for the right. Their sturdy independence, their integrity, and their consistent lives have won for them the respect and confi dence of the communities where they have lived. Several of the names of the Connec ticut immigrants have disappeared from Newark, but the ~ ^ , this growing city is -¦¦^i..* ..'. to be found among the representatives of those who first laid its foundations upon the eternal principles of free dom and the im perishable laws of justice and right. The colonists from New England were a busy people. No drones were allowed a lodgment in the new settlement. Industry Avas the rule. While the town remained in a formative state the preservation of life made it a necessity for all to Avork. The habits of industry THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. MANUFACTURING INTERESTS 361 thus formed were never relaxed, but continued all through the history of the village, the toAvn, and the city, and New ark has ahvays been the foremost locality in the nation in its manufacturing interests. Its prosperity has arisen al most wholly from the attention its inhabitants have be stowed upon the varied objects of its many industries. A significant fact in the very early history of the town ex hibits the estimation then held by the citizens of the value of manufactures. Samuel Whitehead applied for admis sion into the town as an inhabitant. At the town meeting- held June 30, 1680, it was resolved " that the town is will ing Samuel Whitehead should come and Inhabit "NEV1ER DESPAIR among us, provided he will supply the town with shoes." The great manufactur ing prosperity of Newark began in the eighteenth century, and continued with increasing and un- T &."w.:MerLeiiiPmit93GoMSt. varying success until the terrible disasters of 1836-37, when, with one single excep tion, every important establishment in the then city failed in meeting its financial engagements. The banks sus pended spede payment, and trade and business were com pletely paralyzed. Skilled workmen, mechanics, and ar tisans walked the streets day after day seeking in vain for employment. The distress among all classes was inde scribable. For many years prior to that time the exporta tion of goods of various kinds into the Southem States had steadily increased until the volume had swollen annual ly into many millions of dollars. The principal products 362 THE PASSAIC VALLEY furnished for this Southern trade were boots, shoes, cloth ing, carriages, and saddles and harness. This trade in a measure was renewed many years after the catastrophes of 1836, but it never rose to the same magnitude it had be fore assumed. Large fortunes were made and lost in these Southern transactions, but the Civil War finally broke up the trafl&c and it has never regained its hold on the South em people. Other channels for the sale of the ever increasing prod ucts of the industry of the manufacturers of Newark have been successfully utilized by them, and the producers of the almost endless variety of goods sent out from the work shops of NoAvark are reaping large rewards for their energy and enterprise. The growth of the city has been marvel lous. At the time of the Revolution the population was only a foAV hundred people scattered over a large extent of land. Between 1890 and 1900, only a decade, the increase in the population has been more than sixty thousand, and it is still increasing. The people are the most cosmopoli tan in the State, representatives from almost every country in the world being found here. The record of Newark and Essex County in the Revolu tion is one to be held in the greatest honor and remembered with pride by every citizen. When the oppressive acts of king and parliament attacked the liberties of some of the other colonies the sympathies of the people were at once aroused, and those sympathies given practical utterance. ^leetings were held at which the best and most prominent men were present and added their voices and influence to swell the popular sentiment. Committees of safety and correspondence were appointed, offers of aid were made, aud the whole body of the people aroused to instant action. There were a few who still held to their allegiance to the DUEING THE REVOLUTION 363 English king, but the overwhelming majority of the com munity placed themselves in unmistakable opposition to the parliament. AV^hen the demand came from Congress for troops volunteers from all classes in society sprang at once to fill the ranks of the Continental Army. New Jer sey was the theater of the contest. The British, soon after war began, occupied New York and Staten Island, and in cessant raids were made from those two localities upon the in habitants of the adja cent parts of New Jer sey. Newark, Eliza bethtown, and the in habitants of Essex County were the espe cial objects of attack. Dwelling houses were burned, the furniture and other property found in them de stroyed or carried away, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals were driven off to provide food for the assailants. The outrages and insults inflicted upon non-combatants were disgraceful to humanity. Instances of brutal treatment of prisoners who were captured in battle or taken from their peaceful homes were too frequent to be repeated in these pages. Amid all the loss and privation occasioned by these out rages the patriots stood firm and only increased their ef forts to rid themselves and their country from the rule of WASHINGTON'S CHAIR. (Used by him ou the occasion of his inauguTation as President.) 364 THE PASSAIO VALLEY- a government which countenanced, or at least permitted, such deeds of infamy to be committed by its soldiers and hirelings. A few honest men, sincerely believing that the future prosperity of their country depended upon its contin ued connection with the home government, deserted the pa triot cause. Some of these joined the British army and fought against their old friends and neighbors; some seized ARRIVAL OF LAFAYETTE IN 1824. the opportunity afforded them by the constant raids, which they more than willingly joined, to despoil former asso ciates, and committed such fiendish deeds as have handed their names down to posterity with never to be forgotten infamy. Throughout the county bands of minutemen were banded together, formed into regularly organized companies, well officered, who were bound by solemn agreement to be ready VOLUNTEERS IN THE REVOLUTION 365 to move at a moment's notice, given by sound of signal can non or by blaze or smoke of beacon fires. These minute men did excellent work at Springfield and in defense of homes and families when Hessian and Briton invaded Newark and the county. They were organized early in 1775 by an act of the Provincial Congress and Avere author ized to choose their own officers, but by an amendatory act passed in August, 177."i, these officers thus chosen must be commis sioned by the Congress. In the list of volunteers into the ranks o f privates and among the oflficers of the patriotic army are to be found hun dreds bearing the names of the original settlers.Scores of Wards, Oanes, -Johnsons, Dodds, Piersons, Harri sons, Camfields, Wheelers, Ticheuors, and others, lineal de scendants of the patriots Avho signed the "¦ fundamental agreement," a]ipear of record. William S. Pennington, al ready mentioned in connection Avith his uncle, William Sandford, served when a mere youth in the artillery and was found by a general ofiicer at one of the battles of the war alone, firing his gun Avith coolness and precision, and was brevetted first lieutenant on the spot. Many of these min- WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH AS PRESIDENT. 366 THE PASSAIC VALLEY utemen, at times Avhen men were called for to fill up the regular army, volunteered and proved their patriotism on many a battlefield. Several of these privates, after peace was declared, rose to eminence in the history of the State. The character of these A'^oliinteers eminently fitted them for the performance of their duties. They were intelligent, thoughtful, judi cious, and wise. They knew hoAV to command and how to obey. They were privates in the ranks because duty de manded tlieir presence there. Such men could not but suc ceed, and the independence of the country is due to their intelligence and wisdom. Many of them sleep in unhonored graves. When the war closed the surviA^ors returned to their families and their humble homes, to their farms and Avork- shops, seeking no reward for their privations except the consciousness of well-performed duty, and that the countrv they loved so wdl and for which they had braved so much Avas free. The peculiar and intimate relations between the citizens of Essex County and most of the Southern States, involving not only ties of friendship, but also business interests ex isting between them during the years just before the break ing out of the Civil W^ar, rendered the situation most embar rassing. The feverish sentiment so prominent in all the Southern communities, the threats of secession AA'hieh meant civil war if the threats Avere carried into execution, were AdcAved with the greatest alarm in all commercial and manu facturing circles in Newark. The South Avas many millions in debt to the people of Newark alone. Civil war meant ruin to the manufacturer and consequent distress and loss to the whole people. The universal sentiment was that peace, if possible to be obtained without the loss of honor, must be restored. All just claims of the misguided people WAR OF THE REBELLION 367 of the South must be recognized if that could be accom plished without disgrace. In this sentiment the whole com munity united. But when the crash came, Avhen Fort Sumter was fired upon, when the laAvful government of the country was put at defiance and secession became a materialized fact, then all Avas forgotten, loss accepted, and the whole people, with some very fcAV and most extraordinary exceptions, rose in one acclaiming body and proclaimed allegiance to the gen eral government and opposition to the demon of rebellion. The uprising of the North in one solid, united mass was the grandest event in the history of any country. Political differences were thrown aside. Some of the most decided opponents of the governing party, and who, before actual secession took place, had antagonized the Republican party and had striven to defeat it in the election, now were equally as pronounced in their allegiance to the general government as were any who had aided in elevating a Republican candi date to the presidency. From the hills of Sussex to the seashore of Cape iMay there was one burst of heroic patriot ism. In this acclaim Essex County and Newark, whose citi zens, if war should really come, Avould be the greatest losers of property and income of all concerned, joined with almost unanimous accord. When the President made his demand for volunteers they were furnished with astonishing- alacrity, and from the beginning of the terrible contest until its close Newark and Essex County steadily and persistently followed the fortunes of the Union cause, and gallantly and unselfishly supported the government. The descendants of the heroes of the Revolution emulated their sires in de votion to country. The first call for troops was made by President Lincoln on the l.Sth of April, 1861. On the 6th of May following (T'M.X. .C-d.-^'-J'^-'^'^t. ^^ S'Z^i.-te^ ,-y-i^e^-x.^.. y^yy-^c.,.^ s^e-i-i^£Ji- e:^-^-e. M'-^^-^^iJ-x- ^/-^ ^ZS^^-=/ ^¦p-2..e.r?^i.e. ^^^3-j_^«^:-^ ..f.a-i^A^^a- — GENERAL THEODORE RUNYON 369 the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Regiments of New Jersey troops, except four companies of the Second Regi ment, which had been detained at Baltimore for special service by General Scott, reached Washington ready for duty. The First Regiment had in that short time been clothed at the expense of the State. General Theodore Run yon Avas in command of these troops, and through him New Jersey and Newark had the honor of having one of its citi zens in the field as the first commissioned general ofiicer of the volunteer force. General Runyon Avas then in full prac tice of the law at Newark. He was one of the most brilliant lawyers of the State, afterward chancellor for three terms, and died at Berlin while there representing the United States as ambassador. Charles S. Olden, of Princeton, Avas governor, and was called the " war governor.'' He aided greatly in this prompt compliance with the orders of the President, and was indefatigable in the performance of his duties as governor, relaxing during the whole of the term of his office no effort whatever to se cure the success of the Union Army. This AA'onderful achievement in the enlisting of four thou sand troops, clothing and arming them, and fitting them for actual and immediate service in the fleld is unequalled in the history of all military affairs, and is an example of the action of Essex County and Newark during the whole con tinuance of the war. Hundreds of these citizens lie in un known graves in the Southern land; hundreds more came home, scarred and wounded, with empty sleeves, and hob- 370 THE PASSAIC VALLEY bling on crutches, giving certain evidence of their undying patriotism. Among the brilliant men identified most closely with Newark Avho sacrificed their lives during this terrific strug gle Avas General Philip Kearney, whose bronze statue, in life size, adorns the Military Common at Newark. He was a Jerseyman of four generations, a great-grandson of Mich ael Kearney, the first of the family to come to America, and who settled in Shrewsbury in the early part of the seven teenth century. This Michael Kearney was of noble line age, a descendant of the Earl of Thomond, and became dis tinguished in colonial history, being at one time secretary of state of the colony. General Philip Kearney on his mother's side is descended from Huguenot stock, and was born in New York City June 2, 1815. He was educated at Columbia College and then studied law. His inclination always was for a mili tary life. It is related of him that, as a boy, he delighted in fighting battles with wooden soldiers, which were ar ranged under his command against each other in mimic warfare. He sought for and obtained a commission as lieu tenant in a company of dragoons in the United States army, under Jefferson Davis as captain. In 1839 he was sent by the government to France to study the science of war in the French Military School. While there engaged in this occupation the war between France and Algiers broke out, and he became attached to a branch of the French army in Africa and won distinction by his gallant behavior in some battles. Five years afterward he returned to his native land and became a member of the staff of General Scott in the Mexican War. He exhibited great skill and courage in this service, and at Cherubusco he lost his left arm. After the close of the war Avith Mexico he fought in the ^ilvM Vl CB^ttK, fam ^V^''^"'^^ luLAJ. aUS. PHILIP -KEJ^RMY. GENERAL PHILIP KEARNEY 371 regular army against the Indians, but this service was dis tasteful to him, ana he resigned. In 1859, while he was at Paris, the Austro-Italian war was in progress. Impelled by his love for arms, he became aide-de-camp to General Mor ris and fought at Solferino. Napoleon III adorned him with the Cross of the Legion of Honor. In 1861 the Civil War broke out, and General Kearney offered his services to the governor of Ncav York, but for some unexplainable rea son was repulsed. Through the infiuence of some New Jersey friends he was commissioned brigadier-general of the First New Jersey Regiment of Volunteers. This was FORT LAFAYETTE. on the 25th of July, 1861. He instantly went to the front and remained with his New Jersey troops, who became in tensely attached to him, until March 25, 1862, when he was offered the command of a division vacated by General Sum ner's promotion. He declined the promotion because he could not take his Jersey troops with him. This act of self- denial still more strongly intrenched him in the hearts of his command. He soon afterward, however, accepted the command of a division in Heintzelman's corps. Now came the opportunity for which he had longed with an intensity which could hardly be understood by a civilian. 372 THE PASSAIC VALLEY and that was the presence of actual fighting. He partici pated in all the battles of the Peninsula. At Williamsburg he saved his old New Jersey command and Hooker from ruin. On September 1, 1862, just at the close of the day, at ChantiUy, after having saved Pope's army from destruction and after driving Lee's army back from its forward move ment on Washington, he rode out to reconnoiter the enemy's position. Unexpectedly he came upon the enemy's lines and was ordered to surrender. He turned his horse and leaned forward to save himself from the bullets of the Confederates. He was too late, and was killed by a ball entering his thigh or hip and passing out at the breast. He had acquired among the Union forces from his great cour age the name of " Fighting Phil.," the Confederates hon oring him by naming him the " One-armed Devil." COLONIAL COIN. CHAPTER XXVIII IRVINGTON, MONTCL.