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3l<uu Cassini DefJ.sU OvansMiicMl
THE
Thorne Collection
OF CARTOGRAPHY &
GEOGRAPHY

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S^Mishe)^ in Memory oj^'-^^ ^
SaMel Brinckerhoff Tbe>rric'.'9t ^

k YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

A NEW
GAZETTEER

OF

THE UNITED STATES
OP
AMERICA;
• CONTAINING
A COPIOUS DESCRIPTION
OF THE
STATES, TERRITORIES, COUNTIES, PARISHES, DISTRICTS, CITIES AND TOWNS — MOUN
TAINS, LAKES, RIVERS AND CANALS  COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, AGRICUL-
TURB, AND THE ARTS GENERALLY, OP THE UNITED STATJ3S ,"
EMBKACINO ALSO
THE EXTENT, EOnNDARIES AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SUBDIVISIONS,
THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AND THEIR BEARING
AND DISTANCE FROM IMPORTANT PLACES ;
INCLUDING
OTHER INTERESTING AND VALUABLE
GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION;
WITH THE POPULATION OF 1830.
s

BY WILLUM DARBY AND THEODORE DWIGHT, JR.

SECOND EDITION, REVISED.

NEW-YORK:
PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HOPKINS.
1835

Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1832, by
EDWARD HOPKINS,
in the Clerlt's office of the District Court of Connecticut.

PREFACE,
TO THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK..

The collection and arrangement of the materials for this Gazetteer, were commenced in
April, 1830, and have been steadily continued to the present time, Nov. 1832. It must
therefore be evident that great labor has been expended upon the work — how satisfactory
to the public the result ofthe undertaking will prove, remains to be decided. It is not with
a view to enhance the value or importance of tiiese labors, but to explain one ofthe princi
pal causes of delay attendant upon the publication of this volume, that some remarks are
introduced on the manner, and protracted time of publishing the census, which was not
available until June of the current year, or about two years after it was taken ; this fact,
together with the confased, and utter want of arrangement in that document, renders un
necessary any farther apology for the delay to which we advert. Indeed, as this docu
ment is published, it is to a convenient analysis ofthe population ofthe U. S., what stones
in a quarry are to a building; and deserves to be e.5timated much asthe material, on the
ground where an edifice is to be erected. In every state and territory, with the excep
tion of the northern district bf New York, the eastern district of Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, the western district of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, the wes
tern district of Tennessee, and Oliio, an alphabetical arrangement of the census table waa
generally omitted, and of course to find any given countj"" or town, required an examina
tion ofthe whole mass. The inconvenience ofthis arrangement may be estimated, when it
is known that five hundred and thirty counties, with their towns, are thus defective in
arrange noat. Of some states, nothing is given but the aggregate of the counties ; and in
Georgia, no city, town, or village is named: — the returns of some other states are equally
imperfect. These facts will account for numerous apparent deficiencies in population, and
explain their true cause. The post offices, particularly in the middle, southern, south
western, and western states, have been inserted from the official list of 1831 ; and great
pains have been taken, with the aid of the best maps, to locate the most obscure of them.
The qualifying term, " post road" has been adopted, asby that the postage of letters, &c.
is regulated, altho' in innumerable cases these much exceed more direct routes. In regard
to rivers, it may be doubted whether their extent should be estimated by the meanders of
the streams, or by the length of their basins, or vallies. Except in Nevv England, New
York, and New Jersey, we have chosen taestimate them by the latter method, the length of
the surface which they drain. Tanner's new and excellent map of the U. S., a proof sheet
of whioh was early and obligingly forwarded to Mr. Darby, has been the guide generally
followed in regard to geographical position ; with the aid ofthis, extensive additions haye
been made to the geography ofthe western country, particularly that ofthe states of Ohio,
Illinois, and Indiana, and the territories of Michigan and Huron.
The extended plan ofthis Gazetteer, seemed at first to promise the compiler of that part
of it embracing New York, New Jersey, and the New England states, an opportunity to
introduce large details of the intellectual and nioral institutions of the country; andthe
hope of accomplishing this object was one great motive for his engaging in the work. Ex
periment however soon proved, that the prescribed limits, although large, would not allow
the introduction of many such details, without excluding others more practically indispen
sable, in a work ofthis kind. He acknowledges his obligations to the authors ofthe follow
ing xvorks, from some of which he has derived much statistical information; Greenleaf's
Survey and Map of Maine; Parmer and Moore's Gazetteer of N. Hampshire; Thomp
son's Gazetteer of Vermont; Spofibrd's Gazetteer of Massachusetts; Pease and Nile's
Gazetteer of Connecticut and' Rhode Island ; Spaflbrd's Gazetteer of New York, and Gor
don's Map of New Jersey; with particular gratitude he also acknowledges his obligations to
James Parker, Esq. of Amboy, N. J., for valuable statistics of different parts of that state,
which have been embodied in the work.

IV PREFACE.

In the compilation of the Gazetteer of the U. S.. nuraerous authorities beside those
already mentioned, have been consulted ; and accuracy has ever been a prominent ooj
its compilers. But some recent sources of information have been deficient r-tne cens
formerly an invaluable source of various statistical matter ; that of 1830, however, imb
proved to be entirely useless on every subject other than population. Inconsistencies anu
contradictions in orthography, and in statistics of different kinds, found even in worKs oi iiie
highest reputation, may perhaps have induced some errors and omissions here, inaeeu ro
say that such will not be found in the work, would be presumption ; Irom the very nature
ofit, perfect accuracy cannot reasonably be insisted on in every detail, by the reaaer. awa
errors and omissions as have been discovered, on a rapid review of the work, nave oeen
noticed in the Appendix. We may say, however, what is undeniable, that much has oeen
added to the geoa-raphy ofthe country, in the present work ; that numerous new counties,
and towns, have Keen embodied in it, and that it contains many and important corrections
of some similar and respectable works. On the whole, as a convenient and sate book ol
reference, extended in its detail far bevond any work ofthe kind heretofore published, ana
to a great extent original, we hope, and confidently believe, that it will prove both uselul
and valuable, to those who have occasion to consult its pages.

ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE SECOND EDITION.

This edition of Darby and Dwight's Gazetteer of the United States, called for by the
rapid sale of the former one, is pubhshed after a very thorough revision by Mr. Darby, and
other individuals. Mr. Dwight, one ofthe compilers of the volume having declined a re
vision ofhis portion of it, this labor has devolved upon others ; but the publisher is confi
dent that this part of the work has received the same careful, attention as the rest.
The present edition hasbeen enlarged, by the addition of a considerable number of new
counties and towns; and beside these, several new counties, not received in season for their
proper place, will be found in the Appendix. Such errors, and omissions also, as have been
discovered, and as were incidental to the first edition of such a work, have been corrected in
the present one. Under the head of ' Rail Roads and Canals,' which have been thus
arranged for more convenient reference, will be found the principal improvements of this
kind in our country ; and among the statistical tables, at the end of the volume, will be
found two in reference to these. In all cases, where the population appears withput date, it
is that of 1830 ; and where counties existed at the time, that of 1820 is also given ; thua
exhibiting the increase of population within the two periods. Beside the improvements
which have been mentioned, several new statistical tables have beeri added to those con
tained in the former edition, and a map also of.the United Sates, which, it is believed,
will much enhance the value of the work.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ark.— Arkansas. Me. — Maine. S. C. — South Carolina. ms.  miles.
Ala. — Alabama. Mich. — Michigan. Ten.— Tennessee. mtn.  mountain.
Conn.— Connecticut. Misp. or Miss.— Mississippi. U. S.— United States. pop.— population.
Del. — Delaware. Mo. — Missouri. Vt. — Vermont. p-o.— post office. '
Dist. Col, — District of Co- N. C — North Carolina. Va. — Virginia. p-t.— post town.'
lumbia. ' N. H.— New Hampshire. Vf. C— V^'ashington City, p-v.— post village
Flor.— Florida. N. J. -New Jersey. .  . p-r— post road
Geo  Georgia. N. Y. — New York. . cap. — capital. r.  river.
Ind. — Indiana. N. W. Ten— North West c. h. or C. H.— court house, s-p.— sea- port.
II. — Illinois. Territory. CO.— county.

„ , /-^ r>i • ,. ,- - sq. ms — square miles.
Ky.-Kcntucky. ^^T^'V,''/., , , . - d,Bt._dis,r,ct. ^t jus.-seat of justice.
La. — Louisiana. Phil. — Philadelphia. isl.— island. t.— town.
Mass. — Massachusetts. Pa.— Pennsylvania. lat. — latitudo. ter.— territory
Md.— Maryland, E. I.— Rhode Island. long.— longitude. tsp.— townsliip.
A few other abbreviations used in the work will at once be intelligible to tho reader.

GAZETTEER

OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

ABB

ACC

Aakonsburg, p-v. Centre co. Penn. ; situated
on one of the highest branches of Penn's creek,
18 m. E. of Bellefonte, and by p-r. 79 m. n. w
Sunbury. Aberdeen, p-t. Brown co. O.
Abbeville, dist. S. C. ; extending along and
from Savannah r. ; bounded n. w. by Anderson
dist. ; N. e. by Saluda r. separating it from Lau
rens dist. ; s. e. by Edgefield dist. ; and s. w. by
Savannah r. separating it from Lincoln and El
bert cos. in Geo. It lies in form very nearly a
square of 31 ms. each side ; area 960 sq. ms
Extending in lat. from 33° 50' to 34° 28' n. ; and
in long, from 4° 56' to 5° 42' w. from W. C.
The southem and central parts of Abbeville
slope toward and are drained into Savannah riv
er, with a southem declination. A narrow zone
along the northeastern border slopes to the south
eastward towards the main stream of Saluda riv
er. Bythe census- of 1820, this district contain
ed a population of 23,167 ; but in the ensuing
ten years it had increased to 28,149. Of the
latter 7,680 were white males ; 7,181 white fe
males, and the residue, 13,288, were people of
color. Distributive population by the census of
1830, was 30 to the sq. m. Cf. t. Abbeville.
Abbeville, p-v. and St. jug. Abbeville dist.
S. C. ; situated near the centre of the dist., on
one of the branches of Little r., at N. lat. 34°
11'; long. w. W. C. 5° 20'; 63 miles n. k. w.
Augusta in Geo., and by post road, 100 m. a very
little N. of w. Columbia.
Abbeville, or Abbeyville, p-v. Mecklenburg
CO. Va. ; situated on the left bank of Staunton
or Roanoke r., about 10 ms. above the influx of
Dan r., and by p-r. 126 ms. s. w. Richmond, and
227 ms. s. s. w. W. C.
Abbot, t. Somerset co. N. H. pop. 405.
Abbottstown, p-v. Adams co. Penn. ; situa
ted on almost the eastem Ime of the co., and on
a branch of Conewago cr., 15 ms. n. e. by e.
2

from Gettysburg, very nearly an equal distance
s. w. by w. from the borough of York ; and by
p-r. 86 m. iv. W. C.
Abbott's Mills, and p-o., Rutherford co.
Tenn. ; by p-r. 40 ms. southeastward from Nash.
ville. Abingdon, p-v. Harford co. Md. ; 22 ms. north
eastward from Baltimore.
Abingdon, p-v. and st. jus., Washington co.
Va. ; situated at the southeastern side of a moun
tain ridge, about mid-distance between the two
main forks of Holston river and about 7 ma.
distant from each, also onthe Great VaUey road.
According to Tanner's map of the U. S. this
place stands about 8 ms. northwardly from the
northern boundary of Tennessee, n. lat. 36° 42',
long. 4° 58' w. from W. C, by p-r. 385 ms. s. w.
by w. from W. C, and 309, a little s. of w. from
Richmond. Abington, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. ; 22 ms.
s. E. Boston, contains two ponds, one emptying
into North r. and the Atlantic, the other into
Taunton r. and Narragansett bay. Spirited res.
olutions against the right claimed by the British
Parliament to tax the colonies were passed here,
1770. Pop. 2,428.
Abington, p-v. Windham co. Conn.
Abington. p-v. Luzeme co. Penn. ; 15 m. N.
E. from Wilkes Barre, and by p-r. 137 ms. N. E.
Harrisburg, and 245 ms. n. n. e. W. C.
Abington, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. ; by p-r. 76
ms. N. e. by e. Indianopolis.
Abram's cr., Colombia co. N. Y. ; is formed
by the junction of Kinderhook and Claverack ers.
and after a course of half a m. falls into Hudson
r. 4 m. above Hudson.
Absecom, Gloucester co. N. J. a part of the
beach on the sea coast extending from Great
Egg Harbour northward to Absecom Inlet, about
8 ms. in length.
Accomac, the northernmost of the two cos.

ADA

ADA

which constitute together, that section called
" The Eastern Shore of Virginia." This co. ex
tends from the Atlantic o. fo Chesapeake bay, is
bndd. bythe Adantic ocean e. ; Northampton co.
Va. s. ; Chesapeake bay w. ; Pocomoke bay n. w. ;
and Worcester CO. Md. n.; extending in lat. from
37° 28' to 38° 02' n. and in long, from 1° 24' to
1° 46' E. from W. C. Greatest length from s. s.
w. to N. N. E. 48 ms. ; mean width about 10 nis.
area 480 sq. ms. Much of the surface is sand
banks, or islands along the Alantic coast ; the
real arable superficies is about 400 sq. ms. The
surface is level. Cf. t., Drummondstown. Pop.
1820, 15,966, 1830, 19,656. Ofthe latter, were
white males 4,495 ; white females 4,969, total
9,458 ; and the residue people of color.
Accomac, c-h. See Drummondstown.
Accord, p-v. Ulster co. N. Y.
AcHOR, p-v. in the northern part of Columbi
ana CO., 0.
Acra, p-v. Greene co. N. Y.
Acton, t. Windham co. Vt. ; 32 ms. n. e.
Bennington, 18 n. w. of Brattleboro', has an un
even surface, well watered by brooks, but with
out good mill streams. Pop. 176.
Acton, p-t. York co. Me. Pop. 1,398.
AcTON, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. ; 24 ms. n. w.
of Boston, has a good soil. Asabet r. a chiel
tributary of Concord r., passes through a part of
it, as well as its two branches, and the p-r. from
Boston and Concord to Groton and Keene. Pop.
1,128. Acworth p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. ; 50 ms. w.
Concord, 87 w. of Portsmouth, 93 n. w. Boston.
Cold river rising at Cold Pond, affords mill seats.
The town is agricultural, has a good soil, and
raises flax, and cattle. It is on the p-r. and
turnpike from Charlestown to Concord and Bos
ton. Pop. 1,401.
Adair, one ofthe southern cos. of Ken. ; bndd.
by Russell s. and s. e. ; Monroe s. w. ; Barren
w. ; Greene n. w. ; and Casey e. The greatest
length is about 40 ms. from n. e. to s. w. ; mean
breadth 17, and area 680 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. from 36° 51' to 37° 28' n. and in long, from
7° 50' to 8° 30' w. from W. C. The northern,
central, and indeed the far greater part of this
county slopes to the n. w. and is drained in that
direction by confluents of Green river. The
southem part declines towards and is drained
by creeks falling into Cumberland river. In
1820, this county was much more extensive than
it is at present, being lessened by the interme
diate creation of Russell county. Pop. 1830,
8,220. Cf. t. Columbia.
Adairsville, p-v. Logan co. Ken. ; by p-r.
181 ms. s. w. Frankfort ; and 10 in a similar
direction from Russellville, the co. st.
Adams, Cape of the U. S., on the Pacific o.
It is the Point Ronde of Lapeyrouse, and the
southem point at the mouth of Columbia i. It
is thus described in a geographical sketch of
Oregon Territory, published at Boston, 1830.
" Point Adams forms the south side ofthe river
Columbia. It is a low projection of land, bearing
s. E. about seven miles from the Cape (Disap
pointment), and thinly wooded. From it sand
banks extend within one mile of the Cape (Dis
appointment), and inside of the bank which runs
out from the Gape." As laid down by Tanner,

in his map of the U. S., the lat. is 46° 17' n. and
Ions 46° 50' w. W. C. Variation of the mag.
netic needle at, 22° 40' e. See Columbia r.
Adams, t. Coos co. N. H. ; now Jackson,
which see. ,„,-
Adams, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. ; 125 ms. n.
w, Boston, 20 n. Pittsfield, 40 E. Albany, was
named after Sarauel Adams, is divided from
Williamstown on the w. by Saddle Mountain.
Hudson's branch, a mill stream, comes from
Vermont, and falls into Hoosick r. through a
channel in one place cut 60 feet mto a white
marble quarry, leaving a natural bridge, 12 or
15 feet long, 10 wide and 62 high. Some of
the marble is clouded. Fort Massachusetts was
_.. the N. E. end of Saddle Mountain. The Mar.
quis de Vaudreuil attacked it, August 26, 1746,
"th 900 French and Indians, but was resisted,
th 45 killed, for 24 hours, by 33 men, women
d children, under Col. Hawkes, who obtained
an honorable capitulation. August 2, 1748, it
was attacked by 300 French and Indians who
were repulsed by Col. Williams. The Adams
and Hoosick cotton and woollen manufactories
were incorporated 1809, and 2 more in 1814.
There are about 25 cotton and woollen in all.
There is a turnpike to Claremont. There are
many fine dairies. Graylock, a peak of Saddle
mtn. and highest land in Massachusetts, is 3,580
feet above Hudson r. at Albany. It has two vil
lages, N. and s. Pop. 2,648.
Adams, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. ; 166 ms. w.
of Albany, is 6 ms. square, has very rich arable
land, good for grain. N. branch of Big Sandy
cr. and Stony cr. furnish mill seats. Many re
mains of ancient mounds are found bere, with
coarse earthen pipes, stone hearths many feet
under ground, &c. 7 tumuli have been observed,
with ditches round them, enclosing from a half
to two acres. Pop. 2,995.
Adams, one of the southern cos. of Penn. ;
bndd. by Franklin co. w. ; Cumberland n. ; York
N. E. and E. ; and Frederick co. Md. s. Length
25 ms. mean breadth 18, and area, 450 eq. ms.
Extending from lat 39° 42' to 40° 2', and in
long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 30' w.
This CO. is table land, and nearly equally divided
between the basins of Potomac and Susquehan.
na. The southern part slopes towards the for
mer stream, and is drained by the sources of
Monocacy, whilst the northern section gives
source to Conewago, and declines towards the
Susquehanna. The surface ofthe whole co. is
hilly, but soil generally fertile. Cf. t. Gettye.
burg. Pop. 1820, 19,370, 1830, 21,379.
Adams, one of the southwestern cos. of
Misp. ; bndd. n. e. by Jefferson ; e. by Frank
lin ; on the s. by Homochitto r. which separates
it from Wilkinson ; and on the w. it is separa.
ted from the parish of Concordia in La. by the
Mississippi r. From s. s. w. to n. n. e. along
the general course ofthe Mississippi, the length
is about 40 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 600
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 15' to 31°
46 , and in long, from 14° 16' to 14° 43' w. of
W. C. The general slope is to the southwest.
ward. Surface broken by hills, which though
very numerous are of inconsiderable elevation ¦
except some bottoms along the Mississippi and
Homochitto, there is but little level land in the

ADD 7
county. The soil is, though of various qualities
in different parts, generallyproductive. Staple,
cotton. Cf. ts. Natchez and Washington. Pop.
1820, 12,073, 1830, 14,919.
Adams, ono of the southern cos. of Ohio ;
bndd. by Brown co. w. ; Highland n. w. ; Pike
N. E. ; Scott E. ; and by the Ohio r. separating
it from Lewis and Mason cos. of Ky. s. Length
28, breadth 22, and area 616 sq.ms. Extend
ing in lat. from 38° 37' to 40° n., and in long.
from 6° 12' to 6° 36' vv. from W. C. The gen
eral slope of this county is to the southward
and towards the Ohio r. ; it is hilly but fertile.
Cf t. West Union. Pop. 1820, 10,406, 1830,
12,278. Adams, one ofthe western cos. of Illinois ;
bndd. as laid down on Tanner's map on the n.
by Hancock ; e. by Schuyler ; s. e. and s. by
Pike ; and on the w. is separated from Marion
CO. and a section of the unappropriated part of
the state Missouri, by the Mississippi r. Length
from s. to N. 32, mean width 24, and area 768
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40°
11', and in long, from 13° 52' to 14-^ 26' w. from
W. C. The western and central parts of this
CO. slope westward towards the Mississippi r.
whilst the eastem border gives source to creeks,
the water of which is finally discharged into
Illinois r. Cf. t. Quincy. Pop. 1830, 2,186.
Adams, p-v. Seneca co. 0. ; by p-r. 98 ms.
northward from Columbus, and 412 n. w. by w.
W. C.
Adams, p-v. Decatur co Ind. ; by p-r. 48 ms.
s. E. by E. Indianopolis.
Adams Basin, p-v. Monroe co. N. Y.
Adamsburg, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. ; on
the main road from Greensburg to Pittsburg, 6
ms. w. from the former and by p-r. 176 west
ward from Harrisburg, and 198 n. w. W. C.
Adams, old, c. h. and p-o. Adams co. Misp. ;
9ms. Natchez.
Ada.ws' Mills, and p-o. Pulaski co. Ky. ; by
p-r. 82 ms. a little e. of s. Frankfort.
Adamstown, p-v. near the northeastern bor
der of Lancaster co. Pa. ; 23 ms. n. n. js. from
the city of Lancaster, and 12 s. s. w. from Read
ing. Adamsville, p-v. Washington co. N. Y.
Adamsville, p-o. Berks co Pa. ; 9 ms. from
Reading, and 61 eastward from Harrisburg.
Adamsville, p-v. Frederick co. Md. ; by p-r.
48 ms. N. w. W. C.
Adamsville, p-v. Marlborough dist. S. C. ; by
p-r. 110 ms. eastward from Columbia, and 398
ms. s. s. w. W. C.
Addison, t. Washington co. Me. ; 15 ms. w.
Machias. Pop. 741.
Addison Co. Vt. ; bndd. by Chittenden co. n. ;
Chittenden, Washington and Orange cos. E. ;
Windsor co. s. e. ; Rutland co. s. ; Lake Cham
plain w. Pop. 1820, 2u,469 ; 1830, 24,940. It
is crossed by Otter creek s. to n., and by the
Green mtns. e. The co. st. is Middlebury. It
has a good port on the lake at Basin Harbor.
Addison, p-t. Addison co. Vt. ; e. of Lake
Champlain, opposite Crown Point, N. Y., 83
ms. N. Bennington, 40 s. w. Montpelier. This
was probably the first settlement by Europeans
in thig state w. of the Green mtns. In 1731 the
Frenoh built a fort at Crown Point, and occupied

ALA
this shore. The English first came in 1770. It
is low and generally level, with few streams.
Snake mtn. is in s. e. corner. Otter cr. and one
of its branches, with Mill and Pike rs. (falbng
into Lake Champlain,) are within the t. Sul
phuret, and magnetic oxide of iron are found.
Pop. 1,306.
Addison, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. ; 25 ms. s. of
Bath, N. of Pennsylvania line ; has Canisteo
(navigable for boats) and Tuscarora ers. ; but
the land is broken, and has little value, except
for timber. Grindstones are here made of sand.
stone. Pop. 944.
Addison Point, p-v. Washington co. N. Y.
Adelphia, p-v. in the northeastern part of
Ross CO. 0. ; by p-r. 46 ms. southwardly from
Columbus, and by the common road, 20 N. E.
from Chibcothe.
Adgates' Falls N. Y. (See Chesterfield,
N.Y.) Adrian, p-v. Lenawee co. Michigan Ter. ;
by p-r. 10 ms. from Tecumseh the co. st. 73 s.
w. by w. Detroit, and 502 n. w. by w. W. C.
Adriance, p-v. Duchess co. N. Y.
Agamentious Mountai.n, York, York co. Me.
Agawam, p-v. Hampden co. Mass. ; 2 ms. s.
w. Springfield.
Agawam r. Mass. (See Westfield r.;
Agnew's Mills, and p-o. Venango co. Pa. ;
by p-r. 248 ms. n. w. W. C.
Ahosky Ridge, p-o. northern part of Hertford
CO. N. C. ; by p-r. 121 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh,
and 240 very nearly due s. W. C.
Ahpmoojeenee-Gamook, lake. Me. ; N. of
Moosehead lake, empties St. John's r.
Akron, p-v. Portage co. 0.
Alabama r. the great northeastern constituent
of Mobile r. is formed by the confluent streams
of Coosa and Talapoosa rs. and receives as a
tributary, the Cahaba from thenorth. Ofthe
three constituents of Alabama, the Cahaba
is the only one entirely in the state of Alabama.
Rising between the vallies of Black Warrior
and Coosa rs. in the cos. of Jefferson and St.
Clair, the Cahaba assumes a coursea little w. of
s. and which it maintains over Shelby, Bibb,
Perry and Dallas cos. falling into Mobile atthe
town of Cahaba in the latter co. The valley of
Cahaba is about 120 ms. in length, with a mean
breadth of 20, and with an area of 2400 sq.ms.
Coosa, or the main constituent of Alabama,
has its highest and most remote source in Ten.
nessee, interlocking sources with those of Hi.
wassee and Chattahooche. The most northern
sources of Coosa are at N. lat. 35° 05', and are
the most northeni fountains, the water of which
is finally discharged into the Gulf of Mexico, E.
from the Mississippi basin. There known by
the name of Connessauga, it flows first w. but
curving to s. s. w. about 70 ms. receives from
the E. the Etowah. The latter rises in Geo. be
tween the sources of Hiwassee and Chattahoo
che, and only separated about 15 ms. from the
Turoree branch of Savannah r. by spurs of the
Blue Ridge. Issuing from this elevated region,
the Etowah, with a sweeping curve to the south
ward, pursues a general course of s. w. by w.
100 ms. to its union with the Connessauga or
Ostenalah. Having their fountains and chan
nels in the comparatively high Appalachian

ALA
vallies, the superior branches of Coosa are rapid
mountain streams. Below the junction of Eto
wah and Connessauga, the united waters hence
forth known as the Coosa, flow 8 or 10 ras.
westward, when, leaving Geo. and entering Ala.
the now considerable volume by an elliptic
curve inflects first to s. w. thence s. and finally
s. B. E. to its junction with the Tallapoosa to
form the Alabama, at Coosauda, n. lat 32° 28',
long. 9° 22' w. W. C. The entire comparative
course of the Coosa is about 240 ms. but by the
bends may not fall much short of 400 ms. The
valley it drains is about two hundred ms. in
length, with a mean breadth of 45 ; area 9000
sq. ms.
Talapoosa, or eastem branch of Mobile, rises
between the vallies of Etowah and Chattahoo
che, and prmcipaUy in Carroll co. Geo. at n. lat.
34° nearly. Flowing s. s. w. it enters Ala. and
continuing that course 130 ms, turns abruptly to
the w. 25 ms. unites with the superior volume
of tho Coosa as already noted. The valley of
Talapoosa lies entirely between those of the
Coosa and Chattahooche ; it is about 150 ms, in
length, with a mean width of 25, and area, 3750
sq. ms.
In one striking feature, the Coosa and Tala
poosa have strong resemblance to each other.
In the lower part of their respective courses in
Ala. neither receive tributaries above the size
of a large creek.
Alabama, formed thus by the union of the
Coosa and Talapoosa, assumes a general west
ern course to the influx of Cahaba, and thence
curving to the s. s. w. to its junction with Tom
bigbee to form the Mobile. By a coraparative
course frora the mouth of Coosa to that of Tom.
bigbee, the length of the Alabama is 130 ras.
but so tortuous is its channel, that the navigating
length falls litde, if any, under 250 ms. The
vaUey ofthe Alabama proper is about 120 ms.
by 30, with an area of 3600 sq. ms. Combining
the area ofall the sections ofthe Alabama val
ley, we find it coraprises 18,750 sq. ms.
From the great difference of height between
the sources and raouth ofthe assemblage of con
fluents, the streams ofthis valley are rapid.
At times of flood they are all, however, naviga
ble for dovm stream vessels frorii near their
sources. Schooners of 5 feet draught are navi
gated into Alabama and as far as the lower falls
at Claiborne, 50 ms. above the mouth.
AlabamAj one ofthe United States, bndd. w.
by the state of Misp, ; n. by the state of Ten, ;
E. by Geo, ; s, by Flor, ; and s, w, by the Gulf
of Mexico. This state has an outline in coro-

J ALA 
the Gulf of Mexico to the Tennessee line 336
ms., the mean breadth from e. to w. 154. Ge.
ographically, this state lies between lat, 30° 10',
and 35°, and in long, between 8° 05', and 11°
30' w. W.C.
This state lies, with the exception of its south.
eastern and southwestern angles, in the vaUey
of Tennessee and basin of Mobile. If taken lui.
der a general view, it is subdivided into two un
equal physical sections. The northern and
smaUer section is comprised in the valley of
Tennessee. That river winding by a general
western course, but with a sweeping curve to
the south, enters at the northeastern angle ofthe
state, and issues from if at the northwestern.
The southern, and by far the most extensive
section, has a slope very nearly due south, and
is drained by the main streams, and numerous
confluents of Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Ala.
bama, Mobile, Conecuh, Choctawhatchie and
Chattahooche rivers.
Northern, or the Tennessee river section of
Ala. contains the counties of Population, 1830.
11,078
13,70011,78114,984
14,807 27,990

Square

Pepulatlon,

milea.

1820.

Franklin

684

4,988

Jackson

1040

8,751

Lauderdale

672

4,963

Lawrence

816

Limestone

600

9,871

Madison,

648

17,481

Morgan

600

Amount
5,060
46,054
102,403
mon :
With the state of Mississippi
" " Tennessee . .
" " Georgia . , ,
Along lat, 31°, and in comraon with
Florida 
Down Perdido river, frora lat, 31° to
its mouth 
Along the Gulf of Mexico to place of
beginning 
Miles. 330 153
.'306150 60
60
The surface upon which resided the respect.
ive populations of 1820, and 1830, was nearly
the sarae, we therefore find that the northern
Ala, gained in the 10 intermediate years, 222
percent. Passing the ridge which separates the sour.
ces ofthe southern creeks of Tennessee river,
from those of Coosa, Black Warrior and Tom.
bigbee, we are on the northern and higher bor.
der of the great southem slope of Ala. down
whioh spread the counties of
Sq. miles
in 1830.
Having an entire outline of . . 1059
The area of Ala. is 51,770 sq, mg,, equal to
33,133,800 statute acres. Greatest length of
AutaugaBaldwin
Bibb
BlountButlerCatacoClarke
Conecuh Covington
DaleDallas
FayetteGreeneHenry
JeffersonLowndes Marengo
MarionMobile
Monroe
Montgomery
Perry Pickens
Pike St. Clair
ShelbyTuscaloosa Walker
Washington
Wilcox
Add N. Ala.
Amount
1080
2000 800
1650
1000
1200
1531
1664 lero
1064 1250 836
1344
1040 960
1140
2250 960
1500 966
648
1750 720
1300 858
1500 840
1200
33,451 5060
38,511
Population, 1820. 3,8531,7133,676
2,415 1,405
5,263
5,8395,713
6,003
4,554
2,638
2,933
2,6728,838 6,604
4,1662,416
8,229
2,917
81,847
46,054
127,901
Population, 1830. 11,874 2,324 6,306
4,233
5,650
7,595
7,444 1,593
2,031
14,017 3,547
15,026 4,020
6,855 9,410
7,700
4,0586,2678,782
12,69511,490 6,6227,108
5,975 5,704
13,646 2,202
3,474
9,548
207,125 102,402
309,527
ALA
The preceding area of 38,511 sq, ms, compri.
ses that part of Ala. purchased from the Indi
ans, and organized into counties. , But there is
on the northeastem border a section of about
600 sq. ms. still in possession of the Chicka
saws. . On the westem border, and nearly op
posite the raiddle ofthe state, there is a second
tract, possessed by the Choctaws, which com
prises about 1800 sq. ms. Again, tbere is a
region of about 11,000 sq. ms. along the east
em and N. eastern side ofthe state still possess
ed by the Creeks and Cherokees. The Presi
dent ofthe U. S. in his message to Congress,
at the opening of the present session, informs
that body that measures have been taken under
the laws ofthe U. S., " by which the whole of
the state of Misp. and the western part of Ala.
will be freed from Indian occupancy, and open
ed to a civilized population. 'The treaties with
these tribes are in a course of execution, and
their removal, it is hoped, will be completed in
the course of 1832."
By the preceding elements, we are shown
that in the decennial period from 1820 to 1830,
the population of Ala. had gained 234 per cent.
W'e may premise, that inthe preceding phys
ical division of Ala. into northern and southern
sections, we have not pursued the same limits
of divisions adopted in taking the recent cen.
sus, but the difference is not material to any
general result. The following tabular state.
ments are from the census of 1830.
Recapitulation, exhibiting the general aggre
gate amount of each description of persons in
the northern district of Alabama.

ALA

Males.

Femalefi-

" 30 to 40

6,941

4,894

" 40 to 50

3,513

2,560

" 50 to 60

2,092

1,545

" 60 to 70

908

744

" 70 to 80

345

250

" 80 to 90

84

75

" 00 to 100

8

13

" 100 and upwards.

3
58,535

3

Total,

50,608

Ofthe above were deaf and dumb under 14
years of age, 34 ; between 14 and 25, 13 ; 25
and upwards, 11 ; blind, 38 ; foreigners not nat.
uralized, 45. Of the colored population there
were,

White Persons.

Males.

Females.

Under 5 years of age.

9,459

8,964

From 5 to 10

6,727

6,427

" 10 to 15

5,221

4,936

" 15 to 20

4,300

4,404

" 20 to 30

7,036

6,306

" 30 to 40

4,458

3,665

" 40 to 50

2,516

2,135

" 50 to 60

1,501

1,186

" 60 to 70

773

575

" 70 to 80

246

182

" 80 to 90

63

69

" 90 to 100

11

16

100 and upwards

00

7

Total, 42,311 38,862
Ofthe above, were deaf and durab, under 14
years of age, 11 ; between 14 and 25, 12 ; of 25
and upwards, 8 ; blind, 30 ; foreigners, not nat
uralized, 20. Of the colored population, there
were.

Free.

Slaves.

Males.

Females.

Males. Females.

Under 10 years of age, 75

54

8,252 7,974

From 10 to 24 54

48

7,318 7,1.52

" 24 to 36 66

31

4,247 4,209

" 36 to 55 39

19

1,957 1,897

« SStolOO 19

16

604 507

100 and upwards 0

1

5 8

Total, 253 169 22,383 21,747
Aggregate amount of each description of per
sons in Southem Alabama.

Females. 12,376 8,3756,1655,547 8,151

White Persons.

Males.
Under 5 years of age
13,305
From 5 to 10
8,755
" 10 to 15
6,908
" 15 to 20
5,209
" 20 to 30
10,404
Free.
Slaves.
Male,
Female,
Male.
Female.
Under 10 years of age, 200
191
13,585
13,412
From 10 to 24 148
161
12,235
12,517
" 24 to 36 112
100
6,853
6,879
" 36 to 55 85
15
3,201
3,001
" 55 to 100 37
40
8,091
805
" 100 and upwards, 00
2
22
18
Total, 582
559
36,787
36,632
Recapitulation.
Northern Alabama
Whites, Free colored.
Slaves.
Total.
81,173 422
44,130
125,725
Southem
Alabama
109,233 1,150
73,419
183,802
Total population of Alabama, 309,527
- Physical Features. — The surface of Ala. is
divided into two very unequal sections, as we
have shown under the head of population. The
northern and smaller plain is a part of the val
ley of Tennesse r., the main volume of that
stream entering at the n. eastern, and leaving
the state at the N, western angle, flowing in the
intermediate distance by a general course to the
westward, but with a sweeping curve to the s.
The Tennessee enters Ala, in a mountain val
ley, immediately below the influx of Sequatche
r,, flows thence by comparative courses 60 ms.
in a direction to the s. w. ; thence abruptly in
flecting to N. w. by w. 130 ms,, passes a chain
ol the Appalachian system by the noted pass call.
ed the Muscle Shoals ; below which, curving
gradually more to the northward, leaves the
state at the influx of Bear cr. In this distance
of 190 ms., Tennessee receives but one tributa.
ry stream deserving the name of a river ; thatis
Elk r., which enters from the right ; but the con
fluent creeks are nuraerous on bothsides. North-
em Ala. is finely, indeed beautifully variegated
by hill, dale , and in some places by plain. It was
the first part of the state inhabited by whites,
if we except a few spots along Mobile and Tom.
bigbee rs,, above and below the town of Mobile,
and is yet far more densely settled ; the mean
to the sq. m. being by the census of 1830 a small
fraction above 20, whilst that of Southem Ala.
did not araount but to a little above the one third,
or not quite seven to the sq. m. The southern
and much most extensive zone, or inclined plane,
falls by a very gentle declivity from lat. 34° 20'
tothe Gulf of Mexico, over something morethan
4 degrees of lat. This slope is drained and
finely variegated by the nuraerous branches
of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba, Blick War
rior, Tombigbee, and Alabama rivers, all con.
tributing to form the Mobile. The s. eastem
ALA

10

ALA

angle of the state declines to the s, westward,
and is drained in that direction by Choctaw,
¦Yellow Water, Conecuh rivers, A very nar
row strip ofthe southeastern border declines
eastward, and is drained into and bounded by
the Chattahooche river.
The state is over both physical sections, very
advantageously supplied with navigable rivers,
though possessing within its own limits but one
outlet to the Gulf of Mexico by Mobile Bay,
The tides being moderate, not exceeding two
and a half feet at a mean. The entrance of sea
vessels of any draught, is arrested by rapids at
Claiborne, in Alabama, and St, Stephens, in
Tombigbee river ; both places being about one
hundred ms, direct distance above the outlet of
Mobile Bay, into the Gulf of Mexico, In com
mon winters, the rivers of even northern Ala,
are but little impeded by ice, but there do occur
seasons, and that of 1831 — 32, is an example,
when Tennessee river and its confluents are
completely frozen. The streams flowing south
wardly, towards the Gulf of Mexico, are still
more rarely, and below N. lat, 33°, perhaps nev.
er rendered unnavigable by frosts. The exces
sive droughts of summer are, indeed, far raore
frequently the cause of impeding navigation in,
not only the rivers of Ala. but all the strearas
between the Mississippi and the Atlantic ocean
below lat, 35°, The seasons at the extremes
of Ala, in regard to mean and extreme teraper-
ature differ greatly, I'he border along the Gulf
of Mexico raay be called tropical when com
pared with the valley of Tennessee, Between
lat, 30° 10', and 31° 30', or below tide water,
excessive frosts or lying snows are rare ; but
the temperature changes sensibly advancing to
wards and into the valley of Tennessee. No
part, however, of the state reaches sufficiently
to the southward to admit the profitable cultiva
tion of sugar cane. Cotton is the general staple
of the state, Indian corn or maize is the usual
crop ; but in the middle and northern part sraall
grain succeeds well. The arable land of south
em Ala. lies raostly along or near the water
courses and is coraposed of two species. Al
luvion, properly so called, and Interval land.
The latter a kind of intermediate soil between
the aUuvial river bottoms and the open pine
woods. The latter description of land, is ster
ile, and coraprises the rauch greater part ofthe
surface of the state, more comparatively exten
sive, however, on the southern than on the north
ern section.
Constitution of Govern-ment, Judiciary. — The
ter, now constituting the state of Ala, was for
merly included jp the western ter. of Geo, after
wards in the Misp. ter, (See Geo, and Misp,)
In March 1817, the Misp, ter, was divided by an
Act of Congress, by which authority was given
to form the western section into a state, and
subsequently the eastern part was formed into a
ter, under the narae of Ala. The increase of
population was so rapid as to entitle it to admis
sion as a state government in 1818, and applica.
tion was made to Congress accordingly, A bill
was brought in and a law passed, March, 1819,
empowering the people of Ala, to form a Con
stitution; under the authority of which, a Con.
vention met at Huntsville in Northern Ala,, and

on August 2, 1819, adopted a Constitution of
State Govemment, which was ratified by Con.
grass Deceraber 1819, andthe state admitted
into the Union, The Constimtion of Ala, pro.
vides:— that " The powers of the government
of the state of Ala, shall be divided into three
distinct departments ; and each of them con.
fided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit,
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial, No per
son or collection of persons, being of one of
those departments, shall exercise any power
properly belonging to either of the others, ex.
cept in the instances hereinafter expressly di
rected or permitted,"
" The legislative power of this state shall be
vested in two distinct branches : the one to be
styled the Senate, the other the House of Rep.
resentatives, and both together the General As.
sembly of tbe state of Ala.
" The raembers of the House of Representa.
tives shall be chosen by the quaUfied electors,
and shaU serve for the term of one year. No
person shall be a representative unless he be a
white man, a citizen of the U. S, and shall have
been an inhabitant of this state two years next
preceding his election ; and the last year there
of, a resident of the county, city, or town, for
which he -shall bo chosen, and shall have attain.
edthe age of twenty-one years.
" Senators shall be chosen by the qualified
electors, for the term of three years, at the same
tirae, in the same manner, and at the sarae places
where they may vote for members of the House
of Representatives ; and no person shall be a
Senator unless he be a white man, a citizen of
the U. S. and shall have been an inhabitant of
this state two years next preceding his election,
and the last year thereof a resident of the dis
trict for which he shall be chosen, and shall
have attained to the age of twenty-seven years."
" Every white male person of the age of
twenty-one years, or upwards, who shall be a
citizen of the U. S,, and shall have resided in
this state one year next preceding an election,
and the last three months withiii the cotmty,
city or town, in which he offers to vote, shall be
deemed a qualified elector • Provided that no
soldier, seaman, or marine, inthe regular array
or navy ofthe United States, shall be entitled
to vote at any election in this state," Electors
protected from arrest in civU cases, going to,
attendance at, or return from the places of elec
tion. Art, 4, — " The supreme Executive power of
this state shall be vested in a chief magistrate,
who shall be styled the govemor of the state of
Alabama, The governor shall be elected by
the quaUfied electors at the time and places
when they shaU respectively vote for represent
atives. He shall hold his office for the terra of
two years from the time of his installation, and
until his successor shall be duly qualified ; but
shaU not be eligible for more than four years
in any term of six years. He shaU be at least
thirty years of age, shall be a native citizen of
the United States, and shall have resided in this
state at least four years next preceding the day
of his election."
" The Judicial power of this state shaU be
vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit courts to

ALA -11
be held in each county of the state, and such in
ferior courts of law and equity, to consist of not
more than five members, as the general assem
bly may from time to time direct, ordain or es
tablish. No person who sball have arrived at
the age of seventy years, shall be appointed to,
or continue in the office of Judge in this state."
Education. — The following section is made
part ofthe constitution of Alabaina. " Schools
and the raeans of education, shall forever be
encouraged in this state ; and the general as
serably shall take measures to preserve, from
unnecessary waste or damage, such lands as are
or hereafter may be granted by the United
States, for the use of schools, within each town
ship in this state, and apply the funds which
may be raised from such lands, in strict con
formity to the object of such grant. The gene
ral asserably shall take like measures, for the
improvement of such lands as have been or raay
be hereafter granted by the United States to
this state, for the support of a seminary of learn
ing, and the monies which raay be raised frora
such lands by rent, lease, or sale, or from any
other quarter, for the purpose aforesaid, shall be
and remain a fund for tbe exclusive support of
a state university, for the promotion of the arts,
literature and the sciences ; and it shall be the
duty of the general assembly, as early as may
be, to provide effectual means for the improve
ment and permanent security of the funds and
endowraents of such institution."
The new university of .\labaraa is going on
very prosperously, the number of students hav
ing recently increased considerably. Dr. Alva
Woods is President ofthe Institution, and Pro
fessor of Moral Philosophy. The catalogue
gives the naraes of 93 under grad'uates, viz. 8
seniors, 27 juniors, 33 sophomores, and 25 fresh
men. The following provision is proof decisive of
the progress of liberality and humanity : — " In
the prosecution of slaves for crimes, of a high
er grade than petty larceny, the general assera
bly shall have no power to deprive thera of an
impartial trial by a petit jury,"
The Constitution of Ala, may be amended or
revised, whenever two thirds of each house of
the general assembly propose such amendments
or revision. The proposed changes duly pub
lished three months before the next general
election, when and where the voice of the peo
ple is taken, and if " it shall appear that a ma
jority of all the citizens of this state, voting for
representatives, have voted in favor of such
proposed araendraents : and two thirds of each
house of the next general asserably, shall af
ter such an election and before another, ratify
the same, they shall be vahd, to all intents and
purposes, as parts of this constitution,"
History. — This state derives its narae from
that of one of the noble rivers which channel
its surface. Early in the eighteenth century,
the French, in founding the colony of La, form
ed small settlements on Mobile r,, and built a
fort where the city of Mobile now stands, but
a large share of what is now Ala. remained in
possession of the native Indians for about a
century after the founding of La. The original
charter of Geo. covered the whole zone from

ALA

31° to 35° lat. ; of course four degrees wide of
Ala. was included in Geo, In 1802, a-cession
was raade by Geo. to the U. S. of all her west.^
ern territory between Chattahooche and Missis.
sippi rivers, as far up the forraer as near lat.
33°, and frora thence to lat. 35°, by the existing
line of demarcation between Geo. and Ala.
Ala. continued a part of the Misp. ter. until se
parated in the manner stated under the head of
Constitution ; where also the material facts in
the history ofthe state are also given. For seat
of government see Tuscaloosa.
Alabama, p-t, Genesee co, N. Y. Pop. 783.
Alachua co. Flor, ; bndd. N. by Duvall co.
N, E. St, John's CO, ; e, s, is, and s. by the coun
try of the Seminole Indians, and w, by the Gulf
of Mexico, Extending frora south to north
along the Gulf frora lat, 27° 28' at Sarazota En.
trance, to lat, 29° 24', at the mouth of Suwan-
ne r, ; and in long, from 5° 10' to 6° 20' w, W.
C. In length it is about equal to the difference
of its extremes of lat. or about 140 ms. ; the
breadth varies greatly, but raaybe about a raean
of 30 ms. ; area, 4,200 sq. ms. The surface
slopes westward, but the declivity is sUght,
and discharges with no great rapidity of descent,
Hillsboro', Anaclote, Araasura, and Suwanne
rs. It is generally flat, part raarshy, some
prairie. Soil raostly sterile, C.H, at Dells,
Alachua Savanna, a gtassy plain in Alachua
CO, Florida; "lies about 4 ras, above Orange
lake ; its length is 7 ms, and its breadth 3 ms.
The great bodyof water in this Savanna is rep.
resented as losing itself in a large sink, suppo.
sed to be at the northern side, and to discharge
itself through a subterranean passage into Or.
ange lake. Whatever may be the case, this
Savanna exhibits but the appearance of a level,
watery meadow, covered with a thick growth of
aquatic grass, a circumstance which causes it
tobe called, inthe idiom of the country, a gras.
sy lalce. Its outlet, the Chechale, wbich flows
into Orange lake, is of rather small size. The
Alachua Savanna is lined with hammocks, in
which the live-oak and water-oak are predomi
nating." Alapapaha, a r. of Geo. and Flor. the eastem
branch of Suwanne r. See Suwanne,
Alaqua, -a. small but remarkable r, of Flor.
in Walton co, rises in a ridge of hills near ihe
centre of the co,, and in two branches which
unite to forra Alaqua, which, assuming a south
ern course, falls into Choctaw bay. This stream
admits the entrance of vessels drawing 5 feet
water, for a distance of 15 ms. to the margin of
a fine body of fertile land, already extensively
settled and cultivated. " Alaqua," says Wil.
Iiamson in his Florida, "is the largest stream
that enters from the Ridge. The springs of
the two eastern branches of this river rise grad
ually in cane patches, and flow through a beau.
tiful undulating country of good land."
Alauua, p-v, and st. of jus. for Walton co.
Flor. is situated on Alaqua r. 70 ms, a little n.
of E, Pensacola, and by p-r. 161 ms. a little n.
of w. Tallahasse. Lat. 30° 38': long. 9° 20'
w. W. C.
-Alatamaiia, a fine r, of Geo. draining the cen
tral parts of that state, and the space between
the branches of the Plint, Chattahooche, and

ALB

12

ALB

Savannah rs. The Oconee and Ocmulgee rs.
are the great constituent streams ofthe Alata-
maha. The two former rising southeastward
frora the valley of the Chattahooche ; the Oco
nee in HaU, near Gainsville, and the Ocmul
gee in Gwinnet and De Kalb cos. Both streams
rise so near as from 10 to 15 ms. from the main
volume of Chattahooche, but both assuming a
nearly parallel course of s, s, e,, about forty ras,
asunder. The Oconee, or eastern branch, pur
sues the original course with but slight general
inflections, 170 ms, to its junction with Ocmul
gee, between Montgomery and Appling cos.
The western, or Ocmulgee branch, pursues
the original course, 160 ms., to near Jackson
ville in Telfair co,, where it curves round to n.
e,, 30 ms. to its union with Oconee, almost ex
actly on lat. 32°, and directly w. from the raouth
of Savannah r. Below the junction of Oconee
and Ocmulgee rs. the united waters form the
Alatamaha, which,maintaining nearly the course
of Oconee s. s, £. by comparative courses 90
ms, falls into the Atlantic by one main and se
veral smaller outlets, between St, Simon's and
Sapeloo islands, and between Mcintosh and
Glynn cos. The entire length of the basin of
Alatamaha is 250 ms,, with a mean width of 50,
and area 12,500 sq, ms,, and lying between lat.
31° 15' and 34° 28', and between long. 4° 22'
and 7° 20' w. W. C. The sources of Alatama
ha interlock with those of St. IUa, Cambahee,
Ogeeohe, and Savannah rs. flowing into the At
lantic, and with those of Chattahooche, Flint,
and Suwanne, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico,
As a navigable channel, Alatamaha has 14
feet water on its bar. Boats of 30 tons are na
vigated to MiUedgeville on the Oconee, and to
an equal or greater distance up the Ocmulgee,
Down stream navii^ation is practicable on both
rivers from near their sources.
The climate of this basin differs very much
between the extremes, frora difference of lati
tude and of level. The lat, differs near 3i°,
and the level not less than 1000 ft,, giving an en
tire difference of temperature, of upwards of
5° of Fahrenheit, The vegetable productions,
both natural and exotic, presenta corresponding
variety, with the extent of climate. On this ba
sin, near tbe mouthof Alatamaha, the orange tree
and sugar-cane are cultivated, and on its high
er branches, the apple, peach, and pear ; wheat,
rye, oats and meadow grapes flourish. The
staple vegetable, however, over the whole ba
sin, which is most cultivated and valued, is Cot.
ton. Tobacco, Indigo and Rice, are also occa
sionally produced.
Alba, p-v. Bradford co. Pa.
Albany, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n. w. Pa
ris. Pop. 387.
Albany, p-t. Orleans co.lVt. 6 ms. sq., 34 ms.
N. Montpelier, contains several ponds, and part
of Black r. The market road from Boston to
Montreal passes through it. Pop. 683.
Albany co. N. Y. bounded by Schenectady
and Saratoga cos. n. ; Rensselaer e. ; Greene
a. ; Schoharie w. ; 22 by 21 ms, ; 462 sq, ms, ;
N. lat, 42° 21', long. 20' e, and 15' w. New York
city, is w. of Hudson r., about 144 ms. n. New
York ; contains 9 t-sps. Albany is the cf. t.
Formations, transition and secondary, on slate

rock, over which lies graywacke, especially m
the west and middle. There are also shell hme
stone and sand stone. Loose primitive rocks
lie on the surface ; and the minerals are nume
rous. The soil is various, low and rich on Hud.
son r,, sand plains inthe interior, hiUy w., rocky
n,, much land is uncultivated, Norman's, Coey.
man's, Bethlehem and Ten Miles ers. are smaU
miU streams. CatskiU r. rises in the s.
The Erie and Champlain canals unite and ter
minate in this county, and the Mohawk and Hud.
son rail road (for which see Albany,) is entirely
withm it. One of the first settlements m the
state was here. There is an agricultural soci.
ety for the county ; at Watervleit on the canal,
is the United States arsenal, the principal depot
for arras in the northem States. Population,
1820, 38,116 ; 1830, 53,560.
Albany, city, Albany co. N. Y. Capital of
the state ; on the w. bank Hudson r. 144 ms. n.
New- York, 165 w. Boston, 230 s. Montreal, 30
n. Hudson, 15 s, n, Schenectady, is the second
city in the state in population, trade, wealth and
resources. It has been greatly increased and
enriched by the operation ofthe Erie and Cham
plain canals, which unite 8 ms, north of the cen.
tre of the city and terminate at the Basin, which
is formed in Hudson r, by a pier 4,300 ft, m
length, along the upper part of the city, by
which sloops, tow boats and canal boats are
brought side by side, or have their cargoes ex.
changed over the pier. The amount of canal
tolls received at Albany in 1830, was $212,056 ;
1831, $269,443,
The capitol which stands on the fine square
at the head of State street, facing e. is a large
and spacious stone building, and has two spa.
cious and richly furnished chambers for the
Senate and Assembly. In it are also rooms for
the Superior Court, the Chancellor's Court, an
office for the Governor, Committee, Jurors, and
other rooms. The City HaU, situated on the
same square, and facing west, is a noble bmld
ing of white marble, where are held the Courts
of the U. S. Circuit, of Common Pleas, the
Mayor's, &c. The building is surmomited with
a large dome, richly gilded, which marks its
site to tbe traveller when many ms. distant.
This building, together with the Acaderay which
stands on the same square, and which is a beau
tiful structure of free-stone, are a just source of
pride to the citizens, and are evidence of the
taste, wealth and enterprise of the inhabitants.
Here are a Female Seminary and an Academy,
to which are apportioned, from the school fund,
to the former, $115. 50, and to the latter,
$360, 68, There are 5 Banks, 3 Insurance
Offices, an Institute, Library and Athena;um.
The number gf traveUers passing through this
city IS very great, at all seasons. While the
river is navigable, four elegant stearaboats ar
rive here from N. York daily, and as many de
part, transporting hundreds of passengers;
^yhlle the travelling is great in all other direc
tions, by tow-boats, canals, stages, &c. A steam
boat line was also estabUshed, 1832, between N.
Y. and Troy. Steam tow-boats and sloops
transport a vast amount of merchandize for and
from the canals. The MohawJc and Hudson
tCail Koad, designed to avoid the locks and cir-

ALB

13

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cuit of the Erie canal, was partly in use in 1831,
and is now completed. It extends in a straight
line from Albany to Schenectady, 14 ms. over
an elevated sandy plain, with an inclined plane
at each end. On that near Schenectady, a sta
tionary engine is placed, 130 ft. above the canal :
2 of the 3 sections are level ; the others slope
very gently towards Albany. It is thought that
600 passengers will pass on this road daily, and
many more during the travelling season. The
armual expenses are estimated at $14,600.
Rail-road routes have been surveyed from Al
bany to Boston, and it is proposed to construct
one either by the 8th Mass. turnpike, through
Blanford, or by the Pontoosuc turnpike. An
other is proposed, to West Stockbridge, Mass.
at an estimated expense of $500,000, to connect
part of the valley of Housatonic r. with Hud
son r. A charter of a N. York city and Albany
rail-road has been granted, to run e. of Hudson
r. Pop. 26,000.
Albemarle Sound, a deep bay of N. C. is
the estuary of the Roanoke and Chowan rs. ex
tending 60 ms, in length from e, to w, along n,
lat. 36° with a mean breadth of 8 ms., but pro
truding several deep minor bays. The Roanoke
enters from the w. and the Chowan from the n,
w, at the extrenie interior of Albemarle, which
spreads below the entrance of those rs. in a
shallow expanse of water, with a level, or rather
flat country along each shore. Every small in
let has its own comparative broad bay, by one of
which the Pasquotank, a navigable inland com
munication by the Dismal Swamp canal, has
been forraed between Albemarle sound and
Chesapeake bay. Albemarle sound is separa
ted from the Atlantic ocean, by long, low, and
narrow reefs of sand ; but having two channels
of connexion southward with Pamlico Sound,
one on each side of the Roanoke Island, and on
the northward an opening to the ocean by Cur
rituck Sound and inlet ; both rs. are navigable
to near their sources. The cliraate of this ba
sin differs very much between its extremes both
from difference of latitude and of level. The
latitude differs near 3i degrees, and the level
not less than 100 ft. giving an entire difference
of temperature of upwards of 5° lat. The ve
getable productions, both natural and exotic,
have a corresponding variety with the extent of
climate. On this basin, near the mouth, the
orange and sugar cane are cultivated ; and on
its higher branches, the apple, and wheat, rye,
oats, and other cerealia, "The staple vegetable,
however, both in the interior and islands conti
guous to this basin, is cotton, though admitting
a very wide range of staple, such as tobacco,
indigo, &c. Rice is extensively cultivated,
Albemarle, one of the central cos, of Va,
bndd, N, w, by the Blue Ridge which separates
it from Augusta and Rockingham, on the «. E.
by the western part of Orange, on the e, by
Louisa and Fluvanna, on the s. by James r.
which separates it frora Buckinghara, and on
the s. w, by Nelson, Length from s, w. to n, e,
35 ms., raean width 20, and area 700 sq. ms.
lat. 38° passes over very nearly the middle of
the county, which is again nearly divided into
two equal parts by long. 1° 30' w. W. C. The
body of this co. is drained by the constituent 3

creeks of Rivannar. which uniting below Char.
lotteviUe, pass through the s. w. mountain, and
a few ms. lower enter Fluvanna. The face of
this CO. is elegantly diversified by hill and dale,
whilst the Blue Ridge affords a fine n. w. border,
and the more humble ridges of the south.west
mountain decorate the eastern part. The soil,
of course, partakes of the variety of feature
from mountain, rocky and sterile, to productive
river alluvion. Cf. ts, Charlotteville, Scottsville,
and Warren, Pop, 1820, 19,750, 1830, 22,618.
Albertsons, p-o, Duplin Co, N. C. 70 ms. s.
E. Raleigh.
Albion, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. Pop. 1,393.
AlbIon, p-t. Oswego co, N. Y. Pop. 669.
Albion, p-v. and st. jus. Edwards co. II., sit
uated between Bon Pas and Little Wabash rs. 44
ras. s, w, Vincetmes, and by p-r, 733 ms, west
ward frora W, C. and 92 s. e, by e. frora Vanda.
lia; lat. 38° 23', and Long. 11° 07' w. W. C.
Albrights, p-o. Orange co. N. C. 70 ms. s.
w. Raleigh.
Alburg, p-t, and port of entry, Grand Isle co,Vt.
33 ras. N. Burlington, is of triangular form, 10 ms.
long and on an average 3^ wide, with L, Canada
line N, Missisque Bay e, and l, Champlain w.,
forraing a point s. It was settled in 1782, by
refugees who retumed from Canada. The sur
face is very level, and there are no mts. or con
siderable streams. The soil is rich ; timber, ce
dar, elm, beech and maple. There is a mine
ral spring, used in scrofulous cases. Pop. 1,239.
Alden, p-t. Erie co. N, Y, 22 ms, e, Buffalo.
Pop. 1,257.
Aldie, p-o, Loudon co, Va, by p-r, 39 ms.
westward from W. C,
Alexander, p-t, Genesee co, N, Y, ; 8 ms. s.
s. w, Batavia, iscrossedbyTonnewantacr, with
several branches, and has a gently varied sur
face, with a soil yielding grain, grass, &c,,
beech, maple, elm, ash, &.C, The village is on
Tonnewantacr. Pop, 2,331,
Alexander, t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms, n,
Machias, Pop, 334,
Alexander, p-v, Athens co, O, by p-r, 79 ms,
s. E. by E. from Columbus, and 350 n. w, by w,
W, C,
Alexander, p-v, southem part of Montgome
ry CO, 0, by p-r. 73 s, w, by w, half w, Colum.
bus, and 469 ms, n, w, by w, W, C,
Alexander, extreme southern county of II,
bounded N. by Union, Johnson n. e,, the Ohio r,
separating it from Mc, Crackau co, Ky. s. e.
and the Mississippi r, separating it frora Scott
CO, Mo, s, and s. w,, and frora Cape Girardeau
CO, Mo, w, and n, w. Length frora s, to n. 25
ms ; mean breadth 18 ; and area 450 sq. ms.
Lat. 37° to 37° 21'. Long. W. C. 12° 8' to 12°
35' w. This county occupies the peninsula
above and between the junction ofthe Ohio and
Misp. rs. ; the form, a rude approach to a tri
angle, the salient point southward in the direc
tion of the general slope. Cash r, or cr, a small
stream rising in Union, and Johnson cos, trav
erses Alexander in another direction, falling in
to the Ohio r, about 5 ms. above its junction
with the Misp. Cf, t, America, Pop, 1,390,
Alexander's mills, p-o, Flemmg co, Ky- ; by
p-r, 86 ms, estrd, from Frankfort,
Alex.indria, t, Grafton co, N, H. 30 ms. t,.

ALF

14

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by w. Concord, 72 n. w. Portsmouth. On Smith's
and Fowler's rs. are 2,000 acres of interval
land, good for flax, potatoes and grass. Wheat
and maize grow well in other parts. The moun
tainous tracts are rocky. Pop, 1,083,
Alexandria, p.t, Jefferson co, N. Y, opposite
the 1000 Isis. in St. Lawrence r. which belong
to it. The shore, which extends 9 ms, is high,
rocky and varied, with many bays. The St.
Lawrence is 2 ms. wide. It contains Indian r.
Mullet, Otter, Hyde, Plesses, and Crooked ers.
with other mill streams ; and 12 ponds, } to 3
ms. long. There are many falls, and numerous
fish. At the falls on Ind. r. (60 ft,) ig Theresa r.
That r, is navigated by boats to Rossie. The
timber is maple, beech, bass, elm, red and
white oak, black and white ash, hemlock, pine,
&c. It is crossed by the military road from
Plattsburg to Sackett's Harbor. Pop. 1,523.
Alexandria, p.t. Hunterdon co. N, J, n, w,
Musconetcunk r,, s. w, Delaware r. ; Musco-
netcunk mtn, w. Pop, 3,042,
Alexandria, p-v. Huntingdon co, Penn. on
Frankstown branch ofthe Jimiatta, 10 ms. n. n.
w. Huntingdon, and by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. by w.
Harrisburg. Alexandria city, s-p. p-t. and st. jus. for the
CO. ofthe same narae, D, C, situated on the right
bank ofthe Potomac, 7 ms, below the capitol in
Washmgton. The public buildings in Alexan
dria are several churches, court-house, acade
my, &c. The streets run at right angles to each
other, and nearly so to the Potomac. Thig city
is the centre of a considerable commerce par
ticularly in the article of flour. The harbor ad
mits vessels of any draught, from ships of the
line downwards. The meridian of Washington
passing through the capitol, leaves the central
part of Alexandria, near 3 minutes to the e. lat.
Alexandria 38° 48". Pop. 1810, 7,227 ; 1820,
8,218 ; and in 1830, 8,263.
Alexandria co. D. C. comprising that part
of the Dist. ceded by Virginia, and lying s, w,
from the Potomac. From s. e, to n, w. it is 10
ms. Ul length widening from the lower part
of the city of Alexandria where it is a mere
point, to a width of 4 miles from the little falls
of Potomac, area about 36 sq. ras. The surface
with but little exception hilly, and soil thin. It
is connected with the city of Washington by a
wooden bridge over the Potoraac. See D. C.
Pop. 1830, exclusive of the city, 1,345, and in
cluding tbe city, 9,608.
Alexandria, p-v. and st. jus. of Rapide Parish,
situated on the right bank of Red r. about half a
mile below the lower rapids in the bed of that
stream, and by water 350 ms. above New Or
leans ; and by a similar means of conveyance
65 ras, below Natchitoches, The t. is mostly
comprised in a single line of houses along the
r. Pop, about 800. Lat. 31° 18' N, long, from
W. C, 15° 39' W,
Alexandria, p-v. Smith co. Ten, by p-r, 86
ms, i\, Ji. Nashville.
Alexandria, p-v. Campbell co. Ky. by p-r.
75 ms. N E. Frankfort.
Alexandriaka, p.v. Mecklenburg co. N. C,
by p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Alford, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 125 ms, w,
Boston, E, N. Y, line, is watered by Green r,
and another branch of Housatonic r, and cross.

ed by a turnpike. It is on the E. declivity of
Tanghkannuck mts. Pop. 512.
Alfordsville, p-v, Robeson co. N. C. by p-r,
109 ms. s. s, wstrd, Raleigh.
Alired, p-t. and half-shire, York co. Me.
24 ms. N.York. Pop. 1,453.
Alfred, p-t. Alleghany co. N, Y. 10 ras. E.
Angelica, W. Steuben co. is well watered by
streams of Canacadea cr. Pop. 1,416.
Allagua, (See Alagua.) . ,, r.
Allegan, a new co, of Mich, bounded by Ot-
taway co, n,, Kent n, e,, Barry e., Kalamazoo co.
s. E, Van Buren, s. and s. w., and lake Huron
w. Breadth 24 ms,, mean length from w. to E.
38 ms. and area about 900 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35',
and long. 9° w, W. C. intersect near the centre
of this CO., which lies about 150 ms. in a direct
line a little N. of w. Detroit. Slope wstrd., and
in that direction traversed by Kalamazoo r.,
which stream enters lake Mich, on the western
border ofthe county. Pop. uncertain.
Alleghany, important r. of wstrn, Pennsyl.
vania and N. York, and one of the constituents
of the Ohio. In strictaess of Physical Geogra
phy, the Alleghany is the Ohio, of which the
Monongahela is only abranch. By the Indians
of different tribes, the words Ohio and AUegha.
ny mean the same thing, clear or fine river, of
which native names, the French term Belle Riv.
iere -was a literal translation. By the Shawnese,
the Alleghany was called Palawa Thepika. The
remote sources ofthis stream are in Mc Kean
and Potter co. Pa., from whence, flowing north.
ward, they unite and enter the state of N. Y.,
over which it curves 40 mg. in Cataraugus co.,
and reenters Pennsylvania, within which, in
Warren co., it receives a large branch, the Co-
newango, from Chatauque co. N. Y. and assu.
ming a s. w, direction, to Venango, where the
main streara is again augmented by a considera
ble branch, French Creek, from the N, W.
Now a considerable stream, Alleghany, by a.
large eastem curve flows 120 ms, by compara
tive courses, to Pittsburg, where it receives the
Monongahela, and forms the Ohio. Below the-
influx of French Creek, the Alleghany receives
no further large branch from the right, but from
the left it receives Clarion r., Red Bank and
Mahoning erg. and a still more important tribu.
tary, the Kiskiminitas. The entire length ofthe
basin ofthe Alleghany extends 173 ms. nearly
along long. 2° w. Washington, The higher
sources of Stoney cr, branch of the Kiskimini-
tas, rise at lat, 42" 26'. The mean breadth of
the basin about 70 ras.; area 12,110 sq, mg.
The position ofthis r. is admirably calculated
to render it a great navigable chain of intercom.
munication. The main volume is a beatable
stream at Hamilton, N.Y. withm 25 ms, from
the navigable water of Genesee r, at Angelica.
French cr, becomes navigable at Waterford,
with a portage of only 14 ms, between that point
to the navigable waters of lake Erie, These
lines have already become of comraercial im.
portance, but on the easiern side ofthe basin, the
channelof the Kiskiminitas is becoming that ot
a part ofthe Pa, canal. Thelatter great work
commences on the Conemaugh, at Johnstown,
and foUows that stream and its continuation'
the Kiskiminitas to the Alleghany, which it
crosses, & following the right bank to the mouth

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15

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re-crosses, and passing through Pittsbui'g, en
ters the Monongahela by Lukes run. A rail
road has been designed to continue from the lat
ter canal line at Johnstown, and crossing the
main ridge of the AUeghany mountains, ter
minates at Frankstown on the Juniatta, from
whence the chain of canal re-commences, and
continues by the basins of the Susquehanna and
Schuylkill to the city Philadelphia. — See Ohio
basin. Alleghany, mtn. of the Appalachian system.
It is an unanswerable objection to giving the
name of Alleghany to the whole system, that it
has been appropriated to a particular chain in
Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, From
the basin ofthe Kenhawa, to that of the west.
em branch of the Susquehannah through four
degrees of latitude, the Alleghany is a dividing
ridge between the waters flowing into the At
lantic, from those of the Ohio, giving source
estrd. to the branches of James r. and the Poto
mac, and on the other side, or wstrd, to those of
the Kenhawa, Monongahela, Youghioghany,
and Kiskiminitas, The ridges which form the
particular chain ofthe Alleghany, are not very
distinctly defined, though the entire chain con
stitutes so remarkable a feature in the geogra
phy ofthe U, S, The length of the Alleghany
is, from Monroe co, in Va, in the valley of the
Kenhawa, to Centre co. in Pa, in the valley bf
Susquehanna, 300 ras. The height varies, but
may be stated at 2500 ft, as a mean. Sirailar
to all other chains of the Appalachian systera,
that of Alleghany does not rise into peaks, but
stretches iu parallel ridges, which, to the view
from either side, presents gently rounded, and
swelling knolls, or elegantly defined lines,
whieh bound the distant horizon. The compo
nent material of the Alleghany is mostly gray
wacke, though limestones and other rocks occa
sionally occur. This chain is rich in iron and
bituminous coal. Some ridges have naked sum
mits, but this feature is rare, the ridges general
ly being clothed with timber in all their height.
A few mountain plains with tolerable soil for
agriculture occur, but mostly, the soil is rocky
and barren, and often marshy. Pine and oak
the most abundant timber, — See Appalachian
Syste-m. Alleghany co, N. Y. in the w.. part of the
state, n. Pennsylvania line, 260 ms. w. Albany,
bndd. by Genesee and Livingston cos, n,, Steu
ben K., Pa, s., Cataraugus and Genesee w,, 40
ms, by 28, has 1120 sq, ms. It contains 13 ts.,
and is divided nearly equally by Genesee r.
rimning n. with two falls 90 and 60 ft. Much
of the soil is good alluvion, and the rest a gent
ly varied surface, generaUy better for grass
than for grain. Iron is mined in the n. There
is a good nuraber of raills and manufactures.
Pop, 1820, 9,330 ; 1830, 26,218,
Alleghany co, of Pennsylvania, having
Washington co, s, and 3, w,, Beaver n, w, ; But
ler n. ; and Westmoreland e. Length from e,
to w. 32 rae. mean breadth 18, and area 575 sq,
ms. The face of this county is in a peculiar
manner diversified. Though not traversed by
any mountain chain, the hills are high and swel
ling. The soil is fertile to the highest sum
mits, and in its natural state covered with a very
dense forest. But it is the rs. and their varie

gated banks, which form the true decoration of
this fine co, ; the Alleghany enters from the K.
E. and the Monongahela frora the s, e,, and uni.
ting at Pittsburg, form the Ohio ; the latter
winding to the n, w, traverses 14 ms, of the
western part ofthe co. To the rivers maybe
added Chartiers, and many other ers. which
contribute to drain and fertilize the fine vales
which spread over this beautiful country. For
lat. and long, see Pittsburg. In 18-20, the
population was, including Pittsburg, 34,921, in
1830, pop. 50,i52 including the city of Pittsburg,
and exclusive of Pittsburg, 37,984.
Alleghany, extrerae westem co. of Mary
land, bounded by Washington in Md. n., west
branch ofthe Potoraac, or Hampshire and Ha-
nay counties in Va. s,, Randolph and Preston
cos, of Va, w,, and Fayette, Somerset, and Bed
ford cos, in Pa, n. Extreme length along the
Pa. lino is 65 ras, but the breadth is very irreg
ular : on Randolph and Preston cos, it is about
35 ras,, at Cumberland about 7 ; the mean
breadth 12i, superficies 800 sq. ms. This co,
is traversed by the main chain of the Allegha
ny which discharges the higher branches ofthe
Youghioghany to the n. w,, and those ofthe w.
branch of the Potomac to the s, E, The entire
face of the country is excessively broken and
rocky, yet there is much excellent arable land,
sorae tracts of good soil even on the mountain
plains. The U. S, road commences at Cumber
land, and the elevation of the country may
be seen, by the fact that Cumberland stands el
evated above tide water 537 feet, and following
the U, S. road 9 ms. to Frost t. the rise is 1255
ft,, and is 26 ras, to the highest summit, 2289 ft.
Bituminous coal abounds in tbe mountain bowels
ofthis CO, which, should one or both the Balti
more and Ohio rail road, and Chesapeake and
Ohio canal be completed, even to Cumberland,
must become of great importance. For lat. and
long, see Curaberland. In 1820, pop. 8,654,
1830, 10,609.
Alleghany co, of Va,, bndd, by Monroe s, w,,
by the Alleghany mtn, or Green Briar n, w,,
Bath N, £;,, and Botetourt s. E, Length from n,
E. to s, w. 28 ms,, raean breadth 18 ms,, area
500 sq, ms. This co. occupies a high moun
tain valley, drained by some of the higher
branches of James r. Dunlap's and Poll's ers.
rising in Monroe, flow n. e. into Alleghany,
unite with Jackson's r. near Covington, and form
the main western branch of James river, which
continuing n. estrd, receives Cowpasture, on the
N, E, border of the co. Lying between lat, 37°
35' and 38°, and long, 3° w, W, C. and rising to
a mean level, exceeding 1000 feet above the
ocean tides, the seasons of this county are
essentially influenced by mountain exposure,
and by native height. Staples, grain, flour, &c.
Cf t, Covington. Pop. 2,816,
Alleghany Bridge p-o, McKean co. Pa. by
p-r. 210 ms, n, w, Harrisburg,
Allemance, p-v, Guilford co. N. C. 77 ms, n,
w, Raleigh.
Allen, p-t, Alleghany co, N, Y,, by p-r, 276
ms, w, Albany, Pop 898,
Allen, p.v, Cumberland co. Pa., 16 ms. Har
risburg, Allen, southern and border co. Ky., bndd, by
Simpson w,, Warren n,, Barren n, e,, Monroe

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16

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E. and Jackson in Ten. s. Length from n. to s.
23 ms., mean width 17, and area about 400 sq.
ms. Surface generally level ; soil middling.
It is drained by the higher ers. of Big Barren,
branch of Green r. Cf. t. Scottsville, lat. 36°
45', and long. 8° 50' w. intersect in this co. Pop.
1820, 5,327, 1830, 6,486.
Allen, co. of 0, bounded s. E, by Logan, s. by
Shelby, s. w. and w. by Mercer, n. w. by Van.
wert, N. by Putnam, and E, by Hardin, Length
from e, to w, 26 ms. breadth 24, and area 624
sq. ms. Lat. 40° 35', and long. 7° 10' w. W. C.
Slope to the n. w. It is drained into the sthrn.
branch of Au Glaize r., and contains the large
Wapahkonetta Reserve. Chief t. Wapahkonet-
ta. Pop. 1830, 578,
Allen, p-o, Miami co, 0,, 66 ms, wstrd, Co
lumbus. Allen, co. Ind. bounded E, by Paulding co,
0, ; it lies to the n. e. from Huntingdon co, Ind.
To the w., N. and s. the bounding cos. uncertain.
It is a square of 26 ms. each side ; area 676 sq,
ms. For central lat, see Fort Wayne. Under
the respective articles Maumee and Wabash rg,
the peculiar structure of the country now inclu
ded in Allen co, may be seen, A canal to cross
this CO, and to unite the navigable waters of
Maumee and Wabash is in actual progress.
{See article rail.roads and canals, col. first, of
pageUl.) Cf. t. Fort Wayne. Pop. 1830, 996,
Allen's cr. Genesee co. N. Y., 140 ms. long,
enters Genesee r. in Wheatland, It waters a
fertile country, which it supplies with many mill
seats. It was named after an Indian robber.
Allen's Ferry, and p-o. Warren co. Ten. ;
by p-r, 76 ms, s, e. by e. NashviUe.
Allen's Fresh, p-o. Charles co. Md. by p-r.
43 ms, sthrd, W. C,
Allen's Settlement, p-o, Natchitoches pa
rish. La., by p.r, 252 ms, n, w. New Orleans,
Allen's store, p-o, Randolph co, N, C, by
p-r, 78 ms, wstrd, Raleigh,
Allenstown, Merrimack co, N, H, e. Sun-
cook r,, 11 ms, s, E, Concord, 38 w, Portsmouth,
58 N, N, w, Boston ; contains 12,225 acres of
ordinary land. The timber is oak and pine,
great quantities of which are sent to Boston.
Bear brook furnishes raill seats. Catamount
hill supplies building granite. Pop, 484,
Allensville, p-o, Mifflin co. Pa. by p.r. 76
ms. N. wstwrd. Harrisburg.
Allenton, p-o. Montgomery co. N. C. by p-r.
123 ms. s, w. by w. Raleigh.
Allenton, p-v. in the s. part of Wilcox co.
Ala. 19 ms. southwardly from Canton, the st. jus.
and by p-r. 132 ms. a Uttle e. Tuscaloosa, and
931 s. w. W. C.
Allenton, p-v. in the northern part of Greene
CO. Ky. 15 ms, northwardly from Greensburg,
the St. jus., and by p-r. 75 ms. s, w, Frankfort.
Allentown, v. west corner of Upper Free
hold, Monmouth co. N. J. 11 ms. E, "Trenton, on
Doctor's cr, a branch of Croswick's cr,
Allentown, p-v, borough and st. jus. for Le
high CO. Pa. The proper, legal name of this
borough is Northampton, which see.
Alligator, p-o. in the northem part of Ala
chua CO. Flor. by p-r. 110 ms. s. E. by e. frora
Tallahasse, and 851 ms. o. o. w. W. C,
Alligator point, sthrn. extreme of Madison

CO Flor It is the cape on the westem side, at
the mouth of Suwaneer. and separates Vaca.
saussa bay from Santa Fe bay On Tannert
U. S. it is laid down at lat 29° 21', long. W. C.
6°21'w. .,,^ ^
Alloway's Creek, Salem co. N. J. empties
into Delaware r. about C ms. s. of Salem. It ri
ses in the same co.
Alloway's Creek, Lower t. Salem co. N. J,
between Alloway and Slow ers., n. e, Delaware
river is almost connected with low lands and
swamps. Pop. 1,223.
Alloway's Creek, Upper p-t. Salem co. N. J.
on the upper parts of AUoway's cr. Pop. 2,136.
Almirante, p-o. Walton co. Flor. by p-r. 132
ras. Pensacola.
Almond, p-t. Allegany co. N. Y. 13 ms. n, e.
Angelica, has pretty good land, with maple,
beech, bass, elm, oak, agb, and other timber.
Canadea creek and branches furnish mill seats.
Pop, 1804,
Alna, p-t, Lincoln co. Me. 10 ms. n. Wiscas
set. Pop. 1175.
Als Iain's p o. St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 52
ms. H, s, E, W. C.
Alstead, p-t, Cheshire co, N. H. 12 ms. s, E.
Charlestovni, 14 n, Keene, 50 w. Concord ; 24,.
756 acres ; has mill seats on Cold r, &.c. War.
ren's and other ponds afford many perch and
pickerel. The soil is strong. 'There are 2
public libraries. Pop. 1559,
Alton, p-t, Strafford co. N. H. 22 ms. N. E,
Concord, 25 n, w, Dover, s, Winnipisseogee
lake and bay ; contains 23,843 acres. The soil
is rough and rocky, but strong ; the timber is oak,
beech, maple, pine, &c. It contains Mount
Major and Prospect Hill, and part of Merry-
meeting bay, which receives Merrymeeting r.
Pop. 1993,
Alum Bank, p-o. Bedford co. Pa, by p-r, 120
ras. wstrd. Harrisburg.
Amasura, Amazura, or Amaxura r. of Flor.
rising in the Serainole country, interlocking
sources with those of St. John's and Hillsborough
rs,, lat, 28° 25', and flowing thence 45 ms, to the
N, w,, curves to the w,, enters Alachua co,, in
which, after a course of 30 ms, it faUs into the
Gulf of Mexico,
Amboy, t, Oswego co, N, Y. Pop, 669.
Amboy, (or Perth Amboy,) city and p-t. Mid
dlesex CO. N. J. is situated on the n. side of
Raritan r. at its junction with Arthur kiU sound,
that separates Staten Island from N, J, and lies
25 ms, s, w. New York, and 65 n. e, Philadel.
phia. The town is at the head of Raritan bay.
It has an exceUent harbor, easy of access,
by a channel affording 21 feet of water. The
Camden and Amboy rail road terminates on the
s, side of the Raritan opposite this place, Perth
Araboy is a port of entry for a district of the
same narae, the tonnage of which in 1829, was
7,510 tons. Pop, 879.
Amelia, co. of Va, bndd, n, w, by Cumber.
land or the Apporaattox r,, n, by the Appomat.
'"'Vl J '^^"™' "• '^' ^^ Appomattox or Ches
terfield, s, E, by Namazine cr, or Dinwiddie,
s, by Nottaway, and w, by Prince Edward ;
length from s. e, to N, w, 30 ms, with a mean
width 10, area 300 sq. ms. It is drained by
various ers. flowing to the north eastward, into

AMH

17

AMI

Appomattox. The surface is pleasantly diver
sified; soil of middling quality. For lat, and
long, see next article. Pop, 1820, 11,106; 1830,
free whites, 3293 : slaves, 7518 ; free colored,
220 ; total, 11,031.
Amelia, c. h. and p-o. Amelia co. Va, 40 ms,
s. w. by w. from Richmond. Lat. 37° 13', long.
10° 11' w. W. C.
Amelia, isl. of Flor. forming the eastern part
ofthe CO, of Nassau, and the north eastern of
the Territory, It is 13 or 14 ms, long, with a
mean breadth of about 1 m, ; surface low and
sandy. The position of this narrow strip is a
little inclining frora n. and s. towards n, w, and
s, E. extending frora the mouth of St, Mary's r,
to that of Nassau, Cf t, Fernandino.
Amenia, p-t. Duchess, co. N, Y,, w. Conn,
24 ms. E. N. E. Poughkeepsie, 12 ms, by Ah i
contains Great Oblong, Kent, and West mts,
which are of a poor soil. It has a number of
mills, &c. Pop 2,389,
America, p-v, and st, jus, Alexander co, II,
on the right bank of Ohio r. 13 ms, above the
influx of that streara into the Misp,, and by p-r,
181, though by direct r. not raore than 135 ms.
a very little s, of w, Vandalia, Lat, 37° 10',
long. W. C. 12° 12' w,
Ameriscoggin r, (See Androscoggin.)
Amesbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass, 40 ras, n, e,
Boston, 4 w, Newburyport, n, side of Merriraac
r, s. N, H, It is celebrated for the manufac
ture of flannel. Powow r. runs through the tsp.
and affords exceUent seats for manufactories.
It is navigable to the falls, where ships of 300
tons have been built, and sent into Merriraac r,
through a draw bridge at the mouth of the
Powow r. Pop, 2,445,
Amherst, p-t, and co, town, Hillsborough co,
N, H, 28 ras. s. Concord, 47 n, w, Boston, 60 w.
Portsmouth. Souhegan r. passes through it and
furnishes mill seats. There are 3 ponds, called
Babboosuck, Little Babboosuck, and Jo English.
The soil on Souhegan r, is excellent ; on the
hills it is generally good. 50 years ago, iron ore
was wrought here. The alluvion is sand, with
loose masses of primitive rock on the surface ;
the hills primitive. Pop, 1,657,
Amherst, p-v, Hampshire co. Mass. 8 ms.
N. E. Northampton, 85 w, Boston, 7 e. Conn, r.
Is hilly, with a very good soil, Amherst Col
lege was founded in 1821, and incorporated in
1825, There are 3 buildings for students, 4
stories high, containing each 32 rooms ; a fourth
contains a large chapel, and rooms for various
purposes. A fifth college building is soon to be
erected. Within the past year, a subscription
for the benefit of this institution has been rais
ed, amounting to $50,000 ; and during the same
period, large additions have been raade from
Europe to the Library, and Cheraical and Phi
losophical apparatus, collectively valued at $8,-
OOO, Beside the President, who is professor of
Mental Philosophy, and Divinity, there are 6 pro
fessors and 2 tutors. The expenses are frora
$96 to $122 a year to each student. There are
two parallel courses of study, one embracing the
ancient languages and literature, the other mod
ern. The apparatus was obtained in Europe,
Board costs ,$1 or $1,50 a week. Students in
1831-2, 195. The Amherst Academy and
Mount Pleasant Institutions are also in this t.

The former, where youth are fitted for college,
has a building 40 by 60 feet, 3 stories. The
former, on the plan of a German gymnasium,
has a building 200 feet long. Pop. 2,631,
Amherst, Erie co, N. Y, 7, ms, e, Buffalo,
5 or 6 ms, by 17, Tonawanta creek is on the
N, and its tributaries, Ellicott's, Cayuga, Con-
jocketa, Skyajocketa, Seneca and Cazenove
creeks run through the t. The soil is a gravel.
ly loam, nearly level, bearing small oaks, and
chesnuts, &c. with stony tracts. Limestone is
found, with nodules of gun.flint, Williamsville,
V, 11 ms, N, E, Buffalo v, has a toll-bridge 210
ft, long, and many raills. On sorae reserved
land s, w, are some Seneca Indians, Pop.
2,489. Amherst co. Virginia ; bndd, by Bedford co.
or Jaraes r, s, w, ; on the b. by James r. or
Carapbell co, ; s, E. by James river or Camp.
bell and Buckinghara cos, ; e, and n, e. by Tye
river, or Nelson co, ; and n, e. by Blue Ridge
or Rockbridge co. The form of this county is
that of a parallelograra, 22 by 19 ras, ; area 418
sq, ms. It is enclosed on 2 sides s, w. and s. e,
by James river, and entirely drained by the con
fluents of that stream ; general slope of the
county to the southward; oceanic elevation,
from 500 to SOO ft, ; with a tolerable fertile soil,
the face of Amherst is beautifully variegated
by a mountain, hill, and river scenery. For lat.
and long, see next article. Pop. 1820, 10,483,
1830, 12,071,
Amherst c-h, and p-o, Amherst co, Va, 102
ms, w, Richmond, and 15 N, n. e, Lynchburg, at
lat. 37° 29' long, 2° 12' w, W, C,
Amissville, p-o, Culpepper co, Va, 86 ras, s,
w, W, C. and 100 n, n, w, Richraond,
Amite r, of the states of Misp. and La, ; rises
in the former, 40 ms, s, e. by e, from Natchez,
and in Franklin co, over which, and Amite co,
it flows sthrd, 35 ras, and enters La, ; continu
ing a southwardly course 50 ms, farther it re
ceives the Iberville from the w, and turning ab
ruptly to the east, falls into lake Maurepas, af
ter an entire coraparative course of 100 ms.
Schooners drawing 5 ft. water are navigated up
this stream to Galvezton, at the mouth of the
Iberville, Amite, one ofthe southwestern cos, of Miss, ;
bounded w, by Wilkinson ; n, by Franklin ; e,
by Pike ; and s, by East Feliciana and St, He
lena parishes in La, It is in form of a paral-
lellogram, 30 ras, from e, to w, and 24 from n,
to s, area 720 sq, ms. Surface moderately hii.
ly, and though sorae good land is found along
and near the streams, the great body of the
county is sterile and covered with fine timber.
The Honochitto river forms a few miles of its
boundary on the n. w. and the Tangipa rises in
its s. E. angles, but the central and far greater
part of the surface is drained by the Amite r.
Lat. 31° 15', long. 14° w, W, C. Pop. 1820,
6,859, 1830, 7,934,
Amity, Alleghany co, N, Y, Pop, 872.
Amity, p-v. of Washington co. Pa. on Bane's
Fork of Ten Mile cr, 10 mg, s, from Washing
ton, the CO, t,, and 248 ms, wstrd. from Harris
burg. Amity, tsp. of Berks CO. Pa. Pop. 1810, 1,090,
1820, 1,279, 1830, 1,384.
Amity, p-v. in the s. w, part of Trumbull co.

ANC

18

AND

Ohio ; 10 ms, s, w. from Warren, the st, jus,
and 147 by p-r, n, e, by e, Columbus,
AiMMONoosuCE, Lower or great r, chiefly in
Grafton co, N, H, rises on the w, side of the
White rats, with one of its sources coraing frora
near the sumrait of Mount Washington, within
a few rods of the source ofthe Saco r. which
runs into the Atlantic. This streara has a s, w,
course of about 50 ms, and after receiving the
wild Ammonoosuck, 2 ms, from its mouth, en
ters Conn, 1, between Bath and Haverhill, It
has a clear current except in floods, and a valley
half a m, wide. It has a fall of 40 ft,, OJ ras,
frora the notch in the mts,
Ammonoosuck, Upper, or Little, Coos co, N,
H, rises n. of the White mts, runs near to An
droscoggin r, and after an irregular course of
about 50 ms. through a roraantic valley 7 or 8
ras. wide, enters Conn, r. in Lancaster.
Amoskeag, p-v. Hillsboro co. N. H, 16 ms,
below Concord,
Amoskeag Falls, Merrimack r, N, H, 48 ft,
3 in. descent in ^ra. are dammed in several
places, and have a canal of 1 m. with 9 locks.
Cost $35,000.
Amsterdam, p-t. Montgomery co, N, Y, «,
Mohawk r. containing 72 sq,ms. Soil various,
generally fertile, with alluvion on the r. Here
was fort Johnson, Chuctenanda cr, falls 120 ft,
in 100 rods from the Mohawk, at Amsterdam
viUage, Pop, 3,354,
Amsterdam, p-v, Botetourt co, Va. 5 ms, s,
from Fincastle and by p.r. 204 w. Richmond,
Amsterdam, new and rapidly increasing vil,
 CO, state of Misp, situated on Big Black
r, about 100 ms, by water above its influx into
Misp, r. It already contains 50 dwelling hous
es, 6 dry goods stores, 2 groceries, 2 cotton
warehouses, a neat church, and about 250 in
habitants. The exact location of this vil. is
not given in the account from which this notice
is compiled, but must stand at about 130 ras,
N. n, e. Natchez, and 70 ras, n, Jackson,
Amwell, p-t, Hunterdon co, N, J, 18 ms, n,
Trenton, Flemington, the st. jus, ofthe co, is
in this town. Pop, 7,385,
Amwell, tsp, Washington co. Pa, Pop, 1,733,
Anastatia, isld. of Flor, on the Atlantic, ex
tending 18 ms, frora the harbor of St. Augus
tine, to Mantanzas Inlet, with a breadth not ex
ceeding a mean of half a m. It is a low, sandy,
ocean beat reef, separated from the main land
by one of the Rigolets so very comraon on the
Atlantic and gulf coasts of the U. S. Accor
ding to Tanners' U. S. the signal tower on the
northern end of the island, is at lat. 29° 50',
long. 4° 29' w. W, C,
Ancocus (or Rancocus) cr, Burlington co, N,
J, runs n, w. enters Delaware r. 6 ras. s, Bur
lington, is navigable 16 ms. and affords many
mill seats,
Anoram, p-t, Columbia co, N, Y, 21 ras, s, a.
Hudson, 51 s, Albany, formerly wag included
in Livingston's Manor, Ancram cr, traverses
it, and supplies mills, &c. particularly Ancram
Iron Works, the ore for which, is brought frora
Salisbury, Conn. The soil is various but gene
raUy good, and is held chiefly on life leases,
Charlotte Pond erapties into Dove cr, a branch
of Ancram cr. Pop. 1,533,

Andalusia, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms.
E. from Harrisburg. ear,
Anderson, one of the Westem dists, of b. C.
lying between the Savannah and Saluda rs, hav.
ingPicken's dist, n, w, ; GrenviUe, n, e,; Abber-
ville, s, E. ; and Savannah r. or Elbert co. in
Geo, B, w, ; in forra of a rhomb of 28 ms. each
perpendicular, and about 800 sq, ms. The two
new dsts. of Anderson and Pickens, were form
ed frora Pendleton which is abrogated. Though
bounded by Saluda on the n, e, the far greater
part of Anderson is drained by the confluents
of Savannah r, ; the slope sthrd. The centre
of the dist, is at lat, 34i° very nearly, and w.
long. 5" 40' W, C, Chief t. Pendleton. Pop.
1830, 17,169.
Anderson co. Ten. bndd. by Granger e., Knox
s, E,, Roane s. w,, Morgan w. Campbell n, w,,
and Claibone n, e. Length from s. w, to n, e,
38 ms,, mean breadth 15, and area 570 sq, ras,
Lat, 36° 7', and long, 7° w, of W, C, intersect
near the centre of this co. The n. e. part is
bndd. by, and the s. w. part traversed by Clinch
r. The central section is in fact a deep valley
between Cumberland mtn, and Chesnut ridge-
Cf t. Clinton. Pop, 1820, 4,674, and in 1830,
5,310. Anderson co, Ky, bndd, by Mercer s, Spen.
cer w. Shelly n, w, Franklin n, and Kentucky r,
which separates it from Woodford e. Length
18 mg, mean breadth 10, and area 180 sq, ms,,
lying between lat, 37° 58' and 38° 8' and long,
7° 46' and 8° 8' w, W, C, Though bordering
on Kentucky r, Anderson is drained in most
parts bythe branches of Salt river, which flows
wstrd, Cf, t, Lawrence,
Andersonborough, p.v. Perry co. Pa, 37 ms.
N, w. Harrisburg.
Anderson c, h. p-o, Anderson dist. S. C. by
p-r. 148 ms, n, w, by w, Columbia,
Anderson's p-o. Wilson co. Ten, 34 ms, east-
ward from Nashville,
Anderson's Store, and p-o, Morgan co, 0,
by p-r, 84 ms, eastward from Columbus.
Anderson's Store, p-o. Caswell co, N. C, 56
ms, N, w Raleigh,
Andersontown, (or Andersonton,) p-v. and
St. jus. Madison co, Ind, situated on White r,
by p-r, 41 ms, n e. from Indianapolis, lat, 40° 7',
long. 8° 42' w, from W, C,
Andersonville, p-v, in the n. westem angle
of Franklin co, Ind, 20 ras. n, w. Brooksville,
the St. jus. and by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. by e. Indi
anapolis, Andersonville, p-v, of Pickens dist. S. C.
situated on the point of junction of Trigaloo and
Seneca rivers, on which the two latter streams
unite to form the Savannah r. by p-r, 152 ms.
s. w. by w. from Columbia.
Andes, p-t, Delaware co. N, Y, 15 mg, a,
Delhi, 55 w, Kingston, 10 ms, by 15, is waterd
ed m the e, by Delaware r, which is navigable
in raftg to Philadelphia, Tremperskill r, and
branches spread over much of the town, afford
ing mUl seats. There are also streams of the
Little Delaware, and the Plattekill, The sur
face is hilly, and the soil rich, bearing maple
beech and hemlock. Pop, 1,860, '
Andes, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 90 ms s w
Alban

AND

19

ANN

Andover, p-t, Oxford co. Me. 61 mg, w. of
Augugta, one of the most n, tgps, in the co,
named. It is mountainous, a little n, of An
droscoggin r. and is crossed by one of its branch
es. There is but one tsp. between it and N. H.
Pop. 399.
Andover, 'West Surplus, t. Oxford co. Me,
Pop, 119.
Andover, North Surplus, Oxford co. Me.
Pop. 76.
Andover, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 18 ms,
N. w. Concord, has Peraigewasset r, e, and
Blackwater r. s, w. which, with their branches,
supply many mill seats. There are also six
ponds of pure water, with pleasant shores. The
surface is very uneven, and in sorae places,
rocky and barren, but generally of good
soil. Ragged raountains are n. and Kearse-
arge has its base in the western part. Popula
tion, 1,324.
Andover, t. Windsor co, Vt. 20 ms, s, w,
Windsor, 68 s, Montpelier, 37 n. e, Bennington ;
first settled 1768, Markham's mtn. and mt.
Terrible w. It has only a few head streams of
WiUiams r. Pop. 975.
Andover, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 20 mg, n,
Boston, 16 w, N, w, Salem, 20 s, w, Newbury
port, on the main p.r, frora Boston to Haverhill
and Concord, s. e. Merrimack r. incorporated
1646, is a beautiful town, hilly, generally with
good soil and farms. There is a pond 7 ms.
round, whose outlet into Merrimack r furnish
es mill seats, as does Shawsheen r. There is
a bank, with woollen and cotton raanufactories,
Phillips Academy, founded in 1778, by Sarauel
and John Phillips, contains about 130 students,
in a building adjoining the Theological Acade
my, 40 feet by 80, and has funds to the amount
of more than $50,000, It has 2 departraents.
Classical and English, and connected with it is
a library of several hundred volumes. The
Abbot Female Academy has a principal, 4 as
sistants, and about 80 pupils.
The 'Theological Seminary here is the oldest
in the U. S. and was established in 1807, chiefly
by the donations of Wm, Bartlett, Moses Brown,
Phebe Phillips, John Phillips, Samuel Abbot,
John Norris, and his lady. It has a president, 4
ordinary and one extraordinary professorships,
and the buildings furnish accommodations for
120 students. The private donations which
support the Institution araount to about $400,-
000, from which the students are partly or whol
ly instructed. A class of 40 left this Institu
tion in Sept, 1831. There is also a seminary
for teachers here, established about 1830, for
common and other English schools and practi
cal men. The usual EngUsh branches raay be
pursued in it, with matheraatical and natural
sciences, raoral and intellectual philosophy, and
even raodern languages, apparatus, lectures on
school keeping, &c. It has 4 terms in a year,
at $5 to $8 for each branch per term, including
vocal music. Boarders in coramons work on
the farm 2 hours a day, which reduces the price
to 77 cents a week. Pop, 4,540,
Andover, p-v, Tolland co. Conn. 17 ms, E,
Hartford, Andover, p-v. AUeghany co. N. Y. 252 ms.
w. Albany.

Andover, v, Byram, Sussex co, N. J, 30 ms.
N. Trenton, 40 ms. w. N. w. N. Y., n. Musco-
netcong r,
Andover, t. Alleghany co, N, Y. Pop. 598.
Andover, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, 194 ms. n.
e. Colurabus. Pop. 414.
Androscoggin, r. (or Ameriscoggin,) Me.
The outlet of lake Umbagog rises in N. H. (one
branch, Peabody's r. flowing frora the White
mts,) then passing into Me, runs e, then s, and
joins Kennebec r, at Merrymeeting bay, 18 ms.
from the sea. It faUs 30 ft, near Lewistown.
It flows between two mountainous ranges.
Angelica, p-t. and cap, Alleghany co, N. Y.
260 ms, w, Albany, 40 w, Bath, 9 ms, by 30, is
divided n, and s, by Genesee r, whose branches
supply mill sites, and is slightly undulated with
a large share of good soils, of various descrip
tione, and raany kinds of forest trees, Belvi.
dere v, has a bridge over Genesee r, and Ange
lica V, contains the county buildings, 2 ms. e. of
that r. Some iron ore is found here. Pop.
998. Anglinton, p-v. Gwinnet co. in Georgia, by
p-r. 98 ras. a. w, MiUedgeville.
Annapolis, city, seat of govemment for Md.
and of justice in and for Ann Arundel co, is
situated on the right bank of the Severn r. 3
ras. above its raouth into Chesapeake Bay, 37
ras. N. 76 E. W, C, and 30 a little e, of s, Bal
tiraore, The seat of government was fixed in
this city in 1 699 and has reraained there ever
since. In 1820, the pop. was 2,260 ; in 1830,
2,623, Lat, 38° 58' long, W, C, 0° 31' e. St.
John's College in Annapolis was founded and
endowed in 1784. The nuraber of alurani ig
about 650. The present building is 3 stories
high, 90 ft. long and 60 wide. Others are about
to be erected. The charges in the regular col
lege bills, as stated in the President's expose,
are as follows : — payable quarterly in advance.
English department, $24 per annum. Prepara.
tory classes, 40 do. Freshmen and Sophomore
classes, 40 do. Senior and Junior classes, 50 do.
There is no comraons in the coUege ; but good
boarding, it is stated, can be procured in the
city for .j:120 per annum. " An abatement of
the college bills may be raade to necessitous
students ; and provision is secured for the gra.
tuitous instruction of 10 students who raay
bring the .proper testiraonials for that pur
pose," Annapolis, p-v, Jefferson co, Ohio, 16 ms, N.
w, by w, Steubenville,
Ann Arbour, p-t, and st, jus, Washington co.
Mich, situated on Huron r. by p.r. 42 ms. w.
Detroit, lat, 42° 18', long, 6° 45' w, W, C.
Ann Arundel co. of Md, bndd, by Calvert
CO, s, Patuxent r, or Prince George's co, w, Pa
tuxent r, or Montgoraery co, n, w, Patapsco r, or
Baltiraore co, n. and Chesapeake bay e. This
CO, lies in form of a crescent 60 ms, in length
from Fish cr, at the n. e, angle of Calvert, to
where it touches Frederick co, at Poplar Spring;
mean breadth about 13, and area 720 sq, ms.
Face of Ann Arundel is either hilly or rolling ;
the soil is varied, but in general ol a middbng
quality. The eastem part on the Chesapeake
is very much indented by small rivers and bays.
Pop, 1820, 27,165; 1830, 28,295

APP

20

APP

Annsville, Oneida co, N, Y, Pop, 1,481.
ANNSville, p-v. Dinwiddie co. Va. by p-r. 57
ms, southwardly from Richmond.
Annville, p-v, Lebanon co. Pa. 17 ms. e,
Harrisburg, Anson, p-t, Somerset co. Me. 12 ms. n. w,
Norridgewock, 40 Augusta, Pop. 1,533. It
lies w. Kennebec r. and is crossed by 7 mile
brook, in the s. part of the co.
Anson, border co, of N, C, bndd, by the co,
of Mecklenburg w. Rocky r, or Montgomery
N, Yadkin r, or Richmond e, and by Chester
field dist, in S, C, s. Length from e, to w, 33
ms, raean breadh23, and area 760 sq. ras. The
slope of this county is to the n, e, and estrd, ;
face of the country broken, Cf, t, Sneadsbo-
rough, N, lat, 35° and long, 3° w, from W, C,
intersect in the eastern part of the co. Pop,
1820, 12,534, 1830, 14,095,
Anson gold mines and p-o, Anson co. N. C.
about 140 ras. s. w, by w, Raleigh,
Anthony's Kill, a mill streara, running from
Long and Round lakes into Hudson r. between
Half moon and Stillwater.
Anthony's cr. and p-o. north eastem part of
Green Briar co. Va. by p-r. 195 mg. n. w. by w,
Richmond. Anthony's Nose, mt. N, Y. There are 3 or
4 hills or mts. by this name, in different parts of
the state, which bear some resemblance to a
human nose ; 2 in the Highlands, e, Hudson r,
1 in Johnstown, n, Mohawk r,
Antietam cr. of Pa. and Md, rises in Frank
lin CO, of the former, and entering the latter,
flows sthrd, past Hagerstown in Washington co,
falls into the Potomac,
Antioch, p-o, Marengo co, Ala, about 80 ms,
a little w, of s. Tuscaloosa,
Antistown, p-v, Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r,
124 ras, wstrd, frora Harrisburg.
Antrim, p-t, Hillsborough co, N. H, 30 ms,
w, by s. Concord, 20 n, w, Amherst, 67 n, w,
Boston ; contains 21,743 acres, w, Contoocook
r, is hilly with much good land, especially the
river alluvion ; n, branch supplies mill seats.
The w, part is mountainous, but affords good
pasturage, Gregg's Pond covers 200 acres,
and is 80 feet deep, with many perch and pike ;
there are 5 others. The soil is generally gra
velly loam, good for grass, corn, oats, flax, &c,
apples, maple beech, birch, ash, elm, hemlock,
&c, with very litlle white pine. First settled
1768, Pop, 1,309,
Antrim, tsp, Franklin co. Pa. bordering on
Washington co, Md, Pop. 3,831.
Antwerp, p-t, Jefferson co, N, Y, 170 ms, n,
w, Albany, 8 ms, by 13, has an uneven surface,
with much good soil for grass and grain, well
watered by Oswegatchie and Indian rivers. It
contains 2 p-vs, Antwerp and Oxbow, Pop,
2,411, Aplington, p-v, and st. jus, Colurabia co, Geo,
21 ras, N. N, w, frora Augusta, and 70 ms, n,
e, by E, from MiUedgeville in Geo, Lat, 33° 32',
and long, w, from W, C, 5° 20',
Apollo, p-v, Armstrong co. Pa, by p-r. 222
ms, wstrd, from Harrisburg,
Appalaohee Bay, This term has been given
to a rather undefined expanse of water spread
ing from Apalachicola bay and St. George's

island, estrd. to the coast of Madison co. in
Flor. bndd. inward by the Ocklockonne and St.
Mark's bays, and merging outwards by no as
signable limit into the Gulf of Mexico. As a
navigable mlet, Appalachee bay is of little con
sequence ; but it gains importance as being the
channel of entrance to Tallahasse, and afford
ing 7 ft, water to St, Mark's, The wide and
shoaly bank, which obstructs the coast from
Espiritu Santo to Vacassaussa, continues unin.
terrupted to the bay of Appalachee, where its
breadth is reduced to about 3 ms, and a chan
nel found to enter the river St, Mark. This
channel is accessible to vessels drawing 10 ft.
and affords to them a good anchorage 8 ms.
from St. Mark. Vessels drawing 8 ft. can at
high tide reach St. Mark. The distance along
the coast, from Vacassaussa bay, mouth of Su-
wanee, to Appalachee bay, mouth of St. Mark's
r. is about 95 ms. ; and the latter bay offers the
only anchorage to be found from the bay of
Espiritu Santo, that is to say, on an extent of
coast of about 230 ras. — (Vide Engineer's Re.
port.) Appalachee, small r. of Geo. and w. branch
of Oconee, rises about lat, 34° in Jackson and
Gwinnett cos, flows a, e, 50 ms, and falls
into the Oconee between Magan and Green
cos, Appalachian system of Mountains, This
though in no part very elevated system, is
araongst the great distinguishing and prominent
features of the earth. Composed of several
chains, the outline of the entire system is very
difficult to designate, but an attentive observer
on the course of its rivers, and on the physiog
nomy of the adjacent sections of the continent,
will very soon perceive irresistible evidence
that the Appalachian systera extends far beyond,
and on all sides, from what may be drawn as
its axis line. If we commence on the s. w.
the system becomes prominent between the
Tombigbee and Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa
rg. and extendg thence to the n, estrd, withm
the U. S. something above 1500 ras. This
length by no means terminates the chains in
either direction, as they are protruded very dis
tinctly to the s, w, of 'Tombigbee r, and into the
state of Mississippi ; and in the opposite extre
mity down the St, Lawrence r, to near the
mouth of that stream, and the whole system falls
Uttle if any short of 1800 ms, in length. Taken
transversely, the width of the system is very dif-
fficult to determine. As a mean, the actual prom
inent chains dilate to a width whichmaybe safely
estimated at 150 ms, ; or the Appalachian sys
tera in the U, S, comprise within their distinct
chains an area of 225,000 sq. ras.
This immense mountainous region gives
source and course to innumerable streams,
which find their respective recipients in the
Gulf of Mexico, s. w,, the bagin of St, Law
rence N, E,, and the Atlantic e, and s, e. Un
der the respective articles, AUeghany, Blue
Mountains, and Blue Ridge, will be given much
of the matter necessary to a detailed view of
the system of which they form important parts.
There is one feature, however, of this system,
which at the risk of repetition we shall notice
in this place. The common belief that mts.

APP

21

APP

are the superlative of hills, is erroneous in eve.
ry respect, for if such was the fact, no systera of
mts, could be distin<;t, as the slopes would have
a gradual rise frora the oceans, seas, lakes, or
rivers, and would appear every where merely
broken by the hilly protuberances, and must ap.
pear without lateral chains. If we take the
Appalachian chains as examples, we at once
behold not only the specific but generic differ.
ences between thera and hills. The mountain
chains stretch with generaUy a rude, but often
a very symmetrical approach to parallelism. The
rivers flow along the deep vaUies between, or cut
the chains at near right angles. These recip
rocal pbenomena, give to the joint mountain and
river scenery ofthe U, S, a very interesting as
pect. The rivers flow in such regular general
courses as to, in some degree, justify suspicion
that the maps were made from hypothesis ; but
if our raaps err on this subject, the error is on
the other side, in not following the natural regu
larity with sufficient care. This regularity is
in a particular manner conspicuous in the De
laware, Susquehannah, Potomac, James and
Roanoke rivers, ofthe Atlantic slope, and is by
no other streams shown more conspicuously
than by the Ohio, and confluent rivers on both
slopes of its valley. This geological structure
is again demonstrated by the St, Lawrence ba
gin on an immense scale. But the most re
markable, indeed we may say astonishing fea
ture in tbe great outlines of the U, S, is the great
conformity of the coast of the Atlantic Ocean
to the interior curves of the Appalachian sys
tem. The ledge of rock, over which so raany
ofthe Atlantic rivers are poured into tide wa
ter, is in reality the outer visible chain of the
Appalachian systera. Within the outer ledge,
and generally at the distance .of from 15 to 20
miles, extends the first elevated chain. Here
we may be permitted to notice the great defect
of delineation on our maps, as not only this outer,
but the second chain also, is generally omitted,
or marked in distinct and distant ridges. The
Blue Ridge is the first chain to which a con
spicuous representation is given on our best
maps. Thence with some unnecessary confu
sion the three main chains, the Kittatinny, Alle
ghany proper, and what is called in Tennessee,
and between Virginia and Kentucky,the Cumber-
laud Mountain, are tolerably marked. Between
the extremes of the system, the Appalachian
chains deflect greatly from an uniforra course.
Towards the southern extrerae in Ala. Geo,
Tenn. N. C, and as far as the basin of Roanoke
in Va, the direction of the chains is considera
bly east and west of n, e, and s. w. ; over the
residue of Va,, and over Md,, or to the valley
of Potomac, the course is very nearly s, w. and
N, E, In Penn, the system again deflects to the
east of N, E, and which direction is continued
into the basin of the Delaware, Thence over
the basins of Hudson and Connecticut, the
chains range a little east of n. It is evident
that with the sources of Connecticut, another
and great inflection takes place to the n, e,,
but dim as is the sight on many sections of this
system to the s. w. of the St. Lawrence basin,
it may be literaUy considered as immersed in
darkness beyond to the N. e,, though there is
4

sufficient evidence to sustain the theory that
the system is continued into Labrador,
The Atlantic tides traverse the Appalachian
chains by the channel of the Hudson, and pene.
trate still farther inland in that of St, Lawrence,
but in the latter instance the ocean swell is ar
rested before reaching the interior chains. The
rivers appear to have been in no instance influ.
enced in their recipients by the Appalachian
chainsj The St. Lavvrence has its remote foun.
tains far to the interior of the systera ; the Sug.
quehanna also to the wstrd. of all the chains
but one or two of inferior elevation. From tha
Susqueha.ana to the southwestward, as far as the
Altamaha inclusive, the Atlantic rivers derive
their sources within the system, and pierce the
chains in their respective courses towards the
Atlantic. On the other side, similar remarks
apply to the confluents of Ohio, which also risa
within, and break through, the Appalachian
chains in their courses towards their recipient.
A minute survey of this system is a real desid.
eratum, and would determine the direction of
the vallies, their elevation above tide water, and
the navigable obstructions or facilities in the
channels of the streams. Much has indeed
been done to obtain element for a correct map
of the Appalachian system, but the surveys be.
ing detached the elements lie scattered. The
following being founded mostly on actual sur.
vey is given as a general view. If we open a
book ahout the raiddle, and place it reversed
on a table, and then trace pencil linefe obliquely
over both sides and over the hinge part of the
binding, it will afford a strong resemblance to
the manner by which the Appalachian chains
traverse the U, S, Again, if we commence at
the channel of the Hudson, not only the chains,
but the base on which they stand, rise, until in
N. C. from whence issue the sources of Yad.
kin and Great Kenhawa, the elevation of the
cultivated vaUies exceeds a mean of 2000 feet,
whilst in the opposite direction the rise is still
more abrupt, as the farras along the higher con
stituent strearas of Connecticut r, also exceed
a mean of 2000 feet. The vallies thus we see,
have an ascent from tide water, but they are re.
spectively table lands. For instance, if we
suppose the mountains taken away, we would
find the vallies between them, as they now exist,
separated by immense buttresses, and their ap
pearance would be similar to terraces in a slo
ping garden.
It is this declination and relative level which
gives such variety to the cliraate of the Appa
lachian regions, in which relative latitude is on
ly one, and not in many cases the most impor.
tant element to deterraine relative temperature.
As a general rule it raay be adopted safely,
that proceeding from, or advancing to the At.
lantic coast to or from the mountain valleys,
that the climate changes as rapidly, if not more
so, than in a similar distance proceeding north
or south. From this constitution of the moun.
tain system arises also the fact, that the sum
raer climate of the southem part of the Appa.
lachian system is so delicious. If, indeed, we
stretch our view over the whole system, we
find the air, water, and earth pre-eminently
combining to give advantages to human society.

APP
In a state of nature, with very sraall compara
tive exceptions, the whole Appalachian region
was covered with a dense forest. Along »he
actual chains, evergreen trees, mostly terebin-
thine species prevail ; and in the intermediate
vallies, oaks and hickories abound. Arotmd
the southern extreme, and spreading to the At
lantic ocean and gulf of Mexico, extend almost
interminable pine forests. Separate and min
gled with these more general species, grow in
numerable other forest trees, and indigenous
vegetables of more humble individual magni
tude. Though the valuable minerals yet disco
vered in this great physical section are not spe
cifically very numerous, the quantity and intrin
sic importance of those actually discovered ful
ly compensate for the absence, or perhaps only
non-discovery of others. Iron ore, mineral coal,
limestone, and marble, all abound. Of these,
iron ore is the most abundant, and most widely
distributed, 'This most indispensable of all me-
taUic productions is already extracted to great
extent, and presents the security of an abun
dance beyond human power to exhaust.
Gold has recently been one of the produc
tions of the sthrn. part ofthe Appalachian regioe,
and is already extracted frora its native beds to
no mean amount ; whilst a far more valuable fos.
sil, mineral salt {muriate of Soda,) bag long been
produced in various parts of the western side of
the system. Lead and copper are also found,
though in no very great abundance, and extract
ed from various parts, and indications of other
metals are discovered. In extemal appearance,
the Appalachian chains are coraposed in the
far greater part of long regular ridges, in which
the intervention of peaks are rare. The com
ponent rocks are specifically much varied, but
a rock which has received the name of Gray
Wacke is predominant. Granite, gneiss, and
limestone exist in iraraense quantities, though
the latter seldom or ever form any great part of
the real mountain mass. Along the north- west
em side of Blue Ridge, from Vt, to the Caroli
nas, extend beds of limestone which, spreading
from the mountain base, frora three or four to
eight or ten railes wide, underlays the super
strata. This is probably one of the raost ex
tensive calcareous formations of the earth, but
it is only one of those presented on the Appala
chian surface. Expanding towards the Ohio
are again limestone tracts, which give fertility
to spaces already brought into cultivation, and
admitting an incalculable density of population.
In fine, the Appalachian fystem raay be regard
ed as the skeleton of the eastern section of
the U, S,, but a skeleton comprising some ofthe
richest treasures of the globe, and in the water
falling over its rough exterior, affording a pow
er, which in the hands of an intelligent people
leaves no lirait to mechanical operation. In its
rivers, which have already torn away the rocky
fragments from their channels, coramercial
routes are already traced, and an incalculable
amount of human labor saved. The chains of
this system compose at once the ornament, and
the boldest outline of the fine country over which
they extend, (See under their respective heads
the principal chains of the system,)
Appalachicola Bay, or the estuary of Appa-

22  APP 
lachicola r. This bay, properly speaking, is
composed of two connected parts— St. George's
Sound, and Appalachicola Bay proper-
St George's Sound. The shoal which ex
tends all along and parallel with the coast,
makes out abruptly at Ocklockony bay to the s.
for a distance of about 12 ms, and projects from
South Cape. West of this Cape, it re-assumes
its paraUel course to the coast, and may be con
sidered as terminating at Cape San Bias ; on
this distance it forms tbe basin of the islands
which cover St. George's Sound. These islands
are three in nuraber. To the n. e. towards Ock
lockony, the first is Dog Island, 6 ms. long.
Thence, stretching first s. w. by w. and thence
with a projection to k, w. extends to St. George's
Island, 30 ms. in length. Continuing the course
of the w. w, curve of St, George's Island, ex
tends to St. Vincent's Island, 9 ras. long. The
water distance from the e, to the w, end of the
Sound is about 50 ras. The width at its east
ern extremity, is about 4 ras. and n, from Cape
St. George, about 9 ms. The Sound can be en.
tered by any of the passes ; one round the east
ern point of Dog Island, the second between
this island and St, George's Island, the third be
tween St. George's Island and St. Vincent's Isl
and. The first, called the eastem pass, offers
a depth of 14 ft. at low tide, and this depth is
found on a width of 600 yards, ou a bar which
lies at about 2^ ms. from the Sound. The se.
cond or middle pass, has a least depth, at low
tide, of 15 ft, on the bar ; its channel is con
tracted between the shoals which make out of
the two islands ; the width on the bar, for 15 ft.
water, is about 650 yards ; the entrance is on
Dog Island side. 'The distance between Dog
and St. George's Islands is three ms. The third
pass, called the main pass, has a width, on the
bar, of 300 yards, for a depth of 14 or 15 ft. at
low tide. The bar lies s. eastward of Flag Isl.
and, and about 2 ms. s. w. of the entrance into
the Sound. Between St. Vincent's Island and
the main shore, called the Westem or Indian
pass, the depth, it is said, admits only canoes.
From the eastern to the middle pass, St, George's
Sound affords from 9 to 18 ft. water ; but hence
wstrd. to the main pass, it is so obstructed by
banks as to admit vessels of 6 ft. draught only.
Mean rise of tide, 2i ft. as 15 days observa.
tion ; s, w. wind prevailing, Appalachicola Bay
is the raere opening of the r. of that name into
St George's Sound. Its entrance into the sound
is upwards of 5 ms, wide. The distance in a
s. w. direction, from the raain pass between St.
George's and St, Vincent's islands to the w.
point on the bay, is about 12 ms., but interve.
ning obstructions compel vessels bound up or
down, to curve estrd. which increases the dis
tance 6 ras. Vessels drawing 10 ft. can anchor
in the bay, but only 7i can be carried up and in
to the river.
Vessels drawing from 5 to 5i ft. can be navi.
gated between Appalachicola bay and Ocklock.
ony bay, by keeping not far from the shore, and
entermg St. George's Channel at its eastern end.
Except the Capes of St. George and St Bias
the out shore ofthe islands covering the sound
maybe considered as bold, within a short dis
tance from the land.— (Fide Engi-neer'e Report.)

APP

23

ARC

Appalachicola, r. and basin of the U, S, in
Ala. Geo. and Flor. The r. is formed by the
united streams of the Chattahoochee and Flint
rs. The Chattahoochee rises in Habersham co,
Geo, lat. 31° 50', and between long, 6° 7' w, from
W. C. interlocking sources with Savannah, Hi
wassee, branch of the Tennessee, and Etowah
branch of Coosa r. Flowing thence s, w, by
comparative courses 200 ms, to lat. 33°, where
it assuraes a southern course of 200 ms, to its
junction with Flint r, at lat, 30° 42', It is a sin
gular feature in the character of Chattahoochee
valley, that in a length of 320 ms. it is in no
jplace 50 ras, wide, and does not average a
width of more than 30 ms, giving to this length
ened valley only a superficies of 9,600 sq, ms,
Flint r, rises in Coweta, Campbell, Fayetie, and
Henry cos, of Geo, between the main volume of
Chattahoochee, and the sources of the Oakraul-
gee, and flowing thence s, s, e, by comparative
courses, 120 ms, nearly parallel to the latter,
thence inflects to s, s. w, 100 ms, to its junction
with Chattahoochee, Though comparatively
wider, the valley of Flint, like that of Chatta.
hoochee, is narrow. In Dooley and Lee cos. of
Geo. where, in lat. 32° the valley of Flint is
widest, the breadth is only 65 ms. and the en
tire valley does not exceed a mean of 35 ras, or
about 7000 sq, ms. The Appalachicola is form
ed by the united waters of Chattahoochee and
Flint, which, assuraing a course a little e. of s,,
receiving from the n, w, the small r, Chissola,
and not even a large creek from the opposite
slope, after flowing 70 ms. falls into Appalach
icola bay by several channels, at lat, 29° 46'
and exactly on long, 8° W, C, The Mississippi
and Appalachicola are the only confluents of
the Gulf of Mexico in the U. S, which protrude
deltas at their mouths, and the latter, compared
with its length of course, of all rivers of the
U, S. presents the greatest variety of climate.
This basin stretches through 5i° of lat. and ri
sing on a mountainous region, elevated at least
2000 ft, above the surface of the Mexican Gulf,
or an equivalent in relative height to 5° of lat.
the difference of temperature at the extremes
must equal near 10°. The entire superficies in
the basin of Appalachicola, is 19,700 sq. ms. of,
a dry, and, except near the coast of the Gulf of
Mexico, a broken, and near the superior sources,
a mountainous country. Though less in volurae
than the Mobile, it is comparatively a raore
navigable stream. Sea vessels ascend to the
junction of the Flint and Chattahoochee, The
Appalachicola r, has three outlets into the bay
of the same name. The first, a straight chan
nel, close to the right shore, and through which
5 feet only can be carried at low tide. Second,
the main channel, which is very crooked, bends
in a semicircle towards the e, and affords up to
the r, a depth of 7i ft. Thirdly, the swash, or
N, E, channel, which comes into the main chan
nel 3 ms, from the bar, and presents a depth of
5 ft. through. It must be remarked, that the
tide makes earlier in the first channel than in
the others. The mean rise of tide hasbeen IJ ft,
for ten days observation. The bay of Appalach
icola cannot admit, at low tide, vessels drawing
aiore than 10 feet, — {Vide Engineer' s Report.)
Apple r. smaU stream rising in the N. W,

Ter, flows southwardly into II,, traverses Joo
Daviess co, and falls into the Mississippi, about
20 ms, below Galena,
Apple River, p.v, on the r. ofthe sarae name,
Joe Daviess co. II. about 20 ms. s. e, by e. Gale
na, and by p-r, 310 ms, n, n. w. Vandalia, and
974ras, W,C,
ArpLETON, p-t, Waldo co. Me, 35 ms, n, b.
Wiscasset, 35 w, », w, Augusta, between St.
George's and Muscongus rs. which pass Warren
and Waldoboro' to the sea. Pop, 735,
Appling ccofGeo, bndd, s, by Ware, o, w,
by Irwin, w, by Telfair, n. w, by Montgomery, or
the Ocraulgee r,, n. and n. e, hy Tatnall or the
Altamaha r, and E, by Wayne, Length along
the sthrn, boundary 40, mean width 25, and area
1,000 sq, ras. The northem part is drained by
small ers, flowing into the Ocmulgee or Altama
ha rs,, but the central, southern, and more than
half the whole area is watered by various
branches of Santilla r, (For lat, and long, see
ApplingviUe,) Pop, 1820, 1,264, 1830, 1,468,
Appltngton, (or Columbia Court House,) p-v,
and st, jus, Colurabia co, Geo. 21 ms. n, w, by
w, Augusta, and by p-r, 81 ms, N, E, by e, Mil-
ledgeville, Lat, 32° 32', long, 5° 20' w,
W, C,
Applingville, (or Appling Court House,)
now Holraesville p-o, and st, jus, for Appling co.
Geo. lat. 31° 16', long. 5° 28' w. W, C, in a
direct line about 100 ms, s, w, by w. Savannah,
and 120 s, h, e, MUledgeviUe, Letters intend
ed for this place ought to be directed to Holmes-
ville, or Appling Court House,
Appomattox, i , of Va. rising in Buckingham
and Prince Edward cos, and flowing thence by
a very crooked channel, but by a general east.
ern course, with the cos, of Prince Edward,
Amelia, Dinwiddie, and Prince George on the
right, and Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhatan,
and Chesterfield on the left, falls into James r,
after a comparative course of 90 ms. The tide
ascends the Appomattox, to the falls of Peters
burg, about 20 ms, above the mouth, and thus
far contains depth of water for large merchant
vessels. This stream drains a very fine sec
tion of Virginia, between lat, 37° 33' and 37°
26', AppoauiNiMiNK, small r, or cr. of New Castle
CO. Del, rising in Kent and Ccecil cos, Md, in
terlocking sources with Sassa.fras r, of Chesa
peake bay, and flowing thence eastwardly, falls
into Delaware bay, below Reedy island,
AouACKANACK, t, Essex CO, N, J. w, Passaic
r,, 9 ms, N. Newark. Boat navigation extends
to the viUage,
AaUASCo, p-v. Prince George's CO, Md, situa
ted onthe right bank of Patuxent r, 34 ms, s. e.
W.C.
AauiA, p-o. Stafford co. Va, on a small cr, of
the sarae name, by p-r. 42 ms, s, o, w, W, C.
Ararat, p-o, Patrick co, Va. by p-r. 311 ms,
s, w, by w, W, C,
Arbela, p-o, Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 47 ms.
estrd. Harrisburg.
Arcadia, p-v. Wayne co. N, Y, Pop, 3,774,
Arcadia, p-v, Morgan co, II. by p-r. 122 nis,
N. w. Vandalia.
Arcola, p.v, Lawrence co. Ind, by p-r, 82 ms.
s, s. w. Indianopolis,

ARK

24

ARK

Ard's Bluff, p-o. on Pearl r. Marion co,
Misp, about 120 ms, s, E, by e, Natchez,
Arena, new co, Mich,, bndd, s, w. by Mid.
land, by Gladwin w,, on the north by the unap
propriated part of the territory, and on the e,
and s, e, by Saginaw bay. Breadth from s, to
N, 24 ms., mean length 30, and area 720 sq. ms,
Lat 44° and long, 7° w, W, C. The centre of
the CO. lying a Uttle e. of n, n, w, 130 ms, from
Detroit. Slope estrd. Population uncertain.
Argyle, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 326.
Argyle, p-t, Washington co, N, Y,, 6 ras, s,
Sandy Hill, 44 n, Albany, e, Hudson r, has an
undulated surface, pretty good soil, with several
ponds and mill streams, and 2 villages, Argyle
and Fort Miller, where is a bridge over Hudson
,. Pop, 3,459,
Arkansas, r. ofthe U, S, and ofthe Mexican
province of Texas, rises in the eastem vallies
ofthe Rocky or Chippe wayan mts, about lat, 42°,
and long, 31° w, W, C. interlocking sources
with those of Lewis r, branch of Columbia, the
main volume of Platte i, of Mo,, opposite to
those of St, Buenaventura, of the Pacific ocean,
and the Rio Grande del Norte. Flowing 200
me, s, E, nearly paraUel to the Rio Grande, the
Arkansas assumes an easterly course of 400
ms, to its junction with the Negracke, and re.
turns to the course of s, e, 250 ms, to the en
trance of the great western confluent, the Ca
nadian i. This 1, is the great southwestern
confluent of the Arkansas, and as laid down by
Maj, Long, rises in the mtns, of New Mexico,
27° of long, w, W. C, and between lat, 33° and
37°. Rising in the eastem vallies of a rather
elevated chain, the two raain, and nuraerous
minor branches ofthe Canadian pursue a gene
ral eastern course over 9° of long., the various
branches first uniting into one stream, which
joins the Ark, at lat, 35°, and long, 18° w,W. C
The valley of the Canadian r. is in length about
600 ms, with a mean breadth of 100 or area
50,000 eq. ms. The far greater part of this
physical section is an open, unwooded series of
plains, or rolling prairie. The soil is sterile,
and partakes much of the character of the step
pes of northern Asia. Maj. Long, in 1817, found
the bed of this r. almost dry, and himself and
party were exposed to great suffering from want
of water, on the banks of a river, following its
windings, perhaps a thousand miles from its
source. The valley of the Canadian is in fact,
a part of a real North American desert. The
Canadian drains the space eastward from the
sources of Rio Grande del Norte, and between
that of Arkansas and Red r. About one half
ofthis valley is e, of the 100th deg. w. from
Greenwich, of course in the U. S, Below
their junction, the united waters of the Arkan.
eas and Canadian rs, pierce the Arkansas rats,
and flow s, e. 250 ras, to their final union with
the Mississippi, at lat, 33° 56', and long, 14°
10' w. W. C. Of the confluents of the Arkan.
sas, the first rank is due to the Canadi.
an river. The latter, though long known by
name, has been but recently sufficiently ex
plored, to enable geographers to assign its due
rank. As laid down from Maj. Long's discov
eries, this r. by two great branches, rises in the
mts. of New Mexico, as far wstrd, as 28° from

W C and within 40 ms. from the main stream
ofthe Rio del Norte, between the towns of
Santa Fe and Taos, and between the sources of
Arkansas proper and those of Red r, and be
tween lat, 34° 30' and 37° 30', From this
mountainous origin, the Canadian, by two
branches, called relatively North and South
Canadian rs„ flows over the wide central
plaing of North America by a courge of e. a little
s,, the two streams generally at from 40 to 60
or 70 ms. asunder, gradually approach each
other, and finaUy unite, after a comparative
course of upwards of 700 ms. Besides the two
middle or principal branches of Canadian r,,
there are beside many smaller, one the s, e.
Fork, a stream 300 ms,long, rising between the
southem Canadian, and the branches of Red r.
and falling into the main Canadian below the
junction of its two great constituents. Below
the union of all these confluents, the Canadian,
after an easterly course of about 50 ms. joins the
Arkansas at lat. 35°, and 18° w. W. C. and
directly on the westem side ofthe Arkansas
mts. Between the Kansas and Osage branches
of Missouri, the Arkansas mtg. and Arkansas r,
a space of about 10,000 sq, ms, is drained by
Verdegris, Neosho or Grand, and Illinois rivers,
which flow sthrd, into Arkansas, which they
join wstrd, from the Arkansas mts. The entire
surface contained in the Arkansas valley, above
the mountains, is at least 170,000 sq. ms. Be.
low the raountain pass, the Arkansas valley,
in a length of 250 ms, does not average a width
above 40 miles, or 10,000 sq, ms. Combining
the two sections, the entire surface drained by
the Arkansas and all its confluents, amounts to
178,000 sq, ms. The geographic position of
this valley is between lat, 34° and 42°, In com.
parative geography, the river of Europe, which
in course and extent most nearly approaches the
Arkansas, is the Danube. By actual calculation,
the Arkansas flows s, 65°, e, a fraction above
1,300 statute ms, in a direct line from source to
mouth. The Danube flows s. 82°, e. within an
inconsiderable fraction of 1,470 ms. The sub.
vallies of the Danube are something more ex-
tensive than those of Arkansas, but in a general
view, if even the inflections of those two great
rs, are compared, the resemblance is very
strong, andif White r, was included in Arkan.
sas vaUey, as it might be without much violence
to correct analogy, the two valleys would pre.
sent features peculiarly similar. But with the
outline and general course of the main and
minor volumes ofthe Danube and Arkansas, all
resemblance between these rivers ceases. The
latter, indeed, in many essential physical fea
tures, bears a striking resemblance to the Nile,
though taken as a whole, the Arkansas stands
alone among the rivers ofthe earth. Rising on
a mountainous table land of probably 5,000 feet
elevation, and entering the Mississippi where
the river level does not exceed that of the ocean
150 ft. the actual depression of slope is equal to
12 degrees of latitude, giving a difference oftem.
perature of 20 degrees. The far greater part
of the inclined plane falling from the Chippe-
wayan towards the Arkansas mts. is naked of
timber and sterile, scarce of fountain water and
presenting a perfect model of the central step-

ARK.

25

ARK

pes of Asia. In the winter and spring, or in the
rainy season, the streams bear down immense
masses of water, whilst in autumn and in the
early part of winter, they are dwindled to mere
rills where any streara continues ; but in the
Canadian, even that feature ceases, andthe bed
ofthe river becoraes in September, October and
November, a lengthened line of dry sand, and
in many places, miles intervene without even
a remaining stagnant pond. Those harsh fea
tures are softened rather than changed, below
the mountains marked in Tanner's maps as
Ozark mts. ; prairies still continue, though less
extensive and less sterile than those more
westward. Springs of fresh water also in
crease, approaching the inundated plains near
the Mississippi, but in a general view, the en
tire valley of Arkans.is may be regarded as
naked and rather sterile. 'To this character,
the most striking exception is afforded by the
inundated border near the Mississippi. With
out including rainute bends, the Arkansas flows
300 ms. fromthe mouth of Canadian, to its own
influx into the Mississippi. This part of the
valley does not exceed a mean breadth of 50
miles, the tributary streams are of course
small ; prairies gradually cease, and approach
ing the great recipient, an annually overflowed
and deeply wooded plain, terminates the length
ened valley of Arkansas. The inundations of
this great though secondary river, are as regu
lar as those of the Mississippi, but from the
position ofthe vaUey, the discharge ofthe Ar
kansas is less in quantity in a given time, than
might be expected. The water of the Missou
ri, a milky blue, and that ofthe Ohio, a blackish
green, are very distinct from the ochreous red
water of the Arkansas, which latter again dif
fers from the brighter red volume of Red river.
The great Arkansas flood reaches the Delta in
May, and early in June, preceding the tide from
Missouri and the higher Mississippi, and near.
ly simultaneous with that of the Ohio.
Arkansas, Ter. ofthe U.S. bounded w. by
the yet unorganized territory formerly a part of
La., N. by the state of Mo., e. by the Mississip
pi r,, and s, by the state of La. On Tanner's
map of the United States the ter, of Ark, is
made coramensurate on the w, with the state of
La, or 17° 30' w. long. W. C, having outlines
in common with La, on lat 33° of 190 ras,, on
the Mexican province of Texas about 40 ras,,
along the westem ter. of the U. S. 210, in com
mon with the state of Mo. along lat. 36° 30'
266 ms., down St. Francis r, to lat. 36° 50 ms,,
along lat 36° to the right bank of the Missis
sippi r, 34 ms., down the right bank of the Mis
sissippi r, to the N, E, angle of La. 360 ms,, en
tire outline 1140, lying between lat, 33° and
36° 30', and between long, 12° 44' and 17° 30'
w, W. C. The ter. within these outlines, em
braces an area of 54,860 sq. ms, lying so very
compact as to approach a square of 234 ms,
each side. Ark, is naturally divided into three
distinct sections. The e. section, along the
Mississippi, White, St. Francis, and Ark. rs. is
mostly level, and in winter and spring, except
the margin of the streams, liable to inundation.
'V^ith some prairie, thig e. gection ig covered
with a dense forest. The soil, where arable, is

very productive. The middle section, watered
by the higher branches of White r,, by the main
volume of Arkansas, the higher branches of
Ouachitta, and by Red r, is broken, in part rath
er mountainous, and presenting extensive prai
ries. The w. and n, w, section is mountainous,
with extensive prairies. Though an interior re
gion, Ark,ig in a high degree gupplied with navi.
gable streams. Beside the Misp, which forms
the eastern boundary, St, Francis rises in Mo,,
and flowing s, enters Ark,, over which it flows
120 ms,, falls into the Mississippi, about 60 ms,
above the mouth of White r. The latter, a much
more considerable stream, rises inthe s,part of
Mo, by two great branches. White r, proper and
Black r,, which, uniting in Ark. flows below
the junction 120 ms. and faUs into the Missis
sippi, 15 ras. above the raouth of Arkansas r.
Though impeded by shoals, the Arkansas is a
navigable r. far above the limits of the territory
to which it gives name. The Ouachitta rises
by numerous branches in the Masserne moun
tains, between Arkansas and Red rs. and is
navigable at high water with boats of considera
ble size, by the bends 200 ms, within Arkansas,
Red r, traverses the extreme s, w, angle of the
territory. It may be doubted whether in thia
large ter, there is one spot 100 ras, frora a navi
gable water course. The St, Francis, White,
and Arkansas rs. forra navigable channels with
in the ter. into the Mississippi, whilst the Red
r. and its confluent the Ouachitta, leave the ter.,
traverse Louisiana, and finally join the same
great recipient. The mineral wealth of Ark.
has been too iraperfectly developed to admit
definite notice. The iramense salt prairies or
steppes of the ulterior, give a brackish taste to
the water of Arkansas, Numerous salt springs
are scattered over the country. Indications of
lead and iron are numerous. Some lead has
been smelted, but not in large quantity. As a
whole, Arkansas may be regarded as a barren
country, though scattered over the entire extent,
tracts of exuberantly fertUe soil occur. If we
compare it with La,, and from what I have seen
of both these two regions, they appear remark
ably similar in the relative extent of arable to
unproductive soil in each, respectively, the
cultivateable surface would be about as one to
four. The difference of latitude and elevation,
give to the respective sections of Ark, a much
greater range of temperature, than from its ex
tent could be expected. Cotton can be cultiva
ted to advantage on the s, and s, e, sections ;
but advancing up the streams and rising to a
much higher elevation, the temperature falls,
and small grain succeeds well. On the whole,
the cliraate of Arkansas may be considered as
excessively variable ; that of the s, resembles
Louisiana, whilst towards the n, and w, the
seasons approach those of Missouri, Amongst
the curiosities of Arkansas, may be particularly
raentioned the Hot Springs. "These fountains,
with a teraperature near that of boiling water,
are 47 ms. s. w, by w. frora Little Rock, on the
Arkansas, and near the main stream of Washi-
tau. They became a plaoe of resort for inva
lids about 1800, and have increased in reputa
tion. The adjacent country is rocky, sterile,
and mountainous, the water pure, and air elas-

ARK 26
tic, affording a most dehcious retreat from the
summer and autumn temperature of Louisiana
and South Arkansas, The Washitau is navi
gable with steam boats to within 30 ms. of the
springs. Arkansas being yet a territory, the
government is therefore not permanently fixed,
which precludes the propriety of inserting the
existing form in this place.
The pop, of Ark, in 1820, was 14,273, and in
1830, had increased to 30,388, as follows :
White persons.
Males, Females. 2,782 1,8971,494],5-25
3,012 1,087 ,528 301107 31 930

ASC

Under 5 years

of age,

3,020

From 5 to 10,

2,021

10 to 15,

1,626

15 to 20,

1,372

20 to 30,

2,835
30 to 40,
1,820
40 to 50,
876
50 to 60,
434
60 to 70,
209
70 to 80,
69
80 to 90,
13
90 to 100,
1
100 and u
pwarda,
0
Of Iheee, 10 were deaf and dumb, and 8 blind.
, Colored Population.
Fl
ee.
Slaves.
Males.
Fems.
Males.
Feras.
Under 10 years of ase
27
17
846
803
From
10 to 24,
17
13
814
836
24 to 36,
23
10
395
399
3(i to 55,
17
7
192
193
55 to 100,
3
6
47
51
100 and upwards, 1
0
0
1
Total,
88
53
2,293
2,283
Of colored persons, 4 were deaf and dumb, and 2 blind.
Recapitnlation,
Whites. Free col. Slaves. Total.
25,671 141 4,576 30,383
Arkansas, co, of the territory of the sarae
aame, lying on both sides of Ark, r, having
Chicot CO, s,, Clark w,, Jefferson n, w,. White
r, or Monroe co, n, e., and the Mississippi r. a.
Length from n. to s, 60 ms, mean width 40, and
area 2,400 sq, ms. This co, is traversed ob
liquely frora N. w, to s. e, by the Ark, r,, and the
White r. bounding it to the n. e. renders the
lower part subject to annual overflows. The
Bayou, Barthelamy, and Boeuf rs., branches of
the Washitau, rise in the s. part, flow s, over
Chicot CO, enter La, The w, side rises into
erainences, but the body of the county is level.
Pop, 1,423. (For lat. and long, see next arti
cle,) Arkansas, p-v, and st, jus, for Ark, co. Ark.
Ter. This is the same village formerly called
"The Post of Arkansas," and was founded by
the French in 1685. It stands on the n. bank
of Ark. r. at lat. 34°, long, w, W.C. 14° 25'.
The site is a high, narrow bluff of poor soil,
with the inundated flats of White r, in the rear.
Distant about 100 ms, s, e, from Little Rock,
and by the bends of the r. 50 ms. from the Mis!
sissi'ppi. Arkopolis, p-v, and seat of govemment, Ark,
ter, (See Little Rock,)
Arkport, p.v, Hornellsville, Steuben co, N,
Y, 20 ms, s. Bath, 260 ms, w, by s. Albany, on
Canister r,
Arkwright, Chautaque co. N. Y. Pop. 926.
Arlington, p.t, Bennington co. Vt., 12 ms. n.
Bennington, 106 Montpelier, and 40 from Troy,
Saratoga Spa, Whitehall and Rutland, was first
settled in 1763, and is watered by Roaring
Branch, Mill cr. Warra cr, and Green r. as weU
as Battenkill i. of which they are branches.
There is plenty of raUl seats, and much fine in
terval land. North and Red rats, in the w, are
divided by Battenkill r, and bear white, red and
black oak, white and black birch, chesnut, wal.
nut, &c. The soil is rich, and bears grain.
Much white marble is quarried here for tomb
stones, &,c. and lime-stone is bumt. There is
a ferruginous spring, and a curious cavern in
this t. Pop. 1,207.
Armagh, p-v. s, part of Indiana co. Pa, about
60 ms. E, Pittsburgh, and 35 n, e, Greensburg.
Armstrong's p-o, Wabash co. 111, by p-r. 111
ras, s, JS, by e, Vandalia,
Armstrong co, of Pa, bndd, e, by Jefferson co.
s, Ji, by Ind,, s, by Kiskirainitas r, or Westmore
land CO,, w, by Butler, and n, by Clarion r. or
Venango co. Length 45, raean width 20, and
area 900 sq, ms. The face ofthis county is
delightfully diversified with hill, dale, and riv.
er scenery, Alleghany i, enters atthe n. w.
angle, and sweeping over the county by an el
liptical curve, leaves it at the a. w, angle, re
ceiving within the co, from the e. Clarion r. Red
bank, Mahonmg, and Crooked ers,, whilst the
Kiskiminitas enters as a s. border. Lat, 41° and
long, 2° 30' w. W. C, intersects a Uttle n, ofthe
centre ofthe co, Cf, t, Kittanning, Pop, 1820,
10,524, in 1830, 17,695, The traverse section
of the Penn, Canal, crosses Kiskiminitas at
Warren t,, and enters Arrastrong from West
moreland CO, and thence follows the right bank
of the Alleghany r. The canal is then carried
over the latter streara, and down its right bank
to Freeport, where it leaves Arrastrong and en
ters Alleghany co.
Arnold's, old place, p-o. Fauquier's co, Va,
by p-r, 56 ras. w. W. C,
Arnold's p-o. Rush co, Ind,, by p-r. 50 ms, a
little s, n, Indianopolis,
Arnoldstown, p-v, CampbeU co, Va,, by p-r
131 ras, s. w. W. C.
Aroostic, (or Aroostook) i. Me. rises near
the w. bound of Penobscot co. which it crosses
N, e, in a devious course, receiving several
branches, and falls into St, John's, in N. Bruns
wick, It passes through lands almost unsettled,
but which wiU probably become valuable. Its
head waters are 20 ms. frora those of Penob
scot r. and part ofthe intervening country is very
hilly, with numerous ponds, the rest marshy, A
road is raaking from this r, to the Mattawan.
keag, a branch of Penobscot r, which is to be
extended 60 ms, n, to Madawasca, Tbis will
facilitate eraigration,
Aroostook settlement, Washington co. Me.
Pop, 261,
Arthursburg, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y, 77 ms,
s, e, Albany,
Asbury, p.v, Warren co, N. J. 35 ms. n. Tren.
ton N. w. Musconetcong r.
Ascension, parish of La. bounded by Assump.
tion s. E., St. James e., Amite r, n, e., Ibber.
ville N, w. and Atchafalaya r. w, length from s.
E, to B, w, 40 ms., mean width about 10, and
ASH

area 400 sq. ms. The face ofthis parish is one
great plain, and most part liable to annual sub
mersion, similar to every other part ofthe del.
ta. The bank of the Misp. is the highest part
of the parish, and that winding across it near the
middle, contains the far greater part ofthe pop.
This parish is rendered remarkable from con.
taining the outlet of the La Fourche,, This
stream is in fact a mouth ofthe Misp, from which
it flows at Donaldsonville, {see La Fourche).
What soil of Ascension is sufficiently elevated
for cultivation, is highly fertile. Staple, sugar
and cotton. For lat. and lon. see Donaldson
ville. Pop. 1820, 3,728, in 1830, 5,426, cf. t,
Donaldsonville, AscuTNEv, mto. Windsor co. Vt. between
Windsor and Weathersfield, is 3,320 feet high
er than tide water, and 3,116 above Conn, riv
er at Windsor, It is nearly bare, except on the
N, E, side, and consists of granite. The view
frora the summit is very fine. The ascent is
performed in 2^ hours. From Windsor, the
route is 4 ms, to the base, half a raile up is a
moderate ascent, after which it is steep,
Ashburnham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass, 55
ms, N, w, Boston, was granted to certain sol
diers from Dorchester, in a Canada expedition
in 1690, It is watered from ponds, by mill
streams of Miller's r, which falls into Conn, r,
and Nashua and Souhegan rs, which fall into
Merrimack r. It is hilly, with a strong soil
producing grass, fruit and forest trees. Two
incorporated companies manufacture leather
and soap stone in large quantities, $500 worth
of chairs are raade here weekly, and many nails,
clapboards, &c. Pop, 1,402,
Ashby, p-t, Middlesex do. Mass. 50 ms, n, w,
Boston, is handsomely varied with hill and vale
with good farras, producing grass and fruit, and
has a fine raill stream, a branch of Nashua r, ri.
sing in it. Pop. 1, 240,
Ashe, i\, wstrn, co, N, C, bndd, by Surrey co
of the same state N, e.,, the main spine of Blue
Ridge or Wilkes co, s, e,. Buncombe s, w,, and
Carter co, of Ten, w, Ashe co, occupies part
ofthe elevated valley between Bald mtn. and
Blue Ridge, and from the courses ofthe rivers
must be the highest section of the valley, and
at least 2500 ft, above the Atlantic tides. The
N. E. part ofthe co, slopes towards Va, and is
drained by the extrerae sources of Great Ken.
hawa, whilst the discharge of the s, wstrn, part
is formed by the sources of the Watauga branch
of Holston, The extreme length of Ashe, from
N, E, to s, w, is 70 ms, with a mean breadth of
12 ms,, area 840 sq, ms. The surface is bro.
ken and soil of raiddlmg quality. The climate
is peculiarly fine, air pure and bracing. In long-
this county lies very nearly between 4° and 5°
w. W. C, while the central part is about lat, 36°
20', Pop, 1820, 4,335, and in 1830, 6,987, Cf
t. Jeffersonton. Ashfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass, 15 ms, n,
w, Northampton, 105 w. Boston, is on high land
between Deerfield and Westfield rs, to each of
which it sends a tributary. It was settled and
garrisoned about 1754, and called Huntstown,
but abandoned in 1755, and re-settled in 1763.
Pop, 1,732,
Ashford, new v, Berkshire co. Masa.

27 ASS
Ashford, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 31 ras. b.
Hartford, about 9 ms. long, and 7 broad, 59 sq.
ms, is hilly, with a gravelly soil, but favorable
for grazing, and raises many cattle. StiU, Big
elow, and Mount Hope rs. are small. Crystal
pond, 1 m. by ^ m. is between this town and
Pomfret. There are two small villages. First
settled in 1700, Pop, 2,660.
Ashford, p.t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 282 mg.
w, by s, Albany, Pop, 631,
-Ashland, p-v, in the northern part of Rich
land CO, 0,, by p-r, 88 ms, n, estrd, Colurabus,
Ashley's Mills, p-o. Telfair co. Geo. 102
ms. by p-r. sthrd, MilledgevUle,
Ashpalaga, p-t, village of Jackson co, Flor, on
the Appalachicola r,, by p-r, 35 ms, westward
Tallabasse, Ashtabula, n, estrn, co, of 0, bndd. n. e. by
Erie co. Pa,, e, by Crawford co. Pa,, s, by
Trumbull co. O,, w, by Geauga, and n. by Lake
Erie. Greatest length along Pa, 32 ms,, on the
wstrn, border the length is about 26 ms,, mean-
length 29, and breadth 28, area, 812 sq, ms, ex
tending in lat, 41° 32' to 41° 58', and in long,
from 3° 30' to 3° 58' w, W, C, The southeast
ern angle of this co, slopes to the s, e, and gives
source to the Shenango and other branches of
Big Beaver, The western and central sections
have a N, western declivity, and are drained by
the sources of Grand r, of Lake Erie, while the
N, eastern part slopes northwardly, and is wa.
tered by Conneaut and Ashtabula rs. From the
preceding elements, we find this co, occupying
a part of the table land beticeen tbe vallies of
Erie and 0„ Cf t, Jefferson, Pop, 14,584,
Ashtabula, p-v, on the r, of the same name
at its eflux into Lake Erie, northern part of Ash
tabula CO, 0,, about 40 mg, s. w, by w, Erie, in
Pa., and by p-r, 191 ms, n, e, Columbus,
Ashuelot r, Cheshire co. N. H,, rises from a
pond in Washington, runs s, to Keene, then s, w.
to Conn, r. 3 ms, from the line of Mass, To
make it navigable for boats, from Keene to fhe
mouth, considerable exertions were made seve
ral years ago ; several places were locked,
Ashville, p-v, and st, jus, for Buncombe co.
N, C, stands on French Broad r,, 40 ras, n. k.
w. Rutherfordton, and by p-r, 273 ms. wstrd.
Raleigh, lat. 35° 32', long. 5° 28' w, W, C.
Ashville, p-v. and st. jus. St, Clair co, Ala.
on Canoe cr. (branch of the Coosa) by p-r. 90
ms. N, E, Tuscaloosa, and about 70 s, s, e.
Huntsville, lat, 33° 48', long, 9° 21' w. W, C.
Assanpink, r, or cr, N. J. the boundary of
Burlington and Hunterdon co. rises in Mon
mouth, and faUs into the Delaware at Trenton.
This stream separated the British and Ameri
can arraies in 1777, the day previous to the bat.
tie of Princeton,
AssiNiBOiN, large r. of N, America, partly in
the U, S, and partly in the British territories. It
is forraed by two great branches, Assiniboin prop.
er, and Red r. The Assiniboin rises by nuraer.
ous branches between Lake Winiinipec, andthe
N, eastem curve of Missouri, Flowing s, e, up.
wards of 300 ms, it receives from the sthrd, a
remarkable confluent, Morse or Sourie r. The
latter rises in the U. S., and, what is remarka.
ble, within Im. of the main volume of the Mo.
Below the . influx of Morse , . the Assiniboiit

ASS

28

ATC

curves to the estrd, about 100 ms, to its junc-
tion with Red r. Red r, or the southem branch
of Assiniboin, rises in the U, S, on the marshy
and extended plain which gives source to the
higher confluents of Misp, but the extreme
southern fountain ofthe former, as laid down by
Tanner, is at lat, 45° 37', interlocking sources
with St, Peter's r. and extending 1° 39' of lat. s.
of the northern source ofthe Misp, Issuing
from this elevated table land. Red r, assumes a
general northern course, but with an elliptic
curve to the wstrd, receiving from the eastern
side descending. Otter Tail, Buffalo, Wild Rice,
Plum, Sand Hill, Red Fork, Swamp, Salt, and
several smaUer strearas, Frora the wstrd, this
r, is augmented also in descending by Ipse,
Thienne, Elve, Goose, Turtle, Saline, Park,
Tongue and Pembina rs. Immediately below
the influx ofthe latter, the main volume crosses
lat, 49° enters the British territories, inflects to
the N, eastward, and finally joins the Assiniboin
very nearly on lat, 50° and about 40 ms, above
the influx ofthe latter, into the sthrn. extreme
of Lake Winnipec. The direct length of Red
1 , is about 300 ras. but its comparative course
no doubt exceeds 350, The valley of Red r,
extends between those of Missouri and Missis.
sippi, and it is remarkable that the sources of
streams flowing into Red r, from the wstrd, rise
close upon the margin of Mo, near the Mandan
villages, (see Pembina,) Red r, is rendered re.
markable for another physical feature; its source
is the extreme southern extension ofthe great
northern inclined plane of the continent of
N. America, The following note, inserted in
Tanner's U, S,, will serve to illustrate the sin.
gular features ol the region from which Red,
Misp, and Rainy Lake rs, have their sources.
The note alluded to, quoted below, is inserted on
the raap between the extreme sources of Misp,
Grand Fork of Rainy lake r, and Red lake, from
which flows the Red Fork of Red r, "An un.
interrupted water communication between the
Grand Fork of Rainy Lake r. and Winnipec
Lake is said to exist at this place," Rainy lake r,
is another very singular water course, the drain
of innumerable lakes, between lakes Superior
and Winnipec, which though entering the lat.
ter lake by a separate mouth from the Assini.
boin, raaybe correctly noticed under that head.
The Plateau, from which the sources of the
Misp, and Assiniboin flow, is continued to the
N, eastward to within 200 ms, of Hudson's Bay,
Amongst the countless lakes scattered over this
elevated but coraparatively flat space, there are
two chains to the n, west of Lake Superior,
which, after discharging their waters from one
.reservoir into another, converge, and unite
about lat. 48° 20', and long. 15° w. W, C, Thus
far, the general course is wstrd, but inflecting
to the N. w, dilating into Sturgeon lake, again
into a r. and thence once more opening into
the large Lake Rain, From the s, western mar
gin of Lake Rain, issues a large navigable
Btream, the proper Rain Lake r. This stream,
¦flowing a little n, of wstrd, about 80 ms, by
comparative course, falls into another consid.
erable sheet of water called Lake ofthe Woods,

From the source of the sthern, branch of Rainy _   , ,_„
Lake r. to the Lake of the Woods, the lakes j 2 ms'. from whence with a very tortuourchaniiei,

and intermediate straits or rs. form the boun.
dary between the U. S. and the British territo.
ries. The southern extremity of the Lake of
the Woods is traversed by the 49th degree of
lat. and the lake and its discharge into Lake
Winnipec, assuming a northwestern course, the
residue of the valley of Rainy Lake r. is m the
British territories.
AssoNET, p-v. Berkley t. Bristol co. Mass.
42 ms. s, Boston.
Assumption, or Assomption, parish of La.,
bounded by the Misp, r, n. js, St. Johns Baptist,
E. La Fourche interior, s. E. and s. Atchafalaya
r,, w. and n, w, by the parish of Ascension.
Similar to all other parts of the delta. Assump
tion is a plain slightly raised above the common
level of the rs. The Misp, forras one ofthe
borders, whilst La Fourche entering from As
cension, winds in a direction from n, n, w, to
s, s, E,, dividing Assumption into two nearly
equal parts. Length frora s, w, to n, e. 40 ma,,
mean width 15, and area 600 sq, ms. Most of
the arable land is on the two above mentioned
rs, as the surface falls gradually from the La
Fourche towards the Atchafalaya, and the banks
ofthe latter rise in very few places above annu
al overflow. Much of Assumption is, indeed,
open, untimbered, and overflow marsh. The
inhabitants reside in great part on the margin of
the Misp, and La Fourche. The arable mar
gin on the right bank of the Migp, at the efflux of
La Fourche, is continued down the latter, tho'
narrower than along the former stream. The
soil is of similar quality on both rs, and crops
are specifically sirailar. Though cotton is the
common staple, some sugar farras are scattered
along the banks of La Fourche in Assumption,
The orange tree also begins to flourish in this
parish, Lat. 30°, and long, 14' w, W, C, intersect
inthe nthrn, part of Assumption, No town of
note. Pop. 1820, 3,576, in 1830, 5,669,
Assumption, C. H, and p-o, on La Fourche, by
p-r, 91 ms, N, O,
AssYLUM p-o, Bradford co. Penn, by p-r. 184
ms, northward Harrisburg,
Atacapas, large settlement of La, lying along
both banks of Teche r, and extending south
eastward from Opelousas to the Gulf of Mexi-
CO, Under the French and Spanish govern.
raents, Atacapas was under the jurisdiction of a
commandant ; it is now subdivided into the par
ishes of St, Martin's and St, Mary's, which see,
Atchafalaya, r, of La, and ihougb a mouth
of Misp. may be correctly regarded as the con.
tinuation of Red r. It is only about a m. and
five tenths frora the inlet of the Red r. to tbe
outlet of Atchafalaya, the latter leaving the
main stream at lat. 31° almost exactly. Many
erroneous opinions exist respecting the Atcha
falaya, and the quantity of its drain from the
Misp, has been greatly overrated. It is only
indeed at high water in the latter, that any cur
rent passes into the former. The writer of this
article has been at the efflux ofthe Atchafalaya
at almost every stage of weather, and has seen
the current actually passing into the Misp. At
its outlet, the Atchafalaya is only 111 yds. wide,
but dilates below to a general breadth of about
200 yds. Leaving the Misp. the course is s. w.

ATC

29

ATH

but general course to the s, it flows 50 ms, then
turns s, e. 10 ms, and thence e, 25 ms, to where
it receives from the estrd, the Plaquemine, an.
other, though much smaller outlet of the Misp.
Receiving the Plaquemine, the Atchafalaya
curves to the southward and continues in that di
rection 60 ms. into the Gulf of Me.xico, having
an entire comparative course of 147 ms. In its
general appearance, the Atchafalaya is a minia
ture picture of the Misp. though very little soil
on the banks of the former is exempt from an
nual overflow. Except merely on the margin
of the r. the adjacent country for many ms. is a
congeries of bayous and lakes ; but to apply to
this annuaUy inundated tract the term of swarap,
is a great misnomer. So far from being swamp
the general surface when not flooded is exces
sively dry and hard. In reality, the basin of the
Atchafalaya, if denuded of timber, would ap
pear, in season of high water, an iraraense ir
regular lake, with lines of land merely rising
above the common surface. The whole surface
is, however, except the Mees and streams, and
near the sea coast, covered with a very dense
forest. Timber along the Atchafalaya, cotton
wood, willow, ash, red flowering raaple, differ
ent species of oak, and hickory, &c, whilst in
the remote recesses of the overflow, Cyprus
and tupeloo, intermingle with the oaks and wil.
lows. When this region was surveyed by the
writer of this article, in !809 and 1810, the
great raft in Atchafalaya commenced 26 ms,
from the outlet, and continued down that r, at
broken intervals to within 5 ms, above the en
trance of the Teche, A sraall fragment ofthe
lower part ofthe raft brolfe loose from the raain
body about 1774, and again lodged immediately
below the mouth of Courtableau, The raft is
not a stationary mass ; I have rayself seen large
fragments break loose, and again lodge. This
much misunderstood obstruction was formed in
the first place by floating timber frora the Misp.
and is perpetuated by accessions from the same
source. The current of the Atchafalaya, at its
issue from the Misp, is excessively rapid, but
deadens, falling towards the interior low lands,
which circumstance, taken in connexion with
the very tortuous channel of the former, ac
counts for the original formation and perpetuity
of the raft. The vulgar tales respecting the
raft, deserve some notice. So lonely and so
seldom visited is that region, that even at Ope
lousas, within 15 ms, direct from the spot, I
have heard it asserted that so compact was the
raft, that raen and horses had passed it without
knowing a river was beneath. Myself and as
sistants did frequently, and in nuraerous places
pass the r, by the raft, but never without danger
and difficulty. In fact, the timber, thrown to
gether by accident, Ues in all directions, inter
laced by roots and branches, but still with so
much interval and so liable to partial removal,
that accumulations of mud and young trees are
prevented. The body of the raft rises and falls
with the rise and fall of the river, and from the
sediraent fixed on the logs, is in autumn covered
with a rank growth of weeds, which at a dis
tance appears a flowery plain, but approached is
found to be a very dangerous and uneven sur
face to tread. In both the Atchafalaya and

Courtableau, the raft impedes navigation. In
the latter the people of Opelousas have effected
a partial removal ; but still the direct line of in
tercommunication between New Orleans and
the upper part of Opelousas, continues in some
measure broken, 'The very near approach of
the general plain of Louisiana to a level is shown
by the tides in the Atchafalaya and its conflu
ents. In season of high water in the Misp, the
tide from the higher parts of the basin over
comes the more feeble tide from the Gulf of
Mexico ; but in autumn, when the Misp. falls
far within its own channel, the gulf tide not
more than 2 feet at an average, penetrates the
Atchafalaya above the lower raft, and into the
Plaquemine to within 4 ms, by the channel from
ihe Misp, and up the Courtableau to the prairies
of Opelousas, The water of the Atchafalaya,
usually turbid, becoraes very highly pellucid,
when the ouUet from the Misp. is interrupted
for some weeks, (See articles Courtableau,
Teche, Opelousas, and Atacapas,) A long ex
pected change in the bed of the Misp, above the
outlet of Atchafalaya and influx of the Red i.
has taken place recently ; and the Atchafalaya
can no longer be regarded as an outlet of the
Misp, (See article Mississippi and Red River.)
Atchaf.vlaya, bay of La, the estuary of the
r, of the same narae, an elliptical sheet of wa
ter 25 ras, from n, w, to s, E, with a mean width
of about 8 ms. Two long, narrow and low
points of land. Point Au Fer to the s. E. and
Point Chevreuil to the N. w. distant from each
other 7 or 8 ms, terminate this bay, A bar with
9 ft, water extends from point to point, but with.
in, and far in both rs, above the junction of Atch.
afalaya and Teche, a sufficient depth of water
exists at all seasons for vessels of any tonnage.
Bar of Atchafalaya bay is at lat, 29° 25', long,
14° 40' w, W, C, The r, enters the n, e, side
of the bay. The whole adjacent country is a
dead level, and grassy plain, interrupted with
numerous lakes and interlocking water courses,
and nearly destitute of timber. The surface so
near that of the gulf, as to be flooded at every
tide. The first arable land in ascending rises
above diurnal tides about 5 ms, below the raouth
of Teche,
Athens, p-t, Somerset co. Me, 22 ms, n, e,
Norridgewock, 45 Augusta, 50 n, Hallowel, is
crossed by the branches of a sraall stream of
Kennebec r. Pop. 1200,
Athens, p-t, Windham co, Vt, 10 ms, b. Bel
lows' Falls, 25 N, E, Brattleborough; contains
7628 acres, and was first settled 1779, It is un
even, with a good soil for grazing, and apple
trees; with a native growth of beech, birch,
bass, maple, ash, hemlock and spruce, A small
streara affords raill sites. Pop, 415,
Athens, p-t, Greene co, N, Y, w, side Hud.
son r, opposite Hudson city, 5 ras, n, Catskill,
28 s, Albany, is watered by Potock, Corlear's
and CatskiU ers, has Hoogeberg, or High HiU,
w, but pretty good alluvial soil e, with sorae
pine sands, 'The v, extends 1^ ms. on the Hud.
r, and about the same distance w. The chan.
nel is near the shore ; there is a flat in the r,
through which a channel is kept open for the
ferry boats. Pop. 2425,
Athens, or Tioga Point, p-v, of Bradford co.

ATK

30

ATL

Pa. is most beautifully situated on the point
above the junction of the Susquehannah and Ti
oga rs. 'The village extends in a single street
up the peninsula ; the site an undulating plain,
but environed by mountain and r. scenery. Ath
ens is but little improved, but from its proximi
ty lo two navigable rs, the fertility of the r, soil,
and frora the picturesque vicinity, nature has
done her part in forming a most inviting resi
dence to man. Pop of the tsp, in 1820, 1,108,
in 1830, 1,249. Lat, 41° 56'.
Athens, p-v, st. jus. and of Franklin college,
Clarke co. Geo, is situated on the rij:ht bank of
Oconee r, at n. lat, 33° 58', long, W, C. 6° 40' %v,
85 ms, N, w, from Augusta, FrankUn coUege
was located here in 1803, with a faculty of a
president, 4 professors, and 2 tutors, supported
by a fund of $100,000 bank stock, and 50,000
acres of land; $12,000 were appropriated to
purchase a library and philosophical apparatus.
The situation has been represented as in an em
inent degree agreeable and healthy,
Athens, p-v, Fayette co, Ky, by p-r, 33 ms,
frora Frankfort,
Athens, p-v. and st, jus. Limestone co, Ala,
is situated near the centre of the co, about 25
ms, a little N. of w, Huntsville, and 120 ms,
N, N. E, Tuscaloosa, lat, 34° 58', long, 10° 2', w,
W,C,
Athens, p-o, Giles co, Va, by p-r, 265 ms, a
little s, of w. Richraond,
Athens, co, of 0, bndd, s. by Meigs, s, w. by
Galia and Jackson, w, by Hocking, n, w. by
Perry, n. e. by Morgan, E. by Washington, and
s, E, by 0, r, separating it from Wood co, of Va.
The longest line that can be drawn over this ir
regularly formed co, is diagonal from s, w, to
n, e, 40 ms. Mean breadth 20 ms. and area
800 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 5' to 39°
33', and in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 30' w, W. C.
The southern raargin of this co, declines to the
sthrd, and gives source to some ers, flowing in
that direction into 0. r. The central and rather
most extensive section is watered by the Hock
ing r, and its confluents. The Hocking enters
at the extreme northwestern angle, and flowing
to the s, E, diagonally over the co. falls into the
O, r, at the extreme southwestern angle. The
surface of Athens co. of 0, is excessively hilly,
but fertile. Cf, t, Athens, (See Appendix, ar
ticle Ohio,)
Athens, p-t, and st,jus, Athens co, 0. situa
ted on Hocking r, near the centre of the co. 41
ms, a little s, of w. Marietta, 50 ms. E. Chilico
the ; and by p-r. 73 ras. g, e. by E. Columbus,
Lat, 39° 20', and long, 5^ 6' w, W, C,
Athol, p.t, Worcester co, Mass. 30 ms, ™,
Worcester, 70 w, Boston; is uneven, with a
strong soU, and is supplied with water power by
MUler's r. Pop, 1,325,
Athol, p-t, Warren co N, Y, 18 ras. w. n, w.
Caldwell, is raountainous, with a poor soil. Pop
909, Atkins, p-v, Bucks co. Pa, 20 ms, n, e, PhU,
and 10 ms, s. w, Trenton,
Atkinson, p-t, Penobscot co. Me, 79 ms, Au
gusta. Pop, 418,
Atkinson, p-t. Rockingham co, N, H, 4^ ms.
by 5, with 6839 acres, 30 ms. s. w. Portsmouth,
32 s, E. Concord; has an uneven surface, with

very good soU, First settled 1727, Dr, Bel.
knap says that a piece of ground, 7 or 8 acres,
in a meadow, floats when the meadow is flood.
ed. There is an old and respectable academy
here. Pop, 554.
Atkinson, p-o, Monroe co, Mich, by p-r, 43
ras, s. w, from Detroit,
Atlantic Ocean, that great expanse of wa
ter which separates Africa and Europe from
America. Under this general term very differ.
ent extremes north and south have been under.
stood by writers on Geography, In the present
article we include all the ocean surface compri.
sed between a line drawn from the extreme
southem point of America to the extreme south.
ern point of Africa, and another line drawn from
the western point of Nova Zembla, through the
islands of Spilzbergen to the coast of Green
land. Thus defined, the Atlantic mingles on
the s, with the great Auslral Ocean, andto the
n, with the Frozen or Arctic Ocean, In extent,
including its seas, the Atlantic spreads over
above thirty millions of sq, ms. The narrowest
part between the coasts of Norway and Green
land exceeds one thousand ras, and the widest
part on a line nearly at right angles to its gene
ral length, something less than five thousand
seven hundred ms, from the mouth of the Sene
gal to that of Rio Grand del Norte, It is far
the widest at the northem extreme of the two
Oceanic connections between the Polar regions
of the Earth, a circumstance raost powerfuUy
influential on the respective cliraates of North
Araerica and Europe, The general phenome
na, on the two opposing sides of the Atlantic
have great resemblance. To the deep indenting
of the Baltic is opposed the rauch raore exten
sive Mediterranean coraposed of Hudson's and
Baffin's Bays. To the south, relative extent is
reversed. To the West Indian Mediterranean
is opposed that most interesting Gulf between
Europe and Africa, to which that descriptive
name has been given, and which has been in
corporated with the history and science of man
kind in all ages. But departing from a general
to a special view, in this article, we shall con
fine ourselves to the features and sections of
the Atlantic connected with the United States.
By actual calculation, a line drawn from the
Point of Florida to the Straits of Belle Isle de
flects frora the Meridians of the Earth 35° fifty-
one minutes, say 30° extending 2654 statute ms.
Coast of Africa and Europe from Cape Verd of
the former, to Cape North of the latter, deflects
from the meridians 24° forty five minutes in a
distance of 4232 statute ms. These two lines,
opening upon each other within a small fraction
of 11°, enclose the great body ofthe northern
Atlantic, and if extended to strike the conti
nent of S, America, will include, with the ex
ception of the Gulf of Mexico, the sphere of
action of that immense whirlpool called the
Giilf Stream, The Earth moves around its
axis with a maximum of rotation at the equa
tor, lessening, advancing along the meridians.
It is very remarkable that the equator neariy
coincides with the deep indenting of .\frica on
the east and the eastem protrusion of Araerica
on the west, and here, particles on the Earth's
surface are moved with uniform motion estrd.

ATL

31

ATL

at the hourly rate of 1042 ms, nearly. The
distance is about 7700 ms, from wherethe equa
tor intersects western Africa to the mouth of
Rio Grande del Norte, and if we assume 1000
ms, as the raean intermediate motion, objects
are borne through the intermediate space in
about 5| hours. The vis inertia of matter
produces a perpetual retardation, which effects
a current of rotation setting frora Africa to
America in opposition to the horary motion.
This current striking fhe extreme eastern cape
of South America is divided into two bodies.
That to the south is wafted and dispersed over
the Southern Ocean, but that to the north meet
ing the continent of America is deflected north
wardly and augraented by accessions from the
northern side of the Torrid Zone, is gradually
carried into the Gulf of Mexico, and from
thence by its owm weight, rushes towards the
Atlantic hetween Cuba and Florida, but meet
ing part of the original streara flowing wstrd,
along the northern shores of St, Doraingo and
Cuba, the whole body is turned northeastwardly
along the coast of the United Stales ; flows thus
towards the polai section of the Atlantic until
again deflected by the northern currents, is
swept down the coasts of Europe and Africa,
into its original fountain.
An opinion prevails, which was once shared
by the author of this article, that the Gulf
Stream exerts a great influence on the climate
of the United States, More extensive and ac
curate observation has modified that opinion in
his individual case. Under the general head
of United States, it may be seen that the wind
over the United States, and that part of the At
lantic ocean between North America and Eu
rope, blows with a uniformity from the western
points, which vies in steadiness with those from
the eastward within the tropics. If, therefore,
we regard the atmosphere over the Atlantic
ocean nthrd. of the equator, to N, lat, 50°, we
discover two powerful currents setting in oppo
site directions over the extremes ; and direct
ing our attention to the incumbent ocean, we
find the aquatic current corresponding to the
aerial. The effects of these phenomena on the
climate of both continents will be shown under
the head of cliraate, under the general article
United States.
Commercially, or nautically, to speak in more
generic terms, the combined effect of the Gulf
Stream and prevalent western winds over the
northem Atlantic has had, and as long as the
present order of things endures, must have a
most extensive agency in the affairs of mankind.
The share exerted by the Gulf stream in the
mean period of voyages over the Atlantic, has
been overrated, whilst that of the wind hag
been in a corresponding degree overlooked.
The Gulf of Mexico, we have shown, is the
great reservoir from which the Gulf Stream is
suppUed, and the difference of level between
that reservoir and the Atlantic ocean e, of the
peninsula of Florida, has been deterrained at
3 or 4 feet, by the U, S, engineers ; who observe
in page 39 of their report, " should the surveys
be perfectly accurate, the level of low tide in
the Gulf would be 2 6,')-100 feet above that of
low tide in the Atlantic, On another hand it
has been shown, in describing the surveys re.

lating to t'iiB St, Mary's route, thatthe result of
the levelling has given 3 55-100 for the differ
ence of level between the Gulf and the Atlan
tic, We niu.5t therefure consider it as probable,
that al low tide, the elevation of the Gulf at the
mouth of the Suvrannee, is not raore than 3
or 4 feet above low tide at the entrance of the
St, John's into the Atlantic, and that such raight
be the limit of the rise caused at this point of
the Gulf, by the tropical trade wind,"
Such a v;se, or double such height, could not
sustain the actual current of the Gulf Stream
in the Atlantic ocean, unless aided by other
causes. Such a cause, however, does exist in
the northern Trade winds. The latter current
operates so greatly on navigation, as to make
the mean of voyages from America to Europe,
23, whilst the mean of those in an opposite di
rection demand 40 days. Such is the steadi
ness and intensity of these western winds, that
the orchards and forests of the U, S, are bent
towards the Atlantic in the U, S, and from
it along northwestern Europe, {See Art. U.
States, head of Climate.)
The Atlantic coast of the U. S, presents an
elliptic curve, if taken in its entire extent, with
three intermediate and similar curves. Advan
cing from south to north, the first partial curve
has its axis from Cape Florida to Cape Hatte
ras, about 700 ras, with an ordinate or depth of
near 200 ms, the chord deflecting from the me
ridians by an angle of 25°. Issuing from the
Bahama channel, the Gulf stream flows towards
cape Hatteras very nearly along the chord of
the intermediate bay. The second, or raiddle
bay, sweeps from cape Hatteras to the outer
capes of Massachusetts, 500 ms, with conside
rably less deflection from the meridians, and
less comparative depth from its chord. The
Gulf Streara, turned from the coast by Cape
Hatteras, has its axis beyond the capes of Mass.
and, indeed, more estrd, than the general line
of the coast. The third, or northern bay of
the U, S, is, in fact, forraed by the coasts of
Massachusetts, New Harapshire, Maine, New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; therefore, only the
southwestern part really appertains to the U, S,
The respective coasts of these three physi
cal sections of that part of the U, S, bordering
on the Atlantic ocean, have each its appropriate
and very distinct character. The rivers of the
southern bay flow generally from n, w, to s. is.
with narrow and shallow raouths, made in a low,
flat, and inundated coast. The harbors are
shallow, and tides moderate and not exceeding
a mean of 5 feet. The rivers of the second
bay mingle with the tides in wide sounds, and
one, the Hudson, carries its tides inland beyond
the Appalachian system of mts. The tides are
along this coast of increased elevation, having
an average of perhaps 7 feet. The solid land
ceases, graduaUy, advancing northwardly, to be
inundated by the Ocean tides or river floods, to
any great extent. The third bay presents phe
nomena, in a very striking manner distinct.
The coast becomes more bold, and the general
slope raore abrupt. Though the tides so enor
mously increase in height as to exceed a mean
of 25 feet, yet this great swell is arrested with
in from 15 to 30 ras. from the coast.
Opposite to the United States, the Atlantic

AUB

32

AUG

ocean no where deepens very rapidly, but on
the contrary, admits soundings in every place
near the shores. From the course and origin
of the Gulf Stream, the oceaii water every
where, and at all seasons of the year, exceeds
the mean temperature of that in the land bays.
It is evident that the increased height of the
tide advancing along the coast from south to
north, arises from the decreased velocity, and
wider dispersion of the Gulf Stream, as the
magnitude of the two sels of phenomena is re
verse to the extremes where they occur, — {See
Articles Gulf Stream, United States, and Gulf
of Mexico.)
Atlas, p-v, in the s, w, part of Pike co. II.
about 100 ms, following the land route, about
N. N, w, St, Louis, and by p-r, 148 ms, n, w. by
w, Vandalia,
Atsion, v, Gloucester co, N, J, GO ms, s, e,
Philadelphia, Attica, p-t, Genesee co, N. Y, 12 ms, o. Ba
tavia, 250 w, Albany, is watered by Tonewan-
ta cr, and branches. It has a pleasant v, on the
cr, and much timber. Pop, 2,492,
Attica, p-v, in the n, part of Seneca co, 0,
by p-r, 92 ras, northwardly frora Colurabus,
Attleborough, p-t, Bristol co. Mass, 29 ms,
B, w, Boston, 9 N, Providence, has 3 p-vs. is fur
nished with water power by a branch of Paw
tucket r, and has many manufactories. The
Falls cotton factory was incorporated in 1813,
cap, $100,000, 'This was an early settlement
on the frontier of King Phillip's country, and
was exposed to much difficulty with the Indians,
in his war. Pop, 3,219,
Attleborough, p-v, Bucks co. Pa, 20 ms, n,
E, from Phil, and 10 ms, b, w. Trenton.
Atwater, p-v. Portage co. 0, by p-r, 137 ms,
N, E, Columbus.
Auburn, p-v. and cap. in the t. of Aurelius,
Cayuga co. N, Y. on the outlet of Ovvasco lake,
is very pleasant and flourishing; 175 ras, w,
Albany, 7 s, Erie Canal, It contains the coun
ty buildings, and one of the state prisons, the
wall of which is of hammered limestone and
encloses 5 acres, on the bank of Owasco cr,
whose water moves the raachinery ofthe prison.
Earnings, the year ending Sept, 30, 1831, $36,-
209 14 ets. Expenditures, $34,405 61, Ba
lance in favor of the prison, $1,803 83, Re
ceipts, $43,762 81, Number of convicts, Dec.
1, 1831, 646, 60 of whom were received
from the Sing-Sing prison. By the annual re
port it appears that in the year 1832, the pro
ceeds of the labor of the convicts were $41,833
47 ets. Expenditures $38,305 3 1 ets, leaving
a balance in favor of the prison, of $3,528 16,
Number of convicts at the coraraenceraent of
the year, 646 ; at the close, 683. Received
during the year, 192, of which 60 were frora
the prison at Sing-Sing ; discharged by expira
tion of sentence, 115; pardon, 28; died, 27,
During the year, 200 new cells were completed,
and occupied, and a new work shop was erect
ed. Of 133 discharged in 1831, 95 had been
intemperate. Of the number remaining at the
close of that year, 209 were grossly intempe
rate, 258 regular drinkers, occasionaUy intoxi
cated, 132 temperate drinkers. Of these, 346
were under the influence of ardent spirits at

the time of the coramission of their crimes.
The labor performed is on contracts, chiefly for
the city of New- York, It has been occupied
about 12 years. Only 2 suicides have occur.
red. Service is performed in the chapel onthe
Sabbath, and a Sunday school is kept by the
students of the theological seminary of the
Presbyterian church, which is established at
Auburn. Pop. 4,48G,
Auburn, p-v, in the s, w, part of Geauga co,
0, by p-r, 143 ms, n, e, Columbus,
Auburn, p-v. Oakland Co, Mich, by p-r, 30 ms,
N. w, Detroit,
Audria.n CO. Mo, bndd, by Montgomery s, e,,
Callaway s,, Boone w,, Monroe n, w,, and RaUs
i\. E, As laid down by Tanner, in his improved
map ofthe U, S,, itis a paraUelogram of 24 ms,
E, and w., by 15 ms, n, and s., area 360 sq, ms.
Central lat, 39° 6' n,, long, W, C, 14° 48' w.
It occupies the summit table land between the
Mo, and Misp, rs,, the ers, flowing from its cen
tral sections like radii frora a coraraon centre.
This CO is about 90 ms, n, w, by w, St, Louis,
and 45 n, n, e, Jeft'erson,
Augusta, p-t, and capital, Kennebec co. Me,
and cap. ofthe state ; 2 ms. n, Hallowell, 56 n.
E, Portland, the third in the state in pop, (in
crease in 10 years, 61 per, ct,) is divided by
Kennebec r. 47 ms, from its raouth, across which
is a bridge. The v, is on an elevated plain and
a declivity near the r, and contains the state
house, county buildings, 60 stores, 3 churches,
an academy, &c. Vessels of 100 tons come
up to this place, the head of sloop navigation.
The state house somewhat resembles that at
Boston, but is sraaller. It stands on Capitol
Hill, east front 150 ft, with two wings of 33
ft, and 54 deep ; central part, 84 feet, and 56
deep. It is of granite — and 8 Doric columns,
also of granite, 21 ft. high, weighing 10 tons
each, forra a portico of 89 ft, one story. The
dome is 54 ft, sq, with a cupola. Extreme
height, 114 ft. 2 inches. The back country is
very extensive and fertile. Pop, 3,980, The
Kennebec road, hence to Quebec, was travel
led in 1831, in carriages, in 3 days,
Augusta, p-t, Onrida co. N. Y., 17 ms, s, w,
Utica, 6 ras, by 7, Oriskany, Oneida, and Sha-
nando ers, furnish mill-seats. The surface is
gently swelling, with a pretty trood soil for
grain and grass. First settled, 1794. Pop, 1830,
3,058, Augusta, p-v, Frankford, Sussex co, N, J, 79
ms, N, Trenton, and 6 n, Newton,
Augusta, p-v, Northumberland co. Pa,, by p-r.
57 ms, N, Harrisburg,
Augusta co, Va, lying w, from the Blue Ridge,
is bounded s, w, by Rockbridge, w, by Bath, n.
w. by Pendleton, n. e, by Rockingham, and s, e,
by the Blue Ridge, or Albemarle and Nelson,
It Ues in form of a square of about 30 ras, each
side, of course, contains about 900 sq, ms. The
surface is broken, and in part mountainous, and
elevated at a mean of about 1200 ft, above the
Atlantic ocean, Lat, 38°, and long, 2° w, W.
C, intersect in the s, e, part of this county.
Though some ofthe higher ers. of James r, rise
in and flow s, frora Augusta, the body ofthe co.
is drained by the confluents ofthe Shenandoah.
The soil is productive in small grain, and the

AUG

35

AVE

principal staple is flour, Cf. t, Staunton, Pop.
1820, 16,742 ; in 1830, 19,926.
Augusta, p-t. and st, jus, Richmond co, Ga,
situated on the right bank of Savannah r,, oppo
site Hamburg, Edgefield dist, S, C, by p-r, 90
ms, N, E, byE, MiUedgeville; by the intermediate
rail-rail road 132 ms, n. w. by w, Charleston,
and by the land road, 135 ms, above and n, n,
w. Savannah. Lat. 33° 30', long, W, C, 4° 56'
w. This town is regularly laid out and well
built. Many of the houses are elegant struc
tures. The public buildings are 8 in number,
besides 5 or 6 places of public worship. Occu
pying a fine site, in a central situation, and be
ing a depot for an extensive country above, it is
a place of great commercial business when
compared with its pop. Steam boats are navi
gated thus far up the Savannah r,, and standing
directly opposite the n. western termination of
the Charleston and Hamburg rail road, the per
manent prosperity of Augusta seems secured.
Pop, 1820, about 4,000, and in 1830, 6,696, It
is probable that the actual number ot inhabit
ants now amount to upwards of 7,000,
AuGugTA, p-v, and gt, jus. Perry co, Misp, sit
uated on Leafr, or the w, branch of Pascagoula,
160 ms, a little s, of e, Natchez, and by p-r,
137 ms. s, E. Jackson, Lat, 31° 12', long, 12°
12' w, W, C.
Augusta, p-v. in the s, w, part of Columbiana
CO, O, by p-r, 141 ms, n, e, Columbus,
Augusta, p-v, and st, jus. Bracken co, Ky,
situated on Ohio r, on an elevated bank, afford
ing a very pleasing site. Lat, 38° 45', long,
7° w, W. C, Distant about 70 ms. n, e, Frank
fort, Augusta Springs, p-o, Augusta co, Va,, 17
ms, N, N, w, Staunton, and by p-r, 137 ms, n, w,
by w. Richraond,
Augustine, St, city of Flor, situated on the
Atlantic shore of that ter, opposite the n. ex
tremity of the isl, of Anastasia, lat, 29° 48',
long, w, W, C, 4° 31', This is the oldest city
of either the U, S, or Canada, having been
founded by the Spaniards in 1565, upwards of
forty years before the establishment of the
EngUsh at Jamestown, It is situated on a plain
resting on a limestone base, along a safe and
commodious harbor, with a depth of water from
28 to 30 ft, at low tide. The following notice
appeared in the Nat InteUigencer, Oct, 17,
1825, and from the importance of this city and
harbor, is inserted entire in this Gazetteer,
" The entrance is covered outside by sand
banks and rocks, extending out more than one
third of a league, between which, there are
openings and passes which form the channel
leading to the interior of the harbor. The south
channel is the one vessels generaUy enter,
Thereis not less than from 20, 25, to 30 ft. of
water at low tide ; but before you enter this
channel, you have to pass a bar, over which
there is not more than 9 ft, water, at low tide.
You can moor your ship outside the bar, and
wait till the tide comes in. This pass can easi
ly be distinguished by the breaking ofthe sea
on the rocks s, and n, and thereby plainly raar
king out the passage, which is at least 300 fath
oms wide. After passing the bar, you find
from 18 to 20 ft. water. You will range along

the island of Anastasia, within 2 cables lengths ;
you may anchor near the n, e. point, opposite a
battery, in 26 ft, water, within one cable's length
and a half of the land. You double the north
point of the island, and then corae to anchor be
fore the town. These passes and entrances
into the harbor are very advantageously situa
ted ; for all the vessels coming from Mexico,
Louisiana, and Havanna, are obUged to pass
through the Bahama channel, at a short distance
from St, Augustine, the port of which can be
raade with ease," Pop. 1,377.
AuRARiA, p-v, and st, jus, Lumpkin co, Geo.
This is a new t. and, as the name imports, is sit.
uated in the gold region, "It is" says the Nat,
Intel, of April 23, 1833, "situatedon the ridge
dividing the waters of the Chestatee, and Eto.
wab rs. The first cabin was erected in Auraria,
about the Sth of June, 1832, and there is now in
the place 100 faraily dwellings, 18 or 20 stores,
12 or 15 law offices, and 4 or 5 taverns. Pop.
ofthe t. about 1,000, and that ofthe co. 10,000,
Exact position not ascertained, but about 150
ms, i\. N.W, MiUedgeville,"
Aurelius, p-t, and cap, Cayuga co, N, Y, be
tween Cayuga and Owasco lakes, 159 ms. w.
Albany, contains no streams except the outlets
of these lakes. Agriculture is prosperous.
There are 3 villages. Auburn, Cayuga, and Un
ion Springs. Pop. 2,767.
Aurora, p-t, Cayuga co, N, Y, 171 ms, w.
Albany, Pop, 2,423,
Aurora, p-t, Erie co. N, Y, Pop, 2,421,
Aurora, p-v, Dearbon co, Ind, about 25 ms,
wstrdly, from Cincinnati, and by p-r, 102 ms, a
little E, of s, e, Indianopolis,
Aurora, p-v, in the nthrn, part of Portage co.
O, 15 ras, N, N, w, Ravenna, the St. jus. and by
p-r, 131 ms, N,E, Colurabus,
Au-Sable, p-v, Essex co, N, Y, 167 ms, n, of
Albany, Austerlitz, p-t, Columbia co, N, Y, 17 ms.
E. Hudson, 130 e, g, e, Albany ; hag a broken
surface, with a raoist, loamy soU, and is crossed
by Klinekill and Green r. a branch of Housaton
ic r. It has two villages. Green River, and
Spencertown, Pop, 2,245,
AusTiNBURG, p-v, lu the N, western part of
Ashtabula co, 0, by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. Colum.
bus. Autauga, one ofthe central cos, of Ala, bndd.
E, by Coosa r,, s, by Ala, r,, w, by Dallas, Per.
ry, and Bibb cos,, and n, by Shelby, It ap.
preaches a square of 32 ms, each side, with an
area exceeding 1,000 sq, ms. Surface very
varied and broken, with a soil as varied ; that
along the rs, of first rate quality, but deteriora.
ting from thence to sterile ridges. Staple, cot.
ton. Beside the two fine rs, which form the
estrn, and sthrn, limits, this county is drained
by the Autauga and other large creeks, mostly
flowing tthrd. into the Ala, r, Cf, t. Washing.
ton. Pop, 1820, 3,853, in 1830, 11,784, Cen.
tral lat, 32° 35', long, 9° 35' w, W, C.
AvENTSviLLE, p.v. Nash CO, N, C, by p.r. 44
ms. estrd. Raleigh.
AvERiLL, t, Essex CO, Vt, has a broken sur.
face and a very sterile soil. Pop, 1.
AvERYSBOROUGH, p-v. Cumberland co, N, C.
situated on the left bank of Cape Fear r. 25 ms.

BAH

34

BAI

N, N, E, Fayetteville, and about 40 ms, S, Ra- Ithe uninhabitable overflow, forming more than

leigh, Avery's Gore, Addison co, Vt, Pop, 33,
Avery's Gore, Franklin co, Vt. Pop, 22,
Avon, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 35 ms. n Nor
ridgewock, 50ms, N, IV, vv, Augusta, on Sandy r.
Pop. 745,
Avon, p t, Hartford co. Conn, 10 ms. w. Hart
ford, w, Talcott mtn, has much g,iod level land
on the banks of Farmington r. Pop, 1,025,
Avon p-t. Livingston, co. N. Y. 10 ms. iv. e.
Geneseo, 21 w, Canadaigua, e. Genesee

two thirds ofthe whole parish. This overflow.
ed tract is so uniform in its general features
as to admit little variety of description. We
may therefore refer to article " Atchafalaya,"
for a view of the Avoyelles overflow. Bayou
de Glaize, one ofthe outlets of Red r, flows to
the estrd., pasing the sthrn, extremity of the
Avoyelles table land, and by a very winding
course, falls into the Atchafalaya. By the Ba.
you de Glaize, a belt of soil is carried across
he deeper inundation, which, except at very

Honeyco cr, is well watered by these streams! high floods, admits a road from Avoyelles to

and their tributaries, and contains some of the
best land in the state, as it includes a tract of
the alluvion on Genesee r. Boats go down to
Rochester and the Erie canal, 20 ms. Pop.
2,372, Avon, p.v, in the n. e, part of Lorraine co, 0,
by p-r, 149 ms, n. n. e, Columbus,
Avoyelles, prairie and parish. La. bndd, s,
by Opelousas, e, by Atchafalaya, Mississippi,
and Red r., n, by Red r. w. parish of Rapide, s.
w, by part of Opelousas, The extreme length
from the mouth of Bayou Rouge, to that of the
Ouchitta r, is about40 ms. The breadth from
E, to w, a mean of 20 ms. having an area of 800
sq, ms, Avoyelles designates a district of
country coraposed of two unequal and very dif
ferent bodies of land. The western part is a
plain, elevated 15 or iiO feet above the highest
flood of the adjacent rivers. This comparative
table land rises at once and on aU sides, frora
the annually inundated low lands, but is never
theless an almost undeviating plain, of tolerable
good soil, covered in partby forests, but in great
part prairie. Below the prairie plain, expands

Red r. This tortuous zone contributes in part
to produce a phenoraenon very remarkable, and
yet very little known, even in Louisiana, The
far greater share ofthe annual flood of Red r, is
prevented by the banks of the de Glaize, from
flowing sthrd, towards Opelousas, but is thus
directed southeastward, into the outlet of the
Atchafalaya, and again on the opposite side of
the Misp,, the incumbent water is in a similar
raanner turned wstrd. so that the entire body of
flood brought down by both rs, is forced into a
passage of at most 5 ms. wide. This accumu
lation of water above the Bayou de Glaize, how
ever, contributes to render that part of Avoyel
les in a particular raanner exposed to submer
sion. On the habitable table land, the staple is
cotton — the port ofthe settlement. Red r. Pop.
in 1820, 2,245, in 1830, 3,484, Lat, 31°, and
w, lon, 13° W. C. intersect near the centre of
this parish, Cf, t, Avoyelles,
Ayletts, p-o. King WiUiam co, Va, by p.r,
about 36 ms. n, e. Richmond, It is situated
near the right bank of Mattapony r, opposite
Dunkirk.