\IR, AND THE ORANGES ERY soon after the date of the settlement of New ark the colonists began to immigrate into the ad jacent country. One of the descendants of Will iam Camp, an original settler, went two or three miles southAvesterly from Newark and founded what from his time until fifty years since was called Camptown, but is now knoAvn as Irvington. Land at the foot of the Orange Mountain Avas plotted and divided to some of the original settlers. ^Vs early as 1667 widow Hannah Freeman had a farm of forty acres allotted to her. By the description of jMrs. Freeman's lot it is learned that other lands had been apportioned to Richard Harrison, one of the original set tlers. In August, 1675, Robert Symon, as the name ap pears, received a lot of forty-four acres bounded by the mountain and by the lands of John Baldwin, Samuel Swaine, and Richard Harrison. Baldwin and Swaine were also of the original immigrants. This name Symon is un doubtedly an error. No such name appears among the signers of the fundamental agreement, but the name Rob ert Lymens does. In the same month of August, 1675, John Baldwin ob tained forty acres " near the mountain," bounded by lands of John Ward, Captain Samuel Swaine, John Catlin, and 374 THE PASSAIO VALLEY Richard Harrison. These undoubtedly were divisions made subsequently to the first allotment, as all of these men appear as settlers who had received lots within the bounds of Newark proper. It is quite certain that before the beginning of the eighteenth century dwelling houses had been built at what was known during the Revolution as Tory Comer, now within the bounds of West Orange. Among these later divisions were some which are described as being on the upper branch of Rahway River. The set tlers on these and other lots in the vicinity of the mountain were some of those who founded the localities now known as Orange and West Orange. The Harrisons, Dodds, and Williams have always abounded in all the Oranges. These outside settlements gradually increased until Belle ville, Bloomfield, Orange, and Springfield became well known and recognized localities. But when they were first settled can not be accurately ascertained. They were all of gradual growth — first, a solitary settler reared his log cabin, a beginner, perhaps, in his manhood career and plan ning for the future; then came another until at last the set tlement assumed such proportions that it required a name. One of these had its origin in the erection of a dwelling near the east side of the mountain, between Bloomfield and Caldwell, by a descendant of Azariah Crane, a prominent first settler in Newark. Others of the same patronymic gathered around him, and the name Cranetown adhered to the locality for more than a century. It has now spread, and a beautiful town has climbed up the east side of the mountain and occupied the valley beneath. Newcomers of taste and wealth appreciated the desirable sites for resi dences and utilized them for their permanent homes. It is now called Montclair, and has grown from the insignificant hamlet to a town numbering, as will appear by the last ort Hb< O aAMCQEd PdMH OH 376 THE PASSAIC VALLEY national census, 13,962 people, living in four wards. It is a toAvn of residences mostly, with no great manufacturing interests. The facilities of travel afforded by the two rail roads which reach it from New York, its beautiful situation and healthful air, make it a desirable place of residence, «J ^-h'm -^ • 7*'f THE DOREMUS HOUSE AT BLOOMFIELD. and many have availed themselves of the opportunity thus given. Between Montclair and Newark, in an extensive valley spreading over nearly its whole surface, more than a hun dred years ago was a small village peopled largely by Dodds and Baldwins, all descended from the Baldwins and Daniel Dod, Avho came to NcAvark in 1666. The name Bloomfield Avas given to this village in 1796 in honor of Governor MONTCLAIR AND BLOOMFIELD 377 •Joseph Bloomfield, one of the most distinguished men of his time in New Jersey. Governor Bloomfield was an officer in the Revolutionary Army, a lawyer of excellent reputation, the compiler of a volume of the statutes of Ncav Jersey, and govemor and chancellor of the State for several years. Bloomfield is still strongly controlled by the element representing its first settlers, who possess the uprightness and adherence to principle and right of their ancestors. Montclair has received so large a volume of immigration of other blood than that found in its early settlers that the infiuence of the ancestors has in a great measure given place to that of the newcomers. But this has occasioned no loss of benefit to the interests of the municipality or of its citizens. Bloomfield in 1900 had a population of 9,668, and is divided into four wards. The representatives of the first immigrants into Bloom field are permanent in their habits and residences, and hold fast to the sturdy characteristics of their progenitors. They are steady supporters of their church organizations and gladly maintain their institutions of learning. The Pres byterian denomination has sustained successfully for many years a seminary at this place for the education of German young men for the ministry. There are some manufactures in the town which have interjected an element possessing several qualities of mind and action somewhat foreign to those of the majority of the people, but there has been no serious clashing of the two classes. Bloomfield was, until the year 1812, a part of Newark, and was known as Bloom field Ward. In 1806 its southem line was established, but it was not until 1812 that it became an independent township. In all 378 THE PASSAIC VALLEY its history, especially prior to 1812, it was closely identified with Newark. West Orange was incorporated in 1862, and was formed by adding together portions of Orange, Caldwell, and Liv ingston. In the act of incorporation it was first called Fair- ENTRANCE TO LLEWELLYN PARK. mount. In 1863 its boundary lines were altered and its name changed to West Orange. It is situated very nearly in the center of the county, and has within its bounds the beautiful residential locality known all over the country as Llewellyn Park, established many years ago by Llewellyn S. Haskell, now dead, whose first name was adopted as its title. Llewellyn Park is beautiful for situation, and is embel- LLEWELLYN PARK 379 lished by many dwellings of a very high order of archi tecture, both as to erection and as to details. The park contains over eight hundred acres, and is situated in the eastern part of the township near the line of Orange. Mr. BUST OF LLEWELLYN S. HASKELL. Haskell came to New Jersey in 1855, and surveyed the ground now covered by the park. He appreciated at once the great natural beauties of the locality, and understood how it might be utilized by art combined with its natural aspects into one of the most desirable situations for the 380 THE PASSAIC VALLEY erection of residences. Every possible detail of an inviting landscape was there — mountain, brook, vale, copse, forest, ground rising from the valley up the side of the mountain, rock, and springing grass. Mr. Haskell mapped out in his artistic fancy the future- of the scene, the creation of lake, winding roads, laby rinthine paths, vine-clad rocks, sheltered nooks, and the necessary adjuncts to homes of taste and elegance. He first bought five hundred acres and afterward three hundred more, and at once began his oper ations. The result has been the creation of one of the most won derfully complete and romantic grounds, fitted exclusively for the residences of those who de light in such scenes as there surround them. Mr. Haskell died in 1872, but he lived long enough to see his dream fully realized in the lo cation he had so beautified by his artistic taste. It is now filled with the happy homes of those who haA^e profited by the forethought and wisdom of the founder of Llewellyn Park. The dwellers in this fairylike scene have mani fested their gratitude to Mr. Haskell by placing his life- size bust on a granite pedestal at its entrance. Thomas A. Edison, the famous inventor, has a residence here, and many Avealthy business men of New York have reared their permanent homes and adorned them with all that wealth could procure or taste invent. Jyvwru^A Oj Cctia &>\ SAINT CLOUD AND WEST ORANGE 381 Saint Cloud, a small hamlet situated on a high elevation of First Mountain, was the residence of General George B. Mc Clellan for several years and at the time of his death. Through his exertions a handsome church edifice devoted to the worship of God according to the forms of the Presby terian denomination was erected at this place and a con gregation gathered within its walls. The general contribu ted largely to the erection of this building and to the sup port of the services of the sanctuary, and was one of the ruling elders of the organization. The population of West Orange is somewhat scat- tered over its northem part, but at its southern end there is a compact ness of buildings, once part of Orange proper, but taken from that city when West Orange was incorporated. At this southern extremity is the Episcopal Church of Saint Mark's, whose congregation have experienced many vicissi tudes in their history. Beginning with a very small member ship, they have now become one of the strongest and most prosperous organizations of their denomination in New Jer sey. The Rt. Rev. William R. Whittingham, for many years Bishop of Maryland, was in his early manhood the rector GEORGE B. M'CLELLAN. 382 THE PASSAIO VALLEY of Saint Mark's, receiving a salary of four hundred dollars. The Williams and Harrison families, many of whom resided in this vicinity, were its liberal supporters and really its founders. One of the Williams family, the Rev. James A. Williams, D.D., for many years, from the time he was or dained deacon and up to his death, was its rector. There are some manufacturing interests in West Orange, but outside of the vicinity of Saint Mark's Church the peo ple are agricultural and residential. A branch of the Rah way River rises in its northem part and runs through the valley between the two ranges of mountains in the township of Milburn, affording at one time, when water power was more desirable than at present, large facilities for mills. West Orange is divided into four wards, and in 1900, ac cording to the census, had a population of 6,889. It was the home of Anthony Thompson, the last slave in Essex County. He was born in Raritan, Somerset County, in 1798, and was sold when an infant with his mother to Samuel M. Ward, of Montclair, who freed him by his will. He bought his mother's freedom for one hundred dollars when he was twenty-six years old. He lived with the Williams family at Tory Comer, and died in 1884, near Eagle Rock. At nineteen years of age he united with the Presbyterian Church and continued his membership until his death. He lived and died respected and beloved. South Orange was identified with Newark, forming part of that town, its inhabitants voting with the other inhabit ants of that very large township, until 1806, when Orange Ward was created, but the ground covered by that Avard was still a part of Newark. The elections during many years prior to 1806 were held at different places in the township — one day at Orange or at some other locality out side of Newark, and the other day at Newark, generally DIVISION OF NEWARK INTO WARDS 383 at some tavern, but in later times one day at the court house. It will probably be interesting to readers to know the division of Newark into these wards. At the town meet ing held April 14, 1806, it was resolved that the " Township Committee, together with the Assessors, be authorized to divide the Township into three districts, for the purposes THE BALDWIN HOMESTEAD. of Assessment and collection, and that each person be taxed in the Destrict where he resides for all his taxable property in the Township." On May 9, 1806, this report appears in the town records: Agreeable to the fifth Resolve passed at the last annual Town meeting, a meeting of the Township Committee and Assessors was held at the house of Samuel Munn in Orange on the ninth day of May 1806 — when it was agreed that the following should be the division lines.. Beginning at the Green Island in Pasaik River; and running from thence to the Boiling Spring on lands of Phinehas Baldwin, Dec'd and from thence to the Bridge of the Slough between 384 THE PASSAIO VALLEY the houses of Jonathan Baldwin and Elihu Pierson and from thence to the Bridge near Silas Dodd's, and from thence to the Bridge near Martin Richards, and from thence to Turkey Eagle Rook on the top of the first Mountain, which we agree shall be the division line between the Bloomfield Ward and the Wards of Newark and Orange. And also that the line between Newark Ward and Orange Ward shall begin at the af'd Boiling Spring; and from thence run ning to Pecks Bridge on Green Meadow Brook ; and from thence to the Bridge called Coleman's Bridge, and from thence following the River called Elizabeth or Elizabeth River to the line of the Township of Elizabeth. Wit ness our hands this ninth day of May 1806. D. D. Crane, Thos. Baldwin, Stephen Hays, Stephen D. Day, Township Com mittee. Elias A. Baldwin, John Dodd, Nathan Squier, Assessors. -^^~3i ..a^ -'ll;^ ¦\ . STONE HOUSE AT SOUTH ORANGE. South Orange was undoubtedly settled by immigrants from Newark. In 1680, September 27, the town meeting made this resolve : Item: Nathaniel Wheeler, Edward Riggs and Joseph Riggs have a Grant to take up Land upon the upper Chestnut hill by Raway River near the Stone House, provided they exceed not above fifty Acres a piece. This certainly was within the bounds of what is now Milburn, or near there in South Orange. A very ancient stone house is still standing on the line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, near Maplewood, at which sixty years ago there was a stopping place. It seemed SOUTH AND EAST ORANGE 385 no older then than it is noAV. Whether this is the edifice referred to in the description just quoted can not be ascer tained. The existence, however, of a stone house in that part of the township of NcAvark so early as 1680, only four teen years after the settlement at Newark, proves satis factorily that the migrations from the parent colony had already reached a point distant several miles from New ark, and gives some eA'idence of the time when South Orange began to be peopled. That date can be reached in no other waj". This old stone house in one point answers the description of the one mentioned in the record of the toAvn meeting of September 27, 1680. It is situated near a brook, and a stream called the Stone House Brook is mentioned in an old description of some land in that vicin ity. The names most prominent in the early settlement of South Orange are Ball, Brown, BaldAAdn, Pierson, Tillou, Moore, Freeman, Riggs, Tichenor, and Tompkins, all New ark names. South Orange village is a portion carved out of the town ship immediately surrounding the toAvn, and was incor porated with village poAvers. The toAvnship in 1900 had a population of 1,630, and the town numbered 1,608 in the same year. East Orange is only a continuation of the City of Orange, the two cities being so intimately connected and identified in their history and progress that it is difficult to separate them historically. East Orange is not a suburb of Orange; it is really physically a part of it. The streets of each are common to both, and run from the territory of one into that of the other Avith the same names, continuing their course in the same directions until they end. Fifty years ago the country of this municipality was pastoral in its appearance, being occupied mostly by farmers. The ground 386 THE PASSAIC VALLEY was undulating, well adapted for agriculture. The dwell ings were comfortable, but of ordinary architecture, and farmlike. In 1863 the bounds of the township as defined by its act of incorporation were these : Beginning at a line between the town of Orange and the Township of South Orange, where the centre of Centre Street in said town of Orange would inter sect said line, thence in a Northerly or Northeasterly direction to a point in the north side of Main Street in the said town of Orange where the line between the land of Caleb G. Harrison and Nathan W. Piersen near the corner of Baldwin and said Main Street would intersect the north side of said Main Street, thence in a North or Northwesterly direction to a large oak tree, on the lands and near the residence of William Patterson, thence in a North erly or Northwesterly direction to a point on the East side of Park Street in said town of Orange, where the angle in said street near the residence of Aaron Will iams would intersect said point, thence on in the direction of the last mentioned line to the west side of said Park Street, thence in a Northerly or Northeasterly direction to a point in the centre of the bridge over the Nishayne brook, where the south side of Dodd Street (or the street running from David Riker's store to the Orange Cemetery) would intersect the said point; thence in a Northerly or north Easterly direction to a point in the centre of the North side of the bridge near the residence of Henry Stickney aud thence to the line of the last mentioned line to the line between the town of Orange and the township of Bloomfield, thence along the line between the said town of Orange and the town ship of Bloomfield to the line between the town of Orange aud the City of New ark, thence along the line between the said town of Orange and the said City of Newark to the line between the town of Orange and the township of South Orange, thence along the line between the said town of Orange and the said township of South Orange to the plaee of Beginning. The population formerly resident here is now represented, and the infiuence of these representatives is still felt and felt for the right. For some time after the incorporation of East Orange as a township a large majority of its officers bore names which were unmistakably those of the flrst settlers in this part of Essex County, such as Munn, Harrison, Crane, Williams, Condit, Peck, Hedden, Ward, Doremus, and others. It is however, very doubtful whether these descendants of the old stock would have awakened to the beauty of situation EAST ORANGE 387 of East Orange, or to its desirability as a place of residence, had it not been for the impetus given to a new order of af fairs and for the wisdom and forethought of the new ele ment interjected into the town during the last years of the nineteenth century. That element was progressive, wisely COUNTRY CLUB HOUSE : HUTTON PARK. SO, and under their guidance an unparalleled stride in im provements has been made. East Orange has become one of the most beautiful and best regulated municipalities in the State, and it may be safely said in the whole country. The improvements introduced have been made in the most 388 THE PASSAIC VALLEY judicious manner, with no mad, impulsive rush, but with forethought and judgment. Streets have been laid out and bettered for the beneflt of the public; school houses and churches have been erected which are ornamental to the city, and at the same time have served the purposes of their erection; pure water has been introduced and placed with in the reach of all; private dwellings have been built with taste and with all appliances for household purposes. Some of these have been noble, stately structures, equalled by very few in the State. It is apparent that the aim in all these improvements for city and public jmrposes has been made by practical and sagacious men. East Orange is remarkable for the elegance of its church ediflces, many of which are models in architecture and ap pliances for the uses to which they are devoted. The city is unsurpassed in the facilities provided by the generositj' of its people for the education of its youth and for the re ligious needs of its citizens. From a few farm houses it has stretched its mass of com pact buildings, public and private, over almost the entire surface of the city. It is divided into five wards and has a population, as indicated by the census of 1900, of 21,506, showing an increase in ten years of nearly forty per cent., the people in 1890 numbering 13,282. COLONIAL COIN. CHAPTER XXIX CLINTON, FRANKLIN, BELLEVILLE, VERONA, CALDWELL LINTON TOWNSHIP Avas so identified with New ark until 1835 that it is diflficult to write of it his torically prior to its creation. All the interests of the smaller corporation were merged in those of the larger. The territory now belonging to Clinton was controlled and parcelled out by the town meeting of New ark precisely as that of any other part of the colony, and the oflficers of NcAvark governed the people of Clinton pre vious to 1835. The name Clinton was bestowed on the new township in honor of De Witt Clinton, the progressive governor of New York and the projector of the Erie Canal. But prior to the incorporation and for some time after that event the name Camptown had been appropriated by the small settlement made by immigrants from Newark in its early history. It Avas easy for anj^ who desired to go out from among the first colonists in " our tOAvn on the Pesaiack " to reach the beautiful rolling grounds and the fertile valleys found only two miles southward. There has been an attempt made to derive the name Camptown from some imaginary fact connected with the presence of Washington in Essex County during the Revo lution. But the attempt is not sustained by evidence. Will iam Camp, one of the signers of the fundamental agreement, and who became prominent in the new colony, was granted 390 THE PASSAIC VALLEY land now lying within the bounds of Irvington, and many members of his family were born in this vicinity and became influential iu public affairs. The name undoubtedly is de rived from these circumstances. But it became unsavory. Some v/ags who delighted in mischief invented jokes and, perhaps, some alleged facts Avhich rendered the name odious. Youug bloods did visit the tavern at Camptown for a frolic or a dance, and might have indulged in some scenes worse than frolics or dances; but the inhabit ants of the village and the adjacent country were sober, sedate, and Chris tian men and women, and ought not to huA^e suffered from the misdeeds of oth ers. "Camptown Navy Yard" Avas burlesqued and laughed about and fiouted and jeered until discreet men, who really knew nothing about the facts, began to believe that no locality deserving the name really existed. In fact there was no real navy yard, but there Avas a veritable manufac tory where sloops and periaguas Avere certainly built for a trade of some magnitude between New York and New ark and the surrounding country. These vessels were manufactured at Vinegar Hill, near Bound Brook, carried from there to that stream, and launched on its AA^aters to freight wood, hay, and farm produce to Ncav York and bring '^^ <^:^^>t---2^^^ CLINTON TOWNSHIP 391 from there goods in exchange. This trade has long since been destroyed by the Avater in Bound Brook becoming too shallow to fioat the vessels. The first settlers in Clinton came undoubtedly from New ark, their names being Camp, BroAvn, Pierson, Harrison, Riggs, Tompkins, Lyon, Roberts, and Johnson. Many of these first settlers were men who aided in establishing New ark and actually signed the fundamental agreement. One of these had granted to him a lot of land lying on Elizabeth River, which runs through the township from north to south and in the immediate vicinity of Ir vington. This stream fifty years ago was largely utilized for Avater power. Three large i^onds were dammed up on its course and quite extensive factories and mills established. The eastern end of the toAvnship runs into the Salt MeadoAvs and envelops 628 acres of tide marsh. From this extent of country Bound Brook fiows into the up land. This stream is historical. It forms the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth- town. Just south of its entrance into Clinton upland is found, where the State fair grounds are established. On the west of these grounds it has been proposed to gather the waters of the brook into a lake, which has already been named Weequahick. A few houses and one or two hotels have gathered around the fair grounds and the title Waver ley has been given to it. In November, 1852, the name Camptown was obliterated CLINTON ARMS. 392 THE PASSAIC VALLEY and Irvington took its place in honor of Washington Irving, the accomplished American author, who has done so much to raise the standard of American literature in England and elsewhere. Irvington is uoav incorporated with town pow ers, and is governed by trustees elected by the people. It has three churches : the Reformed, Christian, and Methodist —all Avdl organized and flourishing. A school house of excellent proportions and Avell supplied with teachers and 'SUNNYSIDE": WASHINGTON IRVINGS HOME. other appliances for educational purposes Avas erected in 1870, at a cost of fourteen thoiisaud dollars. Irvington has a populaticm of 5,255 and Clinton 1,325. Franklin and Belleville are the two northeastern toAvn- ships of Essex, and are both washed on the whole length of their eastern boundaries by the Passaic River. Franklin is situated in the extreme northeast, and is bounded north by Passaic County, east by Passaic River, south by Belleville, and west by Bloomfldd. The landscapes presented in this township are delightful to one sailing up or down the river. A rolling couutry is presented to the vicAV, Avith two or three ranges of slightly elevated eminences. It is a resi- FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP 393 dential locality, although at one period in its history its manufacturing interests Avere large, but those are now in a great measure abandoned from circumstances which could not be con- _^ trolled, appar- ~ '" ently, by the * owners. The changes AV h i c h meet t the eye from farm and com fortable farm house, with its surroundings, to the beautiful country seat, a d o rued by taste, nestling amid trees and foliage, front ing on the riv er, from the beautiful vil lage Avith its snug, conven ient dwellings for workmen and their fam ilies, to the oc casional forest, all delight and charm the beholder. The history of Franklin is so recent in date that very little can be said about it. It once, in the very early history HALL OF THE KNIGHTS, BINNENHOF, HOLLAND. 394 THE PASSAIC VALLEY of Newark, was attached to that colony. In 1812 Bloom field was separated from Newark, and then incorporated within its bounds both Belleville and Franklin. In 1839 Belleville Avas created, being then separated from Bloom field, and included Franklin, which was taken by an act of the Legislature passed February 18, 1874, from Belleville, and made an independent township. It was then that its separate history began. There does not seem to have been an immigration from Newark, certainly not from the first settlers, into this part of the territory of that colony. But immigrants came from Acquackanonk and perhaps from Bergen. This supposition is supported by the quaint character of many old residences still standing and some of which Avere in existence fifty years ago. They Avere of the character usually adopted by the early Holland immigrants — structures of massive stone walls, one story, in some instances a story and a half, high, with a piazza or porch across the whole front of the build ing. Several of these dwellings had the date of their erec tion carved into a stone tablet over the front door. One of these is dated 1702, another 1738, and one of these tab lets, on a house which took the place of a very old edifice, bears the date 1788. The presence of Dutch names borne by residents many years ago in the territory of Franklin also testifies to the truth of the assertion that this part of the country was settled by former citizens of Acquackanonk and Bergen. Occasionally, after the time that Franklin be came a township, some of these names appear in the list of township officers, such as Van Winkle, Van Riper, Post, Garrabrant, Kierstead, and Hopper. There are three villages or hamlets in the township: Avondale, Nutley, and Franklin. Avondale Avas once called North Belleville, and is situated a short distance above AVONDALE, FRANKLIN, AND NUTLEY 395 Belleville and on a declivity near the river. Here there are extensive quarries of red sandstone of the very best quality, large quantities of whicli have been excavated and sent in many different directions. Avondale is a ucav locality, and with Nutley and Franklin is indebted for its growth to the Erie Railroad, which passes through the entire length of Franklin. Stations have been established at each of these localities, affording such easy and prompt facilities of travel that many citizens of Ncav York and other business centers have been induced to build dwellings in this section of New Jersey. Franklin lies more to the west and farther north in the county, and in the valley of Third River, sometimes called Yanticaw, which at this point has quite a descent and Avas once largely used for Avater power for mills. Here many years ago were the Dun can woolen mills, conducted by the Duncan brothers, Scotchmen, — excel lent, worthy citizens, who desired to make more of their employees than mere workmen. They provided schools for their children, erected a church, and in the Avinter sea sons they asked men of talent and leaming to come and lecture for their benefit. They are all now dead, their works are abandoned, but Franklin still thrives. Nutley is nearer to the Passaic River, and is a thriving residential locality. It OAves its existence to Thomas W. Satterthwaite, a wealthy gentleman, Avho many years ago erected a stately residence on the banks of the river now in corporated Avithin the bounds of Nutley. He OAvned many hundred acres here, and he and his family divided the VAN CORTLANDT ARMS. 396 THE PASSAIC VALLEY property into building sites, and, offering inducements to those disposed to settle here, in this manner formed the nucleus for a thriving, jiopulous toAvn. Nutley was the name given by Mr. Satterthwaite to his counti-y seat, and it was adopted by the citizens as the title to the new toAvn thus reared. It has a population of over three thousand. Some idea may be gained of the progressive spirit and liberality of its citizens from the fact that a school house costing thirty thousand dollars has been erected in the village. Belleville is an old town, being in existence long before the tOAvnship bearing its name was incorporated. It has a large infusion of Holland stock, as is witnessed by the pres ence for so manjf years of a strong and fiourishing Reformed congregation and also by the presence uoaa' and for several generations of so many Dutch names, such as Jerolamon, Schuyler, Rutgers, Spier (or Speer as it is noAv written). Van Cortlandt, Coeyman, and Ackerman. The tOAvn Avas a bust ling, active community more than fifty years ago, and it has retained those characteristics to the jiresent. Docks were built on the river and craft of quite large draft were coming and going, passing to and fro up and doAvn the stream, carrying the manufactured products of the mills and factories in the town and in the surrounding country to market and goods of different kinds for home consump tion. But the steam whistle of the locomotiA^e A\'as heard, the river trade gradually died out, and the freight was brought in and carried aAvay by the railroad. The town, however, has steadily increased and is still increasing. The population of the whole township iu 1890 Avas 3,487; in 1900 it had groAvn to 5,907, an increase of forty and more per cent. The people outside of the town number very few, aud this increase is due almost entirely to the toAvu. A pecul iarity not often found in a locality AAdiere the increase in f.,l^[*t ¦J~^ul - r.# ¦¦ . V < < -> STREET IN AMSTERDAM: HOLLAND. 398 THE PASSAIC VALLEY population is due to immigration more than to natural causes exists here in the permanence of the inhabitants. The people, especially the representatives of the old element, rarely change. The town is mostly situated between the river, and quite an extensive range of eminences lying west ward and running north and south nearly parallel with the stream. The houses were chiefiy confined a few years ago to one single street, running along the west bank of the river and not far from it, spreading north and south for more than a mile. But now they have climbed the eminences and nearly covered their heights. A very large part of the population of Belleville is engaged in manufac turing. The Hendricks copper works are situated near the west side of the town on Second River. These works are very extensive, have been established for more than seventy-five years, and are still in successful operation. John Eastwood and others are engaged in large manufactures in the town. For a cen tury and more an important industry in Belleville has been connected with the quarries of red sandstone. This has been extensively and profitably followed. The Reformed Church at Belleville is one of the oldest AN OLD FARM HOUSE. BELLEVILLE AND VERONA 399 in the State. It was organized certainly prior to 1725, as is proved by the fact that in the records of the church in that year it is recorded that measures are being taken to secure the building of a " new church " for worship. From that date until now this organization has been in operation Avith unvarying success. About fifty years ago the church Avas rebuilt, and in this substantial stone building the con gregation gathers from time to time. A commodious par sonage has also been erected. These two buildings are situated on the main street in the center of the town, and add much by their presence to the beauty of the locality. The Rev. T. De Witt Talmadge was at one time a pastor of this church. There are three other churches at Belleville : a Methodist, an Episcopalian, and a Roman Catholic. Belleville is situated on the Second River, and in its early history was called after the name of that stream. Its pres ent title is truly descriptive of the town and its situation. Nestled in the valley of Peckman's River, between the First and Second Mountains, lies the township of Verona, the last municipality created in Essex. It was taken from Caldwell in 1892 and made an independent township. Its population in 1900 was 2,137. It has two villages within its borders: Verona and Cedar Grove. In the vicinity of Verona village during the eighteenth and nineteenth cen turies there were several families of the Condit stock, who were mostly agriculturists. Some of the race still remain here. Jonathan Condit, a captain in the Revolutionary Army, resided here on a farm at the breaking out of the war. Near him were other families of the same name, all of whom were infiuential members of the community. A small in fusion of Dutch blood found its way here about a hundred years ago, the most prominent name being that of Jacobus. Verona village was until a few years ago a quiet hamlet 400 THE PASSAIC VALLEY of a few dwellings, inhabited by a staid and steady popula tion, mostly farmers. A large factory for brushes of all varieties, conducted by a member of the Jacobus family, gave some life to the place. Some enterprising citizens of other localities awoke to the desirability of the village for residences, and a few built dwellings here, among whom may be mentioned the Hon. John L. Johnson, formerly a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Essex and now a prominent lawyer with his oflfice in Newark. Others have followed his example and have become permanent residents of this community. Cedar Grove is a small hamlet in the northern part of the township. Peckman's River, a tributary of the Passaic, emptying its waters into that river at Little Falls, runs through the entire length of the township and forms the valley. At the southem end of the township this stream has formed a lake covering many acres. In the beginning of the nineteenth century this sheet of water, called Verona Lake, was utilized for milling purposes, and was much re sorted to by the farmers of the vicinity. But now it is a place of resort for pleasure seekers, who find there cA^ery appli ance for their delight and recreation. The water is of pure spring origin, unpolluted as are so many of the streams of the State for sewage purposes. It lies sheltered by the sur rounding hills from storm and destructive winds, so that tourists who seek its quiet waters are safe. It is nearly a mile in length, and every drop of its pellucid waves comes from mountain springs issuing from the eminences which surround it and seem to be the guardians of the spot. The park and lake are under the most excellent management, while every possible appliance is furnished for the pleas ure of those who come there for rest. The most fastidious may be assured that nothing will be found to offend or VIEW OF VERONA LAKE AND PARK. 402 THE. PASSAIC VALLEY molest. It is under the charge of an association of gentle men, residents of the village and its vicinity, who, them selves fully alive to the importance of the preservation of good morals and purity in the community, have adopted such rules for the regulation of the conduct of visitors and for the preservation of the quiet of the place that no offence can possibly be given to any one. The lake is easily reached by trolley cars from all parts of the adjoining country. Art has aided nature and, combining the natural scenery of the lake and its surroundings with other environments, has made this beautiful sheet of water most desirable. It is fitted up with boat houses, a lawn decorated with shrub bery, tables for picnics, and settees for the weary. Con venient boats, safely arranged so as to prevent accident, are always at command. For Sunday schools and other like associations this is a most desirable resort. The names of its managers, David H. and John W. Slayback, Charles A. Williams, and Anson A. Voorhees, are guarantees that every promise made will be faithfully performed. There are three churches at Verona : a Presbyterian, Con gregational, and Methodist. Caldwell is the largest township in the county, and in some respects it is one of the most interesting. It was the gateway for immigration from Essex into Morris County at the beginning of the eighteenth century. An adven turous man climbed to the top of Second Mountain, looked down upon the scene spread out before his feet, and took in some of its beauty. But the men of his time were more realistic and utilitarian in their views than those of this age, and this particular adventurer partook of the char acteristics of his time. He returned to Newark, informed the town meeting of what he had seen, and advised that an instant purchase should be made of the land. This was. CALDWELL TOWNSHIP 403 so near as can be ascertained, about the year 1700. The purchase was made, and into Horseneek, as the locality was at first called from its fancied resemblance to a horse's arched neck, flowed, slowly at flrst, but in larger volume afterward, an immigration which later appropriated the Avhole valley. Soon it was intimated that iron was to be found over the river beyond its western banks, and before the flrst quarter of the eighteenth century Morris County began to be peopled by hardy settlers from Essex. Prior to this time, in 1679, an Indian deed was made to some Hol landers of land, a portion of which by its description was clearly within the bounds of the present toAvuship of Cald well: Lying west and north of a straight line drawn from the mouth of Pine Brook a little to the north of Cedar Grove extending to the village of Acquackanonk. This includes only a small portion of the northern ex tremity of Caldwell. The deed was signed by Captahem, whose name often appears in deeds of that time, and was conflrmed by the lords proprietors. Within its bounds is now to be found the hamlet of Fairfleld, where is an old established Reformed Church. Several Dutch families set tled at this locality soon after the making of this deed, and quite a large number of the descendants of these Hollanders are to-day to be found among the residents of Caldwell. In 1699 two citizens of Newark were appointed a com mittee by the town meeting to negotiate the purchase of the " tract lying westward of our bounds to the Passaic River." The purchase, however, was not then made. In 1701, June 10, Sir Thomas Lane and others, representing the West Jersey Society, obtained letters patent for " land lying at Horseneek." How definite was the description of the land intended to be granted by these letters patent is not known, but as indefinite as that just given may be 404 THE PASSAIC VALLEY it is evident that it refers to land west of First Mountain and extending to the river. Nothing, however, seems to have come out of this conveyance, and it also appears by subsequent events that all parties acquiesced in the title acquired by Newark except the proprietors. In 1702 the lords proprietors surrendered the right of sovereignty over New Jersey, secured to them by the orig inal grant to Berkeley and Carteret by the Duke of York, but retained the title to the land. The independent colo nists of NeAvark frequently disregarded the claim set up by the proprietors to the exclusive control over the land within the Province, who insisted that any Indian titles acquired by any purchase