Bacheldor, t, Oxford co. Me, 20 ras, w, Paris,
E, N. Hampshire and just s, Androscoggin r, has
several mountains, but no streams.
Bachelor's Retreat, p-v, Pickens dist, S, C,
20 ms, a Uttle s, of w, Pendleton, and by p-r, 154
ms, IN, w, by w, Columbia,
Back Creek Valley, p-o, Fredericks co, Va,
by p-r, 88 ms, wstrd, W. C,
Baggs, p-v, Mcintosh co. Geo. by p-r. 130 ms.
s, E, MUledgevUle, and 35 from Darien,
Bahama Channel, a narrow sea or sound be
tween Florida and the Bahama Islands, This
sound is usually considered as commencing to
the sthrd, about lat, 24°, where the Florida and
Santerem channels unite, and thence extendino-'
due N, to Matinilla Reef, about lat, 28°, The
entire length 280 ms, with a general width of 60
ms. The Bahama channel is a great ocean river
formed by the Gulf streara flowingestrd, between
Cuba and Florida, and which raeeting the cur
rent from the Santerem channel, the whole turns
northward, and flows with a velocity frora 2 to
5 ms, per hour, between the Florida coast, and
the nuraerous keys, Lslands and shoals, known
uiider the general narae of Baharaa, When the
winds are from any southern point, the naviga
tion of Bahama channel is delightful, but on the I
contrary, when northern winds meet and con- 1

tend with the powerful current of this sound, the
waves ofthe sea are m a peculiar manner dread
ful, Baileysbcrg, p-v, Surrey co, Va. by p-r. 72
ras, s, E, Richmond,
Bailey-ville, t, Washington co. Me. Pod,
189. Bainbridge, p-t, Chenango co, N, Y, 20 ms,
s. Norwich, 110 w, Albany ; contains 48,000
acres. It is crossed diagonally by Susquehan
nah r, and has 3 post ofiices. It has a good
soil, well watered, and little waste land. Bain-
bridge v. w. Susquehannah r, is pleasant. Pon,
3,040. ^
Bainbridge, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa, situatedon
the left bank of Susquehannah r. opposite the
mouth ofthe southem Conewago cr., 18 ms. be
low Harrisburg, and about the same distance a
Uttle N. of w, Lancaster,
Bainbridge, p-v, Jackson co, Geo. by p-r, 88
ms, northward from MiUedgeville.
Bainbridge, p-v. situated on the left bank of
¦Tennessee r, 5 ras, above, but on the contrary
side from Florence, and in the n, e, angle of
Franklin co, Ala, 100 ms. n. Tuscaloosa.
Baird's Forge, p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-L
187 ras, w, Raleigh,
Bairds or Bairdstown, p.v, and st. jus. Nel-

BAL

35

BAL

son CO. Ky. situated near the Buck Fork of RoU
ing r, 41 ms, s, s, e, Louisville, and 47 ms, s, w,
Frankfort, lat, 37° 48', long, w, W, C, 8° 25',
Pop, 1820, about 600, in 1830, 1629,
Baker co, Geo, bndd. w. by Early, n, w. by
Randolph, k, by Lee, n, e, by Dooley, is, by Ir
win and Lowndes, s, e, by Thomas, and s, by
Decatur, Length 43 ms, breadth 35, Area
1500 sq. ras. Flint r, traverses Baker diagonal
ly frora N, E, to s. w. It is a new, and in great
part, unsettled tract, extending in lat, from 31°
7', to 31° 43', and in long, frora 7° 10' to 7° 45'
w, W, C, Cf t, Byron, Pop, 1,253,
Baker's Falls, on Hudson r, Sandy Hill t,
Washington co. N, Y, about 100 ms, frora the
source of the r, and 44 above tide. The de
scent, includiiig the upper and lower Falls and
the rapids, is here 70 ft, in 100 rods. The dam
at Fort Edwards has raised the water 10 ft, at
the foot ofthe falls,
Bakersfield, p-t, Franklin co, Vt, 30 ras, n,
E, BurUngton, 38 n, n, w, Montpelier ; contains
26,000 acres, and was first settled about 1789,
It is hUly, with a productive soU, bearing much
hard wood, and watered by Black cr, and other
strearas of Missiscoui r, with few mill sites.
Pop, 1,087,
Baker's Island, Essex co. Mass, of Saleni
harbor. Baker's River, Grafton co, N, H, unites with
Peraigewasset r. near Plymouth v,
Bakerstown, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 ms.
from Pittsburg on the Butler road,
Bakerstown, p-v, Burke co, N, C, by p-r, 220
ms, wstrd, from Raleigh,
Balcony Falls, and p-o, in the western part
of Rockbridge co, Va, by p-r, 153 ms, w, Rich
mond, and 210 s, w, by w, W, C,
Bald Eagle, chain of Appalachian system of
mts, in Pa, extends in a direction nearly w, e,
and s, w, between the main and west branch of
Susquehannah r, separating Northumberland
and Columbia cos, from Lycoming, and stretch
ing into Luzeme,
Bald Eagle, large creek or river of Centre
and Lycoming cos. Pa, rises by numerous
branches in the former, which by a general
course of n, js, unite, and entering Lycoraing,
fall into the w, branch ofthe Susquehannah, at
Dunnstown, after a coraparative course of 50
ms. Bald Eagle, p-v, Lycoming co. Pa, by p-r,
126 ms, Harrisburg,
Bald Head, cape, Me, in long, 70° 35', lat,
43°. Bald Hill, p-v. Cumberland co. Me, 39 ms,
Augusta, Baldridge's p-o, Btmcombe co, N, C. by p-r,
283 ms, wstrd, Raleigh,
Baldwin, p-t, Curaberland co. Me, 26 ms, n,
w, Portland, 80 w, s, w, Augusta, w, Sebago
pond, w, Saco. r. Pop. 947,
Baldwin, p-v, Tioga co, N, Y,
Baldwin CO, Geo, on both sides Oconee i,
having Putaam and Hancock n., Hancock n. e,,
Washington s, e,, Wilkinson s,, and ,fones w.
Length frora w, to, e, 18 ms,, mean breadth 12,
and area 216 gq, mg. The face ofthe country
rolling, and soil second rate generally, though
some of first rate skirts the streams, Pop, in

1820, 5,665, 1830, 7289, Lat. 33° traverses
the southern extremity ofthis co, and the cen
tre is about 6° 20' west W. C, Chief town,
MilledgevUle, the seat of government of Geor
gia. Baldwin, co. Ala, bndd, by Perdido r, or Es
cambia CO, in Flor, e. and s, e,, by Conecuh co,
in Ala, n, e,, by Monroe n,, Alabama r, w, w,,
I\Iobile r, and bay w,, and s, by the Gulf of
Mexico. In a direction from n, to s. in Tan
ner's map of the U, S, this co, is 72 ms, in
length, with a mean width of 28, and an area of
2,000 sq, ms. Along the rs, there is sorae good
land, but taken as a whole, it is sterile. The
surface rises very gradually, from the sandy
plain near the Gulf of Mexico, to the interior
pine ridges. Staple, cotton. It extends from
lat, 30° 13' to 31° 16', and is traversed by long.
11° w, W, C, Cf t, Blakeleys, Pop. 1820,
1,713, 1830, 3,324,
Baldwin's Cross Roads, p-o, Ann Arundel
CO, Md. on the road from W, C, to Annapolis,
48 ms, from the former, and 12 from the latter
plaee, Baldwinsville, p-v, Worcester co. Mass, 59
ms, Boston.
Ballard's Bridge, and p-o. in the northern
p.art of Chowan CO, N, C, 16 ms, n. Edenton,
and by p-r, 268 ms, sthrd, W, C. and 155 ms,
N, E, byE, Raleigh,
Ballardsville, p-o, Logan co, Va, by p-r,
390 ms, s, w, by w, W, C,
Ballardsville, p-v, w, part of Oldhara co,
Ky, 31 ms, n. by w, Frankfort,
Ballston, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y, 23 ms, n,
Albany, about 5 ras, square, is principally on an
elevated, open, charapaign country, with gentle
swells ; the soil a strong gravelly loam, and
some sand and clay. It produces grass and
grain, orchards, and numerous forest trees. It
has Ballston lake or Long pond s, e., 4 ms,
long, 90 rods wide. The outlet and Mournkill
are the principal streams, which supply a few
raUls, There is a small post-village, with an
acaderay and a high school. This place was an
early settlement, and was attacked and burnt by
a party of Indians from Canada, during the
Revolution, The Ballston Springs are not in this
township, but in tha neighboring one of Milton,
Pop, 2,113,
Ballston Spa, p-v, t, of Milton, and cap, Sar
atoga CO, N, Y, 18 ms, n. w. Waterford, 7 s, w,
Saratoga Springs, 15 n, Schenectady, 26 h, by
w, Albany,
Baltimore, t, Windsor co, Vt, Population
179, Baltimore co, Md, bndd, by Chesapeake bay
s, E, Patapsco r, separating it from Ann Arun
del CO, s, w., Frederick co, Md, w., York co.
Pa, N., and Hartford co, Md, n, e. Greatest
length frora s, e. to n, w, 36 ms, mean width 25
ms, and area 900 sq. ras. It extends in lat.
frora 39° 12' to 39° 42i', and in long, from 0°
7' w, toO° 39'e, W, C, This county contains
two natural sections in itself, being very nearly
commensurate with the vaUies of Gunpowder
and Patapsco rivers. The surface is finely va
ried ; no part is mountainous, but the greater
part is hUly, The great primitive ledge which,
except in the St, Lawrence and Hudson, arrests

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36

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the Atlantic tides, traverses Baltimore county,
leaving a minor section of gea-gand alluvion be
tween tbe bayg of Gunpowder and Patapsco,
Though the section below the head ofthe tides
is not very broken, it is far from level. Above
the head of tide water the country rises, and
the hiUs in many places are elevated, and near
the streams abrupt. The general surface at
Reisterstown, 17 ms, n, w, from Baltimore, has
gained a relative elevation of 500 feet, and at
the sources of the Patapsco and Patuxent, along
the southeastern foot of the dividing ridge be
tween Baltimore and Frederick counties, the
farms are about 800 feet above tide water.
This difference of height produces a very sen
sible difference of temperature. At and near
Baltimore, spring time and harvest are from a
week to 10 days in advance of similar seasons
at the western and northwestern parts of the
county. This and the two adjacent counties,
Frederick and Ann Arundel, afford a very cen
tral example of the midale cliraate of the
United States, on and near the Atlantic ocean.
The great variety in the soil and sensible ex
tremes of teraperature arising frora relative
level, are productive of a corresponding diver
sity of vegetable genera and species. To
enuraerate the cultivated plants of Baltimore
county alone, would be to give a Ust of almost
every vegetable reared in the middle climate of
the United States, In coramercial rark and im
portance, Baltiraore county is a very interesting
section of the U, S,, and one that is rapidly in
creasing in wealth and population. Beside the
rising city of Baltimore, the great Western rail
way, now in progress, will pass along the whole
southwestern margin of this county. This in
teresting work has been already extended to the
city of Frederick, and Point of Rooks on Poto
mac river 71 ms. But a recurrence to the cen
sus of the city and county of Baltimore, gives
the most decisive evidence ofthe augmentation
of both within the last ten years. Population
in 1820, exclusive of the city, 33,463, and in
1830, 40,250, In 1820, aggregate of city and
county, 96,201, but in 1830 it had risen to
120,870, and yielded an increase of 126 per
cent, 'The county now, 1832, no doubt con
tains 136 to the sq, m,
Baltimore city, port of entry, p-t, and st, jus,
Baltimore co, Md, is situated on the primitive
ledge, and on a small creek or bay of Patapsco
r. 14 ms. above its mouth into Chesapeake bay,
38 ms. N, E, W, C, within a small fraction of 100
ms, southward frora Phil,, and by p-r, 30 miles a
little w, of N, Annapolis, Lat, 39° 17', long,
0° 26' E. W. C,
The site of Baltimore now under improve
ment comprises about 1,500 acres ; we have
seen in the preceding paragraph, that in 1830,
the population amounted to upwards of 80,000,
and it may be very safely observed that the ag
gregate ol 86,000 for the present population, is
from every probability, too low an estimate. It
would not be too much to say that the harbor
of Baltimore is among the finest havens ofthe
earth. From a plan of that harbor, published
by the Canton company of the city of Baltimore,
1829, it appears that the opening between fort
McHenry and the Lazaretto, is about 600

yards wide, with 22 feet water. This depth is
continued upwards of a mUe and a quarter, to
near Fell's Point, with an increased width to
from upwards of half, to near a mile. Opposite
Fell's Point, the width is contracted to about J
mile, but again dilates into an ellipsis ofnear a
mile in length, and half a mile greatest breadth.
In this second harbor, the depth is from 15 to 12
feet, the latter depth at the mouth of the basin.
The latter, or third and inner harbor, has a depth
of 10 feet to near the centre of the city. The
distance frora the open Chesapeake bay to fort
McHenry by the ship channel, is about 15 ms.
in a direction of nearly n, w. In 1829, the ton
nage of Baltimore amounted to 96,481 tons, and
only fell short of that of New York and Boston,
The water power within the distance of 15 or 20
ms, ofthis city has been estimated as equal to
the force of 314,000 men. Within this circle of
power, there is already invested in mills and
other raachinery, a capital exceeding $1,200,-
000, From the iron ores which exist in the
single CO, of Baltiraore, it is believed iron suffi
cient raay be manufactured, to supply the wants
of the whole U, S, The manufacturing capital
employed in and near Baltimore, has reached
an amountof not less thanfive, and probably not
less than six million of doUars, We estimate,
says Niles, that the annual value of our manu,
factures of iron, copper, chemicals, leather, hats,
lead, cabinet and other wares of wood, metals,
and various raaterials, which enter into the sup
ply ofthe interior and exterior commerce of our
city, atnotless than .$5,000,000,
Connected with the adjacent country by only
the ordinary roads, Baltimore is well situated
for internal commerce. It is more contiguous
to the valley of Ohio, to all western Maryland,
and also to a large section of Pa, than is Phil.
and having the advantage of a more southern
climate, the harbor of the former, is not so lia.
ble as that of the latter to annual obstructions
from ice. The buildings, public and private,
vie in elegance with those of Phil, New York,
or Boston, In this city are an exchange, sev.
eral splendid hotels, and two monuments. The
battle raouraent, in N, Calvert street, is a chaste
obelisk, Washington's raonument rising in the
intersection between N, Charles and Monument
streets, is by far the most magnificent edifice in
the U, S. of that class. It is surmounted by a
colossal statue of the Father of his country.
This imposing figure is visible from the sur.
rounding country, at an immense number of dif
ferent points ; and is an honor to the city. There
are 47 places of public worship of the following
denominations — Roman Catholic 7 ; Protestant
Episcopal, 4 ; Associated Methodists, 2 ; Pres
byterian, 4 ; Associated Reformed, 1 ; Baptist,
4; Methodist Epis, 8 ; African do, 3 ; Fish street
church, 1 ; German Lutheran, 1 ; EugUsh do, 1 1
Seamen's Bethel, I ; Evangelical Reformed, 1 ;
Gerraan Reforraed, 1 ; Calvinists, 1 ; Friends, 3;
Unitarian, 1 ; Dunkards, 1 ; Missionary, 1 ;
Scotch Seceders, 1 ; Branch Tabernacle, 1;
New Jerusalem, 1 ; Universalist, 1, There are
also 10 banks, 4 market houses, a prison, the
state penitentiary, a museura, library, three the.
atres, a great number of private schoolg, and 2
CoUeges, Of the edifices aud institutions of

BAL

37

BAN

Baltimore those of the most decided utility, are
those dedicated to education, and of these, the
most remarkable are Baltimore, and St, Mary's
colleges. In 1807, a raedical college was
founded, but subsequently connected with the
university of Maryland. All those institutions
are in activity. St. Mary's college belongs to
the Roman Catholics, and is in a flourishing
state. The following notices of this school raay
be regarded as ofliicial, as they are extracts
from an address to the public, dated the 3d of
March, 1831, and undersigned by Samuel Ec.
eleston, the president.
" In the month of January, 1805, this institu
tion was raised to the rank of 'University of
Maryland,' and vested with power to hold public
commencements and grant degrees."
" St. Mary's college enjoys the advantage of
a most healthfiU and pleasant situation, in the
most northwestern part of the city of Baltimore.
The buildings are sufficient for the accomoda
tion of one hundred and fifty boarders, and af,
ford the facility of appropriating a separate
room to each class of the various literary de
partments." " The system of instruction embraces the va
rious arts and sciences usuaUy taught in the
most extensive colleges. Latin, Greek, and the
Mathematics, are considered as the ground work
of general scholarship,"
From the residue of the address, too lengthy
for insertion in this Gazetteer, it appears, that
the means of a complete classical and liberal
education, are all embraced in this College,
Boarding is at $140 for fuU, and $70 for half
boarders, annually. Tuition per annum,
paid half yearly in advance. Day scholars $15
per quarter ; and entrance fee $5.
The maimers of the people of Baltimore are
those of business and industry. Habits of raere
pleasure or amusement, have gained but little
force. In literary acquirement the people of
this city are perhaps in the rear of some others
of the large commercial capitals of the U. S.
but certainly in advance of their modest clairas.
In solid prosperity, Baltimore has probably no
second in the United States. The advance of
this emporium is best seen by a single glance at
the following progress of its population. In
1790 there were 13,503 inhabitants; in 1800,
26,514; in 1810, 35,583; in 1820, 62,738; in
1830, 80,625. This shows an increase of near
ly 600 per cent, in 40 years, and if the ratio of
increase in the decennial period from 1820, to
1830, has been preserved, this city now (April
1833) contains about 86,000.
Baltimore, named from the title of the origi
nal founder of Maryland, stands on an admira
bly well chosen site, at the head of the tide.
The city, sirailar in that respect to Philadelphia,
occupies in part the margin of primitive rock.
The northem and most elevated part of the
ground plan, is composed of rounded hills, ris
ing to 8 I or 100 feet above tide level. The slope
from the alluvial section of the city, now the
basin, is not regular, but is in no place very ab
rupt. The lower part rests on a real recent al
luvion, around a basin into which only vessels
of 200 tons can enter. Southward from the
main body of the city, and over the basin, rises 6

a conical hill, on which stands Fort McHenry
the citadel of Baltimore, and below whioh tho
harbor widens and deepens, so as to admit ships
of 18 ft, draught to Fell's Point, or the lower
and southeastern part of the city.
Baltimore, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del. Pop.
2176. Baltimore, a sraall viUage in the middle and
eastern part of Fauquier co. Va. about 50 ms.
a Uttle s. of w, W, C.
Baltimore, p-v, Fairfield co, 0. by p-r. 30 ms.
s. E. from Columbus. It is in the nthm. part of
the CO, and on the Ohio and Erie canal, has ris
en rapidly frora the advantages of position, and
contains upwards of 200 houses, and 500 inhab.
itants, Banesbridge, and p-o. in the northem part of
Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 5 ms. nthrd. from
Rockingham, tbe co.st. and 108 ms. s.w. Raleigh.
Bangor, p-t. and cap. Penobscot co. Me. w.
side Penobscot r. 35 ms. n, Castine, 66 n, e. Au.
gusta, 52 from Owl's Head point, a cape of Pe
nobscot bay, is the most flourishing town in the
State. The place was a wilderness 30 years
since. It stands at the head of navigation, and
is easily accessible except in the winter. The
Maine charity school, a theological seminary,
was established here in 1815, and prepares
young men for the desk. The course of study
embraces 4 years. There is algo a mechanic
association. Bangor is destined to be the cen.
tre of business within the State, for more than
half of Me. and it will command the trade of
9000 sq, ms, or more than i without competi.
tion. 'The water power in the vicinity is said to
be superior to that of any other town in the U. S.
Great expectations are entertained ofthe growth
ofthis place. The increase of population be
tween 1820 and 1830, was about 130 per cent.
and the surrounding regions have been rapidly
peopled from different parts of the country,
though the greater part of the Penobscot valley
is still unoccupied. When the luraber shall
have been removed, the soil will be arable and
valuable. The following recapitulation, the ex.
ports of one year, will show the importance of
this branch of business to the place.
Boards, plank fejoists, surveyed, 23,473,180 ft.
Do, shipped without survey, 3,354,000

26,827,180
This item, at .$8,14 the thousand, amounts to
.$218,471; besides which, 4338 tons of timber,
at $2,75, 99.671 feet ranging tiraber at $2,50,
shingles, clapboards, and laths, to the value of
$96,000, and staves, oars, and other small lum.
ber to the value of $7,000 more, make a total
sum of $335,891,
The transportation employs many vessels,
their own and from other districts also. Build.
ing goes on fast, but rents are high. Above
3,000,000 bricks were madein 1831. Abridge
crosses the Kenduskeag. 4 churches have
been built in 3 years, and a jail and court house
are intended to be built this season, Naviga.
tion in the summer, and sleighing in the winter,
give great activity to the place. Pop. 2,867,
Bangor, p.t. Franklin co.N. Y, 210 ms. Alba.
ny, 6 ms. by 48, ie but little settled, has a sandy
loam, bearing beech, maples, bass, elm, cherry

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38

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and cedar. Little Salmon r. is the principal
stream. Pop, 1,076,
Banister, r, of Va. rising by numerous
branches in Pittsylvania co, flows 25 ms, in a
northeasterly direction, enters Halifax co, and
inflects to the s, E, about 30 ms, and falls into
Dan r, about 10 ms, above the junction of the
latter with Roanoke. Banister drains raost
part ofthe peninsula between Dan and Roanoke
rs. below the e. boundary of Henry and Frank
lin cos.
Banister, naraed in the p-o. list, HaUfax c. h
p, V, and st, jus, Halifax co, Va, situated on
Banister r, by p-r, 130 ras, s, w,byw, Richmond,
and 220 s, w, W. C. Lat. 36° 44', long, 1° 58'
w, W, C,
Baptist Town, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10
ms. w. Flemington,
Barbersville, p-o. Jefferson co. Ind. by p-r.
95 ms. s. E. Indianopolis.
Barboursville, p-v. Orange co, Va, at the
northwestern foot of South mto. by p-r. 113 ms.
s. w, W. C. and 88 n. w. Richmond,
Barboursville, p-v, and st, jus, Cabell co,
Va. situated on the right bank of Great Guyan-
dot, 5 ras. above its entrance into the Ohio r, by
fi-r. 355 ms, s, w, by w, W, C, and 344 ms, a
ittlcN. of w, Richmond, n, lat, 38° 24', long 5°
12' w, W. C.
Barboursville, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. Ky.
situated on the right bank of Cumberland r., by
P-r, 122 ms, s, e, Frankfort, and 533 ras, s, w, by
w, W, C, Lat. 36° 55', long, 6° 47' w, W, C,
Pop, 138.
Bardstown, p-t. and st. jus. Nelson co, Ky, is
pleasantly situated near the Beach fork, and by
p-r, 50 ms, s. w, Frankfort, 65 s, w. Lexington,
and 38 s. e, Louisville, The town is built on ri
sing ground, which slopes in nearly every direc
tion from it. The business of the place is con
siderable, and there are some valuable raanufac
turing establishraents in the town. It contains
a court house, 3 houses of public worship, pres
byterian, raethodist, and catholic ; the latter is
very handsorae, and contains several handsome
paintings, St Joseph's, a catholic coUege is lo
cated here ; it was founded in 1819, and incor
porated in 1826. The buildings are very hand
some, and the philosophical and cheraical appa
ratus are very coraplete ; the library contains
about 1,500 vols. There are 15 instructers,
and the average number of students is about
150, Commencement, 1st, August, There is
also a female serainary here, and a weekly pa
per is published in the town. Pop, 1,625,
Barges, p-o, Wilcox co, Ala, by p-r, 81 ms,
sthrd, Tuscaloosa.
Baring, t, Washington co. Me, 209 ms. e.
Augusta. Pop, 159,
Bark Camp, p-o, Burke co. Geo. by p-r. 67
ms, estrd, MUledgeviUe.
Barkhamstead, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn. 23
ms. 11. w. Hartford, contains about 32 sq. ms,
5 ms. by 6 and a half, and is rough and stony,
divided n. and s. by two high granite ridges
which run far n, A little iron ore and free
stone are found. The soil is hard and dry, and
generally not good for tillage, except along the
streams. The grazing is good, and considera
ble butter and cheese are sent to market, as

well as cattle and sheep. Oak, chesnut, sugar
maple, beech, pine, &c, were formerly abun
dant, but have been destroyed partly by fire and
wind. Still r, and another main branch of
Farmington r, supply mill seats. First settled,
1744. Pop. 1,715.
Barksdale, p-v. in the westem part of Hali
fax CO. Va. by p-r, 246 ms. s, w. W. C. and 156
s. w, by w, Richmond,
Barnard, p-t. Windsor co, Vt. 21 ms. N. w.
Windsor, 37 s. Montpelier, lies between Quee.
chy and White rs. and has a pond of 100 acres,
near the centre. Locust cr. and other streams
afford mill seats. There is a small village in
the centre ; and in the is. part a bog of marl.
First setUed 1744, Pop, 1,881,
Barnard's Station, p.o. Buncombe co. N. C.
about 200 ras. wstrd, Raleigh,
Barnardstown, p.t, Franklin co. Mass. was
incorporated 1762. Itwas called Fall Town in
1746, when there was a fort in the place, and
that year was attacked by the Indians, and de.
fended by three soldiers only. The t. lies upon
high land between Conn, and Green rs. and is
bounded n, by Vt, Pop, 918,
Barnegat, v, Poughkeepsie, Duchess co.
N. Y, is reraarkable for the large quantities of
liraestone which is bumt and transported to dif
ferent parts of the U, S,
Barnegat, bay and inlet, Monmouth co, N, J.
lat, 39° 47', long, 74° 13' w. The bay is about
20 ras, long, separated from the ocean by a
beach, and united with it by the Inlet.
Barnegat, v. Monmouth co. N. J. on Barae.
gat bay, opposite the inlet.
Barnes' Store, and p-o. Pike co. Geo. by p-r.
33 ms. w, MiUedgeville,
Barnestown or Bamesville, p-v, in the north
western part of Montgoraery co, Md, on the
road from W, C.to New Market, 15 ms. s. e. by
e, from Frederick, and by p-r. 40 ms, n. n. w.
W. C.
Barnesville, p-v. inthe western part of Bel
mont co. 0,30 ms. B. w, by w. Wheeling in
Ohio CO, Va, and by p-r, 297 ms, n, w, by w. a
little w. W, C, and 128 ms, e. Columbus. Pop.
408, Barnet, p-t, Caledonia co, Vt,, w. Connecticut
r, opposite Lyraan N, H, 35 ms, is, Montpelier,
65 N, Windsor, contains 40 sq,ms,, has Pas.
sumpsic and Stevens' rs, which supply miUs,
particularly Stevens' mills, where the fall is 100
ft, in 10 rods. The 15 ra. falls of Connecticut
r. are in this town, and below them are 21
islands, one of which contains 90 acres. The
soil is generally rich, and good for grazing and
tillage. There is much slate, and sorae iron
ore. Boats come up Connecticut r. to this
place. There are 3 ponds, one of 100 acres.
Pop 1.764,
Barnett's Mills and p-o. Fauquier co. Va.
by p-r. 56 ms. wstrd, W, C,
Barneysvile, p-v, Bristol co. Mass, 43 ms,
Boston, Barns' Mills and p-o, western part of Monon
galia CO, Va, by p-r. 233 ms. n. w. by w. a little
w.W.C. Barnstable co. Mass, is the easternmost
land in the state, and comprehends the peninsu
la ofCape Cod. It is bndd. by Massachusetts

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39

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bay N,, Buzzard's bay s, w., the ocean e, and s, e,,
and Plymouth co, w,, connected by a narrow
neck, and is almost entirely sandy and barren.
The inhabitants are almost all fishermen, Barn
stable is the cf, t. Great quantities of salt are
made here from sea water, by solar evaporation ;
the water being puraped by wind into large vats
exposed to the sun's heat, and covered with
moveable roofs from dew and rain. Sorae parts
ofthis county are like an Arabian desert. There
are in the co. sixty-two meeting-houses, at
which there is stated preaching, viz : twenty-
two for congregationalists, twenty for method
ists, nine for baptists, four for unitarians, three
for friends, three for universalists, and one for
Roman catholics. Pop, 1820, 24,026, 1830,
28,514, Barnstable, p-t. s-p. and cap. Barnstable co.
Mass. 66 ms. s. e. Boston. 'The tsp, extends
across Cape Cod, and is 9 ras, by 5, with a bet
ter soil than raost of the Cape, chiefly producing
oak and yellow pine. The tide rises frora 8 to
14 ft, and supplies many salt vats. The town
is on a declivity, s. Barnstable bay, with consid
erable shipping, and at the mouth of the port is
a bar with 6 or 7 ft, water at low tide. Incor
porated 1639, Pop, 3,974,
Barnstead, p-t, Strafford co, N, H, 36 ms, m,
w. Portsmouth, 26 w. by n, Dover, 20 e. Con
cord ; has a swelling surface, good soil, bearing
pine, oak, beech, maple, &c. Suncook, Brin-
dle, and Halfmoon ponds are stocked with fish,
and enter into Suncook r. First settled, 1707.
It has a social library. Pop, 2,047,
Barnwell, one of the southwestern dists, of
S, C, bounded by Edgefield dist. n. w.. South
Edisto r. separating it from Orangeburg n, and
N. e., Colleton e., Beaufort s. e., and Savannah
r. separating it from Scriven co. of Geo. s, w,
and from Burke co. w. Greatest length by a
line along the general course of South Edisto,
60 ms. mean breadth 28, and area 1,680 sq, ras.
Extending in lat, from 32° 50', to 33° 37', and
in long, from 3° 48' to 4° 50' w. Both the two
rivers which bound this district on the southwest
and northeastern sides, as well as the two Sal.
kehatchies which rise within it, flow to the s, e,,
the general slope of the district is therefore in
that direction. Soil in general of middling
quality. Chief staple, cotton, Cf, t. Barnwell,
Pop. of the dist. 1820, 14,750, 1830, 19,236.
Barnwell, C. H, and p.v, and st, jus, Barn
well dist. S. C. situated on Great Salkehatchie
r. near the centre of the dist. 90 ras. n, w, by
w. Charleston, and by p-r, 62 ms, s, s. w, Co
lumbia, and 562 ms, s, s, w, W. C, Lat, 33°
13', and long, 4° 20' w, W, C,
Barre, p-t, Washington co, Vt, 50 ms, n, w.
Windsor, contains 31 sq, ms. First settled 1788,
The soil is a dry, warm loam, without stones,
with an uneven surface, andthe people are good
farmers. Cobble and Millstone hills in the s,
E. yield much granite for building and mill stones.
The latter are sent to different parts of the U.
S. Spanish brown and alum are found. Ste
vens' and Jail branch, uniting and joining with
Onion r. give excellent mill seats. There are
2 villages, and 14 school dists. Pop, 2,012,
Barre, p.t. Worcester cO. Mass. 66 ms, w.
from Boston, named after Col. Barre, a distin.

guished friend of America in the British parlia
ment, is one of the first agricultural towns in
the CO, Ware r, passes through it, and there
are here several of its branches. The ground
is high, dividing the head waters of Ware, Black.
stone, and Nashua rs. Pop. 2,503.
Barre, p-t, Orleans co, N, Y, 13 ms, n, Bata.
via, 5 Montpelier, is on the mountain Ridge, and
is watered by small branches of Oak, Orchard
and Sandy ers. Pop. 4,768,
Barren, Big and Little, the two southern con
fluents of Green r, Ky, Big Barren r, has its
numerous sources in Jackson, Smith and Sum
ner cos. Ten, Flowing thence in a n, n, w, di
rection, it enters Ky, receiving confluents from
Barren, Monroe, Allen, Simpson and Warren
cos, they unite in one channel, in the latter, near
Bowling Green, Assuming thence a n, w,
course. Big Barren, now a navigable stream,
joins Green r, on the border between Warren
and Butler cos. The valley of Big Barren is
about 70 ms. in length, by a raean width of 30 ;
area 2,100 sq, ras. Little Barren, a rauch infe
rior stream to the preceding, rises in the east.
ern part of Barren, and westem of Adair cos,,
and fiowing in a n, n. w, direction, first separates
Barren from Green, and thence Green from
Hart cos, finally joining Green r, near Sinking
Spring, after a comparative course of about 30
ms. Barren, one of the southern cos, of Ky, bndd,
s, by Monroe, w, by Warren, ss. by Hart, n, e,
by Green, and E, by Adair, Length from e. to
w, 30 ms, mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq,
ms,, extending in lat. from 36° 52' to 37° If n,
and in long, from 8° 30' to 9° 02' w, W.C, The
eastern partof this co. is drained by Little Bar.
ren, but the greater part of the surface is drain
ed by the sources of Big Barren, Surface rath
er level and soil far more fertile than the ill-
chosen name would induce the reader to sup
pose, Cf, t, Glasgow, Pop, iu 1820, 10,328,
1830, 15,079.
Barren Creek Springs, p-o. in the extreme
northern part of Somerset co. Md. about 80 ms.
s, E, Baltimore, and 80 s, e, by e, W. C,
Barren Hill, p-o, Montgomery co. Pa, by
p-r, 93 ms, n, e. W, C,
Barrington, p-t, Strafford co, N. H, 20 ms.
N, w, Portsmouth, 30 e. Concord, 65 n, Boston,
has a surface soraewhat broken and rocky, with
much gravelly loam. The oak ridges have a
sandy loam, good for tillage. There are 13
ponds, whose streams furnish mill seats. The
rocks are granite, &c, and there are bog iron
ore, crystals, &c. The Devil's Den is a curious
cavern. First settled, 1732, Pop, 1,895,
Barrington, p-t, Bristol co, R, I, 7 ms, s, e.
Providence, s, Massachusetts, n, e, Narragan
set r. is about 3 ms, by 3, with a surface nearly
level, and a light sandy soil, good for grain.
Sea weed is used as manure. A bridge crosses
to Warren, There is plenty of fish, and some
salt is made. Pop, 612,
Barrington, Great, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass.
(See Great Barrington.)
Barrington, p-t, Yates co, N, Y, e. Crooked
lake, 21 ms, n, e, Bath, 219 w, Albany, 6 ms,
by 5, has a good soil, nearly level, with chest
nut, oak, walnut, and some pine. Pop, 1,854,

BAS

40

BAT

Barron's, p-o. Perry co. Ala, 52 ras, s, e,
Tuscaloosa, Barry, new co, Mich, bndd, by Calhoun s, e,,
Kalamazoo co, s, w,, AUegan w,, Kent N, w,,
Ionia N, E,, and Eaton e. Length from s. to n,
24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq, ms, Lat, 42°
35', long, 8° 20' w, W, C, The sthrn, part slopes
to the s, and is drained by ers, flowing into Ka
lamazoo r. but the body of the co. slopes to s. w,
by w, and in that direction is drained by Apple
r, branch of Grand r. The central part is about
120 ms, a litfle n, of w, Detroit, Fop, uncertain,
Barryville, p-v, SuUivan co, N, Y,
Barryville, p-v, in the northem part of Stark
CO, O, by p-r, 127 ms, n, e, Columbus, and 322
ms, u, w, by w, W, C,
Bart, tsp, and p-o, eastern part of Lancaster
CO, Pa, by p-r, 54 ms, southeastward frora Har
risburg, Pop, 1,470,
Bartholomew co, of Ind, bndd, by Johnson
N. w., Shelby n, e,, Decatur e,, Jennings s, e,,
Jackson s,, Monroe w. Length 24 ms, mean
width 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in
lat, from 39° 03' to 39° 21', and in long, from 8°
38' to 9° 08' w, W, C, The slope of this co,
is nearly southward. In it unite Clifty, Flat
Rock, and Blue rs,, confluents of Driftwood,
fork of White r.
Bartlett, p-t, Coos co, N, H, 45 ms, s, w,
Lancaster, 75 n, by e. Concord, 85 n, by w,
Portsmouth, lies at the s. base of the White
mtns, and contains about 13,000 acres of rough
land, but little cultivated, with sorae good, on
Saco r. Named after Gov, B, Pop. 644.
Barton i, Orleans co, Vt, rises near the
source of Lamoille r, and runs n, to lake Mem.
phremagog, watering about 160 sq, ms.
Barton, p-t, Orleans co, Vt. e, Montpelier, is
crossed by Barton r, and has a part of WiUough-
by's r. a branch of it, with several ponds. Bell-
water pond, a source of Barton r, has an outlet
with mills, and a village. First settled, about
1796, from N, H. and R, L Pop, 729,
Barton, p-t. Tioga co, N, Y, Pop, 982,
Barton's p-o, Lauderdale co, Ala, by p-r,
164 ms, northwardly from Tuscaloosa,
Bascobel, p-v, Jackson co, Geo, by p-r, 85
ms. a little w. of k, MUledgeviUe.
Basin, and Valley, are two terms very fre.
quently used is this treatise, as applied to rivers.
"The term Basm is employed to designate the
whole space claimed by a river from its most
remote fountains to its ultimate disappearance
in some ocean or sea, or inland lakes. In this
application of the word Basin it is a generic
term, and the word Valley a specific term. As
prominent examples we may adduce the Mis.
sissippi, and its confluents the Missouri and
Ohio, When the expressionis used, therefore,
" Basin of the Mississippi," it is intended to
embrace the entire space drained by that river
and all its confluent strearas. So also of the
Basin of any other river, but can be only under.
stood of rivers which do not flow into other riv.
ers, but into a final recipient, be it ocean, sea,
lake, bay, or gulf; or as there are many exam.
pies in the eastern continent, and some few in
America, into a sandy desert. Thus we say
with correctaesB, basin of Connecticut, Hudson,
Delaware, &c.

Valley is used to designate the space drained
by a river faUing into another river, and losing
its name ; such as Missouri, Ohio, and Arkan.
sas, into the Mississippi, Mohawk into Hudson,
orthe Lehigh and SchuylkiU info Delaware. _
The least unequivocal principle to adopt m
settling the relative importance of any river, ia
the space drained by the streams which contri
bute to form its volume. This gives the com
parative territorial extent of the Basin or Val.
ley, and determines the space occupied on the
surface of the earth. This is also the only
principle to solve the problem which is of uni
versal appUeation. (See Art. rivers.)
Basking Ridge, p-v. Bernard, Somerset co.
N. J. near the head waters of Passaic r. 7 ms.
s, w. Morristown, is situated on elevated land,
and is memorable for the capture of Gen. Lee
by the British in the revolutionary war. Part
of the house is still standing near the stage
road. Stage coaches go daily for New York by
2 routes, except in winter.
Bason Harbor, p-v. Ferrisburg t. Addison
CO, Vt, is one of tbe best harbors on Lake Cham.
plain, Bass Islands, a group of small islands in
lake Erie, lying off Sandusky Point, and form-
ing a part of Huron co, O, This cluster gains
iraportance frora containing the fine harbor of
Put-ui Bay, The group is composed of three
main islands and a few islets. The southern
lies in forra of a crescent, concave to the s, and
convex to the N, The second or middle Bass
crosses like a chord, and approaching the cusps
of that to the s. encloses a noble sheet of wa.
ter, with 12 feetdepth, two entrances, one to the
east and the other to the west. If we can ex
cept Buffalo and Detroit rs, this is the best ha.
ven belonging to lake Erie, As laid down by
Tanner in his U, S. map, Put.in-Bay lies 18 ms.
N. N, w, of the entrance into Sandusky bay ;
and 30 ms, s, e, of the mouth of Detroit r. N.
lat. 41° 42', long. 5° 42' w. W, C. When visit.
ed by the author of this article, in 1818, the
Bass Islands were uninhabited,
Batavia, p-t, and cap, Genesee co. N. Y. 256
ms. w. Albany, 20 s. Erie canal, 36 e. Buffalo,
is crossed by Tonawanta creek, aud has small
head streams of Oak, Orchard and Black creeks.
It has level land, good for farms, and is on the
road from Albany to Buffalo. The village is ve
ry neat. Here are the county buildings, and
the house of the agent ofthe Holland land cora
pany. Pop. 4,264,
Batavia, p.v, and st. jus. Clermont co. 0. sit.
uated on the e, branch of Little Miarai r, 24
ms, a little s, of e, Cincinnati, and by p.r, 109
ms, s, w, Columbus, and 496 w. W. C, Lat.
39° 2', long, 7° w. W, C.
Batesville, p-v, in tbe eastern part of Guern
sey CO, 0, by p.r, 119 ms, e, Columbus,
Batesville, p.v, and st, jus. Independence co.
Ark, situated on the left bank of White r. 87
ras. N. N. E. Little Rock, and about 250 ms. s.
s, w, St, Louis. By p.r. 1044 ms. s. w. by w.
W. C. Lat, 35° 44', long. 14° 18' w. W. C.
Bath, p.t, s-p. Lincoln co. Me. w. Kennebec
r. 37 ms,, Augusta 15 ms., ocean 14 ms. s. w,
from Wiscasset, 34 n. e. Portland, 153 N. E.
JBoston, is the highest place to which the r. is

BAT
navigable in winter. It stands on an acclivity,
and is almost isolated by some of the numerous
arms of tho sea which penetrate that part of
the coast. Pop, 3,773,
Bath, p-t, Grafton co, N, H, e. Conn, r, 42
ms, N, E, Dartmouth college, 81 n, n. w. Con
cord, 148 ms, N, n, w, Boston, has some rich
land, and is sheltered e. by the White mtns. and
w. by the Green ratns. It has many good mill
seats on the Ammonoosuc r. and a bridge across
it 350 ft. lhere is a majestic fall in Conn, r,
near this place. Perch pond, 100 acres, is also
here. Gardner's mtn, about 500 ft high, which
divides the t, consists of granite, slate, &c.
and contains alum, pyrites, some iron and silver,
and a stone which dissolves in warm water.
The hills have a red loam, or marl, with raaple,
beech, birch, oak, &c. The vaUies alluvial,
with white pine, heralock, spruce, elra, &c.
Pop, 1,623,
Bath, p-t, and cap. Steuben co. N. Y, 240
ms. w. Albany, 41 s. s. w. Geneva, 41 E. An
gelica ; is crossed by Conhocton r. which winds
through it for 30 ras, and its streams furnish
mill seats. The soil is various and irregular.
The village is on the e. side of Conhocton r.
which is 75 ft. wide. Pop, 3,387,
Bath, p-v, Northampton co. Pa, 10 ras, n, n,
w, from Easton, and 8 a little w, of n, Bethle
hem, Bath, one of the central cos, of Va, bndd,
by Alleghany co, s,, and s, w, by Alleghany
mm. separating it frora Greenbrier on the w,
and Pocahontas on the n, w, by Pendleton n, e,
by the Great North mtn, separating it from Au
gusta on the E, and Rockbridge on the s, e.
Length from n, e, to s, w, 36 ms. Mean breadth
21, and area 756 gq, mg. Extending in lat, from
37° 50' to 38° 25', and in long, from 2° 18' to
3° w, W, C, Bath occupieg part of a high
mountain valley, with a slope to the southwest
ward. The extreme northwestern constituents
of James r. Cowpasture and Jackson's rs. have
their sources along the southwestern border of
Pendleton, but flow into and traverse Bath in
a southwestern direction. North r. another
branch of James r. issues from the eastern part
of this CO. and traversing Rockbridge, joins its
recipient at the western foot of the Blue Ridge.
The mean elevation of the cultivated surface of
Bath, exceeds 1200 ft. or an equivalent to 3° of
lat. The face of the country is very broken and
in part mountainous ; and with the latitude and
elevation produces winters severe and lengthen
ed. The cultivated vegetables also evince a cli
mate of much lower mean temperature than
on like latitudes near the Atlantic coast. Soil
in general sterile. Cf t. Warm Springs. Pop,
1820, 5,237, 1830, 4,002,
Bath, C, H, or Warm Springs, p-v. Bath co,
Va,, by p.r, 170 mg. n. n. w. Richmond, and 226
s. w. W. C.
Bath, p.v. in the eastern part of Beaufort co.
N. C. situated on a small bay near the n. shore of
PamUco r. 16 ras, s, e, by e, from the port of
Washington, and by p.r, 138 ms, a Uttle s, of e,
Raleigh, Bath, p-v, inthe N, eastern part of Medina co,
O. by p.r. N. E. Columbus, and 344 ms. n. w. by
w,W,C.

41 BAT
Bath, co. of Ky, bndd, by Morgan s,e,, Monf
gomery s,w, and w., Nicholas n.w,, and Lick"
ing r, separating it from Fleming n, and n, e.
Length from s. e, to n, w, 25 ms,, mean breadth
10, and area 256 sq. ms., extending in lat, from
38° to 38° 17' N. and in long, 6° 30' to 6° 50' w.
W. C, The slope ofthis co, is to the n. wstrd,
towards Licking i, Cf t. Owingsburg, and
Sharpsburg. Pop, 1820, 7,961, 1830,8,799,
Bath Iro.v Works, and p-o, in the southem
part of Rockbridge co, Va, by p-r, 167 ms, w,
Richmond, and 209 s, w, by w. W. C.
Baton Rouge, p-v, in the nthrn, part of Ches
ter dist, S. C, by p-r, 66 ms, n, Columbia,
Baton Rouge, East, parish of La,, bndd, by
the parish of Iberville s, e., Mississippi river,
separating it from the parish of w. Baton Rouge
on the s, and w. and from that of point Coupee
onthe N, w,, E, Feleciana w,, and the Amite r.
separating it frora St. Helena e. Length from
N. to s, 23 ms,, mean width 15, and area 345 sq.
ms. extending in lat. from 39° 18' to 30° 37', and
in long. 14° to 14° 22' w, W, C, This parish
contains the first land which rises above the
level ofthe delta, ascending the Misp. Imme
diately above the efflux ofthe Iberville outlet,
the surface begins to swell into eminences or
hiUs of humble elevation. The soil of the pa
rish, in a state of nature, was covered with a
very dense forest. The slope either way is but
slight, that eastward towards Amite r, is wid
est, Cf, t. Baton Rouge. Pop. 1820, 5,220,
1830, 6,698.
Baton Rouge, (Red Stick,) p-v. and st. jus.
for East Baton Rouge, parish of La, is situated
on the left bank ofthe Misp. r, at n, lat, 30° 31',
and long, 14° 18' w, W, C, 30 ras, above Don
aldsonville, and 117 above N. Orleans, and by
p-r. 1237 ms, s, w, by w, W. C. This town
was founded on the low_er bluff or high land
which reaches the bank ofthe Misp, and ex
tends raostly in one street along the margin of
the hill. The site of Baton Rouge is, however,
only a hill coraparatively, as it does not rise
above high water mark more than 25 ft, but con
trasted with the uniform plain along the raargin
of the river, the apparent elevation of Baton
Rogue is real and pleasing deception in vision.
Pop, 1,000,
Baton Rouge, West, parish of La, bndd, by
the parish of Iberville s. e., the Atchafalaya r.
separating it from the parish of St. Martin's s.
s, w,, and St. Landre'or Opelousas n. w., parish
of Point Coupee N. and the Misp, r. separating
it from East Baton Rouge on the e. Length
from e, to w, 35 ms., mean breadth 20, and area
700 sq. ras, extending in lat. frora 30° 12", to 30°
32', and in long, frora 14° 15' to 14° 55' w, W.
C, The surface being a part of the delta of
the Misp. is an almost undeviating plain, with a
very slight sthrn. declivity, and the far greater
part liable to annual submersion. The arable
part lies along the streams, and the soil being
invariably fertile, every spot which can he
brought under the plough is highly productive.
Cotton is the comraon staple ; sugar has been
attempted, but the situation is a little too far
N, for the sugar cane. In the post office list
of 1831, no p-o. is named in this parish; nor
does it contain a village worthy of notice. Ths

BEiV

42

BEA

settlements border the strearas, and are princi
pally upon the Misp. Pop. 1820, 2,335, 1830,
3,084, Battahatcha, r, of Ala, and Misp. rising in
Marion co, of the former, having interlocking
sources with Bear cr, branch of Ten, r, and
with those efthe N, western sources of Black
Warrior r,, and flowing thence g, wstrdly, enters
Monroe co, Misp, falling into the Tombigbee
after a comparative course of 70 ras,
Battenkill, r, r sing in Vt, and crossing
Washington co N, Y , joining Hudson r, half a
mile above Fish cr. is a good mill stream 50 ms.
long. Battletown, p-v. Frederick co. Va,, situated
on Opequhan cr, 12 ms, s, e, Winchester, and
by p-r, 68 ms. a little n, of w. W, C,
Battle cr, and p-o, b. wstrn. angle of Marion
CO. Ten. by p-r. 107 ras. s, estrd, Nashville,
Bayou Chicot, p-o, in the n. wstrn. part of
the settlement of Opelousas, or parish of St.
Landre'. La., about 30 ms n. w. from the vil
lage of St. Landre', and by p-r. 1298 ms. s, w,
by w, W, C,
Bay Settlement, and p-o. extending along
the Erie shore, or estrn. part of Monroe co.
Mich. It lies n. wstrd. Maumee Bay, and by
p-r. 46 ms, s, w, Detroit,
Bazetta, p-v, in the wstrn, part of TrumbuU
CO, O, 7 ms. K, w, Warren, and by p-r, 162 ras,
N, e. by e. Columbus, and 302 ms. s. w. by w.
W.C. Beal's Island, Washington co. Me. Pop. 55,
Beallsville, p-v, on the U, S, road, s, estrn,
part of Washington co. Pa, 14 ras, from Wash
ington, the CO, st,, by p-r, 218 ms, n, w, by w.
W. C, and 300 ms. wstrd. PhUadelphia.
Beallsville, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Mon
roe CO. 0. 10 ms. wstrd, Woodsfield, and by p-r,
140 ms, a little s, of E, Columbus, and 294 ms,
wstrd. a little n. W. C.
Bean's Station, p-o. Granger co. Ten, by p-r.
204 ms. estrd. Nashville.
Bear cr. a small confluent of Ten, r, rising in
Marion and Franklin cos, Ala, flows westward
into the state of Misp, in which it inflects to the
nthrd, and falls into 'Ten, r, after a comparative
course of 70 ms. This small r. gains irapor
tance from forming the boundary on and near
Ten. r. between the states of Ala. and. Misp.
Beard's Ferry, and p-o. wstrn. part of Mor
gan CO. II. 7 ms. wstrd, Jacksonville, the co. st.
and by p-r. 140 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia.
Beard's Store and po. Anson co, N, C. by
p-r. 102 ms, s, w, Raleigh,
Beatie's Bluff and p-o, sthm, part of Madi
son CO, Mo. by p r. 50 ms, s, St, Louis, and
1085 s, w, byw, W, C,
Beatie's Ford, and p-o. Lmcoln Co, N, C,
by p-r. 151 ms. estrd. Raleigh.
Beatty's Bridge, and p-o. New Hanover co.
N. C. by p-r. 114 ms. s. estrd. Raleigh.
Beattystown, v. Warren co. N. J, on the
Muskonetktmk, 2i ms, below Hacketstown,
Beaucoup, p.v, Washmgton co. II. No loca
tion given in p-o. list.
Beaufort co. N. C. on both sides of Pamlico
r., bndd. by Pamlico Sound e,. Craven co, s,
and s. w., Pitt w. and u. w,, Martin n. and Hyde
N. E. Length 40 ms., mean breadth 17, and
area 670 sq. ms.; n. lat. 35° 30' and the merid

ian of W, C, intersect in the wstrn, partof this
CO, The whole surface is a plain, and liable
to periodical submersion. Staples, cotton, rice,
c&c, Cf towng, Washington and Baths, Pop,
1820, 9,900, 1830, 10,969.
Beaufort, extreme sthrn, dist, of S, C. bndd,
by Atlantic s, e,. Savannah r, which separates it
frora Scriven, Effingham, and Chathara co, Geo,
s, w„ Barnwell dist, u, w,, and Cambahee r,
separating it from Colleton dist, n, e. Great
est length in a direction from s, to n, and from
the outer side of Turtle Island to the s. e. boun.
dary of Barnwell dist. 61 ms.; mean breadth 30,
and area 1830 sq, ras,, extending in lat. from
32° 3', to 34°, and in long. 3° 30', to 4° 30' w.
W, C, Tbe slope of this dist. is to the s. estrd.
but the declivity is very slight, being from the
utraost extent inland a level plain, terminating
towards the Atlantic in numerous interlocking
streams, enclosing, with many others of lesser
note, Hilton Head, Turtle, Hunting, Reynold's,
St, Helena, and Port Royal Islands, "Though
no entrance into Beaufort is of great depth, it is
remarkably well supplied with comraercial in
lets for vessels of moderate draught, of which
the principal are Savannah r, CalUbogue Sound,
Port Royal Entrance, and St. Helena Sound, or
the outlet of Cambahee r. Commercially, Sa-
varmah, in Chatham co, Geo, is a port of Beau
fort, admitting vessels of 16 feet draught. Ves
sels drawing 14 feet are navigated to the port
of Beaufort, Beside the two rs, which bound
this district on the s, w, and n, e, sides, the cen
tral parts are drained by the Cosawhatchie r,
which, rising in Barnwell and entering Beau
fort, flows s, estrd, 35 ms, to where it divides
into two channels, which afewms, lower, again
separate. The nthm, channel, under the name
of Coosau river, flows estrd, into St, Helena
Sound, whilst that ofthe s, maintains the origin
al direction to the s. estrd.. graduaUy widens
into Broad r. and finally contributes to form
Port Royal Entrance. The position of this dis.
trict, and its moderate elevation, give it a cli
mate which admits tbe culture of sugar, rice,
cotton, and in some places the orange tree.
Cf t. Beaufort, though the st, jus, is at Coosa
whatchie, Pop, 1820, 32,199, 1830, 37,032,
Beaufort, p-t,, port of entry, and st, jus,
Beaufort dist. S, C, situated on the wstrn. bank
of Port Royal r., 14 ms. n. Port Royal Entrance,
by the land road, 50 ms. N, e, Savaimah, 75 s, w.
Charleston, and by p-r, 148 ms, a little e, of s,
Columbia. Lat. 32° 25', long. 3° 42' w, W, G,
The harbor of Beaufort is spacious, andof more
than sufficient depth to admit the entrance of
any vessel which can pass the bar of Port Royal
Entrance. Steam and other vessels of small
draught, have an inland passage by Beaufort in.
to Coosau r. The whole of St. Helena parish
in which this seaport is situated, contained, in
1830, a population of 8,788.
Beaufort, s-p. and p-t, Cartaret co. N, C, sit
uated on the raain land at tbe head of Onslow
Bay, and opposite Old Topsail Inlet, about 11
ms. N. w. Cape Lookout, and by p-r. 164 ms, s,
E, Raleigh. Lat 34° 47', long. 0° 18' e. W,
C. This is one ofthe best ports of N. Caro
lina, admitting vessels of 14 ft. draught, and
affording complete shelter. It is well situa.
ted to become a mart of considerable conse-

BEA

quence. A canal has been proposed across the
intermediate peninsula to unite Onslow Bay with
Neuse r. and if such a work was executed, Beau
fort must become the southern of its depots. In
the Census Usts of 1830, the population of this
place not given separate from Cartaret co.
Beaver, Big r. of Pa. and 0. is composed of
two branches, the Mahoning and Sbenango.
The Mahoning rises by numerous branches in
Columbiana, Portage and TrumbuU cos. 0,
wbich, uniting in the latter co, bends from, s.
E, to s. E. and after an entire comparative course
of 60 ms. enters Beaver co. Pa, in which it re
ceives the Shenango from the n. The latter ri
sing in Crawford and Mercer cos. Pa, flows by
a general course of sixty ms, sthrdly, to its junc.
tion withthe Mahoning, Below the union of its
main constituents, Beaver flows a little e, of s.
20 ms. receiving from the estrd. intheinterme
diate distance, the Conequenessing, and falls in
to the 0. at the t. of Beaver, after an entire com.
parative course of 80 ms. This stream rises on a
table land elevated from 800 to 1200 ft. and is
precipitated over a fall of about 44 ft. entire de
scent, about li ras, above its entrance into Ohio,
The elevation of the farras near the mouth, is
about 700 ft, above the Atlantic tides. The val
ley of this river lies between lat, 40° 44' and
4l° 45' and comprises an area of 3,850 sq, ms.
The channel frora the mouth to Warren, in
Trumbull co, O, forms a part of the route along
which a canal has been projected to unite the
Ohio river to lake Erie, or to unite with the
Ohio canal.
The valley of Beaver has that of the Alle
ghany r, to the N, E, that of Cayahoga to the n,
w, and that of the Tuscarawas branch of Musk
ingum to the s, w, and w. To tbe n, it has in
terlocking sources with those of Conneaut, Ash
tabula and Grand rs, flowing into lake Erie,
Beaver co. of Pa, bndd, by Mercer co, n.,
Butler E,, Alleghany s, e., Washington s,, Ohio
CO. Va, s. w,, and Columbiana co, O, n. w. Great
est length along the state of Ohio 36 ms, raean
breadth 18, and area 648 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, from 40° 30' to 41° 02', and in long, from 3°
06' to3° 30' w, W, C, The O, r, enters the south
eastern border and flowing thence N, H, w, 10
ms, to the influx of Big Beaver, inflects thence
to s, w, by w, leaving the co, below the mouth
of Little Beaver, and dividing it into two une
qual sections, I'he smaller section comprising
about one third of the entire surface lies south
of Ohio 1, and slopes northwardly towards
that stream. The northem section comprised
in the vallies of Big and Little Beaver, has a
southern declivity towards Ohio r. The sur
face of the whole co, on both sides of Ohio r,
is very hilly, but the soil almost uniformly pro
ductive, Cf.t, borough of Beaver, Pop. 1820,
13,340, 1830, 24,183,
Beaver, borough, p-t, and st, jus, Beaver co.
Pa. situated ou tbe right bank of Ohio r. and on
the point below the mouth of Big Beaver 30 ms,
by water below Pittsburg ; 45 a little w, of n.
Washington Pa, 35 ms, N, E, Steubenville O,
by p-r, 251 ms. n. w. by w. W, C, and 229 a
little N, of w, from Harrisburg, Lat, 40° 44',
long. 3° 23' w. W. C, Pop. of tsp. 1820, 351 ;
of the borough alone in 1830, 914.

43 BED
Beaver cr. N, Y, a mill stream, rises in Ulster
and SuUivan cos, and runs through Delaware
CO, into a branch of Delaware r,
Beaver Creek, p-o, Anderson co, Ky. about
15 ms. s, w, Frankfort,
Beaver Dam, p-v, in the central part of Erie
CO, Pa, 7 or 8 ms, southwardly frora the borough
of Erie, and by p-r, 325 ms, n, w. W, C. Pop.
of the tsp, 1820, 142, 1830, 443.
Beaver Dam, p-o, Goochland co. Va. near the
northern bank of James r. by p-r, 25 ms. above
Richmond, and 139 s, s, w, W, C,
Beaver Dam, p-v, in the eastem part of Ruth
erford CO, N, C, 19 ms, estrd, from Rutherford
ton, and by p-r, 204 ms, a Uttle s. of w, Raleigh,
Beaver Islands, group in Lake Michigan,
lying at near the raid-distance between the
straits of Michilimackinack and the strait usu
ally called the Grand Traverse, which unites
Lake Michigan to Green Bay. The Beaver
Islands are part of a chain which stretches from
N. to s. and coraposed of Round Island, Great
Beaver Island, and the Fox Islands : to which
raight be added the two Maniton islands, lying
about 16 ms, sthrd, of the Fox Islands,
Beaver Meadows, p-o. in the northern part
of Northampton co. Pa, 21 ms, N, Easton, and
by p-r, 21 1 ras, n, e, W, C,
Beavertown, p-v, in tbe southem part of
Union co. Pa, by p-r, 59 ms, a Uttle w, of n.
from Harrisburg, Pop, of the tsp, 2,280.
Becket, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass, 17 ras, s, E.
Lenox, 110 w, Boston, is on high land of the
Green ratn, range, and contains 4 ponds which
give rise to branches of Westfield, Farmington
and Hougatonic rs. The inhabitants are chiefly
farmers. Pop, 1,063.
Beckhamsville, p.v, Chester dist, S, C. situa
ted on Catawba r, by p-r, 50 ms, n, Columbia,
and 479 s, s, w, W, C,
Beddington, t, Washington co. Me, 35 ms.
N, w, Machias, is the fourth town from the
coast, and is crossed by the upper parts of
Pleasant and Narraguasus rs. It adjoins Han
cock CO,
Bedford, p-t, Hillsboro' co, N, H, w. side
Merrimack r, 8 ms, n, w, Amherst, 18 s. Con
cord, 52 N, w, Boston, contains 20,660 acres.
Merriraack and Piscataquog rg. water the town.
Piscataquoy V, is in the n, e, part. The w, part
is uneven and stony, but warra. The E, is a
pine plain, and some intervals. White, red, and
black oak, walnut, chesnut, birch, pine and hem
lock are the trees. Much white oak has been
sent by the r, and Middlesex canal, for ship tim
ber. Hops have been raised here to a large
amount. Cotton and woollen are manufactured.
There is a brook which falls 200 ft. Iron ore,
black lead, copper, pyrites, gneiss, c&c, are
found. The t, was granted by Mass, in 1733,
to officers, soldiers, &c, of Phillip's War. First
settled, 1737. Pop, 1,563,
Bedford, p-t, Middlesex co, Mass. 16 ms. n,
w. Boston, s. w. Concord r. Shawsheen r. a
good mill stream, rises here. It is a small town,
and half shire. Pop. 685.
Bedford, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 44 ms.
N, New York, 130 s, Albany, s, E, Croton r, 6
ms, square. Several small streams supply ma.
ny mill seats. It is elevated land, with various

BED

44

BEL

soils for farras, well watered, and producing
much exceUent rye. It belonged to Conn, till
1700, The village was burnt in the revolution
ary war, Hon, John Jay lived here many years,
and here died. Pop, 2,750,
Bedford co. Pa, bndd. w. by Somerset, n, w,
by Alleghany ratn, separating it from Cambria
CO,, N, E, by Huntingdon co,, e, by Franklin, s, e,
by Washington CO, Md,, and s, and s, w, by Al
leghany co, Md, Greatest length fromthe Ma
ryland line to the northern angle, 52 ras., con
taining 16l2 sq, ras, extending in lat, from 39°
42' to 40° 30', and in long, from 0° 53' to 1° 44'
w, W, C, The surface of this large co, is
lined with chains of ratns, extending from s, s,
w, to N, N, E, with very productive intervening
valleys. In regard to the rs, the central part is
a table land, from which creeks flow southward
ly into the Potoraac r. The northern and lar
ger section declines to n, n, t. and gives source
to both the Raystown and Frankstown branches
of Juniata. 'To travel over Bedford without
giving other than a cursory glance, the country
would appear a congeries of rocks and mountain
ridges, yet the valley soil is generally good,
and in many places very productive. Many of
the mountain ridges have broad table lands of
excellent quality on their sumraits. There is
no part of Bedford co, which does not exceed
an elevation of 500 ft, above the Atlantic level,
and the farms along the eastern margin ofthe
Alleghany mtn, to at least 1700 ft. The raean
height of the arable land is frora 1200 to 1300 ft,
oran equivalent to at least three degrees of lat
itude. The winters are long and severe, but
the highly diversified features of this region ren
der it a dehghtful sumraer residence, 'The rain
eral springs near the borough of Bedford are
much frequented. The northern extreme of
Bedford is traversed or rather touched by one
of the rail-roads of Pa, a Unk in the great chain
of internal improvement, advancing to comple
tion in that state. Staples of the county, grain,
salted provision, live stock, &c. to which iron,
and mineral coal of the bituminous species raay
be added. Cf ts, Bedford and McConnelsburg,
Pop, 1820, 20,248, 1830, 24,502,
Bedford, p-v, borough, and st, jus, Bedford
CO, Pa., situated on one of the higher branches
of Juniata r. 105 ms. s. w. by w. from Harris
burg, 200 ms. alraost due w. from Phil, and by
p-r. 126 northwestward from W. C. According
to Tapner's U. S. the borough stands exactly on
lat. 40°, and very near 1° 30' w. W. C. This
village had its origin in a fort, and was laid out
as a town in 1771. The situationis truly roman
tic. The main body of the village stands on a
globular swell in a beautiful mountain valley.
The scenery has great variety of feature ; soft
ness is blended with grandeur ; there is nothing
of sublime, but a pleasing boldness and richness
strikes the eye on all sides. The village is, in
summer, a place of fashionable resort by per
sons visiting the mineral waters in its vicinity.
It does not, however, appear to gain rapidly in
permanent Pop, In 1820 the inhabitants were
789, and only 869 by the census. of 1830,
Bedford co, of Va. bndd, E. and s. e, by
Campbell co,, by Roanoke r. separating it from
Pittsylvania, s,, Franklin s. w., by Blue Ridge,

separating it from Botetourt w. and n. w., and
by James r, separating it from Amherst, n, e.
Length between James and Roanoke rs. 30 ms.
mean width 22, and area 660 sq. ms. extending
in lat, from 37° to 37° 32', and in long, from 2°
10' to 2° 50' w, W, C, The declivity of this
CO, is to the goutheagtward ; the nortbern part
containing, in the peaks of Otter, the highest
elevation of the Appalachian system, 4,250 ft.
unless the White mtns, of N, H, are included,
Frora this elevated part of Blue Ridge, Bedford
slopes with the course of the great bounding rs,
and with that of the two small intermediate
streams. Goose and Otter, Cf, t. Liberty. Pop.
1820, 19,305, 1830, 20,246.
Bedford co. of Ten. bndd. w, by Maury, n,
w, by Williamson, n, by Rutherford, n. e. by
Warren, b, e, by Franklin, and s, by Lincoln,
Length from e, to w, 40 ms, mean width 25, and
area 1,000 gq, ms. Extending in lat, from 35°
20' to 35° 44', and in long, from 9° 02' to 9°
47' w. It is nearly commensurate with the high
er part of the valley of Duck r, and with the
general course of that stream, slopes wstrd.
Cf, t, Shelbyville, Pop, 30,396,
Bedford, p-v, in the nortbern part of Oldham
CO, Ky. 10 mg. n. e, frora Wegtport, the st, jus.
and by p-r, 53 ras, s, w, by w, Frankfort,
Bedford, p-v. and st, jus, Lawrence co. Ind,,
situated on the right bank of the east fork of
White r, at and above the mouthof Salter,, 60
ms, N, w. by w, Louisville Ky. and by p-r, 73
ms, s, w, Indianopolis, and 633 ms. wstrd. from
W. C. Lat. 38° 52',
Bedfordville, p-v, Burke co, N. C. by p.r,
205 ms, w, Raleigh.
Bedminster, t, Somerset co. N. J. 20 ms. N.
w. New Brunswick. Pop. 1,453.
Beech Grove, p.v. Luzerne co.Pa. byp.r. 86
ms, N, N, E, Harrisburg,
Beech Grove, p-v. Bedford co. Ten. 48 ms.
sthrd, from Nashville.
Beech Hill, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. 47 ms.
N, E. from Nashville.
Beech Park, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 34
ms, northwardly frora Frankfort,
Beekman, p-t, Dutchess co, N. Y. 12 ras. E,
Poughkeepsie, The Clove is a fine valley be.
tween w. mtn, and Oswego ridge 1 or 2 ms, by
6, with a warm graveUy loam, much improved
by gypsum, and watered by Clovekill, flowing
through it and turning mills. Bushkill joins it,
and they form Fishkill r. on which is Beekman
V. Great Pond covers about 300 acres and emp.
ties into the r. as does Sprout cr. Many human
bones have been found here, probably left in
some Indian fight. Pop. 1,584.
Beekmantown, p.t. Chiston co. N. Y. 6 ms,
N. Plattsburg, 165 N, Albany, w. Lake Cham-
plain, has fertile land in the t. part, and most
of its population farmers. Pop. 2,391.
BEELA^'s Ferry and p.o. Perry co. Pa., by
p-r, 3lms, Harrisburg,
Beeler's Station and p-o, in the sthrn. part
of Ohio CO. Va,, by p-r, 250 ms, n. w, by w.
soraething w, of W, C, and 350 ms n, w, by w.
Richmond. Belair, p-v, Lancaster dist, S. C, by p.r, 81
ms, nthrd. Columbus,
Belbkook, or Bellbrook, p-v. in the s, wstrn.

BEL

45

BEL

part of Greene co, O, 9 ms, b, w, Xenia, the st,
jus. for the co., and 40 n. n. js, Cincmnati.
Belchertown, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass, 80
ms, w, Boston, 12 fi, Northampton, has hills of
gentle declivity, with loam and gravel. The
village is large, handsome, and on high ground.
Pop, 2,491,
Belew's cr. and p-o. in the N. estrn. part of
Stokes CO. N. C, by p-r, 127 rag, n, w. by w,
Raleigh. Belfast, p-t, g-p, cap, of Waldo co. Me. 40
mg. E. Augugta, 9 w. Castine, from which it is
separated by Penobscot r., which, although about
30 ms, from the sea, is very broad, A wide, but
short streara crosses the tsp, with several of its
branches. It is 40 ras, n. e, HaUoweU, The
harbor has considerable advantages, and the
coasting trade is great. Pop. 3,077,
Belfast, p-v. Alleghany co, N. Y. 262 ras. w.
Albany. Pop. 743.
Belford, p-v. Nash co. N, C. by p-r. 50 ms. k.
Raleigh. Belgrade, p-t. Kennebec co. Me, 10 ms, n,
Augusta, is situated between 3 lakes or large
ponds. Pop, 1,375,
Belgrade Mills, p-v, Kennebec co. Me, IG
ms, N. Augusta,
Bellborough, p-v, Williarason co. Ten, by
p-r- 32 ms. sthrdly, NashvUle.
Bellefontaine, p-v, and st, jus, Logan co, 0,
125 ras, N, N. E. Cincinnati, and by p-r, 458 ras,
N, w, by w, W. C, and 62 ras, n. w, Colurabus,
Lat, 40° 21', long, 6° 43' w, W, C, Pop, 266,
This place stands on the table land between the
valleys of Sciota and Great Miami rs,, the wa
ter sources discharging frora its vicinity like
radii from a comraon centre,
Bellefonte, borough, t, p-v, and st, jus. Cen
tre co. Pa. situated on Spring cr, a branch of
Bald Eagle r, 45 ms, s, w. Williamsport, 35 n,
n, e, Huntingdon, and by p-r, 85 ras, n, w. Har
risburg, and 192 n. n. w. W. C. Lat, 40° 55',
Pop, 698,
Bellefonte, p-v, and st, jus, Jackson co, Ala.
situated on Paint Rock r, 25 ras, a little s, of e.
Huntsville, and by p-r, 171 ms, N, E, Tuscaloo
sa, Lat, 34° 43', long, 9° 20' w, W, C,
Belle Haven, p-o. in the s. estrn, part of Ac
comac CO, Va, 20 ms, s, Drummondstown, and by
p-r, 194 ms. s. s, e, AnnapoUs, and 226 s, e,W, C.
Belle Isle, p-o, inthe nthrn, part of Matthews
CO, Va,, by p-r, 98 ms, a little s, of e, Richraond,
and 182 ms, a, s, E, W, C,
Belle Valley, p-o, in the n. estrn, part of
Rockbridge co, Va, by p-r, 147 ras, w, Rich
mond, and 188 ms, s. w, by w, W. C.
Belle View, p-v, inthe nthrn, part of Calhoun
CO, II, by direct distance, about 100 ms, but by
p-r, 146 ms, n, w, by w. a little w, Vandalia, and
926 ms, w, W, C,
Belleville, p-v, Essex co, N, J, 3 ms, n, New
ark, w, Passaic r, is in a pleasant situation, and
has a large printing, bleaching, and dying facto
ry for cotton, woollen and silk. The principal
building is of hewn stone, 263 ft, long andof 3
stories. The bleaching and print works are
now upon the largest scale, producing upwards
of4,000pieces weekly, of a variety of styles of
goods. Belle Ville, p.v. on the western border of
7

Miffllin CO. Pa., 20 ms, n, e, Himtingdon, and by
p.r. 77 ras, m, w. by w. Harrisburg, and 169 ma.
N.N.W. W. C.
Belle Ville, p.v. on the left bank of Ohio r.
at the mouth of Lees or. 30 ms, below Mariet.
ta, and by p-r, 314 ms, wstrdly, W, C,
Belle Ville, p.v, in the nthrn. part of Cone.
cuh CO, Ala. 12 ms.nthrdly, Sparta, the st, jug.
and by p-r, 193 ms, a little e, of s. Tuscaloosa,
and 959 ras, b, w, by w. W, C.
Belleville, p-v. in the estrn, part of Roane co.
Ten. 9, ms, estrd, Kingston, and by p-r, 148 ms.
a little s. of e. Nashville, and 567 's. w, by w.
W.C. Belleville, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Richland
CO, 0., liiras. s. Mansfield the st.jus, and by p-r,
62 ms, V, N, E, Columbus, and 368 ms. rr. w. by
w. W, C,
Belleville, p-v, and st, jus, St, Clair co, II.
15 ms, s, E. St, Louis, Mo, and by p-r, 71 ms.
s, w, Vandalia, and 843 ms, wstrdly, W, C.
Bellingham, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass, 26 ras, a.
w, Boston, N, R, I,, is a raanufacturing place.
The Bellingham cotton and wooUen factory, in
corporated 1814— capital $15,000, and Boston
do, 18 13, $400,000, are moved by the water of
Charles r. The soil is sandy. Pop, 1,102,
Bello.n'a, Arsonabardp-o, on the right bank
of Jaines r, 14 ms, above and wstrd, Richmond,
but ill Chesterfield co, Va,
Bellows Falls, p-v, Westminster, Windham
co,Vt, about 40 ras, n, e, Bennington, 80 s, iVIont.
peller, is in a pleasant and picturesque situation,
at the place where Connecticut r, after flowing
tranquilly through Charleatown meadows, with
a current 350 feet wide, and 25 deep, rushes
down a fall of 44 ft, in half a mUe, amongst rocks
of hard gray granite, into which the water has
worn deep holes. In summer, the r. is here
only 16 ft. wide. Above the falls is a bridge ;
and a canal three quarters of a mile long, was
dug through the rocks, some years ago, at
rauch expense, for the passage of flat bottoraed
boats and rafts, A steam boat has once or
twice gone through and navigated the r, above.
There is an ancient bed ofthe r. w, of the vil.
lage. Bones and weapons of Indians are found
here, and a rude specimen of their art is seen on
a rock. It was once a great fishing place for
salmon. Bell's Landing, and p-o, on Alabama r, in
the northern part of Monroe co, Ala, by p-r, 136
ms, s, Tuscaloosa, and 935 s, w, by w. W. C.
Belmont, p t. Waldo co. Me. 20 ms. w. Cas.
tine, 34 Augusta, is near the centre ofthe co.
Pop, 3,077,
Belmont, one ofthe eastern cos, of 0. bndd.
s. by Monroe, w, by Guernsey, n, w. by Harri.
son, N, E, by Jefferson, and e, by Ohio r. sepa.
rating it from Ohio co. Va. Greatest length
along the northem border, 30 ms. the breadth
20, and mean length 26, the area 520 sq. ms.
Extending in lat, from 39° 52' to 40° 10', and iu
long, from 3° 40' to 4° 14' w, W, C, This co, is
divided into 2 very nearly equal sections, by the
dividing table land between the vallies of Ohio
and Muskingum, from which flow estrd. smaU
ers. into Ohio r. and issue wstrd. the sources of
Will's and Stillwater branches of Muskingum.
The surface is a series of hills, with deep and

BEN

46

BER

narrow intervening vallies, SoU alraost uni.
formly fertile, Cf t. St. ClairvUle. Pop. 1820,
20,329, 1830, 28,412.
Belmont, p-v, in the Central part of Belraont
CO, 0, 17 ras, w. Wheeling in Va. and by p.r.
119 ms, E, Colurabus, and 288 ms, n, w, by w.
W, C, Pop, 142,
Belmont, p-v, in the eastern part of Wayne
CO. Misp, 10 ms, eastwardly frora Winchester,
the st, jus, and about 180 ms, e, Natchez,
Belpre, p-v, in the southern part of Wash
ington CO, 0, situated on the right bank of Ohio
r, opposite the mouth of Little Kenhawa r, and
the vUlage of Parkersburg, Wood co. Va. 12
ms, below Marietta, and by p-r. 111 b, e, Colum
bus, and 316 ms, w, W, C.
Belvernon, p.v, on the right bank of Monon
gahela r, and in the extreme northwestern an
gle of Fayette co. Pa, 20 ms, a little w, of n,
Uniontown, the co, st, and by p-r, 194 ras, wstrd,
Harrisburg, and 217 ras, iv, w, by w, W, C,
Belvidere, t. Franklin co. Vt, 32 ms, n, e.
Burlington, 32 n, Montpelier, on the w. range
ofthe Green mts, contains 30,100 acres, is wa
tered by two branches of Iiaraoille r, but has
much mountainous land. Pop, 185,
Belvidere, p.t, and cap. Warren co N. J. 11
ms, N, E, Easton, 70 w. New York, is on the e.
side of Delaware r. at the mouth of Bequest i.
on a broad plain.
Benedict, p-v, on the right bank of the Pa.
tuxent, in the extreme eastem angle of Charles
CO, Md, by p-r, 49 ras, s, s, e, W, G, and 54 s.
Annapolis, Benevola, p-v, in the northwestern part of
Henry co. Ky, by p-r, 566 ms. westrd, W, C,
and 47 ms, N, w, Frankfort,
Bennett's Branch, small cr, and p-o, in the
northwestern part of Clearfield co. Pa, 100 ms.
K. E. Pittsburg, and 120 n. w, Harrisburg,
Bennett's Store, and p-o. Halifax co, Va, by
p-r. 131 ras. s, w, Richmond,
Bennettsville, p.v, and st, jus, Marlborough
dist. S. C, situated between the Little and Great
Pedee, 25 ms, s, e, from Sneadsboro' in N, C,
and by p-r. 406 ms, s, s, w, W, C, and 102 n. e
by e, Columbus, lat, 3 1° 36', long, 2° 40' w, W, C,
Bennettsville, p-v, m the northern part of
St, Clair co, Ala. 13 ras, northwardly from Ash
ville the St. jus. and by p-r. 735 ras. s, w, by w,
W. C, and 142 ms, n. e, Tuscaloosa,
Bennington, co, Vt. s, w, corner of the state,
is bndd, by Rutland co, n., Windham co, e,,
Massachusetts s„ and New York w. It lies be
tween 42° 44' and 43° 18' lat,, and 3° 46' and 4°
10' e long. ; it is 20 ms. by 39, and contains
610 sq. ms. a large part of it mountainous.
Streams flow out on all sides into Deerfield,
Hoosack, Battenkill, and West rs. and Otter and
Wood ers. and give good mill sites. The low
landg are good for tillage. A range of lime
stone crosses the co. a. and s. and good marble,
chiefly white and fine grained, is taken from
several quarries. Some iron and lead ore is
also found. Bennington and Manchester are
the shire and chief towns. This was the first-
CO, settled in Vt, w, of the Green mts. Most of
the committees of safety in the state, in the rev
olutionary war, were held here. Pop. 1820,
16,125, 1830, 17,468.

Bennington, p-t, and half shire, Bennington
CO, Vt, 100 ms. S.W, MontpeUer, 110 w, byw.
Boston, 33 n. e, Albany, 160 n. New York city,
375 E, by N, W, C. was chartered by Gov, Ben.
ning Wentworth, 1749, and was first settled by
separatists under Samuel Robinson, 1761, who
first resisted the authority of New York. The
battle of Bennington, 1777, occurred near
the Une ofthis town, in Washington co, N, Y.
Iron ore, marble, c&c, are found here in large
quantities. There are mills and factories, large
iron works, c&c. The village is on a hill, with
a court house, academy, c&c. Pop, 3,419,
Bennington, p-t, Genessee co, N, Y, 18 ms.
s. w. Batavia, 250 w, Albany, has EUicot's cr.
on the N., Cayuga branch of Buffalo cr, s, w.,
Tonawanta s. E,, c&c. The land is nearly level,
and pretty good. Pop, 2,224,
Bennington, p-v, in the northeastem part of
Delaware co, 0, situated between Big Walnut
and Alum ers, 41 ras, a little e, of n, from Co
lumbus, and 60 ras, n, w, Zanesville,
Bensboeo', p-v, Pitt CO, N, C, 115 ms, estrd.
Raleigh. Benson, p.t, Rutland co. Vt, 57 ms, n, Ben.
nington, 84 Montpelier, e. Lake Champlain, i to
to li ras, wide, contains 25,214 acres, is poorly
watered, but has a pond, Hubbardton r, cfec, A
stream which flows from a swarap, runs under
a hUl i a mUe, First settled, 1783. Timber,
chiefly pine, with hemlock, beech, maple, wai.
nut, c&c. Pop, 1,493,
Bent cr, and p-o, in the southwestern part of
Buckingham co, Va, by p-r, 196 ms, s, w, byw,
W, C, and 112 wstrd, Richmond.
Bentleyville, p-v. on Pigeon cr, eastem part
of Washington co. Pa, 13 ms, s, e, by e, Wash
ington, the CO, seat, 9 ras, n, w, by w, Browns
ville, and by p-r. 222 ras. n. w, by w, W, C,
Benton, p-t, Yates co,N, Y, 18 ras, s, e, Can
andaigua, w, Seneca lake, 6 ms, by 8, has the
oiillet of Crooked lake and Cushong cr. with
mills, c&c, sUghtly varied surface, a warra, gra
velly soil, producing fruit trees, and forests of
oak, chesnut, raaple, and beech. The soil rests
on argUaceous Ume and slate. It has Hopeton
and Dresden villages, and part of Penn- Yan.
Pop, 3,957,
Benton, p-v, and st, jus, Yazoo co, Misp. by
p-r. 45 ms. nthrd, from Jackson, and about 120
N, N, E, Natchez,
Benton, p-v, and st, jus, Scott co. Mo, about
25 ras, N, w, byw, from the mouth of Ohio i ,
and 40 ms, n, from New Madrid, on Misp, i,
lat, 37° 05', long, 12° 38' w, W, C,
Bent's p-o, in the extrerae southwestern angle
of Washington co, O, by p-r, 320 ras, wstrd,
frora W, C, and 107 s, e, Columbus,
Bergen, p-t, Genesee co, N, Y, 16 ms, £. n,
E, Batavia, 240 Albany, 8 s, Erie canal, has a
varied surface, and soU very favorable for fruit.
Black cr, supplies some mill seats. Pop. 1,508.
Bergen, co. N. J, bndd, by Orange co. N, Y.
N,, Hudson r, k., Pequannock and Passaic rs, s,
w,, with Newark bay and Kill-van-Knhl, b, e.,
and Essex co. n, w,, is crossed by Hackensack,
Saddle, and Ramapo rg, running gouthwardly,
and many email gtreams, with falls. The Short
hills enter the co. near the middle, and the Pom-
ton or Ramapo ratns. cross it above. There

BER

47

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are large raarshy raeadows in the s, e. Along
the Hudson extends a remarkable trap precipice,
caUed the Pallisadoes, The n. part is moun
tainous, with many iron mines and forges, some
of whioh are not in operation. The lower part
of the CO, is pleasantly situated opposite New
York city, from which it derives much advan
tage, having communication by steamboats.
This CO, wag originally settled by emigrants
from Holland, and their descendants have con
tinued, like their fathers, an industrious and
thrifty people. The co, contains 9 tsps, Cf t,
Hackensack, Pop. 1820, 18,178, 1830, 22,414.
Bergen, p-t, Bergen co, N, J, w, Hudson r,
and opposite N, York city ; it has a gently vari
ed surface, with extensive meadows along the
head of Newark bay ; the village lies 3 ras,
from the city of N, Y, The soil is pretty well
cultivated, supplying vegetables, c&c, to the city.
It was settled frora Holland, and the inhabitants
stdl speak Dutch, Pop. 4,651,
Berger's Store, and p-o, Pittsylvania co, Va,
by p.r, 164 ras, s, w, by w, Richmond,
Berkley, p-t, Bristol co. Mass, 35 ras, s,
Boston, E, Taunton r. Pop, 907,
Berkley, co, Va, bndd, by Jefferson s, e.,
Frederick, s. w., Morgan, w. and n, w,, and Po
tomack r. separating it frora Washington co,
Md, N, E, Greatest length from n. is. to s, w,
28 ms,, raean breadth, 14 ras, and area 392 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, from 39° 14' to 39° 35'
and long, from 1° 14' to 2° ll' w, W, C, The
slope ofthis co, is to the in, e, and it is drained
in that direction by Back and Opequhan ers
The mean elevation of the arable surface of the
farms, frora 500 to 700 ft, above tide water.
Surface, broken and raotmtainous, Cf, t, Mar
tinsburg. Pop, 10,528,
Berkley Springs, otherwise called Bath, p-v,
and st, just Morgan co, Va, situated 8, ms, s, s,
w. Hancockstown, Md. 45 ras. n, w, by w.
Harper's Ferry, and by p-r, 93 ms, n. w, by w,
W, C. and 186 ms, n, n, w, Richmond,
Berks, co. Pa, bndd, w, e, by Lehigh co, e,,
by Montgomery, s, e, by Chester, s, by Lancas
ter, s, w, by Lebanon, and w, and n, w, by Kit
tatinny ratn, separating it from Schuylkill,
Breadth 30 ras, the northeastern and south
western sides being parallel, mean length 34,
and area 1,020 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from
40° 09' to 40° 42', and in long, from 0° 30' to
1° 24' E,
The face ofthis fine country is greatly diver
sified; bounded on the N, w, by the Kittatinny,
and s, E, by the s, e, chain of mtns. it contains a
part of two raountain vallies. The general
slope is to the southeastward, and it is traversed
in that direction by the Schuylkill r, which
breaks through the Blue Ridge at Reading, The
latter chain traverses Berks in a s. wstrn, di
rection, dividing the co. into two unequal valley
sections. The lower and lesser, lies between
the Blue Ridge and Southeast ratn, and widens
frpm N, e, to s, w, from 3 to 15 ms. The sec
tion above Blue Ridge has a nearly equal
breadth of 18 ms, soraething more than a third
of which is on the great liinestono strata which
flanks the Blue Ridge on the N. wstrn, side. The
limestone tract is the most fertile, but the gen
eral character of the soil of the co. is that of

pro.Uictiveness, and the staples are numerous
and valuable. The mean lovel of the arable
soil of Berks is about 300 ft, above the level of
tide water in Delaware r. The seasons of in.
florescence, foliage, and of harvest, are sensi.
bly different above and below Blue Ridge.
Under the head of canals and roads, the great
improvements which traverse Berks are no
ticed, Cf, t, Reading, Pop, 1820, 37,327, in
1833, 53,152,
Berkshire, p.t, Franklin co, Vt, 50 ms, n, w.
MontpeUer,- 31 n, e. BurUngton, has a variety of
good soils, and is watered by Missisque and
Pike rs, and many brooks which supply water
power. The timber is beech and maple. Firat
settled, 1792. Pop. 1,308.
Berkshire, co. Mass, the w, co., is bndd, by
Vt, i\., Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin E,,
Conn, s., N. Y. w. The people are engaged
in agriculture, and » variety of manufactures ;
Housatonic and Hoosic rs, are the principal
streams, whose waters are divided from those
of Conn, r. by the Green mtn, range. Much
while raarble is obtained from the quarries,
Lenox is the co, town. Pop, ,1820, 35,720;
1833,37,835, Berkshire, p-t. Tioga co. N, Y, 14 ras. n.
Oswego, 1(50 w. Albany, E. of w, branch of Os
wego cr,, 8 ms, by 14, has a gentle varied sur.
face, with soil favorable for grain and grass, es.
pecially the meadows on the E. branch of Os.
wego cr. First settled, about 1793, from Berk.
shire co Mass, It is well watered, and the
land is held in fee. Pop. 1.883,
Berkshire Valley, p-v, Morris co. N, J,, on
the Rockaway, 8 ms, N, Dover, 16 n, Morris.
town Berkshire, p-v, towards the estrn, side of
Delaware co, 0, 10 ras, e. Delaware, the st,
jst. and by p-r, 23 ms, n, Columbus. Pop. of
the tsp. of Berkshire, 1,057.
Berlin, t. Oxford co. Me. 45 ms. n. w.
Augusta. Pop. 478.
Berlin, Coos co. N, H, an uninhabited t, 125
ms, from Concord, contaimng 31,154 acres, and
was granted Dec, 31, 1771 to Sir Wm, Mayne
and others, of Barbadoes, The Ameriscoggin
and Upper Amonoosuck pass through it,
Berlin, t, Washington co, Vt. 4 ms, from
Montpelier, near the centre of the state, con.
tains 21,855 acres, much broken but good land,
and is watered by Onion i,, on n, line Dog r.,
and has a pond 2 ms. long. First settled, about
1786, Pop. 1,664,
Berlin, p.t, Worcester co, Mags. 33 ms, w,
from Boston. North brook furnishes miU seats.
There is a quarry of building gtone. Pop, 692.
Berlin, p-t. Hartford co. Ct. 11 ms, s. Hart.
ford, 23 N, New-Haven, about 5 ras, by 8, with
40 sq, ms,, is uneven, with ratns, s. w, and w.
The rocks are clay, slate, and greenstone, of
the range extending frora Middletown to North.
field Ms., and some coal, carb, lime, iron py.
rites, silver, i&c. have been found. The soil ia
generally a gravelly loam, and is very good for
grass, grain, and orchards. Tin ware. — This
manufacture was carried on for many years
here, to a great extent, and the products sent to
all parts of the U. S. and other countries. It
was introduced here, and into the U. S. by Ed-

BER

48

BET

ward Patterson, an Irishman, about the time of
the revolutionary war. The neighboring towns
are now engaged in it, and raanufacturers have
gone to the southern states ; and the business
is now carried on in almost all parts of tbe
country,' Other manufactures are also carried
on here. Pop, 3,047,
Berlin, p-t, Rensselaer co, N, Y. 20 ms, e,
Albany, 20 e, s, e Troy, 7 ms, by 8, is hilly and
partly mountainous, with much poor soil, many
marshes and evergreen forests, and sorae fine
vallies. It is watered by Little Hoosac cr. and
eome sraall strearas. The soil is generally per
manently leased by S. Van, Rensselaer, Esq,
for about 10 bushels of wheat for 100 acres, A
few Germans settled here in 1764, Pop, 2,019,
Berlin, p-v, and borough of Soraerset co.
Pa. on the main road from Cumberland in Md,
to the borough of Soraerset, 25 ras, n, w, of
the former, and 10 s, e, from the latter place,
and by p-r, 157 ms. N. w. by w. W. C.
Berlin, p-v. Worcester co. Md. by p-r. 150
ms. s, E, by e, W, C.
Berlin, p-v. in the eastern part of Maury co.
Ten. by p-r. 47 ms. a little w. of s, NashviUe,
Berlin, p-v, in the n, eastern part of Holmes
CO, 0, 8 ms, a little n, of e, MiUersburg, the co,
seat, and by p-r, 333 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and
88 ms. N, e, Colurabus,
Bermudlan, p-v, York co. Pa, 18 ms, sthrd,
from Harrisburg and 96 nthrd, W, C,
Bernard's p-t, Somerset co, N. J, watered
by Raritan and Passaic rs. Pop, 2,062.
Bernardston, p-t. Franklin CO. Mass. 96 ms.
u. w. Boston on high land between Green and
Connecticut rs. is uneven, with pretty good soil.
First settled 1746, and was attackeil by Indians
the sarae year. Pop, 918,
Berne, p-t, Albany co, N, Y, 20 ms, w, Alba
ny, on the high lands between Albany and Sco-
harie cos, has some of the Helderberg mtns,,
sraaU streams, 2 ponds of 100 acres, fine vallies
-of cale, loara, marshes and beds of clay, turf
and marl. There are many marine petrifactions
in the rocks. Pop, 3,607,
Berrien, co, Mich, bndd, n, e, by Van Buren
CO., by Cass co, e., St, Joseph's co, Ind, s, e,.
La Porte co. Ind, s, w,, and Lake Michigan w.
Length from s, to n, 33 ms,, mean breadth 18,
and area 594 sq. ms. Lat. 42°, and long, 9°
25' w, W, C, Slope to the northwstrd, and in
that direction is traversed by St, Joseph's r,
which enters at the southeastern angle, and
winding to the n, w. receiving tributaries from
the northestrd. and falling into lake Michigan
at the St. jus. Saranac. Cf. t. Newburyport. Pod.
1830, 325.
Berrien, p-v. and st, jus, Dooley co, Geo, sit
uated on the table land between Oakmulgee,
and Flint rs, by p-r, 739 ms, s, w, W, C. and 97
ms. s. s. w. MiUedgeville. Lat. 32° 03', lono.
6° 48' w. W. C.
Berry's p-o. Wayne co. Ky. 11 ms. sthrd.
from MonticeUo, the co. seat, and by p.r. 121
ms. a little e, of s, Frankfort.
. Berrtsville, p.v. in the northern part of
Knox CO. Ind. 13 ms. nthrd. from Vmcennes,
tbe CO. seat, and by p.r, 113 ms. s. w. Indianop.
olis. Berth co. N. C, bndd, n. w, by Northatop.

ton, N, by Herford, E, by Chowan r, separatmg
it from Chowan co., and by Roanoke r. separa.
ting it frora Washington s, e., Martin s, and s, w,,
and Halifax w. Greatest length 40 ms, from
Chowan point, at the head of Albermarle sound
and junction of Roanoke and Chowan rs, to the
extreme northwestern angle on Roanoke r,, mean
breadth 25, and area 1000 sq, ms,, extending in
lat, from 35° 40' to 36° 15', and in long, from 0°
29' E,to 0° 21' w. W, C, The slope is to the south.
eastward. Surface generally level, and in part
marshy; staples, cotton, tobacco, c&c, Cf. t;
Windsor, Pop, 1820, 10,805, and 12,262 in 1830.
Berwick, p.t, York co. Me. 16 ms. N. w.
Portsmouth N. H, 103 s. w, Augusta, on Salmon
Fall r, contains an academy, and has consid.
erable trade in lumber, c&c. Pop, 3,168,
Berwick, South, p.t. York co. Me. 17 ms, N.
Portsraouth, 103 s. s. w. Augusta, is situated at
the falls of Salraon FaUs r. e. N. H.
Berwick, p-v. and borough of Columbia co.
Pa. situated on the right bank of Susquehanna
r, and on the extreme eastern border of the co,,
28 ras, below and s, w, from Wilkesbarre, and
by p-r, 86 ms. n. e. from Harrisburg, and 196 n.
N. E. W. C. Population, 500.
Bethania, p-v. Stokes co. N. C. 5 ms, sthrd.
from Germantown, the co. seat, and 122 ms.
N, w, by w, Raleigh.
Bethany, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 45 ms.
s. w. Hartford.
Bethany, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. s. e.
Batavia 240 w. Albany, is on the highest ground
between Black and Tonawanta ers. and has a
surface favorable for farming. Pop, 2,374.
Bethany, p-v. borough and st.jus. Wayne co.
Pa, situated on Dyberry cr, a branch of Lacka.
waxen r, about 80 ms, a little w, of n, Easton,
3 ms, JN, Honesdale on the Lackawaxen canal,
and by p-r, 265 ms, n, n, e. W, C, and 162 n. e.
Harrisburg. Lat, 41° 37', long, 1° 42' e, W, C.
Pop, 327,
Bethany, p-v, Brooke co, Va, 26 ms, n, w,
from the borough of Washington, Pa. and 282
ras, N, w,by w, W, C, and 375 n, w, Richmond.
Bethany Church, and p-o. western part of
Iredell co, N, C, 6 ms, westrd. from Statesville,
the CO, seat, and by p-r, 402 ms, s, w. W. C.
and 152 w. Raleigh.
Bethel, p.t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n, w. Pa
ris, 63 Augusta, s, aud e, Androscoggin r. Pop.
1,620. Bethel, p-t.Windsor co.Vt. 30 ms. s, Montpe.
lier, 30 N.W.Windsor, contains 23,060 acres, has
a mountainous surface, but generally a warm,
and productive soU, watered by White r. and its
second and third branches ; with 2 rs. e, and w.
First settled about 1780. Pop. 1,240.
Bethel, p.t. Fairfield co. Conn.
Bethel, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 16 ms. w,
Monticello, 10 ms. by 15, e. Delaware r, and
Pa., has CoUakoon and Mongaup ers. White
lake, 1 m. long, with a p-o, mills, c&c. at the
outlet. Cochectonv.isonDelawarer. Pop,l,203.
Bethel, tsp. and p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p.r.
80 ms. estrd. from Harrisburg. Pop. 1,491.
Bethel, p.v. in the s. wtm. part of Hartford
CO. N. C. 14 ms. s. wstrd. Winton, the oo. seat,
and by p.r. 254 ms, s, W. C. and 143 yt. t.. by i.
Raleigh.

BET

49

BIG

Bethlehem, pt. Grafton co, N, H, 100 ms, n.
Concord, is crossed by Great Ammonoosuc r,,
contains 28,608 acres. Round and Peaked ratns,;
produces good crops of grain and grass, pine
and sugar maple. Some mineral springs and
mm. and bog iron ore exist. First settled 1790.
Pop, 673,
Bethlehem, p-t, Albany co. N. Y, J m. a.
w. Albany, w. Hudson r,, contains 96 sq, ms,
part of Vlamanskill, Norman's cr,, Vlykill,
and a part of Helderberg hills. There is much
rich alluvial land near Hudson r. inhabited by
descendants of early Dutch settlers. There are
several caverns. The seat of Gen. Schuyler,
distinguished in the revolutionary war, is near
the r. New Scotland, and Rensselaer's miUs,
(mouth of Norman's creek) are villages. Pop,
6,082, Bethlehem, t, Hunterdon co, N, J. Pop.
2,032. Bethlehem, p-v. and borough, Northampton
CO. Pa. situated on a fine acclivity rising from
the Lehigh r. below the mouth of Manocasy
cr. 48 ms. a little w. of n, Phil, 12 ras, s, w, by
w, Easton, and by p-r, 184 ms, n, e, W, C, lat,
40° 37', long. 1° 46' e, from W, C. Bethlehem
was founded on land purchased by the Unitas
Fratura, United Brethren, under Count Zin
zendorf, 1741. The Moravians, as the United
Brethren are usually called, have retained the
ownership, and have produced a very neat and
flourishing borough. The body of the village
extends up the acclivity frora the Lehigh
bridge. The houses are neat, substantial, and
though not splendid, have a fine appearance
when seen frora the vicinity. This village,
from the date of its foundation, has been the
seat of a female school, and in which raany of
the most accompUshed woraen of the raiiidle
states of the U. S. have received their educa
tion. There is but one house of public worship,
in which divine gervice is perforraed in English
and German, Though from having to contend
with so many other respectable seminaries,
that of Bethlehem has not raaintained its rela
tive rank, stiU it may be safely asserted, that
the solid and useful elements of feraale educa
tion can be obtained at this school with a
cheapness, and moral and bodily health, ex
ceeded by but very few, if any others in the
U, S, The manners of its inhabitants and the
richly varied scenery of its neighborhood render
Bethlehem a very pleasant place of visit to the
traveller. The Lehigh canal passes along the
river bottom at the lower extreme of Bethlehem,
Pop, tsp, 2,430, of which the viUage contained
about 1,200.
Bethlehem, p-v. on Tuscarawas r, and Great
O, canal. Stark co, O. about 60 ms. n. w. by w.
Steubenville, 60 ms, n. n. e. Zanesville, and by
p-r. 329 ms, n, w, by w. W. C. and 114 n. e. by
E. Columbus.
Bethlehem, p-v. on the right bank of 0. r.
and eastern part of Clarke co. Ind. 26 ms.
above LouisviUe, Ky. and by p-r. 592 ms. w.
W. C. and 101 s. s. e. Indianopolis.
Bethlem, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 38 ms. w.
8. w. Hartford, 33 n. w. N. Haven. 4 ms. by 4i,
about 18 sq. ms., is hilly, with granite rocks,
and a gravelly loam, good for grazing and grain,

bearing oak, maple, nut-wood, c&c. Branches
of Pomperaug r. supply miU seats. Pop. 9d6.
Bettsburg, p.v, Chenango co,.N. Y. 120 msi
w. Albany.
Bevansville, p.o. in the eastem part of Al.
leghany co, Md, by p.r, 109 ms, n, w, W. C.
and 142 n. w. by w. Annapolis.
Beverly, p.t. Essex co. Mass. 17 "ms. n. e.
Boston, N, Salem harbor, connected with Salem
by a bridge 1500 ft. by 32, has excellent soi!
well cultivated, and is much engaged in fish^
eries. Pop, 4,073,
Beverly, p.v, and st, jus, Randolph co, Va.
situated on Tygart's Valley r, or the eastern
fork of Monongahela r, about 60 ms, very nearly
due s, from Morgantown, 45 s, e. Clarksburg,
by p-r. 221 a Uttle s. of w. W. C, and 210 n, w.
by w, Richmond. Lat, 38° 50', long, 2° 55' w.
W.C. Bibb, co. of Geo. bndd. by Tehocunno cr.
separating it from Houston s. and part of Craw
ford s. w., by the northern part of Crawford w.,
Monroe n, w,, Jones n, e,, and the Ocraulgee r,
separating it frora Twiggs e. Length parallel
to the general course of the Ocmulgee 30 ms.,
mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. extend
ing in lat, from 32-" 35' to 33°, and in long,
from 6° 36' to 7° w, W, C. The general slope
is southeastward. The Ocmulgee r, enters at
the extreme northern angle, and flowing with
in the CO, about 20 ms, becomes thence a
boundary between it and Tvriggs co, Cf. t.
Macon. Pop. 7,154.
Bibb, co. of Ala, bndd, by Perry s, Tuscaloosa
w, and N, w, Jefferson n, Shelby n, e, and e.
and Autauga s, e. Length 40 ms, mean
breadth 20, and area 800 sq, ms. Extending in
lat, from 32° 46' to 33° 20', and in long, from
10° 3' to 10° 30' w, W, C. The general slope
is s. southwestward, and is drained in that di.
rection by Cahaba r, Cf t. CentreviUe. Pop.
1820, 3,676, and in 1830, 6,306.
Biddeford, p.t. York co. Me. 38 ms, N, js.
York, B. Saco r. It extends to the sea, and has
Fletcher's neck and light house off the mou'h
of Saco r, and near Wood isl. with a revolving
Ught, Pop, 1,995,
Big Black, or Chitteloosa r, of Mis. rises in
the country of the Choctaw Indians, interlock.
ing sources with those of the Oaknoxabee,
branch of Torabigbee, and with those ol Pearl
r, and flowing thence about 60 ms, westward,
along north lat, 33° 10' ; enters Yazoo co, in.
fleets to s, w, and with a very tortuous channel
continues that direction 100 ms. to its junction
with the Mississippi between Warren and Clai.
borne cos, at lat, 32° 2', and long, 14° 7' w, W.
C, after a comparative course of 160 ms. The
valley of Big Black lies between that of Yazoo,
and the higher part of that of Pearl.
Big Bone Lick, p-v. Boone co, Ky. situated
on a creek of the sarae narae, in the stbra. part
of the CO. about 30 ms, s, s, w. from Cincinnati,
and by p-r. 66 ms. nearly due N. Frankfort.
BiGBYViLLE, p-v, Sthm, part of Maury co,Ten.
7ms, sthdly. frora Columbia, the co. seat,and by
p-r, 42 ms, s. b. w. NashviUe.
Big cr. aemaU branch of White r. Ark, rises
in St. Francis co. and flowing sthrd. over Phi.
lip's falls into White r. about 15 me. above the

BIG

50

BIL

mouthof the latter. The valley of Big cr, lies
between those of White and Mississippi rs.
Big Creek, p-o, s, estrn, part of Logan co,
Va, about 70 ms, a. s. E. Charleston, on Great
Kenhawa, by p-r, 396 ms, s, w, by w, W, C,
and 338 a little s. of w. Richmond,
Big Creek, p-o, on the last noted stream, by
p-r, 106 ms, s, e, by e. Little Rock, and 1,056
ms, s, w, by w. W. C.
Big Creek, p-o, on a small creek ofthe same
name, nthrn, partof Shelby co. Ten. by p-r. 221
ms. s. w. by w, Nashville, and 918 ras, in a
Iiearly similar direction W, C,
Big Darby, p-v, in the n. w, angle of Picka-
vay CO, O, 13 ms, s. w. Columbus,
Big Eagle, p-v, in the n. estrn. part of Scott
00, Ky. by p-r, 34 ms, n, e. Frankfort,
Big Flats, p-t, Tioga co, N, Y, 10 ms. n, w,
Elmira, 218 w, s, w, Albany, has rich alluvial
lands on Cheming i, but the hills are sterile,
bearing only pitch and white pine, and shrub
oak. Pop, 1,149,
Big Hatchy, r, of Misp, and Ten, rises in the
Chickasaw country, and nrthrn, part of the for
mer, and flows thence n. into Hardiman co. Ten,
and inflecting to N, wstrd, pursues that course
over Hardiman and Wood into Tipton co. In
the latter the channel curves round to s. w, to
its final discharge into the Misp, above the se
cond Chickasaw Bluff, after an entire corapar
ative course of soraething above 100 ms. The
valley of Big Hatchy Ues between those of Loo-
sahatchy and Forked Deer rs.
Big Horn, r, great sthrn, brancb of Yellow
Stone r. has its remote sources in the Chippe-
wayan or Rocky mtns. and as laid down by
Tanner, has interlocking sources with those of
Arkansas and Platte rs, on the sthrd, and with
those of Yellow Stone nrthwrd. Its extrerae
s, wstrn, fountains are the springs which feed
Biddle lake, n, lat, 42° 20', long, 32, w, W, C,
Frora this elevated region Big Horn flows 150
ms, to the n, e, receives by the influx of Stink
ing Water r, from the wstrd, a large accession,
and inflecting to a course of n, n, e, 200 ms, joins
the Yellow Stone at Manuel's Fort, lat. 46°,
after a comparative course of 450 ms. The
valley of Big Horn lies between thoge of Yellow
Stone proper and Tongue rg. The country it
draing is generally composedof open arid plains,
{See Yellow Stone.)
Big Island, tsp. and p-v, Marion co, 0, By
p-r, the p-o, is 51 ms, a little w, of n, Columbus,
Pop, 470,
Big Lick, p-v. in the southeastern part of
Botetourt CO. Va, 53 ms, a little s, of w, Lynch
burg, 173 wstrd, frora Richmond, and by p-r,
250 ms, s, w, by w, W, C,
Big Mills, and p-o, Dorchester co, Md, 14
ms, from Cambridge the co, st, and by p-r, 113
ms. b. E, by E, W, C, and 76 s, e. Annapolis,
Big Prairie, and p-v, in the southwestern
part of Wayne co, 0, by p-r, 77 ms. N. E. Colum
bus, and 357 n, w, by w, W, C.
Big River Mills and p-o, in the eastern part
of St, Francis co. Mo, about 70 ms, s, St, Louis,
30 s, w, St, Genevieve, and 9 estrd, Farmington,
the CO. st.
Big Sandy, r. of Va, and Ky, having its most
reraote sources in the northwestern slopes of

Clinch mtn, but receiving tributaries from a dis
tance of 70 ms. along the upper parts of Russel,
Tazewell and Logan cos. Va, The eastern or
main branch rises in Logan and Tazewell, but
the higher streams uniting, the main channel
becoraes for a distance of 30 ms, a line of de.
marcation between those two cos, to where it
passes Cumberland mtn. From the latter point
to its influx into Ohio, the channel of Big Sandy
separates Ky, from Va,, flowing between Logan
and Cabell of the latter, and Floyd, Lawrence,
and Greenup ofthe forraer state. The main or
eastern branch of Big Sandy hag interlocking
sources with those of Guyandot, Bluestone,
branch of Great Kenhawa, Clinch, branch of
Tennessee, and its own West Fork,
The WestForkof Sandy rises in Russel co,
Va, flows thence westward, traverses Cumber
land mm. and enters Pike co, Ky, Passing over
Pike into Floyd in the original direction, the
channel curves to northward, and unites with
the eastern branch, between Lawrence of Ky,
and Cabell of Va. The vaUey of Big Sandy is
in its greatest length from s, s, e. to n, n. w.
about 100 ms. with a raean breadth of about 30,
area 3U00 sq, ras, ; bounded to the westwaril
by the vallies of Kentucky and Licking rs., to
the northeastward by that of Guyandot, and east
ward by that of New r, or the upper waters of
Great Kenhawa, The raain stream enters the
Ohio at Catlettsburgh in Greenup co, Ky. and
opposite to the extreme southern angle ofthe
state of Ohio. Lat 38° 24' and long. 5° 33' w.
W.C.
Big Sioux, r. {See Sioux r.)
Big South Fork, of Curaberland r, rises in
Morgan co, of Ten, between Fentress and
Campbell cos,, and fiowing thence, interlocking
sources with those of Emery's r, by a general
coursea little w, ofN, enters Wayne co, Ky,,
which it traverses to its final influx into Curaber
land r, having a comparative course of about 40
ras. Big South Fork, p-v. in the southem part of
Wayne co, Ky, by p-r, 28 ms, s, e, MonticeUo,
the co, st, and 138 ms. s, b, e, Frankfort.
Big Spring, and p-o. western part of GUes co.
Va. 26 ms. wstrd. from the c. h, of Parisburg, by
p-r, 324 ms, s, w, by w, W, C, and 266 a Uttle
s, of w, Richmond,
Big Spring, p-v, in the n, wstrn, part of Har
din CO, Ky, 17 ms, wstrd, Elizabethtown, the co,
seat, 45 ms, s, s. w, LouisviUe, and by p-r, 98
ms, s, w, by w, Frankfort,
Big Spring and p-o. in the wstrn, part of Mont
goraery CO, Mo, about 80 ms, a little n, of w, St,
Louis, and by p-r, 64 ms, n, e, byE, Jefferson,
and 952 wstrd, W, C,
Big Swamp, and p-o, n. wstrn, part of Mont.
gomery co, Ala, by p-r. 112 ms, s, s, e, Tusca-
loosa. Big Walnut r, one ofthe easterly branches of
Sciota r, rises in Delaware co, 0, and flowing
thence southwardly, traverses the estrn, parts of
Delaware and Franklin, and joins the Sciota in
the nrthrn, side of Pickaway co, after a compar.
ative course of about 55 ms. Big Wahiut has
interlocking sources with those of White Wo
man's r, a branch of Muskingum.
Billerica, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass, 20 ras.

BIS

N, w, Boston, is suppUed with miU sites by Con
cord and Shawsheen rs, and has a handsome v,
in the centre, on a fine eminence, with an aca
deray. Pop, 1,374,
BiLLSBURG, P-V, in the n, wstm, part of Ran
dolph CO, Va, by p-r, 224 ms, w, W, C, and 240
N, w, by w, Richmond,
Bingham, t, Somerset co. Me, 26 ms, n, Nor
ridgewock, 55 N, Augusta, ±.. Kennebec r, oppo
site Concord, It has a few brooks. Pop, 535,
Bingham, formerly Rose's, p-v, in the x. wstrn,
part of Potter co. Pa, 15 ras, Cowdersport, and
by p-r, 192 ras, n, w, Harrisburg, and 298 ms,
N, N, w, W, C,
Binghampton, p-v. and cap, Broome co, N, Y,
40 ms, s. w, Norwich, at the junction of Che
nango and Susquehanna rs,
Birchardsville, p-o, inthe estrn, part of Sus
quehanna CO, Pa, about 9 ms, from Montrose
the CO, seat, and by p.r, 172 ras, n, n, e, Harris
burg, Birch Pond, p-o, in the wstrn. part ofFayette
CO, Ten, 12 ms, from SomerviUe, the co, seat,
and by p-r, 196 ras, s, w, by w. Nashville, and 8b5
ms. in the same general direction from W. C.
Birch r. and p-o. in the nrthrn, part of Nich
olas CO. Va, 17 ms, n, w, from the st, jus, ofthe
CO, and by p-r, 327 ms, a little s, of w, W, C,
Birdsall, p-v, Alleghany co, N, Y, 240 ras,
w, Albany, Pop. 543.
Birdsong's Blufi, and p-o, on the sthrn,
branch of Forked Deer r, and wstrn. part of
Madison co. Tenn. 9 ms, wstrd, frora Jackson,
the CO, seat, and by p-r, 156 ms, a, w, by w,
NashviUe, Birdsville, p-v, wstrn, partof Burke co, Geo,
16 ras, wstrd, from Waynesboro', the St. jus.
and e, MUledgeviUe,
Birmingham, p-v, on the Little Juniata r, n.
wstrn, part of Huntingdon co. Pa, 15 ras. n, w.
from the borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r,
105 ms, N, w. by w. Harrisburg, and 163 ms.
N. N, w, W, C,
BiscANE, bay of Florida, on the estrn, or At
lantic side of that peninsula. This eUiptical
sheet of water opens from the Bahama channel,
having at the extremes of its entrance, cape
Florida n, and Ellis island s. The small Para
dise Islands or Keys lie scattered between the
two capes. The centre of the bay is about n.
lat. 25° 35' and long. 3° 20' w. W. C,
BisHOPsviLLE, p-v, near the extreme nrthrn,
angle of Sumpter dist, S, C. about 20 ms, E,
Camden, and by p-r, 67 ms, N, E, by E, Colum
bia, and 477 s, s, w, W, C,
Bissell's, p-o, in the s, wstrn, partof Geauga
CO, 0, about 20 ras, a. =, w, Chardon, the co,
seat, and by p-r, 136 ms, n, e, Columbus, and
333 N, w, by w, W, C,
BisTiNEAU, lake of La, in the valley of Red r.
This very remarkable sheet of water is, how
ever, only the most extensive of a series of
similar reservoirs along both sides ofthe main
channel of Red r, for a distance of 120 ms, be
low its entrance into La, The author of this
article surveyed the country on both sides, in
the region of these lakeg, and from actual ob-
gervation carae to the conclugion that the Cado,
Coshatta, Spanish and Cassin lakes on the right,
and Bodcau, Bistineau, Black, Saline, and Noix,

51 BLA
onthe left, are all of comparative recent forma-
tion, and forraed by the operation of one gene.
ral cause. Taking Bistineau as an exaraple,
since their features are common, it extends
along a valley, between hills of considerable
elevation, for a distance of about 35 ms, vary.
ing from half am, to 3 ms, wide. Into the
head ofthis lengthened bodyof water Dacheet
r, enters, and at the opposite or lower extrerae
it narrows into a river channel connecting it with
Red I, It is completely evident that what is
now a perraanent lake, lies over what was for.
raerly the valley and low lands, or bottom
ground of Datcheet, but the alluvial deposit
brought down by Red r. gradually formed bars
between the base of the hills and effected natur
al daras.
These lakes contribute most efficienUy to mit
igate the floods of Red r, over La, In the lat
ter, summer, autumn, and early winter, as the
streams become low, a considerable part of the
water of Bistineau and similar lakes drains out,
and extensive natural meadows skitt the raar
gin of the contracted lakes. On the contrary,
at the season of winter snows, thaws, rains, and
spring flood, the lakes open immense deposito
ries into which the surplus water of the main
stream is poured, {See Ocatahoola, and Delta.)
Black r. Windsor co, Vt, 35 ras, long, joins
Connecticut i. at Springfield, after passing
through many ponds, and watering 160 sq. ms.
Black r. Orleans co. Vt, runs 30 ms. N. into
the s. bay of lake Meraphreraagog, watering 150
sq. ms.
Black r, N, Y, is the third r. in size which is
wholly in the state. Rising near the sources of
Hudson r. E. Canada cr, after a crooked course
and receiving many branches, it enters Black r.
bay, an arm of Chaumont bay, near the outlet of
lake Ontario. Long Falls extend 14 ms, be
low WUna, and High Falls, at Turin are 45 ms,
below these. The water looks dark, and is
deep and slow, and the land on the low part is
good. It is 18 rods wide at Louville, 40 ms.
from its mouth.
Black r, of N, C, one of the estrn, branches
of Cape Fear r, rises in the a. estrn, part of
Curaberland co, between the vaUies of Neuse
and Cape Fear, rs. Flowing thence abouts, g.
eastwardly over Curaberland, Sarapson, Bladen
and New Hanover cos, it falls into the raain
streara of Cape Fear r, between New Hanover
and Brunswick cos, after a coraparative course
of 90 ms.
Black r, of S, C, the s, wstni, branch of
Great Pedee r. has its most remote source in
Kershaw dist. and flowing thence over Sumpter
and Williamsburg, falls into Great Pedee 3 ras,
above the harbor of Georgetown in Georgetown
dist, after a course of 110 ras. The higher con
fluents ofthis stream drain the greater part of
Sumpter and Williarasburg dists.
Black r, and lake of La, The r, rises out of
the pine forests of the parish of Claiborne, in
terlocking sources with those ofthe Terre Bonne
branch of Washitau, and flowing thence sthrd,
expands into a lake and again contracts to a r,
which joins the Saline to form the Rigolet de
Bondieu, The valley of Black lake and r, lies
between those of Saline and Bistineau.

BLA

52

BLA

Black r. of La. separating the parishes of
Concordia and Rapides, though thus locally
designated, is in reality lower Washitau. Where
the higher Washitau receives the Tengau from
the N. E. and the Ocatahoola from the w. the
united waterg take the local name of Black r.
which by a very tortuoug channel unites with
Red r. ahout 30 ms. above the junction of the
latter with the Mississippi, The soil along both
banks of Black r, of La, is highly fertile, and yet
rendered generaUy uncultivatable from annual
overflow. The channel of Black r, is navigable
except at very low water.
Black r, of Huron, one of the estrn. branches
of the Missouri proper, rises in Ocooch mtn,
interlocking sources with those of Ouisconsin,
and flowing thence about 100 ras, by compara
tive course to the s, w, by w, falls into the Mis
sissippi nearly on lat, 44°, and by the land road
about IOO ras, above Prairie du Chien,
Black r, of Mo, and Aik, rises by nuraerous
branches in the forraer, interlocking sources
with those of St, Francis, Maramec and Gas-
connadc rs, and flowing thence by two main
branches. Current r, to the w, and Black r, pro-
perto the e. The latter winds, first s, s. e, but
curving gradually to the s, w, enters Arkansas,
and unites with Current r, in Lawrence oo, af
ter an entire comparative course of 110 ms.
After their junction, the name of Current r, is
lost in the general terra Black r, which, turn
ing to g, s, w, and continuing in that direction
by coraparative courses 60 ms, in turn loses its
name in that of White r, at their union in Inde
pendence CO, Ark, It raay be reraarked, that
in the much greater part of its course, Black r,
receives no tributary of consequence frora the
left. The channel seeras to be a common reci
pient for numerous streams frora the n, w. Of
these tributaries. Eleven Points, Spring and
Strawberry rs, enter below the influx of Current
r. The valley of Black r. including all its con
fluents, extends frora lat. 35° 3^'to 37° 40' and is
about equal to a parallelogram of 150 by 60 or
with an area of 9000 sq. ms, very nearly tra
versed centrally by long, 14° w, W, C,
Black Lake, see Oswegatchie lake.
Black River, v, Morris co, N, J. on a stream
of that narae, which runs into the n, branch of
Raritan r, 14 ms, w, Morristown.
Blackbys, P-v. in the western part of Indi
ana CO. Pa. by p-r. 202 ms, w, w. W. C. and
170 a little n, of w, Harrisburg,
Blaokbyville, p-o, in tbe northern part of
Wayne co, 0, 8 ms, northwardly from Wooster,
the CO, seat, and by p-r, 94 ms. n, e. Colurabus,
and 355 n, w, by w, W, C,
Black Horse, tavern and p-o. Chester co.
Pa. Black Rock, Conn. {See Fairfield, Conn.)
Black Rock, p-v. Buffalo, Erie co. N. Y. 2
ms, N, Buffalo, has a large artificial harbor,
made by a pier, intended as the canal harbor in
lake Erie. A large amount of money was ex
pended in constructing and repairing it, as it
was repeatedly injured by storms, &c. For a
few years the village was very flourishing while
it was expected to become an important place ;
butthe capital and business have since been
chiefly transferred to Buffalo. Black Rock vf as

burnt by the British during the last war, and but
one house left standing. There is here a ferry
to Waterloo, on the Canada side about | m.
Blacks and Whites, p-o, Nottaway co. Va.
by p-r 60 ms. s. w, Richmond,
Black's Bluff and p-o. on the right bank of
Alabama r. about 105 ms, n, n. e. Mobile, and
by p-r. 126 ras. s, Tuscaloosa,
Blacksburgh, p-v, in the northern part of
Montgomery co, Va, 9 ms, northwardly from
Christiansburg, the co, seat, and by p-r 290 ms.
s, w, by w, W, C, and 215 ms, westwardly from
Richmond. Black Stocks, p-o, in the a, westem part of
Chester district S. C, by p-r. 46 ms. n. n. w.
Colurabia. Blackstone r. or Pawtucket, rises in Wor
cester CO. Mass. and after a s. w. course across
the n. e. comer of R. I. enters Providence r. on
the line of Mass. It supplies a great number
of factories and raills, and adds vastly to the
wealth of the region through which it flows.
The Blackstone canal lies very nearly along its
course, Blackstone, p-v, Worcester co, Mass. 41 mg.
s. w, Boston,
Blackstone Canal, Mass, and R. I. (See
Rail Roads and Canals.)
Blackstone, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 41 ms,
s, w, Boston,
Blacksville, p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by p-r,
243 ms, a Uttle n, of w, W, C,
Black Walnut, po, Halifax co, Va, by p-r.
112 ms.s, w, Richraond,
Black Warrior, (Tuscaloosa) i,of Ala. is
forraed by two main branches. Locust Fork to
the estrd, and Mulberry r. to the wstrd. Both
of these constituent strearas have their sources
inthe ridge of hills wbich separate the Mobile
and Tennessee vallies, and between the conflu.
ent streams of Coosa and Tombigbee, The
Locust Fork, or eastern branch, rises in Blount
CO. within 20 ms. from Cooga r. at the mouth
of Will's cr. and about the same distance from
the extreme southem bend Tennessee r. Flow
ing thence southwestwardly over Blount co. it
unites with Mulberry r, in the western part of
Jefferson CO, after a comparative course of 80 ms.
Mulberry r. though with a more contracted
length of course than the Locust branch, is
however the main streara. Deriving its nume
rous confluent ers. frora Lawrence, Walker,
and the western and central part of Blount cos,
the general course of the Mulberry is from n.
to s, ; comparative length 60 ras. Below the
union of its two great constituents the Black
Warrior receives no tributary worthy notice in
a coraparative course of 80 ms. to its final junc
tion with Torabigbee, The valley of this r,
approaches the form of a triangle ; base 150
ms, from s, w, to N, e, and frora the source of
Locust r, to the mouth of the main stream ;
greatest breadth 65, and area 4,875 sq, ms, ex
tending in lat, from £2° 32' to 34° 25', and in
long, frora 9° 15' to 11° w, W, C. In this val
ley are contained all the cos. of Blount and
Walker, great part of Jefferson, Tuscaloosa
and Greene, with about one thirii of Fayette.
It has the valley of Tombigbee w., Tennessee
N., Coosa N, E,, and Cahaba, s. k.

BLA

53

BLE

Blackwater, r. Merrimack co. N. H. joins
Contoocook r, in Hopkinton.
Blackwater, r. of Va, has its extreme source
in Prince George's co, and within 8 or 10 ras,
sthrd, from the influx of Appomattox into Jaraes
J. Flowing thence southeastward over Surry
and Sussex, inflects to the southward and sepa
rating Southampton on the right from the isle
of Wight and Nansemond on the left, falls into
the Nottaway r, very nearly on the border be
tween Va, and N, C, after a comparative course
of 70 ms,
Blackwell's Isl, in the East r, opposite N,
York city, near Hurl Gate, is occupied by the
city prison or penitentiary, where about 200
convicts are eraployed in hammering stone c&c,
and the institution has become a source of profit
to the corporation,
Blackwell's Mill and p-o, Fauquier co, Va,
by p-r, 60 ms, s, w, by w, W. C, and 116 n, a,
w, Richmond.
Bladen, one of the southem cos. of N, C,
bndd, N, w. by Cumberland, by Black r, separa
ting it from Sampson n, e,, and from New Ha
nover E,, Brunswick s, e,, by White Marsh cr.
separating it from Columbus .s, w,, and by the
eastern branch of Lumber r, separating it from
Robeson w. Length from s, E. to, n. w, 40 ms,
raean breadth 30, and area 1200 sq. ms, E.x-
tending in lat, from 34° 14' to 34° 42' and in
long, frora 1° 15' to 2° 04' w. W. C, The main
volume of Cape Fear r, enters the northwestern
border and winding southeastward divides Bla
den into two not very unequal sections. The
general slope is sthrd. Much, indeed most of
its surface is flat and marshy. Cf t, Elizabeth.
town. Pop, 1820, 7,276, 1830, 7,814,
Bladensburg, p-v, in the northwestern part
of Prince George's co, Md, and on the bank of
the E, branch of Potoraac, 6 ms, w, e, from the
general p-o. W. C, and 31 ms, w. Annapolis,
It is a village extending chiefly in one street,
along the main road from Baltimore to W, C,
Blair's Cross Roads, and p-o, Grainger co.
Ten, by p-r, 191 ms, estrd. frora Nashville.
Blair's Ferry, and p-o. in the eastern part of
Roane co. Ten. by p-r, 20 ms, from Kingston
the CO, seat, 119 a little s, of e, Nashville, and
546 ms, s. w, by w, W. C,
Blair's Gap, and p-o, in the extrerae western
part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 35 ms. n. from the
borough of Bedford, and by p-r. 120 mg, wstrd,
from Harrisburg, and 158 n, n, w, W, C,
Blair, p-v, and st, jus, Harford co, Md, 23
ms, N, r,. Baltimore, lat. 39" 33', long. 0° 40' e,
W.C. Blairsville, borough and p-v, on the right
bank of Conemaugh r, southern part of Indiana
CO, Pa, by p-r, 161 ras, a little n, of w. Harris
burg, and 189 n. w. W, C. This borough stands
on the Pa, canal, and is a flourishing village.
Pop. 957,
Blairsville, otherwise Bellville, p-o, in the
southwestern part of York dist, S, C, 9 ras, s,
w, from Yorkville, the st, jus. of the co. and
by p-r, 86 ms, a little w, of n, Columbia and 441
ms, s, w, W, C.
Blakely, p-v. in the northeastern part of
Stokes CO. N, C, by p-r, 316 ms, s, w, W, C.
and 132 n,' w, by w, Raleigh,

Blakely, p-v, and st, jus. Early co, Geo, sit
uated between Flint and Chattahooche rs, by
p-r, 869 ms, s, w, W, C. and 227 ms. in a near
ly simUar direction from MiUedgeviUe. Lat.
31° 22', and long, 8° w, W, C,
Blakely, p-v, port of entry, and st.jus, Bald
win CO, Ala, sUuated on the left bank of Ton-
saw r, or eastern arra of Mobile r, 8 ms, n. e,
and on the opposite side from the city of Mobile,
and by p-r, 228 ms, a little w, of s, Tuscaloosa,
and 1,020 s, w, by w, W, C, n, lat, 30° 44',
w, long, 11° 04'. By the returns ofthe census
of 1830, the population of this place is not giv
en separate from that of Baldwin co. but is sup
posed about 500,
Blakesburg, Plantation, Penobscot co. Me,
20 ms, N, Bangor, 90 n, «. e. Augusta, one tsp,
s, Piscataquay r, crossed by Dead cr. both
branches of Penobscot r. Pop, 403,
Blakesburg, p-v, Putnam co, Ind, 12 mg,
from Green Castle, the st, jus., and by p-r. 614
mg, westrd, W, C, and 54 westrd, Indianopo
lis, Blanchard's Fork, the eastem constituent
of the Au Glaize branch of Maumee r, 0, The
extreme source is in the central part of Hardin
CO, interlocking sources with those of Sciota
and Sandusky, and flowing thence northwardly
30 ms, into the central part of Hancock co.
where abrupUy inflecting to the wstrd, it crosses
Hancock into Putnam, and finally unites with
Au Glaize, near the western border of the
latter co,
Blanford, p-t, Hampden co. Mass, 15 ms.
w, Springfield, 116 s, w Boston, s, w, Westfield
r, two branches of which rise here among hilly
country, and are subject to sudden floods. It is a
good farming town, and was principally settled
from N, of Ireland, Pop, 1,590,
Blanding, p.v, Orangeburg dist, S, C, by p-r,
61 ms, southwardly from Columbia,
Blazing Star, a noted ferry on the sound be
tween N, J, and Staten Island, 5 ras, s, of
Elizabeth, 7 ms, n, of Amboy, Previous to
the revoliuion, on the main route between Phil
and N, Y,
Bledsoe, co, of Ten, bndd, s, w, by Marion,
hy Cumberland mtn, separating it from Warren
w,, and White n. w., by Morgan n,, Roane n, e.,
and by Walden's Ridge, separating it from
Rhea co, E, Length from s, w, to n, e, 40 ms,
meau breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat, frora 35° 25' to 36° and in long
frora 7° 48' to 8° 36 w. W, C, This co, oc
cupies part of the comparatively elevated valley
between Cumberland ratn, and Walden's Ridge;
the central part being a table land frora which
flows sthwstrdly, the sources of Sequatchie,
and northeastwardly those of Eraery's r. The
surface hilly and in part rataous. Cf t,, Pikes
ville, Pop. 4,648.
Blendon, p-v, and tsp, .of FrankUn co. O.
The tsp. in 1830, contained a population of 666.
The p-o. is within a few ms, from Columbus,
the seat of government, but the exact distance
is uot given in the p-o. Ust,
Blenheim, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 44 ms.
w. Albany, 38 n. n, w, Catskill ; is suppUed by
Schoharie cr, and branches, with many fine mill
seats, includes the w, part ofthe Catsberg hills,

BLO

54

BLO

bears oak, walnut, beech, maple, birch, &c.
Pop, 2,280,
Blissfield, p-o, Lenawee co, Mich, by p-r,
67 ras, B, w, by w. Detroit,
Blockersville, p-v, Edgefield dist, S, C, by
p-r. 64 ras, a little s. of w, Columbia, and 553
ms, s, w, W, C,
Block Island, or New Shoreham, isl, and t,
Newport co. R. I. Ues in tho Atlantic, 15 ms.
s, s, w. Point Judith, 12 s, ofthe nearest partof
the continent, 3 ms, by 8, has an uneven surface
generally high, with a chain of ponds from n, to
centre, has no forests and is devoted to tillage,
though formerly to pasture. It is a heap of
loose earth, with separate masses of granite,
and is constantly washing away by the sea. It
has no harbor, and boats are secured only by
being drawn upon shore. Long, 71° 30' w,,
lat, 41° 8', It is proposed by the U, S, govern
ment to form a harbor here,
Blockley, tsp, along the right bank of
Schuylkill r. Philadelphia co. Pa. 3 ms. Phila
delphia, Pop. 1810, 1,618, 1820, 2,655, and in
1830, 3,401,
Bloody Brook, p-v, Franklin co. Mass, 90
ms, w, Boston, the scene of a battle in 1675,
Bloody Run, p-v, Bedford co. Pa, on the left
bank Juniata r. 8 ras, e, borough of Bedford,
and by p-r, 118 ms, n, w, W, C,
Bloom, p-v. on the s, e, part of Seneca co.
O, by p-r, 423 ras, n, w, by w, W, C. and 83
northward of Colurabus.
Blocmfield, p-t. Somerset co. Me, 7 ms, i\,
is, Norridgewock, 33 n, Augusta, s, Kennebec
r, atthe bend. Has an academy. Pop, 1,072,
Bloomfield, p-t, Ontario co, N, Y, 13 ms, w,
Canandaigua, 12 ms, by 6, has an agreeable
variety of surface, with a good and well culti
vated soil, and is supplied with raany mill seats
by Honeoye outlet and Mud cr. It produces
grain, grass, and plenty of apples, c&c. East
and West Bloorafield are p-vs. In the latter is
an academy. Pop, 3,861,
Bloomfield, p-t, Essex co, N, J, 5 ms, n. w,
Newark. Pop, 4,309,
Bloomfield, v, Essex co, N, J, in the town
of that name, distinguished by E. and W,
Bloorafield, two flourishing villages on a small
stream which affords power fbr many raanufac
tories of woollen, paper, c&c, c&c. There is a
large and well conducted acaderay, 4 mg. n. of
Newark, The Morris canal passes through the
village. Blocmfield, p-v, and tsp, of Crawford co. Pa,
16 ms, wstrd, Meadville.
Bloomfield, p-v, Loudon co, Va, by p-r, 51
ms. N. w, by w, W, C.
Bloomfield, p-v. in the northeastern part of
Nelson CO, Ky, by p-r, 44 ms, s, w, Frankfort,
and 595 wstrd, W, C, Pop, 301.
Bloomfield, p-v, in the s, estrn, part of Oak
land CO, Mich, 19 ms, n, w, Detroit,
Bloomfield, p-v, and st, jus, Greene co, Ind,
situated on the west branch of White r, by p-r,
648 ms, w, W, C, and 76 below and s, w, In-
dianopoUs, lat, 39° 06' and long, 10° w. W, C,
Bloomfield, p-v. Edgar co, II, by p-r, 120
ms, N, E, Vandalia, and 689 ras. w. W, C,
Bloomingburo, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. 23 ms.
W, Newburgh on Shawangunk cr.

Bloomingburg, p-v. in the n. part of Fayette
CO. 0. by p-r. 44 ms. s. w. Columbus. Pop. 100.
Bloomingdale, p-v. in the w. part of Jeffer
son CO. 0, 14 ms, from Steubenville, and by p.r.
274 N, w, by w. W. C. and 135 n. e. by e. Co
lumbus, Blooming Grovc, p-t. Orange co, N, Y. 12
ms, w. West Point, is broken by mountainous
ranges of the Highlands, and watered by Murd-
ner's or Murderer's cr, Skunnemunk mm, has
several commanding eminences, s. e. SaUsbury
raills is a village aiid 2 ms. w. of it Washing-
tonville. Craigsville and Oxford, are small vil
lages. Pop, 2,099,
Blooming Grove, p-v, in the N. e. part of
Tazewell co, II ,by p-r, 772 ms.N. w, by w, half
w, W, C, and 169 northwardly Vandalia.
Bloomington, p-v. and st, jus, Monroe co, Ind.
by p-r, 627 ms, w, W, C, and 51 s, w, Indianopo
lis ; lat, 39° 12', long, 9° 34' w. W. C.
Bloomington, p-v. and St. jus. Mc Lean co, B,
Neither the co, or vUlage is located by either
Tanner's United States, orthe p, o, Ust of 1831.
Bloomingville, p-v. in the n, part of Huron
CO. O, 15 ms, N, Norwalk, the co, seat, and by
p-r, 415 ras, n. w, by w. W, C, and 108 a Uttle
e, of n, Columbus,
Bloomsburg, p-v, situated on the right bank
of the main or e, branch of Susquehannah r, and
in the s, E, part of Columbia co. Pa, by p-r 75
ras, above Harrisburg, and 196 a little e, of n,
W. C,
Bloomsburg, p-v in the sthrn, part of Halifax
CO, Va, 13 ms. s. Banister, the co, seat, and by
p-r, 233 s, s, w, W, C. and 143 b. w. by w.
Richmond. Bloomsbury, v. Burlington co, N, J. lies ad
joining the city of Trenton, and includes all the
buildings s, ofthe Assanpink creek. The bridge
over the Delaware is in this town.
Bloomsbury, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the
Muskonetcunk 6 ms, e, Easton, 40 w, «, w.
New Brunswick,
Bloomville, p-v. Delaware co. N. Y. 70 ms.
s, w. Albany,
Blount, co, of Ala, bndd, by Jefferson s,,
Walker s, w. and w., Morgan n., the Cherokee
country n, e,, and St, Clair co, e, and s. e.
Greatest length from e. to w. 55 ms, mean
breadth 30, and area, 1,650 sq. ms. Extending
in lat, from 33° 45' to 34° 16', and in long, from
9° 14' to 10° 12' w, W, C. The n. and n, e.
boundaries of this co. are along the dividing
ridge between the vallies of Tennessee, and
Tombigbee branch of Mobile r.
Frora this rather elevated tract, the higher
sources of both branches of Black Warrior r.
are poured southwardly, giving a general slope
to tbe county in that direction. The surface
is hilly, and soil with sorae exceptions rather
sterile. Chief t. Blountsville, Pop, 1820, 2,415,
1830, 4,233.
Blount, co. of Ten. bndd, by Tennessee r,
separating it frora the Cherokee country s, w,,
and Monroe co, of Ten, w., by Holston r, sepa
rating Roane co, n, w,, and Knox n., Sevier co,
N. E, and E,, and the Iron mtn, separating it from
Haywood co, N, C, b. e. Length 48 ms, mean
breadth 14, and area 672 sq, ms. Extending in
lat. from 35° 28' to 36° 53', andin long, from 6°

BLU 5
24' to 7° 12'. The slope ot this co ig ,\. wstrd.
towards Holston r. The surface is broken, but
soil good. It is among the most ancient settle
ments of Ten. by the whites. Cf t, Maysville,
Pop, 1820, 11,258, 1830, 11,028,
Blount Spring, p-o, in the s, part of Blount
CO, Ala, by p-r, 90 ras. n. e, frora Tuscaloosa,
and 789 s, w, by w, W, C,
Blountsville, p-v. Jones co, Geo, 17 rag, w,
MiUedgeville, BLouNTgviLLE, p-v, and st. jus. Blount co. Ala.
situated on Locust brancb of Black Warrior r,
56 ms, sthwd, from Huntsville, and by p-r, 748
ms, s, w. by w, W, C, and 110 n, e, Tuscaloosa,
Lat, 34° 05', w. long, 9° 35' W, C,
Blountsville, p-v, and st, jus, SuUivan co.
Ten, 107 ms, n, e. by e, KnoxviUe, and by p-r,
409 s. w, by w, W, C, and 306 a little n. of e,
NashvUle, Lat, 36° 32', long, 5° 18' w, W, C,
Blue Earth, r, a nrthrn, br, of Kansas r. ri
ses at about 21^° w, long, W. C, and between
the Platte r, and Republican Fork of Kansas, and
flowing thence by a general s. estrn. course ;
comparative length of 150 ms, falls into the left
side of Kansas r, at n, lat, 39°, The valley of
Blue Earth r. lies between that ofthe Republi
can Fork of Kansas, and those of Great Neme-
haw, and some lesser confluents of the Missouri
below the mouth of Great Nemehaw and that of
Kansas r.
Blue Hill, p-t, Hancock co. Me, 12ms,N, e,
Castine, 78 Augusta, on a large Bay, It has an
acaderay. Pop, 1830, 1,486,
Blue House, p-v. in the sthm. part of Colleton
dist, S, C, by p-r, 93 ms. s. Colurabia, and 588
B, w, W, C,
Blue Mountain, This undistinguishing term
has been applied to several chains of the Appa
lachian systera in the U, S. but raore particular
ly to that one called by sorae tribes of Indians
" Kaatatin Chunk," or Endless raountain. If we
turn our attention to the Appalachian chain we
find them often only interrupted, where a cursory
survey would lead us to place a termination.
Whether the Kittatinny chain, or " Blue Moun
tain" could be detected estwrd, from the Hud
son we are unprepared to deterraine, but wstrd,
of that river, thig chain is found distinct in the
Shawangunk, near Kingston, in Ulster co. N. Y.
It thence ranges s. w. raeets and turns Dela
ware r, at the extrerae nrthrn, angle of N. J,
and continues its original direction to the Del,
Water Gap, where the raountain chain is tra.f
versed by the river, and the former curves morej
wstwrd, enters Petmsylvania, over which it ran
ges about 150 ms. to the nrthrn. angle of Frank
lin 00, after having been pierced by the Lehigh,
SchuylkiU, and Susquehannah rivers. Between
Franklin and Bedford cos, the Kittatinny reas-
sumes nearly its original direction in the state
of N, Y, and though in sorae places confounded
with the Alleghany, reaUy continues a distinct
chain over Md, Va, N, C. and Ten. into Ala,
a, w, of Susquehanna, the Kittatinny rises, and
extending first nearly w, between the confluents
of Conedogwinet and Shoreman's rivers, is
thence broken into ridges bounding on the w.
the vaUey of Conecocheague, gradually curves
to the sthwrd. and reaches Potomac, extend
ing very little w, of s. Rising again beyond
the Potomac, between the Opequan and Black

5 BLU
creeks, it runs nearly parallel with the Blue
ridge, is passed by the North Fork of She
nandoah, and extends thence between tha
two main branches of that river. Though
scarcely appearing distinctly on our best
maps, the chain of Kittatinny is completely
distinct and continues over Rockinghara, Au
gusta, and Roxbridge cos, Va, into Botetourt, to
where it is traversed by James river, below the
mouth of Craig's creek. Rising again beyond
James r, the chain stretches along the higher
sources of James and Roanoke rs, to the centra
of Montgoraery co, near Christiansburg, Here
it leaves the Atlantic slope, and raerges into
the vaUey of 0, by entering the subvalley of
New river or upper Kenhawa,
Thus far, in all its range from the Hudson, the
Kittatinny chain is broken into links by the high
er sources ofthe Atlantic rivers, and similar to
the Southeast mountain and Blue ridge, the
base gradually rises, ascending the vast inclin.
ed plain obUquely, until it reaches the high.
est apex between the sources of Roanoke
and those of Little river branch of New river.
In this region the lowest gap through which
measurements have been made for a project-
ed canal, is 2049 feet above the level of the
Atlantic ocean. The base of the chain now
commences to depress and inflecting to a course
considerably west of southwest, is traversed by
New river or Upper Kenhawa, Beyond the
latter stream, under the local name of Iron
mountain, and discharging to the eastward the
confluents of New river, and frora the opposite
flank those of the south branch of Holston and
Watauga, reaches the extreme n, estrn, angle
of Ten, At the latter point, the chain assumes
a direction very nearly s, w, and under the va
rious local names of Iron raountain. Bald raoun
tain. Smoky raountain, and Unika mountain, is
pierced in succession by Watauga, Doe, Nole-
chucky, French Broad, Big, Pigeon, Tennesee,
Proper, and Hiwassee rs, and merges accord
ing to 'Tanner's map of the United States, into
Blue ridge, in the northern part of Georgia, be
tween the sources of Cooga and Hiwassee rs.
If the whole body of the Kittatinny and its
mean elevation is compared with the body and
elevation of Blue ridge, the forraer exceeds in
both respects, frora tbe Hudson to their terrai
nation in Georgia, though at the High lands on
the Hudson and in the Peaks of Otter, the Blue
Tidge rises to a superior elevation from their re
spective bases.
As a distinct and defined chain the Kittatinny
is upward of eight hundred railes in length.
The height above the ocean varies from 800 to
2,500 feet. All the ridges in their natural state
were wooded to their sumraits, though the trees
are generally stunted in growth at any consid
erable height. In the vallies along both flanks
the timber is often very large and lofty ; par
ticularly the pines, oaks, hemlocks, and lirio-
dendron. On sorae of the ridges good arable
soil is found on the summits, but sterility is the
general character of the soil. Amongst the pe.
culiar features of this chain, one may be re
marked, which gives it a very distinct charac
ter. In all its length, it is no where strictly a
dividing limit between river sources. Without
assuming any connexion with the mountains

BLU

56

BLU

eastward of the Hudson, the Kittatinny is
pierced by the Delaware, Lehigh, SchuylkiU,
Susquehannah, Potomac and Jaraes rivers, flow
ing into the Atlantic ocean, and by the Great
Kenhawa, and various branches of Teimnesee
flowing into the valley of Ohio, or basin of the
Mississippi, Blue Ridge ; of the distinctive chains of the
Appalachian system, and indeed ofall the sec
tions ofthis system, the Blue ridge stands most
apart and prominent, though of rauch narrower
base, and of less mean elevation than either
the Kittatinny or Alleghany, On a colored
map of Virginia the Blue ridge has a very stri
king appearance, arising frora the fact of being
a county lirait in all its range over that state.
Without tracing a probable but hypothetical
identity, between the mountains of Mass, Conn,
and Vt, with the Blue ridge, we first meet this
chain distinct at West Point on the Hudson
river. Thence it rises into broken but continu.
ous ridges over N, Y, and N. J. to the Dela
ware, in a southwesterly direction. Traversed
by the Delaware iramediately below the influx
of Lehigh, and inflecting similar to the Kitta
tinny, to s, w. by w,, it is pierced by the Schuyl
kiU at Reading, by the Susquehannah below the
mouth of Swatara, by the Potomac at Harper's
Ferry, by James river, between Bedford and
Amherst cos. Virginia, and by the Roanoke be
tween Bedford and Franklin cos. in the sarae
state. In its further progress s, w, from Roan
oke, the Blue ridge becomes the limit of river
source to its final extinction in Ala, The length
ofthis chain from the Hudson to Roanoke, 450
ms, and from Roanoke to where it ceases to be
a distinct chain in Ala, 350 ms, having an en
tire length of 800 ms, s, w, from the Hudson,
The Hudson does not, however, terminate the
Blue ridge to the n. eastwariJ, Many river
passages through mountains have been noticed
and celebrated, and, amongst others, the pas
sage ofthis chain by the Potomac at Harper's
Ferry ; but it may be doubted whether from all
the attendant circumstances, any similar phe
nomenon on earth combines so many very re
markable features as the tide stream of the
Hudson through the two chains, the eoutheast
mountain and Blue ridge.
Profoundly deep, far below the utmost
draught of the largest vessels of war, the flux
and reflux of the tides rush along a narrow and
tortuous channel, on both sides bounded by
enormous craggy and almost perpendicular
walls of rock, rising from one thousand to
twelve or fifteen hundred feet above the water
surface. Sailing along this astonishing gorge
the mind involuntarily demands by what opera
tion of nature has this complication of wonders
been produced ? Again, what in an eminent
degree enhances the surprise and adrairation,
is the fact, that this great river pass is made
directly through a mountain nucleus. In all
the chains of the Appalachian systera, raasses
rise at different places, far above the ordinary
height, and spreading rauch wider than the
mean base of the chain in which they occur.
The peaks of Otter — the peaks in the Catsbergs,
in Windhara,-Greenco, N, Y,, several peaks of
the Green mts, in Vt,, and above all, the White

rats, of N. H. are exaraples. The Highlands,
pierced by tbe Hudson, and passed by the tide
frora the ocean, are however, every thing con
sidered, by rauch the raost reraarkable of these
mountain peaks or groups to be found, not only
in the U. States, but probably on this planet.
Receding frora the highlands, either to the s. w.
or N, E, the chain depresses so much, that on
our maps, the continuity in either direction, is
generally not represented. There is, neverthe.
less, in the vicinity of the Hudson, no real
interruption of either the s, e, mto, or Blue
Ridge, along their lines of direction. The
highest peaks being in the Blue ridge on both
sides ofthe river. Of these peaks, the highest
is Butter Hill, which rises 1,535 feet above the
ocean tides, and rising abruptly frora the water,
affords a very fine and extended landscape to
the N. w. and n.
After leaving the Hudson, Blue Ridge con
tinues to n, e. about 20 ms. and then, similar to
other chains of the sarae systera on both sides of
that river, rapidlv inflects to a course a very
little n. of E., a direction which it raaintains
above 250 ras. in the states of N. Y,, Mass. and
Vt. For the first 70 ms. of its northerly course,
the Blue Ridge discharges frora its eastem
flank nuraerous branches of Housatonic, and
from the opposing slope, Fishkill, Wappingers,
Jansen's or Ancram, and Kinderhook creeks,
flowing wstrd. into the Hudson. With the
sources of Housatonic and Hoosack rs. the
features of Blue Ridge change ; hitherto from
the Hudson, a line of river source, it now loses
that character, and is broken into innumerable
ridges by the higher sources of Hoosack and
Batten Kill, flowing into the Hudson, and thence
by those of Paulet, Otter, Onion, La MoUle,
and Missisque rs. falling into lake Champlain.
All these latter streams rise in the s. is. moun
tain, and flowing down a western slope pass the
Blue Ridge.
A hypothesis may be hazarded that what is
designated Green mountains in the southem
part of Vt. and the ridge or series of ridges
known by the same term in the northern part of
the garae state, are fragraents of two separate
chains, though generally represented as the
continuation of one and the same chain. Re
garding the great western chain e. of the Hud
son, in the state of N. Y., Mass. and Vt., as the
continuation of Blue Ridge, the whole length
ofthe chain in the U. S. exceeds 1,000 ms. In
relative elevation, the Blue Ridge is humble,
though in one part, Bedford co. Va. the peaks
of Otter rise to 4,200 feet above tide water.
GeneraUy, the ridges are from 700 to 1,000
feet above their bases, and the base rising with
the mountain, when the ridges are seen from
the elevated table land, frora which flow
Roanoke, Kenhawa, Yadkin, and Tennessee,
they arc, in fact, less iraposing than when seen
from the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna,
Potomac or James rs., though at the former
region, the real oceanical elevation is more
than double to what it is near the more northern
rivers. From its prominence, and southwestwardly
from the Hudson, its isolation. Blue Ridge has
been, though very erroneously, regarded and

BOE

57

BOL

delineated as the extreme southeastern chain
of the system ; in reahty, however, it is the
third distinct cbain advancing from the Atlantic
ocean, (See art. Southeast mtn,)
Blue Rock, p-v, in the western part of Musk
ingum CO, 0, 12 ms, frora Zanesville, and by
p-r, 71 E, Colurabus, and 348 n, w, by w, W. C,
Blue Spring Grove, p-o. Barren co. Ky, 12
ms, N, Glasgow, the st, jus, and by p-r, 126 s,
w, Frankfort,
Blue Stone, sraall r. of Va, in Tazewell and
Giles cos, rises in the latter, interlocking
sources with those of Clinch and Big Sandy,
flows thence n, e, down a raountain valley into
Newr, which it enters about five ms, above the
influx of Green Brier r.
Blue Stone, p-o. on the Blue Stone r, south
eastern part of 'Tazewell co. Va, by p-r, 279 ms,
a little s, of w. Richmond, and 337 s. w. by w.
W.C, Blue Sulphur Spring, and p-o. Green Brier
CO. Va. by p-r. 203 ras, w, Richmond, and 264 s,
w, by w, W, C,
Bluffdale, p-o, in the w. part of Greene co,
II. 10 ras. w, CarroUton, the st, jus, for the co.
and by p-r, 116 ms, a little n, of w, Vandalia,
and 897 w, W, C,
BoALSBURG, p-v. iu the southem part of Centre
CO. Pa. 15 ms, s, Bellefonte, by p-r, 81 n, w,
Harrisburg, and 183 n, n, w, W, C,
Boardman, p-v, on Mahoning r, and in the s,
E, part of TrumbuU co, 0, 11 ras, a. e, and be
low Warren, the st. jus., and 161 ms, n, e. by e.
Columbus. Bodcau, r. of Ark, and La, The Bodcau
rises in Hempstead co, of the former, and flow
ing thence s. over La Fayette, enters Claiborne
parish. La,, expands into a lake and again into
a river which falls into Red i, opposite the
great raft. The valley of Bodcau lies between
those of Bistineau and Red r. The lake of
Bodcau is similar in its features to that of Bis
tineau, which see,
Boeuf, large bayou or creek of La, has its
source in the pine forests, of the parish of
Rapide, 8 or 10 ras, s, w. from the village of
Alexandria on Red r. This remarkable water
course flows first to the n, e, towards Red r,
and entering the aUuvial tract near that streara,
approaches within a few hundred yards of that
arra of Red r, called the Rapide bayou, but the
Boeuf retires to the s, e, about 15 ms, where it
divides into two streams, one of which, the left
or eastern, winds eastwardly and coraraunicates
with Red r, by an outlet frora that stream ;
and again dividing, the right branch forms the
bayou de Glaize, which unites with the Atcha
falaya, 5 ras, below the outlet ofthe latter frora
the Mississippi,
The raain or right branch of the Boeuf, after
the division of its waters as noticed above, as
suraes a course of s, s, E, by direct distance
thirty miles, but perhaps a third more following
the windings to its junction with the Crocodile,
to form the Courtableau r. The lands along
the Boeuf are exuberantly fertile. By its chan
nel, at seasons of high flood, a navigable con
nexion exists for small vessels, between Red r,
and the streams of Opelousas and Attacapas,
The writer of this article made this navigation

in a very large pirogue, built on lake Bistineau,
brought down Red r, and through the interme
diate bayou into the Boeuf, and down the Boeuf
into the Courtableau to Lenielle's landing, 4
ms, frora the village of St, Landre in Opelousas,
Boeuf, r, of Ark. and La. rises in the forraer
and in Arkansas co, and within 7 or 8 ras, frora
Arkansas r. Interlocking sources with those
of the Bartheleray, and flowing at a raean
distance of about 20 ms, from the Misp, i, over
Ark, and Chicot cos, the Boeuf enters La,
Bending to s, s, w, about 70 ms, and again curv
ing to a Uttle E, of s, joins the Washitau, twenty
direct railes north of the junction of the latter
with Ocatahoola and Tensaw. The entire
coraparative course of the Boeuf is 170 ms.
The valley of Boeuf generally separates the
pine forest land frora the annually overflown
tracts along the Misp, and Tensaw rs,
A beatable channel could be easily forraed to
unite the Misp, with the Washitau by means of
the Boeuf, and by a canal frora Grand lake im
mediately above the northern boundary of
Louisiana. Bogle's p.o. in the s, w, part of Iredell co, N,
C, by p.r, 167 ms, w. from Raleigh.
Bogle's p-o. Perry co, Ala, by p.r. 50 ras .s, e.
Tuscaloosa, Bogue Chitto, r. of the states of Misp, and
La, is the s, w, branch of Pearl r, rising in
Lawrence co, of the forraer, flows thence by a
course a little ?, of s, over Pike, and enters
Washington parish. La, Inflecting to southeast
35 ms, over Washington, it thence bends stiU
more e, and for a distance of 25 ras, separates
the latter frora St, Taramany parish to its flnal
influx into Pearl r, after an entire comparative
course of about 90 ms. The Bogue Chitto has
interlocking sources with those of Bayou Pierre,
and Homochitto, but higher part of the vaUey of
Bogue Chitto lies principally between that of
Pearl and Tangipaha, and the lower part be.
tween that of Pearl and Chifuncte,
Bohemia, large cr, in the southern part of
Coecil CO, Md, This cr, rises in Newcastle co,
Del, and flowing thence w, opens into a com.
paratively large bay, which communicates with
the Elk r, between 4 and 5 ras, above the
opening of the latter into Chesapeake bay.
The Bohemia heads with the Appoquiniraink.
BoLrfAR, p.t. AUeghany co, N.Y. 265 ms. w.
Albany, Pop, 449,
Bolivar, p-o, Westmoreland co. Pa, by p-r.
189 ms, N, w, by w, W. C, and 166 w. Harris
burg. Bolivar, p-v, in the s. part of Robeson co. N.
C, by p.r, 101 ms. a little w, of s. from Raleigh,
Bolivar, p-v, Washington co, Misp, about 100
ms. N. N. e. Natches.
Bolivar, p-o, and st, jus. Hardiman co. Ten.
situated on Big Hatche r.70ms, a little n, of e.
Memphis, on Misp, r, and by p-r, 849 ras, s, w,
by w, W, C, and 158 in nearly a similar direc
tion from NashviUe, Lat. 35° 16' and long, 12°
w, W, C,
Bolivar, p-v, on Tuscarawas r, in the north
ern angle of Tuscarawas co, 0, 10 ras. above
and north from New Phil, the et, jus, and by p-r.
Ul mg. N. E. by E. Columbus, and 324 N. w, by
w, W, C,

BOO

58

BOR

Bolivia, p-v. in the N, w, part of St, Genevieve
CO, Mo, by p-r, 894 ms. a Uttle s. of w. W, C,
and about 65 a little w, of s, St, Louis,
Bolsters' Mills, p-v, Curaberland co. Me,
81 ms, Augusta,
Bolton, p-t, Chittenden co, Vt, 17 ms, n, w.
Montpelier, 17 s, e, Burlington, is very moun
tainous, and has but a small part habitable, on
the w, range of the Green mtns, crossed by
Onion r, and several brancheg. Pop, 452.
Bolton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass, 33 ms, w,
Boston, has a varied surface, with good soil,
between Concord and Nashua rs. Pop, 1,258,
Bolton, p-t, Tolland co. Conn, 14 ms, e. Hart
ford, 3 ras, by 5, is on the granite range which
divides the waters of Conn, and Thames rs.,
has a coarse gravelly loara, with very good
grazing, with oak, walnut, chestnut, c&c. It
has a branch of Hop r. and one of Salmon r.
Pop. 744.
Bolton, p-t. Warren co, N, Y,, 14 ms, iv,
Caldwell, 76 n. Albany, w. Lake George, e, Sca-
roon r, has a mountainous or hilly surface, with
broad vallies. It yields wheat, rye, grass, c&c.
with fruit trees near the lake. Timber is car
ried down the lake on rafts. The people are
chiefly from N. England. The t, includes
Tongue mtn, n. w. Bay, and the Narrows of
Lake George, which is spotted with innumera
ble islands, and offers the raost romantic scenery
on the lake. The steamboat Mountaineer plies
from CaldweU to the bottom ofthe lake, 14 ms.
Pop. 1,466.
Bolton, v. Ulster co. N. Y. on the Hudson
and Delaware canal.
Bond, co of II, bounded by Clinton s,, Madi
Son w,, Montgomery n,, and Lafayette e. Length
20, breadth 18, and area 360 sq, ms. Extend
ing in lat, from 38° 44' to 39° 02', and in long,
frora 12° 16', to 12° 36' w, W, C, The slope
is nearly due south, and in that direction is
drained by Shoal creek and other sraaller
strearas flowing into Kaskaskia r, Cf, t, Gren
ville, Pop, 3,124,
Bone, p-o, Hopkins co, Ky. by p-r. 210 ms.
». w, by w, Frankfort,
Bonnet Carre', (Square Bonnet,) remarkable
bend of tbe Mississippi r.
Bonnet Carre', p-o, on Bonnet Carre' Bend,
parish of St, John Baptist, La,, 36 ms, above
New Orleans, and by p-r, 1241 ras, s, w, by w,
W, C,
Bono, p-v, in the southem part of Lawrence
CO. Ind, by p-r, 84 ras. a little w, of s. Indianopo
lis, and 631 westward W, C,
BoN Pas, p-v, on the right bank of Wabash r,
in the extreme n, e, angle of White co, II, 45
ms, s, w, Vincennes, and by p-r, 106 ms, s, e, by
E. Vandalia, and 747 Westward W. C.
Bon Secours. {See Mobile bay.)
Boone, p-v, in the w, part of Pickens co, Ala,
11 ms. w, Piekensville, the st. jus, and by p-r,
48 ras. w. Tuscaloosa, and 906 s. w. by w,
W,C. Boone, one of the two extreme northem cos,
of Ky. bndd. by Grant s., the Ohio river below
the mouth of Great Miami, separating frora
Switzerland co, Ind. w., and Dearborne co, Ind.
K. w., by Ohio river above the raouth of Great
Miami, separating it from Hamilton oo, O. n.,
and hy Carapbell co. Ky, e. Length from south

to north along the Ohio river, 25 ms., mean
breadth 12, and area 300 sq, ras. Extending in
lat. from 38° 47', to 39° 08' n., and in long, from
7° 35', to 7° 51' w. frora W. C. The slope ia
westward towards the Ohio r. surface very hilly,
but soil productive. Cf t. Burlington and Flor
ence. Pop, 1820, 6,582, 1830, 9,075.
Boone, co, of Ind, bndd, s, by Hendricks, w,
by Montgomery, n, by Clinton, e. by Hanulton,
and s, E, by Marion, Length 26, breadth 20,
and area 520 sq, ras. Extending in lat, from 39°
57', to 40° 13', and in long, from 9° 13', to 9°
42' w, from W. C, The slope is westward
and drained in that direction by Sugar and Rac
coon ers, and other streams flowing into Wa
bash r, Thorntown, the st, jus. is situated in
direct distance 35 ms. southwestwardly from
Indianopolis, but by p-r. 62, and 598 ms. w. W.
C. Pop. 622.
Boone, co. Mo, bndd, on the n, w, by How
ard, N, by Randolph, N, E, by Audram, e, and
s, e, by Callaway and Monroe, and s. and s. w,
hy Missouri j. separating it from Cole co.
Length from south to nortb 40 ms, ; mean
breadth 20, and area 800 sq, ms. Extendmg m
lat. from 38° 38', to 39° 12' and in long, from
15° 03', to 1.^° 32' w, W, C, It slopes a Uttle
w, of s, and is drained in that direction by Rock
cr,. Cedar cr, and other small streams faUing in.
to Missouri r. C£ t, Columbia, Pop, 8,839.
Boonsboro', or Morganville, p-v. in the east
ern part of Washington co. Md, 11 ms, s. s, s,
Hagerstown, 16 n, w. by w. Frederick, and by
p-r, 59n, w, W, C.
Boonesboro', p-v, on the left bank of Ky, r,
Madison co, Ky, 41 ms, b, e, Frankfort, 13 s. s.
E, Lexington, and by p-r, 526 a little s, of w.
W, C.
Boone's Mill, and p-o. Franklin co, Va. by
p-r, 167 ms, b, w, Richmond, and 263 s. w. by
w. W, C,
Booneton, V, Morris co, N, J,, on the Rock.
away r,, where there are a succession of falls
affording great water power, and on which sev.
eral extensive manufactories of iron are erect.
ed, 10 ms, a. n, e. of Morristown, The Morris
canal passes by this place,
Booneton, p-v, Boone co. Mo. by p-r. 57 ms,
northwardly from Jefferson, and 992 ms. west
wardly from W. C.
Boonesville, p-v. and st. jus, Warrick co,
Ind, situated between Pigeon and Cypress ers,
19 ms, N, E, by e, Evansville, on Ohio r,, 55 ms,
s, s, E, Vincennes, and by p.r. 187 ms. s. s. w.
Indianopolis. Booneville, p-v. st, jus. Cooper co. Mo, situ
ated on the right bank of Missouri r, opposite
to Franklin in Howard co,, by p-r, 185 ms. a lit
tle n, of w, from St, Louis, and 51 n, w. by w,
Jefferson, Boonville, p-t, Oneida co, N, Y. 27 ms. N.
Utica, is hilly in some parts, is crossed by Black
r. of L, Ontario, 10 ras. above High FaUs. The
V. is in the s, on the Black r, road. Pop, 2,746,
Boothbay, p.t, Lincoln co. Me, 10 ras, s, s.
Wiscasset, 39 frora Augusta, w. Daraariscotta
r, which, with another arm ofthe sea w, almost
insulate it. Pop, 2,286,
Bordentown, p.v, Burlington co, N, J. Beau
tifully situated on the Delaware at the raouth of
Crosswicks cr, 6 ms, below Trenton, 25 above

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59

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Philadelphia. Here is the residence of Joseph
Bonaparte, who has enclosed an extensive and
beautiful park in tbe vicinity. The Delaware
and Raritan canal discharges here into the Del
aware river, and the Caraden and Araboy Rail
way passes through the town, affording great
advantages of communication.
BoRDENViLLE, p-0, Carteret co, N. C, by p.r,
177 ms. s. E. Raleigh, and near the Atlantic
coast. BoRDLAY, p-v. in the westem part of Union
CO. Ky. by p-r. 753 ms. w. W. C, 2 15 a little s,
of w, from Frankfort, and 10 w, from Morgan-
field, the CO. seat.
BoRGNE, lake of, as usually denominated, is a
bay, and the western extreme of Pascagoula
sound. The gheet of water particularly called
lake Borgne, lieg between the parish of Plaque
mines in La. and Hancock co, Misp, It com
municates on the N, E, with Pascagoula sound
by the pass of Christian, between Cat island and
the main shore of Mississippi, onthe e, with the
gulf of Mexico by the pass of Marian, and to
the N, w, with lake Pontchartrain, by the two
passes of Rigoletts and Chef Menteur, From
its position lake Borgne is important, as through
it exists the inland or Pontchartrain entrance to
New Orleans, {See Pascagola sound.)
BoREDiNo, p-v, in the n, w, part of Wayne co
Mich, by p-r, 547 ras. n. w, by w, W, C, and 30
westwardly from Detroit,
BoRRYsviLLE, p-v, NimeshUlon, tsp. Stark co,
0. 10 ras, N, E, Canton, and by p-r, 126 ms, n, e,
by e, Columbus,
Boscawen, p-t, Merrimack co. N. H. 8 ms,
N. N, w. Concord, 52 «. w, Portsmouth, e, Mer
rimack r. 7 ras, by 7, contains 32,230 acres, and
is partly watered by Blackwater r, on which are
fine raeadows and raill sites, and it has Great
and Long ponds. It has extensive meadows on
Merrimac r. The hilly country (five sevenths
of the t.) is fertile and bears oak, (fee. It ig re
markably healthy. First settled 1734; the in
habitants lived in garrison 22 yeai s. Pop. 2,093.
Bos no's Mills, and p-o, in the s, part of
Richmond co, N, C, by p-r, 41 1 ras. b, w, W, C,
and 127 s, w. by w. Raleigh.
Boston Corner, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Pop,
64. Boston, s-p. capital of Mass, and st, jus. Suf
folk CO. is tbe largest city in New England, and
the fourth in the U. S. in population. It stands
on an irregular peninsula, atthe bottora of Mass,
bay, and is united s. w, to the main land by a nar
row neck, which formerly was overflowed by
high tides. Length nearly 2 3-4 ms,, original
breadth 1 m, but by the addition of streets built
out upon the flats is now much wider ; so that
including South Boston (which isnot within the
peninsula) the whole extent is about 3 sq, ms.
It is distant from W. C, n, e. 436 ms. 300 n. e,
Phil,, 210n,e, New York, 100 e,n,e, Hartford,
40 N, E, Providence ; long, 70° 58' 53" w, ; lat.
42° 22', Pop, 1765, 15,520, in 1790, 18,038, in
1800, 24,937, in 1810, 33,250, in 1820, 43,298,
and in 1830, 61,392, Its harbor is commodious ;
it might contain 500 ships, and is of depth suf
ficient for those of the largest size, Itis pro
tected from storms by numerous islands. On
Governor's and Castle islands, are forts War

ren and Independence, which defend the harbor,
and in a good degree shelter it frora the sea.
The entrance is very narrow.
Commerce. — Tbe commerce of Boston has
always been great. Many ships are owned and
employed in their coasting and foreign trade ;
during the year ending Sept, 30, 1832, the value
of imports into the district of Boston and
Charlestown was $15,492,432 ; value of ex
ports $9,605,087, The duty accruing in the
same district and tirae amounted to $5,490,-
126,95, Aggregate tonnage of 3 lines regular
coasting vessels to New York 1920, and their
cargoes estimated at $6,000,000 per annum.
There are also regular packets to Phil., Balti
raore, Alexandria, Georgetown, Washington,
Charleston, Hartford, Albany, Troy, i&c. Large
investments have been made by the capitalists
here, inthe joint stock manufacturing establish
ments of Mass, in Lowell, Walthara and many
other towns ; and in N, H,, R, I., Conn, and oth
er states. The interior coramunication has
been much improved. The Middlesex canal,
which is 29 i ms, long, breadth 30 feet, and
depth 3 feet, with an elevation of 104 feet, ex
tends to Lowell from Boston harbor, and forras
with Merrimack river a navigable channel to
Concord, N, H. Large quantities of manufac.
tured goods and the raw material, granite, tim.
ber, (fee, are transported upon it. There is a
rail road to Lowell, and several others are pro.
jected ; frora Boston to Albany, to Worcester,
and Ogdensburg, N, Y, to Providence R, I, and
Taunton ; and surveys were begun in 1831 for
ono or more to the waters of Narraganset bay.
Numbers of fine stage coaches run regularly
on all the principal roads from Boston, and the
travelling between that place and Providence is
very great, while the steam boats ply on Long
Island sound. By steam boats to Augusta, Me.
and thence to Quebec by the Kennebec road,
travellers have gone through in five days, A
corapany has been formed, with a considerable
capital, for the purpose of running a line of
steam-carriages from Boston to Salera, It is in
conteraplation to put 4 carriages (to contain 24
to 30 passengers each) upon the road ; and to
comraence operations during the present sum
raer, (1833,)
Banks, Insurance Companies, ^c. — There
are 22 Banks, the aggregate capital of which is
$15,600,000, including a branch of the U. S.
bank, capital $1,500,000, and the State bank,
capital $1,800,000, In 1831 their dividends
were $770,000, There are 13 Marine Insu
rance corapanies, capital $3,375,000, and 10
Fire Insurance companies, capital $2,800,000 ;
the Mass. hospital and Life Insurance company,
capital, !$500,000, and the Mass. Assurance,
and Fishing Insurance companies. Seventeen
of these companies, in 1831, averaged more
than 5 per cent, dividend.
Bridges, <J-c, — There are seven bridges con
necting Boston with the neighboring country.
The oldest, Charles r, bridge, 1,503 feet long,
42 wide, built on 75 piers and extending across
Charles r, to Charlestown ; Warren, nearly par
allel with the former, and also running to
Charlestown, 1,420 feet long, on piers, and
macadamized, at the end of which the Lowell

BOS 60
rail road terminates ; Craigie's bridge, running
in a N, w, direction to Lechmere point, standing
on piers also, and macadamized ; Carabridge,
or West Boston bridge, running nearly e, and
w, 3,483 feet in length, and supported by 180
piers, extending to Cambridge port ; and the
Western Avenue, or Mill dam, so called, 8,000
feet long and 50 wide, running a little s, of w,
across to Roxbury. This latter is formed of
solid earth, supported by stone walls on the
sides ; with the addition of a cross dam, two
large basins are forraed which are alternately
filled at ebb and flood tide, by raeans of which
a perpetual water power is created for mills,
and other machinery connected with it. These
daras were built in 1823 — -4 andcostover $600,-
000, There is a branch from Craigie's bridge
also, which runs to Charlestown point, near the
Mass, state prison. The preceding are all toll
bridges. South Boston bridge, running about
s, s, E, from the Neck to South Boston, former
ly a toll bridge, rendered improfitable by the
erection ofthe free bridge from Wheeler's point,
the s, extreraity of the city, has been surrender
ed to the corporation and is now free.
The wharves are numerous, generally spa
cious, and offisr ample accommodation for ship
ping, and store houses for merchandize. Long
wharf is 1,650 feet in length, and on Central
wharf, which ig 1,240 feet long and 150 wide,
is built a uniform range of brick stores, 4 stories
high, extending the whole length of the wharf
Inthe centre of these is a hall and observatory,
where the telegraph office is kept, which is
conducted on the raost approved seraaphoric
system. Here, by raeans of interraediate sta
tions on Rainsford island, and Point Alderton at
the mouth of the harbor, intelligence can be
conveyed in 3 minutes to and from vessels 50
miles from the city. Commercial and India
wharves, also, are very extensive.
Public Buildings, <J-c. — Boston in the num
ber and extent of its public buildings, stores,
<&c. is not exceeded by any other city in the U,
S. The state house stands on an eminence,
the highest in the city, is built of brick, and
from the summit of its dorae presents a most
extensive and beautiful view of the city and sur
rounding country. In a niche erected for the
purpose, on the lower floor, stands Chantry's
statue of Washington, a fine specimen of sculp
ture, erected at an expense of $16,000, Fane
uil hall raarket, said to be the most beautiful build
ing of the kind inthe world, was built in 1826,
It stands near the principal wharves, in the cen
tre of business ; it is built of granite, the centre
about 60 feet square, surmounted by a dorae ;
there are -2 wings, having at each extremity 4
massy granite columns, weighing about 25 tons
each. Its extreme length ig 540 feet, width 50,
and is 2 stories high ; the upper one has a spa
cious hall, occupied by the New England so
ciety for the encouragement of domestic man
ufactures. Semi-annual sales of these articles
are held here, Atthe last sale in 1831, cotton
and woollen goods, amounting to $452,945,
boots and shoes, $61,133, aud furniture, $4,876
were sold. The Tremont house is the raost
elegant and commodious hotel in the U, S. Its
front is gray sienite, ornamented with a splen-

BOS
did portico of the Doric order, with fluted pil
lars. It cost upwards of $100,000. These,
with the Tremont theatre, the Mass. general
hospital, the masonic temple, Trinity church,
built of stone in the Gothic style, at a cost of
upwards of $160,000, and many others, are
splendid specimens of architecture. Otherpub.
Uc buildings are the county court house, which
is built of stone, and cost $92,000 ; Faneuil
hall, where town and poUtical meetings are
held; the custom house; 41 churches, some of
which are very elegant; a house of industry;
a house of correction; a county jail, and 10
pubUc school houses. Of the churches, 12 are
occupied by Unitarians, 10 Congregationalists,
4 Episcopalians, 4 Baptists, 3 Methodists, 3 Uni
versalists, 2 Roraan Catholics, 1 Freewill Bap
tists, 2 African, one of which is Baptist, and
the other Methodist. The Swedenborgiang al.
so have a society.
Literary, scientific, and charitable institu
tions. — The medical branch of Harvard univer
sity is established in Boston, where the profes
sors reside. A library of about 5000 vols, ia
connected with this departraent. The Boston
Atheneum has two buildings, one containing a
Ubrary of 24,000 voluraes ; the other has two
halls, one for the exhibition of paintings, c&c.
the other for public lectures ; there are also
rooras for various scientific purposes. Of sci
entific institutions there are the Araerican aca
deray of arts and sciences; the Mass, histori
cal society ; the Mass, medical society, and the
mechanic ingtitution, where an annual course
of lectures is delivered on the mechanie artg,
Begide these, there are the humane society, the
Boston dispensary, by which attendance and
medicine are furnished to the poor free of ex
pense ; the asylum for indigent boys ; the fe
male orphan asylum, and several otbers.
Schools. — Boston takes an honorable station,
atthe head of American cities, in public schools.
Among these are the Elliot, Mayhew, Adams
and Boylston for boys ; and Hancock, Bowdoin,
and Franklin for girls. There are a latin and
grammarschool, free to boys frora 9 to 15 years
of age ; 8 grararaar and writing schools for boys
and girls, in each of which is a master for each
branch ; a high school, where are taught vari
ous matheraatical branches, and a course of
English education ; an African school, and
about 60 primary schools for children frora 4 to
7 years of age, which are taught by females.
These schools are supported at an annual ex
pense of about $55,000, The African school is
supported by the interest of a fund of $5000,
given by Abiel Smith, The public schools are
visited annually by the alderraen and school
committee, when medals are distributed; 3,913
chUdren attended the primary schools in 1831,
There are numerous private schools also, high
ly creditable to their founders, and to the city,
"The streets in the older parts of Boston are
narrow and crooked, but the more recent ones
are generaUy strait, raany of tbem wide, and
well built. Granite brought from the banks of
the Merrimack and from Quincy, has been much
used for many years past, to the great improve
ment of public and private edifices. Among
the latter are to be found many spacious and

BOT

61

BOW

truly raagnificent structures, tmsurpassed, per
haps not to be equaUed in our country. The
wharves and several streets are furnished with
fine blocks of stores, among which those on
each side of Faneuil hall market and built of
the same material, are in the first rank. These
ranges of stores are four stories high, about 600
feet long, and are uniformly built. The prin
cipal public square is the comraon, containing
about 50 acres, sloping gradually, yet undulat
ing from the state house. In the centre is a fine
pond, and on two sides it has someof the most
elegant buildings in the city. The Mall, extend
ing around it, is a gravelled walk, shaded with
many fine elms, and with the common is much
admired by strangers, A cemetery has been
formed at Mount Auburn, which is to be planted
with shrubs, c&c, on the plan of that of Pere la
Chaise, near Paris, It is in a secluded valley,
near a pond, with serpentine walks, and is
named after different trees and shrubs. The
deaths in Boston, in 1832, were 1761, of which
72 were by malignant cholera. In the pre
ceding year, the number of deaths was 1424,
There are 7 daily newspapers published here,
and numerous semi-weekly and weekly prints.
There are also raany other periodicals, con
ducted, many ofthem, with great ability, among
which is the North Araerican Review. Boston
was founded 1630, and the first church erected
in 1632. This was the birth place of Franklin,
Boston, p-t, Erie co. N. Y, 23 ms, b, s, e, Buf
falo, 289 w, Albany, has an uneven, moist loam,
elevated, with the streams of Canquaga cr, bear
ing beech, maple, hemlock, linden, c&c, ; best for
grags. Pop, 1,521,
BogwELLsviLLE, p-v. Louisu CO, Va, about 40
ras, N, w, Richmond,
Botetourt, co, of Va, bndd. s, w. by Montgo
mery and Giles, w. by Potts' mtns. separating
it frora Monroe, n, w, and n, by Potts' ratns,
separating it from Alleghany co,, n, e. by Rock
bridge CO,, E, by Blue Ridge, separating it from
Bedford, and s, e, by Blue Ridge separating it
from Franklin, Length s. w, to n, e, 40 ; mean
breadth 25, and area 1000 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, from 37° 08' to 37° 46', and in long, from
2° 28' to 3° 19' w. W, C, The mountainous
country has two slopes, one estwd, with the
general courses of Jamee and Roanoke rs, and
the other n, estwd, down the mountain valley,
between the Blue Ridge and Kittatinny ratns,
Salem, on the Roanoke, and in the sthrn, part
ofthe CO. is 1006 ft, above tide water, and Pat-
tonsburg on James r. in the -n. estrn. part, 806 ft.
The acclivity is rapid towards the wstrn, border
on Potts' mtn, and the raean elevation of the
arable soil raay be assumed at 1250 ft. The
great body ofthe county is drained by the con
fluents of James r, ; the sthrn, angle is traversed
by Roanoke, Both rivers are navigable to tide
water, Cf, ts, Fincastle and Saleni, Pop, 1820,
13,590, 1830, 16,354.
Botetourt Springs, and p-v, Botetourt co,
Va, by p-r, 11 ras, westward frora Fincastle, the
CO, seat, and 189 w, Richraond,
Bottle Hill, p-v, Chathara, Morris co, N. J,
16 ms N, w, EUzabetht.own, 5 ms, s, w, Morris.
tou-n, is agreeably variegated with pretty good
^oil and fine landscapes. It is the residence ol
9

several respectable French famiUes, Stage
coaches run daily on 2 lines to N. Y.
BouciUET, r, Essex co. N, Y. 35 ms. long, runs
E, into lake Champlain, 23 ras, n. Crown point,
and is beatable 2 ms. With its branches it af.
fords many mill seats. An entrenchment was
thrown up here by General Burgoyne,
Bourbon, co, of Ky, bounded s, by Clark, s.
w. and w. by Lafayette, N. w, by Harrigon, n.
and N. E, by Nicholas, and e, by Montgomery,
Length 17 ms,, mean breadth 1.5, and area 225
sq, ms,, e.Uending in lat, from 38° 03' to 38° 22',
and in long, from 6° 56' to 7° 25'. This highly
productive country slopes to a little w, of N. and
is drained by various confluents of the south
Fork of Licking r. Cf. ts. Paris and Millers.
burg. Pop, 1820, 17,664, in 1830, 18,436, or at
the latter epoch, a fraction above 72 to the sq. m.
Paris, the st, jus, is by p-r, 43 ms, e, Frankfort,
BouNDBRooK, p-v, Warrcu, Somerset co, N.
J, 7 ms, N, w. New Brunswick, has a good level
soil, N. Raritan r. The farms are small, but
pretty well cultivated,
Bovina, p-t, Delaware co, N, Y, 89 ms, s, w,
Albany, 10 s, e, Delhi, is hilly, with good gra.
zing, and contains Fish lake. Pop, 1,348,
Bow, p-t, Rockinghara co, N, H, 6 ras. s, e.
Concord, contains about 16,000 acres, s. w.
Merrimack r. has an uneven and hard soil, con.
tains Turee pond, and Turkey r. In Merrimack
r, are Turkey and Garven's Falls, Bow canal,
3 ms, frora Concord, -J ra, long, surraounts a
fall of 25 ft, cut through granite ; cost $13,000.
$2,000 of the first incorae were paid for clearing
'Turkey falls, c&c. It is very healthy. Pop. 1,065.
Bowdoin, p-t, Lincoln co. Me, 20 ms, s. s.w.
Augusta, has no considerable streams. Pop.
2,095, Bowdoinham, p-t, Lincoln co. Me, 20 ms. s.
by w. Augusta, w. Kennebeck r. Pop, 2,061.
Bower, t. Penobscot co. Me, Pop, 49,
Bowers, p.v, in the southern part of South.
ampton co, Va, by p-r, 91 ms, s, s, e. Richmond,
Bowers' Store and p-o, in the northern part
of Ashe CO. N, C, by p-r, 374 ms, s, by w, W, C,
BowERsviLLE, p-o, in the southern part of Geo.
10 ms, s, from CarnesviUe, the st,jus, and by p-r.
124 a Uttle e, of n, MUledgeviUe,
Bowler's, p-o, in the southem part of Essex
CO, Va. by p-r, 62 ms, n, e, by e, Richmond,
Bowling Green, p-v, and st, jus, Caroline co.
Va. by p-r. 43 ms. n. iv. e, Richmond.
Bowling Green, p-v, in the southern part of
Oglethorpe co, Geo, by p-r, 62 mg. n. n. e.
MUledgeviUe, Bowling Green, p-v, and gt, jus. Warren co.
Ky, on Big Barren, a branch of Green r, by p-r,
142 ms, s, vv, Frankfort, and 77 a little e, of iv,
Nashville, Bowling Greem, p-v, and st, jus. Clay co, Ind.
on Eel 1. a branch ofthe West Fork of White r.
69 ms, s, w, by w, from Indianopolis.
Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co.
Mo, by p-r, 84 ms, n, w, from St, Louis, and 132
ms, N, E, by E, from Jefferson,
Bowman's Mtn, or Bald Mountain, local name
of that part of the Alleghany chain extending
over Lycoming and Luzerne cos, Penn, be
tween the two main branches of Susquehannah
river, The general range of the Alleghany

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62

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chain, including Bowman's mountain, until it
merges into the great nucleus of the Catgbergs,
is from the southwest by west, to northeast by
east. Northeastward of the main branch of
Susquehannah it is known as the Tunkhannoc
mountain. The ordinary height above its base
is about 1000 ft. and resting on a plain, with a
mean elevation of 500 ft. Tho actual oceanic
elevation of Bowman's mountain is about 1500
ft. The naked and barren aspect of this ridge,
has given it the term of Bald mountain.
Bowman's Mills, and p-o. in the n. w, part
of Rockingham co, Va, by p-r, 23 ms, n, n, w,
from Harrissonburg, the st, jus. for the co. and
145 N. w. byw. Richmond.
Bowman's Valley, dramed by Bowman's and
Bourn's ers. between Bowman's and Mahoopeny
mountains, Luzeme co, Pa. The soil is in gen
eral sterile.
Bowyer's BLurf, precipice of limestone rock,
forraing the west point of Washington harbor,
Green Bay lake, Michigan, and about 100 ms.
s. w. from Fort Mackinaw.
Bowyer Fort was a small stockade water
battery placed on the salient angle of Mobile
point, Baldwin co. Ala. and erected to defend
the entrance into Mobile bay. Here on the 5th
of September, 1814, Major W. Lawrence, with
a small garrison of 158 men repulsed an attack
made by a British squadron of which the
Hermes of 28 guns was destroyed. On the 8th
of Feb, 1815, this feeble post was regularly in
vested by aland and naval force and surrender
ed to the British by Major Lawrence, but at the
subsequent peace was restored to the U. S,
BoxBORouGH, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 30
ms, N, w, Boston, between Concord and Nash
ua rs, is a small t. Pop 474,
Bo.xpoRD, p.t. Essex co. Mass, 24 ms, n, e,
Boston, is uneven and gravelly, with poor soil,
but well cultivated and fruitful, and has a lega
cy of ^2061 loft for Latin and grararaar schools
by Hon, Aaron Wood, Rye straw bonnets are
made here by females, in great nurabers. In
1830, raany were sold in the cities at 10 and
$14 as iraported, which cost about 2 or $3,
Pop. 935.
Boyd's, p-o, in the eastern part of Henry co.
Ind, by p-r. 53 ms, a little n, of e, Indianopolis,
Boyd's Cr,, and p-o, Sevier co. Ten. by p-r.
216 ms, a little s, of e, Nashville,
Boydstown, p-t. Penobscot co. Me, Pop, 123,
Boydton, p-v, and st, jus, Mecklenburg co,
Va, neat the centre of the co, 88 ms, h, w, Rich
mond. BoYERSTOwN, p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p.r, 68
ms, eastward from Harrisburg,
BovES r, br, of Misso, r, rising interlocking
sources with those of Raccoon, Fork of Des
Moines r, and flowing thence by a nrthwstrn,
course of 120 ms. falls into the left side of
Misso. r, about 12 ras, below Fort Calhoun, The
central part of the valley of this r, is about N,
lat, 42°, and long, 18° w, of W, C,
Boyle's Store, and p-o, in the northern part
of Stoke CO, N. C. by p-r, 156 ms, n, w, by w,
Raleigh. Boylston, t, Worcester co, Mass, 7 mg, n, e,
Worcester, Pop, 820,
Boylston, t, Oswego co, N. Y. Pop. 388.

Bozrah, p-t. New London co. Conn. 33 mg.
w. H. w. Hartford, 14 n, by w. N. London, 5 w.
Norwich, 4 ms. by 4i ; 18 sq. ms. is uneven,
with granite rocks, and rich gravelly soil, bear
ing oak, walnut, chesnut, i&c. grass, grain and
flax. It is watered by Yantic r. Pop. 1,073.
Braceville, P-o. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. by
p-r. 155 ms. n. e. by e. from Colurabus. Pop. 584.
Bracken, co. Ky. bndd. E. by Mason, s. e. by
Nicholas, s. w. by Harrison, w, by Pendleton,
and n, by Ohio r, separating it from Clermont
CO, O, Extending in lat, from 38° 30' to 38°
47' and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 11' w. from W.
C. Length 20, mean breadth 11 ms. area 220
sq. ms. Though bordering on Ohio r. and of
moderate extent. Bracken co. lies mostly on a
table land, the southem part declining wstrd.
and drained in that direction by the North Fork
of Licking. The northern section slopes nthrd.
towards Ohio r. Surface very broken, but soil
productive. Cf. t. Augusta. Pop. 1820, 5,280,
1830, 6,518.
Bracken Cross Roads, p-o. in the southern
part of Bracken co. Ky. by p-r. 62 ms. n. e,
Frankfort, Bracken's p-o, in the eastem part of Sum
ner CO. Ten. by p-r. 41 ms. northeastward from
Nashville. Braddock's bay, on lake Ontario, N. Y. (.See
Greece.) Bradford, p-t, Merrimack co, N, H, 28 ms.
w. Concord, midway between Connecticut and
Merriraack rs, 31 ms, from Amherst, 80 n, w,
Boston, contains 19,000 acres, of which 500 are
ponds, furnishing small mill streams, Todd's
in pond, the n, branch of Warner r, has floating
islands. The t. is partly hilly, partly level,
with various soils, and hag quarries in the e,
part. Pop, 1,285.
Bradford, p-t. Orange co. Vt, 7 ms, s. New
bury, 25 Montpelier, w. Connecticut r. Pop.
1,507. Bradford, p-t. Essex co. Mass, 30 ms. n,
Boston, 20 n, Salem, 10 w, Newburyport, s.
and e, Merrimack r, is uneven, with much good
soU, Johnson's cr, supphes mill sites, A
bridge of 800 ft, crosses to Haverhill, on stone
piers. Ship building has been carried on,.
There are several villages and an academy,
and shoes are made in great quantities. Pop.
1,856. Bradford, one of the northern cos. of Pa.
bndd. e. by Susquehannah, s, e. by Luzerne, s.
by the eastern part of Lycoming, w. by Tioga
CO. of Pa., and n. by Tioga co. of N. Y. Length
frora E, to w. 40, mean breadth 30 ms. area
1,200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 32'
to 42° and in long, from 0° 2' w. to 0° 44' e. W.
C. This CO. is traversed from n. w. to s. e. by
the main volume of the Susquehannah, which
receives its large tributary, the Chemung or Ti
oga river, on its northern border. Tbe co, is
formed by two slopes, the western declining
rather e, of n, towards the Susquehannah,
whilst the eastern slope falls also towards the
Susquehannah. The face of this large co. is
mountainous, though much excellent soil skirts
the stream. It has a very diversified surface,
as regards both land and water scenery. Neat
the northem border, the main Susquehannah

BRA

03

BRE

receives the Chemung or Tioga from the north
west, and the united waters after a rugged and
tortuous course, s. eastward, through mountain
chains, leave the s. estrn, angle of Bradford
and enter Luzerne. Derived also from eleva
ted sources, the Wyalusing pours down from
Susquehannah co. and on the opposite sides,
Towanda and Sugar creeks fall rapidly out of
the vallies of Bowman's mountain. Bituminous
coal is found on the Towanda creek. The
mountain vallies abound in excellent timber,
consisting of hemlock, oak, pine, cedar, sugar
maple, beech, elm, cfec. ; other staples, grain,
flour, live stock, &c. Cf ts. Towanda and Ath
ens. Pop. 1820, 11,554, 1830, 19,746.
Bradford Springs, p-o, Sumpter dist, S, C,
by p-r, 48 ras. e. Columbia.
Bradleysburg, p.v. in tho northern part of
Jjouisa CO. Va. by p-r, 64 ms. n. w. by w. Rich
mond. Bradley's Store and p-o, in the northern
part of Northampton, co, N, C, by p-r, 87 ms,
K. E, by e, Raleigh,
Bradleyvale, t. Caledonia co, Vt, crossed by
Moose r,, is unsettled. Pop, 21.
Bradleyville, p-v. Litchfield co. Conn. 85
ms, w. Hartford.
Bradshaw, p-v. n. part Giles co. Ten. by p-r.
C6 ms. B. w. Nashville.
Brailsoin's Mills, p-v. Washington co, Ten,
by p-r, 245 ms, e, NashviUe and 80 eastward
from Knoxville,
Braintree, t. Orange co, Vt. 21 ms. s. Mont
pelier. Pop. 1,209.
Braintree, p,t, Norfolk co. Mass, b. of
Boston, is the birth place of Jobn Adams, 2d
President of the U, S, ; is on Montiquot i.
Pop. 1,758.
Braintrem, P-v, in n, w. part of Luzerne co.
Pa. by p.r. 157 ms. frora Harrisburg. Pop, 722,
Brakabeen, P-v, Schoharie co, N, Y.
Branch, one ofthe southern cos, of Michigan,
bounded w, by St, ,roseph co,, n. by Calhoun,
HiUsdale e,, and La Grange co, of Ind, s. w,
Jt is a sq, of 21 ms, each way, 411 sq, ms, Lat,
42°, and long, 8° w. W. C. intersect in this co.
Slope wstrd., and in that direction drained by
varioug branches of St, Joseph's r, of lake Mich.
The central part is 110 ms. a little s. of w. De
troit. Pop. uncertain.
Branchtown, p-v. PhU, co. Pa, 7 ras, from Phil,
Brandenburg, p-v, and st, jus. Mead co, Ky,
on Ohio r, by p-r. 108 ms.'s, of w. LouisvUle,
Pop, 331,
Brandon, p-t, Rutland co, Vt, 40 ms n, w,
Windsor, 40 s, w, Montpelier, 05 n, Bennington,
is level, except near the Green rates, in the e.
with much Ught, fertUe loam. On Otter cr, is
fine alluvial ; but there is a large pine plain,
MiU r, has goocl miU sites. First settled, 1775.
White and yellow pine, white and red oak,
cherry, hard and soft maple, ash, and cedar,
prevail. Bog iron ore, from a bed, yields 33
per cent, of soft metal. Copperas is also found ;
there are several marble quarries, and 2 curious
caverns. There is a circulating library and a
Lyceum, Pop, 1,940.
Brandon, t, Fratiklin co, N, Y, Pop, 3 i 6.
Brandon, p-o, arid st, jus, Rankin co. Misp,
\6 ms, N, E, Jackson,

Brandonville, p- v. Preston co, Va. 268 ms.
N, w. Richmond.
Brandywine, a considerable cr. or r. of Pa.
and Del. It rises in the Welch mountains,
between Lancaster and Chester co. of the
farraer, flows thence b. e, by comparative
courses 30 ras, and enters New Castle, co, of
Delaware, Continuing the original course 10
ms, to Wilmington, it there receives the Chris
tiana creek from tbe w. The latter, an inferior
but navigable stream, is formed by Red clay,
White clay, and Christiana proper. The united
water forming the harbor of Wilraington, ad
mits vessels of considerable draft, Brandy
wine again deserves particular notice for the
number of manufactories it serves to move.
Beside those of flour, nuraerous powder and
paper raills, and cloth factories are in operation
along this streara, which falls frora a compar.
atively high country to the tide level of the Del.
Brandywine Manor, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by
P-r, about 40 ms, westward from Phil,
Brandywine Mills, and p-o, in the north,
western part of Portage co. 0, hy p-r. 130 ms,
N. E, Columbus.
Branford, p.t. New Haven co. Conn, 10 ms.
E, N, Haven, 40 ms, s, Hartford, n. Long Island
Sound, 5 ras. by 9, 45 sq. ma. is uneven, with
gravelly loara, with oak, elra, walnut, butternut,
c&c, and yields grain. The farms are good ;
Branford river is small and navigable a short
distance in vessels of 50 or 60 tons, A beauti.
ful pond, called Saltonstall's lake, ig on the w,
boundary ; and 2 clusters of islands. Thimble,
and Indian, in tho Sound, belong to the t.
Many of tho people engage in fishing a part of
the year. Pop, 2,332.
Brantingham, t. Lewis co. N. Y. Pop. 663.
Brasher, t. St, Lawrence co, N,Y, Pop, 828.
Brasherville, p,o. Perry co, Ky, by p.r, 163
ms, s, E, by E, Frankfort,
Brattleborough, p-t. Windham co, Vt, 30
ms, E, Bennington, 6(3 n, e, Albany, 75 w. Bos
ton, 80 N, Hartford, on W. bank Conn, r, cf. t.
of the CO,.; it was the first settlement in Vt.
1724, and called Fort Duraraor. It has two
villages, It. and w. parishes, an acaderay 40 by
56 ft. Great and Little Round ratns,, with a va
ried surface and soil, and two strearas. West r,
and Whitestone branch. The e, village is large,
active, and pleasant, with good raill seats on
Whitestone br, near its mouth. There abridge
crosses to Hinsdale, N, H, over Conn. r. which
runs rapidly here at the " Swift water," A
company has been forraed to raake a rail roac|
from the E. side of Brattleboro' to the w, side
of Bennington or Pownal, across the state, to
connect the Troy and Bennington rail road witli
the Boston and Lowell rail road reaching tp
BratUeborough, Pop, 2,141,
Bratton's p,o. Sraith co. Ten, by p-r, 58 ms,
N, estwrd, from Nashville,
Brattonsville, p-o, York district, S, C. by
p-r. 70 ms, n. Colurabus,
Breakwater in Delaware bay. This being
an unfinished work we cannot attenrpt what
would necessarily be an imperfect description.
We extract the following notice : " Opera
tions on this great national work are recom-
menped. The appropriation of the presetit

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64

BRI

year (1833) is $270,000, This work, even in
its unfinished state, has afforded a secure haven
to raany a tempest tossed mariner, during the
past winter ; and, when corapleted, its benefits
to the commercial community, will be incalcu
lable," Breckenridge co, of Ky, bndd, N, w. by Ohio
r. which separates it from Perry co, in Ind,,
Meade n, w,, Hardin s, e,. Rough cr, branch of
Green r, whieh separates it from Grayson s,
and by Hancock w. Length 35, raean breadth
20 ms,, area 700 sq, ms,, surface not very bro
ken; soil generally fertile. {For lat. and long.
see Hardinsburg, the co. St.) In 1820, pop,
7,485, 1830, 7,345,
Bremen, p.t. Lincoln co. Me. 45 ms. Augusta.
Pop. 770.
BrentonsvIlle, p-o, Owen co, Ind,, about 50
ms, s. w. Indianopolis,
Brents, p-o, Henry co, Ky, by p-r, 36 ms, n,
w, from Frankfort,
Brentsville, p-o, and c-h. Prince William co,
Va. 31 ms. s. w. W. C.
Brentwood, p-t. Rockingham co, N. H, 37ms,
s. e. Concord, with 10,465 acres, watered by
Exeter r, and other streams, yields grass well.
At Pick Pocket FaUs, on Exeter r, are several
mills and factories. Iron ore and vitriol have
been found. Pop, 770,
Breton, two small islands of La, in the s.
wstm, part of Chandeleur bay, about 28 ms,
nearly due n, from the main pass of Miss, and
1^ ms, B, w, from the Grand Gozier, There is
a channel with 12 ft, water between Cape Bre
ton and Grand Gozier, lat, 29° 26' long, on Tan
ner's U. S. map, 12° 02' w, W. C.
Breton Woods, Coos co, N, H, at the n, w,
base of the White mtns. and adjoining ungrant
ed landg ; it is almost uninhabited, is uneven,
dreary, and contains 24,640 acres, with part of
Pondicherry mtn, n,, and Amonoosuc and
streams of John's and Israel's rs. Pop, 108,
Brevard, p-o. Smith co. Ten, 54 ms. w, e. by
E, Nashville,
Bbevardsville, p-o. Buncombe co, N, C, 267
ms, w. Raleigh,
Brewer, p-t, Penobscot co. Me, 5 ms. s, e,
Bangor, 67 n, e, Augusta, e. Penobscot r, n,
Hancock co. Pop. 1,078,
Brewster, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass, 88 ms,
s, e, Boston, 18 n, w, Plymouth, s. Cape Cod
bay, and beyond the elbow of the cape ; was
named after elder Brewster, one of the first set
tlers of Plymouth, who died 1644, Pop, 1,418,
Briokeksville, p-o. Lancaster CO. Pa, by p-r,
45 nis, estrd, frora Harrisburg.
Brioeland's Cross Road, p-v, in the northern
part of Washington co. Pa. by p-r. 233 ms. wstrd.
from Harrisburg, 25 a little s, of w, Pittsburgh,
and 11 E. Steubenville,
Brick Meeting House, and p-o, in the north
ern part of CecU co, Md. 12 ms. n. w, Elkton,
Brioksville, p-v, in the s. w. part of Caya
hoga CO, O, by p-r, 122 ras. n. e. Columbus,
Brickville, p-o, formerly Town Creek Mills,
in the N. part of Lawrence co, Ala, by p-r, 128
ma, a little e, of n, Tuscaloosa,
Bridgehampton, p-v, Southampton, Suffolk
CO, N, Y, 100 ras. E, New York,
Bridgeport, p-t, and borough, Fairfield co

Conn, 3 ms. w. Stratford, 17 w. New Haven,
51 s. w. Hartford, 62 n, e. New York, on the
w, side Bridgeport harbor, which is 3 ms, long,
frora L, I, Sound, J to 2 ms, wide, Pequanock
r, fumishes mill seats. The harbor is narrow,
shoal except in the channel, with a bar, having
13 ft, at high water, is easy of access, and has
a beacon of 40 ft. There is a lighthouse on
Fairweather isl, and a toll and draw bridge at
the head of the harbor. It is a thriving and
pleasant town, with good soil. Banking capital,
$305,500, Pop, 2,800,
Bridgeport, v, Junius, Seneca co. N, Y, call
ed also W, Cayuga v, at w, end Cayuga bridge,
185 ms, w, Albany. The lake boats touch here,
Bridgeport, p-v, Harrison co, Va, 10 ms, s.
E, Clarksburg,
Bridgeport, borough of Fayette co. Pa, situ
ated on the right bank of Monongahela r, sepa
rated from Brownsville by Dunlap's cr. The
site of Bridgeport is a high bottom of the river.
Pop. 1820, 624, 1830, 727.
Bridgeport, p-v. Pease tsp. n. eastern part of
Belmont co. 0. 10 ms, froto St. Clairsville, and
by p-r. 134 ras, e. frora Columbus, Pop, 165.
Bridgetown, Cumberland co. Me, 39 ms, n,
w, Portland, It has an acaderay. Here begins
the Curaberland and Oxford canal, at Long pond,
and extends (including Brandy and Sebago
ponds and outlets, 27 ras,) to Portland, 50 ras.
There are 24 locks. Tolls per raile, for planks,
6 cents per M, feet ; shingles, 2 ets, per M, ;
wood, 6 ets, a cord ; timber 6 ets, a ton ; goods
in boats, 6 ets, a ton ; boats, rafts, c&c, 6 ets,
additional for each lock. Pop, 1,541,
Bridgetown, p-t. and cap, Curaberland co,
N, J, 50 ras, s, e, Philadelphia, and 69 from
Trenton, on Cohanzey cr, 20 from Delaware
bay; contains the co, buildings, and is access
ible to vessels of 100 tons,
Bridgeville, (or Bridgetown,) p-v. on, or
near the right bank of Nanticoke r. Sussex co.
Del, 35 ms, a little w, of s, from Dover, and
about 30 ms, nearly due e. from Eastern Md,
Bridgeville, p-v, in the n, e. part Muskin
gum CO, O, by p-r, 68 ms, estrd, Colurabus,
Bridgewater, p-t, Grafton co, N, H, 20 ms,
N, N, w. Concord, w, Peraigewasset r, e. New
found pond ; yields grass, with no large streams.
First settlement 1766. Pop, 784,
Bridgewater, p-t, Windsor co. Vt. 45 ms, s,
MontpeUer, 17 n, w, Windsor, 60 ms, N, e, Ben
nington, 7J ras, by 8, with 46^ gq, ms. first set
tlement 1779 ; is watered by Queechy r. and
branches, wbich supply raills, and is uneven,
partly rough and stony, with primitive rocks,
and a quarry of soap stone, which is manufac
tured. Iron ore is also found. Pop, 2,320.
Bridgewater, p-t, Plyraouth co. Mass, 28 ms,
s, Boston, 18 ms, w, w, Plymouth, has tolerable
soil, but a sandy tract begins here which goes
through the s, part of the co. Arms were made
here in the revolutionary war — first settled,
1651 — burnt in 1676, by Indians, It contains
88 acres of tillage, 1,547 mowing, and 4,904
pasturage. Pop. 1,855,
Bridgewater, p-t, Oneida co, N, Y, 12 ms,
s, Utica, 6 ms, by 4, weU watered by head
strearas of Unadilla r. It has a rich vally E,
and is hilly w. Pop, 1,608,

BRI 6
Bridgewater, t. Somerset co. N. J, Ues n,|
of the Raritan, and extends from Boimdbrook
w, to the line of Hunterdon ; Somerville the
CO, st, is in this t. Pup, 3,549,
Bridport, p-t, Addison co, Vt, e, lake Cham
plain, opposite Crown Point, 8 ms, w, Middle
bury, 35 s, Burlington, 41 s, w. Montpelier, with
42 sq. ms. It is nearly level, with loam and
slaty sandstone, bearing oak, white and Norway
pine, on the lake — maple and beech e. It has
few strearas, Tbe soil contains Epsom salts,
which were formerly made from the water,
Tbere are wharves and landing placeg on the
lake. First permanent settleraent, 1708, Pop,
1,774. Brier Ckeek, p-o, Wilkes co, N, C, by p,r.
194 ras, N, w, by w, Raleigh,
Brighton, t, Soraerset co. Me, Pop, 722,
Brighton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass, 5 ms, w.
Boston, s, Charles r, has pleasant bills and val
lies, good soil, well cultivated, with 200 acres
of marsh. The annual cattle Fair is the raost
important in New England. It was commenced
in the revolutionary war, and is now under the
direction of the Mass. agricultural society, who
have a neat building for the exhibition of various
articles for which premiums are offered. In
1830, were sold.

Beef cattle, 37,767
Stores, 13,685
Sheep, 132,697
Swine, 19,639

Sales <4977,989 75
154,564 00
215,618 17
70,970 50
41,419,142 42

Whole number,203,789
Pop. 1830, 972.
Brighton, p-t. Monroe co, N, Y, e, Genessee
I, opposite Rochester, s. Lake Ontario, 66 sq,
ms, has a good soil, and a great araoimt of wa
ter power on Genessee r, with raany flour mills,
factories, (fee, Carthage v, or Clyde, 24 ras, n.
Rochester, has considerable business as the
landing place of lake vessels below the lower
faUs of Genessee r. The banks are 200 ft, per
pendicular, of rock in strata, A wooden bridge
was thrown aeross some years ago, which soon
after fell, Erie canal passes through the t, and
receives a feeder from Genessee r, above the
rapids. Pop, 6,519,
Brighton, p-v, Beaver co. Pa, about 20 ms,
Pittsburg, Brighton, tsp, and p-o. in the n, part Loraine
CO, 0. by p-r. 116 ms, n, n, e, Columbus,
Brightsville, p-v, in the n, part Marlborough
dist, S, C, by p-r, 102 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia.
Brimfield, p-t, Harapden co. Mass, 19 ra, E,
Springfield, 75 s, w, Boston, on E, side of the
Lirae range of ratos, with hills and valleys, 6
ms, by 5, and good farras. First settled 1701,
with Chickopee and Quinebaug rs. Gen. Eaton,
formerly U. S. Consul at Tunis, was born here.
Pop. 1,599.
Brindletown, p-o. Burke CO. N.C, 199 ms,
w. Raleigh.
Brinkleysville, p-v. in the w. part Halifax
CO, N, C, by p.r, 83 ms, n. e, Raleigh.
Bristol, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 13 ms; E. Wis
casset, 45 Augusta. Pop. 2,450.
Bristol, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 90 ms. n. w.
Boston, 16 s, Plymouth, 30 u. Concord, is hilly
with a good soil. It lies w, Pemigewasset r.

^ BRI
contams 9000 acres land, besides several ponds
of water, one, 2 or 3 ms.by 6, called Newfound
pond, which empties by an outlet into Peiriige-
wasset r, a pleasant village', stands at the junc
tion, A toll bridge crosses to New Hampton,
Black lead is found here. Pop, 779,
Bristol Mills, p-v, Lincoln co. Me, 42 ms.
Augusta, Bristol, p-t, Addison co, Vt, 54 ms, s, w.
Montpelier, 25 s, e, Burlington, 26,000 acres.
First settled at the close of the revolutionary
war ; -J of the t, w. Green mtns, is quite level
and rich, the rest broken and useless, A range
of ratns, crosses N, and s, above New Haven r,,
it is called the Hog Back ; below. South ratn.
Pop, 1,247,
Bristol co. Mass, bndd, by Norfolk co, n.,
Plymouth co. the sea and R, I, s. and R, I, w,
contains 19 towns, of which New Bedford and
Taunton are the co, sts. New Bedford is large
and flourishing. The co, is divided by Taunton
r,, whose streams supply raills and raanufacto
ries. Pop, 1820, 40,908, 1830, 49,592,
Bristol, co, R. I, bncld, by Mass, n, e, and
N, w,, Motmt Hope bay s, e., Narraganset bay
s, w. 3 ms, by 8, with 25 sq, ms, between two
fine sheets of water, a pleasant situation, diver-
fied surface, rich loam, with granite rocks,
except N,, where it is more level. The harbors
are good, and much coraraercial enterprize has
existed here, in proportion to the size ofthe
towns. This was the country of the Indian
King, Philip. There are few manufactories.
A sealing company was formed here in 1831.
Bristol is the co, t. Pop, 1820, 5637, 1830, 5446.
Bristol, p-t,, s-p, and cf t, Bristol co, R. I.
13 ras. N, Newport, 15 s. Providence, 2 ras. by
5, 12 sq. mg. on a good harbor, E. gide of Nar-
ragangett bay, w. Mount Hope. It has an agree
able variety of surface, with Mount Hope, a tall
eminence, s. e,, the chief seat of Metacom, or
King Philip, who made a destructive war on the
New England colonies, 1675, and was kiUeJ
here 1676, The land is well cultivated- Many
onions are exported. There are 4 banks, capi
tal $361,250, Part of the town was burnt in
the revolutionary war. The trade is less than
formerly, employing 30 in foreign trade, and 12
coasters. The business of the place, however,
is improving, and some whaUng ships are now
owned there, A factory is building for patent
wrought nailg. There are 5 churches. Baptist,
Episcopal, Methodist, Reformed Methodist, and
Presbyterian. Pop, 3,054,
Bristol, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 mg, w,
by s, Hartford, 28 n. New Haven, 5 ras. by 5^,
about 27 sq, ms,, hilly, gravelly loam, good for
grain and grass, bearing oak, chestnut, i&c.
The rocks are granite, with some iron and cop
per ore, and the streams small branches of
Farmington r. The manufactories are various,
including wooden clocks, 30,000 of which were
made in 1831. 800 persons are employed in
making brass clocks. Pop, 1707,
Bristol, Ontario co, N, Y, 10 ms, h, w,
Canandaigua, hag an inferior soil, high, broken
land between Canandaigua and Honeoye lakes,
which discharge e. and w. The source of Mud
cr. gives a few mill seats. It has a burning
spring. Pop. 2,952.

BRO

66

BRO

Bristol, p-t. borqugb and port, Bucks co.
Pa, situated on the right bank of Delaware i,
20 ras, above Philadelphia, and 12 belovy Tren
ton, It is a neat and elegant village ona swell
ing bank, running chiefly in one street along
the river. Pop. 1,202,
Bristol, tsp. s. e. part of Bucks co. Pa. lying
around the borough of Bristol. Pop. 1,534, ex
clusive of the borough.
Bristolville, tsp. and p-o. in the eastern
part of Trumbull co. O. ; the p-o, is by p-r. 167
ms. N. estrd. from Columbus. Pop. 526,
Britton's Store, and p-o, Bertie co, N- C.
by p-r, 110 ms, N, of e, Raleigh,
Broadalbin, p-t, Montgomery co. N, Y, 38
ms, w, Albany, 6 n. Mohawk r,, 5 ras, by 10,
has a strong loam, yields grass, grain, cfec. su
gar maple, beech, birch, <&c. First settled
1776; deserted in revolutionary war. Chucte-
nunda, Fonda's, Hans, and Frenchman's erg,
which give miU sites. The v, on w. line is 10
ms, from Johnstown, Pop, 2,657,
Broad, r, of N. and S. C. having its extreme
source in the Blue Ridge, and ir; Burke co. N, C.
but draws most of its remote constituents from
the valley of Rutherford co. Pursuing thenee
a goutheagtern course, the various branches
unite and enter S, C, between Yorke and Spar
tanburg dists. Inclining to a general course of
s. s. e. receiving only large creeks from the
left, but on the right, augmented by the com
paratively considerable streams of Pacolet,
Tyger, and Enoree rivers, it finally unites with
the Saluda at Columbia, to form the Congaree.
The valley of Broad r. including all its conflu
ents, reaches from n, lat, 34° to 35° 30' inter
locking sources with the Catawba, French,
Broad and Saluda rivers, and draining a valley
embracing 130 ms, by a naean breadth of 35 ms,
or an area of 4, .550 sq. ms.
Broad, r. of Geo. one of the western branch
es of Savannah r. rises in Habersham, Hall, and
Franklin cos. pursues thence a s, eastern course
through Albert, Madison, Oglethorpe and
"^ilkes cos, and falls into Savannah r, at the
centre of the triangle, between Petersburg,
Vienna, and Lisbon, after a comparative course
pf 70 ms.
Broad r. S, C, ig formed by the tide water
part of Coosawatchie r, and is the local name
of the inner part of Port Royal entrance,
Beaufort dist. The bay, for it ig in fact such,
called Broad river, inside of Hilton Head, ex
tends in a N, westem direction, 20 ras, with a
mean breadth of 2 ms, and opens to the ocean
22 ms, N, e. from the mouth of Savannah r.
Broad creek, p-v, on the western shore of
Kent Island, Queen Anne co, Md, nearly op
posite and 10 ms, distant from Annapolis, and
47 ms, a Uttle n, of e, from W, C,
Broad mtjv, ono of the Appalachian chains
in Northampton and Schuylkill co. Pa, It is
the next chain, or rather ridge wstrd, from the
Mauch Chunk intns, and like the latter, contains
much anthracite coal. It receives its narae
from its width on the surarait, which differs
from 2 to 5 ms. {See Appalachian system.)
Broad mqijntain, p-o, on the Broad mtn. and
N. eastern paft of Schuylkill co. Pa, 71 ms, n. e.
Harrisburg,

Brockport, p-v. Sweden, Monroe co. N. Y.
18 ras, w, Rochester on Erie canal, has grown
to somo importance in a few years, A rail
road to Alleghany r, has been proposed, about
85 ms.
Brock's gap, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va,
byp.r, 113 ms. N, w, Richmond.
Brockville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p.r,
139 ms, N, w, Harrisburg,
Brockwayvjlle, p-o, in the s, eastern part
of Jefferson co. Pa, by p-r, 154 ms, n, w. by w.
Harrisburg. Bronson's Prairie, and p-v. Branch co. Mich.
by p-r. 133 ras. Detroit.
Bronx cr. Westchester co. N. Y. runs from
Rye pond to East r. about 28 ms. and supplies
mills. It has been proposed to lead the water
to N, York, to supply the city, to which it is
supposed to be adequate,
Brooke, n, w. co. of Va, bndd, w, by Ohio r.
which separates it from Jefferson co. Ohio, n.
w. by Ohio r, which separates it from Colum
biana CO. O,, E, by Beaver and Washington cos.
Pa. It is a mere slip, 30 ras. by 5 ras. and
area 150 sq. ras. Surface very hilly, but highly
fertile soil. Buffalo, Cross, Harman's, and
other creeks rising in Pa. traverse Brooke in
their way to Ohio r. The staples are grain ;
and its products some iron, and bituminous coal,
Cf t, Wellsburg. Pop. 1820, 6,611, in 1830,
7,041. Brookeville, p-v. on a small branch of the
Patuxent, Montgomery co, Md, 22 ms, almost
due N, from W, C, and 28 ras,s, w, frora Balti
raore, In this village is an academy in active
operation, in which are taught the Latin and
Greek languages, with the various branches of
an English education,
Brookfield, p-t. Orange co, Vt, 17 ms, s,
Montpelier, 40 n, w, Windsor, nearly on tbe
height of land between White and Onion rs, is
generally good grass land, with the second
branch of White r, and several large ponds.
Lime is made here from marl. First settled,
1779, Pop. 1,677.
Brookfield, Strafford co. N. H. p-t. Pop,
671, Brookfield, p-t. Worcester co, Masg, 18 ms.,
w, Worcester, 64 s, w, Boston, is beautifully
varied, has good soil, with two large and beau
tiful fish ponds, and three handsome villages,
Quaboag r, flows into Chickapee r. Iron ore
is found. This was one of the earliest white
settlements of Mass. and suffered much. It
was first settled 1660, burnt by the Indians 1675,
and deserted for several years. Pop. 2,342.
Brookfield, p-t, Fairfield co. Conn, 33 w,
N, Haven, 50 s, w, Hartford, s, w, Ousatonick
r, contains 17 sq, ms. It is crossed by Still r,
Ousatonic r. has a bridge, and affords fish, par
ticularly shad. It yields wheat and rye, oak,
hickory, maple, chesnut, i&c. The rocks are
limestone, and afford marble. Pop, 1,261.
Brookfield, p-t, Madison co, N, Y, 22 ms, s,
by w, Utica, 90 w. Albany ; is hilly and fertile,
and well watered, with lime rocks of petrified
shells. Pop. 4,367,
Brookfield, one of the northern tsps, of
Tioga CO, Penn, the p-o, by p-r, 185 ms, n
Harrisburg. Pop, 328,

BRO

Brookfield, tsp, and p-v, Trumbull co, O,
by p-r, 170 ms, n, e, Columbia, Pop, of tbe
tsp, 874,
Brookhaven t, Suffolk co, N, Y, crosses
Long Island ; 20 ras, long, with 300 sq, ras, has
various soils, few inhabitants, and much forest.
On the harbors and Long Island Soimd, the
soil is good. It comprehends several important
headlands in the Sound ; Crane Neck, Old
Field Point, Strong's Point, and Mount Misery.
A light house stands on Old Field Point,
There is much salt meadow and sand on the
Sound, and plenty of fish are taken. On the s,
are many trout brooks and mill streams. In
terior are pine plains, with plenty of good deer,
N, are good small harbors — Stony Brook,
Setauket and Drowned Meadow ; s, is South
Bay, Population, 6,095, Setauket, v, 58 ms.
E, N, Y, is the oldest, and was once inhabited
by a tribe of Indians, There are also the
villages of Stony Brook, Drowned Meadow, Old
Man's, MUler's Placo, Wading r.. Coram,
Patchogue, Blue Point, (celebrated for Oysters,)
Fireplace, Mastic, the Forge and Moriches,
The last 4 are on S, Bay, which extends from
Hempstead, Queen's co. to Southampton, Suf
folk CO,, nearly 100 ms, and frora 2 to 5 ms,
wide. It affords fine fish, and clams ; and
much pine is carried to N, Y, for fuel. It has
been proposed to cut a canal through the w,
shore to open it raore directly to navigation.
Stage coaches run regularly from Patchogue,
c&c, to Brooklyn, Ronconcoma pond, 3 ms,
round, on the w, line, is the centre of Long Is
land, Pop, 6,098,
Brookline, p-t, Hillsboro' co, N, H, 45 ms,
from Concord, 7 Araherst, 43 n, w, Boston,
contains 12,064 acres, 240 of them water ; Ni-
sitissit r, runs into Potanipo pond, in the centre,
and thence to Nashua river in Pepperell, Pop,
627, Brookline, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass, 5 ras, s, w.
Boston, has an agreeably diversified surface,
adorned with many well tilled farms, and coun
try seats belonging chicflv to city gentlemen.
Pop, 1,043,
I3ROOKLYN, t. Windhara co. Vt, 40 ras, s,
Windsor, 2 ras, by 8, First settled 1777,
Grassy cr, runs through a valley in the centre.
Here is a bed of porcelain clay. Pop, 376,
Brooklyn, p-t, and st, jus, Windham co.
Conn, 14 ms, n, Norwich harbor, 30 e, Hartford,
44 w. Providence, 6 ms, by 8, with 46 sq, ras,,
has a good soil and is hilly, with priraitive
rocks, and a quarry of building stone near the
C-h, It yields a variety of produce, and walnut,
oak, chestnut, (fee, Williraantic and Nachaug
rs. unite and forra Shetucket r. and with branch
es give mill sites, and fish. First settled, 1686.
It has 2 societies. Pop. 1,451,
Brooklyn, p-t. Kings co, N, Y, on the w, end
of Long Island, opposite N. Y. city, of which
it in fact forms a suburb, is the 3d town iu the
state in population. The village, which is in
corporated, and the largest in the state, stands
on an acclivity rising from the East r, and an
extent of higli land above, so that some of the
houses overlook tho metropolis. The lower
streets are narrow and crooked, but the higher
strait and agreeable. There are 7 churches, 2

67 BRO
PresbyteriaUj 2 Baptist, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1
Episcopal, 1 Catholic,
Banking cap, .$300,000, It has two iflafkets,
court-house, several good private schools man
ufactories of different kinds, extensive store
houses, (fee, A navy yard of the U, S, isa
littlo n. of the village, b, of Wallabout bay,
where the largest ships are built, launched, and
repaired in security. There are two large
buildings for constructing frigates and larger
ships, under shelter ; the house of the com
mandant, barracks for marines, and a small vil
lage adjacent ; 3 steam ferries connect Brook
lyn with N, Y, and many merchants reside in
the village, Aug, 20, 1776, the British gained a
battle near Brooklyn, by which they obtained pos
session of N, Y. Pop. 1820, 7,175, 1830, 15,396.
Brooklyn Or Brookland iron works, Morris
CO. N, J. at the outlet of the Muskonetcunk
lake, 14 ins, n, n, w, of Morris Town, A dam
is erected here to raise the lake for the supply
of the Morris canal,
Brooklyn, p-v, Halifax co, Va, by p-r, 101
ms, s, w, Richmond,
Brooklyn, p-v, Conecuh co. Ala. by p-t. 176
ms. e, of s, Tuscaloosa,
Brooiclyn, t-s. and p-v. in tho northetn part
of Cuyahoga Co. O. hyp r. 149 ms. n. e, Colum
bus, Pop, 646,
Beookneal, p-v, in the b. w, part Campbell
CO, Va. by p-r, 162 ms, b, w, by w, Richmond,
Brooks, p-t, Waldo co. Me, 51 ms. Augusta.
Pop, 601,
BaooiisvlLLE, p-v. Montgomery co. Ten. by
p-r. 54 ms. n, \V, Nashville,
Brookville, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 8 ms. ftom
Augusta. Pop, 1,089,
Brookville, p-v, in the s, w, part Of Albe.
marie co, Va, 20 ms, s, w, Charlotteville, and
by p-r, 101 ras,N, w, Richmond.
Brookville, p-v. and st, jus, Jeffersori Co.
Pa. by p-r. 165 ms, n. of vV, Harrisburg.
Brookville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co.
Ind. on White Water r, 30 ras, N, w. Cincin
nati, and 70 s. e. by e, Indianopolis.
Broome co. N, Y, bndd. by Cortlandt and
Chenarlgo cos. n,, Delaware co, e,, lat, 42°,
and Pennsylvania s,, Tioga co, w,, contains 8
tsps. and about 700 sq. tos. It is watered by
Susquehaimah r. and sorae of its branches ; has
raany hills, with a hatd pan soil, but large and
rich vallies, with gravelly loam, Susquehan
nah r, ig boatable, and fallg are numerous.
First settled, from w, Massachusetts, about
1790, It is healthy and yields fruit, as well as
other productions, Binghampton ig the co, t.
Pop, 1820, 14,343 ; 1830, 17,759,
Broome, p-t, Schoharie co, N, Y. 35 ms, s, w.
Albany, e. Schoharie cr, includes part of Cats
kiU mts, with good aUuvial vallies w. Different
streams supply fine mill seats. Most of the
land ia leased, Livingstonville p-o. is in s. B.
part. Pop, 3,161,
Brothertown, Indian v, Paris, N, Y. 8 ms.
s, w, Utica, was granted by the Oneida Indians
to the renmant of the Stockbridge and other
tribes of N. England. They resided here in
considerable numbers, with a church, a mis
sionary, (fee. but many of thera have reoerttly
gone to Green Bay.

BRO

68

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Brower, p-o, Berks co. Ten. by p-r. 74 ms,
E, Harrisburg,
Brower's Mills, and p-o, in the s, w. part
Randolph co. N. C. by p-r. 76 ms. westward
Raleigh. Brown University. {See Providence, R. I.)
Brown, one of the southern cos. of Ohio,
bndd, by Ohio r, separating it frora Mason and
Bracken cos, of Ky, s,, by Clermont co, 0, w,,
Clinton n, w,. Highland n, and n, e., and Adams
E, Length from s, to n, 30, mean breadth 17,
and area 512 sq, ras,, extending in lat, from 38°
44' to 39° 17', and in long, from 6° 40' to 6°
58' w. W, C, The n. wstrn, part between Cler
mont and Highland cos, slopes to the s, e, and
is drained by the east Fork of Little Miarai,
The southern and larger section declines to
wards Ohio r, and is drained by White Oak and
several sraaller ers. The surface of the whole
CO, is broken, but soil exceUent, Cf, t. George
town, Pop, 1820, 13,356, 1830, 17,867,
Brown, co. Mich, This co, is bounded n, by
MichiUmakinac co,; w, by Crawford, and s, by
Indian conntry. On the e, it has lake Michigan ;
and the whole embracing a square of about 120
ras, each side, or 14,400 sq. ms. Extending
in lat, from 43° 40' to 45° 30', and in long, from
9° to 11° 30' w of W, C, The configuration of
the country is very remarkable. The westrn,
part comprises the lowest depression of an in
clined plain, sloping sthestrdly, and down which
flow Menoraonies and Wolf rivers, together
with numerous smaUer rivers and creeks.
This base is occupied by Fox r. Green bay,
and Winnebago lake. An opposite slope might
be sought for, but except a very narrow mar
gin such is not the case ; but on the contrary
another inclined plain declines almost from the
shores of Winnebago lake. Fox r, and Green
bay also s, E, towards lake Mich, This latter
plain gives source and course to the Manawa-
kec, Melwakee, Saukee, Sheboygan, Manito-
wok, and Twin rivers, with sorae others of les
ser note. The surface of Brown co, is undula
ting rather than either hilly or flat. Much of
the soil is fertile, occupying part of the direct
route frora the Canadian sea to the Upper Misp,
1. The settlements along Green bay are an
cient, and were first made by the French, Cf,
t. Fort Howard, Pop, 1830, 1,356,
Brown, p-o, Lycoming co. Pa,
Brown, p-o, in the E, part of Stark co, O. by
p-r. 130 ms, n, e, Colurabus,
Brownfield, p-t, Oxford co. Me. on Saco r.
28 ras, s. w, Paris, 81 Augusta, Pop, 936,
Brownfield, p-o, in the northern part of Bel
mont CO, O, by p-r, 152 ras, e, Columbus,
Brownhelm, p-o, in the northern part of Lo
raine CO, O, by p-r, 139 ms, n. n. e. Colurabus.
Browningtown, p-t. Orleans co. Vt, 95 ras,
N, Windsor, 45 n, e, Montpelier, 57 e, Burling
ton, has 16,730 acres, with mill sites on Wil
loughby's r. and branches, which erapty n, into
lake Memphrcmagog, Pop. 412.
Brown's, p-o. Fairfield ciist, S, C, by p-r, 23
ms, northwardly from Columbia,
Brownsboro', p-o, in the s, part of Montgom
ery CO, Md, 9 ms, from W, C,
Brownsboro', p-v, in the n, part of Madison
CO, Ala, by p-r, 10 ms, from HuntsviUe, the st, jus.

Brownsboro', p-v, in the westem part of Old
ham CO, Ky, by p-r, 41 ms. n. w. Frankfort.
Brownsburg, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 27 ms,
N, PhU,
Brownsburg, p-v, on Hays' cr, in the n, part
of Rockbridge, co, Va, by p-r, 143 ras. a little
N, of w. Richmond.
Brown's Cove, and p-o. in the n. part of Al.
bemarle co. Va. by p.r. 109 ms. n. w. Rich
mond. Brown's Cove, and p-o, in Jackson co. Ala.
by p-r. 181 ras. n. e. 'Tuscaloosa.
Brown's Creek, and p-o. in the E. part of
Union dist. S. C. 10 mg. e. Unionville and by p-r.
66 ms. n. n. w, Columbia.
Brown's Ferry and p-o. Limestone co. Ala.
by p.r, 129 ras, a little e, of n, Tuscaloosa.
Brown's Mills, and p-o, Mifflin co. Pa. by
p-r. 60 ras. northwestward Harrisburg.
Brown's Mills and p-o. in the n, w. part of
Washington co, O, 18 ras, n, w. Marietta,
Brown's Store, and p-o. Caswell co. N. C.
by p-r. 99 ms, i\, w, Raleigh,
Brown's Tavern, and p-o, Ann Arundel co,
Md, 46 ms, n, w, Annapolis,
Brownstown, p-v, and st. jus. Jackson co.
Ind, situated on Driftwood Fork of the e, branch
of White r, by p-r, 69 ms, a little e. of s. In
dianopolis, and 50 n, w. Louisville, Ky,
Brownstown, p-v, in the b, estrn. part of
Wayne co, Mich, 18 ms, s, s, w, Detroit, and
by p-r. 508 ras. n, w, by w, W. C,
Brownsville, p-t, Penobscot co. Me, 40 ms.
N. Bangor, 97 n. n. w. Augusta, n, Piscataway
r, and on Pleasant r, one of its branches, with
a large pond e. Pop, 402,
Brownsville, p-v, and borough of Fayette co.
Pa, founded on a rapid acclivity rising from the
Monongehela r. where stood formerly Red
Stone Fort. Tbe U. S. road passes along the
main street, upon wbich the bulk of the houses
are situated. It is separated from Bridgeport
by Dtmlap's cr, and stands 12 ms, n, w, from
Union, the co, st, 35 ms, a little e, of s. Pitts
burg, Pop, borough, 1,222,
Brownsville, p-o, Frederick co. Md. by p-r.
65 ras, i\, w, W, C.
Brownsville, p-v, in the n. part of Granville
CO,, N, C, by p-r. 58 ms, n, Raleigh.
Brownsville, p-v. in the s. past of Marlbo
rough dist. S. C. by p-r. 116 ms, n, e. by e. Co
lumbia. Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus. Haywood co.
Ten, situated near the centre of the co, by p-r,
175 ras, a litUe s, of w, NashviUe, and 891 ma,
s, w, by w, W, C, ,„. lat, 35° 35', and 12° 20'
w, W, C.
Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus. Edmonson co.
Ky. by p-r, 138 ms, s, w, by w, Frankfort, and
678 wstrd. W, C, Pop. 229,
Brownsville, p-v, in the n, e, part Licking
ro, O, by p-r, 49 ms, n, e, by e, Columbus,
Pop, 155,
Brownsville, p-o. Union co, Ind, by p-r, 76
ms, E. Indianopolis,
Brownsville, p.v, and st,jus, Jackson co, II.
situated on Muddy cr, by p-r, 833 ms, wstrd,
W. C, 127 s, Vandalia,
Brownsville, p-t, Jefferson co, N, Y, at the
mouth of Black r. n, side, b. e, L. Ontario and

BRU

69

BUC

Griffin's bay, 6 ms, by 15, has a raariy loara,
with much limestone, bearing beech, raaple,
bass, elm, (fee. The v. is 3 ms, frora the mouth
of Black r. on its shore, at the head of naviga
tion, and the lower rapiiis, with some manufac
tories. Pop, 2,938,
Brucetown, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 7 ms.
wstrd, Winchester,
Bruceville, or Hendricks' Mills, p-o, on
Pipe cr. Frederick co. Md. 18 ms. n. e. the city
of Frederick.
Bruington, P-v. in the n, part of King and
Queen co. Virginia, by p-r. 36 mg. «, e. Rich
raond, Brunel's p-o, Davidson co, N, C, by p-r, 100
ms, w, Raleigh,
Brumfieldville, p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 9
ms, w, Reading,
Brunson's p-o, Stewart co. Ten, 14 ras, wstrd,
Dover, the st, jus,
Brunswick, p-t, Essex co, Vt, 55 ms, n, e,
MontpeUer, 23 sq. ras. w. Conn. r. First set
tlement 1 780, watered by w, branch of Nulhe-
gan r, Wheeler's and Paul's streams cross the
town and afford mill sites, A mineral spring
flows from the bank of Conn, j, near -> pond.
Pop, IbO,
Brunswick, p-t, Cumberland co. Me. 25 ms.
N, e. Portland, 30 s, Augusta, s, w, Androscog
gin r, at the falls, which supply exceUent raill
sites, Bowdoin college, incorporated 1794,
was endowed by the Mass, legislature with 5
tsps. of land, and $3,0ij0 per annum. This
sura wag continued by the legislature of Me,
Jaraeg Bowdoin, its chief benefactor, gave the
college 6,000 acres of land, in the town of Lis
bon, and also purchased for it a well arranged
collection of rainerals, and gome fine raodels of
crystalography. The college buildings are de
lightfully situated, on a plain near the Andros
coggin, It has a president, 6 professors in
languages, natural philosophy, eheraistry, mine
ralogy, rhetoric and oratory, intellectual and
moral phUosophy, with lectureships in sacred
literature and political economy. Alumni of
the college, 1833, 792 ; students, 157 ; vols, in
col, library, 8,000 ; do, in students' Ubrary,
6,000, Com, 1st Wednesday in Septeraber.
Tbe course of instruction reserables that of
most other colleges in the United States. A
medical academy is attached to it, with 100 stu-
dentg. Pop, 3,587,
Brunswick, t, Rensellaer co. N. Y, 5 ms, e,
Troy, i\. Sand lake, is high and broken n. w.
The land w, is handsome, Poestenkill cr, fur-
nigheg good mill sites ; there are also Tamha-
noc and Wynant's ers. The soil is leased at
low rates. Pop. 2,570.
Brunswick, one of the southern cos. of Va.
bndd, by Mecklenburg w,, Lunenburg n, w, and
N,, Nottaway r, separating it from Dinwiddie
iv, e,, Greensville e,, Northampton co. in N, C,
s,, and Warren co, N, C, s. w. It is nearly a
square, 26 ms. each gide ; area 676 sq. ms.
Extending in lat, from 36° 32', to 36° 56', and
in long, from 0° 39', to 1° 04' w. W. C. Tiie
southwestern angle touches the Roanoke, and
a. small section is drained southwardly into that
stream ; butthe body ofthe co. is comprised in
the vallies of Meherin and Nottaway re. and 10

declines eastward. Cf. t, Lawrenceville, Pop.
1820, 16,687, 1830, 15,767,
Brunswick, extreme southern co, of N, C,
bndd, by White Marsh cr. separating it from
Columbus CO. of the same state w., by Bladen
N, w., by Cape Fear r, separating it from New
Hanover on the n. e, and e,, by the Atlantic
ocean s., and by Hony dist, S, C. s, w. Length
from the border of S, C. to the Forks of Cape
Fear r. 48 ms., mean breadth 28, and area
1,344 sq, ms. extending in lat. from 33° 53', to
34° 32', and in long, from 1° to 1° 46' w. from
W, C, The slope of this county is nearly
southward ; the surface generaUy flat, marshy
and sterile, Ch, t, SmithviUe, Pop. 1820,
5,480, 1830, 6,516.
Brunswick, p-v. and st. jus. Glynn co. Geo.
by p-r. 733 ras, s, s, w. W, C, and 200 s, e, MU
ledgeviUe, N, lat, 31° i2', long, 4° 40' w, from
W, C, It is a sea port, and situated on Turtle
r, about 10 ras, nearly due w, from the opening
between St, Simon's and Jekyl islands,
Brunswick, p-v, and tsp, in the nrthrn, part
of Medina co, 0, The p-o, is about 25 ms, s, w,
Cleaveland, on lake Erie, and by p-r. 356 ras,
N, w, by w, W, C, and 118 n, e, Columbus, In
1830, the tsp. contained a pop, of 449,
Brushy hill, p-o, in the w, part St, Clair co,
II,, by p-r, 84 ras, n, of New Vandalia,
Brutus, p-t, Cayuga co, N, Y, 5, ms, n. Au
burn, 153 ms, w, Albany, on Erie canal, s, Sene
ca r, 5 to 6^ ras, by 10, is uneven, with many
gravel hills, but very fertile and well watered,
and affords gypsum and good lime stone for
building. Weeds Port, on the canal, 7 ms n.
Auburn, 4 e, Bucksville, 9 e, Montezuma, has
alarge basin. Pop, 1,827,
Bryan, co, of Geo, bndd, s, E. by the Atlantic,
Liberty co, s, w,, Bullock, «, w. and n,, and the
Great Ogechee r. separating it frora Effingham
and Chatham, n, e. Length from s, e, to n, w.
40 ms. ; mean breadth 12, and area 480 gq, ma.
Extending in lat, from 31° 43' to 32° 12', and in
long, from 4° 08' to 4° 46' w, W. C, Cf t,
Hardwick, Pop, 1820, 3,021, 1830, 3,139.
Thig CO. includes the sea coast of Ossabaw isl.
from St. Catharine's sound, to that of Ossabaw
or mouth of Great Ogechee r.
Bryan's p-o. in the w. part of Hardiman. co.
Ten. 12 ras. wstwrd, frora Bolivar, the st, jus,
for the CO,
Bryantown, p-v, Charles co. Md. 32 ras. a.
W. C. and 10 n, e. Port Tobacco,
Bryant's, p-v, in the s, e. part of Fayette co.
Pa. by p-r. 178 ras, b. w, by w, Harrisburg.
Brydie's Store, and p-o. in the n, part of
Lunenburg co, Va, by p-r, 91 ras, s, w, Richmond.
BucHANNON, p-v. in the n. part of Lewis co,
Va, by p-r, 266 ras, n. w, Richmond,
Buck, p o, inthe E, part of Lancaster co. Pa,
by p-r, 54 ras, e. Harrisburg,
Buckfield, p-t, Oxford co. Me. 6 ras. a. Paria,
34 Augusta. Pop. 1,514 ; has a rato. s. w. and
is crossed by a stream of water.
Buckhead, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C, 35 ms, n.
Columbia. ,
Buckhead, p-o. Morgan co. Geo. by p-r, ^
ms, N. N, w. MUledgeviUe,
Buckhorn, p.o. Columbia co. Pa, by p-r. 79
ms. N, Harrisburg.

BUC

70

Buckhorn Falls, and p.o, Chathara co, N.
C. by p.r. 28 ms. w, Raleigh.
Buckingham, p.o, Bucks co. Pa, about 27 ms,
N. Philadelphia. Pop, of tsp, of B, 2,132,
Buckingham, co, Va, budd, by Appomattox r,
separating it from Prince Edward, a, w. by
Campbell, w, by James r. separating it from
Araherst, n, w, by Jaraes r, separating it frora
Nelson, N, by James r, separating it from Albe.
marie, n, e, by James r, separating it from Flu
vanna, and E, by Cumberland, Length 34,
mean breadth 24, ms, ; area 816 sq, ras. Ex
tending in lat, frora 37° 13' to 37° 45', and in
long, from 1° 12' to 1° 55' w, W C, Though
from the southern part of this co. the Apporaat
tox rises and flows eastward, the body of the
CO. declines northwardly towards James r.,
which latter stream forms about one half the
entire outline. Cf t, MaysviUe, Pop. 1820,
17,582, 1830, 18,351.
Buckingham, c, h, and p-o. (See Mays
ville.) Buckland, p-t, Franklin co, Mass. 105 ras.
w. N, w. Boston, 12 w. Greenfield, s, Deerfield
r. Pop, 1,039.
Buckland, p-v, in the n. w, part Prince Wil
liara CO, Va, 5 ras, s, w. frora Hay Market.
Bucklin, p-v, Wayne co, Mich, 16 ms, from
Detroit. Bucks, co, of Pa, bndd. by Phil, co, s,, Mont
goraery s. w,, Lehigh and Northarapton cos,
N, w,, Delaware r, separating it from Hunter
don CO, N, J, n, e, and e , and Burlington co,
N, J, s. E, Greatest length (from opposite
Bordentown to the borders of Northampton and
Lehigh), 42 ras,, raean breadth )3, area 546 sq.
ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 04' to 40° 36',
and in long, from 1° 35' to 2° 22' e, W, C, The
general declivity is eastward, and obliquely to
wards the Delaware r. To this the n, w. angle
is an exception; it slopes southwardly, and is
drained by the sources of Perkiomen cr. The
soil of Bucks is diversified, and moderately fer
tile, sorae parts highly productive, and is
amongst the best cultivated cos, of Pa. The
surface is pleasantly broken into hill and dale,
and the northwestern border formed by one of
the minor chains of the Appalachian system.
Of the large ers, which rise and terminate in
this CO, the principal are the Neshamany in the
southern, and Tohicken in the northern part,
A canal is completed, or nearly so, along the
Bucks CO, bank of Delaware i, from Bristol, to
be extended to form a chain with the Lehigh
navigation at Easton, The staples of Bucks co,
are composed of nearly every species of pro
duce brought to the Phil, market, and which
the cHmate will admit, Cf ts, Doylestown, st,
jus, and Bristol, Pop, 1820, 37,842, 1830, 45,-
745, BucKSEYTOWN, p-v, Frederick co, Md, by
p-r, 49 ms, n, w, W, C,
Bucksport, p-t, Hancock co. Me, 25 ras, e,
Castine, 61 Augusta, e, Penobscot r, and just
above Orphan island. Pop, 2,237,
Buck's Store, and p-o, Tuscaloosa co, Ala,
by p-r, 32 ras, frora Tuscaloosa.
Bucksville, v, Mentz, Cayuga co, N, Y, 8
ras, N, Auburn, on Erie canal,
Bucyrus, tsp, p-v, and et, jus, Crawford co.

BUF
0, on the table land between the sources of
Sandusky and Sciota rs, by p-r. 69 ras, n, Co.
lumbus. Pop, V, 308, tsp, exclusive ofthe v. 362.
Buffalo, small r, of Misp, rises in Amite co.
between the n, sources of AmUe r. and the
southern of Homochitto, and flowing thence
westwardly over Wilkinson co, falls into the
Misp, above Loftus heights, after a course of
80 ms. over a very broken but highly productive
country, Buffalo, city, port of entry, st, jus, Erie co.
N. Y. E, end of lake Erie, at the head of Niaga.
ra r, and of the Erie canal, on the n, e, side,
and at the mouth of Buffalo cr. It is very ad.
vantageously sitaated, and has rapidly increased
since the completion ofthe canal. It was burnt
by British troops, 1814, except one house. The
cr, affords mill sites of great importance, and a
canal bas lately been forraed from the falls to
the town, on which are important hydrauUc
works. Near its mouth the cr, forms a good
harbor, with 12 or 14 ft, water for a mile. On
account of a sand bar, a pier has been built into
the lake 1000 feet; there is a light house.
There are seven steam boats which forra a daily
line hence to Detroit; and four others form a
regular line to Cleaveland, Ohio, touching at the
different ports. Among these are several very
superior boats ; andthe facilities they afford to
travellers, as well as for transportation, are ex.
cellent. Frequent excursions are also made to
Green Bay, A vast and increasing ainount of
produce is thus brought hither from the lake
shores, and other articles by canal. There
were shipped east in 1829, 3,640, 1830, 149,219,
and in 1831, 186,148 bushels of wheat ; in 1829,
4,335, 1830, 31,810, and in 1831, 62,968 barrels
of flour ; received during the same period,
1829, 65,435, 1830, 75,370, 1831, 74,064 bar.
rels of salt. Canal arrivals and clearances, in
1829, 1,068, 1830, 2,083, 1831,2,425, Canal
tolls, 1829, $25,873 48, 1830, $48,953 02,
1831, $65,980 71, The other waters are To-
nawantacr,, EUicot's, with branches, and seve.
ral streams ofthe lake. Soil and surface vari.
ous. The V, is large, flourishing, and very
pleasantly situated on an elevation overlooking
the lake, with regular streets, a square, fine
public houses, and stores. The v. of Black
Rock is in this t, (see Black Rock), and a tract
of the reserve lands of the Seneca Indians,
There Red Jacket lately died. The great road
from Albany ends here. Pop, 1820, 2,095,
1830, 8,668,
Buffalo, p.v, and tsp, of Washington co. Pa,
1 3 ras, w, from the borough of Washington.
Pop, ofthe tsp, 1,519,
Buffalo, p-v, on the right bank of Great Ken
hawa, s, E, part of Mason co, Va, about 50 ms,
s, E, Mount Pleasant,
Buffalo, p.v, Lincoln co, N. C. by p-r, 187
ms, a little s, of w, Raleigh,
Buffalo Forge, and p-o. in the s. part of
Rockbridge co. Va. 8 ms. w. Lexington, the co.
seat. Buffalo Springs, and p-o. w. part of Am
herst CO, Va, by p-r. 147 w. Richmond.
Buforel's Bridge, and p-o. on Salkehatchie
r, B, part of Barnwell dist, S, C. 14 ma. s. b.
Barnwell,

BUN

71

BUR

Bull Creek, p.o. Wood co, Va, by p-r, 299
ms, w, W, C,
Bullit co, Ky, bndd, by ,feffersonN., Spen
cer E,, Nelson, s, E,, SaU r, separating it frora
Hardin and Meade cos, s, w,, and by a very
narrow point on the Ohio r, above the mouth of
Salt r, and opposite Harrison co, Ind, Length
from E, to w, 25, mean breadth 10 ms,and area
250 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 37° 47' to
38° 03', and long, frora 8° 30' to 8° 55' w, W, C
One of the raain confluent strearas of Salt r.
enters the e, border, and traverses Bullit co, in
a s. w, by w, direction, and uniting with Rolling
Fork, assuraes a course n, w, and falls into
Ohio r, at the extreme westem angle of %e
county. Similar to raost cos. which border on
Ohio, the features are hilly, and soil productive.
Cf t, ShepherdsviUe, Pop, 1820, 5,381, 1830,
5,632, Bullock, co, Geo, bndd, by Bryan s, e. the
Cannouchee r, separating it frora 'Tatnall s, w.
Emanuel n, w, and Great Ogeeche r. separat.
ing it from Scriven -\. e, and frora Etfinghara e.
Greatest length from s, e, to n, w, 40 ras, mean
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ras, extending in
lat, frora 32° 6', to 32° 43', and in long, from 4°
28' to 5° 10' w, W, C, Encloged between two
rg, which both flow to the s, estrd,, the general
slope of the co, is in that direction. The
soil is generally sterile ; staple, cotton, Cf, t,
Statesboro'. Population 1820, 2,578, in 1830,
2,587, BuLLPASTURE, r, and p-o, in the n, estrn, part
of Bath CO, Va, by p-r, 164 ms, N, w, by
Richmond, BuUpasture is the local name of
the higher part of Cowpasture r, or the middle
congtituent of Jaraes r.
BuLLTowN, p-v. on Little Kenhawa i, Lewis
CO, Va, 30 ms, w, of s, Clarksburg,
BuNco.MBE CO, of N, C, bndd, by the Blue
Ridge, which separates it from Greenville and
Pickens dist. S. C, on the s, by a mountain chain,
which separates it from Haywood co, N, C, on
the w, by the raain chain of Kittatinny, which
separates it from Greene, Washington and Car
ter COS. of Ten, w, w. by Ashe co, of N, C, on
the N. E, and by the Blue Ridge, wh'ch sepa
rates it from Burke and Rutherford cos, N, C,
on the E, Greatest length from s. w. to n, e.,
along the Blue Ridge, 100 ras. ; mean breadth
20, and area 2,000 sq, ms, extending in lat,
from 35° 3' to 36° 8'n. and in long, from 4° 41',
to 5° 51' w. W. C. Buncombe occupies apart
ofthe great valley between the Blue Ridge and
the Kittatiimy, 'The latter chain, where it sepa
rates N, C. frora Ten, is called by the local
names of Bald mountain, or Iron mountain.
Within this valley, and as far s, ag N. lat 35° 5'
rigeg the French Broad r, which, receiving tri
butary creeks from both chains flows in a north
wardly direction, with a curve tq the E, 55 ms,
to its passage through the Bald mtn, after having
drained the sthrn, part of Buncombe, Similar
to the French Broad, the Nolachucky riseg also
in Buncombe, and draining the nrthrn. part of
the CO, by confluent streams from both chains,
bends to n, w, and enters the state of Ten, be
tween the Bald and Iron mtns. Buncombe co,
comprises the b, e, section of the basin of the
Misp, ; the French Broad interlocking sources

with those of Santee and Savannah rs, as the
Nolachucky does with those ofthe Catawba,
Buncombe is an elevated region, the lowest
point perhaps exceeding 1,000 ft, above tide
water, and the farms varying from that height
1,400, or 1,500 ft, which, with a northwestern
exposure gives to Buncombe a winter as in.
tense, if not more so, as that of southern Mary.
land. The surface is excessively broken, and
soil as greatly varied. The air and wa:er are,
however, as fine as that of any other section of
the earth, Cf t, Ashville. Pop, 1820, 10,542,
1839, 16,281,
Bundysburg, p-v. in the northem part of
Geauga co, 0, by p-r, 13 ms, northwardly from
Chardon, Burgess' Store, and p.o, in the s, part of
Northumberland co, Va, by p.r, 101 ms, a little
N, of E, Richmond,
BuRGETTSTOvvN, small p-v, in the n, w, part of
Washington co. Pa,
Burke, p-t, Caledonia co. Vt. 40 ms, N, b,
Montpelier, 37 n. Newbury. First settled,
1790, — has Passuinpsick r, with raanyraill sites,
and Burke ratn, 3,500 ft, s, e. It is uneven,
with good soil, and hard wood, and evergreen
trees, Magog oil-stones are brought frora an
island in Memphremagog lake, and manufac
tured here. Pop, 866,
Burke, co. N, C, bndd, by the Blue Ridge,
which separates it from Buncombe N, w., by
Wilkes N, E,, Iredell e., Catawba r, which sep.
arates it from Lincoln s, e., and by Rutherford
and the western part of Lincoln s. This co, is
commensurate with the upper valley of Cataw.
ba, enclosed on three sides by Montague hills,
Blue Ridge, and Brushy mto. The various ers.
rising in these ratns, and flowing towards the in.
terior of the county forra Catawba, which,
flowing estrd, to the western border of Iredell,
then turns abruptly to the s, and continues that
course to its final issue frora N, C, In lat.
Burke co, reaches frora 35° 32' to 36° 8'n, and
in long, from 4° 12' to 5° 15' w. from W. C.
Greatest length n. e, to s, w, in the general di.
rection of the Catawba valley, 65 ms, mean
breadth 25 ms, and area 1625 sq, ms. Similar
to most raountain valleys, the soil ia of every
quality. The elevation renders it a grain dist.
Pop, 1820, 13,411, in 1830, 17,888, Cf ts.
Morgantown and Mackeysville,
Burke, co, of Geo, bndd, by Scriven s, e,,
Great Ogeechee r, or Eraanuel co. s., Jefferson
w., Richraond n., and Savannah r. which sepa.
rates it from Barnwell dist, S, C, on the n, e.
Length 40 ms, mean breadih 30 ms, and area
1,2j0 sq. ms. Beside Savannah and Great
Ogeechee, which bound this county, it is water.
ed by Brier cr, which, entering its western bor.
der, traverses the co, in a s, e, direction, Lat,
33° and long, 5° w. W, C, intersect near the
centre of Burke, Cf t, Waynesboro. Pop.
1820,11,574, Burkes Garden, and p.o, Tazewell co. Va.
20 ms. N. n. w. Evansham.
BuRKEsviLLE, p.v. in the nthn. part of Prince Ed.
ward CO. Va, by p-r, 66 ms, s. w. by w. Richmond.
BuRKESViLLE, p.v. and st.jus, Curaberland co.
Ky, on the right bank of Cumberland r, by p-r.
152 ms. a Uttle w. of a. from Frankfort.

BUR

72

BUS

BuRKETSviLLE, p.v, Frederick co, Md.
Burlington, p.t, and port of entry, and st, jus,
Chittenden co, Vt, 38 ms, Montpelier, 22 s, e,
Plattsburgh, 97 s, Montreal, 75 n, Whitehall,
has a fine and advantageous situation, e, lake
Champlain, and is large and flourishing. The
V, is on a slope of 1 m, to a fine harbor. On
the top of the hill is the University of Vermont,
incorporated 1791 and which went into opera.
tion, 1800, It is finely situated e, of the vil
lage, on an elevation 245 ft, above the lake,
and commands an extensive and delightful pros
pect. There are 3 brick edifices belonging to
the ingtitution ; 2 for the studentg, the other
containing a chapel, and rooms for other pur
poses. Its endowments, which consist chiefly
of lands, are considerable, A president and 3
professors compose the faculty. There is a
medical school connected with the university.
Alumni of the col, 182 ; students, 21 ; vols, in
col, library, 1000; do, students', 500, Com
mencement, 1st Wednesday in Aug, Many of
the private houses are in beautiful taste, with
large gardens, cfec. It has the county buildings,
an acaderay, bank, ($150,000 capital,) c&c.
Many of the vessels on the lake belong to this
village, A raanufacturing village is at the falls
of Onion r. 5 ms, from its mouth, li m, n, e,
Burlington. First settled just before the revolu
tion, which interrupted it. It is agreeably un
even, with a soil not very good : hard timber
s. w.,pine plains n. e. Below the falls is a fine
alluvial tract. Limestone abounds, and some
iron ore is found. The Champlain glass com
pany here raake excellent glass. Very good
stage coaches travel by day light to Boston,
through Middlebury, Rutland, Keene, and in
other directions, A branch of the U, S, bank
is located here. Burlington college is f ra. e,
of the village, overlooking it and rauch of the
lake. Two steara boats which ply between
Whitehall, and St, John's, L, Canada, touch
here, and another runs to Plattsburgh, 25 ms.
The road to Rutland is quite level, wuh fine
scenery. Pop, 3,526,
Burlington, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 12 ms,
H, w, Boston. Pop. 1830, 446.
Burlington, p-t. Hartford co. Ct. 16 ms. w,
Hartford, 5 ras. by 6, 30 sq. ms, is irregular,
with a gravelly loam on granite rocks, yielding
grain, cfec, and is watered by Farmington r. and
branches of Poquaback r. Pop, 1830, 1,301,
Burlington, co,N, J, nearly triangular, bndd,
by Hunterdon, Middlesex and Monmouth cos, n.
N. w. lfe N, E., Little Egg Harbor s, e,, Gloucester
CO. 6., and extends from Del. r. to the Atlantic,
It has Rancocus and Croswicks ers, with Assan
pink cr, N, and Little Egg Harbor cr, s, Bur
lington is the CO, town, and it contains also Bor
dentown, Mount Holley, cfec. The land near
the Delaware, is level, fertile, highly cultivated
and sends supplies to Phil., but much ofthe re
mainder is poor, A gieat part of the pop, are
Friends, 'The steam boat navigation of Dela
ware r. is important to the co. and one of the
great routes of travelling between Philadelphia
and New York is by Bordentown, where the
rail road strikes the Delaware from Amboy, and
whence it extends to Camden. Pop, 1820,
28,822 ; ,1830, 31,107,
Burlington, city, port of entry and st. jus,

Burlington co, N, J, on e, hank Delaware r, 11
ms, s, Trenton, 17 N, e, Phil,, is a very pleas
ant place, with green banks on the river, and
sorae fine cotmtry seats, prmcipaUy of Phil,
gentleraen. The co. buildings, a bank, and an
academy, are here. The large steara boats
touch here several times every day. The soil
is good, level, woU cultivated, and inhabited by
industrious people. It is opposite Bristol, Pa.
Pop, 2,670,
Burlington, p-t, Otsego, co. N. Y. 12 ma. w.
Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany, is hilly, arable,
productive, and well supplied with mill sites, by
Butternuts and Otsego ers. which have rapid
deibents. The trees are maple, beech, birch,
elm, (fee. Pop. 2,459.
Burlington, p-v. in the s. estrn. part of Brad
ford CO, Pa, by p-r. 162 ms. e, of n. Harrisburg.
Burlington, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. about
160 ms, n, ly, w, W, C.
Burlington, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, 8 ms. wstrd.
frora Chester, tbe co. st.
Burlington, p-v. and st.jus, Lawrence co, 0.
situated on Ohio r, in the extrerae sthrn. point
ofthe state, nearly opposite the raouth of Great
Sandy r. by p-r. 135 ras. s. s, e. Columbua,
Pop. 149,
Burli.\gton, p-v, and at, jus, Boone co. Ky.
12 ms. s, w, Cincinnati, Pop, 276,
Burnham's, p-t, Waldo co. Me, 37 ms. s, Au.
gusta. Pop, 803,
Burning Spring, pv, in the n, w, comer Floyd
CO,, Ky, by p-r, 126 ms, s, e, Frankfort,
Burns, town AUeghany co, N, Y, Pop, 702,-
Burnt Cabins, p-v. Bedford co, Penn, by p-r,
70 ms, B, w, by w, Harrisburg.
Burnt Coat, island, Hancock co. Me, off
Blue Hill bay and Union r. Pop, 254,
Burnt Corn, p-v, in the s, partof Monroe co,
Ala. by p-r, 183 ras, s, Tuscaloosa,
Burnt Praihie, p-v, in the s, part White co,
II. 15 ms, frora Carmi, the st, jus, for the co.
Burnt Tavern, p-o, in the s, part Garrard co,
Ky, by p-r, 49 ms, s, s, e, Frankfort,
BuRKiLLViLLE, p-t. Provideuce, co. R. I. 24
ms, n, w. Providence, is a new t, e. Conn, line,
5 ras, by 12, with 60 sq, ms, rough, with pretty
good timber and grazing land, on primitive soil,
watered by the outlet of AUum pond. It is a
raanufacturing town. Pop. 2,196.
Burrow's Old Store and p-o. in the n, part
of Madison co, Ala, by p-r, 15 ms, from Hunts
viUe, the st, jus,
BoRRsviLLE, p-v, CaroUnc co, Md, by p-r, 87
ms, E. W, C, and 50 from Annapolis,
Burton, t, Strafford co, N, H. 75 ras, n, E,
Concord, 45 GuUford, 75 Portsmouth, 5 ms, by
12, with 36,700 acres, suppUed by Swift i, a
branch of Saco r, and other strearas, with mifl
sites. They were once stocked with otter and
beaver. There are high, granite mtns, Cho.
coma, cfec. The soil is generally good, with
maple, birch, ash, pine (fee. Pop, 325.
Burton, p.v. and tsp. in the e, part of Geauga
CO, 0, 9 ms, s, E. Chardon. Pop. of tsp. 646.
BuRTONsviLLE, p.o. E, part of Orange co, Va.
by p.r. 81 ms. n. w. Richmond.
Bushkill, p-v. on Del. r. at the mouth of
Euslikill cr. Pike co. Penn, 90 ms, e, of n, Phil,
Bushkill, the name of two ers, of Penn. one
rising near the centre of Pike co. in three

BUT

73

BYR

branches which rise and fall into the Del, at the
village of the sarae narae ; the second rises in
the Blue or Kittatinny mtns, Northampton co.
and falls into Del. r, at Easton.
BusHViLLE, p.v, Franklin co, Geo, by p.r, 116
ms, nthrd, MiUedgeville,
BusHwicK, t. King's co, N, Y, on Long Isl.
and, E, East r, opposite N, Y,, is hiUy, with a
light, fertile loam, with Bushwick and Wil.
liamsburg v. At the latter is a steara ferry
boat to N, Y, Pop, 1,020,
BusKiRK'a Bridge, p.v. Cambridge, Wash.
ington CO. N, Y,
Busti, p.v, Chatauque co. N. Y. 334 ms, w,
Albany, Pop, 1,680,
Bustletown, p.v. Phil. co. Penn. 11 ms. n, e,
Phil, Butler, t, Wayne co, N, Y, Pop, 1,764,
Butler, co, of Penn, bndd, by Alleghany s,,
Beaver w,, Mercer n, w,, Venango n,, and Arm.
strong e. Length 35, raean breadth 23 ; and
area 800 sq, ms. extending frora n. lat, 40° 42'
to 41° 11', and in long, frora 2° 48' to 3° 14' w,
frora W, C. Alleghany r, raerely touches the
N, E, angle of Butler, frora which it then re
cedes, and again touches the s, e. angle at
Freeport. The body of the county is drained
by the Slippery Rock, and other branches of
Connequenessing, flowing wstrd, into this r.
Surface very hilly, but soil exceUent for grain,
fruit, and pasturage. Cf.t. Butler. Pop, 1820,
10,251, 1830, 14,683,
Butler, p-v, borough and st, jus, Butler co,
Penn, onthe Cotmequenessing, 32 ras, e, of n,
Pittsburg, and by p-r, 205 ras, wstrd. Harris
burg. Pop. 567,
Butler, co Ky. bndd. by 0, co, n, w,, Gray
son n, E,, Warren s, E., Logan s, w, and Muh-
lenburg w. Length frora s, w, to n, e. 38 ms.
mean breadth 15, and area, 570 sq. ms. extend
ing from N. lat. 37° to 37° 23', and in long, from
9° 25' to 10° 2' w. Green r, receives its great
tributary. Big Barren, on the s, e, margin ofthis
county, and the united waters in a n, w, direc
tion, flow across the county, and then turning s,
w, forra a coraraon boundary between it and 0,
CO, to the eastem angle of Muhlenburg co.
Thus, though Butler raay be considered an in
land CO, a fine navigable channel unites it to 0,
r, Cf t, Morgantown, Pop, 1820, 3,083, 1830,
3,058, Butler, co, Ala, bndd, w, by Monroe and
Wilcox, N, by Lowndes, e, by Pike, and s, by
Covington and Conecuh, Length 35, mean
breadth 30, and area 1000 sq, ras, extending
from N, lat, 31° 30' to 31° 57', and in long, from
9° 38' to 10° 2' w, W, C, Surface undulating,
and soil generally thin and sterile. It is a table
land from which flow many ers, towards Ala
bama r. but the body of country slopes south
wardly, giving source to Patsligala, Pigeon and
Supulga, branches of Conecuh r. Staple, cot
ton, Cf t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 1,405, in
1830, 5,650.
Butler's p-o. Putnam co. Geo. by p-r. 28 ms.
nthrd, MUledgeviUe,
Butler's Mills, p-o, Montgomery co. N. C.
by p.r, 100 ms, s, w. by w. Raleigh.
Butler's Ferby and p-o. Jackson co. Ten.
by p-r. 94 ras, n, e. by E, Naghville,

Buttahatche r. rises in the western part of
Marion co. Ala. and flowing s, s, w, enters and
traverses Monroe co. Misp,, falls into Tombig
bee 12 or 13 ms, above Columbus, after a com
parative course of 70 ras, 1 his stream has
interlocking sources with Hearer, flowing into
Ten. with the Black Warrior,
Buttermilk Channel, the channel between
Governor's Island and Long Island in New York
harbor. Butternuts, p-t, Otsego co. N, Y. 21 mg, 6.
w, Cooperstown, 87 w, Albany, bears grain and
grass ; raaple, beech, birch, elm, c&c, watered
by Unadilla cr, and other streams ; contains
Louisville v, GUbertsville \, and Gilbert's v, p-o.
Pop. 3,991,
Butts, co, Geo, bndd, by Monroe s,. Pike w,,
Henry n, w,, and Ocmulgee r, separating it from
Newton n, e,, Jasper e., and Jones s, e. Length
28 ms, breadth 15, and area 420 sq, ras,, extend
ing in lat, frora 33° 5' to 33=' 28', and in long,
frora 6° 50' to 7° 13' w, W, C, Cf t. Jackson.
Pop. 4,944,
Butztown, p.v. Northarapton co. Pa, by p-r,
103 ms, N. E, by e. Harrisburg,
Buxton, p-t, York co. Me, e, Saco r, 8 ras.
N, w, Saco, 40 N, York, 71 s, s, w, Augusta,
bordering n, e, on Cumberland co. Here is a
large manufactory on Saco r. at a fall of 79 ft, ;
7 ras, by 40, Pop, 1830, 2,856,
Buygonsville, p-v, eastern part of De Kalb
CO, Georgia, by p-r, 92 miles n, w, MiUedge
ville, Buzzard's Bay, on b, coast. Mass, 7 ms. by
40, with Plyraouth co, N., Barnstable co, £.,
Bristol CO, w, and Atlantic Ocean s. It extends
within 3 J ms, of Cape Cod Bay, 2i Barnstable,
to which a canal has been proposed for coast
ers through Sandwich, It receives a nuraber
of small strearas ; Elizabeth islands are off the
mouth, Seakonet is the w. Point,
Byberry, tsp. and p-o, PhU, co, Peim, by p-r.
11 ms, «. E, Phil,
Byfield, p-v, and parish, Rowley and New
bury, Essex CO, Masg, 6 mg. s, w, Newbury
port, has a good soil, well cultivated, Parker
r, falls 40 feet in 1 m, of tide, with raany raill
sites, on one of which was the first woollen fac
tory in New England, perhaps in America,
Boats go to the ocean. Hore is Dummer's acad
emy, founded 1756, by Lt, Governor D,  .
with a fine farm, for a grammar school ; opened
1763; the first acaderay established in Massa
chusetts, Byon, p.v, and st. jus. Baker co. Geo, on
Flint r, at the FaUs, by p-r, 150 ms, a, w. Mil
ledgevUle. Byram, r, on the s, w, bound, of Conn, be
tween it and N, Y, is small, and runs into Long
Island Sound,
Byram, t, Sussex co, N, J, lies on the Mus-
conetcunck, and contains a part of the range of
Schooley's ratn, verges upon Morris canal s,
with Hop Pond on the e. Pop. 958.
Byran's po. Pike co. Geo, by p-r. 68 ms. w.
MUledgeviUe. Byron, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 10 ms, e. n.
E, Batavia, 5 ms, by 6, has level and good land,
watered by Black, Bigelow and Spring creeks,
with some mill seats. Pop. 1,936,

CAD

74

CAL

c.

Cabarras, CO, ofN, C, bndd, s. w, by Meck
lenburg, N, w, by Iredell, n, by Rowan, and s, e,
by Montgomery, It is in form of a triangle,
base from E, to w, along Montgomery and Ire
dell 30 ms, and salient point sthrd, between
Montgoraery and Mecklenburg, with a perpen
dicular of 20 ms, which yields 300 sq, ras,
Cabarras occupies a mountain valley drained by
the higher sources of the Rocky river. These
streams with a general southern course unite
in the southern part of the co, and leaving it at
the extreme s. point turn thence eastward, sep
arating Montgomery and Anson co, fall into the
Yadkin, The face of Cabarras is broken and
in part raountainous, though much of the soil is
productive, Lat, from 35° 13', to 35° 30', and
long, from 3° 21', to 3° 52' w, W, C, Cf t.
Concord, Pop, 1820, 7,228, 1830, 8,810,
Cabell, co, of Va, bndd, by Mason co. n. e.,
Kenhawa e., Logan s. e., Sandy r, which sepa
rates it frora Lloyd, Lawrence, and Greenup
cos, of Ky, w,, and by 0, r, which separates it
frora Galia and Lawrence cos, 0, N, Greatest
length from s, w, to n. e,, 50 ms, mean width
about 20, and area of 1000 sq, ms. Extending
from 37° 55', to 38° 40' n, and in long, from 4°
45', to 5° 34' w, from W. C, Beside this and
Sandy rs. which form partof the boundaries of
Cabell, it is subdivided into two not very unequal
parts, by the Great Guyandot, which rises in
Logan, enters Cabell, over which in a north
western direction, it reaches the Ohio r, below
Barbersville, The face of Cabell is very broken
and in part mountainous. The soil, except a
minor part, rocky and sterile, Cf t, Barbers
ville. By the census of 1820, Cabell, then in
cluding about one third of what is now compris
ed in Logan, contained a pop, of 4,789, in lt:j30,
Cabell, as then restricted, contained 5,834,
Cabell, u, h,, p-o. and st. jus, Cabell co, Va,
(See Barboursville, Cabell co. -Va.)
Cabin Creek, p-o, in the northern part of
Lewis CO, Ky, by p-r, 83 ras, ji, E, by E, Frank
fort. Cabin Point, p-v, alraost on the raeridian of
W, C, and in the w, part of Surry co, Va, 49 ras,
s, E, Richmond,
Cabot, p-t, Caledonia co, Vt, 18 ras, n. e.
MontpeUer, 65 n. Windsor, 6 ms, sq, on the
head waters of Onion r. First settlement, 1785,
The plain is on the height between Conn, and
Onion rs. The soil is hard and uneven, Ze
rah Colburn was born here. Pop, 1,304,
Cackley's, p-o. Pocahontas co, Va, hy p-r,
202 ras, N, w, by w, Richmond,
Cadiz, p-v. and st, jus, Harrison co. Ohio, 27
ms. S.W. by w. Steubenville, and by p-r, 124 n,
E, by E, Colurabus, It is a very neat, thrivinca^
vUlage, Pop, 1820, 537, 1830, 818,
Cadiz, p-v, and St. jus. Trigg co. Ky. on Little
r, a small branch of Cumberland r, about 100
ms. N, w, Nashville, Ten, and by p-r, 218 ms, b,
w, Frankfort,
Caddo, p-v, Clarke co. Ark, by p-r, 75 sthrd,
from Little Rock,
Cadwallader, p-v, in the e, part of Tusca
rawas CO, 0, by p-r, 112 ms. n, e, by e. Columbus,

Cahaba, r, Ala, riseg in Jefferson and St,
Clair cos, flowing s, w, by w, over Bibb, Shelby,
Perry, and Dallas cos, falls into Ala, r, at the
town of Cahaba, after a course of 120 ras,
Cahaba, p.v, and st, jus. Dallas, co. Ala. on
the right bank ol Alabama r, iraraediately be
low the mouth of Cahaba r, 77 ms, s. s. E, Tus
caloosa, and about 140 ms, n, n, e. Mobile.
Cahokia, p-v, on the left bank ofthe Misp, i.
St, Clair co, 11. 5 ms. s. e, St, Louis,
Caiioos Falls, N, Y, 3 ras, from the raouth
of Mohawk r. is one of the greatest cataracts in
the U, S, The Mohawk falls very abruptly
about 70 ft, over a broken precipice of slaty
rock, in one sheet of foara, at high water. The
banks below are nearly 100 ft, high, rocky and
perpendicular. Fish abound in the basin, Erie
canal, on the s, bank, surraounts the fall by
locks, and crosses the r, on an aqueduct, a little
above, A bridge crosses about 1 ra, below,
and Champlain canal by a ferry,
Cain's p-o, Lancaster co. Pa, 64 ms. estrd,
Harrisburg, Cainsville, p-v, Wilson co. Ten, by p-r. 48
ms, estrd, from Nashville, and 700 s, w, by w,
W, C,
Ca Ira, (pronounced Sa Era) small p-v, on
WiUis r, in the w, part Cumberland co, Va, 62
ms, a litlle s, of w, Richmond, and 45 ms, n, k,
by E, Lynchburg,
Calahan's, p-o, Alleghany co, Va, by p-r, 189
ms, w. Richmond,
Cairo, p-t. Green co, N, Y, 10 ras, n, w,
Catskill, 11 w, Athens v., 40 s, Albany, has the
summits of Catskill mts, on a, bound, nearly
7i ras, sq., is hilly, with alluvial levels, on Cats-
kill cr, and 2 branches, which also supply iron
works, mills, (fee. Pop, 2,912,
Calais, p-t, Washington co. Me, 30 ras, n, w.
Eastport, 204 e. Augusta ; below the falls of St.
Croix r, it is accessible to navigation through
Passamaquoddy bay. It stands a little above
and nearly opposite St, Andrews in New Bruns.
wick. Pop, 1,686,
Calais, t, Washington co, Vt, 37 ras, e, Bur
lington, 12 MontpeUer, Pop, 1,539,
Calcasiu, r, of Louisiana, rises in the parish
of Natchitoches, between Red and Sabine rs.
Flowing thence in a nearly general southern
course, but curving to the eastward, with a re
markable compliance to the course ol lower Sa
bine, From the source of the forraer, to the
head of Calcasiu lake, the two rivers raaintain a
nearly regular distance of about 35 ras, asunder.
The Calcasiu rises in a forest of pines, which
continues to be the prevailing tree on all ita
tributaries to where all forest ceases ; and is
followed by the prairies of Opelousas, Issuing
from this great body of woods, the Calcasiu,
similar to the Sabine, expands into a lake of
frora 1 to 10 ms, wide, and 30 long, and again
contracting into a river, falls into the Gulf of
Mexico at n, lat, 29° 28', long, 16° 20' w, W.C.
Though the tide flows up this river above the
head of its lake, it can scarce be called naviga
ble, as there is not more than 3 feet water at its
mouth, and not much more in the lake. The

CAL

75

CAL

soil it waters, both in woods and prairie is raost
ly thin and sterile, though in the former section
supplied with abundance of pure and lirapid
spring water,
Caldwell, p-t, and cap. Warren co, N, Y.
62 ras, N, Albany, at the head of lake George,
7 ras, in extent, is very hilly and picturesque,
the scenery on this lake being raore adraired
than almost any other in the U, S, The bead
ofthe lake isiu the centre ofthe township, and
towards it slopes a high ridge of 2 or 3 ms, s,
French rato, nearly e, and Rattlesnake rato, li
ras. w. leaving Uttle arable land. Part of Sca-
roon creek, the e. branch of Hudson r. touches
the w. bound, Caldwell -,., near the head of
lake George, w, containing the co, buildings, is
pleasant, with a fine view down, and over the
sites of Fort George and Wra. Henry, There
is a hotel for about 200 persons, looking upon a
basin and the lake, for visiters who resort here
every sumraer. Near it is the line of approach
es of Gen, Montcalra, who captured Fort Wra,
Henry 1757, and allowed the prisoners to be
massacred by Indians, A steamboat plies hence
to the bottom of the lake in the warm season,
and the excursion .surpasses all others of the
kind in the country for beauty of scjenery. Gen,
Johnson was attacked, 1765, where Fort George
was built, by Gen, Dieskau ; the latter was de
feated and mortally wounded. Pop, 797,
Caldwell, p-t, Essex co, N, J, on the Pas
saic, about 9 ras, n, w, Newark, 59 N, Trenton.
Pop. 2,004,
Caldwell, co, of Ky, bndd, s, w, by Tennes
see r, which separates it from Callaway and
McCracken cos,, n. w. by Livingston, N. E. by
Tradewater r, which separates it from Hopkins
CO,, and n, e. by Trigg, Length 32 ms, breadth
22, and area 700 sq, ms, Cumberland r. en
ters the b. e, border, and by a very winding
channel, passes over the s, w, part, leaving a
strip of 1 to 8 ms. wide between the latter r,
and Ten, r. Surface raostly level, and soil
productive, Cf, ts, Eddyville and Princeton.
Lat, 37°, and long, 10° w, intersect in this co.
Pop. 1820, 9,022, 1830, 8,324.
Caldwell's p-o. Washitau parish. La. by p-r.
201 ms, n, w, N, Orleans.
Caledonia, co, Vt, w. Connecticut r, 700 sq,
ms, is crossed in w, part by the height of lands
on E, range of Green ratns, between which and
Conn, r, is fine country, with Passumpsic r, <fec,
w, of it, forms Onion i, Liraestone, granite,
(fee, abound, and sulphur springs. Cf, and co, t,
Danville. Incorporated 1792, Pop, 1820, 16,-
669, 1830, 20,967,
Caledonia, p-t. Livingston co, N, Y, 31 ras.
w, Canandaigua, 12 n, Genesee, 17 above Ro
chester, w, Genesee r, which is very crooked,
but affords navigation to Erie Canal ; it has ex
cellent wheat land. 2^ ms. by 8. Pop. I,6l8.
Caledonia, p-v. in the s, w, part Moore co.
N, C, 20 ras, sthrd, frora Carthage, the co, seat,
and by p-r, 89 ras, s, w, Raleigh,
Caledonia, p-v, in the w, part Henry co. Ten,
by p-r, 123 ms, a little n. of w, NashvUle,
Caledo.ma, p-v, inthe southern part Jeffer
son CO, Ind, by p-r, 97 ms, s, s, E, Indianopolis,
Caledonia, p-v, in the western part VS'ash-
ington CO, Mo,, 15 ms. wstrd. Potosi, the st.jus.

Calhoun, co of II, coraprising the point be
tween the Mississippi proper and lUinois rs,
bndd, by 11, r,, separating it from Greene co, e,,
and the Misp, r,, separaUng it from St, Charles
CO, Mo, s., Lincoln co. Mo, w,, and Pike co.
Mo, N, Length nearly parallel to both the
bounding rs, 40 ras,, mean breadth 6 ras,, and
area 240 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 38°
52' to 39° 38', long, from 13° 26' to 13° 52' w,
W, C . Cf t, Gilead, Pop, 1830, 1,090.
Calhounco, Mich, bndd, by Jackson e., Hills
dale s, E,, Branch s, and s, w., Kalamazoo w,,
Barry n, w,, and Eaton, n, e. Length from e,
to w, 30 nis. breadth 2J, and area 720 sq, ma,
N, lat. 42° 15', and long, 8° w, W, C, interaect
in this CO. Slope wstwrd., sthrn. part drained
by branches of St, Joseph's r, of lake Mich,,
and the nthrn, by the Kalamazoo r. The cen
tral part is about 110 ma, w, Detroit. Pop. un
certain. Calhoun, t. Orange co, N, Y, Pop, 1,535,
Calhoun's, p-v, and st, jus, McMinn, co. Ten.
on Hiwassee r, 78 ras, s. w, Knoxville, and by
p-r, 159 ms. s. e, by e, NashviUe,
Calhoun's Mills, and p-o, Abbeville dist.
S, C. by p-r, 136 ms, s, w, Richraond,
Calibogue Sound, an i'llet of S, C, between
Dawfuskee and Hilton Head islands. It opens
a little E.of N, 7 ms, from Savannah r. entrance,
and extending inland is lost in a maze of inter
locking inlets, enclosing the numerous islands
which chequer the ocean border of Beaufort
dist, between broad and Savannah rs.
Calland's p-o. Pittsylvania co, Va, by p-r.
136 ras. b. w, Richmond.
Callaway, co, of Ky, bndd, by Graves w,,
Mc Cracken n,, Tennessee r, separating it from
Caldwell, n, e,, Trigg E,, Stewart co. Ten, s, e,,
and Henry CO, Ten. s. Length 30, mean width
20 and area 600 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from
36° 30' to 36° 50' n,, and in long, from 1 1° 11'
to 11° 35'. The estrn, margin of this co, de
clines N, E, towards Tennessee r, but the body
of it is drained by Clarke's r. flowing n. into
Ohio. Cf t. Wadesborough. Pop. 5,164.
Callaway, co. Mo, bndd, by Boone w,, Au
drain N,, Montgomery E., and by Miser r, sepa
rating it from Gasconnade co, s,, and Cole s, w.
Length frora s, w, to N, E, 38 ms,, mean breadth
14, and area 532 sq, ms. Extending in lat,
from 38° 30' to 39° h, and in long, from 14° 36'
to 15° 10'. This CO, occupies a part of the
nrthrn, inclined plain of Miser, and as delineated
by Tanner, the 39th degree of n, lat, which
separates it frora Audrain, extends between the
two cos, very nearly along the dividing ridge
frora which issue the extreme sthrn. sources of
Salt r, and those of creeks flowing sthrd, into
Miser r. The body ofthe co, lies about 90 ms,
a little N, of ^^^ St. Louis, and opposite the en
trance of Osage r, into Miser r. Cf t, Fulton,
Pop, 6,159, but this aggregate included the pop.
of the area now in Audrain, co.
Calaway's Mill, and p-o. Franklin co. Va.
by p-r, 190 ms, s, w, by w, Richmond,
Callinsburg, p-v, Arrastrong co. Pa, by p-r,
248 ras, wstrd. Harrisburg.
Calumick, called relatively. East Calumick
and West Calumick, two small but remarkable
streams. East Calumick rises in LaPorte co.

CAM 76
Ind, from whence flowing w. it is discharged
into the extreme sthrn, part of lake Mich, after
a course of about 30 ms. West Calumick is a
raore extensive streara than its relative. Rising
in Ind, and flowing n, westwardly about 40 ms,
enters II, where inflecting to a nrthrn, course 20
ras, faUs into the s. wstrn. angle of lake Mich,
The whole country to the sthrd, of and adjacent
to lake Mich, is with but little exception an ira
mense level with a very slight inclination to
wards the lake. From this plain oozes rather
than flows the water in any direction, and from
it originates the sources of Tippecanoe br, of
Wabash, Kankakee br, of Illinois r,, and the
two Caluraicks and other small strearas enter
ing the sthrn, extreme of lake Mich.
Calvert co, Md, bndd, n, by Ann Arundel
CO,, e, by Chesapeake bay, and s. s, w, and w,
by Patuxent r. which separates it from St, Ma
ry's, Charles, and Prince George's cos. Length
33 ras., raean width 8, and area 264 sq. ms.
Rolling surface, rather than level or hilly. For
lat, and long, see article Prince Fredericktown,
the st, jus. Pop, 1820, 8,073, 1830, 8,900.
Calvert, p-o, Franklin co, Ky,
Cambria, p-t, Niagara co, N, Y, 7 ras, n, w,
Lockport, 13 E, Lewiston v. is crossed e, and av,
by the mtn, ridge, and Erie canal, with small
streams of Howell's, Cayuga, and 18 m, ers.
The sod is pretty good, ill watered, and greatly
diversified, Lockport, a very iraportant v, is in
this t, (See Lockport,) Pop, 1,712.
Cambria co. Pa, bndd, e, by the Alleghany
chain which separates it frora Bedford and
Huntingdon, h, by Clearfield, w, by Laurel Hill,
separating it frora Ind, and Westraoreland, and
-s. by Somerset, Length from s, to n. 36 ras,,
mean breadth between the two chains of mtns,
20 ras,, and area 720 sq, ms, Cambria occupies
part of the elevated mountain valley, frora
which the strearas flow, like radii frora a com
mon centre. The sthrn, part is drained by nu
merous creeks of Conemaugh r, whilst the
nrthrn, section gives source to the extreme
heads ofthe w, branch of Susquehannah. By
the surveys raade on the route of the Pennsyl
vania canal, it appears that Johnstown, at the
forks of Coneraaughin this co, is elevated 1154
ft, above the tide water in Delaware i, Thia
pointis at least 150 ft, below the comraon level
ofthe county, which raay be assumed at 13u0 ft.
The surface of the co, is hilly, rocky, and in
part raountainous, with a soil of raiddling quali
ty. In lat. it extends from 40° 15' to 40° 40',
and in lonsf. from 1° 22' to 2° w, W, C, Pop,
1820, 3,28"7, in 1830, 7,076, The canal and
railway route, designated the Pa, canal passes
over the sthrn, part of Cambria,
Cambridge, p-t, FrankUn co, Vt, 30 ras. n, w,
MontpeUer, 22 n, e, Burlington, 28,533 acres,
first settled 1783, Lamoille r. runs l2ras, in
it, with branches and raill sites. It is uneven,
but fertUe, with 3 villages. Pop, 1,613,
Cambridge, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 3 ms.
N, w, Boston, was first settled 1631, It has
3 principal divisions ; Cambridge, containing
the university, an arsenal, and several churches,
is pleasantly situated on a beautiful plain, ex.
tending from Charles r. It is a handsome vil.
iage, and contains the residences of several of-

CAM

ficers of the university, Cambridge port, p.v,
is a village of considerable business, containing
several churches, connected by w, Boston bridge
with the city ; and East Cambridge, p.v, on
Lechmere point, is also a flourishmg viUage,
where are various manufactories, araong them
the largest of glass in the U, S., a court house,
jail, and 4 churches. This point is connected
with Boston by Craigie's bridge. Harvard Uni.
veraity, the oldest institution of the kind m the
U, S, was founded in 1638, and derives its name
from Rev, John Harvard, who made the first
large donation to it. It was designed to be a
nursery for the churches. The buildings are
University Hall, an elegant granite edifice, 140
ft, by 50, and 42 high ; Massachusetts, HolUs,
Harvard, Stoughton, and Holworthy Halls ;
Holden Chapel, of brick, containing a chemical
laboratory, anatomical rauseum, and other lee.
ture rooms, and Divinity HaU, a commodious
building, appropriated to theological students.
The library isthe largest in theU. S, containing
40,000 volumes, exclusive of that for the stu
dents, of 4,600, The library of tbe college is
very valuable, containing a very coraplete col.
lection on American history and its subjects ; the
number of raaps and charts exceeds 13,000,
There is also a raineralogical cabinet, and a
botanic garden of 8 acres. Connected with the
University are also a law and raedical schools,
(the latter located in Boston,) and a theological
seminary. By large 'donations from the state,
and individuals also, this institution is more rich
ly endowed than any other in the U, S, Its in
come is between $40,000 and $50,000 (about
half from tuition) and the expenditure is about
tbe sarae : the personal property of the college
is over $300,600, Several professorships have
thus been established. The president's house
and the medical coUege in Boston, containing a
Ubrary of about 5,000 vols, belong to the institu
tion. Presidents, as inducted : Dunster, 1640.
Chauncey, '54, Hoar, '72, Oaks, '75, Rogers, '8%
Mather, '85, WiUard, 1701, Leverett, '08!
Wadsworth, '25, Holyoke, '37, Locke, '70,
Langdon, '74, WiUard, '81, Webber, 1806, Kirk
land, '10, and Quincy, 1828. Nuraber of in.
structers, 1833, 24 ; total alumni, 5,685 ; under.
graduates, 1832-3, 210 ; raedical students, 82
law, 31, Coraraencement is on the last Wednes
day in August,
The first printing press in America was loca
ted here, and was used by Stephen Day, who
printed " The Freeman's Oath." The American
army encaraped here in 1776, during the siege
of Boston, and sorae of their entrencbmenls re.
raain. On Copp's hill ig a monument bearing
date 1625, Pop, 6,072,
Cambridge, Washington co. N. Y, 12 mg, s,
Salem, 35 n, e. Albany, It is in part, hUly, has
good farms, on a warm deep gravel. Streams,
White creek, with a few mill seats. Pop. 2,319.
Cambridge, p-v, and st, jus, Dorchester co,
Md, on s, side of Choptank bay, about 12 ms,
above its mouth, 36 ras, s. E, AnnapoUs in a
direct line, but by p-r, 53,
Cambridge, p-v, in tbe e, part of AbbeviUe
dist, S, C. by p-r. 81 ms, a little n. of w, Colum.
bia. Population 1820, about 350.
Cambridge, p.v. and st. jus, Guernsey co.

CAM

77

CAM

0. on Wilts creek, 53 ms. w. Wheeling, and by
p-r. 83 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. Pop,
518, Camden, p-t, Waldo co. Me, 12 ms, n, e, Tho
maston, 59 s. E, Augusta, on Penobscot bay.
Pop, 2,200.
Camden, p-t. Oneida co, N, Y, 20, ms, n, w,
Rome, 6 ms, by 12, has many mill sites on Fish
cr,, is uneven, with a fertile sandy loam, good
for grain, bearing beech, maple, bass and hem
lock, Caraden and Taberg iron works are vil-
lageg. Pop, 1,945,
Camden, p-v, Newton, Gloucester co, N, J,, e,
Delaware r, opposite Philadelphia, with a ferry.
Here coraraences the Camden and Amboy rail
road, designed to transport travellers and mer
chandize between New York and Philadelphia,
{See Rail Roads and Canals.)
Camden, co. of N, C, bndd, by Nansemond
and Norfolk cos, Va, i-,., by Currituck co, N, C.
K, E,, Alberaarle sound s., and Pasquotank r,
and CO, w. Greatest length frora s, e, to n, w,
38 ras, ; raean breadth 6, and area 228 sq, ms, ;
N. lat, 36° 15', long. 38' e. W, C, Surface
level, and in part marshy. Pop, 1820, 6,305,
1830, 6,733,
Camden, C. H, and p-o. Caraden co, N, C, by
p-r, 199 ras, n, e, by e, Raleigh.
Camden, p-v. in the estrn, part of Kent co.
Del, by p-r, 3 ms, from Dover, and 117 a little
n, of e, W, C.
Camden, p-t, and st, jus, Kershaw dist, S, C,
near the left bank of Wateree i, 31 ms, n, e,
Columbia, and 123 ms, w, n. w, Charleston,
Wateree r, is thus far navigable for boats of 70
tons, which gives to Caraden considerable trade.
Pop, 1820, about 1,000, It contains an acade
my, and several places of public worship,
Camden, s, estrn, co, of Geo, bndd, by St.
Mary's r, s, and s, w,, Warren co, w,, Wayne
CO, n, w,, Scilla r, or Glynn n, e, and the Atlan
tic E,, without including a long narrow strip in
the s, wstrn, part of this co, and in the great
bend of St, Mary's r, ; the body is a parallelo
gram of 35 by 25, and the whole area about
1,000 sq, rag, Lat, frora 30° 21', to 31° 10',
and long, frora 4° 36', to 5° 24', The surface
is in great part a plain, with Cumberland isl,
stretching along nearly its whole front. The
SantiUa r, enters it from Wayne's co, and flow
ing s, 20 ms,, turns abruptly e,, pursues the lat
ter course 30 ras, into St, Andrew's sound. The
r. St, Mary's affords the deepest entrance on
the Atlantic coast of U, S, s, of Chesapeake
bay, a depth suflicient for ships of war of the
first class. Cf ts, St, Mary's and Jefferson,
Pop, 1820, 3,402, in 1830, 4,578.
Camel's Back, or Hump, mtn, Huntington,
Chittenden co, Vt, one of the highest of the
Green ratns, 4,188 ft. above tide, 3,960 above
MontpeUer state house, 17 ras, w, Montp,, 25
N, E, Middlebury, 20 s, e. Burlington. It affords
a fine view, and is seen frora lake Charaplain,
Camero.v, t, Steuben co, N, Y, 8 ms, b, of
Bath, watered by Canisteo and Conhocton ers,
has broken land, with some alluvion, and pine,
hemlock, maple, beech, cfcc. Pop, 1830, 924.
CiMiLLUS, p.t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 ms.
.N. w. Onondaga, 160 w. Albany, is supplied by
Seneca r. with navigation and mill seats, and 11

has 3 villages, CamiUus on Otisco cr., Elbridge
on Skeneateles cr. and Jodan on Erie canal,
which crosses the town. There are remains
of two large works, supposed to be ancient for.
tifications, 4 ms. from Seneca i. ; one is of 3
acres on a hill, with a ditch and earth wall, with
gate ways. There is also a well. Gypsum is
found on Otisco cr. Pop, 2,518,
Campbell, co, of Va. bndd. by Stanton and
Roanoke rs, s, separating it from Halifax and
Pittsylvania cos,, by Bedford w,, James r,, N,,
separating it frora Amherst, by Buckingham
N, E,, and by Prince Edward and Charlotte e.
Campbell is a rude advance to a sq. of 24 ras.
each side, with an area of 576 sq. ms,, extend
ing in lat, from 37° to 37° 26', and in long, from
1° 46' to 2° 22' w, frora W, C, Surface much
broken, but soil productive in grain, fruits, to
bacco, pasturage, (fee. Cf. t, Lynchburg. Pop.
1820, 16,570; 1830, 20,350, including the t. of
Lynchburg. Both the bounding rivers of thia
CO. are navigable for boats far above its liraits,
affording an opening by water to Chesapeake
bay and Albemarle sound.
Campbell, co, Geo, bndd, e. and n, e, by De
Kalb, s, by La Fayette and Coweta, a, w, by
CarroU, and N, w, by Chattahooche r. Length
30, mean breadth 10 ; area 300 sq, ras. Extend
ing in lat, from 33° 37' to 33° 56', and in long.
from 7° 30' to 7° 53', The southem, a paral
lelogram from E. to w. and the northern stretch
ing a triangle up the Chattahooche, General
slope s, wstrd, towards Coweta and Carroll cos.
Pop, 3,323.
Campbell, c. h, and p o,, Carapbell co, Va.
11 ras, s, s, E, Lynchburg,
Campbell, co. Tenn. bndd. by Claiborne n.
E,, Clinch r, separating it frora Anderson s, e,,
by the northern part of Anderson s., Morgan
s, w,. South Fork of Cumberland r, separating
it from Fentress w,, and Wayne co, Ky, N, w,,
and Whitley co, Ky, n. Length 48, raean
breadth 16, and area 768 sq. ras. Extending in
lat, frora 36° 14' to 36° 35' n, and in long, from
6° 42' to 7° 35' w. of W, C, Cumberiand mtn,
divides this co, into two unequal sections, tra.
versing it from n, e. to a, w. The sraaller por.
tion lying s, e, ofthe Cumberland chain is tra.
versed by Powell's, and bndd. by Clinch r. with
a slope to the sthwstd. The much larger sec
tion lies to the N, w, of Cumberland chain with
a general wstrn, declivity, and drained by the
higher branches of the Sth, Fork of Curaber
land r. The surface is broken and in part
mountainoug. Chief town, Jacksboro,' Pop.
5,110, Campbell, co, of Ky, bndd, by Ohio r, which
separates it from Hamilton co. 0. on the n,, and
Clermont co, 0, on the e,, b, by Pendleton, and
w, by Boone cos, Ky, Length 20, mean width
12, and area 240 sq, ras. Extending in lat, frora
38° 49' to 39° 07', and in long, from 7° 12' to 7°
32' w, frora W, C. Sirailar to other cos, of Ky.
near 0, r, the features of Campbell are hilly,
but soil fertile ; placed directly opposite Cin
cinnati, and traversed in its greatest length by
Licking r,, it is well situated for trade and com
merce. Though bordering on Ohio along two
sides, the body of the co, is in the valley of
Licking, and slopes with the course of that

CAN 78
stream to the s, s, w, Cf ts, Newport and Co
vington, Pop, 1820, 9,022 ; 1830, 9,883,
Campbell's Mills, and p-o, in the wstrn, part
of Abbeville dist, S, C, 8 ms, from AbbeviUe
Court House, and by p-r, 108 ras, wstrd. Co
lurabia. Campbell's Station, and p-o. in the s. w.
part of Knox co. Ten, on the road from Knox
viUe to Nashville, 14 ms, wstrd, from the for
mer, and 184 ms. a little s. of e. from the latter
place, Campbellsville, p-v, Giles co. Ten,, by p-r,
66 ms, a little w, of s, from Nashville,
Campbellsville, p-v. in the n, e. part of
Greene co, Ky, 12 ras. b, e, Greenburg, the st,
jus, for the co, and by p-r, 78 ms. s, s, w. frora
Frankfort, Pop, 122,
Campeellton, p-v, and st, jus, Carapbell co,
Geo, situated on Chattahooche r, by p-r, 134
ms, N. w, by w, from MilledgevUle,
Campbellton, p-v, in the wstrn, part of Jack
son CO, Flor, by p-r, 96 ms, wstrd, Tallahasse,
Campbelltown, p-v, in the s, w. part of Leba
non CO, Pa, 15 ras, e, Harrisburg.
Camp Creek, and p-o, Livingston co, Ky,
Campti, p-o. In the nthm. part of Natchito
ches parish. La, by p-r, 7 ms, nrthd, from the
village of Natchitoches,
Campton, p-t, Grafton co. N, H, 27,892 acres,
50 ms. n, n, w. Concord, 75 n, w, Portsmouth,
is uneven, with mtns, and rocks. It bas Perai
gewasset and its branches, Mad and Beebee rs,,
also W, Branch r, and Bog Branch, There is
good soil in the vaUies, white oak, pitch pine,
iron ore, and raany orchards. First settled 1765,
Pop, 1,314,
Camptown, p-v. Orange, Essex co, N, J,
Canaan, p-t, Soraerset co. Me. 10 ms. e,
Norridgewock, 34 n, by e. Augusta, E, Kenne
bec r,, bordering on Kennebec co. Pop.
1,076. Canaan, p-t, Grafton co. N. H. 40 ms. n, w.
Concord, 16 e, Dartmouth coUege, on the high
land between Conn, and Merriraack rs. It hag
geveralpondg and small streams. Heart pond,
on high ground, has formed a low bank of earth
nearly round its circumference, by the raotion
of the ice in breaking up in the spring. The
soil is pretty good, yielding grain, flax, &c.
First setried 1766 or 7, Pop, 1,428,
Canaan, p-t, Essex co, Vt, Pop, 373,
Canaan, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn. 16 ms. n. n,
w, Litchfield, 41 n, w, Hartford, s. Mass,, e,
Ousatonick r,, 6 nis, by 9, with 50 sq, ms, is on
granite mtns, with fine vallies. Lime stone is
quarried, iron ore is mined, and there are sev
eral forges, c&c. The soil and timber are vari
ous. Branches of Ousatonick r. give many
miU seats. Pop. 2,301.
Canaan, p t. Columbia co. N. Y, 24 ms, s, e,
Albany, 22 n, e Hudson, has WiUiamstown
mtns, E, with hills and vallies s, w. Gypsum
has done much for the soil, much of which is
very good. It has generaUy pure water, some
bog iron; Whitney's pond and^ outlet, Klein kill,
&c. and a bed of marl. Pop, 2,064,
Canaan, p-v, and tsp, in the northern part of
Wayne co. 0, The p-o. by p-r, 97 ras, n. n, e,
from Columbus, and 358 ms, n, w. by w. from
W, C, Pop, oftsp, 1830, 1,030,

CAN
Canada, cr., e,, runs 30 ms, into the Mohawk,
9 ms, below Little FaUs,
( ANADA, cr,, w,, the largest branch of Mohawk
r. 60 ms, long, rises near the head waters of
Black r, and enters at the German Flats, fi ma.
above Little Falls. The numerous rapida and
cascades make this a beautiful streara, with its
lofty banks of dark liraestone rock, full of ma.
rine petrifactions. It is an important point in
tbe tour of travellers through the state. Two
unfortunate visiters have been drowned here
within 4 or 5 years. There is a public bouse
near, and pains have been taken lo make the dif
ficult passes accessible. Utica is the proper
place to proceed from, to pay a visit to this in.
teresting vicinity.
Canada, cr., Oneida co. N. Y. 10 or 12 ms,
long, N, brancb. Wood cr,
Canadaway, cr,, N, Y. 15 ms. long, with
many falls. Formerly there was a portage of
6 ms. between this and the Cordaga waters, to
Alleghany r.
Canadian r. {See Arkansas r.)
Canajoharie, p.t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s.
Mohawk r. at Bowman's cr. The N. Y. Cen.
tral asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is on the
cr. 6 ms. s, of the canal, and 7 N, Cherry Val
ley, The buUding is of brick, and fhere are two
boarding houses for the male and feraale pupils,
at $80 a year, 15 ms, s, w, Johnstown, 69 w.
Albany, The ground is uneven, the crop chief
ly wheat, and there are mill seats on Canajo.
harie and Plattekill ers, (fee. The people are
German. The Nose (a hiU,) has a large cave.
A raU road is projected to CatskiU, 75 ms. Pop.
4,348. Canal, Dover, p.v. in the northern part of
1 uscarawas co. 0. by p.r. 110 ms, n, e, by e,
Columbus, Canal, Fulton, p-v. in the northwest part of
Stark CO. O. byp.r, 117ms, n, e, Columbus,
Canandaigua, lake, Ontario co, N, Y. 14 ms.
N. and s. and about 1 m. wide, empties by an
outlet N. into Seneca r. The land is handsomely
varied on the shores, in some parts high, and
near the head well cultivated.
Canandaigua, cr, or outlet, Ontario co. N, Y,
flows from the bottora of Canandaigua lake to
Seneca r, which it enters in Wayne co, 50 ms,
long, after receiving Mud and Flint ers, (fee.
It is navigable from Seneca r. to the block house
in Clyde, 12 ras.
Canadaigua, p-t, and cap, Ontario co. N. Y.
108 ms. E, Niagara faUs, 208 ms, w, Albany,
88 E, Buffalo, on the great road to Buffulo, 6
ms. by 12, contains 8 ras. of the n. part of Ca.
nandaigua lake, and part of the outlet, and has
fine hills and vaUies, with good soU and much
wealth. First setUed 1790. The viUage or
borough is large, and has a number of fine
houses, stores, churches, county buildings, a
bank, (fee, on a strait, broad street, 1 mile long,
on the ascent and summit of a high, gentle hiU,
gradually rising from the n, end of the lake.
There is a flourishing feraale serainary, where
sorae of the higher branches are taught, in
which are about 100 pupUs. There is also an
academy with a department for the instruction
of school teachers, from Aug. Sth, 6 weeks.
Pop, 5,162.

CAN

79

CAN

Canasauga, p-v, near Hiwassee r, in Amoi
dist, of that part of the Cherokee territory ad
jacent to McMinn co. Ten, by p-r, 186 ms, n, e,
by E. Naghville.
Canaseraga, cr, N, Y. a branch of Chittenin-
go cr. Another is a branch of Genesee r, which
it enters 3 ras. n. Geneseo.
Ca>averal, (See Cannaveral.^
Candia, p-t, Rockingham co N, H, 16 ms,
B. E. Concord, 4 ras. by 6, with 15,360 acres, has
a hard but well cultivated soil, and a high situa
tion, in view of White HUls, and the lights on
Plum Island on the coast. It is very healthy.
First setUed 1748, Pop, 1,360,
Candice, t, Ontario co, N, Y, Pop, 1,386,
Candor, p-t, Tioga co, N, Y, 8 ms, n, Owe
go ; has streams of Owego, Pipe, and Mud ers,
with mill sites. First settled 1796 ; has pretty
good land. Pop. 2,653.
Caneadea, p-t. AUeghany co, N. Y, 6 ms, b,
w. Angelica, 6 ras. by 12, is supplied with a
few miU seats. Genesee r, is in n, e. The
soil is pretty good, and bog iron ore is found.
Pop, 780,
Cane Creek, p-o, Chatham co, N, C, by p-r,
52 ms, w, Raleigh,
Cane Creek, p-o, in the northwestern part of
Lincoln co. Ten, 62 ms, s, Nashville, and 721
ms, s. w, by w, W, C,
Cane Hill, p-o, Washington co. Ark, by p-r,
20J ms, N, w. Little Rock,
Canestola, p-v, Lenox, Madison co, N, Y.
on Erie canal, 25 ms. w, Utica, was a wilder
ness, 1819,
Canesus, t, Livingston co, N, Y, Pop, 1,690,
Canesus, lake, Livingston co, N, Y. 9 ms, by
1 and 1^, 6 ras, e, Genesee i, into whicb it
erapties, in .A.von, by an oiltlet of nine miles,
Caney Spring, p-o. Bedford co. Ten. s, b, e,
NashviUe, Canfield, p-v, and tsp, in the southern part
of Trumbull co. 0, 18 ms, sthrd, from Warren,
the CO, seat, and by p.r, 156 n, e, by e, Co
lumbus, Pop, tsp. 1,249.
Canisteo, t, Steuben co. N, Y, 18 ms, s, w,
Bath, 260 w, Albany ; has Canisteo r, which is
boatable, with rich flats for grass and grain.
Pop, 620,
Cannaveral, Cape of Flor, on the Atlantic,
being tbe salient point of a long, narrow, and
low sandy island between Indian r, and the
ocean. On Tanner's U, S, it ia placed at n,
lat, 28° 18 , and at long, 3° 23' w W, C,
Cannonsburg, borough and p-v. Washington
CO. Pa, on the road from the borough of Wash
ington, the CO, seat to Pittsburg, 7 ms, a little
E, ofN, from the former, and 18 s. w. frora the
latter, by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg,
and 236 n. w, from W, C, It is situated on
Chartiers cr. and on a rather bold accUvity
from the valley. Here is located Jefferson col
lege, which was incorporated in 1802. The
faculty consists of a president and 5 professors
— beside which there are 2 teachers. Tbe
halls for the accommodation of the literary so
cieties are commodious and tasteful. The
.college expenses amount to $25 pr. ann. whicli
includes tuition ; the students board in private
famUies. " An Atheneum is connected with
the college, in which the choicest religious.

literary and scientific publications are receiv
ed ;" and in the student's library are " multipli-
plied copies ofall the class books required in
the course of study," A farra connected with
the college, will, as soon as the necessary
buildings are erected, enable 50 students to
nearly support themselves by two hours daily
labor. A lyceum contains a respectable cabi
net of rainerals and collections in natural histo.
ry, and Indian antiquities. The library of the
college contains 1000, and the students', 2,400
vols. Nuraber of alurani, (1833) 404; under
graduates, 1832-3. 155; raedical students, 100.
Coraraencement, last Thursday in Sept. The
Medical school is located in Philadelphia. Pop.
ofthe borough, 1830, 67 J. 1 at. 40° 17', and
long, 3° 18' w, W, C,
Cannon's Ferry and p-o, in the s, w, part of
Sussex CO, Del, 23 ms, s, w. by w. George
town, the st. jus, for the co.
Cannon sviLLE, p-v. Del, co, N, Y, 94 ma.
s. w. Albany.
Cannouche, r. of Geo. the western and larg.
est confluent of Great Ogeechee ; rises in
Emanual co, and flowing s. e, falls into Great
Ogeechee in Bryan co, about 12 ms, s, w, from
the city of Savannah, The valley of Cannou.
che lies between those of Ogeechee and Alta.
maha. Length 90, raean breadth 10, and area
900 sq, ras.
Canoe, cr,, and p-o, in the n, w, part of Hunt
ingdon CO, Pa, by p-r, 20 ras, wstrd, from tho
borough of Huntingdon,
Canoniout, isl, Narraganset bay, R, I.
Canterbury, p-t, Merrimack co, N, H, 8
ms, N, Concord, e. Merrimack r, uneven, with
grass, sraall raill strearas, and 2 bridges over
Merrimack r. Contains 26,345 acres. Shaker's
village s, e, has good gardens, and some raan.
ufactures. Pop, 1,663,
Canterbury, p-t. Windhara co. Conn. 40 ras,
E. Hartford, 12 n, Norwich, 4.J ms. by 8, 36 sq,
ms, is uneven, with rich gravelly loam, yielding
rye, maize, oats, (fee, Quinebaug r, enriches
its banks by spring floods ; yields shad, and
affords valuable raill sites, Bates's pond is
stocked with fish. Pop, 1,881,
Canterbury, p-v. on the head of Mother
Kill creek, Kent co. Del. by p-r. 8 ms. a little
w, of s. Dover.
Canton, p-t, Oxford oo. Me. 32 ms, from
Augusta, Pop, 746,
Canton, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass, 14 ras. s.
Boston, flat, 230 ft, above tide, with little arable
land ; 2 ponds give rise to two branches of Ne-
ponset r. Steep Brook cotton factory here, waa
incorporated 1815 ; cap, $50,000. Population,
1,515, Canton, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 15 ms. n. w.
Hartford, 4 ms. by 8 ; 19,000 acres. The soU
is graveUy, chiefly yielding oak, grass, rye,
corn, oats, and fine orchards, and ia crossed by
Farmington r. Pop. 1,437, including CoUms.
ville, which see.
Canton, p.t. St, Lawrence co, N. Y. Pop,
2,440. Canton, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 137 ms.
nrthd. from Harrisburg.
Canton, p.v. and st. jus. Wilcox co. Ala.
situated on the left bank of Ala, r, by p-r. 113

CAP

80

CAR

ma, a Uttle e. of s, Tuscaloosa, and by the
coramon road, 120 ma. n, n, e. Mobile,
Canton, p-v, in the sthrn, part of Trigg co,
Ky. by p-r. 9 ras, sthrdly, frora Cadiz, the st,
jus, for the co. and 235 s, w, by w, from
Frankfort. Canton, p.v. and st. jus. Stark co. Ohio, sit.
uated on Nemishillen cr, a branch of Tuscara
was r, by p-r, 116 ms, n, e, Columbus, and
about 60 ms, a little e, of s, Cleaveland, Pop,
1,257, This is one of the finest towns of in
terior 0, There are three or four fine bridges
over the NeraishiUen in the vicinity ; and the
adjacent country is well cultivated and populous.
Cantonment Gibson, p-o. as laid down on
Tanner's map of the U, S. is situated on the
left bank of Ark. i. on the point below the
mouth of Grand r. n. lat. 35° 47'. long, 18° 9'
w, from W, C, In the p-o, list it is stated to be
208 ms, frora Little Rock, and 1,359 ms, s, w,
by w, W, C,
Cantonment Jessup, railitary station and p-o,
in the n, w, part of Louisiana, and on Sabine r.
N, lat, 31° 30', long, 16° 42' w, from W. C, and
by p-r, 379 ms. n, w, from New Orleans and
1,353 ms, s, w,W, C.
Cantonment Leavensworth, on the Mis
souri r. Clay co. Mo. by p-r, 354 ms, above,
and a little n, of w. St, Louis, 220 from Jef
ferson City, and 1,172 ms, wstrd. W, C.
Cantwell's Bridge, and p-o, on the Ap
poquiniraink creek in the southwestern part of
New Castle co, Del, by p-r, 24 ms, n, n, e,
Dover, Cape Cod, a peninsula forraing part of Barn
stable CO. Mass. s. side Massachusetts bay, is
in shape like a man's arm bent inwards at the
wrist and elbow. Length 60 ms, varying from
1 to 20 ms, in width, A large proportion is
sandy and barren, yet partly populated. The
men are employed at sea, and the boys are put
on board the fishing boats. More than half the
pop, are sailors, or some part of whose lives
have been spent at sea. Violent e. winds are
gradually wearing it away. Long, 70° 14', w.
lat. 42° 4'.
Cape Elizabeth, t, Cumberland co. Me, 6 ms,
B. w. Pordand, Pop, 1830, 1,696.
Cape Fear, a remarkable point of N. C.
between Long bay and Onslow bay. The terra
is extended to the whole cape near the raouth of
Cape Fear r. but correctly Cape Fear is the ex
trerae southem point of Smith's Isle, and on
Tanner's U, S, map, is laid down at n, lat, 33°
55' and 1° 02'w, W. C,
Cape Fear, r, of N. C. rising between the
Yadkin and Dan rivers, in Stoke, Rockinghara,
and GuUford cos. flows thence 200 ras. in a s. e.
direction, receiving numerous sraaUer tributa
ries and is lost in the Atlantic ocean, by two
mouths, one on each side of Smith's island.
The basin of cape Fear r. is 200 by 40 ms.
mean width, 800 sq, ms, between lat, 34° and
36° 2', and in long, between 1° 30', and 2° 18',
w. W. C.
Cafe Girardeau, co, of Mo, bndd, by Scott
CO. s, e,, Stoddard s,, Wayne s, w,, Madison w..
Perry n,, and the Misp, r, separating it from
Union and Alexander cos, of II, e. Length e, to
w. 38 ma, mean breadth 30, and area 1,140 sq.

ms. Extending in lat, from 37° 11', to 37° 36'
N, and in long, from 12° 30', to 13° 10', west
from W, C, Though bordered onthe e, bythe
Misp. r. the greatest part of the surface of this
CO. is drained to the southward by the sources
of White water or eastern branch of St. Francis
r. Cf t. Jackson.
Cape Henry, opposite and bearing a little w.
of s, frora cape Charles, is the southeast point
of the mouth of Chesapeake bay ; on Tanner's
U. S, cape Henry is laid down at lat, 36° 56',
and in long, 1° 02' e. W, C.
Cape May, co, N, J, bndd, by Gloucester co,
N,, Atlantic e, and s,, Delaware bay and Cum
berland CO, w. It forms the south point of the
state, terminating in cape May, the n, cape of
Delaware bay, on which is a light house. The
east coast is lined by sand beaches, dangerous
to navigation. Within it is a stretch of marshy
lands, with ponds, inlets and ers. It contains 4
townships. Pop. 4,936.
Cape Neddock, York co. Me. 95 ras. b. s. w.
Augusta, a rocky, barren, head land, stretching
into the Atlantic from a hard and alraost unin
habited shore. A few huts shelter a small
number of fishermen. It is called in derision
the city of Cape Neddock.
Capeville, p-v. Eastern shore, Va. North.
ampton co. near cape Charles, 176 ms. from
Richmond, Cape Vincent, p.v. Lyme, Jefferson co, N.
Y. at the foot of lake Ontario, 21 ras. from
BrownviUe, 8 from Kingston. It is on abroad
gravelly point, between St. Lawrence r. and
Chaumont bay, with Grenadier and Fox isles off
the extremity. The St. Lawrence is here fer.
ried by steam.
Captain's Islands', Conn. In Long Island
Sound off Horse Neck. On one of them is a
light house,
Captina, p-v, on Captina cr, b, w. part Bel.
mont CO. Ohio, 20 ms. s. w. Wheeling,
Carbondale, a very flourishing village on
Lackawana cr, at the western base of Moosic
mtn, on the n, e, margin of Luzeme co. Pa. 35
ms.N, E. Wilkesbarre, and 130 due N, from Phil.
The site of the viUage is 874 ft. above tide
water. It has (1832) 150 houses and log huts,
stores, inns, cfec, and owes its existence to the
Lackawana coal strata, which here is 26 ft, in
depth. The coal bed is in an area surrounded
by forests, and is opened in about 20 places.
The coal is conveyed by stationary steam en.
gines — first a distance of 4 ms. with an ascent
of 855 ft, and thence over a level of 8,300 ft. to
the head of 3 incUned planes, down which in
cars it proceeds to Honesdale, at the head of
the canal. I'he whole length of the rail road
and planes is 91,000 ft, or about 17J ms. Total
ascent frora Carbondale to Rix's Gap, the
height of land, 855 ft, and total descent thence
to Honesdale 912| ft,
Cardington, p.v. in a. part Marion co. 0, by
p.r, 42 ras, n, Columbus,
Carleton, Isl. and p.v. Jefferson co, N. Y.
in the St, Lawrence, has a good harbor, and
much trade, 10 ms. s. E. Kingston, 30 u.
Sacket's harbor.
Carlinville, p.v. and st. jus. Macaupin co.
II, by p.r. 95 ms, from VandaUa,

CAR

81

CAR

Carlisle, t. Middlesex co. Massachugettg,
20 mg. K. w, Boston, Pop. 566,
Carlisle, p.t, Schoharie co, N, Y. 40 ms. w,
Albany, 8 w, Schoharie, 7 ms. by 8, produces
grass and grain. Limestone, snip, barytes,
white pine, maple, beech, c&c. Pop, 1,748,
Carlisle, p-v, borough and st, jus. Curaber
land CO. Pa. about a raile from tbe right bank
of Conedogwinet r., 18 ms. w. Harrisburg and
by p.r, 103 ras, a little w, of n, frora W, C, n,
lat. 40° 12', and long. 0° 13' w. from W. C,
Cumberland was raade a co, separate from Lan
caster, Jan, 1749-50, and Carlisle made the st,
jus. It is situated on an undulating plain, amid
a very fertile and well cultivated country. The
houses are generally of brick or limestone.
The latter material is easily procured, as the
town rests on a soil incumbent over a raass of
blue limestone. The streets are at right angles,
and the buildings generally commodious. In
1783, a college was established at CarUsle, and
named in honor of Jobn Dickinson, This sem.
inary, after a long period of languishment, was
revived in 1820, by private and legislative dona.
tion, and is now, 1830, in active operation.
Pop, ofthe borough, 3,707.
Carlisle, p.v. and st, jus. Nicholas co. Ky.
56 ms, a little n, of e, Frankfort, and 38 ms, n,
E. Lexington.
Carlisle, p.o. in the s. part of Sullivan co.
Ind. 12 ms, s, e, Merom, the co, st, and by p.r,
115 ms, B, w. Indianopolis.
Carlo, p.v. Hopkins co. Ky. by pr. 172 ms. ».
w, by w, Frankfort.
Carlton, t. Orleans co. N.Y, Pop, 1,168,
Carlton's store, and p o. King and Queen
CO. Va. by p.r, 44 ms, e, Richmond,
Carlyle, p.v, and st, jus, Clinton co, II. on
Kaskaskias r. by p.r. 30 ms. below, and s, s, w,
Vandalia, and 49 e, St, Louis,
Carman's p-o, Harford co, Md, 32 ras, n, e,
Baltimore. Carmel, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 15 ms. w,
Bangor, 71 n. e, Augusta, has ponds and
streams running e, to Penobscot, Pop, 237,
Carmel, p-t. and st. jus. Putnam co. N. Y.
ll ms. E. West Point, contains the county build
ings, is hilly, yields grass and contains Maho-
pack pond, Croton cr. and other ponds emptying
into Peekskill cr. with many mill seats. Pop.
2,379. Carmel, p-o. in the Cherokee nation Geo. by
p-r. 224 ras. from MUledgeviUe.
Carmel Hill, and p-o. Chester dist, S, C. by
p-r. 74 ms, n, Columbus.
Carmi, st. jus. White co. H. situated on a
branch of Little Wabash, 29 ms, a little w, of
N. Shawneetown, on Ohio r., 16 a little s of w.
New Harmony, and by p-r. 94 ms, s, e, Vanda
lia. Lat. 38° 06', long. W, C, 11° 18' w,
Carmichaels, p-o. Greene co. Pa. by p.r. 190
ms. w, Harrisburg.
Carnesville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co.
Geo. by p-r. 110 ms. almost due n. from MU
ledgeviUe. Caroline, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y, 13 ms. s,
E, Utica, 170 w, by s. Albany ; Owego, Six
Mile cr., and a branch of Mud cr. supply mill
seats. Pop. 2,633.
Caroline, co. Md, bounded by Queen Ann

N. and N, w,, by Dorchester co, s,, Rutland and
Sussex cos, Del, e,, and w, by Talbot co, and
Tuckahoe r. Length frora s, to n. 30, mean
breadth 8, and area 240 sq. ms. Surface undu
lating. The main branch of Choptank i, rises
in Kent co, Del,, but fiows s, s, w. into Caroline,
over which it meanders to its junction witb
Tuckahoe. In lat. from 38° 40' to 39° 10' and
long, from 1° 03' to 1° 18' e. Chief town,
Denton, pop, 1820, 10,108; 1830, 9,070,
Caroline,, co, Va, bndd, by Rappahannock
r. which separates it n, from Strafford, and
N, e, from King George, e, by Essex, s, e, by
King and Queen, and King William, b, w, by N.
Aima r, which separates it frora Hanover, and
N, w, by Spottsylvania, It lies very nearly in
form of a parallelograra, 30 ras, from s, w, to
N, E, with a breadth of 20 ras,, area 600 sq, ins.
Extending frora lat, 37° 47' to 38° 16'n, and in
long, Irora 0° 02' to 0° 43' w, W, C. Surface
very rauch broken by hills, with a soil of great
variety ; staples, grain, flour, tobacco, c&c, Cf.
t.. Bowling Green, Pop, 1820, 18,008 ; 1830,
17,760, Carolus, p-v, Vermillion co, II., by p-r, 697
ms, wstrd, from W, C, and 136 ms. n. e. Van
dalia. Carondelet, canal of, extends from Bayou
St. John about 2 ras. By this channel, vessels
drawing 5 ft, water are navigated from lake
Ponchartrain into the city of New Orleans.
Carovdelet, p-v, on the right bank of Mo, r.
6 ms, below St. Louis,
Carpenter's mills, and p-o. Lycoraing co. Pa.
by p-r, 97 ms, northwardly from Harrisburg.
Carritunk, p-v. Soraerset co. Me,
Carroll, p-t, Chatauque co. N, Y, 336 ms.
w. Albany, Pop, 1,015.
Carroll, co. of Geo, bndd, n, e, by Campbell
CO. ; E, and s, e. by Chattahoochee r, which
separates it from Coweta co,, s, by Troup co,,
w, by the state of Ala,, and n. by the Cherokee
nation. Length from s, to n, 40 ras. raean
breadth about 20, and area 800 sq.ras. Extend.
ing from lat. 33° 15' to 33° 52' n, andin long,
from 7° 52' to 8° 30' from W. C, The extreme
sources of both branches of the Talapoosa r.
rise in the Cherokee country, but little distance
above Carroll co, which they enter and traverse
in a s, w, direction. It is a high, dry and bro.
ken country. For down stream vessels, the
Chattahoochee is navigable above CarroU. Cf.
t. Carrolton. Pop, 3,419,
Carroll, co. W. Tennessee, bndd. n, w, by
Weakly ; n, by Henry ; e, by Humphries and
Perry ; s, by Henderson ; s, w, by Madison, and
w, by Gibson, Length from e, to w, 30, breadth
24, and area 960 sq, ms. Extending from lat,
35° 49' to 36° 08' and in long, from 11° 15' to 11°
50' w, W, C, This co, occupies part ofthe ta.
ble land between Ten, and Misp, rs, ; Sandy cr.,
a small branch of the latter, rises in the eastern
part ofthe co,, and flows N. N, E, into Henry,
whilst the central and western partg are drained
by the head brancheg of Ohio r. flowing wgtrd.
towardg the Misp. Cf t. Huntingdon. Pop.
9,397. Carroll, a new co. of Ohio, formed the pres.
ent year, (1833) and taken frora Starke, Colum
biana, Jefferson, Harrison, and Tuscarawas cos.

CAR 82
Carrolton, the st. jus, is 135 ms. N. E. by e. Co. |
lumbus. Carroll, p-v. in the southwestern part of
Washington co, O,, by p-r. 96 ms. s, e, by e.
Columbus. Carrolton, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co, Geo,
situated near the centre of the co, on the s.
Fork of Tallapoosa r,, by p-r, 151 ms, n, w, by
w, from MilledgevUle, n, lat, 33° 35', long. 8°
10' w. from W, C,
Carrolton, p-v, in the n, w, part of I airfield
CO, 0., 20 ras, s, E, Columbus,
Carrolton, p-v, and st, jus. of CarroU co. 0.
1.15 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus.
Carrollton, p-v. and st, jus, Greene co, II,,
by p-r, 106 ms, n, w, by w, Vandalia, and 60
ms, a little w, of n, St, Louis,
Carkollville, p v. Wayne co. Ten,, by p-r.
97 ms. s, w, Nashville,
Carsonville, p-v, Ashe co, N, C, by p-r,
238 ms. N, w, by w, Raleigh,
Carter, extreme eastern co, of Ten, bndd. n,
e, by Washington CO, Va,, e, by Ashe co, N,
C, v/. by Washington co. Ten,, and n. w, by
SuUivan. Length, along the Iron mtn,, which
separates it frora Ashe co, 45 ms,, mean breadth
12 ms,, and area 540 sq, ms. The whole co. is
a raountain vaUey, drained by and coraraensu-
rate with the raain branches of Watauga r,
which flow from this co, nthrdly, into the raid-
die fork of Holston, The surface is raountain
ous and rocky, extending frora N. lat, 36° 05' to
36° 35' and in long, from 4° 40' to 5° 15' w, W,
C. The elevation of this part of Ten. above
the surface of the Atlantic, must be at least
2000 ft, Cf t, Elizabethtown, Pop, 1820, 4,835 ;
1830, 6,414,
Carter's store and p-o, in the southwegtern
part of Prince Edward co, Va. 81 ms, s, w. by
w. Richmond.
Carter's store and p-o. in the s, e, part of
Nicholas CO, Ky, by p-r, 63 ms, e, Frankfort,
Cartersville, p-v, on the right bank of
Jaraes r. Curaberland co, Va,, by p-r, 44 ms,
wstrd. ivichmond.
Carteret co. of N. C, bndd, by Onslow co,
or Whittock r, w., by Jones and Criven n., by
Pamlico sound n. e., and by the Atlantic s. e,,
s, and s, w. Length frora s, s, w, to n, n, e, 60
ms,, mean breadth 10 ms, and area 600 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, frora Cape Lookout 36° 56' n.
and in long, frora 0° 15' w, to 1° e, W, C. It
is a long and sandy, and in part raarshy strip,
with sandy isles or reefs in front. Cf t. Beau
fort. Pop, 1820, 5,609 ; ls30, 6,597,
Carthage, p-t, Oxford co. Me, 46 ms, n, w,
Augusta, Pop, 333,
Carthage, p-v, Wilna, Jefferson co, N, Y,
16 nis. E, Watertown, 160 frora Albany ; con
tains extensive iron works, e. side Long falls,
on Black r,
Carthage, v, Brighton, Monroe co. N. Y.
2} ms. N, Rochester, at Lower falls of Gen-
nesee r, and 5 ms, s, lake Ontario. {See Brigh
ton.) Pop, 333.
Carthage, p-v. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 17 ms.
from Tuscaloosa.
CaKthage, p-v. in the southem part of Camp.
bell CO. Kentucky, by p.r. 79 milea n. e. Frank.
fort.

CAS

Carthage, p.v, in MiU creek tsp. Hamilton
00. O, 7 ras, from Cincinnati.
Carthage, p.v. and st. jus. Moore co. N. C.
55 ms, s, w, by w. Raleigh, and 42 n. w. Fay.
ette ville.
Carthage, p.v. and st. jus. Smith Co. Ten.
situated on the right bank of Cumberland r.
directly opposite the mouth of Cary Fork, 47
ms. a little N. of e. Nashville.
Carver, p-t. Plymouth co\ Mass. 28 ras. s. e.
Boston, 8 E. Plyraouth, is thinly populated, with
642 acres tUlage, 361 raowing and 1939 of
pasturage ; soil not very good. Iron ore is
found and wrought. Pop. 970.
Casco Bay, Curaberland co. Me. between
Capes Elizabeth s. w. and Small Point, 40 miles
apart. It has fine anchorage, and islands,
popularly reported as raany as there are days
in the year. Portland harbor is on the n. w.
corner. Casdaga Lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. con.
nected with Conewango lake by Casdaga r.
which is 40 ras. long.
Casdaga, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 340 ms.
w. Albany.
Casey, co. Ky. bndd. by EstiUe s., by Adair
s. w. and w., Mercer «., Lmcoln, e., and Pu
laski s. e. ; length frora s. to n. 32 ms. mean
breath 14 and area 448 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. from 37° 08', to 37° 35', and in long.
irom 7° 34' to 7° 58'. The slope of this co. is
to the westrd. From the northern section rise
the extrerae sources of Salt r, and from the
southern those of Green r. The surface is
high and broken. Cf t. Liberty. Pop. 4,342.
Cashville, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by
p-r. 110 ma, n, w, Columbia,
Cass co, Geo, a new co. the position and
limita of which are uncertain.
Cass co. Ind. bounded e, by Miami co,, s. w.
by CarroU co., on other sides boundaries un
certain. As laid down in Tanner's improved
raap of the U, S. it is in length 24 ms, frora e.
to w., raean breadth 18 ms,, and area 432 sq.
ras. Lat. 40° 45', long 9° 12' w. W. C. Slope
very neariy due w. The main stream of Wa.
bash receives Eel r. from the right at Logan.
port, the St. jus. of thia co., the village atanding
on the point between the two rivers. Pod
1830, 1,162. ^
Cass co, Mich, bounded by Berrien w., Van
Buren n,, St, Joseph's e,, Elkhart co. Ind. s. E.
and St. Joseph, Ind. s. w. It is very nearly a
square of 24 ms. each way, and area 576 sq. ms.
N. lat. 42°, and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect
very near the centre of this co. It is entirely
drained by tributary streams of St. J seph's r.
of lake Mich, but from the great general sthrn.
curve of that stream, the creeks of Cass co.
flow like radii from the central part of the co.
Chief town, Edwardsburg. Population 1830,
Cassina, lake, one of the highest tributary
reserv()irs of the Mississippi r. It is one of a
congeries of irregular lakes scattered over this
elevated though flat, and u.arshy region. Its
outlet is at n, lat, 47° 38', long. W. C. 18° w.
The outlet of Casaina is discharged into Little
Winnipec, and to the n. e. of both, Tanner hai
placed the following note on his map. " An

CAS

uninterrupted water comraunication between 1
the Great Fork of Rainy lake r. and Little
Winnipec Lake is said to exist at this place."
If the data on wbich the preceding note is
founded are correct, an actual inland and unin.
terrupted water navigation is admitted between
the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay.
Cassville, p.v. on the left bank of Misp, r,
opposite the mouth of Upper loway r, and the
western part of loway co., Huron, or western
Mich. It is situated 27 ms. s, of Prairie du
Chien, by p-r. 1,028 ms, n. w, by w, W, C, and
56 ras. above and N, w. Galena in II,
Castana, p.v. in tbe southern part of Seneca
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 97 ms. northwardly from Co
lumbus. Castile, p-t, Genesee co, N, Y, 30 ms, s. e,
Batavia, has pretty good land, is crossed by
Genesee r, and contains Gardeau Reservation.
Pop. 2,269.
Castine, sea port, p-t. and cap. Hancock co.
Me. 122 ms. e. n, e, Portland, 78 Augusta, ou a
promontory, near tbe head of Penobscot bay,
with a good harbor for large vessels, open at all
seasons. A narrow isthmus might easily be cut
through, and made a powerful fortress, to com
mand the country to St. Croix. Long. 68° 46'
w., lat, 44° 24', Pop. 1,148,
Castlemans, r, a n, e, branch of Youghaghany
r, rises in Alleghany co, Md. and Somerset co.
Pa. the higher branches uniting in the latter,
flows n w, 12 ms, and thence s, w, 25 ras. to its
junction with Youghaghany, the eastern side of
Laurel HiU, It is a real ratn, torrent, having a
fall of upwards of 1000 ft, in a coraparative
course of 60 ms. The vaUey of this stream is
intended as part of the route of the Chesapeake
and Ohio canal.
CasTi.emans, p-o. GaUatin co. Ky. by p-r, 48
ms, N. Frankfort.
Castleton, p-t, Rutland co, Vt, 10 ms, w,
Rutland, 36 sq, ms,, first settled 1769, It is
crossed by Castleton r, which here receives
the waters of lake Bombazine, 8 ras, long,
chiefly in this t,, containing an island. The land
is good, with oak on the hills, and pine in the
vallies, and supplied with mill sites. The Ver
mont Academy of medicine is in Castleton, in
corporated 1818, degrees being received at
Middlebury coUege. There are two buildings,
one of which is 50 ft. by 30, 2 stories high, with
a dissecting room, and rooms for lectures, the
library, chemical laboratory, and anatomical
museura. Five courses of lectures are deliver
ed annually, coraraencing on the first Tuesday
in September. The buUdings are large, and
pleasantly situated. The Rutland co. Gram
mar 'cliool, was incorporated 1805. Population
1,783. Castleton, r. Rutland co. Vt. rises in Pitts-
ford, runs s. and then w. and joins Poultney r.
It is 2i) ms, long,
Castletown, p-t, Richraond co. N. Y. n, e.
corner of Staten isl., s. N. Y. bay, is hilly, with
arable land, high and agreeably varied, but
lately subject to fever and ague. The v. is near
the water, looking E. upon the quaratine ground
and Long isl. and contains the Lazaretto, or
quarantine hospital, a fever hospital, the Sailor's
Snug harbor, and Marine hospital of New York

83 CAT
city. A stearaboat runs to New York 5 or 6
tiraes daily ; distance 5J ras. The t, contains
Clove hills, and others fortified by the BriUsh
in the revolution. Pop, 2,204.
Caswell, co, of N, C, bounded by Person e,,
Orange s,, Rockingham w,, and Pittsylvania co.
of Va, N, It is a square of 20 ras, each side,
extending from lat, 36° 15' to 36° 02 , and in
long, from 2° 11' to 2° 33' w, from W, C, The
slope of this co, is to the n, e, and its waters
flow in that direction into Dan r. whicb stream,
already navigable, winds estrd, along the north.
ern border of the co. The soil is productive
and climate agreeable, Cf, t, Leesburg. Pop.
l;i20, 13,253, 1830, 15,185.
Caswell, c. h., p.o. and st. jus. Caswell co.
N, C, on Lime cr, a branch of Dan r,
Casville, p-v, Iowa co, Mich,
Cataiioola, or Ocatahoola, parish of La.
bounded by the parish of Washitau n. w. and n,,
Tensas r, or the parish of Concordia e,, Cata.
bciocbe r, and lake s., and Little r. w. Length
from s, w, to N. E, 75 ms., raean width 28, and
area 2100 sq. ras. Extending from lat. 31° 29'
to 32° 20' and in long, from 14° 21' to 15° 24'
W. C. The face of this large parish differs
materially in different parts. The Washitau re.
enters it from tbe n. winding over it in a south.
ern direction, and receiving near its centre the
Boeuf, from the n, e. Northward from the
Ocataboola r, and between tho Washitau and
Little rs, the country rises into hills, covered
generally witb pine timber, and watered by
clear, perennial creeks, but soil sterUe, except
in confiaed spots near streams. The entire
eastern part of the parish lies within the over.
flow of the Misp, and except some few strips
along the rivers, or on Sicily island, is liable to
annual inundation. When the soil of the allu
vial part of Ocatahoola is sufficiently elevated
for cultivation, it is very productive. Staples,
cotton, live stock, and lumber. Cf, t, Harrison.
burg. Pop. 1820, 2,287, in 1830, 2,581.
Catahoola, r. and lake of La, The r, rises
in Clairborne, Natchitoches, and Washitau par.
ishes, flows in a general course s. s. e, about 80
ras, to tbe extrerae s, w, angle ofthe [larish of
Ocatahoola, where, at seasons of high water of
the Washitau and Misp, rs,, it expands into a
lake of 18 ms. long, and frora 2 to 5 wide. At
the head of the lake tbe river turns abruptly to
N. E, by E. continues in that direction through the
lake, and again contractini* to a river ot about
80 yards wide, flows 1.) ms, to where it joins
the Washitau to form Black r, Ocatahoola lake
is one of those depressions in the great plain of
La, which operate to forra reservoirs, filled and
emptied annually. The bottom of the lake is
below that of even the common inundated lands,
ahd when the Washitau and Misp. are rising,
receives a surcharge of water bythe channel of
Ocatahoola. The reverse takes place when the
great streams are falling ; then the current fiows
rapidly from the lake, which is finally drained,
and in autumn and early winter, becomes a
vast raeadow covered with herbage, with the
river meandering over its surface. Similar fea.
tures are presented by Black lake, Natchito.
ches lake, Spanish lake, Bristineau, Bodcau,

CAT

84

CAY

Cataraugus co, N, Y, bndd. by Cataraugus
cr. N,, or Erie and Genesee cos,, Alleghany co,
E,, Pennsylvania s,, Chatauque co, w,, about 34
by 38 ras, 1,292 sq, ms,, has Alleghany r, wind
ing through s, part, and streams of Genesee
and lake Erie, above whicb it is 500 to 1,200
feet with high hills. There are white pine
tracts and marshes s,, but the land is generally
firm, with maple, beech, bass, nut, and oak.
Grass and grain grow best n. This co. was
purchased by the Holland corapany, 19 tsps.,
cf t. EUicotville. Pop. 1820, 4,090, 1830,
16,726. Cataraugus Reservation, N. Y. 6 ms. by
12, on Cataraugus cr. was reserved by the Sen
eca Indians, who bere enjoy christian wor
ship, schools, (fee. with good habits.
Catawba, r. of N. and S. C. called Wateree
in the lower part of its course, rises in the Blue
Ridge by numerous branches, which flow gene
rally estwrd, over Burke co. unite at Morgan-
town, and continuing estwrd, 25 ras, still over
Burke, turns abrupdy s, s, e, between Iredell
and Lincoln. This higher valley of Catawba is
about 65 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 20,
and nearly commensurate with Burke co.
Leaving the latter, the Catawba, in a general
course of s, s, E, flows 50 ras, in N, C, and 100
in S, C, finally unites with the Congaree to form
the Santee, The Catawba is remarkable for
the narrowness of its valley, which in a dis
tance of 215 ms, is in no place 60 ms, wide,
and at a mean under 20, In length of course it
exceeds the Congaree, but in volume the latter
is greatly the superior stream,
Catawissa, p-v, Columbia co. Pa. situated on
the left bank of the East Branch of Susquehan.
nah r. and at the mouth of a cr, of the same
narae. Catfish, p-o. on a cr, of the same name, Ma
rion dist, S, C, by p-r, 138 ms, estwrd, Colura
bus. Catherine, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n.
Auburn, 200 w. Albany, 12 ms, sq., gives rise to
the inlet of Seneca lake, Newtown cr, ifec. It
has good land n, with oak and pine, and in other
parts, beech, raaple, bass, elra, &c. Lime
stone andiron ore are found, and a pigment like
Spanish brown. Pop, 2,064.
Cathey's cr. and p-o. Buncombe co, N, C, by
p-r. 267 ms, wstrd, Raleigh,
Catlettsburg, p-v, on the left bank of the
Ohio r, at and below the mouth of Great Sandy
r. Greenup co. Ky. It is the extrerae n, e, vil
lage of the state, by p-r, 159 ms, a little n, of e,
Frankfort, Catlin, p-t, Tioga co, N, Y, 18 ms, n, w, El
mira, Pop, 2,015,
Cato, p-t Cayuga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. Au
burn, 155 w, Albany, n, Erie canal and Seneca
r,, has a variety of soil, and swamps and ponds.
Cross and Otter lakes, and Parker's pond. Pop,
1,782, Catonsville, p-v, Baltimore co, Md, by p-r.
44 ms, N, E, W,C, and 36 n, Annapolis,
Catskill, p-t, and st, jus, Greene co, N, Y,
36 ms, b, Albany, 5 s, w, Hudson, w, Hudson
r, has gentle hills e, with pretty good soil. Cat-
skill mtos. w, and a high plain and sand and
clay N, It is watered by Catskill cr, and Keat-

erskill cr, its branch ; with rich meadows, and
mill sites ; it has 3 vUlages and 2 banks, capi
tal $250,000, The post v. is the st. jus. 1 mile
w. Hudson r., with a pier, where the large
steam boats touch ; a ferry; and the co. build.
ings. A corapany has been incorporated to
make a rail road from here to Schoharie. Pop.
4,861, The Pine Orchard, on Catskill mtn. is
a favorite resort of travellers in the warm
raonths, A fine hotel has been erected there
several years, on the brow of a rock, at a great
elevation above Hudson r,, with a view em.
bracing about 70 ms, from n, to s, on the valley
of Hudson r,, andthe hilly country e,, including
a nuraber of peaks of the Green ratn. range in
Mass. and Vt. Thunder storras are often seen
below the spectator, and the air is generally
cool. Two ponds in the rear ofthe house, unite
their strearas, and the water falls 175 ft, and
soon after 85 ft, into au immense ravine between
2 ridges of mtns, A limestone range begins a
little w, of Catskill v, reaching 4 ms,, w, of
which is sand-stone, then graywacke slate, the
peaks being pudding stone, conglomerate, &c.
Stage coaches take visitors to this place from
Cattskill ; the road, after the ascent commences,
is steep and rough.
Caughnawaga, p-v. Johnstown, Montgomery
CO. N, Y, 39 ms, w, Albany, n, Mohawk r, once
the residence of the Mohawk Indians. {See
Johnstown.) Cave Mills, p-o. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 74
ras. s. E, Nashville,
Cavendish, p-t, Windsor co, Vt. 10 ms. s. w.
Windsor, 60 s. Montpelier. First settleraent
1769. It has a fertile soU, with Black r. and 20
mile stream. Black r. atthe falls, has its chan
nel worn down 100 ft. Dutton's vUlage has an
academy, and Proetorsville has another. Ser
pentine iron ore, and primitive liraestone are
found near it. Pop. 1,498.
Cavesville, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 94
ms, N, w, Richmond,
Cavetown, p-v. Washington county, Mary
land. Cayuga, lake, N. Y. between Cayuga, Tomp
kins and Seneca cos. from 1 to 4 ms, wide, 38
long, N, and s,, 35 ms, s, lake Ontario, receives
Seneca r, near the outlet, which runs n. The
shores rise gradually, 100 or 150 ft, but in some
places are precipitous. It has Fall, 6 m, and
Main Inlet ers, s, and other fine mill streams,
and has several viUages on its shores.
Cayuga, co, N, Y, 170 ras. w. Albany, bndd.
by lake Ontario, Oswego, Onondaga and Cort
land cos, e,, Tompkins co, s,, Seneca co, w.
It is E. Seneca lake. 23J by 55 ms. are its
greatest diraensions, with about 545 sq, ms. It
has a spur of AUeghany hills parallel with Cay.
uga lake, good soil and very good farraa.
There is rauch lime rock, with petrifactions,
cfec. It is watered by Seneca r. Fall, Salmon,
Owaaco ers, cfec. Owasco lake, and parts of
Ontario, Cayuga, Skeneateles and Cross lakes.
Erie canal crosses the co. Clay slate, lime.
stone, gypsum, and hydraulic lime are found,
and argilaceous oxide of iron is abundant. 19
tsps. Cf t. Auburn. Pop. 1820, 38,897, 1830,
47,947. Caydqa, or E. Catuga, p.v. Aurelius, Cayuga

CEN

85

CHA

CO. N. Y. 165 ms. w. Albany, at the bridge and
w. side of Cayuga lake.
Cayuga, p.v. Claiborne co. Misp. by p.r. 60
ms. N. N. E. Natchez.
Caydta, v. Newfield, Tioga co. N. Y. 20 ms.
N. w. Owego, on Cayuta cr. Pop. 642.
Cazenovia, p.t. Madison co. N. Y. Il3ms.
w. Albany, ll w. MorrisviUe, 5 ms. by 12,
has Canaseraga lake, of 4J ms., and Chitte.
ningo and Liraestone era. It is level, high land,
rich loam for grass and grain. First settled,
1793, The v, is at the s. end of the lake, and
is flourishing. Pop, 4,344.
Cecelius, p.t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 297 ms.
W.Albany. Pop. 378.
Cecil, or Coecil, n. e. co. of Md. bndd. s,
by Kent co,, s. w. by Chesapeake bay, w. by the
Susquehannah r., n. w. by Lancaster, n. e. by
Chester co. Pa,, and e, by New Castle co, Del.
Length from s. to n. 22 ms. mean breadth 12,
and area 264 sq. ms. Extending from n, lat.
39° 22' to 39° 42', and in long, from 0° 50' to
1° 18' E, W, C. The surface of CecU is undu.
lating, and soU of middUng quality. It is in a
peculiar manner favorably placed, commer.
cially. To the Susquehannah r. and Chesa
peake bay raay be added Elk r. and the Chesa
peake and Del. canal. Cf. t. Elkton. Pop.
1820, 16,048, 1830, 15,432,
Cecilton, p-v, CecU co, Md, This place was
formerly called Savingston,
Cedar cr. one of the w. branches of the n.
Fork of Shenandoah r, and separating Shenan
doah and Frederick cos.
Cedar cr, and p-o, in the nthrn. part of Shelby
CO. Ala. by p-r. 97 ras. n. e. by e. Tuscaloosa.
Cedar Ckeek, v. Monmouth co. N. J. near
the sea, on a stream of the same name which
runs into Barnegat bay 6 ms, s, Toms r.
Cedar Spring and p-o, in the estrn, part of
Centre co. Pa, by p-r. 101 ms. n. n. w. Harris
burg. Cedar Spring, Spartanburg dist. S. C. 5 ms.
s. e. Spartanburg, the st. jus. 90 ms. n. w. Co
lumbia. Cedarsville, p.v. in Perry co. 0. by p-r. 101
ms, s, w, Colurabus.
Celina, p-v. Overton co. Ten. by p-r. 85 ras.
N. N. E. Nashville.
Centre co. Penn. bndd. N. and n, e. by Ly
coming, w. branch of Susquehannah, which
separates it from Clearfield and Lycoraing w,
and n. w,, by Huntingdon and Mifflin s, and by
Union e. Length 8 ras,, raean breadth 26, and
area 1560 sq. ras. Extending frora lat. 40° 43'
to 41° 16', and in long, from 0° 12' to 1° 23' w,
W, 0. Bald Eagle and Petm's ers. rise in this
CO. and with the Susquehannah afford some
good soil, though the body of the co. is moun
tainous and rocky. Staples, grain, flour, live
stock, lumber, iron, (&c. Cf t. BeUefonte.
Pop. 1820, 13,786, in 1830, 18,295,
Centre, p.v, Guilford co, N. C. by p-r, 77
ms, N, N, w, Raleigh,
Centre, p-v. Delaware co. 0. by p-r. 30 ms,
N, Columbus.
Centre, p-v. Farmington tsp. Trumbull co,
O. by p-r. 167 ms, N. e, Columbus.
Centre Harbor, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 48
ms. N. Concord, 70 n. w. Portsmouth, 110 n, w. 12

Boston, N. E, corner Winnipiseogee lake ; 7,550
acres ; contains part of Squara and Measly lakes,
with part of Winnipiseogee lake ; has a varied
surface and some good soil. Pop. 1830, 577.
Centres Minot, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 42
ras, frora Augusta,
Centre Moreland, p-v, Luzeme co. Pa, by
p-r, 133 ras, Harrisburg,
Centre Point, Montgomery co. Pa, by p-r.
96 ms. Harrisburg.
Centreton, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 139
ms, s, w, by w, Richraond.
Centreville, p-o, Kent co. R. I, 11 ms. from
Providence. Centreville, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 16 ms.
N. w. Angelica, 6 ms, square, has small streams
of Genesee r. Bog iron ore abounds. The
soU a light loam, with few stones, bearing ma
ple, bass, beech, i&c. Pop, 1830, 1,195.
Centre Ville, p-v. Crawford co. Pa. about
100 ras, a little e, ofN, Pittsburg,
Centreville, p-v, in the s, part of Montgo.
mery co. 0. by p-r, 41 ms, n, n, e, Cincinnati.
Centreville, p.v. and st.jus, Wayne co. Ind.
on a branch of White Water r. about 70 ms. N.
w. Cincinnati O, by p.r. 63 e. Indianopolis.
Centreville, p-v. in the s, part of Wabash
CO, II. 115 ms, s. e, by e, Vandalia,
Centreville, p-v, in the n, part of Newcastle
CO, Del. 10 ms. n, n, e. Wilmington.
Centreville, Queen Ann co. Md. situated on
Casica cr. 36 ras. s, e, by e. Baltimore, and
31 ms, a little n, of E, Annapolis, It is the seat
of an academy.
Centreville, p-v. in the w, part of Fairfax
CO, Va, 27 ms, a little s, of w, W, C,
Centreville, p-v, inthe n, E.(part of Laurens
dist. S, C, by p-r, 8 1 ms, k, w, Columbia.
Centreville, p-v. Wilkes co, Geo, by p-r. 81
ma. N, E- MiUedgeville,
Centreville, p-v, and at, jus, Bibb co. Ala.
situated on the right bank of Cahaba r. 32 ms.
s, E, Tuscaloosa,
Centreville, p-v, Livingston co. Ky, 20 ms,
n, e, by E, from Smithland, at the raouth of
Cumberland r, by p-r. 275 ms a. w. by w.
Frankfort, Centreville, p-v. Hickman co. Ten. by p-r.
81 ms, B, w, NashviUe,
Centreville, p-v, Amite co, Misp, about 45
ms, s, e, Natchez,
Cerestown, p-v, on Oswego cr, a branch of
Alleghany r, in the n, e, part of Mc Kean co. Pa.
20 ms, s, e, Harailton, 165 n, w, Harrisburg,
Cerulean Springs, and p-o, Trigg co, Ky, 5
ras, N, E, Cadiz, the st, jus. and by p-r. 221 ms.
s, w. by w, Frankfort,
Chactaws, nation of Indians, {See Choctaws.)
Chagrin, r, p-v.Vnd tsp, in the n, e. angle of
Cayahoga co, O, The p-v, is near the- shore of
lake Erie, 16nis,E.Cleaveland. Pop.tsp. 1,275.
Chalk Level, p-v. in the w, part Humphrey
CO, Ten, by p-r, 70 ms, w, Nashville,
Chalk Level, p,o, Pittsylvania co, Va, by p-r,
133 ras, s, w, Richmond,
Chambersburg, p-t. and St. jus, Franklin co.
Pa. situated on both sides of Conecocheague cr.
82 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. It is a very thriving
borough, situated in a fertile limestone region.
Pop, 2,783,

CHA

86

CHA

Chancellorsville, p-o, Spottsylvania co. Va.
by p-r. 75 ms. Richmond.
Chandlersville, t. Somerset co. Me. 39 ms.
N. Augusta. Pop. 172.
Chapel Hill, p.v. Orange co. N. C. 14 ms. s.
Hillsborough, 24 w, Raleigh, and situated on a
branch of Cape Fear r. It is pleasantly located,
and surrounded by an elevated and broken
country. This is .the seat of the University of
North Carolina, incorporated 1788, and com.
menced 1791, It haa a president and 8 in.
structors, and (1832-3) 69 undergraduates.
There are in the college library 2,000, andin
the students', 3,000 volumes. Commencement
4th Tuesday in June.
Chapinville, p-v. Litchfield co. Con. 50 ms.
w. Hartford.
Chaplin, p-t. Windham co. Conn,, 32 ms, e,
Hartford, recently formed of a part of Mans-
.field, Tolland co. It is divided by Natchaug r.,
a brancb of Shetucket r., and is a hilly, grazing
country. Pop, 807.
Chapman's Mills, and p-o, Giles co. Va. by
p-r, 225 ms, a little s. of w, Richmond.
Chapmans, p-v. Union co. Pa,, by p.r. 53 ms.
N. N, w, Harrisburg,
Chapola, r, of Flor, and Ala,, rises in Henry
CO, ofthe latter, enters Jackson, of the former
by several ers, which uniting, passes under a
natural bridge, about 15 ms, within Florida.
Issuing thence, it flows about 30 ms. nearly
parallel, and from 10 to 20 ms. distant from the
Appalachicola r, and is finally merged in Horts
lake, after an entire course of 45 ms,, in a di.
rection s, s, e. by s, " On its margin," says
Williams, " is some of the best land in the
country," The most extensive settlements are
on its wstm, border, extending from 1 to 5 ms.
in width, and 30 in length. The soil is a cho.
colate colored sandy loam or red clay, supported
by limestone. The timber, a mixture of oak,
pine, hickory, and dogwood, filled up with cane.
Corn, cotton, and sugar are the most important
staples. Chardon, p.v. and st. jus, Geauga co. 0. by
p-r, 28 ras, n. e, by e, Cleaveland, on Lake
Erie, and 157 ms, n, e, Columbus. Population
881. Chariton, r, of Mo. rises about lat. 40° be
tween the vaUies ofthe Ravine des Momes and
Grand r. and flowing thence by a general sthrn.
course 130 ras. faUs into Mo. r. between
Howard and Chariton cos,
Chariton, co. of Mo, bndd. e. by Randolph,
s, E, by Howard, b, by Mo, i , separating it from
Sabine co., w, by Grand r,, n, boundaries un.
certain. Length 32 ms. mean breadth 26, and
area 832 sq. ms. Extending in lat, frora 39°
11' to 39° 40' and in long, from 15° 39' to 16°
16' w. W. C, The slope of this co, is to the
sthrd, with the general courses of Grand and
Chariton rg, Cf t. Chariton,
Chariton, p.v, and st. jus, Chariton co. Mo,
by p.r. 79 ms. n. w. from Jefferson co. and 213
ms, ^, w, by w, St. Louis. It ig on the left
bank of Mo, r, at the mouth of Chariton r. Long.
15° 48' w. W. C.
Charlemont, p.t. Franklin co. Mass., 14 ms.
w. Greenfield, 107 n. n, w, Boston, is watered
by Deerfield r,, and contained 3 garrisons,

Chambersburg, p.v, in the e, part of Fountain
CO, Ind,, by p.r. 66 ms. N, w. by w, Indianopolis.
Champaign, co. 0. bndd. by Clarke s., Miami
s. w., Shelby n. w., Logan n., Union n, e,, and
Madison s. E. Length 29, breadth 16, and area
464 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40°
15', and .in long, frora 6° 52', to 7° w, W. C.
Though the extreme sources of Darby's cr, a
branch of Sciota r, flows frora the estrn, border,
and some fountains of ers, flowing into the
Great Miami, issue from the wstrd,, the great
body ofthis co, slopes sthrd, and is included in
the valley of Mad r, Cf t, Urbana, Pop, 1820,
8,479, 1830, 12,131,
Champion, p.t, Jefferson co, N, Y, 12 ms, e,
Watertown, at the Long FaUs of Black r, con.
tains 26,000 acres, with rich loam and sand ;
first settled frora Conn, Pop- 2,342,
Champlain, a lake lying between Vt, and
N. Y, extends from Whitehall, N, Y. a little
beyond the Canada line, 140 ms. nearly n. and
s,, generally narrow and deep, 12 ms, in the wi.
dest part. That part of it from Whitehall to
Mount Independence, opposite Fort Ticonde.
roga, was formerly considered a part of Wood
cr. The principal islands are N, and S, Hero,
Lamotte, Valcour, and Schuyler's, It is navi.
gated by many vessels of 80 and 90 fons, which
are generally built to pasa the canal ; an active
trade is carried on from the numerous towns
and villages on the shores. Large and elegant
steamboats ply daily between Whitehall and St.
John's, Lower Canada, which touch at the prin.
cipal places ; and raultitudes of travellers for
pleasure every season pass this route. The
shores are varied and pleasant, generally cultiva
ted in farms near the water, and rising towards
the mtns. which appear in various directions.
The principal eminences of the Green ratns.
are fine features in the landscape. The outlet
of Lake George enters at Ticonderoga, and
Chazy, Saranac, Sable and Bouquet rs. w,, Wood
cr. s,, and Otter, Onion, Laraoille aud Missisque
rs, E, The largest bay is South bay, and Cum
berland the principal head land, 'Ticonderoga
and Crown Point, N, Y, at two important bends
of the lake, were formerly great fortresses,
both used in the French wars, and abandoned at
the close ofthe revolution. Large reraains of
the works are seen. The lake was discovered
1608, abounds in salraon, trout, sturgeon pick
erel, (fee, ; freezes deep for several months, and
is usually travelled with land vehicles from
Dec, 10th, to March 15th or 20th, Several new
villages have recently grown up on the banks,
particularly near iron mines, (fee,
Champlain, p-t, and port of entry, Clinton co.
N. Y, 21 ms, N, Plattsburgh, 188 n, Albany, on
Lake Champlain, Great Chazy r, affords raill
sites at the v. It contains Pointe-au-fer, and
has level land on the lake, generally strong
loam or clay, bearing apples, pears, plums.
Rouse's Point has lately been taken from this
town, and added to Canada. Pop, 2,456,
Champlain Canal, {See Rail Roads and
Canals.) Chanceford, p-v, York co. Pa, 35 ms, s, e.
the borough of York, and 30 a little w, of s, froni
Lancaster. Pop. of the two tsps. of Chance-
ford, Upper and Lower, 2,213,

CHA

87

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erected 1754, against the French and Indians.
Pop. 1,065.
Charles r. Mass., rises near R. I. and flows
through Norfolk and Middlesex cos., between
which it forms part of the boundary, and joins
Mystic r. in Boston harbor.
Charles, co, of Md. bndd. by Potomac r. s.
s. w. and w.. Prince George's n,, Swanson cr.,
Patuxent r., St. Mary's co,, and Wernico r. e.
Length 30 ma,, raean breadth 15, and area 450
sq, ras. Extending frora lat, 38° 15' to 38° 40',
and in long, from 14' w. to 19' e. W. C, Sur
face broken, and soil of middUng quality- Cf,
t. Port Tobacco. Pop. 1820, 16,500,' 1830,
17,769, Charles City, co, of Va,, bndd. by James r.,
which separates it from Prince George's s.,
Henrico n. w., Chickahominy r. which sep
arates it from New Kent, n,, and again by the
latter r, which separates it from James City, e.
Length 26 ms, mean breadth 8 and area 208 sq,
ms. Extending from lat. 37° 09' to 37° 28'
and in long, from 5' e. to 22' w. frora W. C.
Surface rolling. Pop. 1820, 5,255; 1830, 5,-
500. Charles city, c. b. and p-o. near the centre
ofthe CO. 31 ms, s, e, by e, Richmond,
Charleston, p-t, Penobscot co. Me, 73 ras,
n, e, Augusta. Pop. 859.
Charleston, t, Orleans co, Vt. Pop, 564,
Charleston, diat, of S, C, bndd, s, w, by
Colleton dist,, n, w, by Orangeburgh, n. and n
E, by Santee r, which separates it from Sumpter
Williamsburg and Georgetown, and s, e, by tbe
Atlantic. The greatest length along the At
lantic coast 68 miles, and inland at nearly right
angles to the coast, 55 ms. Mean breadth
about 33, and area 2,244 sq. ms. The surface
of this dist, is in great part an innundated plain
nearly commensurate with the basin of Ashley
and Cooper rs. The part towards the Atlantic
presents a net work of interlocking streams and
islands. The soil where of sufficient elevation
for cultivation is highly productive. Staples —
cotton and rice. As a commercial section,
Charleston dist. is favorably situated, since
begide the harbor of Charleston city, there are
many inferior inlets. A canal has been con
structed to unite Cooper r. with the Santee
opposite Black Oak island, Lene-th21 ms, em
bracing in lat. from 32° 32' to 38° 28', and in
long, from 2° 20' to 3' 32' w. from W, C.
Charleston is in itself a considerable physical
section. From observations raade frora 1750
to 1789 inclusive, and from 1791 to 1824 in
clusive, the mean annual temperature of the
city of Charleston lat. 32° 44' is within an in
considerable fraction of 60° Fahrenheit. This
is a temperature higher considerably than that
on similar lat. in the vaUey of the Misp. Cf t.
Charleston. Pop. 1820, 80,212, 1830, 106,706.
Charleston, city and s-p. Charleston dist, S,
C. situated on the point between Ashley and
Cooper rs. 6 ras. frora the open Atlantic ocean,
113 ms. s. s, E, Columbia, and by p-r. 539 ms,
s, s. w. from W. C, n. lat 32° 44', long, as
marked on Tanner's U. S. 3° w, from W, C,
The bay formed by Ashley and Cooper rs, is
about 2 ms. wide, and extending from city
point a little s, of e. There are two entrances,

the deepest of which adraits vessels of 16 ft,
draught, but the channel coming close upon the
s. w, end of Sullivan's Lsland, gives a safe
means of defence, which was reduced to cer-
tainty in the revolutionary war, when on June
28th, 1776, a BrUish fleet under Sir Peter Parker
was repulsed and shattered by the cannon of
Fort Moultrie, a mere stockade battery. On
the w. tbe harbor of Charleston ig united to
Stono r, by Wappoo cr, and by the channel of
Cooper r, and a canal of 2i) ras, it is connected
with Santee r, 50 ras, a little w, of n, frora the
city, Aahley, Cooper and Wando rs. are all
navigable for small vessels above the harbor.
The whole adjacent country, being a plain, but
little elevated above tidewater, tbe city ia liable
to occasional inundation from ocean swells. It
is nevertheless a fine comraercial raart, well
built and prosperous. Every spot in the vicin.
ity capable of improvement is decorated with •
plantations in a high state of cultivation. With.
in the city exist all those institutions which
mark a wealthy community. The most noted
public edifices are the Exchange, City Hall, 6
Banking Houses, a Guard House, an Arsenal,
2 College buildings, academical and raedical, a
large fire proof building, erected for the greater
security of public documents, at an expense of
$60,000, Court House, numerous places of
public worship, among which are some of the
raost ancient in the U. S., 2 markets, one of
which is very extensive, St, Andrew's Hall, an
Alraa House, an Orphan Asylura, and many
other charitable institutions, richly endowed
among which are the St, Andrews, South Caro.
Una, and the Fellowship societies. The Orphan
Asylum, in which 150 children are protected,
supported and educated, is an honor to the state.
The public Library contains 15 to 20,000
volumes, Charleston college, chartered in
1785 hasbeen recenUy reorganized (1824) and
ia now on a very respectable footing. The
principal edifice is very commodious, and tha
buildings, which are within the city, are sur.
rounded by spacious grounds, and enclosed by
high brick walls. It has lately received a val.
uable addition to its philosophical apparatus, and
its property is valued at $60,000, It haa three
departments, scientific, classical and English,
and in these are 177 students. These attend
the lectures of the Professors of Chemistry,
Natural History and Physiology, in the Medical
College, which is now extensively patronised.
There are 7 instructors in the Academical
College, and its library contains about 3,000
voluraes. Charleston offers a delightful residence to
the planters, who are widely scattered through
the surrounding country, many of whom have
fine residences in the city. It is one of the
gayest cities of the U. S, and its society is ex.
cellent. The progressive population of Charles.
ton is as follows : in 1790, 16,359 ; 1800, 18,711 ;
1810, white persons, 11,568, slaves and free
blacks, 13,143, total 24,711 ; 1820, whites, 10,.
653, slaves and free blacks, 14,127, total 24, 780;
1830, whites, 12,928, slaves and free blacks,
17,361, total 30,289,
Charleston, p.v, (& st, jus, Jefferson co, Va. 10
ms, s, w, by w. Harper's Ferry and 63 n. w. W.C.

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88

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Charleston, p.v, Cecil co, Md. 10 ms. s. w.
by w, Elkton, and about 60 ms, n, e, Baltimore.
C?harleston, p.v, and st, jus. Kenhawa co.
Va. situated on the right bank of the Great Ken.
hawa r, and on the point above the mouthof Elk
r, about 50 miles by land above the mouth of
Great Kenhawa, and by p.r, 304 n, w. by w,
Richmond. Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. Ind.
by p-r. 105 ms. a, s, e, from Indianopolia, 14 n,
N, w, from Louiaville in Ky, It is situaiied on
the bank of Ohio r.
Charleston, p-v. and tsp. in the sthrn. part
of Portage co. O. by p-r. 132 ras. n, e, Colum.
bus, and 10 s, Ravenna, the co. st. Pop.
475. Charlestown, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 51 ms.
from Concord, 100 from Boston, IK from Wind.
sor Vt., e. Conn, r., contains 21,400 acres.
Little Sugar r. and 3 isis, are opposite this town
in Cotm, r. It has various soils, few raill sites,
1500 acres of rich raeadow in one place, and in
another a ridge of waste land. There are two
villages, the s, very pleasant. Here was a fort
built, 1743, above 30 ms, in advance of other
settlements, and stood a siege and repeated at
tacks, till about 1760. Pop, 1,773.
Charlestown, p-t. and port of entry, Middle
sex CO, Mass, 1 m, n, of Boston, with which it
is connected by a bridge 1,503 ft, long, and al
so by a branch of Craigie's bridge. Chelsea
bridge crosses Mystic r. E. nearly 1 ra. on the
Salera road, and Maiden bridge, 2,420 ft., leads
to Maiden. A bay of Charles r. is w.. Mystic r.
E,, and a narrow neck connects it with the
main land n. The surface is irregular, with
two fine eminences. Breed's and Bunker's hills.
The V. is large and flourishing, one of the sub.
urbs of Boston, with Bunker hill bank, and
many otber public buildings. It was burnt 1775,
by Britigh troops. Soon after the battle of Lex.
ington, whUe a body of American militia were
at Copp's hill, in Cambridge, detachments of
them were sent to fortify Breed's hill, to prevent
the British troops in Boston from occupying it
and Charlestown, June 17, 1775, the latter
landed and attacked the American redoubt three
times, being repulsed twice with great loss,
Tbey finally succeeded, and the Araericans re.
treated ; but the resistance to regular troops
wag considered as encouraging as a victory,
and greatly animated the people. General
Warren lost his life, with raany others, A
granite obelisk, in commemoration of this
memorable event, magnificent in design, has
been comraenced on the battle ground. The
state prison of Mass, is in Charlestown, near
the r,, and has been recently rebuilt, on the Au
burn plan, with 300 cells, and reorganized, at
an expense of $86,000, It had in 1831, 290
convictg, in golitary cells at night and raeal
times. The navy yard of the U. S. in the s. e,
part ofthe t, opposite Boston, is surrounded by
a wall enclosing about 60 acres, a marine hos
pital, warehouse, arsenal, powder magazine,
and superinteridant'a house, all brick, with two
large wooden houses to shelter frigates and
sloops of war on the stocks. The dry dock is
the finest in the U. S. ^382,104 were paid for
materials and labor before Nov. 1831, and it

was supposed that $118,000 more would be re
quired to complete it. Pop. 8,783.
Charlestown, t. Washington co. R. I. 40 ms.
s. w. Providence, b. Charles r., N. Atlantic
ocean, nearly 7 railes square, 43 sq, ras, inclu.
ding 3 fresh, and 2 salt ponds, which open to the
sea, part ofthe year. It has plenty of fish, good
mill sites, with a rich level tract in the s. and
rough land n. It bears maple, ash, nut, birch,
white and yellow pine ; com, rye, barley, oats,
I&c. Thereis a reranant of Narraganset Indians
in this t. Pop. 1,284.
Charlestown. p.t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 40
ms. w. N. w. Albany, 10 s. Johnstown on Mo.
hawk r. containing 100 sq.ms. is goraewhat hii.
ly, with rock's which afford quarries. The soil
is generally clay or loam. Arieskill and Scho.
harie ers, give mill sites. There was once an
Indian town at the mouth of Schoharie cr,,
partly settled before the revolutionary war by
Dutch ; and since by New England emigranta,
Charlesto-wn, Voorhies, and Currie, are villages.
Pop. 2,148.
Charlestown, p.v. Chester co. Pa. by p.r. 82
ms. E. Harrisburg.
Charlotte, t. Washington co. Me. Pop. 557.
Charlotte, p.t. Chittenden co. Vt. 10 ms. b.
Burlington, 10 n. Vergennes, 48 Montpelier, e.
Lake Champlain. First settled 1776, is pleas.
antly situated, and is watered by Platt r, and
Lewis cr. Pine and heralock grow e. ; hard
wood on a good soil w. ; favorable to fruit. There
are some high hills. A ferry to Essex, N, Y.
Pop, 1,702,
Charlotte, or Port Genesee, p.v, and port
of entry, Genesee, Monroe co, N, Y, at the
mouth of Genesee r.
Charlotte, t, Chatauque co, N. Y. Pop. 886.
Charlotte, co. of Va. bndd. n, w, by Carap.
bell, N, by Prince Edward, e, by Lunenburg, s,
E, by Mecklenburg, and s, and s, w, by Stanton
or Jloanoke r. which separates it from Halifax.
Length 33, raean breadth 18, and area 600 sq.
ms. Extending from lat 36° 41', to 37° 16' and
in long, from 1° 33' to 2° 05' w. from W. C.
The slope of Charlotte co. is to the sthrd.
towards the Roanoke. It is in great part drain.
ed by Little Roanoke and Cub ers. Soil gene.
rally good and productive in grain, fruits,
tobacco, (fee. Cf t. Marysville. Pop. 1820,
13,290, in 1830, 15,252.
Charlotte, p.v, and st. jus. Mecklenburg co.
N, C, by p.r, 157 ms, b, w. byw. Raleigh.
Charlotte, p.v. and st. jus. Dickson co.
Tenn. 36 ras. w. Nashville.
Charlotte, r. bay, and harbor, west coast of
Florida. The r. rises in the interior plains or
swamps, and flowing westward enters the easU
em part of a deep and safe bay, sheltered on
the side next tbe Gulf of Mexico, by a chain of
islands or reefs. The adjacent country is low,
sandy, marshy, and also sterile. The centre of
the bay is about lat. 26° 45' and 5° 20' w. W. C.
Charlotte Hall, p.v. near the northem ex.
tremity of St. Mary's co. Md. 17 or 18 ms, a
little s, of E. from Port Tobacco.
Charlottesville, p.v. and st. jus. for Alber.
marie co. Va. and also the seat of the central
college or university of Virgmia. Situated on
the right bank of Rivanna r, and near the north.

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westem foot of South West mountain, by p.r.
123 ms. s, w. from W, C, and 81 ms, n, w, by w,
Richmond, Lat, 38° 03', long, 1° 35' w, W, C,
The university of Virginia, was organized in
1825, and in 1833, had 152 students, a library,
containing 8000 vols, and a small observatory
for the use of the students. This institution
owes its origin to Thomas Jefferson, and was
founded in 1819, It was erected by the state,
at a cost of about $400,000, and it now pays an
annuity of $15,000 for its .support. The
library is very valuable, and was purchased in
Europe, from a catalogue prepared by Mr,
Jefferson, There are no indigent students sup.
ported by the University, Beside the acaderai-'
cal course, there is n law and medical scbool
connected with the institution, which has 9
instructers. Pop. 1830, not given in the tabular
returns of tbe census ; supposed about 1000,
The arable surface on which this town is loca.
ted, is elevated from 500 to 700 ft, above the
Atlantic tides, and the vicinity is regarded as
salubrious, Charlton, p.t. Worcester co. Mass, 15 ms,
s, w, Worcester, 60 s, w, Boston, A farming
town, with hard, rough, but strong soil, desti,
tute of large streams, but well watered. Pop
2,173. Charlton, p-t. Saragota co.N, Y. ms, 25n, w,
Albany, 8 s, w, Ballston Spa. agreeably varied,
with a gentle descent s, to Mohawk r. Eel
Place creek furnishes mill sites. Farming
prevails. Pop, 2,023,
Chartiers cr, or small r, of Washington and
Alleghany cos. Pa, rises by numerous branches
in the vicinity of the borough of Washington,
and flowing thence a course a little e. of n,
about 30 ms. falls into Ohio r. 4 ms, below Pitts
burg, At high water it is navigable for down
streara vessels frora its main fork 2 ms, below
Cannonsburg ; and the country it drains is
remarkable for fertility of soil, and for immense
strata of bituminous coal.
Chatauque, lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. 16
ms. long, 1 to 4 wide, is on high land, with good
grazing banks, producing grain in some parts.
Mayville, the co. t. on its raargin is n. w, 8 ras.
from Portland, on Lake Erie.
Chatauque, i. Chatauque co. N. Y. flows
from Chatauque lake into Conewango cr,, a
branch of Alleghany r,
Chatauque cr,, Chatauque co, N, Y. runs 15
ms. from the ridge, through a deep ravine, into
Lake Erie.
Chatauque co, N. Y. the s. w. co, of the
state, 360 ms. w. Albany, 60 s. w, Buffalo,
bounded by Lake Erie n,, Cattaraugus co. e..
Pa, s, and w. ; contains 659,280 acres, and 22
tsps. It is high land, with streams running into
the lake, which in this co, flows through Cas
daga cr, into Conewango, and thence into the
Alleghany r. (at Warren, Pa.) which erapties
into the Missiaaippi; thus a boat navigation is
opened from within 6 or 8 ms, of Lake Erie to
the Gulf of Mexico, and rafts go down every
year. From 3 to 10 ms. from Lake Erie is a
ridge 800 or 1200 ft. high, being a loam on
clay, or mica slate, bearing nut, oak, maple,
birch, (fee. and making good farms. On Lake
Erie is a rich alluvion, from 1 to 4 ms, wide.

89 CllA
The CO. is exposed to cold and damp winds,
late springs, and cold winters ; but is healthful.
Bog iron ore is found, and fruit trees flourish,
MayviUe, the co, t, is 164 ms, w, Albany, Pop.
1820, 12,568, 1830, 34,057,
Chatauque, t, Chatauque co, N, Y, 60 ms. s.
w. Buffalo, 357 w. Albany. Pop. 2,432.
Chateacgay, r. rises in Franklin co. N. Y.
flows into Canada and joins St, Lawrence r, a
little w, Montreal,
Chateaugay, P-t, Franklin co, N. Y. 12 ms.
E. N, E, Malone, 10 ras, wide, by 40 long, has a
sandy loam, bearing beech, maple, bass, hem
lock, pine, c&c, Chatauque r, on which are the
Higb falls and many ponds s, abound in trout.
Part of the iron dist, is in the s. part. Pop. 2,432.
Chatham, bay, a general name for that part
of the coast of Florida extending n. n. w. 60
ms, from Cape Sable to Cape Romans, orto the
mouth of Gallivans r, between lat, 25° and 26°
N„ and long, W. C, 4° 12' to 4° 45' w. The
Florida coast opposite this sheet of water is
generally low with shallows along shore,
Chatham, t, Stafford co. N. H, on e, side of
White mtns., w. Maine boundary, contains
26,000 acres. It is mountainous and rocky,
with ponds and streams. Carter's mtn, w, cuts
off direct coraraunication with Adams. Pop, 419.
Chatham, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass, 20 ms,E.
Barnstable, at s. e. point Cape Cod, is surround.
ed by water, except n. w. where it touches Har.
wick ; has a good harbor s., outside of which is
a long beach, a moveable sandy soil, without
trees, with some salt marshes. Long, 69° 50'
w,, lat. 41° 42' N, Pop, 2,130,
Chatham, t, Middlesex co. Conn, opposite
Middletown, 16 ras. s, Hartford, e. Conn, r.,
about 6 ras. by 9, 56 sq. ms., is hilly, being
crossed by the granite range, but has sorae very
good farras. Extensive quarries of freestone
are wroughton the shore of Conn. i. and sloops
are loaded there, which supply the city of N.
York withthe best stone ofthe kind, and trans.
port it also to many other places, A cobalt mine
has been wrought on Rattlesnake hill, at differ
ent tiraes, but it ia not rich enough to bear the
expense. At Middle Haddam v, isa good land.
ing for river vessels. Opposite Chatham, Conn.
r. turns e. through the narrows, where the ice
often stops in the spring, and causes considera.
ble freshets in the r. Pop, 3,646,
Chatham, p.t, Columbia co, N. Y. 18 ms. n.
E, Hudson, 18 s, e, Albany, has different soils,
with good farms, slaty hills, with tracts of allu.
vion ; it is supplied with raill sites by Lebanon
cr, Klein kill, (fee. It bas several villages,
New Britain, New Concord, (fee. Pop, 3,538,
Chatham, p.t, and vil, Morris co, N, J, 13 ms.
N. w, Elizabethto-wn, 7 s, E. Morristo-wn, on Pas.
saic r. Pop, 1,874,
Chatham, p-v, Chester co. Pa, 16 ms, s, w.
West Chester, and 40 ras. s. w. by w. Phila
delphia, Chatham, co, of N, C. bndd. s, by Moore, w.
by Randolpb, n, by Orange, e, by Wayne, and
s, E. by Cumberland, It is an oblong of 33 ms,
E, and w, and 26 n. and s,, area 858 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. from 35° 30' to 35° 53' and m
long, from 1° 55' to 2° 40' w. W. C. Haw and
Deep rs. nnite near its s. e. angle, to form Cape

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90

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Fear r. General slope, s, e, Cf t. Pittsboro',
Pop, 1820, 12,661, in 1830, 15,405.
Chatham, co. of Geo, bndd. by Ogeechee r.
which separates it from Bryan s, w,, by Efling.
ham CO. n, w,, by Savannah r, separating it from
Beaufort dist, in S, C, n, e,, and bythe Atlantic
s, E, Length from s, e, to n, w, 27 ras, breadth
15 ms,, and area 405 sq, ms. Extending frora
lat. 31° 50' to 32° 13' and in long. 3° 56' to 4°
26' w. W, C, The very sUght decUvity of this
CO, is s. e, towards the Atlantic, The surface
is level, and but slightly elevated above the At
lantic tides. Staples, rice, cotton and sugar,
Cf t. Savannah, Pop. 14,230.
Chatico, p-v. on a sraall creek cf Wicoraico
r., St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r, 53 ras, s, s, e, W,
C, and 64 a little w. of s. frora Annapolis.
Chattahoochee, r. of Geo., Ala. and Flor. the
western and main constituent of Appalachicola
r, rises on the high table land of the Appalach
ian systera, with sources issuing from Blue
Ridge, and either interlocking with, or nearly
approaching those of Savannah, 'Tennessee,
Pieper, Hiwassee and Coosa, The higher Chat
tahoochee is forraed by two branches, Chestatee
and Chattahoochee-proper. Both branches rise
in Habersham, and unite on the western border
of Hall CO, Geo, having flowed in a sthm. di.
rection about an equal distance, 45 ms. Thence
known as Chattahoochee, the r. assumes a
southwestem course of 140 ras. in Geo. to Mil.
ler's Bend, where it becomes a boundary be.
tween Geo. and Ala. Below MiUer's Bend,
with partial windings, the general course is 150
ms. very nearly due s. to its union with Flint, to
forra Appalachicola r. About 20 ras. of the
lower part of its course, Chattahoochee sepa.
rates Flor. frora Geo. It is very remarkable
that in a comparative distance of 280 ras, frora
the junction of Chestatee and Chattahoochee, to
the mouth of Flint, no tributary stream enters
the main recipient above the size of a large
creek, and the valley at its widest part does
not exceed 50 ms,, and the whole, fully estiraa.
ted at a raean breadth of 35 ras. Entire length
of this vale 325 ms. The higher part ofthe val.
ley of Chattahoochee lies between those of
Coosa to the n. w. and Oconee and Ocmulgee
to the s. E. It thence, for about 130 ras. inter.
venes between the vallies of Flint and Talia.
poosa, and the lower section between those of
Flint and Choctaw rs. {See Appalachicola r.)
Chatuga, r, the extrerae highest constituent
of Savannah r, rises in the southern vallies of
Blue Ridge, and in Macon co. N. C, Issuing
thence by a course a little w, of s, and travers.
ing lat, 35°, in a distance of 25 ms. separates
Pickens dist. S. C. from Rabun co. Geo. to its
union with Turoree r. and forms Tugaloo r.
This small stream has its sources opposite to
those of Tennessee proper, and Hiwassee.
Chaumont, p.v. Lyme, Jefferson co. N. Y. 10
ms. frona Brownville, at tbe head of Chaumont
bay, caries on a valuable fishery of white fish
and siscoes.
Chautauque, {See Chatauque.)
Chazy, p.t, Clinton co, N. Y. 175 ms. n. w. Al.
bany, 12 n. Plattsburgh, s. and w. lake Cham.
plain, is watered by Little Chazy r. It has
good land in some parta. The village is 15 ms.

N. Plattsburgh. The landing on lake Cham.
plain is 1 m, s. Little Chazy r,, 3 ms. e. ofthe
viUage. Pop, 3,097,
Chazy, r, Franklin and Clinton cos. N, Y,
about 50 ms, long, and a good mill stream, en.
ters lake Champlain, near Port au Fer,
Chazy, (Little), r, Clinton co, N. Y. 1^ ms.
s. Chazy r, 18 ms, long, is a. good miU stream.
Cheat, r. of Va. rising on the border between
Randolpb and Pocahontas cos. interlocks with
Elk and Green Brier brancheg of Great Kenha
wa, and after uniting with the south branch of
Potoraac, flows thence by a general northern
course 70 ms, over Randolph into Preston co,,
inflecting in the latter co, to n, n, w, 40 ms, to
its junction with the Monongahela, at the south
western angle of Fayette co. Pa. The valley
of Cheat lies between those ofthe Monongahela
on the w,, Potomac e,, and Youghioughany n, e.
Length about 100, mean breadth not exceeding
18, area 1800 sq. ms.
Cheboigon, r. (pronounced according to
French orthography, Sheboigon,) a stream of
the nthrn. part of the peninsula of Michigan,
rising interlocking sources with Sandy and Ot
tawas ra. at n, lat, 44° 35', and 7 w, long, W. C.
Flowing thence n, n. w. by coraparative couraes
70 ms. falls into the northwestern part of Lake
Huron, and about 30 ms. a, e. Fort Michili-
raacinak, — Another sraall r. of the same name
rises esthrd. from Lake Winnebago, and flow
ing N, E, by E. 40 ms. falls into lake Mich.
about 55 ras. s, s, E, Fort Howard.
Cheek's Cross Roads, and p-o. Hawkins co.
Ten. by p-r. 212 ms. estrd. Nashville.
Cheeksville, p-o, e, part Marion co. Ten. by
p-r, 124 ms, s. E. by e. Nashville.
Chegoimegon, (pronounced Shegoimegon,)
bay, point, and r. of Huron. Estrd. from the
mouth of St. Louis r, the sthrn. shore of Lake
Superior, projects gradually into the lake, form.
ing a long point or headland, called Detour (the
Turn), the utmost salient angle of whicli is
very near n. lat, 47, and 60 ms, n, e. by e, from
tbe bottom of Fond du Lao, or the mouth of St,
Louis r. On the estrn, side the shore of the De.
tour extends a little w, of s, 30 ms, terminating
in Chegoimegon Bay. This bay is again nearly.
landlocked on the estrn. side by Chegoimegon
Point. The Chegoimegon Point, according to
Tanner, is at N.-lat. 46° 44', long w. of W. C.
14° 10'. Into the bottom of the bay flows a
small r. of the same narae.
Chelmsford, p.t. Middlesex co. Mass. 27 ms.
N. Boston, s. Merrimack r. formerly contained
the present town of LoweU. Pop. 1,387.
Chelsea, p.t. and st. jus. Orange co. Vt. 20
ms. s. E. MontpeUer, 20 s. w. Newbury, 36 sq,
ms,, first setUed 1783 ; it is watered bythe 1st
branch of White r,, cfec, has an uneven surface,
but a warm and fertile soU. Pop. 1,958.
Chelsea, t. Suffolk co. Mass. 3 ms. n. e. Boa-
ton, to which Winnesemit ferry crosses, was in
corporated 1638. It is N. of Boston harbor, w.
of Lynn bay ; a strip of land 100 rods wide,
stretches 3i ms. to Reading. A granite hos
pital was built here in 1827, looking on Boston
harbor. With Boston it forms Suffolk co. but
haa no vote nor expense in co, business, Pop,
770. '

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91

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Chelsea, p-v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 260 ms.
w. Albany.
Chelsea Landing, p-v. Norwich, Conn. {See
Norwich.) Chemung, r. or Tioga, in Steuben and Tioga
cos. N, Y, a large w. branch of Alleghany r.
Chemung, p-t. Tioga co. N, Y, 198 ms, s, s.
w. Albany ; 9 e, Elmira, N, Pennsylvania, is
crossed by Tioga or Chemung ,, with Cayuta
cr, on E, side, and has other raUl streams. It is
hilly, with fine alluvion on Tioga cr,, and is
gravelly on the hills, bearing yellow pine and
some hemlock, oak, beech and raaple. The
narrows of Chemung r, are wild and singular.
Pop, 1,462,
Chenango, r. N, Y, rises in Madison and
Oneida cos, near the head waters of Oneida,
Oriskany and Sadaquada ers., crosses Chemung
CO, o. s. w., and Broome co., and joins Susque
hannah r. at Binghampton ; it is 90 ms. long,
with many useful branches.
Chenango, r. of Crawford and Mercer cos.
Pa. {See Chenango.)
Chenango, co. N. Y, bounded by Madison
CO. N,, Otsego and Deleware e,, Broome co. s.
and Broome and Cortland w. ; 35 and 28 ms, are
its greatest diraensions ; 780 sq, ras, and it con
tains 19 townships, of which Norwich is the st.
jus. It is watered by streams of Susquehannah
r. as, Chenango, Unadilla, Otselic era. c&c, and
ia high, hilly, with varioua soils, generally good
for farms. Settled principally frora New Eng
land. Pop. 1820, 31,215 ; 1830, 37,238.
Chenango, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 80 ras. n. w.
Pittsburg. Chenango, p-t. Broorae co. N. Y. 148 ras, w.
s, w, Albany, 40 s, w, Norwich, on the Sus
quehannah and t'henango rs. At the junction
of these two strearas is Chenango point, or
Bingharapton, the st, jus, ofthe co. a very flour
ishing village. Pop. 3,730.
Chenango Forks, p-v. Lisle, Broom co, N.
Y, at the union of Chenango and Tioughnioga
rivers, Cheneyville, p-v. on Bayou Boeuf, s, e, part
of Rapide parish. La, by p-r, 32 ms. a, b, e, frora
Alexandria, st, jus, for the parish,
Chenoweth'sp-o, wstrn. partof Darke co. O.
by p-r, 113 ras. n, of w, Colurabus,
Chepacket, p-v. Providence co, R, I, 16 ras,
from Providence, A flourishing village on the
river of its name,
Cheraw, p-v, in the n, e, part of Chesterfield
dist, S, C, on the right bank of Great Pedee r,
by p-r, 88 ras, n, e. by e. Columbia.
Cherokee, new co, Geo, lying on Etowah r,
to the w, of Gwinnett, and n, w, of De Kalb cos,
including the Old Sixes gold mines. Outlines
uncertain, Cherokee Corner, p-v, Oglethorpe co, Geo,
by p-r, 77 ras, a litUe e, ofN, MiUedgeville, and
611 ms, s, w, W. C,
Cherokees, or Cheloeees, nation of Indians,
inhabiting a part of northwestem Geo,, north
eastern Ala,, southeastern Ten,, and the extreme
western angle ofN, C,
" In 1809, by an enumeration made by the
agent, the population ofthis people amounted to
13,319, of which were Cherokees, one half of
whom were mixed, 12,395 ; negro slaves, 583 ;

whites resident, 341, Tbe following document
was published in the National Intelligencer of
Aug, 14, 1830, and is literally copied, if we ex
cept a different arrangement of the items in the
enumeration of the population.
" A statistical table exhibiting the population
ofthe Cherokee Nation, as enumerated in 1824,
agreeably to a resolution of the legislative coun
cil ; also of property, c&c.
Males  6,883
" under 1 8 years of age . 3054
•• frora 18 to 59 . . 3027
" over 59 ... 352
Females  6,900
" under 15 years of age . 3010
" from 15 to 40 . . 3103
" over 40 .... 782
Add for those who have since removed
into the nation from North Carolina,
who were living in that state on re.
servations, ....

Neeroes ^ '^^'^'' ^^° I
^^^''°^^' I Females, 667^

500
1,277

Total population .... 15,560
There are 147 white men married to Chero.
kee women, and 68 Cherokee men married to
white women.

Schools

18

Scliolars of both sexes

S14

Grist mills

3fi

Saw mills

Kl

Looms

1&2

Spinning wlieelg

a4«li

Wagons

192

Ploughs

iiti^a

Horses

71183

Black cattle

- 22,531

Swine

- 46,732

Sheep

2,565

Goats

432

Blacksmith shops

62

Stores

9

Tan yards

2

Powder mill

1

Besides raany other items not enumerated ; antJ
there are several public roads and ferries, and
turnpikes in the nation." — From a Speech of
Mr. Everett, on the bill for removing the In
dians from the e. to the w. side of the Missis
sippi, H, of R, 19th of May, 1830,
A discrepancy appears above, on footing the
sums attached to the ages of the male and fe
male population, and coraparing the amount
with the sums total of each, as stated collective
ly. The latter are presumed to be correct.
By some stUl more recent document, it appears
that the population of the Cherokee nation is on
the increase. That part of this people who re
side in Geo,, have been raade subject to the
laws of Geo, by a statute of that state.
Cherry, p-o, Lycoming co. Pa, 113 ms, nthrd.
Harrisburg. Cherry Creek, p-t. Chatauque co, N, Y.320
ms. w. Albany. Pop, 574,
Cherryfield, t, Washington co. Me, 30 ms.
w. Machias, e. Hancock co,, is crossed by Nar-
raguagus r. Pop, 583.
Cherry Ridge, p.o. Wayne co. Pa. by p.r.
165 ms, «, E, Harrisburg,
Cherry Tree, p-o. Venango co. Pa. by p-r.
244 ras. N. w. by w, Harrisburg.
Cherry Valley, p-v. and tsp. in the E. part
Ashtabula co, O. The p-o. is by p-r. 5 ms. from
Jefferson the st. jus. for the co. and 192 n. e.
Columbus. Pop. tap. 219.
Cherry Valley, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 53
ms. w. Albany, 14 ms. n. e. Coopersto-wn, is
high and hilly ; gives rise to Canajoharrie cr, of
Mohawk r., Cherry Valley cr. and of Unadilla

CHE

92

CHE

r. which runs into Susquehannah r. Mill sites
are numerous. Rich alluvion abounds in the
vaUeys, and the great number of wild cherry
trees gave name to the town. Pop. 4,098. The
¦village is situated in a valley, has an academy,
and an important position on 3 turnpikes, 13 ras.
s. w. Schoharie ; raarble is quarried here. The
-village was destroyed by the French and In
dians, Nov. 1758.
Chesapeake bay, a deep gulf opening from
the Atlantic ocean, between Capes Henry and
Charles, lat. 37° and long. 1° e. W. C, inter
secting in the mouth of the bay, near raidway
between the capes, which are about 15 ras.
asunder. The mouth of this fine sheet of wa
ter extends wstrd. 20 ms. to the mouth of James
1. Curving rapidly above the influx of Jaraes
r. the Chesapeake extends alraost directly n,
over one degree of lat, with a raean breadth of
20 ms, having received fromthe wstrd, James,
York, Rappahannoc, and Potomac rs., and from
the opposite side, Pocomoke, and Nantikoke rs.
Widened by the union of so many confluents,
the Chesapeake is upwards of 40 ms. wide from
the raouth ofthe Potoraac to that of Pocomoke,
and about 35 from the raost sthrn, capea ofthe
Potoraac to the influx of the Nantikoke r.
Above the entrance of the two latter atrearas,
the raain bay narrows to a raean width of about
10 ms, and at some places under 5 ras,, but with
an elliptic curve to the wstrd. 115 ms, to its
termination at the mouth of Susquehannah r,,
having received from the wstrd, above the Po
tomac, the Patuxent, Patapsco, Gunpowder and
Bash rs,, and from the estrd, Nantikoke, Chop-
tank, St, Michaels, Chester, Sassafras, and
Elk rs. The entire length of Chesapeake bay
is 185 ms, ; and it raay be doubted whether any
other bay of tbe earth ia, in proportion to ex
tent, so rauch diversified by confluent streams
as is the Chesapeake, In strictness of geo
graphical language, it is, however, only a con
tinuation of Susquehannah r, of which primary
stream all the other confluents of Chesapeake
are brancheg. In the raain bay the depth of
water continues sufficient for the navigation of
the largest ships of war to near the mouth of
the Susquehannah ; and in Potomac that depth
is preserved to Alexandria. In the other tri
butary rs. large vessels are arrested before
reaching the head of tide water. If taken in its
utmost extent, including the Susquehannah val
ley, the Chesapeake basin forms a great physi
cal limit ; to the s. w, with few exceptions, the
rivers, bays and sounds are shallow, and cora
paratively unnavigable ; but with the Chesa
peake coraraences deep harbors, which follow
at no great distance from each other, to tbe ut
most liraits of the Atlantic coast of the U, S,
The entire surface drained into this iramense
reservoir araounts to near 70,000 sq, ms,
Chesapeake peninsula. This article is intro
duced in order to give a general description of
a natural section of the United States, the pe
culiar features of which are lost or confused, in
most of our geographisal works, amongst the
political subdivisions which have been drawn
upon its surface. This physical section is bndd,
by the Atlantic ocean s, e,, by Chesapeake bay
w., by Delaware bay n. e,, and united to the

main continent by an isthmus, now traversed by
the Chesapeake and Delaware canal n. The
latter work has in fact insulated the peninsula,
and given it water boundaries on all sides.
Thus restricted, the Delaware peninsula ex
tends from Cape Charles lat. 37° 08', to the
Chesapeake and Delaware canal at lat 39° 32'.
Greatest length very nearly in a direction n.
and s, 182 ras. The general forra is that of an
elongated ellipse, whicb, in component material,
features, and elevation, differs in nothing essen.
tial from other Atlantic islands scattered along
the coast of the United States, Chesapeake
Bay is itself divided between Virginia and Ma
ryland ; the shores on both sides s. of the Po.
tomac and Pocomoke rs. belonging to the for.
mer, and to the nthwd. to the latter state. The
sthrn. part of the peninsula is entirely in Vir
ginia and is a long narrow promontory 70 ms.
by 8 to 10 ms, wide. Above Pocomoke bay
the peninsula widens, and after an interraediate
distance of 33 ras, is equally di-vided between
the states of Maryland and Delaware, In the
widest part, between Cape Henlopen, Sussex
CO. Delaware, and the wstrn. part of Talbot, Md.
the width is 70 ras. ; but narrowing towards both
extreraes, the mean breadth is about 27 ; area
4900 sq, ras. The surface is generally level or
very gently undulating. The ocean and Chesa.
peake shores are strongly contrasted. Along
the former, are narrow and low islands, with
shallow sounds, and with no stream issuing
from the land of any consequence. The oppo
site shore or Chesapeake is in an especial man.
ner indented by innumerable bays, and com.
pared with the confined width of the peninsula,
rivers of great magnitude of volume. The
character of the Atlantic shore is extended
along the Delaware bay, and entirely round the
peninsula ; much of the soil is liable to diurnal
or occasional submersion from the tides. The
general slope is s. wstrd. as demonstrated by
the course of the rs. Pocomoke, Nantikoke,
Choptank, Chester, Sassafras, and Elk. Poll.
tically it contains all Sussex, Kent, and more
than one half of New Castle cos, Del, ; all
Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Car.
oline. Queen Ann, and Kent, and one third of
Cecil COS. Md,, with all Accomac, and North
ampton cos, Va,
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, {See art.
Rail Roads and Canals.)
Chesapeake, p-v. in the s. part of Cecil co.
Md, on Chesapeake bay, iraraediately below
the mouth of Elk r, by p.r, 35 ms, n, e, by E.
Baltimore. Cheshire co.N, H, the wstrn, co, ofthe state,
bndd, by Grafton co, n,, HiUsborough e,, Mass.
s., and Vt, w,, 26 by 54; 1,254 sq, ms,, has
Connecticut r, w. It contains 37 towns ; Suna-
pee, Spafford, Ashauelot and Sugar rivers ;
Grand Monadnock, above 3,000 feet, Craydon
and Grantham mts. Bellows Falls, on Connec
ticut r. are in this co. There is much good
raeadow land, Cf, ts, Keene and Charlestown,
Pop, 1820, 26,753, 1830, 27,016.
Cheshire, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass, 130 ms,
w, Boston, is crossed by a branch of the Hoo.
sick r. There are glass manufactories here.
Pop, 1,050.

CHE

93

CHE

Cheshire, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 13 ms.
N. New Haven, 6 ms. by 7, 40 sq. ms,, is wa
tered by Quinipiack i, and a branch. Here is
the Episcopal Academy of Conn. It has a fund
of $25,000, a brick edifice and small library.
It is under the direction of a principal and pro
fessor of languages. The soil is uneven, with
gravelly loam, bearing chesnut, oak, walnut,
<&c. 'The Farmington canal passes through.
Pop. 1,780.
Cheshire, p-v. and tsp, Galia co, O, by p-r,
106 ras, s. s. E. Columbus. Pop. ofthe tsp. 664,
Chesnitt Grove, p-o. in the s. part of Pittsyl
vania CO. Va. by p-r, 13 ras. southwardly from
Corapetition, tbe st. jus. for the co., 180 s, w,
by w, Richmond.
Chesnut Hill, (now Shafer's) p-o. North
arapton CO. Pa. by p-r. 20 ras. k, Easton,
Chesnut Hill, p-o. Phila, co. Pa. 8 ras. i^,
Phila. Chesnut Hill, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r,
88 ms, n, w, Richmond.
Chesnut Hill, p-v. Hall co. Geo. by p-r. 113
ms. northward MilledgevUle.
Chesnut Level, p-o. in the e. part of Lancas
ter CO. Pa. by pr. 51 ms. s, e, by e, Harrisburg,
Chesnut Ridge, p-o. Stokes co, N, C, by p-r,
152 ms, N, w, by w, Raleigh,
Chesnut Ridge, local name given to that part
of the western prorainent chain of the Appa
lachian raountains, between Kiskiminitas and
Youghioughany rs., and in Westmoreland and
Fayette cos. Pa,
Chester, p-t, Rockingham co, N, H, on the
Merriraack r, 23 ras, s, e. Concord, 17 Exeter,
is crossed by a brancb of Exeter r, and con
tains Massabesick ponds, fine meadows, and
2 caverns. One of these is in Mine hill ; the
entrance is about 5 ft. high, and 2^ wide, and
it extends about 80 ft., is of a very irregular
forra, and its height and breadth varying from
2 to 12 ft. The other is in Rattlesnake hill, in
a ledge of granite, has two entrances, the lar
gest 11 ft. high and 4 broad, increasing gradu
ally tUl, 15 ft. from the entrance, its height is 8
ft. and width from 6 to 12 ft. Hence, turning
to the right, towards the other entrance, (which
is about 7 ft. high, and 7 wide,) the interior width
varies from 6 to 12 ft, and its height is 8 ft, ;
whole length about 35 ft. Black lead is found
in this town m considerable .quantities, which is
of good quaUty. The rockg are granite gneiss.
Pop. 2,028.
Chester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt, 16 ms. s. w.
Windsor, has a good soil with hUls and vallies,
and three streams here form Williams r. An
academy. Pop. 2,320,
Chester, p-t, Hampden co. Mass, 20 ms, n,
w, Spruigfield, 120 ms, w, Boston, «. w. West-
field r,, is crossed by two of its strearas. Pop,
1,407. Chester, p-v. Saybrook, Middlesex co. Conn.
has great water power, and some manufacto
ries near Conn, r.
Chester, p-v. Goshen, Warren co. N. Y. 21
ms. N, w, Caldwell, Pop, 1,284.
Chester, p.t. Morris co. N. J. It is crossed
by Black r. The vU. is 12 ms. w. Morristown.
Pop. 1,338.
Chester, t. Burlington co. N. J. Ues s, e.
. 13

Delaware r, and has Rankokus cr. n. and Pen.
saukin cr. ». Pop. 2,333.
Chester, co. Pa. bndd. by Lancaster co. w.,
Berks n. w,, Schuylkill r, whioh separates it
from Montgoraery n, e,, Delaware co, e,, New.
castle CO, in the state of Delawares, e,, andCe.
cil CO, Md, s. Length from s, w, to n, e, 44 ms, ;
mean breadth 18 and area 792 sq, ms. Ex.
tending in lat. from 39° 42', to 40° 15', and in
long, from 0° 55' to 1° 40' e. W. C, Surface
very diversified ; the eastern part rolling, rath.
er than hilly, and in some places level ; but the
central and western part hilly, and in many
places even raountainous. The soil is greatly
varied frora rocky and sterile to highly fertUe.
The general slope is to the s, e. The largest
stream originating in thia co, ia the Brandy.
wine, which rising on the border between Lan-
oaater and Cheater cos, crosses the latter from
N. w, to a, E, The extrenie northern part is
drained into Schuylkill r, by French creek, and
from the opposite extrerae issue the fountains of
Elk river flowing southwardly into Chesapeake
Bay, Iraraense strata of fine raarble exist in
Chester, It ig one of the begt and raogt gkil.
fully cultivated cos, in the U, S, and its staples
are nuraerous and valuable. The difference of
level between the extreme n, and s, about
equivalent to a degree of lat. This co, is now
traversed by a fine rail road, uniting the Schuyl.
kill and Susquehannah ra, Cf, t, Weat Chester.
Pop, 1820, 44,455, 1830, 50,910,
Chester, borough, p-t. and st, jus, Delaware
CO, Pa, situated on the right bank of Delaware
river, 15 ma, s, w, from Phila. and by p-r. 121
ms. N, E. from W. C, lat, 39° 50', long, 1° 42'
E, W, C, This borough haa in great part re
covered frora the ravages of a deatructive fire,
which a few yearg since destroyed a number
of the best buildings. Pop. 1820, 657, 1830,
847, showing an increase of 44 per cent, in ten
years. Chester, r. of Del. and Md, rises in Kentco,
ofthe forraer, from which it flows westrd. into
the latter state, within whichit separates Queen
Ann from Kent co. The upper part of the
course of this stream is very circuitous, and
lower dovm spreading into a large bay, ia navi.
gated by sraall vessels to Chestertown 30 ms.
above its mouth, into Chesapeake bay. The
valley of Chester river lies between those of
Sassafras and Choptank.
Chester, dist. S, C, bndd, by Broad r, which
separates it from Union on the w,, York dist.
N., Catawba, r. which separates it from Lancas.
ter E,, and by Fairfield dist. s. Length from e.
to w, 30, breadth n. and s, 20, and area 600 sq.
ms. Extending in lat, from 34° 31' to 34° 50',
and in long, from 3° 52' to 4° 32' w, W. C,
Surface pleasantly broken by hill and dale. Cf.
t. Chester, Pop, 182U, 14,389, 1830, 17,182,
Chester, p.v, and st, jus. Cheater dist. S, C,
near the centre of the dist, 448 ms, s. w. W, C,
56 a little w, ofN, Columbia, and about 80 ms,
wstrd, from Sneadsboro, in N, C'. lat, 34° 42',
and long, 4° 12' w, W, C.
Chester, p-v. and st, jus, Meigs co, 0.
by p-r. 343 ms. w, W. C. and 94 ms, t.. e. Co.
lumbus. It is on Shade cr, in the n. e. part of
the CO. Pop. 164.

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94

CHI

Chester ( Ross Roads, and p-o, in the e. part
of Geauga co, 0. by p-r, 11 ras, e, ( ;hardon, the
st.jus. and 157mg. n. £. Columbug.
Chesterfield, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H, on
Connecticut i, opposite Brattleborough, Lat.
42° 53'. Frora Keene 1 1 rag., Concord 65, Bos
ton 90. Piirst aetUed 1761, generaUy hilly and
uneven, has rauch good upland, well adapted for
grazing and production of Indian corn. Chief
articles for the raarket are beef, pork, butter
and cheese. Contains Cat's bane brook, fur
nishing many mill seats, and Spafford's lake, a
beautiful sheet of water, covering 526 acres;
the lake enclosing an island of about 6 acres,
forming a delightful retreat for the students of
the acaderay in the summer. From its e, side,
issues Partridge's brook, sufficient to carry saw
mills, c&c, a factory with 800 spindles and 40
water looras, A Congregational society found
ed in Chesterfield, 1771, Baptist 1819, Univer
salist 1818, It has a flourishing academy. Pop.
2,045. Chesterfield, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass, on
the e. Green mtn, ridge, 12 ms, w, Northamp
ton, high and finely watered by a brunch of
Westfield river, produces good crops of grass
and corn. The beryl is found here, and t'le
emerald, weighing from an ounce to 6 lbs. a
hexangular prism, sometimes 12 inches in di
ameter. The town contains a Congregational
and Baptist society. Pop. 1,416,
Chesterfield, p-t, Essex co, N, Y. on Lake
Champlain, opposite Burlington, has 9 ms, of
lake shore ; extends about 10 ms, e, to w,
mountainous in some part ; level along the lake ;
fertile ; soil, a sandy loam, mingled with clay.
Its lumber trade is considerable. Contains sev.
eral small ponds discharging mill strearas.
Principal r, Sandy or Sable, here exhibiting Ad
gate's Falls, a curiosity worthy the attention of
travellers. FaU, 80 feet into a narrow channel
walled on each side by perpendicular rock 100
feet high. Thia channel, a mile in length, evi
dently worn by the water, A cavern, in the
town, furnishes a. natural self-storing perennial
ice house. Chesterfield abounds in iron ore.
Contains a Congregational and Methodist soci
ety. Pop. 1,671.
Chesterfield, t. Burlington co. N. J. be
tween Crosswick's and Black era. Pop. 2,386,
Chesterfield, p-o. {See Massena.)
Chesterfield, co, of Va, bndd, by Powhatan
N. w., James r. separating it from Henrico n.,
by a bend of Jaraes, separating it from Chaiies
City CO. E,, Appomattox r, separating it from
Prince George s, e,, Dinwiddie s,, aud Amelia
s, w. Extreme length from the junction of
James and Appomattox rs. to the westem angle
38 ms., raean breadth 12, and area 456 sq, ms,
Lat, 37° 10', to 37° 31', and long, 0° 22' to 1° 5'
w. W, C, Surface rather broken. Cf. t, Man
chester. Pop. 1820, 18,003, 1830, 18,637,
Chesterfield, u, h,, and p-o. Chesterfield co.
Va. by p.r. 14 ms. s, s, w, Richraond, lat, 37°
19', long, 0° 43' w, W. C.
Chesterfield, diat. of S. C. bndd. n. e. and
E. by Great Pedee r. separating it frora Marlbo.
rough diet., s. e. and s. by DarUngton dist., s. w.
by Lynche's cr., separating it from Kershaw, n.
w. by Lynche's cr,, separating it from Lancas.

ter, and n, by Anson co, N, C. Length 30>
mean breadth 25, and area 750 sq. ms. Ex.
tending in lat. from 34° 22' to 34° 48', and long.
from 2° 53' to 3° 40', w, W. C, The slope of
this dist. is s. s, e, ; central parts drained by
Black cr,, flowing into G-eat Pedee. Cf t.,
Chesterfield. Pop. 1820, 6,645, 1830, 8,472.
Chesterfield, p.v, and st. jus, Chesterfield
dist, S, C, by p-r, 426 ms, s. s, w, W, C„ 102
N, E. Columbia, lat, 34° 51', long. 3° 07' w.
W, C.
Chester Springs, and p-o, Chester co. Pa.
by p-r, 76 ms, e, Harrisburg,
Chestertown, s-p,, p-v. andst. jus. Kent co.
Md, situated on the right bank of Chester r. hy
p-r. 82 ms, northeastward from W, C, and about
30, a little s. of e, from Baltimore. Lat. 39°
13', long, 0° 58' E, W, C, Pop, about 8ii0,
Chesterville, p-o. Kennebec co. Me, 28
ms. frora Augusta,
Chesterville, (now Millington,) p-v, in the
K, E,part of Kent CO, Md, 18 ms, n, e, Chester-
town, the st, jus, and by p-r, about .40 ms, e.
Baltimore. Cheney's Shops, p-o, Delaware co. Pa. 17 ms.
Phila, Chetimaches, lake of La, between the Teche,
and Atchafalaya rs, is front 1 to 6 ms. in breadth.
It is shallow, and on all sides environed by a
low, annually inundated, and uninhabitable
country. It is supplied by nuraerous interme
diate outlets from Atchafalaya, and discharges
its water into that stream near and above its
junction withthe Teche,
Cheviot, p-o, in the s, part of Hamilton co, O.
by p-r, 5 ms, w. Cincinnati.
Chicago, sraall, but frora its relative position
with lake Michigan, and the northern sources
of Illinois r. a very iraportant stream of Cook
CO. The Chicago heads with the Plain, one of
the nthm, branches of lUinois, Both rs, origi
nate in a flat prairie country, flow nearly paral
lel to each other, and to the course of the adja
cent shore of lake Michigan, for a coraparative
distance of 30 ras. Thence diverging, the Plain
r, to the s, w., Chicago bending at a nearly right
angle, faUs into its recipient at the village of
Chicago. The mouth is obstructed by a bar,
on which there is only 3 feet water, though in
side adequate depth ig found for ships of almost
any tonnage. The portage between Chicago
and Plain r. is only about 9 ms, and at seasons
of high water smaU vessels are navigated over
the intermediate flats. This is one of those
positions on which the hand of nature has tra
ced, a canal, and left to man the more humble
duty of corapleting the work.
Chicago, p-v. and port, on lake Michigan, at
the raouth of Chicago r,. Cook co, IL, 300 ms.
N. N. e. Vandalia, n, lat, 42° 09', and long. 10°
42' w. W. C. The position of this place is
bleak. Behind are extensive prairies ; before,
the lake, without a harbor for 300 ms. The
land, one ra. wide, on the margin ofthe lake, is
a barren sand, thence a rich loam on limestone
strata. Dr. Morse.
Chichester, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. Lat.
42° 15', E. Concord 8 ms,, generally level, soli
good, richly repaying the tiUer. Suncook r,
(fiirnishing mill seats,) and its branches water

CHI

95

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it. Congregational church organized 1791,
Pop. 1,084.
Chickahominy, r. of Va. rises biitween tbe
vallies of Pamunkey and James rs, about 20 ms.
N. w. Richmond ; flowing thence s, e. by e., the
cos, of Henrico, and Charles City on the right,
and New Hanover, New Kent, and James City
cos. on the left, falls into James r. after a cora
parative course of 60 ms.
Chickapee, r. Mass, formed by Ware, Swift
and Quaboag, empties into the Conn, 4 ms, N,
Springfield, Chickapee, p-v. Mass, part of Springfield,
contains a cotton factory, having a capital of
$400,000, produces daily 11,000 yards of cloth ;
employing 700 females who earn from 12 to
$21 per month. Another very large factory
for the sarae purpose is erecting, which, it is
said, will far exceed the former in extent
There is also an extensive manufactory here.
chiefly of swords for govemment.
Chickasaw, a nation of Indians inhabiting the
eountry comprising the northwestern angle of
Ala. and the northern part of Misp. states
They reside to the northward of the Choctaws,
and between Ten. and Misp. rs. The number
of this tribe as given by Rev, Jedediah Morse
in his Report on Indian Affairs, 1822, was then
3,625, Mr, M, states in his appendix, page 201,
" There are 4 males to 1 female. This ine
quality is attributed to the practice of polygamy,
which is general in this tribe." If the curious
fact is truly stated, the reference is at variance
with either the causes or effect usually connect
ed with the history of polygamy.
" The nation resides in 8 towns, and like
their neighbours, are considerably advanced in
civilization." Chicot, a. e. co. of Ark. bndd, by Union w,,
Arkansas, co, «,, by the r, Mississippi e,, and
by the parish of Carrol, La, s. Extending in
lat. 33° to 33° 40', and in long, frora 14° 5' to
14° 57' w.W, C, It approaches the form of a sq,
of 50 ms. each side, area 2,050 sq. ras. The
boundaries indeed to the n. and w. are vague.
The slope is southwardly, and in that direction
it is bounded by Mississippi, and traversed by
Barthelemy and Boeuf rivers. The surface is
generally a plain, and most part an alluvial flat.
The soil differs extremely in character, much
of it liable to annual submersion ; parts rising
nearly above inundation and exuberantly fertile,
whilst in other places the land is sterile. Chief
town, Villemont. Pop, 1,165.
Chifuncte, pronounced Chifunti, r. of the
states of Misp. and La. risCs in Pike co, of the
former, from which it issues a mere creek ;
enters La, within which it traveraes Waahing-
ton and St. Tammany parishes, faUing into the
northern side of Lake Pontchartrain, after a
comparative course of 55 ms. a. s. e. There is
7 or 8 ft. depth of water on the bar of thia river,
and a aafe and deep harbor within its mouth, at
MadisonvUle. Childsburg, p-v. La Fayette co. Ky. 32 ms,
s. E. Frankfort.
Chilhowee, p-v. in the e. part of Monroe co.
Ten. abovit 180 ras. s. e. by e, NashvUle,
Chili, p-t, Monroe co, N, Y, on Genesee or
Henrietta r, 10 ras, b. w. Rochester, watered

by Black creek, a fine mill streara. Population
2,010, Chilisquake, p-v. on Chiliaquake cr. North
umberland CO, Pa 10 ms, above Sunberry, the
St. jus. and by p-r. 62 ras. n, Harrisburg.
Chillicothe, flourishing p.t. and st. jus, Ross
CO. O. on the right bank of Scioto r, at ths
salient point ot the bend above the mouth of
Paint creek, by p-r, 40'4 ma. a little n. of w. W.
C, 45 ms, nearly due s, Columbus, 96 ms, a little
N, of E, Cincinnati, and 56 ma, s, w. by w.
Zanesville, N. lat. 39° 20', long. 6° w. W. C.
The Grand canal is cut through it. The site
of this to-wn is a plain, but the adjacent coimtry
rising into hUls of from 200 to 300 ft. elevation
above the river bottoms, the placo seems to
occupy the centre of a series of varied and.de.
lightful landscapes. This village was laid out
on the site of an old Indian town, in 1796, and
the rapid advance of population will be shown
below. It contained, 5 years since, 2 printing
offices, 3 banks, and between 30 and 40 mer
cantile stores, with nnmerons and fiourishing
manufactories, oil, fulling, flour and saw mUls.
Fop, 1810, 1,369, 1820,2,426, 1830,2,847.
Chilmark, p.t. Dukes co, Mass. ia the s. w.
end of Martha's Vineyard. The n. w, point is
called Gay's head. The s, point Squibnocket.
Congregational, Methodist and Baptist society.
Pop, 671,
Chilo, p.v, inthe extreme sthrn, partof Cler.
ment co, 0, on Ohio r, by p-r, 127 ms, s. w.
Columbus, Pop, 12iJ,
China, p-t, Kennebec co. Me, 20 ms, n, Aiu
gusta, w, Palermo, Waldo co. Pop, 2,233.
China, p-t, Genesee co, N, Y, 32 ras, s, w.
Batavia, watered by head strearas of the Ton.
newanta, Cataraugus and Seneca ers. Mode.
rately uneven. Heavily timbered with beech,
raaple, elm, ash, linden, hemlock, cfec. sure in.
dications, on all table landa, that the soil and
climate are better adapted to grass than grain.
Has 4 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 9 schools 5
months in 12. Pop, 2,387,
China Grove, p.o. Rowan co. N. C. by p-r.
130 ma. w, Raleigh.
China Grove, p.o. Williamsburg, dist. S. C.
byp.r, 112 ms. s, Columbus,
China Grove, and p.o. Pike co. Ala. by p.r.
159 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa,
China Grove, p-o. inthe n, part Pike co. Misp.
by p-r, 75 ras, s, of e, Natchez,
China Hill, p-o, w, part of Mecklenburg co.
N, C. 12 ms. Vf. Charlotte the st, jus.
Chi.\quipin Grove, {See Locust creek, Lou.
isa CO. Va.)
Chinquipin Ridge, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C.
by p-r, 81 ms, N. n. e. Columbia.
Chipola r, {See Chapola r.)
Chippewa, p-v. and tsp. in the N. w. part of
Wayne co. 0, 18 ms, n, e, Wooster, the st.jus.
and by p-r, 104 ms, n, e, Colurabus, Pop, 1,498.
Chippewan, {See Chippewayan mtns.)
Chippeway, r, ofthe N, W, territory, one ofthe
left branches of the Misp, r, rises interlocking
sources with sorae small strearas which fall into
the s, wstrn, part of lake Superior, and withthe
St, Croix to the n, w, and Ouisconsin to the s, E.
The sources of this streara are drawn from a
flat table land chequered with lakes, one of

CHI

which, Flambeau lake, is as laid down by Tan
ner upwards of 40 ras. in length, with a breadth
of from one to ten miles. It flows into lake
Pepin, lat 44i°, long. 15° 10' w, W. C. after a
s, w, course of 135 ms,
Chippeway, co, of Mich, This co. occu
pies and is commensurate with a very remark
able physical section. If we extend our view
as far west as to the N. wstrn. angle of Green
bay, we discover the base of a peninsular tract,
stretching frora w, to e, between lake Superior
to the N, and Green bay and lake Mich, b. Dis
tance on the base, from Green bay to lake Mich.
50 ras. The breadth, at a mean of 50 ms, is
maintained frora Great Noquet bay of Green
bay, and the Trams r, of lake Superior, estrds,,
to the Falls of St, Mary's r, on the nrthrn, and
Point Ignatius on the sthrn, side. Advancing
eastwardly of the two latter places, the shores
ofthis peninsula gradually approach, and finally
meet in a rather sharp point, called " The
Promontory of the True Detour," and separated
by a narrow strait from Drummond's island of
lake Huron, PoUtically, this peninsula is now
the. CO, of Chippeway ; and bndd. n. by lake
Superior, in a direct distance of 100 ms,, the
straits of St, Mary 80 ms,, lake Huron 40 ms,,
lake Michigan 80 ras,, and Green bay 30 ms.
On the w. the lirait is vague and undefined.
The area about 6,500 sq, ms. The mean range
of the sthrn, side of Chippeway co, is nearly
comraensurate with the 46th deg, ofN, lat. The
surface is mostly flat and marshy, and soil ster
ile. To both these general characteristics there
do exist some favorable exceptions. The shores
on all the water boundaries are very much in
dented, with bays, and give extensive com.
mercial advantages to the country. Chief
town, Sault de St, Marie, Population 1830,
626, Chippewayan, or Chippewan, mtns, of N, A,
This immense system extends continuous chains
from the isthmus of Darien to the Arctic ocean,
through 60 degrees of lat, with a considerable
difference of long, between the extremes.
Whether this system is connected or separate
from the Andes of South America, is a yet im-
solved problera in physical geography. In North
America it forms the principal spine, from which
rivers flow in opposite directions towards the
two great oceans which bound the opposite
sides of the continent. These CordUera, for
they deserve the title, range upwards of five
thousand miles. In southem Mexico the sys
tem is known bythe general term Anahuac,
and further north as the raountains of New Mex
ico. In the U. S. it is designated tbe Rocky
mountains, whUe in British America, it is called
by its native name, Chippewan or Chippewayan,
In Guatemala, or Central America, and in Mex-
co rise from it enormous volcanic summits,
elevated far above the region ofperpetual snow.
PopocatapeU, Citlaltepetl or peak D'Orizaba,
Pica FraUes, and Coffre de Perote, all rise
above 13,500 feet, and the former to 17,700 feet
above the ocean tides, and is the highest mtn.
the elevation of which has been determined.
In the U, S, and northwardly, the general eleva
tion of the system remains undetermined, but
must be considerable, as is shown by the rapid

96 CHO
current and great length of course of the rivers
which flow from its flanks.
Chittenden, co. Vt. bndd. n. by Franklin co.,
E. by Washington, s. by Addison, w. by lake
Champlain. Length 30 ms,, breadth 22, area
about 500 sq, ms. Onion r. traverses the mid
dle part, falling into lake Champlain at Bur
lington, Lamoille r. crosses the n, w. corner,
and Laplott, the s. part. Lake shore generally
level, other parts uneven. SoU varies from
light and sandy to rich loara and deep alluvion.
Cf t. Burlington, Pop, 1820, 16,055 ; 1830,
21,765. Chittenden, t. Rutland co. Vt, 30 ras. n. w.
Windsor, lat. 43° 44', watered by Philadelphia
r., Tweed r,, and East cr. In great part moun
tainous, and incapable of cultivation. Contains
a mineral spring. Pop. 610.
Chitteningo, cr. N. Y,, a fine mill stream,
falls into Oneida lake,
Chitteningo, p-v, Madison co, N, Y, on the
above cr, at the head of a canal li ms. long,
completing the navigation frora its quarries of
gypsum and water lirae to the Erie canal.
Contains an oil mill, and one for grinding gyp
sum, and the water ceme^jt or water lime,
Choconut, p-o, and onthe Choconut cr, in the
N, w, part Susquehannah CO, Pa, by p-r, 175 ms.
from Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 780.
Choctaw, r, of Ala, and Florida, rises in
Pike CO, of the former, flows thence over Henry
aud Dale cos, into Florida, over which it passes,
leaving Walton co, to the right, and Jackson and
Washington to the left. It expands into a bay
of the same name, after a comparative course
of 130 ms, ina direction of nearly s. s, w. The
valley of Choctaw r, lies between tbat ofthe
Conecuh and Chattahoochee rs. Much ofthe
soil ofthe valley ofthis streara is described by
Williaras in his Florida, as of exceUent quality,
though much of it is sterile, covered with a
pine forest,
Choctaw Bay, or the estuary of Choctaw
river, extending between Jackson and Walton
cos, Florida, In the Report of the board of
internal improvement,. this bay is called St, Rosa,
from which, however, it is distinct. {See St.
Rosa Island and Sound.) Under the name of
St, Rosa the engineers state, "the entrance of
this sound and bay lies about 85 ms. w, of Cape
St, Blass, and 68 from the mouth of St, Joseph's
bay. On the whole (interraediate) distance the
sea shore is very bold, and the depth generally
4 fathoms close to the land. The pass enters
between the eastem point of St Rosa island
and the raain ; it is called Eastern Pass, it
coraes in frora the s. and affords a depth of 8 ft.
on the bar. The channel is narrow, and the
width on the bar, for 8 feet depth, is about 150
yards. On account of breakers, this pass is
not considered safe when southerly winds blow
fresh, but the winds being from the land, the
channel is easy of entrance."
The bay, accordmg to Williams, is diflicult
to navigate, from shoals, but admits a depth of
7 feet water, which is continued to Big Spring
60 ms. above the bar, and 30 above the mouth
of Choctaw r.
Choctaw Bluff, and p-o. Green co. Ala, by
p.r. 69 ms. s, «, w, Tuscaloosa,

CHO

97

CHR

Choctaw, or Flat Head, a nation of Indians,
formerly more nuraerous than at present, and
also spread over a rauch wider surface than they
now occupy. Tbey araount to about 25,000
persons, and reside between the white settle
raents of the state of Misp. and the Chickasaws,
and between tbe Misp, and Tombigbee rs. Their
country, as restricted by cessions to the U, S,
extends frora lat, 31° 50' to 34°, Length from
s. E. to N. w. 230 ms. with a mean breadth of
80, area 18,400 sq. ras. It is drained by the
Big Black and Yazoo rs. flowing s. w. into the
Misp. by the sources ofthe Pearl, and by those
of 'Tombigbee. Many scattered settleraents of
Choctaws, have been forraed, -within the last
35 years, to the westward of the Misp, r. This
nation has made sorae advances in civilization,
though not so rauch improved as the Chicka
saws and Cherokees.
Choctaw Academy, and p-o, Scott co, Ky,
hy p-r. 31 ras, e, Frankfort.
Choctaw Agency, and p-o. Yazoo co. Misp,
by p-r, 56 ms, northward Jackgon, and 154 n, n.
E, Natchez, CHOicE'g Store, and p-o. Gwinnett co. Geo,
by p-r, 99 mg, n, w. MilledgevUle,
Chota, p-v, in the w. part of Blount co, Ten
nessee by p-r, 197 miles south of east Nash
ville, Choptank, i, of Del, and Md,.is forraed by
two branches, Choptank proper and Tuckahoe,
The forraer rises in Kent co, Del, from which
it flows s. s. w, into Caroline co, Md. and con
tinuing the same course traverses Caroline to
its junction with Tuckahoe on the e. border of
Talbot ; Tuckahoe rises in the northeast part
of Queen Ann co. Md. and flowing to the
sthrd. separates Queen Ann and Talbot from
Caroline, and joins the Choptank after each has
flowed about 30 ms. Then assuming a s, s, w,
course, gradually swells into a bay, and above
Cambridge bends to the N, w, by w, opens into
the main Choptank bay between Cook's Point
and Tilghman's island. It is navigable for
sloops to the Forks, 40 ras, above the raouth,
Chowan, r, of N, C, forraed by the united
streams of Meherin, Nottaway, and Black
Water rs. The Meherin rises in Charlotte co,
Va, 1° 30' w, from W, C. lat. 37°, between the
vallies of Roanoke and Appomattox, and flowing
thence s. e. by e, by comparative courses 80 ms,
passes into N, C, between Northampton and
Gates cos, and 20 ras, farther unites with the
Nottaway, above Winton, between Gates and
Hertford cos. The Nottaway derives its reraote
sources from Prince Edward co. Va, between
those of Meherin and Apporaattox, Ina general
eastern course of 70 ms, the Nottaway sepa
rates Lunenburg, Brunswick and Greenville cos,
from Nottaway, Dinwiddie and Sussex, and
flows into the central parts ofthe latter. Thence
inclining s. e, 40 ms. it receives Black Water r,
almost on the bounding line between Va, and N,
C. {See Black Water river Va.) Below the
junction of the Nottaway and Black Water, the
name of the former and course of the latter are
preserved, and about 10 ms, within N, C. and in
Gates CO, meet the Meherin to form Chowan
river, A tide water river, or more correctly
a bay, the Chowan, gradually widens, but still

retaining a moderate breadth, 25 ms. to the
influx of Bemer's creek, there bends to near a
sthrn. course and more rapidly widens for 25
ras. to its junction with Roanoke, at the head of
Albemarle sound, Lat 36°, passes up Albe.
marie sound, and intersects the eastern point
of Bertie co, N, C, between the mouthg of
Chowan and Roanoke, 0° 20' long, e. of W. C.
Including all itg confluentg or constituents the
Chowan drains an area of 3,500 sq. ras. which,
as a physical section, coraprises the northeast.
ern part of the basin of Roanoke. As a com.
mercial channel the Chowan, Nottaway, and
Black Water, extend almost directly from the
raouth of Roanoke to that of James river.
There is at all seasons sufficient depth of
water to adniit sloops of war to Murfreesboro'
on Meherin, about 10 ras. above the entrance
of Nottaway river. There is now a struggle
between contending interests, whether to ex.
tend a rail road from the basin of Roanoke to
Chesapeake bay, or a canal and lock navigation
by the channels of Chowan, Nottaway and
Black Water rs.
Chowan, co. N, C, bndd, n, by Gates co,, e.
by Perquimans, s, E, and s. by Albemarle sound,
and s, w, and w, by Chowan river, which sepa.
rates it frora Bertie and Hertford cos,, mean
width 8, and area, 200 sq, ras. Extending in
lat. from 36° to 36° 20' and in long, frora 0° 18'
to 0° 36'E. W, C, The slope is sUght, but what
little declivity there exists in the co, is to the s.
w, towards Chowan r. Soil productive, Cf t.
Edenton. Pop, 1820, 6,464, 1830, 6,697,
Christian, co, Ky, bndd. by Trigg w,. Hop.
kins, IN, w,, Muhlenburg n. e., Todd e,. and
Montgomery co. of Ten. s. Length from n. to
s, 34 ms,, mean breadth 18, and area 612 sq.
ms. Extending in lat, from 36° 37', to 37° 07',
and in long, from 10° 04' to 10° 23' w, W, C.
Though not very elevated, this county is a table
land, from which Little r, flows w, into Cum.
berland r,. Pond i, «, into Green r, and the
western fork of Red r, branch of Cumberland
s, into Red r, Cf t, HopkinsviUe, Pop, 12,864.
Christiana, tide water cj,, principally of
New Castle co, Delaware, but deriving its re.
mote sources from Cecil co, Md, and Chester
CO, Pa, It is formed by the junction of Chris.
tiana proper with the United streams of White
Clay, and Red Clay ers. The two latter rise
in Chester co. Pa,, the latter in Cecil co, Md.
The general course of Christiana proper and
the united stream below the influx of Red and
White Clay ers. is from s. w. to n. e,, compara.
tive length 30 ms, to its junction with the Bran.
dywine r, at Wilmington, The tide ascends
Christiana, and enables vessels of 6 ft, draught
to be navigated to Christiana bridge, 10 ms,
above Wilraington,
Christiana, usually called Christiana Bridge,
p.v. New t astle co, Del, situated on Chris.
tiana cr,, 10 ms, above and s, w. Wilmington,
by p-r, 47 ms, a little n, of w. Dover.
Christiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Butler
CO, 0, by p-r. 88 ms, s. w. by w, Columbus.
Christiansburg, p-v. and st. jus. Montgome.
ry CO. Va. by p.r. 282 ms. s. w. W. C. and 206
s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 08', long. 3° 24
w. W. C.

CIN

98

CIN

Christiansburg, p.v. Shelby co. Ky. 14 ms.
w. Frankfort.
Christiansville, p-v. in the northern part of
Mecklenburg co. Va. by p-r. 128 ms. s. w.
Richmond. Chkistmasville, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. by p-r.
105 ms. w, Nashville.
Chuckatuck, p-v. Nansemond co, Va. about
30 ms. s. w. Norfolk,
Chucky Bend, of Nolechucky r, and p-o, is
about 45 ms, n. of e. KnoxviUe, and in the
eastern part of Jefferson co. Ten, by p-r. 215
ms. E. NashviUe. The Nolechucky r, and
French Broad unite about 5 ras. below the bend.
Church Hill, p-v. Queen Ann co, Md, on a
sraall s, E, branch of Chester r,, 10 ms, a. n. e,
Centreville, and about 50 ms. s. e, by e, from
Baltimore, Church Hill, p-v, AbbeviUe dist, S, C. by
p-r. 96 ms. w. Columbia,
Church Hill, p-v, Montgoraery co, Ala, by
p-r. 12 1 rag, s, e, Tuscaloosa.
Churchtown, p-v. on a sraall branch of Co
nestoga or,, in the n, e. angle of Lancaster co.
Pa, 25 ms, n, e, Lancaster, and 55 northwest
by west Philadelphia,
Churchville, p-v, in the n, w, part of Mid
dlesex CO, Va, 7 ms, frora Urbanna, the st, jus,
by p-r, 76 ms, n, e, by e, Richmond,
CiOERo, t, Onondaga co, N, Y, Pop, 1830,
1,808. Cincinnati, city of Ohio, and st, jus, for
Hamilton co, situated on the right bank of Ohio
river, by p-r, 497 ms, (differing only 13' of lat,
from) due w, from W, C, 112 ras, s, w, by w,
Columbus, and 79 a httle E, of n, Frankfort, Ky,
Lat, 39° 06', long, 7° 32' w, W, C. according
to Tanner's map ofthe U, S, but 7° 24' 45" ac
cording to Flint, The position of Cincinnati is
adrairable. It stands on two plains or bottoras
ofthe river Ohio, the higher elevated about 60
feet .above the lower, with a rather steep inter
mediate bank. To an eye in the vicinity, placed
on elevated ground, the city seems to occupy
the centre and base of an immense basin, the
view being in every direction terminated by
swelling hUls. The streets, laid out at right
angles to each other, present an endless, though
rather monotonous variety of landscape. Four
teen ofthe streets are 66 feet wide, and 396
apart ; seven extending each way and crossing
the other seven. Thus the intermediate squares
comprise 156,816 sq, feet. The public build
ings already erected occupy one square and a
fraction of another ; and that part of the city
built upon, approaches the form of a parallelo
gram. The public buildings are, the Cincinnati
college. Catholic athenaeum, medical college,
the mechanics institute, a theatre, two museuras,
hospital, and lunatic asylum. United States
branch bank, court house, prison, 4 market
houses, a bazaar, and the Woodward high
school in the progress of erection. Of churches
there are 24, of which several are fine build
ings, banks 3, the United States brancb bank,
capital $1,200,000 ; Coramercial bank, capital
$500,000, and savings bank; there are 3 insu
rance companies, belonging to the city, with
two branches of companies ,at Hartford, Conn.
A water company supplies the city with water

frora Ohio river. It is elevated by steam pow
er to the height of 158 feet above low water
raark in the river, and flowing into reservoirs,
is thence distributed over tbe city, at an annual
expense of $8 per family at an average. The
pubUc prints are 16, comprising, one Quarterly
Medical Journal, one Monthly Magazine, one
Monthly Agricultural Journal, two semi month
ly, two serai weekly, six weekly, and three dai
ly gazettes. Thirty-two raailg arrive weekly,
'There are two fire companies, 34 charitable
and 25 religious societies. 'The progressive
pop. of this city is perhaps unequalled on a re
gion where rapid advance is every where re
markable. It was laid out in January, 1789,
but until after the treaty of Greenville, 1795,
progressed but slowly. In 1810, the total pop
ulation wag 2,540, in 1820, 9,642, and in 1826,
l(i,230. By a very accurate enumeration in
1831, 28,0 14, with a floating population, not in
cluded, of 1,509, making the total at thig tirae
(1832) more than 30,000. By the census tables
for 1830, the population of Cincinnati was com
posed of white males, 12,485 ; white feraales,
11,256; free colored males, 528, and females,
562 ; total 24,831, This city, second only in pop
ulation to New Orleans, amongst the western
cities of the United States, has already becorae
the seat of iraraense and increasing manufac
tures, of almost every species known in our
country. Of steamboats 111 have heen built
here. The iron manufactures include nearly
every article of that metal demanded by a civ
ilized and active population. Cabinet, batting,
shoe and boot making, saddlery, c&c. The im
ports of the city are supposed to exceed
$5,000,000, and by a recent estiraate, the ex
ports of 1832 exceed $4,000,000, There was
transported to the city during the year by the
Miami canal 97,578 bis. flour, 40,455 bbls.
whiskey, 19,758 bbls, pork, 30,960 kegs, and
1,156 bbls, lard, 1,877,240 lbs. bacon, 53,539
lbs. butter and 99 bbls. linseed oil, not including
ginseng, feathers, beeswax, tallow, beans, pot
and pearl ashes, cheese, (fee, (fee, and it was
also estimated that at least as great an amount
of produce was brought to the city by wagons,
and the river, during the same period. Among
the articles exported it was estimated that
$1,000,000 consisted of steara engines, steam
boat hulls, sugar mills, hats, cabinet-ware, can
dles, soap, type, printing presses, beer, porter,
coopers' ware, cordage, books, and articles not
mentioned, which are mostly sent down the
Ohio, About 40 manufacturing establishments
are propelled by steam. Revenue of the city
1831, was $35,231, and expenditure waa
$33,858. Bnainess is the chief object of this
young city, but education has not been neglect
ed. The Lane Seniinary, now a flourishing in.
stitution, is located about 2 ras. from the city,
at Walnut Hills. The president is professor of
theology, beside whicb professorship, there are
4 others, 1 of church history and polity, 1 of
bibUcal literature, 1 of languages and 1 of
chemistry. A building forthe purposes of the
institution, 100 ft. long and 40 deep, was com.
menced in 1832, and is now completed ; cost
estimated at $8,000, There are 2 departments
in this institution, theological and literary ; ex.