should be confirmed by them. The set tlers in Newark claimed that the Indians were the sole own ers of the country. Accordingly in 1702, setting at naught the proprietors, they bought from the Indians this land " Avestward or northward of Newark within the compass of the Passaick river and so southward unto Minisink path, viz : all lands as yet unpurchased of the heathen." The deed was executed by several chiefs of the tribes resi dent within New Jersey, was dated March, 1701-02, and was afterward, on the 14th day of March, 1741-42, confirmed by some Indians calling themselves kings, and others as chiefs, of the tribes, heirs and successors of the grantors of the deed executed in 1702. The proprietors claimed that the settlers should pay them for the lands they occupied. This was sturdily disputed and the demand denied except by one in dividual. This led the proprietors to take legal measures to secure what they considered were their just dues and lawful rights. Defendants in these suits were committed to prison and the jails Avere stormed by the citizens headed by some of the most respectable inhabitants. In the end the pro prietors Avere successful. Many purchasers who had paid CALDWELL TOWNSHIP 405 for their property were dispossessed, several Avere reduced to poverty, aud great distress and loss Avere sustained. The controversy lasted several years, aud Avas fought with great pertinacity by both parties. This statement of facts does not apply alone to Caldwell, but to other parts of the county. Caldwell Township is situated in the northwestern part of Essex, and is bounded north and west by the Passaic River, which separates it from Passaic and Morris, east by Verona and West Orange, and south by Livingston Town ship. It contains 18,194 acres, of Avhich about 7,000 are still forest. The whole western portion bordering on the river is enveloped by SAvampy land. That in the north- Avest of the township, at the loop of the river as it turns to fiow towards Little Falls, is called the Great Piece; the oth ers are knoAvn as Little Piece and Hatfield Meadows. These meadoAVS cover many hundred acres. They are useful, however, to their owners, and are being gradually drained. They are sometimes entirely submerged by the overfiow of the river, but they rarely fail to render to their OAvners some remuneration in their crops of hay and in the pasturage tliey furnish for cattle. Some timber is grown upon them and of good quality. The flow of the riA-er at this point is exceedingly sluggish, the descent in some instances being only one inch to the mile. The township was incorporated on the 16th of February, 1798, and the following bounds defined : Beginning at Cook's bridge on Passaic River then running down the old Canoe brook road along the Springfield line until it eome to where said line turns off to Keen's Mills, from thence on a straight line to within flve chains to the west of Joel Condit's quarry on the Springfield road near the top of Second Mountain, thence north flfteen degrees east tw'eiity chains along said mountain, thence on a straight line to the top of First Mountain to where a certain road laid out along the line of lands of Stephen Crane, deceased, intersects the top of said mountain, thence along the same until it comes to the Paterson line, thence along the said 406 THE PASSAIO VALLEY line to the Passaick Biver, thence up the middle of the stream to the place of Beginning. This territory since the formation of the township has been depleted by the creation of other municipalities. The township was named in honor of the Rev. James Caldwell, the " fighting parson " of the Revolutionary Army. Two boroughs, Caldwell and North Caldwell, have been carved from the township, both of small extent. The population of the township proper in 1900 was 1,619, of Caldwell bor ough 1,367, and North Caldwell 297. The village of Caldwell is beautiful for situation. It has three churches : a Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Methodist. There are four hamlets in the township : Fairfield, Clinton, Franklin, and Westville, of which Fairfield is the oldest. The Reformed Church at Fairfield was organized nearly one hundred and fifty years ago, and has aided many struggling churches of the same denomination in its vicinity. It was, of course, supported by the Holland immigrants who early in the eighteenth century made their way across the Pas saic into Caldwell. CHAPTER XXX ESSEX COUNTY — CONCLUDED IVINGSTON TOW^NSHIP has no peculiariy striking history. It was a part of NcAvark until 1797, Avhen it was separated from that town. Its population has been and is uoav almost entirely devoted to agriculture. There are, hoAveA^er, a few hat factories of limited facilities situated on the river. The permanency of the iuhabitants is quite remarkable. They generally live on, generation after generation, in the same locality, fre quently in the same house. A single case is perhaps one of many. T. RoAvland Teed, a lad of fourteen years of age, Avas born in the same house iu which his great-great-grand father was born, and in which every successive generation down to this youth was also born, many of them in the same room. The Teed family for many decades have been prominent and infiuential in public affairs, many of them filling township offices, several acting as county officials, and some as members of the Legislature. The township is bounded on the north by Caldwell, on the east by West Orange and Milburn, on the south by Milburn and the Passaic, and on the west by the Passaic. The low grounds which envelop so large a part of Caldwell pass over into the territory of Livingston on the bank of the river. The names which haA-'e always been prominent in the his- 408 THE PASSAIO VALLEY tory of this township denote quite conclusively their origin. The most of them came from NcAvark and settled in the fertile fields of this municipality. They are Ward, Tomp kins, Harrison, Williams, Dodd, Condit, Teed, Force, and others. A few influential names can not be traced to the parent colony. Some undoubtedly came from Elizabeth- town. There are five villages and hamlets in the township : Liv ingston, West Livingston, Northfield, Squiertown, and Rose- laud, formerly called Centerville. Of these Roseland is the largest and most prosper ous. It is near a railroad with a station, and bids fair to be- c ome m o r e populous i n the future. Roselaud has two churches: P I- e s b y t e - rian and jMethodist. AVest Liviugstou also has a Methodist Church, and there are Iavo Baptist Churches, one at North- field aud one at Livingston. Liviugstou Avas named in honor of William LiAungston, governor of Ncav Jersey during the Revolution. It has 11,148 acres, of Avhicli about 5,000 are still forest laud. Its population in 1900 was 1,412. Milburn is situated iu the southern part of the county on the line of Uniou. It formed at one time part of Spring field when that township Avas united Avitli Essex County, but Avhen Union was created Milburn Avas separated from A COUNTRY HOME, MILBURN TOAVNSHII' AND VILLAGE 409 Springfield and remained united to Essex. This was in 1852. It is bounded north by Livingston and West Orange, east by Springfield and South Orange, south by Union Coun ty, and Avest by the Passaic River, Avhich separates it from Morris County. It is much broken by different ranges of hills — the White Oak Ridge in its central part, a higher elevation in its northern part near Livingston, and Short Hills in its southern portion. On the Passaic there are some loAvlands, and toward Springfield there is quite an extent of level plain. The Passaic River washes its western side, Canoe Brook comes into the tOAVuship from Livingston, and the east branch of the RahAvay RiA'er rises iu West Orange and fiows through jMilbiiiu into Springfield. Sixty-five years ago Milburn vil lage AA'as a mere hamlet, and Avas known by A^arious names, such as Rum Brook, Riverhead, V^auxhall, and Croton. There Avas au attempt ma,de at one time to call it Millville, but when it was incorporated and a postoffice established there the name was definitely settled as Milburn, and very appropriately, as it Avas situated on a stream fully entitled to that name for its facility in affording mill sites. It became at one time a large manufacturing center, de voted particularly to papermills and hat factories. Shortly after the Revolution Samuel Campbell, a Scotchman, estab lished a papermill a short distance above the village of Milburn on the Rahway RiA-er, which continued to be oper- A COLONIAL CHATELAINE. 410 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ated by him and, after his death, by his son John. It has been claimed that this Avas the first papermill of its kind in the United States. Several other papermills have been established since that time below the Campbell plant. Hat factories of various kinds were scattered along the Rah way River. Fifty years and more ago Israel D. Condit, who lived at Milburn, when it was just emerging from its hamlet state, until his death a few years ago, at the age of ninety-two, was largely engaged in the hat manufacture at Milburn. He was a public benefactor in his day and fore most in all efforts to aid the community in Avhich he lived. He largely assisted iu the erection of the Episcopal Church at Milburn aud Avas prominent in the es tablishment of a c e m e t e r y at this place. There are three villages and ham lets in Milburn Township : Milburn, Short Hills, and Wyo ming. The village of Milburn extends on both sides of the Rahway River from the railroad to Springfield. It has two churches, an Episcopalian and a Baptist. The manufac turing interests of this locality have almost wholly disap peared. It is still a Adllage of enterprise and progress. Wyoming is a thriving hamlet Avith large possibilities. It is of very recent date, and is fed by immigrations from the cities of families of moderate means who have sought country homes. A COUNTRY TAVERN. SHORT HILLS 411 Short Hills is a very remarkable locality, entirely resi dential in its character. It is the result of the fertile brain of Stewart Hartshorne, the proprietor of the famous Harts horne rollers. He appreciated the location of the broken terraces, the ending of the First Mountain, and determined to utilize the land for the formation of a most unique set tlement. It was to consist entirely of residences — no stores, nor factories, nor any erection of any kind Avere to be permitted to mar the symmetry of his plan. He accord ingly purchased a plot of several hundred acres, admirably located for his pur pose, in one mass, of ^^i^^fc^Vr^--^- -^ ^=^-^ _ the proportions ex actly needed to ac complish his plan. This was plotted and laid out in building sites. Ten ants and purchasers were invited to set tle there. Their wishes as to the kind of erection they desired were respected aud the quantity of land needed was sold or rented on the most advantageous terms, but scrutiny of an exhaustive character Avas used in the selec tion of proposing residents. The consequence of the sys tem rigidly carried out by Mr. Hartshorne has been the gathering together in this beautiful spot of the completest and most elegant residences ever brought into one locality of such an extent, and the grouping of inhabitants rarely, if ever, found in a village of this kind. It is an ideal project, never before so fully accomplished nor carried out to such a AN OLD HOUSE. 412 THE PASSAIC VALLEY satisfactory result. Homes so commodious, with every ap pliance for all demands for securing health and obtaining ease, so elegant in their architecture, so practically orna mental, can not be found dseAvhere. No community with higher, better characteristics was ever gathered together in the same locality. Several similar attempts have been made in this country, but they have proved unsuccess ful. It is due to the good judgment of its founder that this has been so eminently successful. Short Hills is historically connected with the Revolution. It was near here that the battle of Springfield was fought. The results of that confiict were far reaching in their in fiuence in the future of the struggling colonists. It Avas during a memorable crisis of the war, when all hearts were filled with sad forebodings. Washington and his famished, ragged army Avere encamped at Morristown, and a powder mill was established there. It was of the utmost impor tance to the British, if possible, to secure the capture of the one and the destruction of the other. Several attempts had been made by the enemy to secure both of these objects, but they had signally failed. A full force was sent out from New York under the command of experienced A^eteran officers with high hopes of success. Alarm Avas given by beacon and signal cannon from an eminence to the west of the present Adllage of Short Hills. The minutemen swarmed to the rescue from their homes. General Maxwell, a Jerseyman, Avas in the command of the regular troops, the invaders AAere driven back with loss, and the attempt was never renewed. Brutal outrage and unnecessary devastation marked CA^ery step of the adA^ance of the British; farm houses Avere burned, farms pillaged, Avoineu insulted, and a scene of outrage spreading all along their course. ]Mrs. CaldAvell, the wife of the Rev. James ORANGE AND THE MOUNTAIN SOCIETY 413 Caldwell, then quartermaster as well as chaplain in the patriot army, Avas shot while standing at an upper win dow with an infant in her arms. The Presbyterian Church at Springfield was destroyed. It was at this battle that occurred the incident, so often related, of how Caldwell, when the soldiers ran short of wad ding, rushed into the church, came out with his arms full of the old-fashioned hymn books, then in universal use in the Presbyterian Churches, and, distributing the leaves among the troops, cried out: " Give 'em Watts, boys!" Orange can not, properly, be claimed to be within the bounds of the Passaic Valley, but it is too important a local ity not to receive some mention. Like all the rest of Essex County it formed in the early history of the colony a part of Newark, and was settled by immigrants from that town. The exact time when these first settlers came there can not be definitely determined, but it may be readily approxi mated by the time of the formation of the " Mountain So ciety." The first care of these conscientious Puritans, after secur ing a resting place for their families, was to rear the church and by its side the school house, Avherever they went. If the date of the establishment of the church can be ascer tained it is entirely safe to record the beginning of the set tlement. But undoubtedly the immigration into Orange Avas a gradual one, not involving at first any great number of settlers. The restless activities of the Anglo-Saxons im pelled them to migrations from place to place. Ncav fields invited, more fertile land encouraged, and fairer skies beck oned them on from their residences. Adventurous souls were found among these men from Connecticut. So they left, perhaps, comfortable homes and braved the untried dangers of an unbroken wilderness. The young men who 414 THE PASSAIC VALLEY had assumed the responsibilities of wife and children sought a lodgment where there was a broader field for their families, where more acres could be granted, to be divided among the sons and daughters to be bom to them; and so they went out into the broad, beautiful Valley of Orange, and Avith characteristic energy and industry they reared their humble homes and cleared the land and prepared for the future. The Wards, the Piersons, the Harrisons, the Williamses, and the Condits came and spread themselves all through this portion of the country and honestly bought from the aborigines. The Mountain Society was established probably about 1719. In that year a deed for twenty acres was made by Thomas Gardner to Samuel Freeman, Samuel Pierson, Matthew Williams, and Samuel Wheeler, and the Society at the Mountain was associated with them. A meeting house Avas erected by the settlers at the mountain, and a separate and distinct community Avas gathered together. In 1702 the proprietors surrendered the right of government to Queen Anne, but reserved the title to all land within the Prov ince, and the crown disclaimed " all right to the province of New Jersey other than the government and owns the soil and quit-rents, &c., to belong to the general proprie tors." A few years later the proprietors made demands on these settlers for payment for the lands they held, AAdth the results described elsewhere. This Mountain Society Avas composed of one hundred and one persons from NcAvark, and around their dAvellings and the church they erected grew a larger settlement where clustered the high hopes of the founders. The church was their tabernacle in the wilderness. It is represented to-day by the First Presbyterian Church of Orange, the parent of the many religious organizations of the Presbyterian de- ORANGE WARD AND TOAVNSHIP 415 nomination of Christians in and around Orange. The old deed made by Thomas Gardner is preserved Avith pious care among the archives of the parent church. Orange was one of the three original wards into which Newark was divided, as has already been mentioned, and once contained a much larger extent of country than is now within its borders. East, West, and South Orange have THE ORANGE ORPHAN HOME. been taken from it. It was created an independent town ship on the 27th of November, 1806. This is the descrip tion of the territory included within the bounds of the new township as established by the act : Beginning at a spring called the Boiling Spring, on the land of Stephen D. Day, running thence in a straight line southwardly to the bridge in the highway near David Peck's ; thence running southwardly in a straight line to a bridge in the highway near Sayres Roberts in Camptown; thence southwardly in a straight line to Elizabeth township in the line of Springfield township ; thence along the line of the same to Caldwell township ; thence along the line of said township to a point in the first mountain, called Stephen Crane's notch; thence Southwardly 416 THE PASSAIC VALLEY to Turkey Eagle rock; thence Eastwardly to a bridge on tbe highway near Phineas Crane's ; thence Eastwardly to a bridge on the highway between the house of Silas Dod and Nathaniel Dod ; thence in a straight line to the Boiling Spring, the place of Beginning. Different localities within the bounds of this territory were called at first by the names of the families who were resident there. Thus the vicinity of Saint Mark's Church was called Williamstown, afterward Tory Corner. Part of the eastern side of East Orange was known as Pecktown. A settlement between East Orange and Bloomfield received the name of Dodtown. The Freemans gave the title of Freemantown to South Orange. The name Orange is traced to a joke. At a meeting of the people it was suggested that the locality should be named Orangedale. The suggestion, though made as a jest, Avas accepted, but for several years the word Orange was coupled with another until at last the matter was set tled in the act of incorporation, which styled the township by its present name. It is now a city, being incorporated as such on the 3d of April, 1872, by the name of the City of Orange. Its surface is almost one unbroken level plain, inter sected by some small rivulets, but by no important stream. Sixty years ago it was a long, straggling town of about flve hundred inhabitants, its dwellings mostly small and in significant in their