CLA

penses at the former per ann,, including board,
(tuition gratis) ,$60 — at the latter, including
tuition, $80, A farm is connected with the
seminary. The Medical coUege of Ohio, loca
ted here, has 6 professorships and UO students,
and another has recently been commenced,
called the reformed medical college. There
are 27 pubUc teachers of free schools, who
give instruction to 2,700 children annually.
The private schools are numerous, and many
of them very respectable. Mr, Flint states that
450 substantial buildings have been added to
the city yearly, forthe three last years,
Cincinnatus, p.t, Cortland co. N. Y, 139 ras,
w, Albany ; 12 s, e, Horaer ; soil productive,
moderately uneven, indifferently supplied.with
mill streams. Has 1 distillery, 3 asheries, cfec.
Pop, 1,308,
Circleville, p-v, and st, jus, Pickaway co,
Ohio, by p-r, 26 ms, s, from Columbus, and 394
ms, a Uttle n, of w, W, C, 19 n, and above
Chillicothe, and 20 ras, s, w. by w, from Lan
caster, Lat, 39° 36', and long, 5° 58' w, frora
W, C, This place is situated on the left bank
of Sciota 1, where that streara is crossed by
the Ohio and Erie canal, and on the largest
aqueduct on the line of this work. It contains
the ordinary co, buildings, a printing office, 10
or twelve stores, numerous mechanics shops,
and in 1830, a population of 1,136, which now,
1832, it is probable exceeds 1,200. This town
derives its narae frora several remarkable re
mains of ancient works, in the ordinary circular
form of such antiquities, scattered over the
valley of Ohio, They were here very exten
sive, and before the white settlements were
made, were well preserved.
City Island, N, Y, {See Pelham.)
City Point, port and p-v, on the right shore
of James r. on the point formed at the junction
of James and Appomattox rs, in the n, w. part
of Prince George's co. Va, 12 ms, below Peters
burg, by p-r, 34 ms, s, e, Richmond.
CrviL Order, p-v. in the n, w, part of Bedford
CO, Ten, by p-r, 48 ms, b, Nashville,
Claiborne, co, Misp, bndd, w, by Misp, r,
separating it from Concordia parish in La,, n,
w, and N, by Big Black r. separating it from
Warren co, Misp,, n, e, by Hinds, s, e, by
Copiah, and s, by Jefferson. It approaches the
forra of a right angled triangle, hypotenuse
along the Misp. and Big Black rs, 38 ms., base
on Jefferson 30, area 380 sq, ms. Extending
in lat. from 31° 53' to 32° 11', and in long, from
13° 50' to 14° 20' from W. C. Along the Misp,
and Big Black rs. the bottoms are level, ex
treraely fertUe, but subject to annual submersion.
Rising frora this alluvial border, the country ig
elevated into hillg, which towardg the rs, are
fertile, but receding eastward tbe pine forest
and sterile soil comraence. Bayou Pierre
{Stony Creek), a fine streara bordered with ex
ceUent land, flows to the s, a, w, and drains the
central part of the co, ; staple, cotton, Cf,t.
Gibsonport. Pop, 1820, 5,963, 1830, 9,787.
Claiborne, parish of La, as laid down by
Tanner, is bndd, E, by the parish of Washitau,
s. by Natchitoches, s. w. and w. by Red r, and n,
by Lafayette co. of Ark, Length from s, to n
65 ms. ; mean breadth 55, and area 3,575 sq

99 CLA
ms. Extending in lat, from 32° 05' to 33°, and
in long, from 15° 51' to 16° 57' w, from W, C
The northeast part is drained eastward by the
sources of Bayou Terrebonne flowing into
Washitau r, butthe great bodyof the parish.
declines southward, and is drained in that di
rection by the sources of Dugdomini, Saline,
Black Lake, Dacheet and Bodcau ra, ; the
western part also contains the lakes Bistineau,
and Bodcau, Some ofthe soil along the strearas
is of good second rate quality, and wooded
with oak, hickory, and elm, but the body of the
parish, or at least nine tenths of its surface, is
composed of barren hills clothed with pine
tiraber. The border on Red r. is partially
liable to annual submersion. The writer of this
article was the first person who surveyed or
indeed explored this section of La, It was
then (1812)-an uninhabited, in great part, and
pathless wUderness, It contained then 3 white
famiUes, and a small Indian vUlage, on Red r.
By the p-o, list, 1831, there were offices at Al
len's settlement and Russellville, Pop. 1,764.
Claiborne, co. of Ten, bndd, by Clinch r,
separating it from Hawkins, E,, Granger s, and
by CampbeU w, ; on the N, w, is Knox co, of
Ky, and Lee, the extreme s, w, co, of Va, n, e.
It Ues nearly in the form of a triangle ; base 50
ms, along Va, and Ky, and contains 450 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, 36° 13' to 13° 35', and m
long. 5° 52' to 6° 48' w. W. C, Surface moun
tainous, '^he northwestem angle is occupied
by Cumberland mtn, whUst Powell's mtn, trav
erses it in its greatest length from n, e, to s. w.
Between these two chains flows Powell's r. s.
w. whUst the co, has again a river border of 70
ms, along Clinch, Cft, TazeweU, Pop, 1820,
5,508, 1830, 8,470,
Claiborne, p-v, and St. jus. Monroe co, Ala,
on the left batik of Alabama river, by p.-r, 949
ras, s, w, W. C, 157 s, frora Tuscaloosa, 80 n,
N, E, MobUe, Lat, 31° 33', long, 10° 40' w.
W, C, Claiborne stands at tbe lower falls and
head of schooner navigation in Ala,
Clapps, p-o, Guilford co, N. C, by p-r, 73 ms.
N. of w, Raleigh,
Claremont, p-t. Sullivan co. N, H, on Conn.
r. opposite Windsor Vt. Area 25,800 square
acres. Its surface, a rich gravelly loam, finely
undulating, and furnishing the best meadows.
Produce in 1820 : butter 30,000 lbs., cheese
55,000, flax 7,500, pearlashes 3 tons. Watered
by Conn, and Sugar rs, ReUgious societies :
Contrregationalist, Episcopalian, Baptist, Meth.
odist, 1 each, Lat, 43° 23'. Pop, 2,526.
Claremont, p.v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r.
163 ras. N, w, by w, Columbia,
Clarence, p-t, Erie co,-N, Y, 18 ms, e, Buf
falo, N. boundary, Tonnewanta cr. Soil, a
loam, which good husbandry raay make very
productive. Its rocks, horizontal limestone.
Schools 21, 6 months in 12. Distilleries 6.
Asheries 13, Pop, 3,360,
Clarendon, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 55 ras. b.
Montpelier. Otter cr. MiU and Cold rs. fur
nish numerous mUl seats. Alluvial flats, from i
to 1 mile wide, on Otter cr. very productive, ex
tend through the town. Here is one of the fan
ciful stalactic caves. Marble or Umestone,
plenty, and -wrought. ReUgious societies, 3

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100

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Baptist, 1 Congregationalist, Mill for sawing
raarble, 3 distilleries, c&c. Lat. 43° 31'. Pop,
1,585, Clarendon, p-t, Genesee co, N. Y. 18 ras. n.
E. Batavia, about 6 ms. square, watered by
Sandy cr. Soil good. It has 8 scbools, 7
months in 12. Distillery 1. Pop. 2,025.
Clarendon, t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop,
2,025, Claridon, p-v. and tsp, in the sthrn, part of
Geauga co, 0, by p-r, 327 ras, n, w, W, C, and
155 N, E, Columbus, Pop. 1820, 588, 1 830, 637,
Clarion, i, of Pa, usually called Toby's cr,
rises by numerous branches in MacKean and
Jefferson cos, interlocking sources with ers,
flowing nthrd, into AUeghany r, and opposite to
those of the Sinnamaboning branch of Susque
hannah. The different branches unite near the
centre of Jefferson, and the main stream, assu
ming a s, w, course over that co, and thence
separating Armstrong from Venango, falls into
Alleghany r, at Foxburg, after an entire course
of 60 ms.
Clarion, p-v. in the n. part Armstrong co.
Pa, by p-r, about 70 ras, n, e, Pittsburg,
Clark, co, of Geo, bndd, by Walton w,
Jackson n. w. Madison n, e, Oglethorpe e,
Greene s, and is separated from Morgan s, w,
by Appalache, branch of Oconee r. Length
23, mean breadth 18, and area 414 sq, ms.
Extending in lat. from 33° 32' to "34° 2', and in
long, from 6° 17' to 6° 40' w, W. C, The con
stituents of Oconee r, unite in Clark, and flow
ing generally to the s, s, e. give that declivity
to the CO, 'The Appalache, which bounds it on
the s. w, flows also to the s, s, e, Cf ts, Wat.
kinsville and Athens. Pop, 10,176,
Clarke, co, of Ala, occupying the lower part
of the peninsula between the Tombigbee and
Ala, rs, bndd. n, by Marengo, n, e, by Wilcox,
by Ala, i, separating iton the s. e, from Mon
roe, and B, from Baldwin ; by Torabigbee r,
separating it frora Mobile s, w, and frora Wash
ington w, and N, w. Length from the junction
of Ala. and Torabigbee ra. and nearly along
long. 11° w. W, C, to the s, boundary of Ma
rengo, 60 raa. Mean breadth 20, and area 1200
sq, ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 10' to 32°,
and in long, from 10° 30' to 11° 18' w. W, C,
Surface hilly, and soil, except near the streams,
sterile, and wooded with pine. Much of the
river bottoras liable to occasional inundation.
Cf t. ClarkesviUe. Pop. 1820, 5,839, 1830,
7,595. Clarke, co. of Ky.,bndd. b, and s, w, by Ky,
r, separating it from Madison co,, w, by Lafay
ette, N. by Bourbon, n. e. and e. by Montgome
ry, and s, E, by Red r, separatuig it from Estill,
Length 20, mean breadth 15, and area 300 sq,
ms. Extending in lat. frora 37° 52' to 38° 10',
and in long, frora 6° 50' to 7° 18' w. W, C,
This sraall co. is nevertheless a table land.
From the nthrn, side issue the extrerae sources
of the w, fork of Licking, whilst short creeks
flow southwardly into Ky, r. The soil is highly
fertile. Cf, t, Winchester, Pop, 1820, 11,449,
1830, 13,051.
Clarke, co. 0. bndd. s. by Green, s, w, by
Montgomery, n, w, by Miami, n, by Champaign,
and E, by Madison, Length 30 ms. mean

breadth, 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. from 39° 45' to 40° 03', and in long, from
6° 31' to 7° 5'. From the southem part flows
little Miami, whilst the central sections are
traversed by Mad r, giving a s, w. slope to the
body ofthe CO. Cf t. Springfield. Pop. 13,074.
Clarke co, Ind, bndd. by Floyd s. w. Wash
ington w,, Scott n,, Jefferson n, e,, O, r, separa.
ting it from Oldham co. Ky. e. and s. e. and
from Jefferson co. Ky. s. It approaches the
form of a triangle 28 ms. each side ; area 336
gq, ms. Extending in lat, from 38° 18' to 38°
37', and in long, from 8° 25' to 8° 54' w. W. C.
The slope of thig co. ig almost directly s. to.
wards 0, r. Silver cr, rises in Clark, and flow.
ings. falls into O. i. at the lower end of the
rapids at Louisville. The surface is broken and
hUly, soU fertile. Cf t., Charleston. Pop.
1820, 8,079, 1830, in,686,
Clarke, co, of II, bndd. s, by Crawford, w.
by Shelby, n, by Edgar, by Wabash i. separat.
ing it frora Vigo co. Ind. e, and from Sullivan
CO, Ind, s. E, Breadth 24, mean length 45, and
area 1080 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 39°
10' to 39° 30', and in long, from 10° 34' to 11°
30' w, W, C, Little Wabash rises in tbe w.
part of Clarke, which is traversed also by the
w, and E, brancheg of Erabarrag r. all thoge
gtreams flowing to the sthrd. The eastem
part slopes south estrd. obliquely towards the
Washitau, Cf, t, Clark Court House, Pop.
3,940. Clarke, extreme nrthestm. co, of Mo. bndd.
as laid down on Tanner's iraproved raap of the
U. S, by Lewis co. Mo, s,, unappropriated part
of Mo. w., Indians country n. of Mo. r, Des
Moines n, e. and by the Mo. r. separating it
frora Hancock co. II. e. Length from e, to w.
50 ms,, mean breadth 20 and area 1000 sq, ms.
Extending in lat. frora 40° 15' to 40° 34' n. It
is traversed by w, long, 15° W, C, General
slope to the s, e, and in that direction several
small rs, are discharged into the Misp, river.
The wstrn, part is traversed by SaU r. branch
of Misp.
Clarke co. of Ark. extending along both
sides of Washitau r. above the influx of LitUe
Missouri. The boundaries or extent not very
well defined, but combining Tanner's map with
Flint's description, it has Hempstead co, s..
Pope w,, Hotsprings n,, Pulaski n, e, and Union
E, Lat, 34°, and long, 16° w. W, C, intersect
near its centre. The slope is to the s. e, do-wn
which pour the confluents of Washitau and
Little Missouri. The surface is hUly, and m
part mountainous. Considerable bodies of
good land skirt the streams, though the soil is
generally sterUe, The road from St, Louis, by
Little Rock to Lower Texas passes through it,
and on which two villages, BiscoeviUe and
Crittenden are laid down by Tanner, Pop,
1830, 1,369,
Clark, c. h, and p-o, Clark co. Ark. by p-r.
87 ms. s. w. LitUe Rock,
Clark, u, h, and p-o. Clark co, II, by p-r.
134 ms. N. E. VandaUa.
Clark's p-o. and tsp. Coshocton co. O, by
p-r, the p-o, is 88 ms. n, e. by e. Columbus.
In 1830 the tsp. contained 246 inhabitants.
Clark's River, (See Oregon,)

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101

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Clarkesburo, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Has
WiUiamstown onthe w. Pop. 1830, 315.
Clarksburg, small p-v. Montgomery co. Md.
on the road from W. C, to Frederick, 28 ms,
N, w. from the former, and 15 ms, b. e. from
the latter city. It is a small village of one
street along the main road. Pop. about 50.
Cl.arksburg, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Va..
bv p-r. 260 N. w. by w. Richmond, and 45 ras.
above, and s. s. w. from Morgantown. It is
situated on the right bank of Monongahela r.
Clarksburg, p-v. and st, jus, Lewis co, Ky,
by p-r, 96 ms. n. e. by e, Frankfort. Pop. 1830,
62. Clarksburg, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Ross
CO. 0. by p-r. 44 ms, s. s, w, Columbus. Pop.
1830, 56.
Clark's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by p-r.
44 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Clarksfield, p-v. and tsp. Huron co. 0. The
p-v. is by p-r. 121 ms. a little e, ofN, Columbus,
and 385 ms, n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. ofthe tsp.
1830, 368.
Clark's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of
Moore co. N, C, by p-r. 108 ms. s, w, from
Raleigh. Clarkson, p-t, Monroe co, N, Y, on Lake
Ontario, 18 ras. w. s. w. Rochester, Area
about 80 sq, ras. SoU exceUent. Contains raa
ny salt springs. Waterci by 3 creeks, one a
fine miU stream. The viUage is li ms. n. of
Erie canal. Pop, 1830, 3,251,
Clarkston, p-o. King and Queen co, Va, by
p-r, 50 ms. n. e. Richmond.
Clark's Store and p-o. in the s, part of Mar
tin CO, N, C. by p-r, 106 ras, E, Raleigh,
Clark's Store and p.o, in the s, w. part of
Harailton co, 0, by p-r. 13 ms, from Cincinnati,
Clarkstown, p-t, cap. Rockland co. N. Y. on
the w, bank ofthe Hudson, 132 ms, s, Albany,
28 N, N, Y- Here are the Nyak hillg, furnish
ing the red s.ind stone, of which the capitol at
Afbany is principally buUt, Church, 1 Dutch
Reformed. In 1808, distilleries 3, Schools
kept 11 months in 12, Pop, 1833, 2,298.
Clarkstown, p.v. Wayne co. Pa, by p-r. 158
ms, N, E, Harrisburg,
Clarksville, N, Y, (See Middlefield,)
Clarksville, p-v. in the n, e, part ot Greene
CO,- Pa. situated on the point between and above
the juncdon of the two maui branches of Ten
Mile creek, 10 ms. s. w. from BrownsvUle,
about an equal distance n. e. Waynesburg.
Clarksville, p-o, on the road from Rockville
to Baltimore, Ann Arundel co, Md, 20 ms. b. w.
by w, Baltiraore,
Clarksville, p-v, Mecklenburg co. Va, by
p.r, 99 ms, s, w, Richmond,
Clarksville, p-v, Spartanburg dist, S, C. by
p-r. Ill ms, N, N, w, Columbia,
Clarksville, p-v, and st, jus, Habersham co.
Geo. by p-r. 144 ms, a litfle w, ofN, from MU
ledgeviUe, on one of the highest branches of
Chattahoochee r, Lat, 34° 35', and long, 6°
40' w. W, C,
Clarksville, p-v, andst, jus, Clark co, Ala,
by p-r, 146 ms. a UtUe w, of s, Tuscaloosa, and
84 ms. a litUe e. of n, from the city of Mobile,
Clarksville, p-v, and st. jus, Montgomery
CO, Ten. by p-r. 46 ms, n, w, by w, NashviUe, 14

situated on the point above the junction, and be
tween Cumberland and Red rs,
Clarksville, p-v, in Clarke tsp, westem part
of Clinton co, 0, The p-v, is by p-r, 76 ms. s.
w, Columbua. Pop, ofthe tsp. 1830, 1,886.
Clarksville, p-v. on the right bank of Misp.
r. in the e, part of Pike co. Mo, about 75 ms.
by the land route above St. Louis, and by p.r.
126 n, e, Jefferson,
Claverack, t, Columbia co. N. Y. 5 ma. e.
Hudson, Claverack creek, its w. boundary, is
a fine mUl stream. Hag along the creekg, rich
alluvial flats. Contains good limestone, sorae
slate, sorae lead, and a mineral spring. Schools
13, 1 1 months in 12, Pop, 3,000,
Clay, t. Onondaga co, N. Y, Pop. 2,095.
Clay, co, of Ky. bndd. by Knox s., Laurel
w., Estill N., and Perry e. Length from n, to s.
40, mean breadth 22, and area 880 aq, ms.
Extending in lat. from 36° 57' to 37° 33', and in
long, from 6° 18' to 6° 52' w. W. C. Though
sorae of the sources of Rockcastle cr, a branch
of Cumberland r, rise along the wstrn, border
of Clay, the body of the co. is drained by, and
nearly commensurate with the valley of the
s. E. Fork of Kentucky r,, and slopes north
wardly. The soil is generally thin, Cf t.
Manchester. Pop. 3,548.
Clay, co. of Ind. bndd, s, w, by Sullivan, w,
and N, w. by Vigo, n, by Parke, n, e. by Put.
nam, e. and s. e. by Owen, and s. by Greene.
Length from s, to n, 30 mg,, mean breadth 12,
and area 360 sq, ma. Extending in lat, from
39° 12' to 39° 38', and in long, from 9° 58' to
10° 18' w, W, C, Slopes to the sthrd. and is
drained by Eel, r, a branch of the w. fork of
White r. Crg, flowing wgtrd. into the Wabash
r. rise along the wstrn. border of Clay, but the
body ofthe co. ia in the valley of Eel r. Cf. t.
Bowling Green. Pop. 1,616.
Clay, co. of II. bndd. s. e. by Edwards, s. by
Wayne, a, w, by Marion, n, w, by Fayette, n.
and N. E. by Crawford, and e. by Lawrence.
Length 32 ms., breadth 21, and area 672 aq, ms.
Extending in lat. from 38° 37' to 38° 54' and
in long, from 11° 9' to 11° 44' w. W. C. The
main atream of Little Wabash enters the nrthrn.
border from Fayette, and inflecting to s. e. re.
ceives numerous ers. from, and traverses Clay,
issuing from it in the s, e, angle, Cf t. Mays.
ville. Pop. 755.
Clay, co, of Mo, bndd, on the w, by the w,
boundary ofthe state, and n, and n. e, by coun.
try not yet laid out into cos, ; e, it bas Ray co,,
and s. the Mo, r, separating it frora Jackson co.
Breadth from e. to w. 22, mean length from s.
to N, 30, and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
frora 39° 04' to 39° 34', and in long, frora 17°
06' to 17° 28' w. W. C. Cf t. Liberty. Pop.
5,338. The Kansas r. enters the Mo. directly
opposite the s.w, angle ofthis co, at a distance
by the p-r, of 1,170 ms. w. W. C.
Claysville, p-v. on the U. S. turnpike road,
Washington co. Pa. by p-r. 222 ms. w. Harris
burg, and 10 ms. b. w. by w. borough of Wash
ington. Claysville, p-v. Guernsey co, 0. by p-r, 92
ms. E. Columbus.
Claysville, p.v. Washington co. Ind. by p.r.
92 ms, s. Indianopohs,

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102

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Claysville, p.v, in the e, part Harrison co,
Ky. by p-r. 50 ms, n, of e, Frankfort,
Clayton, or Claytonsville, p-v. and st. jus.
Rabun co, Geo, by p-r, 611 ras, e. w. a little w.
W. C. and 174 ms. N, MilledgevUle, It is sUu
ated at the southern base of Blue Ridge, be
tween the Chatuga and Turoree branches of
Tugaloo r,, and is the most nthrn, co, t, of
Geo, Cl.vytonville, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. 286
ms. wstrd, Raleigh,
Clay Village, p-v. Shelby co, Ky, 16 ms. w.
Frankfort. Clear Creek, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten, by p-r,
168 ms. s, w, by w, Nashville.
Clear cr, and p-o, Richland co, 0, The p-o.
by p-r. 96 ras. e. of n, Colurabus,
Clear Creek, p-o, in the n, part of Sanga
mon CO, II, by p-r, 96 ras. w, ofN, Vandalia,
Clearfield, co, of Pa, bndd, s, by Cambria,
s, w, by Ind,, w, and n, w. by Jefferson, n, by
Mac Kean, n. e, by Lycoming, e, by the w.
branch of Susquehannah r, separating it from
Centre, ands, e, by Mushannon cr, separating it
from the s. wstrn. part of Centre. Length from
B. to N. 45, mean breadth 32, and area 1,425 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, from 40"^ 45' to 41° 24',
and in long, from 1° 3' to 1° 53' w, W,C, Clear
field is an elevated, and in great part a raoun
tainous region. Lying wstrd, frora the main
chain of the Appalachian systera, it is on the
floetz or level formation. From the wstrn,
border issue the extreme fountains of the Ma
honing and Red Bank ers, flowing to the w, into
AUeghany r,, but the far greater part of the area
is drained by the raain streams and numerous
branches of Sinnamaboning, and w, branch of
Susquehannah, The dividing ridge of the wa
ters traversing the n, w, part of Clearfield, is
elevated about 1,200 ft, above the AUantic
tides. From this ridge the extreme wstrn.
sources of the Susquehannah flow s. e, down
the raountain vaUies, giving an uncommonly di
versified surface to Clearfield, The soil is
generally rocky and sterile, Cf t. Clearfield,
Pop, 1820, 2,342, 1830, 4,803,
Clearfield, p-v, and st, jus, Clearfield co.
Pa, by p-r, 201 ms, n, n, w, W, C. 129 n. w, by
w. Harrisburg, and about 100 ras, n, e, by e,
Pittsburgh. It is situated between Clearfield
cr. and the w. branch ofthe Susquehannah r.
Clearfield Ridge and p-o, Clearfield co. Pa,
by p-r, 4 ms, s, e, Clearfield v, 125 n, -tv, by w,
Harrisburg, Clear Spring, p-v, in the w, part of Wash
ington CO, Md, by p-r, 82 ras. n, w, W, C.
Cleaveland, p-t. and at. jug. Cuyahoga co, 0,
about 130 ms, n, w, Pittsburg, and by p-r, 360
ms, a little w, of n, w. W. C,, 140 n, n, e, Co
lurabus, and 104 by the land route, s, w, by w,
frora the borough of Erie iu Erie co. Pa, lat,
41° 32', long, 4° 42' w, W, C, The gite of
Cleaveland is an elevated point below the en
trance of Cuyahoga r, into lake Erie, which ad
raits vessels of 7 ft. draught, _It is a flourish.
ing, and already an important town ; and situa.
ted as the village is at the termination of the
Ohio canal, it possesses great and peculiar ad.
vantages for enterprise. From an official state.
ment it appears, that the foUowing were among

the arrivals at Cleaveland during 1832, viz :
wheat, 288,722 bus. ; flour, 54,404 bbls, ; pork,
13,801 bbls,; whiskey, 2,150 bbls,; pot and
peari ashes, 261,026 lbs, ; butter, 549,22 J lbs. ;
cheese, 85,711 lbs.; tobacco, 969 bhds,; lard,
354,101 lbs, ; lumber, 656,949 ft, ; mineral coal,
12,900 bus. Of the property cleared by way of
the canal, during the game period, was salt,
29,939 bbls, ; fish, 7,661 bbls, ; merchandise,
5,26. \535 lbs, ; gypsum, 190,800 lbs.; lumber,
113,954 ft.; shingles, 780 M, ; mUlstones 24
pairs, 'The whole quantity of freight upon
which toll is charged by weight, that arrived by
way ofthe canal, in 1832, amounted to 43,694,-
694 lbs. In 1831, 36,640,916 lbs. The total
number of pounds cleared by way of the canal,
in 1832, was 18,724,522; in 1K3I, 16,266,861.
The amount of tolls received m 1832, was
$31,710 50 ; in 1831, it was $26,154 64. By
the census of 1830, the vUlage contained a pop.
of 1,076, and now (1833) no doubt the inhabit
ants exceed 1,200, The to^vn in 1830 had a
pop, of 1,585, In the viUage are the usual co.
buildings, upwards of 40 stores, 9 or 10 groce
ries, a number of taverns, 200 dwelling houses,
and 4 or 5 churches. The future and securely
permanent prosperity of this place is evident
from its position.
Clemonsville, p-v, Davidson co, N, C. by
p-r, 125 ras, w, Raleigh,
Clemontville, p-o, Mac Kean co. Pa, by p.r,
201 ms, n. w, Harrisburg,
Clermont, p-t, Columbia co, N, Y, on e, bank
ofthe Hudson, 45 ms, s, Albany, Area 14,000
acres, divided into about 120 farmg, and leased
to practical farraers. The country seat of the
late Chancellor Livingston, is one of the most
extensive and elegant in the state. There are
7 schools 8 months in the year. Pop, 1,203,
Cleves, p-v, in the s. w, part of Hamilton co,
0, 16 ms, wstrd, from Cincinnati,
Clifton, p-v, Russell co, Va, by p-r, 330 ms,
a little s, of w. Richraond,
Clifton Park, t, Saratoga co. Pop, 2,294,
(See Half Moon,)
Clifty, p-v, in the s, part of White co. Ten,
by p-r, 102 ms, s, E, by e, Nashville.
Clinch, r, of Va, and Ten, the great norih-
estrn, constituent of Ten, r,, rises in Tazewell
CO, Va, and flows thence by a general course of
s, w, over Russell and Scott cos, 90 ms. En
tering Ten,, Clinch separates Claiborne co, from
Hawkins, Granger and Anderson ; Carapbell
from Anderson, and thence traversing the latter,
enters Roan, and imites with the Ten, at Kings
ton, after an entire comparative course of 180
ms. In the s, part of Campbell co. Clinch re
ceives from the n, e. Powell's r. The latter
rising in RusseU co Va, issues thence in a di
rection almost parallel to the Clinch; traverses
Lee CO, of Va,, enters Ten, crossing Claiborne
and Campbell cos., joins the Clinch at Grants-
boro after a coraparative course of 90 ras, A
short distance above its junction with Ten, r, the
Clinch receives frora the n, w, Emery's r. It
raay be remarked that the course of the higher
branches of Eraery's r, is directly the reverse of
that of Clinch and Powell's r, IJniting the val-
Ues of Emery's and Clinch r. the whole valley
is about 220 ms. long ; but the width is con-

CLI

103

CLO

tracted comparatively, and ft-Uy estimated at 20
ms. Area 4,400 sq, ras.
In all their respective courses, Clinch and
Holston pursue a parallel direction, in few pla
ces 20 ms. asunder, each receiving short ers,
frora an intervening mountain chain. On the
opposite or right side. Clinch in succession in
terlocks sources with thoseof Great Sandy, Ky,
and Cumberland rs. The relative elevation of
the vaUies of Clinch and Holston differ but UtUe
from each other, and each stream above their
junction, raust have, frora their remote fountains,
a fall of 1000 or 1200 ft.
Cli.nch Dale, p-o, Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r.
280 ma. a little i;, of e, Nashville,
Cllvgan's p-o, Chester co. Pa, 22 ms, frora
Philadelphia, Clinton, p-t, Kennebec co. Me, 24 ms. n,
Augusta, Pop, 2,130,
Clinton, co, N, Y, on lake Champ-lain, bndd.
N. by Lower Canada, lat. 45°, E, by lake
Champlain, s, by Essex co, and w, by Franklin
CO, Greatest length i\, and s, 40i, breadth 31
West part mountainous, well tirabered, suppUed
with raill streams, iron ore, exceeded in richness
by none in the world, 'The lake sliore 8 ms,
in width, moderately uneven, or quite level.
very amply repays the labors of the husband.
raan. Rs. Saranac, Sable, (fee. Plattsburg is
the st.jus. Pop, 1820, 12,070, 1830, 19,344,
Clinton, p-t. Duchess co, N, Y, Abounds
in slate equal to any in the U, S, The quarries
employ 300 hands. Watered by Wappingers
creek, 90 ms, s, Albany, Pop. 2,130.
Clinton, p-v. in the t. of Kirkland, Oneida co,
N, Y. on the Oriskany ereek, 9 ms. w. S, w,
Utica. The proposed Chenango canal runs
through this place. An Universalist seminary
is buUding here. Hamilton college, located
here, is delightfully situated. The college
buUdings, 3 in number, 4 stories high, stand in
a line on the sumrait of a hill commanding an
extensive prospect of rich and picturesque
scenery, A law professorship has been recently
founded in this college bya bequest of $20,000,
The faculty consists of a president, 4 profes
sors. There are (1832-3) 6 instructors, and
77 undergraduates. Total, alumni, 180, of
whom 160 are living. Founded 1812. The
libraries contain 3,000 vols. Commenceraent
4th Wednesday in August,
Clinton, p-v, Hunterdon co, N, J, on the s,
branch of Raritan r. 30 ras, w, n, w. New Bruns-
-wick, formerly Hunt's Mills,
Cli.\ton, p-v, Alleghany co. Pa, 23 ms, from
Pittsburg, and by p-r, 224 ms, w, Harrisburg,
Clinton, p-v, and st, jus, Sarapson co, N, C,
situated on a branch of Black r, 72 ms, s, s, e,
Raleigh, and 18 nearly due E. Fayetteville,
Lat, 35°, w, long. 1° 18'.
Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co, Geo, by
p-r. 665 ms, s, w, W, C, and 23 w, MUledge
viUe. Lat. 33° 01', a-,d long. 6° 40' w. W. C.
Clinton, p-v. Greene co, Ala, by p-r, 25 ms.
s. Tuscaloosa.
Clinton, p-v. Hinds co, Misp, ahout 80 ras,
N. E. Natchez.,
Clinton, p-v. parish of East Feliciana, La.
about 50 ms. N, E. St. Francisville, and by p-r,
1,58 ms, N, -w. New Orleans.

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. Ky, by
p-r, 847 ms, s, w, by w, 4 w.W, C, and 308 ms.
s. w, by w. Frankfort. Pop. 82.
Clinton, p-v. and st, jus, Anderson co. Ten.
by p-r. 534 ms, s, w, by w, W, C, and 195
almost due E, Nashville, Itis situatedon the
right side of Clinch r. Lat, 36° 06', long 7° 8',
w, W, C,
Clinton, co, of 0,bndd, s. e, by Highland, s,
w. by Browne, w, by Warren, n, by Green, and
N, E, by Fayette, Length 22, mean breadth 18,
and area 396 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from
39° 13' to 39° 33', and in long, from 6° 31' to 6°
57' w, AV, C, This co, is a real table land,
from which ers, flow literally in every direction.
On its surface are the sources of Paint creek
branch of Sciota, and of East Fork, Todd's
Fork, and other branches of Little Miami. The
soil is generaUy productive. Cf. t. Wilmington.
Pop, 1820, 8,085, 1830, 11,436,
Clinton, p-v, in the n, w, part of Stark co, O.
by p-r. 121 ras, n, e, by e, Colurabus.
Clinton, co. of Ind. bndd. by Boone s., Tip
pecanoe w., Carroll n, w,, the Miamis n, e,,
and Haraihon co, s, e. Length frora e, to w,
24 ras, breadth 15, and area 360 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat, from 40° 14' to 40° 28', and in
long, from 9° 12' to 9° 40' w, W, C, The
slope ofthis co, is nearly due w. and drained by
the eastern branches of Wild Cat r, towards the
more considerable stream of the Wabash, Cf
t, Frankfort, Pop. 1,423. The st. jus, of this
CO. is about 45 ros, in, n, w, Indianopolis.
Clinton, p-v. VermiUion co. Ind. by p-r. 87
ras, w, Indianopolis.
Clinton, co. of 11. bndd. by Washington s,,
St, Clair s. w,, Madison n, w,. Bond n,, Fay
ette N, E , and Marion e. Length from e, to w.
30 ms,, mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. frora 38° 25' to 38° 45' n., and
in long, from 12° 10' to 12° 42' w. W, C. This
CO, is traversed from its nthrn. border in a di
rection of s. s, w, by Kaskaskias r, and by Shoal
cr, and other of its branches. The cf.t. Car
lyle, stands on the Kaskaskias, and on the road
frora Vincennes to St. Louis, Pop, 2,330,
Clinton, new co, Mich, bounded e, by Shia
wassee, Ingham s. e,, Eaton s, w,, Ionia w,, and
Gratiot n. It is a square of 24 ms, each way,
area 576 sq, ms, Lat. 43°, and long, 7° 42' w.
W, C, intersect in this co, 100 ms. a Uttle w. of
N, -v.'. Detroit. Slope westward, and traversed
by different branches of Grand r. Pop. uncer
tain. Clintonville, p-v. Green Briar co. Va. by
p-r. 231 ms. a litfle n. of w. Richraond.
Clintonville, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky, by p-r. 52
ras. estrd. Frankfort,
Clio, p.v, in the s, part of Adaras co, II, by
p-r, 178 ms, n, w. by w, Vandalia.
Clookville, p-v. Madison co, N, Y,
Cloutiersville, p-v. in the s. e. part of the
parish of Natchitoches, La. about 25 ms. s. e.
from the v, of Natchitoches,
Clover Bottom, p-o, Iredell co, N, C, byp-r,
156 ms, w, Raleigh,
Clover Creek, p-o, Madison cc^Ten, by p-r.
159 ms. B. w, by w, NashviUe,
Clover Dale, p-o. Botetourt co. Va, by p-r,
160 ms, w, Richmond.

COD

104

COL

Clover Garden, p.o. Orange co. N, C, by
p.r, 48 ms, n, w, Raleigh,
Clover Hill, p.o, Blount co. Ten. by p.r. 162
ms. B, E, by E, Nashville.
Cloverport, p.v. on 0. r, N. -W. angle of
Breckenridge co. Ky. II ms. N, w. by w. Har.
denaburg, the st.jus,
Clyde, r, Vt. empties into Memphremagog
lake in Derby,
Clyde, p.v, Wayne co, N, Y. on Erie canal,
4 ms. N. Waterloo.
Clymer, t, Chatauque co. N. Y. s. w. corner,
having Pa. boundary on the w. and s. 2 schools,
3 months in 12. Pop. 567.
Coal r,, a r. of westem Va, rises in Fayette
CO, by two branches, called relatively Great and
Little Coal rs. The former rises in the west.
em spurs of the Appalachian ridges, flows N. w.
out of Logan into Kenhawa co., receives Lit-
itle Coal r. from the s, w, and finally falls into
the right side of Great Kenhawa, after a com
parative course of 70 ms. The valley of Coal
r. lies between those of Great Kenhawa and
Guyandot r.
Coal River Marshes, p-o. Logan co. Va. by
p-r. 277 ms. n. of w, Richmond.
Coalsmouth, p-v. Kenhawa co. Va. situated
on Kenhawa r. at the mouth of Coal r. by p-r.
12 ms. below and wstrd, from Charleston, the
st, jus, for the co,
Coatesville, small p-v, on tbe w, bank of
Brandywine cr,, Chester co. Pa. 39 ms. w.
Phil. Coat's Tavern and p-o. York dist. S. C. by
p-r. 97 ras, nthrd, Columbia,
CoBBs, p-o, McMinn co. Ten. by p-r. lUl ms.
s. E. by E, Nashville,
Cobleskill or Cobelskill, ,p-t, Schoharie co,
N, Y, 38 ms. w. Albany ; is watered by the
CobuskiU, a tolerable mill stream, having a fine
alluvion raargin. Population of German origin.
Pop. 2,988.
Cobhrn's Store and p-o. Mecklenburg co, N,
C. by p-r, 167 ms, b, w. by w, Raleigh,
CocHECo, or Dover r, N. H. a branch of the
Piscataqua, CocHECTON, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y., on Dela
ware r, 134 ms, s, w, Albany, Pop, 438,
CocHRANSviLLE, p.v, in the w. part of Ches.
ter CO. Pa. 45 ms, w, Phil.
CocHRANSViLLE, p.v. In the w. part of Ab.
beville dist. S. C. by p.r. 102 ms. w. Columbus.
CocHRANTON, p.v. in the N. part of Marion co.
0. by p.r. 56 ms. n. Columbus.
Cocke, co. of e. Ten. bndd, s. e, by the main
chain of the Alleghany mtns,, here called the
Smoky mtns. separating it from Haywood and
Buncombe cos. of N. C, s. w. by Sevier, w. and
N. w. by Jefferson, andN. E.by Greene. Length
from s. to N. 22, raean breadth 17, and area 374
sq, ms. Extending in lat. 35° 40' to 36° 05',
and in long, from 5° 45' to 6° 13' w. W. C. The
surface is broken and hiUy, being part of a ratn.
valley, sloping to the n. w. and drained in that
direction by French Broad and Big Pigeon r.
Cf. t, Newport, Pop. 1820, 4,892, 1830, 6,017.
CoDOEUS, large cr., or rather sraall r. having
its remote source in the n. e. part of Frederick
CO. Md., flows nthrdly. over York co. Pa. and
falls into Susquehannah r, at the village of New

Holland after a comparative course of 30 ms-
CoDORUs, tsp. and p.o. s. w. part of York co.
Pa. by p.r. 38 ms. s. Harrisburg. Pop. tsp.
2,429. Coeymans, p.t. Albany co. N. Y. on the Hud.
son 11 ms. s. Albany, has plenty of limestone,
sorae sheU raarle, 2 Dutch churches, 1 Metho.
dist. There is a sloop.landing at the mouth of
Coeyman's cr. Pop. 2,723.
Coffee Creek, p.o. Warren co. Pa. by p.r.
270 ms, N. w. Harrisburg.
Coffee Run, p.o. Huntingdon, Pa. 10 ms. b.
E, from the borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r.
82 ms. wstrd. Har¬risburg.
CoFFEEviLLE, p-v. OH the left bank of the
Tombigbee r. Clarke co. Ala. 16 ms. n. w.
ClarksviUe, the co. town, and by p-r. 120 ms. a
little w,of s. Tuscaloosa.
CoFFYViLLE, p-v. Clarke co. Ky. 35 ms. s. e.
by E. Frankfort.
Cohasset, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 20 ms. s. e.
Boston. Cohasset rocks, 3 ms. from its shore,
have been fatal to many vessels. Pop. 1830,
1,233. Cohocton, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 35 ms. b.
w. Canandaigua. Pop. 2,544.
Cokalahiskit, 1. a branch of Clark's r., rises
in the Chippewan mtns. opposite to the sources
of Dearbome branch of iWissouri, and flowing
thence to the n, w. falls into Clark's r, after a
coraparative course of 150 ms. The raouth of
this r, is according to Tanner at lat, 46° 44' and
long, 36° w, W. C.
Colchester, t, Chittenden co. Vt. ; w. bound.
ary is lake Champlain, s. Onion r. separating it
from Burlington ; timbered by beech, maple,
ash, oak, chesnut, walnut, white and pitch pine.
Has rauch pine plain, good raill streams, 1 dig.
tillery, 3 churcheg, and 4 gchool houges. Pop.
1,489. Colchester, p-t. New London co. Conn. 23 ms.
s. E. Hartford, 15 w. Worwich, borders on 4 cos.
6 ms, by 9, 50 sq, ms, is uneven ; primitive
good grazing land, watered by Salmon r, c&c.
and has factories. Bacon academy, founded
1801, has a fund of $30,000. Population 1830,
2,068, Colchester, p.t. Del. co. N. Y, 21 ms. s.
Delhi, 91 s. w, Albany, is crossed by e. branch
of Del. r, and Beaver cr. Much lumber is raft.
ed for PhU. Pop, 1,424,
Coldenham, p.v. Montgomery, Orange co N.
Y. 13 ras. from Goshen.
Colder, p.t. Erie co. N. Y. Population
464. Cold Spring, v. Cattaraugus co. N Y. 14 ms.
s. w. ElUcottviUe.
Cold Spring, landing, Putnam co, N. Y.
opposite West Point. Has the great Iron
foundary of the U. S.
Cold Spring, p^v. WUkinson co. Misp. by
p.r. about 30 ms, s. Natchez.
Cold Spring, p.v. Hardiman co. Ten. about
150 ms. s. w. by w, NashvUle.
Cold Stream Mills, p.o. Hampshire co. Va.
by p.r. 104 ms. n. w. by w. W. C.
Cold Water, p.o. St. Joseph's co. Mich.
about 150 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit.
Cole, co. of II. bndd. by Jasper s. e. Effing.
ham, s. w., Shelby w,, Macon n, west Vermil.

COL

lion northeast, and Edgar and Clark e. Length
from s. to N. 50 ms. ; mean breadth 24, and
area 1,200 sq, ms. Extending in lat. 39° 10' to
39° 53' and in long. 11° 02' to 1 1° 30' w. W, C.
This CO. contains a table land from which flow
the Kaskaskias to s. s. w. and the Embarras to
B. Both these rs. have their sources in the
country westward from, and yet attached to
VermiUion co. The Kaskaskias enters and
traverses the n. w. angle of Cole, retiring from
it to the s. w. The Embarras traverses the co.
in its greatest length by a general southern
course. The extreme source of Little Wabash
is also in the s. w. angle of this co, Cf, t,
Charlestown. Not included in the census of
1830. Cole, co, of Mo. bndd. w. and n. w, by Coo.
per, N. by the Missouri r, separating it from
Boone, n. e, by the river Missouri separating it
from Callaway co,, E, by tbe Osage separating
it from Gasconnade co.. and s. e, and s, by
Osage r, separating it frora a country not yet
appropriated to co, division. As laid down by
Tanner, Cole co, is in form of a triangle, longest
side 50 ms. along Cooper, and from the Osage
to Missouri r. ; mean breadth 17, and area 850
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 09' to 38°
51', and in long, from 15° to 15° 31' w. W. C,
The general slope of this co, is to the estrd,,
though the two botmding rs, converge, the Mis.
souri to the s, e,, and the Osage to the n, e,
Moreau cr, flowing from the wstrd. and enter.
ing Missouri one or two ms. above the influx
of Osage, divides Cole into two not very une.
qual sections. Cf. t. Jefferson, the cap. also of
the state. Pop43,023,
Colebrook, p.t. Coos co. N. H. 40 ms. n,
Lancaster, 2.5,000 acres, has rich meadows on
Con. r., Mohawk r., and Beaver brook. In
corporated, 1790. Pop. 532.
Colebrook, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 31 ms.
N. w. Hartford, 18 n. e. Litchfield, on high
ground, 5 ms, by 6, 30 sq. ms, with granite
hiUs, has a hard soU, pretty good for grazing,
with raany mill seats on the main branch of
Farraington and Sandy rs. Pop. 1,332.
Colebrook, tsp. and p-o. Ashtabula co. 0. by
p.r. 191 ms. N, E, Columbus, Pop. tsp, 92,
Colebrookdale, p.o, Berks co. Pa, 11 msE,
from Reading and 63 ms. in a similar direction
from Harrisburg, Pop, tsp. 1820, 1,046, 1830,
1,229, Coleman's Cross Roads, and p.o, Edgefield
dist, S. C. by p-r. 50 ms. wstrd. Colurabia.
Colerain, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 105 ms. n,
w, Boston, s, N, H., has two forks of Deerfield
r., and was settled about 1736, by a colony from
Ireland. Pop. 1,877.
Colerain, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa.
The p-o. is by p-r. 52 ras. from Harrisburg.
Pop.tsp. 1820, 1,088, 1830, 1,194.
Colerain, p-v. Bertie co. N. C. situated on
the wstrn, side of Chowan r,, 60 ms, s, b. w,
Norfolk, Va., byp-r. 174 miles n.e. by e. Ra
leigh. Colerain Forge, and p.o. on Spruce cr. in
» the nrthrn. part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 1 5 ms. N.
borough of Huntingdon, and by p.r. 106 ms. «.
w. by w. Harrisburg.
Colesville, p.t. Broome co. N. Y. 15 ms. E.

105 COL
Chenango Point, 125 s. w. Albany, has good
grazing, though billy lands ; crossed by Sus,
quebannah r. Pop, 2,387.
Colesville, p.o, Montgomery co. Md. 15 ms.
N. W. C.
Colesville, p.v. in the b. wstrn. angle of
Chesterfield co. Va. 31 ras. s. w. Richraond,
College Corners, and p.o, Prebble co, O.
situated in the n, w, part of the co. about 60 ras.
a little w. of n. Cincinnati,
College Hill, p-o, at Columbia coUege, dist.
of Colurabia, 2 ras, m, from the general p-o,
W, C.
Colleton, dist. S.C. bndd. s. w. by Cambahee
r. which separates it from Beaufort, n, w, by
Bamwell and Orangeburgh, n, and e, by Charles
ton, and s, E, by Atlantic ocean. Length from
s, E, to N, w. 37 ras,, mean breadth 37, and area
2,100 sq, ras. Extending in lat, from 32° 28'
to 33° 18' N,, and in long, frora ,3° 10' to 4° 8'
w. W. C. Colleton is situated alraost entirely -
within the Atlantic tide plain, and is in great
part a dead level. Besides the Carabahee,
which bounds it on the b. w., this district is
traversed by the Edisto, and gives source and
course to the Ashepoo r. The latter uniting
with Carabahee, contributes to form St, Helena
sound. The Edisto, before reaching the ocean,
divides into two branches, encompassing an isl
and which bears the name of Edisto island.
This island, chequered by points and traversed
by nuraerous ers, is raostly subject to daily sub
mersions by ocean tides, where the land of
either the island or parts more inland, have
been made arable ; the soil is productive. Chief
staples, rice and cotton, Cf, t, Watersboro,
Pop, 1820, 26,373, 1830, 27,256,
Collie's Mill, and p-o, in the w, part of Cald
weU CO, Ky, 12 ras, w, Eddyville,
Collins, t, Erie co, N, Y, 32 ms, s, Buffalo,
is uneven, with a moist loara, favorable to the
dairy, bearing much maple, beech, linden, cfec,
and watered by Cattaraugus cr, and two ers. of
lake Erie, Pop, 2,120,
Collins' cross roads, and p-o, in the s, part of
CoUeton dist, S, C. by p-r. 137 ras, a little E, of
s, Columbia, Collins' Settlement, and p-o. in the w. part
of Lewis CO. Va. by p-r. 286 ms. n. w. Richmond.
CoLLiNSViLLE, p-v. a manufacturing village
lying on both sides of Farmington r. at the s.
part of Canton, Conn, containing about 800 in.
habitants, of whom about 300 men are employed
in the edge tool raanufactory of Collins & Co.
estabUshed here in 1826. The principle arti.
cle of manufacture at present is axes, of which
about 200,000, of superior quality, are manu.
factured per annum. The village consists of
about 20 buildings, of stone and wood, devoted
to the business of the manufactory ; very neat
and comfortable dwellings, (separate tene.
ments,) for about 150 families ; a place of wor.
ship, lyceum, and library, for the workmen, and
schools for the children ; of the latter, none
are employed in the manufactory. Tbis viUage
is entitled to particular notice, frora the fact
that it has been built up entirely by the enter.
prise of the firm we have mentioned, to whom
it exclusively belongs.
CoLLiNSViLLE, p.o. In the w. part of Hunting.

COL

105

COL

don CO, Pa, by p-r, 126 ms. n, of w, Hsirrisburg,
CoLLiNSViLLE, p-o, in the v.', part of Madison
CO. II, by p-r, 67 nis. Vandalia, w.
Colon, p.v, Callaway co, Ky, about 260 ms,
by p-r, s, w, by w, Frankfort,
Colosse, p-v, Mexico; Oswego co, N, Y,
Colts Neck, p-v. Monmouili co, N, J, on a
branch of Shrewsbury r. 5 ms. «, e. Freehold,
Columbia, r. {,See Oregon.)
Colu'jbia, p-v, Washington co. Me, 18 ms. w.
Machias, 128 from Augusta,crossed bv Pleasant
1, Pop, 663,
Columbia, p-t, Coos co, N, II, e. Conn, r,, 30
ras, K. Lancaster, with Stratford mtns, s, frorn
whieh flow raill streams, and several ponds,
near one of which great quantities of sheds are
found, which make lime. Few evergreens
grow here. Pop, 442,
Columbia, p-t, Tolland co. Conn, 22 ms, e, |
Hartford, 4 ms, by 5, 20 sq. ms, is hilly, with a
hard prime soil, favorable to grazing, and bear
ing oak, chesnut, (fee. Pop, 962,
Columbia, co. N. Y. is bndd, by Rensselaer
CO, N., Mass, E., Duchess co, s,, Hudson r, and
Green and Ulster cos, (opposite) w. It is 18
ms, by 30, contains 594 sq, nis, and i.s one of
the richest cos. in the slate, Itis ij regular, but
not mountainous, with Schistic hills e ; slate
abounds, and some limestone. In the s, part the
soil is warra gravel, Abram's and Lebanon or
Claverack ers, flow hence into Hudson r, 'The
manufactures are important, Livingston's ma
nor, or lordship, is in this co. It consisted of
several grants made in 1684, '85 and '86 to Ro
bert Livingston, by the British government, and
extended IOJ ras, on Hudson r,, and e. about
29i, It is owned by hig heirs, (except a part
forming Germantown,) and includes Clermont,
Livingston, Taghkanick and Ancram, At An
cram are celebrated ironworks. Pop, 1829
38,330, 1830, 39,952,
Columbia, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y, 10 ms, s.
Herkimer, Pop, 2,181,
Columbia, v. Warren co. N, J, on the Dela
ware below the Waler gap, has glass manufac
tories, (fee. N, w, Belvidere,
Columbia, dist, of, a territory of 100 sq, mg,
ceded in 1790 by Va, and Md, to the U. S, anci
became in 18()0, the seat of government of the
U, S. It is laid out in a square of 10 ms, each
way, the sides lying in a direction of s. e. and
N, w, or s, w, and n, e. Extending in lat, from
38° 46i to 38° 58' nearly. The capital stands,
aa determined by astronomical observation un
der an act of Congress, 76° 55' 30" w, from the
royal observatory at Greenwich, Of the 100
sq, ms, included in the dist,, 36 were taken
from Va, and included intheco, of Alexandria,
and lie s, ofthe Potomac, A strip 8 ms, long
by about li wide, lying e, fr,-,mthe east branch,
and N, from the main bed ofthe Potomac, is in!
cltided in Washington co,, which contains the
cities of Washington and Georgetown, The
surface ofthe dist, is gently undulating, afford
ing fine seats for the cities, within its limits,
but the soil in its natural state is sterile, with
butlitUe exception. In a coraraercial vie-w, the
situation of the dist, is favorable. Ships of any
draft are navigated to Alexandria, and those of
large size to the navy yard on the east branch.

The Chesapeake and Delaware canal, when
completed, will give incalculable advantages to
Washington, The existing roads from it in
every direction are far frora being in a state
suited to their importance. The civil govern
raent of the District of Columbia is under the'
immediate authority ofthe general government,
and the municipal power is exercised by a
mayor and corporation. In 1820, the population
of the dist. was 33,039, viz, Vc'hitcs, in W, C,
9,607; Georgeto-.vn, 4,940 ; Alexandria, 5,615,
and in the two cos. independent of the cities,
there were in Waghiiigton co, 1,512 ; Alexan
dria, 911, Total whites, 22,615, Coloredpop.
free, 4,048 ; tlaves, 6,37e, In 1830, the popu
lation was aa follows :
Washington city. Males, Females,
6,581 6,798 13,379
1,342 1,787 3,129
1,010 1,309 2,319.18,827

Vi''hiip.=!,
Colo'd. free.
Slaves,

Vt^ashington co

. withou

t the city.

Males

Females

V/hites,

1,015

712

1,727

Colo'd. free.

163

104

267

Slaves,

606

394

1,000

-ilexandria cii

y,

Males,
Females
V/hites,
2,712
2,969
5,081
Colo'd. free.
565
816
1,381
Slaves,
462
733
1,201
Alexandria co.
without
the citv,
Males,
Females
Whites,
401
401
802
Colo'd. free.
76
101
177
Slaves,
179
185
3G4.
!,994
8,263
1,345
Georgetown,
Mal.-s. Females,
White, 3,052 3,006 6,058
Colo'd, free, 500 709 1,209
Slaves, 521 653 1,174
Total population ofthe Dist, 1830,
. 8,441
„ - -  39;868
f'or more particular statistical and other de
tails, {see articles Washington city, Alexandria
and Georgetown.)
Columbia, co. of Pa. bndd. by Northumber
land v/,, Lycoming n, w,, Luzerne n, e,, Sus
quehannah s, E,, and Northumberiand s, and a,
w. Length frora s, to n, 35, and mean breadth
20, and area 700 sq, me. Extending in lat,
from 40° 56' to 41° 16', and in long, from 0°
14' to 0° 50' w, W, C, The east branch of Sus
quehannah r, enters the eastern border of Co
lumbia, and flows over it in a southwestern di
rection, leaving about one third of the co, to
the B, E, The northern section is neariy com
mensurate with the valley of Fishing cr., which,
rising m Bald mtn,, flows southwardly, and falls
mto Susquehannah at Bloomsburg, The face
ofthe CO, is broken by numerous lateral ridges
of mtns, extending in a direction n, e. and s, w.
The river soil is highly productive in grain anti
pasturage, Cf t, Danville, Pop, 1820 17 621
1830, 20,049. ^ ' ' '
Columbia, p-v. and tsp. Lancaster co. Pa.
situated on the left bank of Susquehannah r. 10
ma, w. from Lancaater, and 30 s, e. Harris
burg. At this place a fine wooden bridge, rest
ing on stone piers, crosses the Susquehannah
COL

107

COL

and connects the v. of C^Iolambia with Wright-
viUe. Pop, 2,047.
Columbia, p-v, and st, jus, Fluvanna co, Va,
situated on the right bank of Fluvanna r, and
near the centre of the co, l.it, 37° 46', and in
long, 1° 2ti' w, AV, C, and 52 ms. n. w. by w,
Richmond. Columbia, p-v, and st, jus, Tyrell co, N, C.
situated on a small cr, which enters the s, side
of Albemarle sound, lat, 35° 53', and long, 0°
4y E, VV, C, by p-r. 187 ms. e. Raleigh, and 332
ms. E. of s. W. C,
CoLUjtRiA, p-t, and st, jus, Richland dist, and
of the government of S, C, by p-r, 500 ms, a lit
tle s, of s, w, W, C. The real bearl.ig between
the two places, calculated on Mercator's princi
ples, is 33° 2t,' deviation from the meridians,
and the distance 400 ras, Colurabia, ia 110 ras,
N, w, Charleston, and almost exactly on the in
tersection of lat, 84° and long 4° w, W. C, and
directly opposite the union of Saluda and Broad
rs. This town is laid out on a regular plan,
with streets at right angles to eac'n other, and
100 feet wide. It contains South Carolina col
lege, a state house 170 by 60 ft., 5 or 6 churches,
with other public buildings. The college edifices
are spacious and splendid, 3 stories high, but
unusually narrow for the length, being 210 by
25 ft. Upwards of $200,000 have been expend
ed by the state on this institution, which also re
ceives an annual grant of $15,000 The col
lege possesses a respectable library and philo
sophical apparatus. Pop, 1832, 3,500,
CoLUMsiA, CO, of Geo, bndd, by Richmond s,
E,, Warren s, w,, Wilkes n, v/,, Lincoln n,, and
Savannah r, separating it from Edgefield dist,
S, C, n. e. Length 30, mean breadth about 20,
and area 600 sq, ras. Surface waving, and soil
productive. It extends in lat, frora 33° 20', to
33° 42', and in long, from 5° 1' to 5° 40' w, W,
C, Cf t, Applington, Pop. 1820, 12,695, 1830,
12,606. Columbia, co. of Flor, bndd, by Hamilton x ,
Duval E,, Alachua s., and Suwannee r, separating
it from JIadison w. 1 at. 30°, and long. W, C,
6° w, intersect in this co. but the exact out
lines being undetermined the approximate area
cannot be given. From the nrthestrn. section
rise the extreme sthwstrn, tributaries of St,
Mary's r, tlope to n, e. Tbe body of the co,
however, lies in the basin of Suwannee, and de
clines to the s, w. and drained by numerous
branches of that streara. Central part about
100 ras, a littie s, of E. Tallahassee, Pop, un
certain. Columbia, p-v. and st.jus, Henry co, Ala, by
p-r. 872 ms, s, w, W. C. and 260 s. e. Tuscaloo
sa. It is situated on one of the higher branches
of Choctawhatchie r. Lat. 31° 22', long. 8° 32'
w, W, C.
Columbia, p-v. and st, jus,, Marion co, Misp,
by p-r, 1097 ms, s. w. W, C, 110 ms. b, e, by e,
Natchez, and 100 ras. n. New Orleans. It is
situated on the left or eastern bank of Pearl r.
at latitude 3l° 17', and longitude 12° 50' w,
W.C.
Columbia, p-v. and St. jus, Maury co. Ten, by
p-r, 733 ms, s, w, by w, W, C. and 42 ms. s. s,
w. Nashville. It is situated on the left bank of
Duck r, at lat, 35° 36', long, W. C, 10° 01' w.

(oLU-viBiA, u, h, Columbia co. Goo, (See
Applington,) Columbia, p-v, Monroe co. II. by p-r. 90 ms.
s, w, Va.udalia,
CoLU.MiiiA, p-v, and st, jus. Boone co. Mo. by
p-r, 992 ms, wstrd, V,\ C, 57 N, Jefierson, and
by the common road 130 ms. a, w. by w. St,
Louis, CoLU.iiBiA Cross Roads and p-o, in the n,
part Bradford co. Pa, by p-r, 148 ms, E, ofN,
Harrisburg, CoLU.MBiANA, p-v, Shelby co, Ala, by p-r, 60
ms, estrd. Tuscaloosa.
CoLU.MBiANA, CO. 0. bndd. s, by ,lefferson, s,
w, by Harrison, w. by Stark, n. w. by Portage,
N. by O'runibuU, e. by Beaver co. Pa. and s. E.
by the O. r, separating it from Brooke co, Va,
The length from s, to n. a little exceeds the
breadth, but the whole co, approaches to near a
square ot' 30 ms, each side, cr 900 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat, from 4,j° 32' to 41° w,, and in
long, from 3° 30' to 4° 5' w, W, C, The cen
tral part of Columbiana is a table land, from
which issue wstrd, Sandy creek, branch of 'Tus
carawas r, ; from the nthm, the sources of Ma
honing, branch of Big IJeaver r, ; and Irom the
E, and s, E, sections the sources of Little Bea
ver, Cf t. New Lisbon, Pop. 1820, 22,033,
li:30, 35,592.
Columbiana, p-v. N, w. part of Columbia co,
O, 160 ms, a. E, by E, Columbus, Pop, v, 172,
Columbian Grove, and p-o. Lunenburg co.
Va. by p-r. 102 ms, s, w, Richmond.
Columeiaville, v. of Huds.on and Kinderhool,:,
Columbia co, N, Y, on Kinderhook cr,, is a
large manufacturing v,, near Hudson r, access
ible in boats, and on tiie Albany and N, Y,
roads. It has 11 catton factories, of above
2000 spindles each, aud eraploys above 2000
persons. 350 calico printers arc employed at
Messrs, Marshalls' factory, where 4000 pieces
of 30 5'ards are raade weekly. This is con
nected with cotton spinning, and weaving; and
the capital invested araounts to ,'ij!450,000,
CoLU-\iBU3, Chenango co, N. Y,, 82 ras. s. of
w, Albany. It has 2 post-ofrices, at . olumbus,
and Columbus Corners, Pop, 1,661,
Columbus, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa, by p-r, 92 ms.
n, e, Harrisburg.
t oLu.MBus, one of the two raost southern cos.
ofN, C.bndd, n, w, by Lumber r, separating it
from Robeson, n, and n, e, by Bladen, e, and s,
E, by Alacamaw r, separating it from Bruns
wick, and s. w, by Horry dist, S. C, Length
35 ms,, mean breadth 15, and area 525 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, from 33° 58' to 34° 30', and
in long, frora 1° 40' to 2° U' w, W, C. Sur
face flat, and in part marshy. Cf t. Whites-
vUle. Pop. 1820, 3,912, 1830,4,141.
Columbus, p-v. and st, jus, Muscogee co,
Geo, on the left bank ofthe Chattahooche r, 123
ms, s, w. by w. MUledgeviUe, Lat, 32° 36',
long, 8°, 10'w,W, C,
Columbus, p-v, Lowndes co, Misp. on the left
bank Tombigbee r, at the point where the road
to New Orleans separates frora that to Natchez,
236 ms, N, E. by e, from the latter, and 276 n.
N. E, fromthe former,
Columbus, p-v, McMinn co. Ten. by p-r. 153
ms. s. E, by E, Nashville,

CON

108

CON

Columbus, p-v. and st, jus. Hickman co. Ky.
situated on the left bank of the Misp. r. above
the upper end of Wolf Island, about 23 ras. be
low the mouth of O. and by p-r. 277 ms. s, w,
by w, Frankfort, Lat, 36° 48', long. 12° 12' w.
W.C.
Columbus, p-t. and st. jus. for Franklin co.
and St. of the state government of 0, Lat. 39°
57', long. 6° w. and distant 330 (by p-r. 396)
ras. from W, C, Flint gives its relative position
551 ms, from N. Y., 477 frora Phil., 755 frora
Boston, 429 from Baltiraore, 991 from New Or
leans, 377 from Nashville, and 112 from Cin
cinnati. It is 216 ms. almost exactly due s,
frora Detroit. It is seated on the eastern or left
bank of Sciota r. immediately below the influx
of Whetstone r, the site being a gentle acclivity
from tbe stream. In the spring of 1812, the
ground on wbich this now flourishing town
stands was a wilderness. By the census of
1830, the pop, was then 2,435, It contains a
state house on a public square, of brick, 75 by
50 ft, with a cupola 106 ft, high, a building for
public offices 1 00 by 25 ft, ; the necessary coun
ty buildings, penitentiary numerous and re
spectable private schools, and a classical acade
my, four printing offices, market-house, and an
asylum for the deaf and dumb, A canal of 11
ms, connects this place with the Ohio and Erie
canal. There are three or four placeg of pub
lic worship, and frora 340 to 350 dwelling
houses. The relative position of this town, be
ing very near the physical centre of the state,
almost ensures its permanence as the seat of
state government, and having a navigable ca
nal to unite it with the 0. r. and lake Erie,
gives stability to commercial prosperity.
Columbus, p-v. and st. Jug. Bartholomew co.
Ind. by p-r, 598 mg, a little n. of w. W. C. and
41 ms. s, s, E. Indianopolis, It is situated on
Driftwood Fork of White r,, 84 ms. a little n. of
w. Cincinnati, 0. at n, lat. 39° 14', long. 8° 55'
w. W. C.
Colvin's Tavern, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va.
by p-r, 87 ms, s, w. W. C.
Coman's Well and p-o. Sussex co. Va. by
p-r, 68 ras, =, s, E, Richmimd,
Combaiiee, r, of S.C. rising between S. Edis
to and Savannah rs. and flowing thence s. e. 50
ms. receiving from the n. a stream of alraost
equal length, the Salkehatchie. The united
waters continue to flow s. e. 30 ms, and fall into
the head of St, Helena sound, Tbe Corabahee
in the 50 lower ras, of its course separates Colle.
ton and Beaufort dists.
Comfort, p.v. Jones co. N. C, byp.r, 152ms.
B. E, Raleigh.
Comite, sraall r. rising near the line between
La. and Misp, enters the forraer state, and tra
versing the parish of East Feliciana, falls into
Amite r, 12 ma, estrd. Baton Rouge.
Commerce, p-v. e. part of WUson co. Ten, 43
ms, E, Nashville,
Communipa, v. Bergen co. N. J. w. side N.
Y. bay, opposite s, end Manhattan Island, 2
ras. B. w. Jersey City, on low lands ; sends
oysters &c. to N. Y. market.
Concord, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 55 ms. Au
gusta,' w. side Kennebec r. Pop. 391.
Concord, p.t. Merrimack co. N. H. cap. of

the state, 45 ms. w. N. w. Portsmouth, 62 ms. w,
N. w. Boston, 505 Washington. Long. 71° 30'
w., lat. 43° 12', on both sides of Merrimack r.
on which are rich meadows ; 40,918 acres, of
which 1800 are water. It has 5 ponds, is
crossed by Contoocook r. and has Sewalls,
Turkey and Garvins falls on Merrimack r.
with locks for navigation on tbe last. The river
boating company have stores on the bank, and
boat navigation extends through Middlesex
canal to Boston. Pine grows onthe low grounds.
The upland is very good. First settled 1724,
and suffered some from the Indians 1746. The
village of Concord is handsomely built, on 2
principal streets w. Merriraack r. It contains a
state house, and state prison, both of Granite ;
a court house, 3 congregational churches, (one
of wbich is Unitarian),! Baptist,! Methodist, and
1 Quaker. There are also 7 printing offices
here, in which 5 newspapers are printed, and
one stereotype foundry. There is also a sa.
vings bank here, beside other banking capital
amounting to $200,000. Pop. 3,727.
Concord, p.t. Essex co. Vt., n. Conn, r, 38
ms. E. by N. Montpelier. First settled 1788 ;
has an academy, incorporated 1823, is partly
watered by Moose r., uneven, with good graz
ing, and some tillage, 9 gchool districts. Pop.
1,031. Co.vcoRD, r, Middlesex co. Mass. rung n. and
joing Merimack r. at Chelmsford, after serving
as the only feeder to the Middlesex canal.
Concord, p-t. Middlesex co. Masg. 18 ms. N,
Boston, crossed by Concord r, ; incorporated
1635 ; bas some good meadows, light soil on
the plains, and gravelly loam on the hills. In
the battie of Concord, 19th April, 1 775, tbe rai
litia drove back tbe British Ught infantry, under
Col, Smith and Maj, Pitcairne, who had come
from Boston to destroy military stores deposited
here. The action was at tbe bridge, and with
that at Lexington, on the same day, caused the
first bloodshed in the revolutionary war. The
provincial congress met here 1774, Pop, 2,017,
Concord, t, Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s, s. E.
Buffalo, N. Cattaraugus cr, whose branches wa
ter it, with some of Cazenovia cr, (fee, has a
raoist loam, good for grazing and bearing beech,
maple, bass, cfec. Pop, 1,924.
Concord, p-t, Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms. n.
w. Ballstown Spa, is crossed by Sacandaga cr,
and Kayderosseras mtn. Pop. 758.
Concord, raeeting house, and p.o. Del. co.
Pa. 10 ras. N. Wilmington.
Concord, small p-v, Franklin co. Pa, situated
on the head of Tuscarora cr, near the extreme
nthrn, angle of the co, about 45 ms, nearly due
w, Harrisburg,
Concord, sraall p-v, onthe head of Broad cr.
branch of Nantikoke r. Sussex co, Del, 40. ms.
s. Dover. Concord, p-v. Campbell co. Va. 118 ms. w.
Richraond. Concord, p-v and st. jus. Cabarras co. N. C,
situated on a branch of Rocky r, by p-r, 140 ms,
s, of w. Raleigh. Lat, 35° 26' long, 3° 32' w,
W.C. Concord, p-v. Decatur co. Geo. by p-r. 186
ms. s. o. w. MiUedgeville.
Concord, p.v. and tsp. inthe n. e. partof Ge.

CON

109

CON

auga CO. 0. by p.r, 163 ms. «. e. Columbus. —
Pop. 1830, 979.
Concord, p.v, in the s. part White co. II. 10
ms. from Carmi, the st. jus, for the co.
Concordia, parish of La. bndd. by Misp. r. E.
and s., by Red r. a. w,, and by Owachitta and
Tensaw rs. w. Length 120, breadth unequal,
but average about 10 ; area about 1200 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. from 31° to about 32°, and
long, from 14° to 14° 50' w. W, C, It is a long
level peninsula, falling by a very gentle slope
frora the Misp, towards Owachitta and Tensaw
rs. It is much traversed by interlocking lakes
and water courses, with an exuberantly fertile
soil, but at leaat nine tenths liable to annual
submersion. In its natural state !* very dense
forest covered the whole land surface. The
arable part, as every where else in Louisiana,
where annual floods prevail, is composed of
narrow strips along the strearas. Staple, cot.
ton, Cf. t, Concordia, Pop. 1820, 2,626, 1830,
4,662. Concordia, lake of La. in the parish of Con.
oordia, evidently once a bend of the Misp, r.
It is about 5 ms, long, curving to the wstrd.
with a breadth of between i and Jara. con.
nected with the Misp. by an outlet which leaves
that streara directly opposite Natchez.
Concordia, p.v. and st. jus. parish of Con.
cordia. La. situated on the right bank of the
Misp., opposite Natchez.
Concordia, p.v. in the w. part of Dark co. O.,
109 ras. K. of w. Colurabus.
Conecocheague, r. of Pa. and Md. rises in
the forraer by two branches, the wstrn. in the
nthrn. part of FrankUn co. interlocking sources
with those of Tuscarora cr, ; the estrn. rises in
Adaras co. but flowing wstrd. enters Curaber.
land, interlocking sources with those of the
Monocacy, Conewago, and Conedogwinet, pass.
ing Charabersburg, the e. branch turns to the
s. s. w. and uniting below Greencastle -with the
wstrn., enters Washington in Md. and falls into
the Potomac at WiUiamsport. The valley of
Conecocheague is about 40 ms. in length, by a
mean breadth of 15 ; area 600 sq. ms. ; but it is
important frora the almost uniform fertiUty of
soU. From Chambersburg to its mouth, this
river, serving nearly as a line of separation,
leaves the limestone E. and slate w. {See Kit.
tatinny valley.)
Conecuh, r, of Ala, and Flor, rising by nume.
rous branches in Pike, Butler, Conecuh, and
Covington cos, of the former, flow generaUy to
the s. w., unite in Conecuh co., where, turning
to the sthrd. enters Florida, about two miles
within which it receives an inferior branch, the
Escambia, but loses its name in that of an un
important confluent ; the extreme remote source^
of the Conecuh rise above lat. 32°, and if we in
clude Escambia, the valley reaches to 30° 25',
with a length of 140 ms. and mean breadth of 25 ;
area 3,500 sq. ras. The Conecuh is navigable at
high water as high as Montezuma in Covington
CO. In general the soil ofthe valley is sterile
and wooded by pine timber.
Conecuh, co. of Ala. bndd, by Baldwin co,
w., Monroe n. w., Butler n,, Covington e., and
Escambia co, in Flor, s. Length 53 from s. to
N,, mean breadth 27; area 1531 sq. ms., in
15

lat. from 31° to 31° 46' n. and long, from 9° 51'
to 10° 30' w. W. C. This co. is drained by va
rious branches of Conecuh r. which join the
main body of that stream near Fort Crawford.
The soil is of middUng quality. Cf t. Sparta.
Staple, principally cotton. Pop. 1820, 5,713,
1830, 7,444.
Conedogwinet, r, of Pa. rising in the n. e.
part of Franklin, and s, w. of Curaberland co.
leaving the forraer and entering the latter,
gradually curves from n. to n, e. and finally
nearly e,, passes within little more than a mile
from Carlisle, finally falls into Susquehannah,
about 2 ms, above Harrisburg, after a compar
ative course of 80 ms. The vallies of Cone
dogwinet and Conecocheague united, occupy
the greater part of the iraportant raountain val
ley between the Kittatinny and Blue Ridge, and
between the Susquehannah and Potomac rs.
The Conedogwinet, Uke the Conecocheague,
very nearly separates the limestone and slate
formations. The two strearas seera to offer a
tempting means of constructing a canal to unite
the two fine rivers into which they are respec
tively discharged.
Conemaugh, r. of Pa. rises by numerous
branches in the valley between the AUeghany
ratn. and Laurel HiU, and in Somerset and Cam
bria cos, opposite the sources of the w, branch
of Susquehannah, Juniata, and a branch of
Potomac, and in the same valley interlocking
sources with those of the Youghioghany to the
s,, and those of the w. branch of Susquehannah
to tbe N, After a general course to the n, w,,
the different branches unite at the lower slope
ofthe valley,, and the imited waters pierce the
Laurel HiU, turn to a N, w, by w. course, tra.
verse the vaUey between Laurel Hill and Ches
nut Ridge, and piercing the latter chain, leave
the raountains and enter on the great wstrn.
hilly region. Continuing to n. w. by w. and re.
ceiving frora the n. Cherry r. from Ind, co. and
from tbe s. Loyalhanna, from Westraoreland co.
fall into the, Alleghany r. at Freeport, after a
coraparative course of 150 ms. very nearly of
similar length with the Youghioghany ; the
Conemaugh valley is more extensive. That of
Youghioghany embracing about 4000, and that
of Conemaugh 6000 sq, ras. Independent of
the mountain ridges, the elevation of the higher
part ofthe Conemaugh valley is about 1,300 ft.,
but the fall of its plain so rapid, that from the
summit of the Alleghany to Johnstown, where
the two mam rivers unite in Cambria co., in a
direct distance of 50 ms,, the descent is 1,137
ft. The Conemaugh r. has gained an impor.
tance much beyond its comparative size, as its
immediate valley from Johnstown tothe mouth,
has become the route ofthe traverse section of
the Pa. canal.
Conemaugh, late Johnstown, p.v. atthe forks
of Conemaugh r., Cambria co. Pa., by p.r. 138
ms. w. Harrisburg.
Conequenessing, r. of Pa. composed of the
Conequenessing and Slippery Rock ers. The
inclined plain extending from the Alleghany r,
above Pittsburg to the summit level between
the valliea of Ohio and lake Erie, haa its slope
of declination to the a., givinj; source to the nu.
merous branches of Shenango and Coneque.

CON

110

CON

nessing rs. orthe E. confluents of Big Beaver r.
These streams rise generally within about 10 or
12 ms. from the Alleghany r. and flow directly
from it to the s. w. The valley of the Cone.
quenessing is nearly commensurate with the
quadrangular space between Alleghany, Ohio,
Big Beaver rs, comprising two thirds of Butier,
with part of Alleghany and Mercer cos. embra.
cing a square of about 30 ms. each way, or 900
sq. ms.
Conestogoe, r, of Pa, in Lancaster, Berks,
and Dauphin cos. This fine stream has its re.
mote sources only in Lebanon and Berks ; the
greatest part of its valley is in Lancaster. The
comparative length of Conestogoe is about 30
ras., and the breadth of its sources about an
equal distance, stretching from the Welsh mtn.
to the Conewago Hills. The area ofthe valley
is 450 sq. ms. This small natural section in.
eludes the city of Lancaster, the nrthriL and
central parts of Lancaster co. and is one ofthe
best cultivated and most productive tracts of
the U. S. A canal extends along the Conesto.
goe valley, from the city of Lancaster to its
discharge into Susquehannah r. 10 ms. s. s. w.
from that city.
Conestogoe, p.o. and tsp. of Lancaster co.
Pa. Pop. 2,152.
Conesus, t. Livingston co. N. Y. Pop.
1,690. Conewago, r. rises by its w. and raain branch
in Adaras co. Pa. and by its estrn, confluent in
Frederick co, Md, The two branches unite in
Adaras co, near Abbotatown, and aasuraing a
N. E. course fail into the Susquehannah, oppo.
site Bainbridge in Lancaster co. after a compar.
ative course of 40 ras. The vaUey ofthe Cone.
wage and thatof Manocacy united, fill the space
between the Blue Ridge and tbe s. E. range of
Appalachian system, and between the Susque.
hannah and Potoraac rs.
Conewago, sraall creek of Pa. rising in Leba.
non CO. and flowing thence s. s. w, separating
Lancaster from Lebanon and Dauphin cos. and
falling into the Susquehannah, opposite York
Haven, after a course of 15 ms.
Conewango, r. N. Y, rises between Chatau.
que and Cattaraugus cos, runs w, to the outlet
of Chatauque lake, then a, to Alleghany r, at
Warren, Pa, Length 40 ras. and is navigated
in boats and rafts parts of the year, which raay
go within 7 ms. of lake Erie.
Conewango, t. Cattaraugus co. N, Y. Pop.
1830, 1,712.
Conewango, p.v. n, part of Warren co. Pa,, on
Conewango cr,, by p-r, 222 ms. n. w. Harris
burg. CoNEWiNGo, cr. and p-o. n. w. antrle of Cecil
CO. Md. 40 ma. n. e. Baltimore. The lower
falls in Susquehannah, sometimes, though erro
neously, called Conewingo falls. The true
Conewingo falls are 6 ms. above the lower falls
or head of tide water.
Coney Isl. Kings co. N. Y. on the s. side
Long lal. 3 ms. below the Narrows,
Congaree, r. of S.C, forraed bythe united
streams of Broad and Saluda rs. which com
mingle at Columbia, almost at the point where
lat 34° and 4° len. w. W .C. intersect. The gene
ral and comparative course of the Congaree is

s. E. with a sweep to the s., and thence e, 35
ms, ; but by the meanders the length would
probably exceed 50 ms, ; in a swampy tract be
tween Orangeburgh, Richland and Sumpter dis.
tricts, the Congaree unites with the Wateree
from the N, to form the Santee. {See Santee )
Conhocton, cr. Steuben co. N. Y. enters
Chemung r. at Painted Post.
Conhocton, p.t. Steuben co. N. Y. 16 ms.
N. w. Bath, gives rise to Conhocton r., bears
beech, maple, elm, bass, ash, hemlock and
grass. Pop, 2,711,
Conklin, t, Broome co, N, Y, Pop. 908.
Conneaut, lake efe cr. of Crawford co. Pa, The
lake is about 4 ras, long, and 1 to 2 wide, dis.
charging the cr, southeastward in Frencb cr.
which it enters about 8 ms. b. from Meadville.
Conneaut, sraall r, of Pa. and O. rises in
Crawford co. of the forraer, near a lake of the
same name, and flowing thence 20 ms. N. n, e.
enters Erie co. in which it inflects to the w. 15
ms,, entering Ashtabula co, Ohio, .and again
turning abruptly to n. e, 10 ms. falls into lake
Erie in the n, e. angle of the state of O. at the
p.v, of Conneaut,
Conneaut, p.v. in the extreme s. e. angle of
Ashtabula co. O. at the mouth of Conneaut cr.
by p-r. 203 ms. n. e. Colurabus, and 30 ms. s. w.
by w. Erie, in Erie co. Pa.
Conneautville, p-v. on Conneaut cr. in the
N. w. part of Craw-ford co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w.
MeadviUe. Connecticut j. the principal and most im.
portant stream of New England, rises in the
highlands, dividing the United States from
Lower Canada, the head waters of which, form.
ing Lake Connecticut, are 16 hundred feet
above the level of L. I. Sound. Within the first
25 ms. of its course, which is b. w., it falls
about 600 ft. ; afterwards pursuing a more
southerly course to the head of Fifteen Mile
falls, it has a farther descent of 350 ft. in 20 ras.
Between the latter, and the foot of Enfield falls,
where it meets tide water, are several other
descents ana rapids, araong which the principal
are White r. falls at Hanover, and Bellows falls
near Walpole, in N. H, ; MiUer's and Monta.
gue's and Hadley falls m Mass. ; and Enfield
falls in Conn. The descent in these, exclusive
of smaller rapids which intervene, is 236 ft.
The general course of the river is southerly,
dividing the states of Vt. and N. H. ; afterwards
crossing the western part of Mass., and dividing
Conn, almost equally from n, to s, as far as
Middletown, whence it curves to tbe s. e, to
Saybrook, between which place and Lyme it
empties into Long Island Sound. The length of
the Conn, including its windings, is 400 ms.,
and the valley, not following the course x)f the
stream, is over 300 ras. long. The tributaries
of the Connecticut are numerous ; araong them
are the Pasumsic, a large stream emptying into
the Conn, at the foot of Fifteen Mile faUs ;
White r. at Hanover ; Deerfield and .^.gawam,
at the two places from which they derive their
names, and Farmington or Windsor r. at Wind.
sor, Conn. These are the principal tributaries
on the w. side. On the e. the most important
are Miller's r. which flows into the Conn, at
Montague ; and at Springfield it receives the

CON

111

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Chickapee, its largest tributary. The valley of
the Conn, presents to the eye every variety of
scenery ; magnificent mountains, and hills, val.
leys and meadows,'unsurpassed in beauty or
fertility ; upon its banks are some of the most
beautiful towns and villages in New England,
Nearly two hundred small lakes, from one to
three miles in length, are scattered over the
higher surfaces, and are generally found at the
sources of tributaries of the river. The Mas.
coray in Lebanon, N. H. and tbe Sunapee, are
the largest in the valley ; the forraer being 7,
and the latter 12 ras. in length. Among the
high lands which bound the valley, are the
Green raountains in Vt. with peaks and ridges
4,000 ft. high ; and on the e, are the White
raountains, and Monadnok, in N, H. Mount
Washington, of the former, is the highest land
between the Atlantic and the Rocky mountains,
and is 6,250 ft, above the level of the ocean,
Ascumey raountain in Vt, lies wholly within the
valley, and is 3,000 ft. high. The banks of the
Connecticut are annually overflowed in the
spring, and not unfrequently at other seasons ;
the extensive raeadows lying upon its banks re.
ceive at guch times a rich, valuable and abund.
ant addition to their soil. Nuraerous bridges
are thrown across the river, the lowest of
which ia at Hartford, At tbe n. boundary of
Vt. the Conn, is 150 ft. wide ; 60 ms, below,
390 ft, ; and in Masa, and Conn, it varies frora
450 to 1,050 ft. in width. Salraon, which for
merly were abundant in the Conn, have entirely
disappeared ; the principal fishery is shad,
which is very valuable. Large quantities of
other fine fish also abound in it. The Connect
icut is navigable to Hartford, 50 ms. from its
mouth, for vessels of 8 ft. draft, and to Middle-
town, for those drawing 10 ft. of water. Large
steam boats ply daUy between the former place
and the city of N. York, touching at the inter
mediate places on the r. Above Hartford
numerous flat bottom boats of 15 to 30 tons
burthen ascend 920 ms. above Hartford, to
Wells r, by aid of locks and canals around the
falls. These are principally towed by sraall
steara boats, six in number, placed on the differ.
ent sections between Springfield, Mass., and
Wells river. Two steam boats, for passengers,
also ply daily between Hartford and Springfield,
The improvements recently raade, and others
contemplated in the navigation ofthe river, have
already given a fresh impulse to business, as is
evident from the great increase of merchandise
and produce transported upon its waters, and
the increasing intercourse between the towns
and villages in its vicinity,
Connecticut, one of the United States ; bndd,
N, by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, s. by
Long Island Sound, and w. by New York. It
lies between 41° and 42° lat. and between long.
3° 30' and 5° 15' e, W. C. It is 90 ms. long,
70 broad and contains 4764 sq. ms. This state
was first settled in 1635, by emigrants from
Massachusetts, who located theraselves in
Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield. A Char
ter was granted to them by Charles the 2d, in
1662. New Haven, which was settled by emi
grants from England 1638, and for many years

necticut under this charter in 1665. The people
were greatly harrassed by the arbitrary and op
pressive conduct of Jaraes 2d. In 1687, Sir
Edmund Andross, having been appointed gover.
nor of New England, came to Hartford, and by
royal authority demanded a surrender of the
charter. The asserably being then in session,
were reluctant to make this surrender, and
while the subject was under consideration, the
charter was secretiy conveyed away, and con.
cealed in the cavity of an old oak tree on the
estate of Mr. Wyllys, one of the magistrates
of the colony. This charter formed the basis
of the government until 1818, when the present
constitution was adopted. The powers of the
government are now divided into three distinct
departments, viz. the legislative, executive, and
judicial. The legislative power is vested in a
senate and house of representatives. The se.
nate must consist of not less than 18, nor raore
than 24 members, who are chosen annually in
aa many diatricta, by a plurality of votes. The
present number is 21. The house of represen.
tatives consists of 209 members, who are cho.
sen annually in each town by a majority of votes,
178 towns, (the raore ancient ones,) sending two
membera, 53 towns only one. The executive
power is vested in a governor, who must be 30
years of age, and is chosen annuaUy by a ma.
jority of thp votes of the people. The lieuten.
ant governor is also chosen annually by the
people. He is president of the senate, and al.
so performs the duties of governor, in case of
hia death, resignation, refusal to serve, impeach.
ment, or absence. The legislature has one sta.
ted session annually, on the first Wednesday in
May, alternately at Hartford and New Haven.
The judicial power is vested in a supreme court
of errors, a superior court, and such inferior
courts as the legislature may from time to tirae
establish. All the judges are appointed by the
legialature ; those of the guprerae and superior
courts, hold their officeg during good behavior
until 70 years of age, subject to irapeachraent,
or removal by the governor, on the address of
two thirds of each branch of the legislature.
The guprerae court of errors is coraposed of
five judges, and is held in each county annually.
The superior court is held twice every year in
each county, by one of the judges of the suprerae
court. In each county also, there is a county
court, composed of a chief judge and two asso.
ciate judges, who with justices of the peace are
appointed annually. Every white male citizen
of the United States, 21 years of age, who has
gained a aettlement in the state, resided in the
town six months, and having a freehold estate
of the yearly value of seven dollars ; or hav.
ing performed military duty ; or paid state tax,
may be an elector. The surface of the state
is uneven and greatly diversified by hills and
valleys. There are three ranges of mountains
in the state ; one running within 8 or 10 railea
of Connecticut river, on the east side, as far
south as Chatham, where it crosses the river
and terminates at East Haven ; the Mount Tom
range, which comes from Massachusetts, runs
through the whole state on the west side ofthe
Connecticut, and terminates at New Haven in a

formed a separate colony, was united with Con. | perpendicular bluff called East Rook ; and the

CON

112

CON

Green mountain range, which is still further
west, comes from Vermont, passes through the
whole state, and terminates in a similar bluff, at
New Haven, called West Rock. The land is
generally good, and the meadows on Connecti.
cut river are uncoraraonly fine ; but a large part
of the state is better adapted to grazing than
tillage. The principal productions are, Indian
corn, rye, wheat in sorae parts, oats, barley,
flax, grass, potatoes. Butter and cheese are
made in large quantities. Sheep are extensive.
ly raised, and beef and pork are abundant. The
farms are generally small, varying from 50 to
300 or 400 acres. The winters are severe, but
the country is healthy. The principal rivers
are the Connecticut, the Housatonic, and the
Thames. The principal harbors. New London,
New Haven and Bridgeport. Iron ore of ex.
cellent quality is found in great abundance in
Salisbury, and other places in the northwestern
part of the state. A copper mine was opened
Emd wrought at Simsbury previous to the revo.
lutionary war, but was subsequently abandoned,
and for many years occupied as a state prison ;
after the reraoval of the prison, a company
comraenced working it again, who have sue.
ceeded in obtaining copper ore of great purity.
Superior white raarble is found at Washington
and New Milford, and beautiful variegated
marble of the verd antique species, at New Ha.
ven and Milford. There are extensive quarries
of excellent free stone, at Chatham and other
adjacent towns on the river.
The state is divided into eight counties. Hart.
ford. New Haven, New London, Fairfield,
Windhara, Litchfield, Middlesex, and Tolland,
There are five incorporated cities, Hartford,
New Haven, New London, Norwich, and Mid.
dletown ; and eight boroughs, Danbury, Guil
ford, Bridgeport, Newtoven, Stonington, Stam.
ford, Waterbury, and Killingworth. Tbe pop
ulationof Connecticut in 1810 was 261,942, and
in 1820, 275,248. In 1830 it was as foUows.
Counties. Counties.
Hartford, 51,141 Windham,
New Haven, 43,848 Litchfield,
New London, 42,295 Middlesex,

Fairfield, 46,950 Tolland,
Of which were whites, Males.
Under 5 years, 19,033
5 to 15 35,679
15 tp 30 42,675
30 to 50 28,203
50 to 70 13,346
70 to 90 4,025
90 and above, 86

27,077 42,85524,845 18,700

Females. 18,270
33,51842,518 31,151 15,952 4,988 159

Total, 143,047 146,556
Of free colored persons there were as fol
lows : — under 10, 1,019 males, 1,051 females —
between 10 and 24, 1,121 males, 1,233 females
between 24 and 36, 771 males, 819 females —
between 36 and 55, 624 males, 667 females —
between 55 and 100, 313 males, 417 females —
100 years and upwards, 2 males, 10 females. —
Total, 8,047. Blacks not eraancipated on ac.
count of advanced age or infirmities, 8 males
and 17 females. Total 25,
Recapitulation,

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total.
289,603 8,047 25 297,675.
Of the foregoing were whites, deaf and
dumb, under 14, 43 ; between 14 and 25, 152 ;
25 and upwards, 99 ; total, 294. BUnd, 188 ;
aliens, 1,481. Of the blacks there are deaf and
dumb, 6; blind, 7.
The foreign trade of Connecticut is prmci.
pally -with the West Indies, but it is less exten.
sive than the coasting trade. The exports are
beef, pork, horses, mules, cattle, butter, cheese,
fish, and various articles of manufactures. New
London, Stonington, and some other towns,
have recently engaged with much success in the
whaling business. Connecticut is extensively
engaged in raanufactures, consisting principally
of cotton and woollen goods, jron, glass, paper,
tin ware, buttons, clocks, leather, shoes, fire
arras, and various other articles. The follow.
ing is an abstract of the rateable estate and polls
in Conn, as retumed in 1831.
42,852 Houses, $21,948,740
2,622,676 Acres of land, 50,782,455
1,572 MiUs, 843,511
1,826 Stores, 1,467,748
283 DistUleries, 64,052
1,521 Manufactories, 1,637,149
183 Fisheries, 498,625
34,250 Horses, asses, mules, &c. 1,290,694
237,989 Neat Cattle, 3,347,667
271,625 Sheep, 333,657
Silver plate and plated
ware, 10,614
5,196 Riding carriages and
wagons, 238,798
22,893 Clocks and watches, 174,843
Insurance stock, 53,642
Tumpike stock, 157,362
Money on interest, 2,087,976
State bank stock, 3,143,736
U. S. bank stock, 17,880
25 Quarries, and shares of, 38,350
1 Ferry, 200

87,737,699

Assessments.
On professions, 147,683
34,456 poUs, $20 each, 689,320  837,003
There are 19 state banks in Connecticut,
with a capital, as oflncially returned, March,
1832, of $4,944,100 ; in addition to which is a
brancb of the U. S. bank, capital $300,000.
There are also 5 banks for savmgs, and 11 in.
surance companies. Several new banks not yet
in operation were chartered at the last session
of the Legislature, (1833.)
The principal literary and benevolent institu.
tions are Yale College in New Haven, the
Wesleyan University in Middletovra, and Wash.
ington CoUege, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum,
and Retreat for the Insane, in Hartford. A
general state hospital has also been recently
founded in New Haven. Numerous academies
and high schools for both sexes, are estabUshed
in various parts ofthe state.
The state prison at Wethersfield deserves to
be mentioned as an institution highly creditable
to the state. In its construction and general
arrangements, it is similar to the New York

CON

113

CtX)

state prison at Auburn. The number of con.
victs in March, 1832, was 192, of whom 18
were feraales. They are kept at hard labor in
work shops by day, and confined in solitary cells
by night, A prominent feature in the systera
of discipline, is the prevention of all intercourse
or coramunication between the prisoners. The
prison produces a handsome revenue to the
state ; the avails of it for the year ending on
the 31st March, 1832, after deducting all ex.
penses, amounted to $8,713 53. There is a
chaplain connected with the institution ; a Sun.
day school has been organized, and all proper
means are faithfully used for the reformation
of the convicts. In no part of the world has
more ample provision been made for the in.
struction of all classes of the people in the
elements of useful knowledge than in Connect.
icut. Her institutions of learning, and provi.
sion for the general instruction of the people,
have placed Connecticut on a proud erainence
among her sister states. By the estimate ofthe
commissioners, April 1, 1831, the aggregate
amount of the school fund of the state araounted
to $1,902,957 87 ; and the whole proceeds for
the year ending 31st March, 1832 was ^84,173.
83. This fund is derived from the sale of
western lands, and the proceeds are appropriat.
ed to the support of comraon schools. Her
citizens have always been distinguished for
their intelligence, industry, econoray, and cor.
rect moral habits. A spirit of enterprise has
led thousands of thera to eraigrate to distant
parts of the country where tbey have assisted
in the settleraent of other states and territories.
Perfect religious toleration is enjoyed in Con
necticut. No person is corapelled to support or
be connected with any church or religious as.
sociation ; and although while thus coanected,
he may be compelled to pay his proportion of
the expenses, he may at any time dissolve his
connection by leaving a written notice of the
same with the clerk of such society. There
are various religious sects in the state ; Con.
gregationalists. Baptists, Episcopalians, Meth
odists, Unitarians, Friends, UniversaUsts, Shak
ers, CathoUcs, some Free Will Baptists, and a
few Christ-ians. The CongregationaUsts are
much the raost nuraerous.
CoNNECTictrr Farms, v. Essex co. N. J. 4 ms.
N. w. Elizabethtown.
Connellsville, p-v. and tsp. Fayette co. Pa.
The village is situated on the right bank of
Youghioghany r. 12 ms. n. n. e. Union Town.
Connersville, p-v. Boone co. Ky. by p-r. 86
ms. N. Frankfort.
Connersville, p.v. and st. jus. Fayette co,
Ind. by p.r. 527 ms. w. from W. C. 68 ms. a
littie s. of E. Indianopolis, and 60 ras, n, w.
Cincinnati, O. It is situated on White Water
river at latitude 39° 38', and longitude 8° 10' w.
W.C. ,
CoNOTTON, p.v. in the N. part of Harrison co.
O. by p.r. 127 ms, n, e. by E. Columbus.
Conquest, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 19 ms, n
w. Auburn. Pop. 1,507.
Conrad's Ferry, over the Potomac, just
above the mouth of Goose c*. and p-o. in the
w. part of Montgomery co. Md. 4 ms. s. e. by
E. Leesburg, Va. and 37 ms. from W. C.

Conrad's store, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va.
by p-r, 141 ms, n. w. Richmond.
Constable, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 7 ms, n.
Malone, 6 ms. by 9, has a sandy loam, with
beech, maple, bass, elm, hemlock, and groves of
pine. Bog iron ore is dug. Salraon and Trout
rs. supply raiU seats. Pop. 693.
Constantia, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 28 ras.
w. from Rorae, n. Oneida lake, 7 ras. by 17, is
low and level, with good land, and some bog
iron ore. It includes the site of Fort Brewer
ton, at the outiet of Oneida lake. The v, on
the N. side of the lake has iron works. Pop.
1,193, Contoocook, r. Hillsborough co. N. H. enters
Merriraack r. at Concord.
Conway, p-t. Stafford co. N. H, 76 ras, n. a.
E. Concord, crossed by Saco r. w. Me., 6 ms.
square, is watered also by Swift and Pequaco-
kett rs. A sulphur spring here is visited by
invalids ; magnesia and fullers' earth are found.
The banks of Saco r. are level and rich ; the
uplands rocky. The timber is oak, maple,
beech, and white pine. Saco r. is subject to
sudden floods. Pop. 1,601.
Conway, p-t, Franklin co, Masg, 6 ras. w.
Greenfield, 100 w. Boston, s. w. Deerfield r.
7 ras. w. Conn. i. formerly part of Deerfield.
Pop, 1,563.
Conway, co. Ark. as laid down by Tanner is
bndd. by Pulaski h. e,. Hot Springs co. s, w,.
Pope w,, Izard n, and Independence n, e. Great
est length diagonally frora s, w. to n. e, 100 ms,
mean breadth 24, and area, 2,400 sq, ras, Lat.
34° 40' to 35° 40' n., long. W. C. 15° 52' to 16°
12' w. The extreme nthrn. part slopes estrd.
and is in that direction drained by Red River
br. of White River. To the sthrd. of Red river
Cadron and Point Reraou creeks flow sthrdly.
into Arkansas r., the latter stream traverses
Conway by a s. e. by e, course, while the sthrn,
part of the co, is composed of a congeries of
hills and ratns, from wbich issue sthrdly. the
higher nrthestrn, sources of Washitau r,, as
laid down by Tanner, Cf, ts. Cadron, Lewis
burg, and Marion ; but on p-o. list cf t. Har-
risonburgh. Pop. 1830, 982.
Conway, p-o. Ark. by p-r. 190 ms. b. w. from
Little Rock.
Conway's borough, p-v. and st. jus. Horry,
dist. S. C. on the right bank of Waccamaur, by
p-r, 153, but by direct road, about 100 ms, n, e,
from Charleston, and about an equal distance a
littie w. of s. Fayetteville in N. C. lat. 33° 49'
and long. 2° 05' w, W, C,
Conyngham, p-v. situated at the foot of Buck
mtn, Nescopeck valley, and in the southern part
of Luzerne co. Pa. 12 ms. a little s. of e from
Burwick and 20 ms. N. w, by w. from Mauch
Chunk, on the Lehigh, It is a most romantic
situation, surrounded by mts. and stretching in
one street across the valley, presents to the
traveller a well built village, containing a pop,
1830, of about 300.
Cooche's Brjdge, and p-o. in the N, w, part
of New Castle co, Del, 62 ms. w. of n. Dover.
Cook, northeastern co. II. as laid down on
Tanner's improved map of the U. S. is bndd.
by the northwestern angle of Ind. s. e,, 
CO, II, s., Lasalle a. w. and w.,  co. II. n,,

coo '

114

coo

and lake Michigan n, e. Length from s, to n,
60 ms, mean breadth 32, and area 1920 sq. ms.
N. lat, 42°, and long, W, C. 11° w, intersect in
this CO, Though bndd. on the n. e. by lake
Michigan, the slope of more than nine tenths of
Cook CO. is to the southwestward. Plane r.
rising near its nthrn. border flows sthrd. about
30 ms, at a mean distance of about 8 rag, until
it reaches a point 12 ms, s. w. from Chicago
on lake Michigan, from whence inflecting to s.
w. 40 ms. it joins Pickinink r. forraing Illinois r,
near the border between Lasalle and Cook cos.
The latter contains, therefore, the natural water
comraunication most direct between the Cana
dian lakes and the basin ol Misp, r. The in
termediate country is an alraost unbroken plain,
and at tiraes of high water canoes can be navi
gated over it, and alraost inviting man to cora
plete the work commenced by Nature. Cf t.
Chicago. Pop, uncertain.
Cook's Law office and p-o. Elbert co. Geo
by p-r, 65 ms, n, n, e, MiUedgeville,
Cook's, late Broom's p-o. in the b. part of
Fairfield co. S. C, 20 ms, n, from Columbia.
Cook's settlement and p-o. in the w. part of St,
Genevieve co. Mo. about 60 ras, s, St, Louis,
Cookstown, p-v, on the right bank of the
Monongahela r, n, w, part of Fayette co. Pa,
28 ras. a little e. of s. Pittsburg,
Cooksville, p-v. n. part of Ann Arundel co.
Md. byp-r. 51, but by actual distance 32 ms, a.
W. C,
CooKviLLE, p-o, Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 92
ms. n, e, by e, NashvUle.
Coolbaugh's p-o. Pike co. Pa, about 21 ms, s.
Milford, the st, jus.
Cool spring, p-o. Washington co. N. C, by
p-r. 182 ms. e. Raleigh.
Cool spring, p-o. in the e. part of Chester
field dist. S, C, by p-r, 89 ras. n. e. Colurabus,
Cool spring, p.o, Wilkinson co. Geo. by p-r.
44 ms. s. MUledgeviUe.
Cool spring, p-o, Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 130
ms, w, NashviUe,
CooLviLLE, p-v. on Hocking r,, s, e. part of
Athens CO, O, by p.r, 24 ms, below Athens, the
CO, seat.
Cooper, t, Washington co. Me. 164 ras. Au.
gusta, has a streara on E, border eraptying into
Coolescook bay. Pop. 396.
Cooper, r. of S. C. in reality the drain of a
swampy tract semicircle, by Santee r. the vari
ous drains uniting about 29 ms. n. from Charles.
ton, form Cooper r. which, flowing s. joins
Wards r, from the n. and at Charleston, Ashley
from the s,, all contributing to form the fine har
bor of tbat city, Santee canal unites Cooper
and Santee ra. extending from n. n. w, to s. s, e,
21 ms. frora the Santee at Blaokoak, isl. to the
w. branch of Cooper,
Cooper's p-o, Franklin co. Va. 159 ms. s. w.
by w. Richmond.
Cooperstown, p-v. and st. jus. Otsego co. N.
Y. 12 ms. w. Cherry VaUey, 66 w. Albany, 21
s. Erie Canal, s. end Otsego Lake. There is a
deep valley at the outlet of Otsego lake, be
tween high hills. Timber, chiefly pine and
hemlock. The v. has 3 churches ; 1 Episcopal,
1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist, a court-house,
county bank with $100,000 capital ; a card fac

tory here, is chiefly worked by dogs. Pop.
1,115, Cooperstown, p-v, inthe n, w, partof Venan
go CO. Pa. by p-r, 70 ms. N. Pittsburg.
Cooperstown, p-o. in Nancoochy valley, w.
partof Habersham co. Geo. by p-r. 12 ms. w.
ClarksvUle, the co. st.
Coos, CO. N. H. the largest in the State,
bndd, by Lower Canada n,. Me, E,, Stafford co,
s,, Grafton co. and Vt. w., with 1,600 sq. ms. in.
eludes the White mtns. the highest in the U. S.
and gives rise to the 3 Aramonoosucks, branch.
es of Conn, r., and Saco, which enters the At.
lantic. A great part of the co. cannot be im
proved by cultivation, and is unoccupied. On
Conn, r, are sorae fine meadows. It contains
25 towns and 47 school dists, Cf. t. Lancaster.
Pop. 1820, 5,151, 1830, 8,390. •
Coosa, r. of Ten, Geo, and Ala, the n. w. and
raain branch of Ala. r. The extreme higher
sources of Coosa is in Ten. at lat. 35° 05', tliere
known by the name of Connessauga. It flows
first w, but curving s, s, w, 70 ms, receives from
the N. E, the Etowah r. The two branches
have interlocking sources with the Hiwassa
branch of Ten, with those of Ten, Proper, and
the Chattahooche, Having their fountains amid
the elevated Appalachian valliea, the higher
confluents of Coosa are rapid perennial gtreams.
Below the junction of Connessauga and Eto
wah, the united waters flow 8 ms. wstrd. enter.
ing Ala. near Fort Armstrong, inflect to s. s.w.
receiving but few accessions above the size of
a large cr. join tbe Talapoosa at lat. 32° 28',
long. 9° 22' w. W. C. to form Ala., having an
entire coraparative course of about 240 ms. —
The vaUey of the Coosa is about 200 ras. long,
and mean breadth 45 ; area 9,000 sq. ms.
Coosauda, p.v. on the right bank of Ala. r.
Autauga co, Ala, 6 ms, below the junction of
Coosa and Talapoosa rs, and by p.r. 96 mg. s.
E. by E. Tuscaloosa.
CoosAW, r. S. C. is a broad and deep inlet,
uniting Coosawhatchie or Broad r. to Coraba
hee r. on St, Helena Sound, In fact Coosa is
the nthn, raouth of Coosawhatchie. In the lan.
guages of raany stbn. tribes of Indians, Hatchie
or Hatchy signifies river, and has become a
suffix to several rivers of the stbn. states.
Coosawhatchie, i. of S, C. rises in Barnwell
dist, but entering Beaufort, flows s, e, 30 ras, to
where abranch flows from the main streara to
the w. This outlet, a mouth by the name of
Cyprus cr. inflects to the s, e,, falls into the At.
lantic between the mouth of Savannah r. and
Calibogue soimd, after a course of 80 ms. The
main Coosawhatchie again divides into two chan.
nela below the efflux of Cyprus cr,, but after a
separation of 12 ms. reunites, forming TuUy.
finiiy isl. Below the latter island a third sepa.
ration of the waters of Coosawhatchie takes
place. The principal stream widens into Broad
r. and finaUy opens to the Atlantic by Port Royal
Entrance. The nthrn. branch flows s. E. by e.
and is known as Coosaw r. {See Coosa-w r.
and Beaufort dist.)
Coosawhatchie, p.v. on the right bank of
Coosawhatchie r, Beaufort dist. S. C. 75 ms. s.w.
by w. Charleston.
Cootstown, or more accurately from the

COR

115

COR

German geography, Kutztown, a fine well built
p.v. Berks CO. Pa. 17 ms. n.n. e. Reading, and
about an equal distance s. w. by w, Allentown,
CopAKE, t. Colurabia co. N, Y. w. Mass.
line ; has 2 ponds or lakes emptying into Cla.
verack cr. and has Penobscot co. on 3 sides,
Rocleff and Jansen's Kills, Pop, 1,676,
Copeland, p.v. Telfair co. Geo, by p-r. 77 ms.
a. MilledgevUle.Copenhagen, v. Le-wis co. N. Y. on Deer cr,
6 ms. N, Denmark,
Copiah, co. of Misp. bndd. by Franklin, s, w,,
Jefferson w., Clairbome n, w,. Hinds, n,, Simp
son E,, and Lawrence s, e. It is nearly in forra
of a square of 28 ms. each side, or area of 784
sq, ms, lying between lat, 31° 38' and 32° 4',
and long, 13° 21' and 13° 50', The water cour
ses flow from this co, estrd, into Pearl r, ; n,
wstrd, they form the Bayou Pierre, whilst tbe
s. w, section gives source to the Horaochitto,
The central part is therefore a table land, and
the whole surface, with partial exceptions, is
composed of sterile soil, covered in a natural
state with pine forests, slightly intermingled
with other timber, Cf t, Gallatin, Population
7,001, CopopA, p-v. in the central part of Lorraine co,
O., by p-r. 128 ms. n. n, e. Colurabus.
CoppERHONK, p-o. Sussex CO. Va,, 59 s. s, e,
Richmond, CoQUiLLE, usually called Pelites Coquilles,
Fort and p-o-, on the s, point, where the Rego-
lets flow from Lake Pontchartrain, 25 ras. n. e,
by E, New Orleans.
CoRBEAU, r. de, in English, Crow r., one of
the principal higher tributaries of the Missis
sippi, rises at n. lat. 47° 20', at about 40 ms. a
little w, ofs, from the Turtle lake, the extreme
head of the Misp, and within 4 or 5 ra.'--. s. e, of
the portage between Leech and Rice lakes.
Flowing thence 75 ras, sthrd, and abdut raidway
between the Misp, and the Otter Tail branch of
Red r,, inflects to the s, s, e, 30 ms,, joins its
recipient nearly on lat, 46°, The structure is
distinctly shown by the courses ofthe 3 strearas,
which in that region containing the Corbeau, all
flow sthrd. But nearly w, from the mouth of
the Corbeau, Otter Tail r. abruptly bends, and
receiving Swan r. frora Traverse lake, assumes
a nrthrn. course, under the name of Rod r.
Consequentiy Red r, and Misp, r,, on n, lat, 47°,
though on the same plateau, flow in direct con
trary courses. Advancing from the Falls of St,
Anthony, the channels of Misp, and Corbeau
present the most direct route from the Misp,
basin into that of Assiniboin,
Core a Fabre, p-v. Union co. Ark. position
uncertain. Core Creek, p-o, w. part of Craven co. N. C,
by p.r. 104 ms. s. e, byE, Raleigh,
Core Sound and Core Island, Cartaret co.
N. C. The isl. is a long, narrow, and low reef,
extending 20 ms. from Cape Look Out, its sa.
lient point s. w., to Cedar Inlet. The sound
stretches between the island and raainland, from
the N. E. part of Onslow bay to Pamlico sound,
and is 40 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 1 or
2 ms. It is shallow, admitting only small coast.
ing vessels,
Corinth, p.t, Penobscot co. Me. 18 ms. n. w.

Bangor, 81 Augusta, is situated near the head
waters of many gtreams flowing into Penobscot
r. Pop. 1830, 712.
Corinth, p.t. Orange co. Vt. 21 ms. s. e.
MontpeUer, 12 w. IlaverhUl, N. H., 4 1 w. Wind.
sor, 6 ms, sq. First settled, 1777, is very
rough, with good dark loam, and hard wood
trees, except the heralock, spruce and furs, on
the streams. Wait's brook and others supply
mills. Pop, 1,953,
Corinth, p.t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 18 ms. K.
Balston Spa, s. w. Hudson r,, at the Great FaUs
30 ft, cataract, and one and a half ms, above, has
a sraooth and sandy land above the falls, with
white pine and beech ; broken, stony and loamy
below. Palmer's town mtn, is s, and Kayada.
rossoras mtn, w. At Hadley, or Jessup's land.
ing, is a village, and rafts go from the sands
bank 14 ms, below. About 100 yards above
Great Falls is a chasm, 12 ft, wide, 20 long,
and very deep, through which the entire river
passes at low water. Limestone abounds; and
oxides of iron used for paints. Pop, 1,412,
Cork, p-v, in the n, part Ashtabtda co. 0, by
p-r. 187 ms, N. e. Colurabus,
CoRLEARS Hook, city of New York, the n, e,
point of the'city, at the turn in the Sound,
Corn Creek, p-o, GaUatin co, Ky,, by p-r,
59 ras, N, Frankfort,
Coeneliusville, p-o, Boone co, Ky,, by p-r,
88 ras, N, Frankfort,
Cornersburg, p.v. Trumbull co, O, about 150
ms, N, E, Columbus,
Cornish, p.t, York co. Me., 50 ms. n, York,
83 Augusta, s, Ossipee r. where it joins the
Saco. Pop, 1,235,
CoRstsH, p-t, SuUivan co. N. H., 17 ms. «,
Charlestown, 50 Concord, 108 Boston, e. Conn.
r. 23,160 acres, ia fertile, except near the r. A
few miU aeata are on Blow-rae-down and Bri
ant brooka, Settied 1765 from Sutton, Maaa,,
seceded frora N, H. 1778, with 15 other towng.
Pop, 1,685.
Cornishes', p-o, Lauderdale co, Ala,, by p-r,
119 ms. IM. Tuscaloosa.
CoRNViLLE, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 11 ms, e.
N,E, Norridgewock, 38 Augusta, is crossed by
a small tributary of Kennebec r. Pop, 1,104.
Cornwall, t. Addison co. Vt,, on Otter cr.,
3 ms. a. w. Middlebury, 75 mg. n. Bennington,
36 ras. s, Burlington. Settied 1774, deserted
'77, and resettled frora Conn. 1784, is generally
level, and crossed by Lemonfair r., has no good
mill seats, but a large swamp, 7 school dists.
Pop. 1,264.
Cornwall, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn,, 10 ms. n.
Litchfield, 38 w. Hartford, and 48 n, w. New
Haven, e. Housatonic r., 9 by 5, 46 sq. ms., has
mtns. and mountainous hills, of granite and lime
stone, with black lead, porcelainclay. Some
of the largest valliea have rich cale loam. It
yields oak, chesnut, maple, (fee, grain, grass,
beef, &c. There are two ponds 1 mile long,
with pickerel and trout, with many mill sites.
Tbe American Board of Foreign Missions form
ed their school here 1816, and educated many
young men from heathen countries. Pop. 1,714,
Cornwall, t. Orange co, N. Y. 52 ms. n. N.
York, 108 s. Albany, w. Hudson r. is mountain
ous, but has good pasturage, and some level

COS

116

COT

lands north, where Murderers cr. supplies
mills. The village landing sends wood and
stone to N. York. West Point in this to-wn is
a tract of land owned by the United States,
bordering on the North r. where is the military
academy, and the professors' quarters ; the bar.
racks and parade ground are on a level 182 f
above Hudson r,, above which on a mtn. are the
remains of Fort Putnam, and in front, those of
Fort Clinton, built in the revolution, when tbis
was an important military post. Sir Henry
Clinton forced his passage here in 1777, to co.
operate with Gen. Burgoyne, but after burning
Kingston, c&c. returned tw N. Y. Gen. Amold's
treasonable design waa to betray West Point to
the British There is a large hotel, and a mon
ument to Kosciusko, erected by the cadets.
{See West Point.) Popv 3,485.
Corowaugh, cr. swamp and p-o-. s. w. part of
the Isle of Wight co. Va, 35 ms, s. w. Norfolk.
CoRRiNNA, p-t, Somerset co. Me. 53 ras. n. e,
Augusta. Pop. 1,079.
Cortland, co. N. Y. bndd. by Onondaga co,
N,, Madison and Chenango cos, e,, Broome and
Tioga cos, s,, Tompkins and Cayuga cog, -w.,
an oblong 19 mg, by 25, 475 gquare ms. has 9
towns, many brooks. Tioughnioga cr. nearly
through it. Osselie creek in the s. e. ; it gives
rise to branches of Owego cr. and Cayuga lake ;
raill sites abound. The soils chiefly yellowish
loara, on warm gravel, uneven but excellent for
grain and grass, bears maple, elm, bass, but
ternut, pine, (&c. There are some salt and
sulph. byd. and chalybeate springs, and iron
ore. The n. w. corner touches the s. end of
Skeneateles lake. Cortiand viUage is the St.
jus. Pop, 1820, 16,507, 1830, 23,753.
Cortland, t, Westchester co. N, Y, 40 mg, «,
N, York, 104 s, Albany, e, Hudson r, has 2
post vs, Cortland t, PeekskUl, Peekskill cr,
and Croton r., afford raany raill sites, and it in.
eludes the s. peaks ofthe Highlands, Verplank's
point, where was Fort Lafayette, and Teller's
point. Pop. 3,840.
CoRTLANDviLLE, p-t. and Cap. Cortland co. N.
Y. 140 ras. w. Albany, on Tioughnioga at the
bend, and contains Cortland village and Port
Watson. Pop. 3,673.
Corydon, p-v. and St. jus. Harrison co. Ind.
by p-r. 614 ms. a little s. of w, W. C, 124 ms.
s. Indianopolis, and 20 ms. a little s. of w, Lou
isville, in Ky, n. lat. 38° 15', long. 9° 08' w. W,
C. Pop. 459.
Coshocton, or Coshecton, p-v. Bethel Sulli
van CO. N. Y. 16 ms. w, Monticello, 60 ras, w.
Newburgh, on Delaware r.
Coshocton, co. of O. bndd. southeast by
Guernsey, s. by Muskingum, s. w, by Licking,
w. and N, w. by Knox, n. by Holmes, and n. e.
and E. by Tuscar&was. Greatest length 30,
mean width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extend
ing in lat. frora 40° 10' to 40° 27' n. and in long.
from 4° 40' to 5° 12' w. W. C. The union of
Tuscarawas r. with White Woman's cr. to
form the Muskingum r. ia made a little s. e.
from the centre of this co. Killbuck cr. rising
ia Medina and Lorrain cos. flows to the south.
ward over Wayne and Holmes into Coshocton,
and uniting with White Woman's from the west.
ward, the combined waters inflect to tbe s. e, to

their junction with Tuscarawas r. at the v. of
Coshocton. From the course of the three pre
ceding streams, Coshocton co. is formed out of
as many deep river vallies. That of White
Woman's inclines to the east ; Tuscarawas in
an opposite direction, and that of Killbuck south.
wardly. Below the v. of Coshocton the chan.
nel of Muskingum r. is nearly south to the in.
flux of WUl's.cr. on tbe southern border ofthe
CO. The Ohio and Erie canal reaches the bank
of Muskingum a littie below the raouth of Will's
cr. and following Muskingura and Tuscarawas
rs, traverses Coshocton between 25 and 30 ras.
The northem and about one third part of what
surface was included in Coshocton in 1820, has
been since united to a part of Wayne, to form
Holraes co. Cf t Coshocton. Pop. 11,161.
Coshocton, p.v. and st.jus. Coshocton co. 0.
by p.r. 336 ras. n. w. by w, W, C, 84 ras, «, e.
by E, Colurabus, and 26 ras, «, Zanesville. Itis
situated on the left or east bank of Muskingum
r. just below the junction of Tuscarawas river
and White Woman's cr. Lat. 40° 15', long. 4°
54' w. W. C. Pop, 333,
CossiTAT, p-v, Hempstead co. Ark. by p-r.
1,234 s. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 166' miles s.
w. by w. Little Rock.
CoTACo, forraerly a county of Al. now Mor-
gtm CO.
Cote Isle, p-v. Rapide parish. La.
CoTOCTiN, a ridge of the Appalachian mtns.
This ridge branches from the south raountain
on the southern border of Pa. and between
Adaras and Franklin counties ; stretching thence
neariy due s. through Frederick co. in Md.
reaches the Potoraac r. between the mouths of
Monocacy r. and Cotoctin cr. The same ridge
or rather chain rises southward of the Potomac
and traverses- Loudon co. Va. passing about 2 J
ras, westward of Leesburg, In Md, the Cotoc.
tin has gained importance and celebrity frora
the controversy between the Baltimore and
Obio rail road corapany, and that of the Chesa
peake and Ohio canak Where the ridge ter
minates on the Potoraac, it is known as the Up.
per Point of rocks and Lower Point of rocks,
Cotoctin, in the- p.o. list Cotocton, p-v, in the
w. part of Frederick co, Md. by p-r. 4'6 ms, h.
w, W, C.
Coqbille, usually called Petite Coquilles
(Little Shells), fort and p-o, at the outlet of the
Rigolets from lake Pontchartrain, in the n, w.
part of Orleans parish, La. by ship channel 31
ms. N. E. by E. New Orleans.
Cotton Gin Port, p-v. at the union of Tom
bigbee and Notachucky rs. and on the left bank
of the former in Lowndes co. Misp. by p.r. 188
ms. n. e. Jackson. That part of Monroe con.
taining Cotton Gin Port, has been recently erect.
ed into Lowndes co.
Cotton Grove, p-v. Madison co. Ten, 163
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville;
CoTTO.N Port, p. v. on the right bank of Tenn.
river, in the s. e. part of Limestone co, Ala. 15
ma. s. a. w. HuntaviUe.
CoTTONviLLE, p.v. HI the s. part of Lawrence
CO. Misp. about 80 ms. e. Natchez, and by p-r.
l,119s.w. W. C.
CoTRELLViLLE, p-v. OH the right bank of St.
Clair r. s. e. part of St. Clair co. Michi accord-

cov

117

cov

ing to Tanner. By the land route round the w.
side of lake St. Clair 52 ms. n, e, Detroit, and
by p-r. 578 ras, n. w. W, C. Pop. 230.
Counoill's Store and p.o. by p-r, 231 ms, a
little n, of w. i( aleigh.
CouNTSViLLE, p-v. OH Proston creek, n. angle
of Lexington dist. S. C. 31 ms. tt. n. w. Colum
bia. County Line, p-o. Rowan co. N. C. by p-r,
138 ms, w, Raleigh.
County Line, p.o. in the w. part Campbell co.
Geo. by p.r. 725 ms. s. w, W, C. and 139 n. w.
MUledgeviUe. Courtableau, r. of La, forraed by two con.
fluents, the Crocodile, from the pine wood be.
tween Opelousas and Rapides, and the Boeuf,
from the intermediate space between the Croco.
dile and the overflowed region of Red and
Atchafalaya rs. The two branches unite about
10 ras, N, frora St. Landre, and assuming a s. e.
course flow 35 ms, falling into Atchafalaya at
the lower fragraent of the Great Raft, Thia
fine though small streara forras a link in the
cbain of water intercommunication between
Opelousas and the Misp. r.
Courtland cc, N, Y, See Cortland.
Courtland, p.v. northern part of Laurence
CO. Ala, about 50 ras, a little s, of w. Huntsville,
and by p-r, 104 ms, N, Tuscaloosa,
Courtwkight, P-v. inthe w. part Fairfield co,
0, by p-r. 18 ras. s. e. Columbus, and 382 n. w.
by w. W. C.
Cove Creek, p-o. in the w. part of Ashe co
N. C. by p-r. 432 ras. s. w. W. C. and 238 a little
N. of w, Raleigh.
Coventry, t. Grafton co. N, H, 9 ms, e, Hav.
erhill, 70 n, by w. Concord, 100 N, w, Portsmouth,
mountainous, with some useless soil, watered by
streams of Oliverian brook and Wild Amonoo
suc r,, has Owl's Head mm. w. Pop, 440,
Coventry, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 49 ms. n. Mont
pelier. First setded 1800, haa a. bay of Mem
phremagog lake, with good soil, and the lower
parts of Barton and Black rivers, which are
deep, with good miU seats. Pop. 1830, 728,
Coventry, t, Kent co. R. I. 15 ms, s, w.
Providence, e. Conn,, 6 ms, by 6, 36 sq, ms,
rugged, primitive, good for grass, with s, branch
of Pawtucket, Flat r, and other exceUent mill
strearas. It is much devoted to manufacturing.
Pop, 3,851,
Coventry, p-t. Tolland co, Cotm. 18 ms, e,
Hartford, w, 'VViUimantic r. 6J ma, by 7, 45 sq,
ms,, uneven, -with gravelly loara, primitive,
bearing oak, walnut, chestnut, c&c, grass, grain,
<&c, crossed by Skunamug r, which forras Hop
r. and unites with Willimantic r, at s. e, corner ;
Wangumbog lake is 1 mile by 2. First settled
1711. Pop, 2,119.
Coventry, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 ms. s.
w. Norwich, midway hetween Susquehannah
and Chenango rs. The land is broken, but rauch
that is good, with small strearas. Pop, 1,576.
Coventry Gore, Orleans co, Vt. "Pop. 6.
Covert, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ras. s. Ovid,
E, Seneca lake, 5 ras, by 12, has mill seats on
Halsey's cr, (fee. The land on the lake is ex
cellent for wheat. Pop. 1,791.
CovEsviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Albemarle
CO. Va. 22 ms. -vr. Charlottesville, and by p-r. 16

145 ras. s. w. W. C. and 103 n. w by w. Rich.
mond. Covington, p.t. Genesee co N. Y. 12 ms. s.
E. Batavia, has soil of ordinary quality, pretty
well watered hy Allan's cr. and branches. Pop.
2,716. Covington, p.v. on Tioga cr. Tioga co. Pa.
65 ms, s, w, by w, Tioga Point.
Covingto.v, p.v. and st. jus. Alleghany co, Va.
situated on Jackson r. 260 ms. s. s. w. W. C.
and 173 ms. w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 48', long.
3° 3' Vf. W, C.
Covington, p.v, in the s, part Richmond co.
N. C. 14 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the co. st. and
by p.r. 413 ms. s, s, w. W. C, and 127 o. w.
Raleigh. Covington, p.v. and st, jus. Newton co. Geo.
on Yellow r, a branch of Ocraulgee, by p.r. 67
ms. N, w, MilledgevUle, Lat. 33° 32', long. 6°
58' w. W. C.
Covington, co, Ala. bndd, w, by Conecuh, n,
w. and N, by Butler, e, by Dale, and s, by Wal.
ton CO, in Flor. Length s. to n, 52, mean breadth
32, area 1,664 sq, ms, Extendmg in lat. 31°
to 31° 42', long, 9° 15' to 9° 52' w, W. C, Sur.
face generally sterile. The n, w. angle ofthis
CO, is traversed by the two main branches of
Conecuh and Pigeon rs, ; the central section
gives source to YeUow Water r, which flows
sthrd, towards Pensacola bay; Pea r. the w.
branch of Choctaw r. rises in the Creek coun.
try, traverses Pike and Dale, enters and again
curves out of the eastern border of Covington.
Cf t, Montezuma. Pop, 1,522.
Covington, co. Migp, bndd. a. by Marion, w.
by Lawrence, n. by the Choctaw ter. and e, by
Jones, Length from e, to w, 30, mean breadth
24, and area 960 gq, ras. Extending in lat,
frora 31° 26' to 31° 48', long, from 12° 28' to
12° 58' w, W, C, It is traversed by various
brancheg of Leaf r. which flowing s. e. towards
their confluent Pascagoula, afford some good
land, but in general tbe face of the co. is open,
sterile, piney woods, Cft, Williamsburg. Pop.
1820, 2,230, 183J, 2,551.
Covington, p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. Tam.
many. La. situated on Chifuncte i. 36 ms. a
little w. of N. New Orleans,
Covington, p-v, on the bank of Obio r. on
the point below the mouth of Licking r. whieh
separates it from Newport, and opposite Cincin
nati, Carapbell co. Ky, The great road up the
Ohio r. passes through Covington over a bridge
into Newport. Pop. 715.
Covington, p-v, and st. jus. Tipton co. Ten.
situated on a small branch of Big Hatchie r. 40
ms, N. N, e, Memphis, and by p-r, 225 ras, s, w.
by w. Nashville. Lat, 35° 34', long. 12° 41' w.
W.C.
Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Fountain co. Ind.
by p-r. 654 ras, n. w. by w. W. C, and 81 ras, n.
w. by w. Indianopolis. It is situated on the left
side of the Wabash r. N. lat. 40° 10', long. 10°
24' w.W. C.
Covington, p.v. near the n. border of Wash.
ington CO. II. by p.r. 812 ms. w. W, C. and 40
s, w, Vandalia, It is. situated on the Kaskaski
as r, on the great road frora Shawneetown on O.
r, to St. Louis, 47 ms. s. of e. from the latter.
Lat 38° 28', long. 12° 28' w. W. C.

CRA

118

CRA

Cowan's Store and p.o. Cabarras co. N. C,
151 ms, w, Raleigh,
CowANSviLLE, p-0, 136 ms. w. Raleigh.
Cowansville, p-o. Rhea co. Ten. by p-r, 170
ms, s, E, by e, Nashville.
Cowdersport, p-v. and st. jus. Potter co. Pa.
situated on Alleghany r. by p-r, 186 ms. n. w.
Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 56', long. 1° 4' w. W. C,
Coweta, co. Geo, bndd, w. and N. w. by the
Chattahooche, which separates it from Carroll,
N. by Campbell, e. by Fayette, and s. by Merri
wether and Troup, Length from s, w, to n, e,
38 ms, mean breadth 14, and area 532 sq, ms.
Extending in lat. from 33° 15' to 33° 37', in
long, frora 7° 40' to 8° 18' w. W. C. It lies in
forra of a triangle, extending its hypothenuse
along Chattahooche, and its base e. and w.
Chattahooche to Flint r. Cf t. Newraan. Pop,
5,003. Coweta, p.v, Coweta co, Geo, by p-r. 135 ms.
N, w, MiUedgeville.
Cowpasture, r. Va. rising in the mountain
valley between the Kittatinny and Warm Spring
mtn. interlocking sources with the s. branch of
Potomac, but flowing in an opposite direction s,
s, w. falling into, or joining Jackson's r, to form
James r, after a comparative course of 50 ms.
Cowpen's Fur.nace, P-o. between Pacolet and
Broad rs. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 124
ms. K. N. w, Columbia,
Cowper Hill, p-o, Robeson co. N. C. by p-r,
92 ras, s. s, w, Raleigh.
Coxsackie, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 26 ms, s,
Albany, 10 N, CatskiU, w, Hudson r,, E, CatskUl
creek. Cox's cr, is n, Mil'l sites abound :
there are hills, pine plains, sorae sand and clay.
The inhabitants are of Dutch extraction, and
hold the land in fee. It has a valley 1 m. w
Hudson r. and 3 landings. Pop. 3,373.
Cox's Cross Roads, in the s. w. part of Cos
hocton CO. 0. by p-r. 357 ras. n. w, by w. W. C,
and 70 s. E, by e, Columbus,
Cox's Store and p-o, Sampson co. N. C. by
p-r. 95 ras, s, s. e, Raleigh.
Coylesville, P-o. in the ^v. part of Butler co,
¦Pa, byp-r. lO ras, w, the borough of Butler, and
226 N, w, W. C.
Crab Orchard, p-v. Lincoln co. Ky. by p-r.
62 ras. E. of s. Hartford.
Crab Run, p-v, in the s, w, part Pendleton
CO, Va. by p-r, 196 ras, b w, by w. W. C. and
154 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond.
Crafton, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 236
ms. s, s. w. W. C. and 156 ms. s. w. by w,
Richmond, Craftsbury, p-t, Orleans co. Vt. 25 ms. n.
Montpelier, 25 s. Canada, half way between
Lake Champlain and Conn. r. First settled
1789 ; gives rise to Black r. which has many
mill sites ; has Wild Branch and 5 Trout ponds.
The village is near the centre, on higb ground.
The trade is with Montreal. There are 5
school dists. Pop. 982.
Craig's Creek, p-o. Botetourt co. Va, 8 ras.
w. Fincastle, the co. st.
Craig's cr. or raore correctly, Craig's i. is
the extreme s, w. confluent of James r. rises in
GUes and Montgomery co. Va. interlocking
sources with a brandh of Great Kenhawa, and
with the extreme higher sources of Roanoke ;

and flowing thence to the n. e. over Botetourt co.
falls into James i, after a comparative course
of 40 ms,
Craig's Meadow, p.o. Northampton co. Pa.
by p.r. 127 ms. N, e. Harrisburg.
Crampton's Gap and p.o. Washington co. Md.
by p-r. 60 ms, n, w. W. C.
Cranbury Isles, Hancock co. Me. between
Frenchman's Bay and Mount Desert Sound, in
the ocean. Pop. 258.
Cranberry, p.t. Middlesex co. N. J. 9 ms. e,
Princeton, n. Millstone r.
Cranberry, p.v, and tsp. w. part of Butler co.
Pa. about 30 ms. n, Pittsburgh, and by p.r, 244
ms, N, w. W. C. and 213 ms. n. of w. Harris.
burg. Pop. of tbe tsp. 1820, 765, 1830, 1,032.
Cranberry Plain, p-o. Grayson co. Va. by
p-r. 251 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Cranberry
creek is a small branch of Great Kenhawa,
rising in the Iron mtn. and flowing sthrd. over
the w. angle of Grayson co. into Ashe co. N. C.
Cranesville, p-o. in Williams co. 0. by p-r.
524 ms, N. -Vf. by w. W. C. and 188 ms. N. w.
Colurabus. Craney Island, a small island in Elizabeth
r. Va. only of adequate size for a fort, which
commands the entrance to the harbor of NoF--
folk. Cranston, t.' Providence co. R.L, 5 ms.s.
Providence, w. Providence r., n, Pawtucket r,,
7 ms, by 4i, 19,448 acres ; level e. but poor
soil, and uneven w. A mine here has furnish.
ed ore for many cannon of the navy. Vegeta.
bles are fumished for the Providence market.
Pop. 2,653.
Craven, co. N. C. bndd, by Cartaret b, e,,
Jones s, w,, Lemoir n, w,, Pitt n,, Beaufort, n.e,,
and Pamlico Sound e. Length from s, e, to n,w.
65 ms., mean breadth 17, and area, 1,100 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. from 34° 48' to 35° 23', long.
about 35' on each side ofthe meridian of VV. C,
Neuse r, enters this co. on its n. w. border, and
after flowing to the s. e, 35 ms,, opens a wide
bay, which curving to e, and n, e, expands into
Pamlico Sound, The surface is level, and in
great part marshy, but with much good soil, Cf
t, Newbem. Pop. 1820, 13,394, 183), 13,734.
Crawford, t, Washington co. Me., has a large
pond emptying into Machias r. Pop. 182.
Crawford, t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 2,019.
Crawford, co. Pa. bndd. n. by Erie, e. by
Warren, s. e. by Venango, s. by Mercer, s. w.
by Trumbull, and w. by Ashtabula cos. of Ohio.
Length 48, mean width 22 ; area 1,016 sq. ms.
Extending in lat, from 41° 29' to 41° 51', long.
from 2° 42'to 3° 36' w. W. C. From the a. w.
angle rises Shenango branch of Big Beaver ;
frorii the n. w. angle rises the sources of Con.
neaut, flowing into Lake Erie ; the e. part
gives source to and is drained by Oil cr., whilst
the central section is traversed by the main vol.
urae, and several rainor branches of French cr.
The declivity of the' whole CO. is sthrd. Cf.t.
MeadviUe, Pop. 1820, 9,397, in 1830, 16,067.
Crawford, co. Geo. bndd. by Upson n. w.,
Monroe, n., Bibb, e., Houston s. e., and Flint r.,
which separates it from Marion and Talbot
s.w. Length 30, mean breadth 12, and area
360 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 32° 30' to
33° 50', long, from 6° 53' to 7° 24' w. W. C.

CRA

119

CRI

Though limited on one side by Flint r., the cen.
tral part of this co, is a middle ground, from
which the waters flow s, estrd. by tbe Cbocunno
and Chupee ers. into Ocmulgee r,, and by va
rious branches s, w, into Flint r. Cf. t. Knox
viUe. Pop. 5,313.
Crawford, one of the wstrn. cos, of Ark,,
bndd, N, by Ark, r. separating it from Washing
ton, E. by Pope, s. e, by Hot Springs co,, s, w,
by Miller, and w, by the wstrn, ter, of tbe U, S.
N, lat, 35° and long 17° w,W, C. intersect near
its centre. It approaches very near to a square
of 50 ras, each side ; area 2,500 sq. ms. These
bounds and geographical limits are taken from
Tanner's improved map of the U. S. on which it
appears that tbe extreme sources of Ouachitta r,
are in this co., interlocking sources with those
of Poteau and Petite Jean branches of Ark, r.,
and those of Little r, of the North, a branch of
Red I. The central part of this co, is about
120 ms, a littie n, of w, Littie Rock, Pop. 2,440.
Crawford, co. of Mo, as laid dov.'n on Tan
ner's iraproved raap ofthe U, S, is bndd. by Gas
conade co. N., Franklin N. e., Washington e.,
and by a part of Mo. not yet formed into cos. on
the other sides, area of course uncertain. The
yet settled part is about 100 ms, s. w. by w. St,
Louis, The slope nthrd, and in that direction
discharging on the wstrn. side tributaries of
Gasconade r., and on the estrn, side the extreme
sources ofthe main branch of Maramec r, Cf,
t, as stated in p-o. list. Little Piney. Pop. 1830,
1,721. Crawford, co. Mich, on both sides of the
Ouisconsin r, and bndd, w. by the Misp, r. The
outlines of this co. except on the Misp. are un
certain. Prairie du Chien, the st. jus, stands at
the point above the entrance of the Ouisconsin
r, into the Misp,, and derives its narae frora a
Prairie or natural raeadow, so called. As laid
down by Tanner, the junction of the two rs. is at
lat. 43°, and 14° 12' w. W. C. The village of
Prairie du Chien is stated in the p.o. list of 1831,
as being 1,060 ras. from W. C.
Crawford, co, of O,, bndd, by Marion s,,
Hardin s, w., Hancock n, w,, Seneca n,, Huron
N, E,, and Richland E, Length frora e. to w,
32, raean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ras.
Extending in lat. from 40° 43' to 41° 02', and in
long, from 5° 48' to 6° 24' w. W. C. This co.
is nearly coramensurate with tbe higher part of
the valley of Sandusky r., and is drained n. by
the variaus constituents of that stream. The
surface is level, and is a rather elevated table
land. Cft. Bucyrus. Pop, 4,791,
Crawford, co. of Ind,, bndd, by Perry s. w,,
Dubois n, Vf., Orange n,, Washington n, e,, Har
rison E,, and 0, r, separating it from Meade co,
Ky, a. Length 24, raean breadth 14, and area
336 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from 38° 07' to
38° 25', and in long, from 9° 18' to 9° 43' w.
W. C. The slope is to the s. and towards 0. i.
The surface very broken. Cf t. Fredonia.
Pop. 3,238.
Crawford, co. IL, bndd. s. e. by Lawrence,
B, w. by Clay, w. hy Lafayette, n, by Clark, n, e.
by the Wabash r. separating it from the ¦nthrn,
part of Sullivan co, Ind,, e, by Wabash r, separat
ing it from the sthrn, part of Sullivan co, Ind,, and .
the Wabash r, separating it from the n. w, angle

of Knox CO, Ind. Greatest length from e. to w. 50
Ills,, mean breadth 20, and area 1,000 sq,ms. Ex
tending in lat. frora 38° 50.' to 39°10', and in long
frora 10° 34' to 11° 30' w, W. C. This co. is tra.
versed in a s. E, direction, and subdivided into
two not very unequal sections by Embarras r.
Some ofthe higher sources ofthe Little Wabash
rise in its a. w, angle. The general slope is a
littie E, ofs, Cf t. Palestine. Pop. 3,117.
Crawford, o. h. and p.o, by p.r, 136 ms, n, w.
Littie Rock, and 1,2,04 ms. s. w. by w. W. C.
Exact situation uncertain.
Crawford's p.o, in the e, part of Estill co,
Ky., 34 ms. e. Irvine, the st, jus. for the co,,
and by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 71
ms. s, E. by e. Frankfort.
Crawford's Mills and p-o, Del. co. O.by p-r.
29 ras. N. Colurabus, and 425 ras, n, w, by w,
W, C,
Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus, Montgorae.
ry CO, Ind. by p-r. 617 ras, n. of w, W, C. and 44
ras. N. w, by w, Indianopolis. It is on Sugar cr.
and on the road frora Indianopolis to Covington,
in Fountain co. Lat. 40° 03', long. 9° 53' w.
W.C. Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jua. Taliaferro
CO. Geo. situated between Little r. and Great
Ogeeche r. 44 ms. n. n. e. MiUedgeville, and
65 a little n, of w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 3,4', long.
5° 58' w. W. C.
Craytonville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. 81
ras, N. w, Columbia.
Creagers or Creagerstown, p-v. near the
left hank of Monocacy r. Frederick co. Md. 12
ms. a little e. of n. Frederick city.
Creek Agency and p-o. Creek ter. Ala. 181
ms. frora Tuscaloosa.
Creek Indians, or Muscogees, stated by Dr.
Jedediah Morse in 1820, at 20,000, overrated
perhaps, reside principally in Geo. and Ala.
but witb sorae scattering bands in Flor, and La,
This once comparatively considerable Indian
nation has been known under the name of
tribes, as Appalaches, Alabamag, Abacas,
Cowittag, Cooga, Ocmulgees, Oconeeg, (fee.
Creek Path and p-o. in the Cherokee ter.
Ala. by p-r. 135 ras. n. e. Tuscaloosa, and 723
ras. B. w. by w. W. C.
Creelsburgh, p-v. Russel co. Ky. byp-r. 162
ras. H. Hartford.
Cresapstown or Cresapsburg, p-v. Alleghany
CO. Md. near the left bank of Potomac, 6 ms.
s. w. by w. Cumberland.
Crichton's Store and p.o. in the s, part
Brunswick co, Va, 18 ms, s, Lawrenceville, st,
jus. for the co. and by p-r. 209 ras, s, s, w, W.
C. and 87 from Richmond, in a nearly similar
direction. Cripple Creek, p-o. GreenvUle dist. S. C. by
p-r. 118 ms. N. w. Columbia.
Crittende.v, v. on the road from Little Rock
to Hempstead co. on Red. r. Clark co. Ark. 82
ms. B, w, Littie Rock.
Crittenden, co. Ark. bndd. E. by the Misp.
r,, w. and s, w, by St. Francis r,, n. by New
Madrid co. Mo. Length frora s. to n. 105 ms.
mean breadth about 20 ms. ; area 21,000 aq.
ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 35' to 36°,
long, from 1?° 40' to 13° 45' w, W, C, It ia
composed of an immense plain, in most pai;t

CRO

120

CUI

liable to annual submersion ; but where the
soil is of suflacient elevation to admit cultivation,
it is highly productive. Staple, cotton. Cf t.
Greenock. Crooked r. Me. flows into Sebago pond.
Crooked cr. a wstrn. br, of II, r. It is amongst
the numerous misnomers in our Geography, to
give the title of cr. to a stream of upwards of
50 ms. comparative course, and which drains a
large share of Adams and Hancock cos. and
nearly all Mc. Donough and Schuyler cos. and
embraces a valley of at least 1,300 sq. ms.
This stream, watering some of the finest land
in II,, rises close uponthe actual margin of the
Misp, L. on the (jthm. border of Warren co.
Flowing thence a little s. ofs, e, over Hancock,
Mc, Donough, and Schuyler, it falls into Illinois
r, almost on n, lat. 40°. The valley of Crooked
r. lies between those of the Misp. and Spoon r.
br. of Illinois r.
Crooked cr, and p-o, N, part of Livingston
CO, Ky, by p-r, 235 ms. s. w. byw. Frankfort.
Crooked cr. and p-o. in the n. e. part of Tioga
CO. Pa. by p-r. 9 ms. n. Wellsborough, the co.
St., 262 miles n. W. C. and 156 w. of n. Harris
burg. Crooked Lake, N. Y. Steuben and Ontario
COS. 18 ms. by Ij, has two branches divided
by Bluff Head. An outlet gives mill sites, and
runs 6 ms. into Seneca lake.
Crockett, p-v. Gibson co. Ten, by p-r, 149
ms, s. of w. Nashville, and 854 ms, a. w. by w.
W.C. Crommelin, p-v. Montgomery co. Md. by
p-r. 18 ms, from W, C. and 55 frora Annapolis.
Cross Anchor, p-o, in the extreme s, part of
Spartanburg dist, S, C, by p.r. 82 ras. n. w.
Columbia. Cross Canal, p.o. Camden co. N. C. by p.r.
151 ras. N. E. by e. Raleigh.
Cross Creek, v. and p.o. w. part of Wash.
ington CO. Pa. 17 ms. n. w. Washington, the
CO. St.
Cross Keys, p.o. Rockingham co. Va. by p.r.
123 ms. s, w. by w. W. C.
Cross Keys, p-o. in the w. part of Union
dist. S. C. by p.r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbus.
Cross Lake, N. Y. Cato, Cayuga co.
Cross Plains, p.v. Robertson co. Ten. 31 ras.
N. w. Nashville.
Cross Plains, p.v, Ripley co, Ind. by p.r. 88
ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 560 w. W. C.
Cross Roads, p.o. Jones co. N. C. by p.r. 163
ms. s. E. Raleigh.
Cross Roads, p-o, Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r,
222 ms, s. w. by w. Nashville.
Cross Roads, p-o. Bibb co. Ala. 42 ms, a, e.
Tuscaloosa. Cross Roads, p-o. Chester co. Pa. (See
New London Cross Roads.)
Cross Roads, p-o. in the w. part of Newton
CO. Geo. byp-r. 10 ras. w. Covington, the co. st.
70 N. w. MUledgeviUe, and 672 s. w. W. C.
Crosswick's cr, N, J. rises in Monmouth co.
and runnmg through Burlington, falls into the
Del. at Bordentown ; is navigable several ma.
for sloops.
Crosswicks, p-v. Chesterfield, Burlington co.
N. J. 8 ms. s. E. Trenton, 2 e. Bordentown, on
Croswick cr.

Croton cr. Duchess and West Chester cos.
N. Y. runs s. and s. w. 40 ras. into Hudson r. at
Tappan bay, with good raill sites. It has been
proposed to take the water to N. Y. city by
aqueduct. Ckoton, v. Cortland, West Chester co. N. Y.
at the raouth of Croton cr. where is a fall of 60
or 70 feet.
Crowder's cr. and p-o. m the e. part of York
dist. S. C. The cr. falls into Catawba r. where
the road frora Charlotte in N. C. passes to
Yorkville in S. C. by p-r. 101 miles N. Colum.
bia. Crowell's Cross Roads and p.o. Halifax co.
Geo. by p.r. 229 ras. s. W. C. and 99. n. e. Ra.
leigh. Crownpoint, p.t. Essex co. N. Y. 15 ms. n.
Ticonderoga, 18s. Elizabethtown, l84s. Mont.
real, w. Lake Champlain. Level e. mountain.
ous w. Contains the site of the old fortress of
Crown Point, which was first occupied as a
military position by the French, 1731. Sur.
rendered to the British, 1759, and to the Ameri.
cans, 1755 ; evacuated and taken by Gen. Bur.
goyne, 1777 ; retaken by Americans the sarae
year. It has been long abandoned, but the
earth shows the form ofthe fortress, which was
a spar work, with 5 bastions, the walls of the
barracks, cfec. on a low level cape, running n.
opposite Chimney Point, where the lake is 1 m.
wide. Oct. 13th, 1776, the American flotiUa,
under Gen. Arnold, was destroyed off Crown
Point by the British, Pop, 1830, 2,441.
Crow's Ferry and p.o. parish of Natchitoches
La. Tbis ferry is over the Sabine r. by the
common road, 33 ms, s, w. by w, Natchitoches or
Red r,, and by p-r. 405 n. w. by w. New Orleans,
and 1,379 s. w, by w, W, C. By the p-o. Ust of
1831, Crow's ferry was the extreme s. w. p-o, in
the U, S.
Crow's Nest, mm. Cornwall, Orange co. N.
Y. 1,330 ft. elevation.
Crowsville, p-v. s. part of Spartanburgh dist.
S. C. 72 ras. N. w. Colurabia.
Croydon, t. Sullivan' co. N. H. 44 ms. n. w.
Concord, 100 ms. Boston, 26,000 acres, is
crossed by n, branch Sugar r. and Croydon ratn. ;
though raoist and rocky, it yields grass and
sorae grain. Pop. 1,056.
Crystal Spring, p-o. Lawrence co. Ark. by
p-r. 176 ras. n. n, e, Littie Rock.
Cuba, p-t, Alleghany co, N, Y, 18 ms. s. w.
Angelica, n. Pa,, 6 ms. by 18. It has Oil cr.
and some branches of Genesee r., is cold and
wet, bears red oak, ash, maple, beech, some
evergreen. Pop. 1,059.
Cuba, p-v. in the w. part of Clmton co. 0. by
p-r. 6 ms. w. Wilmington the co. st. 450 w. W.
C. and 73 s. w. Columbus.
Cockoville, p-v. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 95
ms. s, w. W. C,
CuivRE, (Copper) r, of Mo, rising in Audrain
CO, interlocking sources with those ofthe sthrn.
branch of Salt r. but deriving tributary fountains
also from Pike and Ralls cos. ; the different
branches uniting in Lincoln, in which latter co.
it enttrs the Misp. a comparative course of 60
ms. to the s. e, by e. The course of Cuivre r,
IS neariy parallel to, and about 25 ms, nthrd. of
low Missouri r. The Cuivre valley comprises

CUM

121

CUM

a part of Pike, Ralls, Audrain, Montgomery,
Lincoln, and St. Charles coa.
Culbertsons, p.o. Mercer co. Pa. by p-r. 293
ms, N, w, by w. Harrisburg.
CuLBREATH's, p-0, Columbia co. Geo, by p-r.
86 ms, N. E, by e, MiUedgeville.
Cullen, p-v. Weakley co. Ten. by p-r. 108
ms. w. Nashville.
Culloden's, p-0. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 68
ma. w. MUledgeviUe.
Culpepper, co. Ya. bndd. by Rappahannoc r.
which separates it from Fauquier n. e., by Ra
pid Ann r. which separates it from Spottsylva
nia and Orange s., by Madison s. w,, and by the
Blue Ridge which separates it from Page co. n.
w. Length from the junction of Rapid Ann
and Rappahannoc rs. to its northern angle onthe
Blue Ridge 42 ms., raean breadth 1 6, and area
672 sq.ras. Extending in lat, frora 38° 15' to
38° 51', long, from 0° 35' to 1° 20' w. W. C,
Besides the boundary streams, Culpepper is
watered by Thornton i. whicb, rising in the
spars of Blue Ridge, winds s, e. over the cen
tral parts of the county, and falls into Rappahan
noc. The surface is finely diversified with hill
and dale, witb large bodies of exceUent land ;
staples, grain, tobacco, cfec. Cf. t. Fairfax.
Pop. in 1820, 20,942, 1030, 24,027,
Culpepper, c, h, {See Fairfax, Culpepper co.)
Cumberland, rata, chain of the Appalachian
systera, and continuation over Va., Ky., Ten.,
and part of Ala. of the Laurel chain of Pa. The
Curaberland chain, though not so delineated in
our defective maps, is continuous frora Steuben
CO. N. Y. into Jackson, Morgan, and Blount
COS. Ala, along an inflected line of 800 ms.
About the extreme E. angle of Ky, and s. w.
Great Sandy, this chain is distinctly kno-wn as
Cumberland mtn. and ranging s. w. separates Va.
from Ky. as far as Cumberland gap, on the
northern boundary of Ten. Continuing s, w,
but witb an inflection to the n, w,, this chain
stretches over Ten, as dividing ridge between
the confluents of Curaberland and Ten. ra. En.
tering Ala. and crossing Ten. r. at its great
bend, gradually disappears amongst the sources
of Black Warrior r. The Cumberland chain is
in no part very elevated, varying from 800 to
lOuO feet above the tide level ; but though hum.
ble as to relative height, it raaintains otherwise
all the distinctive characteristics of other Appa
lachian chains. Extending in long, regular,
and often lateral ridges, passable only at long
intervals where gaps occur, or where traversed
by rivers. The ridges are wooded to their sum
mits. Cumberland, r. Ky. and Ten. rises inthe for.
mer, from the n. w. slope of Cumberland mtn,
interlocking sources with Kentucky r. to the n.
and Powell r. 0.; flowing thence westward by
comparative course 120 ms. in Russell co.
Here it inflects to s, w. leaving Ky, and enter.
ing Ten, and preserving the latter course to
Carthage in Smith co. having flowed in a s. w.
direction 65 ms. Below Carthage, Cumberland
inflects to a western course, which it pursues
100 ms. to its great bend in Stewart co. and
thence turning to n. w. flows 75 ms. to its final
junction with the Ohio, after an entire compar.
ative course of 360 ms. The above measure

ments are made by extending from extreme to
extreme of the respective courses, but as the
stream is in its particular bends very tortuous,
we raay, without excess, allow for its compara.
tive length 200 mg. in Upper Ky., 190 in Ten, and
50 in Lower Ky, or an entire comparative course
of 440 ms. At high water it is navigable for
boats, to near its source, and for at least one
one half its length, at all seasons. Without re.
ference to the inflections ofthe river itself, the
valley it drains is 350 ms, long with a mean
breadth not exceeding 50 ms,, area about 17,500
sq, ras., holding the third rank in regard to su.
perficies of the confluents of Ohio r. The rela.
tive difference of level between the source and
raouth of Cumberland, has never been deter.
mined but must exceed 1000 ft. The far great
er partof this valley Ues between lat, 36° and
37° and between long, 6° and 12° w. W, C,
Cumberland co. Me. bndd. by Oxford co. n.,
Lincoln co. e,, tbe Atlantic s,, York and Oxford
cos, w. It is one of the sraallest cos, in the
state, containing (1820) 52,000 acres under
tiUage, 17,000 pasturage, 17,000 upland mow
ing, 950 raeadow raowing, 1,000 working horses,
and 2,600 working oxen. It contains Sebago
Pond and several others, some of which it has
been proposed to connect by navigable channels.
Cf t. Portiand. Population 1820, 49,445, 1830,
60,113. Cumberland, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. on the
sea coast, 54 ras, frora Augusta. Pop. 1830,
1,558. Cumberland, t. Providence co. R. I. 8 ms, n.
E, Providence, n. e, Pawtucket r, 28 square ras,
contains much hilly and rocky grass land, but
tbe rest is generaUy good. Has Abbott's mill
and Peter's rivers. Cotton bas been manufac
tured here for some time ; and 700 boats have
been raade here yearly, generally of oak. Pop.
1830, 3,675.
Cumberland co. N. J. bounded by Salem and
Gloucester cos. n., Cape May co. e,, Delaware
Bay a,, Delaware Bay and Salem co, w. Chief
fown, Bridgetown. It ia crossed by Maurice
river and Cohansey creek branches. Pop. 1820,
12,668 ; 1830, 14,093.
Cumberland, co. Pa. bndd. n. w. and n. by
the Kittatinny, or as there locally naraed N.
ratn. which separates it from Perry's, Susque
hannah river separating it from Dauphin e.,
York CO. s. E,, Adaras s, Franklin s. w. Length
34, raean breadth 16, and area 544 square ms.
lying between lat. 39° 58', and 40° 18', and
long, 0° 08' E,, and 0° 40' w. W. C. This co.
is in great part commensurate with the valley
of the Conedogwinet, which rising in Franklin
enters the s. w, border of Cumberland and by a
very winding channel flows n, e. by e. into
Susquehannah r. The southern part including
the ridges and valleys of s. mountain is watered
hy YeUow Breeches creek, which also flows n.
E. by E, into Susquehannah r. The b. side of
Cumberland rests raostly on Umestone, whilst
the substratum along the Kittatinny is clay
slate. The surface moderately hilly, and soil
generally very productive in grain, pasturage
and fruits. Iron ore abounds in S. mtn. Cf t.
Cariisle. Population 1820, 23,606, 1830,
29,228.

CUR

122

CYN

Cumberland, p-v, and st. jus. Alleghany co
Md. situated on the left bank of the Pbtomac r.
and on both sides of Wills' cr. 136 ms. n. w. by
w. W. C, and 140 a little n, of w. Baltimore.
Lat. 39° 38', long. 1° 46' w. W. C. The United
States western road has its eastern termination
at this village, which is elevated 537 ft. above
tbe level of the Atlantic. It is neat and well
built, raostly in one street along the main road.
The eastern and much the finest section of tbis
beautiful village was on tbe 15th April, 1833,
nearly reduced to ashes. By a report of a re
spectable committee, the loss estimated at
$262,000. Cumberland, co. Va. bndd. by Appomattox r.
which separates it from AmeUa s. and Prince
Kdward s. w,, by Buckingham w. and n. w., by
James river which separates it frora Goochland
n. e., and by Powhatan e. Length 32, mean
breadth 10, area 320 square railes. Between
lat, 37° 12' and 37° 39', long. 1° 13', and 1° 40'
-Vf. W. C. The slope of this co. is N, e, and the
central parts drained of Wills' river, a branch
of Jamea r. The aurface is moderately billy,
and soU productive, Cf t. CarterviUe. Pop.
1820,11,023,1830,11,690, Cumberland, c. h, (see Springfield, Cum
berland CO, Va,)
Cumberland Ford, and p-o. Knox co. Ky.
where the road from Frankfort through Lancas
ter, Mount Vernon, and Barboursville, into Ten.
by Curaberland Gap, passes Cumberland r, 16
ms, up that stream above Barboursville, and 138
s, s, E, Frankfort,
Cumberland Gap, and p-o, Claiborne co. Ten.
The gap is in Cumberland mtn. 15 ms, s, Cum
berland Ford,
Cumberland, p-v. Guernsey co. O, by p-r. 91
ms. E. Columbus, and 330 n. of w. W. C.
Cummington, p-t. Hampshire co. Masg. 20
mg. N, w, Northarapton, 110 w. Boston ; has an
academy, and several factories on tbe n. branch
of Westfield r. Pop. 1,261.
Cunningham's Island, in lake Erie, forms a
part of Huron co, O, It lies about 8 ras, a lit
tle w, of N, frora the mouth of Sandusky bay. It
is small, not perhaps exceeding a sq, m. but suf
ficiently elevated for cultivation.
Cunningham's Store, and p-o. in the n. w.
part of Person co, N, C, by p-r. 75 ms. n, w. Ra
leigh, and 257 ms, s. w. 'W. C.
Curran, p-v. inthe n. part of Gallatin co. II,
by p-r, 118 ms, s. e, Vandalia, and 792 ms, w.
W. C,
Currant, i, of Mo. and Ark. the wstrn. and
indeed the maim branch of Black r., rises in
Mo., interlocking sources with Black, Merri
mack, and Gasconade rs., forras by its course an
elliptic curve, first s. e. then s., and finally s. w.
to its junction with Black r. in Lawrence co.
Ark. (See Black river of Mo. and Ark.)
Currituck, co. N. ( '. bndd. by the Atlantic e,,
Princess Ann, and Norfolk, cos, Va, n,, Cara
den CO, N, C. w,, and Alberaarle Sound s.
Length 40, mean breadth 15, area 600 sq. ras.
Lying between lat, 36°, 36° 30', long. 0° 45', and
1° 25' E, W, C. It is composed of a plain coun
try, in part marshy, and divided into two sec
tions by Currituck sound. Cf t, Currituck, Pop,
1820, 8,098, 1830, 7,655,

Currituck, p-v, and st jus. Currituck co. N.
C, situated on the w, side of Currituck sound,
35 ms. B. s. E. Norfolk in Va, and by p-r, 234 ms,
N. E, by E, Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', long. 1° 2'
E, W, C.
Currituck Sound, Isle and Inlet, Currituck co.
N. C. Tbe sound is a narrow sheet of water
extending from Albemarle sound N. about 50
ras. and terrainating by North r. bay and Rocky
r. bay, in Princess Ann co, Va, It is shaUow,
with a breadth varying from. one to ten mUes.
Currituck sound is open to tbe Atlantic by two
inlets, S. inlet, and < nrrituck inlet, enclosing
between them a long, low, and sandy reef of 20
miles in length, called Currituck island. Ac
cording to 'Tanner's United States, Currituck
inlet, is at lat. 36° 26', 30 ms. n. Albemarle
sound. CuRwiNsviLLE, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. on the
left bank of Susquehannah, 7 ms. above and s.
w, the borough of Clearfield,
Cushing, t, Lincoln co. Me. 33 ma. e. Wia-
caaaet, n. w, St. George's river, and indented
with coves fromthe sea. Pop, 1,681.
Cutler, t. Washington co. Me, E. Machias
bay on the sea coast. Pop. 454.
Cuyahoga, r. of O. This streara though com
paratively sraall is very remarkable in itself, and
hag gained great importance frora having be.
corae in part the route of tbe Ohio and Erie ca.
nal. The extreme source of the Cuyahoga is
near the eastern border of Geauga co. interlock.
ing sources witb those of Grand r. and within 20
ms. frora lake Erie at the mouth of the latter.
Flowing thence s. b. w. nearly parallel, though
rather inclining from the opposite shore of lake
Erie, by comparative courses 45 ras., traversing
Geauga and Portage cos. to near tbe e. border
of Medina. Inflecting at more than a right an.
gle upon its forraer course,the Cuyahoga bends
to a little w. of n., is intersected by tbe Ohio ca.
nal near Northarapton in Portage co., continues
over tbe latter and Cuyahoga co. to its influx
into lake Erie at Cleaveland, after an entire com.
parative course of 85 ras. The higher part of
the course of Cuyahoga river is on a real table
land. The suramit level of tbe Ohio and Erie
canal, between tbe vallies of Tuscarawas and
Cuyahoga is 973 ft. above tide water in the At.
lantic, and 408 ft. above lake Erie, The eleva.
tion of the canal in the acqueduct 18 ms, above
the mouth of Cuyahoga, is 704 above the ocean
tides, and 139 above the level of lake Erie,
CtTYAHOGA, CO, of Ohlo, budd, by Geauga co,
N, e,. Portage s, e,, Medina s, w,, Lorain w,, and
lake Erie n. Length from east to west 32 ms,,
mean breadth 17, and area 544 square ms, Ex.
tending in lat, from 41° 18' to 41° 45', and in
long, from 4° 26' to 5° w, W, C. The surface
ofthis CO is a rather rapidly inclining plain, the
farras having a fall of at least 400 ft, from the
southern and higher, to the lower border on
lake Erie, Cf t,, Cleaveland. Pop. 1820,
6,328, 1830, 15,813.
Cuyahoga Falls, and p.o. Portage co. 0. by
p.r. 122 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 334 ms. n. w.
W.C.
Cynthiana, p.v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ky.
by p.r. about 70 ms. a littie e of s. Cincinnati,
513 a littie s. of w. W. C. and 38 w, «. by g.

DAL

123

DAN

from Frankfort, It is situated on the eastern or
right bank of the south fork of Licking river, at
lat. 37° 23', long. 7" 17' w. W, C, Pop, 1830,
975, The adjacent country is fertile and well
cultivated. Cynthiana, p.v. in Shelby co. Ohio, by p.r. 92

ras. N. w. by w. Colurabus, and 489 ms, from
W, C. in a sirailar direction nearly.
Cynthiana, p.v. in tbe n, e, part of Posey co.
Indiana, by p.r. 157 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and
718 8, of w, W. C.

M-9»

Dabney's Mills and p.o. in the E. part of Lou.
isa CO. Va. by p-r, 84 ms. w. of s. W. C. and 52
w. of N. Richmond.
Dacheet, r. of Ark, and La, rises in Herap-
stead, and flowing sthrd, over La Fayette co, of
the former, enters the parish of Claiborne in the
latter, is rather continued than lost in Lake Bis-
tenetiu. The writer ofthis article made a sur
vey of Lake Bisteneau and Dacheet r, as far as
the northem boundary of La. and found ample
memorial to demonstrate, tbat the existence of
the lake is recent. Tbe cypress timber, once
growing in tbe valley, is dead ; but that timber
resisting decay, tbe stuinps remain standing in
the water. The lake was, no doubt, formed by
gradual accretion of soil, brought down by Red
r, and deposited at the ancient mouth of Da
cheet, 30 ms, below the existing head of the
lake. Dacresville, p-v. Pickens dist. S, C. by p-r,
133 ms, N, w, Colurabia.
Daggett's .Mills, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r
155 ras, N, N. w. Harrisburg.
Dagsboro, p-v, Sussex co, Del, on Pepper cr,
a confluent of Rehoboth bay, 18 ras, a Uttie w.
ofs, Lewistown.
Dale, co, of Ala, bndd. by Covington w..
Pike N,, Henry e,, and by Jackson co. of Flor,
s, E,, and Walton co, Flor, s. w. Length frora
s. to N. 50 ras,, raean breadth 32, and area,
1,600 sq, ras. Lying between lat, 31° and 31°
43', long. 8° 46' and 9° 16' w. W. C. Dale co,
occupies great part of the valley of Choctawhat
chie r. Cf t. Richmond. Pop. 1830, 2,031.
Dale, p-v. Berks co. Pa. 20 ms, n, w. Read
ing, Daletown, p-v, Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 92
ms. s. s. E, Tuscaloosa,
Daley's p-o. in the w. part of Montgoraery
CO. Ten. 6 ras. w. Clarksville, and by p-r. 52 n,
w, by w, NashvUle,
Dallas, co. Ala. bndd. by Marengo w., Per
ry N. w. and N., Autauga n. e., Montgomery e,,
and Wilcox s, and s. w. Length 38, mean
breadth 28, and area 1,064 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, from 32° 03' to 32° 33', long, frora 9° 57'
to 10° 40' w. W, C. Ala. r, enters the eastern
border of Dallas, and winding over it by a very
circuitous channel, and receiving the Cahaba
near the centre, leaves the co. on the s. w.
flowing thence into WUcox, The r, landa are
highly fertile. Chief staple, cotton. Cf t, Ca-
hawba. Pop, 1820, 6,003, 1830, 14,017,
Dallas, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 116 ras.
N. E. Harrisburg,
Dalmatia, p-v. Northuraberland co. Pa. 42
ms. N. Harrisburg,
Dalton, p-t, Coos co. N. H, next s, of Lancas
ter, E, Conn. r. at the head of 15 m. falls. It
has John's river, (fee, hills w. and s., and good

soil on the uplands ; 16,455 acres. Population
532. Dalton, p.t, Berkshire co. Mass,, 12 ras. N.
N, E. Lenox, 120 w, Boston, near the head of e.
branches of Housatonic r,, is nearly level, with
good soil, and manufactures cotton, paper, &c.
Pop, 1830, 827,
Dalton, p.v, in the e. part of Wayne co. 0.
15 ms. E. Wooster, the co. st., and by p-r. 336
ms, N, w, by w. W. C. and 99 ms. i>. e. Colum.
bus. Damariscotta, r. Me. passes through Lincoln
CO, and erapties between Brothbay and Bristol,
Damariscotta Mills, p.v, Lincoln co. Me.
34 ms. from Augusta.
Damascus, p.v. on the right bank of Del. r.
Wayne co. Pa. 15 ms. N. e. Bethany. Pop. of
tbe tsp. 613.
Damascus, p-v, in the extreme n, part of
Montgomery co. Md,, and on one of the roads
frora the city of Baltimore to Fredericktown,
Damascus, p-v. in the n, part of Henry co, 0,
situated on the left bank of Maumee r. by p-r.
485 ms, N, w, by w. W, C. and 161 n. n. w. Co
lumbus. Damascoville, p-v, in the n, w, part of Colum
biana CO, C, 15 ras, N, w. New Lisbon the co.
St., and by p-r, 158 n. e. by e. C olumbus, and
297 N. w, W. C,
Dan, r. Va, and N, C, drains the far greater
part of Granville, Person, CasweU, Rocking
ham and Stokes cos, ofthe latter state, and of
Patrick, Henry, Pittsylvania, and Halifax cos,
of the forraer state. The extreme western
sources of Dan r, are in Patnck co, Va. and in
the s. E. spurs of the Blue Ridge. The general
course almost due E, along the interraediate
borders of N, C, and Va, to where the 4 cos, of
Pittsylvania, HaUfax, Person and Caswell raeet.
Here entering and flowing in Va. n. e, byE, falls
into the Roanoke at Clarksville, having a mean
breadth of about 33 ms. This r, drains 3,960
sq, ms,
Da«ja, p-t. Worcester co. Mass, 75 ms. w.
Boston, ig crogged by a branch of Swift r. Pop.
623. Danboro, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 30 ms. n. PhUa.
Danbukgh, p-v, Wilkes co. Geo. 68 ms. n. e.
MilledgevUle. Danbury, t. Grafton co. N. H, 93 ms, from
Boston, 30 from Concord ; 19,000 acres, dia
mond-shaped; is generally hilly, and watered
by Smith's r. First settied, 1771, Pop, 786.
Danbury, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn, 55 ms, s, w.
Hartford, 35 n. w. N. Haven, 65 n. e. N. York ;
6 ms. by 8i ; 53 sq. ms. ; is fertile, witb granite
rocks, gravelly loam, undulated, with some
marble quarries. There are manufactories on
Still r. a branch of Housatonic. It bears oak,
walnut, (fee. Hats are made to a great amount.

DAN

124

DAR

The British bumt the town, 1777, with some
military stores, and Gen. Wooster fell in oppo
smg thetn. Pop. 4,331.
Danby, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 18 ms, s. Rut
land, 34 N. Bennington ; 39 sq. ms. First set
tled, 1768 ; has Otter er, e, and several small
branches, and is uneven, with some mountains.
It has large dairies. There are several cav
erns, and lead ore is found. Pop. 1,362.
Danby, p-t. Tompkins co, N. Y, 7 ras. o. Ith.
aca, 11 frora Candor, 22 Owego, has pretty good
land, watered by Mud cr,, and a branch of Cay.
uga inlet. Pop. 2,481.
Dancer's Store and p-o. Northampton co. N.
C. by p-r. 100 ms, n. e. by e. Raleigh, and 200
s. W. C.
Dandridge, p-v, and st. jus. .lefferson co.
Ten. situated on the right bank of French Broad
1. on the road from KnoxvUle to Greenville, 32
ms. E. from the former, and 39 s, w, by w. frora
the latter place, Lat. 38° 58', and long. 6° 14'
w. W. C.
Dandridge, p-v. iM organ co. Ala. by p-r. 110
ms, N. N,E. Tuscaloosa,
Damelsville, p-v. Spottsylvania co. Va. by
p-r. 78 ras. s, w, W, C.
Danielsville, p-v, and st. jus. Madison co.
Geo, 81 ras. n. MiUedgevUle. Lat. 34° 10',
and long, 6° 15' w, W, C,
Dansby, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. 81 ms, H.
MiUedgevUle, Dansville, p-t. Steuben co, N. Y. 46 ms. s,
Rochester, 11 n, Arkport ; the viUage is on the
highest navigable point of the Chemung, a
branch of Susquehannah i, A rail road from
this place to Rochester. {See rail roads and
canals, nrticle Dansville and Rochester.) Pop.
1830, 1,728.
Danube, p-t. Herkiraer co. N, Y, 10 ms, s, E,
Herkimer, 68 n, w, Albany, s. Mohawk r., e,
Gerraan Flats, 5^ ms. by nearly 10, has a stiff
loam, on hard grit, with many springs, few
.streams, and waving surface, Nowadaga cr,
enters Hudson r, at the site of Hendrick's cas
tle ; a friendly Mohawk chief was killed at
Lake George, 1755. The Indians had a church
here. Pop. 1,723,
Danvers, p-t, Essex co, Masa, 16 ma, n, e.
Beaton. The viUage atreets forra a continua
tion of those of Safem, 7 ma. by 8. The first
-victim of the persecution of witchcraft was a
daughter of a clergyman of Salem, living in this
town, then a part of it. The soU is good, well
cultivated ; granite raill stones are made, and
different raanufactures. There are several ers.
frora Bass r,, two navigable to the two villages.
Pop, 4,228.
Danville, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 32 ras.
from Augusta, s. w. Androscoggin r. Pop, 1,128.
Danville, p-t, and St. jus, Caledonia co. Vt.
25 ras. N. E. Montpelier, 25 n, w, Newbury, 160
N, by w, Boston. First settled, 1784, from Es
sex CO. Mass. ; broken w., hills and vallies e,,
with fine farms; Merritt's r. (&c. supplies mills.
The village is pleasant in the centre. Pop. 2,631.
Danville, (now Wilmington,) p-t. Steuben
CO. N. Y. 24 ms. n. w. Bath. Pop. 1,728.
Danville, p-v. on the right bank of Susque
hannah r. Columbia co. Pa. 25 ms. above North
umberland.

Danville, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. on the
right bank of Dan r. and near the s. border of
the CO. In the natural state, the falls of Dan r.
at Danville, were the head of boat navigation,
but by a not very expensive canal improvement,
the higher part of Dan valley might be opened
to an intercommunication by water -with the
Roanoke. Danville, p-v. Warren co. Ten. 55 ms. s, w.
NashvUle. Danville, flourishing p-v. on the s. E. border
of Mercer co. Ky. 41 ms. s, s, e, Frankfort, and
35 a Uttle w, ofs. Lexington. Pop, 1820, 1,000,
in 1830, 849. Danville is a very quiet and re
tired village, and the town and surrounding
country are remarkably healthy; itis 10 miles
distant from the Harrodsburg springs, a favorite
watering place in that region. Centre college
is located in the immediate vicinity of Danville ;
it was founded in 1822, and has now 6 profes
sors, of whom the president is one. The ex
penses ofthe institution, exclusive of books and
clothing, vary frora $80 to $100 per annum.
A farm is connected with it, and manual labor
is performed by some of the sthdents. The
number of these (1832-3) is 66, and the libraries
contain about 2500 vols. Connected with the
college is a gramraar and primary school, and
also an institution for the deaf and dumb, all
under the direction of the board of trustees of
the college. In Danville is also a highly re
spectable female school.
Danville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Knox co.
O. by p-r. 362 ras. n. w. by w. W. C. and 59
ms. N, E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 234.
Danville, p-v. and st.jus. Hendricks co. Ind.
by p-r, 593 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 2i> ms, w,
Indianopolis. It is situated on tbe bead of
White Lick cr. at lat. 39° 47', long. 9° 30' w.
W.C.
Danville, p-v. and st. jus. Vermillion co. II.
by p-r. 683 ms. n. of w. W. C and 150 n. n. e.
Vandalia. It is situated on Vermillion r. about
4 ms. from the e. boundary of II. Lat. 40° 8',
long, 9° 42' w,W. C,
Darby cr, or small r. of 0. rises in Cham
paign and Union cos. flows s. s, E. over Frank.
iin, and falls into the w. side of Sciota r, in
Pickaway co, nearly opposite Circleville, having
a comparative course of 60 ms.
Darby, p.v. 7 ms. s. w. Phil,, Del. co. Pa.
The old town of Darby is divided into Lower
Darby and Upper Darby. In 1830, the former
contained 1,085, andthe latter 1,325 inhabitants.
The village of Darby is a fine and pleasant
town. Darby, p.v. and tsp. on Darby cr. s. part of
Union co. O. by p.r. 22 ms. «. w. Columbus, and
418 N. w. by w. W. C. Pop. tsp. 417.
Darby's p-o. Colurabia co. Geo. 12 ms, from
Applington, the co, st, and by p-r, 590 s, w. W.
C. and 81 n. e. by e. MilledgevUle,
Darbyville, p-v. in Darby tsp. Piekaway co.
0. by p-r. 39 ms. s. Columbus, and 407 N. of w.
W. C. Pop. tsp. 827.
Dardanelles, two mountain peaks, so called.
Pope CO. Ark. They are situated on the right
side, 'and near Ark. r. 82 ms. above Little Rock.
Dardanelles mtn. and p.o. are on the right side
of Arkansas r. itf Pope co. Ark. As laid down

DAR

125

DAV

by Tanner, the mm. stands 30 ms. air line above
the mouth of Petite Jean r. and by the land
road about 80 ms. above and to tbe n. w. by w.
Little Rock.
Dardenne, small r. of St. Charles co. Mo.
rising along the boundary between the latter and
Montgomery co. and flowing n. e. falls into the
Misp, r, about 5 ms, n. a. w. from the vUlage of
St. Charles.
Dardenne, p-v, in the w, part of St. Charles
CO. Mo, by p-r, 34 ms. n. w. St. Louis, 100 N. of
E. Jefferson, and 897 w. W. C.
Dardenne Bridge and p-o, in the n. e. part
of St, Charles co. Mo, about 30 ms, n, w, by w,
St, Louis, and by p-r, 886 ms, w, W. C.
Darie.v, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 42 s. w. New
Haven, n. Long Island Sound, formerly s, E. part
of Stamford, and has a good undulating soil.
Pop, 1,201.
Darien, important p-t. and sea.port Mcintosh
CO. Geo. on the n. side and principal channel of
the Altamaha, 12 ms, above the bar, and 190 by
water below MiUedgeviUe, The pop. of Dari
en has rapidly increased ; in 1810, the inhabit
ants were about 200, in 1820, 2,000. It has a
bank, custom house, and many splendid private
buildings. A steara boat navigation extends
above to MilledgevUle, whilst the bar admits
vessels of 12 ft. draught frora the ocean. It is
56 ms. s. s. w. Savannah, and by p-r, 185 s, e,
MUledgeviUe, Lat. 31° 23', long. 4° 37' w.
W.C,
Darke, co, O, bndd, n. by Mercer, n. e, by
Shelby, s. e, by Miami and Montgomery, s. w.
by Wayne co, Ind, and w. by Randolph co, Ind.
Extending in lat, from 39° 52' to 40° 27', and
in long. 7° 26' to 7° 48' w, W, C, Breadth 21
ms. from e. to w. mean length 36, and area 756
sq, ms, Darke co, is nearly comraensurate
with the region drained by and giving source
to the higher branches of the w. Fork of Great
Miami, with a general s. E. slope. Surfacie
pleasantly diversified by hiU and dale, soil in
part productive. Cf t. Greenville. Pop. 1820,
3,717, 1830, 6,204.
Darkesville, p-v. on Sulphur Springs cr, a
branch of Opequan, Berkley co, Va. 25 ms. a
littie N, of w. Harper's Ferry,
Darling's p-o. in the n. e. part of Knox co.
O. by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. Colurabus, and 362 n. w.
by w. W. C.
Darlingsville, p-o. Pike co. Pa. by p-r. 12
ras, N, Milford, the co. st. and 169 N, E, Har
risburg. Darlington, forraerly Griersburg, p-v, inthe
N, w, part of Beaver co. Pa. about 10 ms, im, w,
from the borough of Beaver, 37 ras. in a simi
lar direction frora Beaver, the co. st. and 263
in a similar direction from W. C.
Darlington, p-v. Harford co. Md.
Darllsgton, dist. S. C. bndd. by Kershaw
w., Chesterfield n. w. and n,, Great Pedee r,
which separates it from Marlborough n. e,. Ma.
rion s, E,, and Lynch's cr. which separates it
from Sumpter s. w. Length 35 ras. raean
breadth 30, and area 1,050 sq, ms. Extending
frora lat. 33° 58' to 34° 32', long, frora 2° 40' to
3° 20' w, W, C. The slope of this co, is tothe
s, E. ; the surface rather waving than hilly. Cf
t. Darlington, Pop. 1620, 10,949, 1839, 13,728.

Darlington, p.v. and St. jus. Darlington dist.
S. C. on Black cr., 40 ms. a little n. of e. Cam-
den, and by p.r. 93 n. e. by e. Columbia. Lat.
34° 19', long, 2° 58' w, W, C,
Darnestown, p.v, in the w, part of Mont.
gomery co, Md, by p.r, 25 ms, n. vr. W. C.
Darrtown, p.v, in Milford tsp, westem part
of Butler co, 0, 8 ras, frora Hamilton, the co.
St. and by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. from Colum
bus, and 496 ms. w. from W, C.
Dart-iiouth, p-t, and sea port, Bristol co.
Mass. 62 ras. s, Boston, 27 s. Taunton, n. Buz.
zard's bay, e. R. I., has several ers. running s.
one of which, Aponiganset r., is navigable near.
ly to its centre. It wag destroyed by Indians
1075. Pop, 3,866.
Dartmouth, p.o. Tioga co. Pa. by p.r. 153
ras. N, Harrisburg.
Dakvills, p-o. Dinwiddie oo. Va. 32 ms. s.
Richmond. Dauphin, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa, by p-r, 8 ras.
frora Harrisburg.
Dauphin, co. Pa, bndd, by Mahantango cr,,
-svhich divides it frora Northuraberland n,, by
Schuylkill n, e,, Lebanon e,, Conewago creek,
which separateg it frora Lancagter south, and
by the Susquehannah r,, which separates it frora
York south, and frora Cumberland and Perry
west. Length 38 ms,, mean breadth 16, area
608 sq, ras. Extending from lat, 40° 08' to 40°
40', long, from the raeridian of W, C. to 30' E.
The surface of Dauphin is peculiarly diversifi.
ed. The lower, southem, and smaller section
enclosed bythe Susquehannah r,, Conewago cr.,
Kittatinny mtn. and the western boundary of
Lebanon, and coraprising about 170 sq, ras,, is
hilly, but highly fertile, and the southern part
resting on a substratum of liraestone, 'This
lower section of Dauphin is traversed by the
Swatara creek, and through its valley by the
Union canal. The higher northem and moun.
tainous part of Dauphin, beyond and including
Kittatinny raountain, is forraed by a congeries
of mountain ridges, lying parallel to eaoh other
from N, E, to s, w,, with narrow intervening val
lies, -discharging their strearas s, w, into Sus
quehannah, The soil of Dauphin is productive
in fruit, grain, and pasturage, and its mountain
vallies abound in excellent timber. Besides
the Union canal already mentioned, the trans.
versed section of the Pa, canal follows the left
bank of Susquehannah, in Dauphin, from the
Conewago, to oppogite the mouth of Juniata r.
{See Pa. canal.) Cf t, Harrisburg. Pop. 1820,
21,663, in 1830, 26,241.
Dave.npoet, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 11 ms. N.
Delhi, is billy ; yields grass and lumber, and
has Charlotte river of the Susquehannah. The
lands are leased. Pop. 1,778.
Davidson, co, N, C, bndd. by Stokes tt., tt. E.
by Guilford, e, by Randolph, a, by Montgomery,
and w, by Yadkin r. whicli separates it from
Rowan, Length from s, to N. 40 ms, mean
breadth 20, and area 800 sq, ms. Lying be
tween lat, 35° 30' and 36° 04 , long, 3° 05', and
3° 34' w, W. C. The slope ofthis co. is south
wardly, and is drained by different small era.
flowing into the Yadkm. Cf. t. Lexmgton. —
Pop. 13,389.
Davidson, co. Ten. bndd s. by Williamson,

DAY

126

DEC

w. by Dickson, n. by Robertson, N, e. by Sumner,
E. by Wilson, and s. E. by Rutherford. Length
30, mean breadth 22, area 660 square ms. Ex-
tendhig frora lat. 35° 56' to 36° 22', long, from
9° 40' to 10° 10' w. W. C. Cumberiand r.
winds by a very tortuous channel over this co.
from E. to w. dividing it into two nearly equal
parts ; surface moderately hilly, with a very
fertile soil, abounding in limestone. Staples,
grain, and cotton. Cf t, Nashville, Pop. 1820,
20,154, 1830, 28,122.
Davidsonsville, p.v. and st. jus. Lawrence
CO. Ark. situated on the point above the junc.
tion of White and Eleven Points r. by p.r. 169
ms. but by direct road 124 miles n. n. e. Little
Rock, Lat. 36° 10', long. 14° 03' w. W. C.
Davidsonville, p.o. Ann Arundel co. Md, by
p.r. 11 ms. from Annapolis and 30 ms. estrd.W. C.
Davies, co. Ky. bndd. by Hancock co. n, e,,
Ohio s, E,, Green i, dividing it from Muhlen.
burg s., Hopkins s, w,, and Henderson w,, by a
sraall part of Henderson n. w., and by Ohio
river separating it from Spencer co. Ind. n. —
Extending in lat. from 37° 29' to 37° 53', long.
frora 9° 55' to 10° 36' w. W. C. It is nearly a
square of 22 ms. each way ; 484 sq. ms, surface
rather flat, and soil productive, Cf t, Owens.
burg. Pop, 1820, 3,876, 1830, 5,209.
Daviess, co. Ind. bounded n. by Greene co., e.
by Martin, East fork of White r. separating it
from Dubois s, e,, and Pike s, w., and by the w,
or Main White r. separating it frora Knox co.
w. Length frora s, to n, 30 ras, raean breadth
18, and area 540 sq, ras, Lat. 38° 45', long.
10° 12' W. C. This CO. occupies the peninsula
between the two branches of White r. but the
slope is s. w, by w, towards the western or main
fork. Chief t, Washington, Pop. 1830, 4,543.
Davis' Mills, and p.o. Bedford co. Va. by p.r.
138 ms. s. w, by w, Richmond.
Davis' Mills, and p-o. Barnwell dist, S. C.
Davis' Mills and p.o, Bedford co. Ten. by
p.r. 45 ms, s, e, Nash-ville.
Davis' Cross Roads, p-o. Franklin co. N. C. by
p.r, 31 ms, N. e. Raleigh,
Davis' Tavern, and p.o. Sussex co. Va. about
50 ms. s, E. Richmond.
Davis' Store, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by p-r.
152 ms. w. Ricbraond.
Davis' Store, and p-o, Martin co, N. C. by
p-r. 81 ras, E, Raleigh,
Davisboro', p-v. in the southern part of Wash
ington CO. Geo. by p-r, 39 ms, a. e. MiUedge
ville, and 657 a, w. W, C.
Davisville, p-o, Bucks co. Pa,
Daw's Gore, Grafton co, N. H. Pop. 38.
Dawson's p-o. AUeghany co. Md. by p-r, 16
ms. w. Curaberland, and 148 raUes %. w, W. C.
Dawson's p-o. Nelson co, Va. by p-r. 107 ras.
N. of w. Richraond, and 149 ms. s. w. W. C.
Dawsonville, p.o. in the wstrn. part of Mont
gomery CO, Md. by p-r. 27 ras. n, w. W. C.
Day, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. Pop. 758.*
Dayton, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery co. O,,
by p-r. 462 ras, n. w. by w. J w. W. C, 66 ras. a Ut.
tie s. of Vf. Columbus, and 52 ms, n, of e, Cincin.
nati. Pop. 2,950. It ia situated on a fine aite along
the left bank of Great Miami r., directiy below
the influx of Mad r., and near where the Miami
canal connects with Miami r. The water of

Mad r. ia conveyed across the point to the Mi.
ami, affording numerous and excellent mill
seats. Lat. 39° 43', long. 7° 11' w. W. C. The
pop. Dayton tsp. in 1 830, was 6,828. The town
contained 370 houses and mercantile stores, 4
churches, the county buildings, and market
house. "This place ia in a remarkable manner
proaperOHS, arising from an active and inteUi.
gent population, rendering available great na.
tural advantages of water power. This power
is in one way employed to give motion to saw
mUls, grist raUls, cloth factories, and many
other applications of machinery ; and on the
other, Miarai canal has opened a water inter.
coramunication with the Ohio r, at Cinninnati ;
distance between the two places bythe canal
67 ms,
Dead, r. Me., west branch of Kennebec r,,
rises on the borders of Lower Canada, and Ox.
ford CO.
Deadfall, p.o. Abbeville dist. S. C, 112 ms.
w. Columbia,
Deal, v, N. J,, 7 ms, s, Shrewsbury, and on
tbe Atlantic coast ; bas a gently varied surface,
with rauch thin sandy soil, and a white sand
beach, on which vessels are frequently wrecked
in E, storms. The marl, dug here near swamps
and creeks, is excellent manure. It often con.
tains shark's teeth, bits of bones, (&c., 30 loads
to an acre, after being exposed one winter, con.
verts a sand waste into a garden. Tbe only
table land in the U, S, tillable to the beach of
the ocean, (with one exception s. in this state,)
is in Deal.
Deardorn, p.t. Kennebec co. Me., 22 ms. w.
Augusta, contains parts of two large ponds, one
with several islands. Pop, 616,
Dearborne, co, Ind,, bndd. by Switzerland co.
s., Ripley w,, and Franklin n,, again on the n. e.
it is bndd. by Hamilton co. 0., and on the s. e.
by the Ohio r. separating it from Boone co. Ky.
Length 27, mean breadth 15, and area 405 sq.
ms. Extending in lat. frora 38° 54' to 39° 18',
and in long, from 7° 48' to 8° 08' w. W. C.
The slope of this co, is rather e, of s, e, towards
the Miarai and Ohio rs. Surface generally hilly,
Cf t, Lawrencebur:.', Pop. 1820, 11,468, 1830,
13,974. Deavertown, p.v. York tsp. in tbe n. part of
Morgan ro, 0., by p-r. 352 ms. n. w. by w. W. C,
and 75 ms. b. of e. Columbus. Pop. 116.
Decatur, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 12 ms. s, E.
Cooperstown, 5 ms, by 6, on high land, is good
for grazing, watered by the heads of Oaks' and
Parker's ers., rapid streams. It is very healthy.
Pop. 1,110.
Decatur, s. w. co, of Geo,, bndd, by Eariy
and Baker n,, Ocklockonne r, which separates
it from Thomas co. e., by Gadsden co. Flor. s.,
and by Chatahooche r. wbich separates it from
Jackson, in Flor. and Henry in Ala. w. Length
from E. to w. 60 ms,, mean breadth 28, area
1,680 sq. ras. Extending in lat, from 30° 42' to
31° 06', long, from 7° 11' to 8° 12' w, W. C.
Flint r. enters from Baker and flowing s. w. joins
Chatahooche at the s. w. angle of Decatur. It
has advantages of three navigable rs., the two
bounding streams, and the Flint.' The surface
is moderately hilly, with a soil generaUy of se.
cond rato. Cf t. Bainbridge. Pop. 3,854.

DEE

127

DEF

Decatur, p.v. and st, jus. De Kalb co, Geo,,
by p-r. 680 ms. s. w. W. C, and 117 ms. n. vv.
MilledgevUle. It ia situated on the high ground
between the waters of Ocmulgee and Chata
hooche rs. Lat. 33° 40', long. 7° 24' w. W. C.
Decatur, c. h. {See Bainbridge, Decatur co.
Geo.) Decatur, p-v, onthe left banlc Ten, r. andin
tbe N, E, part of Morgan co. Al,, about 20 ms,
s. w. HuntEvUle.
Decatur, p-v. on the wstm. border of Adams
CO. Ohio, by p.r. 469 ms. w. W. C, and 1 10 w,
of s, Columbus.
Decatur, co. Ind., bndd, s, e. by Ripley, s. by
Jennings, s. w, by Bartholomew, n, w. by Shel.
by, N, by Rush, and n. e, by Franklin, Length
diagonally from b, w, to n. e. 30 ms., mean
breadth 10, and area 300 sq, ms. Extending in
lat, from 39° 07' to 39° 27', and in long, from 8°
18' to 8° 49' w. W. C. A slip along the e. bor.
der gives source to Loughery's cr. flowing s. e.
over Ripley and Switzerland cos. into the 0., and
to Salt cr., entering White Water branch of
Great Miami ; but the body of the co. declines
to the s. w. and is drained in that direction by
Sand, Clifty, and Flat Rock ers, flowing into the e.
Fork of Whiter. Cf t, Greensburg. Pop. 5,887.
Decatur, p.v, and st.jus, Macon co. II., by p.r.
771 ras, N, w. by w, W. C, 70 e, of n, Vandalia,
and about 150 ras. n. of w. IndianopoUs in Ind.
It is situated on Sangamon r. at lat. 39° 55', long.
11° 50' w.W.C.
Deckerstown, p.v., Wantage, Sussex co,
N . J., on Deep Clove cr
Dedham, p.t. and cap. Norfolk co. Mass., 10
ms. s, W.Boston, s. Charles r,, w. Neponset r.,
has different soils, some high and arable ; pine,
and swaraps capable of draining. It has a large
village on Charles r. on the turnpike road from
Boston to Providence. Mother Brook, a mill
stream, runs from Charles r. into Neponset r.
First settled frora England. Silk is reeled and
throwsted here on a limited scale, one of the
first experiments of throwsting in the U. S. Pop.
3,117. Deep er. and p.o, Norfolk co, Va. The creek
is a branch of Elizabeth r. and village is situa.
ted at the n, extremity of the Dismal Swamp
canal. The vUlage hasbeen indeed created by
the canal, and is now a flourishing depot, about
10 ms, s, s, w. Norfolk.
Deep r. one ofthe main northwestern branch.
es of Cape Fear r. N. C. rising by several
branches in Guildford and Randolph cos. which
flowing s. E. unite in the latter. Leaving the n.
E. angle of Randolph, and curving along the
northem side of Moore, tums to n. e. by e., en.
ters Chatham, aud joins Haw r. to form Cape
Fear r. The valley of Deep. r. lies between
those of Yadkin and Haw rs.
Deep River, p.o. s. w, part of Guilford co,
N. C. about 90 ms. n, of w. Raleigh.
Deep Spring, and p.o, Monroe co. Ten. by
p.r. s. E. by E. Nashville.
Deerfield, p.t. Rockingham co. N. H. 17
ms. s. E. Concord, 35 n. w. Portsmouth ; 2B,254
acres ; has Shingle, Moulton's and part of
Pleasant Ponds, emptying into Suncook and
Lamprey rs. It is uneven and hard, bearing
maple, beech, birch, red oak, pine, &c. ; has

Tuckaway, Saddleback, and other mtns. First
settied, 1756. Pop, 2,090.
Deerfield, p.t. Franklin co. Mass. 4 ms. a.
Greenfield, 17 N. Northarapton, 92 w. Boston,
w. Conn, i-,, has rich soil, with fine raeadows on
Deerfield r. The village is a little elevated
above thera on a level. First settled, 1670 
About 80 raen were killed at Bloody Brook, 3
ras. a, returning with loads of wheat from tbis
place, and long after an exposed frontier settle.
ment. It was burnt by French and Indians, ex.
cept one house, 1704, Many ofthe inhabitants
were at different periods killed or carried cap,
tive to Canada, 'The bell taken from the chuich,
1704, StiU hangs in that of St. Regis, above
Montreal. There is an academy. Pop. 2,003.
Df.erfield, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 96 ms. w. n.
w. Albany, N. Mohawk r. opposite Utica, s. w.
Canada creek, e. Nine Mile cr. The uplands
are good for grain and grass. The vallies have
rich sand, loam, and pebbles. Pop, 4,182.
Deerfield, p.t. Cumberland co. N, J, near
the source of the Cohansey cr. Contains sev.
eral villages, of which the largeat is Bridgeton.
Pop. 2,417.
Deerfield, p. v. Warren co. Pa. 100 ms. n. n^
E. Pittsburg,
Deerfield, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p.r. 181
ms, s, w, W. C.
Deerfield, p.v. and tsp. in the s. e. angle of
Portage co. O. The p-o. is situated by p-r.
307 ms. N, w. W. C. and 15 s. e. Ravenna, the
CO, st, and 142 n, e, Colurabus, Pop. 694.
Deerfieldville, p-v. Union tsp. Warren co.
0. by p-r. 4 ras. n. Lebanon the co, st. 472 w.
W, C. and 87 s. w. by w. Columbus. This
place is not the same as Deerfield tsp. in the
same co. Pop. 66.
Deering, p-t. Hillsboro co. N. H. 23 ms. w,
by s. Concord, 23 from Hopkinton, 66 from
Boston ; 20,057 acres, is uneven and favorable
for agriculture, witb 3 ponds, sources of n.
branch of Piscataquog r. First settied, 1765,
Pop. 1,228,
Deer Isle, p-t, and island, Hancock co. Me,
95 miles fromAtigusta. Is protected from the
sea by numerous smaU islands, 9 ms. a. e.
Castine, in Penobscot bay.
Deer Park, p-t. Orange co, N, Y, 30 ms, w.
Newburgh, 14 w. n.w. Goshen, 110 w. hys.
Albany, E, Del, r, and Pa. 6 ms. by 12, w.
Shawangunk creek ; Navisink creek follows
Shawangunk mtns. through e. part, half is un.
cultivated mtns., quarter stony pasture, quarter
pretty good for grain. Shawangunk ratns. a.e
rich and arable w. Pop. 1,167,
Deersville, p-v. Stock tsp. Harrison co. O.
by p-r. 290 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 13! n. e
by E. Columbua,
Defiance, usually called Fort Defiance, on
the point between and above the junction of
iVIaumee and Au Glaize rs, and in the s. e. angle
of Williams co. 0. The p-v. is situated in a
tsp. of the same, and is also the at. jus. for the
CO. distant all ms, n, w, by w, W, C, and 175
N, -w. Columbus. This was a very important
military station during the Indian wars, and is
situated in a very fertUe, but, as yet, a thinly
settied countrv. Pop. 52. Lat. 41° 18', long,
7° 22' w, W, C,

DEL

128

DEL

De Kalb, co, of Geo. bndd. s. by Henry and
Fayette, w, by Campbell, n, w, by Chatahooche
r, N, E, by Gwinnet co, and s, e. by Newton.
Length from a, to n. 30 ras,, mean breadth 12,
and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 33°
41' to 34° 06', andin long, from 7° 6' to 7° 32' w,
W. C. De Kalb is a table land, from which
igsues one of the extrerae branches of Ocmul
gee r. flowing s. e, whilst from the n, part ofthe
CO. rise brief streams, falling into Chatahooche
r. Cf t. Decatur, Pop. 10,047.
Dekalb, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 15 ms,
s. Ogdensburgh, 10 ras, sq. is crossed by Os
wegatchie, 20 ms. above its mouth in St. Law
rence, to which there is a boat navigation frora
the village and falls, between rich meadows.
It affords oak, raaple, beech, (fee. raarble, iron
ore, ashes, (fee. Settled from Conn. Pop.
1,061. Delaware, r. N. Y., N, J. and Pa, rises in
Schoharie co, N, Y. and in the western spurs
of Catskill mma. by two large branchea, the
Oquago and Popachton, The Oquago ia the
most remote and real source of Del, r., flows s,
w, 50 ras, reaching within 10 ms. of the Sus
quehannah, tums to s, E. and flowing in that di
rection 5 ms. to the n, e. angle of Pa. and 5 ms,
still lower, receiving the Popachton frora n, e,,
continues the latter course 70 ms, to the wes
tern base of Kittatinny mtns,, having for 60 ms,
formed tbe boundary between Pa. and N. Y,
Inflected to the s. v/. by the Kittatinny, and al
most washing the base of that chain 35 ms. to
the entrance of Broad Head's cr. from the w,,
and from Pike and Northampton coa, it takea a
southern course, and pierces the Kittatinny, by
the known Del. Water gap. Continuing south
wardly 21 ms, it receives its first great conflu
ents from the right, the Lehigh, at Easton ; 2
ms, lower it pierces the Blue Ridge, and 5 ms,
still lower the S. mtn,, having traversed a great
part of the Appalachian system obliquely. Be
low the S, mtn, this now fine navigable r, as
suraes a course s. s. E. frora which, 35 ras. it
falls over the primitive ledge, and raeets the
tide at Trenton ; 5 ras. below, opposite Borden
town, it again turns to s. w. Following nearly
the range of the primitive rock, the Del. now
widening, passes Phil., and 5 ms. below that
city, receives its greatest tributary, the Schuyl
kiU, frora N. w., and thence 35 ms. farther when
it opens into a wide bay extending s. E. 35 ms.
The coraparative length of Del. r. from its
source to tide water is 185 ms,, and 132 ms,
from the rapids and head of tide at Trenton, to
the Atlantic, having an entire comparative
course of Si'r ms. It has been already remark
ed, that from the n, e, angle of Pa, to the bend
at the w, base of Kittatinny mtn,, the Del, forras
the line of separation between N, Y, and Pa,,
from N, J. and thence to the mouth of the bay,
it divides N. J, frora Del, Tbe navigation of
Del, bay is tortuous and something difficult, but
admits tbe entrance of vessels ofthe first class
to near Phil, Above that city the depth gradu
ally decreases, but small sea vessels are navi
gated to Trenton, Though above tide water,
this river is much impeded by shoals, and at low
water by rapids ; no falls, properly so caUed,
exist in its bed, it is therefore navigable for

dowri stream rafts and boats from near its
source. As a commercial basin, that of Del. is
in a rapid and extensive state of improveraent.
Within Cape-Henlopen a breakwater or artifi
cial harbor is in progress, which, when coraple.
ted, wUl secure safety to vessels entering in all
weather. The bay of Del, is connected with
that of Chesapeake by tbe Chesapeake and Del.
canal, extending 14 ms. with a depth of 8 ft,, 60
wide at the surface, and 36 at bottom, and the
r, with Hudson r, by the Del. and Hudson, and
the Morris canals. An active business on this
stream has originated in the extensive mining
dists, in its vicinity ; and these have chiefly en
couraged the construction of the canals to Hud.
son r. {See article ' Rail Roads and Canals.')
Aside frora the immense business arising from
the coal mines, the Del. is one ofthe principal
channels of internal trade in the U. S. The ba.
sin of Del. r, lies between lat. 38° 45' and 42°
30', and long. 0° 42' to 2° 35' e. W. C. It is
about 250 ms. in length from s. to n. with a
mean breadth of 45, area 11,250 sq. ms. The
surface greatly diversified, and with considera.
ble difference of relative height. The higher
fountains of Oquago and Papachton rs. must be
at an elevation of at least 2500 feet, but tbe fall
is rapid, and the general and comparative height
of the cultivated sections is as follows: — Port
Carbon, on the head of Schuylkill, 620 feet ;
Mauch Chunk village on Lehigh 534 ; Easton.
on Del. at the mouth of Lehigh 170 ; Del. at the
mouth of Lackawana 455, These points are
greatly depressed when compared with ihe ad.
jacent arable country, we may therefore regard
the basin ofthe Del, as an inclined plain, rising
from the alluvial deposites alraost on a level
with the tides, to 1,200 or 1,800 ft. The dif.
ference of climate above and below the Kitta.
tinny chain is very marked, arising from this
great change of aerial pressure. In their gene.
ral inflections the conformity of the Del, and
Susquehannah rs, is too great not to have aris.
en frora sorae coramon causes. So greatly stri.
king is this unity of course, that -where the Del.
flows s. between the Water gap and S. mtn, a
corresponding southern stretch of the Susque.
hannah reaches from the mouth of the W.
Branch, to that of Juniata. Both rs. receive
their great tributaries from tbe n. w. and re.
ceive only comparative creeks from the oppo.
site direction ; and both rivers open to their
great recipient by wide and deep bays.
Delaware, co. N. Y. bounded by Otsego co.
N., Schoharie and Greene cos. e., Ulster and
SuUivan s.. Pa. b, w, and Broome and Chenango
cos, w., 60 ms. w. Hudson r., 70 w. s. w. Alba.
ny. Greatest extent 35 and 54 ms., 1,425 sq.
ms. ; 24 towns, is hilly and mountainous, with
rich valleys, well watered, chiefly by n. e. sour.
ces of Del. r., to which timber is sent in rafts.
E. branch of Susquehannah is n. e. ; deserted in
revolutionary war. Cf t. Delhi. Pop. 1820,
26,587, 1830, 32,933.
Delaware, co. Pa. bounded by Chester co.
w. and N. w., by Montgomery n. e., by Phil. co.
E,, by Del, r. separating it from Gloucester co.
N. J. s. E., and by New Castle co. s. Length
20, mean breadth 11, area 220 sq. ms. Extend.
ing in lat. from 39° 47' to 40° 05', long, from 1"

DEL

129

DEL-

28' to 1° 48' E. W, C, The slope of this co. is
to the s. E,, down which flow Darby, Ridley,
and Chester creeks, with sufficient descent to
give innumerable sites for water propeUed ma.
chinery ; and so greatiy have the faciUties of
nature been improved, that as early as 1822,
there were, from good authority, 144 machines
of various descriptions in actual operation. At
present, 1830, it is probable that the saw and
grist mills, with other manufactories, do not fall
much abort of one to each sq. m. The surface
is gently rolling, and soil productive. To enu.
merate its staples, would be to give a list of
most articles found in Phil, vegetable market,
of which the climate admits the culture, and of
an indefinite invoice of the product of raills and
looms. Chief t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 14,810,
1830, 17,361.
Delaware, p-v. Pike co. Pa, 144 ms, n, Har
risburg, Delaware, state of the U, S, bndd, by Wor
cester aud Soraerset eos, Md, b,, by Dorchester,
Caroline, Queen Ann, Kent, and Cecil cos. of
Md. w., by Chester and Del. cos. of Pa. n,, by
Del. bay n. e , and by the Atlantic Ocean s. e.
Outlines : along the Atiantic from Cape Henlo
pen to Fenwick's isl. 20 ras.; w. along Md. 36
ms. ; N. along Md. to the w. cusp ofthe semi
circle round New Castle 87 ms. ; along the
semicircle to Del, r, 26 ras. ; and thence down
Del. bay to Cape Henlopen 90 ras, having an
entire outUne of 259 ms. Length 100, raean
breadth 21, area 2,100 sq, ras. Extending in
lat, from 38° 27' to 39° 50', long, from 1° 17'
to 2° E. W. C. Natural features. — Del, cora
prises a comparatively long and narrow inclin
ed plain, with its decUvity e, towards Del. bay.
Down this slope flow Indian r,. Broad Kill, Ce
dar, Mispohan, Mother KUl, Jones Duck, Apo-
quiniraink and Brandywine, with sorae lesser
streams. This plam includes the whole n, e,
and s. E. sections ofthe state. The s, E, angle
slopes to the n, w, and is drained by the sources
of Nantikoke and Choptank rs. The n, part of
Del, is waving rather than hilly, but these hura
ble elevations gradually depress, and the s, part
spreads into an alraost general level. The soil,
in sorae places very productive, is, however,
generally thin, and in raany places marshy. The
cUmate at the two extreraes differs much raore
in temperature than might be expected from so
Uttle extent of lat. and smaU difference in rela
tive height. The staples of the n. part, grain,
flour, c&c. ; near the Atlantic cotton can be
profitably cultivated. Political geography. —
Delaware is divided into three cos. New Cas
tle N., Sussex s,, and Ken', lying between thera.
The population of the stale in 1790 was 59,.
094, in 1800, 64,273. The progressive pop
since, has been as foUows :
1810. 1820. 1830.
Newcastle, 34,429 27,899 29,710
Kent, 20,7!W 20,793 19,911
Sussex, 27,750 24,057 27,118
72,974 72,749 76,739
Of which were white persons. Mates, Females.
Under 5 years cf age, 4,744 4,(i47
From 5 to 10, 4,099 4,011
" 10 to 15, 3,919 3,654
" 15 to 20, 3,184 3,381

SO to 30,
30 to 40,
40 to 50,
50 to 60,
liO to 70,
70 to 80,
80 to 90,
90 to 100,
100 and upwards.

5,508 3,2062,1 '36
1,286 609
202 43 90

Total, 28,845
Of tbe above are deaf and dumb,
years, 6 ; 14 to 25, 15 ; 25 andover, 1
18 ; foreigners not naturalized, 313
Colored population as follows
Slaves.

5,4843,179
2,047 1,397 630
263 56 01
23,756
under 14
4 ; blind.

Under 10 years of age.
From 10 to 24,
" 24 to 30,
" 36 to 55,
" 55 to 100,
*' 100 and upwards,

Males, Fems,

580
853 245 83
42 3

617
230

49 2

Free
Males. 2,R37
2,259 1,3031,180 503 10

colored, Fem3, 2,524
2,359 1,446 1,102 520 16

Total, 1,806 1,486 7,882 7,973
Slaves and coloured persons included in the
foregoing who are deaf and dumb, under 14
years, 5 ; 14 to 25, 4 ; 25 and over 11.
Recapitulation,
Whites, Free colored. Slaves. Total.
57,601 15,855 3,292 76,748
Constitution of government, judiciary. — The
existing constitution of this state was so greatly
changed by amendments in convention Dec,
1831, as to render it, in fact, anew instrument ;
as it is brief we insert it entire.
1. The representatives are tobe chosen for
two years ; the property qualification abolished.
2. The senators are tobe chosen for four years.
3. The legislature is to meet biennially ; the
first Tuesday of January, 1833, is to be the
commencement of biennial sessions, 4, The
state treasurer is to be elected by the legislature
biennially. In case of his deatb, resignation,
(fee, the governor is to fill the office until the
next session of the legislature. He is to settle
annuaUy with the legislature, or a comraittee
thereof, which is to be appointed every biennial
session. 5. No acts of incorporation are here
after to be passed without the concurrence of
two-thir'l3 of each branch of the legislature,
except for the renewal of existing corporations
— all acts are to contain a power of revocation
by the legislature. No act hereafter passed
shall be for a longer period than 20 years, with
out a re-enactment \>y the legislature, except
incorporations for public improvement. 6, The
governor is to be chogen for four years, and to
be ever after ineUgible. New provisions are
made for contested elections of governor ; and
to fill vacancies. He is to set forth in writing,
fully, the ground of all reprieves, pardons, and
remissions, to be entered in the register of his
official acts, and laid before the legislature at
its next session, 7. All elections are to be on
the second Tuesday of November. Every free
white male citizen, who has resided one year in
the state, the last month in the county, and, if
he be of the age of 22 years, is entitled to vote.
All free white male citizens, between the ages
of 21 and 22 years, having resided as aforesaid,
may vote whhout payment of tax. No person
in the military, naval, or marine acrvice of the
United States, can gain such residence as will
entitle him to vote in consequence of being sta-

DEL

130

DEL

tioned in any railitary or naval station in the
state : no idiot, insane person, pauper, or person
convicted of a felony can vote ; and tbe legisla
ture is authorized to impose the forfeiture of
the right of auff'rage as a punishment for crime.
8. The judicial power ofthe state is tobe exer
cised by four common law judges, and a chan
ceUor. Of the four law Judges, one is chief
justice, and three associates. The chief justice
and chancellor may be appointed in any part of
the state — of the associates, one must reside
in each county. [The court of civil jurisdiction
is styled tbe supreme court ; and is coraposed
of tbe chief justice and two associates— no as
sociate judge sits in his own county —the chief
justice presides in every county. Two judges
constitute a quorura.]
The court of general sessions of the peace
and gaol delivery, ia composed of tne same
judges and in tbe same manner as the superior
court. The court of oyer and terminer ia com-
poaed of the four law judges. Three to consti
tute a quorum. The chanceUor exercises the
powers ofthe court of chancery. The orphans'
court is composed of the chancellor and the as
sociate judge residing in the coimty. Either
may hold the court, in the absence of the other.
When they concur in opinion tbere shall be no
appeal, except in the matter of real estate. —
When their opinions are opposed, or when a
decision is made by one sitting alone, and in all
matters involving a right to real estate, there is
an appeal to the suprerae court of the county,
whose decision shall be final. The court of
errors and appeals, upon a writ of error to the
superior court, is coraposed of the chancellor,
who presides, and two of the associate judges,
to wit, the one who, on account ofhis residence,
did not sit in the case below ; and one who did
sit. Upon appeal from the court of chancery,
the chief justice and three associates compose
the court of errors and appeals ; three of them
constitute a quorura. If the guperior court
deera that a quegtion of law ought to be heard
before all the judges, they may, upon the appli
cation of either party, direct it to be heard in
the court of errors and appeals, which shaU
then be composed of the chancellor (who pre
sides) and all the judges. When the chanceUor
is interested in a chancery case, the chief jus
tice, sitting alone in the superior court, sball
have jurisdiction, with an appeal to the three
associate judges sitting as a court of errors and
appeals. When there is an exception to the
chancellor or any judge, so that a quorum can
not be constituted in court, in consequence of
said exception, the governor shall have power
to appoint a judge for that special cause, whose
coraraission shall expire with the deterraination
of the cause. The judges are to receive sala
ries, which shall not be less than the following
suras, to wit — the chief justice $1,200, — chan
cellor $1,100,— the associates, each $1,000.—
They are to receive no other fees or perquisites
for business done by them. The general as
sembly may establish inferior courts, or give
to one or more justices of the peace, jurisdic
tion in cases of assaults and batteries, unlicen-
sed public houses, retaUing liquors contrary to
law, disturbing camp meetings or other meet

ings of pubUc worship, nuisances, horse-racing,
cock-fighting, and shooting matches, larcenies
committed by negroes or mulattoes, knowingly
receiving, buying, or concealing stolen goods by
negroes or raulattoes, cfec. This jurisdiction
may be granted either with or without the inter
vention of a grand or petit jury, and either with
or without appeal, as the legislature shall deem
proper. The clerk of the supreme court is to
be styled the prothonotary. 'The office of clerk
of the suprerae court is abolished.
9. But one person is to be voted for as sheriff
and one person as coroner, in each county —
The terra of office in each case is two years.
In New Castle and Kent counties, at the expi
ration of the terra of oflice of the present sher.
iffs and coroner, respectively, in 1833, the gov
ernor is authorized to fill up the offices for any
year, in consequence of there being no election
in that year, under the biennial system.
10. Elections for conventions to revise the
constitution, are hereafter to be held on the third
Tuesday of May in any year. The raajority of
all the citizens of the state having right to vote,
is to be ascertained by reference to the highest
number of votes given at any one of the three
general elections next preceding, unless the
nuraber of votes given on the occasion, shall
exceed the nuraber given in any of the three
preceding elections, in which case the majority
shall be ascertained by reference to the election
of itself
11. No offices are vacated except the chan
cellor and judges of the existing courts, and the
clerks, whose offices wUl be abolished on tbe
third Tuesday of January next ; on which day
the new judicial system goes into effect. The
offices of registers for wills and justices of the
peace are not affected,
'I he above sketch of the amendments adopt
ed by the convention, does not enter into details,
but merely presents a general view of the
changes which have been roade.
History. — Delaware was first colonized by the
Swedes and Fins, under the auspices of Gusta.
vus Adolphus, and was caUed New Sweden.
The Swedes were then too poor, and not sufln.
ciently comraercial, to forra colonies ; therefore
New Sweden fell under the power of the
Dutch, in 1655. In 1664 the Delaware colony
was conquered with all New Netherlands, by
the English, and granted by Charles II. to
James, duke of York, who in 1682 conveyed it
to William Penn. Delaware thus under the
sarae proprietary remained nominaUy a part of
Pennsylvania, until 1775, though really a distinct
colony from 1704, when a colonial asserably for
the three lower counties met at New Castle.
Delaware -was amongst tbe first states in which
a constitution of government was formed, in
1776. In 1792, a convention met, and on June
12th of that year, the existing govemment was
adopted, Delaware, co, of O. bndd. s. by Franklin, w.
by Union, n. by Marion, n, e, by Knox, and s. e.
by Licking. Greatest length 28, mean breadth
25, and area 760 sq, ms. Extending in lat.
from 40° 08' to 40° 32', and in long, from 6° 45'
to 7° 18' w. W. C. The e. border of this co.
extends from s. to tt. along the summit between

DEN

131

DER

the vaUies of Muskingum and Hocking on the
E,, and the Sciota on the w. 'The extreme
sources of White Woman's Fork of Musking
um, and of tho Hocking rise along the e, bor
der of Del. and flow estrd. The body of the
CO. has a slope almost due s,, and is traversed in
that direction by the two main constituent
streams of Sciota, the Whetstone and Sciota
Proper ; AUum and Walnut ers, also tributary
waters of Sciota, rise in its eastern section. Cf
t. Delaware. Pop. 1820, 7,639, 1830, 11,504.
Delaware, p-v. st, jus, and tsp. Del, co, O,
The St. jus, is hy p-r, 419 ms, b, w, by w, W, C,
and 23 above, and n. w. Colurabus. It stands
on the right bank of Whetstone r, Lat. 40°
13', long. 6° 7' w. "W. C. Pop. of the vUlage,
527, and of the tsp. including the village, 936.
Delaware, co.of Ind. bndd. by Randolph e.,
Henry a., Madisian w., and Grant n, w. Length
22, breadth 20, and area 440 sq. ras. Extend
ing in lat. from 40° 05' to 40° 24', and in long.
from 8° 12' to 8° 24' w. W. C, The Missisai--
nawa and White rs, rising in Randolph, traverse
Del. in which they diverge, the forraer to the
N. w. and the latter to the w. General slope to
the wstrd, Cf t, Munsey. Pop. 2,374.
Delaware City, p.t. New Castle co. Del.
situated on Del. r. at the terraination on that
streara of the Chesapeake and Del. canal, 32
ms, nearly due n, frora Dover, Pop. about 100 ;
it contains several handsome brick houses.
Delhi, p-t. and st. jus. Delaware co. N. Y.
70 ms, s, w. Albany, 54 w. Catskill, 63 Kings.
ton, 156 sq. ms., is crossed by Del. r. and Little
Del. which joins it near the v. There are hills,
mtns., viUies, and on the river fine nfeadows.
Pop. 2,114.
Delightfol Grove, p.o. Spartanburg dist. S.
C. by p.r. Ill ras. n. w. Colurabia, and 484 s.
w, W. C.
Dells, p-o, AUachua co, Flor.
Delphi, p-o. Marion co. Tenn. by p-r. 129 ras.
s. E, Nashville.
Delbhi, p-v. and st. jus. CarroU co. Ind. by
p-r. 661 ras. n. w. by w. W. C. and 88 N. w.
Indianopolis. It is situated on Wabash r. just
below the mouthof Deer cr, Lat. 40° 37', long.
9° 40' w. W. C.
Demopolis, p.v. Marengo co. Ala. at the left
bank of Tombigbee r, immediately below the
mouth of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa r,, 65
ms. s. s, w, Tuscaloosa,
Denmark, p-t, Oxford co. Me, on Saco r, 30
ms, s, w, Paris, 85 Augusta, Pop, 954.
Denmark, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y. 150 railes n.
w. Albany, w. Black river, 22,000 acres ; has a
rich soil in the vaUies, Deer cr, has a fall ol
175 ft. alraost perpendicular, with high Umestone
banks, and other falls frora 10 to 60 ft. Copen
hagen is the only village. Pop. 2,270.
Denmark, p-v. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 16
ms, s. w, by w. NashviUe,
Denmark, p-v, and tsp. Ashtabula co. 0, by
p-r, about 190 ms, N. E. Columbus, and 340 n, w.
W.C. Pop, 169,
Den.nings, p-0, Frederick co, Md, by p-r. 60
ms. N. w. W. C.
Dennis, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass, 97 ms, s. e.
Boston, 8 from Barnstable, n. Atlantic, e. Bass
r., has several ponds, a poor soil, except n,^ and

many works for raaking salt from sea water, by
evaporation, Scargo hills is the highest land
inthe co. Pop. 2,317.
Dennis, p-t. Cape May co. N. J. has a small
harbor. Pop. 1,508.
Dennis, p-o. AraeUa co. Va. 54 ms. s. w.
Richmond. .
Dennisville, p-t. Washington co. Me. 17 ms.
N. w, Eastport, 172 n, n, e, Augusta, on Denny's
river. It is crossed by several streams. Cole-
scook bay Ues s, of it. Pop. 856.
Dennyville, p-v. Wilkes co. N, C. byp-r, 172
ms, N. w, by w, Raleigh,
Denton, p-v. and st, jus, Caroline co. Md. on
the left bank of Choptank r. 18 ras. n, e. Easton,
and by p-r. 65 ms, a little a, by e. Annapolis.
Lat, 38° 53', long, 1° 14' due e, W, C.
Dentonsville, p-0, Hanover co, Va, 42 ms. «,
Richmond. Denville, v. Morris co, N, J. 8 ras. n. of Mor
ristown, on Rockaway cr.
Depeyster, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 200
ras. N, by w, Albany, Pop. 8 1 3.
Depeau, t. St, Lawrence co, N. Y. Pop, 1830,
668, Deposit, p-v, Tompkins, Delaware co, N, Y.
40 ms. s, Vf. Delhi, 105 v;-. Catskill, on Dela
ware r.
Deptford, t. Gloucester co. N. J. 20 ras. s.
BurUngton, between Bigtimber and Mantua ers.
on Delaware r. Pop. 3,599.
Deptford, t. Gloucester co. N. J. on the
Delaware, between Mantua cr. which parts it
from Greenwich on the s. w. and Gloucester on
the N. e. Pop. 3,599. Woodberry, the st. jus.
is in this tsp.
Derbane, corrupted from Terre Bonne, the
name of several small streams of La. ; one, a r.
of about 80 ms. comparative course, rises in
Lafayette co. Ark. and parish of Claiborne La.
flows s. E. and falls into Ouachitau river a short
distance above the village of Monroe, in the
parish of Ouachitau. Another of the same
name, giving narae to a parish, rises w. frora
the river La Fourche, and flowing a few ms. a.
falls into the Gulph of Mexico, between Tim-
ballier and Petite Caillon bays, Tbere are 3
or 4 more, but of too little consequence to de
serve particular notice,
Derby, p-t, Orleans co, Vt. 52 ms. n. e, Mont
pelier, E, Memphremagog lake, 7i ms. on
Canada' line, 23,040 acres. First settled 1745,
from Conn. (fee. White and Norway pine
grows near the lake, with red oak, and rock
maple, ifec. elsewhere, the soil being generally
ricb. It has Salem pond, and Clyde r, with mill
seats. Pop, 1,469.
Derby, p-t. New Haven county, Conn. 8 ras.
Vf. New Haven, at the confluence of Naugau-
tuck and Housatonic rs. 12 ras, from Long
Island Sound, navigable for vessels of 80 tons,
4i ms, by 5^, has a varied surface, with some
raeadows, miU sites, advantiges for trade, and
shad fisheries, Humphreysville is one of tbe
oldest woollen manufactories in the country ;
incorporated 1810, with $500,000 capital.
There are other manufactures. An agricultural
seminary was opened here, 1824, for practical
education, with philosophical aparatus, (fee. Pop.
2,253.