architecture, the abodes of sturdy, in dependent people, who spoke and thought for themselves, conscientious in their lives, tenacious of their rights, and religious in their modes of action. The village then extended nearly from the western boundary of Newark Avestward for about three miles. The inhabitants were an industrious, fru gal race, a.large majority of them being small shoemakers, Avho had learned that trade and manufactured boots and THIfl CITY OF ORANGE 417 shoes in a small way for the larger manufacturers of New ark. This mode, however, ceased long since, and the atten tion of the citizens of Orange has been turned in other di rections. The manufacture of hats has been a very impor tant industry in this thriving city. The whole character of the town has been practically changed during the last half century. A new element has made its way into this region. While it has in a very great measure dominated by the sheer force of its push and en terprise the public affairs of the community it has not an tagonized the representatives of the old settlers, who have been properly recognized. Orange is a progressive town. The new comers have in terjected a spirit of enterprise and awakened the staid representatives of the old element of population into an ap preciation of the possibilities of the locality. Elegant churches, school houses, a public library, and a music hall now adorn the streets. It had a population in 1900 of 21,741. CHAPTER XXXI THE COUNTY OF HUDSON UDSON COUNTY lies directly south of Bergen, Avhich forms its northerly bouudary. The Passaic River and Newark Bay separate it from Essex and Union ou the Avest, Avhile its southern point lies opposite Staten Island and is washed by the waters of New York harbor. It is the most populous county in the State, having about three hundred and eighty-six thousand inhab itants. It contains the toAVUships of Harrison, North Bergen, Weehawken, and Guttenberg, the towns of West Hoboken, Union, Kearney, West New York, and East Newark, the borough of Secaucus, and the cities of Jersey City, Hoboken, and Bayonne. The first municipality Avithin the limits of New Jersey Avas erected by order of Director-General Stuyvesant and his council on September 5, 1661, and christened " The Vil lage of Bergen." The origin of the name " Bergen " rests in some doubt. Some writers confidently claim it to have been derived from " Bergen," the capital of Norway, while others as confidently assert it to have been derived from Bergen op Zoom, an important town on the River Scheldt, in Holland. The evidence, however, seems to favor those Avho claim the name to have been derived from the Holland toAvn. During the seven years folloAving the christening new set- 420 THE PASSAIC VALLEY tiers rapidly purchased and located on lands outside of the " Village " limits. These, with a view to more effectually protecting themselves from the savages, asked that tliey might be annexed to the main settlement. Accordingly, on April 7, 1668, Governor Philip Carteret and his council, of East New Jersey, granted to the settlers of Bergen (then comprising some forty families) a charter under the cor porate name of " The Towne and Corporation of Bergen." This neAV " Towne " comprised the present Oounty of Hud son as far west as the Hackensack River. The line on the north, as described in the charter, started " at Mordavis meadow, ly ing upon the west side of Hudson's River; from thence to run upon a N. W. lyne by a Three rail fence that is now standing to a place called Espatin [The Hill] and from thence to a little creek [Bellman's Creek] sur rounding N. N. W. till it comes unto the river Hackensack [Indian name for ' Low land'], containing in breadth, from the top of the Hill, 1^ miles or 120 chains." During the next sixteen years new settlements sprang up north of Bergen, but in matters of government these were termed " out lands " or " precincts," without any corporate poAver whatever, and subject to the jurisdiction of the authorities of the " Towne." CHARLES I. FORMATION OF COUNTIES 421 As population increased courts became necessary; and as all the colonial officials were Englishmen, and many Eng lish immigrants had settled in the colony, it was natural that they should desire the adoption of the English system of county government. On the 7th of March, 1682, the proAdncial Legislature passed, and Deputy Governor Rud- yard approved, an act under which New Jersey was divided into four counties : Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, and Mon mouth. Bergen County, as then defined, contained " all the settlements betAveen Hudson's River and the Hackensack River, beginning at Constable's Hook and so to extend to the uppermost bounds of the Province, northward between the said rivers Avith the seat of government at the town of Bergen." Essex County comprised " all the settlements be tween the west side of the Hackensack River and the part ing line between Woodbridge and Elizabethtown, and north ward to the utmost bounds of the Province." By this di vision the greater part of the present County of Bergen as well as a part of Hudson fell within the limits of Essex. On the 2d of January, 1709-10, an act was passed and ap proved directing a redivision. By the terms of this act the boundaries of Bergen County were fixed as follows : Beginning at Constable's Hook, so up along the bay to Hudson's River, to the partition point between New Jersey and the Province of New York; thence along the line and the line between East and West New Jersey to the Pequan nock and Passaic Rivers ; thence down the Pequannock and Passaic Bivers to the sound; and so following the sound to Constable's Hook where it begins. In the northwestern part of the county, as above de scribed, was included the County of Passaic, and on the 22d of February, 1840, all that part of it lying south of the original north bounds of the " Town and Corporation of Ber gen," together Avith a considerable area of territory west of the Hackensack River known as New Barbadoes Neck, were, 422 THE P.4lSSAI0 A'^ ALLEY by legislative enactment, erected into the County of Hudson. A part of this Avas annexed to Bergen County in 1852, leav ing the boundaries of Bergen and Hudson Counties as they are to-day. The first division of the counties of the State into town ships was made pursuant to two acts of the colonial assem- -*°. tOd>, './»? 107. Jr. 10s: JSJ. /ss. is-t,. g /S6. /SS. /SZ. /J 9. zss: //!$. /S3. /t.fi 1/6 //.-,. ISO. 161. Jf.l/^. Jf.//S-. jr.2z/.. 166. 0, m 163. /(%. 2Jf?i6t N oa 0^ /60. ist % /£/,. zss. /67. ZS6. "y- BERGEN AND BUYTEN TUYN IN 1660. bly, one approved in September, 1692, and the other in Octo ber, 1693. The reasons for this division were set forth iu the jireamble to the second of the above mentioned acts, as foUoAvs : Whereas several things is to be done by the inhabitants of towns, hamlets tribes, or divisions within each county, as chusing of deputies, constables &c., tax ing and collecting of several rates for publick uses and the making orders amongst themselves respectively about swine, fences &c. Whereas, a great many settlements are not reckoned within any such town OLD BERGEN COUNTY 423 or division, nor the bounds of the reputed towns ascertained, by means thereof the respective constables know not tlieir districts, and many other inconveniences arising from them, and forasmuch as the act made in Sept 1692, for dividing the several counties and townships, the time for the returns of the said divisions, being too short and the method of dividing by county meetings inconvenient. Therefore be it enacted, etc. Tender these acts Bergen County (then including the pres ent Counties of Bergen and Hud son) was divided into three toAvu- ships : Hackensack, New Barba does, and Bergen. Of these Hackensack comprised '' all the land betwixt the Hacken sack River and Hudson's River, that extends from the corporation town bounds of Bergen to the partition lino of the Province." New Bar badoes cimiprised " all the land on Passaic River, above the third river, and from the mouth of the said third river north west to the partition line of the Province, including also all the land in New Barbadoes neck, betwixt Hackensack and Passaic rivers, and thence to the partition line of the Prov- HOBOKEN IN 1770. 424 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ince." Bergen comprised that part of Hudson County now lying east of the Hackensack River. Out of Bergen Township were carved Jersey City, January 28, 1820; Van Vorst Township. March 11, 1841; North Ber gen Township, February 10, 1843; Hudson Township, March 4, 1852; Bayonne Township, February 16, 1861; Union Town ship, February 28, 1861; the Town of West Hoboken, Febru ary 28, 1863 ; and Greenville Township, March 18, 1863. Har rison Township was taken from Lodi, Bergen County, Febru ary 22, 1840, and out of North Bergen AA' e r e created Hoboken TovvU- ship, March 1, 1S41, and the City of Hobo ken, March 28, 18 5 5. ^^' e e- hawken Town ship, famous as a duelling ground in times gone by, Avas organized frora Hoboken, March 15, 1859; the Town of Union was created from Union, March 29, 1864; Kearney was formed from Har rison, March 14, 1867, and made a '' town " March 23, 1898; and the City of Bayonne was incorporated March 10, 1869. Oiittenberg ToAvuship Avas formed from Union, April 1, 1878, and on March 21, 1898, the remainder of Union was ab sorbed by the ToAvnship of West Ncav York. The Town of East NcAvark was created in 1898, and the Borough of HAMILTON-BURR DUELLING GROUND: WEEHAWKEN. SETTLEMENT OF HUDSON COUNTY 425 Secaucus was organized from North Bergen, March 12, 1900. Van Vorst and Greenville have both been absorbed by other municipalities, tliough the latter locality retains its name. The county is watered chiefly by the Hackensack River, Avhich flows along the northwestern border of North Ber gen Township and thence southward into Newark Bay. Along this river are extensive meadows, which, between Jersey City and NcAvark, have been partially improved and utilized for manufacturing, railroad, and kindred purposes. To the northward lies the " Island " of Secaucus, a strip of upland surrounded by marsh and devoted to agriculture aud truck gardening. The Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Lehigh Valley, and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western all traverse the county from east to west, Avhile the Erie and West Shore lines run northward and north westerly. The pioneers of Hudson County were largely immigrants from Holland or desceudants of the early settlers of Man hattan and Long Islands. The rest were English, French, Germans, and Scandinavians. Under the stimulus of the bill of " Freedoms and Exemptions " Michael Pauw, then burgomaster of Amsterdam, was impelled, for speculative purposes no doubt, to obtain from the director-general of New Netherland, in 1630, grants of two large tracts, one called " Hoboken Hacking " (Land of the tobacco pipe) aud the other " Ahasimus." Both of these tracts were parts of what is now Jersey City. These grants bore date, respect ively, July 13 and November 22, 1630. The grantee gave one place the name of " Pavonia." PaiiAV failed to comply Avith the conditions set forth iu his deeds and was obliged, after three years of controversy with the West India Company, to convey his " plantations " 426 THE PASSAIC VALLEY back to that company. Michael Paulesen, an oflficial of the company, was placed in charge of them as superintendent. It is said he built and occupied a hut at Paulus Hook early in 1633. If so, it was the first building of any kind erected in either Bergen or Hudson County. Later in the same year the com pany built two more houses : one at Communipaw, afterward p u r- chased by Jan Evertse Bout, the other at Ahasi mus (uow Jersey City, east of the Hill), later pur chased by Cor nelius Van Vorst. Jan Evertse Bout succeeded Mich ael Paulesen as superintendent of the Pauw planta- t i o n June 17, 1634, with head quarters at Com munipaw, then the capital of the Pavonia colony. He was suc ceeded in June, 1636, by Cornelius Van Vorst, Avith head quarters at Ahasimus, where he kept " open house " and en tertained the New Amsterdam officials in style. In 1641 Myndert Myndertse, of Amsterdam, (bearing the ponderous title of " Van Der Heer Nedderhorst,") obtained KIEFT S MODE OP PUNISHMENT. THE BERGEN PLANTATIONS 427 a grant of all the country behind (west of) Achter Kull (NeAvark Bay), and from thence North to Tappan, including part of what is uoav Bergen and Hudson Counties. Accom panied by a number of soldiers, Myndertse occupied his pur chase, established a camp, and proceeded to civilize the In dians by military methods. It is needless to say that he failed. He soon abandoned the perilous undertaking of founding a colony, returned to Holland, and the title to this grant was forfeited. Early in 1638 William Kieft became director-general of NeAV Netherland, and on the first day of May folloAviiig granted to Abraham Isaacsen Planck (V^erplanck) a patent for Paulus Hook (uoav loAver Jersey City). There were now two "plantations" at Bergen, those 'if Planck and Van Vorst. Parts of these, hoAvever, had been leased to, and were then occupied by, Claes Jansen "S"au Piirmereud, Dirck Straatmaker, Barent Jansen, Jan (_'or- ndissen Buys, Jan Evertsen Carsbon, Michael Jansen, Jacob Stoffdsen, Aert Teunisen Van Putten, Egbert Woiiterseu, Garret Dirckse BlauAV, and Cornelius Ariessen. Van Putteii had also leased and located on a farm at Hoboken. All these, Avith their families and servants, constituted a thriv ing settlement. The existence of the settlement of Bergen was now imperiled by the acts of Governor Kieft, whose idea of government was based mainly upon the principle tliat the governor should get all he could out of the governed. His treatment of the Indians soon incited their distrust and hatred of the whites. The savages, for the first time, began to shoAv symptoms of open hostility. Captain Jan Petersen de Vries, a distinguished navigator, Avho Avas then engaged in the difficult task of trying to found a colony at Tappan, sought every means in his power to conciliate the Indians, 428 THE PASSAIC VALLEY and to persuade Kieft that his treatment of them would re sult in bloodshed. GoA'^ernor Kieft turned a deaf ear to all warnings and ad vice and continued to goad the Indians by cruel treatment and harsh methods of taxation. In 1643 an Indian — no doubt under stress of great provocation — shot and killed a member of the Van Vorst family. This first act of murder furnished a pretext for the whites and precipitated what is called " The Massacre of Pavonia," on the night of February 25, 1643, when Kieft, with a sergeant and eighty soldiers, armed and equipped for slaughter, crossed the Hudson, landed at Communipaw, attacked the Indians while they were asleep in their camp, and, without regard to age or sex, deliberately, and in the most horrible manner, butch ered nearly a hundred of them. Stung by this outrage upon their neighbors and kinsmen, the northern tribes at once took the warpath, attacked tho settlement, burned the buildings, murdered the settlers, Aviped the villages out of existence, and laid waste the coun try round about. Those of the settlers who were not killed outright fied across the riA-er to New Amsterdam. Nor was peace restored betAveen the savages and the whites until August, 1645, when the remaining owners and tenants of farms returned to the site of the old village, rebuilt their homes, and started anew. Petrus Stuyvesant was made director-general July 28, 164(i. Under his administration the settlement at Bergen was revived, grew rapidly, and prospered. Between his ar rival and the year 1669 the following named persons pur chased or leased lands, though all of them did not become actual residents: Michael Pauw, Michael Paulesen, Jan Evertse Bout, Cornelius Van Vorst, Myndert Myndertse, Van Der Heer Nedderhorst, Abraham Isaacson Planck MAP or HUDSON COUNTY /900 430 THE PASSAIC VALLEY (Verplanck), Claes Jansen Van Purmerend (Cooper), Dirk Straatmaker, Barent Jansen, Jan Cornelissen Buys, John Evertsen Carsbon, Michael Jansen (Vree land), Jacob StofPelsen, Aert Teunisen Van Putten, Egbert Woutersen, Garret Dircksen Blauw, Cornelius Ariesen, Jacob Jacobsen Boy, Francisco Van Angola (negro), Guilliaem Corneliesen, Dirk Sycan, Claes Carsten Norman, Jacob Wal- lengen (Van Winkle), James Luby, Lubbert Gerritsen, Gysbert Lubbertsen, John Garretsen Van Immen, Thomas Davison, Garret Pietersen, Jan Cornelissen Schoenmaker, Jan Cornelissen Crynnen, Casper Stimets, Peter Jansen, Hendrick Jans Van Schalckwyck, Nicholas Bayard, Nicholas Varlet, Herman Smeeman, Tielman Van Vleeck, Douwe Harmansen (Tallman), Claes Jansen Backer, Egbert Steenhuysen, Harmen Edwards, Paulus Pietersen, AUerd Anthony, John Vigne, P a u'l[u s Leendert- sen, John Verbrug- gen, Balthazar Bay ard, Samuel Edsall, and Aerent Lau rens. All these persons re ceived their deeds, or such titles as they i h a d, from the Dutch, through the different direc tor generals. The titles of the settlers were confirmed by Governor Philip Carteret and his council in 1668. In 1669 Carteret also granted other portions of the lands in Hudson County to the following persons: Maryn Adrianse, Peter Stuyvesant, Claes Petersen Cors, Severn Laurens, Hendrick Jansen Spier, Peter Jansen Slott, Barent Christianse, Mark Noble, Samuel Moore, Adrian Post, Guert Coerten, Frederick Phillipse, Thomas Fred erick de Kuyder, Guert Geretsen (Van Wagenen), Peter Jacobsen, John Berry, Ide Cornelius Van Vorst, Hans Diedrick, Hendrick Van Ostum, Cornelius Ruy- 8TUYVE8ANT S BOWERY HOUSE. 1i». - THE QUEEN ANNE CHARTER 431 " The ToAvn and Corporation of Bergen," as appears by Carteret's charter, had an area of 11,500 acres. Up to the end of 1669 scarce one-third of this area had been patented to settlers. The balance, more than 8,000 acres, was used in common by the patentees, their heirs, devisees, and grantees, for nearly a century before it was finally divided and set off to those entitled to it. Many of the patentees and their descendants and grantees encroached upon these com mon lands. A number caused surveys to be made, pre sumed to " take up," and used divers parts of the public domain " without any warrant, power, or authority for so doing, without the consent of the majority of the other patent own ers," so that in the course of time it could not be known how much of these common lands had been taken up and appropriated. This state of things caused great confusion and numerous violent dis putes between the settlers, who, in January, 1714, petitioned Governor Hunter for a new charter empower ing them, in their corporate capacity, to convey or lease their common lands, in fee, for one, two, or three lives or for years. Governor Hunter accordingly procured a new charter for the town and corporation, known as " The Queen Anne Charter." The power given by this charter had little or no effect in putting a stop to encroachments upon, and disputes between, the settlers. Thus matters con tinued until 1643, when another effort was made by the set tlers to protect their rights in the common lands. An agree ment was made, dated June 16th, of that year, providing for a survey of the common lands and a determination of how 432 THE PASSAIC VALLEY much of the same had been laAvfully taken up, used, or claimed, and by whom. For some reason this agreement was not carried out, and matters continued to grow worse until December 7, 1763, when the settlers appealed to the Legislature for relief. That body passed a bill, which was approved by Governor Franklin, appointing commissioners to survey, map, and CASTLE POINT. divide the common lands of Bergen among the persons en titled thereto. These commissioners, seven in number, made the survey and division and filed their report and maps on the 2d of March, 1765, in the secretary's office at Perth Amboy, copies of which report and maps are also filed in the oflflces of the clerks of both Hudson and Bergen Counties. In the division thus made by the commissioners the com- EARLY SETTLERS 433 mon lands were apportioned among the patentees, herein before named, and their descendants, as Avell as among the following persons : Michael de Mott, George de Mott, Gerebrand Claesen, Joseph Waldron, Dirk Van A'echten, James CoUerd, Thomas Brown, Andries Seagaerd, Dirk Cadmus, Zackariah Sickels, Job Smith, Daniel Smith, .Joseph Hawkins, John Halmeghs, Philip French, Ide Cornelius Sip, Herman Beeder, Nicholas Preyer, Sir Peter Warreu, Anthony White, Michael Abraham Van Tuyl, Walter Clendenny, John Cummings, David Latourette, John Van Dolsen. Other families, those of Day, De GrauAV, De Groot, Hes sels, Hopper, Banta, Huysmau, Van Giesen, Earle, Franzen, Morris, and SAvaen, had become residents of the county with out having lands granted them. It may therefore be safely said that the families aboye named constituted nearly all of the original settlers of Hudson County east of the Hack ensack River. SHILLING OF GEORGE II. ifTr^Wi'!''^^^ CHAPTER XXXII HUDSON COUNTY — CONCLUDED HE AV(^sfisouers. Ou July 28, 177S, the Americans retaliated, coming doAvn as far as Bergen Point, visiting Roebuck on thdr Avay, and carrying off' " a great number of Cattle from the Inhab itants." PRESIDENT WASHINGTON S DESK. But the most brilliant episode iu conuedion Avith Paulus Hook occurred iu the autumn of 1779, Avheu 3Iajor Henry Lee (" Light Horse Harry "), stationed at New Bridge, made a spirited attack ou the post, capturing one hundred and fifty-nine of the garrison, including officers. This was early in the morning of August 19. The alfair was very galling to the British and Tories, but the Americans Avere overjoyed, and Major Lee recdA'ed the thanks of both Congress and Washington, the former placing in Lee's hands |15,000 to be distributed among the soldiers engaged iu the attack and also aAvarding him a special medal coiiiiiieiu orating the event. 444 THE PASSAIC VALLEY Early in September, 1782, Fort de Lancey on Bergen Neck was evacuated and burned, and on October 5 Major Ward embarked for Nova Scotia with his despised and motley crew of refugees. From this time until the close of the war Paulus Hook was the only foothold which the British had in New Jersey, and from here they continued to forage and raid over the county. But this, too, was evacuated by the enemy on the 22d of November, 1783, and a few days later General Washington passed through the Hook on the way to his home at Mount Vernon. WASHINGTON'S BOOKPLATE. CHAPTER XXXIII THE COUNTY OF UNION NION COUNTY Avas taken from Essex and incor porated by an act of the Legislature dated March 19, 1857. Up to that time it was an integral part of the mother county, allied to it by the close con nection extending over a long series of years, by the com mon bond of the hardship and struggles incident to a new life in the wilderness, and by the brotherhood arising from a union of hearts and hands in the vicissitudes of the stmg gle for independence. What has been said historically of Essex can be said, therefore, for Union. The one is the child of the other, which has gone out from the home to take up an independent life for itself. Union County is a locality of residences. The capital, Elizabeth, has a special history of its own, different from that of any other town in the State. That history has, in part, been written on these pages. Plainfield is one of the most sightly and beautiful cities in the State, and deserves better mention of it than can be given in this volume, but it is entirely outside of the Valley of the Passaic. There are really only two municipalities in the county Avhich are connected in such a manner with the river that they ought to be noticed. Of one of them very little can be said. The small township of New Providence is intimately con nected with the Passaic. Its whole western boundary is 446 THE PASSAIC VALLEY washed by that stream. It Avas a locality of quiet neigh borhoods, made up mainly of descendants of the original settlers Avho are still fouud there. But the introduction of the DelaAvare and Passaic Railroad, now a branch of the THE KOUDINOT HOUSE: ELIZABETH. (Now the Horae for Aged Women.) LackaAvanna, has introduced a ucav order of affairs. Vil lages for residences have sjiruug up along the line of this road, su( h as IMurray Hill aud Berkeley Heights. Fdtville, on the border of ^^'estfiel(i, Avas at one time a scene of great activity. Ncav Providence, the most ancient hamlet in the town- NEAV PUOVII>ENCE 447 ship, is situated on the east side of the Passaic and has two churches, a Presbyterian and a Methodist. The iuhabit- 8EC0ND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH: ELIZABETH. ants are mostly agricultural iu their pursuits aud make very few changes. nP3 -< N 13 H a oas 0ow NI'JAV PROVIDENCE AND SUMMIT 449 It once was conuected Avith ElizabethtoA\'u until lY-bru- ary 4, 1794, Avheu it was annexed to Springfield, but iu 1804 Avas made au iudepeudent toAvnship. At one time it had some industries of importance. It OAves its settlement mainly to the ElizabethtoAvn associates, a compauy of dti zens Avho took up a large extent of laud here aud induced others to join them in inhabiting it. Besides the Iavo churches at Ncav Providence the Roman Catholics have es tablished a congregation at Stony Hill. The names most prominent among the early settlers were Bonnel, Littell, Day, Stiles, Wilcox, Lyon, Elmer, 'N^alen- tine. Roll, Bailey, and Carll. jMany descendants of the early settlers have gone out from thdr natiA^e seats, united them selves with other families, aud the industry aud thrift of those early comers into this beautiful country have been preserved. While NeAV Providence Avas couueded Avitli Essex it gaA^e many of its citizens to the good of the public, in coiiutj^ of fices and as members of the State Legislature, aud all of them performed the duties of their respective offlces with fidelity. Summit is so called from the fact that Avhen the Morris and Essex Railroad Avas constructed, aud before its con nection with the Lackawanna I'oad, this locality Avas the highest ground reached. It Avas the summit of the road, hence the name. In 1837, when the ^lorris aud Essex Com pany began running trains, Summit could hardly be called even a hamlet. It had very fcAV dAvd lings situated Avithin any near distance of the station there established. Jonathan C. Bonnel, known better as Crane Bonnel, was a large laudoAvuer at this jioiut aud iu its immediate vicin ity. He lived on the Avest bank of the Passaic, in a large, commodious, old-fashioned dwelling, like many of the farm 121 .lONATIIAN C. BONNEL 4.51 houses of his day. He Avas a man of great energy and perse verance, and keenly alive to the benefits to be derived from the existence of a railroad running over his large estate. It is asserted by many engineers that the proper route for the road was to leave IMilburn at the road running Avest ward from the station, to foi Ioav the ravine extending along the northern side of Short Hills, and so to reach Morris County at the eminence knoAvn as Hobart Hill. That plan would have saved tAVO or three miles to the company, but it did not suit the far reaching views of Mr. Bonnel. So he bent all the strength of his determined Avill to the laying of the road over the hill lying east of his land. In the end he succeeded, and the present flourishing toAvu of Summit is the result. Like many other localities of its kind it is a town of resi dences, Avitli broad avenues lined with dwellings of the veiw best architecture aud elegant and commodious in all their appliances. In 1900 it had a population of 5,302, a large proportion of Avhom are business men of New York, AA'ho haA^e added moral strength and the sinews of wealth to this city on a hill. It has six churches: Presbyterian, Episcopalian, jMdhodist, Lutheran, Baptist, aud Roman Catholic. Its people are alive to all modern demands for improvement, sanitary and otherwise, They have built LIBERTY HALL: ELIZABETH. ..' i HrRtlMHf TIMEOf THERtVOlU . I STOOD THE SIGNAleEACaNANDBV iTS M SIDE.THECANNOM KNOWN AS IJ " "THE OLD SOW f-i WHICH m TIME OF DANGER ANO INVASIO'i if SUMMONED THE PATRIOTIC ;i MINUTE MEN 4 I OF THIS VICINITY TO THE DEFENSE OF THE ¦^1 COUNTRYAND THE REPULSE OF THE INVADER ? THIS MOBtlMfNTISCmcrcOBy THl N.-i nf.-: ¦ -a-- : -V- n- 7.-iE SD\SOrT)i£aMf^)l>:ANR TO THt ff^TMORV OF REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT AT SUMMIT. TIIE BEACON ANI) SIGN.VL GUN 453 school houses, churches, a town hall, a public library, ma cadamized their streets, sunk sewers in their thoroughfares, adorned their toAvn Avith shade trees, and placed substan tial sidcAvalks for the comfort of pedestrians. ^^"ithin the bounds of this miiuidpality, on its easteru bor der and on au eminence overlookiug the valley spread out from the foot of the commanding elevation on Avhich Sum- CENTRAL PART OF RAHWAY. (From an Old Print.) mit is situated, is the spot Avhere, during the Revolution, a beacon aud a signal gun knoAvn by the pleasant name of " Old SoAV " Avere placed to Avaru the minutemen of the vi cinity of approaching danger from incursions of the enemy. The New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Revo lution have placed au appropriate monnmeut ou the identi cal spot once occupied by these interesting memorials of the times when the minds of the people Avere at tension heat. Leave is uoav taken of the Passaic A'alley with very great regret. The task undertaken Avith great reluctance, but with the hope that some justice might be done to the sub- 454 THE PASSAIC VALLEY ject, has been imperfectly accomjilished. It has grown in interest as it progressed. Mines of historical Avealth have been discovered; traits of characters of the former and pres ent inhabitants developed which have increased the high respect before entertained for them; the memory of the heroic people Avho Avent out from their homes and con fronted the dangers and hardships of a new habitation in the Avilderness, and laid broad and deep foundations of human liberty, will be held more dear and more enduring by the revelations evolved out of the inquiries into their lives aud history. While such men aud such women exist the Republic will ever be safe. GENERAL INDEX Abingdon 125 Achquackununk 260 Achquegenouch 260 Achter Kull 427 " Ackensack " 269 Ackerman, Alexander 216 family 2SS, 310, 396 Acquackanonk, 180, 227, 234, 236, 246, 249, 2Sfl, 251, 253, 262-264, 269-275, 394 deed of 264 purchasers, the 261, 262 Township 26, 259-26S, 278, 305, 331 Acquequenoung 260 Acquickatnunck 348 Act of Succession lOS Adams, John 14f; John Quincy 41 Adrianse, Maryn 430 African Methodist Episcopal Church at Morristown 138,143 Afton 92, 101-102, 106 Aghquachanunck 264, 265 Ahasimus 425, 426 Albers, Hanns 340 Albright, James P 110 Alden, John 127 Priscilla 127 Alexander, James 33, 53 William 32-35 All Souls Hospital 150 Allen family 126 Allendale 292 Altomatonck River 212 Amboy 58 American Bible Society 62 Board of Foreign Missions 62 Temperance Union 62 Tract Society 62 Amsterdam 61 Andre, Major 287 Andries, Lawrence 438 Anthony, Allerd 430 Aqueduct, the Morris Canal 6 Aqueyquinunke 260 Aquikonoug 260 Areola 304 Argyle, Duke of 60, 61 Ariessen, Cornelius 427, 430 Arkwright, Sir Richard 17 Arlington 439 Armenian immigrations 76 Arnold family 126, 131 Major Jacob 131, 14R Tavern 131. 148, 150 Arthur, President 49, 82 Assanpinck Brook 211 Asylum for the Insane 164-166 Athenia 278 Attack on Paulus Hook 443 Avondale 394, 395 Axtell, Charles P. family ... 75 .74, 75 Backer, Claes Jansen Badgley family Bailey family 126, Baker family Jeremiah Baldwin, Elias .\ family 74, 170,181,376, John Jonathan Phinehas Thomas Ball, Caleb family Banta family 297, Baptist Church at ('aldwell at Echo Lake at Livingston at Milburn at Millington at Morristown 133, 136, 139, at Mount Bethel at Northfield at Passaic at Paterson at Summit Barbadoes, Island of Barber, Francis family Basking Ridge. .. .30-32, 35, 36, 37, 42, 53, 54, 87, 119, 125, 142, Bates family Battin, Rev. Samuel Z Battle of ChantiUy of Long Island 261. of Monmouth 32, 34, of Princeton 61, 148, of Springfield of Trenton 61, 148, of AA^Uiamsburg 244, Bauldwin, John, Jr John, Sr Bayard, Balthazar 283, family John Nicholas Bayless, John Bayley, Rt. Rev. James Roosevelt. Bayonne 419, Township Beach family 74, Meadows 93, 101, Beacon and signal gun at Summit. Beam family Bearfoot Mountains Beattie, Robert 251, Beauplain family Beavertown 176, 179, 183, 430 80 449 SO lit384 385373384 216385433406241 408 410 56 143 57 408272 276 453435 327 323149 164 137372285 01 149 413149372340340430208 66 430323103 424424126 157 453202230253 115184 456 GENERAL INDEX Beaverwyck 173 Bedminster Township 60 Beeder, Herman 433 Beginnings of Patterson 15-28 Bellman's Creek 420 Belleville.... 312. 374, 395, 396-399, 437, 439 Township 317, 341, 392, 394 turnpike 442 Berdan family 243, 247, 293 John 301 Bergen 282, 283, 438 County....!, 13, 14, 24, 57, 58, 85, 88, 204, 217, 227, 229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 242, 245, 255, 256, 259 269, 279- 292, 293-313, 317, 331, 394, 419-433, 435, 436, 443 family 63 Four Corners 283 Neck 440, 441, 444 op Zoom 419 plank road 438 Point 283, 442, 443 town of '. 431 Township 423 village of 419, 420, 421 Bergentown 260 Berkeley, Lord John. 64, 206, 207, 313, 320, 322, 332, 336, 341, 404 Heights 446 Bernard, Francis 54 Township 29-51, 53-57, 60, 63 Bernardsville 29-30, 31, 32, 87 Berry family 202, 208, 306 John 430, 438 Berry's Creek 306. 309 Bertholf family 243 Guillaume 271, 273 Black Brook 92, 93, 94,158 Meadows ,SS. 93, 101, 157 Blatchly, Aaron 339 Thomas 339 Blauw, Garret Dircksen 427, 430 Bloomfield 121, 341, 374, 376-377, 416 Gov. Joseph 377 Township 317, 386, 392, 394 Ward 377, 381 Bloomingdale 85, 231, 244 Board family 250 Boardville 229, 245 Bockoven family 75 Bog Meadows 175, 184, 200 Bogert family 288 Boiling Spring... 311-312, 383, 384, 415, 416, 435, 436 Boisaubin, Vincent 113-115 Bollen, James 322, 345 Bond family 97, 323 Stephen 340 Bonnel, Crane 449 Jonathan C 449, 451 Bonnell family 323, 449 Booke, Abraham 265, 266 Bookey, Abraham 261 Boonton., 85, 102, 157, 158, 162, 171, 173, 176, 182, 187-197, 245 Bulletin 196 Times 196 Township.... 175, 176, 179, 187-197, 199 Boston port bill -. 222 Bottle Hill 95, 107, 108 Boudinot, Elias 327 family 173 Bound Brook 59, 390, 391 Creek 348 Boundary between East and West Jersey 316 Bounds of Bergen County 421-427 of Newark 348 Bout, Jan Evertse 426, 428 Bovie, Jacob 180 Bowlsby family 170 Branchburg Township 60 Brevoort, Henry 351 Brick manufacture 99 Briddin, Joseph 214 Bridgewater Township 60 Brinckerhoof family 306, 310 Brockholst, Anthony 207, 208, 246 family 255 Brook A^alley 203 Brooke, J. B 340 Brookside 74, 75 Brower family 250 Brown family 385, 391 John P 240 Peter P 240 Thomas 433 Browne, John ...339, 342, 344 John, Jr 340 Bruen family 97, 106 Obadiah 339, 342. 343, 344 Bryant 150 Buckley, James M., D.D 166 Budd family 98 John 214 Bull, Ed 339 Burlington 337 County 211 Burnham, Frederick G 127 Burr, Aaron 286, 292, 327 Burrowes, Edward 344 Burwell, Ephraim 340 Zachariah 340 Butler 200-201 Buttz, Henry A., D.D 113 Buys, Jan Cornelissen 427, 430 Byllinge, Edward 64 Cadmus, Dirk 433 Caldwell.. 85, 102, 1.57, 162. 163, 175, 181, 234, 251, 317,-374. 37S. 406 Mrs. James 412-413 Rev. James 77-78, 327, 406, 412-413 Township... 3, 317, 399, 402-406. 407. 415 Camfield, Ebenezer 339 family 365 Matthew 339 Camp family 391 Gaw 295 John J 353 William 353, 373, 340, 389 Campbell, Archibald 61 Charles 61 General 442 John 61. 410 Lord Neil 60, 65 Samuel 409 Campfield, Abraham SO family ' so Camptown 121, 373, 3S9, 390, 391, 415 "Camptown Naw Yard" 390 Canal projects 22, 26, 190-191 Canoe Brook 409 Cape May County 367 Capital at Elizabethtown, the. .. .324-325 Captahem 403 Capture of General Charles Lee. .. .31-32 Carle family sO Carll family 440 Carlstadt 306, 307, 308 Carpet manufacturing 251-252, 266 Carsbon, Jan Evertsen 427, 430 GENERAL INDEX 457 Carter family 106, 323 Carteret, Elizabeth 329 Philip.... 313, 320, 322, 333, 325, 326, 336-337, 341, 342, 345, 420, 430, 431, 435 Sir George 64, 206, 207, 262, 313, 320, 322, 329, 332, 336, 341, 404 Cary family 74 CatJwlii- Gliurcli — see Roman Catholic. Catlin, John 373 Catling, John 339 Cedar Grove 85, .399, 400 Cemeteries, early 256-257 Cemetery in Newark 350 Centerville 85, 408 Central Railroad ot New Jersey 425 Changes of nature 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 ChantiUy, battle of 372 Charles II 205, 206, 265, 319 Charter of Bergen 420 of Queen Anne 348, 431 Chatham 77, 92, 93, 94-101, 105, 106, 157, 158 Township 3, 91, 92-106 Cheesequake 58 Chegary mansion 103-104 Cherry Hill .304 Chesequake Harbor 58 Chestnut Hill 384 Christian Church at Irvington 392 Science Church at Paterson 277 Christianse, Barent 430 Church of the Assumption at Morristown 141 of the Redeemer at Morristown. 138 Churches.... 31, 56, 57, 64, 80, 94, 95-96, 110, 120, 122-126, 133-143, 164, 167, 168, 170, 176-177, 184, 196, 201, 241, 244, 247, 254, 269-272, 276- 277, 291, 292, 294, 298, 302, 304, 307, 355, 377, 381, 392, 395, 396, 398, 399, 402, 403, 406, 408, 410, 413, 414, 417, 447, 449, 451 Circuit Courts 46 Civil War, the 49, 366-372 Claesen, Gerebrand 433 Clark Abraham 327 family ,...74, 126 Clarke, William 327 Clay, Henry 40, 41, 62 Clendenny, Walter 433 Cleverly, John 124, 125 Clifton 278 Clinton 242 De Witt 389 General 286, 328 Sir Henry 442 Township 317, 325, 341, 389-392 Cobb, Andrew B 172 Andrew Lemuel 172 family 170 George T 138, 143 Col. Lemuel 172 Cockloft Hall 351 Coe family 126, 131 Joseph, Jr 214 Coerten, Guert 430 Coeyman family 396 "Coffee House," the 29 Coleman' s Bridge 384 Coles, J. Ackerman, M.D 315 College of New Jersey 38, 168 Collerd, James 433 CoUinsville 119 Colonial governors, influence of.. 325-327 Columbia 92, 100 College 370 Committees of safety and corre spondence 362 Common lands 431 Communipaw 426, 428, 438 "Consessions of Berkeley and Car teret" G4 Condict family 74, 127, 170 Lewis, M.D 127 Silas 127, 168 Mrs. Silas 152 Condit, Aaron 168 Aaron P 102 Benjamin S 173 family 98, 126, 137, 174, 181, 386, 399, 408, 414 Israel D 410 Joel 405 Jonathan 327, .399 Conger family 126 Congregational Church at Newark 336, 338-339, 359 at Stanley 94 at Verona 402 Connecticut Farms 78, 162 immigrants, the 332-345 Connet family 80 Constable's Hook 281, 421 Constitution, State 168 Controversy over division lines 316 Convent ot Saint Elizabeth 103-105 Cook family 74, 164, 174, 181 George H 83, 85, 86, 87, 253, 312 Michael ISO Cook's Bridge 171 Coontown 56 Cooper family 74, 75, 170, 242, 303, 430 John 267 Peter 243 Copper mines 312, 398, 437 Corneliesen, Guilliaem 430 Corona 308 Cors, Claes Petersen 4,30 Cotton manufacture 17, 27 Course of the Passaic 1-14 Countess of Stirling 118 Counties formed into townships 60 County Courts 57-58, 313-314 organizations.... 