DET

132

DIA

Derry, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 ms. s,
E. Concord, Pop, 2,176,
Derry, p-v, and tsp. Columbia co. Pa. The
p-o. is 7 ms, N, DanviUe, the co, st, and by p-r,
77 ras. E. of N, Harrisburg, and 187 ms, from
W. C, ina nearly similar direction. Pop. of the
tsp. 1820, 1,662, in 1830, 1,689.
De Ruyter, p-t, Madison co, N, Y, 21 ms,
w. s, w. Morrisville, 123 w. Albany, is hilly,
well watered by sources of Tioughnioga creek
and yields grass and some grain, 17 miles s,
Erie canal. Pop. 1,447.
Des Moines, r. of the north wstrn. territory,
and state of Mo. rises in the former near lat,
43° 40', long, 18° w. W. C, interlocking sour
ces with those of Littie Sioux branch of Mo. r,.
Blue Earth or the southem branch of St, Peter's
r,, and those of Upper loway r,, and flowing
thence s, e, 300 ms, falls into the Misp, c. op
posite Hancock co, II. Beside numerous sraall
er confluents, this streara receives at about 150
ras, below its source, the North fork from the
left, and 50 ms, lower, a much more considera
ble addition by the Raccoon fork from the
right. The latter has a coraparative length of
about 150 ms. The valley of Des Moines is
300 ms. in length, but is comparatively narro-ft',
being rather liberaUy estimated at a mean
breadth of 50 ras,, area 15,00o sq, ms. About
20 ras. comparative course of the lower part of
this r, it forras the extrerae northestm. boundary
of Mo, It is the longest, and probably the
most abundant tributary of Misp, proper from
the right,
Detourdes Anglais, (English Bend.) This
remarkable and abrupt bend in the Misp, r, cora-
mences in descending 15 ras. following the
streara below New Orleans, but not quite 8 ras,
direct distance. Commencing Sms, above the
city, in reality ia the head of an immense curve
of 25 ms, which sweeping its concave side first
to the n, and thence e. n. e. and finally round to
the N. w. Ofthis great curve the EngUsh Bend
forms the lower extremity. The English Bend
adds greatly to the difficulty of navigating sea
and sail vessels to New Orleans, as taking the
whole periphery it includes more than two thirds
of an entire circle, and of consequence the same
wind will very seldom enable a vessel to be
navigated through the pass. Except the dis
tance the Detour (bend) opposes no additional
difficulty to the passage of ateam boats.
Detour True, This strait on Tanner's im
proved U, S, raap extends to the e. of the
" Promontory of the True Detour," and unites
lake Huron to Manitou bay, and separates the
continental part of Chippeway co. Mich, from
Drumraond's Island, It is the 'outlet into lake
Huron of St. Mary's strait, and is discharged
into lake Huron 40 mg. n, e, by e. Fort Mac-
inac, Detroit, or " tiie Strait," r. uniting lakes St.
Clair and Erie, and forming part of the limit
between Upper Canada and Michigan. At its
outiet from lake St. Clair, Detroit r, is upwards
of a m, wide and divided into two channels by
Peach Islands ; the course a Uttle s, of w. 8
ras. 10 the lower extreme of the city of Detroit,
where it makes a regular curve to the s. b. w,
and continues the latter course 4 ins. to the in

flux of the r. Rouge, from the n. w. One m.
below the mouth of the Rouge fbe r, is again
divided into two channels, by Grand Turkey
Island. The Detroit now rapidly widens to
frora 3 to 4 ms. and assuming a southern course
of 17 ms. finally opens into the extreme n. w.
angle of lake Erie. Thig ig indeed a most
beautiful, gentie and navigable stream of 29 ms.
in length. Though encumbered with islands,
and the channel rather intricate, vessels of con
siderable burthen can be navigated through into
lake St, Clair. The shores though not elevated
are bold, and being cultivated give a charming
appearance in sumraer to the landscape along
both shores. On the right are the city of De
troit and Brownstown, and on the Canada shore
Sandwich and Araherstburg, From Michigan
enter at the influx of both into Erie, the Huron,
and one mile above Grand Turkey Island the
Rivierie Rouge ; and from the sarae tide the
lesser streams of Bauche, Curriere, and Clora,
From Canada the only stream which enters the
Detroit worthy of notice lathe Canard,fallinginto
the raain stream 3i ms, above Amherstburg.
The Detroit islands are elevated and are com.
posed of excellent arable soil ; two of them,
Gros Isle and Grand Turkey Island, exceed 6
ras, each, in length, but are comparatively nar
row. The whole r, is frequently and completely
frozen over in winter,
DETRoiT,,p.t. city, port of entry and st, jus.
for Wayne co. and of tbe govemraent of Michi.
gan, as laid down on Tanner's United States, is
at lat, 42° 20', and exactly 0° west W, C.
These relative positions give by calculation a
bearing of 52° 50', and a distance in statute ras.
of 416, from W. C. to Detroit. By the p.o. Ust
of 1831, the distance frora W. C, to Detroit is
stated at 526 ras. Detroit i-s situated on a rising
plain along tbe western or right shore of Detroit
r. The streets are laid out at right angles to
each other, though soraething oblique to the
course of the stream. The plain has a gcntle
acclivity from the water to the main street, but
spreads thence to the westward nearly level.
A remark may be made of Detroit which ap.
plies with equal force to many other places in
the U, S,, of comparatively small population ;
that is, that the real and coramercial wealth of
the smaUer are far above tbe proportion which
relative numbers would produce between them
and places of greater population. Few places
can be more adrairably situated for a commer.
cial city than Detroit, and few have a more
solid proraise of perraanent prosperity. Pop.
2,222. Devereaux, store- and p.o. in the s. w. part of
Hancock co, Geo. by p.r. 16 ms. n. e. MiUedge.
ville, and 626 s. w, W. C.
De Witt, p.v. in the western part of Clinton
CO. Illinois, 18 ms, from Carlyle, the st, jus, and
by p.r, 48 s. w, Vandalia, and 820 ms, w. W, C,
Dexter, p.t. Penobscot co. Me. 30 ms. n. w.
Bangor, 67 Augusta, has waters flowing into
Penobscot and Kennebec. Pop. 885.
Dexter, p.v. Washtenaw co. Mich. 10 ms.
N, w, Ann Arbor, the co. St., and by p.r, 52 w.
Detroit, 545 n, w. by w, W, C,
Diamond Grove, p,v. Brunswick co. Va. by
p.r. 73 ms. b. s. w. Richmond.

DIN

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Diamond Grove, p.v. Northampton co, N, C.
by p.r. 25 ms. s. e. Raleigh.
DiiNA, t, Lewis CO, N, Y. Pop. 309.
Diana Mills and p.o. Buckingham co. Va. by
p.r. 125 ms. w. Richmond.
Dickenson, p.v. Franklin co. Va. by p.r. 199
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond.
Dickenson's Stoiie and p.o. Bedford co. Va.
by p-r. 151 ms. w. Richmond,
Dickinson, t, Franklin co. N. Y. 12 ms. w.
Malone, 233 w. Albany, 6 ras, by 48, watered
by Little Salraon r,, has much sandy loam, with
beech, maple, basa, elm, (fee. Pop. 446.
Dickinson, p-v, and tsp, in the w. part of
Cumberland co. Pa. The p.o. is 36 ras, w,
Harrisburg, and 108 w. of n. W. C. Pod, tsp,
2,523, Dick's r. Ky. rises in Rockcastle co. inter
locking sources with Rockcastle and Green rs,,
and flowing thence tt. vr. passes through Lin
coln, and thence separating Garrard frora Mer
cer CO,, falls into the left side of Ky. r. 10 ms.
from Harrodsburg.
Dick's Mills and p-o, in the w. part of Butler
CO. 0. 8 ms. frora Hamilton, the st. jus. for the
CO. and by p-r. 496 ras. a. of w. W. C. and 109
s. w. by w. Colurabus,
Dickson, co. Ten. bndd, by Humphrey's w.,
Stewart n, w., Montgomery n,, and Hickmans.
Length 36, raean width 28, area 100 sq. ras. Ex
tending in lat,fr, 35° 55' to 36° 20', long, 10° 09'
to 10° 45' w, W, C, This co, is a table land, frora
which the water flows s, into Duck r,, w, into
Ten,, N, into Curaberland, and e, into Harpeth
rs. The n. w, and n, e. angles touch Curaber
land r,, but no stream of consequence flows into
tbe body of the co. Soil of middling quaUty.
Cf t. Charlotte. Pop. 1820„5,190, 1830, 7,265.
Dickson's Mills and p-o. in the E. part of
Parke co. Ind, by p r. 10 ms, e, Rockville, the
CO. St., 58 w, Indianopolis, and 630 ms, n, w. by
w, W, C.
DiGHTON, p-t, port of entry, Bristol co. Mass.
38 ms. s. Boston, w, Taunton r., has an irregular
surface, conglomerate rocks, (boulders,) in
diluvial soil, over granite. A rock inscribed by
Indians bas excited attention. Several coasting
vessels are owned here, Taunton r, being navi
gable for sraall vessels. Pop, 1,723,
Dillon's p-o. in the w. part of Tazewell co.
II. by p-r. 821 ras, N, w. by w. W. C. and 159 w.
of N. 'VandaUa.
Dillon's Run, p-o, Harapshire co. Va, by p.r.
16 ms, E, Romney, the co. st. 100 ms. n, of w,
W, C. and 1 79 n. w, Richmond.
DiLLONSviLLE, p.v. lu the s. part of Mecklen.
burg CO. N, C, by p.r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. Ra.
leigh. Dillsburg, or more correctly Dillston, p.v.
w, part York co. Pa. 20 ras. b. w. Harrisburg.
Dill's Bottcm and p.o. in the w part Bel.
mont CO, 0, by p-r. 268 ms. n. w, by w, W. C,
and 149 E, Columbus.
DiLLwoRTH's Town, p-v. E. border Chester co.
Pa. 7 ms. s. West Chester.
DiMMocKSviLLE, p-v. in the E. part of Susque
hannah CO. Pa. by p-r. 274 ms. tt. N, E. W. C.
and 175 ms. e. of n. Harrisburg.
DiNGMAN's or., p-o. and Ferry, over Del. r. 25
ms, above Del. Water Gap. 18

Dinwiddie, co. Va, bndd. by Nottaway r.
which separates it from Brunswick a. w., by
Nottaway co, w,, Namazine creek, separating
it from Andie, n, w., by Appomattox r, separa
ting it from Chesterfield, n. e,, by Prince
George's co, e,, and Sussex and GranviUe s. E.
It Ues in nearly the forra of a hexagon, equal to
a circle of 28 ms, diameter. Area about 61(5
sq, ras,, and is divided into very nearly equal
portions by lat. 37°. In long, it lies between
0° 33' and 1° 3' w. W. C. About one fourth
part on the n, border slopes towards, and is
drained into the Apporaattox. The other three
quarters incline to the s. e. and are drained by
Monk's Neck, Stony, Sapony, and otber conflu.
ents of Nottaway r. Surface waving. Cf. t.
Petersburg. Pop. 1820, 13,792, 1830, 21,901.
Dinwiddie, c. h, and p-o, on Stony cr., 15 ms.
s. w, Petersburg,
Dismal Swamp, a rather undefined, raarshy
tract, between the s. part of Chesapeake bay
and Alberaarle sound, occupying a part of
Nansemond and Norfolk cos. Va,, and of Cam
den and Pasquotank cos, N, C, The sources
of Nansemond and EUzabeth rs, flowing n, in
the estuary of James r,, those of Pasquotank
and Perquiman's entering Abemarle sound, and
some small ers, flowing s. e. into Currituck
Sound, have their heads in Dismal Swamp,
Dividing cr,, a sraall streara of Va, forming
for a few ms, the boundary between Lancaster
and Northumberland cos, and then falling into
the Chesapeake,
DixBORO', p-o, in the e, part of Washtenaw
CO, Mich, by p-r. 540 mg. n. w. by w. W. C,
and 37 w, Detroit.
DixFiELD, P-t. Oxford CO. Me. 18 ms, n, e,
Paris, N. Androscoggin r., 40 from Augusta.
Pop. 889.
DixMoNT, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 20 ms. w, of
Bangor, 44 of Augusta, Pop, 945,
Dlxon's Springs and p.o. Smith co. Ten. by
p-r, 48 ras, e, NashviUe.
DixviLLE, p-v. Henry co. Va. by p.r. 158 raa.
a. w. by w, Ricbraond.
DixviLLE, t. Coos CO, N. H, ; settled 1805,
31,023 acres, with sraall streams and uneven
lands. Pop. 2.
DoAKs' Stand, and p-o. Yazoo co. Misp. about
120 me. N. N. E, Natches.
Dobson's Cross Road, and p-o. Stokes co, N,
C, by p-r, no ms, n, w. by w. Raleigh.
Dockley's Store, and p-o, Richraond co, N. C,
by p-r. 121 ms, s, w, Raleigh.
DoDDSviLLE, p-v, Fauqulcr co. Va., by p-r. 53
ms. from W, C,
DoDGEViLLE, p-v, lowa CO, Mich, 75 ms, E.
Prairie du Chien, 60 n. n, e. Galena in II,, and by
p-r, 1,042 N, w, by w, W, C,
DoDSONSviLLE, p.v, Jacksou CO, Ala,, by p.r.
186 ms. N. E, Tuscaloosa.
DoERUN, p.o. Chester co. Pa., 14 ms. s. w. by
w. West Chester.
Door, E. branch of Pascagoula r., rises in the
pine forests between Pascagoula and Torabig.
bee, and flowing a little w, of s. 90 ras,, nearly
along the line between Ala, and Misp. falls into
Pascagoula, 10 ms. above its mouth.
Dog r,, a much smaller stream than the pre.
ceding, rises between it and Mobile bay, and

DOR

134

DOV

flowing s, E, falls into the latter 10 ms, south of
Mobile. Dogwood Springs, and p-v. Pulaski co. Ark,,
by p-r. 15 ras. wstrd. Little Rock, and 1,083 ras.
.8. w. by w. W. C.
DoHEiaANS, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part of Tus
carawas CO. O. The p.o. by p-r. is 298 ms. n. w.
by w. W. C, and 123 n, e, by e, Columbus. Pop.
.tsp. 1,161.
Dohertyville, p-v. Jefferson co. Ten. by p-r.
196 ms. E, Nashville,
Dolbee's, p-v, N, w. part Potter co. Pa. 16 ms.
from Coudersport, and by p.r. 299 ms. n. .-«. w.
W, C, and 190 n, w. Harrisburg.
Dolington, p.v. Bucks co. Pa. near Delaware
r., 9 ms. above Trenton.
Donaldsonville, p.v. and st. jus. for the par.
ish of Ascension, and seat of government of La.
It stands on the right bank- of Misp. r. below the
effiux of Lafourche, extending along both rs.
Pop. 1820, 200, 1830, 500. Lat. 30° 5', long.
14° 03' w. W. C.
Donegal, p-o, Westmoreland co. Pa.
DoNORAiLE, p-v. Fayette co. Ky. byp-r 31 ms.
s. E , Frankfort,
Dooley, co. Geo,, bndd. by Irwin s. e. and s.,
Flint r. separating it frora Lee w., and Sumpter
N. w., Houston N., and Pulaski n, e. and e.
Length along lat. 32° frora Ocmulgee to Flint
r. 48 ms., mean width 34, and area 1,632 sq.ms.
Extending in lat. from 31° 42' to 32° 18', in
long, frora 6° 21' to 7° 14' w, W, C. It must
¦be obvious from the positionof Dooley that it is
¦composed of two inclined planes falling towards
Flint and Ocmulgee respectively. The extrerae
¦source of Savannah r. is also in the s. part of
this CO. Cf t. Berrien. Pop. 2,135.
Dorchester, p-t, Grafton co, N. H. 50 ms. n.
by w. Concord, 23 s, HaverhUl, 90 n. w. Ports
mouth, 12 E. Connecticut r., 8 w. Merrimac r.,
has rocky highlands, and fertile vallies on seve
ral brooks, 8 school dists. Pop. 693.
Dorchester, t, Norfolk co, Mass. 3 ms, s, s,
E, Boston, w. Mass, bay, n. w. Neponset r,, has
a rich soil and many inhabitants n. e. with few
hills ; favorable to fruit (fee, has Thompson's
and Moon's islands, with 600 acres of salt
marsh, several factories and dams on Nepon
set r, ; was settled, 1630, soon after Plymouth
and Salem, There was a fort on Rock Hill.
1636, about 100 persons travelled across the
wilderness in 14 days, and settled Hartford,
Conn. March 4th, 1776, 1,200 men, sent by
¦Gen. Washington, threw up works on the Dor
chester Heights in the night, which commanded
Boston harbor, and drove the British army
away. Part of Dorchester neck belongs to
Boston, to which a bridge extends. Pop. 4,074.
Dorchester, v., on Maurice r., Cumberland
CO. N. J., E. Maurice r,, 5 ms. from its mouth
in Delaware bay.
Dorchester, co. Md., bndd. by Nantikoke
bay s., Chesapeake bay s. w., w. and u. w.,
Choptank r. n., CaroUne co. n. e., Sussex co.
Del. E., and Choptank r. which separates it from
Worcester co. Md. s. e. Length from s. w. to
N, E. 32 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq.
ms. Extending in lat. ftom 38° 14' to 38° 40',
in long, from 0° 36' to 1° 20' e. W. C. Cf. t.
Cambridge. Pop. 1820, 17,700, 1830, 18,686.

;l

Dorchester, p-t. Colleton dist. S. C. on Ash.
ley r., 20 ms. above Charleston.
Dorset, p.t. Bennington co. Vt,, 27 ms. n.
Bennington, 41 sq. ms. First settled 1768, has
part of Otter cr. and sources of Battenkill and
Powlet rs., with mill sites, Dorset and Equinox
mtns,, several caves and some manufactories.
Pop. 1,507.
DoRSETTsviLLE, p-0. Chatham co. N. C, 20
ms. from Raleigh.
Dorsey's, p-o. s. wstrn. part of St. Mary's co.
Md., 4 ms. from Leonardstown, and by p-r. 78
ms. s. from AnnapoUs, and 59 s. s. E. "W. C.
Double Branches, p-o. Anderson dist. S.
by p-r. 132 ras, n. w. Columbia.
Double Branches, p-o. Lincoln co. Geo., by
p-r, 95 ms. N. E. MilledgevUle.
Double Bridge, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va., by
p-r, 118 ms. s. w. Richmond.
Double Cabins, p.o., in the wstrn. part of
Henry co. Geo,, by p.r. 167 ms. n. w. by w.
MilledgevUle, and 699 ras. s. w. W, C.
Double Pipe, creek, p.o,, n. e. part Frederick
CO. Md., about 50 ms. a littie w. of N. W. C.
Double Wells, p.o. Warren co. Geo, by p-r.
37 ms. N. E, MiUedgeville,
Dougherty's, Carrol co. Ten. {See Lamores-
ville.) Douglass, p-t, Worcester co. Mass., 47 ms.
s. Worcester, n. Conn,, has Mumford r, a branch
of Blackstone r,, between which and Shetucket
it lies, artificial irrigation is resorted to, with
wisdora, and deserves to be practised else
where. It has good meadows. Pop. 1,742.
Douglass, p.v. in the w. part of Logan co. 0.
byp.r. 10 ms. from Bellefontaine, 468 N. w. by
w. W. C. and 72 in a nearly similar direction
from Columbus.
Douglass' Mills and p.o. Perry co. Pa, byp.r,
30 ms, a little n. of w. Harrisburg, and 117 n.
N, w, W, C,
DouGLASsviLLE, p.v. in thcN. E, part of Berks
CO, Pa. by p.r, 147 ms. n, e, W. C. and 64 E,
Harrisburg. Pop. of Douglass tsp. 839.
DouTHET, p.v, in the n, part of Anderson dist,
S. C, by p.r. 531 ms. a. w. W. C. and 139 ms.
N. w, by w, Columbus.
Dover, p.t. Penobscot co. Me. 77 ms. Angus.
ta, s. Piscataquis r. Pop. 1,042.
Dover, p.t. and st. jus. Strafford co. N. H.
10 ms. N. w. Portsmouth, on the is. great road
and w. of Piscataqua r. and Me. The town
contains a court house, gaol, four public houses,
and seven meeting houses. The Cocheco man.
ufacturing corapany have a capital of one mil.
lion five hundred thousand dollars, 4 large brick
mills. Three are situated in the centre of the
town. They run 24,320 spindles and 780 looms ;
employ 900 operatives ; 750 of whom are fe.
males. They consume 2,600 bales of cotton,
or 1,000,000 lbs,, and produce about 100,000 a
week, or 5,200,000 yards yearly. The calico
printing, is equal fo tiie best imported. They
bleach and print 3,000 pieces, of 28 yards each,
a week, equal to 4,368,000 yards per annum.
They consume 4,000 gallons of oil, 500 barrels
of flour, 26,000 lbs. of potato starch, 3,000 cords
of wood, 2,000 tons of anthracite coal, cfec.
The Cocheco is navigable for vessels of 80 tons,
up to the landing, in the town. Thero are 50

DOV

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DRO

shops, some large. PiscatacLua r. is formed
here of Cocheco and Belamy, or Black rs. which
aflbrd fine water power, and supply many fac
tories. The land swells gently, and is pictur
esque. First settied 1623, on the neck s. be
tween the rs. by the company of Laconia, from
Eng. who entrenched the place, and establish
ed a fishery. Tbe population have since col
lected at Cocheco falls ; 4 ms. N. w. the Co
checo descends 32J ft. at the head of naviga
tion 12 ms, from the sea. llere in the village,
1689, Major Waldron was kUled by Indians, to
revenge the death of 7 or 8 wbom he had exe
cuted 13 years before. The place often suffer.
ed from Indians. Here was the first preaching
in N. H. Pop. 5,449.
Dover, p.t. Windham co. Vt. 13 ms. n. w.
Brattleborough, 18 N. E, Bennington, incorpo.
rated 1810. Serpentine, and chlorite slate are
found here. Pop. 831.
Dover, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. w. Ded
ham, 16s. w, Boston, e, ands, Charles r, is un
even, woody, with some manufactories. Pop.
497. Dover, p.t. Duchess co. N. Y. 21 ms. E,
Poughkeepsie, 100 g, Albany, w. Conn, 6mg, by
7, level in the centre, where ig 10 m. cr, of Hon.
satonic r, hilly e. and w. and grain and grags
flourigh. In this town, near the v. of the Plain,
E. of a mtn, is a wild passage cut by a streara
among rocks, wbich, in one place, meet over
head, and also form a hollow called the stone
church, which is 50 feet long and 30 wide in the
broadest place. Pop. 2,198,
Dover, t, Monmouth co. N. J, 45 railes south
N. Y. 20 south.east Bordentown, with the
Ocean east, is crossed by Tom's creek, fall
ing into Tom's bay, and Cedar cr, A narrow
beach, called Long and Cran beach, forms Bar.
negat bay, most of which is in this town and re.
ceives its waters. Cranberry inlet is now clo
sed, so that the entrance of Bar brook is s. in
Stafford ; Egg and other islands are in Bar
brook. There are 15 or 20 furnaces here chief
ly on Tom's r. Pop. 2,898.
Do-VER, P-V. Morris co. N. J. on the Rockaway,
8 ms. j\. Morristown, containing extensive man
ufactures of iron. The Morris canal passes the

Dover, p-v. and tsp. w. part of York co. Pa,
24 ms, s. Harrisburg, and 94 a very little e. of
N, W, C. Pop. tsp, 1820, 1,816, 1830, 1,874,
Dover, p-t, st. jus, for Kent co, and ofthe gov
ernment of Del. by p-r, 114 ms, n. e. by e. W.
C,. It is by the road about 50 ms. s. Wilming
ton, lat. 39° 9', long. 1° 28' e, W, C. Pop. of
the hundred of Dover, 4,316.
Dover, p-v. and st. jus. Stewart co. Ten, by
p-r. 787 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 81 n. w. by w.
Nashville. It is situated on the left bank of
Cumberland r. Lat. 36° 28'long. 10° 52' w. W.C.
Dover, p-v. and tsp. in the N. w. angle of Cuy
ahoga CO. 0. The p.v. is situated on Lake
Erie, 12 ma. w. Cleaveland, by p.r. 366 n, w W.
C. and 140 n. n, e, Columbus. Pop. tsp, 462,
Dover Furnace, and p.o. Stewart co. Ten.
by p'^r. 7 ms. s, e. Dover, the co. st. 780 s. w. by
w. W. C. and 74 n. w. by w. NashvUle.
Dover Mills, and p.o. Goochland co. Va.21
ms. N w. Richraond.

Downe, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 60 ras. s. by
Vf. Bordentown, is nearly an island, with Mau.
licer. E„ Nantuxet creek w., and Delaware bay
s., about one half appears to be Swamps, near the
water, and Bear Swamp is near the middle. Pop.
1,923. Down East, p.v. Penobscot co. Me. 96 ms.
fr"om Augusta.
DowNiNGiowN, p.v. on the left bank ofthe n.
branch of Brandywine cr.. and near the centre of
Chester co. Pa. 30 ras, w. PhUadelphia, and by
p.r, 122 N. E. W. C. The village is small, but
contains in its vicinity extensive gristmills, and
is situated in a very well cultivated and pleas.
antly diversified country. It stands on the great
road from Philadelphia to Lancaster,
DowNiNGTON, p.v. in the n. w. angle of Meigs
CO. 0. by p.r. 85 ras. s. a. E. Columbus, and 356
w. W. C.
Doyal's Mills, and p.o. Jackson co. Ala. by
p.r. 670 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 188 n. e. Tus
caloosa. Doylestown, p-v. and st. jus. Bucks co. Pa„
byp-r, 171 ms, N, e. W. C. and 107 nearly due
E. Harrisburg. By the relative p-o. distances it
appears to be 35 ms. from Phil, to Doylestown,
whilst the real distance is only about 26. It is
situated on a brancb of Nesharaony cr. lat. 40°
18', long. 1° 56' E, W, r. Pop. of the borough
and tsp. 1820, 1,430, 1830, 1,777.
Dracut, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ras. n. n.
w. Boston, s. of N. H. line, n. Merriraack r. is
pleasant, with pretty good soil, well watered by
Beaver brook, (fee, A fine bridge crosses
Pawtucket falls to Chelrasford, and the growth
of Lowell, to which is another bridge 500ft.
and roofed, has been useful to Dracut. Pop.
1,615, Drake's, p-o, inthe tt. w, part of Holmes co.
0. by p-r. 359 ms. b. w. by w. W. C. and 71 k.
E. Colurabus.
Drakeville, vil. Morris co. N. J. on the
Morris canal, 12 ms. n, w. Morristown.
Dhanesville, p-o. Fairfax co.Va, 17 ms. ^. C.
Draper's Valley, and p-o. in the w. part of
Wythe co.Va. 18 ms. from Evansham, the co.
seat, and byp-r, 310 ras, s. w. W. C, and 225 s,
of w, Richmond.
Dresden, p-t. Lincoln co. Me, 8 ms, N, w.
Wiscasset, 14 Augusta, on both sides of Ken.
nebec r. Pop. 1,151.
Dresden, p.t. Washington co. N. Y.. 20 ms.
N. Sandyhill, 72 n, Albany, w. Lake Champlain,
E. Lake George, and enda n. at Pulpit point. —
It is raountainous, with several natural ice.
houses. Pop. 475.
Dresden, p.v. and st. just. Weakly co. Ten.
byp.r. 834 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 132 ms.
a very little n. of w. Nashville. It is situated
on a branch of Obion r. lat. 36° 19' and long.
11° 50' w. W. C.
Dresden, p-v. in Jefferson tsp. n. part of
Muskingum co. 0. by p.r. 14 ms, n. Zanesville,
the CO. seat, 73 n, of e, Columbus, and 350 ri.
w,byw,W. C. Pop. 391.
Dripping Spring, p-v. Edmonson co. Ky. by
p.r. 138 ms. s. w. Frankfort.
Drowned Lands, Orange co. N, Y. on Wall-
kill cr. 10 ms. long, 3 to 5 broad, have a rich
mould, g(K)d for hemp when drained.

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DUN

Drowned Meadovt, p.v. Brookhaven, Suffolk
CO. N. Y, 3 ms, e, Setauket.
Drowning cr. and p.o. Burke co. N. C. about
200 ms. w. Raleigh.
Drummond's Island, between lake Huron and
Manitou bay, having the strait called " Tht
True Detour," w,, and Littie Manitou Island e.
As laid down by Tanner, it forras a part of
Chippeway co, Mich, The form, a rude approach
to a triangle, base 18 ras. along lake Huron,
perpendicular 10 ras. and area 90 sq. ms. The
boundary between the U. S. and Upper Canada,
passes along the strait between Drummond's,
and Little Manitou islands, curving round the
northern side of the former, and again separa
ting it frora St. Joseph's Island, traversing the
interraediate strait. Drummond's island is cross
ed by the 46th deg. of N. lat.
Dry cr. and p-o. Campbell co. Ky, by p.r. 82
ms. N. N, E, Frankfort,
Dryden, p.t, Tompkins co. N. Y. 35 ma, s.
Auburn, 9 e, Ithaca, 150 w. Albany, 10 ms. sq,
is level with much good soil. Good pine
abounds. Fish and 6 m, ers. give many mill seats.
Pop. 5,206.
Dry Ridge, p.v. Grant co. Ky. by p-r, 48 ms,
N, N, E, Frankfort.
Dry Run, p-o. in the n. part of Franklin co.
Pa, 23 ms, from Chambersburg, and by p-r, 63
ms, w. Harrisburg, and 113 n. w. W. C.
Duane, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 1830,
247, DuANESBURG, p-t, Schencctady co, N, Y, 8 ras,
square, s, end of the co, is 400 or 500 ft. above
Hudson r. at Albany, a little uneven, with good
Soil, and sources of Norman's and Bowza KUls,
which falls 70 ft. Lake Maria is drained by
Chuctenunda cr. which tums about 20 raills.
Pop. 2,837.
Dublin, p-t, Cheshire co. N. H. 10 ms. E. s.
E. Keene, 50 from Concord, 70 frora Boston,
26,560 acres, on high land between Conn, and
Merriraac rs. contains raost of Grand Monad
nock ratn. Centre and Northponds, and is pretty
good for grass, 10 school dists. Rev. Ed.
Sprague left a fund of $8,000 to public schools,
and $5,000 to the congregational church pastor.
There are two libraries. First settied 1762.
Pop. 1,218.
Dublin, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 6 ms. n. n, w,
Doylestovra, the co, seat, and byp-r, 166 ms, n,
E. W, C, and 97 e. Harrisburg.
Dublin, p-v. in the n. part of Harford co,
Md. 32 ms, n, e, Baltiraore, and 3 ms. from
Conewingo Ferry.
Dublin, p-v. and st. jus. Laurens co. Geo. sit
uated on the right bank of Oconee r. near the
centre of the co. 55 ms, below, and e, of s. frora
MiUedgeville, lat, 32° 34' and long, 6° 05' w,
W.C. Dublin, or Dublinton, p-v. in Washington
tsp, N, w. part of Franklin co. O, 12 ms. n. n.
w. Columbus, and by p-r, 408 N. w. by w. W.
C. Pop. 96.
Dubois, co. of Ind. bndd. n. e. by Martin and
the s. w. part of Orange, e. by Crawford, s. e,
by Perry, s. by Spencer, w, by Pike, and n, w,
and N, by the East Fork of White river, sepa.
rating it from Daviess, Length 24 ms, mean
breadth 20; and area 480 sq. ms. Extending,

in lat. frora 38° 14' to 38° 34', and in long, from
9° 43' to 10° 08' w. W. C. Though this co.
bounds on the East Fork of White c. the far
greater part of the surface is drained by the
Patoka and confluent ers. and slopes westward.
Cf t, PortersviUe. Pop. 1,778. _
Dubourg's, p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. Bap.
tiste. La. 49 ms. above New Orleans.
Duck r. Ten, having its main sources in
Warren and Franklin cos, between those of Elk
r. a branch of Ten, and a branch of Cumber
land, flowing thence through Bedford, Maury,
Hickman, Perry, and Hurapbries cos. falls into
Ten. r, inthe latter, after an entire comparative
course of 130 ms, in a direction n, w. by w.
In seasons of high water it is navigable about
100 ms. ; the valley of Duck r. is comparatively
narrow, not averaging above 25 ms. and in no
place above 60 wide. It lies between lat 35°
10' and 36° 10',
Duck Branch, and p.o, Barnwell dist. S. C.
The Duck Branch is a small stream near the s.
E, border of the dist, forraing one of the sources
of the Coosawhatchie r. The p-o, is situated
on the cr, by p-r, 81 ms. a little w. of s. Colum
bia. Duck Creek Crossings, and p-o. in the n. w.
part of Franklin co. Ind. 10 ms, n, w. Brook
ville, the st, jus. for the co. and by p-r. 533 ms.
w. W. C.
Dudley, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 ms. a.
Worcester, 55 s. Boston, n. Conn., is well sup
plied with raill seats, by Quineboag and French
or Stony rivers, the heads of Thames r. and has
wool and other factories. There are seve.
ral ponds, one nearly 5 ms. long. It was one of
the Christian Indian colonies formed in early
times. Pop, 2,115,
Duff's Forks, and p-o, e. part of Fayette co.
0,, by p.r, 32 ms, s, w, Columbus, and 425 n. of
w. W. C.
Dugger's Ferry, and p-o. Carter co. Ten, by
p-r, 420 ms, s, w, by w. W. C. and 316 n. of e.
Nashville. Duke's co. Mass. consists of the islands of
Martha's Vineyard, Chippaquiddick, Norman's
Land, and Elizabeth islands, forming 3 towns.
Cft. Edgartown. The soil is poor. Martha's
Vineyard is favorable to commerce and fishing.
Pop, 1820,1,702,1830,1,768,
Duke's p-o. Dickson co. Ten. by p-r. 44 ms.
w. Nashville.
DuMAs's Store, and p-o. inthe s, part of Rich.
mond CO, N, C, by p-r. 18 ms, s, Rockingham,
the CO, st, 417 ms. s. s. w.W. C. and 131 s. w.
Raleigh. Dm-MFRiEs, p-v. onthe Quantico creek, Prince
William co. Va. 33 ms. s. s. w. W, C.
Dummer, t. Coos CO, N, H, is of Uttie value,
watered by Amonoosuck and Ameriscoggin rs.
Pop. 65.
Dummerston, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 5 ms. n.
Brattleborough, 31 e. Bennington, w. Conn, r.,
was one ofthe first settied inN. H. is watered
by West r. (fee. with many mUl sites. Black
mtn. is granite ; the roof slate is quarried here,
and primitive liraestone is found. Pop. 1,592.
Dunbarton, p.t. Merriraack co. N. H. 10 ms.
N, Amherst, 9 s, w. Concord, has 21,000 acres,
few hills, with clear air, good water, chestnut,

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pine and oak timber, and good soil. Settied
from Londonderry, N. H. 1749; and partly by
Scotch and Irish. Pop. 1,067.
Dunbarton, p-o. in the s. w. part of Adams co.
O., by p-r. 450 ms. w. W. C. and 91 s. s, w. Co.
lum.bus. Duncan's cr. and p-o, in the E, part of Ruther.
ford CO. N. C, 18 ma, e, Rutherfordton, the co, St.
and by p-r, 467 s, w, W. C, and 206 w, Raleigh,
Duncan's p-v, Thoraas co, Geo, by p-r. 120
ma, a, s. w. MiUedgeville,
Duncan's p.o, Hardiraan co. Ten. by p-r. 190
ms, s, w, byw, Nashville,
DuNCANSviLLE, p-v. Bam Well dist, S, C, is p.r,
24 ms, from Barnwell, the st.jus. for this diat, 86
w, of a, Colurabia, and 584 s. s, w, W, C.
Duncanton, p-v. White co, II., by p-r, 78jms,
s.of w, W, C, and 109 s. e. Vandalia.
DuNDAFF, p-v, inthe s, e, angle of Susquehan
nah CO, Pa,, 22 ms, s, e, Montrose, the co, st, by
p-r, 256 ms, n, n, e, W. C. and 148 n, e, Harris
burg, Dunkard cr, and p-o, in the n. W, part of Mo
nongalia CO. Va. about 22 ras. n, w, by, w. Mor
gantown, and by p-r. 247 n, w, by w, W, C,
Dunkirk, p-v, Porafret, Chatauque co, N, Y,
45 ras, s. w. Buffalo, 45 n, e. Erie, has a good
harbor, witb 7 ft, water on the bar,
Dunkirk, called in the p-o. list King and
Queen c, h,, p-v. on the left bank of Mattapo
ny r. at or near the head of tide water, 60 ras.
above Yorktovvn, and by p-r. 140 ms. a little
w. of s. W. C. and 54 n. e. Richmond ; lat. 37°
50', long. 0° 11' w, W, C. Vessels of consid
erable tonnage are navigated up to Dunkirk.
DuNLApgviLLE, p-v. inthe s. w. angle of Union
CO. Ind, by p-r, 82 mg, s. of e. Indianopolis, and
521 ras. N. of w. W.C.
Dcnningstreet, p-v. Malta, Saratoga co.
N.Y. Donnsville, p-0. s. part of Essex co. Va. 56
ms. s. E. Richraond.
Donsburg, or Dunstown, p-v. Lycoraing co.
Pa. on the left bank ot the w. branch of Susque.
hannah, opposite the raouth of Bald Eagle cr,
25 ms, above WiUiamsport.
Dunstable, p-t, HiUsboro co, N, H, 12 ms. s,
e. Araherst, 40 n. w, Boston, w, Merrimack r,
contains 18,878 acres, has a variety of good
soils, level e, hilly w, with mill seats on Salm
on brook, and rich land on Nashua r, on which
is the chief village ; first settled in the co, 1672,
and was attacked by Indians. Lovewell's com
pany went frora this t. perforraed exploits, and
were cut off 1725 at Fryeburg, Me. Pop.
2,414, Dunstable, t, Middlesex co. Mass, 37 ms, n.
w. Boston, s, Merrimack r, has pretty good lev
el land, witb pine, oak, and nutwood. Nashua
r. on N, w. Pop. 593.
DuNTONViLLE, p-v. w. part of Edgefield dist.
S. C. by p-r. 67 ms. w. Coluipbia.
DupLESSis, Landing and p-o, Opelousas, La, by
water route 180 ms. n, w. by w. New Orleans.
Duplin co. N. C. bndd. w. by Sarapson, n. by
Wayne, n, e, by Lenoir, e, by Onslow, and s,
by New Hanover. Length 30, mean breadth
20, and area 640 sq. ms. extending from lat.
34° 48' to 35° 12', and divided into nearly equal
portions by long. 1° w. W. C. It is drained by,

and nearly commensurate with, the higher part
of tbe valley of the e, branch of Cape Fear r.
Soil of raiddling quality, Cf t, KenansvUle.
Pop. 1820, 9,744; 1830, 11,291.
Duplin, u. b. and p-o. by p-r. 86 ms. s. e.
Raleigh. Duplin, old c. h, and p-o. by p-r, 81 ras. s.
e, Raleigb, Durand, t, Coos co, N. H. 77 ms. N, Con.
cord, N, White mts,, contains 26,680 acres,
crossed by Israel's and Moose rs,, has a pretty
good soil,
Durant's Neck, and p-o, Perquimans co. N,
C, by p-r. 218 ms, n, of e, Raleigh,
Durham, p t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. n.
E, Portland, 31 Augusta, a. w, Ameriacoggin
r. Pop. 1,731.
Durham, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. n, w. Little
and Great bays, contains 14,970 acres, has Pis
cataqua r, and branches ; the village is on Oya.
ter r. at the falla, to which the tide flows. The
soil is hard, but good, especially on Onion r.
Granite is quarried. The place has suffered
from the Indians. Pop. 1,606.
Durham, p-t, Middlesex co. Conn, 7 ms. s.
Middletown, 18 n. e. New Haven, 4 ms, by 6,
23 sq, ms. handsomely varied, -with hills e , is at
the beginning of the argillaceous tract running
N. has sandstone quarries, and good soil, espe
cially on Middletown and West rs. Gen. James
Wadsworth, of the revolution, was born here.
Pop, 1,116,
Durham, p-t, Greene co. N. Y. 22 ras, n, w.
Catskill, 30 s. w. Albany, on the top of Catskill
ratns, ; greatest dimensions 8 ms. by 17, bas
various soils, generaUy good for grass. Pop.
3,039. Durham, tsp. and p-o. Bucks co. Pa, It is tbe
extrerae northern tsp. of the co. on Delaware
r, 12 ras s, frora, and below Easton.
Durhamville, p-o. Tipton co. Ten. by p-r.
190 ms. a littie s, of w, NashvUle,
Dutchess co, N, Y. bndd. by Columbia co.
N,, Conn. E,, Putnam co. b,, Hudson r, and Ul
ster CO. w., contains 725 sq. ms. has 18 towns,
and is one of the richest in the state. The
soil is generally a warm loam ; the n, w, part
clayey and imeven, Mattawan mtns, are inthe
E, part ; some ridges are bare ; sorae slate is
found here, which is quarried — gypsum has been
very useful. It is watered by Wappingers,
Fishkill, FaU, Croton and Ancram ers. Cram,
Elbow, &c. It has many manufactories. Cf.
t, Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1820, 46,615, 1830,
50,926. Dutch Settlement, c. h. and p-o. St, Mary's
parish. La. on Teche i. about 120 ms. w. New
Orleans. Dutotsbueg, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. situa.
ted on Del. r. n. side of the water gap, and at
and bVow the cr. 25 ms. n. Easton.
Dutton, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 76 ms. from
Augusta. Pop. 443.
Duval, co. Flor. as laid down on Tanner's
U. S. includes all the conntry from the Atiantic,
between St. Johns and Nassau r. to Suwanne r.
on tbe w. St. Mary's N. and on the s, and s, e.
by a line from Jacksonville on the St, Johns, to
the mouth of Suwanne into the Gulf of Mexico.
This would include a triangle of 125 ms. base,

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138

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and 40 ms. perpendicular, or 2500 sq. ms. lying
between lat. 29° 22' and 30° 30', long, from 4°
38' to 6° 28' w. W. C. It is probable that only
the N. E. part, between Nassau co. and r. the
Atlantic, St. Johns, and St. Mary's rs. or about
750 sq. ms. will remain included in Duval co.
Duxbury, p-t. Plyraouth co, Mass. 10 ms. «,
Plymouth, 38 s. E, Boston, w, Plymouth harbor.
Capt, Standish was buried here, 1656, Tbe
soil is warm and sandy, good E. and the people
live chiefly by trade and fishing. Pop. 2,716.
Duxbury, t, Washington co. Vt. 13 ma. w.
Montpelier, 22 s, e. Burlington, 100 N. Benning
ton. It is raountainous and unsettled s. Chief
population e. on Onion r. over which is a natu
ral bridge, witii caves. There are 4 sphool
dists. Pop. 651.
Dwight, p-v. Pope co. Ark. byp-r. 1,146 ms,
s. w. by w, W, C. and 71 ms, above, and n. w,
by w. Littie Rock. As laid down by Tanner,
it is situated on the left ba.nk of the Ark. r. 7
or 8 ras, above, and on the opposite side from
the influx of Petite Jean r.
Dyer co. Ten bndd, n. by Obion co., e. by
Gibson, s. by Haywood and Tipton, and w. by

the Misp. r. which separates it from Crittendon
and New Madrid cos. Ark. Length from w. to
E. 36, mean width 28, and area 840 sq. ms. ex.
tending in lat. frora 35° 48' to 36° 10', long.
from 12° 15' to 12° 46'. Obion r. enters this
CO. on the n. border, and flowing s, w. faUs into
tbe Misp. about 12 ms. s. w. Dyersburg. The
main branch of Forked Deer r. enters Dyer
from the s. and flowing n, w, receives a large
confluent from the £, at Dyersburg, and then
abruptly turning to s. w, leaves Dyer, and falls
into Misp, r, at Tipton co, at the upper end of
the first Chickasaw Bluff, The surface of this
CO, is rolling, except some alluvial flats along
Misp. r. Cf t. Dyersburg. Pop. 1,904.
Dyer, c. h. or more correctly Dyersburg,
p.v. and St. jus. Dyer co. Ten. situated on the
N, branch of Forked Deer r, about 30 ms, from
Misp. r. at the first Chickasaw Bluff, and by p.r.
164 ms. a very little s. of w. Nashville,
Dyer's, p.o, Franklin co, Va. by p.r. 191 ms.
s. w. by w. Richmond.
Dyer's, old store and p.o. Albemarle co. Va.
by p.r, 101 ms. s. w. W. C.

Eagle, t. AUeghany co. N. Y. Pop. 892.
Eagle, p.o. Franklin co. Geo. byp-r. 101 ms.
N. MiUedgeville'.
Eagle Grove, p-o. Elbert co, Geo. by p-r. 93
ms. N. N. E. MiUedgeville.
Eagle Rock, p.v. Wake co.N, C. 12ms, from
Raleigh. Eagle VILLE, p-v. in the N. e. part of Ashtabu
la CO. 0. by p-r. 189 ms. n. e. Columbus.
Eaker's Mills, and p-o. in the w. part of
Graves co. Ky. 15 ms. w. Mayfield, tbe co. st.
and by p-r. 299 ras. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Eakl, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. on
Conestoga cr, 12 ras, above Lancaster.
Earlesville, p-v. Anderson dist. S, C, by
p-r. 135 ras. n. w. by w. Colurabia.
Early, co. Geo. bndd. n. by Randolph co,
Geo,, IS. by Baker, a, by Decatur, and w, by
Henry co, Ala, or by Chattahooche r. Length
from s, to N, 40, mean breadth 32, area 1,280
sq, ms, extending in lat. frora 31° 06' to 31°
43', long, from 7° 46' to 8° 20' w. W. C. Cf
t. Blakely. Pop. 2,081.
Earj,y, c. h. {see Blakely,) Early co. Geo.
East Berlin, tsp. and p-o. Adaras co. Pa. on
a branch of Conewago, 17 ms. N. e. Gettj'sburg,
East Bethlehems, p-o, Washington co. Pa,
16 ms. w. Washington, the co. st.
East Bloomfield, p-o. Crawford co. Pa, 10
ms. N. w. Meadville.
East Bridgewater, t. Plymouth co. Mass,
20 ms, s, w. Boston, and was mcorporated 1823,
Pop. 1,653,
East Centerville, p-v. in the south part of
Columbiana co. 0,, about 12 ras. s. s. w. New
Lisbon, the co. st. 138 n. e. by e. Columbus.
Eastchester, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 8
mUes s. White Plains, 20 n. N. York, 2J ms. by
7, E. Bronx creek, w. East Chester cr. and bay,
where is a landing, for trade with New York ;
level, stony, but pretty good soil. Pop. 1,300.

East Claridon, p.v, Geauga co, Ohio, by
p.r. 174 ms. n. e, Colurabus.
East Fairfield, p.v. near the eastern border
of Colurabiana co. Ohio, 8 ms. e. New Lisbon,
the CO. st, and by p.r. 152 n. e. by E. Colum.
bus. East Farmington, p.v. in the n. part of Oak.
land CO. Mich, by p-r. 40 ms. n. Detroit.
East Feliciana, parish of La. bndd. by Ami
te CO. which separates it from St. Helena pariah
E,, by East Baton Rouge s,, Thompson's cr.
which separates it from West Feliciana w., and
by Wilkinson and Amite co. of Mis. n. Length
irom s. to N. 28 ms., mean breadth 20, area 560
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 37' to 31°,
in long, from 14° to 14° 24' w. W. C. The
slope of this parish is almost directly s. Much
of the soil on Amite r,, on Coraite and Thorap
son creeks, is excellent ; staple, cotton, Cf t,
Jackson, Pop. 8,247.
East Green, p.v. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms.
Augusta. East Greenwich, p-t. and st. jus. Kent co.
R. 1. 13 ms. s. Providence, w. Narraganset bay,
4 ms.by 6, 24 square miles, is rough with prim
itive rocks, pretty good gravelly loam, making
good cider ; oak, ' chesnut, cfec. It has a safe
harbor, with 15 feet water at high tide. Cod
fish, &c. are taken, and whaling was once car
ried on. In the village is a bank, court house,
acaderay, and the legislature has soraetimes set
here. Major Gen. Green, was from this tovra.
Pop. 1,591.
East Haddam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 14
miles s. w. Middletown, 27 s. by w. Hartford,
e. Conn, river, 6J miles by 8, 50 sq. ms. is
rough, with granite rocks, containing garnets,
beryl, <fec. It is good for grass, witb sorae
flats, and good timber. Salmon and Modus
rivers n. w., and other streams supply mill
seats. There were formerly shakings of the

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earth, attended with sounds here. The Indi
ans were considered conjurers, Pop,2,664.
Eastham, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 24 ms. n,
£, Barnstable, 75 s. e. Boston, on Cape Cod, is
a narrow strip of sand, e. Cape Cod bay andw.
ocean, both of wbich are seen at once from the
road. On the E. is some pretty good land ; the
rest moveable sand. Salt is made here from
sea water. The Nanset Indians had a Christian
church raany years here. First settled frora
Plyraouth, 1644. Pop, 970,
East Hampton, p.t, Harapshire co. Mass. 5
miles s. Northampton, 90 w. Boston, w. Conn,
river. On the e, side is the proposed route of
Farmington canal ; the town has a variety of
soil, and much pine plain. Pop. 1830, 745.
Easthampton, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. 112 ms.
E. N. York, 35 e. Riverhead, at E. end of Long
Island, includes Governor's Island and Montauk
Point, s. Gardner's bay and Long Island sound,
N. and w. ocean. Greatest breadth 8 miles,
greatest lengtii on main land 24, First settied
1649, from Lynn, Mass, Tbe people are farm
ers, mechanics, and shoemakers, Clinton
academy, founded 1784, wfth $24,000 given by
them. At Montauk 9000 acres of good land
are owned in coramon. The light house was
built 1796, for $25,000. Gardner's island con
tains 2,500 acres ; Gardner's bay, a good bar
bor for a fleet of ships, was used by the enemy
during the last war. Pop, 1,668.
East Hanover, tsp. and p-o. on Swatara r. w.
part of Lebanon co. Pa. about 17 ms. n. e. by e.
Harrisburg. East Hartford, p-t. Hartford co. Conn, e,
Connecticut r,, is connected with Hartford by a
bridge ; has fine meadows, with level, light
soU ; fine elms in the village. Pop. 2,237.
East Haven, t. Essex co. Vt. 45 ms. n. Mont
pelier, gives rise to Moose r. and is rough and
almost tminhabited. Pop. 33.
East Haven, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 4
railes E. New Haven, n. Long Island sound, has
fine swells, -with light soil ; a light house at E.
point of New Haven harbor ; the town is con
nected with New Haven by a bridge. Pop.
1,229. East Hempfteld, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co,
Pennsylvania, 34 miles s. E, by e, Harrisburg.
East Kingston, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 21
ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 39 s. e. Concord, 3 sq.
ms. Kas a good soil for grass and grain, and is
crossed by Powow r. Pop. 442.
East Liberty, tsp. and p-v. Fayette co. Pa
34 ras. s. E, Uniontown,
East Liberty, p.v, Marion county, Tennes.
see, by p.r, 138 ms, southeast NashviUe.
East Machias, t. Washington co. Me,, cross.
ed N, and s, by a broad stream, and emptying in.
to Machias bay. It has a large pond on its
eastern border. Pop. 1,065.
East Nantmill, tsp. and p.o,, N. part of Ches.
ter CO. Pa., on the waters of French cr., about
33 ms. N, w, Phil.
East New Market, p.v., on the waterg of
Nantikoke r., E. partof Dorchegter co. Md., 16
mg. a littie n. of e. Cambridge.
Easton, p.t. Bristol co. Mass., 22 ms. s. Bos.
ton, has large raanufactories of iron, woollen
and cotton. A lead and sUver mining company |

was incorporated here, 1825, with a capital of
"30,000. Pop. 1,756.
Easton, p.t. Washington co. N. Y,, 27 ms, n.
Albany, 16 a, w. Salem, e. Hudson r., 6 ms, by
12, 70 sq, ms., has good farms, uneven surface,
and various soils. Battenkill N. has a fall of 60
ft. and other mill sites.
Easton, borough, p.t. and st. jus. Northamp.
ton CO, Pa,, situated on the right bank of Dela
ware r,, between the mouths of Lehigh r. and
Bushkill cr. The site of this borough is a lime
stone valley environed on all sides by masses
of that rock. Beyond the Lehigh rises the Blue
Ridge, which about 2 ras. below the town, is
traversed by Delaware r. The vicinity along
tbe Delaware, Lehigh, and Bushkill, is finally
broken and varied, with a very productive and
well cultivated soil, which adds to the attractive
scenery, the charm of abundance. Lafayette
college, wbich is located here, was incorpo
rated in 1826, We are unable to say more at
present of this institution, than that a course
sirailar to that of other colleges is purauedinit;
that there are about 70 students now in it, and
that there ia a farra, and workshops coimected
with the college, in which the students labor.
According to information procured on the spot,
there were in Easton, 1821, a library containing
1,200 volumes ; an academy caUed the Union
academy, three places of public worship, 1
Presbyterian, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Epis
copalian. There were within the borough 6
grist mills, 2 saw miUs, 2 distilleries, 3 tan
yards, 1 brewery, and 31 dry goods stores. Four
fine bridges, 1 over the Delaware, 1 over Le
high r. and 2 over Bushkill cr. The town is
laid out at right angles, streets along the cardi.
nal points, issuing from a central square, in
which stands tho court house, built in 1758.
Since 1821, the advance of Easton has been
rapid. The Lehigh and Delaware canals have
raade it an eraporiura in reality, from which
Unes of intercoraraunication radiate as from a
coraraon centre. Pop, 3,529, Lat. 42° 42', long.
1° 50' E. W. C,
Easton, p-v, seaport and st, jus. Talbot co.
Md., situated near the centre of the co,, at the
head of Tread Haven r. or bay. Lat. 38° 46',
long. 1° E. W. C, byp-r, 81 ms, a littie a. ofE.
W, C, and 41 s, e, by e, AnnapoUs, Pop.
1820, 2,000.
East Penn, p-o. and tsp, Northampton co. Pa.
The ofiace is by p-r. 191 ms. «. n. e. W. C. and
91 ms. N. E. by e. Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1,C07.
East Pond, plantation, Somerset co. Me., 25
ms. frora Augusta. Pop. 299.
Eastport, p-t. and port of entry, Washington
CO. Me., 176 ras. e. Augusta, 279 E. n. e. Port.
land, 41 ms. E. n. e. Machias, in Passamaquoddy
bay, on Moose Island, 4 ras. long, with bold
shores, is an iraportant place for trade, and the
easternmost miUtary post of the U. S. Lumber
trade and fishing are principal branches of bu
siness. A ferry of 3 ms. crosses to Lubec, and
a bridge to Perry. The v. ia s. Pop. 2,450.
Eastport, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala., by p-r.
11 1 ms. N. Tuscaloosa.
East r. King's, Queen's, New- York and West
chester coa. N. Y., is a strait, connecting New
York bay with Long Island sound, is an im-

EBE

140

EDG

portant channel for coasting vessels, about 25
ms.by 1, navigable for the largest ships, with
several isis,, and a swift and rocky pass at Hell
Gate, or Hori Gatt.
East Smithfield, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by
p-r. 188 ms. n. Harrisburg.
East Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 18
ms, w. Boston, bas good soil, several ponds,
and is crossed by Sudbury r. Pop. 944.
Eastville, p-v. and st. jus. Northarapton co.
Va,. situated on the Peninsula between Chesa
peake bay and the Atlantic, 18 ms. N. Cape
Charles, by p-r. as stated in the p-o. list, 254 mg.
s. a, E, W, C. though in a direct line the dis
tance is only 125 ms, Lat, 37° 30', long, 1° 15'
E. W, C,
East Waterford, p-v. in the s. wstrn, part of
Juniata co. Pa, about 40 ras, in direct road n. of
w. Harrisburg, but by p-r. 62 ms.
East Whiteland, tsp. and po, Chester co. Pa,,
on the main road from Philadelphia to Lancas
ter, 20 ms, frora the forraer.
East Williamsburg, p-v, Northampton co.
Pa,, by p-r, 128 ms, n, e, by e, Harrisburg.
East'Windsor, p-t. Hartford co. Conn,, 8 ms,
N. Hartford, has rich meadows, a pleasant v. on
a wide street, lined with fine elms, and raany
fine farras. It was one of the four earliest set
tleraents inthe state. First settled 1636, Pop,
3,537. East Windsor, t. Middlesex co, N. J. Pop.
1,905. Eaton, p-t. Strafford co, N, H, 71 ms, n, n. e.
Concord, 41 n, e, Guilford, 7 n, Portsmouth, w,
Maine, contains 33,637 acres, has pretty good
uplands, and pine on plains, with some iron ore,
small mill streams and several ponds. Pop.
1,432, Eaton, p-t, Madison co. N. Y,, on a branch
of Chenango r., 10 ms.s, w, Cazeno-via, 102 w,
Albany, Pop, 3,559,
Eaton, p-v, in the n, w, part of Luzerne co.
Pa., by p-r. 29 ms, n, Wilkesbarre, Pop, 599,
Eaton, p-v, andst, jus. Preble co. O., 26 ras.
w, Dayton, 51 w. of n. Cincinnati, 488 ras. a little
n. ofw, W, C, N, lat. 39° 46', long. 7° 38' w.
W. C. Pop. 510.
Eaton, co. Mich., bndd. by Inghara e., Jack
son s. E., Calhoun s. w,, Barry w,, Ionia, n, w,,
and Clinton n, e. It is a square of 24 ms. each
way ; area 576 sq, ms, Lat, 42° 35', and long,
W, C, 8° w, intersect in thia co. The main
streara of Grand r, winds along the estrn, bor
der in a northerly direction, but the body of tbe
CO. slopes wstrd., giving souree to Apple r.
branch of Grand r,, and to Battle r. branch of
Kalamazoo r. The centre is about 100 ms. a
little n. of w. Detroit. Pop, uncertain,
Eaton's Neck, Huntington, N, Y. on Long
Island sound, has a light house.
Eatonville, or E.,tonton, p-v, and st, jus, Put
nam CO, Geo,, near the centre ofthe co,, 20 ms,
N, N, w. MUledgeviUe. Lat 33° 19', long. 6°
28' w, W, C,
Ebenezer, academy and p-o,, s, w. part of
York dist, S. C, 66 ras. n. n. w. Colurabia.
Ebenezer, v. .Effingham co. Geo. onthe right
bank of Savannah r. 25 ms, above Savannah,
Ebensbcrg, borough p-v, and st. jus. Cambria
CO, Pa, situated on the head waters of Littie

Conemaugh, 75 ms. a very little n. of e. Pitts
burg, and by p-r. 144 miles n. w. by w. Harris
burg, Lat.40° 31', long, 1° 40' w, W. C.
EoHocuNo, or Tehocunno r. Geo. rising in
Monroe co, between Flint and Chupee rs. and
flowing thence into Crawford, over the n. e. an.
gle of Bibb and Crawford and Bibb and Hous-
ton COS. falls into the Ocmulgee, after an en.
tire comparati.ve course of 40 ms. in a southeast
direction. Echoconno, p.o. on Echoconno r., Crawford
CO. Geo. by p-r. 42 ms. s. w. MUledgeviUe.
Economy, p-v, Erie co. Pa. about 100 ms, n.
Pittsburg. Economy, p-v, in the eastern part of Wayne
CO. Indiana, by p.r, 77 ms, e, IndianopoUs,
Eddyville, p-v, on the right bank of Cum
berland r, Caldwell CO, Ken. 12 ms. from Prince
ton, the CO. st. Pop, 167.
Eddington, p-t. Penobscot co. Me, 70 ms, n,
E. Augusta, E, Penobscot ,, opposite Bangor,
Pop, 405,
Eden, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 36 railes e. Cas
tine, 92 Augusta, is almost insulated by French.
man's bay and Mount Desert sound. Pop. 957.
Eden, t. Orleans co. Vt. 30 ms. n. Montpelier,
37 N, E, BurUngton, 36 sq, ras, was granted to
Col. S. Warner, and his regiraent, 1781, has
many small strearas, with the sources of Wild
Branch and Green r. Mount Norris, Belvidere
and Hadley mtns,, 5 scbool dists. Pop. 461.
Eden, p-t. Erie co. New York, 23 ms. s.
Buffalo, 6 ms. sq. 7 ms. e, lake Erie, bas a va.
ried surface, and watered by Canquada cr. with
loamy sand and gravel, best for grass ; beech,
maple, heralock, <fec. Pop. 1,066,
Eden's Ridge, and p.o, w. part Sullivan co.
Tennessee, by p.r. 297 ras. n. of e, Nashville.
Edgar, co. II., bounded by Clarke s.. Coles
w., Vermillion co. of II. n., Vermillion co. of
Ind. N. E,, and Vigo co. Ind. s. e. Length from
s, to N, 30, breadth 24, and area 720 sq. ras.
Lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 10° 45' w. General
slope southeastward, and drained by ers. flow.
ing into the raain Wabash. Chief t. Paris. —
Pop, 1830, 4,071.
Edgartown, p-t. port of entry and st. jus.
Duke's CO. Mass. 100 ras. s. s. e. Boston, 14
railes south main land, has a good and conven
ient harbor, protected by Chippaquiddick island,
a shelter in storm, and has considerable ship
ping. Pop. 1,509.
Edgecomb, p-t. Lincoln co. Me, on Sheepscott
r, 20 ms. Augusta, is almost insulated by Dama
riscotta and Sheepscott rivers. Population
1,258. Edgecombe, co. N. C.bndd. by Neuse r. which
separates it from Wayne s. w., by Nash -iv., and
N. w. by Halifax, n. and n, e, by Martin, e. and
s, E. by Pitt and Greene. Length from s, w, to
N, E. 35mUes, mean breadth 18 raUes, area 648
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 34' to 36°
06', long. 0° 27' to 1° 02' w. W. C. The two
main branches of Tar. r. enter this co. separate,
but unite within it, a short distance above Tar-
borough, and flow from the s. e. border into Pitt
CO. The s. part is drained by various branches
of Neuse r. The surface level, and soil mid-
dling quality. Cf t. Tarborough. Pop. 1820,
13,276, 1830, 14,935.

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141

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Edgefield, p.v. Fauquier co. Va. by p.r. 47
ms. w. W. C.
Edgefield, dist. S. C. bndd. by Abbeville tt.
w., by Saluda r, separating it from Newburg n.,
by Lexington n. e., Orangeburg E., Barnwell s,
E., and Savannah r, separating it from Rich.
mond, Columbia and Lincoln co. of Georgia, s.
w. Length from s. to n. 60 ms. mean breadth
28, area 1,680 gq. ms. Extending' in lat. from
33° 17' to 34° 11', long, from 4° 50' to 5° 20'
w. W. C. The southem part of Edgefield
slopes south towards the Savannah r. and is
drained by Stephens cr. and some minor
streams. The southem section has its slope
towards Saluda, and is drained in great part by
Little Saluda. Surface gently hUly, and soil
mostly of second rate quality. Cf. t. Edgefield,
Pop, 1820, 25,179, 1830, 30,509.
Edgefib(ld, c. h. and p-v. Edgefield dist. S.
C. hy p-r. 57 miles s. w. by w. Colurabia.
Edgemont, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. 123 ms, n,
E. W. C. Pop. 757.
Edinboro, p-v. Montgomery co. N. C. by post
road 97 ms. southwest by west Raleigh.
Edinburgh, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms, n.
w. BaUston Spa, 7 ms. by 8, is crossed by Sa
candaga r., is hilly east, and level west, and has
generally a stiff loam, with good land in the
middle, and s. w. Pop. 1,571.
Edinburgh, p-o. and tsp. in the e, part of
Portage CO. Ohio, 7 ras. e. Ravenna, the co.st.
Edinburgh, p-v. in the s. e. angle Johnson co.
Indiana, by p-r. 30 ms. s. s. e, Indianopolis, It
is situated at the junction of Blue r, aud Sugar
cr. branches of Driftwood fork of White r.
Edisto, r. of S, C. rises by two branches in
Edgefield dist. S. Edisto flowing s. e. leaves
Edgefield and forming the boundary between
Barnwell and Orangeburg districts, receives N,
Edisto, and continuing s. e, enters CoUeton,
and inflecting to the s. reaches the alluvial plain
near the Atlantic, where it divides into two
channels, again called relatively N. Edisto, and
S. Edisto, enclosmg Edisto isl. on both sides.
The entire comparative length of Edisto by
either branch is about 130 railes. Its basin is
130 ms. by a mean breadth of 30, area 3,900
square miles. Lying between the Savannah
and Santee rs.
Edisto isl., S. C. enclosed by the two outlets
of Edisto r. and the Atlantic. Length from
Clark's inlet on the ocean to the separation of
the two Edistos, 124 nis. raean breadth 7
ms. area 87i sq, ms, forming a part of Colleton
dist. Surface flat and in great part marshy,
with nuraerous interlocking water courses. —
Soil where fit for culture, highly productive.
Central lat. 32° 33.' Staple culture, cotton and
rice, though the cliraate would perhaps admit
sugar cane.
Edmeston, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y. 18 ms. w.
Cooper's town, 84 w. by s. Albany, e. Unadilla
river, has 26,628 acres, is varied in surface and
soil, and haa mill seats on Unadilla and Whar
ton's ers., and has limestone s. e. Pop. 2,087,
Edmonds, t., Washington co. Me. w. Coles,
cook bay. Pop. 267.
E. Edmondson,, co. Ky. bndd. s. and s. w. by
Warren, w. and tt. w. by Grayson, and n. e. and
E. by Hart. It lies nearly 'in form of a circle
of 18 ms. diameter, area about 250 sq. ms, Ex. 19

tending in lat. from 37° 05' to 37° 20', long..
from 9° 02' to 9° 23' w. W. C. The main vol
ume of Green r. winds through this co. from e.
to w, receiving a large northern branch, Adin's
cr,, near the centre. It lies in tbe limestone
range and within what has been called the Bar.
rens of Ky.,' though in reality the soil is produc
tive. Cf t. Brownsville. Pop. 2,642.
Edmonton, p.v. Barren co. Ky. by p.r. 114 ms.^
s. w. Frankfort.
Edmund's, p.o. Brunswick co.. Virginia, s. s.
w. Richmond ; position in the co., uncertain.
Ednyville, p.o. Buncombe co. N. C. by p.r,
234 ms, w, Raleigh.
Edonton, p-v. and st. jus. Chowan co. N. C,
situated on a sraall bay opening b. w. into
Chowan bay, and s. E. into Albemarle sound,
about, 65 ras, s, s, w, Norfolk, Va. and by p-r.
183 ms. a little n. of e. Raleigh.
Edsalville, p-o. Bradford co. Pennsylvama,
by p-r. 182 ms. n. Harrisburg,
Edwards, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 194
ras. N. Albany. Pop, 633.
Edwardsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co.
Mich, by p-r. 643 ras. n. w. by w. W. C. and
169 ms. a little s. ofw, Detroit. It is situated
near the s. border of the co., and on a branch of
St, Joseph's r. Lat, 42° 48', long. 9° 9' w.
W, C.
Edward's Ferry and p-o. The ferry is over
the Potomac where the road crosses that r., be-
tween Rockville in Montgomery co. Md, and
Leesburg in Va, at and above the mouth of
Goose cr,, 21 ms, a little n, of w. from the for.
mer, 4 ms. n. e. from Leesburg, and 31 ms. N.
w. W. C. The p.o. is in Montgomery co. Md.
Edwardsville, p.v. Salem tsp. in the s. e.
part of Warren co. O. by p.r. 460 ms. w. W. C.
and 83 s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 48.
Edwardsville, p.v. and st. jus. Madison co.
II. by p.r. 836 ras. w. W. C. 55 a littie s. of w.
Vandalia, and by the interraediate road 20 ms.
N, E, from St. Louis in Mo.
Edyville, p.v. Caldwell co. Ky. situated on
the right bank of Cumberland r. about 35 ms.
following the stream above its mouth, and as
laid down on Tanner's U. S. exactiy on lat. 37°,
by p.r. 207 ms, s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Eel Rivers. As an instance of the unneces.
ary repetition ofthe same name, there are two
rivers of Ind. with this prenoraen. Southern
Eel r. is a br. of White r., having its remote
fountains in Boone and Hendricks cos. and
thence by a comparative course of 60 ms.
to the sthwstrd., traveraea and draina great part
of Putnam and Clay cos. In the latter it inflects
to s. E. 20 ms. falling into the right side of
White r, in Greene co. The valley of sthm.
Eel r. lies between thoae of Wabash and White
rs. and between lat. 39° 10' and 40°. North
ern Eel r, is a br. of Wabash r. rising in Allen
CO. and Putawatomie country. Flowing thence
traversing the latter 30 ms. enters and trav.
erses the nrthwstrn. angle of Wabash co. and
the nrthm. part of Miami co. falls into the right
side of Wabash r. at Logansport in Cass co. ;
after a comparative course of 80 ms. to the s.
w. by w. "This stream has interlocking sources
with those of the sthrn. confluents of Sf, Jo.
seph's r. of Mich. ; its valley lying between
that of the main Wabash, and those of Tippe.

ELB

142

ELI

canoe br. of Wabash and Elkhart br. of St. Jo
seph's of Mich.
Eefingham, t. Strafford co. N. H. 43 ms, n.
E. Concord ; contains 34,000 acres, has several
high ratns., and ia crossed by Ossipee r. Pop.
1830, 1,911, since which the t. of Freedom has
been separated from it.
Effingham, co. Geo. bndd. by Great Ogee
che r. which separates it from Bryan s. w., and
Bullock w,, by Scriven n, w,, by Savannah r.,
which separates it from Beaufort dist. S. C, N.
E, and E., and by Chatham s. Length 30, mean
breadth 11, area 330 sq, ms. Extending in lat.
from 32° 08' to 30° 33', long, from 4° 12' to 4°
31' w. W. C, Surface level. Cf t. Springfield.
Pop. 1820, 3,018, 1830, 2,924.
Effingham, p-v. Bedford co. Ten. by p-r. 58
ms. s. NashviUe.
Effingham, co. II. bndd. s, by Clay, w. by
Fayette, n. by Shelby, n. e. by Coles, and e. by
Jasper. Length 22, breadth 18, and area 396
eq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 54' to 39°
12' w. W. C. The slope is southwardly, and
in that direction is traversed by Little Wabash.
It was formed from what was formerly the e.
part of Fayette, and its central part is about 35
ms. E. Vandalia.
EoG Harbor, t. Gloucester, co. N, J, on the
Atlantic, bndd, s, w. and w. by Great Egg Har
bor T. Pop. 2,510.
Egg Harbor, Great, r. and inlet, Gloucester
CO. N. J, The r. is navigable for vessels of
large size for some distance from its mouth,
which is in lat. 39° 18', 20 ms. n. of Cape May,
and 60 frora Phil,
Egg Harbor, Great, port of entry Glouces
ter CO,, and the name of a collection district,
the tonnage of which, in 1829, was 9,511 tons,
60 ms. s. E, PhU.
Egg Harbor, Little, bay and inlet, Burling
ton CO. N. J. on the Atlantic ocean, at the
mouth ofMuUicus r. and about 40 ms. ir. of Cape
May. Egg Harbor, Little, t. Burlington co. N. J.
on the sea coast, bndd. s, w, by MuUicus i,
which separates it frora Gloucester co. Pop.
1491. It gives name to a collection dist. the
collector of which resides at Tuckerton. Ton
nage in 1829, 2,783 tons.
Egkemomt, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 15 ms.
s. s. w. Lenox, 130 w. Boston, is. N. Y. on e.
declivity of Taughkannuck mtn. tributary of
Housatonic r. Pop. 890.
Elba, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. Bata.
via, 10 e. Erie canal, is nearly level, good for
grazing, and gives rise to Oak Orchard cr., and
sends streams s. to Black er. Pop. 2,678.
Elbert, co. Geo. bndd. by Broad r. which
eeparatesit from Lincolns. e., Wilkes s., Ogle
thorpe s. w., and Madison W., by Franklin n,
w., and by Savannah r. which separates it from
Anderson dist. S. C. n. e., and from Abbeville
dist. E. Length along Savannah r. 40 ms,, mean
breadth 14, and area 560 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, from 33° 56' to 34° 30', long, from 5°
33' to 6° 10' w. W. C. Surface hUly, and soil
productive. Slope s. estrd. Cf t. Elberton.
Pop. 1820, 11,788, 1830, 12,354.
Elbridge, p-v. Onondaga co. N. Y. 2 ras. s.
Erie canal. Pop. 3,357.

Elbridge, p.v. in the s. e. part Edgar co. II.
by p-r, 116 ms. N. e. by e. VandaUa, and 665
ms. w. W. C.
Eldenton, p.v. Armstrong co. Pa.
Elderton, p.v. in the s. e. part of Armstrong
CO. Pa. 13 ms. from Kittaning, the co. St., and
by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 170 w. Harris.
burg. Eldehsville, p.v. Washington co. Pa. on
the road from Washington, the st. jus. for the
CO., to Steubenville, 20 ms. N. w. the former,
and 16 s. e. the latter place.
Eldredville, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. by p-r.
105ms. N.w, Harrisburg.
Eldridge, p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p.r. 82
ras. w, Richmond.
Eldridge, p-v. and tsp. in the N. E. part of
Huron co. O. The p-o. 397 ms. n. w. W. C.
and 124 n.'n, e, Columbus. Pop, tsp. 742.
Elizabeth r. Va. rises by nuraerous small
branches in Princess Ann and Norfolk cos.,
flows to the N. w. opening into a wide estuary,
terminating in the mouth of Janies r. The en
tire length of Elizabeth r. is only about 25 ms,,
but it gains iraportance as forming the fine har
bor of Norfolk, adraitting to that port vessels
of 18 ft, draugbt, and again aa constituting with
the Dismal Swamp canal and Pasquotank r., a
chain of inland navigation from Chesapeake bay
to Albemarle sound.
Elizabeth isis. Duke's co. Mass. are 16 in
nuraber, not all inhabited, extend s. w. from
Barnstable, forraing the s. E. side of Buzzard's
bay, B. E, Bristol co., and g. w. Martha's Vine.
yard. The largest areNashawn, Nashawenlia,
and Presque Isle. Gosnold spent the winter of
1602 here with a party of English.
Elizabeth, p.o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 234
ms, N. w, W. C.
Elizabeth, p-v. in the s. part of Harrison co.
Ind. 11 ms. s. Corydon, the co. st. and by p.r.
6l3 s. of w. W. C. and 135 ms. s, Indianopolis.
Elizabeth City, co. Va. bndd. w. by War.
wick, N, by Black r. separating it from York co,,
E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. by Hampton
roads, or mouth of James r. It lies in the form
of a square of 18 ms. each side, area 64 sq.
ms. Extendmg in lat. from 37° 02' to 37° 08',
long, frora 0° 37' to 0° 47'. Cf t. Hampton.—
Pop. 1820, 3,789, 1830, 5,053.
Elizabeth City, p.v. and St. jus. Pasquotank co.
N. C, situated on the right bank of Pasquotank
r. at the point where that stream widens into a
bay, 45 ms. s. Norfolk, Va. by p.r. 182 ms. n.e.
by E, Raleigh, Lat, 36° 14', long. 0° 52' e. W. C.
Elizabethtown, p-t. and st. jus. Essex co, N.
Y. 126 ms. N, Albany, 16 w. Essex, w. of n.
West bay of lake Champlain, has rams, with
some large and fertile valleys. Pleasant valley
is crossed by Bouquet r. It has a village, vrith
CO. buUdings, state arsenal, cfec. The. Giant of
the valley mtns. is 1,200 ft. high. There are ores
and forges. Pop. 1,015.
Elizabethtown, p.t. and borough, Essex co.
N. J. 15 ms. w. by s. N. Y. by water 6 s. New.
ark, 17 n. e. New Brunswick, w. Newark b4y,
level, with pretty good soil, well cultivated for
gardens, &c. supplying many articles for N. Y.
market. Was settled from Connecticut, and
has a large and handsome village, with a court

ELK

143

ELK

house, &c. an academy and apprentices' libra.
ry, 1 m. from the point whence is frequent daily
steamboat navigation to N. Y. and Phil. Ves.
sels of 300 tons go to the point, and those of 30
to the V. Pop. 3,445.
Elizabethtown, p-v. near the w. border of
Lancaster co. Pa. on the road from the city of
Lancaster to Harrisburg, about 18 ms. from
each. Elizabethtown, v. Alleghany co. Pa, on the
right bank of Monongahela r. 15 ms. a little e.
of s. Pittsburg.
Elizabethtown, Washington co. Md. {See
Hagerstown.) Elizabethtown, p-v. and st. jus. Bladen co.
N. C. situated on the right bank of Cape Fear
r. 37 ms, bv tbe road below Fayetteville, and
by p-r, 98 ms. s. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 40', long.
0° 38' w. W. C.
Elizabethtown, p-v. and st. jus. Hardin co.
Ky. situated on a small cr. h. branch of Nolins
creek, 43 ms. s. Louisville, and by p-r. 72 ms.
s. w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 42', long. 8° 50' w.
W.C.
Elizabethtown, p-v. and st. jus. Carter co
e. Ten. situated on the waters of Watauga r.
about 120 ms. n. e, by e. Knox-ville, and by p-r.
270 ms. a littie n. of e. NashviUe. Lat. 36° 22',
long. 5° 5' w. W. C.
Elizabethtown, p-v. White Water tsp. in
the s. w. part Hamilton co. O. 17 ms. w, Cin
cinnati, and byp-r. 514 ras. w. W. C. Pop. 134.
Elizaville, p-v. in the w. part of Fleraraing
CO. Ky.
¦Elk, I. stream of Pa. Del. and Md. The
extreme source in Chester co. of the former
state between Octora and White Clay ers, and
flowing thence s. enters Coecil co. Md. receiv
ing from Del. Back and Boheraia creeks, falls
into the head of Chesapeake bay 8 ras. s. s. E.
the mouth of Susquehannah i. This small r,
is important from its position. The lower part
below Back cr. forms a part of the line of in
land navigation by the Chesapeake and Del.
canal. Elk, r. Western Va. rises amid the Appala
chian Ridges in Randolph and Pocahontas cos.
interlocking sources with those of Monongahe
la, Little Kenhawa, Wheat, Green Brier and
Gourley rs. Leaving Randolph and Pocahon
tas, and traversing Nicholas and Kenhawa cos.
it finally is lost in Great ^Kenhawa at Charles
ton, after a comparative western course of 100
ms. Elk, r. of Ten. and Ala. drawing its reraote
sources from the n. w. slope of Cumberland
mtn. Franklin co. Ten. and flowing thenoe by a
general course s. w. by w. over Franklin, Lin
coln, and Giles cos. Ten. enters Ala. traversing
liraestone, and falling into Ten. i. in the s. e.
angle of Lauderdale co. after a comparative
course of 110 ms. The vaUey of Elk r. Ues
between those of Ten. and Duck rs.
Elk Creek, p-o. in Elk Creek tsp. n. w. part
of Erie CO. Pa. by p-r. 306 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Elk Creek, tsp. Erie co. Pa. on the heads of
Cussewago, Conneaut and Elk ers. 17 ras. s. w.
the borough of Erie. Pop. 1820, 288, 1830,
562. Elk Fork, p.v. in the northem part of Jeffer.

son CO, 0. by p.r. 23 ras. northerly from Steu.
benville the co. St., 283 ms. n. w. by w. W. C.
and 145 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus.
Elk Grove, p.v. Iowa co. Mich, by p.r. 1,110
ms. N. w. by w. W. C.
Elkhart, r. of Ind. rising in the Putawatomie
cotmtry, interlocking sources with those of Tip
pecanoe and Eel r. branches of Wabash, and
flowing thence N. N. w, enters and gives name to
Elkhart co. within which it falls into the left side
of St. Joseph's r. of Mich, after a coraparative
course of 40 ms. The mouth of Elkhart r. is
almost exactly on long. 9° w, of W. C. and at
N. lat. 41° 44'. Some ofthe western branches
of Elkhart interlock their sources with those of
Kankakee, and of course withthe extreme east
em tributary waters of IlUnois r.
Elkhart, co. of Ind, bndd. by La Grange co.
E., the Putawatomie territory s. E. and s., St.
Joseph's CO. w., Berrien co.. of Mich, tt. w., and
Caas CO. of Mich. N, E. Length from s. to n. 26-
ras., breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Extend.
ing in lat, from 41° 25' to 41° 46', and in long.
from 8° 45' to 9° 8' w. W. C, The southwest-
em angle gives source to the Kankakee branch
oflUinois, and declines wstrd. The northem
part also declines wstrd., but is traversed in
that direction by the raain volume of St. Joseph
r. Elkhart r. from which the co, derives its
name, enters the southeastern angle, and flow.
ing N. n. w. falling into St. Joseph r.. and receiv..
ing confluents from both sides, gives a slope in
that direction to the body ofthe co. Pop. 935.
Elk Heart Plain, p.v. Wabash co. Ind. by
pj-. 616 ras. N. w. byw. W. C. and 196 n. n. e.
Indianopolis. Elk Hill, p.o. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 59 ms.
s.w. Richmond.
Elkhorn, sraall r. of Ky . rising in Lafayette
CO. near Lexington, and traversing Scott and
Woodford, falls into the right side bf Ky. r. in
Franklin co. 10 ms. below Frankfort, after a
comparative course of 30 ms.
Elkhorn, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. 4 ms. from
Frankfort. Elkhorn, p-v. on a small r. of the same name,
in the s. w, part of Washington co, II. The p-o.
is. by p-r. 824 ms. w. W. C. and 52 ms. s. s. w.
Vandalia. The r, is a small stream rising near
the northern border of Perry co. and flowing
northwestward over Washington, falls into Kas.
kaskias r, near the boundary between Wash
ington and St. Clair cos.
Elkland, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p.r. 161 ms.
N, Harrisburg.
Elk Marsh, p.o. s. part Fauquier co. Va. 22
ms. N. w. Petersburg.
Elk Ridge, pj). Giles co. Ten. by p.r. 91 ms.
s. s. w. Nashville.
Elk Ridge Landing, p.o. Ann Arundel co.
Md. on the right bank of Patapsco r. 9 ms. s. w.
Baltimore. Elk Run, church and p.o. s. e. part of Fau.
quier co. Va. 20 ms. n. n. w. Fredericksburg.
Elkton, p.t. and st. jus. Coecil co. Md. situa
ted onthe point between and above the junction
ofthe two raain branches of Elk r., very nearly
on the direct line and mid distance between
Philadelphia and Baltimore, or about 50 ms.
foUowing the road from each. Lat, 39° 36',

ELL

144

EMA

long. 1° 13' E. W. C. The importance of Elk.
ton as a travelling station, has been lessened by
the change of routes, and particularly by the
opening ofthe Chesapeake and Delaware canal.
It is still, however, a neat village, and the de.
pot of considerable trade.
Elkton, p-v. s. part of Giles co. Ten. situated
on the point and above the junction of Elk r.
and Richland cr. 10 ms. s. s. e. Pulaski.
Elkton, p-v. and st. jus. Todd co. Ky. situa
ted on Elk cr, a branch of Red r, by p.r. 190
ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 51', long.
10° 13' w. W. C.
Ellejoy, p-v. inthe s. part of Blount co. Ten,
hy p-r, 534 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 208 s, of
E, Nashville.
Ellenbukgh, t. Clinton co. N. Y. Pop.
1,222. Ellenton, p-v. and st. jus. Elbert co. Geo.
about 70 ms. N. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 73 ms.
N. N. E. MiUedgeviUe. Lat. 34° 05', long. 5°
52' w. W. C.
Ellerslie, p-v. in the n. part of Susquehan
nah CO. Pa. byp.r. 16ms. n. from Montrose, tbe
CO. St., and 28.'7 ms. a little E. of t>. W. C. and
179 N. N. E. Harrisburg.
Ellekslie, p.v. in tbe w. part of Harris co.
Geo. by p.r. 776 ms. a. w. W. C. aad 134 w.
Milledge-viUe. Ellery, p.t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 11 ras. s. e.
MayvUle, .54 sq. ms. with most of Chatauque
lake, pretty good land, with oak, ash, bass,
&c. ; recently settled, has many small streams.
Fop. 2,002.
Ellicott, t.Chatauque co. N. Y. 30 ms. «. e.
MayvUle, 144 sq.ms,, the n. and w. branches
of Conne wongo cr. meet here, and are navigable
for raftg. Mill seats abound ; the soU is vari.
ous. Pop. 2,101.
Ellicotts, or Eleven Mile Creek, Genesee
and Erie COS. N. Y., joing Tonawanda creek,
near lake Erie.
Ellicotts Mills, p.v. Baltimore co. Md. on
the main stream of Patapsco, 10 ms, s. w, by w.
Baltiraore. The v, straggling along the valley,
and interraingled with raills and other manufac
tories, is in both Baltimore and Ann' Arundel
COS., and on the main road from Baltiraore to
the city of Frederick. The Baltimore and Ohio
rail road, which leaves tbe city and foUows the
valley of the Patapsco, generally intersects the
tumpike in Ann Arundel, part of Ellicott Mills.
The vicinity is broken and romantic, and scene
ry formerly not suspected to exist 10 ms. from
Baltimore, will now comraand attention, and
becorae a fashionable place of resort, from the
facility and pleasure of moving on the rail way.
Ellicottville, p-t, andst. jus. Cataraugus co,
N. Y. 325 ms. w. Albany, 6 ms. by 15, is sup.
pilied with excellent mill sites by Great Valley
cr. Pop. 626.
Elliotsburq, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p.r. 48
ms. N. w. Harrisburg.
Elliotts' Cross Roads and p.o. Cumberland
CO. Ky. by p.r. 151 ms, a little w. ofs, Frankfort.
Ellington, p.t. Tolland co. Conn. 13 ras. n.
B. Hartford. Greatest extent 6 by 9 ms. 34 sq.
ms. level w. broken e. good for grain, has a
pleasant village, near which is Mr. Hall's aca.
demy. Pop, 1,455.

Ellington, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop.
1,279. Elliot, p.t. York co. Me. e. Piscataquay r.
which divides it from Newington and N. H.
107 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1,845.
Ellis, r. Coos co. N. H. joins Saco r. in
Bardett. Ellis, isl., low sandy reef of Flor. on the
Baharaa channel, and forming the s. e. bounda.
ry of Biacane bay. Lat. 25° 24', long. 3° 20'
w, W. C.
Ellisburg, p.t, Jefferson co. N. Y. s. 'Lake
Ontario. First settled 1797, 9 ms. sq. level
except s. E,, watered by Great Sandy cr. and
has many mill sites, with a tolerable harbor on
the lake Ontario, at the mouth of Great Sandy
cr. and a navigation of 2 ms, up each of its
branches. Here is a salt spring. Pop. 5,292.
Ellisville, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 67
ms. N. N. E. Raleigh.
Ellisville, p-v, and St. jus. Jones co. Miss,
situated on a confluent of Leaf r, branch of
Pascagoula, about 100 ms. due e. Natchez, and
by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Jackson. Lat. 31° 37',
long, 12° 17' w.W.C.
Ellsworth, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 24 ms. n.
e. Castine, 81 Augusta, crossed by Union r.
Pop, 1,385,
Kllsworth, p-t, Grafton co. N. H. 11 ms. n.
N, w. Plymouth, 52 N. n, w. Concord, 84 n. w.
Portsmouth ; contains 16,606 acres, has Carr's
mtn. in tt. and centre, much bad soil, but yields
grain, maple sugar, clover seed, &c. Pop. 1,492.
Ellsworth, p-v, Sharon, Litchfield co. Conn.
47 ms. w. by n. New Hartford.
Elmira or Newtown, p-t. and half co, t, Tio.
ga CO, N, Y. 32 ms. w. Owego, 16 e. Painted
Post, 19 s. head of Seneca lake, 210 w. by s.
Albany, crossed by Chemung r. and there are
mill seats on this and Elraira cr. with hills, and
sorae good meadows. The land is held in fee.
Pop. 2,962.
Elmore, t. Orleans co. Vt. 17 ms. n. Mont.
pelier, 33 e. Burlington, 6 ms. sq. First settled,
1790, from Conn, is uneven, with Fordwaymto.
N. w. hard wood and iron ore, sends strearas to
Lamoille and Onion rs. There are 3 school
dists. Pop. 442.
Elsenborodgh, t. Salem co. N. J. on Del. r. a.
w. Salem. Pop. 503.
Elsingborough, t, Salem co. N. J. 60 ms. s. w.
Trenton, s. Salem r,, n. Alloway's cr., E. Del. r.,
opposite Del. city. Pop. 503,
Elsworth, p-v. andtsp. Trumbull co. 0. The
p.o. is by p-r. 296 ms. n. w. W. C. and 151 K. k.
Columbus. Pop. tsp. 603.
Ely, p-v. Jennings co. Ind. by p-r. 574 ms. w.
W. C. and 69 s. e. Indianopolis.
Elyria, p-v. tsp. and st. jus. Lorain co. 0.
The V. is byp-r. 377 ms. n. w. by W. C. and 130
a little E. of N. Columbus. It is situated on
Black r. 10 ms. from lake Erie, at lat. 41° 24',
long. 5° 6' w. W. C. Pop.tsp. 663.
Elyton, P-v. and St. jus. Jefferson co. Ala. sit
uated onthe road from Tuscaloosa to HuntsviUe,
48 ms. N. e. the latter, and 88 s. s. w. the former.
Lat. 33° 35', long. 10° w, W. C.
Emanuel, co. Geo. bndd. by Great Ohoope r.
which separates it from Montgomery s. w., by
Washington ir. w., and Jefferson n. Great

ENF

145

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Ogeechee r. which separates it frora Burke tt. e ,
Scriven e,, BuUock s, e,-, Tatnell s. Length
from E. to w. 56 ms.,mean breadth 20, and area
1,120 sq.ms., extendingin lat. from 32° 21' to
32° 52', long, from 4° 51' to 5° 48' w. W. C.
Surface generally level, soil sandy and barren.
Cft. Swainsboro'. Pop. 1820,2,928,1830, 2.681.
Emaus, p.v. s. part Lehigh co. Pa. situated
near Little Lehigh cr. at the n. w. foot of the
Blue Ridge, 10 ms. s. w. Bethlehem, and by p-r,
88 ms, N, E. by e. Harrisburg. This village is
one ofthe settlements ofthe United Brethren or
Moravians, and is included in the tsp. of Salis
bury. Pop. 1820, about 100,
Emden, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 46 ms. from
Augusta, 16 N. Norridgewock, w. Kennebec r.
juBt above Seven MUe brook. Pop. 894.
Embkeeville, p.o. Chester co. Pa. by p.r. 106
ms. N.E. W.C.
Emery, r. of Ten. having its source by seve.
ral streams issuing fromthe s. e. slope of Cum.
berland mtn. in Bledsoe, Morgan, and Fentress
COS., and flowing thence n. e., enter and unite in
the s. angle of Morgan co,, and abruptly inflect
ing to the s,, separating Anderson from Roane,
falls into Clinch r. opposite Kingston, after an
entire comparative course of 60 ms.
Emery Iron Works and p.o. on Emery r.,
Roane co. Ten. byp.r. 141 ras. e. Nashville.
Eminence, p.v. inthe e. part of Greene co. II.
by p-r, 860 ms. from W. C. and 79 frora Vanda
lia, in a nearly similar direction a little n. ofw.
Emison's Mills, and p-o. Knoxco. Ind, 10 ms,
from Vincennes, tbe co, st, and by p-r, 693 ras,
w. W. C.and 136 ms, a. w. Indianopolis.
Emmetsburg, p-v. n. part of Frederick co. Md.
on the road from the city of Frederick to Get
tysburg, Adams co. Pa. 22 ras. a little e. of n.
Frederick. Emporium, p-v. Lycoraing co. Pa. not located
in tbe p-o. list.
Enfield, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ms. a, e,
Hanover, 42 n. w. Concord, 105 n, n, w, Boston,
with 24,060 acres, is hilly, with fish ponds and
streams. Mascomy pond, 4 ras. long, has
many islands, and receives Mascoray r. Here
is a Shaker settiement. Pop, 1,492,
Enfield, p-t, Tiampshire co. Mass. 81 ms. w.
Boston, has several factories on Swift r. Pop.
1,056. Enfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 ms. n,
Hartford, s. Mass., e. Conn, r., 5J ms. by 6, 33
sq, ms,, is generally level, but high near the r,,
has a light, rich soil, which bears oak and wal
nut, grain and grass, Scantic r, has mill sites and
meadows. First settled, 1681, from Salem, as
a part of Springfield, Mass. Tbe village is
pleasant, with fine elms. There is a settlement
of Shakers in this town. At Thompsonville, on
Conn. r. is an extensive manufactory of carpets,
where Scotch weavers were first employed.
•Pop. 2,129.
Enfield, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 5 ms. w,
Ithaca, is hilly, but has pretty good soil. Pop,
2,690. Enfield, p.v. King WiUiam co. Va. by p-r
31 ms. N. E. Richmond.
Enfield, p-v. on Beach Swamp cr. Halifax
CO. Va. by p-r. 1 10 ras. direct line, by the road
8S ms. N. E. Raleigh.

Enfield, p.v. Halifax co. N. C. about 15 ms.
w. of s. Halifax, the co. st., and by p.r. 228 w. of
s. W. C. and 74 n. e, by e, Raleigh.
English Neighborhood, v. Bergen co. N. J.
12 ms. from N. Y. on the e. branch of Hack.
ensack r., is pleasantly situated on w. bank of
Hudson r., with good land, and settled by
Dutch. English Town, p.v. Monmouth co. N. J. 18
ms. E. Princeton, 21 w. Shrewsbury, on Mat.
chaponix cr. the s. branch of Raritan r.
Ennisville, p.v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p.r.
79 ms. w. Harrisburg.
Ennoree, r. of S, C, riaing in Greenville diat.
interlocking sources with those of Saluda and
Tyger rs,, and generally about from 5 to 10 ma.
distant from the latter, falls into Broad r. after
a coraparative course of 75 ms.
Enosburg, p.t. FrankUn co. Vt. 35 ms. n, e.
Burlington, 43 N. w. Montpelier. First settled,
1797; is very healthy, with hills and valleys,
good for grass, crossed by Missisque and Trout
rs. (fee. with good raill sites, 12 school dists.
Pop. 1 560.
Ense, p.v. Orange co. N. C. 6 ms. w. Hills
boro', the CO. St. and by p-r. 302 s. s. w. W. C.
and 47 n. w. by w. Raleigb.
Ephrata or Tunkertown, p.v. on a branch of
Conestogoe r. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms, n, n, e.
Lancaster. Ephratah, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. Pop.
1,818. Epping, p.t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 ms, w.
Portsmouth, 30 s, e. Concord, 8 n. Exeter, nearly
20 sq, ms,, has good soil, and is crossed by
Lamprey and North rs. Pop. 1,262.
Epsom, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 12 ras. e.
Concord, 32 n. w. Portsmouth ; contains 19,-
200 acres, is uneven, with McKoy's Fort, Nat's
and Nottingham mtns,, generally bears grain
and grass ; has great and Little Suncook rs.
which unite here. Pop. 1,413.
Equality, p-v. and st. jus, Gallatin co, II, by
p-r. 773 ms, w, W. C, and 137 ras, s, s. E. Van
dalia. It is situated at the Forks of Saline r.
12 ms. N. w. by w, Shawneetown, on Ohio r. at
lat. 38° 45' long. 11° 25' w. W. C.
Erie, large lake of tbe U. S, and Upper
Canada, forming a link in the great central
chain of fresh water seas in the interior of
North America, The greatest length of Erie is
from the mouth of Maume« to the outlet of ,
Niagara strait, within an inconsiderable fraction
of 270 ms. 'The width varies from 15 to 50
ms. The widest part from Ashtabula co.
Ohio, to Middlesex in Upper Canada, narrow.
ing towards bpth extremes. The depth of Erie
is rauch less than that of either of the other
Canadian lakes, not exceeding a mean of 120
feet, or 20 fathoms, and generally very shaUow
towards its shores. The harbors are mostly
obstructed by bars, and none having a depth of
more than 6 or 7 feet. From the w. this lake
receives ¦ the Maumee, Raisin, Huron, and
Detroit rs., from the n. only the Ouse or Grand
river, but from the s. the Portage, Sandusky,
Huron, Cayahoga, Grand, Conneaut, Cattarau
gus, and Buffaloe. Erie is united to Ontario by
Niagara, with the Hudson by the Erie canal,
with the Ohio, by the Ohio canal, and with the

ERI

146

ESO

higher lakes, by Detroit and St. Clair straits.
With all the impediments to navigation arising
from defective harbors, the commerce on lake
Erie is already iramense, and very rapidly aug.
menting. Besides nuraerous other vessels nav.
igating the lakes, aeveral steara boats are
employed upon it, most of which are very com
modious, many of them elegant, affording real
facilities for travellers, and transportation.
Seven of these (1833) form a daily line between
Buffalo and Detroit, and four others form another
line between Buffalo and Cleveland ; all of these
touch at the interraediate ports on their routes.
Frequent excursions are also made frora Buffalo
to Green Bay, Mich, by the boats on the lake.
The position of Erie lake is in a singular raan
ner favorable to its becoming the centre of an
unequalled inland navigation. To the natural,
and already completed artificial channels of
connexion, raay be, araongst some others of less
obvious facility of execution, noticed the route
through Maumee and Wabash rs. That by the
channels of Huron and St, Joseph's into the
s, part of lake Michigan, cfec. Commerce. —
The following extract will serve to show the
immense and increasing value of navigation of
this lake. They are part of the remarks of Mr.
SiU, of the house of representatives, on the bill
making additional improveraents of certain har
bors c&c, delivered Feb. 18, 1831. "I have
not ascertained the exact amount of the ex
port trade of lake Erie during the past year, I
.have seen a partial stateraent of its amount,
which proves it to be of great extent, and should
itbe estimated at 15,000 tons, which is probably
below the actual araount, it would swell the ag
gregate amount of that trade to 40,000 tons,"
Erie co, N, Y. bndd. by Niagara co. n., Gene
see CO, E,, Cattaraugus and Chatauque eos, b,, 1,
Erie and Niagara r, w,, 33 ras, by 40, 950 sq, ras,
has 16 towns. It has Tonnewanta cr. n., with
EUicotts ; Buffalo cr, in the middle, with its
branches, Cayuga, Seneca and Cazenove ers.
and on the w, Canquaga, Conjocketa, Two Sis
ters, Smoke's, Delaware ers, and others. Oaks
grow N, on a swelling gravelly loam, with lirae
stone. A wet loara s. with beech, maple, cfec,
grass, grain, bog iron, liraestone, water lirae,
gun flint, (fee, Erie canal passes along w, and
N. This CO. suffered in the late war. Buffalo
is the at. jus. Pop, 1820, 1,568, 1830, 35,710,
Erie, p-t, Erie co, N, Y, 23 ms, e, n. e. Buf
falo, 260 w. Albany. Pop. 1,926,
Erie co. Pa, bndd.w. by Ashtabula co. 0,, n,
west and north by lake Erie, n. e, by Cha
tauque CO, N. Y., K. by Warren, and s, by Craw
ford COS. Pa, Greatest length along Crawford
CO, 45 raa,, mean breadth 17, area 765 sq. ms.
Lat 42°, and long, 3° w. W. C. intersect near
the centre of thia CO. Surface finely diversified
by hill and dale, with a very productive soil. Cf
t.Erie. Pop. 1820,8,553, 1830, 17,027.
Erie, p-t. borough, port of entry, and st. jus,
Erie CO. Pa. It is the same place formerly
called Presque Isle by the French, from the
peninsula which forms the harbor. The bo
rough extends along tbe main shore, is well
buUt and increasing. Pop. 1820, 635. The
barbor is formed by the main shore peninsula,
»nd a sandy shallow or reef. The opening is

to the N. E. having in common only 8 feet water
on the reef The depth within is more than ad.
equate to the draught of any vessel navigated on
lake Erie. The lake and inland trade of this
place is already extensive and increasing. A
turnpike road extends hence to Pittsburg, 136
ms., the two towns lying almost exactly N. and
s. from each other. Lat. 42° 08',, long. 3° 10'
w., distant by p.r. 357 ms. a. w. W. C, and 302
N. w. by w. Harrisburg.
Erie, p.v. and st. jus. Green co. Alabama, by
p.r. 896 ms.a. w. W. C, and 47 s. s. w. Tusca.
loosa. It is situated on the left bank of Black
Warrior or Tuscaloosa r. Lat. 32° 43', long.
10° 54' w. W. C.
Erie, t. Tioga co. N. Y., 12 ms. n. e. Elmira,
w, Cayuta cr,, has no other mill stream, is hilly.
Pop. 976.
Erin, t. Tioga co. N. Y. Pop. 975.
Ernest's Store, and p.o. Butler co. Ala., by
p-r. 920 ms, s. w. W. C., and 125 ms. s. s. e.
Tuscaloosa. Errol, t. Coos co. N. H., on w. side of Um
bagog lake, w. Me., contains 35,000 acres,
2,500 of which is water, is crossed by Ameris.
coggin r. which is here joined by several
streams. Pop. 82.
Ebving's Grant, p-t, Franklin co. Mass. Pop.
488. Ervinna, p-v., n. part of Bucks co. Pa., 1 6 ms.
N. Doyleston.
Erwin, p-t, Steuben co, N. Y., 216 ms, w. Al-
banj^. Pop. 795.
Erwinsville, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C, by
p-r, a little s, of w. Raleigh,
Escambia, r, of Florida amd Ala. The small
stream called Escambia rises in Monroe co.
Ala., and flowing s. over Baldwin, enters Flo
rida and falls into the much more considerable
volume of Conecuh, though below their junction
the united waters take the name of the lesser ¦
confluent. Now known as Escambia, this
stream continues s. 40 ms. with an elliptic curve
to the w. and gradually spreads into a bay,
wbich is again lost in the more extensive sheet
of Pensacola bay. {See Conecuch r.)
Escambia, extreme watrn, co. of Florida, bndd.
by Perdido r. or Baldwin co. Ala. w., by Monroe
and Conecuch cos, Ala, n,, by Walton co, Flo.
rida E,, and the Gulf of Mexico s. It is nearly
a square of 50 miles each side, or with an area
of 2,500 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 30°
16' to 31°, long, from 9° 38' to 10° 48' w. W. C.
The surface rises gradually frora the Gulf shore,
frora sandy plains to ridges of some elevation.
Tbe soil with but partial exeeption is barren,
and its natural state wooded with pine. The
asperity of soil is in sorae raeasure compensated
by the fine harbor of Pensacola and its conflu.
ent rs. These rs. are the Escambia and Yellow
Water. {See tkese articles, and also Conecuh
a-nd Pensacola.) Cf t. Pensacola. Pop. 3,386.
Escambia, p.v. Escambia co, Florida, on Es.
cambia r. 78 ms. rr, Pensacola.
Esopus cr. Ulster co. N. Y., runs 58 ms. into
Hudson r. at Saugerties, 11 ms. below Cats.
kiU. Esopus, p.t. Ulster co. N. Y., 4 ras. s. King
ston, 63 s. Albany, s; WalkUl cr., w. side Hud
son r., about 2i ms. by 7, 12 sq. ms., has good

ESS

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land, long cultivated by Dutch descendants.
Pop. 1,770.
Esperance, or Schoharie bridge, p.v. Scho.
harie co. N. Y. 26 ms. w. Albany.
Espiritu Santo, often called 'Tampa bay, fine
haven on the w. coast ofthe peninsula ofFlorida,
opens from the gulf of Mexico, at lat. 27° 45',
long. W. C. 6° 50' w. This extensive bay com.
prebends at its head Hillsborough bay, on which
is erected the healthy and well located Canton.
ment Brook, and Tampa bay which extends w,
of Hillsborough bay. The bay of Espiritu Santo
has tbree main channels, which, however, are
subdivided into several passes. The nthrn.
pass is the ship channel ; 24 feet can be carried
through at low water, and 28 at high tide. As
far up as the opening of Hillsborough bay, 24
feet can be depended on ; but, in the latter the
depth decreases, and at Cantonment Brook it
admits only 3 feet at low and 7 at high tide.
Within the bar of Hillsborough r. 12 feet can be
carried to the Fall, 12 ms. above Cantonment
Brook. The banks of the bay of Espiritu Santo
are generally low, and shoals project frora the
shore all roimd tbe bay. The distance at the
entrance between these shoals, about 5 ms.
{See Vacasausa bay.)
Espy, p.v. Columbia co. Pa., by p.r. 84 ms. n.
Harrisburg. Essex, co. Vt., forms the n. e. corner of the
state, and is bndd. by Lower Canada n.. Con.
necticut r. (the line of N. H.) e. and s,, Caledo.
nia CO, s. w,, and Orleans co, w,, 23 ms, by 45.
It is rocky and poor, and has but few inhabitants,
and those chiefly on Connecticut r. Nulhegan r,
and others enter Conn, r,, Passumpgic and
Mooge rg. s, w., Clyde, (fee. run into Canada.
Cf t. GuildhaU. Pop. 1820, 3,284, 1830, 3,981.
Essex, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt., 8 ms. n. e.
Burlington, 32 w. Montpelier, n. Onion r. First
settled 1783, from Salisbury Conn,, has few
* Mils, is sandy ; bears pine, rye and corn s. and
w., elsewhere, grass and hard wood. Onion r.
has two falls ; there are also Brown's and Indian
rs., 10 school dists. Pop. 1,664.
Essex, co, Mass. bndd. by N. H. state n., the
Atlantic E. and s. e., Suffolk co. a. w., Middle
sex CO. w,, has Merrimac r, n,, Ipswich r. in
the centre. Parker i. enters Plumb Island
sound. Saugus r. Lynn bay. Tbe land is
highly cultivated. It haa an antiquarian and an
agricultural society, and contains 27 towns, of
which Salem is the principal, and St. jus. Pop.
1820, 74,655, 1830, 82,887.
Essex, p-t. Essex co. Mass, 12 ms. N, E, Sa
lem, 25 N. e. Boston, is pleasant, has navigation
on a cr,, fishing and ship buUdmg, with a canal
thro' the marsh from Ipswich bay, for rafts frora
Merrimack r. The sraall and useful coasting
craft, called Chebaoco boats, derived their
narae from this place, which the Indians called
Chebacco. Pop. 1,333.
Essex, co. N. Y. bndd. by Clinton and Frank
lin COS. N., lake Champlain and Vt. e,, Warren
CO, s,, Hamilton and Franklin cos. w., about 41
miles by 43 ; contains 1,763 sq. ms., has 16 ts.
granite hills and mtns. of 1,200 ft. and comprises
much of the iron region. It is about half way
between N. Y. and Quebec, on navigable wa
ters. It bas white and black oak, white and

yellow pine, maple, beech, &c., ;nuch game
and fish, Au Sable, Bouquet, Hudson and Sea.
roon rs. water power, particularly the outlet of
lake George. Limestone, marble, black lead,
asbestos, &c, are found. Cf t. Elizabethtown.
Pop. 1820, 12,811, 1830, 19,387.
Essex, p.t. Essex co, N, Y, 6 ms. e. n. e.
Elizabethtown, 133 n. Albany, w. lake Cham
plain, has pretty good land, landings and trade
on the lake. From the village is a ferry to
Charlotte viUage, has good farms and iron ore ;
there is the curious split rock, and is crossed
by Bouquet r. Pop. 1,543.
Essex, co. N. J. bndd. east by Staten Island
sound, Newark bay, and Passaick r, which sep.
arate it from Staten Island and Bergen co,, N.
by the Passaick and Bergen, w. by Morris and
Somerset, s. by Middlesex. Principal towns,
Newark, Patterson, Elizabeth, of which New
ark is tbe St. jus. Pop. 1820, 30,793, 1830,
41,928. Altho' the smallest CO. (save one) in
N. J., it is the most populous. Itis an excellent
agricultural district, containing many prosper.
ous manufactories, fine strearas, and good facil.
ities for transportation ; among which is the
Morris canal, which passes through it.
Essex, co. Va. bndd. s, e, by Middlesex, s. w.
and w. by King and Queen, n. w. by Caroline,
and by Rappahannoc r, wbich separates it from
Westraoreland n,, and Richraond e. Length 28,
mean breadth 10, area 280 square ms, Lat.
37 is intersected by the meridian of W. C, m
the N, w. part of tbis co. Surface moderately
hilly. Cf t. Tappahannoc. Pop. 1820, 9,909,
1830, 10,531.
Essex Hall, and p.o. in the n, part of Har.
ford CO, Md. by p-r. 22 ras. N. Belair, the co.
St. 83 ms. 11. E. 'W. C. and 45 ms. e. of n. Balti.
more. Estill, co. Ky. bndd. by Madison w., Clarke
N. w., Montgoraery n., Morgan n. e.. Perry e.
and s. E., and Clay s. Length from s. e, to N.
w. 48 miles, mean breadth 18, area 864 sq, ms.
Extendmg in lat. from 37° 30' to 37° 34', long.
from 6° 15' to 7° 04' w. W. C. Kentucky r. by
avery winding channel, traverses Estill co. in
its utraost length, and receives several conflu.
ents within it, particularly from the south. Cf.
t. Irvine. Pop. 1820, 3,507, 1830, 4,618.
Estillville, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Va. on
Moccasin cr, between N. fork of Holston and
Clinch rs. hy p-r. 445 ras. s. w. by w. W. C.
and 348 a little a. of w. Richraond.
Etna, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 63 ms. Augusta.
Pop. 362,
Etna Furnace, and p-o. Hart co. Ky. by p-r.
96 ms. s. w. Hartford.
Etowah r. Geo. in what was the Cherokee
territory. It rises in the westem border of
Habersham co. flowing by a general course of
s. w. but with extensive inflections, 120 ms.
comparative course to its junction with the
Oostenalah to form the Coosa. The valley of the
Etowah, lies between those of Chattahooche
and Oostenalah, and between latitude 34° and
35°. Etowah, Indian village, and st. of a p.o. is
situated on Etowah r. in the Cherokee nation,
n. w. part of Geo. about 130 ms. n. w, MU
ledgeviUe. This place and the r. from which

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148

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it has either derived or communicated its name,
is with some absurdity in our books and on the
p.o. list changed to High Tower. •
Eubanks, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 88
ms, N. E, MiUedgeviUe.
Euclid, tsp. and p.v. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. —
The p.v. is situated in the n. e. part of the co.
10 ms. N. E. Cleaveland, the co. st. and by p.r.
363 ms. N. w. W. C. and 147 n. e. Columbus,
Pop. tsp. 1,099.
Eugene, p.v. in the w. part of Vermillion co.
Indiana, by p.r. 658 miles n. w. by w. W. C. and
86 N. w. by w. Indianopolis.
Eutaw Springs, small stream of S. C. faUing
into Santee r. at the point where the line be.
tween Charleston and Orangeburg districts in
tersect that r. about 60 ms. n. n. w. Charleston.
Evans, p.t. Erie co. N. Y. 25 ms. south Buf.
falo, w. lake Erie, n. Cattaraugus cr. has Dela
ware cr., Two Sisters, (fee ; has wet loam, is
uneven, with beech, maple, hemlock, bass, <&c.
Bad for corn, cold and changeable weather. —
Sturgeon point puts into the lake. Pop. 1,185.
EvANSBTiBG, p-0. Crawford co. Pa.
Evans Cross Roads, p.o. Williamson co.
Ten. 32 ms. s. NashviUe.
Evansham, or Wythe, c. h., p.v. and st. jus,
Wythe CO. Va. by p.r, 329 ms, s. w. by w. W.
C. and 253 a littie s. of w. Richraond. Lat. 36°
56', long. 4° 05' w. W. C.
Evansville, p.v. and st, jus, Vanderburgh co,
Indiana, by p.r, 728 raUes s, w, by w. W. C, 170
s. w. Indianopolis, and 55 ms. w. of s. Vincen.
nes. It is situated on the right bank of Ohio r.,
lat. 38°, long. 10° 38' w. W. C.
Everetts, house and p-o, Lewis co, Ky., by
p-r. 90 ms. n.e. by e. Frankfort.
Everettsville, p-o. Albermarle co. Va., by
p-r. 128 ms. s. w. W. C.
Everton, p. v. Fayette co. Indiana, by p.r. 534
ms. w. W. C., 75 ms. ». oIe. IndianopoUs.
EvEsiiAM, t. Burlington co. N. J., adjoining
Gloucester co., and on the s. branch of Rankolm
cr. Pop. 4,239.

Ewing's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa., by
p-r. 151 ms. w. Harrisburg.
Ewingsville, p-o. Coecil co. Md.
EwiNGsviLLE, p-0., lu the wstrn. part of Coo
per CO. Mo., by p-r, 20 ms. w. Booneville, the co.
St., 71 w. Jefferson, and 1,043 ms. w. W. C.
Exeter, p-t. Penobscot co. Me., 20 ras. n. w.
Bangor, 75 Augusta. Pop. 1,439.
Exeter, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H,, situated
at the falla of Squamscot or Exeter r. A branch
of Pascataqua r., which here meeta tide, is nav.
igable for vessels of 500 tons, and afforda valua.
ble mill sites. There are several manufaoto.
ries, and the soil is various. This town was
first settled 1638, by John Wheelwright, cfec.
who left Mass, on accotmt of his peculiar reli.
gious opinions. It suffered In early tiraes frora
the Indians. Phillips' academy, founded here,
1781, has fumished many valuable men. The
building is 2 stories high, 76 ft. by 36. The
funds amount to $80,000. John Taylor Gil.
raan, 14 yrs. Gov. ofN. H., resided here. Pop.
2,753. Exeter, t. Washington co. R. I., 24 ms. a. w.
Providence, e. Conn, state, about 5 ms. by 12,
contains 66 sq. ms,, has priraitive rocks, gra.
velly loara, uneven, good for dairies, and fur.
nished with sorae mill seats by Wood r. and its
branchesj^ Pop. 2,383.
Exeter, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. w.
Cooperstown, 73 w. Albany, about 5i ms. sq.,
gives rise to Butternut and Wharton's ers., is
high and hilly, with good vallies. Population
1,690. Exeter, tsp, and p.v. Luzeme co. Pa., 10 ms.
above Wilkesbarre.
Exeter, p.v., in the w. part of Morgan co.
H., by p.r. 852 ms. w. of w. W. C, and 130 K.
w. VandaUa.
Experiment Mills, and p.o. in the n. part of
Northampton co. Pa. by p.r. 26 ms. n. Easton,
the CO, seat, 216 n, n. e. W. C. and 128 n. e.
by E. Harrisburg.

F.

Faber's Mills and p.o. in the w. part of Nel.
son CO. Va. by p-r. 170 ms. s. w. W. C. and 103
w. Richmond.
Fabius, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. e.
Onondaga, 50 s. w. Utica, 125 w. Albany, 5 ms.
by 10, crossed by Chitteningo cr. and other
streams, which give raill sites. It is high land,
good and level n., hilly s., 14 school districts.
Marie is found in the N. e. -with petrified
branches and leaves. Many military enclosures
are found N, e, with stumps of palisadoes and
bones. Pop. 3,071.
Factobyville, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 29 ms.
from Augusta.
Factoryville, p.v, N. E, part of Luzerne co.
Pa. about 20 ms. above Wilkes-Barre, and by
p-r. 152 ms. n. e. Harrisburg.
Fair Blupf, p-o. Columbus co. N. C. by p.r.
124 ms. s. Raleigh.
Fairdale, p.v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p.r.
271 N. N. E. W. C. and 163 ras. n. e. Harris.
burg.

Fairfax, t. Kennebec co. Me. 25 ms. n. Au.
gusta. Fairfax, t. Franklin co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. Bur.
lington, 37 n, w, MontpeUer. First settled in
1763, is level, with high soU, good for corn and
rye, and watered by Lamoille r. and Brown r.
Parmelee's and Stones brooks, tbe branches of
LamoiUe, have good mill sites. The great falls
of LamoiUe are curious. 11 school districts.
Pop. 1,729.
Fairfax, co. Va. bndd. by the dist. of Colum.
bia E., by Potomac r, which separates it from
Prince George's co. Md. s. e., by Occoquon cr.
which separates it from Prince William co. Va.
s. and B, w., by Loudon co. n. w. and by Poto.
mac r. which separates it from Montgomery co.
Md. N. IS. Length from s. e. to n. w. 25 ms.
mean breadth 18, and area 450 sq. ms. extend.
ing in lat. from 38° 36' to 39° 03', long, from 0° ,
03' to 0° 33' vr. W. C. The surface of Fairfax
is hiUy and broken, with some good, but much
sterile soU. Cf t., tliough not the at. jus. Mi;

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tildavUle. Mount Vernon, the resting place of
Washington, is on the Potomac r. in the s. e.
part of the CO. Pop. 1820, 11,404, 1830; 9,204.
Fairfax, c. h. and p.o. Fairfax co. Va. 21 ms.
s. w. by w. W. C. and 129 n. Richmond.
Fairfax, p.v. and st. jus. Culpepper co. Va.
38 ms. a Uttle N. of w. Fredericksburg, and by
p.r. 81 ms. s. w. W. C. lat. 38° 26', long. 1°
04' w. W. C.
Fairfield, p.t. Somerset co. Me. 9 ms. s.
Norridgewock, 26 Augusta, on Kennebec r.the
most southern town in the co. Pop. 2,002.
Fairfield, p.t. Franklin co. Vt, 27 ms, n. e,
Burlington, contains 60 sq, ms. First settled
1788, has an academy. Black cr. affords good
mill sites, and joinmg Fairfield r. enters Mis.
sisque r. in Sheldon. Smithfield pond, 3 ms.
long, has an outlet, on which are mill sites. It
is uneven with good soil. Pop. 2,270.
Fairfield, co. Conn. bndd. by Litchfield co.
N., New Haven co, e,, Long Island sound e,
and s,. New York s. w. and w. It is w. of
Housatonic r. triangular. Mean extent 21 ras.
by 30 ; contains 630 sq. ms. and has 17 towns.
It extends 40 ms. along the coast on Long Isl.
and sound, which is level, and abounds with
bays, points, and harbors. The middle and n.
parts are higher, and have some hills. The
soil is a primitive gravelly loara, arable, and in
Fairfield rich. Still r. falls into Housatonic ;
Pequonuc, Saugatuc, Ash, Naraton, Mill, Stam
ford, and Byram rs. into the sotmd. The best
harbors are Bridgeport, and Black Rock, Mill
r,, Saugatuck, Norwalk, Stamford and Green
wich. The coasting trade, chiefly with New
York, is iraportant ; and fishing is carried on,
on the coast. Hats are raade in great quanti
ties at Danbury, and other manufactures exist
to some extent. There is some foreign trade.
Fairfield and Danbury are co. towns. Pop.
1820, 42,739, 1830, 46,950.
' Fairfield, p-t, and port of entry, Fairfield co.
Conn, 21 ras, w. New Haven, 58 N, e, N. Y., n,
E, Long Island sound, mean extent 6 ms. by 9,
contains 54 sq. ms. nearly level, with good
land, and a large and pleasant viUage which
was burnt by the British in the revolutionary
war. In a swamp 2 ms. w. of the village, the
remains of the Pequod tribe, after fleeing frora
their country, in New London co., were killed
or taken prisoners by the Mass. and Conn.
troops. "The villages of Greenfield, Black
Rock, Saugatuck and Mill r. are considerable,
and the three latter have harbors and trade.
At Greenfield and Saugatuck are academies ;
Greenfield is on a fine HU, with excellent farms,
and an extensive and delightful view. Pop.
4,246. Fairfield, p.t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 ras. n,
e'. Herkimer, 76 w, n, w. Albany, e. W. Canada
cr. 4 ms. by 8, is high, hilly, well watered, with
a productive soil ; but few raill sites. It was
settled principally from the eastern states. The
college of Physicians and surgeons here, has 5
professors. The viUage, which is situated on
an eminence, is well buUt. Pop. 2,265.
Fairfield, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 25 ms. e.
Salem, e, Cohansey bay on the Del., lies be.
tween Cohansey and Nantuxet ers. and has
several smaller strearas entering the Del. r.
20

with swaraps along the shore. Population
1,812. Fairfield, viUage Essex co. N. J. 3 ms. n.
Caldwell. Fairfield, p.v. Adams co. Pa. at the foot of
Jacks mtn. 7 ms. s. w. by w, Gettysburg.
Fairfield, p-v. Rockbridge co. Va. on one
of the roads from Lexington to Stanton, 13 ms.
N, N. E, the former, and 23 s, a, w, the latter.
Fairfield, p-v. Lenoir co. N. C. 87^ ms. s. e.
by E, Raleigh,
Fairfield, dist, S. C. bndd. n. by Chester, n.
E. by Catawba r. separating it frora Lancaster
and Kerahaw, s. e. by that part of Kershaw w.
of Catawba r,, a, by Richland, and by Broad r.
separating it from Lexington s, w., Newberry
w. and Union n. w. Length from e. to w. 38
ms. mean breadth 22, and area 796 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat, frora 34° 12' to 34° 32', long.
from 3° 44' to 4° 26' w, W, C. This district,
filling the space from the Catawba to the Broad
r. is divided into two inclined plains.falling s. w.
towards the latter, and tt. E. towards the forraer
stream. Cf t. Kmnsboro. Pop. 18S0, 17,174,
1830, 21,546.
Fairfield, p-v. Putnam co. Geo. 32 ms. n. w.
MiUedgeviUe. Fairfield, p-v. s. w. part of Spencer co. Ky.
35 ras. s, E, Louisville and by p-r. 40 ras, s. w.
Frankfort. Fairfield, p-v. Amite co. Misp. about 60 ms.
s. E. Natches.
Fairfield, p-v. Bath tsp. Greene co. O. by
p-r. 452 ms. a Uttie n. of w. W. C. and 56 s. w.
by w. Columbus. Pop. 137.
Fairfield, p-v. in the n. part of Franklin co.
Ind. 3 ms. rr. E. BrookviUe, the co. St., and by
p-r, 524 ms, w. W. C, and 70 ms. s. e. by e.
Indianopolis. Fairfield, p.v. and st. jus. Wayne co. II. by
p.r. 756 ms. w. W. C. and 69 s. E. Vandalia. It
is situated on a branch of Litde Wabash r,, 48
ms. B, w, by w. Vincennes in Ind. lat, 38° 28',
long. 11° 30' w. W. C.
Fairhaven, p.t. Rutland co. Vt. 9 ms. n. e.
Whitehall, 60 s, Burlington, 52 N. Bennington,
E. N. Y, First settied 1779, from Conn, and
Mass,, has a variety of soil, with pine, hemlock,
birch, maple, nut, (fee. Poultney and Castleton
rs., and 4 scbool dists. Castleton r. some years
smee changed its channel here, left several
mills dry, exposed old buried trees, and ruined
the harbor. Pop. 675.
Fairhaven, p.t. Bristol co. Mass. 48 ms. ec.
Boston, tt. Buzzard's Bay, e. Acushnett r, has
sorae commerce, an academy, and a bridge of
3,960 ft, to N. Bedford, several islands be
tween, extend it 2,000 ft. more. First settied
1764, and in 1778, the viUage was defended
against the British, by Major Fearing. Pop.
3,034. Fairlee, p.t. Orange co. Vt. 35 ms. N. Wind.
sor, 17 N, Dartmouth coUege, w. Conn. i. First
settied 1768, mountainous, with littie arable
land, and has high precipices on the r. The
trees are pine and hemlock. Pickerel have
been introduced into the pond, and greatly mul.
tiplied. A bridge crosses the Conn. r. to Or.
ford, N. H. Pop. 656,
Fairmount, p.v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p.r. 117

FAL

150

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ms. N. E. W. C. 13 N. E. Lancaster city, and 43
E. Harrisburg.
Fairport, p.v. and port at the mouth of Grand
r., and on the southern shore of lake Erie ; 32
ms, N. E. Cleveland, and by p.r. 349 n. w. W.
C, and 164 n. e. Columbus. The mouth of
iGrand r. affords a good harbor for vessels draw.
ing about 5 ft. water.
Fairton, vUlage, Comberland co. N. J. on
, Cohansey creek, 3 ras. b, of Bridgeton.
Fair View, p.v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 6 ms. n.
w. Flemingtown.
Fairview, p.v. and tsp. on lake Erie in the tt.
w. part Erie co. Pa. The village stands near
the lake shore at the mouth of Wahiut cr. 9
ms. a. w. frora the borough of Erie, and by p.r.
349 ms. N. w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1,526.
Fairview, p.v. Brooke co.Va. byp.r. 302 ras.
N.w. by w.W. C.
Fairview, p.v. in the a. part of Greenville
dist. S. C. by p.r. 509 ms. s. w. W. C. and 117
ms. N. w. by w. Columbus.
Fairview, p.v. Oxford tsp. Guernsey co.O. by
p.r. 105 ms. E. of Columbus, 22 ms. eastward
Cambridge, the co. St. and 294 N. w. by w. W.
C. Pop. 162.
Fairview, p.v. in the B. part of Rush co. Ind.
14 ma. E. Ruahville, the co. st. and by p.r. 541
a littie N. of w. W. C. and 54 s. e. by e. Indian.
opoUs. Fall cr. Cayuga co. N. Y. runs 30 ms. into
Cayuga lake, at Ithaca. It falls about 100 ft,, 1
m. from its mouth.
Fall Branch, p.o. Washington co. Ten. about
280 railes e. Nash-ville, and 430 s- w. by w.
W.C.
Falling Bridge, and p-o. s. e. part of Camp
bell CO. Va. about 20 ms. s. s. e. Lynchburg, and
by p-r. 106 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond.
Fall River, manufacturing vil. in Troy, Bris.
tol CO. Mass. See Troy.
Fallsingion, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 4 ms. s. e.
Trenton, 23 n. e. Phil.
Falling Spring cr., a small branch of Jack.
son's r, Bath co. Va. in the channel of which
there is a fine fall of water, estimated to be near
200 ft. perpendicular fall.
Falling Waters, p.o. in the w, part of Berke.
ley CO. Va. by p-r. 79 ms. N. w. W. C.
Falls, p-o. Lincohi co. N. C. about 170 ms.
E. w. by w. Raleigh, and 420 s. w. W. C.
Falls, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 550
ms, 8. w. W. C. and 157 N. w. by w. Columbia.
Fallsburg, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 1 08 ms. s.
w. Albany. Pop. 1,173.
Falls op ScHtrvLKiLL, p-v. Phil. co. Pa. 5 ms.
N, w, Phil, and 101 e, Harrisburg,
Fallston, p.v. Beaver co. Pa. sitd. on the w.
side of Beaver r. at the lower Falls m that
stream 6 ms. n. of the Borough of Beaver, and
by p.r. 230 ms. n. w. by w. W; C. This vil.
contains 80 dwelling houses, and 700inbabs. It is
already a manufacturing town, and at low water
has a supply of 85 cubic feet of water per second
with a 15 feet fall. Its manufactures are wool
lens, cottons, paper, linseed oil, wire, and iron
and wood, a great variety, such as carding ma.
chines, scythes, buckets, window sashes, &c. ;
to an annual value exceeding $100,000.
Falltown, p.o. in the s; part of Iredell co. N.

C. 13 ms. from Statesville, and by p-r. 151 w.
Raleigh. Falmouth, t. Curaberland co. Me. Pop. 1 ,966.
Falmouth, s.p. and p.t. Barnstable co; Mass;
19 ms. s; w. Barnstable, 72 s. by e. Boston, n.
Atlantic, e. Buzzard's bay, is level, except some
hills e. with thin soil, but the best on Cape Cod.
It has about 40 ponds, fresh and salt. 'Waquoit
bay ia a good harbor, with a narrow and crook
ed entrance. Wood's Hole is another, with
from 3 to 6 fathoms. The inhabitants are gen
erally in the s. part, which is 6 or 8 ms. from
Martha's Vineyard. It has considerable coast
ing trade. Pop. 2,548.
Falmouth, p.v. on the left bank of Susque.
hannah r. on the point below the mouth of east.
era Conewago cr. and at the extrerae w. angle
of Lancaster co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w. by w. Lan.
caster, and 16 s. E. Harrisburg.
Falmouth, p-v. on the left bank of Rappa.
hannoc r. in the s. part of Stafford co. Va. di.
rectiy opposite Fredericksburg, with an inter.
vening bridge, by p.r. 58 ras. s. s. w. W. C.
and 68 N. Richmond.
Falmouth, p.v. and st. jus. Pendleton co. Ky.
by p.r. 502 ms. w. W. C, and 60 n. e. Frankfort.
It is situated on the point above the junction of
tbe two main branches of Licking r. about 40
ms. s. s. E. Cincinnati, lat. 38° 40', long. 7° 18'
w. W. C. Pop. 207.
Fancy Bluff, and p.o. in the s, part of Glynn
CO, Geo. 5 ms. s. Brunswick, the co. st. and 738
s. s, w, W. C.
Fancy Hill, and p.o. Rockbridge co. Va. by
p.r. 210 ms. s. w. W. C.
Fannettsburg, p-v. and tsp. on the w. border
of Franklin co. Pa. The viUage is situated on
the main road from Shippensburg to Bedford,
17 ms. w. from the former, by p.r. 105 ms. n. N.
w. W. C. and 55 a little s. of w. Harrisburg. —
The tsp. of Fannet extends along the fine valley
of the w. branch of Conecocheague, and be-'#
tween the cove or Tuscarora and Jordensmtas.
Pop, of the tsp, 1820, 1,747, and in 1830, 2,110.
Farm, p-v. in Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 9 ms.
from Carnes-ville, the co. st. 585 ms. s. w. W.
C. aud 122 N. MUledgeviUe.
Farmer, p-v. Ovid, Seneca co. N. Y.
Farmersville, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 15
ms. N. E. EUicottsville, 10 w. Genesee r. 6 ms.
by 8, has plenty of miU sites, though the
streams are small and few. Pop. 1,005.
Farmington, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 ms.
N. Augusta. Has an academy. Pop. 2,340.
Farmington, p-t. Stafford co. N. H. 25 ms. e.
N. E. Concord, 26 n. w. by w. Portsmouth, is
rough, but productive, with some meadow on
Cocheco r. It is crossed by Blue HiUs on
Frost mtn., and from mt. Washington, the high
est point, ships may be seen without a glass, off
Portsmouth, and on the other side the White
Hills, &c. A rock of about 60 tons is balanced
by nature, and can be moved with one hand. —
Pop. 1,465.
Farmington, t. Ontario co. N. Y. Pop.
1,773. Farmington, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 10 ms.
Vf. Hartford, 30 n. New Haven, has much very
rich raeadow land on Farraington or Tunxis r.
apd is one of the richest agricultural towns in

FAU

151

FAY

the state. The village is pleasant, contains
some fine houses, an academy, &c. on a plain a
littie above the meadows. 'The Farmington
canal affords boat navigation to New Haven,
and partly by the Hampshire and Hampden ca
nal to Westfield, Mass. It was intended to ex
tend it to Northampton. The town contains
about 70 sq. ms. nearly 7 ms. by 11. Talcott
mtn. of the range beginning at Neck Rock,
New Haven, and running far N. crosses it. —
There is much light sandy soil s. Montevideo,
the seat of Mr. Daniel Wadsworth, of Hart.
ford, in the n. e. on the ridge of Talcott mtn. is
a dehghtful place, with a pond, a country house,
&c. and an extensive viewN. e. aud w. over the
vallies Tunxis and Conn, up, to mt. Tom, Mass.
Pop, 1,901.
Farmington, p-t, Ontario co, N. Y. 9 ms. n.
Canandaigua, 6 ms. sq, is gravelly and undula
ted N,, clayey, good for grass, and level s., large
tracts of water limestone are found in the centre.
It was principally settled by Friends, who were
dairy farmers from Cheshire, Mass. The peo
ple own the land in fee, and have good schools.
Mud cr. supplies mill seats. The villages are
Salem v. and Bro-wnsville. Pop. 1,773.
Farmingto.v, p-v. inthe s. w. part of Bedford
CO. Ten. by p-r. 48 ms. s. Nashville, and 707
ms. s. w. W. C.
Farmington, p-v. and tsp. in the n. w. part
Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 311 ms. n. w. W. C.
and 164 n. e. Columbus. Pop. of tsp. 696.
Farmington, p-v. in the n. part of Oakland
CO. Mich. 26 ms. N. N. w. Detroit, tmd 564 n. w.
W.C.
Farmington, p-v. and st. jus. St. Francois
CO. Mo. by p-r. 912 ras. a littie s. of w. W. C,
152 s. E, Jefferson, and 60 s, s. w. St. Louis.
It is situated on the table land, frora which flow
the Big River, branch of Marramec, northward,
the extreme sources of St. Francis to the south
ward, and some comparatively small ers. N. e.
into the Misp. Lat. 37° 47', long. 13° 25' w.
W.C.
Farm Tavern, and p-o. Southampton co. Va.
about 210 ms. s. W. C. and 90 s. s. e. Richmond,
Farmville, p-v. on the right bank of Appo
mattox r. N. border of Prince Edward co. Va.
by p-r. 81 ms.s. w. by w. Richmond, and about
an equal distance w. Petersburg.
Farnham, p.v. Richmond co. Va. about 85 ras.
N. E. Richraond.
Farrowville, p.v. in the ft. w. part of Fan.
quier co. Va. 64 ms. w. W. C.
FAuauiEK, CO. of Va. bndd. by Page co. w.,
Frederick n. w., Loudon n. e.. Prince WilUam
E., Stafford s. e., and by Rappahannoc r. sepa.
rating it from Culpepper s. w. and w. Greatest
length 45 ms. mean breadth 16, and area 720
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 24'' to 39°
02', and in long, from 0° 32' to 1° 5' w. W. C.
The general slope is s. e. and down which flow
the higher branches of Rappahannoc and Occo.
quhan rs. Surface pleasantly broken, and soil
tolerably productive. Cf. t. Warrenton. Pop,
1820, 23,103, 1830, 26,086.
Facsse RrviERE, {False River,) once a bend
of the Misp. but now a lake of Louisiana, in
the parish of Point Coupee. In or about 1714,
the change was affected, from whieh both names

were taken, that is Fausse Riviere, and Point
Coupee, {Point Cut Off.) Previous to. that era,,
the Misp. r. below Bayou Sara, made an ira-.
mense bend to the wstrd. curving until it return
ed so nearly upon itself as to leave only a nar^
row neck of land. This isthmus, gradually
diminished on both sides, was at length worn
through, and the vast river shortened its chan.
nel upwards of 30 ms. The old bed rapidly
fUled with alluvion near the new channel, but in;
all other parts, retained its forms and features,
and is now a fine lake, lined with farms and-
farm houses, with a soil possessing the usual
fertility of the Misp. banks.
Fawn Grove, tsp. and p-v. s. e. part of York
cc Pa. The tsp. extends from Muddy creek
to the Md. Ime. The p-o. is by p-r. 49 ms. s. e.
Harrisburg, and 22 in a similar direction from,
York. Fayette, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. w.
Augusta, has several ponds on its e. border.
Pop. 1,049.
Fayette, t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. Gene
va, 3 s. Waterloo, 18 n. Ovid, 188 w. by n. Al
bany, w. Cayuga lake, E. Seneca lake, s. Sene
ca r. about 7 ms. by SV. Seneca r. and Canoga
creek supply mills. It is nearly level, and has
gypsum and limestone. Pop. 3,216.
Fayette, p-v. Montgomery co, Va. by p-r. 208
ras. s. w, by w. Richmond.
Fayette, co. Pa. bndd. by Alleghany co. Md.
s. E., Preston and MonongaUa cos. 'Va; s., by
Monongahela r. which separates it from Green
CO. of Pa. w., and Washington N. w., by West
moreland N., and Somerset e. It approaches a,
square of 28 ms. each side, area 784 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 10', and
in long, from 2° 23' to 3° 3'. The surface of
this CO. is every where broken by hills, and the
eastern part is traversed frora s. w. to n. e. by
two chains of raountains. The soil is almost
uniformly fertile. The MtMiongahela, with a
rather crooked channel, -winds a navigable
stream along the western border. The Youghi.
ogany, after piercing a cbain of mountains, en.
ters Fayette from the s. e, and breaking through
hills and mountains, traverses it flowing to the.
N. w. The channel of the Youghioghany is
part of the projected route ol the Chesapeake.
and Ohio canal. Cf. t. Union. Pop. 1820,
27,285, 1830, 29,237.
Fayette, new co. of Va. bndd. by Kanhawa
CO. N. w., Nicholas n., Greenbrier co. e., Great
Flat Top mtn. separating it from Giles s. e,, and
Great Cherry Pond mtn. separating it from Lo,
gan s. w. Length from s. w., to n. e. 45 ms.
raean breadth 30, and area 1,350 sq. ms. n,. lat.
38° and long. W. C. 4° w. intersect a few ms.
N. estrd. of the centre of thia co. Patt of the
northern boundary on Nicholas is formed by
Gauley r. which here flows wstrdly. Great
Kenhawa, here called New r. after breaking
through a chain of ratns. between Greenbrier
and Giles cos. enters, and in a N. w. direction
traverses Fayette. "The general slope of the
CO. being a httle w. of n. w. Surface very bro
ken and in part raountainous. By tbe census of
1830, the pop. was included in the respective
COS. from which it has been subsequently form,
ed.

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152

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Fayette, p-v. in the n. w. part of Montgome
ry CO. Va. 16 ms. e, Christiansburg, the co. st.
byp-r. a. w. W. C. 190 a littie s. of w. Rich
mond. Fayette, co. of Geo. bndd. s. by Pike, e. by
Henry, n, e, by De Kalb, tt. by CampbeU, and
by Flint r. separating it from Coweta w., and
Merriwether s. w. Length 30, mean breadth
18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from
33° II' to 33° 40', and in long, from 7° 28' to 7°
46' w. W. C. Cf t. Fayetteville. Pop. 963.
Fayette, co, of Ala. bndd. by Marion n..
Walker n, e,, Tuscaloosa and Pickens s,, and
Monroe co. Miss. w. Length e. to w. 50 ms.,
breadth 25, and area 1,250 sq, ms. Extending
in lat. frora 33° 26' to 33° 47', and in long.
from 10° 28' to 11° 25' w. W. C. This co.
slopes to the southward, and is drained by the
Sipsey, LuxapatUla, and Battahatchy, branches
of Tombigbee r. Cf t. Fayette Court house.
Pop. 3,547.
Fayette, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. Ala. by
p-r. 874 ms. s. w. by w, W. C. "and 50 ms, n, n,
w. Tuscaloosa.
Fayette, p-v. and s. jus, Jefferson co. Miss,
by p-r, 1,127 ras,] s, w. by w. W. C, 93 ms, a,
w, Jackson, and 19 n, e, Natchez, It is situa
ted on Coles cr. and on the great road frora
Natchez towards Ten. (fee. Lat. 31° 42', long.
14° 18' w. W. C.
Fayette, co. of Ten. bndd. w. by Shelby, n.
w. by Tipton, n. by Haywood, e, by Hardiman,
and a, by the Indian country in the state of
Misp. Length from n. to s. 24, and same frora
E. to w., area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
from 35° to 35° 23', and in long, from 12° 12' to
12° ,^9' w. W. C. Cf t. Suranerville. Pop.
8,658. Fayette, co. Ky. bndd. s. w. by Jessamine,
-vr. by Woodford, n. w. by Scott, n, by Harrison,
N. E, by Bourbon, e, by Clark, and s. e. by
Kentucky r, separating it frora Madison, —
Length frora n. to s. 25 ms., mean breadth 11,
and area 275 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from
37° 51' to 38° 13', and in long, from 7° 14' to
7° 38' w. W. C. This fine county is a tru,e
table land, from the centre of which flow
streams like the radii of a circle. These
streams all finally discharge into Kentucky,
which touching on the s. e., semicircles the co.
The cf t. Lexington. Pop, 25,098, or upwards
of 91 to the sq, m.
Fayette, co. of 0. bndd. by Highland s.,
Clinton s. w., Greene tt. w., Madison n., Pick
away n. E., and Ross s. e. Length from s, to
K. 26, mean width 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat, frora 39° 21' to 39° 43', and in
long, from 6° 16' to 6° 38' w. W. C. The slope
is a Uttle E. of s. The s., central, and indeed
greater part of the surface is in the valley of
Paint creek, but some of the higher branches
of Little Miami rise and issue from the n. w.
angle, as do from the s. e. some ers, entering
Deer cr. a tributary of Sciota r. The surface
of this CO. is rather too level, though the soil is
productive. Cf t. Washington. Pop. 8,182.
Fa.yette, CO. of Ind. bounded by Franklin s..
Rush w,, Henry n, w,, Wayne tt. e,, and Union
E. Length from s, to n. 18 ms., mean breadth '
10,' and area 180 sq. ms. Extending in lat. I

from 39° 33' to 39° 47', and in long, from 8° 3'
to 39° 17' w. W. C. This co. is traversed by
the main stream, and is chiefly comprised in
the valley of White Water r. Cf t. Conners-
viUe. Pop. 9,112.
Fayette, co. of II. bndd. s*. e. by Clay, s. by
Marion, a. w. by Clinton, vr. by Bond, n. w. by
Montgomery, n. by Shelby, and e. by Efiing-
hara. Length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean
breadth 24, and area 720 sq. ms. Extendingin
lat. from 38° 50' to 39° 12', and in long, from
11° 44' to 12° 17' w. W. C. The slope is to
the s, s. E., and traversed in that direction by
the main volurae of the Kaskaskia r., which
leaves the co. at its extreme southwestern an
gle. Cf. t. Vandalia, which is also the cap. of
the state. Pop. 2,704. The latter aggregate,
however, includes also the inhabitants of two
recently formed counties, Effingham and Jasper.
Fayette Corner and p.o. in the eastern part
of Fayette co. Ten. 9 ras. estrd. frora Somer.
ville, the co. St., and by p.r. 865 ras. s. w. by
w. W. C. and 173 ras. in a nearly simibr direc.
tion from Nashville.
Fayetteville, p-v. in the northwestern part
of Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. W. C.
and 52 wstrd. Harrisburg.
Fayetteville ,',, in the southwstm. part of
Fauquier co. Va. about 50 ras. s. w. W. C.
Fayetteville, p.v. and st. jus. Curaberland
CO. N. C. by p-r. 347 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 61 in a
very nearly sirailar direction from Raleigb, and
by the land road up Cape Fear r, 107 ms, above
Wilraington. Lat. 35° 02', and long. 1° 50' w.
W, C. Pop, 2,868. This once flourishing de.
pot is situated on the right bank of Cape Fear
r. at the head of uninterrupted boat na-vigation.
On May 29, 1831, it was desolated by a most
destructive fire, but is again rismg frora the ru.
in occasioned by the calaraity. We insert the
foUowing for the display of a fine moral picture.
The humane feelings of the people of other
parts of the U. S. were not vainly appealed to
on the distress at Fayetteville, and contributions
were raised in

Maine,

$125

N.H,

290

Masa.

14,518

E.I.

2,067

Conn.

3,002

N.Y.

10,648

N.J, $805 S,C. $9,100
Pa. 12,731 Geo. 4,102
Md, 6,820 Ten, 45
Dist, Col. 870 Ohio, 1,158
Va, 8,040 Mis. 1,119
N, C, 11,406 La. 5,050
an aggregate amount, including fractions, of $91,902 33,
Fayetteville, p.v. and st. jus. Fayette co.
Geo. by p.r. 700 ms. N. w. W. C. and 107 ms.
n; w. by w, MiUedge-viUe. It is on a small
branch of Flint r. Lat. 33° 27', and long. 7°
36' w. W. C,
Fayetteville, p.v. and st. jus. Lincoln co.
Ten. by p-r. 722 ms. s. w, by w. W. C, and 73
ms. a little e. of s. NashviUe. It is on the right
bank of Elk r., and on the direct road from
Nashville in Ten. to Huntsville in Ala. Lat.
35° 10', long. 9° 37' w. W. C.
Fayetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Washington
CO. Ark. by p.r. 1,285 ras. s. w. by w. 4 w. W.
C. and 217 ms. n. w. by w. Little Rock.
Fayston, t. Washington co. Vt. 25 ms. s. e.
Burlington, 1 6 s. w. Montpelier. First settled
about 1798, is on the w, range of Green mtns.
broken, with little useful land, almost uninhab.
ited, and has only a few streams of Mad r. Pop.
447.

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153

FIS

Fearing, p.v. in the southern part of Wash.
ington CO. 0. by p.r. 312 ms. a little n. of w.
W. C. 114 s. e. Columbus, and 8 Marietta.
Federal Hill, p-o. in the eastern part of
Hardy co. Va. by p.r. 125 ms. w. W. C.
Federalsburg, p.v, in the extreme n. e. an.
gle of Dorchester co, Md., and on Marshy Hope
creek, 20 ms. a little s. of e. Easton, 25 n, e.
by E. Carabridge, and by p.r. 99 a little s. of e.
W.C. Federalton, p.v. in the eastem part of
Athens co. O. by p.r. 344 ms. a little n. of w.
W. C, and 73 s, e, Columbus. •
Feliciana. {See East Feliciana, West Fell.
ciana.) Feliciana, p.v. in the westem part of Graves
eo. Ky, by p.r, 16 ms, wstrd, Mayfield, the co,
st,, and 823 fromW. C, and 284 Frankfort, in a
similar direction s, w. by w, ^ w.
Felicity, p.v, Franklin tsp, Clermont co, 0,
by p.r. 9 ms. wstrd. Batavia, the co. st. 485
wstrd. W. C. and 116 s. w. Columbus, Pop.
199. Femme Osage, p.v. in the wstrn. part of St.
Charles co. Mo. 20 ms. wstrd. from St. Charles,
the CO. St. and by p.r. 896 wstrd. W. C. and
about 20 N, w, by w, St. Louis.
Fenner, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 12 ms. h. w.
Morrisville, Pop, 2,017,
Fenn's Bridge and p.o, Jefferson co, Geo. by
p-r, 91 ras, estrd, MilledgevUle,
Fentress, co. of Ten. bndd, by Campbell E.,
Morgan s, e. and s,, Overton w,, and Wayne co,
Ky, n. The form ofthis co. approaches near that
^f a right angle triangle ; one base on Wayne
CO. Ky, 30 ras. and the other on Overton 36 ;
area 540 sq. ms, Jamestown tbe st, jus. sitd,
near the centre, stands at n. lat, 36° 23', long,
W, C, 7° 52' w. This co. occupies an elevated
tract from which rise and flow wstrd. the high
er branches of Obey's r. and nrthrd. numerous
tributaries of the south fork of Cumberland r.
Surface broken. Cf. t. Jamestown. Pop. 1830,
2,748. Fenwick's Island, a long narrow sand bar,
extending along the shore ofthe Atlantic ocean,
frora Sinepuxent inlet, Worcester co. Md., to
Rehoboth bay, or mouth of Indian r,, Sussex oo.
Del., length about 28 ms.
Fenwick's Tavern and p-o. St. Mary's co.
Md. by p-r. 82 ms. s. e. W. C.
Ferdinand, t. Essex co. Vt. n. Granby, is a
poor tract of mountains and swaraps, uninhabit
ed ; 23 sq. ms., watered by the great branch of
Paul's stream.
Fernandina, p-v., city, s-p., and at. jus, Nas
sau CO. Flor. by p-r. 776 ms, s. s. w. W. C, 8
ms. s. E. from the t. of St. Mary's, 80 a little n.
of w. St. Augustine, and 181 a little n. of E. Tal-
lahaaaee. Lat. 30° 40', long, 4° 41' w. W. C.
It is situated on the northern end of Amelia
isl., and nearly opposite to the mouth of St. Ma.
ry's r. Pop. 198.
Ferrisburg, t. Addison co. Vt. 19 ms. o.
Burlington, 34 w, Montpelier, e. lake Cham
plain, settied 1784, from Bennington and Conn.
It is supplied with excellent mill sites by Otter,
Littie Otter, and Lewis ers. It has Basin har.
bor, and Otter and Little Otter ers. whose
mouths are 80 rods apart, are navigable 8 and

3 ms. A ferry of 2 ms. crosses the lake from
below Little Otter cr. Hilly n. level w. Has
afforded excellent timber for Quebec, maple,
beech, bass, &c. on uplands ; pine, oak, &c.
on low lands. It sends out many fat cattie. 11
school dists. Pop. 1,822.
Fife's, p-o. western part of Goochland co. Va.
by p-r, 116 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 39 a little N.
ofw. Richraond.
Fincastle, p.v. and st. jus. Bottetourt co. Va.
situated near the right bank of Catawba cr. by
p-r. 235 ms. s. w. "W. C. 176 westward Rich
mond, and 45 n. e. Christiansburg. Lat, 37°
28', and long, 2° 57' w. W. C. This place con
tains the ordinary co. buildings, and a pop. of
about 1,000,
Findlay, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. Mo.
by p-r. 502 ms. s, v. by w, W. C. and 114 n. n.
w. Columbua. It is situated on Blanchard's
Fork of Auglaize r, on the road from Cincinnati
to Detroit, lat. 41° 04', long. 6° 40' w. W. C.
FiNDLAYSViLLE, p-v. Mecklcnburg co, N. C.
by p-r. 363 ms. s, w. W. C. and 111 s, w, by
w, Raleigb.
FiNEYWooD, p-v, Charlotte co, Va, by p-r. 102
ms. a. w. by w. Richmond, and 17 from Marys
ville. FiNLAYViLLE, p-v. lu the N, w. part of Wash
ington CO. Pa. about 12 ma. s. w. Waahington,
the CO. St. and 30 s. w. Pittsburg.
Finney Mills, and p-o. AmeUa co. Va. by
p-r. 61 ras. s. w, Richmond.
Fischlie's Mills, and p-o. in the northern
part of Jackson co. Ind. by p-r. 613 ms. west
ward W. C, and 59 southward Indianopolis.
Fish Dam, p-o. south western part of Wake
CO. N. C, 12 ras. Raleigh.
Fish Dam, p-o. western part of Union dist.'S.
C. by p-r. 63 ras. n, w. Columbia,
Fisheksfield, p-t, Merrimac co, N, H. 23 ras.
N. N. w, Hopkinton, 30 frora Concord, Pop. 797,
Fisher's Island, N, Y. Long Island sound, 5
ras. s. w. Stonington, {see Southold.)
Fish's Store, and p-o. in the northern part of
Washington co. Geo. by p-r. 37 ms, eastward
MiUedgevUle, and 659 ms, s, w. W. C,
Fishing Creek, tsp. and p-v. in the northeast.
ern part of Columbia CO. Pa. by p-r. 199 ras. from
W. C, and 89 from Harrisburg, and in a similar
direction a little n, of e. Pop, tap, 568,
FiaHiNG cr, and p-o, Tyler co, Va. The cr.
rises in Tyler, and flows n, w, into Ohio co, and
falls into Ohio r. in the southwestem.angle of
the latter. The p-o. ia situated on the head
waters of the cr. about 28 ras. w. Morgantown,
and by p-r, 238 n. w. by w. W. C,
Fishing cr, and p-o. in the northeastern part
of Chester dist. S. C. The cr. rises in York
dist. near Yorkville, interlocking sources with
Allison's cr. of Catawba, and Bullock's of Broad
r. and flowing s. s, e. enters Chester, within
which it falls into Catawba r. 20 ms, s, e, Ches
terville, The p-o. is by the common road 60
ms. N. Columbia, and by p-r. 442 s. w. W. C.
Fishkill, N. Y. a branch of Wood cr.
Fishkill, N. Y. the outiet of Saratoga lake,
joins the Hudson at SchuylervUle. On banks
of this cr. Burgoyne's army surrendered to Gen.
Gates, Oct. 17, 1777.
Fishkill, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., e. Hudson

FLA

154

FLO

r. 14 ras. s, Poughkeepsie, 89 s. Albany, and
65 N, New York. It derives its name from the
Fishkill, which runs nearly centrally through it
to the Hudson. There are 4 landings on the
Hudson. It is a place of considerable business.
The viUage of Fishkill is 5 ms. e. ofthe Hud
son. This town was the first that was settled
in the co. Here is tbe Matteawan cotton fac
tory, the largest in the state, situated on the
Fishkill, about half a mile from the Hudson. It
produces annually about half a million yards of
cloth. Near this factory is Schenck's exten
sive grain mill, which manufactures 50,000
bushels of wheat per annum. There is like
wise an extensive woollen manufactory at this
place. The Glenham woollen factory is about
two ms. frora the Matteawan factory. At this
establishment are manufactured superfine blue
and black cloths. The other settleraents in this
town, are the Upper Landing, Low Point or
Carthage Landing, Hopewell, New Hacken
sack, and Middlebush. Pop, 8,292.
Fishkill mtns. {see Matteawan.)
Fitchburg, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 42 ms.
N. w. Boston, 25 n. e. Worcester. Finely wa
tered by Nockege r. a branch of the Nashua,
and by two other streams, which render it an
excellent town for manufactories ; and accor
dingly it has become an extensive manufactur
ing place. Pop. 2,169.
Fitchville, p-v. and tsp. in the northem part
of Huron co, 0, by p-r, 388 ms, n. w. by w. W.
C. and 109 ms. a little e, ofN, Columbus. Pop.
tsp. 347.
Fitzwilliam, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 13 ras,
from Keene, 60 Concord, and 65 from Boston,
It was named in honor of the Earl of Fitzwil
liam, This town was the residence of Briga
dier Gen, Jaraes Reed, a revolutionary patriot.
Pop. 1,229.
Flambeau lake, a sheet of water from which
issues one ofthe estrn. branches of Chippeway
r. The lake is 40 ms. from e. to w. with a
very unequal breadth of from 1 to 10 ms., n. lat
45°, and long. W. C. 14° w. intersecting at its
wstrn. extremity. Situated about 150 ms. a lit.
tie E. of N. from Prairie du Chien.
Flanders, viUage, Morris co. N. J. on the s.
branch Raritan, 12 ms. w. n. w. Morristown.
Flatbush, p-t. st. jus. Kings co. Long Island,
4J ma. s. Broolyn, 5 s. N. Y. Here is a flour
ishing acaderay, denorainated Erasmus Hall. A
battle was fought near this place, Aug. 27,
1776, in which the Americans were defeated
by the British, and suffered a heavy loss. Pop.
1,143. Flat Creek, p-o. Campbell co. Va. 11 ms. s.
w. Linchburg, and by p-r, 119 s. w. by w, Rich
mond. Flat Creek, p-o, in the western part of Bath
CO. Ky. by p-r. 494 ras. s. w. by w. i w. W.
C. and 67 e, Frankfort.
Flatlands, t. King's co. s. side and near w.
end Long Island, 74 ms. a little e. of s. N. Y.
and 2 ms, s. Flatbush. Pop. 596.
Flat Lick, p-o. Trigg co. Ky. by p-r. 224 ms.
s, s. w. Frankfort.
Flat Rook, p-o. eastem part of Powhatan co.
Va. 24 ms. w. Richmond.
Flat Rook, p.o. in the westem part of Bun.

combe co. N. 0. by p.r. 285 ms. westward Ra.
leigh. Flat Rook, p.o. in the northem part of Ker.
shaw dist. S. C, about 20 ms. n. Camden, and
by p.r. 53 N. e. Columbia.
Flat Rock, p.o. in the eastern part of Bour.
bon CO. Ky. by p.r. 504 ms. westward W. C.
and 55 eastward Frankfort.
Flat Rock, p.o. on a large cr. of the same
name, sthm. part of Shelby co. Ind,, by p.r. 53
ms. s. E. Indianopolis.
Flat Woods, p-o., in the wstrn. part of Lew.
is CO. Ky. by p.r. 304 ms. w. W. C.
Fleetwood, p.v. Hinds co. Misp. by p.r.
1,053 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and about 100 n. e,
Natchez. Fleming, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 4 ms. s. Au.
burn. Pop. 1,461.
Fleming, co. Ky., bndd w. by Nicholas, n. w.
by Mason, n. e, by Lewis, e. and s. E. by Law.
rence, and s. w. by Licking r. which separates
it from Bath. Length s. e. to n. w. 36 ms.,
mean breadth 16, and area 576 sq.ms., extend.
ing in lat. from 38° 06' to 38° 33', and in long.
from 6° 22' to 6° 55' w. W. C. The slope of
Fleming is to the s., soil productive, and sur
face moderately hUly. Cf t. Flemingsburg.
Pop. 1820, 12,186, 1830, 13,499.
Flemingburg, or Flemingsburg, p.v. and st.
jus. Fleming co. Ky., by p.r, 498 ms, a little s.
of w. W. C, and 79 estrd. Frankfort. It is sit.
uated on the table land near the sources of ers.
flowing northwards into the O., aud southwards
into Licking r,, lat, 38° 25', and long. 6° 40' w.
W. C. Pop. 648.
Flemington, p.v, Amwell, Hunterdon co. N.
J. 23 ms. N. n, w. Trenton.
Fleming's, p.o. Weakly co. Ten. by p.r. 834
ras. s. w. by w. W. C. and 132 westerly from
Nashville. Fleming's, p.v. in the n. w. part of Shelby
CO. Ind,, 5 ms. n. w. Shelbyville, by p-r. 580 a
little N. of w. W. C, and 35 s, e. Indianopolis.
Fletcher, t. Franklin co. Vt., 22 ms. n. e.
Burlington, and 35 n. w. Montpelier. Pop.
793. Flint, r. Ontario co. N. Y., waters Italy,
Middlesex, Gorham, and Phelps, where it joins
the Canandaigua outlet, at the village of Vienna,
its whole course of 32 ms. being a good mill
stream. Flint, r. of Geo. {See Appalachicola, first
paragraph.) Flint Hill, p.o. Culpepper co. Va., by p-r.
104 ms. s. w. W. C.
Flint Mills, and p-o. in tbe sthm. part of
Madison co. Ala., 10 ms. s. from Hunts-ville, by
p-r. 716 s. w. by w. W. C. and 125 n. n. e. Tus
caloosa. Flint Stone, p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by p-r,
119 ms. N, w.W.C.
Flood's, p-o. Buckingham co. Va., by p-r. 180
ms. s. w. W. C, and 96 wstrd. Richmond.
Florence, p.t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ras. n. w.
Rome. Pop. 964.
Florence, formerly Brioeland's cross roada,
p.o. Washington co. Pa. The name has been
changed recently.
Florence, p.v. and st. jus. Lauderdale co.
Ala., by p.r, 796 ms, a, w, by w. W. C, 146 -a

FLO

155

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little w. of N. Tuscaloosa, aud 70 wstrd. Hunts.
-ville. It is situated on the right bank of Ten.
nessee r., at the raouth of Cypress cr., and be.
low the Muscle Shoals. Lat. 34° 47', long. 10°
46' w. W. C. At seasons of high or even rao.
derate height of water, steam boats ascend to
Florence. The pop. is estiraated at 1,500, and
the place so advantageously situated, possesses
a flourishing trade.
Florence, p.v. Boone co. Ky., by p.r. 507 ms.
wstrd. W. C, and 70 n. Frankfort. Pop. 63.
Florence, p-v. and tsp. in the wstrn. part of
Huron co. 0. The p-v. is situated on Vermillion
r., by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. by e. Norwalk, the co.
seat, 395 n. w. W. C. and 127 n. n. e. Columbus.
Pop. tsp. 760.
Florida, a canal, t. and p-t. Montgomery co.
N. Y,, a. shore Mohawk r., 35 ms. tt. w. Alba
ny, Pop. 2,851.
Florida, p-v. Orange co. N. Y,, 6 ms. s. Go
shen. Florida, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass, 25 ms. n. e.
Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Hoosic mountain lies
between the town and Adams, and Deerfield r.
rises on tbe estrn. declivity ofthe raountain, on
the Florida side. Pop. 454.
Florida, cape, or promontory of the s, estrn.
coast of Florida, projecting sthwd. and enclos.
ing on the N, e. the bay of Biscane. On Tan
ner's U. S. raap cape Florida is laid down at lat.
25° 38', long. 3° 10' w. W. C.
Florida, extreme sthrn. territory of the U. S,,
bndd, N. w. by Ala., a. by Geo., e. by the Atlan
tic and Bahama channel, s. by Cuba channel,
andw. ands. w. bythe Gulf of Mexico. Length,
if we follow the curve from Perdido r. to Cape
Sable, about 660 ms. The breadth from Per
dido r. along the nthm. border to the Atlantic,
is 375 ms., but the mean breadth being only
about 84 ms. the area is 55,400 sq. ms. or 35,
456,000 statute acres. Extending in lat. from
25° to 31°, if we include only the continent, but
embracing Thompson's island, the sthm. ex
trerae is at lat, 24° 30'. In long, this territory
lies between 3° and 10° 44' w. W, C. Florida
has a boundary along the Gulf of Mexico, from
the raouth of Perdido, to cape Sable, 600 ms. ;
along the Cuba and Bahama channels, and At,
lantic ocean frora cape Sable to the mouth of
St. Mary's r„ 450 ms. ; in coramon with Geo.
from the mouth of St. Mary's to that of Flint r.,
240 ms. ; up Chattahooche r. to lat. 31°, 40
ms. in coramon with Ala. from Chattahoo
che to Perdido r., 140 ms. ; dovm Perdido to its
raouth, 40 ras. ; entire outline, 1,510; with a
perimeter exceeding 1500 ras., and extending
through 6 degrees of lat. Florida presents some
diversity of climate, but the difference of rela.
tive level being but slight, the seasons at the ex
tremes more nearly approach an equality of
temperature than does any other similar extent
of lat. in the United States. The northern and
part of central Florida is covered with a dense
forest, except the partial clearing of land for
agricultural and other purposes of huraan so
ciety, but the sthm. section presents large spa.
ces of open, grassy, and in part marshy plains
Pine is the prevailing timber, but great variety
of other forest trees are intermixed. Sterility
is the true general character ofthe soil, with, it

is true, some favorable exceptions. The value
ofthe soil is, however, in some measuse equal
ized with that of more fertile but more nthrn.
land by the high temperature of the climate of
Florida. Of cultivated vegetables the principal
species are, of grains, rice and Indian corn ; the
sweet potatoe is produced in great abundance.
Garden vegetables admit of immense variety.
Staples are cotton, indigo, and sugar. Of fmits,
the orange, lirae, several varieties of figs, the
peach, poraegranate, and some others flourish.
The olive and some species of the vitis vinefera
(wine-producing grape vine) might be produced
perhaps to more advantage than in any other
section of the U. S. The profitable culture of
tbe coffee plant and date palra, is more doubt
ful. That part of Florida extending along the
nthrn. shore of the Gulf of Mexico slopes to
wards that recipient of its rivers with a general
sthrn. course. Florida is traversed, advancing
from east to west, by the rivers Suwannee, Os-
cilla, Ocklockonne, Appalachicola, Choctaw,
Yellow Water, and Escambia. The two latter
are discharged into the fine sheet of water which
forras the harbor of Pensacola. Choctaw opens
into a wide bay ofthe sarae narae. The Appa
lachicola forms a delta. Ocklockonne is dis
charged into the deep bayof Appalachie. The
Suwannee has a more sthrn. influx than any of
the preceding, and loses its volume in Vaca.
sausa bay, lat. 29° 25'. With the Vacasausa
bay the slope of Florida bends with the peninsu.
la, and Araasura, Anclota, Hillsboro', Charlotte,
Gallivan's, and Young's rs. have a general
wstm. course. The St. John's of Florida is an
anoraaly among the rs. of the Atlantic coast of
the United States. The source of this stream
is rather indefinable, being derived from the flat
grassy plains, about lat. 28°, and flowing thence
to the w. of N, nearly parallel to the opposite
Atlantic coast, has more the appearance of a
sound than a river. The long estrn. shore of
Florida can hardly be regarded as having a
slope. The level is general and very slightly
broken by elevations of any kind. On this mo
notonous expanse, a shell bank appears an object
of magnitude. Descending from the more gen
eral to the more specific features, we find the
long nthrn. paraUelogram of Florida offering
considerable diversity of surface. The rise
from the mouth of St, Mary's to the dividing
ground between its basin and that of Suwannee
exceeds 200 feet. The ridges or table land,
protruded southwardly between the other more
wstrn. rivers, are perhaps still more elevated,
but all imperceptibly decline, approaching the
sea coast until merged in the sandy shores.
The depth of the harbors raay be seen under
the respective heads of the rivers and bays.
The table land between the basins of St. Mary's
and Suwannee rs. stretches sthwrd, and may be
regarded asthe spine of peninsular Florida, un
til gradually lost in the plains between the sour
ces of St. John's and Amasura rs. Florida as
a political subdivision coraprises two natural
sections. The nthm. slope, already noticed,
extending from the Atlantic ocean to Perdido
r., deeply furrowed by the river channels, ia fol
lowed by the peninaula, properly so called.
The two physical sections can have no actually

FLO

156

FLO

defined line of separation, but a line drawn from
the mouth of St John's r, to that of Suwannee,
would afford a demarcation, having two natural
points of termination. A base of calcareous
rock commences in northern, and extends under
perhaps all peninsular Florida. This friable
stone breaks forth at St. Augustine and many
other points, but is overlaid generally by deep
superstrata of clay, shells, and sand. We insert
the following description as being official. It
is extracted from the files of congressional docu
ment, and from a Report of the engineer de
partment, on the practicability of a canal across
the peninsula of Florida. Read in Congress,
March 26th, 1832.
" The part of the peninsula of Florida, com
prehended between the southem boundaries of
Georgia, and a line drawn frora Tarapa bay to
cape Cannaveral, is an extensive pine forest, m-
terspersed with numberless lakes, ponds, low
savannahs, and cypress swamps of various sizes.
The country, though generally flat, is, however,
much undulated in some districts, and even
hilly in many places. The ridge wbich divides
the waters Emptying into the Atlantic ocean
from those running into the gulf, is sloping
gradually from n. to s., and seems to become
totally depressed south of a line dra-wn from
the bay of Tampa to cape Cannaveral. Indeed
all that great tract of country south of this line,
is represented, by those best informed, as an
extensive marsh, forbidding, during the rainy
seasons (between June and October,) any land
passage from the gulf to the Atiantic. The
elevation of the ridge above the level of the
sea, has been found to be 152 feet at the head
of St. Mary's river, near the Georgia line, 158
between Kinsley's pond, and Little Santa Fe
pond, head of Santa Fe river, and 87 feet be
tween the head branches ofthe Amaxura and
Ocklawaha rivers. The soil is generaUy sand,
except at places called hamraocks, the soil of
which is either a red-yellow, or black clay,
mixed with sand. These hammocks are nu
merous, and rauch scattered throughout the
country ; they vary in extent, from a few acres
to thousands of acres, and form together but an
inconsiderable portion of the peninsula. On
them, the growth of tree is red oak, live oak,
water oak, dog wood, magnolia and pine ; the
red oak predominating. Whilst these ham
mocks, under the auspicious climate ofFlorida,
present a very productive arable land, the pine
forests afford every facility to the raising of
cattle ; and under this point of view, this part
of the peninsula may be considered as a most
valuable grazing country. It is to be observed
that, in Florida, the fem grass is exclusively
peculiar to low grounds and heads of water
courses. If the upper stratum of the peninsu
la, is generally sand on both sides of the ridge,
and that to a depth of at least 5 or 6 feet, the
substratum is not the sarae on both sides. On
the eastern, it is clay raixed with a great deal
of sand ; but on the westem, it is, throughout,
a kind of stratified rotten liraestone, which
frequently appears at the surface, and which at
many places, is undermined by streams sinking
abruptly to take their passage through the cav
ernous parts of the mass, and to resume, at

sorae distance down, their natural course. It
is owing to the numerous cavities of this rotten
substratum, that the surface of the ground is
seen interspersed with numberless inverted
conic hollows, called sinks, the size of which
varies from afew square yards to many acres.
The strearas which run through the peninsula,
present, generaUy, no flat bottom, or arable flu.
viatic deposite along their banks ; they force
their course through the sandy upper stratum,
and are fed more by lateral filtration than by
tributaries. However, their margins are often
trimmed with trees, such as live oak, water
oak, magnoUa, and laurel thicket, whicb receive
chiefly their nourishment from moisture. The
sea along the western coast of the peninsiUa is
shallow, frora Tampa bay to Appalachie bay,
and on a width varying from 5 to 15 miles. —
From the latter to cape San Bias, this width di.
minishes, except at the intervening capes, where
extensive shoals project out ; but from cape
San Bias to lake Pontchartrain, the shore is
generally bold, and the coast affords several
good harbors.* As to the coast on the Atlan.
tic, the sea is all along shallow, and offers no
harbors except at the mouth of St. John's r. and
St. Augustine." St. Mary's river ought lo be
added. " The shortest distance across the pe
ninsula is about from St. Augustine, to a point
on the gulf between the raouths of the Suw',in-
nee and Araaxura rivers ; this distance is 105
railes. The distance on a straight line frora the
mouth of the St. John to that of the Suwannee
is 130 miles, and from the month of St. Johu to
St. Mark, ] 70 miles."
The long problem in theory seems to be
solved, that is, the difference of level between
the Atlantic ocean outside, and the Gulf of
Mexico inside of the peninsula of Florida. —
On this subject the topographical engineers ob
serve, " should tbe surveys be perfectly accu
rate, the level of low tide in the gulf would be
2 263-100 feet above that of low tide inthe At.
lantic. On another hand it has been shown, in
describing the surveys relating to the St. Mary's
route, that the result of the leveling has given
3 55-100 for the difference of the level between
the gulf and the Atlantic. We must therefore
consider it as probable, that, at low tide, the
elevation of tbe gulf at the mouth of the Su
wannee, is not more than 3 or 4 feet above low
tide at tbe entrance of St. John's into the Atlantic.
Political Geography. In the census of 1830,
Florida is subdivided into Eastem, Western,
Middle and Southem ; of which the population

was as foUows : —

Whites.
Free col'd.
Slaves.
Totals
Eastern,
4,515
346
4,095
8,955
Western,
5,319
396
3,753
9,468
Middle,
8,173
19
7,587
15,779
Sontbem
368
83
66
517
Total, 18,375 844 15,501 34,720
The counties and their population as exhibit.
ed in the census, is as follows : —
Eastern Florida, Western Florida, Middle Florida,
Alacliua, 2,204 Escambia T
Duval, 1,970 Jackson In abo
Nassau, 1,511 Walton ^a.™"
Moscheto 733 'Washington, J
St. Johns, 2,538
Gadsden, 4,8!
Hamilton, 553
Jefferson, 3,313
Leon, 6,494
Madison, 525
'* This character of coast between Mobile bay and lake
Pontchartrain, is only applicable outside of th« islands.
{See Pascagoula sound.)
FLO

157

FLO

All southern Florida is included in the county
of Monroe. In the census, the population of
the counties coraposing Western Florida, is not
individually given.
Ofthe foregoing population, there were white
persons

Males.

Females.

Under 5 years of age.

1,932

1,807

From 5 to 10,

1,333

1,251

" 10 to 15,

1,015

981

" 15 to 20,

789

923

" 20 to 30,

2,161

1,447

" 3" to 40,

1,538

848

" 40 to 50,

760

484

" 50 to 60,

436

247

" IIO to 70,

104

101

" 70 to 80,

57

45

" 80 to 90,

10

10

" 90 to 100,

2

5

" 100 and upwards.

1

0

Total, 10,226 8,149
Ofthe foregoing, are deaf and dumb, under
14 years, 2 ; 14 to 25, 0 ; 25 and upwards, 3
blind, 2.
Colored population, as follows :•

Free.

Slaves.

Males.

Fems.

Males. Fems.

Under 10 years of age, 138

144

2,501 2,560

From 10 to 24 109

136

2,482 2,449

" 24 to 36 47

70

1,830 1,561

" 36 to 55 -g. 56

62

948 768

" 55 to 100, 33

48

224 177

': 100 and upwards, 0

1

0 1

Total, 383 461 7,985 7,516
Deaf and dumb, colored, under 14 years, 1 ;
14 to 25, 1 ; over 25, 1.
Frora the preceding analysis of its distribu
tive population of 1830, Florida contained tbe
largest number of inhabitants of the three United
States territories, Arkansas, Michigan, and
Florida; and ofthis aggregate, 53 per cent, are
whites. The weight ofthe population ofFlori-
da lies along the northern parallellograra and
above lat 28°. The relative distribution must
at all future times remain not greatiy different
from the present, as the productive soil and
navigable rivers are in great part confined to
the three northern sections. Extensive surveys
have been made to determine the practicability
of forming a canal acroaa Florida, from the At
lantic ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. These sur
veys have been productive of much very valua
ble geographical information, of which we have
availed ourselves in this treatise, but the practi
cal construction of the proposed canal reraains
doubtful, and the doubts arise chiefly from the
shallowness of the water on the gulf side of the
peninsula. History. — ^The fine, sonorous narae
of Florida, was imposed by the discoverer, John
Ponce de Leon, from having made the coast on
or about " Pasque Florida," Palm Sunday, in
1512. The first attempt to form a civiUzed
colony in Florida, was made by the French in
1562, under Francis Ribault, but the colonists
were, in 1565, surprised and murdered by the
Spaniards. 'This massacre was severely re
venged by a French expedition ; but the Span.
iards remained masters of the country, and
founded in 1565, the city of St. Augustine, in
East Florida. West Florida was not colonized
until 1699, when Pensacola was founded by
Don Andre de la Riola. Though often invaded
by French and English armaments, this province
reraained a part of Spanish America, tmtil 1763, 21

when it was ceded to Great Britain. By the de"
finitive treaty of 1783, it Was receded by Grea
Britain to Spain. When Florida waa a colony
of Spain, and Louiaiana of France, or from 1699
to 1763, the Perdido river waa a common boun.
dary, but when, in 1769, Louisiana waa taken
into posseaaion by Spain, under the treaty of
cession of 17 63, they, for their own convemence,
incorporated that part of Louisiana, between the
Missisaippi and Perdido river with Florida.
This incorporation of part of Louisiana into
Florida, involved Spain in a controversy with
the United States, when the latter governraent
gained possession of Louisiana. On virtue of
claiming the latter, as held by France previous
to 1763, tbe United States, in 1811, seized
Baton Rouge, and all other parts ofFlorida west
of Perdido, except Mobile, which also surren
dered iu 1812. After a lengthened and inter.
rupted negotiation, Florida was ceded to the
United States, February 22d, 1819, by a treaty
formed at Waahington. This treaty was finally
ratified by the King and Cortes of Spain, Octo.
ber 24th, 1820, and February 22d, 1821, was
ratified by the Congress of the United States.
Since the latter period, there has occurred no
event in the history of Florida, worthy of par.
ticular notice.
Florida Keys, is a chain of islets, rocks,
reefs, aud sand banks, extending westward frora
the southwardly part of Florida, stretching in
long, from 3^° to 6° 15' w. W. C. between lat.
24° 30' and 24° 45'. This very dangerous
chain is coraposed of Ball islands, Matacumbe
islands, Cayasbacos, the Pine islands, Thorap-
son's islands. Mule islands, Cayos Marques, and
on the extreme w. the Tortugas.
Florisant, p.v. in the northern part of St.
Louis CO. Mo, situated between the Misp. and
Mo. rs. below their junction, 18 ms, a little w.
of N. St. Louis, and 872 westward W. C.
Flournoy's Mills, and p-o, Telfair co, Geo.
772 ms. southwestward W. C. and 120 south
ward MiUedgeville.
Flowing Spring, p-o. Bath co, Va. 206 ms.
s. w. W. C. and 164 a Uttle n, of w. Richmond.
Floyd, p-t. Oneida co, N, Y. 6 ms, e, Rome,
and 10 N, Utica, Pop, 1,699.
Floyd, new co. Va. bndd. s. w. by Grayson,
Wythe w., Montgomery n. w. and n., and Blue
Ridge separating it from Franklin e,, and Pat.
rick s, e. Length from a, w. to n. e, 30 ms.,
mean breadth 12, and area 360 sq, ras. Cen.
tral lat. 36° 53', long. W. C. 3° 35' w. This
CO. formerly constituted the southern section of
Montgoraery. It is a part of the sarae mtn.
valley which contains Grayson co. Va. and Ashe
CO. N. C. The slope to the n. w, in which di.
rection flows Littie r. a branch of New r. By
the census of 1830, the pop. was included in
that of Montgomery. It occupies an elevated
region, the cultivated surface exceeding a mean
of 1800 feet above tide water. By reference
to the mean elevation of Montgomery, Giles and
Franklin cos. it will be seen that the country
above the Blue Ridge exceeds that below in
elevation about 1100 feet. Floyd occupies the
extrerae eastem part of the valley of Great Ka.
nawha. FLoyn, eastem oo. Ky. bndd. s. by Pike, s. w.

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by Perry, w, by Morgan, n, by Lawrence, and
E. by the Tug or eastern branch of Big Sandy,
which separates it from Logan co. of Va.^
Length, from east to west, 50 miles, mean
breadth 30, and area 1,500 sq, mUes, Extend
ing in lat. from 39° 24' to 37° 55', and in long.
from 5° 02' to 6° 10' west W. C. This co. oc
cupies an elevated table land, the eastern part
sloping northwardly, and down which flow the
two main branches of Sandy r. From the
southwestern angle flow the higher branches of
Kentucky, and from the northwestern, the ex,
trerae sources of Licking r. The face of tbe
country ia hilly and broken. Cf t. Preston-
berg. Pop. 1820, 8,207, 1830, 4,347.
Floyd, co. of Indiana, bndd, by Harrison s. s.
vr. and w., Washington n. w., Clark n. e. and e,,
and the Ohio r. separating it from Jefferson co,
Ky, s, E, Length 20 ms. mean breadth 15, and
area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 38° 1 6'
to 38° 31', and in long, from 8° 44' to 9° 03' w.
W. C. This CO. lies directly opposite Louis
ville in Ky. The slope is southward ; surface
hilly, and soil productive. Cf. t. New Albany.
Pop. 1831, 6,361.
Floydsburg, p-v. on Floyd Fork, southern
part of Oldhara co. Ky. 20 ms. tt. e, by e. Lou
isville, and 34 a little n, of w. Frankfort.
Floyd's Fork, r, of Ky, rises in Oldham co,,
flows thence s. s, w, over the eastern part of
Jefferson, and northern of Bullitt, falls into Salt
r. at Shepperdsville, after a comparative course
of 35 ras.
Flukes, p-o. Bottetourt co. Va.
Flushing, p-t. Queen's co. n. side Nassau, on
Long isl. 15 ms, e. N, Y, Flushing v. which
stands at the head of Flushing bay, is a fash
ionable place of resort. In this town are still
remaining two of the white oaks, under whose
shade George Fox, the founder of Quakerism,
held a religious meeting in 1672, Pop, 2,820.
Flushing, p-v. in Flushing tsp, Belmont co,
O.by p-r, 124 ms. e, Columbus, and 275 ms, N,
w. by w.W.C. Pop. 114.
Fluvanna, co, of Va, bndd, n, w, by Albe
marle, N, E, by Louisa, s, e, by Goochland, and
s. and s. w, by Jaraes r,, which separates it from
Buckingham. Length along Alberaarle 26,
mean breadth 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. from 37° 36' to 40°, and in long.
from 1° 12' to 1° 43' w, W. C. Fluvanna r.
enters it from Albemarle, and flowing s. e. di
vides it into two nearly equal sections. Surface
agreeably broken. Cf t. Colurabia. Popula
tion 1820, 6,704, 1830, 8,221.
FOGELSVILLE, p-0. Lchlgh CO, Pa.
Folly p-o. Gates co. N. C. by p-r, 186 ms, n,
E, by E, Raleigh.
Fond du Lac, bottom of the lake, literally,
but intended to designate the extreme wstrn.
bay of lake Superior. Fond du Lac bay is ter.
rainated where it receives St. Louis r, n. lat
47° and long. W. C. 15 w. intersect in the
nrthrn. part of Fond du Lac.
Ford's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. by
p-r. 227 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Forked Deer r. streara of Ten. rising in
Carroll, Henderson, and McNair cos., and flow
ing over Madison, Gibson, Haywood and Dyer
COS., faUa into the Misp. r. in the nthrn. part of

Tipton, above the first of the Chickasaw bluffs,
after a comparative course of 80 ms. n. w. by
w. The valley of Forked Deer Ues between
those of Obion and Big Hatchie, and embraces
an .area of about 2,000 sq. ras.
Fork Shoals, p-o. on Saluda r, Greenville
dist, S. C. by p.r. 107 ms. n, w. Columbus.
Forsyth, new co. of Geo. boundaries uncer
tain. Forsyth, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Geo.
situated on Chussee cr. about 60 ms, a little s.
of w. MiUedgeville. Lat. 33°, and in long. 7° 5'
Fort Adams, p-v. on the left bank of Misp. i.
at Loftus Heigbts, Wilkinson co. Misp. 41 ms.
by the road s, Natchez.
Fort Anne, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. de.
rives its name from the fort here erected during
the French wars, which stood at the head of
batteaux navigation on Wood cr. The Cham.
plain canal runs through this town, 62 ras. from
Albany, 10 N. Sandy HUl, and lis. WhitehaU.
Tbe village of Fort Anne stands near the site of
the fort, on the Charaplain canal. Pop. 3,200.
Fort Ball, p.v. in the westem part of Sene.
ca CO, O, by p.r. 446 ras. s. w. by w. W, C. and
85 a littie w. of n. Columbus.
P'oRT Blount, p.v. Jackson co. Ten. by p.r.
660 ms. s, w. by w. W. C. and 70 n. e. by E.
Nashville. Fort Brady. {See St. Mary's straits.)
Fort Claiborne. {See Claiborne, st. jus.
Monroe, Ala.)
Fort Covington, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. on
the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of Salmon cr.,
15 ms. N. w. Malone, 235 from Albany, and 53
E, N, E. of Ogdensburg. This t. and the fort
within it derive their narae frora Gen, Coving
ton, who was mortaUy wounded in the battle of
Williarasburg, during our last war -with Great
Britain, St. Regis v. (Indian) is situated in this
t. The chief of these Indians is a descendant
of a daughter of Rev. Mr. WiUiaras, rainister
of Deerfield, Mass, She was carried into cap.
tivity when Deerfield was destroyed b)* the
Indians, in tbe time of the old French war, and
marrying an Indian, refused to return ; and so
lived and died among the Indians. Pop. 3,901.
Fort Crawford, Crawford co. Mich. {See ,
Prairie du Chien.)
Fort Dale, p.v. Butter co. Ala. 132 ms. n. e.
from Blakely, on MobUe r. and by p.r. 152 ms,
s. s. E, Tuscaloosa.
Fort Defiance, p.v. in the western part of
Wilkes CO. N. C. situated on the Yadkin near
its source, 25 ms, above, and s. w. by w. WUkes-
boro, the co. St., and by p-r. 428 ms. a. w. W.
C. and 200 w. Raleigh.
Fort Edward, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. E.
Hudson r. near the Great Bend. It is 2 ms. s.
Sandy Hill, 16 from Caldwell, and 22 from
Whitehall. The old fort, which gives the name
to the town, was built by the Americans in 1755.
The viUage is built on the Champlain canal,
which here forms a junction with the Hudson.
A dam is built across the river at this place,
for the purpose of supplymg the canal with wa
ter, by means of a feeder, wbich ia half a mile
long. The dam is 900 ft. long, and 27 high. It
cost $30,000. Pop. 1,816.

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159

FOU

Fort Galnes, p-v. Early co. Geo. by p-r. 175
ms. s. w. MilledgevUle.
Fort Gibson. {See Cantonment Gibson.)
Fort Gratiot, pv, in the eastern part of St,
Clair CO, Mich,, and on the point w, side of St,
Clair r, where that streara issues frora lake Hu
ron, and just above the mouth of the r. Dulude,
by p-r, 597 ms. n. w. W. C. and 71 n. n, e. De
troit, J
Fort Jackson, p-v, Montgomery co. Ala. sit
uated on the point between Coosa and Talia.
poosa rs. immediately above the junction, 96
ms. s. K, Tallapoosa. Lat. 32° 29', and long.
9° 23' w. W, C,
Fort Jackson, p.v, Plaquemines parish. La,
75 ms, below New Orleans,
Fort Jefferson, p.v. Dark co. 0. by p.r. 103
ms. wstrd. Colurabus, and 501 a Uttle n. of w.
W.C.
Fort Lafayette, N. Y. on a reef of rocks in
the Narrows, coramanding the entrance of N.
Y. bay.
Fort Lee, Bergen co. N. J. a ferry and land.
ing place on tbe Hudson, 10 ras. above N. Y.
near the site of the fort of sarae narae. A turn.
pike road from Patterson and Hackensack ter.
minates at this place, and a steara boat plies to
N. Y. city.
Fort Littleton, in the southeastern part
Bedford co. Pa. by p.r. 103 ms. n. w. W. C. and
64 wstrd. Harrisburg.
Fort Miller, p.v. Washington co. N. Y. on
the Hudson, e, side, which here has falls, around
which there is a canal, with a dam across the
river for supplying the same with water, s, San
dy HiU 11 ms.
Fort Rich.\iond, N. Y. on the heights, at the
s. E, point of Staten isl,, on the w. of the Nar
rows, commanding the entrance of N. Y. bay.
Fort St. Philip, p-o. an iraportant miUtary
establishment of the U. S. on the left bank of
the Misp. parish of Plaquemines, La. 70 ms.
below New Orleans.
Fort Seneca, p-v. in Seneca tsp, Seneca co,
O, situated on Sandusky r. by p.r. 437 ras. n, w.
by w. W. C. and 94 a little w, of n, Columbus.
Pop. tsp. 369.
Fort Smith, miUtary station and p-v. as laid
down by Tanner, is situated on the right bank of
Arkansas r. on the extrerae western border of
Crawford co. Ark. by p-r. 235 ms. above, and
N. w. by w. Littie Rock, and 1,303 s. w. by w.
4 w.W.C. FoRTSMOUTH, p-v. Shenaudoah co. Va. by p-r.
92 ms. wstrd. W. C.
FoRTSMOUTH, p-v. Page co. Va. by p-r. 83 ms,
N. w. Richmond, and 147 wstrd. W. C.
Fort, Snelling, military station and p-o. at
the mouth of St. Peters r. and Falls of St. An
thony in Misp. r. The distance by p-r. from
Washington City is not given in the p-o. list,
but as it is something above 200 raa. above Prai
rie du Chien, which latter is stated at 1,060 ras,
from W. C, fort SnelUng must amount to n-jar
1,300 ras. from the seat of the general govern
ment. Lat, 44° 53', long. 16° 13' w. W. C,
These relative positions yield a bearmg from
W. C. to fort Snelling of 63° 33' w. ; distance
968 statute ms.
FoET Towson, or Cantonment Towson, as

laid down in Tanner's U. S. is situated almost
on lat. 34° and 18° 07' w. W. C, about 10 ms.
N. from the efflux of Kiameche into Red r. In
the p-o. list of 1828, the p-o. at fort Towson is
named in Miller co., distant 253 ras. frora Little
Rock, though on the raap, even the road dis
tance falls short of 180 ms. s. w. by w.
Fortune's Fork, p-o. {See Gretna Green,
Halifax co. Va.)
Fort Valley, p-o. Crawford co. Geo. 48 ms.
by p-r. H. w. by w. MilledgevUle.
FoRTviiAE, p-v, Jones co, Geo, 31 ms. wstrd.
MiUedgeville. Fort Washington, p v. and railitary station
of the U. S. on the left baidi of Potomac r, at
the raouth of Piscataway cr,, in Prince George's
CO, Md. 15 ms. below, and very nearly due s.
W. C.
Fort Wayne, p.v. and St. jus, Allen co, Ind.
by p-r. 561 ras, n, w. by w. 'W. C , and 14 1 n, w.
Columbus, and also by the intermediate road
160 ms. s.w. Detroit. This vil, occupies the
very reraarkable point above the junction of St.
Mary's and St. Joseph's rs. and on the right bank
of the fornier. The united strearas here take
the narae of Mauraee, {See Maumee r.) Fort
Wayne received its narae in honor of the old
veteran hero, who so much contributed to give
peace and security to the new settlements in
Ohio valley, and who found a grave at Presqu'
Isle, now Erie in Pa. the 15th Dec. 1796, Fort
Wayne stands at lat, 41° 04', long. 8° 7' W. C.
Fort Winnebago, as laid down by Tanner, is
situated on the portage ground between the
Ouisconsin and Fox r, of Green bay. In the
p-o. list it is placed in Iowa co. In the latter
work the relative distances are not given, but
measured on Tanner's U. S,, it is distant, by
the circuitous route of Pektano r,, 258 ms, n, w,
Chicago, though only about 150 in direct course,
142 above and s. w. fort Howard, at the mouth
of Fox r., 150 ms, by the land route above Prai.
rie due Chien at the raouth of Ouisconsin, and
by actual calculation n, 57° w,, 586 statute ms.
from W, C.
Foster, p.t. Providence co, R. L 15 ms. w.
Providence ; well watered, and contains nu.
merous sites for water works. Pop. 2,672.
FosTERTOwN, V. Evcsham, Burlington co. N.
J. 15 ms. E. Phil.
Fotheringay, p.v. Montgomery co. Va. by
p-r. 201 ras, s, w, by w, W. C.
Foulkstown, p-v. in the eastern part of Co.
lurabiana co. O. by p.r. 166 ms. N. E, by. E. Co
lumbus, and 269 n. w. W. C.
Fountain, co, of Ind. bndd. by Tippecanoe on
the N, E., Montgomery e,, Parke s., Wabash r.
separating it from Verraillion, s, w., and Wa
bash r. again separating it frora Warren w. and
N. w. Greatest length along the eastern border
30., raean breadth 16, and area 480 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat. frora 39° 6^' to 40° 22' and in
long, from 10° 06' to 10° 26' w, W, C, Slope
south wstrd, towards the Wabash. Cf. t, Cov
ington. Pop. 7,619.
FouNTAiNDALE, p-v, in the southern part of
Adama co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. o. w. Harrisburg,
and 71 «. W. C.
Fountain Head, p.o. in the eastern part of
Sumner co. Ten. 34 ms. n. e. Nasltville.

FOX

160

FRA

Fountain of Health, p.o. Davidson co. Ten.
6 ms. from Nashville.
Fountain Inn and p.o. Chester co. Pa.
Fountain Powder Mills and p-o. Hart co.
Ky. by p.r, 101 ms. s. w. Frankfort.
Fountain Spring, p.v. Warren co. Ten. by
p.r. 72 ms. s. e, by E. Nashville, and 659 s. w.
by w, W. C.
Fourche a Renault, p.v. Washington co. Mo.
by p.r. 128 ma. above and n. w. by w. Little
Rock, and 921 ms. n, w. by w. i w. W, C.
Four Corners, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 404
ms, n, w. by w. W. C. and 125 N. Columbus.
Four Mile Branch and p-o. Bamwell dist.
S, C. by p-r. 90 ms. s. w. Columbia.
Four Mile Prairie, p-o. Howard co. Mo. by
p-r. 1,032 ms. w, W. C. and 214 ms. wstrd. St.
Louis. Fowler, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on the
Oswegatchie, 36 ms. s. Ogdensburgh. Well
watered and timbered, and contains raaiiy sites
for water works. It contains iroti ore, and
other valuable minerals. Pop. 1,437.
Fowler, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part of
Trumbull co. 0. The p-o. is by p-r^ 12 ms.
nthrd. from Warren, the co. St.. 309 it. vr. W.
C and 169 n, e. Columbus.
Fox r, of II. and Mich, the main nthm. branch
of II. rises at lat. 43° 30', between Rock r. and
Manawakee r., and flowing thence by com
parative courses a. a. w. 160 ms., falls into II.
at Otawa, 86 ms. s. w. Chicago. Fox river
of Illinois receives no tributary strearas of
consequence ; its valley lies between those of
Rock r., the upper II., and wstrd. from lake
Michigan. That part of Fox r. which ia com.
prised in Michigan or the higher part of its
course, is nearly parallel, and from 20 to 25 ma.
diatant from the wstrn. shore of lake Michigan.
Fox K,, confluent of Green bay, is composed
of two main and numerous minor branches. The
two principal branches are Fox r. proper, and
Wolf r. Fox r. proper is that remarkable
stream which derives its source from the level
table land estrd. from the Ouisconsin. The two
higher branches approach each other in nearly
opposite directions, and uniting at fort Winne
bago, leave a portage of less than 2 ms. from
the navigable channel of the Ouisconsin, These
higher constituents of Fox i. from their re.
spective courses, seem to be natural tributaries
of Ouisconsin, but reflowing, if we may use the
expression, back upon their own courses, deflect
to the northward, assume the name of Fox r,,
and continuing to the nthrd. 20 ms. dilate into
Buffalo lake, and bend to the e. Buffalo lake,
an intervening strait, and Puckawa lake, occupy
25 ms. of this curious r., which, leaving the lat.
ter, inflects abruptly to the wstrd., again estrd.,
and finally north estrd. The last course is main.
tained 55 ms. to the influx of Wolf r, from the
nthrd. Wolf r. has its sources interlocking
with those of Ontonagon of lake Superior,
Flowing thence s, s. E. 120 ms. unites with and
loses its name in Fox r. Below the mouth of
Wolf r.. Fox r, inflecting to s. e. dilates into
Menomonie lake, and thence with a short inter.
vening strait, opens into the comparatively large
Winnebago lake. The latter sheet of water
stretches from s. to n, 30 ms. with a breadth va.

rying from 2 to 10 ms. Fox r. enters its west.
ern side near the middle, and issues frora the
northwestern angle. Below Winnebaga lake
Fox r. inflects again to the n. e., but with an el.
liptic curve to the estrd. 45 ms. comparative
course to the head of Green bay at fort How.
ard. The general course of Fox r. from the
portage at fort Winnebago to its final eflux into
Green bay, is a littie E. of n. e., and distance, by
comparative course, 130 ras. Such are, howev.
er, the great and numerous inflections of the
stream and lakes that the navigable distance
perhaps exceeds 200 ms. The valley of Fox r.
lies between that of Green bay and the upper
Ouisconsin. In fact Green bay is the continua
tion and lower depression of the Fox r. valley,
and both contribute to form Unks of the naviga
ble route from lake Mich, to the Misp. r, by the
Ouisconsin, Including Wolf r, the Fox r. valley
extends from lat, 43° .30' to 46°, and in long.
from 10° to 12° 12' w. W. C.
Fox, p.v, Clearfield co. Pa. byp-r. 119 ms.N.
w. Harrisburg.
Foxborough, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 24 ms.
s. w. Boston. Well watered and contains man
ufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,165.
Foxburg, p-V; at the extrerae southem angle
of Venango co. Pa. situated on the point be
tween and above the junction of Alleghany and
Clarion rs. about 100 ms. N. N. E. Pittsburg.
Foxcroft, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 35 ms. N.
w. Bangor. Pop. 677.
Fox's CR. and p-o. Lawrence co. Ala, by p-r.
129 ms. N. Tuscaloosa, and 758 s. w. byw. W. C.
FoxTowN, p-o. Madison co. Ky. 6 ms. n. w.
Richraond, the co. St., and by p-r. 543 s. w. by
w. i w, W. C.
FoxviLLE, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 56
ms. westward W. C.
Foy's Store and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. by
p-r. 410 ms. s, W, C. and 193 s. E. Raleigh.
Framingham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ms.
w. Boston. Finely watered by Sudbury r. a
branch of Concord r. The matiufacturing bu.
siness is here carried on on a large scale. Pop.
2,313. Francestown, p-t. HiUsboro' co. N. H. 12 ms.
from Amherst, 55 frora Hanover, 27 from Con.
cord, and 60 from Boston. It contains a quarry
of free stone. Very eligibly situated for busi.
ness, being on the great thoroughfare from
Windsor to Boston. Pop. 1,541.
Francisburg, p.v. Union co. Ky. by p.r. 204
ms, s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Franconia, ,p.t. Grafton co. N. H. 28 ms.
frora Haverhill, 74 N. Concord, and 140 from
Boston. A large proportion of the town is
mountainous. There is a singular natural curi
osity in this town, called the Profile, situated
on a peak about 1,000 ft. high, presenting a front
of solid rock, a side view of whioh e;3iibits a
strikmg profile of the human face, every fea.
ture being conspicuous. The town contains an
iron mine, said to be inexhaustible, yielding the
richest supply in the U. S. There are two iron
manufactories in the town ; the ore of them is
very extensive, manufacturing 12 to 15 tons per
week. There is a highly impregnated mineral
spring m the to-wn. Pop. 447.
Franconia, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa.

FRA

161

FRA

The p.o. is 30 ms. tt. vr. PhiL The tsp. is on '
the s. side of the n. e, branch of Perkioming
cr. Pop, 1820, 848, 1830, 998.
Frankford, p.v., tsp. and borough, Phil. co.
Pa. 5 ms. N, E, from the central part of the city
of PhU. Pop. of the tsp. 1,633,
Frankford, p-v. near the right bank of
Greenbriar r. Greenbriar co.Va. 12 ms. n. ». E,
Lewisburg, by p-r, 257 ms, s, w. W. C.
Frankford, p-v. ui the n. w. part of Pike co.
Mo, 94 ms. N. w. St. Louis.
Frankfort, p-t, Waldo co. Me, w, Penob
scot r,, head of navigation, 2<) ms, N, Castine,
12 s. Bangor, Pop, 2,487,
Frankfort, p-t, Herkiraer co. N. Y. on the
Erie canal, in which town tbere are 3 locks on
said canal, terminating the level from Salina, a
distance of 694 ms. without a lock. This town
is situated s. of the Mohawk, 8 ms. w. Herki
mer, and 86 w. n. -vr. Albany, Pop, 2,620,
Frankfort, t, Sussex co, N, J, Pop. 1,996.
Frankfort, p-v. Beaver co. Pa, 25 ms, a little
N. of w. Pittsburg, and 30 a Uttle w. of n.
Washmgton, Pa.
Frankfort, p-v. near the right bank of Pat
terson's cr. northern part of Harapshire co,
Va. 15 ras. s. Cumberland, Md. and by p-r. 119
ms. n, w, by w. W, C,
Frankfort, p-t, st. jus. for Franklin co. and
of governraent for the state of Ky. It is situa
ted on tbe right bank of Ky. r. 60 ras. above its
junction with the Ohio, 24 ms. n, n, w. Lexing
ton, 53 a little s. of E. Louisville, by p-r. 86 s. s,
•vr. Cincinnati, and 538 s,, 83i w, W. C. Lat,
38° 12', long. 7° 52' w. W. C, The site of
Frankfort is an alluvial plain highly elevated
above the river, the banks of which are lirae
stone, and wbich forms a fine curve, sweeping
around the southern and western parts of the
town. The river is about 100 yards wide, and
the bottoms on both sides of it are broad, and
liable to inundation. At seasons of high water,
steamboats of 300 tons burthen, are navigated
up to Frankfort, and tbe r. is navigable frora 200
ms. above (following the course ofthe streara)
for boats descending, Frankfort contains a
state house, built of rough marble, 86 by 54 ft, ;
a court house, jail, penitentiary, bank, theatre,
3 or 4 churches, and an academy ; also several
manufactories of bagging, rope walks, powder
mills, tobacco ware houses, &c. I'he town is
generaUy well built, — many of the buildings,
are of marble, and the business of tbe place is
of considerable importance. In 1810 the pop.
was 1,092, of whom 407 were slaves ; in 1820,
1,679, of whora 643 were slaves ; in 1830,
X,680 — and including S. Frankfort, (with which
it is connected by a bridge across the river,)
1,987. Frankfort, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co, Ind.
by p-r. 620 miles northwest by west i w.W. C.
and 50 ms, n. n. w. Indianopolis. Tt is situated
on the South Fork of Wild Cat r. Lat. 40° 20',
long. 9° 30' w. W. C.
Franklin, t. Hancock co. Me-. Pop. 382.
FrankliS, p-t. Merrimac co. N. H. on Merri
mac r. 18 ms. N. Concord. It was incorporated
1828, and divided from SaUsbury and Sanbom-
.ton. Pop. 1,370.
Fbanklin, CO. Vt. N. Vf. part of the state. —

Bndd. u. by Lower Canada, e, Orleans co., s.
Chittenden co., w. Crand Isle co., from which
it is separated by a part of lake Champlain, 34
ms. from e, to w. and about 33 from n. to s., con
taining 730 sq. ms. The cf t. is St. Albans, a
place of considerable business. The Missisque
r. waters the n, part of this co, and the Lamo
ille tbe s. The e, part extends on to the west.
ern range of the Green mtns. and is high and
broken, the w. part is generally level, and is a
very fine farming country. It beganto be set.
tied iramediately after the close of the revolu.
tion. Very fine raarble is found in abundance in
Swanton, and large quantities of iron ore in
Highgate. Pop, 1820, 17,192, 1 830, 24,525.
Franklin, p.t, n, part Franklin co. Vt. 36 ras.
N, E, Burlington, and 51 n.w. Montpelier. Much
injured by a large pond near the centre. Pop.
1,229, Franklin, co. Mass, bndd, n, by N. H., e. by
Worcester co,, s. by Harapshire co,, and w. by
Berkshire. 'VVatered by Connecticut, Deerfield,
and Miller rs. Few tracts of country exceed
this for the extent and value of its water pow.
ers. Cf t, Greenfield. Pop. 1820, 29,268,
183Q, 29,501.
Franklin, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass, 26 ms, s, w.
Boston. Finely watered by Charles r. and its
branches, and is a flourishing manufacturing
town. The Franklin cotton manufacturing
corapany, was incorporated in 1813. Capital
§J200,000. In this town, is the private hospital
of Dr, Nathaniel Miller, a distinguished physi
cian and surgeon of that place. Here also re
sides tbat eminent divine. Rev, Nathaniel Era.
mons, D,D. Pop. 1,662.
Franklin, p.t. New London co,. Conn., 34 ms.
from Hartford. Diversified with hills and dales,
best adapted to grazing. Watered by the She.
tucket and a branch of the Yantic. 9 school
dists. Pop. 1,196,
Franklin, co, N. Y. on the n, line of the state,
bndd, n, by Lower Canada, e, by Clinton and
Essex COS., s. by Essex and Hamilton, and vr.
by St. Lawrence co. The w. line is 60 ms.
long. Greatest breadth 30 ms. containing 1,506
sq. ms. In the s. w, part are some lofty ridges
of the Peru mtns., the rest is rather level than
hilly. Sraall streams numerous. A number of
small lakes or ponds. Capable of being render.
ed a pretty good farming country. Here are
mines of iron ore, and some indications of other
metals. Cf t. Malone. Pop. 1820, 4,439, 1830,
11,312. Eranklin, p.t. Delaware co. N. Y. on the Sus
quehannah, 13 ms. N. w. Delhi. Surface bro.
ken, hilly, and mostiy mountainous. WeU wa.
tered, and reputed healthy. Has various kinds
of raanufactories. Pop. 2,786.
Franklin, t,, Somerset co. N. J. bounded by
the Raritan and miUstone r., and south by the
county of Middlesex. This t.» includes the N.
J. part of New Brunswick. Pop. 3,352.
Franklin, t, Bergen co. N. J. dn the N. Y.
Ime, bndd. N. w. by Pompton, s, e. by Harring.
ton. Pop. 3,449.
Frahklin, t. Gloucester co. N. J. adjoins Sa.
lem CO. E. of Woolwich and Greenwich. Pop.
1,574. Franklin, oo. of Pa. bndd. by Bedford w.,

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162

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Huntingdon n. w., MifHin n,, Perry and Cumber
land N, E,, Adaras E,, and Washington, Md, s,
^ Length s, to' N, 40 ras,, mean breadth 18, and
area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 39° 43'
to 40° 18', and in long, from 0° 28' to 1° 09' w,
W, C, This CO, is bndd, on the e. by the con
tinuation in Pa, of the Blue Ridge, and is tra
versed in a N, N. E, direction by several chains
of the Appalachian systera. "The slope ofthe
southern and central parts are towards the Po
tomac, and down which flow the various branch
ea of the Conecocheague and Antietam creeka,
in nearly a southern direction. The Conedog-
winnet rises in the northern section, and flows
N. E. towards the Susquehannah. The great
valley ofthe Conedogwinnet and Conecocheague,
for in reality these two streams flow in op
posite directions along the same valley, has a
liraestome base towards the Blue Ridge, and
one of clay slate towards the Kittatinny, or as
there locally called, the North or Blue mtn.
, Franklin co, may, with the exception of the n,
E, and s, E. sections, be considered as nearly
co-extensive with the valley of the Coneco
cheague. The soil, especially where resting on
limestone strata, highly productive in grain,
grasses, and fruit. Chief town, Chambersburg.
Pop. 1820, 31,892, 1830, 35,103.
Franklin, p-t. borough and st, jus. Venango
CO. Pa. situated on the right bank of Alleghany
r. and Frencb cr. at their junction, 70 ms. n.
Pittsburg, and about' 65 a Uttle e. of s, Erie,
Lat. 41° 24', long. 2" 55' w, W, C. Pop, 410,
Franklin, tsp, Adams co. Pa., on Marsh cr.,
another of York co., on the head of Berraudian
cr,, another in the nthrn, part of Huntingdon co.,
another in Westraoreland co. on the bead wa
ters of Poketon's and Turtle cr,, and another in
Green co. on the s. fork of Ten MUe cr.
Franklin, oo. of Va. bndd. e, by Pittsylvania;
s, E, and s. by Henry, s. w. by Patrick, by the
Blue Ridge which separates it frora Floyd s. w.,
Montgoraery w., and Botetourt n , and by Roan
oke r. which separates it from Bedford n. e,,
length 30, mean breadth 25, and area 750 sq.
ma. . Extending in lat. frora 36° 46' to 37° 13',
in long, frora 2° 41' to 3° 18' w. W. C. The
slope of thia co. ia to the e. and s. e., and down
which flow, beside Roanoke r.. Black Water,
Pig, and Irwine rs. The elevation of surface,
about equal to tbat of the adjoining co. of Bed
ford, or about 650 feet above the ocean tides.
It comprises a part of the valley between Blue
Ridge, and Turkey Cock mtn, and is moderate
ly hilly, soil productive. Cf t. Rocky Mount,
Pop, 1820, 12,017, 1830, 14,911,
Franklin, p-t, and st.jus. Pendleton co. Va,, on
the middle branch ofthe s, fork of Potoraac, by
p.r. 171 ras. s. w. by w. W. C, and 171 n, w. by
w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 42', and long. 2° 26'
w.W.C. Franklin, co. of N. C, bndd. a. w, by Wake,
N. w. by Granville, n. e, by Warren, and s, e, by
Nash. Length 30, mean breadth 18, and area
540 sq, ms,, lying between lat, 35° 49' and 36°
16', and long. 1° 02' to 1° 32' w. W. C. Tar r.
enters it frora the n, w,, and flowing s. easterly,
divides it into nearly equal sections. The en.
tire slope of the co. is^o the s. e. Cf. t. Louis.
burg. Pop. 1820, 9,741, 1830, 10,665.