57-60, 313-314, 421-422 Courts, creation of 313-314 of Chancery 64 of Common Pleas 24, 45-46 of Quarter Sessions 23, 24, 214 Crane, Azariah 340, 374 D. D 384 Delivered 339 Edward 216 family 323, 365 Jasper 339 John 3.39 Phineas 416 Stephen 405, 415 William 328 Cranetown 374 Creation of Little Falls 5 Croes, Rev. John 141 Cross of the Legion of Honor 371 Croton 409 Crown lands 206 Crynnen, Jan Cornelissen 430 Crystal Drop 295 Lake 295 Cummings, John 433 Cummins, Rev. Mr 139 Currency, condition of 151-152 Curtis, John 340 Cushing, Caleb 290 458 GENERAL INDEX Cutler family 126, 131 William W 131 Daglish, Robert 340 Danish immigration 279 Darlington 292 Davenport, Humphrey 179 John 214 Davis family 126 Jefferson 370 Stephen 340 Davison, Thomas 430 Dawson, Thomas W 99 Day family 97, 126, 131, 433, 449 George 340 Stephen D 384, 415 Dayless, Williani 216 Dayton, Elias 327 Jonathan 327 William Lewis 42-51 De Baun family 243, 288 De Bough, Garret 214 De Bow family 202, 208, 243 De Chastellue 150 De Grauw family 433 De Groot family 433 De Hart, William 327 De Kuyder, Thomas Frederick 430 De Lancey, Oliver 442 De Mott family 208 George 433 Michael 433 De Ruyter, Admiral 65 De Vries, Jan Petersen 427 Dead River 2, 53, 74, 87, 88 flats 87 Declaration of Independence 223 Deeds from the Indians 341-345 Deed of Acquackanonk 264 of John Kay 119 Deep Brook 317 Deer Hill 255 Delawanna 278 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad.... 29, 55, 75, 91, 93, 178, 183, 184, 203, 231, 245, 278, 310, 384, 425, 446, 449, 451 Delaware and Passaic Railroad 29, 55, 75, 91, 446 Demarest family 247, 303 John 285 Democratic party, tbe 44, 48 Demont, Frederick 214 Denison, Robert 342, 344 Bobert R 340 Denmark 162 Des Marest, David 303 Description of the Passaic 1-14 Dey family 250 Dickerson family 126 Philemon 327 Diederick, Hans 253, 261, 265, 266, 430, 438 Discovery and exploration 205 Dissensions in the Reformed Church 271 Distilleries 179, ISO Distribution of home lots 353 Division of Newark into wards.. 383, 415 of the colony into counties 57-60, 313-3U Dod, Daniel 38, 75, 376 family 74, 75, 181 Nathaniel 416 Silas 416 Stephen 75 Dodd family 365, 374, 376, 408 John 384 Silas 384 Dodtown 416 Doremus, Cornelius 180, 250 family 178, 181, 243, 247, 302, 386 John 302 Doughty, General 119 Douw's Ferry 439, 442 Dover 80, 162 Drake family 75 Drew, Daniel 112, 113 Seminary 111-llS Drogestadt, Hendrik 345 Drummond, Captain 442 Duchess of Gordon 61 Duelling ground 424 Duer, William 34 Duke of Argyle 60, 61 of Tork 205, 206, 319, 332, 404 Dumont family 63 Duncan brothers, the 395 Woolen Mills 395 Dundee Island 260 Dake 275, 301 Manufacturing Company 275 Water Power and Land Com pany 275 Duryea family 178 John 251 Dutch characteristics 264 East India Company 205 immigrations 27, 66, 176, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 216-218, 233, 240, 243, 246- 247, 250, 255, 261, 262, 264, 269, 277, 279, 388, 293, 294, 301, 303, 306, 310, 394, 396, 399, 403, 406, 420, 425-433 land claims 205 Eagle Rock 382, 384, Earl of Chatham of Stirling of Thomond Earle family East Hanover 107, Jersey 58, 59, 211, 253, 264, 313- 316, 331, 420, Newark 419, 424, 435, Orange 341, 385-38S, 415, Orange Township ¦ Easton family Eastwood, John Echo Dake Educational interests 31, 95, 96, 103-105, 111-113, 184, 194, 196, 240- 241, 247, 253, 256, 273, 291, 292, 307, 357, 359, 392, 395, 413, 417, Edison, Thomas A Edsall, Samuel 344, Edwards, Harmen Electrical enterprises 161- Elizabeth 79, 205, 314, 319-329, River 322, 384, Township 384, Elizabethport Elizabethtown 33, 57, 5S, 78, 95, 111, 121, 135, 163, 207, 281, 283, 286, 313, 314, 319-329, 331, 341, 343, 347, 348, 363, 391, 408, 421, Point Elmendorf family Elmer family SO, Bly, A. K Ely family lOO, Emmet, Thomas Addis 416 92 lis370433123 421439416317126 398241 430430 162445391415329 449328 63 449 161174 38 GENERAL INDEX 459 Encampment at Morristown. 14s. 17n-172 at Somerville 66-69 Englewood 303. 305 English Creek 308 immigrations 2s. 61, 66, 75, 97, HIS, 191, l'.i3. 218- 219, 325-326, 332-345, 421, 425 land claims 205 Neigborhood 442 Eiiiseitpul Chun-hsee Protestant Episcopal. Erdman, Rev, Albert, D.D 135 Ericksen, Reinhart 29s Erie Canal 3S9 Railroad 231, 288, 291, 292, 297, 299, 311, 395, 425, 439 Espatin 420 Essex County 1, 3, 24, 46, 58, 75, 85, 87, 92, 157, 162, 175, 181, 184, 199, 227, 233, 234, 245, 251, 253, 254, 259, 264, 265, 267, 268, 2S1, 309, 312, 313-329, 331-345, 347-357, 359- 372, 373-388, 389-406, 407-418, 419, 421, 437, 443, 445, 449 Evacuation of Bergen Neck 444 Evans, B. D., M.D 166 Evergreen Cemetery 119 Everitt, Moses K 166 Faeseh family 173 John Jacob 197 Fair grounds. State 391 Fairchild family 126, 170 Zachariah 214 Fairfleld 254, 403 Fairmount 378 Farm of Peter Schuyler 437, 438 "Farmer's Almanac," the 174 Farrand family 170 Nat 171 Rhoda 170-172 Farrelly, Patrick 166 Felch, George E 102 Feltville 446 Ferguson, Rev. J. A., D.D 17') Ferris family 97 "Fighting Parson," the 77-79, 327 "Fighting Phil." 372 Financial conditions 151-152 First call for troops 367 First church in Newark 353 in Passaic County 269 First county organizations 57-60 court at Morristown 214 Holland Church in Passaic 272 Mountain 7, 381, 399, 404, 405, 411 First Presbyterian Church at Morristown 125-126, 130, 133-134 in Newark 35C at Orange 414 First Reformed Church at Hacken sack 287 at Passaic 272 First Regiment, the 369, 371 River 347. 356 First settlers of Elizabethtown. .319-323 of Morris Township. .118, 120-122, 126 of Newark 131 First steam engine 312 telegraph, the 154-155 winter at Morristown 148, 170-172 Fish, Lyman J 103 Fisher, Hendrick 66 Home in Paterson 278 Flemington 38 Fletcher, Richard 344 Florence Crittenton Home in Pater son 278 Florham Park, borough of 92, 101-103 Ford family .• 126 Gabriel H 129 Henry A 129, 130 Henry W 130 Jacob 129, 14S, 214, 216, 222 Jacob, Jr 129, 150 Mansion 129, 150-154 Mrs. Theodosia 129, 150 Samuel 216 Force family 40s Port Clinton 284 de Lancey 441-442, 444 Knyphausen 284 Lee 31, 264, 285, 286, 304 Sumter 357 Washington 31, 264, 284, 285 Fossil fish 187 Founding of Newark., 325, 331-345, '347-357 of Paterson 15-28 Fourth Regiment, the 369 Franklin 236, 394, 395, 405 Benjamin 1415, 295 Township 60, 280, 2ss 293- 395, 297, 300, 301, 303, 317, 341, 392-396 William 295 432 William Temple ' in; Franzen family 433 Fredericks, Peter isi) 2] I "Freedoms and Exemptions," bill of 425 Freehold ' " 43 Freeman family 126, 131, 164, 'sssi 416 Hannah 373 John 234 Sarauel 41 J Stephen ' ' '. '.216, 339 Tavern 150 Freemantown . 416 Frelinghuysen, Frederick 61, 62, 66 Frederick T 49, 62 George ' C2 Theodore 61-62 Theodorus Jacobus 61 Fremont, John C 45 French immigrations 82, 97 113 322, 325, 326,' 425 Philip 433 Frost family 12(5 Fuller, Dudley B 191, 192' 193 Fulton, Robert 35, 39 Fundamental agreement, the 337-' 340, 389, 391 Constitution, the 64 Funeral of Vincent Boisaubin 115 Game preserve at Florham Park... 103 Gardner, Thomas 414, 415 Garrabrant family 75' 394 Garret Mountain 250 „ Rock 261 Garretse, Harmanus 250 271 Garretson family 250, 293 Garret 261, 262 Garrison family 278, 288 Garritsen, Garrit 265 266 Lubbert .'430 Gaston family js' 223 Genung family 97] 101 Geographical description '.1-14 Geological formations 6, 55 83-89 George I io7-108 George II 264 Geretsen, Guert 43Q 460 GENERAL INDEX German immigrations 28, 80, 220, 307, 340, 425 Presbyterian Church at Passaic. 272 Valley 220 Gibbons, William Ill, 112 Gifford, Janies M 98-99 Sanford B 201 Gillette 75, 77, 91 Glen Ridge 317, 341 Gloucester 79 Goble family 126 Godwinville 299 Goetchins family 388 lane 336 Gofle 302 Gold, Robert 214 Gordon, Duchess of 61 Gorges, formation of 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 Gouverneur, Abraham 351 Nicholas 351 Granniss, R. A 164 Grant of Duke of Tork 332 of Richard Nicolls 323 "Grants and Concessions," the 336 in Hudson County 425-427 Graveyards, early 256-257 Gray, Thomas 251 Great Falls 6, 7, 14, 19. 350, 269 Mountain 343, 344, 345, .318 Piece Meadows... 175, 184, 199, 317, 405 Piece Swamp 88 Swamp, the 83-89, 91, 92 Green, Ashbel 168 Brook 59, 317 Charles H 166 Island 383 Jacob 167, 168, 171 Mountain Brook 384 Robert Stockton 168 Village 75, 80, 92, 106 Greenville Township 424, 425 Greenwood Lake 229, 230, 231 Lake Railroad 223 Guttenberg Township 419, 424 Hackensack 14, 269 271, 285, 286, 287, 298, 310, 442 Indians 308, 341, 342-345 River 13, 279, 280, 281, 300, 302, 304, .305, 306, 308, 309, 314, 317, 331, 348, 420, 431, 423, 424, 425, 433, 435, 436, 439, 442 Township 423 turnpike 438 Valley 184 Hackingsack Bay 348 Haines family 126 Haledon 236, 237, 255, 256, 278 "Half Moon," the 205 Halmagh family 255 Halmeghs, John 433 Halsey family 126, 131 George A 163 Hamilton, Alexander 15-2S Hancock, John 95, 100 William F 101 Hanover 107, 121, 158, 161, 162, 167, 171, 172, 174 Creek 158 Neck 167, 174 Township.... 3, 92, 93, 100, 101, 157- 174, 175, 176, 187, 188, 195, 208, 211 Haquequenunck 260, 261 Hardenburgh, Rev. Dr. Jacob R 66 Harlem 304 Harmansen, Douwe 430 Harrington Township 303, 308, 424 Harris, William H 253 Harrison 439 family.... 365, 374, 383, 386, 391, 408, 414 Caleb G 386 John 339 Richard 339, 373, 374 Samuel 345 William Henry 42, 47 Hartley, D 146 Hartman's Island 265, 260 Hartshome, Stewart 411 Haskell, Llewellyn S 378-380 Hat manufacturing 407, 409, 410, 417 Hatfield family 323 Meadows 405 Swamp 88, 157, 175, 184, 317 Plathaway , Abraham 214 Benjamin 214 Benoni 127 family 136, 127 Hawkins, Joseph 433 Hawthorne 237, 256, 278 Hays, Stephen 384 Haze, John 295 William Van Voors 295 "Hazelwood" estate 291 Headley family 323 Headquarters of Washington at Morristown 129, 130, 148-154 at Somerville 66-69 Hedden family 386 Heintzelman, General 371 Helby, Joseph 118, 119 Helmeghee family 255 Hendricks copper works. Herriman, Joseph Hessels family .Hewitt Abram S Hibbard, Rev. Charles H, D.D., "Hielawith of Pequannock" Hillsborough Township. 398 316 433 242343138204 60 Hoagland, Christopher 262, 265, 266 Hobart, Bishop 139 Hill 451 Hoboken 231, 419, 424, 427 Hacking 425 Township 421 Hockquackanong 260 Hockquackanung 260 Hohokus Brook 288 River 291, 297 Township 280, 288-292, 293, 301 Holland immigrations 27, 61, 65- 66, 176, 177, 180, 181, 1S3, 184, 185, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 316-218, 333, 340, 243, 346-247, 250, 255, 260, 261, 262, 264, 269, 277, 279, 238, 293, 394, 301, 303, 306, 310, 394, 396, 399, 403, 406, 430, 435-433 Holloway family 126 Holsman family 310 Home lots, distribution of 353 Hook Mountain 85, 176, 199 Hooker, General 372 Hopkinson, Joseph 3.S Hopper family 278, 288, 394, 433 Hoppertown 291 Hopping, Clinton C 103 family 100, 174 Horse Neck 121, 163 Plorseneck River 403 Horton, Nathaniel 214 Hospitals in Paterson 27S House, John W 256 GENERAL INDEX 461 Howard family Savings institution Howe, Lord Howell famib- 74, i(;4, Hoyle, Nicholas ' Hoyt's Corners Hudson Countv 1, 162, 281. 3116, 30s, 419-133, 435- River 31, 32, 204, 207, 217, 21s, 220, 279, 280, 281, 285, 308, 4211, 421, 423, Sir Henry Township Hughes, Rev. William M., S.T.D... Huguenot immigrations 97, Hunter, Robert Hunterdon County 38, 61, 107, 157, 211, 212, 213, Huntington, Thomas Huysman family Hyler, Nicholas 42S 2ori 42) 139113431 331339433180 Ice formations 5, 7, s, 10, 55, 83 Incorporation of the Citv of Pater son 33 of Passaic County 234 of the Society of Establish ing T'seful Manufactures 19, 21 Indian affairs 437-428 Brook 73 claims 341, 342-345 deeds 403, 404, 436-437 land titles 204-295 names ¦ 260 Indians 341-345 Industrial development of Pater son 15-28 Influence ot colonial governors.. 325-327 Inhabitants of Paterson 277 Insane, care of 164-166 Invention of the telegraph 154-155 Irish immigrations 73 Iron interests 155, 163 187, 191, 194, 195, 239, 240, 241, 242 Irving, Dr. Peter 351 Washington 351, 392 William 351 Irvington 121, 317, 341, 347, 390, 391, 392 Island of Secaucus 425 Italian immigrations 76 Ives, C. B 315 Jackson, George 252 Jacksonville 58, '202 Jacobs, Svmon 261, 262, 364 Walling 261, 262, 265, 266 Jacobse, Symon 265, 266, 268 Walling 271 Jacobsen, Peter 430 Jacobus, Brant 214 family 181, 183, 350, 399, 400 James, D. Willis Ul James 1 107, 108 James II 205, 207, 319 Thomas L 201 Jansen, Barent 427, 430 Michael 427, 430 Peter 430 Jay, John 146 Jefferson Township 199 Jerolamon family 396 Jersey Citv 161, 190, 282, 285, 419, 424, 425, 426, 427, 438, 439, 440 Jewish Synagogues at Paterson 277 Johnes, Mrs 152 Rev. Timothy 120, 125-126, 129, 133 Johnson family 97, 126, 130, 365, 391 John {3;( John L 400 Rev. John .Alills 170 Thomas 340, 345 Jones family 208 Joralemon ramll\' 310 Judicial changes 45-41; Jumel, Madam 292 Jurianee, Thomas 250 Kanouse family isi 240 John George ' •>4o Kaolin deposits 241 Kay, John iis.'iig' 122 I^earney.. 419 434 Michael 370 Gen. Philip 370-37> Township J31-; '^-y, Keasbey families '17s Keen's Mills 405 Kelley, Charles L 99 Frank L. & Co ''' 99 Kemble, Gouverneur 351 Kennedy, Archibald 437' if Rev. Dr ' ^r, Kennedy's farm 43S Keyes, Jesse S ]02 Keys, John 1 ix Kieft, William 427-4''S Kierstead family 394 King, Frederick 147 Vincent B 147 William L 145' 147 Kingsland ' 311 family 310,' 31] Manor ' 435 Nathaniel .' 4.35 Stephen '.''.'' .3]!) Kinney, John 2I6 Kip family 247, 310 Kipp family 303 Kirkland, Rev. Orlando C " 135 Kirkpatrick, .Alexander 36 Andrew 35.37 Kitchell, .Aaron 170 Abraham 170^ 214 Anna ' 224 family '.'.'.'.'.¦.'.170! 174 Robert 310 Samuel 339, 342, 344 Uzal 224 Klein, Carl .' ~m\ Knight, G. W '. 256 Kuemmel, Henry B ss Kuyper family '/^ 303 Ijabardist missionaries 26!) Lafayette, General 79, 2S? Lafiin and Rand Powder Company. 247 Lake Hopatcong 162 Lamington 0!i Land controversies 431-433 grants 205-207 titles 204-208 "Landing," the 263 Lane, Sir Thomas 403 Lanning, George M 101 Lathrop, Francis S 165 William Gerard 193, 194 Latourette, David 433 Tjaurence, Richard 339 Laurens, Aerent 430 Henry 146 Severn 430 462 GENERAL INDEX Lawrie, Garven 64 Lee, Charles 31-32 General 30, 372 Henry 443 Meadows 88, 157 Leendertsen, Paulus 430 L'Enfant, Major 26-27 Legion of Honor 371 Lehigh Valley Railroad 425 Leisler, Gov. Jacob 351 Leonard, Paul 216 Library at Boonton 194 at Madison Ul at Morristown 145-148 at Orange 417 at Summit 453 at Whippany 160-161 "Light Horse Harry" 443 Lincoln, Abraham 49, 367 Park 176, 179, 183, 202, 203, 315, 356 Lindley family 126 Lindsley, Eleazar 76 family 76, 131 J. Frank 77 John 214, 216 John Berrien 77 Philip 76, 77 Daniel 214 Linle, Francis 76 Francis F 340 Littell family 449 Little Palls 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 24, 87, 336, 245, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 259, 400, 405 Township 249-254, 255 Little family SO Ferry 308 Piece Meadows 317, 405 Littleton 158 Livingston, 38, 39 Livingston 341, 378, 408, 409 Township 317, 405, 407-408, 409 William 34, 327-32S, 408 Llewellyn Park 378-380 Locomotive industry, the 28 Lodi 306, 307, 438 Chemical Works 306 Township 280, 301, 303, 305- 308, 309, 424, 435 Logansville 75 Long Hill 54-55, 75, 77, 80, 91 Long Island, battle of 264, 285 Long Pond 229 Lord, James Couper 192, 193 Loree family 74 Losee family 74, 75 Losey family 126, 131 Louis XVI 114 Louis XVIII 114 Lubbers, Cornelius 261 Lubbertse, Cornelis 265, 266 Lubbertsen, Gysbert 430 Luby, James 430 Lucas, Nicholas 64 Ludlow, Benjamin 79 Cornelius 79 family 79 George C 79 George H 79 Lum family 07 Frederick H 97 Matthew 214 Sir Charles 97 Lutheran Churches at Paterson.... 276 at Summit 453 Lutkins family 303 Lymens, Robert 340, 373 Lyndhurst 311 Lyon family 391, 419 Henry 339 Samuel 340 Thomas L 339 MacCullough, George P 178, 181 Macopin 241 Lake 231 Madison 85, 93, 95, 100, 105, 106, 141 borough of 92, 93, 101, 107-115 James 109 Madisonville 29 Mahurin family 136 Mahwah 292 Malapardis 15S, 167 McClellan, Gen. George B 381 McCrea, Jane 66 Rev. Mr 66 McCullough, George P 139 McCurdeg, Richard A 164 Mcllraith family : 75 Manchester 19, 236, 237, 246, 257, 302 Township 237, 355, 281 Mandeville family... 183, 202, 208, 243, 247 Giles 214 Manhattan Island 184, 216, 217, 233, 279, 282, 303 Manufactures, development of 5, 14-28, 56 Manufacturing. ...76, 98, 99, 155, 159, 163, 179, 180, 188, 191, 192, 194, 196, 200, 201, 247, 251, 252, 256, 275, 306, 307, 319, 361-363, 377, 382, 391, 395, 398, 407, 409, 410, 416, 417, 439 in Paterson 15-28 Maplewood 384 Marsh, Charles M 164 family 75, 323 Martin, William A 99 Masker family 250 Massacre of Pavonia 42S Maurisson, Hendrick 214 Maxwell, General 413 Mead family 308, 243 Hall U2 Mead's Basin 231, 245, 247 Meeker, Carnot B 101, 102 family 100, 323 William J 101 Mehelm, John 66 Menagh family i5 Mendham 1, 82, 142, 16i Township 60, 71-75 Mercer, Hugh 440 Merritt, Rev. Robert N., D.D 138 Merselis family 255 Messeke f amil y 250 Methodist Episcopal Churches 31. 57, 80, 95, 101, UO, 112, 113, 133, 137, 159, 167, 170, 176, 183, 196, 241, 254, 273, 376, 392, 399, 402, 406, 408, 446, 451 Meyersville '75, 77, .80 Mexican War, the 370 Michielsen, Cornelius 261, 365, 366 Ellas 261, 365, 266 family 262 Joannis 205 Johannes 261, 265 Hartman 260, 261, 263, 261. Michielson, Enoch 438 Middlesex Countv. .. .58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 281, 421 Midland Park 295, 297 Township 297, 301, 302-304 GENERAL INDEX 463 Midvale 245 Mighectlick 308, 436 Milburn 3,84, mt, 410, 431 Township 317, 319, 382, 407, 408-413 Military Common 354, 370 Mill Brook 347, 356 Miller family 178, 181 Millington 2, 54-56, 80, 91 Mills, Alfred 12!) Alfred Elmer 12!) Edward K 12!) family 126, 127-129, 164 John 128 Timothy 127 Millville 409 Mine Brook 36 Mountain 119 Ridge 1.87 Minising -lOt Indians 205 Minton family 97 Minutemen, the 364-365, 413, 453 Missouri Compromise, the 39-11 Mohawk Vallev 320 aionmouth, battle of 32, 34, 61 County 43, 44. 58, 281, 421 Monroe 158, 167 James 41 Montclair.,.. 162, 353, 341, 374, 376, 377, 382 Township 317 Montgomery Township 60 Montville 3, 85, 157, 176, 179, 303 Township 175-185, 187, 199, 300, 202, 208 Moon family 323 Moore family 80, 126, 383 Samuel 430 Mordavis Meadow 420 Morris and Essex Railroad. . .93, 449, 451 Canal 6, 178, 181 Countv 1, 2, 3, 5, 29, 60, 71, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 87, 91, 95, 101, 106, 107, 118, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130, 145-155, 157-174, 175-185, 187-197, 199-209, 211-225, 239, 231, 234, 239, 242, 245, 325, 331, 402, 403, 405, 409, 451 Coimty f'hirtiilrl'- 77 County Light Horse Dragoons.. IIS family 133 General 371 George P 368 Green 164 Lewis 224 Plains 85, 158, 161, 164, 165 Staats L US Thom 340 Township 91, 92, 101, 103, 117-132, 1.57, 164, 167, 345 Morristown 74, 75, 77, 80, 85, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 107, Ul, 115, 117-143, 145-155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 166, 170, 173, 178, 214, 216, 222, 223, 412 Aqueduct Company 145 flrst postmaster of 117 Library and Lyceum 145-1^8 Morse, Professor 154, 1.55 Mount Airy U9 Bethel 56, 57 Hope 197 Kemble 149 Kimball 119 Pleasant 351 Tabor 57, 158, 166 Mountain Society, the 413, 414 View 203, 231, 245, 247 Muchmore family 97 Muir, Josiah F Munn family Dr, Jephtha B.... Samuel Murniy Hill Muskenetcong River. Myndertse, Myndert.. 9S .97, 3S0 !)S 446 213 .426, 427, 428 Napoleon III 371 Nationalities in Paterson 27 Navigation in New Jersev 38-39 Nesbitt family 75 Neshaminy 125 Nevins family 63 Nevysink ,5s, 314 New Amsterdam.. 65, 21S, 2.S2, 303, 426, 428 Barbadoes 294, 300, ,301, 302, 306, 308, 310 New Barbadoes Neck 421, 423, 437 Township 423 New Bridge 286, 442, 443 New Brunswick 53, 63, 66 New England immigrations 95, 121, 319-324, 325, 332-345, 349, 360, 413 New Foundland 240, 241 New Hanover 107, 122, 123 New Jersev Iron Companv 191 Society lands 313 State Asylum for the Insane. 