Franklin, p.v. and st.jus. Haywood co. N. C.
by p.r. 311 ms. wstrd. Raleigh and 18 w.
"Waynesville. Franklin, co. of Geo., bndd. s, e. by Elbert,
s. by Madison, s. w. by Jackson, w. by HaU,
N. w, by Habersham, and N, E, by Tugaloo r.
separating it from Pickens dist. S. C. Length
frora, s, w. to n, e, 34 ms,, mean breadth 20 ms,,
and area 680 sq, ms. Extending from lat. 34°
10' to 34° 38', and in long, from 5° 50' to 6° 33'
vr. W. C. The slope ofthis co. is s. estrd, with
the general course of Tugaloo r. The central
and wstrn, sections are, however, drained by and
are nearly commensurate with the higher
branches ofthe n, fork of Broad r. Cf t. Carnes.
viUe. Pop. 10,107.
Franklin, p-v. Troup co. Geo. by p-r. 762
ms, s, w. W. C. and 143 w. MiUedgeviUe.
Franklin, one of the northwestern cos. of
Ala, bndd, n, by Ten, r, separating it frora Lau
derdale, E, by Lawrence co,, s. E. by Walker, a,
w. by Marion, and w. by tbe Chickasaw territo
ry of Ala. Greatest length along the eastern
boimdary 38 raa. mean width 18, and area 684
aq. ms. extending in lat. from 34° 18', and in
long, frora 10° 36' to 11° 04' w. W. C. The
southern part slopes to tbe northwestward, and
is drained by the sources of Bear cr., the north
em part falls to the n. towards Ten. r. Cf. ts.
RussellviUe, Tuscumbia, and Bainbridge. Pop.
11,078. Franklin, p.v, in the northern part of Henry
CO, Ala, by p-r, 850 ms, a, w. W. C. and 238 s.
E. Tuscaloosa,
Franklin, co, of Misp, bndd, w. by Adams,
N. w. by Jefferson, n. e. by Copiah, e. by Law
rence, s, E, by Pike, s. by Amite, and s. w. by
Wilkinson. Length from e, to w, 36 ms. mean
breadth 20, area 720 sq. ms, lying between lat.
31° 22', and 31° 40', and long, 13° 40' and 14°
18' w, W. C, It is cbiefly drained by the various
branches of Horaochitto r. though the extrerae
sources of Amite rise in the southeastern angle ;
soil near the water courses productive, but in
the intervals barren pine woods. Staple, cotton.
Surface moderately billy. Cf t. MeadviUe.
Pop, 1820, 3,881, 1830, 4,622,
Franklin, p-v, Yazoo co, Misp, by p-r, 1,037
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 120 tt. e. Natchez.
Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. St. Mary's parish.
La. by p-r. 1,344 ms. s, w. by w. W. C. and 141
a littie s. of w. New Orleans. It is situated on
the Teche r. 22 ms. above its mouth, lat. 29°
52', long. 14° 37' w. W. C.
Franklin, co. of Ten. bndd. w. by Lincoln, st.
-Vf. by Bedford, n, e. by Warren, e. and s. E, by
Cumberland mtn, which separates it from Ma-
rion, and by Jackson co. in Ala,, length from
the Ala. line n. n. e, 42 ras,, mean breadth 20,
and area 840 sq. ms. lying between lat. 35° and
35° 34', and long. 8° 36' and 9° 21' w. W. C.
Falling by a not very rapid declivity from Cum
berland mtn., tbis co. discharges frora its north.
ern extremity the extrerae sources of Duck r.
flowmg westward, whilst the central and south.
ern parts are drained by the higher branches of
Elk, Paint, Rock, and other streams, flowing to
the s. w. and a. into Ten. r. Though, . broken,
the soil is productive. Cf t. Winchester, the
St. jus. near the centre, Metcalf boro', in the N.

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E. and Salem s. w. Pop. 1820, 16,571, 1830,
15,626. Franklin, p-v. and St. jus. WiUiamson co.
Ten. by p-r, 732 ms, a, w, by w. W. C, and 18
ms, a little w, ofs. Nashville. It is situated on
Harpeth r. Lat. 35° 53', long, 9° 50' w. W, C,
Fra.nklin, CO. of Ky, bndd, w. by Shelby, n.
w. by Henry, N. by Owen, E. by Scott, s, e, by
Woodford, and s, w, by Anderson. Length 20,
mean breadth 10, and area 200 sq, ms. lying
between lat. 38° 06' and 38° 24', and long. 7° 42'
and 7° 59' w. W. C. Ky. r. enters from the a.
and traversing in a direction nearly N. divides
this CO. into two not very unequal sections.
Elkhorn r. also traverses the e. part, entering
from Scott and falling into Ky. r, about 8 ras,
below Frankfort. In 1820, the population
amounted to 1 1,024, but it then included what is
now coraprised in Anderson. Cf t, Frankfort,
the st, of govemment of the State, In 1830,
the pop, was 9,254,
Franklin, p-v. and st. jus, Simpson co, Ky,
situated on Drakes cr, branch of Big Banner r.
and on the road from Nashville in Ten, to Bow
Ung Green in Ky, 55 ms, a Uttie E, of n, frora
the former and 22 a Uttie w. of s, from the lat
ter place, and by p-r. 1 62 ras. a. w. Frankfort.
Lat. 36° 44', and long. 9° 29' w. W. C. Pop,
280, Franklin, co. 0, bndd, s, by Pickaway, s, w,
and w, by Madison, n, w, by Union, n, by Dela
ware, N, E, by Licking, and s, E. by Fairfield,
Length 25, raean breadih 22, and area 550 sq,
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 37' to 40° 08*
and in long, from 5° 44' to 6° 16' w. W. C,
The slope is directly southward, and in that
direction the co, is traversed by Whetstone and
Sciota rs, which, entering on the northern
border, and uniting between Franklin and Co
lumbus, the combined waters, assuraing the
narae of Sciota, continue south over the residue
ofthe co. The eastern aide is also traversed in a
southern course by Big Walnut, as is the west
ern by Darby cr. The soil is productive. Cft.
Colurabus, St. jus. for the co. and cap. of the
state. Pop. 1820, 10,291, 1830, 14,741.
Franklin, p-v, Warren co, O. {See Frank-
lington, same co. and state.)
Franklin, co. Ind. bndd. by Dearborne s.,
Ripley s. w , Decatur w., Rush n. w,, Fayette,
and Union n„ and Butler co, of O. e. Length
24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. frora 39° 17' to 39° 33', and m long, frora
7° 52' to 8° 17' w, W,C, This co, is alraost en
tirely coraprised in the valley of White Water
r. the raain volurae of which traverses it from
N, w, to s. E. The surface rather hilly. Cf t.
BrookviUe. Pop. 1820, 10,763, 1830, 10,190,
The apparent decline in pop. of this co. ought
to be explained. In 1820, it contained great
part of what is now comprised in Fayette and
Union co.
Franklin, p-v, and st, jus, Johnson co. Ind.
by p-r, 20 ms. a little e, of a, IndianopoUs, and
593 westward W, C, It is sitaated on a small
tributary of the Driftwood fork of White r,, lat,
39° 30', long. 9° 05' vr. W. C.
Franklin, co. of II. bounded by Johnson s..
Union s. w., Jackson w.. Perry n. w., Jefferson
31., Hamilton it. e., and Gallatin e. ; length

from s, to N. 36, breadth 24, and area 864 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, from 37° 37' to 38° 08',
and in long, from 11° 47' to 12° 14' w. W. C. y
The body of this co, is about equi-distant from
tbe Misp. r. on the w., and the Wabash and
Ohio on the e. It is a table land from which
Muddy cr. and its branches flow s. wstrd. into
the Misp. and the wstrn. confluents of Saline r.
s. estrd. into Ohio r. Though rather level it
has therefore two slopes, that on the wstrn, side
towards the Misp,, and that on the e. towards
the Ohio, Cf t. Frankfdrt. Pop. 1820, 1,763,
1830, 4,083,
Franklin, p-v, andst, jus. Franklin co. II,, by
p-r. 802 ras. a littie a. of w. W. C, and 102 a
little e, of s. Vandalia.
Franklin, co. of Mo, bndd, N, e, by St. Louis
CO., E. by Jefferson, s, E, by Washington, s, w.
CO. unknown, w. by Gasconade, k. w. by Mis
souri r. separating it from Montgomery, and n.
hy Missouri r, separating it from St, Charles co.
Length 36 ms. raean breadth 30, and area 1080
sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 38° 10' to 38°
44', and in long, from 13° 44' to 14° 20' vr. W, C.
The slope ofthis co, is to the n, estwd, andthe
surface about equally divided between the val.
lies of Merrimac and Missouri. The sthrn. and
s. estrn, parts are drained by the former, whilst
the nthrn. section is drained by short ers. into
Missouri. The surface is hilly. Cf t. Union.
Pop. 1820, 2,379, 1830, 3,484,
Franklin, p-v, Howard co. Mo,, about 188
ms, a little N. of w. St, Louis. Neither dis
tance nor relative position given in the p-o, list.
This FrankUn is a distinct p-o, from Old Frank.
lin in tbe sarae co, {Sec Old Fra-nklin.)
Franklin, p-v. in the n. wstrn, part of Oak
land CO. Mich,, by p-r, 7 ras. n, w, Pontiac, the
CO, st,, 33 tt. vr. Detroit, and 559 n. westerly
from W. C.
Franklin Academy, and p-o, Upson co. Geo.
by p-r, 82 ms, wstrd. MilledgevUle.
Franklindale, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r.
169 ras. n, Harrisburg,
Franklin Furnace and p-o, Sciota co, 0, by p-r.
106ras, sthrd, Columbus, and 434 wstrd, W, C.
Franklin Mills, and p-o. Portage co. 0,, by
p-r. 326 ms. n, westerly from W. C, and 133
N, E, by e, Columbus,
Franklin Settlement, Chicot co. Ark,, by
p-r. Ill ras, s, E, Little Rock,
Franklin Square, and p-o,, in the nthrn. part
of Colurabiana co, Ohio, by p-r, 288 ras. n. wes.
terly frora W. C, and 158 n, e, by e, Colurabus.
Franklinton, p-v. on Sciota r. Franklin co.
Ohio, situated directly opposite Columbus.
Pop. 331.
Franklinton, p-v. in Franklin tsp. n, w, angle
of Warren co, Ohio, 1 1 ma, n, n. w, Lebanon
the CO. St., and by p-r, 481 wstrd, W, C, and
84 s. w. by w, Columbus, Pop, 584.
Franklintown, p-v. and st jus. parjsh of
Washington, La., situated on the Bogue Chitto
river, 60 ras, a little w, of h. New Orleans, and
84 nearly due e, St, Francisville, lat, 30° 50', in
long, 13° 8' w. W. C.
Franklintown, p-v. in the nortbwestera part
of York CO. Pa. by p-r. 17 mUes s, a. w. Harris
burg, and by direct road about 22 n. w, the bo.
rough of York.

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Franklinville, p.t, Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 60
ms. s. Buffalo, 2^9 w. Albany. Pop. 903.
Franklinville, p.v..and St. jus. Lowndes co,
Geo. by p.r. 829 ms. a. s. w. J w. W. C. and
187 s. MiUedgeviUe.
Frankstown, Branch, northwestern constitu.
ent of the Juniatta, rises in the eastern slopes
of the AUeghany chain, between the sources of
Raystown branch and those of Bald Eagle
creek. The sources of Frankstown are extend.
ed from the n. E. angle of Bedford, over the
northwestern part of Huntingdon into Centre
county. Flowing like radii from the circumfer.
ence to the centre of a circle, the numerous
branches of this river unite in Huntingdon co.
near the village of Petersburg, wliere assuming
a course of s. southeast passes the borough of
Huntingdon and two miles below unites with
Raystown branch and forms the Juniatta. The
two constituents of Juniatta above their junction
drain a space 65 miles by 25, or 1,625 square
miles, composed of lateral mtn. chains and nar
row, but in many places highly productive vales.
The iramediate valley of Frankstown branch
has becorae of great statistical importance from
being a part ofthe route of the Pa. canal,
Frankstown, tsp. of Huntingdon co. Pa. on
Frankstown branch. Pop. 1820, exclusive of
the two villages of Frankstown and HoUadays-
burg, 1,297.
Frankstown, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa, in
Frankstown tsp, situated on the left bank of
Frankstown river, 20 ms, a little s, of w. frora
the borough of Huntingdon. It is at the village
of Frankstown that the eastern section of trans-
versed division of the Pennsylvania canal con
nects with the rail-road over the Alleghany mtn.
The village or point of connection is 910 ft.
above the level of Atlantic tides, and the sum
mit level of the rail road, has- a similar relative
elevation of 2,291 ft.,
Frazer, p-v. in the western part of Chester
CO. Pa. by p-r. 128 ms, «, e, W. C. and 74 east
ward Harrisburg.
Frederica, p-v. Kent co. Delaware, 13 ms.
s, Dover, Pop. 1820, 250.
Frederica, p-v. and sea port, on St. Siraons
ialanda, Glynn co. Geo. 12 ras. s. Darien, and by
p-r. 198 ms. s. e. MiUedgeviUe.
Frederick, tsp. of Montgoraery co. Pa. on
the right side of Perkiomen cr, 9 ms. n. e. Potts
town. Pop. 1820-, 927.
Frederick, co. of Maryland, bndd. k. by
Adams, and n. e. by York co. Pa., the s. e. mtn.
forms its boundary from the mouth of Monoca
cy to the Pa. line, separating it on the E. from
Baltiraore, and on the s. e. frora Ann Arundel
and Montgoraery cos. On the s. w. the Poto
mac r. between tbe s. e. mtn, and Blue Ridge,
separates it frora Loudon co, Va,, and on the w,.
the Blue Ridge constitutes its line of separation
from Washington co. Maryland. Length from
a. w. to N, E, 42 ms,, mean breadth 18, and
area 776 sq, ms. Lying between lat. 39° 14'
and 39° 43', and between 8' e. and 39' w.W. C.
Except its higher sources in Adams co. in Pa.
the valley of Monocacy is entirely in, and to
gether with the small valley of Cotoctin cr., on
the s. w. is commensurate with, Frederick co..
in Maryland. A minor ridge, the Cotoctin mtn.

detaches from the Blue Ridge, in the n, w. part
of Frederick, stretches in a southwardly direc
tion between the Cotoctin and Monocacy val
lies, terminates near the Potomac r. at the
mouth of Monocaoy-cr. With the exception of
the Cotoctin ridge, though Frederick is bound
ed on two sides by mtns., the surface is not
very billy, and in places it is level. The soU
is generally fertile in grain, fruit and pasturage.
It is one of the best cultivated sections of Md..
Cf t. Frederick. Pop. 1820, 40,459, 1830,
45,79a FiiEDERjCK, city, p-t, and st, jus, Frederick
CO. Maryland, situated on the great western
road from Baltimore, 47 ras. westward from
the latter, 2 ms. w. from Monocacy bridge, and
by p-r. 44 ras. n, tt. vr. W. C. Lat. 39° 24',
long. 0° 24' w. W, C, Pop, 1830, 7,255, Fred
erick is in size, wealth, and the elegance of its
buildings, the second town of Maryland, and
is increasing in all respects. The adjacent
country is pleasant aud well cultivated.
Frederick, co. Va. bndd on the n. w by the
Kittatinny chain, in part which separates it from
Hampshire, on the n. w. it reaches Morgan, n.
Berkley, n, e, Jefferson. The Blue Ridge sep.
arates it on the E. from Loudon, and on the s.
E, from Fauquier. Page co. is its s. boundary,
and Shenandoah s. w. Length 33 ms. mean
width 20, containing 660 sq, ms. Lying be.
tween lat, 38° 50', and 39° 25', long, 0° 48',
and 1° 28' vr. W, C, The surface of this co.
is very much diversified by hill, and mtn. scene
ry, and by diversity of soil. It occupies s. from
the Potomac part of the continuation of the
great valley, in which are situated Lebanon,
the lower part of Dauphin, the greatest part of
Cumberland and Franklin cos. Pennsylvania,,
and Jefferson and Berkley cos, Virginia, The
Shenandoah r, traverses the southestrn, border
meandering along the northwestern base ofthe
Blue Ridge. Opequan, Back and Sleepy era.
flowing N. N. E. into the Potoraac, also rise in
Frederick, The slope of the county is of
course northestrd, in a sirailar direction with
the streams. The ground near Harper's Ferry
and along the Potoraac is about 2()0 ft. above
tide water, and allowing a sirailar rise frora the-
Potoraac, the mean height of Frederick would
be about 400 ft. Tbe soil ofthis county is high.
ly productive, though the face of the county is
considerably broken by mm. ridges. Cf t. Win.
Chester. Population 1820, 24,706, 1830, 26,046.
Frederiosburg, port of entry, p-t. and st. jus.
Spottsylvania co, Virginia, situated on the right
bank ofthe Rappahannoc r. by p-r. 57 ras. a. s.
w. W. C. and 66 ms. a Uttle E. ofN. Richmond.
Lat. 38° 19^ long. 0° 28' w. W. C. Placed at
the head of tide water this is a very prosper.
ous port ; vessels of 140 tons can be navigated
to the foot of the falls. The staples of domes.
tic produce, grain, with its products, tobacco,
&c. Pop. 3,308.
Fredericksburg, p.v. on the left bank of Ohio
river, in the n. e, angle of Gallatin co. Ky. about
4'0 ms. directly n, Frankfort.
Fredericksburg, p.v. in the northern part of
Holmes co. 0. 8 ms. n. Millersburg, the co. st.
by p.r, 342 n, w. by w. W. C. and 95 northeast.
ward from Colurabus.

FRE

165

FRE

Frederickton, {see cityi of Frederick, Fred
erick CO. Maryland.)
Fredericktown, p.v. on Monongahela r. be
low the mouth of 'Ten Mile cr. in the southeas
tern angle of Washington co. Pennsylvania, 22
ms. s. E. Washington the co. seat, by p-r. 213 s.
w. by w. W. C. and 206 a little s, of w. Harris
burg. Fredericictown, p-v. on Ky. r. northwestern
angle of Washington co. Ky. 8 ms. s. vr.
Springfield, the co. seat, by p-r. 610 ms. s. w.
by w. 4 W.-W. C. and 59 s. w, Frankfort. Pop. 58,
Fredericktown, p-v. in Wayne tsp. northern
part of Knox co. Ohio, 7 ms. a Uttle w. of n.
Mount Vernon, the co. seat, by p-r. 382 ms. N,
w. by w. W. C. and 52 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop.
161. Fredericktown, p-v. andst, jus, Madison co.
Mo, by p-r. 894 ras. a Uttie s. of w. W. C. 90
ms. s. St, Louis, and 40 ms, s. w. St. Gene
vieve. It is situated on one of tbe northwes
tern branches of St. Francis r. lat. 37° 32',
long. 13°2l' w.W. C.
Fredonia, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. {See
Pomfret.) Fredonia,. P-v. and st.jus. Crawford co. Indi
ana, by p-r. 632 ras. westward W. C. and 122
s. s. w. Indianopolis.
Fredonia, p-v. Montgoraery co. Tenn. by par.
55 ras. N. w. NashviUe.
Freebcro, p-v. Union co. Pa, 10 ras. s. s. e.
New Berlin, and by p r. 48 ras. a little w. ofN.
Harrisburg, Freedensburg, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa, 10 ms,
s, w. Orwicsburg, and by p-r. 53 ms. n. e. Har,
risburg. Freedom, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 28 ms. n. w.
Augusta. Pop. 867.
Freedom, t. Strafford co. N. H. separated
since the census of 1830, (in 1831) from Ef
fingham. Freedom, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 8 ms. e,
Poughkeepsie, well watered, and has a good
supply of mill seats. A good tsp. of land, and
highly cultivated. Has various kinds of raanu.
factories. Freedom, p-t. Cateraugus co. N. Y. 18 ms.
N. e. Ellicottville. First rate as to soil, timber,
and face of the country very level. WeU wa
tered. Pop. 1,505.
Freedom, p.v. in the northern part of Balti.
more co. Md. about 30 ms. n. n. w. Baltimore,
and by p.r. 63 ras. N, tt. e. W. C.
Freedom, p.v. in the northwestem part of
Portage co. Ohio, and in the tsp. of the same
name. The p.v. 9 ms. n. w. Ravenna, the co.
seat, byp.r. 328 n. w. W. C. and 141 n, e, Co
lumbus. Pop. tsp. 341.,
Freehold, or Monmoutii, p-t. and st. jus.
Monmouth co, N, J. 20 ms. s. e. New Bruns.
wick, 30 e. Trenton. Pop. 5,481. A battie
was fought in this town June 28, 1778.
Freehold, Upper, t. Monraouth co. N. J.
bndd. N. E. by Freehold, N. w. by Middlesex co.,
w. by Burlington, s. e. hy Dover. Pop, 4,826.
Freeman, p.t. Somerset co. Me. 38 ms. N. w.
Norridgewock. Pop. 724.
Freemansburg, p-v. in the southem part of
Northampton co. Pa. by p.r. 187 ms. N. e. W,
C. and 97 ms. a Uttle N. of E, Harrisburg, 22

Freeman's Creek, and p-o, Lewis county,
Virginia, by p.r. 249 ms. westward W. C.
Freeman's Store, and p.o. Jones co. Geo. 26
ms. westward MilledgevUle.
Freeman's Store. {See Green Hill, Jones
CO. Geo.)
Freemason's Patent, N. Y. 5000 acres,
granted June 12, 1771, then in Albany co. now
in Oneida and Herkimer cos.
Freeport, p.t. Cumberland co. Me. head of
Casco bay, 20 ms, N. Portland, Pop. 1830,
2,623, Freeport, t, Livingston co. N. Y. 10 ms. s.
E. of Geneseo.
Freepost, p.v.. Armstrong CO. Pa. on the Al
leghany r. above the raouth of Buffalo creek,
and about 2 ms. below the raouth of Kiskiraini.
tas r. 15 ms. by land below Kittanning, and 25
above Pittsburg.
Freeport, p.v, in Freeport tsp. and in the
southwestern part of Harrison co. Obio, 12 ras.
westward from Cadiz, the co. st. and by p-r. 297
s. w, by w. W. C. and 107 a littie Ni of e. Co
lumbus. Pop. village, 211, and of the tsp. ex--
elusive of the village, 980.
Freetown, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 40 ms. s.
Boston, and 9 s, e, Taunton, Pop, 1,909.
Freetown, t. Cortland co. N. Y. about 9 ras.
s. E. Homer, and 142 w. Albany. Pop. 1,054.
French Broad, r. of N. C. and Tenn. form
ed by two brancbes, French Broad and Nola.
chucky. The French Broad rises in the Blue
Ridge at the extrerae southern part of Bun.
corabe co. N. C. Flowing thence in a north.
wardly direction 50 ras, coraparative course,
receiving tributary creeks from the Blue Ridge-
on one side, and a ridge of hills on tbe other,
turns to N. w, and at the Warm Springs travers
es the Bald mtn, and enters Tenn. Continuing
tbe latter course 20 ras. receives Pigeon r. frora
the left, and 5 ras. below joins the Nolachucky..
Pigeon r. branch rises in Haywood, N. C. and
flowing by a course of N, n, w. 50 ras. also trav--
ersing the Bald mtn. joins the French Broad as
already noticed. The Nolachucky,- similar to
the French Broad, derives its higher sources
from the Blue Ridge, in the northern part of
Buncombe co. The various branches travers
ing the mtn. valley, unite, and on the sthestrn.
side of the chain, form a river, which breaking
through Bald mtn, enters Tenn. Here as
suming a western course, over the southern an
gle of Washington co. and separating Greene
and Jefferson cos. from Cocke, it joins the
French Broad r. almost exactly on lat. 36°. —
The united stream, hy a general western course,
but with a southern curve, after traversing Jef
ferson and Sevier cos. enters Knox, and falls
into Holston r. 4 or 5 ras. above KnoxviUe, after
an entire comparative course from the sources
of French Broad of 120 ms. The whole vaUey
drained by the various confluents of this stream
forras a triangle of 90 ms. base and 70 perpen
dicular, area 3,150 sq.ms,
FRENch cr. a large branch of the Alleghany
r. ofthe 0. heads in Clymer, Chatauque co. N.
Y. 10 ms. s. lake Erie.
French cr. absurdly so called, rises in Cha.
taque co.N. Y. Flowing thence s.w. 20 ma.
enters Erie co. Pa. where gradually curving to s.

FRO

166

FUN

a, w, and s, receives the Cussawago at Mead.
vUle, and still curving, turns to s. E. and finally
joins tbe Alleghany r. at Franklin, after a com.
parative course of 80 ms, having drained part of
Chatauque co. N. Y., the central parts of Erie
and Crawford, with the nrthestrn. part of Mer.
cer and the nrthwstrn. of Venango co. Pa. Itis
navigable into Erie co. -within a few ms. frora
Waterford. French cr. and p-o. Lewis co. Va. by p-r.
267 ras. wstrd. from Richmond.
French cr, p-t, Chatauque co. N. Y. 60 ms.
s. w. Buffalo, 356 w. Albany. Population 1830,
420. French Grant, p-v. Sciota co. 0. by p-r. 420
ms. westward W. C. and 111 southward Colum
bus. Frenchman's Bat, Me. between Mt, Desert
isl. and the peninsula of Goldsboro' long. 68°
w. lat. 44° 20'.
French Mills, v. (See Fort Covington.)
French's Mills and p-o. Bradford co. Pa. by
p-r. 268 ms. n. W. C. and 162 n. n. e, Harris
burg. French's Mills and p-o. Onslow co. N. C.
by p-r. 405 ms. s. W. C. and 188 s. e, by e.
Raleigh. Frenchtown, p-v. Hunterdon co. N, J. on Del.
r. 30 ms. above 'Trenton,
Friend's Grove, p-v. Charlotte co. Va, by p-r.
195 ms, s, s. w. W. C. and 104 s. w. by w. Rich.
mond. Friendship, t. Lincoln co. Me. 30 ms. e. Wis.
casset. Pop. 634.
Friendship, p.t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms.
s. w. Angelica. Pop. 1,502.
Friendship, p-v, Ann Arundel co. Md. by p-r.
40 ms. from Annapolis.
Friendship, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Sumpter
dist, S. C. by p-r. 501 ms. sthwstrd. W. C. and
64 s. E. Columbia.
Friendsville, p-v. in n. w. part of Susque
hanna CO, Pa. on the road from Montrose to
Owego ; 12 ms. N. w. from the forraer, and 25
s. E. from the latter, and by p-r. 166 tt. a. e,
Harrisburg. Frog's Point. (See Throg's Point.)
E.BONT Royal, p-v, in the extreme south
eastern part of Frederick co. Va., 20 miles a
little E. of s. Wmchester, and by p-r. 74 w.
W.C.
Frostburg, p-v, AUeghany co, Md., situated
on the united road, and on the Back-bone, or Al
leghany mtn., at an elevation of 1,792 ft. above
the Atlantic tides ; 9 ms. w. and 1,155 feet above
Cumberland on the Potoraac, and by p-r. 145
ras. N. w. by w. W. C.
Frost Run, p-o. Lycoraing co. Pa., 6 ras.
above Williarasport, and 101 above Harrisburg
by p-r.
Frost's Ikon Works, and p-o. in the wstrn.
part of Stokes co. N. C, by p.r, 6 ras, wstrd, from
Germantown the co, seat, 361 s. w. W. C. and
133 N, w, by w, Raleigh.
Frostville, p-v,, in the n. wstrn, part of
Cuyahoga co, 0,, by p-r. 368 ms. n. w. W. C.
and 1 36 n. e, Columbus.
Frozen Run, p-v. formerly caUed Lycoming,
in Lycoming tsp. Lycoming co. Pa. See Ly.
coming tsp.

Fruit Hill, p.v. Clearfield co. Pa., by p-r.
179 ras. N. w. Harrisburg.
Fruit's, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Callaway
CO. Mo., by p-r. 951 ms. w. W. C, 48 n. Jeffer.
son, and 150 n. w. by w. St. Louis.
Fryrburg, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on the Saco,
which here has a remarkable bend, winding for
36 ms. through the town. The village of Frye.
burg stands on a plain, surrounded on all sides
except towards the s. by lofty mountains. It
contains a flourishing academy, whose funds
consist of 15,000 acres of land. It is 60 ms. n.
w. of Portiand, and 120 N. by E. of Boston. Pop.
1,353. Frysburg, p.v. in the estm. angle of Lehigh
CO. Pa., 12 ms. s. e. Allentown, 12 ms. s. Beth
lehem, and by p-r. 102 ms. n. e, by e. Harris.
burg. FuLGHAMPTON, p-V. in the sthm. part of Copiah
CO. Misp,, about 50 ms. s. w. Jackson, and an
equal distance n. e. by e. Natchez.
FuLLWOoD's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg co.
by p-r. 152 ms. sthwrd. frora Raleigh.
Fulton, p-t, Schoharrie co. N. Y., 42 ms. w.
Albany. Pop. 1,604.
Fulton, p-v. Rowan co. N. C, by p-r. 137 ms.
wstrd. from Raleigb,
Fulton, p-o, Sumpter dist. S. C, on the road
from Eutaw Springs to ¦ Statesburg, by p-r. 51
ms, s, E, Columbia.
Fulton, p-v. inthe n. estm, part of Tipton co.
Tennessee by p-r. 218 miles s. w. by w. Nash
ville. Fulton, p-v. Hamilton co. O., 3 ras. estrd.
Cincinnati, by p-r. 494 w. W. C. and 109 s. w.
byw, Columbus.
Fulton, p-v. and st. jus. Callaway co. Mo., by
p-r. 967 ms. w. W.C, 32 y.a. E. Jefferson, and
150 a littie n. of w. St. Louis. Lat. 39° ll'
and long, 14° 52' w. W. C.
Fulton, Fulton co. II. {See Lewistown, Ful-
ton CO. II.)
Fulton co. of II. bndd. s. w. by Schuyler, w.
by Macdonough, w. w. by Warren, n. by Knox,
N. E. by Peoria, and s, e, by Illinois r., separat.
ing it from Tazewell, Length from s. to n. 33
ms,, mean breadth 24, and area 792 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. from 40° 12' to 40° 42', and in
long, from 12° 50' to 13° 25' w. W. C. This co.
is chiefly drained by the Kickapoo cr. T^e
slope s. estrds. towards Illinois r. The latter
stream opposite to the upper part of the co. di.
lates into Peoria lake, a sheet of water upwards
of 20 ms. in length, with a breadth from Jam.
to 2 ms. The face of the co. is diversified by
hill and dale ; soil highly fertile. Cf. t. Peoria,
called in the post office list Fulton. Population
1,841. Fultonham, p-v, in the wstrn. part of Mus
kingum CO, O,, by p-r. 345 ms. n. w. by w. i -vr.
W.C, and 55 e, Columbus,
Fundy, bay of, sets up between Cape Sable in
Nova Scotia, and Mt. Desert isl. Me. The tides
at Cumberland, N, B, at the head ofthe bay, and
at some other places, often rise to the height of
70 ft, in the spring; and from 30 to 60 ft. at
other points along the bay,
Funkstown, p.v, on the left bank of Antietam
cr. Washington co. Md., 3. ms. s. s. e. Hagers-
town, and 22 n. w. from the city of Frederick.

GAL

167

GAL

G.

Gadsden, co. of Flor,, bndd, s. by the Gulf of
Mexico, by the Appalachicola r. which sepa.
rates it from Washington w., Jackson n, w., n.
by Decatur co. Geo., and on the e. the Ock.
lockonne r., which separates it from Leon co.
Flor. Length frora Cape St. George, including
Appalachicola bay, 75 ras,, mean breadth 28,
and area 2,100 sq, ras, Cf t, Quincy. It ex.
tends in lat, from 29° 39' to 30° 40', and in long,
from 7° 26' to 8° 08' w, W, C. Pop, 4,895,
Gaines, p.t, Orleans co. N. Y., on the Canal,
22 ms, N, Bata-via. Soil, mostly a rich loara,
watered by Otter, Marsh and Sandy ers. Pop.
1,833. Gainesboro', p-v, Frederick co. Va,, 13 ms.
s. E. Winchester, and by p-r, 144 n, w. by w.W. C.
Gainesboro', p.v. and st.jus. Jackson co. Ten.,
on tbe right bank of Cumberland r. 68 ms. n, e, by
E. NashviUe. Lat. 36° 24', long, 8° 42' w. W. C.
Gainesburg, p.v. Dauphin co. Pa,, by p.r. 22
ms. from Harrisburg.
Gaine's Cross Roads, p.o. Culpepper co. Va.,
by p-r. 97 ras. s. westerly from W. C, and 128
N. N. w. Richmond.
Game's Cross Roads, p-o. Boone co. Ky., by
p-r. 68 ms. a little e. of h. Frankfort, and 25 s.
B. w. Cincinnati.
Gaine's Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala,, byp.r.
934 ms. s. w. W. C, and 204 s. e- Tuscaloosa.
Gainesville, p.t. Gennessee co. N, Y,, 28
ms, s, Bata-via. Soil a loamy gravel, heavily
timbered; bog iron ores. Pop. 1,934.
Gainesville, p.v. and st. jus. Hall co. Geo.,
167 ras, a little w, of tt. MUledgevUle. Lat. 34°
22', long. 6° 42' w. W. C.
Galen, t. Wayne co. N. Y., 12 ms. n. Water
loo Contains about 70,000 acres. Soil prin
cipally good, excepting 4000 acres of marsh, be
ing part of the great Cayuga marsh. The Erie
canal passes through the whole extent of the
town. There is a salt spring onthe estrn, mar
gin, capable of supplying any quantity of good
water. Pop, 3,631,
Galena, p-v, and st. jus. Joe Daviess co. II.,
by p-r. 990 ms. from W. C, and 326 n, n, w, i
N, Vandalia, According to Tanner it is situa
ted on Fever r,, 5 ma, above its influx into the
Misp, r., lat. 42° 19', long. 13° 22' vr. W, C,
These relative geographical positions, give the
bearing from W, C, to Galena n, 711° vr. very
nearly, and the direct distance 771 statute ms.
within an inconsiderable fraction. Galena de
rives its name from the abundant mines in its' vi
cinity, of the Galena ore of lead. {See Joe Da.
viess CO.)
Galion, p.v. in the northwestern part of
Richland co, O, hy p.r. 398 raa. n, w, by w, W. C,
and 81 a little e. ofN. Colurabua.
Gallatin, t, Columbia co, N, Y, Pop, 899.
Gallatin, p.v. and St. jus. Sumner co. Ten.
situated on the road frora Nashville to Glasgow,
in Ky. 31 ms. n. e, from the former, and 62 s. w,
frora the latter place. Lat. 36° 20', and long.
9° 24' w. W. C.
Gallatin, co. of Ky. bndd. by Grant co. e.,
Owens. £., Henry s., Oldham s. w., and by Obio
r. which separates it from Jefferson in Ind. n. w.
and from Switzerland Ind. n. The Ohio r.

where it bounds Gallatin co, Ky. flows by a
course of nearly w. and the greatest length of
the CO. lies parallel to that streara 36 ms. ;
mean breadth about 10, and area 360 sq. ms.,
lying betweeh lat. 38° 33' and 38° 50', andlong.
7° 45' and 8° 25' w. W. C. Ky. r. enters the
southern border, and flowing thence n. w, faUs
into Ohio r. at the co, st. Port William. The
surface ia hUly but soil fertilCi Pop. 1820,
7,075, 1830, 6,674.
Gallatin, p-v. and st. jus. Copiah co. Misp,
situated on the southern brancb of Bayou Pierre
65 ms, N. E, by e, Natchez, and 40 ms.s. w.
Jackson. Lat. 31° 51', long. 13° 35'.
Gallatin, p-v. in the western part of Parke
CO. Ind. by p-r. 639 ms. N. w. by w. J w. W. C
and 77 w, Indianopolis.
Gallatin, co. of 11. bndd. a. by Pope, w. by
FrankUn, n. w, by Hamilton, tt. e, by White, n,
E. byE, by the lower part of Wabash r, separat
ing it from Posey co, of Ind., e. hy Ohio r.
separating it from Union co. Ky., and a. k. by
the Ohio r, separating it from Livingston co, Ky.
Greatest length frora south to north 40 ms.
mean breadth 22, and area 792 sq, ms. Extend,
ing in lat. from 37° 27' to 3S° and in long, from
11° 08' to 11° 48' w. W. C. This large co. is a
natural section in itself, being nearly coraraensu-
rate with the valley of Saline r. The slope is to,
tbe B. E. in the general direction of SaUne r.
though the base of its plain, the channels of
Wabash and Ohio rs, extend from north to south
very nearly ; as the Ohio opposite Gallatin co.
of II. continues thS course of lower Wabash.
Saline r. derives its name from extensive
springs of water, impregnated with common
culinary salt (muriate of soda,) which ia raanu
factured in conaiderable quantities in this co,
Cf t. Shawneetown. Pop. 7,405.
Gallatin's r. one of the extreme southwest-
etn sources of Missouri proper. This stream
rises in one of the Chippewayan vallies, about
lat. 44°, long. 32° w. W. C, and interlocking
sources with those of Yellow Stone r. on the
east, Madison's river on the west, and with a
raountain chain intervening, opposite to those
of Lewis I. Flowing northwards unites with
Madison's and Jefferson's rs. to forra Missouri.
The very elevated valley frora which issue these
reraote fountains of Missouri, is one of those in.
teresting mountain basins,, of which Bohemia
in Europe, and Mexico in North America, are
other striking examples. {See Missouri r.)
Gallia, co. of O. bndd. s. w. by Lawrence,
w. by Jackson, N. w. by Athens, tt. hy Meigs,
and N, E,, E. and s, E, by Mason co. Va., from
which it ia separated by Ohio r. Length from
aouth to north 30, raean width 16, and area 480
sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 38° 34' to 39°,
andin long, from 5° 07' to 5° 30' w. W. C. This
CO, lies opposite to the mbuth of Great Kenhawa,
is traversed by Raccoon cr,, and though bndd.
by the Ohio r. on the east, the slope is parallel
to and not towards that stream. The surface
of the \yhole co. with but little exception is bro.
ken, the soil various, but in part very produc.
tive. Cf. t, Gallipolis. Pop, 1820, 7,098, 1830^
9,733.

GAR

168

GAS

Gallipolis, p-v. and st. jus. GalUa co. 0. by
p-r. 362 ms, w. W. C. and 108 s. e. Colurabus.
It is situated on a rather elevated second bdt-
tora, on the right bank of Ohio r. nearly opposite
Point Pleasant in Mason co. Va., at the mouth
of Great Kenhawa. This place and GaUia co,
were named by the original French settlers un
der M. D'Hebecourt. This small colony were
lixed on Ohio, about the heginning of the French
revolution. "The place now contains, according
to Flint, a court house, jail, two places of pub
lic worship, an acaderay, three steara mills, one
printing office, 80 houses, and 12 raercantile
stores. Pop. 755. Lat. 38° 51', long. 5° 11'
w. W. C.
Gallivan's bay and r. This sheet of water is
the nrthrn. part of the still raore extensive
Chatham Bay, sthwstrn. coast ofthe peninsula
of Florida. "The bay of Galivan's stretches
estrds. about 20 ms. from Cape Roraans, re
ceiving Gallivan's r. frora n. e. Tbe r. appears
as laid down on Tanner's map to be the drain of
.interior swamps. The whole adjacent country
is low and marshy. The chord of Gallivan's
Bay lies along n. lat. 26 ; and the central part
is very near 4J° w. long., W. C.
Gallivent's Ferry, over Littie Pedee, and
p-o. in the northwestern part of Hony districts.
C. 22 ms. N. vr. Conwaybro, and by p-r. 138 ms.
,a little tt. of E. Columbia.
Galloway, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 2,960.
Galveston, small village of La. in the parish
iof Iberville, situated on the right bank of Amite
r. iraraediately below the mouth of bayou Iber
ville, about 20 ms. n. n. e. Donaldsonville, and
25 southeastward Baton Rouge.
Galwat, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n.
w. Ballston Spa, a good tsp. for agriculture.
¦Gypsum is said to have been discovered in a
state of solution in a spring in tbis town. Pop.
:2,710. Gamage'b, p.o. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 38 ms.
eastward from Tuscaloosa.
Gambier, p.v. in Pleasant tsp. Knox co. 0, by
p.r. 5 ras. E. Mount Vernon, the co. st. 370 ras.
N, w, by w. W. C, and 50 miles n. e. Colum.
bus. Kenyon coUege, (founded 1828,) an
Episcopal institution, is located here, and was
founded by Bishop Chase. A large, and very
-commodious building has been erected, for the
purposes of the college ; 8000 acres of land
belong to it, and it was partly endowed by a
-considerable sum, (about $13,000,) received
from England. 'The faculty consists of a pres.
ident and 4 professors. Number of students,
1832-3,60. A diocesan theological seminary
is connected with the college. Pop. 220,
Gamble's Mills, and p.o, in the n. w. angle
of Richland co. O. by p-r, 12 ms. northwards
from Mansfield, the co. st. 398 n, w. by w, W.
C. and 81 n. tt. e. Columbus.
Gamble's p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 223
ms. N. w.W. C.
Gandy's p-6. Morgan co. Ala. by p-r. 104 ms.
N. N. E. Tuscaloosa.
Gap, p.v. on the eastern border of Lancaater
CO. Pa. and on the Phil, road 16 ras. s. e. by e
Lancaster and 48 ms, w. Philadelphia.
Gardner, p.t. Kennebec co. Me. w. Ken,
nebec i. Contains a flourishing Lyceum —

Well situated for manufactures, 6 ms, s. Au.
gusta. Pop. 3,709.
Gardner's Bat and Island, end of Long
Island, N.Y. celebrated for its dairies. Frora
6,000 to 7,000 weight of cheese are made annu.
ally. The neat profits ofthe farm average
about $5,000.
Gardner, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 25 ms. tt,
Worcester, and 58 n. w. Boston. Face of the
town uneven. Soil good for grass, and most
other prodiicts. Pop. 1,023.
Gardner's Bridge, and p-o. Martin co. N. C.
by p-r. 140 ms, eastward from Raleigb.
Gardner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa co.
Va. by p-r. 72 ras. n. w. Richraond, and 101 s.
w. W. C.
Gardner's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N.
C. by p-r. 51 ms. westward from Raleigh.
Gardner's Tavern, and p-o. Hanover co. Va.
21 ms. from Richmond.
Garland, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 28 ms. n. w.
Bangor. Pop. 621.
Garner's Ford, and p-o. Rutherford co. N.
C. by p-r. 222 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Garnet, p.v. in the southem part of Henry
CO, Ind, by p-r, 530 ms. n. vr. by w. i w. W. C.
and 44 a little n. of e. Indianopolis.
Garoga, cr. rises in Johnstown, Montgomery
CO. N. Y. and runs s. w. about 20 ms. to the
Mohawk, and is a fine mill stream.
Garrard, co. of Ky. bndd. by Rockcastle n.
E,, Lincoln s. w., Mercer n. w., Ky. r. wbich
divides it from .lessamine n., and by Madison N.
E, Length 30, mean breadth 8, and area 240
sq. ms. Lying between 37° 28' and 37° 52',
and long. 7° 16' and 7° 42' w. W. C. It is com
posed of the space between Dicks r. and Paint
Lick cr. and is a highly productive tract. Cf t.
Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 10,851, 1830, 11,871.
G-arrettsville, p-v. Portage co. 0.
Garwood's Mill, and p.o. southeastern part
of Logan co. Ky, by p.r. 10 ms. southeastward
BeUefontaine, the co. st. 448 n. w. by w. W. C.
and 52 n. w. by w. Colurabus.
Gasconade, r. confluent of Mo. in the state of
Mo. rises interlocking sources -with those of
the southeastern branches of Osage r. and the
numerousbranches of White, Black, and Mara
mec rs. The extreme sources of Gasconade
are m Wayne co,, but flowing thence towards
the N, E, enters Gasconade co. which it travers.
es to its entrance into Mo. r. at the village of
Gasconade, after a comparative course of 140
ms. The valley of this r. lies between lat 37°
and 38° 40', and between long. 14° 25' and 16°
0' w. W. C.
Gasconade, co. of Mo. bndd. e. by FrankUn,
s. and s. w. by cos. unknown, n. w. by Osage r.
separating it from Cole co., n. w. by Mo. r. sep.
arating it frora Calaway co. and Mo. r. on the
N. E. separating it frora Montgomery co.
Length from a. to w. 45, mean breadth 28, area
1 ,260 sq. ms. Extending in lat. frora 38° 67' to
38° 32', and in long, from 14° 20' to 15° 08' w.
W. C. This CO. is traversed and bisected into
two very nearly equal sections by Gasconade r.
the general slope being to the n. eastward, to.
ward Mo. r. The southeastern angle giving
source to the Bourbeuse branch of the Mara.
mee. Cft. Gasconade. Pop. 1,545.

GEN

169

GEN

Gasconade, p-v. and st.jus. Gasconade co.
Mo., is situated on the point above the junction
of Gasconade with Mo, r, 80 ms. a little n. of w.
from St. Louis, aud by p-r. 47 ms. a little tt. of
E. Jefferson. Lat, 38° 40', long. 14° 32' w. W.
C. Gassaway's Mills, and p-o, in the eastern
part of Monroe co. 0. by p-r. 304 ms. westward
W. C, and 150 eastward Columbus.
Gates, t. st. jus. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms,
w, M. w. Albany. The post borough of Ro
chester, the seat of the co, buildings, is in this
town. The Erie canal extends B. and w.
through this tsp,, crossing the Genesee r, atthe
J"alls by astone aqueduct. Pop. 1,631.
Gates, co. of N. C. bndd. east by Pasquo
tank, southeas» by Perquimans, by Chowan or
Meherin r. which separates it from Hertford s.,
and Northarapton s. w., by Southampton co. Va.
N. w., and Nansemond n., lying between lat.
36° 18' and 36° 30', and between Ions. 10 min-
utea w. and 20 e. frora W. C. Pop. 1820,
6,837, in 1830, 7,866. Gates co. is weU situa
ted for navigation, as besides being bordered
by Chowan r. that stream receives within the
CO. the united waters of Nottaway and Black
water. Gates, u. h. and p-o. in the forks of Bennett's
cr. Gates co. N. C. about 45 ms. s. w. Norfolk
in Va. and by p-r. 214 ms. n, e, by e, Raleigb,
Lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 12' e. W. C,
Gatesville, p-v, and st, jus. Gates co. N. C.
by p-r. 254 raa. s. W. C. and 141 h. e, by e.
•Raleigh. Itis situated on the raain road fi:om
Raleigh to Norfolk in Virginia, and at the forks
of Bennett's cr. a sraall branch of Chowan r
lat. 36° 23', long. 0° 14' e. W. C.
Gauley, r. of Virginia, rises in Randolph,
Pocahontas, and Green Briar cos. by numerous
ers. which unite in Nicholas, and flow by a
course of a little s. of vr. falling into the right
side ofthe Great Kenhawa river, at the head of
tha Great Falls. The valley of Gauley r. is
about 60 ms. long, and lies between those of
Elk and Green Briar rs.
Gauley Bridge, and p-o. on the Great Ken
hawa r. Kenhawa co. Va. by p-r. 278 ms. a little
N. of vr. Richmond and 344 s. w. by w. W. C,
Gebearts, p-o. in the western part of Somer.
set CO. Pa. by p.r. 175 ms. n. w. frora W. C.
Geiger's Mills, and p-o, in the southeastern
part of Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 138 ms. N. n, e. W.
C. and 63 eastward Harrisburg.
Gei.oster, p-v. Kalamazoo co. Michigan about
140 ms. w. Detroit.
General Pike, p-o. late Phoenixville, Ches
ter CO. Pa. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e, W. C. and 77
a. E, by E. Harrisburg.
Genesee, co. N. Y. bndd. by lake Ontario n.,
by Monroe and Livingston cos. e., s. by Alle
ghany and Cattaraugus, and w. by Erie and Ni
agara COS. Extreme length n. and s. 54 ms.,
extrerae width 29J, containing 1,280 square ms.
or 819,200 acres. Lands heavily timbered, on
the lake Erie table land. Soil loamy or gravel
ly, good for wheat and grass. Its surface undu
lating, extensive champaigns, small swells, and
broad "vaUies. Limestone, iron ore, water lime,
salt springs, and various clays are among its
raineral productions. It produoes vast quanti

ties of maple sugar, A tract about 40 ms.
wide, along Genesee r., is the best land in all
the state, and equal to any wheat country in the
world, and yet till within about 20 years, was
unknown as such. Multitudes of New England
ers passed it, and went to settle on cold poor
land, where 30 bushels ofcorn and potatoes only,
satisfied them. At length a man named Rogers
raade an experiment on the aUuvial Genesee
land with wheat, and raised immense crops.
No*v it yields 60 bushels ofcorn to the acre, 25
of wheat ; the latter at an expense (rent inclu
ded) of only 33 and sometime 25 per cent. An
cient mounds are nuraerous, raere burying
grounds, where bones are found in heaps, much
decayed, laid horizontally. Indian skeletons
are often washed out of the banks in sitting pos.
tures, with impleraents, &c. Broaches and
eroaaes are sometinea found, which were
brought from Canada. Consuraption is not
known in this region ; but cutaneous disorders
abound. There are no raanufactories except
flour mills, &c. Threshing is done ^ by ma.
chines, whieh cost from $80 to $150 each.
Cf, t, Batavia, Pop. 1820, 39,835, 1830, 51,992.
Genesee, r., rises on the great table land, or
Grand Plateau of Western Pennsylvania, runs
N. across the western part of N. Y. and empties
into lake Ontario. Near its raouth, at Carthage,
there are faUs of 75 ft., and at Rochester, just
above, of 96 ft., and soijie rapids for 2 ras. fur
ther, frora the head of which, the feeder leads
into the Erie canal. In the town of Nunda, at
the tt. end of Alleghany co, are two other falls
near each other, of 60 and 90 ft.
Genesee, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Population
219. Geneseo, p-t. st. jus. Livingston co. N. Y.
27 miles s, s. w. Rochester, and 238 from Alba
ny. Surface undulating. In Fall brook is a
cascade nearly 100 ft. alraost perpendicular.
Pop. 2,675.
Geneva, one of tbe most delightful villages
in N. Y. is situated at the n. vr. extreraity of
Seneca lake, of which it commands a fine view,
as well as of the surrounding scenery. It lies
near the outlet of the lake, in the towi, of Sene.
ca, Ontario co, N. Y. 14 ms. e. Canandaigua,
and 179 w. Albany. Itis very neatly built, and
contains many fine country seats, 4 churches,
a bank, and Geneva college, which was found.
ed in 1825. In this institution are a president,
3 professors, and 3 other instructors. Students
1832—3, 44. In the libraries are about 2000
vols. Com. 1st Wednesday in Aug.
Geneva, p-v. and tsp. in the westem part of
Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. W.
C, and, 180 ms. N. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 771.
Geneva, p-v. in the northwestern part of the
CO. by p-r. 585 ms. w.W. C. and 53 s. e. Indi
anopolis. Genito, p-v. on the left bank of Appamattox
r. in the southeastern part of Powhatan co. Vir
ginia, by p-r. 34 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond.
Genoa, p-v. and tsp. Delaware co. 0. The
p-v. is in the southern part of the co. 17 ms.
northward from Columbus, and 392 ms. n. w.
by w. W. C. Pop. 659.
Genoa, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 20 miles s. Au.
burn, and 185 from Albany. Surface gentiy

GEO

170

GEO

uneven. Soil remarkably fertile. Well sup.
plied with mill seats. Pop. 2,768.
Gentry's Stoiie, and p-o. Spencer co. Indi
ana, about 160 ms. a little w. of s, Indianopolis.
Gentsville, p-o. Abbeville dist. S, C. by p-r.
102 ms. a little n. w. Columbia, and 536 s. w.
W.C. Georges Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by
P-r. 168 ms. s, e, Tuscaloosa,
Georgesville, p-v, Yazoo co. Misp. by p-r. 81
ms. northward from Jackson.
Georgesville, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. and in
the southwestern angle of Franklin co. Ohio,
13 ras. s, w, Columbus, and by p-r. 409 s. w.
by w. i w. W. C. Pop. 39.
Georgetown, t, Lincoln co. Me, at the raouth
of the Kennebec, 15 ms. s. w. Wiscasset. Pop.
1,258. Georgetown, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 12 ras.
s. w. Morrisville, and 106 w. Albany, good for
grazing, &c. Pop. 1,094,
Georgetown, p-v, on the left bank of the
Ohio river,' iraraediately above the mouth of
Mill cr, and ofthe Virginia line, Beaver co. Pa.
35 ras. by land w, n, vr. Pittsburg.
Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Sussex co.
Delaware, on the height of land between the
sources of Nanticoke and Indian rs. 37 ras. a
little E. of s. Dover. Lat. 38° 43', long. 1°
37'E. W, C,
Georgetown, port of entry, and p-t. at the
head of the tide, and on the left bank of Poto
mac river, Wasbington co. Dist. Colurabia. It
extends in length along the Potoraac, and in
breadth up Rock cr. rising by a blod acclivity
frora both streams. The Chesapeake and Ohio
canal passes through thia town. It is the seat
of a Roman Catholic coUege, and of considera
ble coraraerce. The coUege is the oldest one
of that denomination in the U, S, It was in
corporated, 1799, and empowered to confer de
grees by Congress, 1815, There ahout 20
teachers belonging to the institution, about 150
students, and the library contains 7,000 vols.
There is also a nunnery here, and catholic fe
male academy ; the first containing about 60
nuns, and the latter lOfl pupils. Commence
ment of the college is in July, The progressive
population is shown by the subjoined table.
{See article District Columbia.)
Whites, Free Col'd, Slaves, Total,
1810, 3,235 551 1,162 4,948
1820, 4,9,40 894 1,526 7,360
1830, 6,057 1,209 1,175 8,441
Georgetown, diat. of S. C, bndd. by Santee
1. which separates it from Charlestown dist, s.
and s. w., by^ Williamsburg dist. w. and n. w.,
by Horry dist. «. and n. e,, and by the Atlantic
E. and s. E. Length nearly parallel to the ocean
40 ras., mean breadth 26, and area 1,040 sq. ras.
Lying between lat. 33° 05' and 33° 46', and
long. 2° 13' and 2° 50' w. W. C. The surface
of this dist. is a plain, in raany places raarshy,
but rauch of the r. soil is very productive, and
as it is in a remarkable manner traversed by
- rivers, the commercial advantages are exten
sive. Besides the outlets of Santee r. Winyaw
bay is the estuary of Waccamaw, Great Pedee,
and Black rs. All those confluents of Winyaw,
unite at, or near Georgetown, the mart and st.

jus. of the dist. Rice and cotton are the prin.
cipal staples. Pop. 1820, 17,603, 1830, 19,943.
Georgetown, p.t, port of entry and st, jus.
Gebrgetown dist. S. C. situated on the point
above the junction of Sampit cr. and Pedee r. ;
the body of the town is, however, on the for.
mer. About 3 ms. above the Port, Pedee re.
ceives Black r. from the w., and directiy oppo.
site, and E. frora the harbor, Waccamaw
comes in frora the n, n. e. Vessels of 11 ft.
draught are adraitted over the bar of Pedee and
up to Georgetown. Having an extensive and
well cultivated interior, Georgetown carries on
an extensive commerce. Lat. 33° 21', and
long. 2° 22' w. W. C. Georgetown is distan*
by the road 70 ms, n, e, Charieston, by p-r, 151
ms. s. E. by e. Columbia, and 480 s. s. w. W. C.
Georgetown, p-v. and St. jus. Scott co. Ky.
is situated on Elkhorn creek, 15 ma. E. Frank
fort, 12 vr. ofN. Lexington, and 60 s. w. Mays.
ville. It is a place of considerable trade, and
contains a college, 5 houses of public Worship,
a printing office where a weekly paper is pub.
lished, and anescellent female seminary. The
coUege has 2 professors, a tutor, about 70 stu.
dents, and a smaU library. A preparatory de
partraent is connected with it. Lat. of the vil.
38° 14', long. 7° 31' vr. W. C. Pop. 1,344.
Georgetown, p.v. Copiah co. Misp. about 45
ras. a little n. of e. Natchez, and by p-r. 57 s, s.
w. Jackson.
Georgetown, p-v. Short Creek tsp. Harrison
CO, 0,
Georgetown Cross Roads and p-o. in the n.
E. part of Kent co, Md. 15 ros, N. E. Chester.
town, and 40 n. n. e. Baltiraore.
Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Brown co. O.
by p-r. 480 ras. w. W. C, 104 s, a. w. Colum.
bus, and 45 s. E, by e, Cincinnati. It is situa.
ted on White Oak creek, and in tho southwest
ern part of the co. Lat 38° 53', long. 6° 51'
w. W. C. Population 1830, 325.
Georgia, p-t. FrankUn co. Vt. 18 ms. n. Bur.
lington, and 41 n. w, Montpelier, being situated
on lake Charaplain. MiU privileges nuraerous.
The soil is in general rich and productive.
There is a natural bridge over one of the
strearas. Pop. 1,897.
Georgia, one of the U. S., bndd. s. and s. w.
by Flor., w. by Ala. iv. w. by Ten., n. by N, C,
N. E. and E. byS. C, and s. e. by the Atlantic.
The greatest line that can be drawn in Geo. ia
from the mouth of St. Mary's r. to the n. w. an.
gle of the state, in a direction n., 40° 41' w. ;
394 statute ms., and carefuUy measured by the
rhomb, the area is found 62,083 sq. ras., tbere.
fore the raean breadth is 15'7i ms. very nearly.
Extending in lat. from 30° 20, at the extreme
southern bend of St. Mary's r. to 35 tt. on the
Ten. and N. C, line. In long, it extends from
3° 57', at the mouth of Savannah r., to 8° 42' w.
W. C, at the northwestern angle of Ten, Geor.
gia occupies the great inclined plain, from which
the peninsula of Florida is protruded, and from
which, on the s, e, the rivers run into the At.
lantic, and s, w. into the gulf of Mexico. From
the southern border of Geo. this great plain
rises by a gradual acclivity from the inundated
Atlantic border, to at least 1,200 feet elevation
above the tides, without estimating the ridges

GEO

171

GEO

of mountains. The difference of height being
equivalent to 3 degrees of temperature, and the
lat. difference amounting to 4° 40 ; the whole
extreme of teraperature included in Geo. is 7|°
Fahrenheit. It is found both frora vegetable
life and frora experiments made with the ther.
mometer, that tbe seasons on the Atlantic coast
have at least two degrees higher temperature
than those of places on equal height, and the
same latitude in the basin of Misp. From all
tbe preceding causes the state of Georgia pre
sents a very marked variety of seasons and of
vegetable production. In both these respects,
the latter, however, arising from the former,
gives to the state a range of vegetable existence
wider than that of any other state of the U. S.
It is physicaUy divided, like the two Carolinas,
into three zones. First, the flat sea border, in
cluding numerous sraall islands ; second, the
sand hill zone, spreading by an indefinite out
line between the sea border, and the third, a
hilly and part mountainous tract, beyond the
lower falls of the rivers. The sea sand allu
vial border, in part diumally inundated by the
ocean tides, with some fertile, but much sterile
soil, may be called the tropical climate of Geor
gia. Here, along the streams, the season of
sumraer is sufficiently long and warm to raature
the sugar cane, orange, olive, date, palm, and
many other tender plants. The second, or
sand hill region, with equal diversity of soil,
produces maize and cotton, as the raost valua
ble staples. But the third, the hilly and raoun
tainous section, abounding in excellent soil, pure
fountain water, and a raore salubrious air, is for
huraan residence, rauch tbe finest part of the
state. Here the bread grains, the apple, peach
and plum, the green pasture, and rich meadows
in sumraer and auturan, and in winter the de
nuded forest, announce a climate of northern
texture. The description of these zones must,
nevertheless, be taken as general ; where they
separate, the features are so blended as to defy
exact demarcation, but on the other hand, if we
assume the two extreraes, the contrast is indeed
strongly marked. No two regions could, in
every physical feature, differ much raore essen
tially than does the low, flooded, bilious Atlan
tic border, cut by the St. Mary's, SantiUa, Al-
taraaha, and Ogeechee rs,, and the elevated,
broken, rocky tract, frora which are poured the
clear and pure confluents of the Coosa and Ten,
One very reraarkable circumstance in the cli
mates of the southern sections of the U, S, may
be here appropriately noticed. Sweet oranges
are reared on the Atlantic coast as high as
Beaufort dist, in S, C. or to 32° 30' n., and the
fan palm, and live oak grow as indigenous ve
getables as far as the raouth of Cape Fear r. in
N. C, lat. 34°. On the Misp. the live oak
ceases below 30° 30' n , and the fan palra (pal
metto) at about 31° n. Sugar cane cannot be
cultivated to advantage in La, above lat. 30°
30', whilst that plant flourishes along the entire
sea border of Georgia into S. C. In brief, it
raay be stated that at one extremity Georgia
produces wheat, and at the other sugar, and
taking the whole state, amongst many more
staples of less value, we may enumerate sugar,
rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton, wheat, rye, oats.

and maize. The range of garden vegetables is
also immense. Sucb are tbe natural advanta.
ges possessed by this extensive state, that its
advance in wealth and population since the
American revolution has been so rapid, that of
the Atlantic states, it has been second only to
N. Y. in relative progression. Though from
many causes, seminaries of education have
languished in the southern states, this primary
object of huraan policy has met with considera.
ble attention in Georgia. FrankUn college, at
Athens, Clark eo,, is the incipient step towards
a projected university. A branch of their plan
of instruction was to have an academy in every
CO, This has in part been effected ; but neces.
sarily remains imperfect in the recently settled
cos,, many of which were not designated at tbe
taking of the census for 1820. Population. —
This has increased very rapidly in Georgia, In
1749 it amounted to 6,000 only. In 1790 it was
82,548 ; m 1800, 162,686 ; 1810, 252,433 ; 1820,
348,989; and in 1830, 516,823, to which we
prefix tbat of 1820, with the free, slave, and
aggregate pop, of 1830, as follows —
Counties.

Appling,Baker,Baldwin, Bibb,Bryan,
Bulloclt, Burlie,Butts,Camden,Campbell, Carroll, Chatham,Clarke,Columbia,Coweta, Crawford,
Decatur,De Kalb,
Dooly, Early,Effingham,Elbert,Emmanuel,Fayette, Franklin,
Glynn,
Greene, Gwinnett,Habersham,Hall,Hancock, Harris,Henry, Houston,
Irwiii,
Jackson, Jasper,Jetferson,Jones, Laurens, Lee,Liberty,Lincoln,Lowndes, Lumpkin,Madison,Mac Intosh,
Marion,Merriwether,
Monroe,Montgomery,
Morgan, Muscogee,Newton,Oglethorpe,
PUie,
Pulaski,Putnam,

pop. 1820.

Free.

Slaves.

total 1830

1,264

1,289

179

1,468

978

275

1,253

7,734

2,753

4,542

7,295

4,166

2,988

7,154

3,021

737

2,402

3,139

2,578

1,937

650

2,587

11,577

6,191

0,642

11,833

3,261

1,683

4,944

4,342

1,492

3,086

4,578

2,705
618
3,3.93
2,932
487
3,419
14,737
4,649
9,478
14,127
8,767
5,467
4,7U9
10,170
12,695
4,574
8,032
12,606
3,631
1,372
5,003
3,595
1,718
5,313
2,.546
1,308
3,854
8,394
1,648
10,042
1,799
336
2,135
768
1,511
540
2,051
3,018
1,712
1,212
2,924
11,788
6,589
5,765
12,354
2,928
2,208
465
2,673
4,317
1,187
5,504
9,040
7,737
2,370
10,107
3,418
799
3,968
4,567
13,589
5,079
7,470
12,540
4,589
10,957
2,332
13,289
3,145
9,762
909
10,671
5,086
10,587
1,181
11,748
12,734
4,640
7,180
11,820
2,836
2,269
5,005
7,995
2,571
10,566
5,175
2,194
7,369
411
1,071
109
1,180
8,355
6,221
2,783
9,004
14,614
6,809
6,322
13,131
7,050
3,662
3,647
7,309
16,560
6,316
6,829
13,345
5,436
3,2)4
2,375
5,589
" 1,369
311
1,680
6,695
1,609
5,624
7,233
6,458
2,869
3,276
6,145
3,118
335
2,453
3,7;)5
3,387
1,259
4,646
5,129
1,204
3,794
4,998
1.327
11.9
1,436
3^028
1,394
4,432
8,849
7,353
10,302
1,862
934
335
1,269
13,520
5,226
6,820
12,046
2,263
1,240
3,508
8,152
3,003
11,155
14,046
5,670
7,940
13,618
4,376
1,773
6,149
5,283
3,141
1,765
4,006
15,475
5,554
7,707
13,261
GEO

172

GEO

Counties.

pop. 1820

Free,

Slaves,

pop, 1830,

Rabun,

524

2,117

59

2,176

llaiidolph,

1,509

682

2,191

Richmond,

8,608

5,398

6,246

11,644

Scriven,

3,041

2,410

2,386

4,776

Talbot,

3,841

2,099

5,940

Taliaferro,

2,199

S,735

4,934

Tatnall,

2,644

1,534

506

3,040

Telfair,

2,104

1,571

565

2,136

Thomas,

2,131
1,168
3,299
Troupe,
3,611
2,188
5,799
vv atton,
10,640
4,5M
3,507
8,031
4,456
2,557
7,013
4,192
7,766
3,163
10,929
Ware,
1,144
61
1,205
¦Warri-n,
10,630
6,253
4,693
10,946
¦Washington,
10,627
5,911
3,909
9,820
¦Wayne,
687
276
963
Willies,
5,277
8,960
14,237
Wilkinson,
5,591
1,922
6,513
Total,
340,947
290,292
217,531
516,823
Of the for
;going p<
jpulation
of 1830, were
white persons
Mak
s. Females,
Under 5 years of
age.
33,02
7 30,938
From 5 to 1
0,
23,70
9 32,590
" 10 to 1
i
18,58
4 17,988
" 15 to 2
0,
1,';,18
6 16,452
" 20 to 3
0,
36,84
4 24,036
" 30 to 4
0,
16,15
6 13,974
" 40 to 5
u,
9,,54
2 8,437
" 60 to 6
0,
5,67
4 5,089
" 60 to 7
0,
3,08
3 2,664
" 70 to 8
0,
1,12
0 987
•' 80 to 9
0,
29
0 268
" 90 to 1
00,
6
3 65
" 100 an
d upwards
1
0
20
Total, 153,288 143,31«
Of the above are deaf and dumb, under l4
years, 50 ; 14 to 25, 51 ; 25 and upwards, 44 ;
blind 150.
Colored population.
Free
Slaves,
'- Males.
Fems,
Males,
Fems.
nder 10 yearsof age, 368
347
38,367
38,102
rom 10 to 24, 353
330
34,353
33,917
" 24 to 36, 224
331
19,440
20,527
" 36 to 55, 186
185
12,818
12,325
" 55 to 100, 118
120
3,847
3,765
" 100 and upwards, 12
6
92
78
Total, 1,261 1,223 108,817 108,714
Frire colored and slaves who are deaf and
durab, under 14 years, 26 ; 14 to 25, 21 ; 25 and
upwards, 12; blind, 123,
Recapitulation.
Whites, Free colored. Slaves, Total,
296,8ii6 2,486 317,531 516,833
On comparing the aggregate population of
Georgia for 1820, with that of 1830, it will be
seen in that decennial period, the ratio of in.
crease has been over 51 per cent.
Government. — The first constitution of Geor
gia was adopted February, 1777, The second
in 1785, whioh was amended in 1789, and the
third, last, and existing constitution in May,
1798. The legislature consists of a senate and
house of representatives, elected each annually.
To be eligible to the senate, demands one year's
residence in tbe district from which elected,
3 years an inhabitant of tbe state', 9 years citi.
zenship of the U. S., 25 years of age, and a pes.
session within the co. of a freehold estate of
$500, or of taxable propei ty to the araount of
,^1,000. The senate is composed of one mem.
ber from each co. The house of lepresenta. j
tives is composed of members from all the cos.
which were formed at the date of the constitu.
tion, or which might be formed subsequently, ac.
cording to their respective numbers of free
white persons, and including three fifths of all
the people of color. Enumerations are made
septennially ; each co. to have at least one, and
not more than 4 members. Meinbers of the
lower house must be 21 years of age ; must
bave been 7 years a citizen ofthe U. S., 3 years
an inhabitant of Georgia, residing at least 1 year
in the co. immediately preceding his election,
from which he may be chosen ; and be pos.
sessed, in his own right, of a settled freehold es.
tate of the value of $250, or of taxable property
to the amount of $5()0, within the co., for at least
1 year preceding his election. Absence on the
public business of the state, or the U. S., ex.
cuses frora the otherwise requisite residence ;
and the required property must be clear of all
incumbrance. The executive power is vested
in a governor, who holds his office 2 years, and
is elected by the general assembly ; he must,
when elected, have been a citizen of the U. S.
12 years, of the state of Georgia 6 years, have
attained to the age of 36 years, and possess 5tl0
acres of land, of his own right, within the state,
and other property to the amount of $4000, and
whose estate shall, on a reasonable estimation,
be competent to the discharge of his debts over
and above that sum. To exercise the right of
sufl'rage, demands citizenship, 21 years of age,
and the actual payment of taxes. The judiciary
is composed of a supreme and inferior courts.
Judges of the supreme court are elected by the
people, for the term of 3 years, and are remov.
able by the governor on the address of two thirds
of both houses ofthe legislature, orby impeach
ment. Inferior judges are elected annually.
No religious obligation, test, or disqualification
is admitted, nor is any person to be denied the
enjoyment of any civil right raerely on account
ol his religious principles. Amendments tothe
constitution are made by vote of two thirds of
both branches of the legislature, at two suc
ceeding sessions.
History. — Of the thirteen original states of
the U. S, Georgia was settled most recently.
The patent trader which this colony was estab
lished was granted by George II., 1732, to 21
persons, under the title of " the trustees for set-
tlmg the colony of Georgia." The name was
given in honor of the royal grantor ; andthe first
settlers arrived at Charleston in January, 1733,
under the coramand of general James Ogle.
thorpe. In the spring of that year, the founda.
tion of Savannah was laid, but from the blind
feutlal principles of granting land, and the de
fective characters of most of the colonists, the
advance was very slow in the first years ef set.
tlement. Time and experience meliorated these
municipal evils ; but as a feeble colony, therava.
ges of war could not be averted. Spain, even in
times of peace claimed the country; and in war,
her colonies in Florida, and the "West Indies, fa.
cilitated an invasion of Georgia, and what was
perhaps fully as injurious, retaliation was equally
facile. In fact, thefirst serious attempt at con
quest was made in 1740, when general George
Oglethorpe made an attempt to seize St. Augua-
GER

173

GIB

tine, and was repulsed with loss. In 1742 tbe
Spaniards in their turn invaded Georgia, and
were also defeated in their design. Laboring
under so many combined burthens, the exports
of Georgia, in 1750 fell short of $50,000, In
1752 the charter was changed, and the province
became a royal colony, when more liberal prin.
ciples of trade and tenure were adopted, A
general representative assembly was estab
lished in 1755, and was in 1763 followed by a
cession of all the country between the Alta
maha and St, Mary's rivers. The latter grant
was one of the meliorating consequences to
Georgia, ofthe cession ofFlorida to Great Bri
tain, From this epoch Georgia prospered,
though vexed and retarded by Indian warfare,
and bythe war of the revolution. Indeed no
other state ofthe U, S. has suff'ered raore, if so
much, from the proximity of the Indian tribes,
nor bas any other of the original colonies,
Virginia excepted, ceded to the U, S. so
much of chartered territory. By different con
ventions, all ofthe new states of Ala. and Misp.
N, of lat, 31°, or about 100,000 sq, ms,, have
been yielded to the general governraent. At
present, 1830, Georgia holds a respectable rank
amongst her sister states. The value of her
exports in 1817 amounted to between 8 and 9
millions of dollars, and which has since been
gradually augmenting.
Geken's Store and p-o. Guilford co. N. C.
by p-r. 101 ms. n. w, by w. Raleigh.
German t. Chenango co, N. Y. 15 ms. w,
Norwich, and 115 w, Albany, Contains abund
ance of fine mill seats. Lands very rich along
the streams. Pop. 884.
German Flats, p-t. s. Mohawk, Herkimer
CO. N. Y,, 5 ras. s. e. Herkiraer, and 75 from
Albany, A remarkably rich soil. It lies on
the grand canal. Here' stood fort Herkiraer.
In 1757, the settleraents in this town were
desolated by fire and sword. Pop. 2,466,
GzRMANNA, p-v. OU the right bank of Rapid
Ann r. in Ihe n. e. angle of Orange, co. Va. 20
ms. by land above Fredericksburg, and by p-r.
72 ms. s. w. ¦VV, C.
Germans, p-v, Harrison co, 0, by p-r. 28 1 ms,
N. w, by w, ¦W. C. and 140 n. e, by e. Columbus.
German Settlement and p-o. .Preston co. Va.
by p-r. 170 ras. n. w. by w. W. C.
IJermantown, t. Columbia co. N. Y. E, of the
Hudson, 12 ms, s. ofthe city of Hudson. Sur
face gently undulating, soil good for grass, &c.
Poorly watered — remarkably well tirabered —
noted for fruit. Pop, 967.
Ge.imantown, p-y. and st. jus. Hyde co. N.
C. situated on a small bay of Pamlico sound,
or rather of Pamlico r,, about 40 ms, a little s,
of E, Washington, at the raouth of Tar r, and by
p-r. 149 ras. in nearly a sirailar direction from
Raleigh. Lat. 35° 24', and long. 0° 35' e.
W. C.
Germantown, p-v. Phil, co. Pa. It is a double.
line of houses, with the Reading road as a
street, extending upwards of 4 ms. from its
commencement, 6 ms. from Phil. Mt. Airy
college is located in Germantown, Pop. 4,628.
Germantown, p-v. about the, centre of Fau
quier CO. Va, by p-r. 133 ms. n. w. by w. Ra.
leigh. 23

Germantown, p.v. in the s. w. part of Mason
CO. Ky. by p.r. 81 ms, N. E. Frankfort.
Germantown, p.v. in German tsp. and in the
nrthwstrn, part of Montgomery co. 0, 15 ms.
s. w, Dayton, the co. st. by p.r. 487 n, w, by w.
4 w. "W. C. and 90 ras. a little s. of w. Colum.
bus. Pop. tsp. 4,700.
German Valley, Morris co. N, J. a beautiful
and rich valley, through which runs the s. branch
of Raritan r, 16 ms. w. Morristown.
Gerrardstown, p-v. in t'ne southern part of
Berkley co. Va. 18 ms. n. "Winchester.
Gerry, t, Chatauque co, N. Y. 18 ms. E.
Mayville. Well watered. The timber consists
of beech, raaple, birch, basswood, ash, elra,
oak, walnut, hemlock, &c. . Pop. 1,110.
Gettysburg, p.v, borough and st, jus, Adams
CO, Pa, situ *ed on a fine elevated site between
Marsh and Ro,;k ers, of Monocacy r. 1 15 ms. o
little s. of w. Phil, and by p.r. 44 ms, s, s, vr.
Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 50' and long. 0° 14' w.
W. C. Itis a very pleasant town, in a well cul.
tivated and delightful vicinage, extending raostly
in a single street along the main and direct
road frora Phil, to Pittsburg. Pop. 1,473.
Ghent, t, Columbia co. N. Y. 1 1 ms. E. Hud.
son. Excellent land, well supplied ¦with raill
seats and mills. Pop. 2,783.
Ghent, p.v, Gallatin co. O. on the left bank
of O. r. opposite Vevay, Switzerland co. Ind. by
p-r. 52 ms. a little w. of n. Hartford,
Gholso.n's, p.o. Graves co. Ky. by p.r. 259
ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort.
Gholsonville, p-v. on the left bank of Me.
herin r. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 78 ms. s. s.
w, Richmond.
Gibbons' Tavern, and p-o. Delayvare co. Pa.
by p-r. 94 ms, s. e, by e. Harrisburg, and 126 jj.
E. "W. C. «.,,^
GiBBONSViLLE, ' Sec WatcrvUet.)
Gibraltar, p-v. in Iowa co. Mich, by p-r.
1,012 ms, s. w. by w, "W. C. This place is not
located on Tanner's map, but relatively with
Cassville, and Galena in II, it must be between
the tvvo latter, and about22 ras, above Galena.
GiBso.N', p-v, Susquehannah co. Pa. by p.r.
177 ras. N, N, E. Harrisburg.
Gibson, co. of Ten. bndd. by Dyer w., Obion
N. w., 'Weakly n,, Carroll e., Madison s., and
Haywood s. w. Length 30 ms. mean breadth
22 ; area 660 sq. ras. Lat. 36°,! long. 12° w': "W.
C. intersect near the centre ofthis co. The
slope ofthis co, is westward, towards the Misp.
r. and down which flow various branches of
Forked Deer, and Obion rs. Cf t, Gibbonsville.
Pop, 5,801,
Gibson Port, p-v. of Gibson co. Ten. about
150 ras. a little s. of w. Nashville.
Gibson Port, Claiborne co. Misp, {See Port
Gibson, same co. )
Gibson,, co, of Iiid. bndd, n, by White r. sep
arating it from Knox co. ; n. e. and e. by Pike ;
s. E. by Warrick ; s. by Vanderberg; s. w. by
Posey, and w. and N. w. by Wabash r. separa
ting it from Wabash co. II. Greatest length
from E, to w, 38 ms, ; raean breadth 16, and
area 600 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 38° 12'
to 38° 34' and in long, from 10° 22' to 11° 04' w.
from ,W, C. Slope of the northern and western
section 'very nearly due w. and in that direction

GIL

174

GLO

the northern part is traversed by Patoka r.
The southeastern angle gives source to Great
Pigeon creek, a confluent of 0. r., and declines
southwardly towards that comparatively large
recipient. Face ofthe co. broken. Cf. town
Princeton. Pop. 5,418.
GiLEAD, p-t. Oxford CO. Me. on the Androscog-
gin, 30 ms. w. Paris. Pop. 377.
Gilead, p.v. and st. jus. Calhoun co. II,, by
p.-r. 907 ms. w. W. C, ; 126 ms, a little n, of w.
Vandalia, and 50 ms, n, n. w. St. Louis in Mo.
It is situated between the Misp, and II. rs. near
the right bank of thelatter: lat. 39° 03', long.
13° 37' w. W. C.
Gilford, t. Strafford co. N. H, s. side lake Win.
nipiseogee, 23 ms. n, e. Concord. Contains an
acaderay, 11 schools, a valuable paper raanu
factory, and other useful mills and raachinery.
Pop. 1,870.
Giles, co. ofVa., bndd. n. by Monroe, n. e,
by -Botetourt, s. e. by Montgomery, s, by 'Wythe,
s. w. by Tazewell, by the Great Flat Top mtn.
which separates it from Logan w., and from
Fayette n. w. On its extreme n, n. w, it is se
parated from Greenbriar,,co, by New r. The
form ofthis co, is a rude approach to a half
moon, and tbe length between the points about
70 ras. Lying between lat, 37° 06' and 37° 43'
and long. 3° 15' to 4° 15' w. W. C. Surface a
congeries of ratn. ridges and intervening valHes,
extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The
^ mtn. vallies are cut and traversed almost at right
angles by the Great Kenhawa, which pouring
from, the elevated vales between the Blue Ridge
and Alleghany, in a n. n. e. course, suddenly in
flects to N. w., and passing the latter, enters
Giles.; breaking through several more rainor
chains, and receiving Greenbriar frora Monroe,
Kenhawa r. pursues' its n. wstrn. course to
wards O. At '.the mouth of Sinking cr. into
Kenhawa, in-the estm, and upper part ofthe co,
opposite tbe mouth of Greenbriar, the water sur
face is 1,333 ft, a:bove the Atlantic tides. We
may therefore safely assume 1,600 ft, asthe
mean level of .the cultivated land of Giles, This
height is fully equivalent to 4 deg. of Fahren.
belt, and would give to Giles a winter climate
«qual to that ea N, lat. 41° along the Atlantic
margin. Cf t. Parisburg, In 1820, the pop.
was 4,522 only, and at that epoch it included a
largie tract now comprised in Logan co. Pon,
6,274. ^
Giles, c-h. Giles co. Va. {See Pm-isburg.)
GmES, one of the sthrn. cos. of Ten. bndd. w,
by Lawrence, .IV. w. by Hickman, n. by Maury,
E. by Hickman, and s. by Madison and Lime
stone COS. of Ten, It is very nearly a square of
30 ms, and area 900 sq, ras. Extending in lat,
frora 35° to 35° 25' and traversed by liSng. 10°
w. from W. C, Elk r, winding southwardly
traverses the s, e, angle ofthis co,, but the much
greater part is drained by Richland cr, and
other branches of Elk r. Surface moderately
hilly, Cf t. Pulaski. Pop. 1820, 12,558, 1830,
18,703. Gill, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 90 ms, n, w,
Boston. Fine land, beautifully situated, ff. and
w. Conn, r., which here makes a bend. Miller's
Falls are in the ( 'onn. adjoining this t. Pop. 864.
Gill Land's cr. N. Y. {See Willsborough.)

GiLLMANTowN, p-t. Strafford co. N. H, 17 ms.
from Concord, 44 from Portsmouth, 78 from
Boston, and 522 from W. C. Very hilly and
rocky ; well watered ; contains iron ore and
mineral spiings; has a flourishing academy.
Pop. 3,816.
Gilman Pond, t. Somerset co. Maine. Pop. 335.
GiLsuM, p-t. Cheshire co. N, H, 37 ms. s. Con.
cord. Has good mill privileges. Pop. 642.
Gladwin, oo. Mich., bndd. by Arena co. e.,
Midland s., and ter. not yet divided into cos, w.
andN. Itis a square of 24 ms, each side, area
576 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 43° 50' to 44°
10', and in long, frora 7° 08' to 7° 35' w. W. C.
Tittibawassee r. or tbe nthrn. branch of Sagi.
naw r. drains the body of this co. flowing by a
general sthrn. course. The central part of
Gladwin is about 150 ms. N. n, w. Detroit.
Ginseng, p-v. Logan co. Va., about 380 ms.
s. w, by w, 'W, C,
Glade Run, p-o, Armstrong co. Pa., by p.r.
214 ms. N. w. W. C.
Gladden's Grove, and p.o. Fairfield co. S. C.
31 ms, N. Columbia.
Glady Creek, Cross roads and p.o. Randolph
CO. Va,, 60 ras. s. e. Clarksburg, and by p.r. 223
wstrd, W, C.
Glasgow, p.v. on the head of Christianna cr.
New Castle co. Del., 15 ras. s, e, Wilmington,
and by p.r. 98 ras. n. e. W. C.
Glasgow, p.v, andst, jus. Barren co. Ky. 116
ras. s, s, w. Frankfort, and 89 ras, n, m, e. Nash.
ville, in Ten, lat 37° 01', long. 8° 46' w. W. C.
Glassbokouoh, p.v, Gloucester co, N, J,, 20
ms. s. E. Phil. Here is a glass factory.
Glastenbury, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., e.
Con. r. Tiraber, oak, chesnut, &c., well wa
tered ; contains cotton, woollen, and iron raan
ufactories &c., and fine shad fisheries in the
Conn. ; also a raineral spring. It has 13 school
dists. Pop. 2,980.
Glastenbury, t. Bennington co. Vt., 9 ms. st.
e. Bennington, 25 s. vr. Brattleborough. Land
a great part high, broken, and incapable of be.
ing settled. Pop. 59.
Glen, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y., on the Ca.
nal, 8 ms. s. Johnstown. Pop, 2,454.
Glencoe, p-v, Harapshire co, Va,, by p.r. 124
ms. N. westerly W. C.
Glenn's p.o. Gloucester co. Va., byp.r. 92
ms. E, Richmond,
Glenn's Falls, v-. and p.o, {See Queensbury.)
Glenville, p.t, Schenectady co. N. Y., n.
Mohawk r., 5 ms. n, w, Schenectady. Has 9
school bouses. Pop, 2,497,
Gloucester, p.t. and port of entry, Essex co.
Mass., 30 ms, n, ^. Boston, and 16 n, m. Salem,
situated on Cape Ann, n. extremity of Mass.
bay. One of the most considerable fishing
towns in the state, with a harbor open and ac.
cessible to large ships at all seasons. About
10,000 tons of shipping are usually owned in
tbis tovra. Rocky and uneven. The principal
part of Gloucester is a peninsula, connected
with the main by a very narrow isthmus, across
which is a canal for the passage of small ves.
sels. Onthe s, e, side of the town is Thatch.
er's island, on which are two lighthouses. This
town is a charming place in the wUrm season.
Pop. 7,510.

GLY

175

GOO

¦ Gloucester, p-t. Providence co. R, I. lb ras.
from Providence. Surface generally uneven.
Extensive and valuable forests. Chepachet r,
runs through tbe centre of the town, upon which
river, near the centre of said town, is a con
siderable village called Chepachet, where ore
a number of cotton factories, and some addi
tional water works. Contains twelve schools.
Pop. 2,522.
Gloucester, co. N. J. extends from the Dela
ware r, to the Atlantic, bndd. n, e, by Burling
ton, s, w. by Salem, Cumberland and cape May,
Principal towns, Woodbury, and Camden. The
lands along the Delaware, extending inland,
are highly cultivated for fruit, vegetables, &c.
for the Philadelphia market. In the interior,
are pine lands ; there are in the co. several
forges, manufactories of glass, &c. Pop. 1820,
23,089 ; 1830, 28,431.
Gloucester, t, Gloucester co. N. J. bounded
N. E. by Waterford, s. w. by Deptford, s. w. by
Gloucester t. Pop. 2,332.
Gloucester, co. of Va. bndd. n, w. by King
and Queen, n. by Piankatank r, which separates
it from Middlesex, s. e. by North r, which sep
arates it from Matthews, e, by Chesapeake or
Mobjack bay, and s, and s, w. by York r,
which separates it from York and James city
cos. Length 28 ras. mean width 10, and area
280 sq. ms. Extending in lat, frora 37° 15' to
37° 35' and in long, frora 0° 14' to 0° 42' e. W.
C. Cf t. Gloucester. Pop. 1820, 9,678, 1830,
10,608. Gloucester, c, h. Gloucester co, Va. p o,
near the centre of the co. by p-r. 88 ras. E.
Richmond. Gloucester Town, t. Gloucesterco. N. J. on
the Delaware, between Deptford and Newton,
bndd. IV, E, by Gloucester, Pop. 686.
Glover, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 33 ms. e.
Montpelier. Contains 8 school houses. This
town is noted for the following remarkable oc
currence. A pond, a mile and a half long, and
half a mile wide, situated partlyin this town, and
partly in Greensborough, on the 6th of June,
1810, on having a small outlet opened, broke
loose through the quicksand, of whioh its bank
was in that place principally composed, and in
15 minutes was entirely emptied, its waters
rushing forth in a raighty raass, 60 or 70 ft. in
height, and 20 rods in width, levelling forests
and hills, filling up the valleys, sweeping away
houses, barns, cattle, &c. and giving the inhab.
itants time barely to escape with their lives
into the mountains. In this manner did it de
luge the country for the space of 10 ms. So
rapidly flowed the torrent, that it reached lake
Memphremagog, 27 ms. distant, in about 6 hours
from tbe tirae of its getting vent. Nothing now
remains of the pond but its bed, a ^art of wbich
is cultivated, and a part overgrown witKbushes
and wild grass, with a small brook running
through it, whicli is now at the head of Barton
river. Pop. 902.
Glynn, co. of Geo. bndd. by Camden co. »,
w., Wayne n. vr., Altamaha r. which separates
it from Mcintosh n. e., and the Atlantic s. e. It
lies very nearly in form of a square of 25 ms. ;
area 625 sq. mg. Extending in lat. from 31° to
31° 29', and in long, frora 4° 32' to 4° 58* w. ,

W. C. St. Simons, and Jekyl isis. constitute
tbe Atlantic border of Glynn. The whole sur
face is level and cut by interlocking water
courses. Where the^ soil admits of culture,
the cliraate is suitable to rice, indigo, tobacco^
sugar cane, &c. The orange tree and fig tree
flourish. Cf. ts. Brunswick and Frederica. —
Pop. 1820, 3,418, 1830, 4,567.
Gnadenhutten, p-v. Clay tsp. Tuscarawas
CO. Ohio. The tsp. is in the southern part of
the CO. The p-v. is situated on Tuscarawas r.
11 ras. s. New Philadelphia, the co.st. Pop.
of the p-v. 49.
Godfrey, Savannah p-o. Colleton dist. S. C.
by p-r. 114 ras. southward Columbia.
Godfrey's Ferry, and p-o. by pr. 151 ms. a
little s. of e. Columbia. The ferry is over the
Great Pedee, about 10 ras. above the raouth of
Lynches cr. or r.
Goffsboro', p-o. Wasbington parish La. by
p-r. 1,147 ms. southwestward "W. C. and 83n.
tt. vr. New Orleans.
Goffstown, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H, 12
ms, from Amberst, 16 frora Concord, and 55
frora Boston, w, Merriraack r. at Amoskeag
falls, Piscataquog r, runs through its, centre,
and, falls into the Merrimack, Good land, —
The- timber, oak, several sorts of pine, hem
lock, beech, and maple. A great nuraber of
masts, for the English navy, have been furnish
ed from this place. It is the present residence
of Hon. David L. Morrill, late governor of the
state, and meraber of congress. Pop, 2,208,
GoLANSTiLLE, p-v. Caroline co. Va. by p-r. 29
ras. s. s. w. W. C. and 56 nearly due N, Rich
raond. Golconda, p-v. and st.jus. Pope co. II. byp-r.
791 ras. s. 5, w, ^ w, W. Ci^d 160 ras, s. s. e.
Vandalia. *''^
Golden, p-v, Baltiraore co. Md.
Golden Grove; p-o. Greenville dist. S. C.
by p-r. .110 ms. n. w, Columbia,
Gold Mine, p.v. Chesterfield dist. S. C. by
p-r, 449 ms, s. s, w. W. C, and 101 ras. n. e.
Colurabia. Goochland, co. of Va. bndd, by Fluvanna N..
vr., Louisa n., Hanover n. e., Henrico s-. e., and
James r. which separates it from Powhatan s.,
and Curaberland s. w. Length 28, mean
breadth 12, and area 336 square ms. Extend
ing in lat. frora 37° 31' to 311'^ SV, and in long.
from 0° 47' to 1° 20" w. W. C. Goochland
slopes to the s. and is drained by several small
ers, falling into James r, Cf t. Hardensville.
Pop. 1820, 10,007, 1830, 10,369.
Goochland, c. h,, and p-o. Goochland co, Vir
ginia, by p-r. 32 ms. s, w. by w. Richraond.
GooDis's Bridge, and p-o. in the sthrn. part
Chesterfield co. Va. 38m3.s. w. Richmond.
GooDFiELD, p-v. Rhea co. Tenn. by p-r. 151
ms. s. E. by e, Nashville,
Good Luck, formerly Magruder's p-o, south
western part of Prince George's co. Md. by
p-r. 18 ms. s. e. W. C. and 40 ms. s. w. Annap
olis. Goodson's, p-o, Montgomery co. Va. by p-r.
299 ms. s. w. W. C. and 221 westward Rich
mond. GooDso.si's, p.o. Cumberland co, Ky, by p.r.
634 ms. s. w, by w. W. C. and 122 s. Frankfort.

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GRA

Good Spring, p.o. Williamson co. Tenn. 13
ms. s. w. Nashville.
Goodwynsville, p.o. Dinwiddie co. 'Va. 7
ms. s. Dinwiddie c. h., and 47 s. s. vr. Rich.
mond. Goose cr. or r., branch of Roanoke river ri
sing in the southeastern vallies of Blue Ridge,
4 or 5 ms. s. w. from the peaks of Otter, and
flowing thence s. e. over Bedford co. falls into
Roanoke r., in the western angle of Campbell
CO. Va. after a coraparative course of 30 ms.
Gooseberry Island and Rocks, off cape Ann,
Mass. Goose Creek, p-o,, on the preceding cr,, in
the westem part of Bedford co. Va. 10 ms.
westward Liberty, the co. st.
Goosekehawn r. {See Rock r.)
Goosepond, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. by p-r
86 ms. w. N. E. MiUedgeville.
GoRDONsviLLE, p-V, St the castem foot of
South West mtn. and on the source of North
Anna r,, Orange co. Va. about 50 ms. a. w. by
w. Fredericksburg, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Rich
mond, and ll5 s. w. 'W. C.
GoRDONSviLLE, p-v. Smyth CO. "Ten. 6 ms.
frora Carthage, and by p-r. 8 1 ras. though direct
only abolit 50, eastward NashviUe,
GoRDONTON, P-0. PcrsoH CO. N. C. 60 ras. by
p-r. N. N. w. Raleigh.,
Gore, a tract of land lying w. of Williaras-
town, Mass, 140 ms. n. w. of Boston, 2 ms.
wide at s. end, and tapering to a''pbint at theVt.
line. Gorham, p-t, Curaberland co. Me, 9 ms, n, w,
Portland,' It, has a considerable village, in
which'is an academy. Pop. 2,988.
GoiaiAM, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. e.
Canandaigua. Flint cr. runs across the e. part,
and supplies mill- ^eats. It contains 23 school
dists. Pop. 2,081.
Gorham, p.v. in the eastern part of Daviess
CO, Ky, 8 ms, s, e, Owensburg, or Owensboro',
the 00, St. and 150 s.w. byw. 4 w. Frankfort.
GosHAM, p-v, Daviess co, Ky. by p.r. 152 ms.
s. w, by vr. Frankfort.
Goshen, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 42 ms. w.
Concord. Soil particularly good' for grass.
Timber, maple, birch, beech, hemlock, spruce,
and some oak. Maple sugar is here manufac
tured to a considerable extent. Pop, 772.
Goshen, t,, Addison co. 'Vt. 31 ras. s. w.
Montpelier, and 43 N. w. Windsor. Consider
ably raountainous. Watered hy Leicester river.
Contains iron ore, and the oxide of raanganese ;
G school dists. Pop. 555.
Goshen, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass, 115 ms. w.
Boston, and 12 n, w, Northampton. Several
minerals, among which is the emerald, are
found here. Pop. 617.
Goshen, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 32 ras. W,
Hartford, and 42 from New Haven, It is the
highest land in the State. The sugar raaple is
the predominant forest tree. It contains vari
ous kinds of manufactories ; 8 school dists. It
is reraarkably healthy. Pop. 1,734.
Goshen, p-t. and half-shire town. Orange co.
N. Y. 29 ms, -W. Hudson r., 110 s. Albany, and
60 N.N.York. Contains 12 schools. Pop, 3,361.
Goshen, p.v. Monmouth co, N. J. 12 ms. s.
Allentown.

Goshen, small village in the sthrn. part of
Loudon CO. Va. about 35 ms. w. W. C.
"Goshen, p-v, Lincoln co. Geo. about 45 ms.
above Augusta, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. e. Mil.
ledgeville. Goshen, p-v. in the estm. part of Iredell co.
N. C. 11 ms. estrd. Statesville, the co. st. and
157 ms. westrd. Raleigh.
Goshen, p-v. in Goshen tsp. nrthn. part of
Clermont co. 0. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Columbus.
Pop. 139.
Goshen Gore, Caledonia co. Vt. 1 here are
two gores of this name, both in this co. the
largest contains 7,339 acres, the sraaller 2,828.
Goshen Hill, p.v. between Ennoree and Ty.
ger rs. sthrn. part of the Union dist. S. C. by.
p-r. 107 ms. n. w. Columbia. The real road
distance between those two plaees about 50 ms.
Goshen Mills, and pjo. Montgomery co. Md.
GosHEKSViLLE, p.o. Chester CO. Pa.
Gosport, isl,, Rockingham co. N. H. Pop. 103,
GospoET, navy yard, IJ ms. from Norfolk,
Norfolk CO. Va.
G&ULDSEORouGH, t. Haucock CO. Me. 40 ms.
E. ( astine. Pop. 880. .i
GovANSTowN, p-o. in the sthm. part of Balti.
more co Md. by p-r. 42 ms, n. e. W, C.
Governeur, p-t. St. Lawrence co, N. Y. 23
ms. s. Ogdensburg. Received its name in bon-
or of Governeur Morris. It has a great diver
sity of soil, and is situated on the Oswegachie r.
Pop, 1,430.
Governor's Island, N. Y. directly a. of the
city of N. York, forming the harbor in the
East r. Belongs to government and is strongly
fortified. . Gowansville, p-v, Greenville dist. S. C. by
p-r. 121 ms. N. w. Columbia.
Gowdysville, p-v. Union dist. S. C. by p-r.
454 ms. s, w, W. C. and 89 n. w. Colurabia.
Graceham, p-v. Frederick co. Md. on the
road from Hagerstown to Westminster, 15 ms.
N. Frederick, and 81 ms.N. K. w. W. C.
Grafton, co. N. H. 58ms. long, and 30 atits
greatest breadth, containing 828,623 acres, be
sides a large tract of ungranted land. Bndd. n.
by Coos CO,, E, by Strafford, s, by Hillsborough,
and w, by Vt. It is watered by Conn, r., Pemi.
gewasset, Lower Amonoosuck, and many
smaller streams— somewhat mountainous —
contains fine tracts for pasturage, a large pro
portion of arable land, and on the rivers ex
tensive and fertile intervals — there are in the
CO. 36 towns — the sessions of, the superior
court and of the court of sessions are holden
alternately at Haverhill and ¦ Plymouth. Pop.
1820, 32,989 ; 1830, 38,632.
Grafton, t. Grafton co. N. H, 36 ms. n. w.
Concord, and 13 s. e. Dartmouth college — well
watered^ rocky, hilly, and mountainous. Pop.
1,207. •"•'¦
Grafton, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 36 ms. n. e.
'Bennington, and 22 s. w. Windsor — contains
good mill seats — surface uneven — abounds in
a great variety of minerals — contains an ira
raense quantity of soapstone — ll school dists.
Pop. 1,439.
Grafton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms. s.
w. Boston, and 8 s. e. Worcester, on the Black-
stone canal. Watered by Blackstone r. ; con-

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tains flourishing manufactories, one of which
has a capital of $500,000, at which is manufac.
tured twine and duck, from flax and hemp. —
Pop. 1,889.
Grafton, p.t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 11 ms. E.
Troy. Soil principally an argillaceous loam ;
timber, hemlock, white pine, fir, spruce, maple,
&c. ; contains 10 school bouses. Pop. 1,681.
Grafto.n", p.v. in the northern part of Medina
CO. O. byp.r. 367 ms. northwestwardly W. C.
and 129 n. n. e. Columbus,
Graham's Station, and p-v. Meigs co. 0, by
p-r. 352 ms. w. W. C. and 103 s. e. Columbus.
Graham's Bridge, and p-o. Richmond co. N.
C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Raleigh,
Grahamsville, or Grahamstown, p.v, near
the centre of Beaufort dist, S, C. 74 ms, s, w,
by w, and by a rather circuitous road from
Charleston, and 10 s, Coosawhatchie the st, jus.
for the dist.
Grainger, co. of Ten. bndd. by Clinch r.
which separates it from Claiborne co, n, w,, by
Hawkins co, n, e,, by Jefferson ,s, e. and Knox
s. w. Length 32 ms. breadth lO, and area 320
square ras. Extending in lat. from 36° 08' to
36° 30' and in long, from 6° 03' to 6° 40' w. W.
C. This CO. being bndd. on the n. w. by Clinch,
and traversed on the s. e, by Holston r. has
some very fine r. soil, but the body of the co.
is hilly, and in part rocky and raountainous. A
minor ridge called Chesnut Ridge, stretches to
the s. w. and n. £. between tbe two rs. and di
vides Grainger into two not very unequal parts.
Cf t. Oresville. Pop. 1820, 7,650 ; 1830,
10,066. Gbanberry's, p-0. in the souHiern part of
Twigg's CO. Geo. 8 ras. southward Marion, the
CO. St. and 45 s. w. MiUedgeville.
Granby, t. Essex co. Vt. 47 ms.N. e. Montpe-
,. lier, Vt. Pop. 97.
Granby, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 90 ms. w,
of Boston. In a cavern recently discovered
here, were found two decayed statues original
ly formed of wood or earth. The date of 1760
was on the walls. Pop. 1,064.
Granby, p-t, Hartford co. Conn, bordering on
Mass, 17 ms, n, k, w, Hartford. The surface is
diversified with mountain, hiU and dale ; it has
within its limits a great variety of tiraber, and
contains several kinds of minerals. It is pretty
well watered, and contains various kinds of
manufactories, 1 6 school dists. and a sraall vil
lage in the centre of each of the located reli
gious societies. Here is the Newgate, once
tbe state prison, which was formerly a cavern,
and originaUy opened and wrought as a copper
mine. Sinde the removal of the prison, this
mine has been purchased by a raining corapany,
and wrought with sorae success. Pop, 2,7^^Yf"
Granby, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y, s. w. Oswego
village, 12 ms. above Oswego, 35 h, of.Saljna,
and 155 w. of Albany. Surface moderately
uneven ; soil generally fertile ; timber, pine,
oak, maple, beech, &c. The Oswego falls are
between this town and Volnex ; there are 8
schools in the town. Pop. 1,433.
Granbt, p.v. and st. jus. Lexington dist. S,
C. situated on the right bank of Congaree r.
nearly opposite Columbia, Lat. 33° 58' long.
4° or vr. W. C,

Grand, r. of O. This stream has its ex
treme source in TrumbuU co. about 5 or 6 ms.
N. w, of Warren, and flowing thence nearly
due N, 30 ms,, to Ashtabula co., and within 10
ms. of lake Erie, bends at right angles to the
w,, and continues that course 30 ms. to the lake,
wbich it enters in Geauga co., between the vil.
lages of Fairport and Newmarket, leaving a
peninsula of 22 railes in length, and from 10 to
2 railes wide, between the lower course of the
river and the lake.
Grand r, or Neosho r. a branch of Ark. r.
rises in the angle between Ark. proper, Kansas,
and Osage rs., flows by a general course ofs.
s, E, upwards of 200 ms, by comparative cours.
es, and falls into Ark, at Cantonment Gibson. —
The valley oi Grand r- stretches from lat. 35°
47' to 38° 40', and though sorae of its branches
rise in the state of Mo. the great body of the
valley lies westward of that state and of the
Ter, of Ark, between 17° and 20° w, W, C. —
On Tanner's improved map of the U, S, this r.
derives its raost reraote sources at lat. 38° 30',
andw. long. 20° 30' W, C, andinthe angle
between the Smoky Hill Fork of Kansas r, and
the raain streara of Ark r. on the sarae plains
frora which issue the higher fountains of Osage
river. Grand r. a branch of Mo, r. about lat, 42°,
between the sources of Raccoon fork of Des
Moines r, and Naudaway branch of Mo. and
flowing thence southwardly about 100 ms. en
ters the state of Mo. ; inflecting thence a little
E, of s, IOO ms. falls into the left side of Mo.
by direct course 300 ms. above St. Louis. This
stream and its confluents water upwards of
5000 sq. ms. in the northwestern angle of Mo.
Its valley lies between long. 16° and 17° 30'
w. W, C,
Grand r. streara of Mich, Ter. and conflu.
ent of Lake Mich, rises, interlocking sources
with those of Huron, Lake Erie, Raisin, and
also with those of St. Joseph's and Kalainazoo
rs. flowing into Lake Mich. The extreme
sources of Grand r. are on the flat table land
of the Mich, peninsula, about 80 ras, a little s,
of w, frora Detroit, about n, lat. 43°. Flowing
thence by comparative courses t:. tt. w. about
100 ms, the channel abruptly inflects to the
westward, which latter course is continued 70
ms, to its final influx into lake Mich, at lat, 43°
08'. Some of the northeastern confluents of
Grand r. interlock with .those of Saginaw r.
and the main body of the valley ofthe former,
lies between those of Saginaw and Kalamazoo,
Grand r, or Grand Fork, a southem br. of
Rainy Lake r. As laid down by Tanner, Grand
Fork rises on the elevated, but marshy plains
frora which is^ue the extrerae sources of Misp.
and on his inap, between the sources of the
two rs. he has inserted the following note.
" An uninterrupted water communication be
tween Grand Fork of Rainy lake r and Win.
nepec lake, is said to exist at this place." Indeed
the whole country from which rise the sources
of Misp. r., those of the estrn, branches of Red
r., br, of Assiniboin, and those of Grand Fork, is
one vast congeries of lakes. Grand Fork for the
first half of its course is formed of short straits
and intervening lakes, in a general n. e, by e.

GRA

178

GRA

course, it thence inflects to n. n, e, to its en.
trance into Rainy lake r, about 30 ras, wstrd. of
the Factory of the American Fur Company;
The entire comparative course ofthis stream is
about 100 ms.
Grand or Chilnuoook, lake, Me. the souree
of St. Croix r. 30 ms, long, and about 5 broad.
Grand isl. N. Y. in Niagara river 13 ms.
long, and 2 to 7 wide, commencing about 3 ms,
below Black Rock, and terminating a mile and
a half above Niagara Falls ; containing 17,800
acres. Soil strong and rich. A large marsh
in the centre. It is wellwooded. Here was
acted the farce of laying the foundation of the
Jewish city of Ararat.
Grand, p.v. and tsp, in the nrthwstm. part of
Marion co. 0. ; the p-v. is 74 ms. n. n. w, Co
lurabus. Pop. tsp. 317.
Grand Blanc, p.v. Oakland co. Mich. m. ni. w.
Detroit. Grand Cakalin, p.v. Brown co. Mich, The
naraes or position of these two latter not on
Tanner's raap ; nor is the relative position oi
either given in the p.o, list,
Grande, p.v, Crittenden co. Ark, 141 ms. by
p-r. N E. by e. Little Rock, and 932 ms. s, w.
by w. h vr, W. C,
Grand Gulf, abrupt and remarkable bend of
the Mississippi r, at the influx of Black r.
Grand Gulf, p-v. on the Grand Gulf and
Misp. r., and in the nrthwstrn. part of Claiborne
€0 state of Misp, by the . land road 50 ms.
above and n, n, e, Natchez.
Grand Isle co, Vt, bounded ft. by L. Canada,
pn the N, line of Alburgb, tbe rest' of the co.
. consisting of isis., in lake Charaplain. It is 28
ras. long from n, to s, and about 5 ras, wide con
taining 82 sq, ras, ;. streams small, having
scarcely a good mill privilege in the co, ; sur
face generally level, and very rich and produc
tive. Cf t. North Hero." Pop. 1820, 3,527 ;
1830, 3,696.
Grand Isle, p-t. Grand Isle eo. Vt. 18 ms. N-
Burlington. Pop. 643.
Gran!) Portage r. or rather chain of small
lakes and short intervening straits, forms a part
ofthe channelof interooniiriunication between
Lake Superior and the interior part of North
America, drained by the., confluents of Assini
boin, and other large rs. Grand Portage r, en
ters lake Superior almost exactly on n, lat. 48°
and at long, W. C, 12° 45' w. In a direct line
from its source to final discharge is only about
40 ms,, the actual water distance is much
greater. In addition to its importance as part
of a commercial route, the Grand Po^rtage river
forms part of the boundary between the U, S
and the British dorainions in North America,
The distance is about 350 ms, "following ,^tbe
curve round to tbe nrthrd. of Isle Royale, from
tbe FaUs of St. Mary to the .mouthof Grand''
Portage river.
Grand Traverse, Strait and Isis, between
lake Michigan and Green Bay. This strait
opens at lat 45° 30', and is filled with small isis.
which render the entrance from lake Michigan
into Green Bay rather intricate.
Grand Traverse, bay, or the outlet of Ot
tawa river Mich. Amongst the confusion of
naming rs. by the same name, or by one ap

propriated to another object, this affords an
instance. Directly opposite Grand Traverse
Strait and Islands, but on the contrary shore of
lake Michigan, opens Grand Traverse bay. The
Ottawa r. rises on the peninsula of Michigan,
and flowing to the n. w. about lat. 45, widens to
a bay, which with a length of 30 ras. terrainates
in lake Michigan, and is known as Grand
Traverse Bay.
Granger, p-v. CaldweU co. Ky. by p-r. 2J5
ras. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Granger, p-v, and tsp. Medina co. 0. by p-r.
348 ms. N. w, by w, of W. C. and 121 n. n. e.
Colurabia. Pop. tsp. 676.
Grant, co. Ky. bndd. s, and s. w. by Owen,
Gallatin N. w., Boone n,, and Pendleton e.
Length 23, mean width about 8, and area 184
sq, ms. Extending 4n*at,,from 38° 30' to 38°
4i)', and in long, from 7° 35' to 7° 47' w. W. C.
Eagle cr. a branch of Ky. r. winds over a part
of Grant, and is tbe only stream of consequence
in the co, Cf t, Williamsville, or WiUiams.
town. Pop, 1820, 1,805, 1830, 2,987,
Grant, co, Ind. boijnded N. w, by Miarai co.,
n. by Wabash and "Huntingdon cos., s. E. by
Del. CO., and s, by Madison. Breadth 18 ms.,
mean length 20, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 40*
3.')', long. W. C, 8° 38' w. The Mississinewa
r. enters near the sthestrn, and leaves it at the'-'
nrthwstrn, angle, flowing to the N, w,, the gen.
eral slope of the co, being in that direction. The
extreme nrthrn. sources of White r,are,however,
inthe sthestrn. angle'of tbisco,, and flow to the
s. -vr., and from the opposite angle issues a
brancb of Salamanic r,, flowing to the n. w.
This CO. is named neither in the p-o. list or
census tables,
Grantham, t. Sullivan co. N. H. 12 ms. s. E. .
Dartmouth college, and 45 w. w. Concord. ..',
Croydon mtn, runs through the west part of the ',
town,. Soil productive. Well watered by numer
ous brooks and rivulets. Contains a medicinal
spring, and a bed of paint. Pop. 1,079.
Gbantley's, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 59
ras, s, w. W. C,
Grant's Lick, and p-o. Carapbell co. Ky. by
p-r. 76 ms. n. i\, e, Frankfort,
Grantsville, p-v. Green co, Geo, by p-r. 52
ms. northward Milledgevi-He.
Gr.anville, t, Hampden co, Mass. 120 ms. s.
w. Boston, and 18 s. w. Springfield — a hand.
some and flourishing town. Pop. 1,649.
Granville, p-t. "Washington co. N. Y. about
60 ras. N. E. Albany. Soil exceUent ; surface
handsomely diversified, and well watered with
springs, rivulets, &c. It contains an academy,
and 19 schools. It has a marble quarry ; and
common slate stone, and limestone are also
found. It contains likewise various kinds of
maWSfactories. Pop. 3,882.
GraJ^iVILle, p-v. on Duncard cr. near the
southern border of Greene co. Pa., but in Mo.
nongaUa co. Va., about 12 ms. n. w. Morgan.
town, and by p.r. 211 ras. n, w. by w. W. C.
Granville, , p-v. Monongalia co. Va. 217
ms, N, w, by w, J w, W, C.
Granvjlle, CO. of N, C, bndd. by Warren E.,
Franklin s, e., Wakes s., Orange s. w., Person
w., and. by Halifax co. of Va. s. vr., and Meck
lenburg CO. of Va. N. Length 36, mean width

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179

GRE'

23, and area 828 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
from 36° 03' to 36° 30', and in long, from 1° 20'
to 1° 50' w. W. C. The southern part of this
CO. is drained by creeks flowing s. into Neuse r.,
the centre is traversed by Tar i., whilst the
northern section slopes towards, and is drained
by ers. flowing into Roanoke, Cf t, Oxford.
Pop. 1820, 18,216, 1830, 19,343.
Granville, p-v. and tsp. in the southwestern
part of Licking co. O. The village is by p-r.
28 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 6 ms. west
ward Newark, the co; st. The village has 3
houses for public worship, and a female high
school. The ' Granville Literary and Theolo
gical Institution,' located amile s. w. of this vil
lage, is in a flourishing condition, and is con
ducted on the manual labor system. Present
number of students, 90.'" Pop. of the tsp. 1830,
1,784, and of tbe village 362.
Grape Island and p-o, Tyler co. Va. by p-r.
273 ms. westward W. C. '
Grass r. N. Y. enters the St. Lawrence, op
posite St. Regis Island. It is 125 ms. long,
'It is naturally cormected.isvith the Oswegatchie
in Canton, *
Grass Lake, p-v, Jackson co, Mich, by p-r.
88 ms. w. Detroit,
Grassy cr. and p.o. Pendleton oo. Ky. by p-r,
68 ms. N, N. E , from Frankfort.
Grassy cr. and p-o. Burke co. N. C. about 200
ms, w. Raleigb.
Grassy Point, p.v. Madison co. 0. byp-r. 61
ms. westward Columbus.
Gratiot, co, of Mich, bndd. by Saginaw co,
E,, Clinton s,, Montcalm w,, Isabella n. w,, and
Midland n, e. It is a sq, of 34 ms. each side,
area 576sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 43°
08' to 43° 28', and in long, from 7° 32' to 7° 48'
w. W, C, The slope to the southwest, and
drained by some of the higher northern sources
of Grand r, of lake Michigan. The central
part is about 110 ms. n. vr. frora Detroit.
Gratiot's Grove, p-o. Joe-Daviess co. II. 17
ms. N. E. by e. Galena, and by p-r. 973 n. w. by
w. W. C.
Gratis, p-v. 2 ms. frora Eaton, the co. St.
Preble co. 0., and 94 a little s. ofw. Columbus
Gratz, p-v. in Wioonisco valley, in the north
ern angle of Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. a
little E. of N. Harrisburg.
Grave Greek, or Elizabethtown, p-v, of
Ohio CO. Va. 12 ras. below Wheeling, and by
p-r. 352 N, w, by w, W, C. This cr, and viUage
take their narae from very extensive tamtili,
scattered over an elevated bottom or plain. —
The author of this article visited tbis plain
twi<?e in 1794, previous to the plough or other
operations of farming having much disturbed
the remains. At that epoch, one very large!
conical mound surrounded by a ditch, was it
self environed by nuraerous and similar, though
smaUer tumuli. The remains of the roads,
sloping down the banks from the plain, were
also perfectly distinguishable ; as was the
, , trench of a work, in form of a parallelogram.
Gravelly Hill, and p,.o. Bladen co.N. C.
• '¦ by p-r. 101 ms. s. Raleigh. A
' ' ' ' Graves, co.Ky. between Ten, and Misp. rs.,
'--.%%%'» bndd. by McCracken n., Calloway E., Weakly
CO. of 'Tea. s., and Hickman in Ky. w. Length

33, mean breadth 20, and area 660 sq. ms.-r-
Extending in lat, from 36° 30' to 36° 58', and
in long, from 11° 35' to 11° 56' w. W. C. Cf
t. Mayfield. Pop. 2,503.
Graves, p-o. in the western part of Madison
CO. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. a, w, W. C.
Gravesend, t. Kings' co. N, Y, 9 ms, s. N.
Y. on the coast ; a bathing resort. Pop, 565.
Gray, p-t, Cumberland co. Me, 20 ms, n, of
Portland, Pop, 1,575,
Grayson, co. of Va, lying between the Blue
Ridge and Iron mtn,, bndd, vr. by the Iron ratn,
whicb separates it frora Wasbington ; n. w, and
N, by the Iron mtn, separating il frora Smyth,
and Wythe ; n. e. by Floyd co. ; e. and s, e, by
Blue Ridge, separating it frora Patrick co, ;
and s, by Surrey, and s, w. by Ashe cos, N. C.
The greatest length of Grayson is about 70 ras,
frora the extreme wstrn. angle on Iron mtn. to
the extrerae estrn. on Blue Ridge ; raean width
12, and area 840 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from
36° 33' to 36° 53', and in long, from 3° 28' to
4° 46' w. W. C. Grayson is the most estrn. of
the sthrn. cos. of Va. which are coraprised in
the valley ofthe Ohio r. Great Kenhawa r, ri
sing in Ashe co, of N. C. flows h. eastwardly
into Grayson, and thence turning estd. about 20
ras. along the line between Va, and N, C, and
turning to n, «, e, traverses Grayson, which it
leaves by piercing the Iron ratn. This co. is a
part of the Great Valley west of the Blue Ridge,
and slopes nthwrd, drained by innuraerable ers.
flowing from the two bounding channels into
the Great Kenhawa, here called New River.
Comparing the raean elevat'on of Grayson, with
that of Wythe, Montgomery and Giles, we can
not assume for the forraer less than 1,600 ft.
above the ocean level, {See Giles, ^c.) Cft.
of Grayson, Greensville. Pop. 1820, 5,598,
1830, 7,675,
Grayson c-h. and p-o. (.See Greensville, Gray
son CO. Va,).
Grayson, c-h. and p-v. Grayson co., Va. by
p-r, 354 ms. s, w, W, C, and 276 s, w, by w. i
w. Richmond.
Grayson, co. of Ky., bndd. w. by Ohio co., tt.
w, by Hancock or by Rough cr,, br. of Green
r., N. by Rough cr,, separating it from
Breckenridge, N. e. and E. by Hardin, s. E,
by Nolin's cr., separating it frora Hart, s. by
Edmonson, and s, vr. by Butler. Length from
E. to w. 40, mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq,
ms. Extending in lat. from. 37° 10' to 37° 38',
and in long, frora 8' 58' to 9° 40' w, W. C.
This CO. occupies part of the peninsula between
Green r. and Rough cr., the central part being a
table land, from which sraall ers, flow into the
two bordering streams. The general slope is
to the wstrd,, as both the bordering rs, flow in
that direction. Cf t. Litchfield. Pop. 1820,
4,055, 1.830, 2,504, This co. raust have been
divided in the intermediate time.
Gray's Settlement, and p-o. Erie co. Pa., by
p-r, 327 ms, n. w. W, C.
Graysville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa., by p-r.
96 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg.
Great Barrington, p-t. Berkshire co Mass.,
14 ras. s. Lenox, 125 s. w, Boston, incorporated
1761. It is finely situated on the Housatonic ;
the soil is generally excellent, and the surface is

GRE

180

GRE

agreeably varied by hills and vallies. Monu
ment raountain is in this town. The village 'is
principally on the w. bank of the river. Pop.
2.264. Great Bay, Rockingham co. N. H. The
wstrn. branch of tbe Piscataqua, 4 'ms. -wide,
empties n. e. through Little Bay.
Great Bay, Strafford co. N. H., connected
with Winnipiseogee lake, and heads Winni
piseogee r.
Great Bend, p-v., on the left bank of the
East Branch of Susquehannah r., at the mouth
of Salt Lick cr., Susquehannah co. Pa., 15 ms.
N. N. E. Montrose, and by p-r. 170 n, n. e, Har
risburg. Great Bridge, p-v. Norfolk co. Va,, situated
on Southern r,, 12 ms, s. s. E. Norfolk, and by
p-r. 124 s. E. by e, Richmond.
Great Crossing, p.v. Scott co, Ky. 15 ras, N,
E. Frankfort.
Great Kenhawa. (See Kenhawa.)
. Great Mills and p-o. at the head of St.
Mary's r., St. Mary's co. Md, by p-r. 81 ras. s.
H. e. W. C. and alraost due s. Annapolis,
Great Salt Works, or Saltsburg, at the
forks, and on the right bank of Coneraaugh r.,
a p-v. Ind. CO. Pa. about 30 ras. a.little n. of e.
Pittsburg, and 211 wstrd. Harrisburg.
Great Ogeechee. .{See Ogeechee r.)
Great Valley, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y.
14 ras. =. E. froni EUicottville. Pop. 647.
Great Works r. Me. enters tbe Penobscot r.
2 ms. below the Great Falls.
Greece, p.t-. Monroe co. N. Y. at the mouth
of Genesee r. Pop. 2,574.
Green r. a considerable navigable stream of
Ky. having its most reraote source in Lincoln
CO. heading with Dick's r., and with the ex.
trerae northern branches of Cumberland r.
Flowing thence westwardly, inclining a little
to the N,, receiving, besides numerous ers, the
comparatively large tributaries of Big Barren
from the s, and Nolin and Rough ereeks from
the N. The main stream enters Ohio r. after a
comparative course of about 200 ms. The val.
ley of Green r. extends from n. lat. 36i-° to 37°
55', and is in length 170 ms., with a mean
breadth of 40 raa., and area 6,800 sq. ms. It
has the vallies of Salt and Ohio rs, N. and that
of Cumberland s.
Green, t. Sussex oo. N. J., joins Warren co.
6 ras. s. Newton. Pop. 801.
Green Bank, p-o. Pocahontas oo. Va. by p-r.
242 ras. wstrd. W. C.
Green Bay, p-o. Hanover co. Va. by p-r. 94
ms, s, s. w. W. C.
Green Bay, Brown and Chippewa cos. Mich.
The sheet of water to which this title has been
given is usually regarded as a part of lak'e
Michigan, though in geographical strictness,
' Green bay is itself a lake connected with Mi
chigan by a strait called Grand Traverse. {Sec
Grand Traverse Islands.) Green Bay, con
sidered as a separate sheet of water from lake
Michigan, though connected by a common
strait, extends from s. w. to n. e, 120 ms. ; the
width varies, but is generally about 25, and the
mean breadth would be rather underrated at 20
ips. The southwestern extreme branches into
two large arms. Sturgeon bay to the estrd. and

Fox r. bay to tbe wstrd. {See Fox r. of Green
Bay.) Besides Grand Traverse Islands, there
are other islands in Green Bay, the largest of
which, Menomonie island, w. ofthe Grand Tra.
verse, is about 25 ms. in length, but compara
tively narrow. Vessels of 200 tons burthen are
navigated into and through Green Bay to the
mouth, and some distance up Fox r. ' Menomo.
nie r. enters Green Bay from the northwstrd.,
and 50 ms. tt. e. frora the influx of Fox r.
Green Bay, p.v. Brown co. Mich, by p.r.
1,037 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 511 ms. in
nearly a similar direction from Detroit.
Green Brier, r. of Va. rising in the north.
em part of Pocahontas co. over which it flows,
and entering and traversing Green Brier Co.,
falls imo Great Kenhawa, after a comparative
southwestern course of 90 ms. Green Brier
has its remote sources in the same ridges with
those of Cheat r. branch bf Monongahela, and
those of the South branch of the Potomac. The
valley of Green Brier, lies between those of
James and Gauley rs. It is an elevated re.
gion. The water level is from actual admeas.
urement, 1,333 ft. at the efflux of Green Brier
into. Great Kenhawa. The mean height of the
farras above the ocean level cannot fall much,.
if any, short of 1,500 ft. _, ' j
Greenbrier, co. Va. bndd. by Fayette w.,^
Nicholas n. w., Pocahontas n., tbe main chain
of Alleghany mtns. separating it from Bath n.
E., and Alleghany co, e. ; on the s. it has Mon.
roe, and s. w, in a distance of about 8 ms, it is
separated from Giles co. by New r. immediate.
ly belojv the influx of Green Brier r. n. lat. 38,
and w. longi 3^° W. C. intersect very near the
centre. The eastem and most extensive sec-
tion of this co, slopes s, w, in the direction of
the course of the r, from which the narae is de.
rived, A minor chain of mtns. bearing also
the same name traverses the co. from s, w. to
K. e. and to the northwestward of which the
slope is to the N. W. and drained by creeks flow
ing into Gauley r. The surface much broken,
by both mountains and hills, though much of
the valley soli is fertile. By the census of
1830, it contained a pop. of 9,006, but subse
quent to that epoch a large section df the co,
al(?ng New; r. h'as been detached and is now
comprised in Fayette co. It is still 58 ms. in
length from s. w. to n. f. with a mean width of
about 30 ms.; area 1160 sq. ms. Cf t. Lewis.
burg. Greenburgh, t. West Chester co. N. Y. 28
ms, N. N. Y., on the Hudson. Pop. 3,195,
Gree.vbush, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on
Hudson r. opposite Albany. The high grojmd
above the village was an important cantonment
during the late war. There is an academy,
board and instruction $30 or $25 per quarter.
Pop. 3,216.
Green Castle, p-v. inthe southern partof
Franklin co. Pa. situated at mid-distance be-
tween Chambersburg and Hagerstown, .11 ras.
from each, and 77 n. w. W. C.
Green Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Putnam co.
Ind. by p-r. 614 ms. a little N. of w. W. C. and
42 w, Indianopolis'. Lat. 39° 43'.
Green CbeeS:, p.v. , and tsp., northern part of
Sandusky co. 0. The p.o. is by p.r. Ill ms.

GRE

181

GRE

w. Columbus, and 434 ms. n. w. by w. W. C.
Pop. tsp. 444.
Greene mts. Vt. The range begins nea'
Kew Haven, Conn, and runs nearly parallel to
Conn. r. till it passes into Lower Canada. It
gave the name to Vermont, through the middle
of which it passes. Mansfield North Peak is
the highest elevation, 4,279 feet above lake
Champlain. Those nearest this in height are
Camel's Back, Shrewsbury mtn., Mansfield,
South Peak and Killington Peak, the last 3,924
feet. The range is crossed by several turn
pike roads. In the s, part of Washington co,
the range divides ; and a spur called the Height
of Land runs n. e. into the w, part of Caledonia
county, Greene, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 39 ras. n.
Portland, on the Androscoggin. Pop, 1,324.
Greene co. N, Y. bndd. by Schoharie and
Albany cos. N,, the Hudson r, e,, Ulster co. s.,
und Del. co. w. Area about 508 sq. ms. It ds
crossed by tbe Catsberg mtns. and Catskill is
the Cf t. and st. jus. Pop. 1820, 23,996, 1830,
39,535. Greene, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y, on Chenan
go r. 15 ras. s. w. Norwich, 23 tt. e, Bingharap
ton, Pop. 3,962,
Greene, southwestern co, of Pa. bndd. by
Wasbington co. n,, by Monongahela r, separa,
ting it from Fayette e., by Monongalia co. Va,
s., Tyler co. "Va. s. w., and Obio co. Va. w.
Length from e, to w. 32 ras,, mean breadth 18,
aud area, 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from
39° 42' to 40° 01', and in long, from 2° 57' to
3° 35' w, W. C, About two thirds ofthe sur
face slopes eastward and is drained by the nu
raerous branches of Ten Mile and Dunkard ers.
into Monongahela r. The western side slopes
to the westward and is drained by Fish and
Wheeling ers. Surface very broken, and along
the line of sep.-iration between the confluents of
O. and Monongahela rs. the aspect is raountain
ous. The soil is, however, almost invariably pro
ductive, Cf t. Waynesburg, Pop, 1820, 15,554,
1830, 18,026.
Greene co,.of N. C, bndd. by Lenoir b.,
Wayne W,, Edgecoinbe N, and by Sandy cr,
separatifig it from Pitt e. Length 20 ms., mean
breadth 12, and area 240 sq, ms. Extending
in lat. from 35° 32' to 35° 40', and in long, from
0° 35' to 0° 50' w, W. C. Cf t. Snow Hill,
Fop, 1820, 4,533, 1830,- 6,413, Contentney cr,
or r,, a branch of Neuse r, traverses this co.
from tbe n. w. to s. E. giving the surface a gene
ral slope in that direction.
Greene co, of Geo,, bndd, n, w. by Clark, n,
E. by Oglethorpe, e. by Talliaferro, s, e, by
Hancock, and by Oconee r,, whicb separates it
from Putnam s. w., and Morgan vr. Length 28,
mean width 1 8, and area 504 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, from 33° 22' to 33° 43', and in long, from
6° 05' to 6° 31' w. W. C, Tbe Oconee r, en
ters the nthrn, border, and receiving Appalache
from the N, w., becomes thence a boundary to
the" extreme s. wstrn. angle of the co. Cf t
Greensboro', Pop, 1820, 13,589, 1830, 12,549,
Greene, co, of Ala., bndd, by Pickens n, w,,
Tuscaloosa tt. e,, Perry e,, Marengo s,, and by
Tombigbee r. which separates it from the Choc
taw country s. w. and w. Length 38, mean 24

width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. frora 32° 32' to 32° 57', and in long, from 10°
40' to 11° 20' w. W. C. This co. being bndd.
by the Tombigbee, and traversed from n, to s.
by Tuscaloosa r,, its down stream navigable fa
cilities are very great. The surface is hilly,
but having considerable river bottom, much of
its soil is excellent, Cf t, Erie, Pop, 1820,
4,554, 1830, 15,026,
Greene, co. of Misp., bndd. by Jackson s.,
by Perry w,, Wayne n,, and by Mobile co, Ala,
E. Length 3G, raean width 24, and area 864
sq, ms. Extending in lat, frora 30° 55' to 31°
27', andin long, frora 11° 37'to 11° 5S' w,W.C,
Chiokasawhay r, enters the nthri?., border ofthis
CO,, and winding to the sthrd, receives Leafr,
from the N. w,, and the union ofthe two near the
sthrn. border ofthe co. forms the Pascagoula r.
The general feature of the surface of Green
CO. is that of pine forest, of course most ofthe
soil is sterile. Staple cotton. Cf t. Greensboro'.
Pop. 1820, 1,445, 1830, 1,854.
Greene, co. of East Ten., bndd. by Cocke
CO. s. w., Jefferson v.-,. Bays mtn,, separating it
from Hawkins n, v., Washington n. e., and by
the Iron mtn,, separating it from Buncombe co,
N, C, o, E. Length 32, raean width 22, and area
704 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 35° 52' to
36° 20', and in long, from 5° 35' to 6° 10' v.',
W, C, This CO. occupies part of an elevated
valley between two Appalachian chains, and isiu
a peculiar manner diversified by hill, dale, ratn.
and r. scenery. The Nolachucky i, rising in
Buncombe co, N. C, and in Washington Ten,,
enters and traverses Greene co, in a wstrn, di
rection, receiving from the nthrd. Lick cr. and
numerous other strearas of lesser size, Cf t.
Greenville, Pop, 1820, 11,328, 1830, 14,410.
Greene, co. of Ky. bndd. by Barren s. w..
Hart w,, Hardin n, w, and n,, Casey e,, and
Adair s. e. Length frora s, w, to n. e, 38 ras,,
raean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. from 37° 07' to 37° 30', and in
long, from 8° to 8° 35' w, W, C, The slope
wstrd,, and in that direction traversed by the
main volume of Green r, which receives within
its limits, numerous tributary ers, frora the n. e.
and s, E, Cf t, Greensburgh. Pop. 1820,
11,943, 1830, 13,138,
Greene, co. of 0, bndd. s. is, by Clinton, s,
w, by Warren, w. by Montgomery, n, by Clark,
N, E, by Madison, and e. by Fayette. Length
28, mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ras. Ex
tending in lat, from 39° 3u' to 39° 51', and in
long, from 6° 38' to 7° 8' w. W. C. This co.
is drained by some of the higher branches of
Little Miami, Slope south wstrd, Cf t, Xenia.
Pop, 14,801,
Gree.ve, tsp, and p-o, Harrison co, O, The
p-o, is by p-r. 271 ms, n, w, by w. W. C. and 131
a little N. of E, Columbus.
Greene, co. of Ind. bndd. by Daviess s.,
Knox s. w,, Sullivan w,. Clay N.w., Owen n. e.,
Monroe e,, and Lawrence s, e. It is a paral
lelogram. Length 30 ms, frora e, to w., breadth
18, and area 540 sq, ms. Extending in lat. from
38° 56' to 39° 12', and in long, from 9° 42' to
10° 17' w. W. C. Slope a little w, ofs,, and
in that direction traversed, and nearly equally
divided by the main stream of the western

GEE

182

GRE

Fork of White i. Cf t. Bloomfield. Pop.
4,242. Greene, co. of II. bndd. by Morgan n. Ma.
coupin E., Madison s. E., Misp. r. separating it
from St. Charles co. Mo, »,, II. r., separating it
from Calhoun co. Ind. w., and still by II. r, sep.
arating it from Pike co, Ind. n. w. Extending
in lat, frora 38° 54' to 39,° 30', and in long from
13° 08' to 13° 35' w. W. C. The general slope
is southwestward towards II. r., and in that di
rection is drained by Otter, Macoupin and Ap
ple ers. Cft. Carrollton. Pop. 7,674.
GsEENB RivfiR, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y.
GRfiENrtE.Li), tsp. and p-v. Erieco. Pa. Pop.,
tsp. i654.
Ctreeiotield, p-t, HiUsboro" ca. N, H. 38 ms,
o. w. Concord. Pop. 946.
Greenfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. situated
on the w. side of the Connecticut, 20 ras, n.
Northampton, 95 n. w. Boston ; incorporated
W53. It is watered by Fall," Deerfield and
Shelburne rivers. It is a very pleasant town,
and the village, which is very flourishing, is
finely situated on an elevated plain, built chiefiy
on 2 streets at right angles, and the houses,
(some of themare of brick) are generally hand.
some. In the town is a court house, several
houses of public worship, ttnd a jail. The soil
ofthis t. is generally very good. A bridge across
the Conn, connects it with Montague. Green
field is faraous as the field of several contests
with tke Indians, by whora the inhabitants suf
fered severely at various times, from 1730 to
1766. Pop, 1,540.
Greenfield, p-t. Saratoga co, N. Y. 36 ms,
N, Albany. Pop. 3,151.
Greenfield, p.v. Madison tsp. Highland co.
O. It is situated in the northeastern angle ofthe
CO., and on Paint cr. 67 ms. s, s, w. Columbus,
and 30 N. E. HiUsboro', the co. st. Pop. tsp, 399.
Greenfield, p-v. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 114
ms. westward Richmond.
Greenfield, p-v. inthe northeastern partof
Johnson co. Ind. 10 ms, s, e, Indianopolis,
Greenfield, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co.
Ind. This village, called in the p-o. list, Han
cock c. h,, is situated near the head of Sugar
cf.Sl ms. by p-r. n. e. by e. Indianopolis. Pop.
133, G'REENFORD, p.v. Columbiana co. 0,
Green Garden, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 37 ms.
N. E. Nashville.
Green Hill, formerly Freeman's Store, p-o.
Jones CO. Geo.
Green Hill, p-o. Columbiana co. 0. 295 ms.
N. w. W. C.
Greenland, p-t. Rockinghara co. N. H. 4
ms. s. w. Portsmouth, on Great bay. Pop. 681.
Greenmont, p-o. King William co. Va. 53
iKiifes Crom Richmond,
' Greenock, p-v. and st. jus. Crittenden co.
Ark. by p-t. 938 ms, s, w, by w. W. C.
Green Pond, a beautiful lake in Morris co,
N. J. giving name to a ridge of mtns, 16 ras, n.
Morristown. Green RrvER, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C.
GrEBN's p-o. Jefferson po. Ala. by p-r. 6G
ms. (J. E. Tuscaloosa.
Green's p-o. GraysiM -tp. V*, by p-r. 130
jns. s. w. by w. W, (J,

Greensborough, p-t-. Orleans co. Vt. 27 ms.
n. e. Montpelier. Pop. 784.
Greensboro', p-v, Greene co. Pa.
Greensboro', p.v. Caroline co. Md. 8 ms. a
little N. of E. Denton.
Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Guilford co.
N. C. by p-r. 89 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Lat.
36° 07', long. 3° 53' w. W. C. A cotton man.
ufactory, to be moved by steam, is to go into
operation here the present season, (1833.)
Greensboro', p-v. and St. jus. Greene co.
Geo. by p.r. 40 ms. a very little k, of n. MU
ledgeviUe. Lat. 33° 33', long. 6° 13' w. W. C.
.Gr*e«sboro', p.v. in the southeastern part of
Greene co. Ala. 40 ras. almost directly s, Tus.

Greensburg, p-v. in the northem part of
Mecklenburg co. Va. 10 ms. n.n. e, Boydton,
the CO, st, and by p-r. 93 s. s. w. Richmond.
Greensburg, p-v. borough and st. jus. West
raoreland CO. Pa. by p-r. 192 ins. n. w. W. C.
It is situated on one ofthe head branches of Se-
wickly creek, 33 ms, s, E. by e. Pittsburg. It is
a neat village, composed in great part of a sin.
gle street along the great westem r. Lat. 40°
18', long, 2° 34/ w. W. G. Pop. 810.
Greensburg, small village on the left bank of
Monongahela r., and in the southeastern angle
of Grpen co. Pennsylvania, 20 ms. by land
above Brownsville.
Greensburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. Ky.
situated on Greene r., 130 ms. «. e. Nashville,
in Tenn. and by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Frankfort.
Pop. 669.
Greensburg, p-v. in the northeastern part of
Trumbull CO, Ohio, by p-r, 304 ms. n. w. W. C.
Greensburg, p.v. and st. jus. Decatur co.
Ind, by p.r, 559 ras. w. W. C. and 55 s. e. In.
dianopolis. Lat. 39° 16', long. 8° 30' w. W. C.
Green's Fork, and p-o. Wayne co. Ind. by
p-r. 75 ms. a little N.of e. Indianopolis.
Greensville, p-v. and st. jus. Grayson co.
Va. This place, called in the p-o. list Grayson
court house, is situated on the right bank of
New r., or the higher part of Great Kenhawa,
35 ms. s. o. E. Evansham, and by p-r. 354 ma.
s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 36° 38', long. 3° 55' w.
W.C. Greensville, dist. S. C. bndd. by Spartan
burg E,, Lawrence co, s, js,, Anderson s. w.,
Pickens w., and Buncombe co. N. C. n. Length
from s. to N. 47 ms. mean width 15, and area
705 square ms. Extending in lat. from 34''
38' ti5 35° 10', andin long, from 5° 10' to 5° 40'
w, W, C, Tbe slope nearly to the southward,
falling from the Blue Ridge, which bounds it on
tbe iforth. On the west it is liraited in all its
length by the Saluda river, which separates it
frora Anderson and Pickens dists. It is drained
by tbe branches of Saluda, Reedy, Ennoree,
and Tyger rs. The surface is finely diversified
by ratn. hill and valley scenery, -with much ex.
ceUent soil. Cf t, Greenville. Pop. 1830,
14,530, 1830, 16,476.
Greentown, p.v. in Lake tsp. Stark co. Ohib,
11 ms.N. w. Canton, the st, jus. for the Co.—
Pop. 85. ^
Greentree Grove, and p.o. Stewart co,
Tenn. by p-r. 94 ms. N. w. by w. Nashville.
Grjeendp, northeasterly CO. of Ky.bndd.s.bjr

GRE

183

GRI

Lawrence, w. by Lewis, N. w. by Obio river,
separating it from Sciota co, state of Ohio, tt.
E., again by Ohio r., separating it from Law
rence CO. state of Ohio, and e. by Big Sandy
yiver, separating it from Cabell co.Va. Length
from west to east, 48 ms. mean breadth 16, and
area 768 square ras. Extending in lat. from
38° 13' to 38° 44', and in long, from 5° 30' to
6° 33' w. W. C. Slope as ofthe adjoinmg co,
of Va, Cabell is to the northward. The
greatest part of Greenupis drained by Little
Sandy and Tyger's ers. Cf. t. Greertupsburg.
Pop. 1830, 4,311, 1830, 5,853.
Greenup, or Greenupsburg, p-v. and st. jus.
Greenup co. Ky. situated on Ohio r. at the
ipouth of Little Sandy r., by p-r. 138 ms. n, e,
byE, Frankfort, Lat, 38° 33', long, 5° 46' w,
W. C. Pop, 204.
Green Valley, p-v. Warren co. Pa. by p-r.
233 ms. N. w. Harrisburg.
Green Valley, p.v. on Cowpasture r., Bath
CO. Va. by p.r, 230 ms. ». w. by w, W. C,, and
181 a. w. by W. Richmond.
Green Village, p-v. and tsp. Franklin co.
Pa. The p-o, is about 5 ms. n. e. Chambers
burg. Greenville, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 17 ms. n.
w. Catskill, on Catsk'dlr. Pop. 3,565.
Greenville, p-v. in tbe porthern part of Lu
zerne CO. Pa. byp-r. 155 ms, n, e. Harrisburg.
Greenville, one of the southern cos. of Va.
bndd. by Brunswick w., Notiiway r. separating
it from Dinwiddie n. w,, by Notaway r. again
separating it from Sussex n., a part of Sussex
and a part of Southampton e,, and by Norths
ampton co, N, C, on the s. Length 23, mean
¦width 14, and area 308 square ms. Extenduig
in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 48', and in long, frora
0° 20' to 0° 46' w. W. C. Meherin r, entering
the western border, traverses it southeasterly
and divides it into two not very unequal sec
tions, and being boimded on the north by Nota
way river, it is well situated, commercially.
Slope eastward with a slight inclination to the
south. Cf t. Hicksford. Pop. 1820, 6,858,
1830, 7,117.
Greenville, p-v. in the southern part of Au
gusta CO. Va. 11 ms. a. s. w. Stanton, and 136 n.
w. by w. Richmond.
Greenville, p-v. and St. jus. Pitt co. N. C.
situated on the left bank of Tar river, 23 ms. by
land above Washington, and by p-r. 105 ms. a
little s. of E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 35', long. 0°
34' w. W, C,
Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Greenville dist.
S. C. situated on, and near the head of. Reedy
r., by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. Lat. 34°
50', long. 5° 37' w. W. C.
Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Merriwether co.
Geo. by p-r. 753 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 ras.
w. MiUedgeville.
Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. Ala.
situated on a cr. of the Sapulga branch of Cone.
cuh r. about 130 ms. n. e. Mobile; and by p.r.
151 ms, s, s. E. Tuscaloosa, lat. 31° 42', long.
9° 46' w, W. C.
Greenville, p.v. and st. jus. Jefferson co.
Miss, situated on a branich of Coles cr., 24 ms.
K. tt. e, Natchez. Lat. 31° 47', long. 14° 9' w.
W.C.

Greenville College, and p.v. Green co.
Ten. is about 4 ms. a little E. of s. GreenvUle,
the CO. St. This is the most ancient collegiate
establishment made in the United States,- west.
ward of fhe Appalachian mountains, being
founded in 1794, four years previous to Tran.
sylvania University, Ky. There are in this in.
stitution, 1832 — 3, 3"! students, and the' library
contains 3,500 vols. Coraraenceraent third
Wednesday in Septeraber.
Greenville, p.v. andst. jus. ©reen eoi Tenn.
situated 71 ras. a little N. of E. Knoxville, and
by p.r. 232'ms. e. Nashville, lat. 36° 07'.
Greenville, p.v. and st. jus. Muhlenberg co.
Ky. situated on a sraalf branch of Gteia r., by
p.r. 171 ras. a, w, by w, Frankfort. Pop, 217.
Greenville, p-v, and st, jus. Dark co. 0. by
p-r, 501 ms. N, w, by vr. J w. W, C. and 103
westward Columbus. It is situated on Green-
villte cr,;- a branch of Great Miarai river, lat. 40°
06', long. 7° 36' w. W. C, Pop, 160,
Greenville, p-v, in the western part of
Floyd CO, Ind. 9 ms, n, w. New Albany, the co. st.
Greenville, p-v, and st. jus. Bond co. II, 20
ms, s, w. by w, Vandalia, and 801 w, W, C, lat.
38° 53',
Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. Mo.
by p-r. 968 ras. a little s, of w, W, C, and
about 120 a very little vr. of s. St.' Louis, lat.
37° 06'.
Greenwich;, pvt. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 ma.
E. Northampton. Pop. 813.
Greenwich, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 48 ras.
w. N. Haven, on Long Isl. Sound. Pop. 3,805.
Greenwich, p-t. "Washington co. N. Y. on
Hudson r,, contains a nuraber of manufactories
on the Battenkill. Union v. is 5 ms. from the
r., 37 ras. n. e. Albany. Pop. 3,850.
Greenwich, t. Curaberland co, N, J, on the
Del, bounded E, by Cohansey cr., w. by Salem
CO. Pop. 913.
Greenwich, p-v. in the town of the same'
name, Curaberland co. N. J. on Cohansey cr. §•'
ms. 3. w. of Bridgeton.
Greenwich, t, Gloucester coj N, J. on Del",
r. bndd. N. e. by Deptford, Si w. by Woolwichv
Pop. 3,657.
Greenwich, t. Warren' ooi N. J., in the s. w.
end ofthe co,, bndd, on Del. i, and Musconet,
cunk, 31 ms, s, Newton. Pop, 4,486,
Greenwich, p-v. and tsp. in the estrn. part of
Huron co, 0-,.;-by p-r. the p-o.ls 384 ms. n. w. by
w.W.C, and'lOSN.N, e,. Columbus.
Greenwood, t. Oxford c^i Me. S' ms) ni v?.
Paris, Pop. 694.
Greenwood, p-t. Steuben co. N, Y. 251 mis.
w. Albany. Pop. 899.
GREENvyooD, p-v. nrthestrn. pan of Columbia
CO. Pa., by p.r. 92'ms..nrthrd. Harrisburg.
Greenwood, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C, 81 ms, N.
w. Columbia.
Greggville, p-v. Loudon co, Va. 54' ms.
westward W. C.
Gregstown, v. Somerset co. N. J-., 6 ms, n.
E. Princeton.
Gretna Green, formerly Fortune's Fork,
p-v. Halifax, N. C, by p.r. 316 ms. s. W. C, and
86 N. E. byE. Raleigh.
Griersburg, Beaver co. Pa. (,S«S Darling.
ton, same oo.)

GUI

184

GUL

GaiFFiNSBURG, p.o, Culpcppcr CO. Va. 90 ras.
s, vv, W, C,
Griggsby's Store and p-o,, Fauquier co. Va.
61 ras, from W. C.
Griggstown, v. Somerset co,. N. J., on Mil-
etone r,, and the Del. and Raritan canal, 12 ms.
w. New Brunswick.
Grimville, p-o. Berks co. Pa,
Griswold, t, N, London co. Conn. 6 ms. n.
E, Norwich, on Quinebaug r. Pop. 3,213.
Groton, t, Grafton co. N. H., 45 ms. n. vr.
Concord. Pop, 689,
Groton, t, Caledonia co. Vt. 16 ms. e, Mont.
pelier. Pop, 836,
Groton, p-t, Middlesex, co. Mass. 34 ms, n.
w. Boston. Pop. 1 ,925.
Groton, p-t, N. London co. Conn, at tbe
mouth of 'Thames r. opposite N, London. Fort
Griswold is on the summit of a hill comraand
ing N. London harbor ; a raonuraent has been
erected there, by subscription, in meraory of
the capture of the fort, and a cruel massacre,
made by British troops under Benedict Arnold,
Sept. 6th,' 1781. Pop. 4,750.
Groton, p-t. Tompkins co. N, Y. 14 ms. n.
E. Ithaca. There are mills, &c. on Fall cr.
and two villages, Moscow and Peru. Pop.
1830, 3,597,
Grove, p-t, Alleghany co, N, Y. 357 ms. w.
Albany. Pop, 1,338,
Grove, p-v. TazeweU co. II,, by p-r. 196 ms,
N, Vandalia, and 748 ms, n, w, by w, 4 vr. W. C,
Grove Hill, p-o. Clark co. Ala., by p-r. 137
ms. a little w, of s, Tuscaloosa,
Groveland, p-t, Livingston co, N, Y. 6 ms.
s. Geneseo. On Genesee r, is Williamsburgh
V, Pop. 1,703.
Gkove Level, p-o, Franklin co, Geo. by p-r,
97 ms. N. MiUedgeviUe.^
Groveville, v. Burlington co. N. J. on
Crosswick cr, 3 ms, n, e, BoBdentown, .
Guanos, {See Brooklyn, N. Y.)
Guernsey, co, O, bndd, s, e, by Monroe ; by
Morgan s, w. ; Muskingum w. ; Coshocton n.
w. ; Tuscarawas N, ; Harrison s. e,, and Bel
mont E, Length from south to north, 3§. ms, ;
mean breadth 35, and area 700 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat. from 39° 51' to 40° 12' ; and in
long, from 4° 13' to 4° 43' w, W. C, It is al
most comraensurate with the, higher valley of
Wills' cr, ; slope northwestwardly in the gen
eral course of that streara ;, surface hilly, with
good soU. Cf. t, Cambridge. Pop, 1820,
9,292 ; 1830, 18,036,
Guilderlabd, p-J. Albany co. N. Y., 12 ras.
w. Albany. Norman's Kill and its branches
furnish mill seats ; Hamilton v. S'.ms. from Al
bany. Pop. 2,742.
Guildhall, p-t, and st, jus. Essex co. Vt,,
opposite Lancaster, with two bridges over Conn,
r., 50 ms, n. e, MontpeUer ; it has mill seats, a
courthouse and jail. Pop. 481..
Guilford, t. Penobscot co. Me., 49 ms. tt. e.
Norridgewock. Pop. 655,
Guilford, p-t. '\Vindham co. Vt., 31 ms. e.
Bennington. 350 acres of land were appropri
ated. to schools, and 500acresto the governor ;
the last include Governor's mtn. a barren tract;
it has several mills. Pop. 1,760.
GuiLFORB, p-t. and borough, N. Haven co.

Conn., 13 ms. e. New Haven, on Long Iel.
sound ; it has two harbors. Pop. 2,344.
Guilford, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 108 ms.
w. Albany. Pop. 2,634.
Guilford, p-v, York co. Pa,, by p-r. 78 ms.
N. W. C.
Guilford, p-v. and tsp. iVledina co. 0,, p-o.
by p-r. 103 ras.^N. n, e. Colurabus. Pop. tsp, 625,.
Gulf (The),' p-o, Chatham co. N. C, 16 ms.
wstrd. Pittsboro', the co. st., and 49 ms. wstrd.
Raleigh. Gulf Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa.
Gulf of Mexico, {See Mexico, inland sea.)
Gulf Stream. 'This term is applied as a
general name to the great Atlantic whirlpool, „
between the two bounding continents. It is
one of those iraraense features which demand
ages to enable man to sketch as a whole. No
brief experience, however acute the observers,
was.,adequate in results to connect oceanic cur
rents along the far distant coasts of northwest..
ern Europe, and the northeastern coasts of
South America, and to trace the opposite phe.
nomena to a comraon cause, or to the joint ac.
tion of a few simple causes. The following
notes on the Gulf Stream are from that learned ;i
voyager Alexander Humboldt.
¦nVhen we cast our eyes over the Atlantic,.
or that deep valley which divides the western
coasts of Europe and Africa f'rom the eastern
coasts of the new continent, we distinguish a.
contrary direction in the motion of the waters.
Between the tropics, especially from the coasts
of Senegal to the Caribbean Sea, the general
current, that which was earliest kno-wn to mari.
ners, flows constantly from east to west. This
is called the Equinoctial current {Gulf Stream) ;
iits mean rapidity, corresponding to different
latitudes, is nearly the same in the Atlantic and
in the Southern Ocean, and may be estimated.
at 9 or 10 ms. in 24 hours, or from 0.59 to 0,65
(0,63 raean) of a foot every second. The Equi-.
noctial current is felt, though feebly, even be
yond the tropic of Cancer, in the 26th and 28th
degrees tt. lat. In the vast basin of the At
lantic, at six or seven himdred leagues frora the
coast of Africa, the vessels from Europe bound
to the West Indies, find their sailing accele.
rated before they reach the torrid zone. More
to the north, under 38° to 33°, between the
parallels of Teneriffe and Ceuta, in from 40°' to
48° long, w, of Paris, no constant raotion is oh.
served. There a zone of 140 leagues in breadth
separates the Equinoctial current, the tendency
of which is towards the west, frora that great
raass of water which runs toward the east, and
is distinguished for extraordinary high terape.
rature. To this latter mass of waters known
by the name of GULF STREAM, the attention
of naturaUsts was directed, in 1776, by the curi
ous observations of Franklin and Sir Charles
Blagden, The Equinoctial current drives the
mass of waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from the
African towards the American coast ; by the
latter of which it is divided at cape St* Roque.
The Itirger and northern mass borpe along and
acCum'ulating, finds a final northwestern termi-
nation in the Gulf of Mexico. Thence issuing
between Florida and Cuba, and encountering a
part of the same, mass of water," but wbioh, ap-

GUL

185

GUL

preaches the Anierican coast to the northward
of St. Domingo andCuba,'the unitedbody rush
es to the N, between Florida and, the Bahama
islands. " I tbere observed," says Huraboldt,
" in tbe raonth of May, 1804, in the 36th and
27th degrees of n. lat. a cglerity of 80 ras. in
24 hours. At the end ofthe Gulf ofFlorida, in
the parallel of cape Canaveral, the Gulf Stream
runs to N. e. with a rapidity simiMr to a torrent,
sometimes 5 ms. an hour. The pilot raay judge
with sorae certainty ofthe error ofhis reckon
ing, and ofthe proxiraity of his approach towards
New York, Philadelphia, or Charleston, when
he reaches tbe edge ofthe stream ; for the ele-
jjvated temperature of the waters, their strong
saltness, indigo-blue color, andthe fields of sea
weed which cover tbe surface, as well as the
heat of the surrounding atraosphere, sensible
even in winter, all indicate the Gulf Stream. It
rapidly diminishes to the north, as its breadth
increases, and its waters cool. Between cape
and bay Biscane, and the bank of Bahama, n,
lat. 25° 30', the breadth is only 45 ms,, whilst in
lat. 28° 30' that of Cape Canaveral, it is 50 ms, ;
andin the paraUel of Charleston, from 120 to
150 ms. The rapidity ofthe current is from 3
to 5 ms. an hour where the stream is narrowest,
and is pnly 1 mile per hour towards the north.
The waters of tbe Mexican Gulf impelled to tbe
N. E. preserve their teraperature to such point,
that at 40° and 41° n. lat. I found thera at 22i°
Centigrade, or 18° Reauraur (72J° Faht,) when
at the same time, out of the current, the beat
of tbe ocean at its surface was scarcely 17i°
Cent,,. 14° Reaumur (63 Faht,), Therefore, in
the parallel of New "Y^ork and Oporto, the tem
perature of the gulf stream, is equal to that of
the seas ofthe tropics inthe 18th deg, o''n, lat, >.
as for instance in the parallel of Porto Rico, and
the islands of Cape Verd. To the e, of Boston,
and on the meridian of Halifax, at n, lat, 41 ° 25',
the current is near 80 leagues or 240 ras. broad.
From this point it turns suddenly to the e,, so
that its wstrn.vedge, as it bends, becomes the
wstrn. limit of the running waters, skirting the
extreraity of the great bank of Newfoundland
The cold waters of this bank, wbich according
to ray experiraents are atthe teraperature of 8°
7.10 to 10° 7' or 8' Reaumur, or equal to 48° to
50° Faht., present a striking contrast with the
adjacent waters of the gulf streara, the temp, of
which is frora 21° to 224° Cent., or nearly from
70° to 72° Faht. In these latitudes the caloric
is distributed in a singular manner throughout
tbe ocean, tbe waters of the bank are 9° 4-10
Cent, or 17° Faht, colder than the adjacent
sea ; and this sea is 3° Centigrade or 5°
4-10 Faht, colder than ie the water of the
gulf stream. These zones can have no equi.
iibrium of terap., having a source of heat, or
cause of refrigeration, which is peculiar to each,
and the influence of which is perraanent, Frora
the bank of Newfoundland, or from long. 52° w,
Paria, the gulf stream continues its course to
E. and 5. s. e. The waters still preserve a part
of the impulsion they have received near 1000
leagues (3000ms.) distance, in the straits of
Florida, between the island of Cuba and the
Tortugas shoals. This is double the length of
the course ofthe Amazon, from Jaen to Grand

Para. On the meridian of the islands Corvo
and Flores, the two wstrn, of the Azores, the
breadtbof the current is 480 ms. When vessels,
on their return from South America to Europe,
endeavour to make these two islands to rectify
their long, they constantly perceive the motion
of the waters to the s. e. At 33° n. lat. the equi
noctial current of the tropics is in the near vi
cinity of the gulf streara. In this part of the
ocean, we raay in a single day, pass frora wa
ters which fiow to the w., into those which run
to the s. E. or e, s, e. From tbe Azores, the
current of Florida turns towards the straits of
Gibraltar, the Isle of Madeira, and the Canary
group. Pursuing the currents to their most
distant sources, and reflecting on their variable
celerity, sometimes decreasing as between the
Gulf of Florida and the bank of Newfoundland ;
at other times augmenting, as in the neighbor
hood of the straits of Gibraltar, and near the Ca
nary islands, we cannot doubt but the same
cause which drives the waters to make the cir
cuitous sweep of the Gulf of Mexico agitates
them also near the island of Madeira, It is to
the s, of this island that we can follow the cur
rent, in its direction to the s. e, and s, s, E, to
wards the coast of Africa, between Cape ( an.
tin and Cape Bajador, In these latitudes a ves.
sel becalmed is carried on the African coast, at
the time it is thought at a great distance, if the
reckoning be not corrected. Many hundred
leagues wstrd. ofthe Canary islands, the raotion
which is pecuUar to the equinoctial waters is
felt in the temperate zone from lat, 28° to 29°
N, ; but on the raeridian of the island of Fero,
vessels reach the tropic of Cancer before they
are found estrd, of reckoning,"
From the above we have a brief view of an
iraraense vortex, or whirlpool, of upwards of
11,0011 ms, circuit. The circuit is raade in
about 1,050 days, or a small fraction above 10
ras, per diem. The effects of this vast ocean r.
on the cliraate and navigation of the U. S. are
marked and enduring as the present order of
things in the principles of physical geography.
Fi'rst.,!^ As we bave shewm that the tempera.
ture over the gulf stream is upwards of 20 deg.
Fahrenheit above tbat of the contiguous regions,
a vacuura of course exists which superinduces
tbe force of winds from the continent of Araeri.
ca, and contributes, though" negatively, to in.
crease the intensity of the Araerican winters.
Secondly.— The relative rapidity of the gulf
streara is reverse to the elevation of the ocean
tides along the coast of the U. S. The tides
are low to the sthrji. where the ocean current is
strong, wide, and rapid ; but the direct reverse
takes place with both phenoraena to the nthrd.
andno two similar operations of nature can dif.
fer raore strikingly than the tides in the Florida
channel and Bay of Fundy, Thirdly. — Com.
bining the current of the gulf stream between
the U, S. and Europe, with the greatly prevail.
ing winds frora the wstrd,, voyages are raade to
the E. in about 23 days at a mean, whilst in the
opposite direction, it demands about 40 or 41
days to traverse the Atlantic. Voyages along
the coast of the U. S, are siraUarly influenced,
though in a less degree. It ia considerably
more easy to sail from the Cuba and Bahama

HAC

186

HAD

channels to the'N. than to navigate in the oppo
site direction,
GutL Isis, at the mouth of Long Isl. sound.
Tbey are two. Great and Little ; on the latter is
a light house.
Gunpowder r. of Maryland. This stream
has its remote .sources near the line of demar
cation between Pa. and Md., but enters the fat
ter as mere rills ; pursuing a general southeast
ern course over ISaltimore co., by coraparative
distance 30 ras, it receives a large cr. from the
northeastward, called the Falls of Gunpowder,
and having met the tides, inflects to the south
ward 10 ms. widening into a bay, which is
finally raerged in the larger sheet of the Ches
apeake. Gunpowder is navigable for small
vessels to Joppa, at the confluence of the two
branches, and near the head of tide water.
¦ Gustavus, p-v. and tsp. nrthrn. partof Trum
buU CO. 0,, 22 ms. N. Warren, the co. st. and
319 ms.N. w. W. C.
GuTHRiEsyiLLE, p-o. wstm. part Chester co.
Pa,, by p-r. 72 ms. e. Harrisburg.
GuTANDOTTE, r. of Va., rising in Logan co.
from the nrthwstrn. foot of the Great Flat Top
mtn. and flowing thence n, n, w, draining a val.
ley between those of Great Kenhawa and San.
dy rs,, enters Cabell co, and falls into O, i . be.
low Barboursville, after a comparative course
of about 100 ms,
GuYANDOTTE, LiTTLK, cr. of Va., faUlng into

0. r. between tbe mouths of Guyandotte and
Great Kenhawa rs., and for some ms. above its
raouth constitutes the boundary between Mason
and Cabell cos.
Guyandotte, p.v. CabeU co. Va., byp.r. 401
ms. s. w. by w. 4 '"', W, C,
Guy's Mills, and p.o,, Crawford co. Pa.
Gwinnet, co. Geo., bndd, n. e, by Hall ; E.
by Jackson; s. E. by Walton; s. by Nev/ton ;
s: w. and w. by De Kalb ; and n. by Chattahoo.
che r. separating it from Lumpkin. Length 36
ms. ; mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Ex..
tending in: lat. from 33° 50' to 34° 12', andin
long, from 6° 47' to 7° 28' w. W. C. Lat. 34°
extends across Gwinnet, along very nearly its-
greatest length, and divides it into two nearly
equal portions. This natural geographical lim
it also passes upon a dividing ridge, from whiclv
flow nrthwstrdly. some confluents of Chatta
hooche, and sthrdly. the extreme sources of
Ocmulgee r. Gwinnet, therefore, occupies a
part of the summit ridge between the rs. of the
Atlantic slope, and those of the Gulf of Mexico.
Cf t. LawrenceviUe. Pop. 1820, 4,589 ; 1830,
13,289, Gwinn's Mill, and p.o. Monroe co. Va., by
p-r. 277 ms. ». w. by w. W. C.
GwYNNED, or Gynned, p-o. and tsp. Mont.
gomery co. Pa. on tbe heads of Towamensing
and Wisahiccou creeks 18 ras. N..N, w, Phila.
delphia.

H.

Habersham, co. of Geo. bndd. by Turoree r.
separating it frora Rabun n. e. ; the' Tugaloo r.
separating it frora Pickens di-strict S. C. E. ;
Franklin co. of Geo. s. e. ; Hall s. ; Chestatee
r. separating it from Lumpkin co. w. ; and Ma.
concb. in N. C. n. Length 38 ; mean breadth
30, and area 760 sq, ms. Extending in lat.
from 34° 37' to 35°, and in long, frora 6° 20'
to 6° 55' w, W. C. Habershara erabraces an
elevated and remarkable natural .section ; from
it flows to the N. w. the sources of Hiwassee
branch of Ten. r. ; from the western part
flow the sources of Etowah, or the most
northeasterly fountains of Mobile ; in the cen.
tral part rise the extreme nortbern sources of
Chattahooche ; whilst from the eastern side are
discharged the most northwesterly constituents
of Savannah r. It is in this co, and in the
westerly border of Rabun, that the Blue Ridge
declines to the w., forming the nucleus' from
which tbe strearas are discharged like radii
frora a coraraon centre. The mean height'of
Habersham, independent of the mtn. ridges,
must be at least 1,500 ft., or an equivalent to
near 4 degrees of temperature ; assimilating
the winter climate to that on the Atlantic bor.
der, on lat. 39°. Cf t, Clarksville. Pop. 1830,
3,171; 1830, 10,671,
Hackeesville, p.v. Lewis co. Va., by p.r.
246ms.w, W. C.
Hacketstown, v, Warren co. N. J., on tHe w.
side of Muskonetcunk r., 22- ms. w. Morris.
town, 4 ms. n, SchobUey's mount. The Morris
canal passes 1 m. n, w, ot this place.
Haok'nsack, r. N. J., riseB~in Rockland co.

N, Y, runs 14 ms. and enters N. J,, emptying
into Newark bay ; navigable 15 ras.
Hackinsack, p.v, and st, jus. Bergen co, N.
J,, on the w, side of Hackinsack r,. 14 ms. N. N.
Y., 14 N, N, E, of Newark, and 7 ms. e. pf Pat.
terson. There is a handsome court house, 2
churches, a bank and academy in the v.
Hackney's Cross Roads, and p.o. Chatham
CO. N. C, by p.r. 38 ms. w. Raleigh.
Haddam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn., 23 ms, s.
Hartford, on the w, side Conn. r. Granite ia
quarriedhere. Pop. 2,830.
Haddonfield, v. Gloucester co. N. J., on
Coopejp's cr. 9 ms. e. Caraden.
Hadensville, p.v. Todd co. Ky., by p-r. 188
ras. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Hadley; p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. on the e,
side Conn, r. opposite Northampton, (to which
it is connected by a bridge across the Conn,)
and 97 ras, w. Boston ; the Hopkins academy
here is verjf respectable and flourishing ; this is
a fine farming town, and the meadows are the
finest in New England ; the manufacture of
brooms in this town is' very extensive ; the
crop of broom corn in 1831, was estiraated at
150 tons, and the value of the brush and seed
alone, at $21,750; the whole crop of 1831, was
raanufactured into brooms within the town, and
great quantities of this article are annually
scattered hence through the U. S. Pop. 1,886.
Hadley, t. Saratbga co. N. Y. 27 ms. n.
Ballstown Springs, 51' N.Albany. Much timber
is sawn at the falls on the Mohawk. Pop. 829.
Hadley's Mills; and p-o.- by p.r. 43 ms. west.
ward Raleigh,

HAL

187

HAL

Haerlem, p.v. N. York co. N. Y. 8 ms. n.
New York. The heights were fortified in the
revolutionary war, and in the late war, A canal
is projected to cross Manhattan isl. here.
Haerlem r. N. Y. co. N. Y. is a strait on tbe
n. side of Manhattan isl., 6 ms. long and from i
to i m. wide,
Haerlem, p-v. and tsp. called on the census
tables Harlem, in tbe southern part of Delaware
CO. O. The p.v. 20 ms. northward from Co
lumbus. Pop. tsp, 532,
Hagerstown, p-v, and st.jus. Washington co.
Md. situated on a fine limestone valley 2 ms.
westward from Antietam cr., 73 ras. n. w. by
w. from Baltimore, and by p-r. 69 ras. tt. vr. W,
C. Lat. 39° 39', and long. 0° 42' w. W. C.
It is a well built and thriving town, with a well
cultivated, fertile and wealthy neighborhood.
It contains the usual co. buildings, a feraale
academy, numerous private scbools, with sev
eral places of public worship. Pop, 3,371,
Hague, p-t, Warren co,N. Y. on lake George,
22 ras. N. E, Caldwell. Brant lake and Rogers
Rock, are in this town. Pop. 721.
Hague, rp-v. eastern part of Westmoreland co,
Va. by p-r. 116 ms. s. E, Richmond.
Hailstone, p-v. Meckienbtrrg co. Va,, by p-r,
91 nis. s. s. w. Richmond.
Hauerts' p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala., 35 ms.
s. wstrd. Tuscaloosa.
Halfmoon, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., on Hud
son r., 14 ms. N. Albany. Clifton Park,'.the bo.
rough, and Newtown, are smaU villages. The
Erie and Champlain canals run ihrough the
town. Pop. 3,042.
Half Moon, tsp. and p.o. sthrn. part of Centre
CO. Pa., by p.r. 1'78 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Pop.
tsp. 1,092.
Halfway House, and p-o, Ann Arundel co.
Md, byp-r, 15 ms. from AnnapoUs.
Halfjvay House, and p-o. estm. part of York,
Va., 84 ms. s. e, by E, Richmond.
Haljtax, p-t. Windham co, Vt., 9 ms. s. w.
BrattlebOTOagh, has a male and feraale school
for the high^ branches. Pop. 1,563.
Halifax, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 13 ms. n.
w. Plymouth, 35 s. e. Boston. Pop. 709.
Halifax, CO. of Va., bndd. by Pittsylvania w.,
Roanoke r. which separates it frora Carapbell
N,, and Charlotte n. e, and E,, by Mecklenburg
CO. Va. and GranvUle ofN. C. a, E., and Person
CO. ofN. C- s. Length 33, mean breadth 23, and
area 759 sq. ms. Extending inlat. from 36° 30'
to 37° 02', and in long, from 1° 38' to 2° 12' w.
W. C. Though the Roanoke curves semicir-
cularly round the nthrn. and estm. border of
this CO., the slope is almost directly estrd, ; Dan
r. enters at the s. w. angle and flowing n. e. by e,
over tbe co. receives within it Banister r. from
the N. w.,and Hycootee from the s, w,, and tbus
augraented, joins the Roanoke at the extrerae
estrn, angle ofthe co. It is a well watered co.
with much excellent soil. Cf, t. Banister.
Pop. 1820, 19,060, 1830, 28,034.
Halifax, p.v. and tsp. on the leftbank of Sus-
quehannah r. at the mouth of Armstrong cr.
Dauphin co. Pa., 18 ms. above, and nthwrds.
Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1,772.
Halifax, c-h. Halifax co. Va. {See Banister.)
Hameax CO. N- C, kndd. by Roanoke r.

which separat-es it from Northampton, N. e. and
E,, and from Bertie s. E., by Martin co. s., by
Fishing cr. separating it from Edgecombe and
Nash s. w., and by Warren w. Length 45 ms.,
mean width 16, and area 720 sq. ras. Extend.
ing in lat. from 35° 57' to 36° 28', and in long.
from 0° 18' to 1° 03' w, W, C. This co. is
crossed by the great priraitive ledge which se.
parates the sea sand alluvion frora the hilly or
intermediate region between the tide waters,
and tbe mountain system in the interior ofthe
continent. By the joint exertions of N, C. and
Va,, a canal and sluice navigation has been
corapleted along the Roanoke, from Weldon in
Halifax co. N. C. to Salem in Botetourt co. Va.
(iSee art. Roanoke, Halifax co. N. C.) possesses
the advantages of tide and r. navigation, with
extensive bodies of fertile soil, and a climate
adraitting the profitable cultivation of cotton.
Cf t. Halifax. Pop, 1820, 17,237, 1830, 17,739.
Halifax, p.t, port of entry, and st. jus. Haii.
fax CO. N. ( ., situated on the right bank of
Roanoke r., 90 ms, s. w. by w, from Norfolk in
Va,, and by p.r. 103 n. e. frora Raleigh in N. C.
Lat, 36° 18', long, 0° 38' w. W. C. Vessels of
45 tons ascend to tbis port and tbere come in
contact with the extensive navigation of Roan
oke r. above tide water.
Hall, co. of Geo., bndd. by Habersham tt.,
Franklin e., Jackson s. e,, Gwinnet s, w., and
Chestatee or Chattahooche r, separating it from
Lumpkin co. n, w. Length 35, mean breadth
15, and area 525 sq, ms. Extending in lat.
from 34° 03' to 34° 28', and long. 6° 28' to 6°
53' w.W. C. This CO. similar to Gwinnet and
Habersham, occupies a part of the table land
between the waters ofthe Atlantic and those of
the Gulf of Mexico. The whole south eastern
side slopes to the s. E. discharging into Frank.
lin, the extreme sources of Broad r. branch of
Savannah r,, and into Jackson, tbe higher foun.
tains of Oconee. The wstrn, and nthm. sec
tions are drained by Chestatee and Soquire,
uniting near the middle of the co. to form Chat
tahooche. Cf t. Gainesville. Pop. 1830, 5,086,
1830, 11,748.
Halloca, p.v. Muscogee co. Oeo., by p-r.
134 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgevilte,
Hallocksburg, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky.., by p-r.
37 ms, estrd, Hartford,
Hallowell, p-t, Kennebec co. Me., on Ken
nebec r, at the head of the tide, 3 ras, below Au
gusta, 54 N. E, Portland. It is one of the raost
wealthy, populous, and flourishing towns in the
state. The principal village is on the w, bank
ofthe r. Itis navigable to thi« place for vessels
of 150 tons, The HalloweU granite is very
celebrated, and is extensively quarried and
wrought. Pop 3,961.
Hall's r. N. H. forras the boundary between
L. Canada and N, H, frora its source in the high.
lands, to its junction with the Connecticut r. at
StewartstowB, Hallsboro, p-v. Chesterfield co.Va. by p-r.
17 ras. from Richmond.
Halls Cross Roads, and p-o., at the head of
the N. E. branch of Bush r., Harford co. Md.,
30 ras, N, e; Baltimore,
Hallsville, p.v. Amelia co. Va., by p-r. 33
,ms. s. wstrd. Richmond,

HAM

188

HAM

Hallsville, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. byp-r. 106
ms, s, e. Raleigh,
Hallsville, p-v. in the wstm. part of Fair
field dist. S. C. byp-r. 60 ms. n.n. w. Colum
bia. Hallsville, p-o. Ross co, 0,, by p.r, 50 ms,
sthrd. Columbus.
Halsell VILLE, p-o. Chester dist. S. C. by p.r.
50 ms, N, Colurabia.
Halseyville, p.v, Chester dist. S. C. by p.r.
47 ras, N, Columbia.
Hambaugh's p.o. Shenandoah co. Va., by p.r,
82 ras, w, W. 0,
Hamburgh, p-t, Erie co. N. Y,, 9 ras. s. Buf
falo. Surface variable. Cliraate always drip
ping with an overload of raoisture. Contains
17 schools. Pop. 3,351,
Hamburgh, village Sussex co. N. J, on the
Wallkill 12 ms, IN, e. Newton,
Hamburg, flourishing p-v. on the left bank of
the SchuylkiU r. immediately below the gap
where that stream passes the Kittatinny mtn.
Berks co. Pa. 16 ms. above Reading. It is
composed in great part of a single street ex
tending along the great western road, and near
ly parallel to the r. Pop. about 500,
Hamburg, p-v. on Savannah r directly oppo
site to Augusta, in Geo. and in the southem
part of Edgefield dist, S, C, by p.r. 81 ras, s. w.
Columbia. A rail road is in progress frora
this town to Charlestown. {See rail roads and
canals.) Hamburgh, p-v. Calhoun co. II. by p.r. 136
ms. w. Vandalia.
Hamden, t, N, Haven co. Conn, 54 ms. from
N. Haven, and 33 ras. frora Hartford. It con.
ta'ns several kinds of minerals. A mass of
copper weighing 90 lbs. was once discovered
on one of the Greenstone hills ofthe town. Soil
generally fertile. Timber, walnut, oak of the
various kinds, and other deciduous trees. It
contains numerous mill privileges, an exten.
sive gun manufactory, and other raanufactories
of various kinds. Pop, 1,669,
Hamilton, r, N, Y, {See Olean.)
Hamilton, p-t, Essex co. Mass, 26 ras. N. E.
Boston, A neat and pleasant town. Soil good.
Surface sufficiently level for beauty or utility.
Pop. 748,
Hamilton, co, N, Y, bndd, N. by St, Law
rence and Franklin cos,, e, by Essex, Warren,
and a small part of Saratoga cos,, s. by Mont
gomery CO., and vr. by Herkimer co. It is 60
ms, long N, and s,, 30 ms. wide e, and w, con
taining 1800 sq, ms. or 1,153,000 acres. Its
surface is elevated. It is traversed by mtns.
abounding with swamps. The principal part of
the land is of little value. Cf t. Wells. Pop,
1820, 1,251, 1830, 1,325.
Hamilton, p-t, Madison co, N, Y. situated on
the Chenango i., being tbe seat of the N. Y,
Baptist theolog, serainary, founded in 1819 by
the Baptist education society ofthe state ofN.
Y. It has an edifice of stone, 64 ft. by 36,
erected at the expense of the inhabitants of tbe
village ; several scholarships, each endowed
with $1000 ; and a Ubrary. 8 ras. s, e, Morris-
vUle, and 25 s. w', Utica, Pop. 3,230.
Hamilton, village, Albany co. N. Y. (See
Guilderland.)

Hamilton's Store, and p.o. Loudon co. Va.
by p-r. 37 ms. w. W. C.
Hamilton, t., Gloucester co. N. J. Pop.
1,424. Ha.milton, p-v. Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 130
ms. E. Raleigh.
Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Harris co. Geo.
named on the p-o. list, Harris c. h., and stated
by p-r. 113 ms, from MiUedgeviUe, course a
little s. of w, ; on Tanner's U. S. it is laid down
at 32° 44', long. 8° 03' w, W. C.
Hamilton, co. Ten. bndd, by Marion w.,
Bledsoe h. w,, Rhea n, e,, and Ten. r. e. s. e.
and s. Extending in lat. from 35° 04' to 35°
41', and long, from 8° to 8° 22' w. W. C. The,,
eastern and southestrn. sections of this co. oc.
cupy part ofthe slope descending easterly from
Walden's Ridge, to Ten. r. The northwestern
section is a parallelogram of about 8 by 10 ms.
sloping westerly from Walden's Ridge to the
Sequatchie river. The Ten. inclined plain is
about 33 ms. in length along the river, with a
width of 12, area 384 sq. ms. The whole co.
having a superficies of 464 square ms. Cf. t.
Hamilton c. b. Pop. 1820, 821, in 1830,
2,274. Hamilton, c, h, and p.o. Harailton co. Ten.
about 120 ras, b, e, by e, from Nashville.
Hamilton, co. Ohio, bndd. w. by Dearborn co.
Ind., N. by Butler co, 0., n. e. by Warren, e, by
(31ermont, s, e, by Ohio r. separating it from
Campbell co, Ky,, and s. w. by O. r., separating
it from Boone co. Ky. Length from east
to west 30, mean breadth 16 ms. and area
480 sq, ra--, Lat. 39° 02' to 39° 20', long. 7° 18'
to 7°48' w. W. C. This co. occupies a part of that
great buttress of bills, which skirt tbe right
bank of Ohio r, frora its head near Pittsburg, to
below the influx of Wabash, Great and Little
Miarai traverse Harailton in deep vallies. The
surface of tbe co. is hilly, but the soil in an
especial raanner productive. Biturainous rain.
eral coal abounds. The Miami canal, connect.
ing tbe stream of Great Miami with the Ohio,
reaches the latter in Cincinnati. In 1830, this
CO. exclusive of the city of Cincianati, contained
a pop. of 23,317, including the inhabitants of
that city 52,317, or with the city a distributive
population of 109 to the sq, m.
Hamilto.n, p.v, and st. jus, Butler co, O, 35
ms. N. Cincinnati. It is situated on the left
bank of Great Miami, lat. 39° 22'. Population
1,079. Hamilton, co. Ind. bndd. s. E.by Hancock, s.
by Marion, vr. by Boone, n, by  , and e.
by Madison. It is a square of 21 ms. each way,
441 sq, ms. Lat. 39° 57' to 40° 13', long. 8°
53' to 9° 15' w. W. C. Slope s. ». w. and in
that direction is traversed by the raain streara of
White r, and also by some of its tributaries. Cf.
t. NoblesviUe, Pop, 1,757.
Hamilton, p.v. and st.jus. Motiroe co. Misp.
situated on Battahatchee r. 15 ms. n. tt. e. Co.
lumbus, 237 n. e. Natchez, and 70 n. w. Tus.
caloosa, in Ala.
Hamilton, co. of II. bndd. s. by Gallatin, s. w.
by FrankUn, tt. w. by Jefferson, n, by Wayne,
and E. by White. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each
way, 576 sq, ms. Lat. 37° 59' to 58° 16'.
Long. 1 1° 25' to 11° 46' w. W. C. This co. is

HAM

189

HAM

a table land ; from the southwestern angle rises
the Raccoon branch of Muddy r. the northern
part is drained by Wayne's fork of Little Wa.
bash, whUst the central and rather most exten.
sive section gives source to the north branch of
Saline r. The slopes are consequently s. vr.
towards the Mississippi in the general direction
of Muddy r., s. e. towards Ohio river by the
course of the Saline, or eastward towards the
Wabash, with the branches of Little Wabash.
Cf t. MacLeansboro'. Pop. 2,616.
Hamilton, co. of Florida. This co. is, as
laid down on Tanner's U. S. map, bndd. n. by
Lowndes and Ware counties, Geo., e. and s,
by Little Suwanee, and w, by Withlacuchee
river. Length 34 ras, mean breadth 17, and
area 578 sq. ms. Extending in latitude from 30°
20'to 30° 29', and in long, frora 5° 52' to 6° 28'
w. W. C. 'This CO, slopes southward, and is
drained by the various branches of Suwanee
T. Cf t. Micco. Pop. 553.
Hamilton, village, on the west bank of
Bchuykill, opposite to and adjoining Phila. of
which city it is really a suburb, extending prin
cipally along West Chester, Darby and Lancas
ter roads. The site rises by a fine acclivity
from Schuylkill, and affords elegant seats for
houses, raany of which are the summer retreats
of the citizens of Phila. The village and the
city are connected by Permanent Bridge.
Hamilto-n's Store, and p-o. Loudon co. Va.
by p-r. 37 ins. w. W. C,
Ha.mlet's, p-o, Stewart co. Tenn. by p-r. 67
ms, s. w, by w, Nashville.
Hamlinton's, p-o. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 150
me, N, E, Harrisburg.
Hamorton, p-o. Chester co. Pa, by p-r. 107
ms. N. E. W. C.
Hamor's Store, and p-o. Delaware co. Pa.
139 ras. «. «.. W. C.
Ha.mpden, p-t. Penobscot co. Me, w. Penob
scot river, 10 ras. s. s.w. Bangor, 29 ras. tt. vr.
Castine. Pop. 3,030.
Hampden, co. Mass. contains 19 ts. bndd. n
by Harapshire, e. by Worcester, s. by Conn.
line, w. by Berkshire. Chief town, Spring
field. It is excellently watered, by the passing
pf Conn, river through its centre frora n. to s,,
by Chickapee river from the e., and Westfield
liver from the west. The Farraington canal
passes through the width of the co. and opens a
direct communication with New Haven. Steam
boats now pass up tbe Conn. r. through this co.
Pop. 1830, 38,021 ; 1830, 31,640.
Hampden, p-v. Walton co. Geo. by p-r. 83
ms. N.N, w. MUledgeviUe.
Hampden, p.v. and tsp. northeastem part of
Geauga co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 137 ms.
N. E. from Colurabus. Pop. tsp. 530.
Hampshhie, CO. Mass. contains 23 towns, of
which Northampton is the cf. t. and st. jus.
Conn. r. forms the e. boundary of the t., and
passes through the centre of the co. from n, to
s, A branch of Swift r. waters the e, and a
branch of Westfield r. tbe w. parts of the co.
Itis bndd. n, by Franklin, e. by Worcester, s.
by Hampden, and w. by Berksbire cos. lying
wholly in the valley of the Conn. The soil is
of the best quahty. Pop. 1820, 26,487 ; 1830,
30,254. 95

Hampshire, co. of Va. bndd, by Morgan n, e,,
Frederick e,. Hardy s. and s. w,, and the Poto
mac r. separating it from AUeghany co, in Md.
N. w. and N. Length 40, mean breadth 34, and
area 960 sq. me. Extending in lat. from 1° 28'
to 2° 12' w. W. C. The slope of this moun.
tainous co, is to the northeast, traversed in that
direction by the south branch of Potomac and
several lesser streams, with lateral mtn. ridges
intervening. Though so rauch broken by ratns,
rauch of the soU on the strearas is excellent.
The lowest part along the two branches of Po
toraac exceeds an elevation of 500 ft. above
tide water. Cf t. Romney, Pop, 1830, 10,889,
in 1830, 11,279.
HAjrpsTEAD, p.t. Rockinghara co. N. H. 34
miles frora Portsraouth, an ill shaped town,
having about 30 angles. The soil hard, strong
land, favorable to the growth of oak, walnut, and
elra, with aome chesnut, maple, &c. Pop. 213.
Ha-mpstead, t. w. angle of Rockland co, N,
Y, 130 ms, s. Albany. Surface broken. Cross.
ed on the w. hy Ramapo r. which here receives
a streara, that also supplies mill seats, abound.
ing with falls. The iron works in this town
eraploy a great nuraber of hands. Raraapo
works, on Ramapo r, eraploy 300 hands and
give support to about 700 persons, Dater'a
works, 2m3, above these on the same r,, sup
port about 140. The t. has various other man
ufactories, araong which is a cotton factory,
contaifiing 5000 spindles, and employing 200
woraen and children.
Hampstead, p-v. Baltiraore co, Md. 25 ms.
from Baltiraore.
Hampsteajb, p-v, in the southeast angle of
King George's co. Va, by p.r, 90 ms, s, W, C.
and 82 n. n, k, Ricbraond,
Hampton, p-t, Rockinghara co, N. H, on the
sea coast, 7 ras. frora Exeter, 13 railes s. w.
Portsmouth, and 50 ms, from Concord, Plea
santly situated. Its beaches are little inferior
to the far faraed Nahant beach, and have long
been the resort of invalids and parties of plea.
sure. It has a singular bluff called Boar's
Head. Pop. 1,102.
Hampton, p-t. Windham co.Gonn.8 ras. tt. k.
Wmdham, and 37 e. Hartford. Surface une
ven. Soil, a gravelly loam, strong and fertile,
and weU adapted to grazing. Timber, oak,
walnut, chesnut, and other deciduous trees.
Well watered, and contains sorae miU privile
ges, and a variety of manufacturing establish
ments. It has 10 school districts. Pop. 1,101.
Hampton, t. Washington co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. e.
Whitehall, 70 n. n. e. Albainy. Timber, maple,
beech, &c, interspersed with beautiful groves
of white pine. Well watered and healthy, and
remarkable for the growth of its apple trees,
which produce excellent fruit. It has 7 schools.
Pop. 1,069.
Hampton, p-v. Adams co. Pa, by p-r, 90 ms. n.
W.C.
Hampton, p-v. and st. jus. Elizabeth City co.
Va. by p-r. 199 ras. a little e. of o. W. C. and
and 16 n. n. w. Norfolk. It is a seaport on a
small bay of Hampton Roads, on the n, side 3
ms, tt. Vl, Old Point Comfort.
Hampton, p-v. Adams co. Pa. by p.r, 31 ms.
s. w. Harrisburg,

HAN

190

HAN

Hampton, p-t. and st. jus. Elizabeth City co.
Va. situated on a small bay of Chesapeake bay,
or rather of the estuary of James r. 16 ms, n, n.
w, Norfolk, and by p-r. 93 s, e. by e. Richmond.
Lat. 37° 02' long, 0° 44' e. W. C.
Hampton Falls, p.t. Rockingham co. N, H, on
the sea coast, 45 ms, frora Concord, 41 from
Boston, and 16 s. w. Portsmouth. SoU mode
rately ^ood. Pleasantly situated. Pop. 583.
Hampton Roads, local name of the mouth of
James r. opposite the mouths of Nansemond
and Elizabeth rs. Towards the Chesapeake
bay, Hampton Roads is defined on the n. by Old
Point Conifort,and on the s. by Point Willough
by ; within James r. the termination is in
definite. This sheet of water is sufficiently
deep for the largest ships of war. The U. S.
commissioners, appointed to examine the lower
part of Chesapeake bay in 1818, reported, that,
alj^ough extensive, Hampton Roads admitted
the erection of adequate defences against an
enemy's fleet.
Hamptonville, p-v, Surry co. N. C. by p-r.
151 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh.
Hamtramck, p-v. Wayne co. Mich. 13 ms,
frora Detroit.
Hanan's Bluff, p-o. Yazoo co. Misp. by
p.r, 69 ras, nthrd. Jackson, and about l30 n. n,
E. Natchez, Hancock co. Me. bndd. by Penobscot co, N,,
Washington co, e,, by the Atlantic s,, and by
Penobscot bay and r. w. This co. is very ir.
regular, and includes nuraerous islands off the
coast, and several peninsulas. Lat, from about
44° 10' to 45° 10', and long, from 8° 15' to 9°
10' w, W, C. This CO, in 1820 contained a
pop. of 31,290. , Since which tbe co, of Waldo,
w, Penobscot bay and r, has been divided frora
it, Cf t. Castine. Pop. 1820, 31,290, 1830,
24,347. Ha.ncock, p.t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 19 ms.
E. Keene, 35 s. w. Concord, and 22 from \m.
herst. The soil generally productive ; w. part
of the town raountainous ; the rest agreeably
diversified witb plain, hill, and dale. Named in
'honor of governor Hancock of Boston, one of
the original propriitors. Tbere are 9 school
houses. Here is a manufactory of excellent
and elegant fowling pieces and rifles. Pop.
1,217. Hancock, p.t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms, w,
Boston. This is a strip of land about 3 ras.
wide, extending along the western boundary of
the state for more than 20 ras. A branch of
the New Lebanon (N. Y.) shakers reside with
in its limits. Pop. 1,052
Hancock, p.t. s. angle Del. co. N. Y. 27 ms.
s. w. Delhi, and 65 w. Kingston. A rough,
hilly tract of land. The e. branch of the Del. r.
runs through tbe centre of this town, andthe
principal business of tbe inhabitants is get'ing
lumber, that descends the Del, to Phil, It con
tains 5 scbools. Pop. 766.
Hancock, flourishing p-v. situated on the left
bank of Potomac r. Washington co. Md. 39 ms.
a little N, of E, Cumberland, 27 a Uttle n. ofw.
Hagerstown, and byp-r. 93 ms. n, w. W. C.
Hancock, p-v. Union dist. S, C. (See Han-
-eochoille, same district and state.)
Hancock, co. of Geo. bndd. by Green n. w..

Taliaferro n.. Great Ogeechee r. separating it
from Warren N, E, and e,, Washington s,. Bald.
win s. w., and Oconee r. separating it from Put;
nam w. Length 30 ms., mean width 20, and
area 600 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 33°
04' to 33° 32', and in long. Irom 5° 50' to 6° 23'
w.W.C. Tbe slope ofthis co. is to the s.
drained by various branches of Oconee and
Great Ogeechee rs. Cf t. Sparta. Pop. 1830,
13,734,1830, 11,830.
Hancock, co. II. bndd. by Warren n., McDon.
ough N. e. and e., Schuyler s. E., Adaras s., and
the Misp. r. separating it from the state of Mo.
below, and frora the unappropriated N. vr. terri.
tory, above the mouth of Des Moinis r. Length
from s. to n, 33, mean breadth 32, and area 726
sq.ms. Extending in lat. frora 4 '° 11' to 40°
3ti', long, frora 13° 53' to 14° 26' w. W.C. It
may be observed under this bead, tbat the val.
ley of Misp. between the mouths of Rock r. and
II. r. is very restricted on the e,, the streams ri.
sing near, but flowing frora tbat great stream
to the southeastward, towards the Illinois river.
Amongst these tributaries of Illinois, Crooked
cr. or raore correctly Crooked i. rises in and
drains the eastern part of Hancock co. The
western part slopes westward towards Misp. r.,
the central part being a table land between the
two vallies. Cf t. Montebello. Pop. 483.
Hancock, one ofthe two southeastern cos. of
Misp. bounded by Pearl r. which separates it
from St. Tararaany's parish of La. s. w., and
Washington parish ofthe sarae state w., by the
CO. of Marion, Misp. n. w.. Perry and Jackson
COS. N. E. and e., and the Gulf of Mexico, or
rather lake Borgne s. Length 60, and breadth
38, area 1,680 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from
30° 12' to 31°, and in long, frora 12' to 0° 54'
w. W. C. The declivity of this eo. is in the
direction of the strearas, about s. s, e, 1 he
surface towards tbe northern border waving or
hilly, but gradually becoming raore level to.
wards lake Borgne. The whole co,, with very
little exception, was in its natural state, cover.
ed with pine ; the soil thin and sterile. Pearl
r., from its length, and the surface it drains,
proraises raore navigable facility than from na
ture it affords ; the raouth is shallow and ob-
structed. In front of Hancock co. Cat isl. and
the two groups of Marianne and Malheureux,
are part of a line of sand banks, which extend
along the coast of Flor., Ala,, Misp., and merge
into tho Delta ofthe Misp. r. in La. {See lake
Borgne.) It is on the lake shore of Hancock
CO. that the marshy coast ofthe Gulf of Mexi.
CO, so retnarkable along the front of La. is fol
lowed by a solid, dry, pine covered, though still
low shore. Cf t. Shieldsboro'. Pop. 1820,
1,594, 1830, 1,962.
Hancock, co. Ind. bndd. by Rush s. e., Shel.
by s., Marion vr., Hamilton n. w., Madison it.,
and Henry n, e. Length 20, mean width 1 8,
and area 360 sq, ms. Lat. 39° 42' to 3J° 58',
long. 8° 35' to 8° 58' w. Slope southward, and
in that direction drained by the northwest-rn
sources of the Driltwood fork of White r. Cf.
t. Greenfield. Pop., 1,436.
Hancock, c. h. Hancock co. Ind. {See Green
field, same co.)
HANC0CK3VILI.E, marked on the p.o. Ust Haa.

HAN

191

HAR

cock, p-v, in the northern part of Union dis . S.
C, by p-r, 86 ras, N, n. w, Columbus.
Ha.ngino Fork, p-o. Lincoln co. Ky. 53 ms. b.
Frankfort. Hanging Rock, p.o. Hampshire co. Vu. by
p-r. 99 ms. n. w. by w. W. C.
Hannibal, p-t. s. vr. corner of Oswego co.
N, Y, 11 ms, s. Oswego, 160 from Albany.
Watered by several mill streams. Surface
gently uneven, soil fertUe. It has 9 schools.
Pop. 1,794.
Hanover, p-t. Grafton co. N. H, 53 ms.
N. w. Concord, 97 Irom Portsmouth, 114 from
Boston, and 495 from W. C, situated on Conn.
r. Timbered with maple, beech, birch, ash,
&c. Surface agreeably diversified with bill
and dale. It contains less waste land than any
other town in the co. Crossed by Moose moun
tain from N. to s. Dartmouth college is located
in tbis town. It received its name from Wil
liam, earl of Dartmouth, one of its principal
benefactors, and -n-as founded 1769. It is situ
ated in a beautiful viUage, half a mile from tbe
Conn.- r. The college buildings are, a hand
some edifice of wood, 150 ft. by 50, three sto
ries high, for urdergriduates, and for other
purposes; an ed fice of brick, called raedical
house, 75 ft, by 32, three stories high, a conve
nient chapel, and a green house for botanical
purposes. The faculty consists of a president,
7 professors, and 2 tutors. Students, 1832 — 3,
181. Total Alurani 1,701. The coUege li
brary contains 4,500, and the students' 8,500
voluraes. Commencement, last Wednesday
but one in August. Here is also the N. H,
raedical school, which is connected with the
college. There are three professors ; students
1631 — 2, 98. Lectures comraence 2 weeks af
ter the college commencement. Pop. 3,361.
Hanover, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 22 ms. s,
Boston, divided from Pembroke by North r., a
streara of sorae raagnitude. Pop. 1,303.
Hanover, p-t. n. angle Chatauque co. N. Y.,
on the shore of lake Erie, 30 ras. n. e. Mays.
ville, 37 s. w. Buffalo. It is washed on the
N, by Cataraugus cr. at the mouth of which
there is a harbor for small vessels, with about
4 ft water over the bar at the entrance. It is a
good tsp. of land, well watered, moderately
uneven. It has 20 schools, kept 4 months in
12. Pop, 2,614.
Hanover, t. Burlington co. N. J. on the Mon
mouth line, bndd. a. by Northampton, w. by
Springfield. Pop. 2,859.
Hanover, p.t. Morris co, N. J. on the Passaic,
16 ras. N. w. EUzabethtown. Pop, 3,718,
Hanover, p-y, and borough, in the southwest-
em part of "York co. Pa. 20 ms, s. vr. ihe bo
rough of York, and 33 s, s. w. Harrisburg.
Hanover, co. of Va. bndd. by the Chickaho-
mina r. or Henrico s., Goochland s. w., Louisa
n. w,, North Anna r. or Spottsylvania n,, North
Anna r, or Caroline n. e., Pamunky r, or King
WilUam e., and New Kent s. e. Length 45,
mea.i width 14, and area 630 sq. ms. Extend
ing in lat. from 37° 39' to 38° 05', and in long.
0° 15' w. to 0° 57' w. W. C. North Anna r. is
the recipient ofthe ers. which drain the north
ern part of Hanover, whilst the Pamunky enters
from tbe w. traversing the co. in an easterly di.

rection, and after draining the central section,
unites with North Anna at the extreme south.
westem angle of Caroline, southward from the
junction of North Anna and Pamunky ; the uni.
ted water is known by the latter name, and
tbe body oi Hanover co. liss between the Chick.
abomina, and that r. with its general slope N.
estrd, 'The surface is hUly, and soil of every
extreme, from best r. alluvion to barren sand.
Cf. t. Hanover. Pop. 1820, 15,367, 1830, 16,.
353. Hanover, p-v. and st. jus. Hanover co, Va.
situated on the right bank of Pamunky r. by p.r.
30 ras N, e. Richraond, and 103 ras. a little w.
ofs. W. C, N. lat. 37° 42', long. W. C. 0° 15' w.
Hanover, p-v. and tsp. in the northeastern
part of Licking co, 0, by p-r, the p-o, is 41 ms.
northeastward from Columbus. Pop. of the
tsp, 709,
Ha.nover, p-v. North tsp. Harrison co, Q. 8
ms. ^, w, Cadiz,
Ha.vover, p-v, in the northwestern part of
Shelby co, Ind, 23 ms, s, e. Indianopolis.
Hanoverton, p-v. Hanover co. 'Va. situated
on the right bank of Pamunky r. 31 ms. n. e.
Richmond, and by p-r. 94 s. s, w, W. C. Lat.
37° 42', long, 0° 23' w, W, C,
Hanoverton, p.v, in Hanover tsp, in the cen.
tral part of Columbiana co, O. "The p v, is 7
ms. s. w. by w. New Lisbon, the co, st,, and
145 N, E, by E, Columbus. Pop, tsp, 2,043,
Hansford, p.v, Kenhawa co, Va, by p-r. 35G
ras, s. w, by w, 4 w, W, C,
Hanson, p-t, Plymouth co.- Mass, 24 ms, s.
Boston. Pop. 1,030.
Harbour Cape, the n, extremity of Wells
bay, Me. Long. 70° 24' w„ lat, 43° 18' n.
Harbour Creek, tsp. and p-o, in the north.
ern part of Erie co. Pa, The p.o, is 6 ras, N.
E, the borough of Erie, Pop, tsp. 1,104.
Hardiman, co. of Ten, bndd, by La Fayette
w,, Haywood \. w,, Madison n,, McNair e,, and
the state of Misp. s. It is a regular parallelo.
gram, 30 ras. frora s, to n,, and 24 frora e, to vr.,
area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° to
35° 27', and long, from 11° 50' to 12° 14' w.
W. C. This CO. is entirely drained by the con.
stituent ers. of Big Hatchee r., and slopes to the
N. N. w. Cf t. Bolivar. Pop. 11,655.
Hardimans Cross Roads, and p-o. WiUiam
son co. Ten. 34 ms. from NashviUe.
Hardin, co. of Ten. bndd. by Mo Nair w.,
Henderson n, w,. Perry n, e,, Wayne E., Lauder
dale in Ala, s, E,, and Chickasaw co. in the state
of Misp. s. w. Length from s. to n. 32 ms.,
breadth 24, area 768 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
frora 35° to 35° 28', and long, from 1 1° 03' to
11° 28' w. W. C. The Tennessee r. enters
near the middle ofthe southern border, flows
northwardly with a western curve, to near the
northern side of thisco., and then turns to n. e.
leaving it at the northeast angle. On the west.
ern side, the valley of Ten. r. is very narrow ;
the sources of Big Hatchee rising on the border
between Hardin and McNair cos. On fhe east.
ern side, also, the slope of Ten. is narrow, and
almost confined to Hardin co. Theco. is there.
fore composed of two narrow inclined plaing
falUng towards the Ten. Cf. t. Hardensville.
Pop. 4,868.

H.AR

192

HAR

Hardin, co. Ky. bndd. by Grayson s. w.,
Breckenridge w., Meade n. w.. Rolling fork of
Salt r, or Nelson n. e,, Washington e., Greene
s. E., and Hart s. Length 60, mean width 30,
and area 1,300 sq.ms. Extending in lat, frdm
37° 38' to 37° 53', and in long, from 8° 20' to 9°
18' w. W. C, Tbe general slope of this co. is
to the s. w: being in tbat dire ction drained by va.
rious creeks flowing into Green r. ; the northern
part, however, slopes to the north, and is draim
ed by ers. flowing into Ohio or Salt r. Cf t.
EUzabethtown. Pop. 1820, 10,498, 1830,
12,849, Hardin, co, Ohio. bndd. by Union s. E., Lo.
gan s,, Allen w,, Hancock n., Crawford n. e,,
and Marion e. It is very nearly a square of 34
ms. each way, 576 sq, ms, in area, Lat. 40°
33' to 40° 51', long, 6° 34' to 6° 52' w, W. C.
This CO. occupies a table land from which the
branches of Sandusky and those of Blanchard's
i, flow to the N, ; the extrerae sources of Sciota
o. E., those of Sandy cr. branch of Great Mi
ami s. w., and those of Au Glaize r. w. Cf t.
Hardy. Pop. 210.
Hakdin, p-v. in the westem part of Shelby co.
0. by p-r. 12 ms. n, w, from Sidney, the co. st.
and 88 ras, n, w. by w. Columbus.
HARCiNSBURaH, p-v. and st, jus, Breckenridge
CO, Ky, 35 ms, w, Elizabethtown, 29 o, is, w,
Brandenburg, on 0, r, and byp-r; 110 ms, s, w,
by w, Frankfort, Lat, 37° 47', long, 9° 28', w.
W.C.
Hardinsburg, p-v. Dearborn co, Ind-. by p-r.
98 ras. S; E. Indianopolis,
Hardin's Tavern, and p-o. Albemarle co. Va.
by p-r, 130 ms. s. w. W. C.
Hardinsville, p-v. st, jus. Hardin co. Ten.
situated on the right bank of Ten. r, 40 ms. n,
w. Florence in Ala-, and about 120 ras. s; w. by
s. NashvUle. Lat, 35° 12', lorig. 11° 18' w-. W. C.
Hardinsville, p-v. southeastern part of Shel.
by CO. Ky. 10 ras. s. w. Frankfort.
Hardiston, t. Sussex co. N. J; Population,
2,588. Hardwick, p-t. w. part of Caledonia co. Vt.
21 ras. N. E, Montpelierj 73 n. Windsor. Sur
face pleasantly diversified with large swells
and valleys. The r. Laraoille runs circuitously
through it, furnishing a nuraber of excellent
raill privileges. Timbered with maple, beech,
birch, &c. Contains sulphur springs, and 9
school dists. Pop, 1,216,
Hardwick, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 70 ms.
w, Boston, 30 n, w, Worcester.' Surface une
ven. Soil fertile, adapted to grass and fruit
trees. Pop. 1,885.
Hardwick, t. Warren co. N. J; 10 ms. s. w.
Newtom Pop. 1,962,
Hardy, co, of Va, bndd. by Hainpsbire N. e.,
Shenandoah s, E,, Rockinghara s,, Pendleton
B. w,, Randolph "W,, and Alleghany co, of Md,
N, w. Length 42j mean width 17, and area
714 sq. ras. Extending in hit, from 38° 43' to
39° 18', and in long, from 1° 43' to 2° 30' vr.
W. C. The surface of Hardy inclines to n.
E. aid is traversed in tliat direction by the
south branch, and several other confluents of
Potomac, with lateral chains of mtns. interven
ing, whicb also extend in a similar direction
with the rivers. The surface ie indeed exces

sively broken, rocky, and sterile, though tracts
of excellent river lands lie detached between
the mtn. ridges. Tbe mean elevation of the
arable land perhaps exceeds 1,000 feet above
the ocean level. Cf t. Moorfield. Pop. 1830,
5,700, 1830, 6,798.
Hardy, p;v. Hardin co: 0. by p.r. 66 ms. N.
w, Columbus,
Harewood, p-v. Susquehannah coi Pa. byp.r.
174 ras. N. E. Harrisburg.
Harford, p.v. and tsp. Susquehannah co. Pa»
situated between Vanwinkles and Martins
branches of Tunkhannock r. 13 ms. s; E. Mon"
trose, and 40 a little e. of n. Wilkesbarre.
Harford, co. of Md. bndd. by Susquehannah
r, separating it from Coecil n, e., by the head
of Chesapeake bay, separating it from Kent s.
e., by Baltimore co. s. w. and w., and by York
CO. in Pa. m. Length 30, raean width 16, and
area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39°.
19' to 39° 43' nearly. The southem part dt
this CO. is drained principally by Bush r. and
slopes to the southward. The nortbern is
drained by Deercr. or r. and declines eastward,
towards the, Susquehannah. The soil ofthis
CO, is very diversified, frora best to worst. Cf.
t. Belair. Pop. 1830, 15,924, 1830, 16,319.
Harford, p.v. and naraed in the p-o. list
Harford c, h., is situated at the bead of Bush
river bay, 26 ras, n, e, Baltiraore,
Harlan, co. of Ky. bndd. w; and tt. w. by'
Knox, N. by Perry, n, e, by Pike, and e. s. e,
and s, by Curaberiand mtn. wbich separates it
from Lee, the extrerae southwestern co. of Va.
Length 48, raean width 10, area 480 sq. ms:
This CO. contains the extreme higher sources
of Cumberland r. and is in great part confined
to a narrow valley between Cumberland mto.-
and the Laurel ridge, with an inclination to the-
s. w. It extends in lat; from 36-^ 36' to 37°,
and long, frora 5° 49' to 6°. 24' w. W. C. The
raean elevation of the arable surface of this co.
is probably above lOOO feet above the ocean
level, which would yield a mean temperature
equal to that of between 38 and 39 on the At
lantic coast. Cf t. Mount Pleasant. Pop. 2,929*
Harlan, c. h. and p.o. {See Mount Pleas.
ant, Harlan co. Ky.)
Harlansbhrg, (Sec Harlensburg, Mercir co.
Pa.) Harleesville, p.v. on Little Pedee r. in the
northern part of Marion dist. S, C, about 54 ms.
s. s. w. Fayetteville in N. C. and by p-r. 121 n.
E. by e. Raleigh.
Harlem, t. Kennebec co. Me. 16 ms. e. Au-
gusta. Harlem, {See Haerlem, N. Y.)
Harlensburg, p-v. southeast angle of MetceJ
CO. Pa. 50 ms. n, n, w, from Pittsburg,
Harmo,\sbueg, p-v. Crawford co. Pa,
Harmony, p t, Somerset co. Me, 25 ms. E.
Norridgewock. Pop. 925,
Harmony, p.t, Chatauque co. N. Y, 15 ma. 8,
Mayville, bomided s. by Pa. Land heavily tim
bered with beech, maple, ash, butternuty &c. —
moderately uneven, better adapted to grass than
grain, 12 schools kept 6 months in 12, F(q».
1830, 1,989,
Harmony, p-v. 'Wanren co. N, J. 12- ms. s.
Belvidere.

HAR

193

HAR

Harmony, p-v. on the Conequenessing cr.
Sutler CO. Pa. 14 ms. s. w. by w. Butler, and 28
N. N. w. Pittsburg. This village was founded
by the Harmonists.
Harmony, p-v, York dist, 8, C, by p-r, 85 ms.
N. Columbia.
Harmony, p-v. Washington co. Mo. about 60
ms. B. s. w. St. Louis.
Harmony Grove, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by
p-r, 56 ms, northward MiUedgeviUe.
Harper's Ferry, Jefferson co. Va. 22 ms. b.
w. by w. Frederic, 25 alraost due s, Hagers
town, and hf P-T. 65 s, w. by w, W. C, Lat,
39° 29', long. 0° 42' w. W. C, Tbe village is
situated on the right bank of Potomac, and on
the point above the mouth of Shenandoah r.
This place, the seat of one of the U. S, armo.
ries, has risen at the justly celebrated pass of
the Potoraac through the Blue Ridge, The
level of low water at the junction of the two rs.
is 182 ft. above tide water at Georgetown. The
place and vicinity has the romantic aspect of an
immense amphitheatre, and is araongst the situ
ations of the U. S. most worthy of a visit, whethi
er the object be science, or the gratification of
taste. Harpersfield, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 20
ms. N. E. Delhi, 56 s, w, Albany, and 51 from
CatskiU, Contains good mill seats ; soil well
adapted for grass ; surface broken, witb hiUs
and vallies ; land well -watered by springs and
brooks ; timbered with maple, beech, bassiwood,
ash, &c. ; has 11 schools. Pop. 1,976.
Harpersfield, p-v. and tsp. in the north
wstm. part of Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. the p-o.
is 10 ms. N. w. Jefferson, the co. st. Pop. tsp.
1,145. Harpersville, p-0. {See Colesville.)
Harpersville, p-v. Shelby co. Ala., by p-r.
77 ms. estrd. Tuscaloosa.
Harpeth, small r. of Ten., rising in and drain.
ing the greatest part of Williarason co. Flow.
ing thence N. w,, enters and traverses the west
em part of Davidson, and draining the estm,
part of Dickson, falls into Cumberland r. on the
border between Dickson and Davidson co. after
a comparative course of 55 ms.
Harpswell, t. Cumberland co. Me., 40 ms,
E. Portland, Pop. 1,352.
Harrington, t, Bergen co, N.J. Pop. 2,581,
Harring's Store, and p-o. Hinds co, Misp,
about 150 ras. n. e. Natchez.
Harris, co. Geo,, bndd, by Troup n, w, ;
Merriwether N. e ; Talbot e. ; Muscogee
and Chattahooche r. separating it from the state
of Ala. w. It is very nearly a parallelogram,
20 ms. by 23, area 440 sg. ms. Extending in
lat. from 33° 35' to 32° 50', and long, it is
bisected by 8° w. from W. C. The slope of
this CO. is westrd., and is drained by small water
courses, flowing in that direction in Chattahoo
che r, Cf t, HamUton, Pop. 5,105.
Harrisburgh, p-t. near n. w. corner of Lewis
CO. N. Y., So ms. N, BrownviUe, and 65 n,
Ronie, SoU a dark, loose, moist loara, good
for grain, but better for grass ; tirabered with
large and heavy raaple, beech, elra, &c. ; sur
face pretty level ; well watered ; contains good
mill privileges, and 6 school dists. Pop. 712.
Hakkwbubgh, p.v., borough and st, jus. for

Dauphin co. and of the government of Pa,, 96
ras, N. w, by w, from Phil, ; 35 ras. from Lan.
caster, and 110 a very Uttle e, of n, W. C, Lat.
40° 16', long, 0° 07' e, W, C, Harrisburg is
built at nearly parallel lines or right angles to
the Susquehannah r., on a peninsula between
that r. and Paxton cr. The nrthrn, part of the
site is a sweUing hill, whicb graduaUy sinks to
a plain towards the mouth of Paxton, Opposite
the borough the Susquehannah is divided into
two channels by an isL, the widest being that
next the town. Over these channels and isl,,
and extending from near the central street, is a
substantial bridge resting ort stone piers, but a
frame and flooring of wood above, and i-oofed
with the latter raaterial. The bridge; including
the isl. is nearly a mUe from shore to shore,
Onthe highest partof the sarae swell on which
the town is built, and to the n. of the latter,
stands the capitol, a substantial, and as a whole,
an imposing building, from the cupola of which
is one of the finest panorama views in the U. S.
Tbis view cannot properly be called a land.
scape ; it is a circle of landscapes, embracing
the swelling and cultivated co. around, relieved
by r, and mtn, scenery, A court bouse and num
ber of places of pubhc worship are contained in
the body of the borough. Pop, 4,312,
Harrisburg, p-v, Lancaster dist, S, C, by
p-r, 82 ras, tt. n. e. Colurabia,
Harrisburg, p-v, Haywood co. Ten,, situa
ted in tbe N, E. part of the co, on thes, branch
of Forked Deer r,, about 150 ms. s. w. by w.
NashvUle. Harrisburg, p-v. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r>
64 ras, eastward Indianopolis;
Harris' Gore, a tract of land of 6,020 acres,
s. w, corner of Caledonia co. Vt. Mountainous
and uninhabited.
Harrison, t. Curaberland co-. Me,, 41 ras. tt.
vr. Portland.
Harrison, t, Cortland co, 'i^-. Y., 15 ms. a. s,
E. Homer, and 143 w. Albany, A pretty good
tsp, of land,
Harrison, t, Westchester coi N, Y., 30 ms.
frora N. Y;, and 3 e. White Plains. Land un
der good cultivation ; contains an abundant sup.
ply of mill seats ; 6 schools 11 months in 12.
Pop. 1,085.
Harrison, co. Va., bndd. s. by Lewis ; w. by
Wood ; N. w. by 'Tyler ; n. by Monongaha,
and by Tiggart's valley i,, which separates it
frora Preston n, e, ; and Randolph a. E.
Length 50, mean breadth 2d, area 110 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. frora 39° 03' to 39° 35', long.
2° 53' to 3° 55' w. W. C. The western branch
of Monongahela r, enters the southern border
of Harrison, and winding tt. n, e., receives from
both sides numerous ers. which drain the cen.
tral and rauch raost considerable part of this
large co. The western part, however, declines
westward, and is drained by the sources of
Middle 1st. cn The surface of the whole co.
is very broken; but generally fertUe. Cf t.
Clarksburg. Pop, 1820, 10,932 ; 1830, 14,722.
Harrison, co. Ky., bndd. by Soott s. w. ;
Owen. w. ; Pendleton n, w. and n. ; Bracken n.
E. ; Nicholas e. ; and Bourbon a. Length 30,
mean breadth 12, area 360 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. from 38° 13' to 38° 34', long. 7° 04' to

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7° 30 w, W, C. This fine sinall co, is travers
ed in a northerly direction, and divided into
two very nearl equal sections, by the w, branch
of Jjtcking r. Soil generaUy fertile, Cf. t.
Cynthiana. Pop, 1820, 12,271 ; 1830, 13,2 4,
Harrison, co, 0,, bndd, s, E, by Belmont ; s,
w, by Guernsey ; w. by Tuscarawas; n, vv. by
St-Lirk ; N, by Columbiana ; andE, by_Jefferson,
Length from south to north, 27 ms., mean
breadth 18, and area 486 sq, ms, Lat, 4U° 10'
to 40° 33', long, 3° 50' to 4° 20' w, W, C, The
dividing ridge between the vaUies of O, and
Tuscarawas rs, extends from south to nortb,
the entire length of this co,, dividing it into two
unequal sections. The eastern side slopes to
the east, and give^ source to creeks flowing
over Jefferscn into O, i. The western side de
clines westward, towards the Tuscarawas ;
surface excessivi ly broken and hilly, but soil
highly fertile. Chief town Cadiz. Pop, 1820,
14,345 ; 1830, 20,916,
Harrison, p-v, in Baltimore tsp, and nortb
west border of Harailton co, 0,, 25 ms. iv. w,
Cincinnati, Pop, 173,
Harrison, co. Ind, bndd, by Crawford n. w. ;
Washington n, ; Floyd n, e, ; O. r, separating
it from ,Teff'erson co, Ky. e, ; and 0, r, separa
ting it from Meade co, Ky. s. and s. w. Length
from south to north 36 ms. ; raean breadih 20,
and area 72" sq, ras. Lat. 38° to 38° 26' and
long. 8° 4n' to 9° 20' w. W, C, Slope s, w. to
wards, and at right angles nearly, to that part of
Ohio r, between Otter cr. of Ky,, and Blue r,
of Ind. Surfjce excessively hilly and broken,
but soU excellent. Cf t. Corydon. Pop. 1820,
7,875; 1830, 10,273.
Harrisonburg, p-v. and st. jus. Rockinghara
CO. Va,, 24 ras. n. n, e, Stanton, 40 n. n. w.
Charlotteville, and byp-r. 128 ras, s, w. byw.
W. C. Lat. 38° 25', lung. 1 ° 48' w. W. C.
Harrisonburg, p-v. and st. jus. Catahoola
parish, La. about 4 i ras. n. w. by w. Natchez.
Lat. 31° 47', long. 14° 54' vr. W. C.
Harrisonburg, p-v, and st, jus. Conway co.
Ark. Ter,, by p-r. 1,104 ms, s. w. by w. W.
C, and 40 ras. N, w. Little Rock, Lat, 35° 5',
long. 15° 30' w. W. C.
Harrison's Mills, and p-o. Charles City co,
Va., by p-r. 32 ms. s, E, by e. Richmond,
Harris's Lot, and p-o, Charles co. Md., by
p.r, 38 ms, southward W, C,
Harrison Valley, and p-o. Potter co. Pa,,
188 ms, N, N, w. Harrisburg,
Haekisonville, p-o, Monroe co, II., situated
on the Misp. r. opposite Herculaneum in Mo.,
12 ms, southwestward Waterloo, the st. jus. o!
the CO., and 113 ms. s. w. VandaUa.
Harkisville, p-v. in the extreme n, w. angle
of Butler co. Pa,, 55 ras. almost due n. Pitts
burgh. Habrisville, p-v, on Nottaway r., in the n. e.
angle of Brunswick co. Va., by p-r. 67 ms. a
little w. of s. Richmond.
Hareisville, p-v. in the northeastern part of
Harrison co. 0., by p-r. 8 ms. s. e, Cadiz, and
132 N. E. by e. Colurabus. Pop. 314.
Hareisville Reserve, p-v. Medina co. 0,,
111 ms. n, e, Columbia.
Harrodsburg, p-v. ond st. jus. Mercer co.
Ky., sitaated uear ^e main source of Salt r.,

31 ms. a very litUe e. of s, from Franklort.
Lat. 37° 44', long. 7° 48' w. W. C. This place
was amongst the most early towns founded in
Ky, ; in 1830 contained a pop. of 1,051.
Hart,, co. Ky. bndd. by Edmonson w. ; No.
lin Fork of Green r. which separates it from
Grayson n. w. ; Raccoon cr. which eeparatesit
from Harden n, ; Greene e, ; and Barren s.
Length 24, mean breadth 18, area 432 sq. ms.
Kxtending in lat. from 37° 06' to 37° 25', and
long, from 8° 28' to 9° 03' vr. W. C. The
main body of Green r. traverses Hart in a s. w.
by w. direction, and receiving creeks from each
side drains the co. The surface is generally
level, and in its naturtil state, in a great part
composed of a species of soil deceptively call
ed barrens, as much of it in this and adjacent
cos, is highly fertile, Cf t. Mumfordsvilte.
Pop. 1820, 4,184 ; 11-30, 5,191,
Hartfield, p.v, wstrn, part of Tipton co.
Ten,, 10 ms. from Covington, the co. St., and
by p.r. 2 i7 ms. a little s. of w. NashviUe.
Hartford, p-t. Oxford co. Me,, 13 ms, N. e.
Paris. It is very hilly, being atthe extremity
of a spurfrom the Wbite mtns. Fop. 1,394.
Hartford, co. Conn., situated in the n. cen.
tral section of the state, principally within the
valley, and on both sides of Conn. r. ; is bndd.
by Hampden co. Mass. n, ; by Tolland co, E, ;
New Loidon co. s. e. ; Middlesex and New
Haven cos, s. ; and the cos. of New Haven
and Litchfield w. Lat. 42° traverses its north
ern, and 4" e. W. C. its western border. It
forms nearly a square, is about 30 miles in
length N, and s,, and 25 in width ; and compri
ses an area of about 727 so, ms,, or 465,280
acres. This co., as a whc'.e, will rank before
any other in the state ; and in many respects
before any in N. England. The soil is rich,
various and fertile; well adapted to grain,
fruit, and almost every thing of which the cli
mate admits, and is for the mcst part highly
cultivated. The co, is intersected nearly in
the centre by Conn, r. ; w. by the Greenstone
(locally Talcott,) mtns. ; and h. e. by a high
range of hills. The surface is undulating,
abounding in the fertile and varied scenery
coraraon to much of the vaUey of the Conn.,
and is tirabered with various kinds of oak,
walnut or hickory, elm, maple, ash, &c. &.C.
It is watered by several streams, among which
is the Tunsis or Farmington r, on the w. ; and
Freshwater, Scantic, Podunk, and Hockanum,
on the e. A great variety of manufactories are
earned on in tbis co. ; among them, that of
cotton (according to a recent return to the-
Secretary of the Treasury,) employs a capital of
$260,000, consuming annually 509,000 lbs. of
cotton ; and the wooUen raanufacture eraploys
a capital of $31 1,50&, consuming about 600,000
lbs, of wool per ann. The towns and villages,
which are numerous, are generally pleasant-;
raany of them are populous and wealthy. Cf
t. Hartford, the st.jus. for the CO. Pop. 1820,
47,364 ; 1830, 51,141.
Hartford, city and p.t Hartford co. Gonn.,
one of the seats of government of the state,
and St. jus. for the co., is situated atthe head of
sloop navigation on the w. side of Conn, r., 50
ma. from its moutb, at lat, 41° 45 , and loBg. 4"

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15' e, W. C. It is 133 ms, n. e. N. York, 34
N, N, K. New Haven, 15 n, Middletown, 44 n, w.
New London, 74 w. Providence, 100 w. s. w.
Boston, and 97 s. e. Albany. Tbe legislature
of tbe state astembles alternately at tbis place
and New Haven — the odd years at the forraer,
The„city is over a mUe in length, and |ths of a
mile wide ; surface undulating, sloping gradu
ally from the principal street to the Conn. ; it is
irregularly laid out, and is divided E. and w, by
Mill, or Little r. Across tbis stream a fine
bridge of freestone has been thrown, which
connects the tw» parts of the city. This struc
ture, which cost over ,^30,000, is 100 leet
wide, supported by a single arch, 7 feet in
thickness at tbe base, and 3 feet 3 inches at the
centre ; the chord of which is 90 feet ; eleva
tion from the bed of the river to the top of the
arch, 3j feet 9 inches. Another bridge across
the Conn., covered, 1,000 feet long, and which
cost over $100,000, unites the city with East
Hartford. Hartford is very advantageously
situated for business, is surrounded by an ex
tensive and wealthy district, and coramimicates
with the towns and villages on the Conn, above,
by small steam boats, (now 8 in number,) two
of which, for passengers, ply daily between
Hartford and Springfield. 'The remainder are
empl.iyed in towing flat bottomed boats of 15
to 31 tons burthen, as far as Wells r., 220 ras.
above the city. The coasting trade is very con
siderable, and there is some foreign trade, not
extensive, carried on. Five steamboats form
a daily line between here and New York.
The raanufactures ofthis city, by a late return
mide to the Secretary ofthe Treasury, exceed
§9)0,000 per ann.; auiong these are various
manufactures of tin, copper, and sheet iron ;
block ti" andx pewter ware ; printing presses,
and ink ; a raanufactory of iron machinery ; an
iron foundry ; saddlery, carriages, joiners tools,
paper hangings, looking glasses,, umbrellas,
stone ware, a brewery, a web manufactory,
cabinet furniture, boots and shoes, hats, cloth
ing for exportation, soap and candles, and 3 raan
ufactories of machine and otber wire cards.
More than twice as many books are pubUshed
here, annually, as are manufactured in any other
place of equal pop. in the U. S. There are 13
periodicals ; 1 daily, 1 serai.weekly, and 9
weekly newspapers (4 sectarian,) 1 semi.
monthly and 1 monthly. The city is well built,
and contains raany elegant public and private
edifices. The state house, in whicb are the
public offices of the state, is surmounted by a
cupola, and is a very handsome and spacious
building. The city hall, built for city purposes,
is also spacious, and elegant ; it has two fronts,
with 2 porticos, each supported by 6 massy
columns. In the city are 11 places of public
worship — 5 for Congregationalists, 1 Episcopal,
1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Universalist, 1 Rom,
CathoUc, and 1 ,i.frican ; several of these are
very handsome, and the Episcopal, a Gothic
edifice, is rauch adraired for its elegance.
There are five banks, including a brancb of
the U, S, B., with an aggregate capital of
$3,3 ,3,2 JO ; a bank for savings ; 2 fire, 1 fire
and marine, and 1 life and fire, insurance offi
ces ; 1 life and trust company, an -arsenal, mu

seum, two raarkets, &c. The American Asy
lum for the deaf and dumb, the Retreat for
tbe insane, and Washington college, are all
beautifully located, in the iraraediate vicinity of
the city. The Asylum, the first institution of
the kind in America, incorporated in 1816, was
founded under the auspices of Rev. T. H. Gal.
laudet, who visited Europe with that object.
The system of deaf and dumb instruction in
the U.S,, which is uniform, proceeded from
this institution, and in some respects differs
from any other. By the aid of a considerable
fund, pupils are instructed and supported, at a
yearly expense of $115 ; a sum much below
the actual cost. Beside tbe Principal, tbere
are 9 teachers in the institution, which contains
138 pupils, raany of whora are taught cabinet
making., shoe making, and tailoring ; females
are taught the latter, as well as boys. The
principal building is 130 feet long, 50 wide, and
3 stories high, beside a basement and domitory.
Total nuraber of pupils, 413. Tbe Retreat for
the insane was instituted principally by the
raunificence of the citizens of Hartford, and
ranks high among the first institutions of the
kind. The edifice is both spacious and ele.
gant ; it has an entire front of 254 feet : viz. a
centre 50 feet, two wings 70 feet each, and
ends each 32 feet ; centre and ends 3, and
wings 3 stories higb ; and basement. The
grounds belonging to the Retreat are spacious,
and highly improved. Washington college,
founded in 1826, has two edifices of free st.me ;
one 148 feet long by 43 wide, and 4 stories
high, containing 48 rooras ; the other 87 feet
by 55, and 3 stories high, containing the chapel,
library, mineralogical cabinet, philosophical
chamber, laboratory and recitation rooms.
There are 5,000 vols, in the college library, and
3,500 in the libraries of the different societies.
A complete philosophical apparatus, cabinet of
minerals, and botanical garden and green
house, belong to tho institution. The faculty
consists of a president 6 pi-ofessors, and 2
tutors. Students, about 60, Commenceraent
1st Thursday in Aug, The Airas house, with
a farm on which the able inmates are employ.
ed, is conducted on a plan of remarkable econ.
omy, and nearly supports itself The public
schools are nuraerous, and there are several
excellent private schools. Mill r, has several
water privileges, whicb are iraproved ; and
about 3 ras, from the city is an extensive quar
ry of wall stone, suitable for building and other
purposes. The location of the city is in every
respect delightful ; it is surrounded with a fer
tile and indeed exuberant soil, and is not exceed.
ed by any other inland town in the variety and
beauty of its scenery. Hartford was settled 1635,
the city incorporated 1784, and is memorable as
the seat ofthe Hartford convention. Pop. city,
including the t. 1830, 9;789 ; city, 7,076.
Hartford, p-t, Washingttm co. N. Y. 54 ms.
a little E, of N. froiri Albany, 8 e. Sandy Hill.
Wood cr. runs along the n, w, corner ; 15
schools, 7 months in 12, Pop, 2,420,
Hartford, p.v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. Geo.
situated on the left bank of Ocmulgee river,
about 60 ms. a. s. w. MiUedgeviUe, lat. 32° 20',
long. 6° 30' w.W. C.

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Hartford, p-v, and st, jus, Ohio co. Ky. situ
ated on the left bank of Rough cr., near the cen
tre of the CO. by p-r. 147 ras. s. w. by w. Frank
fort, and 45 n. Russellville, lat. 37° 35', long. 9°
56' w, W. C.
Hartford, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part of
Trumbull co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 175 ms.
N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 859.
Hartford, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 ms. s.
E. Indianopolis.
Hartland, p-t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 718.
Hartland, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. w. Conn, r.,
50 ms. s. E. Montpelier, 63 n. e. Bennington,
100 from Boston. A rich farraing town, pleas.
antly diversified witb hills and vallies. Water
ed N. E. by Queechy r., o, by Lull's brook, wbich
afford sorae of the best mill privileges in the
state. The town contains a valuable bed of
paint. There are 18 school dists. It has a
variety of manufactories. Pop. 3,503.
Hartland, p-t, Hartford co. Conn. 32 ms. N.
w. Hartford, bndd. «. by Mass. line. Hilly and
mountainous. Tolerable for grazing, but poor
for grain. Timbered with beech, maple, ches
nut, and evergreen. Watered by the E. branch
of Farraington r. Pop, 1,221.
Hartland, p.t, Niagara co. N, Y. on lake
Ontario, 12 ras. n. e. Lockport, and 30 e, n, e.
Lewiston. Land good, 11 school dists. Cross
ed by the Ridge road, on which stands Hart
land vUlage, 2 ras, n, Erie canal, 10 ras, tt. e.
Lockport. This town contains salt springs.
Pop. 1,584,
Hartleton, p-v. and tsp. o^f Union co^ Pa. 12
ms. w. New Berlin, and by p-r. 65 ms. n. n. w.
Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1,737.
Hart's Cross Roads, and p-o. Crawford co.
Pa, Hart's Grove, p-o. Ashtabula co. Ohio.
Hartsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. about 25 ms.
Phil. '
Hartsville, p-v. on the right bank of Cum
berland r., in the extreme southeastern angle
of Sumner co. Ten. by p.r. 43 ras. n. e. by E.
Nashville. Hartwell's Basin. (See Perrinton.)
Hakt-wick, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 64 ms. s. w.
Cooperstown, 70 w. Albany, Watered by the
Susquehannah, Oak's cr,, the outlet of Caniade-
raga or Schuyler's lake, and the Otsego cr,,
whi-ch supply a great abundance of mill sea's.
Surface considerably broken and hilly ; well
watered by springs and brooks ; 14 schools
kept 6 months in 12, A literary and theologi
cal serainary was established here in 1816, by
m-erabers of the Lutheran church. Pop, 2,772,
HsRVARD, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 ras. n..
E. Worcester, 30 N, w, Boston. Divided by
Nashua r. frora Lancaster and Shirley. Soil
good, especiaUy for fruit. Here is a settleraent
of Shakers. Pop. 1,600.
Harvard University. {See Gairtbridge.)
Harvey's p-o. Greene co. Pa., by p-r, 241 ms.
N. w. by w. W. C.
Harvey's Store, and p-o. Charlotte co. Va.,
108 ms. s. w. Richmond.
Harveysville, p-o. Luzerne co. Pa., 94 ms.
N. E. Harrisburg.
Harwich, p-t. Barnstable eo-. Ms,, 79 ms. s, e.
Boston, bndd. s, by the Atlantic. Fop. 3,974.

Harwinton, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 23 ms,
vr. Hartford. Elevated and hilly. The timber
consists principaUy of deciduous trees. Lands
best adapted to grazing. Watered by tbe Nau-
gatuck, and the Lead Mine rs. Contains va.
rious kinds of manufactories, 11 school dists.,
and an academy. Pop. 1,516.
Haskinsville, p-v. Gibson co. Ten., byp-r.
151 ms. wstrd, Nashville.
Hat (The), tavern and p-o. Lancaster co. P'a.,
by p-r. 54 ms. Harrisburg.
Hatboro', p-v. situated near the n, estm. bor
der of Montgoraery co. Pa., and on a branch of
Penepack cr., 17 ms. tr. Philadelphia,
Hatchersville, p-o. Chesterfield co. Va., by
p-r. 12 ms. from Richmond.
Hatchy, Big. (See Big Hatchy river.)-
Hatfield, p-t. Harapshire co. Mass., w. Conn.
r,, 5 ras. n. Northarapton, 95 w. Boston-. Soil
various, but valuable. This town unanimously
protested against the revolutionary war, and
was the head quarters ofthe Shays insurrection,
but its patriotisra has since been undoubted. It
is supposed . that the farraers of tbis town now
stall feed tbree times as raany oxen as were
fattened in all the towns of Old Hampshire, 100
years ago. Pop. 893.
Hatfield, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa., 34 ms.
N. N. w. Philadelphia. Pop. 835.
Hatteras, a very remarkable cape of the At.
lantic coast ofthe U. S. in N. C. Pamlico sound
is enclosed on the ocean side by along low reef
of sand and rock stretching. 65 ms. from'. Ocra.
cock inlet on the s, w, to New inlet on the s. e.
Cape Hatteras, properly so called, is the SaUent
point ofthis reef, jutting in the Atlantic at lat.
35° 13', and long. 1° 35' e. W. C. This low
but stormy promontory, is a true cape of winds,
and a point of interest and dread in navigating
the Atlantic coast of the U. S.
Havana, p.v. Greene co. Ala., byp.r. 39 ms.
s. w. Tuscaloosa.
Havana, p-v. in the n. wstm. part of Sanga
mon CO, II., by p-r. 133 ms. n. n. w. Vandalia.
Haverford, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. 6 ms. from
PhUadelphia. Pop. tsp. 980.
Haverhill, p.t, and half shire t, Grafton co.
N. H. 31 ms. N. w. Plyraouth, 37 ms. above
Dartraouth college, 70 n. Concord, 133i from
Boston, It is situated on Conn..,-, Watered
by Oliverian and Hazen brooks. A pleasant
town. Has a handsorae village, denominated
Haverhill corner, lying at the s. w. angle- of the
town. Pop. 2,151.
Haverhill, p.t. Essex co. Mass,, 30 ms, tt.
Boston. A handsorae and flourishing town, at
the head of sloop navigation on tbe Merrimac,
being situated on the n. side of that r. It has
an academy. An elegant and costly bridge,
800 ft. long, across the r, connects the principal
village with Bradford. Four ms, below is Rocks
village, where is another bridge nearly 1000 ft.
long. Pop. 3,896.
Haverstraw, p-t. Rockland co. N. Y., 36 ma.
N. New York, w. Hudson r,, which here spreads
into Haverstraw bay. It includes Stoney point,
with the old forts Clinton and Montgomery, to
gether with Dunderberg, or Thunder mtn. It
has many good mill seats and several landings,
with wharves, sloops, and some trade. There

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is an academy in the village of Warren. Pop.
2,306. Havre De Grace, p-v. and sea port, situated
on the right bank of Susquehannah r, near its
mouth, 36 ms. n. e, Baltimore. Lat. 39° 33',
long. 0° 58' E. W. C.
Haw, 1, of N, C, rises in Rockingham and
Guilford cos. and flowing thence estrd, unite in
Orange, when turning to s, E, the united stream
traverses Orange, and Chatham, and in the s. e,
angle ofthe latter at Haywoodboro', joins Deep
r. to forra the raarn.Cape Fear r. 'The union of
Haw and Deep r,,is in a direct line about ,30 ras.
s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Haw, r. p-o. in the tt. wstrn, part of Orange
CO. N. C, by p-r. 65 ras. n. w. Raleigh.
Hawfield, p-v. wstrn, part of Orange co,
N, C, by p-r, 14 ms, wstrd, HiUsboro', and 55
ms, N. w, by w. Raleigh.
Hawke, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 19 ms.
s. w. Portsmouth. Had 500 inhabitants more
in 1775, than it has had since. Soil uneven.
It has 3 schools. Pop, 520,
Hawkinsville, p-v. Pulaski co, Geo., about
70 ms. s. MiUedgeviUe,
Hawley, p-t. FrankUn co. Mass,, 120 ms, n,
w, Boston, 14 s. w. Greenfield. Situated on
the Green ratn, range, and well watered by se
veral branches of Deerfield r. Pop 1,037,
Hawsvili.e, p-v, and st, jus, Hancock co, Ky,,
by p-r, 130 ms, a little s, of w. Hartford.
Haye's Cross Roads, and p-o. Richland co,
Ky,, 14 ras. frora Marshfield, the st. jusv and 71
N. N. E. Colurabus.
Hay Market, p.v, in the nthrn, part of
Prince WUUam co, Va,, situated on the head
of Occoquon cr,, by p-r. 38 ras. a little s. of w.
W, C.
Haynes' p-o. Grainger co. Tenn., by p-r, 331
ms, estrd. Nashville.
Haynesville, p-v. Lowndes co. Ala., by p-r.
120 ras, but by direct road 60 ras, wstrd. Tus
caloosa. Haysboro', village of Davidson co. Tei^. on
Cumberland r., 7 ms, above Nashville.
Hay's Mills, and p-o. Shenandoah co, Va.,
by p-r. 111 ms, wstrd. W. C,
Hayesville, p-v. Franklin co, N,. C, by p-r,
31 ms. N. E Raleigb.
Haywood, co. N. C. bndd. by Buncombe co.
E. and s, E,, Macon co, s. w;., -Cherokee co. w.,
and the Iron or Smoky mtns. separating it from
Sevier co. Ten. n, w,, and Cocke co. Ten. n.
Length from s, to s. 45 ms., mean breadth 26,
and area 1,170 sq. ms. Lat. 35° SO', and long, W,
C. 6° w. intersect near the centre of this co.
It is entirely in the Ohio valley; the wstrn. part
giving source to the Tuckaseegee br, of "Ten.
nessee proper, which flows frSm it wstrly.
The much larger section, however, slopes to
the N. and is comnlensurate with the higher
part of the vaUey of Pigeon r. one of the
branches of french Broad. If a correct esti
mate can be made from the courses of the
streams, Haywood co, is amongst the most ele
vated sections ofthe U. S. The arable vaUies
must be frora 1,500, to 1,800 ft. above the ocean
level, giving a temperature as low in winter as
that on the Atlantic ocean at the mouth of the
Del. Cf. t. Waynefield. In 1820, Haywood 26

comprised what is now Macon, and the census,
4,073, including both cos. ; in 1830, Haywood
alone contained 4,578 inhabitants.
Haywood, c, h,, N. C, (-See Waynesville,
Haywood co. N. C.)
Haywood, p-v. Chatham co. N. C, {See Hay-
woodsboro'.) Haywood, co. Ten, bndd, o. E, by Hardiman,
s. by Lafayette, w, by Tipton, n, w. by Dyer, n.
E. by Gibson, and e, by Madison, Length 30,
raean width 20, area 600 sq, ms. Extending in
lat, from 35° 22' to 35" 48^', and in long. 12° 07'
to 12° 32' w. W. C, The southern part of this
CO. is drained by the Hatchee and its branches,
the main stream entering the s, e, angle and
traversing the co, in the direction of n, w, by vr.
The s. branch of Forked Deer i, enters the
eastern border and leaves the co, near the n, w,
angle, flowing nearly paraUel to the Big Hat
chee. The slope of the whole co, is there
fore N, w, by Vf. Cf t. Brownsville, Pop.
5,334. Haywoodsboro', p.v, C^hatham co, N. C, by
p-r, 38 ms, s, w, by w, Raleigh. It is situated
in the s, e, part of the co. and the point above
the confluence of Haw and Deep rs. and at the
head of Cape Fear r.
Hazard Forge, and p-o. Hardy co. Va, by
p.r, 135 ms. westward W, C.
Hazlegreen, p-v. in the northem part of
Madison CO. Ala, 12 ms, alraost due n, Hunts
ville, Hazle Patch, p-v. Laurel co, Ky, byp-r, 101
ms, s, s. E. Frankfort.
Hazlewood, p-o. Chesier dist. S. C, about 60
ras, N, Columbus. This place was formerly
midway. Head of Coosa, p-o. in the Cherokee ter.
state of <3eo. byp-r. l96 ms, n, w. MiUedge.
ville, and 643 southwestward W, C.
Head of Navigation, p-v. Spartanburg dist.
S.O. by p-r. 107 ras. n. n. w. Colurabia.
HEAb of Sassafras, p-v. in the n. e. part of
Kent CO. Md. about 50 ras. N. e. by e, Balti-
'inore. Head's, p-o. southern part of Fayette co.
Geo. byp-r, 100 ms, n, vr. by w. MiUedgeviUe.
Health Seat, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r.
58 ms. northward Raleigh.
Heard, co. Geo. relative position uncertain.
The c. h.. is given in the p-o. list at 153 ms.
frora MiUedgeville.
Heard, c. h. and p-o. Heard co. Geo. by p-r.
153 ras, frora MiUedgeviUe,
Heath, p.t, Franklin co, Mass. 125 ms. n. w.
Boston, 12 N. w, Greenfield, bndd. x. by Vt. Une.
Pop. 1,199.
Hebron, p.t. Oxford co. Me. 35 ms. n, w.
Portland, Pop. 915.
Hebron, p.t. Grafton co. N. H. 9 ms. from
Plymouth, and 40 from Concord. Pop. 540.
Hebron, p.t. Tolland co. Conn. 20 ms, s. e,
Hartford. Surface uneven — soil considerably
fertile — watered by Hop r. a branch of the
WUUmantic, and several small strearas. It
contains a considerable number of manufacto.
ries, and 13 school dists. Pop. 1,939.
Hebron, p.t. Washington co. N, Y. 52 ms.
N. N, E, Albany, 6 n. Salem. Surface broken
by hills, some of large size. It has no rs. and

HEM

198

HEN

is therefore destitute of raill seats, Soil pro.
ductive, and weU watered. 19 schools kept 7
months in 12. Pop. 2,686.
Hebron, p.v. in the northern part of Greene
CO. Ala. by p.r. 38 ras. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa.
Hebron, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 17 ms.
southeastward MiUedgeviUe.
Hebron, p-o. in Union tsp. sthrn. side of
Licking co. O. It is situated at the crossing of
the U. S. road and Ohio and Erie canal, and on
the table land between the sources ofthe wstm.
confluents of Muskingum r. and those of ers.
fiowing wstrdly. into Sciota r. The water level
at Hebron is by actual adraeasureraent 893 feet
above the mean level of the Atlantic tides,
and 419 feet above low water raark in Ohio r.
at the raouth of Sciota r. Pop. of Hebron, 1830,
84, but like all other villages on a double tho
roughfare rapidly increasing. Distant by p-r. 27
ms. E, Columbus, and along the canal 10 ms. s.
S. W.Newark the co. st.
Hecktown, p-v. Northampton co.Pa. 191 ms,
N, E, W. C.
Hector, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. lying be.
tween Cayuga and Seneca lakgs, 17 ms. w,
Ithaca and 187 w. Albany, Surface broken by
elevated ridges. 24 school dists. Pop 5,213.
Hedricks, p.v. southwestern part of York
CO. Pa. 18 ms. s. s. w. frora the borough of
York, and 40 n. n. w, Baltimore.
Heidlessburg, p-v. Adaras co.Pa. 11 ms. n,
N. E, Gettysburg and 37 s, b. w. Harrisburg.
Helderberg, or Hellbberg, ranges of hills
of a mountain character, extending from the
Catskill mtns . to the Jlohawk near Schenectady,
Helena, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 149
ms. N. w. Columbia.
Helena, p-o. and st.jus. Iowa co. Mich. posi
tion uncertain.
Helena, p.v. and st. jus. Philips co. Ark. sit
uated on the right bank of Misp. r. in a direct
course about 100 ms. a little s, of E, but by p-r.
151 Little Rock, Lat. 34° 38', long. 13° 39
w. W. C.
Hellen, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p.r. 122 ms,
N. w. Harrisburg.
Hellerstown, p.v. in the southern angle of
Northarapton co. Pa, 4 ras, s. E, Betblehera,
Hell Gate, or Hurl Gate. (See Horll Gatt.)
Helm's, p.o, Franltlin co. Va, by p.r, 281 ms,
s. w. W. C.
Hemlock Lake, 6 ms. long. East comer of
Livingston co. N. Y.
Hemphill's Store, and p.o. Mecklenburg co.
Va. 140 ms. s. s. w. Richmond.
Hemphill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 167
ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa.
Hempstead, p.t. Queens co. N- Y. s. side
Long Island, 22 ms. a littlo s. of e, of New York.
Heinpstead plains lie principally in this town,
and aj-e 15 ms. long by 4 broad. 14 school
districts ; schools kept 10 months in 12. Pop
6,215. HEMPStpEAD, CO. Ark. as laid do'wn on Tan,
ner's map of the U. S. is bndd. by Red r. sepa.
rating it from Texas s. w,, Sevier co. of Ark
w., Clark n. n. k. and E,, Union co. s. e., and by
Lafayette s. Length fVom s. e, to n. w, 75,
mean width 15, area 1,125 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. 33° 32' to 34°, and long. 15° 42' to 16°

50' w. W. C. The southern and western part
ofthis CO. is drained into Red r., the northern
and eastern into little Mo, branch of Washitau.
The surface is generally thin and sterile. Cf t.
Washington. Pop, 3,513.
Hempstead, c. h. and p.o. (See Washington
same co. Ark. Ter.)
Henderson, p.t. Jefferson co. N. Y. on lake
Ontario, 8 ms, s, of Black r, mouth. Soil pro.
ductive, Timber, oak, walnut, elm, beech, &c.
13 school dists. Pop. 2,428.
HjjNDERSQN, p-0, Mcrcerco. Pa. 280 ms. by
p-r. N. w. W. C.
Henderson, co. of Ten. bndd, by Perry e,,
Hardin s, E,, McNair s, w,, Madison w., and
Carroll n, It is very nearly a square of 28 ras.
each side ; area 784 sq. ras. Extending in lat.
from 35° 24' to 35° 48', and in long, from 11°
14' to 11° 44' w, W. C. Though the eastern
border of Henderson approaches with a mean
distance of 10 ms. from Ten. r.the central part
is a table land from which the water courses
flow like radii from a comraon centre. Frora
the southwestern angle issue the sources of the
s, branch of Forked Deer r, ; frora the western
side flows the raiddle branch ofthe same stream,
^yhilst, frora the n. w. angle, flow the extrerae
sources of Obion r. Tbe western slope of tbe
CO. is therefore to the westward, towards Misp.
¦The eastem part declines towards Ten. but
even there, ers. flow like diverging radii. Sugar
cr, northward. Beech r, eastward, and Doe cr.
to the s. E. Cf. t. Lexington. Pop. 8,748.
Henderson, co. Ky. bndd. by Green r.Vbich
separates it from Daviess e., by Hopkins s,, Un
ion w,, and by Ohio r, separating it from Posey,
Vanderburg, Warwick, and Spencer cos. Ind.
N. Length parallel to the general course of
Ohio r, 40 ms., mean width 18, area 730 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. from 37° 30' to 37° 58', and in
long, from 10° 30' to 11° 12' w. W. C. The
course of Green r. near its discharge into tbe
Ohio, and the general slope of Henderson co. is
to the northward. Cf. t. Henderson. Pop.
1820, 5,714, 1830, 6,659.
Henderson, PrV. and st, jus, Henderson co.
Ky. situated on the left bank of Ohio r. about 44
ms. by water above the mouth of Wabash r. and
by p-r. 183 a httle s. ofw. Frankfort. Lat. 37°
48', long. 10° 42' w. W. C.
Henderson, p-v. and st, jus, Knox co. II. situ
ated on a branch of Spoon r. about 140 ms. n, n.
w. Vandalia, and 40 miles n. w. by w. Peoria on
Illinois r. Lat. 40° 55', long. W. C. 13° 13' w.
This place is named in the p-o. list Knoxc, h.
Henderson's p-o. Botetourt co, Va. by p-r.
227 ms. s, w.W.C,
Hendersonville, p-v. and st. jus. Nottaway
CO. Va. situated on little Nottaway r. 65 ms. s.
w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 04', long. 1° 18' w.
W.C, Hendersonville, p.v. Sumner co. Ten. 44
ms, N, n. Nashville.
Hendeensville, p-v. Henry co. Ky. by p-r.
40 ms. westward Frankford.
Hendricks, co. Ind. bndd. s. by Morgan, w.
by Putoam, n. w. by Montgoraery, n. by Boone,
and E. by Marion. It is a square of 21 ms. each
way ; area 441 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 40' to 39° 56',
long. 9° 16' to 9° 40' w.W. C Slope south-

HEN

199

HER

ward, and drained by different branches of the
main volume of White r. Cft, DanviUe. Pop.
3,975. Hendrick's Store, and p-o. Bedford co. Va,
839 ms. s. w. W. C.
Hendrysburg, p-o. Belmont co. 0.
Henlopen Cape, the sthrn. salient point at the
mouth of Del. r, opposite, and (by Taimer's U.
S., Pa. and N. J.) between 12 and 13 ms. asun
der. By the same authorities, the lat, is by the
Pa, and N, J, 38° 45', and by the U. S. 38° 47',
The long, is bythe former map 1° SS*, and by
the latter, 1° 53' e. W. C,
Henlopen Coal Mines, and p-o. Fentress co.
Ten, by p-r. 134 ras. estrd. NashvUle.
Henniker, p-t, Merrimac co. N. H. 15 ms.
w. Concord, 27 from Amherst, 75 frora Boston.
Watered by Contocook r. Contains excellent
water privileges. Soil as various and fertile as
any in the co. Pop. 1,725.
Henrico, co. Va, bndd, s. and s, w. by Jaraes
r. wbich separates it from Chickihomina r.
which separates it on the north frora Hanover,
and N. E. frora New Kent, and on the s, e, it bas
Charles City co. The greatest length frora s,
e, to N, w. 30, raean width 10 ras. area 300 sq-.
ms. Extending in lat. frora 37° 17' to 37° 40',
and long. 0° 20' to 0° 49' w. W. C. This county
is composed of a central ridge with two narrow
-inclined plains, falling towards Jaraes t, to tbe
s, w., and Chickiboraina to tbe n. e. The sur
face is broken by waving hills'; soil very much
¦diversified. Cf t. Richraond. Pop. 1820, 23,-
667, 1830, 28,797, of whora, 1&,060 were con
tained in the city of Richmond.
Henrietta, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 11 ms. s,
Rochester, Peculiarly good for grazing. 12
school dists. Pop, 2,322.
Henrietta, p-v. northwestern part of Lorain
«o, O, by p-r, 133 ms, n. n. e, Colurabus,
Henry, Cape^ of Va,, the sthm. salient point at
the mouth of Chesapeake bay. On Tanner's
U, S. cape Henry is in lat. 36° 55', long. 1° 02'
e. W. C. It is the extreme northeastern angle
of Princess Ann eo. Va.
Henry, co. Va. bndd. by Patrick w., Franklin
N., Pittsylvania E. and Rockingham co. N. C. s.
It is in form or nearly so of a rhomb, and about
equal to a sq. of 20 ms. each side, area 400 sq.
ras. Extending in lat. frora 364° to 36° 50',
long. 2° 44' to 3° 08' w. W. C. The slope of
this CO. is rapid, and to the s. e. The extreme
sthwstrn. angle ie crossed by the two branches
of Mays r., but the rauch greater part of the
area of tbe co. is included in the valley of Ir.
vine Tj which inters at the n. w. and leaves the
CO. at the s. E. angle. Cf t. Martinsville. Pop.
1830, 5,634, 1830, 7,100.
Henry, co. Geo. bndd. by Butler s. e.. Pike s.,
Fayette -vr., De Kalb, Ocraulgee r. separating
it from Newton, n. e. Length 33, mean width
18, and area 594 sq. ras. Extending in lat, from
33° 13' to 33° 42', and long. 7° 02' to 7° 28' w.
W. C. This is one of the cos. of Geo. which
occupies tt part of the dividing plain between
the waters of the Atlantic and those of the Gulf
of Mexico. The wstm. part is drained by the
sources of Flint r. whflst fromthe estrn. section
the waters flow s. e. into the Ocmulgee. Cf. t.
McDonough. Pop. 10,567.

Henry, sthestrn. co. of Ala. bndd. vr. by Dale,
N. by Pike, e. by Chattahooche r. which sepa.
rates it from Early co. Geo,, s, by Jackson, and
s. w. by Walton co. Flor. Length from s, to
N. 48, mean width 28, area 1,344 sq. ms. Ex.
tending in lat, from 31° to 31° 42'. The north.
western part of this co. is drained by different
branches of Choctawhatche ; the estrn. and
sthrn. by ers. flowing into Chattahooche r. ; sur
face generally covered with pine, and soil
SterUe. Cf t. Columbia. Pop. 1820, 2,738,
1830, 3,?55.
Henry co. 0, bndd, e, by Wood, s. by Putnam,
s, w, by Paulding, w, by Williaras, and n, by
Lenawe co. Mich. Length frora s. to tt. 32 ms.,
breadth 27, and area 864 sq. ms. Lat, 41° 06'
to 41° 39', long, 6° 50' to 7° 20' w, W. C. This
CO. lies entirely in tbe valley of Great Miami,
and is traversed by tbe main volume of tbat r.
flowing northeastward, and dividing the co. into
two not very unequal sections. Cf t, Daraascus.
Pop. 363.
Henry, p-v. Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 79 ms.
E, Colurabus.
Henry's Cross Roads, and p-o. Sevier co.
Ten, by p-r, 182 ms, e, Nashville.
Herbert's Cross Roads, and p-o. Harford co.
Md, 39 ras, N, E, Baltiraore.
Herculanaeum, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co.
Mo. by p-r. 886 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. and
30 below, and a little w. of s. St. Louis. It is
situated on the right bank ofthe Misp. r. near
ly opposite Harrison" in f 1. It is the usual land.
ing place frora the lead mines in Washington
CO. Pop. about 300. Lat. 38° 15', long. 13°
24' w.
Hereford, p.v. Berks co. Pa.
Hereford, p.v. Baltimore co. Md. by p.r. 39
ms. from Baltiraore.
Hekefords, p-o. Mason co. Va. by p-r. 329
ras, N. w. by w. Richraond, and 316 westward
W. C.
Herkimer co. N. Y. lies between Oneida and
Montgoraery cos. embracing the Mohawk r.,
and is bndd. n. by St. Lawrence and Montgom
ery COS., s. by Otsego, w. by Oneida and Lew
is. Greatest length n. and s. 85 ras. greatest
width 22, containing 1,290 sq, ms. or 735,609
acres. "The Mohawk r, and the gi'and canal
run through the heart of the pop, of this co. ita
whole width. It has a pretty large proportion
of hilly land, and as great a diversity of soil as
any in the state. Watered by branches of the
Oswegatchie and Black rs., and by W. Canada
cr. The. East Canada cr. forms the eastem
boundary. Cf t. Herkimer. Pop. 1820, 31,-
071, 1830, 35,«7@.
Herkimer, p-t. and st. jus. of Herkimer co.
N. Y. N. Mohawk, 14 ms. s. e. Utica, 79 w. n.
w. Albany, extending along the Mohawk r.
nearly 15 ms. Land of a superior quality. The
village of Herkimer stands on the w. side of
W. Canada cr. The -village of Little FaUs is
situated at the Little Falls of the Mohawk r.
The scenery hereabouts is grand and interest
ing; 13 school 4ista..; schools kept 11 months
in 12. Pop. 2,486.
Hermitage, p.v. ii) the western part of
Prince Edward ca. Va. 87 ms. s. w. by w.
Richmond.

HIG

200

HILt

Hebmon, t. Penobscot co. Me. 7 ms. w. Ban.
gor. Pop. 535.
Herndon's p.o. Orange co. N. C. by p.r. 19
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh.
Herndonsville, p.v. Soott CO. Ky. 33 ms.
from Frankfort.
Heron, Pass of, the strait uniting Mobile
bay to Pascagoula sound. It is enclosed to the
N. by the main shore of Ala., and to the s. by
Dauphin Isl, At mid tides it admits the pas.
sage of vessels drawing 6 ft. water.
Herrin's p-o. Humphreys co. Ten. by p.r.
81 ms, wstrd, NashviUe.
Heeriotville, p-o. AUeghany co. Pa. by p-r.
211 ms. N. w. W, C.
Hertford, p-v. and st. jus. Perquimans co.
N. C. about 50 ms. a little w. ofs. Norfolk in
Va, and by p-r, 200 n. e. by e, Raleigb. Lat.
36° 13', long, 0° 36' e, W, C.
Hertford, co. N, C. bndd. by Bertie s., by
Northarapton w,, Roanoke r, which separates
it frora Gates n, and n. e,, and Chowan bay,
wbich separates it frora Chowan co. s. e.
Length 28, mean width 12, and area 356 sq.
ms. Extending in lat, from 36° 11' to 36° 27',
and in long, from 0° 20' e, to 0° 12' w. W. C.
The slope of Hertford is to the n. e. Pollacas-
ty, Loosing, and Pine ers. all flow in that di
rection into Roanoke or Chowan r. Chief t.
Wynton, Pop. 1820, 7,712, 1830, 8,541.
HETRicK'aj)-o. York co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms.
nthrd, W, C: ^ ,
Hibernia, p-v, on Missouri r, opposite Jef
ferson, Callaway co. Mo. 981 ms. by p-r. w.
W.C,
HicKLENs, P-V, Washington co. Geo. 31 ms.
from MiUedgeviUe.
Hickman co,. Ten, bndd, by Wayne s. w..
Perry w., Dickson N,, WiUiamson n, e,, Maury
E., GUes s. E., Lawrence s. Length 38, mean
width 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. from 35° 23' to 35° 51', long, from 10° 12'
to 10° 45' w.W. C. The southern partof Hick
man is dramed by the Buffalo branch of Duck
r,, flowing over it westerly, but full three
fourths of the whole surface is included in the
valley, which also flows westerly, receiving ers,
from each side, Cf t, Vernon, Pop. 1820,
6,080, 1830, 8,132.
Hickman, southwestern co. Ky. bndd. by
Mayfield's r, separating it from McCracken n,,
by Graves E,, Weakly co-Ten. s. e., Obion co.
Ten. s, w,, and w. by the Misp.. r. separating it
frora New Madrid and Scott cos. of Mo.
Length 31, mean width 18, and area 540 sq. ras.
Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 57': The
slope of this co. is wstrd. towards the Misp, r.
and is drained in that direction by Mayfield's r,
and little Obion, Cf t, Columbus, Pop, 5,1^98.
Hickman's p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by p.r..
208 ms. N. w. by w. W. C.
Hickory, sraall p.v. Washington co. Pa.
Hickory cr. and p.o. southern part of War.
ren co. Ten. The p.o. is 10 ms. sthrd. McMin.
ville, the co.. St., and 74 ms. s. e. by e. Nash.
ville. Hickory Flat, p.,o. Gwinnet co. Geo. by p.r.
130 ms. N. N. w, i^iUedgeville.
Hickory Fork and p-o. Gloucester co.Va. by
p-r, 85 ms, e, Richmondr I

Hickory Grove, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C.
by p-r. 181 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Hickory Grove, p-o. York dist. S. C. by p-r.
89 ms. N. Columbia.
Hickory Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. by p.r.
81 ras. N. w. by w. MUledgeviUe.
Hickory Grove and p-o. Montgomery co.
Ala, by p-r. 142 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa.
Hickory Grove, p.o. Bond co. II. 30 ms,
wstrd. Vandalia.
Hickory Grove, p-o. Montgomery co. Mo. 45
ms. w. St. Louis.
Hickory Hill, p-v. on Coosaw r. northern
part of Beaufort dist. S. C. 7,0 ms. w. Charles
ton, and by p.r. 93 a little w. of s. w. Columbia..
Hickory Mountain, p-v. Chatham co. N. C,
by p-r, 46 ms, wstrdly. Raleigh.
Hicksford, p-v. and st. jus, Greenville co. Va.
situated on the right bank of Meherin r. by p-r.
69 ms. almost exactly due s. Richmond. Lat.
36" 37', long. 0° 35' w. W. C.
HicKSTOwN, p-v. and st, jus. Madison co. Florv.
HiGGiNBPORT, p-v. in the southern part of
Brown co. O. by pj. 111 ms, s. s. w. Columbus,
Highgate, p.t. Franklin co. Vt. on Missisque
bay, 33 ras. n. Burlington. Pop. 2,038.
High Grove, p.v. Nelson co. Ky. near Bards
town, and 54 ras, s, w. by w. Frankfort.
Highland, co. O. bndd. e. by Adaras, s. w,.
and w. by Brown, iv, w. by Clinton, u. by Fay
ette, N. e. by Ross, and e. by Pike. Lat. 39!^
to 39° 22', long. 6° 16' to 6° 47' w. W. C.
This CO. derives its name from occupying a ta.
ble land between the Ohio, Sciota, and Little
Miami vallies. Th'e southeastern sources of
Paint cr. flow to the n. e. towarda the Sciota j-.
those of Brush and Eagle ers., sthrd. towards.
Ohio r., andthe estm. branches of Little Miarai
wstrd. The surface is hilly and broken. Soil
various, but generally productive. Cf. t. Hills.
boro'. Pop. 1830, 12,308, 1830, 16,345.
Highlands, N. Y. (See Matteawan mtns.)
High Plains, p.v. Bledsoe co. Ten. by p-r..
89 ms. estrd. NashviUe.
High Rock, p-o. Rockinghr m co. N. C. by p-r,
74 ms. N. w. Raleigh.
High Shoals, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by
p-r, 234 ms, s. w. by w. Raleigh.
High Spire, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 ms. from-.
Harrisburg. High Tower, p-v. Cherokee ter. Geo. on-
Etowah r. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. MUledgeviUe.
This is one amongst the many Indian names
mutilated to suit the EngUsh idiom-; it is a cor
ruption of Etowah.
Hightstown, p-v. Middlesei co. N. J. S-ms,
s. Cranberry, 13 n. e. Bordfentow^n.
Hilham, p-v, in the western part of Overton
CO. Ten. 14 ms, wstrd. Monroe, co. st., and 109
ms. N. E. byE. Nashville.
Hillegas, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r.
170 ms. N. E. W. C.
Hill Grove, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r.
s. w. by w. Richmond.
Hii.MaousE, p-v. in the northern part of Geau
ga CO. 0- by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. Columbus, and
336 N. w. W. C.
HiLLiARDSTON, p.v. Nash CO. N. C. 10 ms.
northestrd. Nash court house, and 54 n. n. »¦.
Raleigh.^

HIL

201

HIN

Hillsborough CO., N. H, bndd. n, by Grafton
CO., E. by Rockingham, b. by Mass., w, by
Cheshire co. Greatest length 52 ms,. greatest
Vidth from e. to w. 32 ms. ; containing 1,245
sq. ms., or 796,800 acres. Surface generaUy
uneven ; mtns., Kearsarge, Ragged, Lynden-
borough, Sunapee, Unconoonock, Crotcbed,
and Society Land. Well watered. The Mer
rimack, the Contocook, the Nashua, the Souhe
gan, and tbe Piscataquog, are the principal rs.
It has several mineral springs ; and possesses
many advantages for manufacturing establish
ments. Cf t. Amherst. Pop. , 1830, 35,761,
1830, 37,762.
Hillsborough, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H.
23 ms. from Amherst, 24 w. Concord, 70 from
Boston. Well watered by Contocook and HUls
borough rs. Land uneven. Pop. 1,792.
Hillsborough, t. Somerset co. N„ J., lies w.
ofthe Millstone, and s. ofthe Raritan, 15 ms. w.
New Brunswick. Pop. 2.878.
Hillsboro', p-v. on the U. S. road, Washing
ton CO. Pa. very nearly mid-distance between
Washington, Pa. and Brownsville, and 11 ms,
from each ; by p-r. 221 ras. w. w. W. C. This
village stands on ground elevated 1,750 ft. above
the Atlantic level. It extends in a single street
along the road.
Hillsboro', p-v. in the western part of Caro
line CO. Md. situated on Tuckahoe cr, about 13
ms. tt. N. E. Easton, and 46 i. e. Baltiraore.
Hillsboro', p-v. at the eastern foot of the
Blue Ridge, northem part Loudon co. Va. by
p-r. 51 ms. N. w. W. C.
Hillsboro', p-v. and st.jus. Orange co. N. C.
by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Lat. X° 04', long,
2° 7' w. W. C. It is situated on Eno r. one of
the higher branches of Neuse r.
Hillsboro', p.v. Jasper co. Geo. by p.r. 61
ms. N. w. MiUedgeviUe.
Hillsboro', p.v. Madison co. Ala.
Hillsboro', p.v. Franklin co., Ten. by p.r. 85
ms. s. s. E. NashviUe.
Hillsboro', v. of Davidson co. Ten. 11 ms.
w. Nash-ville.
Hillsboro', p.v. and st. jus. Highland co. 0.
by p.r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, and 441 ms,
w. W. C. It is situated on the head of the s
w. branch of Paint creek, in a fine healthy
country. Lat. 39° 12', long. 6° 35' w. Pop. 566.
Hillsboro', p.v. in the eastem part of Foun.
tain CO. Ind. 61 ras. n, w, by, w. Indianopolis,
and 20 ms. eastward Covington, the co, st,
Hillsboro', p.v. and st. jus, Montgomery co.
n, by p-r. 38 ras. n. w. by w. Vandalia, and 809
ms. w. W. C. Situated on Shoal creek branch
of Kaskaskias r. Lat. 39° 08', long. 12° 32' w
Hill's Bridge and p-o. Halifax co. N. C. by
p-r. 83 ras. n. e. Raleigh.
Hillsdale, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 16 ms.
E, Hudson. Surface broken. 15 schools, kept
9 raonths in 12, Pop. 2,446.
Hillsdale, one ofthe southem cos. of Mich.
bndd. by Williams co. 0. s,. Branch co. Mich.
w., Calhoun n. w,, Jackson n., and Lenawee e.
Length from s. to n. 32 ms., breadth 26, and
area 832 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 38' to 42° 06', long.
7° 21' to 7° 50' w, W. C. Hillsdale co. is in
an especial manner a table land. The sources
of St. Joseph's branch of Gsseat Maumee rise in.

and drain the southern and central part of the
CO. leaving it by a southern course. Along the
eastern raargin rises Bean or Tiffin's r, another
branch of Maumee, flowing also to the south
ward. The nortliwestern anjjle gives rise to
the extrerae sources of St. Joseph's r. of lake
Michigan, flowing to the n. w., and finally from
the northeastern angle issue to the eastward
the extreme sources of the river Raisin. To
the above it may again be added, that the ex.
treme sources of Grand r. of lake Michigan
rise on the southern border of Jackson co.,
and almost on the northern margin of Hillsdale.
It must therefore be obvious that the latter oc
cupies the central plateau of Michigan, from
which literally, the streams flow like radii from
a comraon centre. Cf. t. Sylvanus, Incorpo
rated since the census of 1830.
Hill's Grove, and p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 100
ras. northward Harrisburg.
Hill's Store, and p.o. Randolph co. N. C. 84
ms. wstrd. Raleigb.
Hilltown, p. tsp. Bucks co. Pa. about 22
ras. N. PbUa. Pop, 1,670.
HiLLViLLE, p.v. in the northwestem part of
Mercer co. Pa. 12 ms. tt. vr. the borough of
Mercer. Hinds, co. Misp. bndd. s. by Copiah, ». w. by
Claiborne, n. w. by Big Black r,, separating it
from Warren, n. by Madison, "and e. by Pearl
r., separating it from Rankin. Extending in
lat. from 32° 02' lo 33° 38', long. 13° 06' to 13°
50' w. W. C. It is in length ftom s. to N. 30,
with nearly the same mean width, area 900 sq.
ms. Hinds is composed of two inclined plains,
the western and most extensive, sloping to.
wards Misp. and drained by the Big Black riv
er, and Bayou Pierre ; the eastern plain declines
towards, and is drained into the Pearl r. Cf. t.
Jackson. Pop. 8,645.
HiNDSviLLE, p-v. in the southwestern part of
Jefferson co. Ind. 17 ras. wstrd. Madison, the
CO. St. and 82 ms. s. s, e. Indianopolis.
Hinesburg, p.t. Chittenden co. Vt. 12 ms, s.
E. Burlmgton, 26 w. Montpelier. Fine for
farming. Principal streams, Platt r. and Lewis
cr. Pop. 1,665.
Hingham, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 14 ms. s.
Boston. A handsorae and corapact village, at
the head of an arra of Mass. bay. Surfaca
broken and unpleasant. Has a respectable
academy. Is a place of considerable trade
and manufactures, and has some navigation.
In 1830, there were 44,8784 bbls. of mackerel
packed in this place. Population 3,387.
HiNKLETON, p-v. situatcd at the forks of Con-
estogo cr. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ras, n, e. Lan
caster. HiNKLEY, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part of
Medina co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r, 125 ras.
N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 399.
Hinsdale, p-t. s. w. corner of Cheshire co.
N. H., E. Conn. r. 75 ms. from Concord, 96
from Boston, 86 from Hartford, Conn, and 86
from Albany. WeU watered. Crossed by the
Ashuelot, besides which, it has several other
streams. It contains iron ore, and some other
minerals and fossils. These are fotmd in West
River mtn. which, some years since, suffered a
slight volcanic eruption. Timber, pitch and

HOL

202

HOL

white pine, white and yellow oak, chesnut and
walnut. Here is a- bridge across the Conn r.
Pop, 937.
Hinsdale, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 10 ms. e.
Pittsfield, 135 w. Boston. Situated on the
highlands, near the heads of the Housatonic and
Westfield rs, A farming town. Pop. 780.
Hinsdale, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 16 ms.
B. E. EUicottsville. Timber, pine, beech, and
maple. Pop. 919.
Hiram, p-t. Oxford CO. Me., on the Saco, 34
ms, s. w. Paris. Pop. 1,036.
Hira-m, p-v. and tsp. in the nthrn, part of Pijr-
fa-ge CO. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 141 ras. n. e.
Columbus. Pop. tsp. 517.
Hix's Ferry, and p.o. Lawrence co. Ark., by
p-r. 1,014 ras. from W. C, and 151 n. estwrd.
Little Rock.
Hoboken, village, Bergen co. N. J., beauti
fully situated on the Hudson r., opposite N, Y.
city, with which there is a constant comrauni
¬cation by a steara boat ferry, every 20 minutes ;
a place of great resort for the citizens of N, Y.
in warm weather.
HocKMAN, P-0. Green Briar co. Va., by p-r,
275 ms, is. w. by w. W. C.
HoDGENSviLLE, p-v. Hardlrts CO. Ky., by p-r,
83 ms, s. wstrd. Frankfort.
Hoffsville, p-o. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. 236
ms. w. W. C.
Hog, isl, onthe coast of Northampton co. Va,
HoGESTOwN, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa., 9 ms.
from Harrisburg.
Hogg's Store, and p-o. in the nthrn. part of
Newberry dist, S, C. 63 ms, n. w. Colurabia.
Hog Mountain, p-o. nthrn. part of Clark co.-
Geo., by p-r, 84 ras. n, n, w. MiUedgeviUe.
HoKESviLLE, p-o. Liucoln CO. N.C, byp-r,
178 ms. s. w, Raleigh.
Holden, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 51 ras. w.
Boston. Situated on an elevated ground. The
main branch of the Blackstone r. heads in this
town. Well watered and supplied with mill
seats. Pop, 1,719.
Holden's, p-o. Lycoraing co fa.
Holderness, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 40 ms. n.
Concord, 65 from Portsmouth. Soil hard.
Timber, oak, pine, beech, and raaple. Well
watered, and supplied with mill seats by the
¦Peraigewasset and various other strearas. Pop.
1,430. Holland, t. Orleans co. Vt. 56 ras. n, e, Mont.
pelier, 61 n, Newburg, Settlement coraraenced
since 1800. Watered by several branches of
Clyde r. Land handsorae and excellent. Pop.
433. ¦Holland, p.t. Hampden co. Mass,, 30 ms. e.
Springfield, 75 s, w. Boston. Crossed by the
Quinnabaug. Pop. 453.
Holland, p-t. Erie co. N. Y^ 34 ms.s. e. Buf.
falo. Watered by Cazeno^na and Seneca ers.
Land moderately uneven, an easy and rather a
moist Toara, tirabered with maple, beech, linden,
hemlock, &.C. Pop. 1,071.
Hollano, p.v, Venango-ico. Pa., byp.r. '302
ms. N. w. W. C.
HollidaTsburg, p.v. in the wstm. partof Hun.
tingdon co. Pa., 3 ms. s. w. Frankstown, 40 ms.
N. of Bedford and byp.r, ill a little N. of w.
Harrisburg.

Holliday's Cove, p.o, Brooke co. Va., on the
p.r. about 35 ms. w. Pittsburg, and by p.r. 369
N. w, W. C.
HoLLiNGswoRTH Farm, and p-o. Habersham
CO. Geo. by p-r. 137 ms. n. MiUedgeviUe.
Hollis, p.t. Hillsborough co, N, H. 8 ms. s.
Araherst, 36 s. Concord, 43 n, w. Boston. Wa
tered s. E. by Nashua r,, s, w. by Misitissit r.
Soil various. A pleasant village near the cen.
tre. Pop. 1,792.
Hollis, p.t. York co. Me,, on the Saco r., 42
ms. N. York. Pop. 3,373.
Hollistow, p-t. Middlesex co.M-ass., 35 ms.
s. w. Boston. Soil good and well cultivated.
Water privileges valuable. It has several ex.
tensive factories, and is a very flourishing town.
The shoe manufacturing business is recently
carried on extensively in the place. Pop, 1,304.
HoLLOWAY's p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C, by p-r.
89 ras. wstrd. Columbia.
Holly Grove, p.o. Monroe co. Geo., by p-r.
32 ras. wstrd. MiUedgeviUe.
Holly Iron Works, and p-o. Cumberland co.
Pa., byp-r. 31 ms. w. Harrisburg.
Holmes, co. of Ohio, bndd. e. by Tuscarawas,
s. by Coshocton, s. w. by Knox, ft. vr. by Rich
land, and N. by Wayne. Length from e. to w.
30, breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 40°
27'' to 40° 40', long. 4° 42' to 5° 13' w. W. C.
This CO. is traversed from n. to s, by Kilbuck
branch of White Woman's r, and the wstrn.
border by Mohiccon r., slope sthwrd. Cf t.
Millersburgh. Holmes co. was formed since
the census of 1820, from the sthrn. part of
Wayne, and nthrn; of Coshocton. Pop. 9,133.
Holmesburgh, vil. Philadelphia co. Pa,, onthe
Pennipack and main stage road, 94 ms. n. e.
Phil. There are several manufactories here on
the Pennipack.
Holmesburgh, p.o. Phila. co. Pa,, 10 ms. n.e.
frora the city of Phila.
Holmes' Hole, p.v. Duke's co. Mass., on
Martha's Vuieyard, 9 ras, from Falraouth, 9i
s. e. Boston. Has a safe and spacious harbor,
where wind bound vessels often wait for a pro.
pitious gale to waft them safely by the Cape Cod

Holme's Mill, and p.o. Loudon co-. Va., by
p.r. 46 ms. westerly W. C.
Holme's Valley, p.v. on Hdme's'cr. inthe n.
wstrn. part of Washington co. Florida, 108 ma.
a little N, of E. Pensacola, and 71 w, Tallahasse.
The tract of country called Holme's valley is
described in Williams' Florida, under the head
of Jackson, but in his map it is included in
Washington CO. Itis thus delineated. "Holme's
Valley commences near the Choctawhatche r.
and extends eastwardly 10 or 19 ms. parallel
with Holraes' cr., from which it is separated by
a sand ridge, .one or two ms. wide. It contains
from 8 to 10 sections of good land, sunk nearly
100 feet below the surface of the surrounding
country. The soU is a dark sandy loam, covered
with white, black, and yellow oak, white ash.
Mack gum, wild cherry, red bay, magnolia,
&e." It is already extensively settled along a
stream supplied by springs from the adjacent
hilfe. Hoi.'MEsviLLE, formerly called Appling, c. h.
p.v.-«nd st.jus, Appling CO, Geo, byp.r. 145 ms.

HOO

303

HOP

b. e. MiUedgeviUe, and 787 ms. southwestward
W. C. N. lat. 31° 43', long, 5° 33' w.
HoLiMEsviLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Pike co, Misp.
56 ms, s. E. by e. Natchez, and 1,138 s, west.
wardW. C, It is situated on the mainstream
ef Bogue Chitto r. n. lat, 31° 12'.
Holt's Store, and p-o. Orange co. N. C. 68
ms. N. w. Raleigh.
Homer, p.t. Cortland co. N. Y. the st. jus. of
the CO. iJ6 ms, s, Onondaga, 15 N. e, Ithaca,
and 138 w. Albany. It is situated on the
Tioughnioga, which, with its numerous branch.
es, supply an abundance of mill seats. The
land is good. It contains two considerable and
flourishing Villages, Homer and Cortland, in
each of which is an academy. There are 32
school dists. in which schools are kept 7 raonths
in 12, Pop. 3,307.
Homochitto, r. of the state of Misp. has its
raost reraote source in Copiah co, frora which
it flows southwestward into and over Franklin,
draining by its confluents nearly the whole sur
face of the latter co. Leaving Franklin it as
sumes a w. s. w. course separatuag Adams
frora Wilkinson co. and falls into the Misp. after
a comparative course of 75 ras. The Horao
chitto has interlocking sources with those of
Araite, Bogue Chitto, and Pearl r., and with
those of Bayou Pierre.
Hone Factory, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C,
64 ms, westward Raleigh.
Honeoye, lake, Richmond, Ontario co. N. Y.
about 5 ras, long n, and s,, and 1 mile wide. It
discharges, at the n, end Honeoye creek, whicb
receives also the outlets of Caneadea and
Hemlock lakes, and falls into the Genesee at
Avon. Honesdale, flourishing p-v. Wayne co. Pa. at
the junction of Dyberry cr. with Lackawaxen
river, 24 ms. above the junction of the latter
withthe Delaware r. at an elevation above the
Atlantic tides, of 816 ft. The situation is de
lightful, and here, as at many other places, ca
nals and roads have produced almost instantly a
town with all the attributes of business ;
wealth, and population possessing intelligence
and independence. Honesdale stands at the
point of connexion between the Lackawaxen
canal and rail road, by the latter 174 "^s- estrd,
Carbondale, and 130 n, Phila, Lat. 41° 35', long.
1° 44^E. W. C. Pop. 1830, 433, now perhaps,
1000. Honey cr. and p-o, Vigo co. Ind. 7 ms. s,
Terre Haute, the co. st.
Honey Brook, p-t. tsp. Chester co. Pa. on
the heads of Brandywine cr. about 40 ms.
wstrd. Phila.
Honey Hill, and p.o. Monroe co. Ala. by
p-r. 152 ms. s. "Tuscaloosa.
HoNEYViLLE, p-V. Shenandoah co. Va, by p-r.
115 ms. w.W. C.
HooKERSTowN, p-V. Greene co. N. C. by p-r.
S5 ms. N, E, Raleigh.
HooKESTOWN, p-V. Beavcr CO, Pa. byp-r. 358
ms. from W. C.
HooKSETT, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., on the
Merrimack, 9 ms. s. Concord, 12 from Hopkin
ton, and 54 from Boston. H ere are those beau.
tiful falls, known by the name of Isle of Hook.
eett faUs ; the r. descends 16 ft. in the course

of 30 rods ; here too is a bridge across the
Merrimack. Pop, 880.
HooKSTOWN, V. of Baltimore co. Md,, on the
Reisterstown road, 6 ms, n, w, Baltimore,
HoosAC cr. or Little Hoosac, waters the fine
farming valley in the e. of Rensselaer co. and
unites with Hoosac r, at Petersburg, being about
12 ms, in length.
Hoosac r. rises in the tt. vr. corner of Mass,,
and after coursing 45 ras,, faUs into the Hudson
at Schaghticoke point,
Hoosack ratn. Williarastown, Mass,, one of
the loftiest suraraits of the Green mtns, '
Hoosack, Hosick, or Hoosick, p-t, Rensselaer
CO. N. Y,, 30 ras, N, Troy, 36 frora Albany, and
8 w, Bennington ; crossed nearly centrally by
Hoosac r, ; land broken ; it has water privile.
ges in abundance, supplied by Hoosac falls j
Bennington battle was fought here, and in Ben
nington and White Creek, Aug, 16, 1777 ;
contains liraestone, brick clay, and slate ; here
are several nitrogen springs. Pop, 3,584.
Hop Bottom, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa.
Hope, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 35 ms. «. e. Wis
casset. Pop. 1,541.
Hope, t, s. e, corner Hamilton co. N. Y., 25
ms. N. N, E, Johnstown ; land very broken.
Pop. 719.
Hope, v. Warren co. N. J. 16 ras, s. Newton,
10 N. E. Belvidere.
Hope, p-v, Pickens co. Ala., by p-r. 43 ms.
wstrd, 'Tuscaloosa.
Hopewell, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 5 ras. E.
Canandaigua village ; excellent land. Pop.
2,198. Hopewell, t. Cumberland co. N. J. budd. n.
and E. by Cohansey cr,, and s. w. by Greenwich.
Pop. 1,953.
Hopewell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., on Del.
r., 11 ras. N. Trenton, 14 w. Princeton. Pop.
3,151. Hopewell, p-t. tsp. Bedford co. Pa., in the N.
E, part of the co., on Rayton branch of Juniata,
by p-r, 110 ras, w. Harrisburg,
Hopewell, p-v. Mecklenburg co, N. C, by
p-r. 173 ms. s. w. Raleigh.
Hopewell, p-v. York dist. S. C, by p-r. 64
ms. tt. Colurabia.
Hopewell, p.v. Rock Castle co, Ky., by p.r.
83 ms. s, a. e. Frankfort.
Hopewell, p.v. Muskingum co. O., by p.r.
54 ras, estrd. Colurabus,
Hopewell, Cotton Works, p.o, Chester co.
Pa. Hopkins, co. of Ky,, bndd, E. by Pond r. sep.
arating it frora' Mecklenburg ; s, e, by Chris.
tian ; s. w. by Trade water, separating it from
Caldwell ; w. by Livingston ; n. w. by Union
and Henderson ; and n. by Green r. separating
it from Daviess. Length 35, mean width 20,
area 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. frora 37°
04' to 37° 34', and long. 10° 18' to 10° 52' w.
W. C. The nrthestrn. and large section ofthis
CO. slopes towards, and is drained into Green r.,
whilst the sthwstrn. declines towards, and gives
source to several creeks, flowing into Trade
water, Cft. MadisonvUle. Pop. 1830, 5,322 ;
in 1830, 6,763.
Hopkinsville, p.v. st jus. Christian co, Ky.,
81 ms. n. w. Nashville in Ten. 33 w. Russell.

HOR

204

HOU

ville, and by p-r. 212 ms, s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Lat. 36° 52', long. 10° 35' w. W. C.
HopKi-s'sviLLE, p.o. Warren co. 0., by p.r. 88
ms. s. w. by vr. W. C.
HopKiNio.N', p.t, Merrimack co. N. H., 28 ms,
N. Amherst, 7 w. Concord, 46 n, e, Keene, 30
B. E. Newport, 50 w, Portsmouth, and 65 n. n.
w. Boston. Crossed in s. w. part by Contocook
r. Pop, 2,474,
Hopkinton, p-t, Middlesex co, Mass., 32 ms.
s.w. Boston. The main branch of Concord r.
rises in this town, also branches of Charles and
Blackstone rs. ; land, large swells, well water
ed, good for grazing and orcharding ; it con.
tains two large raanufacturing establishments,
with a capital of $100,000 each. Pop. 1,809.
Hopkinton, p.t. Washington co. R. I., 30 ms.
s. w. Providence. There is a seventh day Bap.
tist society in this place. Pop. 1,777,
Hopkinton, p.t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y,, 40
ms. E. Ogdensburg, 33 w. s. w. Malone ; heav.
ily timbered with maple, beech, elm, bass, but.
ternut, &c. Pop. 837.
Hopper's Tan Yard, and p-o, in the n, e, part
Christian co. Ky., by p-r. 202 ms. s. w, by w.
Frankfort. Horll Gatt, Hurl Gate, Hell Gate, a strait in
East r. N. Y., 8 ras, from N, Y, city, between
the islands of Manhattan and Parsell on the n.
w., and L. I. on the s. E. Here are numerous
little whirlpools ; but vessels raay nevertheless
pass with the greatest safety, if well piloted.
The proper narae of this strait is Horll Gatt, a
Dutch terra signifying a whirlpool; but it is
sometiraes corruptly written and pronounced
HeU Gate,
Horn isl,, a long, low, and almost naked
bank of sand in the gulf of Mexico, opposite the
mouth of Pascagoula r. It is one of that chain
of islands, which merely merge above high wa
ter, and range frora the mouth of Mobile bay in
a westerly direction, to the raouth of Pearl r.
and are in few places half a mile wide.
Hohnbeok's, p-o. Pike co.Pa,, by p-r. 242 ms,
H. n. e. W. C.
Hornellsville, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y,, 20
ms. w. Bath, 260 from Albany ; watered by tbe
Canisteo, a boatable stream ; good land. Pop.
1,365. HoRNTOwN, p-V, Accomac co, Va., situated
on the road from Drummondtown to Snow Hill,
26 ms. tt. N. E. from the former, and 16 a little
w. ofN. frora the latter place, and by p-r. 188
¦ms. s. E. W. C.
Horry, extrerae estrn. dist. of S. C, bndd. o.
by Georgetown ; w. and n. w. by Little Pedee
r., separating it from Marion ; k. e. by Colum.
bus CO. N. C. ; and s. e. by the Atlantic.
Length 50, mean width 20, area 1,000 sq. ms.
Extendmg in lat. frora 33° 34' to 34° 17', and
long. 0° 44' to 1° 25' w. W. C. The declivity
ofthis dist. is almost due s., and though having
30 ms. of ocean border, none uf its streams flow
in that direction ; Waccamaw r. on .the contrary
entering from N. C, flows almost parallel to
the opposing ocean coast, at frora 8 to 15 ms.
distance. The whole dist. is, with little ex.
ception, a plain; in a great part sandy and
marshy. Staples, cotton and rice. Cf t. Con.
wayeboro. Pop. 1820, 5,025, 1830, 5,248.

Horseham, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa.i
38 ms. N. PhU. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1,081, 1830,
1,086. Horse Head, tavern and p-o. Prince George's
CO., 35 ms. by p-r. sthestrdly. W. C.
Horse Race, in the Highlands, 15 ms. below
West Point, a zig zag course in the Hudson, be
tween Anthony's Nose and Dunderberg.
Horse Shoe Bottom, p-v, Russell co. Ky,, by
p-r, 153 ras, s, Frankfort.
Horse Shoe Bridge, and p-o. Colleton dist.
S. C, by p-r, 105 ms. s. Colurabia.
Horse Well, tavern, cross roads and p-o.
Barren co. Ky,, 9 ras. n. Glasgow, andby p.r.
10b ms. a. s. w. Frankfort,
HosKiNSviLLE, p.o. Morgau co. 0., by p.r. 94
ms, a little s, of E, Columbus.
Hotel cr,, in Riga, N. Y, runs into Black cr.
Hot Springs, p-v. Bath co. Va., situated be.
tween the Cow Pasture, and the eastern branch
of Jackson's r., 40 ras, s. w, by w. Stanton, by
p.r, 231 s, w. by w, W, C, and 183 n. w. by w.
Richraond. Hot Springs, co, Ark., as laid down by Tan.
ner, lies in forra of a parallelograra, 66 ms. from
E. to w., breadth 30 ms,, 1,980 sq, ms. ; bndd, by
Crawford n. w,. Pope n., Conway n. e,, Pulaski
E,, Clark s,, and Miller w, n. lat, 34°, andlong.
W. C. 16° 30' w. intersect near its sthestrn.
angle. This co. occupies a part of the corapar
atively elevated table land between the vallies
of Arkansas and Red rs. ; the greater part,
however, is in the latter physical section and
slopes to the sthrd. Tbe Masserne chain of
mtns. traverse the, nrthwstm. angle from vyhich
issue many of the higher sources of Ouachitta
r. The CO. derives its narae from a remarkably
warm and abundant fountain, which in tempera.
ture exceeds that of human hlood. About 30
years past these " springs" as tbey are called,
though only one is really deserving of the title,
began to be resorted to, and their reputation of
the water has increased frora use. It has been
found very beneficial especially in chronic com.
plaints. The dryness and great elevation of
the country render it a most desirable retreat
from the buming and. humid summer heats
along the great rivers adjacent. By Taimer's
U. S. map it is 47 ms. a little s. of w. from Little
Rock to the p-v. at the springs, which is also
tbe St. jus. N..lat. 34° 32', long. W. C. 15°%8' w.
HouNSFiELD, t. Jefferson co. N. Y., lying on
the E. side of Chaumont bay, of lake Ontario
surface gently uneven ; soil principally clay or
loam ; contains fine mill seats. In this town is
Sackett's Harbor, the settlement of which was
not commenced till 1801, but which came into
general notice, and made a conspicuous figure
during the last war between Great Britain and
the U. States. It has a most excellent harbor,
containing a depth of water sufficient for the '
largest ships of war ; on Navy Point, there is
now the " largest ship of war on the stocks that
ever was built." Here is laid up the U. S.
squadron employed on lake Ontario duringthe
last war, under Commodore Chauncey; and
here Gen. Bro wn gathered his first laurels, by a
brilliant and successful defence of the place
against the British forces from Kingston. Pop.
3,415.

HUD

205

HUL

Houston, co. Geo., bndd, by Dooley s. ; by
Flint r,, separating it from Marion w, ; by
Crawford n. w. ; Tehocunno r,, separating it
from Bibb n, e. ; and the Ocmulgee r., sepa.
rating.it from Twiggs and Pulaski e. Extend
ing in lat. from 6° 32* to 7° 13' w, W. C. This
CO. is in length along Dooley from Flint to Oc
mulgee r. Pop. 7,369.
Hous'roN's, store and p.o. Rowan co, N. C,
by p.r, 136 ms. westrd. Raleigh,
Houston's store and p-o, Morgan co, -\la., by
p-r. 114 ms. N. Tuscaloosa.
HoDSTONviLLE, p-v. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r.
172 ms. w. Raleigh.
Howard-, p.t. Steuben co, N, Y, 10 ms, w,
Bath, 254 w. s, w, Albany, Rough and broken ;
"9 scbools. kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 2,464.
Howard, p-t. tsp, on Beach cr,, northern an
gle of Centre co. Pa. about 15 ms. «. Belle
fonte, and by p-r, 94 n, w, Harrisburg.
Howard, co-. Mo. bndd. ts: vr, by Chariton, n,
¦E. by Randolph, e, by Boone, s, by Missouri r.,
separating it from Cooper, and by the Mo. r.,
¦separating it from Saline. Length 34 ms.,
mean breadth 30, and area 480 sq. ras. Lat.
-38° 55' to 39° 17', long, 15° 21' to 15° '50' w.
W. C. Slope sthrd, towards that part of Mis
souri r. which separates it from Cooper. Cf. t.
Fayette. Pop. 10;854.
Howard's Race, p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. by
p-r. 60 ms. s. e. W. C.
Howell, isl. Monmouth co. N. J. bndd. e, by
the sea, s. by Dover, w. by Freehold, n. by
Shrewsbury, Pop. 4,141,
Howell, p-o. Logan co. O. by p-r. 73 ms, n,
w. Columbus.
Howellville, p-v, Frederick co. Va. by p-r.
74 ms. N. w. by w, W. C.
HoYLEsviLLE, p-0. Llncolu CO. N. C. by p-r.
200 ms. s. w, by w, Raleigh.
HoYsviLLE, p-v. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 53 ms.
w.W.C.
HoTsviLLE, p-y. Loudon co. Va. 43 ras. tt. vr.
W.C.
Hubbard, p.v. and tsp. TrurabuU co. O, By
p-t, the p-o, is 285 ms, n, w, W, C, and 174
N. E. Colurabus. Pop. tsp. 1,085.
Hubbardstown, p-t. n. w. part of Rutland co,
Vt. 50 ms. s. vr. Montpelier, and 50 n. Benning
ton. Surface uneven ; well watered ; well
timbered with hard wood. Contains good mffl
seats. 9 school dists. A part of general St.
Clair's army was here defeated on their retreat
frora "nconderoga, July, 1777. Hubbardton r.
which rises in Sudbury, passes through this-^
town, and falls into E. bay in W. Haven. Its
length is about 20 ras. Pop. 865,
Hubbardston, p-t. Worcester co. Massi 60*
ms. w. Boston, 20 n. e. Worcester. Agreeably
diversified with hills and valleys. Pop. 1;674.
Hudson or North, r. of New York, is one of
tte finest naYigable rivers of America, and is
remarkable for its strait southerly course, from
Sandy Hill tO' its mouth, a distance rising of 300
miles. The entire length of this stream, from
its sources to the city of N. Y. is 312 ms. ; and
the tide flows 166 ms. of this distance, orto
Troy, to which plaoe it is navigable for sloops.
It rises in the higb, mountainous region w. lake
Champlain, in Essex and Montgomery cos., and'27

in its course has three large expansions. Tap-
pan bay, Haverstraw bay, and another between
Fishkill and Ne-w Windsor, The Mohawk is
its principal tributary. It flows for the most
part through a hilly and mountainous country,
exhibiting much beautilul scenery, particularly
the Highlands, the passage through which is'
charming and sublime. Several important towns
lie upon its banks; of which the most consideri
able are Albany, 'Troy, Hudson, Poughkeepsie,
Newburg, and New York, at which place itf
unites with the waters of the bay. It is navi
gable to Hudson, 120 ras., for the largest ships ;
and as it is the great channel of communication
between the city of New York and the north
and west, an iramense business is done upon its
waters. The Erie and Champlain canals con
nect the Hudson with lakes Erie and Champlain ;
and the Hudson & Delaware, and Morris canals,
witb Delaware river. Beside numerous steam-
boats, great numbers of sloops and other craft
navigate this river, 15, 20, or even 30 of which
are often counted in a distance of 2' or 3
miles, Hudson, p t, HUlsborough cc, N, H,, (former.
ly Nottingham west) is 17 ms, s. e. Amherst,
39 s, w, Portsmouth, 55 », w, Boston, e, Merri.
mack r. ;. n. Mass., has good land, with rich
meadows on the r,, and a broken surface w.
The tiraber is oak, pine, &c. Little Massabe.
sick pond contains 200 acres, and Otternick
pond 80. Settled 1710. Pop, 183 i, 1,263,
Hudson, city, p.t,, port of entry, and st, jus.
Colurabia co. N. Y. E-. side Hudson r„ whichis
navigable to this place for ships of the largest
size, 120 ras, n, N, Y,, 29 s. Albany. Claverack
cr., which forras the e, boundary, aflbrds excel
lent sites for water works, and Factory cr..
which forms tbe boundary towards Kinderhook,
has likewise mill privileges. It contains lime.
stone, brick clay, lead, nitre, alum, &c; Ita
manufactures and coraraerce are considerable-.
The city is. supplied" with water brought in an
aqueduct from a spring 3 ms. distant. It is
pretty well feid out, the streets' generally cros
sing each other at right angles and is very
pleasantly situated, is a place of considerable
business, which is increasing ; the whale fishery
has recently been undertaken here. Pop.
5,393. Hudson, p-v, in the n. w. part of Caswell co.
N. C. by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. Raleigh.
HuDso.N, p-v. and tsp. Portage co. O. The
p-o^is by p-r. 124 ms. n. e, Columbus, and 333
N. w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 775.
Hudson's p-o. Culpepper co. Va,
HuDSONViLLE, p-V. Graysou co. Ky, by "p-r.
H3 ms. o. w. Frankfort.
HuFFERsviLLE, p-o. Greene co. O. by p-r. 59
ms. S. w. by w. Columbus,
Hughe's p-o. Allen co. Ky. by p-r. 165 ms. o.
s. w. Frankfort,
HuGHEs-viLLE, p-V, Chester dist. S. C. by p-r.
53 ms. N. Columbia.
HuGHESVTLLE, p-o. Loudon CO. Va. 4 ras. from
Leesburg, the co. st, and by p-r, 36 ras. n. w.
W.C.
HULINGSBURG, p-v. OH Piney cr, northeastern
part of Armstrong co.Pa. 28 ras, a litfle e. als.
Kittanning, and 70 n. n, e, Pittsburg,

HUN

206

HUN

Huling's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by
p-r, 18 ms. northward Harrisburg.
Hull, t. Plymouth co. Mass. s, side Boston
harbor, on a peninsula 8 ms. long, and frora 40
rods to half a mile in width, connected with
Hingham by a mill dam, 9 ms. e. Boston, 36 n.
Plymouth. Pop. 198.
Hull's Store and p-o. Pendleton co. Va. by
p-r. 206 ras. wstrd. W. C.
Hulmesville, p-v. on the left bank of Nesha
miny cr. 4 ms. tt. vr. Bristol, and £0 tt. n, e, Phil,
Hulmesville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa.
Hume, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ras. N. w.
Angelica, crossed s. e. by Genesee r. Has
bog iron ore. Pop, 951.
Hu.«MELSTowN, p-V. OH the left bank of Swa
tara cr. Dauphin co. Pa. 10 ms. e, Harrisburg,
and 94 n, w. by vr. Phil. It is for its size a
wealthy village, extending, in good substantial
houses, .principally in one street along the main
road, frora Reading to Harrisburg,
Humphrey's cr. and p.o. in the northwestern
angle of McCracken co. Ky. The creek faUs
into the Ohio r. about 12 ms. above the junction
of that stream with the Misp. The p.o. is by
p-r. 30 ms. n. w. by w. Wilmington, the co, st.
and 309 ms. s. w. by w. 4 vr. W. C.
Humphrey's Mills and p.o. Monroe co. Ten.
by p.r, 145 ms. s. E.by E. Nashville.
Humphrey's Villa, p.o, Holraes co. O. by
p-r, 66 ras, n. e. Colurabus.
Humphreysville, p-v. Derby, Conn. 10 ms. n,
w. New Haven, 15 n, e. Bridgeport. It is a
manufacturing village of some extent, and
promises much more than it already is, being
finely situated on the Naugatuck r. At this
place merino sheep were first introduced into
the U. S. by general Humphreys, in 1801. It
is surrounded by lofty hills, covered with
wood, and is considered by visiting strangers
as one of the most beautiful and romantic pia.
ces in the country.
Humphreysville, p-v. Chester co. Pa.
Humphries, co. of Ten. bndd. s. by Perry, w.
by Carroll, n, w. by Henry, n. by Stewart, and
E. by Dickson, Length 30, mean -width 24, and
area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 36°, long, 11° w. W.
C„ intersect about 5 ms. s. of the centre of
this CO, Ten. r. enters the southern border,
and about 3 miles within it receives Duck r. ;
thence traversuig the co. in a northern direction,
divides it into two unequal inclined plains, the
most extensive boing on the e. towards Dickson
eo. Cf t, Reynoldsburgh. Pop. 1820, 4,067 ;
1830, 6,189.
Hunter, p-t. Greene co. N. Y,, w, Kaats-
berg, or CatskUl mtns. 22 ms. w. CatskiU, 58
from Albany. It erabraces the highest points
of the Catskill ratns. The Kaaterskill faUs, of
about 300 ft. are in this town. Here is one of
the most extensive tanneries in the U. S. Pop
1,960. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on Delaware r. bndd. n.
w, by Warren, n. e. and e. by Morris, Somer.
set and Middlesex, s. E. by Burlington, st. jus.
Flemington. Trenton is the st. of government
of the state, and st. jus, of the co, where there
are several manufactories on the Assanpink.
The remainder of the co. is principally agricul.
tural. Pop. 1820, 28,604 ; 1830, 31,066.

Hunter's Hall and p-o. Franklin co. Va. by
p.r. 194 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond.
Huntersville, p-v. and st. jus. Pocahontas
CO. Va. by p.r. 319 ms, s, w. by w. W. C. and
186 N. vr. by w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 13', long.
3°. 1' w. W. C. It is situated on one of the
bigher branches of Green Briar r. between
Green Briar and Alleghany mtns. at an eleva
tion above the Atlantic of upwards of 1,800 feet.
Huntersville, p.v. Lincoln co. N. C, by p-r.
185 ins. s. w, by w. Raleigh.
Huntersville, p-v. Tippecanoe co. Ind, 6
ms, estrd, Fayette, and by p.r. 64 ms. tt. w.
Indianopolis. Huntingdon, co. Pa. bndd, s, w. by Bedford,
N, w, by Alleghany mtns., separating it from
Cambria, n, by Centre, N. E, by MifHin, and s. e.
by Tuscarora mm., separating it from Franklin.
Length, diagonally frora s. e. to n. w. 58 ms.
mean breadth 32, and area 1,276 sq. ms. Ex.
tending in lat. from 40° 03' to 40° 46', and in
long, from 0° 44' to 1° 35' w. W. C. This co.
is composed of lateral chains of mms., ranging
from s. w. to n e, with very fertile intervening
vallies ; and it may be remarked that the de
clivity of its surface is estrd., and the central
part south estrd., as evinced by the course of
the rs. The whole co. is erabraced in the
valley of Juniata, and traversed along the
channel of that stream, by the Pa. canal. The
raean elevation of the arable surface of Hunt
ingdon must exceed 800 ft. At Frankstown in
the westem part of the co. the surface of the
canal is 910 ft. above tide water in Del. r.
This CO. abounds in iron ore of very superior
quality. Cf t, Huntingdon. Pop. 1820, 20,143,
in 1830, 37,145.
Huntingdon, p-v., borough, and st. jus.
Huntingdon co.Pa. 50 ms.N. n. e. Bedford, 60
in a direct line, though by p-r. 93 ras. n. w. by
w. Harrisburg, Lat. 40° 31', and long. 1° 2'
w. W. C. It is situated on the left bank of
Frankstown branch of the Juniata, about 2 ms.
above the junction of the latter, with the Rays
town or Main stream of Juniata. In 1820, this
borough contained 841 inhabitants, but being
situated on the Pa, canal, its pop. must rapidly
increase. Not being given inthe census tables
(1830) separate frora the tsp. in which it is sit
uated, the exact population caimot be given ;
but supposed 1,200.
Huntingdon, tsp. and p-v. on Huntingdon
creek, in the extrerae western angle of Lu
zerne CO. Pa. about 20 ms. n. w. by w. Wilkes
barre, and by p.r. 105 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg.
Huntingdon, p.v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Ten.
by p.r. 109 ms. w. Nashville. It is situated on
the s. Fork of Obion r. Lat. 36° 02', long. 11°
28' w. W. C.
Huntington, t., s. e, part of Chittenden co, Vt.
20 ms. w. Montpelier, 15 s. e. Burlington.
Principal stream, Huntington r., which affords
sorae good mill seats. Surface very uneven,
consisting of high mtos. and deep gulUes. Here
is that celebrated peak ofthe Green mtns., called
Camel's Rump. Soil in general gravelly and
poor. 8 school dists. Huntingdon r. which
rises in Lincoln, runs through this town, and
joins Onion r. at Richmond, after a course of
about 30 ms. Pop. 923.

HUR

307

HUR

Huntington, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., w. Ousa.
tonic r. Surface uneven. Soil fertile. 18 scbool
dists. 17 ms. w. New Haven, Pop. 1,371.
Huntington, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y, on Long
Isl, 40 ms. E, N. Y. bndd n, by Long Isl, sound.
Has an academy and 34 school dists. together
with a variety of raanufactories. Thisis a place
of resort for strangers in suramer, for the pur.
pose of fishing and fowling. Pop. 5,583.
Huntington, p.v. Laurens dist. S. C. by p-r.
64 ms. K. w. Columbia.
Huntington, p-v. Calvert co. Md. on the
road from Prince Frederick to Annapolis, 3 ms.
N. the latter, and by p-r. 57 ras, s. the former,
and 94 s. e. W. C.
Huntington, p-v. and tsp. Lorain co. O. By
p-r, the p-o, is lufi ms. n, n. e, Columbus, Pop,
¦ofthe tsp, 169,
Hu.-jtington, new co, Ind, bounded by Grant
s, w,, Wabash co, w., and on tbe other sides,
boundaries uncertain. Length from s, to n. 24
ins., breadth 15, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat.
40° 50', long. W. C. 8° 30' w. The general
slope of tins CO. is wstrd., though the Salamanic
and Wabash proper traverse it in a n, w. di
rection, but the latter receives near the centre
of the CO,, Little r. from AUen co,, flowing
from the .v, w,, aud some smaller confluents
frora the u. Below the junction of Wabash
and Little r,, the united strearas fall over rapida,
at the foot of which the r, becomes navigable.
The centre of this co. is about 90 ms. n. n. e.
Indianopolis. Pop. uncertain.
Huntseurgh, p-o. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 173
ms. N. E. Columbus.
Hunt's Mills, (now Clinton,) v. Hunterdon
CO. N. J.
Huntsville, p-t. near s, w. angle of Otsego
CO. N. Y. 25 ras. s. w. Cooperstown, erabracing
both sides of the Susquehannah r., whence rafts
of tiraber descend to Baltimore. Pop. 1,149.
Huntsville, p-v. Luzeme co. Pa. by p-r. 135
ms. N. E. Harrisburg.
Huntsville, p-v. and st. jus. Surry co. N. C.
situated on the right side of Yadkin r. in the s.
E, part of the co. by p-r. 151 ras, tt. vr. by w.
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 09', long. 3° 33' w. W. C.
Huntsville, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C. 9 ms.
s. E. LawrenceviUe, and by p.r. 81 ms. tt. vr.
Columbia. Huntsville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ala.
101 ms. alraost due s. Nashville in Ten.
146 ras. by the comraon road, but on the p-o.
list stated at 165 n. n. k. Tuscaloosa, tt. lat.
34° 44', long. 9° 35' w. W. C. This place has
been called the capital of northern Ala. and is a
very flourishing village ; by the census of 1820,
the population stood, whites, 833 ; colored, 483 ;
total, 1,316. The pop, of 1830 not given ui the
census, Huntsville, p-v. Butler co, 0,, by p-r. 93 ms.
s. wstrd. Columbus.
HuntsvillS, p.v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Mo.
by p.r. 1,043 ms. wstrd. W. C, and 330 n. w. by
w, St. Louis.
Hurley, t. Ulster co. N. Y,, 3 ms. w. King
ston, 68 s. Albany, 100 n. N. Y. There ia an
inexhaustible quarry of variegated marble in
this town, composed of petrified shells of a blu
ish and reddish cast. Pop. 1,408.

Huron, one ofthe five greatlakes, which with
many smaller ones, form the inland fresh water
sea of Nortb America, usually called the sea of
Canada. Huron in its utmost extent has been,
until the publication in"1829, of Tanner's map of
the U, S,, very inaccurately delineated. Thia
extensive sheet of water is there laid down, ac.
cording to its real natural divisions, into three
parts, lake Huron Proper, lake Iriquois, and
Manitou bay. Huron proper lies in form of a
crescent, the middle curve of which stretches
260 ms. frora the Michilimakinak straits to the
head of St. Clair r. With the exception of the
Saginau, and sorae otherlesser bays, the outline
approaches very nearly to a real crescent. Great.
est breadth, independent of the bays, about 70
ms. Superficial extent about 20,000 sq. ms.
On the s. w. it is limited by the peninsula be.
tween lake Huron and Michigan ; on the n. w.
it has the peninsula between Huron and Superi.
or ; and on the s, e, the peninsula of Upper Ca.
nada. From the latter protrudes northwardly a
smaller peninsula, called Cabot's Head, which
is followed as part of the same cbain by a series
of isis. inflecting to the n. w. towards St. Mary's
strait. These isis, retaining their Indian narae,
" Manitou (Great Spirit) isis," forra with Ca.
hot's Head so nearly a continuous land barrier
as to divide lake Huron into two, and by the
nthm, protrusion of Great Manitou isl. into three
bodies of water. To the tt. estrd. of Huron
Proper, and e, of Cabot's Head, spreads a sheet
of water called lake /rojaojs. This latter lake
is in forra of an ellipse : 140 ms. the longer, by
70 the shorter axis. AUowing for the angles,
the area is about 7,000 sq. ms. Separated from
Huron Proper by Drummond's, and the Lesser
and Greater Manitou isis., and frora lake Iro.
quois by the Great Manitou, stretches another
sheet of water, called Manitou bay. ' This is
in length from e. to w. 80 ms. with a raean
breadth of 20, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Taken
in all its extent with the islands between the
sections, lake Huron fills a physical area of
28,600 sq, ms. having a rude approach to a tri.
angle of 240 ms, base. The main lake is ejt.
cessively deep, but similar to raost part of all
tbe other Canadian lakes ; the shores arc gene
rally shallow, though sorae fine harbors exist.
Lake Huron is the coramon recipient of lake
Superior, lake Michigan, lake Nippissing, lake
Siracoe, and numerous small rs. It is in fact
the lower depression of a basin, in form of an
equilateral triangle of 300 ms. each side, or
about 37,500 sq. ms. That part of the water
of the H uron basin not abstracted by evaporation
is poured to the sthrd. by the river or strait of
St. Clair. The surface of the water at its raean
height is about 600 feet above the Atlantic level.
The boundary between the U. S. and Canada
passes along the main Huron about 325 ms.,
and thence hetween Drumraond's and Littlo
Manitou islands, and over the wstm. end of
Manitou lake 25 ms., or along 250 ms. from the
influx of the nthm. branch of St. Mary's r. into
lake Manitou to outlet of St. Clair's r. from
lake Huron. As a commercial link, in the chain
of inland na'vigation, Huron is of iraraense im.
portance. In its natural state, the raain lake
opens a spacious channel into both Superior

HUR

208

HUR

and Michigan lakes. Being united to lake Sim.
coe by Matchadash r., a natural channel i-s thus
extended from the extreme s. estrn. angle of
lake Iroquois, by the Matchadash r., Simcoe
lake, and the Trent r. and lakes, into the ex
trerae N. estrn. angle of lake Ontario, with only
a few intervening portages. This latter route
has long attracted attention as one adraitting,
with raoderate comparative expense in improve
raent, an abridgement of one half in distance
from the bead of St. Lawrence r. to the head of
lake Huron. -By the route of Ontario, Erie,
Huron, and connocting rs., the distance is 800
ms, ; whilst by the Siracoe, and lake Iroquois
route it is only 400 ras. The actual execution
of the Rideau canal is a practical illustration of
what may be expected, in regard to the future
artificial and direct -unioa -of Ontario and Huron
lakes. HuRo.N, a name given- to several rs,,. -one in
the nthrn. part of the state of Ohio, rising in
Richland co, but flowing fflthrds, into lake Erie ;
it drains the greatest part of, and gives name to,
Huron CO. Entire coraparative coorse 40 ms.
Another Huron r., of much greater length of
course, and draining a greatly larger valley, falls
into tbe extreme n, Wstrn, angle of lake Erie, at
the outlet of Detroit r, Tbis second Huron has
interlocking sources with those of St. Joseph's,
Kalamazoo, and Grand rs. of lake Michigan,
with those of Saginau r,, and with a third Huron
flowi-ng into -lake St, Clair ; and again to the
sthrd. witb those ofthe r. Raisin, With a com
parative course of -65 ras,, Huron, oras it might
be called, middle Huron, rises in Oakland, Ing.
ham, and Jackson cos., but drains nearly all
Washtenaw and part of Wayne cos. The third
or nthrn, Huron, has interloclsing sources witb
those of Raisin, middle Huron, and Saginau rs.
It is one of those rivers the ibreadth of which
exceeds the length of course ; as across tbe
stream it is 40 ms, but from head to mouth only
about 33 ras. It drains a great part of Oakland
-and Macorab cos. Such a repetition ofthe same
name applied to the same specieS'of object is a
serious inconvenience, which i-s in the present
instance enhanced by two rivers of the same
name fajfing into lake Erie, depriving us of the
reraedy of distinguishing thera by their recipi-
«nts. Huron, ^cOhio, bndd. e, by .Lorain eo,, s,
:by Highland, s, w. by Crawford, w. by Seneca
and 'San-dusky, and n. by lake Erie. Greatest
length from -s, to n, along the wstrn. border 48
ms,, the mean length is about 40 ms., breadth
38 ms,, and area 1,130 sq. ms. Lat. 40° to 40°i
¦88', long. 5° 18' to 5° 48' w, W. C. VermiUion
r. of Erie flows northwardly along its estm. bor
der. Sandusky r. after a nthrn. course- over
Marion, Crawford, Seneca and ^Sandusl^ cos,,
inflects to the e,, widens into a bay, the lower
part of which traverses Huron eo„ -and separates
Sandusky point from the other parts of the co,
Huron r, howe^¦er, from which the county takes
its name, drains the much greater part.of its sur
face. The whole area is an inclined plain fall
ing- by gentle slopeanthwrd. towards lake Erie.'^
The soil is generally fertile.. Cf t. Sandusky,
though Norwalk is the st. jue. iPop, 1 820, 6,675,
1830, 13,341,

Huron, p-v. and tsp. at themouth of Huron t.,
Huron co. 0. The p-v. is hy p-r. 125 ms. a 1%.
tie E. of N. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 480.
Huron, territory of the Lf. S. This article is
introduced to admit a general view of that re
gion ofthe U. S. extending wstri.'of lake Mich.
to the Misp. r, A bill has been several tiraes
before Congress, to obtain a law for the forma.
tionofaterritory of the U. S, w. of that of Mich,,
and in choosing and imposing a general name,
Huron and Ouisconsin have been alternately in»
trodueed; the latter will most probably be pre
ferred. According to information communi.
cated to the author of this article by Austin E.
Wing, Esq. delegated from Michigan, that ter..
ritory when erected into a state, will, it is pro
bable, follow the raiddle of lake Mich,, frora
the N, wstrn, part of Ind. to some distance w. of
Michilimakinak strait, or about the 8th degree
of long, w, W. C, and thence due n, to lake
Superior. If this demarcation is adopted, an
immense territory will be left between it and
the Misp, r. araounting to something above
100,000 sq, ms. In regard to the recipients of
its rivers, it is composed of three natural sec
tions ; which may be designated the Misp.,
Michigan and lake Superior slopes. The de
clination of the Misp, slope of Huron, is to the
s, w, very nearly at right angles to the general
course of that part of the Misp, r. from tbe in.
flux of the Riviere au Corbeauv (-Crow river,) to
the great bend, opposite the n, wstrn, angle of
the state of Illinois, Down this plain, of 400
ras. length and 140 raean breadth in descent,
fall, besides many rivers of lesser size, the Ou.
isconsin. La Croix, Black, Chippeway, St. Croix,
Rum, Savannah and Meadow rs. Of these tri
butaries of the Misp., the !a.Tg«et in velume and
most iraportant as a coramercial chainnel is the
Ouisconsin. The hreadth of the plain, down
which these streams flow, restricts that of rhe
wstrn. shore of Mich. It is rather remariiable
that along the w. shore of tbe Michigan from
Green bay sthwrd.no r. enters the lake, having
a coraparative length of 60 ms, {See Rock r.
and Fox r. of Illinois.) To the nthwrd, of the
tvvo preceding slopes extends a third, that of
lake Superior, stretching about 500 ras, along
the sthrn. side of tliat lake. The latter plain is
comparatively narrow, not having a mean
breadth above 60 ras. Tbe rivers are nurae.
rous, but brief in tbeir length of coraparative
course. The whole surface is araongst tho
least inviting of the sections of the Huron re.
gion. The estm. section is a long narrow pen.
insula enclosed between lake guperior, lake
Huron, Green bay, and the nthrn. part of laktf
Michigan. In tbe interior it is wet and raarshy,
a character of coimtry which applies in- gootl'
measure to much of Huron. Along the line ot
separation of the streams flowing into the basin
of the Misp. from those discharged into thr
Canadian sea, the sraaller lakes and swamps
are numerous. The whole region is, it is true,
not very minutely known ; but as far as ex
plored, if taken as a whole, does not appear so
well adapted to agricultural settlement as the-
valley of 0. or the lower part of that of the
Misp. proper. Flat, and of course in winter
:and spring, wet, prairies or savannahs are

IBE

309

ILL

common. Over Huron there are two routes,
along which nature bas afforded a facility of
w ter intercommunication. The lower and yet
most frequented is that by Fox and Ouisconsin
rs. from lake Mich, to the Misp. i. The di
rection of this route is s. w. by w., and the re
verse, about 400 ras, without calculating rainute
bends frora the straits -of Michiliraakinak to the
mouth of Ouisconsin, There is only a short
portage between the Ouisconsin and Fox rs, to
interrupt the passage of boats along tbe entire
distance ; and so nearly is the actual water line
coraplete, and so level the portage, that sraall
craft ate navigated at seasons of high water
from one river to tbe-other. The second route
passes through lake Superior in its greatest
length, to reach St. Louis r. By the channel of
the latter and Savannah branch of the Misp. that
great stream is reached above n, 'lat. 47°, and
at no very great distance below its source.
Independent of partial bends the distance of the
two points of contact with the Misp. exceeds
500 ras. That region from which originates
the Misp., Rain Laker., Red -r., branch of Assi
niboin, and tbe St, Louis r, of lake Superior, is
an immense elevated plain, from which the
water flows slowly or stands stagnant, owing to
the very near approach of the whole surface to
the curve of the sphere. To tbe sarae physi.
cal construction arises the many interlocking
water courses, which in fact connect the conflu.
ents of Hudson's bay, with those of the -XJulf of
Mexico. {See Assiniboin, Lake of the Woods,
Rainy Laker. &c.) The section intended to be
included under the name of Huron was bv the
census of 1830, given under the head of Mich.
igan ; 'the cos, were. Brown, along both banks
of Fox r. and around Green bay ; loway, e. of
the Misp. r., and between the ntbrn. boundary
of II. and Ouisconsin t. ; and Crawford co. ex.
tending nthwrd. and above the Ouisconsin, and
estrd. of the Misp. r. By the census of ]830,
tbe population of Brown, inoludhig the officers,

privates, and other persons attached to Forts
Winnebago and Howard, 1,-356;; Crawford, in.
eluding Prairie du Chien, and mUitary station at
fort Crawford, 692; loway, 1,587; total, 3,635-.
The settleraents are very scattered and much
detached, and extends from s. w. to n. e. 258
ms., with a mean breadth of about 100 ms. ; with
an area of at least 35,000 sq. ms,, or nearly 7
sq. ras. to 1 white person.
Hurricane, p-v. in the southeast part of
Montgoraery co. II, by p-r, 13 ras, n, w. Van
dalia. Hurricane Shoals, p-o, Jackson county,
Georgia, by p-r, 91 ras. n. n. w, MilledgevUle,
Hurts Cross Roads, Maury co. Ten,, p-o. by
p-r. 55 ras. s, s. w. Nashville.
HuTTONSViLLE, p-0. Randolph co. Va, by p-r.
216 ras, w. W. C.
HuTTSviLLE, p-0. Wcstraoreland co. Va. by
p.r. s. W. C.
Hyannis, p.v. and parish on the n. shore of
Cape Cod, s. e. part of Barnstable and Yar
mouth. Hyattstown, p-v, on the wstm, border of
Montgomery co. Md. 33 ms. n, w. W. C, and
11 s, s, E, Frederick, It is a small village of a
single street along the raain road.
Hyde Park, p-t. s. w, part, of Orleans co, Vt.
24 ras. n. Montpelier, 33 n, e, Burlington. Wa.
tered by the Lamoille, Green r.. Little North
Branch, and Town Hill brook ; which furnish
nuraerous raill privileges. Soil generally good.
Pop. 823,
Hyde Park, p-t, Dutchess co, N, Y, on tbe
Hudson, 7 ras, i\, Poughkeepsie. -Excellent
land, highly cultivated, and very wealthy. The
village of Hyde Park is beautifuUy situated on
a handsorae plain, surrounded by highly culti
vated farras. Pop. 2,554.
Hyde Park, p-v. Halifax co, N, C, by p-r, 82
ms. N, E, Raleigh.
Hydraulic Mills, and ;p-o, Albemarle co,
Va. 86 ms. s. w. W. C,

Tber.Ville, upper mouth of the Misp. on the
lelt. The outlet of IberviUe only receives wa
ter from the main r. at high flood, and even
when suppUed with water is from obstructions
of trees, of no navigable consequence until its
junction with the Amite. The outlet of Iber
ville is at the bottom of a large bend ofthe Misp.
14 ms. below .Baton Rouge. After its efflux
this streara is augraented by some swamp
drains, but with little addition of breadth or
depth for 20 ms. to where it ineeta with and is
lost in the Amite. {See Amite r.)
Iberville, parish of La, bndd, by Atcha.
falaya r. s. w., the Bayou Plaquemine and Misp.
I. separating it frora W. Baton Rouge on the n,
w,, by E, Baton Rouge n., Araite r. s.- e., and
the parish of Ascension e, and s. e. Length
35, raean width 10, an 1 area 350 sq., ms., ex
tending in lat. frcra 30° 03' to 30° 18', and in
long, frora 13° 50' to 14° 24' w. W, C, The
surface very nearly an undeviating pfein, simi
lar to other parts of tbe Delta, the margin of
the strunms only sufficiently elevated for Culti

vation. What soil admits of agriculture, &,o.
is exuberantly productive. Staple, cotton. Cf
t, St, Gabriel. Pop. 1820, 4,414, 1830, 7,049.
Icksburgh, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 42 ras. by p-r,
Harrisburg. Ignatius Point, Chippeway co. Mich. This
is the extreme sthm, projection of that penin
sula between lakes Michigan, Superior and
Huron, and which is nearly comraensurate with
Chippeway co. Point Ignace as naraed by the
French, projects sthrd. towards the island of
Michiliraackinak, contributing to narrow the
strait between lakes Michigan and Huron.
Illinois, .r. of the U. S, and great sthestrn.
confluent of the Misp. proper. Prom its rela
tive position tbe Illinois is a r. of great impor.
¦.tance as a connecting link in .the chain of inter.
nal navigable water*. The extrerae nrthm.
source of Illinois is that of Eox r. of Illinois.
This stream according to Tanner's late im.
proved map, rises in Huron territory as far N. as
lat. 43° 25', between the sources of Rock r. and
those of Manawakee, and flowing thence s, s.

ILL

210

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w. 160 ms. comparative course unites with the
lUinois in Lasalle co. II, If length of course is
considered as the deciding criterion. Fox r. ie
the main stream above their junction, though
the name of II. commences with the union of
the Plane and Kankakee rivers. Plane r. though
more generally known ia a far inferior stream
to the Kankakee. The Plane is, however, frora
its position an important branch. Rising wstrd.
and near the shore of lake Mich, and flowing
s. nearly parallel to and about iO msi of that
lake, it has becorae at seasons of high water, a
navigable stream 12 ras, from Chicago, Thence
inflecting to the s, w, 40 ras, it joins the Kanka.
kee to form Illinois, Kankakee r, is composed
of two branches, Kankakee proper and Picki-
mink ra. The former has its extrerae source
in St. Joseph's co. Ind. and by a genetal course
of s. w. by w. about 100 ms. receives the Picki.
mink from the sthestrd. The latter also has
its source in Ind. from whence curving to the
sthrd. but by a general wstrn. course joins the
Kankakee. The two rivcrs are nearly of simi.
lar volume and length. Below their union the
water bends to n. n. w. 15 ms. to where it rain.
gles with that of Plane r. Both the Kankakee
and Pickiraink, have channels curving in a very
remarkable manner with the outline of the
southern part of lake Michigan. Below the un.
ion of Plane and Kankakee, the Illinois flows
about 60 ms, very nearly w, receiving the Fox
river, from the n,, and 'VermiUion frora the s,
and falling over rapids, inflects abruptly to the
s. s. w. The upper part of the Illinois valley
eiicircles the southern part of lake Michigan,
about 200 ras. A canal has been proposed to
follow the Illinois and Plane, and thence over
the intermediate space to Chicago on lake
Mich. Nature seems to have done a great share
of the necessary labor, to effect this improve.
ment. The canal distance frora tbe rapids to
lake Michigan will be 100 ms. The rapids of
Illinois are a mere shelf, uniting two plains of
no considerable difference of elevation. Lake
Michigan is elevated about 600 feet above tide
water in the Atlantic ocean, and the higher part
ofthe Illinois valley has but little more relative
height. The surface of the country presents no
considerable difference of elevation ; it is in
great part a plain, and much of it naked of tim.
ber. Below the great bend, the Illinois with a
considerable western curve pursues a general
s, s. w. course 200 ms. to its junction vvith the
Mississippi. If raeasured by the channel of
Fox river, the entire comparative length of Illi.
nois, ia very near 400 ras. Below the great
bend it is augraented by Spoon river from the
west, and by the much larger volurae of San.
gamon, and also from both sides by numerous
creeks, or small rivers. The greatest breadth
of the Illinois valley is 120 ms. from the eastern
sources of Sangamon to the western of Spoon
river, but the northern or rather northeastern
part, branching into two long narrow arras, the
mean breadth does not exceed 60 ms. The
area about 24,000 square ms. Physically this
fine valley has lake Michigan n. e., Rock river
N. w., Mississippi w. and s. w., Kaskaskias
river s. e., and the higher branches of Wabash
river, n. e. Below the rapids, the character of

the river itself approaches to that of a tortuous
canal, in many parts widening into swells that
appear similar to lakes. Politically a small
section drained by the higher part of Rock riv.
er, is in Huronj area about 700 square ms.
Both branches of Kankakee rise in Indiana,
draining about two thousand three hundred
square miles leaving twenty one thousand
square miles in Illinois. No circumstance
could exhibit the immense extent of the vast
basin of the Mississippi more forcibly than to
corapare it with the valley of Illinois. The lat.
ter exceeding the fourth part of an area equal
to the Rhine, does not araount to the fortieth
part of the basin of which it forras a section.
{See the tributary rivers. Fox, Kankakee, San
gamon, Spoon, Sec. under their respective
heads.) Illinois, one of tho U.S. bndd. bythe Misp.
r, w. and s. w,, by Huron territory n,, lake Mi
chigan N, E,, Indiana e,, and Ohio r, separating
it from Kentucky s, E. and s. The outlines of
the state are as follows : coraraencing at the
junction of Ohio and Misp. rs. and thence up
the latter opposite the state of Missouri, to the
mouth of Lemoine river, by coraparative cours
es 340 miles ; continuing up the Mississippi to
lat. 42° 30', 200 ms. ; thence due e. to lake Mi
chigan along the s. boundary of Huron, 167 ms.;
along the s. w, part of lake Michigan 60 ms. ;
thence due s. along western boundary of Indi
ana to Wabash river 163 ms. ; down the Wa
bash, opposite Indiana to the Ohio river 120
ms. ; down the Obio river opposite Kentucky,
to the Mississippi river, and place of beginning
130 ms, ; having entire outline of 1,170 ms.
This state, next to Virginia and Missouri, is
the third in area amongst the United States ; it
extends in lat. from 37° to 42° 30', and in long.
from 10° 36' to 14° 30' w. W. C. The great.
est length is exactly on a line withthe extrerae
of its lat. or 382 ms. A similar feature is pre.
sented by the extremes of its long, where the
breadth is greatest, or 206 ms. Narrowing,
however, towards both extremes, and the actu.
al area being 53,480 square miles, the raean
width is is about 140 miles. Embracing a zone
of 54 degrees of lat. and with an area of 34,-
227,200 acres, this state presents, as far as
lat. is concerned, the most extended arable
surface of any state of the United States. As
a physical section it occupies the lower part of
that inclined plain of which lake Michigan and
both its shores are the higher sections, and
which is extended into and erabraces the rauch
greater part of Indiana. Down tbis plain in a
very nearly southwestern direction, flow the
Wabash and confluents ; the Kaskaskias, the
Illinois and confluents, and the Rock, and
Ouisconsin rivers. {See article Huron Terri
tory.) The lowest section of the plain is alao
the extreme southern angle of Illinois, at the
mouth of Ohio river, about 340 feet above tide
water in the gulf of Mexico. Though the state
of Illinois does contain some hilly sections, as
a whole, it may be regarded as a gently inch-
ning plain, in the direction of its rivers as al.
ready indicated. Without including minute
parts, the extreme arable elevation may be
safely stated at 800 feet above tide water, and

ILL

211

ILL

the mean height at 550. With all the uniforra.
ity of its surface and the moderate difference of
its relative level, there still exists a great dif
ference in the extremes of its cUmate. Com
pared with the temperature on Rock river
plains, that near the confluence of the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers may be called warra. ( ot
ton can be cultivated to the southward, and the
suraraers are often intense, bat a very severe
winter climate prevails over the whole state.
From actual observation the thernjometer of
Fahrenheit has fallen frequently below zero, at
New Harmony, opposite the southern part of
the state. We raay here observe, that in ma
king observations with the therraoraeter, they
are made too often alraost exclusively whilst
the sun is above the horizon, and therefore
give, not the mean of all the astronomical day,
but tbat of day light, and consequently the far
great number of places are represented as hav
ing a mean temperature altogether too high.
If compared with other parts of the United
Slates, {see that article,)'it will be found very
doubtful whether any part of Illinois has a mean
teraperature as high as 53° of the scale of Fah
renheit, and that the mean of the state falls as
low, if not lower than 50°.
Soil and Productions. Ofthe surface of Illi
nois, it is safe to state as rauch as 50,000 square
ms, arable. In respect to soil, it bears some re
semblance to Ohio and Indiana, but has less bro
ken, sterile, and rocky, or of flat and.wet land
than either ofthe latter, even when the respec
tive superficies of the three states are compar
ed. The worst feature of Illinois, is the vast
extent of its naked and level plains (prairies)
and the consequent scarcity of timber and foun
tain water. It raust not, however, be under.
stood, that the prairies are uniformly level
plains; some are roUmg and even hilly, and
abound in good fountains, but as a general char.
acter they are plains in tbe true meaning of the
term. In the article Louisiana the reader will
observe that the prairies present all the ex.
tremes from fertility to extreme barrenness.
The word is French and signifies meadows, and
not plains. They are, and with all their varie.
ty of surface and soil, the sarae as the steppes
of northern Asia- In IlUnois as in Louisiana,
many of the prairies present alluvial deposites,
which prove themto bave once been morasses,
perhaps lakes. Whatever may have been their
origin, the prairies constitute the most striking
feature of Illinois, tmd extend in the general
direction of its rivers from the Mississippi to
lake Michigan, and indeed stretch south of
lake Michigan over Indiana into the state of
Ohio, lessening, nevertheless advancing east.
ward. The wooded soil is generally produc.
tive, and from what has been already observed,
it must be obvious that the state in its vegetable
productions assimilates with the northern and
middle states, abounding in pasturage, and
where cultivated with advantage, with small
grain. Fruits common in the raiddle states
grow and flourish, but it has been observed,
that from the very great fertiUty of soil, they
are comparatively vapid in taste and flavor. An
abimdance of fossil coal is found here ; many
salt springs have been discovered, and some
manufactures of salt have been established;

the most extensive are in the vicinity of Shaw.
neetown. Sulphur, and Chalybeate springs
also tibound. "The lead mines of the state are
very extensive, and rich, and silver ore is sup.
posed to exist in sorae ofthe southern cos.
Commercial Facilities. In the articles lake
Michigan, and the rivers Illinois, Sangamon,
Kankakee, Fox, Kaskaakias, Rock, Mississip.
pi, and Wabash, the prodigious natural chan.
nels which bound, or traverse Illinois, will be
seen. {See Rail Roads and Canals, art. III.
and Mich. a. a.) Rich in a productive soil, and
every where open to navigable strearas, it is
not too much to say that ten miUions of inhabi.
tants will be far frora its ultimate population.
This fine natural section is subdivided into
the following counties , to wliich we add the
Pop. according to the census of 1830. Those
left blank are not named in the census tables.
Counties. Adams, 2,186 Macdonough &
Alexander, 1,390 .Schuyler,
Bond, 3,124 Madison,
Calhoun, 1,090 Marion,
Clarke, 3,940 Mercer,
Clay, 755 Monroe,
Clinton, 2,330 Montgomery,
Coolt, Morgan,
Crawford, 3,113 s-y.,,,,.-
Edgar, 4,071 =":''"yl«ri
Edwards, 1,649 Peoria,
Fayette, 2,704 Putnam,
Franklin, 4,081 Perry, 1,215
Fulton, Pike, 2,393
Henry, ( „,,„ Pope, 3,223
Knox, ( '^''^° Randolph, 4,436
Gallatin, 7,407 Rnck Island,
Green, 7,664 Saint Clair, 7,092
Hamilton, 2,620 Snnganion, 13,960
Hancock, 484 Shelby, 2,973
Jackson, 1,827 Tazewell, 4,716
Jasper, Union, 3,239
JetTerson, 2,555 Vermillion, 5,836
Joe Daviess, 2,111 'Wabash, 2,709
Johnson, 1,596 ¦Warren, 307
Lasalle, Washington, 1,674
Lawrence, 3,661 Wayne, 2,562
Macaupin, 1,989 White, 6,091
McLean,Macon, 1,122

Counties,
! 1,309
6,229 2,021 20
2,1192,950
12,709
included with
Macdonough 1,309

157,445

Total,
Of the foregoing were white persons. Males,
Under 5 years of age, 18,834
From 5 to 10, 12,753
" 10 to 35, 10,024
" 15 to 20, ¦ 7,770
" 20 to 30, 14,706
" 30 to 40, 8,825
" 40 to 50, 4,627
" 50 to 60, 2,853
" 60 to 70, 1,173
" 70 to 80, 384
" 80 to 90, 90
" 90 to 100, 6
" 100 and upwards, 4
Total, 82,048 73,013
Ofthe above, are deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 23 ;
14 to 25, 27 ; 25 andupwards, 16 ; blind, 35,
Colored population — free.

Males,

Females,

ITnder 10 years of age.

277

305

From 10 to 24,

251

223

" 24 to 36,-

136

125

" 36 to 55,

119

106

" 55 to 100,

40

50

" 100 and upwards.

1

2

Total, 824 813
Slaves— males, a47; females, 400; Colored persons,
deaf and dumb, 0 ; blind, 4,
Recapimlation,
Whites. Free colored. Slaves, Total,
153,061 1,637 747 157,445

ILL

212

IND

Progressive population has been truly rapid
in Illinois. During the decennial period be
tween 1820, and 1830, this advanced at the rate
of 185 per cent. {See dosing part of article
Indiana.) In 1810 the pop. amounted to
12,282 ; and in 1820, to 55,211.
Con-ititution, government, judiciary. The
constitution of Illinois was adopted at Kaskas
kias, 26th August, 1818. Art. 1. Sec. 1. The
powers of the governraent of the state of Illi
nois, shaU be divided into three distinct depart
ments, and each ofthem confided to a separate
body of magistracy, to wit : those which are
legislative, to one ; those which are executive
to another ; and those which- are judiciary to
another. Sec. 2. No person or collection of
persons, being one of those departments, shall
exercise any power properly belonging to either
of the others, except aa hereinafter expressly
directed or permitted. Art. 2, Sec. 1. Tbe
legislative authority of thia state shall be vest
ed in a general asserably, which shall consist of
a senate and house of representatives, both to
be elected by the people. Sec. 3, No person
shall be a representative who shall not have at
tained to the age of 21 years, who shall not be
a citizen of the United States, and an inhabit
ant ofthis state, who shall not have resided
within the limits of the county or district in
which he shall be chosen, twelve months next
preceding his election, unless absent on public
business, &c. Sec. 6. No person shall be a
senator who has not arrived at the age of 25
years, who shall not be a citizen of the United
States, and who shall not have resided one year
ih the county or district in which he shall be
chosen immediately preceding his election, &c.
Art. 3, Sec. \. The executive power ofthis
state shall be vested in a governor. Sec. 2;
The governor shall be chosen by the electors
of the membersof the general asserably, at the
same places, and in the sarae raanner that they
BhiU respectively vote for raembers thereof
Sfo. 3. "The governor shall hold his oflice for
fbur years, and until another governor shall be
elected and qualified ; buthe shall not be eligi.
ble for more than 4 years in any term of 8
years. Must be 30 years of age when elect
ed, a citizen of the United States, and 2 years
next preceding his election a resident of Illi
nois. Sec. 13. A Ueutenant governor shall be
ehosen at every election for governor, in the
same manner, continue in oflice for the same
time, and possess the sarae qualifications. Sec
14. 'The lieutenant governor is speaker of the
senate, &c. Art. 4. Sec. 1. The judicial
powerof this state shall be vested in one su.
prerae court, and such inferior courts as the
general asserably shall, from time to tirae or
dain, and establish. Sec. 4. Tbe justices of
the supreme court, and the judges ofthe infe.
rior courts, shallbe appointed by joint ballot of
both branches of the general assembly, and
commissioned by the governor ; tbeir offices
during good behaviour. Removable by ira.
peachment or by address of two thirds of each
branch of the general asserably. The govern.
or has power to grant reprieves and pardon
after conviction, except in cases of impeach.
ment, and has farther the usual powers and

duties 10 perform of governors of the other re.
spective states. From any disability, death,
ifcc. of the governor, the powers and duties of
the office devolve on the lieutenant governor.
By the general provisions of the constitution of
niinois, the right of suffrage is secured to the
white raale citizens above 21 years of age.
No person can be iraprisoned for debt unless
on refusal to deliver up his property, or on
strong suspicions of fraud. The right of trial
by jury ia to reraain inviolate. By article 6th,
section 1, neither slavery nor involuntary servi.
tude is to be introduced into the state. All
children born in the state, white or colored,
becorae free, the raales at 21, and the females at
18'. Liberty of the press, of public worship,
limited only by the public peace-. In December
1832, the debt of the state of Illinois araount
ed to $266,612. Araount of the- school fund
$108,842, The annual revenue of the stato
was estimated at $50,000, in 1831, and its or.
dinary expenses at 428,000 ; the balance is ap.
propriated generally to internal improvements.
History. The early settlements of the French
along the lUinois and Mississippi rivers, date
back to 1673, The distant and feeble estab.
lishments of that nation at any place within tbe
chartered limits of Illinois, never arose to the
dignity of colonies. At the close of the revo.
lutionary war, and by the treaty of 1783, the
country was clairaed under the charter of Vir.
ginia, and held by that state until ceded to the
United' States in- 1787. It was then raadea part
ofthe territory n. w, ofthe Ohio river. 'When
A'O now state of Ohio was made a separate
territory in 1800, Illinois and Indiana remained
united, and continued one territory, until 1809,
when they were- separated into two, Indiana
lying eastward, and in the direction of the
stream of emigration, preceded Illinois^ as a
state ; the former reached that dignity in 1815,
and the latter in 1818, as-may be seen by the
date of her constitution. Since that epoch the
history of the state merges in that of the Uni.
ted States.
Independence cr. N. Y, about 25 ms. in
length, runs from Herkimer co. across Lewis
CO, to the Black r. in Watson, midway between
Beaver and Moose rs.
Independence, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 18
ms. s. E. AngeUca. Watered by Crider's,
Dike's, and Baker's creeks, good sized mill
streams, whicb fall into tbe Genesee river. Tira.
bered with deciduous trees of the various kinds.
Land better for grass^than grain. Pop. 877.
Independence, t. Warren oo. N. J. on Mus
conetcunk r., and the Sussex line, bndd. n. w.
by Hardwick, s. w. by Mansfield and Oxford.
Pop. 2,126.
Independ-enoe, p-v. in tbe northeastem part
of Wasbington cow Pa. about 17 ras. n. w.
Washington, the co. st.
Independence, p.v Autauga co. Ala. by p.r.
85 ms. s. E-. Tuscaloosa.
Independence, p.v. and st. jus. Jackson co.
Mo. It is not located on either Tanner's map
or p.o. list, but from tbe position of the co, is
near the western boundary of the state, and on
or near the Mo, r. The post distance 177 ms.
wstrd. of Jefferson city,

IND

213

IND

India Ken, p.v. Ripley co. Ind, by p-r. 87 ras,
s. E. Indiauopolis.
Indian r. Coos co. N. H, one of the principal
and most northerly sources of Conn, r., rises in
the Highlands near the n, limits ofthe state, and
pursues a s. w. course to its junction, lyith the
«. branch, flowing from lake Conn. 30 miles
long. Indi-in r. N. Y, rises in Lewis co, winds
across Jefferson oo,, runs through St, Lawrence
CO. and joins the Oswegatchie, about 4 ms.
above its mouth in the St. Lawrence. A very
.crooked stream, and runs in its whole course
probably 100 ms.
Indian r. small stream af Sussex co, Del,
rises near, and to the sthrd, of Georgetown,
and flowing estrd. falls into Rehoboth bay, 10
ms. a little w, of s. Cape Henlopen.
Indian r. of Flor. is properly a sound, com
mencing at lat, 28° 40', and stretching within
cape Canaveral nearly pai'allel to the Atlantic
coast, with a long, narrow, intervening reef of
sand to n. lat. 27°. 35', where it opens to the
ocean by Indian r. inlet.
Indian River, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del,
on Indian r. Pop. 1820, 1,887,
Indiana co, of Pa, bndd, by Armstrong w, and
N, w., by Jefferson n., Clearfield x, u,,, Cambria,
E, and s, E,, and by Conemaugh r,, separating it
on the s, from Westmoreland, Length 35,
raean width 23, and area 800 sq, ms. Extend
ing in lat. from 40° 24' to 40° 56', and in long,
frora 1° 52' to 2° 30' w, W, Gi This co, lies w,
of the Laurel ridge, and its plane of descent is
also wstrd, drained by the brancbes of the
Coneraaugh r, and of Crooked and Mahoning
creeks. The descent of the declivity from the
eastern to the wstrn. border of this co. is very
rapid. By adraeasureraents made on the Pa,
canal, the level of Coneraaugh r, at the s. w,
angle of this co. is 1,154 feet, emd this point is
-the lowest part of tbe co., and of course the
whole arable surface rises above an equivalent
<o a teraperature of 3° of lat. Cf. t. Indiana.
¦Pop. 1820, 8,882, 1830, 14,252.
Indiana, p-v, and st. jus. Ind, co. Pa, 35 ras.
n. e. Greenburg, 48 n. e. by e. Pittsburg, and by
p-r, 180 ms, n, w, by w. Harrisburg, Lat, 40°
40', long. 2° 12' w. W. C.
Indiana, state of the U. S, bndd. E. by O., s.
by the O. r,, separating it from Ky,, w, by the
state of II., N. w. by lake Mich., and n. by the
ter. of Mich, Indiana extends along O. r. op
posite Ky. from the raou'.h of Great Miarai to
that of the Wabash 340 ras. Up the Wabash,
opposite the state of II. to a meridian line,
extending frora lat. 39° 23', 150 ms. Along
the above meridian line to southern part of
lake Mich. 160 ras. Adong lake Mich, accord
ing to Tanner, to lat. 41° 47' 40 ras. Due e,
along lat, 41° 47', ts the n, e. angle of the
state, 110 ms. Thence due s. to the raouth of
Great Miami, and place of beginning, 190 ms.
Having an entire outline of 990 ms. A diago
nal line dra'wn from the s. w. to the n. e. angle
of Ind. measures 325 ms,, but its greatest
length from s. to n. along its western border,
from the Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Green
r, to lake Mich', is 272 ms, Tbe mean length
is very near 260, and mean breadth 140, with

an area of 36,400 sq. ras. Measured careful
ly by the rhomb, the area comes out 36,670 sq.
ms,, and the mean between the two raethods is
so near 36,000 sq, ms. as to justify the adoption
of that superficial area. This state extends in
lat. from 37° 50' to 41° 47', and in long. w. W,
C. frora 7° 4«' to 11° 08'. Much of what has
been said respecting the physical features o'f
II. applies also to Ind. the two states being iiJ-
cluded in the sarae physical section. The
reader wUl find great share of the general
features of Ind. under the head of Wabash r,,
that stream and its confluents draining fully the
five sixths of the whole state. In features, soil
and climate, Indiana forms a coimecting link
between 0, and II, having the physiognomy of
both the contiguous states. Less raonotonous
in surface than II, , Ind. presents fewer bold and
prorainent raarks than does 0. Commencing:
on the Ohio i, we find a range of rough and
abruptly rising hills, stretching along tbat great
streara from the influx of Great Miami to near
that of the Wabash. '1 hese hills, so imposing
near the Ohio r. are in themselves a true geo
graphical deception. Passing along this river's
verge, no creek is found flowing frora them of
any considerable magnitude. Ascending these
heights they are discovered to be the mere
relative elevations forraed by the deep channel
of Ohio, and discharge their waters to the
northwstrd, into the sub-valley of White r, or
into the valley of Wabash, At the great bend
of Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Ky,! r,, tho
fountains of "White r, rise within 1 mile of tbo
channel of Ohio, Traversing this range of
hills the observer finds himself in the beautiful
valley of the Wabash, variegated by hill and
dale, and presenting one of the finest natural
sections of the earth. The surface of the
country softens advancing northwardly over
the numerous tributaries of White r,, and over
the main volume of Wabash, A real table
land is now reached, flat, level, and wet, giving
source to the Tippecanoe and Eel r, branches
of Wabash, to the Kankakee and Pickiraink
branches of II. r,, to the Elkhart, Pigeon and
other southern branchea of the St, Joseph's r, of
lake Mich,, and finally to the St, Joseph's
branch of Mauraee, From the preceding we
find that Northern Ind, is a table land, dis
charging rivers in four, andijearly opposite di
rections. The settlements cease with the Wa
bash part, and a zone extending over the eleva
ted plateau from Lenawee and Hillsdale cos, in
Mich, into II,, and indeed alraost to H, r. re
raains, in savage hands. The extrera'e northem
sectionof Ind. drained into lake Mich, hasbeen
reclairaed and laid out into the cos. of La
Grange, Elkhart, St, Joseph's and La Porte,
Properly speaking, the great western plain of
Indiana, commences on lake Erie, between the
raouths of Mauraee and Raisin rivers, and ex
tends to tbe junction of the Illinois with the
Mississippi river, discharging to the s. vr. the
various confluents of St, Joseph's river of lake
Michigan, and the Kankakee, Pickiraink, Ver
miUion, Mackinaw, Sangamon, and other tribu.
taries of Illinois r, ; and on the opposite side
giving source to the innumerable branches of
Wabash and Kaskaskias rivers. The length

IND

214

I.ND

of this plateau is frora the raouth of the Raisin,
to tbat of Illinois river 400 railes in a direction
of s. w. by w, and n. e. by E. General charac
ter prairie, as noticed in the description of the
state of Illinois. The surface and still more so
the sub-soil abound with marine and river
shells, with embedded trees, and othermemoria
of having been once inundated. ' Prairies are
not however confined to the northern section ;
they abound over the " White River country,"
as it is called, and present all the varieties of
dry, wet, level, rolling, and of great fertility
and barrennesa. They are generally however
productive and are frequently most luxuriantly
fertile. Soil and Productions. It would be mere
repetition to give a detail under this head, after
what has been said respecting lUinois, the two
states having such strong resemblance in both
characters, A like remark applies to climate,
with the exception tbat Indiana has less exten
sion nortb and south than Illinois, the former
having nevertheless" more variety of features,
has also a perceptibly severer winter over its
northern plains. Under the article Ohio, the
reader will find some remarks illustrative ofthe
climate of the Ohio valley generally.
Commercial FaciUties. Indiana already en.
joys a share of the benefits arising from the
canal connecting the Ohio and Miami river at
Cincinnati. A rail road has been projected
frora Indianopolis in a nearly northern direction
to lake.Michigan in La Porte co. The courses
of Mauraee and Wabash rivers, and the nature
of the intermediate country between their
sources, invite a canal of connection. The
Ohio river borders the southern part of the
state, and with the Wabash and confluents offers
immense natural commercial channels. {See
ihe various rivers under their respective heads,
M-d Wabash and Erie canal, in art. Rail
Roads and Canals, kc.)
Abstract, from the census of 1830, of the
population of the counties- and state of Indiana.

Counties.

Pop. Counties.

Pop.

Allen,

996 Lawrence,

9,934

Bartholemew,

5,478 Madison,

2,238

Boone,

621 Marion,

7,199

Carroll,

1,611 Martin,

2,010

Cass,

1,162 Miami,

Clark,

10,686 Monroe,

6,577

Clay,

1,616 Montgomery,

7,317

Clinton,

1,423 Morgan,

5,593

Crawford,

3,238 Orange,

7,901

Daviess,

4,543 Owen,

4,017

Dearborn,

13,974 Parke,

7,535

Delaware,

2,374 Perry,

3,369

Decatar,

5,887 Pike,

2,475

Dubois,

3,778 Posey,

6,349

Elkhart and ter.

„„- Putnam,
"¦'^ Randolph,

8,262

attached,

3,912

Fayette,

9,112 Ripley,

3,989

Floyd,

6.361 Rush,

9,707

Fountain,

7,619 Scott,

3,092

Franklin,

10,190 Shelby,

6,295

Gibson,

5,418 Spencer,

3,196

Greene,

4,242 St, Joseph and ter.

'Grant,

attached.

287

Hamilton,

1,757 Sullivan,

4,630

Hancock,

1,436- Switzerland,

7,028

Harrison,

10,273 Tippecanoe,

7,187

Henry,

6,497 Union,

7,944

Hendricks,

3,973 Vanderburgh,

2,611

Huntington, "

Vermillion,

5,692

Jackson,

4,870 Vigo,

5,766

Jetferson,

11,405 IVabash,

Jennings,

3,974 Warren, with ter.

Johnson,
4,019 attachedi
B,861
Counties.
Pop.
Counties,
Pon.
Knox,
6,595
Wiirrlck,
2,877
La Grange,
¦Washington,
13,064
La Piirte,
Wayne,
18,571
Ofthe
foregoing
were
white persons
Males,
Females.
ITnder 5 years of age.
39,789
37,505
From
5 to 10,
28,692
27,315
"
10 to 15,
99,873
21,072
"
15 to f>0.
17,653
18,087
"
20 to 30,
28,153
20,702
"
30 to 40,
17,904
15,703
"
40 to 50,
10,3!16
9,028
"
50 to 60,
6,004
4,808
"
60 to 70,
3,160
2,275
*'
70 to 80,
1,059
780
"
80 to 90,
240
212
"
90 to 100,
49
25
"
100 and upwards.
13
4
Total, 175,885 163,514
Of the above are deaf and dumb, under 14
years, 49 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and upwards 33 ;
blind 150.
Colored population^ — free.
Males,
Females.
Under 10 years of age.
617
i594
From 10 to 24,
544
573
" 24 to 36,
307
279
•' 36 to 55,
240
215
" 55 to 100,
1 38
107
" 100 and upwards,
11
4
Total, 1,857 1,772
There are three slaves only in Indiana, and
these are females. Colored persona who are
deaf and durab, under 14 years, 1 ; 14 to 25, 2 ;
blind 2.
Recapitulation —
Whites, Free Col'd, Slaves, Total.
339,399 3,629 3 343,031
The population ofthe state in 1800, araount.
ed to 4,875; in 1810 to 24,520; in 1820 to
147,178; and in 1830 (as above) to 343,031.
The progressive population of Indiana was 132
per cent, during the 10 ye'ars preceding the last
census. We bave seen that that of II. was still
more in excess, being 185 per cent, during the
same term. The two states taken together,
contain 89,880 square miles, equal to 57,523,.
200 statute acres. Their joint population
amounts to 500,476. Thus on a physical sec
tion of 89,880 square ms., in 1830, the popula.
tion araounted to a sraall fraction above 5^ to
the square mile. Forty tiraes sucb a distribu.
tive population would only a little exceed 20
millions, and fall even then far short of what
has already comparatively accuraulated on re.
gions greatly less productive in every neces.sa.
ry requisite to sustairi a dense population ; such
are the iramense voids to be filled in the cen.
tral United States.
Constitution, government, judiciary. The
constitution of Ind. was adopted on the IOth of
June, 1816, and contains the following essen.
tial provisions : Art. 1. Is a Bill of Rights con.
taining 24 sections. Art. 2. The powers of
the government of Indiana shall be divided into
three distinct departraents, and each ofthem be
confided to a separate body of magistracy, to
wit: those which are legislative to one; those
which are executive to another; and those
wliich are judiciary to another ; and no person,
or collection of persons, beihg of one of those
departments, shall exercise any power proper
IND

215

IOW

ly attached to either of the others, except in
the instances herein expressly permitted. Art.
3. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of tbis
state shall be vested in a general asserably,
which shall consist of a senate and house of
representatives, both to be elected by the peo.
pie. Sec. 3, The representatives shall be
chosen annually, by the qualified electors of
each county respectively, on the first Monday
in August, Sec. 4. No person shall be a rep-
resentative, unless he shall have attained the
age of 21 years, and shall be a citizen of the
United States, and an inhabitant of this state ;
and shall also have resided within the liraits of
the county in which he shall be chosen, one
year next preceding his election, &c. Sec. 5.
The senators shall bo chosen for three years,
on the first Monday in August, by the qualified
voters for representatives. Sec. 7. No per.
son shall be a senator, unless he shall have at.
tained the age of 25 years, and shall be a citi
zen of the U. S., resided two years in the state,
and the 1 st year in the county from which elec.
ted. Art. 4. Sec. \. The suprerae executive
power ofthis state shall be vested in a governor,
who shall be styled, the governor oi the state of
Indiana. Sec. 3. The governor shall hold his
•oflice during 3 years, or until a successor shall
be chosen and qualified. Sec. 5. He ia re.
quired to be 30 years of age, a citizen of the
United States 10 years, and have resided in the
state 5 years next preceding his election. He
has the usual power of governors of states. As
in Illinois a lieutenant is chosen witb the gov
ernor, and as in Illinois, the two officers have
the same legal relation to each other. Art. 5.
Sec. 1. The judiciary power ofthis state both
as to law and equity shall be vested in one su
prerae court, in circuit courts, and such other
inferior courts as the general assembly may,
from tirae to tirae, direct and establish. Art.
6. .Sec. 1. Every white raale citizen of the
United States, ofthe age of 21 years and up
wards, who bas resided in the state one year
iramediately preceding such election, shall be
entitled to vote in the county where he resides.
AU elections by ballot. Art. 11. Sec. "7. There
shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servi
tude in this state.
The other provisions of the constitution of
Indiana, have the ordinary features of those
charters in other states.
History. The town of Vincennes is the cra
dle of Indiana, and was founded by the French
about 1690. This reraote village remained of
little consequence, but was the scene of eome
interesting'events in the revolutionary war. It
was reached and taken by a British force, and
again reached and retaken by a small array un
der the authority of Virginia and commanded
by Col. Rogers Clarke. After the treaty of
Greiiville, 1795, settleraents along the Ohio,
Wabash and White rivers, began to extend.
What is now Indiana, was severed frora Ohio,
in 1801, and Illinois constituted a territory.
These two latter were separated in 1809, when
each became a separate territory. In 1815,
having attained the requisite population, India
na becarae a state, as raay be seen in the sketch
of its constitution. Since becoming an inde.

pendent meraber of the Union, its history is
merged in tbat ofthe United States.
Indianopolis, p.v. and St. jus. for Marion co.
and also St. of govemment for the state of In.
diana, is situated on the right or w. bank of
White r. by p.r, 573 ms, N. w, by w. i w. W.
C, 108 N. vr. Cincinnati, and by the common
road about 200 ms. n. e. by E. Vandalia, lat. 39°
47', long. 9° 10' w. W. C. According to Flint
it contains 200 houses and 1,200 inhabitants,
with the usual co. and state buildings. These
new capitals increase so rapidly as to annually
antiquate the description of the year before.
At high water White r. is navigable from Indi.
anopolis. This town is reraarkably near the
actual centre of the state, and stands in a coun
try presenting every advantage of soil, and sur.
face. Indian Springs, p.v. in the southern part of
Butts CO. Geo. by p.r. 55 ms. N. w. Milledge
vUle. Indian Stream, t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 301.
Indiantown, p.v. at the bead of North r.
Currituck co. N. C. about 45 ms. a little e. of s.
Norfolk Va. and by p.r. 231 ms. n. e, by e, Ra.
leigh. Induntown, p-v, on Cedar cr, WiUiamsburgh
dist, S, C. about 80 ras. direct, but by p-r. 127
ras. s, E. by e. Colurabia.
Indiantown, p.v. Graves co. Ky. by p.r, 262
ma, a. w. by w. Frankfort.
Industry, p-t, Somerset co. Me. 13 ms. w.
Norridgewock. Pop, 902. * - :-
Industry, p-v. Montgoraery co. O. westward
Colurabus. Ingham, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 152 ms.
nrthrd. Harrisburg.
Ingham, co. Mich., bounded by Jackson s,,
Eaton w,, Clinton n. w., Shiawassee n, k., and
Washtenaw s. e. It is a square of 24 ms. each
way, area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', long. W.
C. 7° 24' w. Slope N. w., and drained by the
two main and higherbranches of Grand r. The
central part 75 ras. n. w, by w, of Detroit. Pop.
uncertain. Ingraham's Mills, and p.o. Darlington dist.
S, Cby p.r. 83 ras. estrd. Columbia.
Ingram's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C.
by p-r. 84 ms. wstrd. Raleigh.
Intercourse, p v. Lancaster co. Pa. 12 ms.
E. Lancaster, by the coramon road 48 ms. but
by p-r. 54 s. E. by e. Harrisburg.
Ionia, co. of Mich., bounded by Kent w.,
Barry s. w., Eaton s, e,, Clinton e,, and Mont.
calra N. Similar to Clinton and Kent cos., it is
a square of 24 ms. each way, .area 576 sq, ms.
Lat. 43°, and long. W. C. 8° w., intersect in
this CO. about 110 ras. N. w. by w. of Detroit.
The slope is westward, and in that direction it
is traversed by Gjand r,, the principal constit.
uents of which unite near its eastern border.
Chief t. Genereau, It is recently formed, and
does not appear on the p.o, Ust, or census ta.
bles, Iowa, co. of Mich, or more correctly of Hu.
ron, bndd. s. by Joe Daviess co. of II. the Misp.
r. w., Ouisconsin n , and with indefinite limiis
E. Lying between lat. 42° 36' and 43° 10',
long. W. C. 12° to 14° 10'. These Umita"are
given from Tanner's improved map. From th»

IRE

216

ISL

same authority it appears, that a range of high
ground separates the lower valley of Ouisoon.
sin from the sources of numerous streiims,
which flowing southward into the Misp. or
Rock r., traversing Iowa co. fall into their re.
cipients in Joe Daviess co. II. Limiting this
CO. by a raeridian line running s. frortf Fort
Winnebago, it would have been a length of
about 100 ras. with a breadth of 40, or 4,000 sq.
ms. Cf t. Cassville. Pop. 1,576. The prin.
cipal seat of the Indian war, in 1832, was in the
eastern part of this co, on Peektano r",. Sugar
cr,, and Goosewehawn r, (.See Ouisconsin and
Rock rs.)
lowAY, the name of two rs.-, called relatively
Upper loway and Lower loway. Upper loway
rises about lat. 44°, long, W. C. 174 vi., inter.
locking sources with those of Des Moines r.,
Siud with those of Blue Earth branch of St. Pe.
ter's r.,' and flowing thence to the eastward 160
raa,, falls into the right side of Misp. r., at lat,
43° 30', and about 40 ras. above Prairie du
Chien, at the mouth of Ouisconsin r. , Lower
loway rises about lat. 43°, long. W. C. 16° w,,
interlocking sources with those of the Nortb
Fork of Des Moines r„ and flowing thence s,
E, by coraparative courses 160 ms., falls into
the right side of Misp. r,, about 30 ras, below
Rock Island rapids, and nearly opposite the a,
w,. angle of Mercer co, II. The Des Moines,
and Lower loway rs., flow nearly parallel, and
about 40 ras, asunder,
Ipswich, tbe Agawara. of the Indians, p-t. port
of entry, and one of the shire towns of Essex
CO, Mass, 27 ms, n, e, Boston, There is a
large and compact village on both sides of
Ipswich r, about 2 ms. from its mouth, which
are united by an excellent stone bridge. Site
uneven. Land in most parts ofthe town excel
lent. Ships of considerable burthen corae up
to the lower part of the town, and the faUs in
the r. above furnish convenient and extensive
water power. It contains a raale and female
academy ; the latter has a department for fe-
rnale teachers It has long been noted for the
manufacture of lace, which was formerly done
by hand ; but there ia now a lace raanufactory,
with a capital of $150,000. Pop. 2,949,
Ira, p-t, Rutland co. Vt. 47 ms. n. Benning
ton, 32 w. Windsor. Soraewhat mouiitainous.
Wartered by Ira brook and Castleton r. 5
school dists. Pop, 442,
Ira, t, Cayuga co, N. Y, 24 ras. n. Auburn,
11 ms. N. Erie canal. Poorly watered. Soil
light. No raarsbes, swamps, or ponds. Pop.
2,199. Irasburgh, a post and shire town in the cen
tre of Orleans co. Vt. 40 ms. n, e. Montpelier.
Gently diversified with hill and dale. Soil
good, and easily cultiYated. Watered by Black
r. Near the eentre of the town is a sraall vil
lage containing a court house, j ail, &c. Pop.
860.. Iredel, CO. N. C. bndd. w. by Burke, n. w,
by Wilkes, N, e, by Surry, e, by Rowan, s. by
Mecklenbnirg, and s. w. by tbe Great Catawba
r,, separating it fuora Lincoln. Length 40,
mean breadth 20; and area 800 sq, ms. EKtend,
ing in lat. 35° 32' to 36° 04'; and in long. 3°- 45"
to 4° 14' w, W,. C. Iredell, though bndd.. by

the Catawba, slopes in great part towards the'
eastward, is drained by the S. Yadkin. Cf U
Slateville. Pop. 1820, 13,071, and in 1830,.
14,318. iRONDEauoT, cr. N. Y. waters W. Bloomfield^
Mendon, Victor, Pittsford, Perrinton, and Brigh.
ton, where it enters the head of Irondequot or
Teoronto bay, of lake Ontario,- being about 20
ms. in length. It is a good mill stream.- It
crosses the Erie canat, on whieh there is a stu.
,pendous work in Pittsford and Perrinton, the
great emhankment.-
Irville, p.v. Muskingum co, 0. 46 ms.- estrd.-
Columbus. Irvine, p-o. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 247 ras.-
N, w. Harrisburg.
Irvine, p-v, and st, jus-, Estill co. Ky. It is
situated on Ky. r. 71 ras, N. E. by e. Frank
fort. Lat. 37° 43', long. W. C. 6° 53' w. Pop,
91. Irwin, co, Geo, bndd. w.- by Baker, n. w. by
Dooly, N. E. by Ocraulgee r., separating it
frora Telfair, e. by the southern part of Telfair
and the western of Appling, s. E, by Ware, s.
by Lowndes, and s, w. by Tbomas. Length
along the southem border from e. to w. 63 ms.,
mean width 33, and area 2,079 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. 31° 22' to 32°, and in long. 6°
07' to 7° 10' W. C. A very sraall section of
the northeastern part of Irwin, is drained into
the Ocmulgee, and another smaU triangle on
the eastem side, by the extrerae bigher sour.
ces ofthe Santilla, The southeastern and central
part is drained by the Suwanne and its conflu.
ents, whilst the southwestern section gives
source to the Ocklockonne r. The general de
clivity iss. d. E. Cf t. Irwin. Pop, 1,180,
Irwin, c. h, and p.o. Irwin co, Geo, by p.r.
143 ras, a little w. of s. MiUedgeviUe.
Irwine, r. of Va. and N. C, {See SmitWs r.)
Iewinton, p.v. and st. jus. Wilkinson co. Geo..
24 ms, H. MilledgevUle. Lat. 32° 50', long..
,6° 18' w. W. C,
Isabella, new co, of Mich,, bounded by Mid
land E,, Gratiot s„ e,, Montcalra s, w.,. and by
unappropriated territory on the other sides. It
is a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms.
It probably occupies a share ofthe middle ta.
ble land of the Michigan penuisula. The cen
tral part is about 130 ms.- in direct line n. w.
Detroit. Pop. uncertain.
IsBELLViLLE, p.v. Todd CO. Ky. by p.r. 186
ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort.
IsoHUA,.t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 11 ms. e. El.
UcottviUe-. Crossed by Ischua cr. Soil and
surface diverse. Timber principally maple,
beech, elm, ash, butternut, &c.
IsiNGLA-ss r. N. H. takes its rise from Long
Pond in Barrington, and Bow Pond hi Strafford,
and after receiving the waters of several other
ponds, unites- with the Cocheco, near the s. part
of Rochester.
Island Creek, p.v. Jefferson co, O,, 156 ms.
N. E. by E. Columbus.
Island Ford, and p.o. Rutherford co. N. C.,,
by p-r. 198 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Island Grove, p-v. Sangamo co. 11., 91 ms.
N, N. w. Vandalia.
Isle ah Haut, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 315.
Isle Breville, p-v. Natchitoches parish, La,,-

JAC

217

JAC

between Alexandria of Rapides and the town of
Watehitoches. Isle of Shoals, sraall isis. 8 in number, be
longing mostly to Me,, 3 leagues s, s, e, Ports
mouth, N. H. Hog isl,, the largest, contains
350 acres. Star isl. constitutes the town of
Gosport, belonging to Rockingham co. N. H.
The whole cluster is inhabited by about one
hundred fishermen. Forraerly, the population
was much larger.
Isle of Wight, co. Va,, bndd. by Blackwater
r., separating it from Southampton on the s. w.,
Surry w. and n. w., James r, n, e., and Nanse
mond JS. and s. E. Length 37, raean width 11,
and area 407 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 38'
to 37° 07', and in long, frora 0° 02* to 0° 36' e.
W. C. This CO. is very nearly divided into two
equal sections by two inclined plains, one run.
ning s. w. towards Blackwater, and the other
N. E. towards Jaraes r. Cf. t, Smithfield. Pop.
1820, 10,139, 1830, 10,517.
Isle of Wight, ch, and p.o. Isle of Wight
CO. Va., situated near the centre of the co. 35
ms. a little n. of w. Norfolk, and by p.r 89 ms,
o. E. by E. Richraond.
IsLESBOROUGH, t. Waldo CO, Me. on L. I. in
Penobscot bay, 1 m. w. Castine. Pop, 674.
IsLip, p-t. Suffolk CO. N. Y., s. side Long Isl
and, 44 ms. e. N. Y. city. It extends along the
ocean 16 ras. and has a raediura width of 7 ms.
Has a pond 3 ras. in circumference, denominated
Ronconcoma pond, which has neither inlet nor
outleti- conceming which many curious particu
lars 'are related relative to a supematural ebb
and flow of its waters. Supplied witb mill seats.
Soil productive ; is a fine town for sea fowl of
various kinds, and still produces wild deer.
Pop. 1,653.
Israel's r. N. H., formed bythe waters which
descend from rates. Adaras and Jefferson, and
falls into the Conn, at Lapcaster. A beautiful
streara. Italy, p-t. Yates co. N. Y., 15 ms, w, Penn
Yan, 20 s. Canandaigua. Surface soraewhat
hilly. Soil good. " Watered by Flint cr. which
furnishes mill seats. Pop. 1,092.

Ithaca, p-t. tind st, jus. Torhpkins co. N, Y.
170 ras, w, Albany, 37 s. Auburn, 45 s. e, Ge.
neva. It lies at the s, end or head of Cayuga
lake. Has a romantic appearance. Is abun
dantly watered by fine mill streams. Fall cr.
descends 438 ft. within the space of a mile, and
furnishes several stupenduous cataracts. These
falls are about three fourths of a raile n. of the
village. The first is truly grand. The whole
sheet of water is poured over the rock 116 ft.
and the banks above are about 100 ft. more-
Twenty rods above this, is a fall of 50 ft. ; and
there is stiU another of 70 ft. The other streams
are Cayuga inlet or Five Mile cr,. Six Mile cr.,
and Cascadilla cr. Soil good. On Fall cr. ^
ms. frora the village, hemp is dressed by ma
chinery, and on Six Mile cr. 3 J ms. from the
village, is a cotton factory. No where can a
finer site be found for commercial raanufacto.r
ries. 12 school dists., schools kept si.x months
in 12, The valley ofthe lake is here heraraed
in on three sides by huge hills 4 or 50O ft. in
height. The village of Ithaca lies at the bot.
tom ofthe valley, on the plain, 2 ms. from the
lake, frora which tbe Cayuga inlet is navigable
to the village, for boats of 40 or 50 tons. It is
handsomely built, and, among other public
buildings, contains a Methodist college, and an
academy. Ithaca and Owego rail road, whicb
is now coraraenced, is to extend to the Susque
hannah. Pop. 5,270.
Ivy, p-v. Buneorabe co. N. C, by p-r, 260 ms.
wstrd. Raleigh.
Ivy Mills, and p-o, Del. co. Pa, 9 ms. Phila.
Izard, co., Ark. as laid down on Tanner's
map, is bndd, i\, bythe state of Mo,, e, by Law
rence, o. E. by Independence, s, by Conway,
and s, w, by Pope and w, by Washington cos.
Extending in lat, from 35° 33' to 36° 30', and in
long, frora 14° 43', to 16° 43' w, W, C. Length
E, to w, 112, with a mean width of 44 ms , and
area 4,928 sq, ms. It is an extensive, and in
great part unsettled region, traversed by the
raain volume of White r. Pop, 1,266.
Izard, c. h. p-o. Izard co. Ark, by p-r, 185>
ras, northward Little Rock, and 1,056 from W,C,

«fi •

Jacksboro', p-v. and st, jus. Campbell co.
Tennessee. {See Jacksonboro', same co. and
state.) Jackson or Hitchcock, p-t, Waldo co. Me.
25 ras. N. w. Caatine. Pop. 493.
Jackson, t. Coos co. N, H. (forraerly Adaras)
has a romantic situation at the e, base of the
White Mountains, is uneven and partly rocky,
but has a rich soil. It contains Black, Bald-
face and Thorn Mountains, and 2 branches of
Ellis' r, which falls into Saco river. Pop. 515.
Jackson, p-t. Washington co, N. Y, 6 ms. s.
Salem, 40 n. e. Albany. Surface diversified,
11 schools, kept 9 raonths in 12, Pop, 2,057.
Jackson, p.v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p.r.
181 ras. N, n. e. Harrisburg,
Jackson, co. Va. formed from part of Mason,
Kenhawa, and Wood, is bndd. by Mason s. w.,
Kenhawa co'. s. and a. e.. Wood n. e. and n.,
and by Ohio t. separating it from Meigs co. O,
W. Lengtb 38; mean breadth 20, and area 760

sq, ms. Lat. 38° 33' to 39° 05', long. W. C
4° 16' to 4° 54' w. General slope wstrd. to
wards Ohio r. though the extreme sthrn. angle
is drained into Great Kenhawa by Pocotalico
cr., and frora the extrerae estm, angle issue
some tributaries of Little Kenhawa leaving the
CO, in a nrthm, direction. The surface very
hilly. The centre is about 30 ms. is. Point
Pleasant atthe mouth of Great Kenhawa.
Jackson, p-v, Louisa co. Va, by p-r. 37 ms. n,
vr. Richraond.
Jackson, co. of Geo, bndd. s. w. by Appa
lachee r. which separates it frora Walton, w.
by Gwinnett, «. w, by Hall, n, e. by Franklin,
E. by Madison, and s. e. by Clark. Length 24,
raean width 18, and area 432 sq. ma. Extend-
in lat. 33° 53*^ to 34° 17', and in long, 6° 22'
to 6° 50' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to
the southeast, and drained by different branches
of Oconee and Appalachee rs.- Cf t. Jeffersotti.
Pop. 1820, &,3S5, 1830, 9,004.

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218

JAC

Jackson, p-v. and st. jus. Butts co, Geo. by
p.r, 60 ms. ihough in a direct line only about 45
N. w, by w, MilledgevUle ; N,lat, 32° 12', long,
7° 02' w, W. C, It is situated on Towanbigan
cr, a branch of Oconee r,
Jackson, co. Ten, bndd, by Overton e., by
White s,, Sraith w,, and Monroe co. in Ky. n,
Lengtb 30, raean breadth 20, and area 600 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, 36° 10' to 36° 35', and
in long, 8° 27' to 8° 49' w, W, C, Cumberiand
r, enters the ntheatrn. angle, and traveraes this
CO. diagonaUy in a sthwstrn direction, Cf. t.
WiUiamsburg. Pop, 1820, 7,593, 1830, 9,098,
Jackson, p-v, and st, jus. Madison co. Ten.
situated on Forked Deer r, by p-r. 147 ms. s.
W, by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 36', long. W. C.
11° 54' w.
Jackson, co. 0. budd. s. E. by Meigs, s, by
Lawrence, s, w. Sciota, w, by Pike, n, w. by
Ross, N, by Hocking, and N. e. by Athens,
Length 30, inean breadth 15, and area 450 sq.
ms. Lat. 38° 30' to 39° 17', long. W. C. 5°
16' to 5° 45' w. It is a table land, discharging
creeks nrthwstrd. into Sciota i., sthrd. and
sthestrd, into O, r. Surface extreraely broken.
Cf t. Jackson. Pop. 5,941,
Jackson, p-v. Wayne co. 0, by p-r. 98 ms,
tt. E, Columbia,
Jackson, p-v. on Thorapson's cr., E. Felici-
anna parish of La., 6 ras. n, E.St. Francesville,
and 26 a little w. of n. Baton Rouge. Here is
located the College of Louisiana, founded, 1825.
It has 3 instructors and about 50 students, —
the latter chiefly in the preparatory school.
Jackson, co Ind. bndd. a, e, by Scott, s. by the
S. branch of White r , separating it from
Washington, w. by Lawrence, n. by Bartholo
mew, and E. by Jennings. Length 30, mean
breadth 20, and area 600 sq, ms. Lat. 38° 47'
to 39° 03', long. W. C. 8° 48' to 9° 18' vr.,
slope s, w. and traversed by Driftwood, and
other nortbern confluents of White i, Cf t.
Brownstown. Pop. 4,870.
Jackson, sthest. co. of Misp. bndd. ». by the
Gulf of Mexico, s. w. and w. by Hancock co.
Misp., N, w. by Perry, n, by Greene, and e, by
Mobile CO, in Ala, Length 42, mean width 35,
and area 1 ,470 sq, ras. Extending in lat, 30° 13'
to 30° 55' N., and in long. 11° 32' to 12° 28' w.
W, C, This CO, erabraces the lower part of the
basin of Pascagoula, that river opening into
Pascagoula sound about the raiddle ofthe co.
Here the pine hills reach the coast ofthe sound,
and with sorae but partial exceptions along the
strearas, a pine forest on sterile soil stretches
over the whole ,surface. Staple, cotton. St.
jus. Jackson c. h. Pop. 1820, 1,682, 1830,
1,792. Jackson, p.v. st. jus. Hinds co. and also seat
of the governraent of the state of Misp. It is
situated on the w. bank of Pearl r. about 100
ms.N. E. Natchez, and by p-r. 1,035 ras. s. w.
by w. W. C. lat. 32° 17', long. W. C. 13° 16'
w. It is an inconsiderable place, and frora its
position will most likely remain so.
Jackson, c-h. and p-v. Jackson co. Misp., by
p-r. 188 ms, s. e. Jackson the seat government
for the same state, and by the common road
afiout 180 ms. a, e. by e. Natchez.
Jackson, co. II., bndd. by Randolph, n. w.

Perry N,, Franklin e,, Union s. E,, and the Misp.
r. separating it from Perry co. Mo. on thes. and
s, w. Length 28, mean breadth 25, and area
700 sq, ras. Lat. 37° 37' to 37= 58', long. 12°
13' to 12° 46' w. W. C. Slope s. wstrd. and
drained in that direction by Muddy cr. and
branches. Cf t. BrownsvUle. Pop. 1,828.
Jackson co. Ala., bndd. by Madison co. in the
same state w., by the sthm. boundary of Ten.
separating it frora Lincoln co. in tbe latter state
N. -vr., Franklin n., and Marion e.. and by Ten.
nessee r. separating it from the Cherokee coun.
try, s. E,, s., and s. w. Length s. w. to n. e. 52,
mean breadth 20, and area 1,040 sq. ms. Ex.
tending in lat. 34° 24' to 35°, and in long. 8°
50° to 9° 30' w. W. C. Ten. r. as it passes the
boundary between Ala. and Ten. assuraes a s.
wstrn. course, which it pursues about 52 ms.
along Jackson co. and abruptly turns to n. w. by
w,, traverses Curaberland ratn. and again bounda
Jackson 22 ras. to the mouth of Flint cr. Cum.
berland mtn. leaving Ten. in the sthrn. part of
Franklin co., ranges over Jackson co. in a s. s.
w. direction, giving source along its wstrn.
slope to Paint Rock r., which also traverses
Jackson parallel to tbe mtn. chain. The gene.
ral slope ofthe co. is to the s. s.w. Itis a hilly
and broken region, though with a considerable
proportion of excellent land. Cf. t. Bellefonte.
Pop. 1820, 8,751, 1830, 12,700.
Jackson, p.v. Clark co. Ala,, by p.r. 159 ras.fs,
Tuscaloosa, Jackson, p.v. situated on the left bank of
Tombigbee r., 65 ras. above and a little e. of n.
MobUe, and byp.r. 132 ras. a little w. of N.
Tuscaloosa. Jackson, co. Mo., bndd. N. by Mo, r. separa.
ting it frora Clay, e, by Lafayette, on the s„ and
on the w. by the w. boundary ofthe state. The
breadth frora e. to w. as laid down by Tanner,
is 28 ms., but the sthrn, boundary being uncer.
tain, the area cannot be even estimated. Cf. t.
Independence. Pop. 2,823.
Jackson, p-v. and St. jus. Cape Girardeau co.
Mo., about 120 ras. a Uttle E. of s. St. Louis,
and 10 ms, w. Bainbridge on the Misp., n. lat.
37° 26', long. W. C. 12° 42' w.
.Tackson, co, Mich., bndd. s. e. by Lenawee,
s. by Hillsdale, w. by Calhoun, n, w. by Eaton,
by Inghara, and e. by Washtenau. Length
frora w. to E, 32, mean brea.lth 24, and area 768
sq, ms, Lat, 42° 05' to 42° 26', long. W. C. 7°
08' to 7° 45' w. Slope of the s. wstrn. section
to the w. and drained by the confluents of Kala-
raazoo r,, and ofthe residue of the co. to the N.
w. giving extrerae source to the tributaries of
Grand r, of lake Michigan. Cf t. Jacksono.
poUs. Pop. unknown.
Jackson, co. Ark, as laid down by Tanner
in his iraproved map of the U. S,, is bndd. by
Independence N. w., Lawrence n,, St., Francis
CO. E., Monroe s. e,, Pulaski s. w,, and Conway
w. Limits too vague to admit even an approx
imation to the area. The body of it lies be
tween lat, 35° and 35° 50', and between long.
W. C. 14° to 15° w. 'The main stream of
White r. traverses this co. frora n. to s, tbe
general slope being in that direction. Surface
raostly flat and liable to annual overflow. The
centre is about 80 ms. n, e. Little Rock.

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219

JAM

Jackson, p-v. given as the st. jus. Lawrence
CO. Ark. but is most probably the st. jus. of
Jackson co, of the same territory. By p.r, 152
m3> N, E, Little Rock.
Jacksonboro', p-v, and st. jus, Colleton dist,
S. C. 34ms, w, Charleston, and by p-r. s. s.'e.
Columbia. Lat. 32° 44', long. 3° 31' w. W. C,
It is situated on the right bank of Edisto r.
about 25 ms. above the raouth.
Jacksonboro', p-v. and st. jus. Scriven co.
Geo. situated on the forks of Brier cr. 62 ras.
N, N, w. Savannah, and by p-r, 135 ras, s. E.byE,
MilledgevUle. Lat. 32° 43', long. 4° 33' w. W, C,
Jacksonboro', p-v. and St. jus. Campbell co.
Ten, situated at the sthestrn. foot of Cumber
land ratn. 36 ms. n, n. w. Knoxville, and by p-r.
152 ms. a little n, of E, Nashville. Lat. 36°
22', long. 7° w'. W. C.
Jacksonboro', p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 96
ms, B. w, by w, Colurabus,
Jackson, c, h. and st. jus. Jackson co. 0. sit
uated near the centre of tbe co, 74 ms, a little
E. of s. Colurabus, and 387 by p-r. w. W. C.
Lat. 39° 02'. Pop. tsp. 329.
Jackson Hall, p-o. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r.
90 ras. B. w. W. C.
Jacksonhah, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C.
Jackson Hill, p-o. Davidson co. N. C. by p-r.
¦96 ms. w. Raleigh.
Jacksonopolis, p-v. and St. jus. Jackson co.
Mich, by p-r. 77 ms. w. Detroit.
Jackson River, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by
p-r. 272 ras. s. w. by w. W. C, and 202 a little
N. of w. Richraond.
Jackso.n's r,, the main constituent streara of
James r., rises by two brancbes, the n. and s.
forks in the sthrn. part of Pendleton co. Va.
Flowing thence sthwstrd, and nearly parallel,
and between lateral chains of mtns,, the two
branches traverse Bath co, and entering Alle
ghany, incline towards each other and unite,
tut the united stream still pursues a sthwstrn,
course, receiving Dunlops creek frora the w.
and Potts cr. frora the s. after a comparative
course from the source of Pendleton of about
50 ms. With the junction of Potts cr. the
whole stream inflects very abruptly to n. e. and
flowing in that direction 15 ras. through rugged
mtn. passes, unites with ( ow Pasture r. to form
James r. The valley of .Jackson's 1. is an
elevated region. At Covington, the co, st, of Al
leghany CO. where Dunlops cr. falls into Jack
son's r., the water surface is 1,238 ft. above
the Atlantic level ; it is therefore probable that
the far greatest part of the arable surface of
the adjacent country exceeds a comparative
height of 1,500 ft. Lat. 38°, and long. 3° w.
W. C. intersect in the wstrn. part of Bath co.
about 6 ms. n, the junction of the two main
branches of Jackson's r.
Jackson's Creek, p-o. Fairfield dist. S ,C. about
5 ras. w. Winnsboro', and by p-r. 31 ms. n. n. w.
Columbia. •
Jackson's Grove, p-o. in the s, wstrn, part of
Abbeville dist. S. C, by p-r- 132 ms. wstrd.
Columbia. Jacksonville, p-v. in the wstm. part of Le.
high CO. Pa., by p.r. 81 ms. n. e. Harrisburg,
and by common road 20 ms. from Allentown,
and 25 a little e. of N. Reading.

Jacksonville, p.v. Wood co. Va., by p-r, 311
ras, w, W. C.
JacksoiNville, p.v. Mecklenburg co. N. C,
by p.r, 119 ma, s, w, Raleigh.
Jacksonville, p.v. Sumpter co, S. C, by p.r.
70 ras. Colurabia.
Jacksonville, p-v. and st.jus, Telfair co. Geo.
byp-r. Ul ms. s. MUledgeviUe. Lat, 31° 55',
Long, W, C, 6° 05' w,
Jacksonville, p-v, and st.jus, Duval co, Flor,,
situated on the left bank of St, John's r., 45 ms.
n. w. St. Augustine, and by p-r. 165 ms, a Uttle
s. of E, Tallahasse. Lat, 30° 15', long. i° vr.
W, C,
Jacksonville, p-v, Bourbon co, Ky,, 45 ms.
estrd. Frankfort.
Jacksonville, p-v. Darke co. 0,, by p-r. 99
ms. w. Columbus.
Jacksonville, p-v, and st, jus, Morgan co. II,,
30 ms. B. Springfield, 22 w. Illinois r., and by p-r.
115 frora VandaUa. Lat. 30° 44', long. 13° 13'
w. W. C. It is finely situated, the ground very
gradually sloping from it in every direction for
a distance of J to | of a mile. In the centre of
the village is a square of about an acre, the court
house, d handsorae building of brick, standing
in the centre, on the heighth of ground. The
streets are laid out at right angles. A raile w.
of it, elevated a little higher, are the two build.
ings of Illinois college, located here. One of
these is a very neat building, of brick, 4 stories
higb, with basement, 40 feet deep, and including
wings, 100 ft. long. Tbe other, which is appro.
priated to the preparatory department, is also
of brick, 3 stories high. It has a president, 3
professors, a teacher in the preparatory depart.
raent, and in the two departraents, collegiate
and preparatory, are about 100 students A
convenient philosophical apparatus has been
procured, and a conaiderable fund raised for the
purposes of the institution. It was founded
1830. Pop. of the vU. about 1,100.
Jacksonville, springs and p.o. in the n. estm.
part of Washington parish, La. about 70 ras. N.
New Orleans.
Jacobsburg, p.v. Belmont co. Ohio, by p.r. 134
ms, E, Colurabus,
Jacob's Staff, p.v. Monroe co. Ark. 84 ms.
from Little Rock.
Jacques, or James r., a confluent of the Mo,,
rising between the latter and the Misp. about
lat. 47°., and flowing thence by a general course
to the sthrd. neary parallel to and about 60 ms.
distant from theMo., into which it faUs at lat. 42°
50', after a comparative course of something
above 300 ms,
-Taffrey, p.t, Cheshire co. N. H,, 62 ms. n. w.
Boston, 46 s. w. Concord, The Grand Monad.
noe ratn. is situated in the tt. w. part of this
town and in DubUn. Well watered by streams
issuing from the mtn. Contains red and yellow
ochre, alum, vitriol, and blacklead. Pop. 1,354.
Jakes Prairie, po. Gasconade co. Mo., 80
ms. w. St. Louis.
Jamaica, p-t, Windham co.Vt., 26 ms. n, e.
Bennington, 32 s. w. Windsor. Watered by
West r. and its numerous branches, which sup.
ply numerous and exceUent mill privileges.
Surface broken and mountainous. Soil in gen
eral warm and productive. Contains limestone

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and the micaceous oxide of iron ; 10 school
dists. Pop, 1,523.
Jamaica, p-t. Queen's co, s, sidp Long Island,
12 ms. E. N. York. Jamaica village has an
acaderay. It a most charming place : 8 schools
kept 1 1 months in 12, Here is the place se
lected by the jockeys for horse racing. Pop.
2,376, Jamaica Plains, in Roxbury, Mass. reraark
able for its beautiful scenery and elegant coun
try seats.
James, r. of Virginia and sthrn, stream of the
Cihesapeake basin. For''the two higher con
stituents of tbis fine r., see the respective arti
cles. Cow Pasture and Jackson ra. Below the
junction of its two constituents, the united wa.
ter is first known as Jaraes r,, which, forcing a
passage thro' between Potts and Mill mtns. en.
ters Botetourt, and assuraes a sthrn. course 10
ms. to where it receives Craig's creek frora the
south, and inflecting to the s. s, e, flows in that
direction 15 ras,, thence abruptly turns tothe n,
E, by e, 20 ms, to the western foot of Blue
Ridge, and the reception of North river from
Augusta and Rockbridge counties. Assuming
a s, e, course of 28 ms. Jaraes river, now a fine
-navigable streara, traverses a gap of Blue
Ridge, about 15 ras. n, e, the Peaks of Otter,
and in a distance of 30 raa, aeparating Amherst
from Bedford and Campbell counties, and
traversing another lateral chain of mtns, near
Lynchburg, again tums to n, e. Continuing the
latter course 40 ms, and separating Amherst
and Nelson frora Campbell and Buckingham
cos. James river assuraes a course of a little s.
of E, 70 ms, by comparative course, having on,
the left the counties of Alberaarle, Fluvanna,
Goochland, and Henrico, and on the right the
eos. of Buckingham, Cumberland, Powbattan
and Chesterfield, to the head of tide water and
the lower falls at Richraond. Meeting the tide,
James r., similar to most of the Atlantic rs. of
the United States, generally widens, and pre
senting rather the features of a bay than those
of a r, turns to a little e, of s. e, 90 ms, by com
parative courses, finally merges into Chesa
peake bay, between Point Willoughby, and Old
¦Point Comfort. The entire lengtb of James r.
from its source in Pendleton to its efflux into
Chesapeake, is 368 ras. but following the actual
meanders it is probable that this streara flows
not rauch if any less than 500 ms. The valley
of James r., including all its confluents, lies be
tween lat. 36° 40' and 38° 20', and in long, ex-
.tends near 1° e. to 3° 40' w. W. C. Drawing
a line in a s. s. w, direction from Old Point Cora
fort to the Alleghany rata, will pass along very
near the raiddle of this valley 225 ras. The
broadest partis along the extreme sources, from
the fountains of Jackson r. to those of Craig's
er. 90 ms., but the raean width amounts to about
45 ms. and the area to 10,125 sq. ms. In the
natural state James r, affords at, and for a few
railes above its mouth, a depth of water for
ahips of any required "draught, but this gradually
shallows, so that only vessels of 130 tons can
reach Rockets, or the port of Richmond.
Though much has been designed above tide
water in meliorating the navigation, little has
teen actuaUy accomplished. A short canal

connects tbe tide below, and the boatable water
above the falls at Ricbraond. The following
relative heights will show the gradual rise of
the Jaraes river, Colurabia at the raouth of
Rivanna 178 feet ; Scottsville, at the southeast
ern angle of Albemarle co, and belowthe south
east chain of the Appalachian system 255 feet ;
Lynchburg, also below the southeast mtn. 500
feet; Pattonsburgh, at the great bend above
Blue Ridge, 806 feet ; Covington, at the junc.
tion of Dunlap's creek and Jackson's river,
1,222 feet ; highest spring tributary to Craig's
cr. 2,498 feet. Those heights are only the ele.
vation of the water, and at every point must fall
short of that of the arable soil. Without any
great risk of error, an allowance of winter tem.
perature equal to 6 degrees of Fahrenheit may
be raade between the extreraes ofthis valley on
the same lat.
James City, co. Va. bndd. by James r. which
which separates it from Surry s,, by Chicka-
homina r. separating it from Charles City co,
w,, by N, Kent n. w., by York r. separating it
from Gloucester n., by York n. e., and War
wick s. E. Lengtb 23, mean breadth 8, and
area 184 sq, ras. Extending in lat, 37° 09' to 37°
25' N,, and m long. 0° 03' to 0° 24' e. This co.
is waving, rather hilly. Cf t, Williamsburg.
Pop. 1820, 3,161, 1830, 3,838.
Jamestown, an insulated tsp. in Narraganset
bay, Newport co. R. I. about 3 ms. w. New.
port, 30 s. Providence, including the whole of
Canonicut isl,, being about 8 ras, in length from
K. to s. and having an average width of nearly
a mile, containing about 8 square ms. Soil
rich and productive. It has two ferries, the
one to Newport, the other to South Kingston.
Pop. 415.
Jamestown, p.v. on Apporaattox r. in the
northeastern angle of Prince Edward co. Va.
by p-r, 86 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond.
Jamestown. It may be noticed as a curious
fact that Jamestown, the first Anglo-American
settlement, made on Powhatan's, now Jaraes r.
has no name on the p-o. list. It stood on a
point of land in the sthrn. part of James City
CO. lat. 37° 12', long. 0° 14' e. W. C.
Jamestown, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r.
147 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh ; tbe real common
road distance raust fall short 100 ms.
Jamestown, p-v. and St. jus. Fentress co.
Ten. by p-r. 77 ms. tt. n.w. KnoxviUe, and 131
ms. a little tt. of e. NashviUe. Lat. 36° 24' ,
long, W. C. 7° 50' W.
Jamestown, p-v. and St. jus. Russell co. Ky.
by p-r. 123 ms. b. Frankfort.
Jamestown, p-v. Greene co. Ohio, 68 ms. N.
w. by vr. Columbus.
Jamesville, p-o. in the sthrn. part of Sumpter
dist., S. C. by p-r. 6 ms. b. e. Columbia.
Jasper, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 557.
Jasper, co. Geo. bndd., by Ocraulgee r. sep
arating it frora Butts w. ; it has Newton n. w.,
Morgan n. e,, Putnara e,, and Jones s. Length
30; mean breadth 16, and area 480 square ms.
Extending in lat. 33° 09', to 33° 37' and in long.
6° 36' to 6° 56' w. W. C, Cf t. Monticello.
Pbp. 1820, 13,614, 1830, 13,131. The name of
this eo. was a just tribute to real and humble
merit ; it was to perpetuate the name of Ser-

JEF

221

JEF

geant Jasper, who replaced the United States
colors on the parapet of fort Moultrie at Sulli
van's island, near Charleston, S. C. when they
were shot away by a British cannon ball, in the
attack made on that feeble fortress July 28th,
1776. Jasper, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. Ten. sit
uated on the right bank of Sequache r., by p-r.
120 ms. s, E, NashviUe, lat, 35° 18', long. 8°
31' w. W. C.
Jasper, co. II. bndd. by Lawrence and Clay
s., Effingham w.. Coles n., Clarke n. e. and
Crawford e. It is nearly a square of 22 ms.
each way, area 484 sq, ras. Lat. 38° 50' to
39° 05', long. W. C. 11° 00' to 11° 21' w. It
is traversed by the Embarras i, from n. tos.
The centre of this county lies about 50 ms, a
litfle N, of E, from Vandalia.
Jay, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on the Androscog
gin, 20 ms. N. e, Paris. Pop. 1,276.
Jay, t. Orleans co. Vt. 50 ms. tt. Montpelier,
50 N. E, Burlington. H'as sorae good raill seats.
Being a town on the Canada frontier, its inhab
itants, consisting of but five or six farailies,
nearly all left it during the late war with Great
Britain. It is now settling slowly. Pop, 196,
Jay, p.t, Essex co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. Eliza
bethtown, 145 N. Albany ; e. and w. borders
hilly and mountainous ; central part a vale,
pleasant and fertile, through which runs Little
Au Sable r. Water privileges in abundance,
with tiraber and iron ore ; 7 schools kept '7
months m 12, Pop, 1,629,
Jaynesville, p-o. Covington co, Mich, about
lOd ms. E. Natchez.
Jeanerett's p-o. St. Mary's parish. La, 161
ms. wstrd. New Orleans.
Jefferson, p-t, Lincoln co. Me. 28 ras. n. e,
Wiscasset. Pop. 2,074.
Jefferson, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 77 ms. n.
Concord. Pop. 495.
Jefferson, co. N. Y. situated at the east end
of lake Ontario, and on the St. Lawrence r,
Bndd. n. w. bythe St. Lawrence, N, e, by St.
Lawrence co., E. by Lewis co., s. by Oswego
CO,, w, by lake Ontario, extending about 65 ms.
along the lake and r., containing an area of
600,000 acres. Watered by Black r. running
across the centre in a westerly direction ; by
the Indian r, winding over the E. and N, E, parts,
and by Big Sandy or. and sorae other raill
strearas, &c. in the s. w. These waters fur
nish sorae navigation, and numerous mill seats,
A large proportion of the soil is of a rich and
superior quality. Surface in general waving
and undulating. Tirabered with maple, beech,
birch, oak, walnut, bass, ash, . elm, heralock,
groves of pine, &c. It contains iron ore in
the E. and s. e. parts. Cliraate mild and agree
able. Cf t. "Watertown, which Ues on S,
Black r. 4 ms, from navigable waters, 12 e.
Sacket's Harbor. Pop. 1820, .32,952, 1830,
48,493. Jefferson, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 20 ras.
o. w. Schoharie, 48 w. Albany. Soil good for
grass. Considerable grain is raised ; 11 schools,
kept 8 raonths in 12. Pop. 1,743.
Jefferson, t,, Morris co, N, J, bndd, n, w. by
Sussex CO., N. E. by Bergen co., s. w. by Rox
bury, and s. E. by Pequanack. Pop. 1,551, 39

Jefferson co. Pa. bndd. by Indiana s. Arm.
strong and Venango w,, Warren N. w., McKean
n. e,, and Clearfield e, and s, E, Leijgth 46
ms,, mean breadth 26, and area 1,196 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. 40° 55' to 41° 36' n,, and in
long, 1° 41' to 2° 17' w, W. C. The declivity
of this CO. is to the s. w, and drained in suc
cession s. to N, by the branches of Mahoning,
Redbank, Clarion, and Teomista rs. all flowing
towarda and finally entering Alleghany r. Sur.
face rocky and hilly, and in part raountainous.
Cft. Port Barnet. Pop. 1820, 561, 1830, 2,025,
Jefferson, p-v. on the southern branch of
Ten Mile creek, Greene co. Pa, 15 ras, s, w.
Brownsville and 9 n. e, by e, Waynesburg,
, Jefferson, co, Va, bndd. by the Blue Ridge,
separating it from Loudon s, e,, by Frederick
s, w,, by Berkshire vr. and n, w,, and by Poto.
mac r, separating it from Washington co. Md.
N, E, Length 22, mean breadth 10, and area
220 square ms. Extending in lat. 39° 10' to
39° 28', and in long. 0° 43' to 1° 02' w. AV. C.
The Shenandoah r. enters tbe southern angle
and traversing tbis co. in a n, n, e, course along
its southeastern border, and parallel.to the BluS
Ridge, falls into Potomac at Harper's Ferry.
The declivity of the co, is to the n, n,.e. The
water elevation at Harper's Ferry being 182 ft.
above tide water, that ofthe arable soil of Jef
ferson must be greatly higher and cannot fall
short of araean of 400 ft., or an equivalent to a
degree of lat. Though the face of this county
is broken and even raountainous, it is a very
productive tract in grain, pasturage and fruit,
Cf ts. Harper's Ferry, and Charleston. Pop.
1820, 13,087, 1830, 12,927.
. Jefferson, p-v, on tbe right bank of Jaraes r.
northern part of Powhatan co. Va, 84 ras. above,
and N, N. w. Richmond.
Jefferson, co, Geo. bndd. by Washington w.,
Warren n. w., Richraond n, e,, Burke e,, and
Emanuel s. Length 33, mean width 20, and
area 660 sq. ras. Extending in lat. 32° 51' to
33° 20', and in long, 5° 14' to 5° 46' w. W. C.
It is traversed on the southwest side by Great
-Ogeechee, and bounded on the northeast by
Brier cr,, both flowing to the s, e, in the direc. ,
tion of the general declivity. Cf t. Louisville.
Pop. 1820, 7,058, 1830, 7,309.
Jefferson, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co, Geo.
situated on one of the higher branches of Oco-
nee, by p.r. 85 ms. a little w. of n. MiUedgeviUe,
lat. 34° 07', long, 6° 37' w. W. C.
Jefferson, new co. of Florida — boundaries,
location and pop. unknown. Formed 1833,
Jefferson, co. Ala., bndd. s, by Bibb, s. w.
by Tuscaloosa, w. by Lafayette, n. w. by Walk.
er, N. by Blount, n. e. St. Clair, and s. E. by
Shelby. Length s. vr. to n. e. 52 ras,, mean
breadth 20, and area 1,040 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, 33° 17' to 33° 52', and in long. 9° 37' to
10° 32' w. W, C, This CO. lies entirely in the
valley of Tuscaloosa, the main volume of which
entering the northeast border from Blount, flows
over the co. in a s. w. direction, receiving near
its exit frora the southwestern angle Mulberry
r. from the southwestward. The raain road
from Tuscaloosa to the northeastern part of the
state passes nearly centricaUy over Jefferson,
Cf t. Elyton. Pop. 6,855.

JEF

222

JEF

Jefferson, co. Misp. bndd. by Claiborne n,,
Copiah E,, Franklin s. e,, Adaras s, w., and the
Misp. r,, separating it frora Concordia in Lou
isiana N. Vf. Length e, to w. 35, raean width
18, and area 630 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from
31° 37' to 31° 53', and in long, from 13° 50' to
14° 28' w, W. C. Though bounding on the
Misp. r. this co. is a real table land. The bluffs
extending parallel to the general course ofthe
Misp. range along the western ;art ol Jefferson,
leaning towards the Great r.^some annuaUy
overflowed and level bottom. With the bluffs
commences a very rolling country, to adopt an
expressive figurative term, From this broken
region issue wstrd. Faifchild's and Cole's
creeks ; to the n. w. branches of fhe Bayou.
Pierre, and to the s. w. those of Homochitto r.
The Misp. bottoms where capable of being pro
tected from flood, are extremely productive.
The soil ofthe bluff land is also excellent ; but
advancing estrd. the pine woods gradually ex
pand, so that the two extreraes of tbe co. are
also extremes of fertility and the reverse, Sta.
pie, cotton. Cf t. Greenville, Pop. 1820,
6,822, 1830, 9,755.
Jefferson, parish. La. bndd. s. by the Gulf
of Mexico, B. w. by the parish of La Fourche
Interior, w. and n. w. by St. John Baptiste, n,
by lake Pontchartrain, e. by the parish of New
Orleans, and E.by that of Plaquemines. Length
s. to M, between tbe Gulf of Mexico and lake
Pontchartrain 60 ms,, raean width 12, and area
' 720 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from 29° 17' to
30° 05', and in long. -iV. W, ('. from 12°-54' to
13° 10'. The Misp. r. traverses the northern
part of this parish, and witb some strips on the
sthrn. w-iter courses towards the Gulf of Mex.
ico, affords the only land sufficiently elevated
above the tide level to admit cultivation. Sta.
pies, cotton, sugar and rice. Pop. 6,846.
Jefferson, co. Ten. bndd. s. w. by Sevier,
W. by Knox, k. by Granger, n. e. by Hawkins,
E. by Greene, and s. e. by Cocke. Length 28,
mean witb 28, and area 356 sq. ms. Extend.
ing in lat. from 35° 48' to 36° 11', and in long.
from 5° 54' to 6° 24' w. W. C. This co is bndd,
on the N, w, by Holston, and on the a. E. by the
French Broad, whilst a raountain ridge stretches
over it frora Knox into Btawkina. The course
of the rs. and general slope is to the w. s. w.,
with a very rugged surface. Tbe soil where
arable is productive. Cf t. Dandridge. Pop.
1820, 8,953, 1830,11,801.
Jefferson, p.v, Rutherford co. Ten. 21 ms.
s. E. Nashvillei
Jefferson, co. Ky. bndd. by Oldham n. k.,
Shelby e., Spencer s. E., Bullitt s,, Ohio r.
whioh separates it from Harrison in Ind. w,,
and frora Floyd and Clark, Ind. n. Length 28,
raean width 18, and area 504 sq. ms. Extend.
ingin lat. from 38° 02' to 38° 22', and in long.
from 8° 25' to 8° 55' w. W. C. The slope of
this CO. is sthwrd, giving source to some ofthe
northeastern branches of Salt r. It is render.
ed remarkable, as lying opposite the rapids of
0., and as containing the canal of Louisville.
Cf t. Louisville. Pop. 1820, 20,768, 1830,
23,979. Jefferson, co. Ohio, bndd. n. by Columbiana,
by the Ohio r. e, separating it from Brooke co.

Va,, by Belmont, Ohio, s,, and Harrison w.
Length 27, breadth 20, and area 540 sq, ms.
Lat, 40° 10' to 40° 33', long, 3° 50' w, W. C.
Slopes estrd. towards Ohio r., and in that direc.
tion is drained by Yellow Cross and Short crsj
Surface hUly, but soil fertile and abounding in
bituminous raineral coal. Cf. t.' Steubenville.
Pop. 1820, 18,531, 1S30, 22,489.
Jefferson, p.v. and st. jus. Ashtabula co. 0*
by p-t. 191 ras. N. e. Columbus, and 325 ras. n,
w. W. C. Pop, 370, It is tbe most north.
eastem co, town in the state.
Jefferson, co. Ind, bndd. by O. r. separating
it from Gallatin co. Ky, s, e,, Clarke s, w., Scott
w,, Jennings n. w,, Ripley n,, and Switzerland
N, E. Length 25 by 15 mean breadth, 375 sqi
ms. Lat, 38° 43', long, 8° 28' w. W. C. The
features of this co, are remarkable ; though
bounding on Ohio r,, it is drained almost from
the margin of that stream, by ers. wbich flow
directly frora it into the valley of White r.
The surface very broken ; soil fertile. Cf. t.
Madison. Pop, 1820, 8,038, 1830, 11,465.
Jefferson, p-v. Clinton co. Ind. about 50 ms.
n. w. Indianopolis.
Jefferson, co. II. bndd, by Franklin s,. Perry
s. w,, Washington w., Marion n., Wayne n. e.,
and Hamilton s. E. It is a square of 26 milea
each way ; area 676 sq. ras. Lat. 38° 09' to
38° 30', long. 11° 48' to 12° 09' w, W. C. The
eastern part slopes to the s. e., and gives source
to Waynes fork of Little Wabash, the residue
slopes sthrd. and gives source to Muddy cr.
Cft, Mount Vernon. Pop. 2,555.
Jeffersoisi, CO. Mo. bndd. by the Misp. r.,
separating it from Monroe co, II. e., St. Gene.
vieve co, s, t,, St, Fiancis s,, Washlngtons. w.,
Franklin w,, and St, Louis n, Lat. 38° to 38'='
30', long. 13° 18' w. W. C. It raaybe observ
ed as a curious feature in the geography ofthis
CO. that the Big r. branch of Merrimack, trav.
erses the western side to the nthrd. in direct
opposition to the course of the Misp. along its
eastem boundary. The surface is hilly and
broken, Cf t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 2,592.
Jefferson, Co, Ark. bndd. by Arkansas co.
s. £., Clarks. w., Pulaski w, tt. w, and n,, and
Monroe e. Length from e, to w. 36 ms., mean
breadth 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. frora 34° 15' to 34° 33' N., long. 14° 33'
to 15° 12' w. of W. C. The main volurae of
Arkansas r. enters from the northward and in a
direction of s. b. e. traverses the western sec
tion of the CO. The eastern part is drained and
traversed by Big Meto r. General slope to s.
s. E, Central part about 35 ms. b. e. Little
Rock. Jefferson, co. Flor. bndd. E. by Madison co.
of the sarae ter., s. by Appalachee bay of the
Gulf of Flor., w. by Leon co. and N. by Thom..
as CO. of Geo. Extending in lat. 30° to 30°
42', and in long. 7° to 7° 1 6' w. W. C. Length
48 ras,, mean width 16, and area 768 sq. ms.
Cf t. Monticello. Pop. 3,312.
Jefferson Barracks and p.o. St. Louis co.
Mo. Jefferson City, st. jUs. for Cole CO., and of
the government of Mo. situated on the right
bank of Mo. r. about 9 ms. above the mouth of
Osage r. by p.r. 134 ms. w. St. Louis, and 980

JER

223

JOH

ms. w. W. C. Lat. .19° 32', long. 15° 06' w.
W.C. It is a new town containing 200 houses
and 1,200 inhabitants, andnext to Little Rock in
Ark., is the most wstrn, state capital ofthe U, S,
The two towns differ but little in longitude.
Jeffeesonto.\, p.v. near the right bank of the
Rappahannoc r,, and N, E, angle of Culpepper
CO. 'Va. abotit 33 ms. n. vr. Frederickburg, and
by p-r. 62 ms. s. wjby w. W, C.
Jeffersonton, p-v. on Santilla r. Geo. 25 ms.
N.w. St. Mary's in the same co., and by p-r.
219 ms. s. s. e, MUledgeviUe.
Jeffersontown, p-v. Jeffer'son CO. Ky. 15 ms,
8, E. Louisville, and by p r. 44 ms. w. Frankfort.
Jeffersonville, p.v. Montgoraery co. Pa.
Jeffersonville, p-v. on the North Fork of
Clinch r. Tazewell CO, Va. 30 ras. N. w. byw,
Evanshara, and by p-r, 372 ras. s. w. by w. W,
C, and 275 a little s. of w. Richmond, Lat.
37° 05', and long, 4° 32' w, W, C.
Jeffersonville, p-v. Clarke co. Ind. by p-r.
119 ms. a little e. of s, Indianopolis, It is situ
ated on Ohio r, opposite Louisville in Ky. Pop,
about 1,000.
Jekyl, small isl. on tbe Atlantic coast of Geo.
between Cumberland and St. Simon's isl. It is
the s, E, part of Glynn co.
Je.mappe, p-v. Caroline co^ Va. 69 ms. from
Richmond. Jena, p-v, Jefferson co. Flor. (See Lipona.)
Jenkinton, p-v. in the s. e. part of Montgom.
ery co. Pa. 10 ras. n. Phil,
Jennersville, p.v, Chester co. Pa. 43 ms, s.
w. by w. Phil.
Jennings, co. Ind. bndd. by Jefferson s., Scott
w,, Jackson n, w,, Bartholomew n, w,, Deca
tur N,, and Ripley n, e. Length 26, raean
breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ras. Lat. 39° n,,
long, 8° 30' w, W, C, Slope s. w. Drained
by numerous branches of White i. Cf. town.
Mount Vernon. Pop, 3,974.
Je-vning's Gap, over North ratn. and p.o. in
the northern part of Augusta co. V.l. by p.r.
162 ms. s. w. by w. W. C.
Jericho, p-t, Chittenden co. Vt. on Onion r.
12 ms. E, Burlington, 26 n, w. Montpelier.
Watered by Brown's r. and a great number of
sraaller streams, which furnish numerous mill
privileges. 13 school dists. Pop, 1,655,
Jeromesville, p-v. N. E. Wayoc co. 0. 90 ras.
N, E. Colurabus. Pop, 133,
Jersey, p-t, Steuben co, N, Y, 12 ras, e, Bath,
228 w. Albany. A broken tsp. with some good
land. Timbered with oak, cbestnut, heralock,
beech, raaple, &c. 7 schools, kept 6 raonths
in 12. Pop. 2,391.
Jersey, p-v. Jersey tsp. Licking co. 0.17 ms.
-E. Columbus.
Jersey City, or Paulus Hook, p-v. Bergen
CO. N. J, on tbe Hudson r, opposite New York,
Jersey Settlement and p-o. in the south
western part of Rowan co. N. C, by p.r. 133 ras.
wstrd. Raleigh.
Jersey Shore and p-o. on the left bank ofthe
W. branch of Susquehannah r, below the raouth
of Pine cr, 14 ras, above WiUiamsport, and by
p-r. 108 ms.N. «, w, Harrisburg,
Jersey Town, p-v. near the centre of Colum
bia CO. Pa. 8 ms. a little e. of n. DanviUe, and
by p-r- 8S ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg.