164-166 State Soldiers' Home 439 New Netherland 320, 425, 427 Providence 2, 95 Township 445-44') New Vernon 76, 80, 136 New Tork 27, 33, 34, 38, 54, 62, 65, 67, 87, 109, 110, Ul, 112, 114, 1,31, 132, 161, 181, 188, 191, 192, 204, 306, 220, 227, 229, 239, 241, 243, 247, 252, 256, 263, 269, 285, 295, 297, 300, 301, 302, 310, 311, 320, 323, 328, 349, 363, 370, 371, 376, 380, 389, 390, 395, 412, 421, 439, 440 and Erie Railroad 231, 311 and Greenwood Lake Railroad, 203, 229, 231, 439 harbor 419 Susquehanna and Western Rail road 203, 231, 245, 297 Newark 1, 13, 14, 57, 62, 75, 76, 93, 95, 97, 99, 121, 132, 162, 163, 182, 184, 185, 190, 218, 244. 264, 365, 313, 315, 317, 335, 359-373, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391, 394, 400, 402, 403, 404, 407, 408, 413, 414, 416, 417, 425, 437, 439, 442 and Pompton Turnpike 234 Bay 1, 13, 279, 280, 319, 349, 419, 435, 427, 442 division into wards 415 founding of 331-345, 347-357 plank road 438 Ward 384 Newell, William A 49 Newspapers in Paterson 277 Newtown 294, 438 Nicolls, Gov, Richard 306, 307, 333 Niles, Nathaniel 106 Nishwish, Frederick 55-56 Noble, Mark 430 Norman, Claes Carsten 430 North Belleville 391 Bergen Township 419, 424, 425 Caldwell 317, 406 Castle 31 Paterson 278 Plainfield Township 60 464 GENERAL INDEX Northfield 408 Norwegian Immigration 279 Nutley 317, 394, 395-396 Oakland 85, 295 Ogden, Aaron 38, 327 family 97, 323 Rev. Joseph M., D.D 95 Matthias 327 Old Boonton 158, 171, 173, 176, ISS, 195, 196 "Old Sow," the.. Olden, Charles S. Oldis family. 453369303 Oliver family 75, 323 "Onageponck' ' 204 Oradell 304 Orange 121, 341, 374, 378, 379, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386 Mountains 341, 373 Township 317, 319, 413-417 Ward 382, 384 Orangedale 416 Organization of Ac(|uackanonk 359 of counties 57-60 of courts 24, 26, 45-46, 57, 60 Orphan asylums in Paterson 278 Orvill 397, 303 Osborn, Jonas 214 Ottowa 19 Outwater family 310 Pacquanack Page, George Shepard. Palisades, the Township Panic of 1836-37 Paper maufacturing. 246 94 279 303 361 409-410 Paramus 264, 2S7, 298, 304 Park, Noel Robertson 79 Parker, Cortlandt 49 family 323 Parkhurst family 126 J 367 & Muir 98 Parks In Newark 3.54 Parsippany 158, 162, 167, 168, 170, 172 Brook 158 Passaic 13, 27, 231, 232, 236, 255, 262, 272, 275, 276, 278 and Delaware Railroad.. .29, 55, 75, 91, 446 County 1, 3, 3, 87, 199, 200, 203, 203, 227-237, 239-248, 249-257, 259-268, 269-278, 281, 288, 293, 317, 331, 332, 392, 405, 421 Lake, the 83-89, 92 River, description of 1-14 Township... 60, 75, SO, 83, 88, 91-92, 259 Passamisk River 119 Paterson 6, 10, 14, 15-28, 87, 229, 231, 232, 333, 336, 345, 350, 251, 253, 255, 256, 259, 275, 376-278, 303, 405 and Hudson Railroad 363 and Newark Railroad 278 Orphan Asylum 278 William 23, 386 Patriotism of women 152 Paulding, James Kirke 351 Paulesen, Michael 426, 428 Paulus Hook. 285, 426, 427, 440, 441, 443, 444 Pauw, Michael 425, 4'26, 428 Pavonia 425, 426 Massacre of 42s Peace Congress, the 62 Peapack 63 Peck, David 415 family :...126, 386 Pecke, Jeremiah 339 Peckman's River. .. .249, 250, 317, 399, 400 Peck's Bridge 384 Pecktown 416 Peirson, Abra 339 Thomas 339 Penn, William 64, 119, 208 Pennington, Alexander C. M 46 Ephraim 340 family 309 William 47 William S 309, 365 Pennsylvania Railroad 425 Pequannock 175, 180, 182, 183, 201, 203, 203 Indians 205 River 3, 157, 158, 175, 199, 200, 201, 203, 208, 331, 329, 231, 232, 239, 343, 345, 380, 295 Township 179, 187, 188, 199-209, 314 Perth Amboy 59, 432 Petersborough 437 Peterson family 250 Philip II 65 Phillips, Edward L 99 Phillipse, Frederick 430 Phoenix family 75 "Phoenix," the 440, 441 Piersen, Nathan AV 386 Pierson, Rev. Abraham 345, 350 Benjamin 314 Elihu 384 Elijah 214 family 97, 126, 130, 181, 365, 385, 391, 414 Samuel 414 Stephen, M.D 139 Pieterse, Hessel 250 Pietersen, Garret 430 Paulus 430 Pine Brook 175, 176. 184, 185, 308, 317 Pinhorne, William 61 Piscataqua 57, 313 Piscataway 58 Pitney family 74, 75 Henry C 74 James 53, 74 Jonathan 74 Pitt, William 92 Plainfield 445 Planck, Abraham Isaacsen 427. 42S Plantations in Bergen, the 425-433 Pleasant Plains 75. SO Pleasantville 75, 76 Plum, Samuel 339, 353 Plume, William 353 Political incidents 44, 47, 48 Pompton 201, 203, 227, 229, 231, 236, 244 Furnace 85 Indians 205. 245 Lakes 237, 243, 245 Plains.. 85, S7, 1.84, 199, 200, 201, 229, 239 River 3, 199, 200, 201, 203, 2.'i4, 280 Township 3. 231, 234, 239, 242-245 Poor, Gen. Enoch W 287 Pope, General 372 Population of Newark 360, 362 of Paterson 27-28 Porter, Admiral 351 Captain 351 Post, Adrian 261 , 265, 266, 430 family 202, 278, 394 Francis , S50 GENERAL INDEX 465 Postville Poulesse, Peter Powder manufacturing ] Powder mills 150, Powerville I,s7, Iss,' Preakness 245,' 246,' Presbyterian Churches 31, 53 80, 95, UO, Ul, 120, 122, 123, 124- 126, 130, 133-134, 135, 139, 159, 164, 167, 168, 170, 196, 241, 272, 276, 359, 3T7, 381, 4)12, 406, 408, 413, 414, 446, Preyer, Nicholas Price family Rodman M 2SS- Princeton .' 63, 148, 149, battle of College 36, 38, 42, 54, 75, 76, Prospect Park 236, 237, Protestant Episcopal Churches,., 31, 110, 133, 138, 139, 141, 196, 373, 276, 381, 399, 410, Provost, Colonel Pruden family 126, Purchases from the Indians 260, Puritan immigration 95, 99, 121, 319-324, 325, 349, 360, settlers, the 331- 342 250247 412 190247 451433323291369 61 288255 451291131 261413345 Quackenbush family 378, 388 Quarries 252-253, 395, 398 Queen Anne 414 charter 348, 431 Quimby family 75 Rahway 319 River 317, 319, 348, 374, 382. 384, 409, 410 Raids of the British.... 286, 363, 412, 442 Railroads.... 29, 31, 55, 75, 91, 93, 159, 162, 178, 183, 184, 203, 229, 331, 345, 363, 278, 288, 291, 292, 395, 297, 299, 310, 311, 384, 394, 396, 408, 425, 446, 449 Ralstonville 73 Ramapo Mountains 295 River 3, 229, 28.S, 291, 292, 293 Ramsey's '291 Raritan 383 Bay 58 River 29, 58, 59, 61, 66, 71, 73, 313, 213, 220, 325 Raymond, George B 164 Rebellion, the 49, 366-372 Recapitulation 453-454 Red Mills 300 Reformed Churches 176, 184, 196, 201, 202, 244, 247, 254, 269, 271, 272, 277, 294, 298, 303, 304, 393, 396, 398-399, 403, 405 Religious interests 31, 53, 56, 57, 64, SO, 94, 95-96, 108, UO, 120, 123-126, 133-143, 164, 167, 168, 170, 176-177, 184, 196, 201, 241, 244, 247, 254, 369-273, 276-277, 291, 292, 394, 398, 302, 304, 307, 332-338, 355, 359, 377, 381, 393, 395, 396, 398, 399, 402, 403, 406, 408, 410, 413, 414. 417, 447, 449, 451 Rennie, Robert 307 Republican party, the 48, 367 Retreat of Washington 285 Revolutionary incidents 30, 31-32, 34, 61, 66-69, 77-79, 80-82, 92, 97, 127, 129. 131, 133, 147-154, 170-172, 173, 193, 196-197, 311, 221-225, 247, 248, 263, 283-287, 302, 303, 304, 326- 328, 362-366, 389, 453, 412, 413, '440-444 Revolutionary Memorial Society of New Jerse\' 66 Reynolds, H. C 160, 163 Richards family loo Martin 3S4 Richfield 278 Ridgewood 'ig'?, 298-299 Township 280, 288, 393. ^ 295-300, 301, 303 Riggs, Edward 384 family 75, 335^ 391 Joseph 340, 384 Righter family 170 Rigs, Edward 340 Riker, David 386 family 250 John 251 Ringwood 239, 244 mines, the 242-243, 245 River 239 Rise of the Passaic 1 River Edge 304 Riverdale 203, 204 Riverhead 409 Roads in Hudson County 43S Roberts family 391 Hugh 340, 347 Mrs. J. W., Memorial, the 160 Jonathan W 161, 164 Sayres 415 Rockawack Indians 205 Rockaway 157, 163 River 3, 173, 175, 176, 185, 187, 1S8, 196, 193, 195, 203 Township 187, 188, 199 Roclofse family 255 Roebuck 443 "Roebuck," the 441 Roelofsen, Cornelius 261, 262, 265, 266 Rogers, John 339-340 Roll family 449 Romaine family 243, 306 Roman Catholic Churches 31, 95, 96, 110, 133, 141, 142, 143, 159, 196, 241, 272, 277, 399, 449, 451 Roome familv 202, 208, 243 Rose, Samuel 339 "Rose," the 440 Roseland 408 Roy, Jacob Jacobsen 430 Royal governors, the 206 Royle, Vernon 36, 300 Rubber Comb and Jewelry Com pany 300 Rudyard, Thomas 64 Deputy Governor 421 Rum Brook 409 Runyon family 80 Gen. Theodore 369 Rutgers College 62 familv 396 Rutherford 311-312, 435 family 310 ¦ Park 436 Ruyven, Cornelius 430 Rycker family 20S Ryerson, David A 244 family 202, 208, 243, 247, 255 John 257 Martin 301 Martin J 243, 245 Peter M 243 Peter M., Jr 244 Richard W 244 466 GENERAL INDEX Saddle River 24, 236, 255, 280, 288, 397, 298, 307, 441 Township. 280, 294, 397, 300-303, 303, 306 Saint Cloud 381 Saint Elizabeth, Convent of 103-105 Saint Joseph's Hospital in Pater son 378 Orphan Asylum in Paterson 278 Saint Margaret's Roman Catholic Church at Morristown 142 Saint Mark's Church, Orange 416 West Orange 381-382 Saint Peter's Church at Morris town 138, 141 "Sajapogh of Minisink" 204 Salisbury, Rollin D ., 88 Salt Meadows, the 14, 279, 305, 308, 347, 348, 352, 356, 391, 425 Sanders family 75 Sandford family 310 Spring ..435 William 308, 309, 310, 365, 435, 436 Satterthwaite, Thomas W 395-396 "Savannah," the 155 Saw Mill Creek 309 Sayre family 97, 100 Scandinavian immigration 425 Scenery at Little Palls 3 at Long Hill 54-55 Schenck family 63 Schnoering, John ' 396 Schools 95, 96, 139, 167, 170, 184, 193, 340, 341, 353, 356, 273, 391, 292, 307, 357, 359, 392, 395, 417, 451 Schoenmaker, Jan Cornelissen 430 Schoonmacher family 306 Schraalenburgh 298 Schulster family 240 Schumacher, Ludwig 33 Schuyler, Arent 204, 207, 208, 246, 247, 312, 437 copper mine. 312 family 247, 293, 310, 396 John .313, 438 Col. Peter 437 Schuyler's Ferry 286 Landing 442 Scotch immigrations 28, 60, 66, 73 Scott, Col. John 190, 191 William 188, 190, 191 Winfield 328, 369, 370 Seagaerd, Andries , , . 433 Seargeant, John 340 Secaucus 419, 425 Second Mountain 85, 319, 399, 402, 405 Presbyterian Church at Morris town 135 Regiment, the 369 River 317, 398, 399 Seminary at Bloomfield 377 Sergeant, Jonathan D 168 Seton Hall College 103 Settlement of Bergen 420-433 of Chatham : .97-99 of Elizabeth 319-323, 325 of Essex County 331-345 of Hudson County 425-433 of Morris County 118, 120-123, 126, 316-221 of Newark 331-345 of Somerset County 61 Sheep Hill 193, 194, 195 Sherman, Byron 164 Gordon 127 Shipbuilding 390 Ship .canal projected , ,.. 26 Shipman, Benjamin family Short Hills 162, 409, 410, 411-412, Shrewsbury Sickels, Zackariah Signal gun and beacon at Sum mit Signers of the fundamental agree ment 337- Silk manufacture 27, 76, Singac River Singer Sewing Machine factory. 328, Sip, Ide Cornelius John Sisters of Charity 103-105, Slater, Joseph Robert Slayback, David H John W Slingerland family Slott, Peter Jansen Smalleytown Smeeman, Herman Smith, Abraham Daniel family 63, 74, Family and Friends Reunion, the Gen. J. Condit Job Michael Peter Z Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, the 15-38, of the Mountain Somerset County 1, 3, 3, 5, 29- 69, 71, 74, 77, 87, 91, 316, 325, 331, Sonmans, Peter Sons of the American Revolution, 79, Source of the Passaic River Southard, Samuel L 37-42, Southern trade 361-362, South Hanover Orange 317, 341, 382, 384, 385, 386, 409, 415, Orange Township Street Presbyterian Church at Morristown Speare, John Hendrick Speedwell 199, Speer family Spencer, Oliver William Spier family 185, Hendrick Jansen Jan Hendricks 265, Spinnage, Mary Spring Garden Brook Valley Springfield 77, 78, 162, 319, 365, 374, 405, 408, 409, 410, 413, battle of Township Squier, Nathan Squiertown Staats, Rev. John A Stagg family Stamp act, the Stanley 92, 93-94, 99, State Asylum for the Insane 164 constitution, the fair grounds Soldiers' Home , , . 316164451370433453 •340 256251 229 329433 250278 203 303 403 402208430 56 430 63 433170 63 172433438 63 336414 453 1 47 366 416317135261155 396337 98 396430 366214 93 304449412415384408248 222106 •166 168391439 GENERAL INDEX 467 Statenlsland 363, 419, 442 Sound 319 Steam navigation 38-39, 155 Steenhuysen, Egbert 430 Steenmetts, Gasper 2S3 Steinmetts family 250 Stek family 293 Stelle family 63 Stephenson, Thomas 118, 119 Stevens family 75 Gen. Richard F 66 Stickney, Henry 386 Stiger family 75 Stiles family 126, 131, 449 Stimets, Casper 430 Stirling 75, 76, 80, 91 Countess of US Lord 32-35, 53, 60, 66, 118, 440 Stockade at Bergen 282 Stockholm 227 Stockton, Richard 63 Robert F 48 Stoffells Point 365, 366 Stoltel's patent 262 Stoftelsen, Jacob 427, 430 Stone quarries 182, 253-353, 395, 398 house at South Orange 384-385 House Brook 385 Stonetown 245 Stony Brook 168, 188, 202, 203 Hill 449 Straatmaker, Dirck 427, 430 Streets in Newark 352 Strubel family 340 Stuyvesant, Peter. .. .383, 330, 419, 428, 430 Stynmets, Christopher 230 Succasunna 163 Suff ern's 286 Summit 3, 85, 162, 449-453 Sumner, General 371 Supreme Court 45-46 Sussex County 313, 227, 331, 334, 239, 288, 367 Sutton family 75 Swaen family 433 Swaine, Samuel 339, 349, .373 Swamp, the Great 83-89, 91, 92 Swede immigrations 76 Swedenborgian Church at Pater son 276 Swesy, Samuel 214 Swinefield Bridge 174 Sfwiss immigrations 28 Sycan, Dirk 430 Symmes, John Cleves 168 Symon, Robert 373 Synod of Philadelphia 123-125 Tallman family 340 Talmadge, Rev. T. De Witt 399 Tappan 286, 387, 427 "Tartar," the 441 Tassemaker, Petrus 269 Taylor, Rev. William P 138 Taylortown 176, 182 Teed family 407, 408 T. Rowland 407 Telegraph, first experiments of.. 154-155 Terhune family 297, 306 Richard 307 Thebaud family ; 115 "The ForesC" Ul Third Mountain 319 Regiment, the 369 River.. 34, 234, 261, 317, 343, 348, 395, 433 Thomas, Jurian 265, 266 Thompson, Anthony 382 family 74, 75 Tichenor, Daniel 340 family 365, 385 Martin 340 Tillou family 385 Tomassen, Uriah 261, 262 Tomkins, Jona 340 Michael 342, 344 Tompkins family 126, 385, 391, 408 Michael 339 Tories, the 222 Tory Corner 374, 382, 416 Totowa 237, 255 Towakhow Mountain 175 To-wn and Corporation of Bergen, 420, 421, 431 meetings in Newark 350, 352 of Newark laid out 347 Township organizations 60 Toy manufacturing 356 Trade with the South 361-362, 366 Trading post at Bergen 282 Transportation, early 263 Treat, Frederick 99 J. Mortimer 99 Robert 99, 325, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 363 Trenchard, Capt. Edward 290 Trenton 125, 148, 149, 165, 182, 213, 214 battle of 61 Iron Company 243 Trinity Church corporation 252 Troy 158 Brook 158 Hills 158, 167 Meadows 88, 157 True Reformed Dutch Church.. .177, 272 Tucker family 323 Turkey Eagle Rock 384, 416 Tuttle family 164, 170, 174 Joseph 216 Silas 161 Timothy 214, 216, 224 Twombley, Florence 101 Hamilton 101 Tyler, John 42, 47 Union 312, 419, 424 County 1, 2, 3, 56, 75, 87, 91, 92, 95, 162, 316-317, 319- 329, 331, 333, 408, 409, 419, 445-454 Hill 93, 106-106 Township.. 280, 305, 306, 307-312, 424, 436 Village 57 University of New Tork 62 Upper Macopin 242 Preakness 85 Ursino Lake 318 Uttertown 342 Uyle Kill 176, 180 Vail, Alfred 154, 155 George 165 Stephen 155 Vailsburgh 341 Valentine family 449 Van Allen family 255, 293 Van Angola, Francisco 430 Van Blarcom, Brant 275 family 378 Van Boskerck family 438 Van Buren, President 290 Van Buskirk, Abraham 441 Van Cortlandt family 396 Van Der Heer Nedderhorst 426, 428 468 GENERAL- INDEX Van Dien family 297 Van Dine, Isaac 214 MatthciW 314 Van Dolsen, John 433 Van Duyne family 178, 183, 185 Harrison 318 Van Duyre family 181 Van Gelder family 208, 288 Van Giesen family 433 Van Houten fapiily 255, 262, 278 Van Immen, John Garretsen 430 Van Ness family 178, 185, 203, 208, 243, 250 Van Nest family 65 Peter 66, 67 Van Ostrum, Hendrick 430, 438 Van Purmerend, Claes Jansen. . .427, 430, 438 Van Putten, Aert Teunisen 427, 430 Van Riper family 178, 247, 250, 262, 378, 310, 394 Van Schalckwyck, Hendrick Jans.. 430 Van Schanck family 306 Van Saun family 202, 243, 255 Van Tuyl, Michael Abraham 433 Van Vechten, Dirk 433 Van Vleeck, Tielman 430 Van Vleck, Tillman 283 Van Vorst, Cornelius... .285, 426, 427, 428 Ide Cornelius 430 Township 424, 425 Van Wagenen family 243, 262, 430 Van Wagoner family 262 A'^an Winckle, Symon Jacobs 264 Van Winkel, Abraham 264, 266, 267 Jacob 264, 266, 267 Marinus 264, 266, 267 Simeon 264, 366, 367 Symon Jacobse 265, 266, 267, 368 Van Winkle family 355, 262, 278, 310, 394, 430 Jacob 264 Jacobse 364 John S 273, 275 Van Worth family 185 Vanderbeck, Cornelius 298 family 208, 288 Vanderhoof family 178 Vanderveer family 63 Vanquellin, Robert 322 Varlet, Nicholas 430 Vauxhall 409 A^ealtown 30, 32 Vedder, Rev. Edwin 254 Veghte family 63 Verbruggen, John 430 Verona 317, 399-400, 402 Lake 400-402 Park 400-402 Township 399-402, 405 Verplanck, Abraham Isaacsen. ..427, 428-429 Vigne, John 430 Village of Bergen 419 Vinegar Hill 390 Vly Meadows 175, 184, 200 Voorhees, Anson A 402 family 63 George E 161 Voorhis family 288 Vreeland familv 178, 183, 185, 240, 262, 310, 430, 438 Hartman 182 John H 182 Vroom family 63 Peter D 43, 66 Waechung Mountain., Wagenen family Waldron, Joseph Wallace house, the — John William William C Wallengen, Jacob Walters, Joseph Wanamaker family. .. 348 . . 262 .. 433 .66-69 66 95 430 34028S AVanaqua River. ..,".. .3, 229," 239," 242,' 245 "War governor," the 369 War taxes 287 Ward family 97, 100, 365, 386, 408, 414 John 345, 373 John, Sr 339 Josiah 339, 349 Laurence 339 Leslie D., M.D 103 Major 444 Samuel M 382 Stephen 316 Warde, John 339 Wards, creation of 351, 389, 415 Warrant to lay out the town of Newark 347 Warren County 213 Sir Peter 433 Township 60 Warrenville 3, 56 Washington Corners 75 Washington, George. . ..15, 30, 31, 33, 66-69, 139, 131, 148-154, 171, 173, 363, 285, 287, 303, 304, 328, 389, 412, 440, 443 Mrs. George 69 Park 356 Place Holland Church at Pas saic 272 Township 2SS, 293, 303 Valley 119 Watchung Mountain 343, 344 Water power, development of 5, 6, 15-28, 273-275 "Watering Place," the 357 Watts, Robert 34 Waverley 391 Wayne 245 Gen. Anthony 247, 248 Township 202, 336, 345-248, 251, 255 Webster, Daniel 4S Webb, James A UO Weehawken Township 419, 424 Weequahick Lake 391 Welsh immigration 193 Wequahick River 348 West, Benjamin 146 Hanover 107, 122 Hoboken 419, 42 1 India Company 425 Jersey 64, 119, 211, 313-316, 331, 421 Jersey Society 403 Livingston : 408 Milford 229, 230, 331, 232, 236, 241, 242, 244 Milford Township 239-342 New A'ork 419, 424 Orange.,., 317, 341, 374, 378, 381, 382, 415 Orange Township 317, 405, 407, 409 Paterson 6, 7 Shore Railroad 425 AA'estervelt family 255 AVestfield 446 Westville 405 Wheeler, David 216 family 126, 365 Nathaniel 340, 384 Samuel 414 GENERAL INDEX 469 Whig party, the 44, Whipanong Hall and Library Association, 160, Whippany.... 107, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, River 3, 87, 122, 117, 119, White, Anthony Bridge James L Oak Ridge White's Tavern Whitehall 175, 176, 179, Whitehead, Aaron P Asa Charles R family 131, Ira C Isaac Isaac N John 131, Samuel Whitnev, Mrs. Stephen Whittingham, Rt. Rev. William R.. AVick family house, the Tempe Wigger, Bishop AA'iggerville Wikhoof Wilcox family William and Mary 63, the Silent 65, Williams, Aaron Charles A family 374, 382, 386, 408, Rev. James A., D,D Matthew 47 158 170 158433 75 102 409 32 183131131 131323131216 131 148 361164381 74 8282 142142 295449 108209386 402 414382 414 Williamsburg, battle of 244, 372 Williamson, Matthias 327 Williamstown 416 AVills, James 73 John 119 Women, patriotism of 152, 224 Wood family 126 Woodbridge..., 57, 58, 308, 313, 314, 331, 421 Woodruff family 97, 100, 323 Wortendyke 295 Abram C 295 Cornelius 294 Cornelius A 295 family 294 Woutersen, Egbert 427, 430 Wyckoff 295 family 63 Wynkoop, Johannes 29S Wynockie River 3, 229 Wyoming 410 Xavier, Mother Mary 103 Tantakaw River 234 Tanticaw River 395 Tantokah River 348 Toutecaw River 24 Toung, David 174 Edward F, C 161 family 164, 174 Robert 216 Stephen Lyman 101 Zabriskie family 181, 288, 297 John, Jr 285 Peter 285 Zeliff family 178, 183, 184 :[?l:iiiillpl«il