Jerusalem, p.t, s. Une of Ontario co, N, Y,20
ms. s. E. Canandaigua, 18 s, Geneva, Scene
ry, wild and roraantic. Jeraiina Wilkinson,
tbe founder of a sect denominated by herself,
the Universal Friends, died here in 1819.
Jerusali-m, p-v. and st, jus. Southampton co.
Va. situated on Nottaway r. 70 ms. s. s, e, Rich
mond, Lat. 36° 42', long, 0° 3' w, W, C.
.Iessamine, CO. Ky, bndd, n, w, by Woodford, n.
and N, E. by Lafayette, and on all other sides by
Ky. r,, which separates it on the s. e, frora Mad
ison, s, from Garrard, and s, w. from Mercer.
It lies nearly in the forra of a square, and
would average about 16 ms. each side. Area
256 sq, ms. Extending in lat, 37° 43' to 38°
01', and in long. w. W, C. 7° 24' to 7° 43', It
is almost an undeviating expanse of fertile soil,
moderately level. Cf t, Nicholasville. Pop.
1820, 9,297, 1830, 0,960.
Jetersville, p.o. Amelia co. Va. 35 ms. s. w.
Richmond. JoBSviLLE, p.v. Stark co, 0, 15 ms. E. n. e.
Canton, and by p-r. 130 ms, ». is. by E. Colum
bus. Joe Daviess, extreme n. w. co. of II. as laid
down by Tanner on his recently iraproved map
ofthe U. S., is bndd, w, by Misp. r,, n, by Iowa
CO. of Huron, e. by La Salle co. II,, s. e, by Rock
r,, and s,. by Plura cr. separating it from Rock
Island CO. lI, It extends about 40 ms, from s.
to N,, but the outlines towards Rock r, are .too
undefined to adrait an estimate of its superficial
area. In lat, it extends from 41° 55' to 42^°
N,, and is traversed by long. 13° w. W. C.
Peektano r., a branch of Rock r, rises in Iowa
00. Huron, and flowing b, e, by e,, enters IU
and joins tbe raain stream in the northern part
of La Salle co. Joe Daviess co. is coraposed of
an inclined plain between the Peektano and
Misp., and is traversed in the direction of s. w.
Fever r,, and by Apple and Rush ers,, with oth
er smaller strearas. Joe Daviess co. coraprises
the lead mines around the of. t. Galena, a name
imposed frora the abundance of the galena ore
of lead found in its vicinity. The same coun
try has recently becorae painfully interesting as
the seat of a desolating Indian war, Popula
tion 2,111.
Joe's Brook, or Merritt's r, Vt. rises near the
N. line of Walden, and falls into the Passurasic
in Barnet. A rapid stream, furnishing many
good mill privileges.
John's r. N. H,, has its principal source in
Pondicherry pond, Jefferson co,, and falls into
the Conn, r, about 60 ms. above the head of
Fifteen Mile falls, where its raouth is about 30
yards wide.
John's r, or cr, rising in the Blue Ridge, and
in the northern part of Burke co. N, C. flows s.
into Great Catawba r.
John's r. p-o. or John''s r. Burke ce. N. C, by
p-r, -151 ms, w, Raleigh.
Johnsborg, p.t, Warren co. N. Y. 30 ras. n.
vr. Caldwell. Surface billy. SoU good for
grass and grain. WeU watered. Timber most
ly maple and beech. 9 schools, kept 5 months
in 12. Pop. 985.
Johnson, p-t, Franklin co. Vt. 28 ms. tt. vr.
Montpelier, 28 n. e. BurUngton. Crossed by
the river Lamoille, which in this towa has a

JOH

224

JON

fall of 15 ft. called McCoimel's falls, and a sin
gular kind of natural bridge. Surface uneven.
Soil productive. 6 scbbol dists. Pop. 1,079.
.Tohnson, co. N. C. bndd. tt. vr. by Wake, n.
IS. by Nash, Wayne e. and s. e,, Sampson s,,
and Cumberland s, w, Lengtb 30, mean width
22, and area 660 sq, ras. Extending in -lat, 35°
15' to 35° 48', and in long, 1° 4' tol" 40' W.
C, Neuse r, winds over this co. in a s. s. e,
direction, dividing it into two not very-uneqiial
sections. The n, e, part: is also traversed hy
Little r, a branch of Neuse, and flowing on a
similar course. Cf t. Smithfield. Pop. 1820,
9,607, and in 1830, 10,938.
Johnson, p-v. Pendleton co. Ky. 66 ms. from
Frankfort. Johnson, co, of Ind, bndd, by Bartholomew
s,, Morgan w,, Marion n., and Shelby e. Length
22, breadth 18, and area 396 sq, ras, Lat, 39°
30', long, 9° vr. W, C, lying between the Drift
wood Fork of White r., and the main Wabash.
Cf t. Franklin. Pop. 4,019.
Johnson, co. of II. bndd. s. w. by Alexander,
N. vr. by Union, n. by Franklin, e. by Pope, and
s, by the Ohio r, separating it from McCracken
CO. Ky. Breadth 18, mean length 30, and area
540 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 20', long. 12° w. W. C.
Slope southward towards Ohio r. Cf.t. Vienna.
Pop. 1,596,
Johnson's cr, of lake Ontario; rises in Niaga-
ry CO.; N, Y. and falls into the lake at Oak Or.
chard, after a course of about 20 ras.- A good
mill stream.
Joiinsonsbbrg, V, Warren co, N, J', 9 ms. e,
w, Newton, 16 n, e. Belvidere.
Johnson's Landing, and p-o. Barnwell co. S.
C. 127 ms. w, Colurabia.
Johnson's Mills, and p.o. Dallas co. Ala, by
p-r, 69 ras, b, e. Tuscaloosa.
Johnson's Springs, and p-o, Goochland co.
Va; by p-r, 82 ma, n, w, Richraond,
Johnsonville, p-V, TrurabuU co. 0. 180 ras.
N. E, Columbus.
Johnston, t. Providence co. R. I. 5 ms, w.
Providence, Surface interspersed with hill
and dale. Contains quarries of free stone suit
able for building, &,c. It likewise contains
limestone, and stone suitable forfurnace hearths.
Soil generally good. Watered by the Wanas-
quetucket, the Powchasset and Cedar brook ;
wbich streams afford numerous water privile
ges, 7 schools. Pop. 2,113.
Johnstown, p-t. st, jus, Montgomery co, N.
Y. 40 ms. N, w. Albany. Richland, agreeably
undulated, 33 schools. The village of Johns
town is situated about 4 ms, n, ofthe Mohawk.
It contains an academy. In this town was
fought the battle of Johnstown, Oct. 25, 1781,
in which the British and Indians, consisting of
600, were defeated by the Americans under
Goi. Marinus Willett, consisting of 400 levies
and militia, and 60 Oneida Indians. Pop. 7,700.
Johnstown, 'p-v< on the point above the junc.
tion of Stony cr, and little Conemaugh, in the
Bthwstm. part of Cambria co. Pa. 18 ras. s, w.
Bbensburg, 60 ms, a little s. of e, Pittsburg, and
by p-r. 171 ms. n. w. W. C,
¦This village stands on ground where the
water level of the two contiguous streams is
1,154 ft. above that of the Atlantic tides, and

is the point where the wstrn, extremity- of the
Pa, rail-road joins the Conemavigh section of
the Pa, canal. Lat. 40° 20', long. 1° 55' w.
W.C. .Iohnstown, p-v, Dieking co. 0, by p-r. 33
ms, iv.E. Colurabus.
JoHNSviLLE,,p.v. Obion CO. Ten. by p-r. 179
ms. wstrd. NashvUle,
Jones, CO. N-. C. bndd. by Onslow s,, Duplin
s. w,, Lenoir n, w., Craven n, and n, e,, and
Carteret E, and s. E. Length 38, mean breadth
10, and area 380 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
34° 48' to 35° 12', and in long. 0° 08' to 0° 44'
w. W. C. It is apart of a level and in great
part marshy plain, traversed w. to E. by the sraall
but navigable r. 'Trent. Cf t. Trenton. Pop.
1820, 5,216, 1830, 5,608.
Jones, co. Geo. bndd. s. by Twiggs, s. w. by
Bibb, w, by Ocraulgee r, separating it frora
Monroe and Butts, n, by Jasper, n, e, by Put
nam, E, by Baldwin, and ». e, hy Wilkinson.
Length diagonally s. E, to N. w. 30 ms., mean
width 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. 32° 52' to 33° 10' and in long. 6° 28' to 6°
53' w. W. C. This co. is composed of two in
clined plains, the wstrn. inclining sthwrd, is
drained into Ocmulgee, and tbe estrn, sloping
estrd. is drained into Oconee. Clinton, tbe st.
jus. is situated near the centre of the co. 22
ms. s. w. by w. MiUedgeville. Pop. 1820,
17,410, 1830, 13,345.
Jones, co, Misp. bndd. by Wayne e.. Perry
s., Covington w. and by the Choctaw country n.
Length 28, raean width 24, and area 672 sq.
ms. Extendingin lat. 31° 27' to 31° 50', and
in long. 12° 05' to 12° 28' w. -W. C. The slope
of this CO. is nearly due s,, down which flow
diff'erent branches of Leaf r. Cf t. Ellisville.
Pop. 1,471.
JonesbCboxjgh, p-t. Wasbington ¦ CO. Me. 12
ms. w. Machias. Pop. 810.
Jonesboro', p-v. Brunswick co, Va, by p.r.
83 ms. sthwrd. Richraond.
Jonesboro', p-v, and st, jus, Washington co.
Ten. situated on a branch of Nolachucky r. 26
ms, s. w. by w, EUzabethtown, and about an
equal distance n. e. by e. Greenville, and by p-r.
260 ms. e. NashviUe. Lat. 36° 17', and long.
5° 20' w.W.C.
Jonesboro', p.v. and st. jus. Union co. II. by
p.r. 154 ms. a little w. of s. Vandalia, and about
40 ms. nrthrd. of the mouth of the 0. Lat. 27°
28'. Jonesboro', p-v. Saline co. Mo. about 200 ms.
wstrd. St. Louis.-
- Jonesboro', p.v. in the sthrn. part of Jefferson
CO. Ala. on tbe road from Tuscaloosa to Elyton,
42 ms. N. E. the former, and 10 s. w. the latter
town. Jonestown, p.v. situated on the point at the
confluence of the two main branches of Swata
ra, and in the nrthrn. part of Lebanon co. Pa.
by p-r. 3 1 ras. n. is, by e. Harrisburg.
Jonesville, p.v. and st. jus. Lee co. Va. situ
ated on a cr, of, and N. from Powell's r., 65 ms.
N.E. Knoxville in Ten., 60 s, e, by e, Barbour.-,
ville in Ky., and by p.r. 491 ms. w, s. w. W.C.,
and 394 s. w. by w. Richraond. Lat. 36° 40',
long. 6° 02' w. W, C. It is the most wstrn. cat
Bt. of Va.

KAL

22S

KAN

Jonesville, p.v, Surry co. N. C. by p.r. 178
ms. m. w. by w, Raleigh.
Jonesville, p.v. Union dist. S. C. by p-r. 112
ms, N. N. w. Columbia.
Jonesville, p-v. Monroe co. 0, by p.r. 154-
ms. estrd. Columbus.
Jonesville, p-o. Lenawee co. Mich, by p-r.
103 ms. sthwstrd. Detroit.
Joppa Cross Roads, and p.o, sthrn,- part of
Harford CO. Md. on Gunpowder-bay, 16 ms. n.
K. Baltimore.
JoRDANSviLLE, p-v. Meckleuburg co. N. C.
by p-r. 172 ras. s. w. by w. Raleigh,
Joy, t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 nts. n. Augusta.
JuDDSviLLE, p-v. Surry CO. N. C. by p-r. 175
ms. M. w. byw. Raleigh.
Juncta, {See Watervliet, and the junction of
Erie and Champlain canals.)
Junction, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 17 ms. from Har
risburg, JuKiATA, J, of Pa. and the sthwstrn. branch
of Susquehannah, is formed by 2 confluents,
Raystown brancb from Bedford, and Franks-
town branch from Huntingdon co. These two
coniiuent streams unite in Huntingdon co. {See
the two articles Frankstown and Raystown
branches.) After the junction of its forraing
branches, Juniata aaaumes a sthestrn.- course
12 ms., breaking through several chains of
mtns. to where it receives Aughwick cr. f'rom
the s., thence inflecting to-N, e, flows 28 ras,
parallel to the adjoining mtns. ; passes Lewis-
town and turning to s. E. by e. 30 ras. general
distance, but ranch more following the mean-
ders-to its junction with Susquehannah. Inclu
ding the whole valley of Juniata, it drains one
half of Bedford, all Huntingdon, Mifflin, and
about one third of Perry, and coraprises an
area of about 2,750 sq. ras. In all its parts it
is a true mm, r,, having the reraote sources of

both the main branches in Alleghany mtn. at an
elevation of upwards of two thousand ft; above
the ocean tides, and winding its numerous-
streams along deep mtn. vales or breaking di
rectly through the chains. In lat. this vaUey
extends 39° 50' to 40° 50', and bas now gained
permanent interest amongst th^ streams of the
U. S. affording a passage for the Pa. canal,
through five considerable chains of ratns.
Juniata, co. Pa. bndd. by Perry s,, Hunting
don &,'W. and vr., Mifflin tt,- vr. and n., and the
Susquehannah r. separating it from Dauphin co.
E.. Length 50 ms., raean breadth 14, and area
700 sq, ms. Lat. 40° 18' to 40° 52'. Tbe Ju
niata r. and tbe Pa. canal traverses this co.
from- w. to E, and in that direction is its general
slope. The entire surface covered with intn.
chains and narrow intervening valleys, and
containing in the latter much excellent soil.
Cf t. Mifflin.
Juniata, p-v. and tsp. in the nrthm. part of
Perry co. Pa. 31 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Juniata Crossings, and p-o. Bedford co. Pa.
14 ms. E. Bedford, and 91 s. w, by w. Harris
burg. Juniata Falls, and p-o. nthestm. part of
Perry co. Pa, 21 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Junius, p.t. half shire of Seneca oo. N. Y. «.
end of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, onthe Sene
ca r, 185 ms. w. Albany. Surface level, soil
good, and tolerably well watered. Here aro
liraesttone, soft slate stone, and gypsura. The
Seneca outlet or r. which runs along the s. bor.
der of tbis town, is a very iraportant streara for
navigation and for hydraulic -works. Its course
frora the n, end of Seneca lake to the n. end of
Cayuga lake, is about 1 5 ras. In this town are
tbe villages of Bridgeport, ^eneca Falls, and
Waterloo. 24 schools, kept 7 raonths in 12;
Pop, 1,581.

-Iv*

Kaatsbergs, or Katsberg, or Catikill ratns;
rise boldly, w. side of Hudson r in Greene co,
N. Y. to an elevation little short of 4,000 ft.
, (See Matteawan mtns.)
Kaatskill, KatakiU, or Catskill i. a large
and good raill stream, rises in the s. e. of Scho
harie CO. and runs s. w. through Greene co. to
the Hudson, near the village of CatskiU. Its
whole course may be 35 ras.
Kalamazoo, r. of Mich, and confluent of lake
Michigan, rises onthe table land of the Mich.
peninsula, about 80 ras. s. vr. hy vr. Detroit. It
has interlocking sources with those of Raisin,
St. Joseph's branch of Mauraee, and with those
of St. Joseph's and Grand rs. of lake Mich.
The general comparative course of the JCala.
mazoo is about 100 ras. to the n, w. by w. fall.
ing into lake Mich, a little tt. of w, Detroit, and
about midway between the raouths of Grand
and St. Joseph's rs.
Kalamazoo, co. Mich.. on Kalamazoo r. bndd.
E. by Calhoun, s. by St. Joseph, w. by Van Bu.
ren, n. w. by AUegan, and n. e. by Ionia,
Length n. to s. 26 ms.,. and e. to w. 26, area
678 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 42° 6' to 42*
27', and in long. 8° 18' to 8° 46' w., W. C

The Kalamazoo r. enters its nthestm.. borderj
and sweeping a large southern curve, . leaves
the CO. on its northwestem border. Some of
the branches of St. Joseph's r. rise along its
sthrn. and sthwstrn. sections and flow thence to
s.w. The CO. is therefore divided into two in
clined plains ; one drained by the Kalamazoo,
sloping to tbe tt. vr., and the other drained by
thetributariesof St. Joseph, and sloping to the
s. w.Kanawha, (See Kenhawa.)
Kane, p-v. Greene co. II. by p.r. 98 ms. N. w,
by w, Vandalia.
Kankakee r. {See Illinois r.)
Kansas, or Konsas, large r. of the U. S. ri
sing on the great desert plains between the
vallies of Platte and Arkansas r. as far wstrd,
as the 27th degree of long. w. W. C. The
general course of the Kansas is frora w. to E,
and in that direction the two raain branches
flow by coraparative courses upwards of 400
ras,, then unite, and thence flowing a'bout 150
ms. falls into the Mo, r, at the wstrn, border of
tbe state of Mo. r. The valley of the Kansas is
about 500 ras. frora e. to vr., but if any thing
near correctly delineafed on our maps, the mean

KEE

826

KEN

width does not exceed 70 ms., area 35,000 sq.
ms. ; similar to tho higher confluents of Ar
kansas, Red r. of the Misp. and Platte r., the
Kansas flows down the inclined and desert
plains E. of the Chippewayan or .Rocky mtns.
Karthaus, p-v. on the left bank of w. branch
of Susquehannah i. at the mouth of little or
ntbrn. Moshannon cr„ in the estm. part of
Clearfield co. Pa. 20 ms. n, e. by e. Clearfield,
and by p-r. 87 ras, n. w. Harrisburg.
Kasey's p.o. Bedford co. Ya. by p.r. 142 ms.
w. Richraond.
Kaskaskia, r. of II. rises at lat. 41° inter
locking sources with those of tlte Sangamon,
branch of 11. r., and with those of the Vermil.
lion, branch of Wabash, and flowing s. w. over
the COS. of Vermillion, Edgar,. Shelby, Fayette,
Bond, Clinton, Washington, St. Clair, and Ran
dolph, falls into the Misp. after a comparative
course of 180 ras. The Kaskaskias valley is
narrow, about 30 ms. raean width ; the higher
part lying between those of the 'Wabash and
Sangamor, and the lower between those of
Wabash and Ohio estrd. and II. and Misp.
westward. Kaskaskia, ancient village of II. and st. jus.
Randolph co. is situated on Kaskaskias r. on
the narrow neck between that stream and the
Misp., by p-r. 95 ras. s. w. from Vandalia. Tbe
site is very fine, and contains a pop. of about
1000, a bank, printing office, land office, and
numerous stores. Lat. 37° 58', long. w. W.
C. 13°.
Katahdin, or Ktadne, mtn. Me. the highest
mtn, in the state, supposed by some to be as
high as the White mtns. in N. H. It lies be
tween the E, and w. branches of Penobscot r.
80 ms. N. Bangor. The Indians considered it
the abode of sapematural beings. It is steep
and rugged. It is alraost isolated. By those
who have visited it, this^egion is spoken of as
scarcely rivalled in subliraity of scenery,
Kayadekosseras ratns, an extensive range of
priraitive mtns, stretching n, n. e. across the n,
w. part of Saratoga co. the E, part of Warren,
and into Essex and Clinton cos. In the co. of
Saratoga, the general elevation of this range
frora the adjoining plains raay be estimated at
300 to nearly 700 ft Further n. near L.
George, sorae of its suramits may be 1200 ft.
above the surface of that lake. Their sides
are very steep, raasses of granite and gneiss,
piled almost perpendicularly.
Kearsarge mtn. HiUsborough co. N. H. be-
tween Sutton ar.d Salisbury, extending into both
towns. It rises 2,461 ft. above the level ofthe
sea, being the highest mtn. in the co.
Keating, p-v. McKean co. Pa, by p-r. 186 ras.
N. w. Harrisburg.
^ - Keene, p-t. and half shire of Cheshire co.
N. H. on a tongue of land between the two
principal branches of the Ashuelot, 14 ras. s.
Walpole, 43 from Windsor, 55 w. s. w. of Con
cord, 95 w. Portsraouth, 79 w. n, w. Boston.
The village is very pleasantly situated ; the
land on which it is located is level, and at a
little distance it is surrounded by high hills.
The streets are level, wide, and the principal
one is a mile in length, ornamented with fine
trees. There is a court house, and bank here.

The buildings are many of thera neat. ' This is
a place of considerable business. A newspa.
per is pubUshed here, and there are two glass
factories in the town. It was first settled, 1734,
and incorporated, with its present name, 1753;
Keene was a frequent sufferer during its early
settleraent, from the Indians. Pop, 2,374.
Keene, p.t. Essex co. N. Y. 12 ms. west
Elizabethtown, 138 n. Albany. Surface diver.
sified with mtns,, hills, valleys and plains. In
the south part, the La Sable or Sandy mtn.
rises to a great height, rugged and uncommon
ly bold. In tbis town are the extreme sources
of the Hudson r. The Saranac lake, 15 ms, in
circumference, is on tbe west line of the town.
Well suppUed with water privileges. Thero
are extensive iron and steel works. It has
some iron ore. Lake Saranac is remarkable
for the size and abundance of its trout, many
having been caught weighing 40 lbs. A barrel
has been filled with tbem in one hour, taken
by the hook and line. Pop. 787.
Keene, p.v. Coshocton co, Ohio, by p-r. 89
ms, N, E. by E. Columbus.
Keenee's Mills, p-o. Adams co. Pa. 81 ras.
N. W, C.
Keesville, p.v. situated on both sides of the
Great Au Sable, s. part of Peru, Clinton co. N.
Y. 3 J ms. w. Port Kent, 16 ms. from Platts
burgh, and about 4 from the w. shore of lake
Charaplain. It abounds in iron ore of various
qualities, with forests, mtns. and fine streams
of water. ^
Kelley's cr., 'village and p.o. in the tt. e. an.
gle of Shelby co. Ala. by p.r. 87 ms. n. is. by
e. Tuscaloosa.
Kelley's.ville, p-v. Ohio co. Ky. byp-r. 153
ras. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Kellogsville, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by
p-r. 207 ms. n. e. Colurabus.
Kelly's Ferry, and p-o. Rhea co. Ten. by
p-r. 137 ras. estrd. Nashville.
Kellyvale, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 36 ras. n.
Montpelier, 42 n, e. Burlington. Land pro
ductive, timbered mostly with hard wood. At
the grist mill near the centre of tbe town the
r. passes through a bole in the' solid rock. Con
tains serpentine, chlorite and chlorite slate,
bitter spar, talc and magnetic iron, pudding
stone, &c. Pop. 314.
Kellysville, p-v. Marion co. Ten. by p-r.
120 ms. s. E. Nashville.
Kelso, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. by p-r. 85 ms.
s. E. Indianopolis.
Kempsville, p-v. Princess Ann co. Va. on the
E. branch of EHzabeth r. 10 ras. s. E. by e. Nor
folk, n. lat. 36° 48', long. 0° 56' e. W. C.
Kenansville, p-v. Duplin co. N, C. by p-r. 83
ras. s. E. Raleigh.
Kendall's Store, Montgomery co. N. C. by
p-r, 130 ms. southwestward Raleigh.
KpNHAwA, Great, (as formerly written, but
recently generally written Kanawha), a river of
N. C. and Va. has its raost reraote source in
Ashe CO. of tbe forraer, between the Blue
Ridge and raain Appalachian chain, there
known by tlie name of Iron mtn. The two higher
branches, after draining the northern part of
Ashe, unite near the boundary between North
Carolina and^ Virginia, and continuing their ori-

KEN

227

KEN

ginal course to the northeast by north, enters
Grayson co. of the latter state, breaks through
the Iron mtn. between Grayson and Wythe ;
winds over the latter and Montgomery; thence
inflecting to the n. n. w. traverses Walker's
and Peter's mtns. Belowthe latter chain, the
course of tt. x. vr. is continued to the raouth of
Gauley r. having received also frora the north.
east Green Briar, Above Gauley r, the main
volume of Kenhawa is called New r, ; but re.
ceiving the Gauley and turning to n. w, this
now large stream, khown aa the Great Ken
hawa, is still farther augmented from the n, by
Elk r, and frora the s. by Coal r., falls into Ohio
river at Point Pleasant, after a comparative
course of 280 ms,, 100 above Walker's mtn.,
100 from the pasa thro' Walker's mtn. to the
raouth of Gauley r. and 80 from the raouth of
Gauley to the Ohio. The higher branches of

is N, E,, andNicbolas e. Length 60, mean width
37, and area 2,220 sq, ms. Extending in lat.
37° 53' to 38° 53', and in long. -i° 55' to 5° w.
W. C. Great Kenhawa river receives Gauley
r, on the eastern boundary, and thence travers.
ing this CO, in a northwestern direction, re.
ceives within it Elk and Pocatalico r, from the
N, E, and Coal r. from the s, E. The general
slope is to the n, w, with the Great Kenhawa.
The surface very broken, and in part mountain.
ous. Some excellent soil is contrasted with
much raore of an opposite character. Cf. t.
Charleston. Pop. 1820, 7,000, 1830, 9,326.
Kenhawa, c. h. {See Charleston, same co.)
Kenhawa Saline, p.o. Kenhawa co, Va, hy
P-T. 320 ras, N, w, by w, W. C, and 300 a little
N. of w, Richraond,
Kennebec, i,. Me, next to Penobscot the
largest in the state. It has two principal

Newr. bave interlocking sources with those of brancbes, the e. rising in Moosehead lake, at
Catawba and Yadkin on the s. e,, and with those the base of the height of land, the w, called

of Watauga and Holston to the northwest. Be
low the Iron ratn. the interlocking sources are
with those of Clinch and Sandy to the w., those
of Roanoke to the E. and those of Jaraes r. n.
e. as far down as the gorge of Peter's mtn.
wstrd. of the latter pass. Green Briar, coming
in from the tt. has its sources in the same re.
gion with those of the Potoraac on the north
east, and with those ofthe Monongahela to the
northward. The valley of Kenha'wa proper,
below Gauley r. lies generally between the val
ley of Guyandot on the s. w. and that of Little
Kenhawa tt. e., tho' the sources of Elk i . also
reach the vicinity of those of MonongaBela.
The entire valley of Great Kenhawa, including
that of Newr. extends lat. 36° 15' in Ashe co.
N. C. to 38° 52' at the junction of Kenbawa»and
Ohio, and in long. 2° 43' at the higher source
of Green Briar, to 5° 08° w. W. C. The length
of this valley from the Blue Ridge between Pat.
rick and Montgomery cos. Va, in a n. w. direc
tion is 180 ms., the utmost breadth frora the
sources of New r. to those of Green Briar is
180, but the mean width is about 60, and the
area may be stated at 10,800 sq, ms. The raost
remarkable feature in tbe valley of the Great
Kenhawa, as a physical section, is relative
height. At the mouth of Sinking cr., between
Walker's and Peter's mtns. 120 ms. by compar
ative courses below the sources, the water level
is 1,585 ft. above the Atlantic tides, at the
mouth of Green Briar 1,333, and at the raouth
into Ohio 525 feet. Comparing the fall from
Sinking creek to the raouth of Green Briar 252
feet in 30 ms. direct, that above Sinking cr,
must be 900 feet at least, consequently, the
higher branches of New r. in Ashe co. raust
rise at a comparative height of upwards of 2,500
feet. Kenhawa, Little, r. Va, rising in Lewis co.
and flowing n. w, by w. enters Wood and falls
into the Ohio at Parkersburg, after a compara
tive course of 90 ms. The valley of this r. is
nearly commensurate with Wood and Lewis
COS. and has that of Great Kenhawa s.. Middle
Island cr. to the n. and that of Monongahela
N. fe.
Kenhawa, co. Va. bndd. by Logan s.. Cabell
s. w., Mason w,, Jackson N. w,, Woodx., Lew-

Dead r. rising, in the highlands Which separate
Me. from Canada, and uniting with the e.
brancb about 20 ma. below Moosehead lake.
Whole course about 300 ras., navigable for/shipa
12 ras. to Bath ; (or sloops 45 ras. to Augusta,
at the head of the tide ; and for boats 60 ms. to
Waterville, where the navigation is interrupted
by Teconic falls. Tbis r. during its whole
course descends about 1,000 feet. The lands
are fertile and well adapted to pasturage. On
the w. side of the upper part of its course are
high ratns. It flows in a great valley, with Pe.
nobscot ,and St, Joiin's rs, 120 ms, long, and
about 20 wide. The valley of the Kennebec
proper is varied with moderate hills s,, mtns. n.
Below Soraerset co. the bills rise from the
banks ; above, tbere are flats ; near Dead r. the
valley is broken ; at Moosebead lake it ex.
pands. Here is nearly the level of the sources
of the Penobscot and John's rs. Salraon re.
raain in deep holes in the Kennebec raost of the
year. In the town of Strong, they have been
taken in winter from Pierpoles holes in Sandy
r. They abound until tbe spring freshet.
Kennebec, co. Me, lies on both sides of
Kennebec r,, and is bounded n. by Somerset, e.
by Waldo, s. and s. e. by Lincoln, and w, by the
Androscoggin r, and Oxford co. It lies with
lat, 44° and 45°, and long. 7° 17' E, W. C.
passes thro' the centre of the co, Cf. t. Au.
gusta, which ia also the seat of government
ofthe state. Pop, 1820,40,150, 1830, 52,484.
Kennebunk, p.t. and port of entry, York co.
Me. mouth of Kennebunk r. whicb affords a
good harbor, 10 ms, s, Saco, 25 s, w, Portland.
A place of considerable coraraerce. Pop.
2,233. Kennedy's p.o. Brunswick, co, Va. by p.r. 75
ms. s, s. w. Richraond.
Kennedy's p.o. Garrard co. Ky. by p.r. 57 ms.
s. E. Frankfort,
Kennet's Square, and p-v. Chester co. Pa.
35 ms. B, w. by vr. PhUadelphia, and 18 N. w.
Wilmington in Delaware.
Kensington, town, Rockingham co. N. H. 13
ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 40 from Concord, 45 from
Boston. Surface pretty even. Pop. 717.
Kensington, p-v. Philadelphia co. Penn. lies
on the Delaware n. e. of the Northern Liber.

KEN

228

KEN

ties, and is incorporated ; it has nuraerous ship
yards and raanufactories. In this town is the
spot- where Wm. Penn made his treaty with the
Indians, and the Elm tree under which the con.
ference was held was not.long since standing.
Keijt, CO, R, I. is an agricultural and manu.
facturing co. centrally situated, on the w. shore
ofthe Narraganset. Bndd. N. by Providence
CO,, E. by the Narraganset r,, b. by 'Washington
CO,, w. by Connecticut. Average length near.
ly 30 ras., breadth more than 9, coraprising an
area of 186 sq, ms. Surface generally une.
ven; soil in general sfrong and productive.
Forests, deciduous trees, A large portion of
N. vr. section of the county is watered by the
Pawtuxet river and its branches. This r, is a
beautiful raill streara, unrivalled for its advan.
tageous sites for raanufacturing establishraents,
and other hydraulic works. "The cotton raanu
factures. of tbis CO. claira the first rank, Cf t,
Warwick, Pop, 1820, 10,228, 1830, 12,789,
Kent, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn, on the Ousa
tonic, 45 raa, w, Hartford. Mountainous. Con
tains iron ore and iron manufactories. Soil va
rious. Timber, oak, chesnut, walnut, ash, &c.
Watered by the Ousatonic and its nuraerous
branches, which afford many valuable sites
for water works ; 10 school dists. Pop.
2,001. Kejjt, p-t. Putnam co, N. Y. 20 ras, s. e,
Poughkeepsie, Much broken by higb hills and
mtns. Timber, oak, chesnut, &c. Well wa
tered and healthy, ' Pop. 1,931.
Kent, co. Del. bndd. by Duck cr, separating
it from New Castle co, n,, by tbe Del, bay e,,
by Sussex co, of Del, s,, and by Caroline, Queen
Ann, and Kent cos. of Md. w. Length 32,
mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. 38° 50' to 39° 20', and in long.
1° 18' to 1° 50' E. W. C. With a very slight ex
ception along the wstrn. border, on wbich rise
tbe sources of Choptank and Nantikoke rs., the
slope of Kent co. of Del, is estrd, towards Del.
bay, and drained by Mispillion, Mother Kill,
Jones, and the two Duck creeks. The surface
is level or moderately waving. Soil of Mid.
ling quality. Cf t. Dover. Pop. 1820, 20,793, in
1830, 19,913.
Kent, co. Md. bndd. s. w. and w. by Chesa.
peake bay, «. by Sassafras r, separating it from
Cecil, E. by New Castle, and KeM cos. Del,,
and s, E. and s, by Chester r, separating it from
Qeeen Ann. Length 30, mean width 8, and
area 240 sq. ma. Extending in lat, 39° 01' to
39= 23', and in long, 0° 45' to 1° 18' e, W. C,
This CO, is composed of a peninsula curving
from the wstrn. boundary of Del. between Sas.
safras and Chester rs. with the convexity nrth.
wstrd. towards Chesapeake bay. General slope
wstrd. Surface moderately hilly, and soil of
varied quality. Cf t. Chester, Pop. 18;;0,
12,453, in 1830, 10,501.
Kent, new co, of Mich,, bounded E. by Ionia,
s. E. by Barry, s. w. Allegan, w. Ottawa, and n.
Oceana. It is a square of 24 ras. each side,
area 576 sq. ms, Lat. 43°, and long. 8° 36' w.
The main volume of Grand r. enters on the
estrn. border, and -winds wstrd. over the co,,
but by a very circiiitous channel, Receiving
within it Rouge and Flat rs. from the .tJ..E,, iind

Apple r. from the s. The body of the co. is
about 150 ms, tt. vr. by w, of Detroit. Pop. un.
certain. Kentontown, p.v. Harrison co. Ky. 47 ms.
N. E. Frankfort.
Kentucky, Indian name Cutawa, r. Ky. from
which the name of the state has been derived,
rises in numerous branches from the nrthwstrn.
slope of Curaberland mtn. interlocking sources
with those of Sandy, Powell's and Cumberland
rs. Assuming a nrthwstrn. course, the various
confluents frora Pike and Perry cos. unite in
Estill, where inflecting to wstrd., and separa.
ting Madison from Clarke, wind to s, w. be.
tween Madison and Lafayette, and between
Jesamine and Garrard ; receives Dick's r, from
the s, E. and finally bends to its ultimate n. n, w.
course, which is continued to its junction with 0.
r. at Port WiUiam. The general course is very
neirly s. E. to n. w. The valley drained by
this r. lies in lat. between 37° and 38° 40', and
in long, between 5° 40' and 8° 10' w. W. C.
Length 175 ras., mean width about 40, and area
7,000 sq. ms. or a small fraction above the one
sixth part ofthe whole state of Ky., and com.
prising all or part of Gallatin, Henry, Owen,
Scott, Franklin, Anderson, Woodford, Jessa.
mine, Mercer, Lincoln, Garrard, Madison, La.
fayette, Clarke, Montgomery, Estill, Clay, Per.
ry and Pike cos. The channel of Ky. is n.
deep chasra, yet stearaboats of 300 tonj bur.
then ascend this r. to Frankfort, at times of
high water, and at sirailar seasons, it is naviga.
ble for down stream boats from Estill co. ; sirai.
lar to other streams of the sarae jihysical sec
tion, it is without direct falls, though the cur.
rent is rapid, and bed rocky.
Kentucky, state of the U. S., bndd. s. by the
state of Ten., b. w. by the Misp. r. separating
it from Misp., w. by Ohio r. separating it from
II,, N, w. by Ohio r. separating it from Ind., N.
by Ohio r. again separating it from the state of
Ohio, and e. Sandy r. and Cumberland mtns.
separating it from Va. The longest Une that
can be drawn in Ky. is 431 statute ms. declining
from the, meridians 80° 33' and extending from
the s.w. angle on Misp. to the passage of Sandy
r. through Cumberland mtn., or the extreme
estrn, angle of the state . The broadest part is
along the meridian 7° 45' w. W. C, extending
from the n, w, angle of the state, between Cin.
cinnati and the raouth of Great Miami, through
148 minutes of lat. or 171^ statute ms. nearly;
in lat. Ky. extends 36° 30' to 39° 06', and in
long. 5° 03' to 12° 38' w. W. C. The area of
Ky. has been generally underrated. On Tan.
ner's U. S., the extent in sq. ms. is given at
40,500, and carefully measured by the rhombs
on the same map., the superficies come out
40,590, so that we raay safely assume 40,500
sq. ms. equal to 25,920,000 statute acres as the
area of Ky. As a physical section Ky. lies en.
tirely in the valley of Ohio, and is a part of an
imniense inclined plain falling from Cumberland
ratns. towards and terminating in the Ohio r.
In its extent from Sandy r. to the Ten. inclusive,
the direction of descent is to the k. w. The
physical section indeed of which Ky. is a part,
; extends tp arid -includes Ten. r. If we glance
,over a general map of this part of the Ui. S. we

KEN

229

KEN

perceive tbe rs. at their sources inclining to w.
or s. w,, and foUowing their courses, we find
thera curving to the nthrd. and finally joining
their coramon recipient, tbe Ohio, in a n, n, w,
direction. This uniformity of course is percep.
tible in Ten,, Cumberland, Green r. Salt r,, Ky,
r, and Licking, and even the Ohio itself, from
the mouth of Sandy to that of Great Miami,
conforms to tbis remarkable inflection. The rs,
flow in channels, more or less deeply scooped
from the rocky base of tbe plaiu, but with a reg.
ularity of course demonstrative of a common
cause. The relative elevation of the lower
and higher margins of Ky, has never been, it is
probable, very accurately determined, but com.
pn-red with the determined elevations on Great
Kenhawa, the arable soil of the bigher part of
Kyi, Pike, Perry, and Harland cos, must be at
least 1,200 ft. above the ocean tides. The ex.
treme s. wstrn. co, Hickraan on Misp, r. is not
generally elevated above 350 ft, above the Gulf
of Mexico ; therefore, without regarding mm,
ridges, the cultivatable surface of Ky, has a de.
scent of between 800, and 900 ft. Continuing
the difference of level, with that of lat. it is ob
vioua, that the extremes of the state raust have
a very sensible difference of climate and raean
•temperature. These extremes of season are
still farther widened by the peculiar features of
the country. The rivers in their descent, have
abraded the plain, and flow in enormously deep
vales, a feature whicb the Ohio partakes witb
its confluents. These chasms receiving the
•rays of the sun in various inclinations following
local exposure, produce also local climate. The
state is divisible into 3 sections, which, how
ever, so imperceptibly pass into each other as
to preclude any very definite lines of separation.
Descending from the foot of Curaberland ratn.
N. wstrd. down the strearas, to a distance of
about 100 ms. the country is hilly or rather
mountainous. This broken section includes at
least one third part of the state and stretches
frora the state of Ten. to the Ohio r. Drawing
a line frora the Ohio r, opposite the mouth of
- Sciota to the hea. ¦ of Big Barren, branch of
Green r,, it wiU ex 'snd alraost exactly parallel
to the general course of Ohio r, between the
mouths of Great Miami and Salt r. ; and again if
the latter course is continued, it will leave Ky,
very nearly where the sthrn, boundary is crossed
by Cumberland r. These two lines, with the
course of Ohio r, from the raouth of Sciota to
that of Great Miami, and the boundary between
Ky. and Ten. will enclose a rhomb of 90 ms. in
width, and 200 raean length, or comprising an
area of 18,000 sq. ms. This rhomb is nearly
commensurate with the central hilly section of
Ky. It is very remarkable nevertheless, that
tbe general surface ofthis great section is much
more broken into hills at its opposite sides to
wards the Ohio r. or Cumberland mtn. than in
the middle line between the extremes. The
whole ofthis great middle region, may be com.
paratively regarded aa a table land, with a sub-
stratum of limestone. The soil ui general in a
high degree productive, but similarto all other
places where carbonate of lime prevails, an un.
equal distribution of fountain water is amongst
the asperities opposed to comfortable human 30

residence. The s, wstrn, section of Ky,, the
least extensive, presents a physiognoray very
distinct frora either of the preceding. The
strong bold scenery, so prominent in the two
higher regions, ia now succeeded by a monotony
of feature which advancing wstrd, sinks into a
country, which, though ndt absolutely level,
presents relative elevation faintly. Reversing
our survey; if we leave the banks ofthe Misp.
we set out from a plain over wbich the eye in
vain seeks reUef from hiU and dale. Proceed
ing obliquely over the vallies of Tennessee,
Cumberland, and Green rs,, the face of nature
very gradually breaks into indentations which
terminate in all the rich variety of hill and river
scenery. The hills indeed are not abrupt, but
rounded into swells, or terrainating in plains or
furrowed bythe excessively deep chasms along
which the rivers wind their devious way. On
the right towards Ten. spreads the tract so very
improperly calftd " The Barrens." Here the
hills are isolated knobs, wooded with oak, ches.
nut and elm. The hills are rounded, and pre.
sent a striking contrast to the common ridge
character of a hilly country. The soil is far
frora barren, though rauch of the timber has a
stunted appearance. Advancing n, estrd, the
same substratum of liraestone continues, but
in its natural state tbe central section of Ky,
was reraarkable for the excessive growth df
forest tiraber, and undergrowth of reed cane.
Tbe surface coraparatively level, except the
chaiihels of the strearas, which w^ere, as has
been observed, deep and with abrupt banks.
Turning the river esttd. however, towards the
sources of Licking, Ky., and Curaberland rs.,
the ground rises into hills, sharp, steep and
rocky. The soil, particularly in the vales, de
teriorates. Fountain water becotpes raore
equally distributed. Taken as a whole, Ky.
may be regarded as not only a political, but
physical section, presenting distinct structure
and features. The physiognomy of this tract,
in connection with other parts of the valley, will
be more particularly noticed under the head of
Ohio r.
Politically Ky. is subdivided into the follow.
ing counties.

Pop,

Pop.

sq. ms.

1830,

1830.

Adair

800

8,705

8,317

AUeu

500

5,372

6,485

Antlerson

4,530
Barren
900
10,338
15,079
Bath
340
7,960
8,799
Boone
300
6,542
9,075
Bourbon
176
17,664
18,436
Bracken
264
5,380
6,518
Breekenridge
7,485
7,345
Bullitt
300
5,831
5,652
Butler
825
3,083
3(058
Caldwell
800
9,022
8,324
Callaway
5,164
Campbell
330
7,032
9,883
Casey
360
4,349
4,342
Christiati
),050
10,459
13,684
Clarke
300
11,449
13,565
Clay
1,400
4,393
3,184
Cuinberlaha
1,034
8,058
8,634
Daviess
600
3,876
5,309
Edmondson
2,643
Estill
700
3,507
4,618
Fayette
264
23,254
25,098
Fleming
560
12,186
13,499
Floyd
2,000
8,207
4,347
Frahkliti
270
11,0-24
9,354
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230

KEN

Pop,

Pop.

sq. ms.
1820.
1830,
Gallatin
350
7,075
6,674
Garrard
2M
10,851
11,871
Grant
260
1,805
2,986
Graves
2,504
Griysou
4,055
3,880
Greene
400
11,943
13,138
Greenup
537
4,311
5,852
Hardin
1,100
10,498
12,849
Harlan
500
1,961
3,929
Harrison
330
12,278
13,334
Jiart
320
4,184
5,191
Henderson
600
5,714
6,656
Renry
400
10,816
11,387
Hickraan
675
5,198
Hopkins
750
5,322
6,763
Jetferson
530
20,768
33,979
Jessamine
170
9;297
9,960
Knox
840
3,661
4,315
Lawrence
3,900
Lewis
530
3,973
5,229
Lincoln
450
9,979
11,002
Livingston
720
5,g24
5,971
Logan
630
14,423
13,012
Madison
570
15,954
18,751
McCracken
1,297
Mason
330
13,588
16,203
Meade
4,131
Mercer
350
15,587
17,694
Monroe
700
4,956
5,340
Montgomery-
420
9,587
10,340
Morgan
2,857
Muhlenburg
580
4,979
5,340
Nelson
510
16,273
14,932
Nicholas
360
7,973
8,834
Ohio
640
3,879
4,715
OMhatn
9,588
Owen
240
2,031
6,780
Pendleton
340
3,086
3,863
Perrry
1,000
3,330
Pike
750
2:677
Pulaski
.800
7,597
9,500
Kockciistle
380
2,349
2,865
Eussell
3,879
Scott
170
14,219
14,677
Shelby
520
21,047
19,030
Simpson
400
4,852
5,815
Spencer
6,812
Todd
450
5,089
8,680
Trigg
450
3,874
5,910
Union
.540
3,470
4,764
tVarren
700
11,776
10,949
¦Wash'ingtoEWayne
550
970
15,987 7,951
19,017 8,685
Whitley ,
5,340
3,806
Woodford
160
13,307
13,273
Total,
56<,317
687,917
Of which •wete white persons ;
Males.
-Females.
Under 5 years of age,
54,116
50,835
From 5 to 10,
tl,073
39,439
" 10 to 15
34,2.>2
33,197
" 15 to 30
29,017
39,633
" 30 to 30
45,913
41,936
" 30 to 40
26,239
23,463
" 40 to 50
5,9li(i
15,476
" 50 to SO
10,843
9,499
" 60 to 70
6,353
5,315
" 70 to 80
2,585
2,195
" 80 to 90
609
575
" 90 to 100
119
97
" 100 and upwards,
28
14
Total
267,123
250,664
Of these were deaf and durab under 14 years
of age, 100; of 14 and under 25,113; and of
25 and upwards, 90 ; total deaf and dumb, 303,
Blind 169. Of colored persons there were.
Free colored. Slaves,
Males, Females. Males, Fem.
nder 10 years of age, 764
638
31,500
30,995
rom 10 to 34, 584
505
27,449
27,346
" 24 to 36 410
351
13,530
13,8,54
" 36 to 55 434
398
7,409
8,107
" 55 to 100 402
369
2,280
2,573
-" 1.00 and upwards, 8
9
61
50
a,652
2,265
82,309
82,904
Deaf and durab, colored, 46 ; blind, 83,
Recapitulation —
Whites. Free Col'd. Slaves, Total,
517,787 .4,917 165,313 687,91^'
At forraer periods, the population of Kentuci.
ky was as follows; in 1790, 73,677 ; 1800,220,'.
959; 1810,406,511; and in 1820, 564,317,
Note. — 'The area annexed to the respective
counties in this table, will not, in all casea, be
found to correspond with the text under the co.
heads. The frequent subdivisions of cos. in a
few years derange any admeasurement of area ;
the numbers were left, hpwever, as they give a
general view.
History. In 1755, Lewis Evans of Phil, pub
lished a raap of the middle British colonies inr
N, America. An edition of this map, vfith a
statistical account ofthe regions it represented,
was published by J. Almon, London,- March 25,
1776. Both the raap, and attending volurae, is
now lying before the writer of this article. 'The
raap reaches as far s, as N. lat, 36° 30', and as
far wstrd. as the raeridian of 10° 30' w. W. C,
and frora.the delineations it would appear that
at the period, 1752 to 1776, settleraents had
reached the sources of Great Kenhawa, Roan
oke, Clinch, and Holston, as this region is tol
erably well represented, and it is noted on the
map, that this wasthe boundary of vehite settle.
raent. Receding to the wstrd. are laid down,
relatively correct. Big Sandy, Licking, Cataba,
or Ky. rs. and Bear-Grass cr., but tbe s. w, an
gle ofthe map is blank, demonstrating, that in
1776f, Ky. might be regarded, as in great part,
unknown. In 1767, this country was visited by
John Finley, frora N, C, and was foUowed in
1 769, by Daniel Boone, and aome othera. Boone
reraained there untU 1771. In '75, the sarae-
brave spirit conducted a sraall band and effected
the .first actual civilized settleraent. Ky, was
truly planted with sweat, and watered with
blood and tears. So distressed were the set
tlers in 1780, as to excite a plan of abandons
ment, but other adventurers arriving, and aided
as they were by the great military talents of
Rogers Clark, they laid aside their ^lurpose.
In 1777, the legislature of Va. had raade it a coi
and in 1782, a supreme court was established.
With the American war the worst difficulties
of the inhabitants terminated. Settlements
were rapidly formed, and as early as 1785,
projects of separation from Va. were formed,
but from various causes not effected until De.
cember 1790, when Ky. became independent
of Va., and June 1st, 1792, was admitted iuto
the Union. The existing constitution of Ken.
tucky was ratified at Frankfort, August 17,
1799 ; since which epoch, the history of the
state has been merged in that of the United
States. Government. The legislature is composed
of a general asserably, and governor, and the
assembly is divided into a senate and house of
representatives. To be eligible for governor,
the person raust be a citizen ofthe U. States ; 35
years of age, and six years next precedmg his
election, an inhabitant of the state. " The
governor," says the constitution, " shaU be
elected for the terra of four years, by the citi.
zens entitled to suffrage, at the time and place
KEN

231

KEW

where they sball respectively vote for repre.
sentatives." " The governor shall be ineligible
for the succeeding 7 years after tbe expiration
of the tirae for which he shall have been elect.
ed," The powers of the governor of Ky. are
araple ; he is commander of the army and navy
of the state, and of the mUitia, except when
called into the actual service of the U. States,
He has the power of nomination, and by and
^with consent of the senate the appointment of
most officers ofthe state ; he has power in the
lecess of the legislature to fill all vacancies,
-by granting commissions which shall expire at
the end of the next session. He has power to
remit fines and forfeitures, grant reprieves and
pardons, except in cases of impeachment. In
cases of treason, be shall bave power to grant
reprieves until the end of the next session of
the general assembly, in which the power of
pardoning shall be vested. The lieutenant
..governor, bears nearly the same relation to the
legislature, and governor of Ky., as does the
vice president of the U. S. to the senate and
president. Senators are chosen for four years,
and divided into four classes, whose seats are
-filled annually, so that one fourth shall be cho
sen every year. " No person shall be senator,
who, at tbe time of his election, is'not a citizen
of the U. S. and who hath not attained to the
age of 35 years, and resided in this state six
years next preceding his election, and'the last
year thereof in the district from whieh he raay
be chosen." Members of the bouse pf repre
sentatives are elected for one year; and, "no
person shall be a representative, who, at the
time of his election, is not acitizen of the U.
S. and hath not attained to- the age of 24 years,
and resided in this state two years next prece
ding his eleotion, and the last year thereof in
the CO, or town for which he may be chosen."
The judiciary power, both as to matter of law
and equity, is vested in one supreme court,
styled the court of appeals, and in inferior
courts created and established by the general
assembly. Judges both of tbe suprerae and in
ferior, are appointed by the governor and sen
ate, and hold their oflaces during good beha
viour ; but for any reasonable cause, which
shall not be sufficient ground of impeachment,
the governor shall remove any of them on the
address of two thirds of each house of the
general assembly. The right of suffrage is
vested in free white males, who have attained
the age of 21 years, and resided in the state
two years, or in the co. or town, in which they
offer to vote, one year next preceding the elec
tion. Staple productions. — Kentucky is essentially
a grain country, though hemp and flax of ex
cellent quality are produced, and in the extreme
southwestern part some cotton is cultivated.
An immense quantity of flour, spirits, salted
provisions, and live stock are exported, down
the Ohio, and inland to the estrd. Manufac
tures of cloth, cordage, &c. have been carried
to considerable extent, but the state commer
cially remains dependent in a great measure
on foreign supply, for most articles of domestic
use. Education.,-— Ia promoting the requisite
.institutions to aiivance leaming and science.

Kentucky haa more than preserved her priority
over the other central states which she gained
by anterior settlement. Transylvania universi
ty was founded, and most correctly named, at
an early stage of settleraent ; organized in
1798 and by a report of the professors dated
Feb, lltb, 1822 then contained "all the means
requisite for a complete course of medical ed
ucation, conducted in the usual academical
form," {See Lexington.) Several colleges
also, wiU be found under the heads ofthe towns
in whiclr-thoy are located, A considerable
number of academies, and schools of a high
character are so.attered over the state. The
literary fund of Kentucky amounts to nearly
$150,000. In 1831, the real and personal estate in Ken
tucky araounted to $111,756,438. Duringthe
sarae year, tbe receipts into the treasury
amounted to $214,000, and the expenditures to
$182,450. Amount of the state debt, Oct.
1832, $147,534. The internal improvements
in this state are considerable in extent. The
MaysviUe and Lexington turnpike, about 05
ms, in length, and which ia to be completed the
present year, (1.833,) and the Louisville and
Bardstown road, now iu progress, are both to
be McAdamized. These will rank among the
first class ol roads in tliis country. For other
improvements, rail roads, canals, &c. the read
er is referred to art. Rail Roads and Canals.
Ke.meua, {See Kinzua.)
Keowea, p-v. in the eaatem part of Pickens
dist. S. C, by p-r. 128 ms. n. w, Columbia,
Kernesville, p-v. on a small cr. of Lehigh r.
Northarapton co. Pa. 12 ms. n. n. w, Bethle
hem, Keksey's p-o, Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 184
ras, N, w, Harrisburg,
Kershaw, dist, S, C, bndd. by Richraond ».
w., Fairfield w,, Lancaster n., Chesterfield k.
E,, Darlington e,, and Sumpter b, e. and b.
Length 33, mean width 21, and area 792 square
nailes. Extending in lat. 34° 05' to 34° 35',
and in long. 3° 16' to 3° 50' vr. W, C. The
Catawba, or as there called, the Wateree r.,
traverses the western part of Kershaw, and the
eastern is bndd, by Lynch's cr, ; both strearas
s, of s, s. e., of course the slope of the diat. is
in that direction. Cf. t. Caraden. Pop. 1820,
12,442, 1830, 13,515.
Kewenaw, bay, lake, and Point. Abouf
raidway of the sthrn. shore of lake Superior.
that coast is protruded in an angular cape lar
into the body of the lake, forming a low cape
or peninsula, which together with a bay' to its
sthestrd, and a lake by whichit is nearly insu
lated, is known by the name Kewenaw. The
bay extends from the body of the lake andto
the s. E, of the point, in a s, &, vr. direction 30
ms. with a width from one to ten or twelve ras.
I'rom the bay a small inlet leads northward into
Kewena lake. The latter is a shallow sheet of
about 30 ms. from s; to n,, mean breadth about 5'
ras. From the lake i portage of one or two
ras. leads into the wstrn. part of lake Superior,
This inner passage enables those navigating
small craft to avoid th« long and~ dangerous
route round Kewena Point. "The extreme cape
of Kewena is at K.4at. 47° 39', and very nearly

KIN

232

KIN

equidistant from the estrn. and wstrn. extremi
ties of the lake, 200 ms. from each.
Keysville, p-v. on the head of Meherin r.
Charlotte co, ^Va. by p-r, 96 ms. b. w. by w,
Richmond, Key West, small island of Florida, in the
Gulf of Mexico, one of tbe Florida Keys.
Kiameche r, (final e pronounced) r. of the
wstrn. territory of the U. S. and one of the
nthrn, branches of Red river, rises in the Mas
serne ratns. interlocking sources with those of
the South Fork of Canadian r,, those of Poteau
brancb of Arkansas.T; and with those of Little
r. of the North branch of Red r. The extrerae
sources of Kiameche are in MUler co. Ark,
from whence flowing wstrd, 60 ms, inflects to s,
E. 60 ms. and finally enters Red r. at n. lat, 33°
55', long. W, C, 18° 08' w. and 10 ms. s. Can
tonment Towson. The mouth of the Kiame
che is about 220 ras, =. w, by w. Little Rock,
and in a di'rect line about 80 ms, n, w. the north
western angle of La.
KiDziES Grove, and p-o. Lenawee co. Mich.
70 ms. s. w, Detroit.
Kilkenny, t, Coos co. N. H. 8 ms. N, E, Lan
caster. A poor tract of country, unfit to be in
habited. Pop, 27.
Killingly, p-t. Windham co. Conn, on the
Quinnebaug, 25 ras, w. Pro-vidence, 45 e, Hart
ford, Surface uneven, but no portion moun
tainous. Contains several quarries of freestone,
and extensive forests, the trees being of the
¦deciduous species. Supplied with nuraerous
water privileges. Shad and salraon are taken
in the (Juinnebaug. This is a manufacturing
town ; 21 school dists. Pop, 3|257.
Killington Peak, Vt, a summit of the Green
mtn. s. part of Sherburn, 3,924 ft. above tide
water, 10 ras, e, Rutland.
Killingworth, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn, on
Long Isl. sound, 26 ras. E. New Haven, 38 s. e.
Hartford, 26 w. New London, Surface and
soil various. Its raost considerable strearas
are the Haramonassett and the Menunket^uck.
There is a harbor in the s, part of the town ;
15 school dists, and an acaderay. Pop. 2,484.
Kills (The.) {See Newark Bay.)
Kilmamock, p-v, on a sraall creek of Chesa
peake bay, Lancaster co. Va. by p-r, 115 ms, n.
E. byE. Richmond.
Kimberton, p-v. on Frencb cr,, in 'he n, e,
part of Chester co. Pa, about 27ims, n, w, Phil
adelphia. KiMBLES, p-v. Lawrence co. Ohio, 139 ms. s.
s. E. Colurabus.
Kincannon, iron works, and p-o. Surry co. N,
Cby p-r, 139 ms, n, w, by w, Raleigb.
Kinderhook, cr., one of the best mill streams
in the U, S. ia forraed by numerous branches,
that spread over N, E, o'' Colurabia co. N. Y.
andthe s. comer of Rensselaer co. which uni
ted, run to the s, w, through the town of Kin
derhook, where the stream takes its name,
which it continues to its junction with Claver
ack cr, near the Hudson r,, when the united
streams lose their name for Factory, or Major
Abram's cr,
Kinderhook, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 10 ms.
«. Hudson, 20 s, Albany, w. of the Hudson,
enjoying the navigation of said r, and having

several landings, with stores, sloops, &c. Soil
in general good. Surface pretty level. Timber
scarce. Contains iron ore, limestone, slate and
various kinds of clays. Some red oxides of
iron are found. There are a great nuraber of
mills of various kinds, watered by Kinderhook
cr. ; 10 school houses and 2 acaderaies. Kin.
derhook village stands on an extensive and
beautiful plain near the centre of tho town
west of the cr., where is Kinderhook landing.
Colurabiaville, another village of the town, is
on the line between this and Hudson. Pop.
2,706. King and Queen, co. Va. bndd. by Caroline
N. w., Esaex n, e,, Piankatank r. separating it
from Middlesex e., Gloucester s. E,, James r.
s., and Matapony r. separating it frora King
Williara s. w. and w. Length 40, mean width
11, and area 440 sq. ras. Extending in lat. 37°-
27' to 37° 56' and in long, 0° 18' E, to 0° 13' w.
W. C. The surface sloping southward towards
Matapony r. or southeastward towards Pianka
tank. Cft. Dunkirk. Population 1820, 11,798,
1830,11,644. King Apro Queen, c, h. and p-o. {See Dun.
kirks, same co.)
King, cr. and p-o. in the extreme southern an-.
gle of Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r, 90, ms. s. s.
w. Columbia.
Ki.vG George, co. Va, bndd, w. by Stafford,
N. and E. by Potomac r, separating it from
Charles co, in Md,, s, e, by Westmoreland, and
s, by Rappahannoc r, separating it from Caro
line, Length 18, mean breadth 10, and area.
180. square ms. Extending in lat, 38° 11' to-
38° 23', and in long, 0° 03' e, to 0° 19' w. W.^
C. This CO. occupies a hilly region between
the two bounding rs. with a varied soil. Cf. t.
Hampstead. Pop. 1820, 6,116, 1830, 6,397.
King George, c. h. and p-o. near the centre
of King George co. Va. by p-r, 81 ras. a little
w. of s. W. C. and 87 ms. n, tt. e, Richmond,
Kings, ratn,, a ridge or hill, Lincoln co, N.
C. and York dist,, S, C, It was on this mtn,
and within York dist,, that, Oct. 7th, 1780, a
body of British and tories under Col. Ferguson
were defeated, their commander slain, and
nearly the whole body killed or captured by
three regiments of U. S. militia.
Kings, co, N, Y. coraprises a very sraall area
of tbe w. end of Long Island, iraraediately op.
posite N, Y, Bndd. n. by East r,, e» by Jaraai.
ca bay, and Queens co,, s. by the Atlantic, w.
by N. York bay, and the coraraunication ofthe
Hudson r, with the Atlantic. It contains about
8li sq. ms. or 52,160 acres, the whole area
not equalling that of a tsp, 10 ms. sq. Soil in
general very good, Cf t, Flatbush. Pop. 1820,
11,187, 1830, 20,535.
Kings gap, and p.o. Harris co. Geo. 126 ms.
westward MUledgeviUe.
Kingsbridge, village, N. Y. on Haerlem r.
which separates the co, of Westchester from N.
Y. isl., 16 ras. N. N, Y. city.
Kingsbury, p.t. and half shire to-wn of Wash.
ington CO, N, Y. E^ Hudson r. 55 ras. n, Albany.
General surface very level. Pretty good for
farraing. Contains fine groves of pine. Kings.
bury V. is situated near the centre of the town,
about 2 ms, from which is the spot where Put.

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KIT

nam was defeated by the Indians. The village
of Sandy Hill is in the s, w, corner of the town,
close on the margin ofthe Hudson, imraediate-
iy above Baker's falls. The whole descent of
these falls, is 76 ft. within 60 rods. There is
no perpendicular cataract. Here are a number
of mills, witb a chance of many more. At this
village and Salera, are alternately bolden the
courts of Washington co. The Champlain ca.
nal traverses this town frora tt. e, to s, w. It
has 11 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Contains
-an academy. Pop. 2,600.
KiNGSESsiNG, p.o. Kingsessing tsp. Phila. co.
Pa. 6 ms. s. s. w. Phila. This tsp. is the extrerae
southern part of the co. lying between Darby
cr., and ther. Schuylkill. Pop. 1820, 1,188,
1830, 1,068.
King's Ferry, (over Monongahela r.) and
p.o. in the southern part of Monongalia co, Va,
15 ras. by land above Morgantown, and bj p-r.
204 ms, N. w. by w. W. C.
KiNGSPiELD, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 40 ras, n,
w, Norridgewock. Pop 1830, 554.
Kingsley's p-o. Crawford co. Penn. 313 ms.
N. w. W. C.
KiNGSpoRT, p-V. on the road from Knjjxville
in Tenn. to Abington in Va. situated on the
point above the junction of the two. main
branches of Holston r. and in the n. w. part of
SuUivan co. Tenn. 90 ms, by the road N. e.
Knoxville, 42 s. w. by w. Abingdon, and by p-r,
246 ras, a little tt. of e, NashviUe.
Kingston, p-t, Rockinghara co. N. H, 20 ras,
s. w. Portsraouth, 37 ms. from Concord, 6 from
Exeter. Contains an academy, sorae bog iron
ore, and red and yellow ochre. This was the
residence of Josiah Bartlett, a governor of tbe
state, and one ofthe signers of the Declaration
of Independence. Pop. 929,
Kingston, t. Addison co. Vt, 22 ms, s, w,
Montpelier, 42 n, w, Windsor. White r. is forra
ed here by the union of several -branches, on
¦one of which is a fall of 100 ft,, 50 of the lower
part of which are perpendicular. A consider
able portion ofthe t. is mountainous ; 3 school
dists. Pop. 403.
Kingston, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 32 ms. s.
E. Boston, 'Watered by Jones' r. Has sorae
manufactories of cotton and wooUen. Here also
are iron works. Soil fertile. Surlace agreea
bly diversified. Pop. 1,321.
Kingston, forraerly Esopus, p-t. and st. jus.
Ulster CO. N, Y,, w, Hudson r,, 100 ras, n. New
York, 65 s. Albany. Soil good. Alraost all
the houses are built of liraestone, which is plen
tiful here. WeU supplied with raill privileges
by Esopua cr., which waters this town. Has
several landings on the Hudson, and is a place
of very considerable business ; 9 school dists,
Kingston village lies on the s, aide of Esopus
cr., 10 ms. s, of its mouth in the Hudson, and
¦ 3, w- of the Hudson, at Kingston landing. It
has an academy. It was bumt by the British
under Vaughan, in 17-77. It has an elegant
courthouse, which cost $40,000, Pop, 4,170.
Kingsto.n, vil,, Middlesex and Somerset co.
N. J. on the Millstone r, and raain p.r. 3 ms. tt,
^. of Princeton, 13 ms. s. w. New Brunswick.
"The Delaware and Raritan canal passes through
tbis village.

Kingston, p.v, Luzerne co. Pa, {See Wyo.
-ming .)
Kingston, p-v, southern part of Somerset co.
Md.byp-r, 152 ms, s.e. W. C.
Kingston, p.v, Morgan co, Geo. 33 ms. n. n,
w. MiUedgeville.
Kingston, p.v. Adaras co, Miap,
Kingsto.n, p.v, and st, jus. Roane co. Ten.
situated on the point above the junction of
Cliuch and Holston rs. 43 ms, s. w. byw. Knox.
ville, and by p-r. 130 ras. a little s. of e. Nash
ville, lat, 35° 53', long. 7° 26' w. W. C.
Kingston, p-v. Hopkins co. Kentucky, by p-r,
216 ms. B, w. by w, Frankfort.
Kingston, p-v. Ross co. Ohio, by p-r. 36 ms,
s. Columbus. KiNGSTREE, p-v. and st, jus. Williarasburg
district, S. C, situated on Black river, 43 ras.
N, w, Georgetown, and 71 a little E, of n.
Charleston, lat. 33° 37', and long, 2°-55' w,
W.C. King William, co. Va. bndd. by Caroline n,,
by Mattapony r, separating it frora King and
Queen m, e, and e,, and by Pamunkey river
separating it from New Kent s., and Hanover
w. Length 38, mean width 14, and area 532
square ras. Extending in lat. 37° 30' to 37°
57' and in long. 0° 09' e. to 0° 19' w. W. C.
Cf p-o. King WiUiara c. h. Pop. 1820, 9,697.
1830, 9,812.
King William, o. h., and p-o. King William
CO. Va. by p-r. 40 ras, n, e, Richraond, and 136
ms, a little w, of s, W, C.
Kingwood, t. Hunterdon co, N. J. onthe Del.
extends n. e. to the south branch of Raritan.
Pop. 2,898.
Kingwood, p-v. and st. jua. Preaton co. Va.
situated w. Cheat r., 23 ras. s. is. Morgantown,
and by p-r, 172 ras. N, w, by w. W, C. Lat.
39° 27', long, 2° 45' w, W. C.
KiNNicoNicK, cr,, and p.o. eastern part of
Lewis CO. Ky. 100 ras. w, e, by e, Frankfort.
Kinsman's p-o. Trumbull co. Ohio, byp-r. 184
ras. N. E. Colurabus.
KiNZUA, or Kenjua, p.v. on the left bank of
Alleghany r. in the n. e. part of Warren co. Pa,
12 ras, by land above Warren and by p.r, 226
ras, N, w, Harrisburg.
Kirby, t., Caledonia co, Vt, 30 ms, n, New
bury, 36 N, E, Montpelier, Surface uneven, and
in many places, ledgy or swampy. WeU wa
tered with springs and brooks. Pop. 401.
Kikksey's Cross Roads, and p.o. Edgefield
dist., S. C, 15 ms, n, n, vr. the v, of Edgefield,
and by p.r, 65 ms, a little s, of w. Columbia.
KiKKS, iM ILLS, and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa, 46
ms, E. Harrisburg.
Kirtland, Mills, and p-o. Geauga co, 0, by
p-r, 151 ms, N, E. Columbus,
Kiskiminitas, r. of Pa, the southeastern and
largest confluent of Alleghany r. This streara
is raore coraraonly known under the narae of
Conemaugh, {See the tatter article.)
Kiskiminitas, post tsp, in the northern part of
Westmoreland co,, Pa. about 10 ms, ™, Greens
burg, and 25 ras. e, Pittsburg.
Kite's, Mills, and p.o. Rockinghara co. Va,
by p-r, 141 ras, wstrd. W. C,
Kittanning, p-v. and st, jus, Arrastrong co.
Pa. situated on tbe left bank of Alleghany r,, 40

KIT

234

KNO

ms, K, e, Pittsburg, and by p-r, 214 ras. n. w.
by w. Harrisburg, lat. 40° 51', long. 2° 33' w.
Pop, 1820, 318, 1830, 520,
Kittatinny, ratns,, an extensive and impor
tant chain of the Appalachian system. In Pa,
tbe Kittatinny is very- definite and with an inter
vening valley betweeii their ranges parallel to
the Blue Ridge, It is the sarae chain, however,
which first becomes definite in the state of
New York, w. of the Hudson, and there known
as the Showangunk, and extending s. w, over
the upper part of New Jersey, enters Pa, at
the Delaware Water gap. Thence inflecting
to w, s. w. is traversed by the Lehigh at the Le
high Water gap, by the Schuylkill above Ham
burg, and by tbe Susquehannah, 5 ms. above
Harrisburg. From tbe latter point the chain
again inflects still more to the westward, be
tween Cumberland and Perry cos. At the west
ern extreraity of those two cotmties, the chain
abruptly bends to a nearly southern course, be
tween Franklin and Bedford cos., enters Md. by
tbe name of Cove mtn. being traversed by the
Potomac 1. between WiUiamsport and Han
cockstown, and atretches into 'Virginia, as the
Great N. mtn, over Virginia frora the Potoraac
to James r, between Rockbridge and Allegha
ny cos. This chain tho' broken remains dis
tinct ;- asirailar character prevails from James
r. to New r, between Wythe and Grayson cos.
After being traversed by New r. the chain again
assumes complete distinctness, leaves Virginia,
and under the local name of Iron mtns. Bald
mtns, Sraoky ratns, and Unika mtns, separates
N, C, and Ten, to the Unika turnpike on the
western border of Macon co, of the former
state. Thence continuing a little w. of s. w,
crosses the n, w, angle of Geo, enters Ala. and
separating tbe sources of the creeks of Middle
"Fen. r, frora those of Coosa, raerges into the
liiHs-frora which rise the nuraerous branches, of
Tuscaloosa. Thus, defectively as the Kitta.
tinny, called expressly by the Indiana Kataatin
Chunk, or the Endless ratns. are delineated on
tiur raaps, it is in nature a prominent and indi
vidual chain, N, lat, 31° 31' to 41° 30', and 2°
45' e, to 10° w. long, W, C, Ranging through
7° of lat. and almost 13 degrees of long, stretch
ing along a space exceeding 900 statute ras. and
varying in distance frora the Blue Ridge, be
tween 15 to 25 ras. generally about 20, though
in sorae places the two chains approach, as at
Harrisburg, to within less than 10 ms. frbra
each other. In relative height the Kittatinny
exceeds the Blue Ridge, but as regards the
plain or table land on which they both stand, it
rises graduaUy frora tide water in Hudson r. to
an elevation of 2,500 feet in Ashe co, of N. C,
Fr6m James r, to the Hudson, the chain ranges
along the Atlantic slope, and is broken by
strearas flowing through it on their course to
wards the Atlantic ocean, but passing the high
er vaUey of James r, the Kittatinny winds over
the real dividing line of the waters, and is
thence traversed by New r,, Watauga, Nole
chucky, French Broad, and Ten, rs.
Kittatinny Valley, in the most extended
sense of the term, is in length commensurate
with the mtn. chain from which the name is de
rived,- therefore extends frora Hudson r, to the

northern part of Ala, varying in width 8 to 25
ms. with generally a substratum of liraestone
towards the Blue Ridge and of clay slate on the
side of the Kittatinny. Some ofthe most flour
ishing agricultural districts of the U. S. are in
cluded in this physical section. The co. of
Orange in N. York, Sussex and Warren in New
Jersey are nearly all comprised within its lim
its. In Pa. it embraces the greater part of the
lower section of Northampton ; nearly aU Le-
high, Berks, and Lebanon, the lower part of
Dauphin with the greater share of Cumberland
and Franklin. In Maryland the eastern and left
part of Washington. In Va, a large part of
Berkley, Jefferson, Frederick, Shenandoah,
Rockinghara, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt,
Montgoraery and Grayson, and in N, C, the
COS. of Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, and Macon.
The lat. and relative elevation of this great
zone has already been shown'in the preceding
article, and tbe peculiar features of its parts
raay be seen under tbe respective heads of the
cos. it embraces, in whole or in part.
Kittery, p-t. YotV co. Mfe., at the mouth of
the Piscataqua, opposite Portsmouth, N-. H., &
ms, s, Y|)rk. Pop, 2,202,
Klinesville, p-v. in the n. estm.-part of Berke
CO. Pa., 74 ms. n. e, by e, Harrisburg.
Klingerstown, p-v. in the estrn. part of
Schuylkill co. Pa,, 81 ms, N, B, Harrisburg.
Knowlton, t. Warren co. N. J. on Del. r. s. e.
of the Blue mtn. Pop. 2,827.
Knox, p-t, Waldo co. Me., 25 ras. tt. w. Cas
tine. Pop. 666.
Knox, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 20 ms. w. Al
bany, on the height of land between Albany
and Schoharie, Pop. 2,189.
Knox, co. of Ten., bndd. by Blount s/, Roane
s. w., Anderson k. w,, Carapbell n,, Granger
N, E., Jefferson E,, and Sevier s. e. Length 48,
raean width 18, and area 864 sq. ms'. Extending
in lat. 35° 48' to 36° 15', and in long; 6° 11' to
7° 12' w. W. C. Holston i. enters the* estrn.
border, and winding s. w. by w. receives the
French Broad r, frora tbe s. e. and leaves the
wstrn. part of the county between Roane and
Blount. Thenthrn., n. wstrn. and s, estrn, parts
are raountainous, but the central vallies of Hol
ston and French Broad afford extensive tracts of
highly productive soil. Cf. t. Knoxville. Pop.
1820, 13,034, 1830, 14,498.
Knox, co. Ky., bndd, by Whiteby w,. Laurel
N, w,. Clay N, and n, e., Harlan £., and Clai-
bome aud Carapbell cos. of Ten, s. Length 33,
mean width 15, and area 495 sq, ms. Extend
ing in lat. 36° 34' to 37° 02', and in long. 6° 20',
to 7° w. W. C. This co, is traversed and
drained by Curaberland r,, slope tothe wstrd.
Cft, Barbourville. Pop. 1820, 3,661, incluc'.
ing what is now Laurel co. In 1830, Knox
contained 4,315 inhabitants,
Knox, co, Ohio, bndd, s, by Licking, Dela.
ware w,, Marion n, w., Richland n., Holraes N.
E,, and Coshocton e. Length 30, raean width
21, and area 630 sq. ras. Lat 40° 14' to 40°
32' long. W, C, 5^ w., slope s. estrd., and
•rained by the sources of Mohiccon cr. Cft.
Mount Vernon. Pop. 17,085.
Knox, p.v. Knox co. Ohio, by p.r. 56 -ms, k,'N.
F. Columbus.

LAF

235

LAF

K?(OX, CO. Ind,, occupying the lower part of
the peninsula between the Wabash and White
rs. opposite Wabash and Lawrence cos, lUinois,
and having Sullivan and Green cos, of Ind. n.
Length frora tbe junction of Wbite and Wabash
ra. to the n, e, angle on tbe latter 50 ms,, raean
breadth 10, and area 500 sq, ras, Lat, 38° 40'.
long, W. C, 10° 30' w, Cf t. Vincennes. Pop.
1820, 5,437, 1830, 6,525.
Knqx, CO. II. bndd. by Fulton s., Warren w.,
Henry ft., and Peoria e. Length 28, breadth
24, and area 572 sq, ras. Lat. 41° N,, long.
13° 10' w. W. C. Slopes sthrd. and is travers.
ed and drained by Spoon r. This co. is cora
prised in tbe military bounty land, Cf. t, Hen
derson. Pop, 274,
Knox, c, h. p-v, Knox co, II, by p-r. 188 ms.
N.N. w.. Vandalia. {See Henderson, same co.)
Knoxville, p-v. Tioga co. Pa, by p-r. 165
ms. nthwrds, Harrisburg.
Knoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. Geo.
situated on a cr. of Flint r. 65 ras, s. w. by w.
MiUedgeviUe. Lat. 32° 41', long. 1° 10' w.W. C.
Knoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. Ten.
situated on the right bank of Holston r., 26 ras.
by land above its junction with Ten., 61 ms. a

Uttle s. of w, Greenville, and 178 ras, a little s.
of w, NashviUe, Lat. 35° 56', long. 6° 43' w.
W. C, This t, has been regarded as the capi
tal of E, Ten. An acaderay has been long in
operation, and the general governraent has lent
its aid towprds the forraation of a college in
Knoxville, Pop. 1820, about 2,000, 1830, 3,000,
Knoxville, p-v, Jefferson co. 0, by p-r, 160
ms, N, E, by e, Colurabus.
Kncxville, p-v, Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 53
ras. N. N. w, -W. C.
Kortright, p-t. Del, co, N, York, 6 to 12
ms. E, and «, Delhi. Hilly or raountainoua.
Soil strong, capable of producing good crops.
17 schools, kept 8 raonths in 12. .Pop. ,2,870.
Kreidersville, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 12
ms. N, N, w. Betblehera, and 14 ras..E. Easton.
Kutztown, {See Cootstown.)
Kyadekosseras cr,, a good mill streara of
Saratoga co, N. Y. rising in Corinth and
Greenfield, and falling into Saratoga lake in the
t, of Saratoga Springs.
Kykendall's p-o. Henry co. Ten. by p-r. 121
ras. vr. Nashville.
Kylersville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r.
168 ras. 11. w. Harrisburg.

L,.

Lackawannoo, T. of Pa. rises in Wayne and
Schuylkill cos. between the Lackawannoc and
Tunkhannoc chains, and flowing s, 20 ma. turns
to s. w. 25 ms., falls into Susquehannah r. 9
miles abqve Wilkesbarre. The valley of
Lackawannoc ia, in reality, the continuation to
the N, E, of the 'W'yoraing valley, and equally
remarkable for the great abundance of mineral
coal, Lackawannoc,. ridge of ratns. in Luzeme and
Wasme COS. Fa. the continuation. of '\Vyoraing
ratn. E. of Wilkesbarre. It ranges in a north.
estrn. direction between the sources of Lacka
waxen and Lackawannoc rs. The now
markable Moosuck mtn. traversed by a rail.road
between Carbondale aai Honeydale, is the h.
E. part of the Lackawannoc.
Lackawaxen, r. of Pa. rising jJrincipally in
Wayne co,, but after the union of its main
branches forming the boundary between Wayne
and Pike cos. This comparatively small
stream has gained iraportance frora a canal
constructed along its valley, which coraraences
on the Del. r. at the mouth of Lackawaxen
creek, and follo-wing the valley of the 'latter 24
ms. to Honeydale, where it joins a rail.road
over Moosuc ratn. {See articles Honeydale
and Carbondale.)
Laconia, p.v. Harrison co. Ind. 21 ras. s.
Corydon, and 145 ms. ». Indianopolis.
Lacy's Spring and p.o. Morgan co. Ala. by
p-r. 149 ms. n. n. e. Tuscaloosa.
Lady Washington, sign of, and p-o. Mont
gomery CO. Pa. 22 ras. from Phil.
Lafayette, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 134 ras.
W.Albany. Pop. 2,560.
Lafayette, p-v. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 178
ms. N. w. Harris"buig.
Lafayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r.
208 ms. a little s. of w. Richmpnd.

Lafayette, parish La. bndd, by Merraentau
r, w,, bayou Queue Fortue, separating it from
St, Landre n,, by St, Martin's parish n, e,, by
Vermillion r, separating it from St, Mary's e.,
andby the Gulf of Mexico s. ; greatest length
along the Gulf 55 ms,, mean width -30, and
area 1,650 sq, nas. Extending in lat, 29° 30' to
30° 06'. The whole surface of this large pa
rish is a plain, the far greater part a marsh. Th«
very small lines of soil along the Vermillion,
and Queue Fortue, with still less on Merraen
tau, are the only parts adraitting cultivation. It
is also, with very slight exceptions, an unwood
ed prairie. The narrow lines of wood aj&ng
the streams composed of black oak, ¦white oak,
live oak, &c. cease before reaching the Gulf.
Clumps of live oak are seen rising on shell
and sand banks from tbe marsh. Cf t, Moun-
tenvitle. Pop. 5,653.
Lafayette, co. Ten. {See Fayette co. Ten.)
Lafayette, co. Ind. {See Fayette co. same
state.) Lafayette, co. of Mo. having the Mo. r. n.,
and extending s, indefinitely to Osage r, ; it is
mostly uninhabited, Cf t. Lexington. Pop.
2,912. Lafayette, o, h, and p-o. Layfayette co. Ark.
182 ras. s. w. Little Rock.
Lafayette, p-v. and st. jus. Tippecanoe co.
Ind. 70 ras. n. vr. Indianopolis. It is situated
on Wabash r. about 10 ms, below the mouth of
Tippecanoe r,
Lafa'!CEtte, southwestern co. of Ark., the
limits of which are yet but vaguely defined; on
Tanner's map of the U. S., it has Hempstead
in Ark, on the n,, and the parish of Claiborne
in La. s,, extending e. and w. Washitau -river to
the westem boundary of the Ter. Length along
La. 130 ms., raean width about 35, and area 4,550
sq. ms. It is traversed by Red T. Pop. 748.

LAK

236

LAK

Lafayetteville, p-v, Oldham co. Ky., 43 ras.
nthwrd, Frankfort.
Lafourche, (The Fork,) r. of La., a raouth of
the Misp, This outlet, about 80 yards wide at
its efflux from the main streara, issues at and
above Donaldsonville, and though reraarkable
as receiving no tributary water in all its length
of, by coraparative courses, 90 ras,, the streara
widens and deepens as it approaches its dis
charge into the Gulf of Mexico. The general
course is very near s. e,, and though presenting
on a sraaller scale, sirailar features with the
Misp,, the bends of Lafourche are compara
tively less nuraerous and abrupt in the Lafourche.
It enters the Gulf over abar of 9 ft, water, at n,
lat. 29° 12', and long, 13° 09' w, W. C.
Lafourche Interior, parish of La,, bndd. by
Assumption n. w,, St. John Baptiste N., St,
Charles and the Gulf of Mexico s.e., and the
parish of Terre Bonne s. and w. Length 70,
mean width 15, and area 1,050 sq. ms. Ex.
tending in lat, 29° 12' to 29° 57', and in long.
13° 07' to 14° 15' w. W, C. The Lafourche r.
winds through this parish in the direction of its
greatest length, and containing on its banks tbe
far greatest part of the arable soil of its surface.
The whole, indeed, as part of the delta, is an
almost undeviating plain ; the banks of the
streams rising but little above the interior
marshes. The arable margins of the strearas
contain also raost of the tirabered land. Where
the soil, however admits cultivation, it is highly
productive. Staples, sugar and cotton. Cf, t,
Thibadeauxville. Pop. 1820, 3,755, 1830, 5,503.
La Grange, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. Pop.
2,044. La Grange, p-v. Chester dist. S. C, by p-r.
77 ms, N. Columbia,
La Grange, p-v, and st. jus, Troup co. Geo.,
situated on a small cr. of Chattahooche r., by
p-r. 133 ras. very nearly due w. Milledge-viUe.
Lat. 33° 05', long. 8° 10' w. W. C.
La Grange, p-v. Franklin co. Ala. by p-r. 110
ms. N. N. w, Tuscaloosa.
La Grange, p.v. Fayette co. Ten., by p-r. 242
ms. s. w. by w. NashviUe.
La Grange, p-v, Oldhara co. Ky,, raarked in
the p-o. list as the st. jus. in the list of offices,
though in the list of cos. which precedes the of
fices, Westport is annexed to Oldhara, as the co.
St. Lafayetteville is not inserted on Tanner's
map, but in the p-o. list stated at 43 ras. from
Frankfort. La Grange, t. Loraine co. 0., by p-r. 119 ms.
w. Columbus.
La Grange, new co. of Ind,, bndd. by Elk-
hart CO. vr., St. Joseph co. Mich. n. w. and N.,
Branch co. Mich. n. e,, other boundaries un
certain. Length from w. to e. 30 ms., breadth
18, and area, 540 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 40', long.
W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope n. w. byw., and in that
direction drained by Pigeon r. and other conflu
ents of St. Joseph's r. of lake of Mich. The
central part is about 140 ms. a little e, of n. In
dianopolis. Pop. uncertain.
La Grange, p-v, Cass co. Mich. 178 ms. a lit.
tie s. of w. Detroit.
Lairdsville, p.v. Lycoraing co. Pa., by p.r.
92 ms. n. Harrisburg.
Lake George, a beautifnl body of water,

about 33 ms. long, and nearly 2 wide, princi.
pally in the cos. of Warren and Wasbington,
N. Y. It discharges itselfinto lake Champlain
at Ticonderoga. The outlet is little more than
3 ms. long, and is said to descend 157 ft. This
lake is surrounded by high mtns, and is sur.
passed in the romantic by no lake scenery inthe
world. The water is deep and clear, abound.
ing with the finest fish, Tbe lake abounds
with sraall isis. It is a fashionable place of re.
sort in summer. In consequence of the extra.
ordinary purity of the waters of this lake, the
French formerly procured it for sacramental
purposes ; on which account they denorainated
it Lac Sacraraent. Roger's rock is on the w.
side of the lake, 2 ras. from its outlet. It rises
out of the water at an angle of more than 45° to
the height of 300 or 400 ft. It received its
narae from Major Rogers, who, to evade his
Indian pursuers, ascended the rock on the land
side with snow shoes ; and throwing his pack
down the precipice on the water side, turned
his feet about on his snow ahoes, and travelled
back with them, they being heel foremost ; thus
leading the Indians to suppose that two persons
had amended tbe rock, and precipitated them.
selves into the lake. Tbis lake was conspicu.
ous during the French and revolutionary wars,
forming tbe most convenient connexion between
Canada and the Hudson ; hence the establish
raent of the forts at the head of the lake, and
also in part of fort Ticonderoga. •
Lake-of-the- Woods, {See Assiniboin r.)
Lake Pleasant, p-t, Harailton co. N. Y. 70
ras. n. w. Albany. Itis a wild waste of moun.
tain and swamp lands, abounding with small
lakes ; so poor in general that nobody inclines
to settle in it. The lakes are very nuraerous
and produce iramense quantities of very fine
large trout. Lake Pleasant is said to be 4 ms.
long, with a fine sandy beach. Pop. 266.
Lake Port, p.v. Chicot co. Ark. by p.r. 200
ms., but by direct distance only 130 s. e. Little
Rock. La Porte, new oc of Ind., bounded by St.
Joseph's CO. Ind. e., Berrien co. Mich, h., lake
Michigan n. w., and the Indian country to the
s. of lake Mich, on the other sides. It is, with
the exception of the n. w. angle, a square of 24
ms. each side, area about 560 sq. ras. Lat. 41°
35', long. W. C. 9° 42' w. The extreme source
of Kankakee r. branch of lUmois r. rises in St.
Joseph's CO. Ind., and traversing the southern
part of La Porte co. gives it a westem slope.
The northwestern section declines n. w. to.
wards lake Michigan. Surface generally a
plain. The poSrt on lake Michigan, from which
this county is named, is by direct line about
140 ms. N. N. w. from Indianopolis. Over this
space a rail.road has been projected. Pop. un.
certain. Lake Providence, and p.o. northeast part of
the parish of Washitau, La. The p.o. is about
100 ms. N. Natchez. The lake in every re.
spect similar to Fausse Riviere, lakes Concor.
dia, St. Joseph, and Grand lake, is evidently
the remains of an ancient bend of Mississippi.
Lake Providence is entirely omitted on Tan.
ner's U. S.
Lake Rain. See Assiniboin r.

LAN

237

LAN

Lamberton, village, Burlington co. N. J. on
the Del. 2 ras. below 'Trenton.
Lambertsville, village, Hunterdon co. N, J,
on the Del. 16 ras. above Trenton, connected
by a bridge with New Hope.
Lamington, (Indian, Alaraatunk,) v. Som-
merset co, N, J,
Lamoille, r, Vt, forraed by the union of sev.
•eral strearas, in Greensborough, and falls into
-lake Charaplain at Colchester,
Lamoresville, p.v. Carroll co. Ten. 118 ms.
w. NashviUe.
Lampeter, tsp, and p-o, Lancaster co. Pa,
The tsp, lies between Pequea and MUl ers.,
and the p-o. is about 6 ras. s. e, the city of Lan
caster. Pop. tsp. 182 ), 3,278.
Lamprev, r. N. H. rises on the w. of Saddle-
'back mtn. in Northwood, and meets the tide
about 2 ms, above the Great bay at Durham,
Lampton's, Clark co. Ky,, by p-r. 53 ms. s, e,
Frankfort, Lancaster, p-t. and st. jus. Coos, co, N, H,,
on tbe a. c:. bank of Con.r., 110 ras. w. Portland,
130 N. Portsmouth, 1 10 alraost due n. from Con.
cord, and 75 above Dartmouth' college. Wa.
tered by Con, r,, Israel's r,, and several smaller
streams ; situated near lofty mtns. Pop, 1, 1 87,
Lancaster, p-t, Worcester co. Mass,, the
oldest town in the co,, 35 ras. ^. w. Boston, 15
Tt. e. Worcester. Finely situated on both sides
of Nashua r. Here are found slates of a good
quality, andalusite, earthy raarl, phosphorate of
lirae, and several other minerals. Map print
ing, and comb raaking, are here carried on,
upon an extensive scale. Here is an acaderay.
Pop, 2,014,
Lancaster, co. Pa,, bndd, by the estrn, Cone
wago cr. separating it frora Dauphin w., by
Lebanon co.N. w., Berks n.e,, Chester E., Coe
cil CO. of Md. s,, and Susquehaimah r, separating
it frora York co, s. w. Lines drawn over this
CO. from its s. E. angle on Octarara cr. a little
w. of N, to its extreme nthrn, angle on Lebanon
and Berks, or tt. vr. paraUel to Susquehannah r.
to its extrerae wstrn. angle at the mouth of Con
ewago, are very nearly equal and 43 ras. in
length, and the area being within a trifle of 1,000
sq. ms., the raean width will be about 23
ma. Extending in lat. 39° 42' to 40° 19' and
in long. 0° 19' to 1° 10' E, W, C, The slope of
*his fine co. is towards the Susquehannah, and
in a direction of s. s, w. The central and best
parts are drained by the -Conestoga, but the
Conewago and Chiques in the wstrn. angle, and
Pequea and Octarara ers. in the s. estm. are
ers. of some size, watering excellent land.
Lancaster is one of the best cultivated cos.
of Pa. and produces large quantities of live
stock, salted, meat, hides, leather, grain, flour,
fruit, particularly apples, cider, wbiskey,
&c. Cf t. Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 68,336,
1830, 76,631.
Lancaster, city of, p-t. and st. jus. Lancaster
CO. Pa., situated in the fine fertile and well cul
tivated valley of Conestoga, about one mile
wstrd. of that stream, 62 ms. from Phil, and 36
frora Harrisburg ; n. lat. 40° 03', and long. 0°
41' E. W. C. This city was laid out in streets
at right angles. The central part is well and
closely built. The c, lu is the central edifice, 31

standing at the intersection of the two raain
streets. The coraraerce and manufactures of
the place are flourishing. Pop. 1810, 5,405,
1820, 6,633, 1830, 7,704.
Lancaster, co. Va. bndd. n. w. by Richraond,
X, E. and E. by Northumberland, s. e, by Chesa
peake bay, and s. and s. w. by Rappahannoc r.,
separating it from Middlesex. Length 24, mean
width 8, and area about 200 sq, ms. Extending
in lat. 37° 35' to 37° 55', and in long. 0° 22' to
0° 40' E, W, C, On the Potomac border, it is
deeply indented by sraall but convenient bays.
Pop, 1820, 5,517, in 1830, 4,801.
Lancaster, c. h. and p-o. Lancaster co. Va.,
situated near the middle of the co., by p-r, 85
ms, N. E, by E, Richmond, and 152 s,o, E. W, C,
Lat, 37° 46', long. 0° 30' e, W, C,
Lancaster, dist. S. C, bndd, by Lynches cr.
separating itfrom Chesterfield s. e., by Kershaw
s., by Catawba r. separating it frora Fairfield,
Chester and York w., and by Mecklenburg co.
N. C, N, Length s, to n, parallel to Catawba r.
44 ms. ; the sthrn. part is about 23 ras. wide,
but to the nthrd. the breadth is reduced to less
than 5 me. ; the mean width may be assuraed at
12, and area 524 sq. raa. Tbe general slope is
sthrd, Cft, Lancaster, Pop, 1820, 8,716, 1830,
10,361. Lancaster, p-t,, and st, jus. Lancaster dist.
S. C. situated near the centre of the dist, 38
ras. a little w. ofN. Caraden, and 63 ras. e. of
N, Colurabia, Lat, 34° 42', long. 3° 47' w.
W.C. Lancaster, p.v. Sraith co. Ten,, by. p.r, 58
ms, IN, E, Nashville,
Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Garrard co. Ky,,
37 ras, s, Lexington, 10 a little s. of e, DanviUe,
and 52 s, s, e, Frankfort, Lat, 37° 37', long,
7° 30' w, W, C,
Lancaster, p-v, and, st, jus, Fairfield co. O,,
by p-r, 28 ras, s, e, Columbus, and 372 n. w. by
vr. i vr. W, C, This is one of the finest inte
rior villages of O., containing from 250 to 300
houses, by the census of 1820, 1,037, but by
that of 1830, 1 ,530, and at present at least 1,600
inhabitants. According to Flint, it contains the
common co. buildings, an academy, several
private schools, 4 churchea, 12 atores, 2 print
ing offices, issuing a weekly English, and weekly
German paper ; a bank, and is united to the
great central canal of O, by a side cut. Lat
39° 45',
Lancaster, p-v, Jefferson co, Ind,, by p-r. 76
ms. s. E. Indianopolis.
Lakdaff, t. Grafton co, N, H,, 12 ms, e, Ha
verhill corner, 9 from Concord, Watered by
Wild Amonoosuck and Great Amonoosuck rs.
Landaff mtn,. Cobble hill, and Bald hUl, are the
principal elevations. Soil in some parts very
fertfle. Pop. 949.
Landgrove, p-t, Bennington co. Vt., 33 ms.
N. E. Bennington, 70 s. Montpelier. 'Watered
by head branches of West r. 3 school districts.
Pop. 385.
Landisburg, p.v. on the waters of Sherman's
cr. Perry co. Pa,, IS ms. n. n. w, CarUsle, and
by p-r, 32 ms. n. w, by w, Harrisburg.
Landsford, p.v, in the n. h. part of Chester
dist. S, C. 10 ras, n, e, ChesterviUe, and by p-r,
92 ms, N, Columbia,

LAU

238

LAU

Lane's p-o. Mason co, Va., by p-r. 366 ms.
wstrd, W, C.
Lanesborough, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass., 5
ms, from Pittsfield, 14 N, Lenox, 135 from Boa-
ton, Part of the waters of this town descend to
Long Island sound, and part to the Hudson,
Soil, a fine loam. Contains great quantities of
white raarble, which are very valuable and ex
tensively wrought. Pop. 1,192.
Lanesboro', p-v. Anson co. N. C, by p-r, 154
ras, s. w, Raleigh.
Lanesboro', p-v. Susqueharmah co.Pa. by p-r,
187 ms, N. ±1. Harrisburg.
Lanesville, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by
p-r. 178 ms, n, n, e. Harrisburg,
Lanesville, p-o, Floyd co, Ky, by p-r, 154
ma, B. E. by e, Frankfort.
Langdon, p.t, Sullivan co, N, H, 17 ms, from
Keene, 50 w. Concord, Watered by a branch
of Cold r. It was named in honor of Gov,
Langdon, Pop. 666,
Langhorn's Tavern, and p-o. Cumberland co.
Va. by p-r. 60 ras. wstrd. Ricbraond.
Langsbury, p-v. Caraden co, Geo. byp-r. 199
ms. s. s. E. MiUedgeville.
Lansing, t. Tompkins co, N. Y,, having Lud-
lowville p-o, on the e, side, near s, end of Cay
uga lake, 7 ms, n, Ithaca, 160 vr. Albany. Soil
of the best quaUty. Watered by Salraon cr.
which has falls, 20 school dists. Pop, 4,020,
La.nsingburgh, p-t, Rensselaer co, N, Y, e,
Hudson r,, 4 ma, n, Troy, 10 N, Albany, There
is an elegant bridge acroas the Hudson, be
tween this place and Waterford, the first as
we ascend from the ocean. Here is a very ex
tensive nursery, Epsom salts, and stone for
building are found here. The vUlage of Lan
singburgh is 2 ras, long, and' half a mile wide,
being regularly laid out in blocks, or oblong
squares 400 by 260 ft. It has a flourishing aca
deray. A dara 1,100 ft, long, and 9 ft. high, is
built across the r. below the village, by wbich
the water has been raade sufficiently deep for
sloops throughout the season. Vessels ascend
through a sloop lock 30 feet wide, and 114 long.
Cost of the dara and lock, $92,270. Lansing
burgh employs in trade about 12 sloops. Pop.
2,663. Lapeer, co, Mich, bndd, a, by Oakland, s, w,
Shiawassee, n, v. Saginaw, n, Sanilac, e, St,
Clair CO,, ands, e, by Macorab, Lat, 43°, long,
';¦ 7° 15' w,, slope tt. vr., and drained by Flint r,
branch of Saginaw, It Ues n. n, w, about 60
ms, from Detroit.
Larkin's Fork, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala, about
1'70 ras, N, n. Tuscaloosa.
La Salle, co, Illinois, along both sides of Il
linois r, from the junction of the Kankakee
and Plane rs. down to below the raouth of Ver
million r. It would be useless to offer a delin
eation ofthis CO. as it contains, as laid down by
Tanner, 110 ms. frora s. to n. with a breadth ol
50, of course raust be rapidly subdivided. That
part along the Illinois near the rapids, will prob
ably retain the title, {See Ottawa, Fox river
of Illinois, &c.)
Lauderdale, northwestern co. of Ala. bndd.
on the N. by the cos. of Hardin, Wayne and
Lawrence in Ten,, E. by Liraestone, Ala., s, by
Ten, r, separating it from Lawrence and Frank

lin, Ala,, s. w, by Ten, i, separating it from tie
Chickasaw territory, in Ala,, and w.. again by
Ten. r. separating it from the Chickasaw terri
tory, in the state of Misp. Length E. to w. 56
ms., mean width 12, and area 672 square ms.
Extending in lat. 34° 43' to 35°, and in long.
10° 16' to 11° 15' w. W. C. Elk river enters
Ten. about the middle of the Muscle shoals,
and in the extreme southeastern angle of Lau.
derdale co. The general declivity is south
ward towards Ten. down whicb flow Blackwa.
ter. Shoal, Cypress, Second and other ers. The
surface is broken and soil excellent, Cf. t.
Florence. Population 1820, 4,963; 1830,11,.
781. Laughery, p-v, Ripley co, Ind, situated on a
creek of the same name in thes. e. part of the
CO, byp-r. 81 ms, o. e. Indianopolis,
Laughlintown, p-v, Westraoreland co. Pa.
26 ms, E, Greensburg, and 43 H. w, by w. Bed.
ford, Laughridge, p.v, Gwinnett co. Geo. by p-r.
99 ms, N, w, MiUedgeviUe.
Laurel, p-v. southern part of Sussex co.
Del, 58 ms, southward Dover,
Laurel Furnace, and p-o, Dickson co. Ten.
by p.r. 44 ras. westward Nashville.
Laurel Hill, or Laurel mtns,, a local'narae
given to several of the western chains of the
Appalachian systera, .an absurdity productive of
no sraall share ef confusion. The chain in Pa.
extending frora the Coneraaugh to Youghiogha.
ny r,, and which separates Cambria co, frora
"Westraoreland, and Soraerset from Westmore.
land and Fayette, is there called " The Laurel
Hill," whilst another chain westerly and with
an intervening valley of 10 ms, wide is called
" The Chestnut Ridge." Both chains are con.
tinued out of Pa, into Va, southwestward ofthe
Youghioghany, but the names are reversed,
and tbe Chestnut ridge of Pa, is tbe Laurel
ridge of Va, Such is tbe wretched delineation
of the Appalachian systera on all ourmaps, that
no adequate idea of the respective chains can
in many instances be obtained by their assist.
ance. The two chains mentioned in this arti.
cle, though not so represented, preserve their
identity, similar to the Blue Ridge frora the
state of N. Y. into Ala.
Laurel Hill, p-o, Soraerset co. Pa. by p.r.
162 ms, N, w, W. C.
Laurel Hill, p.o. Lunenburg co. Va, by p-r,
112 ms, s. w, Richmond,
Laurel Hill, p-v, Richmond co, N, C, by
p.r, 97 ras, s. w, Raleigh,
Laurel Hill, p-v. w. Feliciana parish, La,
20 ras. frora St. Francisville,
Laurel Spring, p-v, Fluvanna co. Va. by p-r.
61 ras. ft. w. by w; Richraond.
Laurence, co. Ala, bndd, e, by Morgan, s, by
Walker, w, by Franklin, n, w. by Ten. r. sepa
rating it from Lauderdale, and n. e. from Ten.
r. separating it frora Liraestone. Length from
n. to s, along its water boundary 38 ms,, the
breadth 24, mean length 34, and area 816 sq,
ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 18' to 34° 48',
and in long. 10° 13' to 10° 36' w. W. C. The
southern border extends into the higher rim of
the valley of Mulberry r., branch of Black
Warrior, and slopes southwardly, butthe central

LAW

239

LAW

and northern sections, comprising full tvvo thirds
of the whole surface, declines northwardly to
wards Ten. i. That part ofthe latter stream
which forms the northern boundary of Law
rence, is known as the Muscle shoals. Cf. t,
Moulton. Pop. 14,984,
Laurens, p-t, Otsego co, N. Y. 12 ras. s. w,
Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany. Surface broken
by hills of a moderate height. Soil a rich loam.
Timber, pine, oak, chesnut, walnut, &c. Con.
tains a raineral spring ; 14 schools, kept 8
raonths in 12. Pop. 2,231.
Laurens, dist, of S, C, bndd, by Newbury s,
cT,, the Saluda r. separating it from Abbeville
s, w,, Greenville n, w,, and the Ennoree r, sep.
arating it from Spartanburg n,, and Union n, e.
Length 33, mean width 28, and area 924 square
miles. Extending in lat, 34° 12' to 34° 45', and
in long. 4° 37' to 5° 18' w. W. C. The slope
of this CO. is very nearly southeastward with
the course of Ennoree and Saluda rs. Cf t,
Laurensville, Pop, 1820, 17,682, 1830, 20,263.
L.iurens, CO, Geo. bndd, by Montgomery e,
and s, E,, Pulaski s, w, and w,, Wilkinson n, w.,
Washington n., and Eraanuel n. e. The great
est length from the southern to northern angles
40 ras,, and aa the area is about 800 square ms,
the mean width svill be 20 ms. In lat. it extends
32° 12' to 32° 45', and in long, 5° 40' to 6° 18'
vr. W. C. Oconee r, traverses this co, in a s
s, E, direction, dividing it into two unequal sec
tions, two thirds to the right and one third to
tbe left of tbe r, Cf t, Dublin. Pop. 1820,
5,436, 1830, 5,589.
Laurensville, p-v. and at. jua, Laurena diat,
S, C, aituated near the centre ofthe dist,, about
75 ms, almost due tt. Augusta in Geo, and by
p-r, 81 ms, n. w, by w, Columbia, lat. 34° 31',
long. 5° w. W. C.
Lausanne, tsp. and p-o. Northampton co. Pa,
by p-r, 13 ras, Mauch Chunck and 132 n, h.
Harrisburg. In this tsp. are situated the vast
strata of anthracite coal near Mauch Chunck.
Lawrence, p-t, St, Lawrence co. N, Y, 230
ms, N. w. Albany. Pop, 1,097.
Lawrence, t, Hunterdon co, N, J, lies n, e,
of Taunton, and extends to Somerset and Mid
dlesex. Pop. 1,433.
Lawrence, co. of Ten. bndd. by Wayne w.,
Hickman n., Giles e., and Lauderdale co. in
Ala. s. It is a square of 28 ms., area 784 sq.
ms. Extending in lat 3S° to 35° 24', and in
long, 10° 17' to 10° 45'. This county occupies
a table land ; from the southem and larger sec
tion, the waters flow southward, over Lauder
dale CO. into Ten, r,, whilst the northern dis
charges to the N. w., the sources of the Buffalo
branch of Duck r. Cf t. Lawrenceburg. Pop.
1820,3,271, 1830, 5,411.
Lawrence, co. of Ky. bndd. by Floyd s..
Licking r.' separating it from Morgan s. w., and
Bath w,, Fleming n, w., Greenup n., and Sandy
r, separating it from Cabell co. "Va. e. Length
w, to E, 60, raean width 26, and area 1,560 sq,
ms. Extending in lat. 37° 53' to 38° -22'. This
CO. occupies a table land, from which the ers.
flow s, w. into Licking, tt. towards Ohio, and
N. E, into Sandy r, Cf t. Louisa, Pop. 3,900.
Lawrence, extrerae southern co. of Ohio,
bndd. by Sciota co. n. w , Jacksbft n., Gallia n.

E., s. E. by 0. I. separating it frora Cabell co.
Va., and s, w, by O, r, separating it frora Green
up CO, Ky. Length 30, mean breadth 13, and
area 390 sq. ms. It lies directly opposite the
mouth of Big Sandy r, slopes southward, and
in that direction is drained by Symrae'a cr,,
and sorae smaller streams, Cf, t, Burlington,
Pop. 1820, 3,499, 1830, 5,367.
Lawrence, co. Ind. bndd, s, by Orange, Mar
tin s, w,, Greene n, w,, Monroe n„ Jackson e,,
and Washington s, E. It is about 22 ms, aq,,
area 464 aq, -ras, Lat, 39° n., long, 9° 40' w,
W, C, It is traversed from east to west bythe
main volurae ofthe South fork of White r, Cf
t, Bedford. Pop. 9,234.
Lawrence, co. of Misp. bndd. w, by Frank
lin, N, w. by Copiah, n, by Simpson, e, by Co
vington, s. E-. by Marion, and s. w, by Pike.
Lengths, to w, 42, raean width 20, and area 840
sq, ms. Extending in lat, 31° 24' to 31° 47'
.N„ and in long, 12° 58' to 13° 40' w, W, C.
This CO, is traversed in a s, s, e, direction by
Pearl r,, the western part is, however, a table
land : from which' flow, northwards, the head
waters of Bayou Pierre, westward those of the
Homochitto, and southward, thoseof the Bogue
Chitto, The surface generally a'barrensoil, is
covered with pine timbers. Staple, cotton, Cf
t, MonticeUo. Pop. 1820, 4,9 16, 1830, 5,293.
Lawrence, co, II,, bndd, by Wabash co, s,,
Edwards s, w,. Clay w,, Jasper N, w,, Crawford
N,, and Wabash r, separating it from Knox co,
Ind, E, It is 20 by 25 ms,, area 500 sq, ms.
Lat, 38° 45', long, W. C, 11° w,, slope s, and
traversed hy Erabarras r, Cf t, Lawrenceville.
Pop, 3,668,
Lawrence, co, of Ark. as laid down on Tan
ner's United States, is bndd. h, by St, Francia
CO,, s, w, by Independence, w, by Izard, n, by
Wayne, co, of Misp,, e, by St, Francis r, sepa
rating it from New Madrid co, of Misp., and s.
E, by Crittenden co. in Ark. Length frora St.
Francis r, to the eastern boundary of Izard co.
86 ras., the greatest breadth is near 70, but the
mean breadth about 50, area 4,300 sq. ms. E.x-
tending in lat, 35° 30' to 36° 30', and in long.
13° 10' to 14° 40' w, W. C, The large tract
included under the name of this co, comprises a
very diversified surface. The estrn. section
near the St. Francis is flat, and in g'reat part lia
ble to annual submersion. Approaching the
centre the surface rises into hill and dale, pre^
senting a fine country and congeries of confltit
ent rs. The Black and Current rs, flowing down
in fine copious .navigable strearns frora
southern Misp,, here unite and at Davidson
ville, the seat of justitie, receives frora the
nortbwestward Eleven Points and Spring rs,
Cf t. DavidsonviUe. Pop, 1820, 5,602, 1830,
2,806, Lawrenceburg, p.v. on Alleghany r. and in
the N.w. angle of Armstrong co. Pa, about 50
ras, N, N. E, Pittsburg and by p.r, 195 ms, N, w.
by w. Harrisburg.
Lawrenceburg, p.v. and St. jus, Lawrence
CO, Ten. situated in the forks of Shoal creek,
28 ms. N. N. E. Florence, in Ala. and by p-r. 88
ras. s, s, w. NashviUe, lat. 35° 08', long. 10° 35'
w.W.C. Lawrengebursh, p-v, and st. jus. Dearborn

LEA

240

LEB

CO. Ind. situated on Ohio r. immediately below
the mouth of Great Miami, and by p-r. 98 ms.
s. e, Indianopolis, and 23 below Cincinnati,
Lat, 39° 04'.
Lawrenceburg Hotel, and p-o. in the village
of Lawrenceburg, Anderson co. Ky. 10 ras. s,
Frankfort, Lawrenceville, village, Hunterdon co, N.
J. 6 ms, N, e, Trenton,
Lawrenceville, p.v, Tioga co. Pa. by p.r.
151 ras, northrd. Harrisburg.
Lawrenceville, village, on the left bank of
Alleghany r, Alleghany co. Pa, This place is'
onlf two ms, above the nrthrn. Liberties of the
city of Pittsburg. It is the seat of an arsenal
and U, S, military depot.
Lawrenceville, p-v, and st, jus, Brunswick
CO, Va. situated on a branch of Meherin r. by
p-r. 72 ms. a little w. of S.Richmond, Lat. 36°
48',long,0°.50'w, W. C,
Lawrenceville, p-v. and st, jus, Montgome
ry CO, N, C, situated on the right bank of Yad
kin r. by p-r. 109 ras. s, w.- by w. Raleigh. Lat.
35° 25', long, 3° ll'w.W, C,
Lawrenceville, p-v. and st.jus, Gmnnett co.
Geo, situated near the extrerae source of Oc
mulgee r, by p-r. 87 ms. N. w. MiUedgeville.
Lat. 33° 58', long. 7° 05' w. W. C.
Lawrenceville, p-v, Madison- co, Ohio, by
p-r, 23 ras. wstrd. Columbus.
Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence
CO. II, situated on Embarras r, by p-r, 84 ms, a
little s, of E, Vandalia, and 10 miles w, Vin
cennes in Ind, n.. lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 10°
45' w.
Lawson's, p-o. Logan co, Va. by p-r, 239 ms,
wstrd. Richmond.
Lawsville, p.v, in the nrthrn, part of Sus
quehannah CO, Pa, about 20 ras. from Montrose,
and byp-r. 179 n" t>. e, Harrisburg.
Leacobk, p-v. and tsp. of Lancaster co.< Pa.
The p.o. is 7 ms. estrd. Lancaster. Pop-, tsp,
1820,2,882,1830, 3,315.
Leading CR., and p-o. nrthrn. part of Lewis
CO. Va. by p-r. 233 ms, alraost due w. W. C.
Leadsville, p-v, Randolph co, Va. by p-r.
218 ras. w.W. C,
Leaf, r, watrn, branch of Pascagoula r. This
streara, frequently called from its principal oon.
stituent branch, Chickisawhay r, rises in the
Choctaw country, state of Misp,. and flowing
thence in a sthrn, direction over Covington and
Jones cos, gradually bends to s, E,, unite in
Perry, frora which the united waters enter
Greene and fall into Pascagoula, a short dis
tance below n,- lat. 31°. The general feature
of the valley of Leaf r, is that of sterile pine
woodland. Leaf r, p-o, {See Ch-eesboro', Greene co. Misp.)
Leakesville, p-o, on the right bank of Dan
r. northern part of Rockinghara co. N. C, 5 ras.
N. Wentworth, andby p-r, 105 n. n, w. Raleigh,
Leakesville, p-o. Laurens dist, S, C. by p-r,
92 ras, nthwstrd, Columbia,
Leakesville, p-v, Newton co, Geo.. by p-r. 50
ms. N. w, Milledge-viUe,
Leakesville, p.v. and st. jus. Green co.
Misp. by p.r, 152 ma, a. e. Jackson. Pop. 200.
Leasburg, p.v. Caswell co. N, C..by p.r. 85
ma. tt. w, Raleigh,. ]

Leavenworth, p.o. Crawford co. 126 miles
sthrd. Indianopolis,
Lebanon, p.t. York co. Me. on the Pisoate^
qua, 98 ms, n. w. York. Pop, 2,391.
Lebanon, p.t. Grafton co. N, H, e. Conn. r.
4 ms. below Dartraouth college. Watered by
Conn, and Mascoray rs. Contains raany valu.
able mill seats. 'Timbered with white pine,,
oak, sugar maple, birch, beech, &c. There
are falls in the Conn, in tbis town, which are
locked and canalled. Lyraan's bridge, across
the Conn, connects this town witb Hartford,-
Vt, The principal village is situated on a
plain near the central part, at the head of the
falls of Mascoray r. In this town is a raedi
cinal spring. Here are' also a lead mine, and a
vein of iron ore. Pop,. 1,868.
Lebanon, p-t. New London co. Conn. 30 ms.
S.E.Hartford. Moderately hilly. Soil a rich,
deep, unctuous mould, very fertile, and pecu-
liarfy adapted to grass. Timbered principally
with chestnut, walnut, and oak. Well watered-
with brooks and rivulets, some of which afford?
mUl sites. 17 school dists. Pop. 2,554.
Lebanon, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 3S ms. s.^
w. Utica, Surface hilly. The Chenango r.-
runs through the e. part. Soil light. Timber
ed with maple, beech, birch, ash, &c, 13-
schools, kept 8 months in 12, Pop, 3,249,
Lebanon, village, Columbia co.N. Y. a beau
tiful village, faraous for its springs, the water of
which issues in great abundance from the side
of a high hill, and being remarkably clear, soft
and tepid, is much used for bathing. The
houses of accommodation are excellent, and it
is a place of great resort in the sumraer
months ; 27 ras. e. Albany ; 31 n, e, Hudson.
Lebanon, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. bndd. s. w..
by Betblehera and Kingwood, n. w. by the Mus
conetcunk, N. t. by Morris co, and Jewksbury,-
s. e. by Readingtown. Pop. 3,436,
Lebanon, co. Pa. bndd. by Dauphin w. and;
N. w,, Schuylkill N,, Berks n. e, and Lancaster
S.E. The greatest length of Dauphin is a dia.
gonal 29 ms,, the estrn, to the wstrn. angle ;¦
raean width 12, and area 348 sq. ms. Extend.
ing in lat. 40° 1 1' to 40° 32' and in long. 0° 20'
to 0° 51' E. W, C, The estrn. angle of thia co.
givea source to the Tulpehocken, and to the
nthwstm. branches of Conestoga ; from the
extrerae sthrn. part flows the estm. Conewago,
but more than three fifths are- included in the
valley of the Swatara, and slopes s. b. wstrd.
The whole co. is included in the fine valley of
^Kittatinny, and similar to other parts of this
'physical region, the side next the Blue Ridge
is based on liraestone, and that towards .the
Kittatinny on clay slate. Soil generally excel.
lent. The surface though bounded by the Kit
tatinny tt. vr., and Blue Ridge s. a. is not even
very hilly, no part is however level. To the
many natural advantages of Lebanon, may be
added the artificial r., the Union canal. This
work, pursuing the vafley of the Tulpehocken,.
that ofthe Quitapahilla, into Swatara, and down
the latter into Susquehannah r., passes over the
central part and divides Lebanon into two not
very unequal sections. Staples are every agri.
cultural product of that part of the middle
states of the U..S^ included in the same zone-

LEE

241

LEE

of lat., with iraraense quantities of cast and
hammered iron. Cf. t. Lebanon. Pop. 1820,
16,988, 1830, 20,557.
Lebanon, p-t., boro', and st/jus. Lebanon co.
Pa,, situated near the centre of the co, on the
Union canal, and on one of the head branches
of the Quitapahilla cr,, 24 ms. a little n. of E,
Harrisburg, 133 n, n, e. W. C, and 77 ms, N, w,
by w, PhU. Lat. 40° 20', long. 0° 35' E. W. C.
This is a very neat, well buUt, and flourishing
town ; situated on the limestone part of the Kit
tatinny valley, with a well cultivated and fertile
vicinity. Pop. 1820, 1,437, 18311, 3,555.
Lebanon, p-v. and St. jus. Russell co. Va.
situated on a branch of Clinch r. about 130 ms.
N. E. by E. Knoxville in Ten., and by p-r. 430
ms. s, w. by w. W. C. Lat, 36° 53' and long.
5° 03' w. W. C.
Lebanon, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 21 ms,
from MiUedgeviUe,
Lebanon, p-v, and st, jus, Wilson co. Ten,
situated on a cr. of Curaberland r. 23 ras. a lit
tle N. of E. Nashville, and 24 a little s. of w,
Carthage; lat. 36° 12', and long. 9° 21' w,
W.C.
LEBANONy p-V. and st. jus. Warren co. O. by
p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Colurabus, 28 s, Dayton, and
Sl N, E, Cincinnati. Lat. 39° 25', long. W. C.
7° 12' w. It contains the coramon co, buildings,
a printing office and bank. Pop, 1,165.
Lebanon, p-v, in the nrthestrn, part of St,
Clair CO, II, It is situated on Silver cr, 8 ras.
N, E, Belleville, and by p-r, 59 ras, s, w. Vanda
lia. Lebanon, p-v. on Chaplin's fork of Salt r.
Washington co. Ky. by p-r. 56 ms. s. s. w.
Frankfort. Ledyard, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. on Cayuga
lake, 19 ms.s, w. Auburn, Pop. 2,427.
Lee, p-t, Strafford co, N, H. 13 ras, n, w,
Portsraouth. Watered by Lamprey, Little,
Nortb, and Oyster rs. Pop. 1,009,
Lee, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass, 5 ras. s, e,
Lenox, 120 w, Boston.. Finely situated on both
sides of the Housatonic r., which is here a
large and powerful streara, and affords great
facilities for manufacturing purposes. Here
are six paper raills which annuaUy consurae
500 tons of rags. Here too are raarble, lirae
stone, and iron ore in abundance. Pop. 1,825.
Lee, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 ras. n, Rorae.
Well watered and supplied with mill seats.-
Land rich. Most exceUent for flax. 10 school
houses. Pop. 2,514.
Lee, extreme sthwstrn, co. of Va. bndd. N.
E. by Russell, e. by Scott, s. and a, w, by Clai
borne CO. Ten., and by Cumberland mtns.
which separates it from Harlan co. Ky. n, w.
and Pike co, Ky. n,, length along Cumberland
mtn. 60 ms., raean width about 10 ms,, and area
600 sq, ms. Extending in lat, 36° 30' to 37°
06'; and in long. 5° 35' to 6° 30' w. W, C,
This CO. occupies the higher part of Powell's
valley, extending from Curaberland to Powell's
mtn. The extreme sources of Powell's r,, are
in Russell, but they unite and form a river in
Lee CO., which, flowing sthwstrd. divide it into
two narrow but steep inclined plains, Cf. t,
JoneeviUe. Pbp. 1820, 4,.256, 1830, 6,461.
Leb, CO. Geo, bndd.. by Baker s., Randolpb

vr., Marion n., and Flint r. separating it from
Dooley E. Length 43 ras,, raean width 30, area
1,290 sq, ras. Extending in lat, 31° 42' to 3^='
18', and in long. 7° 8' to 7° 42' w. W. C, The
slope ofthis co, is to the s, e.- towards Flint r,
Cf t, Pindertown. Pop. 1,680,
Lee, p-v. Athens co. 0, by p-r, 82 ras. a. k,
Columbus, Leechburg, p.v, Armstrong co. Pa, 227 ms.
N.w. W.C.
Leech Lake, one of the higher tributaries of
Miap. r. Ilea about 25 ms, w, of Packagama-
FaUs, and at nearly raid-distance between Rice
Lake of Red i. of Assiniboin and the raain
stream- of Misp. r. By Leech Lake and its
outlet, with a short intervening portage, a ca
noe navigation is in actual operation betwe-en
Misp. and Red rs.
Leech's Stream, rises in AveriU, Vt. and
falls into Conn, r,, where it is about 2 rods'
wide. Leeds, p-t. Kennebec co. Me, on the Andros.
coggin r. 20-ms, s. w, Augusta. Pop, 1,685.
Leeds, vU., Gloucester co. N. J. on the At
lantic, s. of Great Bay, at the mouth of Mul
leins r,
Leeds, p-v, Westraoreland co, Va, by p-r, 82;
ms, s, s. E. W, C-
Leedsville, p-v, Randolph co, Va. situated
on Tygarts valley i. at the paaaage of that
stream through Laurel ratna., 10 ms. n. k. e,
Beverly, by p-r. 200 ras. w. W. C.
Leesboro', p-o, Montgoraery co, Md,-by p-r.
31 ms, from W, C,
Leesburg, p-v, and st. jus, Loudon co, Va,
by p-r, 35 ms, n, w, W, C,, and 158 n. Rich.
raond, Lat. 39° 07' long, 0° 33' w, W, C, It
is a well built and neat village, situated near a
rainor ridge of ratns. The environs are waving,
well cultivated and delightfully variegated by
biU and dale. Pop, about 1,500,
Leesburg, p^v, 'Washington co. Ten,- on the
r. between Greenville and Jonesboro', 18 ms.
N. E. byE, the forraer, and 9 s, vr. tbe latter, and
by p-r, 250 ras. e, Nashville,
Leesburg, p-v, in the sthrn. part of Harrison
CO. Ky. 10 ms. b. w. Cynthiana, and 30 N. E. by
E. Frankfort, Leesburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 44
ms, eatrd. Harrisburg.
Leesburg, p-v. Highland co,- 0. by p-r. 62
rps. s. w. Colurabus,
Leesville, p-v, and manufacturing village
Mid. Haddara, Middlesex co. Conn. 15 ms, s,
E, Middletown.
Leesville, p.v, Carapbell co. Va. by p.r. 119
ras. a. w. by w. Richmond.
LEEsvitLE, p.v. Robeson co. N. C, by p.r.
101 ras. s. s. w. Raleigh.
Leesville, p.v. in the wstrn. part of Lexing
ton dist. S. C, 31 ras. a little s. of vv. Columbia.-
Leesville, p-v. Tuscarawas co, O, 123 ms.
N. E. by E. Columbus.
Leesville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 76'
ms. s, s. -n*. Indianopolis.
LeetOwN, p-v, in the wstm-. part of Jefferson
CO, Va. 30 ms. w. Harper's ferry, and by p-r. 84
ms. N. w. by w. W. C.
Lee Valley, p.v. Hawkins co.. Ten. by p-r.
2.77 ms, estrd., NashviUe.

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LEI

Legra-nd's store and p-o, Anson co. N, C,
140 ms,s, w, by w, Raleigh,
Legro, p-v. Randolph co, Ind. by p-r. 87 ms,
N, E, by E, "Indianopolis.
Lehigh, r, of Pa. a branch of Del. having its
most remote sources in the sthrn. part of
Wayne, and the southeastern of Luzerne near
Wilkesbarre. The gcner.al course of its high
er- constituents, ia sthwstrd. to their junction
below Stoddartsville, and between Luzerne
and Northampton coa. It thence flows 10 ras,
by a general s, w. course, but curving to the
wstrd, enters Northampton, and turning to
nearly a sthrn. course 15 ms. to Lehighton,
having in the latter part of its course received
numerous ratn, creeks frora both sides, and
passed the now noted coal depot, Mauch Cbunk,
Below Lehighton the stream inflects to s, e, 10
ms, to its passage thro' the Kittatinny chains by
" The Lehigh Water Gap," Inflecting below
" The Gap," to s, s, e. 20 ras. to the reception
of Little Lehigh, and n. w. side of the Blue
Ridge. Turned by the latter mtns, to n. w,
the now beautiful Lehigh flows down its base
15 ms., to Eaaton, where it is lost in the Del,
The Lehigh drains a small sthrn, section of
Wayne-; the sthest, part of Luzerne ; the
wstrn. angle of Pike, raore than tv/o thirds of
NorthAfujton ; small sections of Schuylkill
and Berks, and seven eighths at least of Le
high. Frora the intricacy of its course through
numerous ridges of mtns. the ¦ real length of
thia r. is diflicult to deterraine. The valley
from s, E, to N, w,, and from the Blue Ridge to
the mtns, E, of Wilkesbarre, is about 50 ms,,
the raean breadth is at least 25, and area 1,250
square miles. To the truly romantic and ever
varying landscapes on this stream, it has now
gained great celebrity from having become part
of the channel of intercoraraunication frora the
great coal strata near Mauch Chunk, and the
Atlantic tide water. In a distance following
the streara 47 ras, from Easton to Mauch
Chunk, the rise is 364 ft. This relative eleva
tion is obviated by 57 locks, and 8 dams, as the
chain is forraed by alternate canals, and slack
-W'ater ponds. The canals are 60 ft, at top, and
45 at bottom, with 5 ft, depth of water. Locks
22 ft, by 100 ft. From the termination of the
canal chains at Mauch Chunk, a rail-road of 9
ms, reaches the great mass of anthracite coal,
lying upwards of 1,000 ft, above the Lehigh at
the vUlage, The foUowing relative heights
will exhibit the rise of the Lehigh valley above
the tide water in Del. i. Easton — level ofthe
•water at the confluence of Del. and Lehigh rs.
above tide water, 170 ft. Ascent from Easton
to Mauch Chunk, 364 ft. Ascent from Mauch
Chunk to Stoddartaville, 850 ft. Total 1,384 ft.
The Lehigh haa interlocking sourcea to the n,
with the Lackawannoc, and sthrn, confluents of
Lackawaxen, to the sthrd. it embosoras the
sources of Broadheads cr. To the wstrd. the
sources of Bear cr,, branch of Lehigh, rise
within 10 ms, frora the Susquehannah at Wilkes
barre, and finally curving from the sources of
Nesquehoning, to those of Saucon cr., the
confluents of Lehigh are embosomed by those
of the Schuylkill.
Lehigh, co.Pa., bndd. by SchuylkiU co. w,.

by Northampton n. vr., tt. and k. e,, and by
Bucks s, ,E, Length 28, mean width 13, and
area 364 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 40° 25' to
40° 46', and in long. 1° 1 1' to 1° 43' e. W. C.
The s. estrn. part is a narrow vaUey between the
Blue Ridge and South mtn,, containing the two
tsps. of Upper MUford, and Upper Saucon.
This truly beautiful vale, or that part contained
in Lehigh, is about 10 ras. by 4, or 40 sq. ms.
The residue, or the 8-9th ofthe whole co,, lies
in the Kittatifany valley, and very nearly subdi
vided into equal portions by the limestone and
slate formations. The soil of the valley is more
productive, and the. surface less broken on the
former rock, but the co, taken as a whole, is
amongst the raost productive in Pa., in grain,
fruit and pasturage. The general elevation
above tide water in Del. from about 350 ta 500
feet. The highest water level of Lehigh river
at the Water gap, 375 ft. Cf t, Allenton or
Nori;hampton. Pop. 1820, 18,895, 1830, 22,..
256, Lehighton, or Lehightown, p-v, of North
ampton CO. Pa., on the road from Bethlehem to
Mauch Chunck, 36 ras. n. w. the forraer, and 3
lower down the Lehigh than the latter. It is a
sraall village situated on a fine acclivity rising
from the Lehigh, and about one fourth of a mile
on the right of that stream. A little distance
below the present viUage, stood the old Mora
vian town of Gnadenhutten, on the Lehigh
above the mouth of Mahoning cr. This es<.
tablishment -was made about 1742, and here in
July, 1752, a treaty of Amity was held between
the Moravian brethren and Shawnese Indians.
On the 24th of Nov. 1755, the settleraent was
surprised, and the whites raostly raassacred by
a party of French and Indians, A large grave
stone, with a very pathetic inscription recording
the fact, and thenaraesof the sufferers, was lying
on the ground ofthe old burial place, to the s. e.
of Lehighton, when the author visited the place
in 1821, and 1823.
Lehigh Water Gap, tavern and p-o. on the
left bank of the Lehigh, at the mouth of Aquan-
sbicola cr., and iraraediately above the passage
of the Lehigh through the Kittatinny rata. 20
ms. n, w, Bethlehem,
Leicester, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 9 ms. s.Mid-
dlebury, 36 s. w. MontpeUer, Principal streams,
Otter cr, and Leicester r. Soil a rich sandy
loam, interspersed with some fiats of clay, 5
school dists. Pop. 638.
Leicester, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 6 ms.
s. w. Worcester, 46 vr. Boston. An uneven
town. It occupies an elevated position, its wa
ters running both to the Conn, and Blackstone
rs. Soil deep and strong ; clay predominates.
Here are manufactures of various kinds, espe
cially that of cotton raachine cards, of whidh
,$200,000 worth are raanufactured annually,
'This manufacture was introduced bere by Pliny
Earle, tbe first manufacturer of this article in
the U. S. Here is a large and flourishing aca
deray. A society of Jews once resided in this
town, who carae from Newport, R. I. to avoid
the dangers of the war. None are now re
raaining. Pop, -1,782,
Leicester, t. Livingston co. N. Y. w. Gene
see r-, S ms. w. 'Geneseo, Good land, svippfied

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with raill seats, 11 schools, kept 8 months in
12, Pop. 2,042.
Leighton, p-v. Lawrence co, Ala. .by p-r. 104
ms. nthrd. Tuscaloosa.
Leipersville, p-o. Del, co. Pa, by p-r, 97 ms.
N, E,W. C.
Leipersville, p-o. Crawford co. 0. by p-r.
75 ms. nthrd. Colurabus.
Leitersburg, p.v. in the extrerae western part
of Washington co. Md. by p-r, 98 ras. n, w. W. C,
Lemay's Cross Roads, and p-o, Granville co,
N, C, 26 ms, N, Raleigh,
Lemington, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 64 ma. tt. E.
MontpeUer, w. Conn, r. On a brook in thia t,
is a cascade of 50 ft. The Monadnock mtn. of
Vt. lies in the tt. n. corner of this t. 2 school
dists. Pop, 183,
Lempster, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 40 ma. w.
Concord, 90 from Boston. Surface in general
uneven, w. part raountainous. Soil moist, bet
ter for grass than grain,. Well watered with
small streams. Has some water- privileges.
Pop. 999.
Lenoir, co. N. C, bndd, s, w, and w, by Du
plin, N, vr. by Wayne, n. by Greene, n, e, by Pitt,
E-, by Craven, and s. e, by Jones. Length 26,
mean width 15, and area 390 sq. ms. Extend
ing in lat. 35° to 35° 23', and in long. 0° 33' to
0° 50''w, W, C, Tbe sUght declination ofthis
CO, is estrd,, the nthrn, part traversed in that
direction by Neuse r,, whilst the sthrn. gives
source to the small r. Trent, flowing also to the
estrd. into the Neuse. Cf t. Kingston. Pop,
1820, 6,800, 1830, 7,723,
Lenoirs, p-o, Roane co. Ten, by p-r, 143 ms,
estrd, Nashville,
Lenox, p-t, and shire town of Berkshire co,
Mass. 6 ms. s, Pittsfield, 125 w. of Boston,
Contains a court house, jail, and an academy.
If is surrounded by roraantic raountain scenery,
and the soil is exceUent, It contains iron ore
in great abundance, and has a furnace for cast
ing hollow iron ware. This -vicinity abounds
witb primitive white limestone, and white mar
ble is so plentiful as to be used for door steps
and foundations. Pop, 1,359,
Lenox, p-t, Madison co, N, Y, about 25 ms.
w, Utica on Oneida lake. Soil productive. The
Erie canal runs through this town. Near the
centre, 10 rods from the canal, is- a salt spring.
Limestone, iron ore, water lime, or water ce
ment, and gypsum are found in abundance ; 15
schools, kept 10 months in 12. Pop. 5,039..
Lenox, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa,
Lenox, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 190
ms, 11, E, Colurabus.
Lenox Castle, and p-o, Rockingham co, N,
C. by p-r. 105 ms. n, e, Raleigh,
Leominster, p-t. Worcester co, Mass. 46 ms.
vr. Boston, 19 n. Worcester. Watered and sup
plied -H'ith miU privileges by a principal branch
of Nashua r. Pretty level, soil excellent.
Contains good stone for building, and good clay
for bricks. Corahs to the value of $100;000
per annura, are raanufactured here. Contains
nuraerous mills and manufactories, Pojiul-ation
1,861. Leonardstown, p-v. and st. jua. St. Mary's co.
Md. situated on a sraall tide water creek of Po
tomac, called Britton's r. 25 -ms s. e. Port To..

baeco, and by p-r. 62 ms, s, s, e, W, C, and 72
a very little w, of s, Annapolis, lat, 38° 18', and
long. 0°24'E, W, C,
Le Ray, p-t, Jefferson co, N, Y, 5 ras, n,.e.
Watertown, 156 tt. vr. Albany. Population
3,43,), Le Raysville, p-v, Susquehannah co, Pennsyl.
vania, Leroy, p.t, Genesee co, N, Y, 10 nis, e,
Batavia, 38 w, Canandaigu-a, 17 s, Erie canal.
Good land, watered by Allan's cr. ; 13 schools,
kept 8 months in 12, Pop, 3,902,
Leroy, p-v, Medina co, Ohio, by p-r. 109 ms.
N, E, Columbus,
Letart Falls, and p-o. Meigs co, Ohio, The
p-o, is by p-r, 109 ras. s, e. Columbus, Tbe
falls of Letart are merely rapids, entirely cov
ered at a moderate rise ofthe Ohior., the navi
gation of which except at very low water, they
but little obstruct, .
Levant, p.t, Penobscot co. Me. 10-ms. n.w.
Bangor, Pop, 747,
Leverett, p-t, Franklin co. Mass, 10 ms. o.
E. Greenfield, 85 w, Boston, Pop. 939,
LeWis cr, Vt, rises near the n, line of Bristol,
and falls into lake Champlain in Ferrisburgh, a
short distance n. ofthe mouth of Little Otter cr.
The raill privileges on this stream are numer
ous, and raany of thera excellent.
Lewis, co, N, Y,, bndd, n, e, by St, Lawrence
CO., E. by Herkimer co,, southerly by Oneida
CO,, westerly by Oswego and Jefferson cos.
Greatest length n. and s, 54 ms,, greatest width
33, containing about 1,008 sq, ras, or 645,120
acres. Watered centrally by Black i,, u. by
Beaver and Moose ers,, and several other small
strearas, w, by Deer cr, and some other sraall
strearas, n, by sorae branches of Indian and Os.
wegatchie rs. and Fish cr. and Salraon r., w.
part a good tract of country. Cf t. Martins
burgh. Pop. 15,239.
Lewis, p-t. Essex co. N. Y,, 4'raa. n, EUz--
bethtown, 130 n, Albany, Brolten by high
ratna. Tirabered with raaple, beech, aome oak
and walnut, ash, elra, &c. Apples grow abun
dantly. Well watered, and tolerably suppUed
with raill sites. Mount Discovery is in this
town, frora the surarait of which the view is
sublimely gi'and. It iasupposed to be 2,000 ft.
in height. Iron ore abounds ; seven scbools
kept 7 raonths in 12. Pop. 1,305.
Lewis, p-v, Sussex CO. Del,, byp-r, 127.ms,
N. E. byE. W. C.
Lewis co. Virginia, bndd. s. by Nicholas, s.
vr. by Kenhawa, w. by Wood, N. by Harrison,
and E. and s, by Randolph. Length diagonally
70 ras., mean width 21, and area a sraall frac
tion above 1,600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° ,
38' to 39° 12', and in long, 3° to 4° d 7' w. W, C,
This co.,is composed of two inclined plains, the
dividing ground between whioli is very nearly a
diagonal frora the s, estrn, to the n. wstrn.
angles, Southwestardly the slope inclines
wstrd, and is drained by Little Kenhawa, whilst
tbe N, estrn. plain gives source to the two main
branches of Monongahela and slopes to .the
nthwrd. The whole surface is rocky, hilly,
and even in part rather mountainous. Cf t.
Weston. Pop. 1820, 4,247, 1830, 6,241,
Lewjs, CO.. Ky, .bndd. by a ridge of hiUs,

LEW

244

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separating it from Greenup E, and s, e., by Flem
ing s. w,. Mason w., and by Ohio r. which sepa
rates it from Adams and Soott cos. Ohio, n.
Length diagonally 35 ms,, mean width 11, and
area 375 sq, ms. Extending in lat, 38° 22' to
38° 42', and in long, 6° to 6° 35' w. W. C. The
general slope of this co. is n. estrd. towards
that part of Ohio r. by which it is bounded. Cf
t. Clarksburg. Pop, 1820, 3,973, 1830, 5,229.
Lewjs, p-v. Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ras.
E. s, w. Colurabus,
Lewis Bay, Mass,, puts up frora Hyannis bar
bor, between Barnstable and Yarmouth on Cape
Cod, Lewisberry, p-v. in the nthrn. part of York
CO. Pa,, by p-r. 13 ms. sthwrd. Harrisburg,
Lewisburg, p-v. on the right bank of Susque
hannah r. below the raouth of Buffalo cr. Union
CO. Pa. 8 ras, above, and on the contrary side of
the river from Northumberland, and 65 above
Harrisburg, Lewisburg, p-v, and st. jua. Greenbriar co.
Va. by p-r, 263 ras,- s. w. by w, W, C. and
263 ras, w. Richmond. It is situated near the
southern border ofthe co, on abranch of Green
briar r, lat, 37° 48', long, W, C. 3° 26' w.
Lewisburg, p-v. on the left bank of Green r.
and in the northern part of Muhlenburg co. Ky.
10 ms. N. Greenville, andby p-r, 167 ms. o. w. by
w. Frankfort,
Lewisburg, p-v.. Preble co, Ohio, by p.r. 90
ms. westward Columbus.
Lewisport, p-v, in the northwestern part of
Harrison co. Va. about 20 ms. northward Clarks
burg, and 247 a little n, of w, W. C.
Lewiston, town, Lincoln co. Me, on the An
droscoggin, at the Falls, 30 ms. w. of Wiscas.
set. Pop. 1,549.
Lewiston, p.t, Niagara co, N. Y. 27i ras. n. n.
w, Buffalo, 1 s. fort Niagara, 16 w. Lockport.
Traversed by the mountain ridge. Land toler
ably good. Contains gypsura. Here is a vil.
la ge of the Tuscarora Indians, This tribe carae
frout North Carolina about 1712, andjoined tbe
confederacy of the Five Nations, theraselves
raaking the sixth. The viUage of Lewiston was
laid waste during the last war between Great
Britain and the U, S., and likewise the Indian
village before mentioned. Lewiston was de
serted of its inhabitants from Dec. 1813, to
April 1815. It Ues on Niagara r, opposite
Queenston in Upper Canada. It is situated at
the head of navigation, and steamboats ply be.
tween this place and Ogdensburgh. Pop. 1,528.
Lewiston, p.v. and st. jus, Fulton co, II.
about 130 ras. N. w, Vandalia. It is situated on
the table land between the Illinois and Spoon
rs. on the railitary bounty lands.
Lewistown, p-v. usually called Lunenburg c.
h. Lunenburg co. Va, by p-r. 103 ms, s. w. Rich
mond, lat. 36° 58', long, 1° 16' w. W. C.
Lewistown, p-v. at st.jus. Mifflin co. Pa, sit
uated on the left bank of the Juniata r, on the
point above the mouth of Kishicoquillas creek,
56 ms, by the land road above and n, w, Harris
burg, lat. 40° 36', long, 0° 37' w, W, C. Pop.
1820, 600 ; 1830, 1,480.
Lewistown, p-v. and v. of Sussex co. Del.
situated on Del. bay, 3 ms, westward cape Hen
lopen, and opposite the Del. break water. It ie

laid down by Tanner at lat. 38° 46', long. 1°
54' E. W. C.
Lewistown, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery co.
Mo. 74 ms_. N. w. by w. ^ w, St. Louis, and by
p-r. 67 ras, N. e, by e, Jefferson city, lat. 38° 51',
long. W, C, 14° 21' w,
Lewisville, p-v. Brunswick co, Va. by p-r. 82
raa. s. s. w, Richraond.
Lewisville, p-v. in the northeastern part of
Chester dist. S. C. 10 ras. n. e. Chesterville,
and by p-r. 72 n. Colurabia.
Lexington, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 10 ms,
N. w. Boston, Surface uneven. Here waa
shed the first blood in the American revolution.
There is a raonument on the spot where fell the
first victims. Pop. 1,543.
Lexington, p-t. Greene co. N. Y, 30 ms. w.
CatskiU, 43 from Albany, Rough and broken.
Watered bythe Schoharie and Albion ers. and
by several other mill streams, A great araount
of leather is made at two very extensive tan
neries in this town. Pop, 2,548.
Lexington Heights; p-v. in the foregoing
town. Lexingto.n, p-v. western part of Erie CO. Pa.
22 ras, s. w. the borough of Erie, and 25 n. n.
vv. the borough of Meadville.
Lexington, p.t. and st. jus. Rockbridge co.
Va. situated on the right bank of North r.,
branch of James r., about 35 ms. n. vr. Lynch
burg, and by p-r. 156 ms, a little n, of w, Rich
raond, lat, 37° 44', long, 2° 21' w, W. C, The
following account of tbis village was reraitted
to tbe author of this article in 1821. It has no
doubt both increased in pop. and improved in
other respects in the intervening 9 years. It is
distant about half a mUe frora North r., contains
120 dwelling houses, and 766 inhabitants.
Many ofthe houses are constructed of brick.
Beside the ordinary county buildings, and
houses of public worship for Presbyterians and
Methodists, it contains a state arsenal, in which
are deposited about 20,000 stand of arma.
This town has becorae noted for its literary es
tablishments. Washington college, located in
this place, was founded in 1812, and was en.
dowed by Gen. Washington with 100 shares of
the stock of James river company, producing
(1821) an annual income of $2,400. The two
coUege halls, which are buUt of brick, are ca.
pable of accommodating frora 50 to 60 students,
and additional buildings are about to be erect.
ed. Tbe faculty are a president, 3 professors,
and a tutor. The library, and philosophical ap.
paratus, are tolerably araple. Students, 1832-3,
46 ; Commenceraent 3d Wednesday in April.
Andrew Smith's academy, for the education of
young ladies, occupies a large and handsome
edifice in which are tBachers of all the requisite
branches of such an institution.
Lexington, p.v. and st. jus. Davidson co. N.
C. situated on Abbot's cr. on eastern branch of
Yadkin r. by the coramon road 109 but by p-r,
136 ms, w, Raleigh, Lat, 35° 49', lon.', 3° 18'
w, W, C.
Lexington, dist, S, C, bndd, by Edgefield w,,
Newberry r.. w,, by Broad r, separating itfrom
Fairfield n, and Richland n. e., by Congaree r.
separating it frora Richland e., and by Orange.
burg s, E. and s, w. Length diagonally from s.

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245

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tON. 45, mean width 20, and area 900 sq. ras.
Extending in lat. 33° 40' to 34° 15', and in long.
3° 50' to 4° 34' w. W. C. The Saluda r, trav.
erses in an eastern direction the northern part
of this district, falling into or joining Broad r,
at Colurabia to form the Congaree. Frora the
southern part flow the higher branches of North
Edisto. The general slope of the whole sur.
face is southeastward towards the Broad and
Congaree rs. Cf town Granby, Pop. 1820,
8,083 1830, 9,065.
Lexington, c. h., and p.o, Lexington district,
S, C. by p-r, 15 ras. w. Colurabia.
Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Oglethorpe co,
Geo. 76 ras. ft. w. by w. Augusta, and 65 a little
E. of N. MiUedgeville, lat. 33° 53', long, 6° lu'
w. W, C.
Lexington, p-v. and St. jus. Henderson co.
Ten. situated on Beech cr., a sraall western
branch of Ten. r. 44 ms, s. s. w. Reynolds-
&urg, and by the p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by w. Nash.
ville, lat. 35° 38', long. 11° 25' w. W. C.
Lexingtcn, city, and st. jus. Fayette co. Ky,
one of the principal towns in the state, is situa
ted on the head waters of Town creek, abranch
of Elkhorn r,, 24 ras, s, e. by e. Frankfort, 77
a little s. of E, LouisviUe, about 85 ras. very
nearly due s. Cincinnati, andby p-r. 517 ms, a
littles, ofw. W.C. lat. 38° 03', long. 7° 28'
w. W. C. Lexington was one of the earliest
settlements in Kentucky ; in 1785 it had assu
med the appearance of a village, but its early
growth was much impeded by Indian warfare,
60 that in 1795 it contained but about 50 houses,
and at most 350 inhabitants. Its n^me was
given to it by sorae hunters who were onthe
spot on which the city now stands, when the
news of the battle of Lexington was brought
to thera, and who immediately decided to give
it the name of that place where the struggle for
liberty firat coraraenced. Lexington is delight
fully situated ; it is surrounded by a highly
fertile and beautiful country, and its environs
are under excellent cultivation. It was long
the metropolis of the state ; and is now not
only a place of much commercial enterprise
and extensive business, but also of large and
increasing manufactures. The streets are
very regularly laid out, several of thera are
paved, and the principal one exceeds a raile in
length, and is 80 ft. broad ; in the centre of the
to wn is a public square. Araong tbe most con.
spicuoqs public buildings, are a court house,
bank, masonic hall, state lunatic aaylura, raark.
et house, and 11 churches, for Presbyterians,
Methodists, Episcopalians, Baptists, Seceders,
and Roman Catbtriics. Many of these are
spacious, and some of them are yery handsome,
and in fine taste ; the houses are generally
well built, and among them are some large and
elegant edifices. The most iraportant raanu.
factures in this place are of the various kinds
of cordage, and cotton bagging; the average
manufacture of the latter is about 1,000,000
yds., and of the former about 2,000,000 lbs.
annually. The woollen, cotton, and paper
manufactures, and those of machinery, (for
which there are several shops,) are alao very
important. Other manufactures are of copper,
tin,, and iron wares, and there are alsaibrewe. 33

ries, distilleries, and tanneries in the place.
Lexington sustains a high reputation- for its
seminaries and schools of learning. Besides
several of these of a high character, among
which are the Collegiate Institute, the Shelby
feraale academy, and a classical school for
boys, (with which an infant school is connect
ed,) it is also the seat of Transylvania Univer
sity, which was founded in 1'798, and which
was also re-organized, and placed under itsex»
isting regulations in 1818. The buildings are
on an erainence contiguous to the town, and are
generaUy comraodious. According to the En
cyclopedia Araericana, there were in 1830,
' 143'undergraduates in the academical depart
ment, 62 in the preparatory school, 200 medi
cal, andl91aw students ;' there are 12 profes
sors and tutors, in the different departments.
The libraries of this institution are said to con
tain over 14,000 vols. ; of which, 4,500 belong
to the medical department. Commencement is
on the laat Wednesday in Sept. The value of
taxable property, real and personal, within the
city limita, in 1833, according to the return of
the city assessors, is $2,258,403. From the
same statement it appears that there were then
63 stores, of all descriptions in the place, and
that the white population amounted to 3,740 ;
free black, to 269 ; and the slave to 2,374,
total 6,383. In 1830, the pop. was 6,087. The
roads in the vicinity of Lexington are general.
ly excellent, and aeveral of thero are MacAd-
araized *o aome distance from the city. A new
tumpike is constructing from this place to Mays--
viUe, a distance of 64 ms,, which is to be 60
ft. wide, and 20 ft. of which is to be MacAd-
araized a depth of 9 inches. This road is to
be corapleted during the present year, and the
estiraated cost is rising o-f $300,000. Another
very iraportant channel of comraunication with
this place will be the Lexington and Ohio rail
road, 66 ms. in length, which is to pass through
Frankfort to the Ohio, 2 ms. below Louisville.
This road was incorporated in 1830, and com
menced in 1831. {See Art.R. Roads ^ Canals.)
Lexington, p-v. in tho southern part of Rich
land CO, Ohio, by p-r. 71 miles from Columbus! ''''
Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Ind.
situated in the eastern angle ofthe co. 30 ras.
N. LouisviUe in Ky,, and 89 ms. s. s. e. Indian
opolis, lat. 38° 40', long. 8° 40' w. W. C.
Lexington, p-v. and st.jus, Lafayette co. Mo.
situated on Mo. r. by p-r. 138 ras, above Jeffer
son city, and 272 above St, Louis, lat, 39° 05'
long,W. C, 16°44'w.
Leyden, p-t. Franklin co, Mnsa. 117 ms. n.
w, Boston, 6 N, w, Greenfield, Pop, 796.
Leyden, p-t. Lewis co. N, Y. 33 ms. n, of
Utica, w. of Black r. Surface somewhat un.
even. WeU watered by sraall springs. Soil
better adapted to grass than to grain. Lirae
stone abounds; 6 school dists. Pop, 1,502.
Liberia, p-v. Prince WiUiara co. Va. by p.r,
33 ra. s. w. W. C.
Liberty, t. Waldo co. Me. Pop. 676.
Liberty, p.t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 22 ras, n, vr.
Monticello. Watered by the Mongaup and the
CoUakoon, with their branches. Tirabered with'
beech, maple, ash, &c. Six schools kept 6
months in 12, Pop, 1,277,

Lie

246

LIM

Liberty, p-tsp, Tioga co. Pa, by p-r. 123 ras.
northward Harrisburg.
Liberty, p-v, and st. jus. Bedford co. Va. on
a branch of Otter r. 26 ras, a little s, of w. Linch
burg,- and by p-r, 140 ms, o. w, by w, Richmond,
lat, 37° 17,', long; 2° 29' w, W. C,
Liberty, co. Geo. bndd. by Mcintosh, s., Ala
tamaha r. separating it from Appling s, w,, Tat
nall w. and N, w,, Bryan n. and n. e., and the
Atlantic ocean s. e. This co. lies inthe singu
lar form of a curve or half moon, from St. Ca
tharine's island inclusive to Alatamaha r. em
bosoming Mcintosh CO. 66 ms., raean width 10,
and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat, 31° 26'
to 32° 04', and in long, 4? 16' to 5° 08' w, W, C.
That part ofthis co, bordering on the Atlantic
is low and intersected by interlocking tide water
courses. The northern part traversed by the
most southern branches of Cannouchee r, rises
something higher than the ocean border, but
the whole co. maybe regarded as flat. Riceboro'
is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 6,695 ; 1830, 7,233.
Liberty, p-v. eastern part of 'Talbot co. Geo.,
by P-r. 105 ras. westward MiUedgeviUe,
Liberty, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 59 ras.
ft, E, by E, Nashville,
Liberty, p-v. and st, jus, Casey co, Ky, situ
ated on Green r, 68 ms. very nearly due s.
Frankfort, lat, 37° 20', long. 7°. 50' w, W, C,
Liberty, p-v. Montgomery co. Ohio, by p-r,
7(4 ms, s. w, by w, Colurabus,
Liberty, p, v.. and sti jus. Union co. Ind. by
P-r. 7.7 ms, e, Indianopolis, and 54 N, n, w, Cin
cinnati, lat, 39° 40',
LiEER:T\5, p-V, and st, jus, Amite co, Misp,
situated on Araite r... 50 ras. s. E. N-atchez, and
by p-r. 112, ras, s, s, w. Jackson, lat, 31° 10',
long, 13° 58', Pop, 400.
Liberty, p-v, Clark co. Ala. about 140 railes
southward 'Tuscaloosa.
Liberty, p-v, and st, jus. Clay co. Mo, by p-r,
WO ras. N. w. by w. Jefferson city, and 324 ras,
above, and .by the land road westward St. Louis,
lat, 39° 10', long. W. C. 17,° 17' w.
Liberty Corner, p-v. Soraerset co. N. J, 2
ms, B, vr. Baskenridge, 7 ras, s, Morristown,
-. LiBEBTY Hall, p-v, Pittsylvania co, Va, by p-r,
1'2V ras. o. w. by w. Richraond.
Liberty Hall, p-v. Morgan co, Geo, by p-r.
45 ras, K. N, w. MUledgeviUe,
Liberty Hill, p-v. Iredell co. N, C„ by p-r,
154 ms. wstrd. Raleigh.
Liberty Hill, p-v. Kershaw dist. S, C, by
p,r. 40 ms, n., e. Colurabia,
Liberty Hill, p-v, Dallas co. Ala., by p-r.
114 ms, sthwrd. Tuscaloosa,
Liberty Pole,, p-v. Northuraberland co. Pa.,
by p-r. 81 ras. n. Harrisburg.
LiBEr.TY Town, p-v. Frederick co. Md., 10
ms. N, E, from the city of Frederick, and by p-r,
55 ms, a little n. of w. W, C.
Lick, creek, p-o, Greenbriar co. Va,, by p-r,
293 ms, N. w, by w, W, C,
Licking, r. a streara of Ky., rising in Floyd
CO., interlocking sources, with those ofthe w,
branch of Sandy, and with those of the w. estrn,
branches of Ky. r., and flowing thence by a
general course very nearly w. vr. between the
vallies of 0. and Ky. rs. passing through or
touching the c'oa. of Floyd, Morgan,. Fleming,^

Lawrence, Bath, Nicholas, Harrison, Bracken,
Pendleton and Campbell, falling into Ohio r.
between Covington and Newport, and. directly
opposite the city of Cincinnati, after a corapara
tive course of about 175 ms. The valley o£
Licking is narrow, corapared with its length,
the greatest width falling short of 50 ms,, and
the raean breadth fully estimated at 20, and area
at 3,500 sq.ms. {See Kentucky river.)
Licking, smallbutiraportantr. of Ohio, This
streara has interlocking sources with those of
the various estrn. branches of Sciota on the s. w.
and w., and with those of Owl cr. branch of
White Woraan's r, on the N. The ers. which
forra Licking, drain Licking co. uniting at New.
ark, and flowing thence e. into Muskingum co.
inflect to s. e. to the raain Muskingura r. at
Zanesville. Comparative length 75 ms. {See
Licking CO. Ohio.)
Licking, co. Ohio, bndd. s. e. by Perry, s.
Fairfield, s. w, Franklin, ft. -vr. Delaware, a.
Knox, N, E. Coshocton, and e. by Muskingura.
It is 30 ras. from e. to w. and 24 broad, and area
720 sq, ms, ; lat, 40° 10', long. 5° 30'. . Tbe slope
is estrd, and the whole surface very nearly
coramensurate with the higher part of the valley
of Licking cr, or more correctly r. The great
central Ohio canal enters this co. on its sthm.
border near Hebron, sweeping a nthrn. curve
past Newark, the st. jus. ; this work passes
down the Licking valley and leaves the co, near
the middle of its estrn, side. Though a level
country, it is a rather elevated table land ; the
level of the canal at Newark is 834 ft. above
mean lemvel of the Atlantic ocean, and 219 ft.
above that ofthe Ohio r. at the mouth' of Sciota
r. The arable land of the co. is from 900 to
1,100 ft, above the ocean tides. The exceUence
ofthe soil is shewn by its progressive population,
Cf t, Newark, Pop, 1820, 11,861, ]830, 20,714.
Licking,, p-v. Floyd co. Ky., byp-r. 130 ms.
s. E. Frankfort.
Licking-, creek, and p-o. s, estrn, part of Bed
ford CO, Pa., about 25 ms. s, E. from Bedford,
and 10 N, Hancockstown, Washington co. Md.
Licking Forge, and p-o. Bath co. Ky. by p-r.
78 raa. eastward Frankfort.
Licking Forge, and p-o. eastern part of Bath
CO. Ky. 13 ras. e. Owingsville, and by p-r. 85
ms. E, Frankfort.
LiCKViLLE, p-v, in the northeastem part of
GreenviUe district-, S, C. by p-r, 116 ms, n, w.
frora Colurabia.
Ligonier, p-v. on the r. from Philadelphia to
Pittsburg, atthe western foot of Laurel hUl, and
in the eastem part of Westraoreland co. Pa, 19
ms, a little s. of e, Greensburg, and by p.r. 151
ms. w. Harrisburg.
LiLESViLLE, p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 1 12
ms, s, w. by w. Raleigh.
Lilly, p-o. Brown co, Ohio, by p-r, 90 ms, s.
s. w. Co'lumbus.
Lilly Point, p-o. King William co, Va, by
p-r, 36 ms, n. e. Richmond.
Lima, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 13 ras. n.e,
Geneseo, 18 w, Canandaigua. Soil good; 9
schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1,764;.
Lime, p-t, Grafton co. N. H. 6 ras. s. Orford,
54 frora Concord. Smart's mtn. lieB.in the n
E. part of the town.. Pop,l,804.

LIN

247

LIP

Li.MERioK, p-t. York CO. Me; 35 ms. N. York,
30 N. w. Portland. Contains a flourishing acad
emy. Pop. 1,426.
Limerick, p-o. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa.
lying E, Pottstown, and 24 ras. ft. vf. Phil. Pop.
1820, 1,577, 1830, 1,744.
Limestone, p-v. .Armstrong -co. Pa. by p-r.
241 raf. N. w. W. C.
Limestone, p-v. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r,
245 ms, a Uttle s. ofw. Raleigh.
Limestone, co. Ala. bndd. by Madison E,,
Ten. I, separating it frora Morgan a,, and Law
rence s, vr., by Lauderdale w,, and by Giles co,
of Ten, N, Length 30, mean breadth 20, and
area 600 sq. ras. Extending in lat. 34° 33' to
35°, and ia long. 9° 52' to 10° 18' w. W. C.
Elk r, entering the northern border traverses
the N, western angle of this co, flowing to the
s, w. The general slope is a little w, ofs. down
which flow. into Ten. r, several bold fine ers,
Cf t, Athens. Pop. 1820, 9,871, la30, 14,807.
LijiiNGTON, p-t. York CO, Me. on Saco r. 40
ms, A, Saco, Pop. 2,317.
LiNBANK, p-V, GranviUe co, N. C. by p-r. 48
ms, N. Raleigh.
Llscoln, CO. Me.bndd.N, by Kennebec, n, e,
by Waldo, E, by Penobscot bay, s, by the At
lantic, and w. by the Androscoggin river,
which separates it from Curaberland, It is di
vided by Kennebec r,, and the whole southem
and s, E, part is composed of nuraerous isis,,
and long peninsulas, extending into the ocean.
Within the co, are numerous bays and rs. The
surface of tho co. in the interior is finely diver
sified, and soil productive in grain and pastu
rage, Cf. ts. Wiscasset, Warren, and Topham.
Pop. 1820, 53,189, 1830, 57,181.
Lincoln, t, Penobscot co. Me, 27 ms. N. w.
Castine. Pop. 404.
Li.vcoLN, t, Grafton oo, N. H. 70 ms. n. Con
cord. Watered by the middle branch of the
Peraigewasset. In the n, part of the t, are two
large gulfs, raade by an extraordinary discharge
of water from the clouds in 1774. Pop, 50.
Lincoln, t. Addison co. Vt, 21 ms. s, w,
Montpelier, 28 s. e. Burlington. Considerably
uneven. West part watered by New Haven r,,
which is forraed here ; east part by several
small branches of Mad r. Tiraber principally
hard wood ; 4 school dists. Pop. 639,
Lincoln, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 16 ms. n.
w. Boston. Rather uneven and encumbered
with rooks. Pop, 709.
Lincoln, co. N. C. bndd. by York dist. S. C,
B,, Rutherford co. N, C. w,, Burke N. w, and
N., andby Catauba river which separates it from
Iredell n. e,, and Mecklenberg E.-Jjength south
to north 48, raean width 25, and area 1,200
square ras. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 49',
and in long, 4° to 4° 33' w. W, C. This co. is
very nearly coraraensurate with the valley of
Little Catauba, for though bndd. in all ita
length, by the Great Catauba, the ers, generally
enter the forraer, Cf, t, Lincolnton, Pop. 1820,
18,147, 1830, 22,455,
Lincoln, co. Geo, bndd. by Little r, separa
ting it frora Columbia s., by Wilkes w.. Broad
r. separating it from Abbeville dist. S. C. n. e,,
and from Edgefield S. C. e. Length 22, mean
width 10, and area 220 sq, ms, ExtonJing in

lat, 33° 40' to 33° 56' and in long. 5° 16' to 5°
38' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to a lit
tle N. of e, Cf t, Lincolnton, Pop, 1820, 6,458,
1830, 6,145,
Lincoln, co. Ten, bndd. by Giles w,, Bedford
N,, Franklin e,, -Jackson co. Ala. s. e,, and
Madison co, Ala, s. Length 26, raean breadth ¦
25, and area 650 sq. ms. Extending in lat, 35°
to 35° Si', and in long. 9° 16' to 9° 40' w. W.
C. This is composed of two incUned planes,
being the opposing slopes of Elk r. valley,
which stream traverses it flowing s. w. by w.
Cf t, FayetteviUe. Pop. 1820, 14,761, 1830,
22,075, Lincoln, co. Ken. bndd. by Casey s. w. and
w,, MercerN, w,, Garrard n, e,. Rock Castle s.
E. and Pulaski s. Length 27, raean width 16,
and area 432 sq, ms. Extendingin lat. 37° 17'
to 37° 38', and in long. 7° 23' to 7° 44' w. W.
C. This is amongst the central coS. of the
state, and occupies a table land, from which
flow ers, towards Curaberland r,-s., the extrerae
sources of Salt and Green rs. w., and Dicks r.
northward into Kentucky river. Cf. t. Stan.
ford.' Pop, 1820, 9,979, 1830, 11,002,
Lincoln, -co. Mo, bndd, o, by St, Charles, s,
w, and vr. Montgomery, N, w, and n. Pike, and
on the E, by Misp. r. aeparating it from Calhoun
CO. II,, very nearly a sq. of 24 ms., area 576
sq. ras. Lat, 39,° long, 14° w. Slope soutb-
estrd, and traversed by Cuivre r, by which it is
principaUy drained. Cf t. Troy, Pop, 4,059.
Lincolnton, p-v, and st, jus, Lincoln co. N. C,
situated on Little Catauba, 45 ms, n, e, by e.
Rutherfordton, and byp.r. 166 ma. a little s, of
w, Raleigh, Lat, 35° 28', long. 4° 16' w. W, C.
Lincolnton, p-v. and at, jua: Lincoln' co, Geo,,
situated near the centre ofthe co, 40 ms, n, w,
Augusta, and by p-r. 91 ras, n, e, MUledgeviUe.
Lat, 33° 44', long. 5° 28' w. W. C.
LiMcoLNSviLLE, p-t. Waldo CO. Me., w. side
Penobscot bay, 16 ras, w. Castine. Pop. 1,702.
Linden, p-v. and st. jus. Marengo co. Ala., by
p-r. 78 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. Lat, 32° 20', long.
10° 56' w. W. C.
Lindsay's Cross Roads and p-o. Fluvanna co.
Va,, 80 ms. wstrd. Richmond.
Lindsey's store and p-o. Albemarle co. Va;,
76 ms. w. Richmond.
Line cr, p-o, wstrn, part of GreenvUle dist,
S. C, n, w, frora Colurabia,
Line cr, and p-o. Montgoraery co, Ala,, by
p-r, 145 ras, a, m, Tuscaloosa.
Line Lexington, p-v. -Bucks co.Pa., about 23
ms, from Phil,
Line MUls and p-o, Crawford co. Pa,, by pj.
278 ras, N, w. by w, Harrisburg,
LiNGLESTowN, p-v. Dauphlu CO-. Pa,, 8 ras.
N, E, Harrisburg.
Linklean, p-t. Chenango co, N, Y,, 110 ras,
w, Albany. Pop. 1,425.
Linville, er. and p-o. Rockingham co. Va,,
by p-r. 142 ms. wstrd. W, C.
Linnville CT. and p-o. wstrn, part of Burke co.
N. C. The p-o. is about 10 ms. wstrd> Mor-
gantovm, and by p-r. 215 ms. w. Raleigh, ' '
LioNvnfLE, p.v. Chester co. Pa., about 20 ms.
N.w. Phil
Lipoma-, formerly Jena, p.v Jefferson co. Flor.,
20 ras. B. Tallahasse.

LIT

me

LIT

Lisbon, t. Lincoln co. Me., on the Andros
coggin, 23 ms. w, Wiscasset, Pop. 2,423.
Lisbon, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 20 ras. N. E,
Haverhill, 28 ras, n, n, e. Lancaster. Contains
29,130 acres, is crossed by Ammonoosuc r, and
otber streams, with ponds, rich raeadows, good
uplands, and poor plains. Maple eugar is
raade, and iron ore, used in the Franconia fur
naces, is dug in the E, part ofthis town. Pop.
1,485. Lisbon, p-t. New London co. Conn,, at the
junction of Quinebaug and Shetucket rs,, 7ras, n.
Norwich, 45 s, e, Hartford. Uneven and sorae
what hilly. Timbered vJith oak, walnut, ches
nut, &c. Soil fertile. Here are several fishe
ries of shad and salmon. Has several manufac
tories. Pop. 1,161.
Lisbon, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., on St.
Lawrence r., 3 ras, below Ogdensburgb, Soil
very excellent. In this town is a small Indian
village. Pop. 1,891.
Lisbon, p-v. Ann Arundel co, Md,, situated
on the turnpike road frora Baltimore to Frede
ric, 34 ms. N. W. C. It is a sraall village of a
single street along the road.
Lisburn, p.v, on YeUow Breecher-, cr, s, estrn,
part of Cumberland co. Pa,, 12 ras, s, w. Har
risburg. Lisle, p-t. Broome co, N. Y,, 18 ms, n, Che
nango Point, 130 from Albany. Watered and
abundantly supplied with mill seats by Tiough.
nioga, Otselic, and Nanticoke ers. Soil in gene
ral good. Surface uneven. 29 schools kept
11 months in 12. Pop. 4,378.
Litchfield, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 25 ras. n. w.
Wiscasset, 10 from HalloweU, Pop. 2,308,
Litchfield, t, Hillsborough co, N, H, a small
fertUe tsp. on the e. bank of Merriraack r, 8 ms,
frora Amherst, 30 s. Concord-. 3 school dists.
Fop. 494.
Litchfield co. Conn,, an extensive agricultu
ral and manufacturing co. bndd. N. by Berkshire
CO. Mass., E, by Hartford and New Haven cos,,
s. by New Haven and Fairfield cos,, w. by N. Y.
Average length 33 ms, from n, to s,, average
width, nearly 27 ras,, containing about 885 sq,
ms,, being the largest co. in the state. Princi
pal part of the co. elevated and raountainous.
Prevailing soil a gravelly loara, strong and fer
tile. Watered abundantly by the waters of the
Ousatonic and Tunxis rs. 'The iron manufac
ture is carried on more extensively in this co,
than in any other section ofthe state. The ore
is obtained within the co. Cf t. and st, jus.
Litchfield. Pop. 1820, 41,267 ; 1830, 42,858.
Litchfield, p-t. and st. jus. Litchfield co.
Conn. 30 ras. w. Hartford, 36 n. vr. New Haven,
100 frora N. Y. An elevated tsp. diversified
•with hill and dale. Mount Tora is in the w,
part of thistown ; height 700 ft. above the raar
gin of Naugatuck r. Contains a quarry of in
ferior slate stone, and a good quarry of free
stone. Prevailing soil, a dark colored gravelly
loam, deep, strong, and fertile. Well supplied
with .forests, consisting of sugar maple, beech,
button wood, oak, birch, &c. Well watered
and supplied with excellent hydraulic privileges,
by the Naugatuck and Shepaug rs,, and the Ban.
tam waters, Litchfield great pond, the largest
in th» state, ii a b»sutiful sheet of water, eom.

prising about 900 acres. At its outlet are nu.
merous and valuable raill seats. Tbe manufac.
ture of iron is here carried on on an extensive
scale. 26 school districts, and a raost respect.
able academy. Contains a medicinal spring.
Litchfield V. is deUghtfuUy situated on an eleva.
ted plain, surrounded with interesting scenery
and charming landscapes. Here is a very
celebrated law school, A raanual labor high
school has recently been incorporated here.
Pop. 4,458.
Litchfield, p.t, Herkimer co. N. Y. 11 ms, s,
w. Herkimer, 11 s, Utica. Situation elevated.
11 school dists., scbools kept 8 months in 12.
Pop. 1,750.
Litchfield, p.v. Bedford co. Pa. by p.r. 153
ms. w. Harrisburg.
Litchfield, p-v. and st.jus. Grayson co. Ky.
69 ras, s. s. w. Louisville, 26 s. w. EUzabeth
town, and by p-r. 105 s. w, by w. Frankfort.
Lat, 37° 28', long. 9° 15' w, W, C.
Litchfield, p-v. Jackson co. Ark.
LiTHOPOLis, p-v. Fairfield co. 0. 10 ras. w. w.
Lancaster, the co. st,, and 18 s. E. Colurabus.
Pop. 161.
LiTiz, small but neat p-v. 7 ms. n. tbe city of
Lancaster, Pa. This village was founded by
the United Brethren or Moravians in 1757.
Little, is a name given to numerous rivers
in the United States. Little r, one ofthe branch
es of Pedee. Little r. branch of Savannah r.
which falls into its recipient, 30 ms. above Au.
gusta, after having drained a part of Wilkes,
Warren, Columbia and Lincoln cos. Geo. Lit.
tie r. also in Geo., falls into Oconee from the
westward, 12 ras. above MiUedgeville. Little
r, of Trigg and Christian cos. Ky., falling into
Cumberland r, below Cadiz. Little a. of the
south, as it is there called, a small streara fall.
ing into Red r. from the westward in the south.
western angle of La. Red r. of the north, an.
other, and much more considerable oranch of
Red r,, joining that streara between Sevier and
Herapstead cos. Ark. Red r. ofthe north, is a
streara of sorae size, baving a coraparative
length of upwards of 100 ms. There are some
other rivers bearing the same title, but of too
little consequence to merit particular notice.
The Ocatahoola r. La. is frequently in that
eountry called Little r., above its lake and be.
low the mouth of Dugdomony r.
Little r. small r. of Montgomery co. Va. ri.
ses in the -n'ostern vallies of the Blue Ridge,
and flowing to the n. w. about 25 ms. compara.
tive course, falls into New r., 12 ms. s. w. by
w. Christiansburg.
Little r. inlet, a small opening at the raouth
of an inconsiderable creek of the Atlantic
Ocean, but gaining iraportance frora forming
the limit on the Atlantic Ocean between N. and
S. Carolina.
Little r. S. C. rises on the border between
Anderson and AbbeviUe dists., between the Sa-
luda and Savannah rs., and flowing sthrd. drains
by its confluents the central and larger part oi
AbbeviUe, falling into Savannah r. opposite Lin
coln CO. Geo.
LfTTLE r. Geo. rising by numerous branches
between Ocmulgee and Oconee rs., and drain
ing part of Morgan, Jasper, Jones, Putnam and

LIT

249

LIT

Baldwin, falls into Oconee r. between the two
latter cos.
Little r. La, rises in the parishes of Clai.
borne, and Ouachitta, flows s, s, e, into Rapides
parish and falls into Ocatahoola lake. The val
ley of Little River Ues between those of Red
and Ouachitta.
Little r. of the north, rises in Texas, and
flowing s. E. enters the "Ter, of Ark, and falls
into Red r, between Hempstead and Sevier cos,,
¦draining by its confluents the greatest part of
Miller and Sevier cos.
Little r. Ky. rises in Christian co, flows into
Trigg, and faUs into Cumberland i, below Ca.
-diz. Little Beaver bridge and p.o. eastern part
ofColumbiana co, 0, by p.r. 109 ras. n, e. by e,
Colurabus. Little Britain, extreme southern p-tsp. of
Lancaster co. Pa. The p-o, is situated 22 ms.
s. s. E Lancaster, and by p-r, 58 ms. s. e. Har
risburg. Little Cape Capon cr. and p-o. Hampshire
CO, Va, 188 ms. n, w. W, C.
Little Compton, p-t, Newport co. R. I. situ
ated in the s. E. extremity of the co. and state,
30 ras. s. E. Providence. Soil, a deep, rich
loara. Surface pleasantly diversified. 7 scbools.
Pop. 1,378.
Little Falls, p-t. Herkiraer co. N. Y. on the
Mohawk, derives its narae frora the falls in the
river at this plaoe, which descend in the course
of about a m,, 42 ft. For about half a mile, it
passes through a fissure in the rocks, which rise
on each side 500 ft. and seem formerly to have
been united, and bave constituted tbe barrier of
a lake extending far to the vr. Here is, a canal
on tbe N, side of the r. round the falls, three
quarters of a mile long, through an uncommon
ly hard rock. This canal is now connected
with the Erie canal, on the opposite side of the
r. by an aqueduct 170 ft. long, and 30 above the
stream. 'The Erie canal here descends 40 feet
in 1 mile. The village of Little Falls stands on
this canal, and is 72 ms. w. Albany, and 22 e,
Utica. It is the centre of one of the best grain
and grazing districts in the state. It is large
and well built. Materials for the erection of
factories, &c. are on the premises in large
quantities. No other place in the Union com
bines greater advantages for the economical
and profitable operation ofall kinds of raachine
ry. Pop. t. 1830, 2,539, vil, 1833, 1,500,
Little Flat Rock, p-o. Rush co. Ind, by p-r,
57 ras. s. E. by e. Indianopolis.
Little Gunpowder cr. and p-o. eastern part
of Baltiraore co. Md. by p-r. 16 ras. n, e, by e,
Baltiraore, Little Hockhocking, small streara and p-o.
in the southwestern part of Washington co. O.
7 ms, below Belpre, and liy p-r. 104 ms. s. E,
Columbus, Little Miami, r. of O,, has its extreme sourc
es in Clark co. interlocking with those of Mad
r., and with those of Deer and Paint cr. branch
es of Sciota, and flowing thence by compara
tive courses 120 ms. to the 5. s, e, to its en
trance into Ohio r, about 10 ms. by water above
Cincinnati. The course of the Little Miami is
very nearly parallel to that of Great Miami, the

former deriving its principal tributaries from the
eastward and draining great part of Green,
Clinton, Warren, Clermont, with parts of Brown,
Clark, and Hamilton cos. Rising on a cora-
parativ-ely elevated tract, the fall is rapid, ren
dering tbis river one of the best in Ohio for
mills. Little Missouri is the name of two small,
and from each other, distant rs. One is abranch
of Mo,, and the next of any consequence from
the southward below the Yellow Stone r. As
laid down by Tanner, Little Mo, rises at lat.
45°, about 200 ras, s, w, of the Mandan vil
lages, and has thence a course ofN, n, e, 200
ms, nearly parallel to and about 60 m.a, distant
from YeUow Stone r.
Little Missouri is the name also of the prin
cipal western confluent of Ouachitta r. The val
ley ofthis stream lies between that of Ouachitta
proper, and Red r. It drains part of Herap
stead and Clark coa. Ark.
Little Pedee, r. of N. and S. Carolina. {See
Pedee and Lumber rs.)
Little Plney, p-v, and st, jus, Crawford co.
Mo. by p-r. 97 ms, s. s, E, Jefferson City, and
about an equal distance s, vr. St. Louis. Little
Piney cr. is an eastern branch of Gasconade
river. Little Plymouth, p v, in the sthm. part of
King and Queen co, Va, by p-r, 56 ras, tt. u;. by
E. Richmond,
Little Red River, p-v, Pulaski co. Ark, 11
ms, wstrd. Little Rock,
Little River, p-v, or p.o, on Little r, Henry
dist, S, C, 190 ras. n. e. Charleston, and by p-r.
179 E. Colurabia,
Little River, p-v, wstrn. part of Burke co, N,
Cby p-r. 220 ms. wstrd, Raleigh,
Little Rlver, p-o, Marion co. Misp. about 1 1 0
ms. s, E, by e, Natchez.
Little Rock, p-v, and st. jus. Pulaski co, and
of the government Ark, Ter. situated on the
right bank of Arkansas r; and about 120 ms.
by land above the mouth of that stream. Lat.
34° 42', long. 15° 15' w. W. C, The course
and distance between W. C. and Little Rock by
a mercator's calculation, is s. 71° 10' w. 980
statute ma.; the p.r. as stated onthe p o. list
gives a diataiice of 1,111 milea. It was in.
tended to give the name of Acropolis to Little
Rock, but the people of the country playfully
called it by its present name from the enorraous
rocks in the vicinity. The site is a higb rocky
bluff on the right bank. Stearaboats are safely
navigated thus higb, about 300 ras, frora the
Misp, by the bends of Ark, r.
Little Sandusky, p-v, nthrn, part of Crawford
CO, O, by p-r. 71 ms. nthrda, Colurabua.
Little Sandy, p.v, on Little Sandy r. in the
sthrn, part of Greenup co. Ky, by p-r, 132 ras, a
little N, of E. Frankfort. The p.o. is at the salt
works, 20 ms. above the mouth of Little Sandy
at Greenupsburg, Littleton, p.t, Grafton co. N. H, on Conn. r.
at the Fifteen MUe falls, 18 ms, below Lancas
ter, 30 frora Haverhill corner, 100 n. Concord.
Tirabered with sugar maple, beech, birch, bass,
(tc. Amonoosuck r. waters the s, part, on
which, in this town, is the pleasant village of
GlynviUe, where there are falls. Pop, 1,433.

LIV

250

LOD

Littleto.v, p-t, Middlesex co, Mass. 28 ms,
N, w, Boston, 10 N, w. Concord. Pop. 947,
Littleton, p-v, Sussex co. Va. by p-r. 36 ms.
¦sthrd. Richmond,
Littleton, p-v, Warren co. N, C, by p-r, 67
ms, N, N, E, Raleigh,
Little Valley, p.t, Cataraugus co, N. Y, on
the AUeghany r,, 12 ras. -o, w, EllicottvUle,
Land in general of a superior quaUty, moderate
ly uneven, timbered with hickory, oak, chesnht,
&c. Pop, 330,
Little Yadkin, p-v. in the nthwstrn. part of
Stokes CO. N, G, by p-r. 167 ms. tt. w. by w,
.Raleigh, Little Yadkin, r. N,'C, and one ofthe wstrn,
confluents of Great Yadkin, rises in Iredell co,
most of which it drains, having its remote
sources within 3 ms, from Great Catauba,
though flowing from it estrdly, towards the
Yadkin over Iredell and Rowan cos.
Little York, p-v. Hardm co. Ky, sthwstrd,
-Frankfort, Little York, p.v,- nrthestrn, part Montgora
ery CO, O.by p-r, 74 ms, wstrd, Columbus.
Livermore, p-t. O.xford co. Me. on the An
droscoggin, 18 ras. n, E, Paris, 78 frora Port
land. Pop, 2,453,
LrvERMORE, p-V, Westraoreland co. Pa, 22
ms, s, E, Pittsburg, and by p-r. 172 ms. w. Har
risburg, Liverpool, p-v. on the right bank of Susque
hannah r.in the nrthestrn, part of Perry co. Pa.
29 ms. IV. Harrisburg,
Liverpool, p-v. Medina co. 0. by p.r. 124 ms,
N, E, Columbus,
Liverpool, p-v. Yazoo co.Misp, about 20 ms.
N, N, E, Natchez,
Livingston, co, N, Y,, situated on Genesee
r, bndd, n. by Genesee and Munroe cos,, e, by
Munroe and Ontario cos., s. by Steuben and Al
leghany COS., w. by AUeghany and Genesee cos.;
containing 460 sq. ms, or 294,400 acres. Wa
tered by Genesee r, onthe w,, Canasaragaand
•Cashque ers, b,, Honeoye cr. &c. e. and n. Sur
face a pleasing variety. Liraestone and clay slate
abound. Soila goodvariety. Iron ore is found
alraost everywhere, not in beds, but in luraps,
in the soil or sub soU. Cf t. Geneseo. Pop,
1820, 19,196, 1830, 27,719.
LrviNGSTON, p-t. Colurabia co, N. Y, on the
-Hudson, 12 ras, below Hudson, Pop, 2,087,
Livingston, p-t. Essex co, N. J. adjoins Pas
saic r,, 54 ras, s. E, Trenton, Pop, 1,150,
Livingston, co, Ky. bndd, n. t, by Tradewater
f. separating it from Union, n. by Hopkins, s.
E. by Caldwell, s. w. by Ten. i. separating it
¦from McCracken, by 0, r, separating it from
Posey CO, II, w,, and again by O. r. separating
it from Gallatin II. n, ; length from n, e. to s.
w. 40 ms. ; mean width 20, and area 800 sq.
ms. Extending in lat, from 36° 04' to 36° 30',
and m long. 10° 52' to 11° 35' w. from W. C,
In a, iiavigable point of view this county is in a
.peculiar manner advantageously placed, beside
Tun., Ohio, and Trade water rs. by which it is
bounded, Cumberland r. traverses the sthrn,
part falling into O. at Smithland. The surface
of the. CO. is mostly level or moderately hilly,
with fertUe soil. Cf t. Salem. Pop. , 1820,
,5,824, 1830, 5,971.

LrviNGSTON, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co.
Misp., N. N. E. Natchez. Pop. 250.
Livonia, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 8 ms, e,
Geneseo, Land pretty good. Contains sorae
small streams, 12 schools, kept 9 months in
12. Pop. 2,665,
Livonia, p-v, Washington co, Ind. by p-r, 103
ms, o, Indianopolis,
Lloyd's, p-o, Essex co, Va., by p-r, 84 ms.M.
E. Richraond.
Loch Rauza, p.v. Montgomery co. Ala, by
p-r, 82 ms. s. e, Tuscaloosa,
Locke, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y, 21 ms, s, s, e.
Auburn, 152 w. Albany, Excellent land, hand
somely diversified with easy swells, hill and
dale, and extensive alluvial flats. Well water
ed with springs and brooks. 13 schools kept
6 months in 12, Pop, 3,310.
Lockport, p-t. and st. jus. of Niagara co.
one of the results of the Erie canal, 31 ms,
by that canal N, u. Buffalo, at the e. extremity
of the Buffalo level, 20 ms, e. Lewiston, 63 w.
Rochester, When the route of the canal was
established in 1821, this place was a wUder
ness. It is now a large and flourishing tovtm !
The canal here deacenda the terrace called the
Mountain ridge, or Ontario Heights, by 5 dou
ble locks, each of 12 ft, descent, to the Genesee
level. These locks being double, one line of
boats can ascend while another descends.
Above the locks, the canal is cut through rock
to the depth of 20 ft, for the distance of three
ras. Tbe Genesee level extends eastward
from this place to the distance of 65 ras. The
locks at Lockport are the only ones from lake
Erie to Genesee r. which by the canal route is
a distance of 96 ms. The descent of the canal
down the Mountain ridge at this place, is truly
a fine spectacle. This is the same ridge over
which roll the torrents of Niagara, constituting
the Niagara falls. Pop. 3,893.
Lock's, village, and p-o. Franklin co. Misp.
about 25 ms. e. frora Natchez, and by p-r. 86
from Jackson.
Locust, r. Ten. the nthestm. branch of Black
Warrior, rising frora the table land between
the basins of Mobile and Ten,, and withui 15
ras, frora the great bend of the latter, where it
traverses Curaberland mtas,, draining the estrn,
part of Blount and five sixths of Jefferson cos.,
and flowing to the s. w. by comparative courses
75 ms, it joins the Mulberry to form tbe Black
Warrior. {See Mulberry r.)
Locust, cr, p-o, formerly Chinquipin Grove,
Louisa CO. Va, 101 ms, s, w. W, C.
Locust Dale, p-v. Culpepper co. Va, by p-r,
86 ms, s, w. W. C.
Locust Grove, p-o. Orange co, Va, by p-r.
81 ras. s, w, W. C,
Locust Grove, p-o. Perry co. Ten, by p-r.
99 ras, B, w. by w. Nashville.
Locust Hill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 169
ras. s. E. Tuscaloosa.
Locust Shade, p-o. Overton co. Ten, byp-r.
81 ms. N. E. by E. Nashville.
Lodi, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y, 175 ms. w. Al-
bany. Pop. 1,786,
Lodi, t. Bergen co, N. J. between the Hack»
ensack and Passaic Ts., s. of New Barbadoes
and Saddle r. Pop. 1,356.

LON.

251

LON

Lodi, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 86 ms,
N. w. by w, Columbia.
Lodi, p-v. Washtenau co. Mich, by p-r. 47
ras. Vf. Detroit.
LoDiMONT, p-v. wstrn. part of AbbeviUe dist.
'S.C. Logan, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 92 ms,
wstrd, Harrisburg.
Logan, co. Va. bndd, by Cabell N, w,, Ken
hawa CO, N,, Great Cherry Pond mtn. separating
it frora Fayette N, e,. Great Flat Top mtn. sepa
rating it from Giles e. and Tazewell s. e,, by
the western part of Tazewell s,, and by tbe e.
Fork of Great Sandy r. separating it from Floyd
CO, Ky, w. Length 70, mean breadth 30, and
area 2,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 13'
to 37° 10', and in long, from 3 ' 50' to 5° 22' w.
W. C. 'The surface of this very broken and
extensive co. is from the Great Flat Top. ratn,
to N, N, w,, along Sandy r, Logan is drained
by Guyandot and Goal rs. Gf. t, Logan, Pop.
3,680, Logan, e, h,. and p.o. Logan co. Va. by p-r.
338 ras, w, Richraond,
Logan, co. Ken. bndd, by Todd w,, Muhlen
burg N, w., Butler n., Wayne e,, Simpson s, e,,
and Robertson co. Ten, s. Length 30, mean
breadth 20, and area 600 sq, ms. Extendingin
lat. frora 36° 36' to 37° 02', and in long, from
9° 33' to 10° 03' w, W, C, Logan occupies a
part of the table land between the vallies oi
Cumberland and Green rs. From tbe sthrn,
section flow tbe nthrn, branches of Red r, of
Curaberland, and from the nthm, part flow ers,
towards the tt. into Green r, Cf. t. Russell.
viUe. Pop. 1820, 14,423, 1830, 13,012,
Logan, co. Ohio, bndd. s. by Charapaign, w,
Shelby, n, w, Allen, n, Hardin, and e. Union,
lat. 40° 25', long. 6° 45' w,, slope southward
and principally drained by Sandy cr. branch of
Great Miarai and the sources of Mad r. Cf. t,
BeUefontaine. Pop. 6,440.
Logan, p-v. and st.jus. Hocking co. Ohio, by
p-r. 47 ms, s, E, Columbus. It is situated on
Hockhocking r., near the northeastern angle of
the CO., lat. 39° 33', long. W. C. 5° 24' w. Pop.
97. Logansport, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co. Ind,
by p-r. 113 ras. a litlle w. of n. Indianopolis.
It is situated at the junction of the main Wa
bash with Eel r;, lat. 4U° 45^, long, W. C. 9°
20' w.
LoGANViLLE, p-v, Yotk CO. Pa, by p-r, 89- ms,
northward W. C,
Log House Landing, p-o. southern part of
Beaufort co. N, C, by p-r. 1 70 ras. a little s. of
E. Raleigh.
Log Lick, p-o, eastern part of Clark co. Ky.
by p-r. 51 ms. s. E.. by e, Frankfort.
Lombardy, p-v. AmeUa co. Va. by p-r. 50 ms.
s, V. Richraond.
Lombardy, p-v. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r, 64
ms. N. E. by E. MUledgevUle.
Lombardy Grove, p-o., Mecklenburg co. Va.
by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Richmond.
London, p-v. formerly Hazel Patch, st. jus.
Laurel co, Ky. by p-r. lf)2 ms. s. e. Frankfort.
It is situated on a tributary of Rock Castle,
branch of Cumberl ad r , lat 37° 13', long. 6°
56' w. Pop. 15.

London, p-v. and st. jus, Madison co, Ohiof-
by p-r, 27 ras, s, w, by w, Colurabua, lat. 39°'
50', long. 6° 28' w. Pop, 949,
London Bridge, p-v, in tbe northeaatern part'
of Princesa Ann co, Va, 15 ms, a little N. of E. .
Norfolk, and 8 ras. s, w. Cape Henry,
London Grove, post tsp, Chester co. Pa, be-.
tween New Garden and Oxford. The p-o. is
about 40 ms, s, w. by w.from Phila,
Londonderry, p-t, Rockingham co,N, H, 35
ras. w. Portsraouth, 25 s, e. Concord, and 38 n.
w. Boston. It contains very Uttle •waste land ;
the soil is generally fertile, and rauch of it is
excellent, particularly on the streams in the
town. There are no hUls, but the surface is
rolling. The most considerable stream is Bea-.
ver river, and thei e are several ponds in the
town, of which Beaver is the principal ; this is
300 rods in diameter. Pinkertoii academy was
naraed after Maj. John Pinkerton, who founded
it by a donation of $14,000. The town was
first settled in 1719. The early settler-a- were
farmers frora the n. of Ireland, and the potatoe
was introduced here bythem iraraediately after,
being the first cultivated in N, England, Mat.
thew Thornton, one of the signers of tbe Dec.
laration of Independence, resided bere. This
place is noted for the longevity of several of
its inhabitants. Pop. 1,467.
Londonderry, p.t. Windhara co. Vt. 30 ms.
N. E, Bennington, 27 s. w. Windsor. Watered
by West and 'Winball rs. Utley brook and
another considerable raill streara. Mill priv
ileges are nuraerous. Contains a bed of very
fine clay, two villages, and 9 school dists. Pop.
1,309. Londonderry, p-v. Guernsey co, 0, by p-r.
102 ras. eastward Columbus, Pop, 54,
Long Bottom, p-v, Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r.
102 ras, s. E, Columbus,
Longbranch, Monmouth co. N. J. The sea
shore about 6 ms, s. of Shrewsberry river, a
place of great resort for sea bathing and fish.
ing, having several large and well kept board.
ing houses, 30 ms, s. New York,
Long Creeic Bridge, and p-o. New Hanover
CO. N, C, byp.r. 198 ras. s.e. Raleigh.
Long Falls cr,, and p-o, Daviess co, Ky. by
p-r. 165 ms, s, w, by w. Frankfort.
Long Hollow, p-o. Suraner co. Ten. by p-r.
14 ms. N, E. Nasbville.
Long Island, N. Y. extends from the nar
rows, below New York city, in an easterly di
rection, 140 ms. to Montauk Point. Its average
width is 10 rae,, and it contains 1;400 sq, ras,
it is divided into 3 cos,. Kings, Queens, and-
Suffolk, and belongs wholly to the state of N,
Y. It is bounded s, by the Atlantic, and is
separated frora Connecticut on the n, by Long
Island Sound, and by the East r. frora the s, e,
extreraity of N. Y. on the raain. Much indent.
ed -with bays. There isa rocky ridge denom
inated the spine of Long Island, extending from
the w, end to River Head, the highest point, of
-which-.is 319-ft, above the level ofthe tide,, sit
uated in N. Hempstead. The land on the n.
side of this ridge is rough and hilly, on the s.
side it is level and sandy. The waters are
stored with a vast abundance and variety of
fish, and the island has long heen. celebrated

LOR

252

LOU

for its wild fowl, and various forest game. A
b«ach of sand and stones runs along the s. side
of the island 100 ms,, with various inlets, ad
mitting vessels' of 60 or 70 tons. The long
narrow bay formed by the boach is in the wi
dest places 3 ms. broad.
Long Island Sound, an inland sea, from 3 to
25 raa. broad, and about 140 long> dividing
Long laland frora Conn. It coraraunicates with
the ocean at the ft. end, and with N. York Har
bor at the s,, and affords a very safe and con
venient passage.
Long Lick, p-o, Scott co. Ky., 23 ms. estrd.
Frankfort. Long. Meadow, p-t, Harapden co. Mass., E.
Conn, r,, 6 ras. s, Springfield, 97 s, w. Boston ;
beautifuUy situated ; soil fine. Pop. 1,257.
LoNGHiES, store and p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C,
76 ras. s. w. hpvf. Colurabia.
Long Old Fields, p-o. Prince George's co,
Md., 14 ms. estrd. W. C, and 26 wstrd. An
napoUs. Long Pond, Me., chiefly in Bridgetown, 10
ras. long and 1 broad, connected by Sungo r,
with Sebago- lake.
Long Pond, lake on the line between N, Y.
and N. J,, principally in the forraer ; discharges
through Long pond and Porapton rs, into the
Passaic. Long Pkairie, p-o. Hempstead co. Ark,, by
p-r, 175 ms, s, w. Little Rock,
Long Run, p-o. Jefferson co.. Ken., by p-r. 25
ras, Vf. Frankfort, and about 17 e.. LouisviUe.
Long's Bridge, and p-o. Hancock co. Geo,,
10 ras, N, E, MiUedgeviUe.
Long's Mills, and p-o. Orange co.,N.,C,, by
p-r. 81 raa. N.w. Raleigh.
Long Street, p-v. Moore co. N. C.
Long Street, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C, by
p-r. 64 ras. n, n, e, Colurabia.
Long Swamp, p-tsp. Berks co. Pa., situated on
the head waters of Littlo Lehigh. The p.o. is
18 ras. N. E. Reading.
Longtown, p-v. Davidson co. N. C, by p-r.
15'2 ras. wstrd. Raleigh.
Longwood, p-v. Albemarle eo. Va,, by p-r. 86
ma. N, w, by w, Richmond, and 151 raa. s. w.
W. C.
Loop, p.v. Logan co.Va,, byp-r. 320 ms. s. w.
byw. iw. W.C,
LoRALN, CO. O., bndd. n, e. by Cuyahoga co.,
E. Medina, s. e. Wayne, s. w. Richland, w. Hu
ron, and N. Lake Erie. Frora s. to n. 40 ras,,
raean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ma, Lat. 41°
15', long, 5° 10' w. Slope alraost due n., and
drained by Black r. and some sraaller streams.
Cf t. Elyria. Pop, 5,686,
Lorenz, store and p-o, Lewis co.Va,,. by p-r.
261 ms. w. W. C.
Loretto, p-v. Cambria co. Pa,, 7 ms, n. e.
Ebensburg, 75 ms, estrd, Pittsburg, and by p,r.
116 raa, N, w. by w, Harrisburg,
Lorraine, p.t, Jefferson co. N, Y,,. 16 ras. s.
w. Watertown, 150 w, ,1, w, Albany ,,.9 e, lake
Ontario. Healthy, and well watered by a nura
ber of smaU era. of a tolerable size for mill
streams, and a great v.ariety of small springs
and rivulets. Pop. 1,727.
Loretto, p-v, Essex co Va,, by p-r, 81 ms.
N, t, Richmond.

Lost r., local name of the higher part of
Great Cacopon r. of Va.
Lost River, p-o. on Lost r., estrn. part of
Hardy co. Va., by p-r. 130 ms. w. W. C.
Lost Prairie, p-o. Lafayette co. Ark. by p-r,
152 ras, s, w. Little Rock.
Lott's raills and p-o., Copiah co. Misp. about
75 ms, N, E. Natchez, and 39 s. Jackson.
LoTTSviLLE, p-v. Warren co. Pa., by p-r. 235
ms. N. w. Harrisburg.
IjauDON, p-t. Merrimack co. N, H., 7 m«. .n. e.
Concord; furnished with valuable mill privileges
by Soucook r. ; tirabered with sugar raaple,
beech, pine, oak, and chesnut. Pop, 1,642.
Loudon, p.v.in the- wstrn. part of Franklin co-
Pa., 15 ms, a little s. of w, Chambersburg, and
63 s. w, by w, Harrisburg.
Loudon, co. Va. bndd.. s. e. by Fairfax ; s, by
Prince William; s. w. by Fauquier; by the
Blue Ridge, separating it from Frederick w. ;
and Jeft'erson n. w, ; and by Potomac r, separa
ting it from Frederick co. in Md. N., and Mont.
gomery co. Md. n. e. Length from s, e. to n,
w, 22, mean breadth 21, and area 462 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. 38° 49' to 39° 18' n., and in
long. 0° 20'' to 0° 54' w. W. C. The declivity
of this CO. is to. the n. e. towards the Potomac ;.
surface broken, and even in part mountainous ;
much of the soil excellent. Cf. t. Leesburg.
Pop. 1820, 22,702; 1830, 21,939.
LouDONViLLE, p.v. Rlchland co. 0., by p-r. 67
ras. N. E. Colurabus.
Louisa, co. Va., bndd. by Hanover s. e. ;
Goochland s. ; Fluvanna s. w. ; Alberaarle w. ;
Orange n. ; and Spottsylvania n. e. Length 3F,
raean breadth 16, and area 576 sq, ras, extend
ing in lat. 37° 45' to 38° 6', and in long. 0° 48'
to 1' 28' w. W. C. The declivity of this co.
is towards the s, e,, down whicb flow numerous
branches of N. and S, Annanvers, Cf t, Louisa
c. h. Pop, 1820, 13,746; 1830, 16,151.
Louisa, p-v, and st. jus,, Lawrence co, Ky,,
by p.r, 127 ras, E-Frankfort; lat. 38° 12',. long-
6°. w. Pop. 87.
Louisa, usually called Louisa c. h., p-v. and
st, jus,, Louisa co. Va., by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. W,
C, and 54 ms, N., w,. Richraond ; and on Tan
ner's map U. S, exactly on the intersection of
lat, 38° and 1° w. W. C.
Louisburgh, p-v. and st.jus,, Franklin co. N.
C, 30 ms, N. N. E, Raleigh ; lat, 33° 06', long..
1° 18',
Louisiana, atate of the U. S,, bndd, s, by the
Gulf of Mexico ; e, and n, e. by the state of
Misp, ; ei. vr. by the ter, of Ark, ; and w. by the
Mexican province of Texas. Louisiana, with
out including the partial indentations of the
coast, cxtendaalong the Gulf of Mexico 400 ms, ;
up Sabine r, from, the raouth of that stream, to
where intersected by n. lat. 32°, 190 ms,; thence
along one drgree of lat. 32° to 33°, 69^ms. ;
thence due e. albng lat. 33°, tothe right bank of
Miap. r; 16S me.; thence down the latter r. to
where it is crossed by lat. 31°, 220 ms. ; thence
along lat. 31° from the Misp. to Pearl r, 105
ras. ; thence down Pearl r. to the mouth, 60 ms. ;
baving an entire outline of 812J ms. The long
est line that can be drawn over La., is a diago
nal from the s. pass of Misp. to the n. w. angle,
380 ms,, andSthe area being 48,^ Osq. ms., the

LOU

253

LOU

mean breadth is about 127 ms. In lat, this state
extends 28° 56' to 33°, and in long. 1 1° 55' to
17° 25' w. W. C. In regard to natural features,
and to the intrinsic qualities of soil, La, is divisi
ble into four distinct sections. The Delta, is
the first which is indefinitely connected with
the great prairies of Attacapas and Opelousas.
The latter is followed by the immense pine and
oak forests of the nrthwstrn. part of the state.
The fourth, though the least e.xtensive, is in
many respects the raost interesting section of
La,; thatis the fine slope formerly part of west
Florida, between the Pearl and Misp. rs., and
s. ef lat. 31°, In a general view, the Misp. r.
is the most conspicuous and important feature
in the topography of La. By a very winding
channel, that great river forms a boundary be.
tween the states of Misp. and La, between lat,
3 1° and 33°, but below the forraer lat, enters en
tirely into La, Assuraing a course of a little e,
ofs, E,, but still with a very sinuous channel,
the Misp. -winds over La., embracing by its
numerous inlets or raouths, an alluvial region,
to whicb in nature, and even in outline, the name
of Delta is not unaptly applied. Between lat.
31° and 33°, the general course of the Misp. is
along the bluffs, or wstrn. margin of a compara
tive table land. Here it receives numerous
small streams from the left, whilst on tbe right
stretches a narrow, annually inundated tract.
When swelled by spring fioods, the superabund
ant water ofthe Misp. flows out by iimumerable
channels, which are discharged into the Ten-
saw, Black, and Red rs,, and by the latter borne
back into the raain streara. But, as if disdain
ing to receive into ita bosora the rejected water,
less than 1 ^ raile below the raouth of Red r,, the
Atchafalaya is discharged to the left, forraing
the upper mouth of the Misp. ; below which on
that side, the adjacent surface ofthe land being
lower than that of the surcharged r., all water
which escapes from the raain stream returns to
it no more, but slowly seeks a recipient in the
Gulf of Mexico. On the estrn. or left, the bluffs
are continued on or near the Misp. to a few
ms. below Baton Rouge, where the outlet of
Iberville terminates high land, and -commences
the Delta on that side also. If we regard the
efflux of Atchafalaya, as its head, and the Gulf
of Mexico as its base, the Delta stretches
over two degrees of lat. and three degrees of
long. The utmost length from the outlet of
the Atchafalaya, to the months of the Misp.,
220 ms. Its widest part from the Point Tira-
ballier to the Pass of Manchar, between lakes
Pontchartrain and Maurapas, 100 railes. The
breadth, however, varies frora 10 railes to the ut.
most width. Frora the generally well defined out
line, the limits ofthe Delta are distinct ; but from
the great indentations of that outline, the area
is difficult to estimate accurately, but araounts
to at least the one fourth ofthe state, or 12,000
sq. ras. The lower, or sthm. and s, estrn. part of
the Delta, is with very trifling exceptions sea
marsh, naked of timber, and flooded with every
flow of the tide, and with very few spots or
strips of arable soil. Advancing N. westwardly
up the streamfe, the surface very slowly rises,
and the arable borders along the rivers increase
in width, and becorae more continuous. The 33

unwooded sea marsh is followed by a dense
forest, but which stands on a plain in a great
part annually inundated by tbe spring floods of
the Misp., Ouachitta, and Red ra. The very
gradual and trifling acclivity of the Delta, is
demonatrated by the fact, that in autumn, when
the rivers aro reduced to their lowest level, the
tides of only about two ft. mean height, are sen
sible in Atchafalaya and Iberville. I have my.
self seen the current of the forraer flowing into
the Misp. West frora the Delta, the sea marsh
is continued, and the prairie or grassy plains
rise from the'great forest overflow of Atchafa.
laya. The acclivity from the sea marsh of
Opelousas and Attacapas is so much more ab.
rupt as to raise the surface ofthe prairies above
annual overflow, but even here the rise is very
gradual and so small as to adniit the tides in
autumn, as high as Demell's landing, on Courta.
bleau r. From actual observation I doubt
whether a single spot of s, wstrn. La. below
lat, 31° is elevated 50 ft, above high tide ; the
far greater part is, I am confident, under 10 ft.
comparative elevation. The surface of the
prailies of La. has been very greatly overrated,
and these plains have also been confounded with
the sea marah. Though contiguous, and sirailar
i.n the single feature Of being void of tiraber, ift
all other respects these two sections differ from
each. The prairies though -approaching a dead
level, are coraposed of soUd and arable soil.
If an eye sufficiently elevated could scan the
whole aurface from the Gulf of Mexico to the
foresta of Red and Sabine rs,, the streams -lyould
be seen issuing frora those forests and carry.
ing lines of woods along their banks, and which
wooded borders gradually narrowing would
terminate at different distances from the sea
coast, in most cases about the line of separation
between the prairie and sea marsh, sma-U
wooded spots isolated from the great forest
wbuld be seen dotted along the sea marsh, the
timber of which, composed in part of live oak
retaining leaf throughout the winter. But on
the aeamargin ofthe Sabine and Calcasiu, even
the live oak ceases, and the great gtassy marsh
expands. The western sea marsh of La. may
be regarded as extending from the Atchafa.
laya to the Sabine 160 ms,, the mean breadth
about 25, and area 4,000 sq, ras. The prairie
section reaches from the junction of Teche and
Atchafalaya, to the Sabine, 160 ms. along the
sea marsh, but lies in form of a triangle, the
apex at the head waters of Merraentau,' per.
pendicular 6U ras. atid area 4,800 sq, ms. In
the latter superficies are, however, included
large bodies of -B'oods ; the real prairie does
not exceed the sea marsh in extent, and the
aggregate of both may be safely assumed at
8,000 sq. ma. Lying northward from the prai-
riea of Opelousas, and wesward of theinunda.
ted raargin near the Misp. spreads what may,
from its prevailing timber, be called the pine
section of La. This extensive region, embra
cing about 24,000 sq. ms. is watered by Oua
chitta, Red, Calcasiu and Sabine rs. The sur
face considerably broken into hills, though of
raoderate elevation. In this tract sorae rocks
and even water faUs appear. The low grounds
near streams are clothed with various species

L(3U

254

LOU

of oaks, elms, hickory, sweet gum, honey,
locust, and cypress, but leaving the water
.courses, pine prevails to such an extent, that
ftara five to twenty ras. raay be travelled over
in one unbroken pine forest. The river soil on
feed and (Juachitta, generally productive ; fer
tile w'ater naargins occur in other places, but
the general character of the soil is sterility.
The fourth and least extensive natiral section of
La, ia that of the forraer W. Florida, In gen
eral character, the latter bears a very exact re
semblance to that of the northwest. Pine be
comes again so miich the prevailing timber, that
at least nine parts in ten of the whole surface
is covered with this tree. The arable soil is
pn or liear the streams and confined in extent.
Taken as a whole, La. is composed of inunda-
,ted and noninundated land. 'The tract of soil
liable to annual submersion is narrow, above
Red river, but widening below that stream, ex
pands like a fan, and finally embraces the whole
gulf border. 'What soil is of adequate eleva
tion for cultivation within the inundated region,
-,-tis of the very best quality, and towards the
gulf, the climate admits the very profitable
growth of sugar cane. The Gulfs grassy
border is followed inland, by a forest which,
from the peculiar nature of the soil, must re
main many ages but partially disturbed. Of
forest, in point of relative quantity, pine, oak,
sweet gura, and hickory predominates, but ad
mixed with an indefinite number of other trees,
such as maple, liriodendron, cypress, black
gum, ash, persiraon, black vvalimi, honey, lo
cust,' elm, dog wood, &c. On tbe raargin of
overflow, immense brakea of reed cane rise
araid the forest, but this gigantic grass, contra
ry to coramon opinion, never flourishes where
the surface is liable to periodical submersion.
Where the cane abounds, so do various species
of grape vine and smilax, rendering those for
ests most difficult to penetrate. Below lat. 31°
and on land partially liable to overflow, are ex
tensive' brakes of palmetto, or dwarf palm.
The latter vegetable, though capable of support
ing the inundations longer than the reed Cane,
canno't, however, exist where the ground is
liable to deep imd annual ovej-flow. In thelat
ter case indeed the ground produces few weeds,
and the lofty trees are the only vegetables of
any consequence .which rise from the saturated
earth. Climate and seasons. — -In a country where
the extreraes of latitude are only 4 degrees, and
those of height per'iiaps less than two hundred
feet, it might be supposed that -very little differ
ence of seasons, would be perceptible, but with
both these causes of equality, the mean and ex
treme temperature of the Delta, and that of tbe
northwestern section differs far beyond what
cbuld be expected. The relative teraperature
is more decisively shown by indigenous vege
tables than by observations made with a ther
mometer. Amongst those -vegetable indicia
the live bak affords the most conclusive data.
This tree is found to abound most in the lower
part of the Delta, and to decrease ascending to
the N. w., Jt wftuld appear frora places where
this tree flourishes, that its existence raust de
pend more bp the relative temperature than on

soil. From the bay of Mobile westward to the
Teche, the live oak is liraited northward by n'.
latitude 30° 25' very nearly. Passing the Te.
-che, where the northwestern winds have free
access over the prairies, live offk ceases in
great part above lat. 30°, and on the Calcasitj
and Sabine does not exist. On the Atlantic
coast of the U, S, the live oak is found as far
N, as 34°. The cultivation of Sugar cane ceas'
es in La. at about lat. 30° 10', but on the At
lantic coast can be made a profitable crop two
degrees higher. Similar reraarks apply to the
orange tree and some other exotic trees, which
are restricted on the Delta of the Misp, and
contiguous places between two and three de
grees lower than on the Atlantic coast. At
Natchez, lat, 31° 33' the thermometer has fall.
en to 12° above the zero of Fahrenheit, Ihave
myself seen the creeks and ponds of La, at New
Orleans, frozen, and once, January 1S12, saw
snow at Opelouaas 11 inches deep. 'These
phenomena are rare, but their occurrence ex-.
hibits a severity of cliraate much greater than
is experienced on similar latitudes along the
Atlantic ocean. In regard to sta]Jle produc.
tions, sugar and rice in La, will, it is probable,
be always restricted to the lower sections,
whilst cotton can be cultivated over the whole
surface, as may be maize, tobacco, and indigo.
Of fruit trees, the peach and fig are those which
seera most congenial to the climate. The ap.
pie can be cultivated, but not to advantage ; the
cherry is utterly unproductive. Thelatter cir
cumstance is the more curious as the wild
cherry tree grows to the size and elevation of a
forest tree of large magnitude, not unfrequent
ly of 50 or 69 ft, shaft, and from 9 to 3 ft, dl-
araetel-. If we assume New Orleans as a sta.
tionary point, and allow a mean temperature of
60° Fahrenheit, probably rather too high, we
have a temperature ve-ry nearly similar to that
of Charleston, S. C, {See the latter article.)
By recurring to Dr, Lovell's tables of relative
mean temperature, and coraparing the mean
range of thermometer at Cantonment Jessup-,
on the Sabine, Baton Rouge, Pensacola, Tawpa
Bay, St. Augustine and Charleston, we find the
curious result, that the lowest depression at
Cantonment Jfessup was plus 7, Baton Rouge
plus 18, Pensacola plus li, and at Charleston
plus 18°. In brief, corabining vegetable physi
ology with the thermometrioal reaults, the sea
sons of Charlestouj lat. 32° 42', are milder than
at New Orieans, lat. 30°.
Political Geography. — Louiaiana isdivided
into the following parishes, to which is ad
ded the population of each, with their chief
towns:^^ Parishes. --Chief To-wns. Pop. 1830,
Ascensiiin, Dotuildsonviile, 5,420
Assumption, Assumption, ^,669
Avoyelles, Marksville, 3,484
Catalioolk, ^Harrisonburg, 2,581
Claiborne, ilusselville, 1,764
Concoi-dia, . .(Concordia, 4,662
Bast Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, 6,698
East Filiciana, 'sTackson, g,247
Ibei-ville, -Iberville, 7,049
,lefferson, .Coquille, ,846
Lafayette, Vermillionville, ,653
Lafourche Interior, Thibadeauxville, ,^,503
Natchitoches, -Natchitoches, 7,905
Orloans, -New Orleans, 40',838

LOU

255

LOU

Parishes.

Chief To-wns.

Pof. 1830,

Flaquemines,

Plaquemines, ' 'V -•

4,489

Point Coupee,

Point Coupee,

5,936

Rapides,

Alexandria,

7,575

St. Bernard,

3,356

St, Charles,

5,147

St,T-Ielena,

St, Helena,

4,028

St, ,1 limes,

Bringier's,

7,646

St, Jobn Baptist,

Dubouy's,

5,077

St, l.andry,

St. l.andry.

12,591

St, Martins,

St. Mai-tinville,

7,205

St. Mary's,

Dutch Settlement,

6,4--ia

St. Tammany,

Covington,

2,864

Ten-e Bonne,

Williamsbui-g,

2,121

¦Washitau,

Monroe,

5,140

West Baton Rouge,

Mt. Pleasant,

3,084

W. Feliciana,

St. Francisville,

8,629

Washington,

Franklinton,

2,286

Total population of Lo.uisiana, 1830

315,589,

of which are white persons,

MMles.
Females,
ITnder 5 years of a'ge, 8,.').5.i
7,8U0
¦From 5 to 10
0,40-2
6,193
" 10 to 15
5,134
5,140
" 15 to 20
4,325
4,709
" 20 to 30
10,958
«,930
" 30 to 40
7,777
4,204
" 40 to 50
4, .104
3,310
" 50 to 6a
2,023
1,257
" 60 to 70
896
660
" 70 to 80
317
222
" 80 to 90
78
73
" iJO to 100
24
17
" 100 and upwards, 9
1
Total, 49,785 39,516
Of which were deaf and dumb, under 14 years
cf age, 15; from 14 to 25, 15; 95 and up
wards, 19, Blind, 36, iVUens, 1,713,
The colored population was as follows —
Free Colored, Slaves,
Males
Females.
Males.
Fem.
Under 10 y'rsof age, 2,.503
2,640
13,(W7
13,687
ri-om 10 to 24 2,296
2,727
17,926
16,613
" 24 to 36 1,208
1,9-27
15,784
13,534
" 36 to 55 628
1,40-3
8,443
6,249
" 55 to 100 384
7.55
2,089
1,552
" 100 and over U
29
42
43
Total, 7,230 9,480 67,911 51,677
-Of the colored population were deaf and
dumb, under 14 years of age, 7 ; from 14 to 25,
.5 ; 25 and upwards, 9. Blind, 77,
Recapitulation —
VVhites, Free Colored, Slaves, Total
.89,291 16,710 109,588 213,589
'The population ofthe two territories, Orleans
and Louisiana, -in 1810, was 97,391 ; the for
raer then contained 76,556, and the latter 90,-
845 inhabitants. In 1820, the population of
Louisiana was 153,407.
Principal towns. — The only city of conse
quence, is New Orleans, which see. Donald
sonville, Baton Rouge, St, Martins, St. Lan
dry, Alexandria, and Natchitoches, are sraall
villages, which will be found noticed under
their respective heads, Donaldsonville is at'
present the seat of legislation.
Constitution of government. — The legisla
tive power is vested in a senate and house of
representatives. To be eligible to the senate
deraands a landed estate, in full right of
§§1,000. The merabefs of the senate shair
be chosen for the term- of 4 years. Senators
divided by lot into two classes ; tho seats of
the senators of the first class, shaU be vacated
at the expiration of the second year, and of the
second class at the expiration of the fourth
year ; so tbat a rotation shall be chosen every
year, and one half thereby be kept up perpetu.
jiUy, No person shaB be a senator, yrho, at
the time of his election, is not a citizen of the
United States, and who hath not attained the
age of 27 years, resided in this state four years,
next preceding bis election, and one year in tbe .
district in which he raay be chosen. No person
shall, be a representative, who, at the time of
his election, is not a free white male citizei} 9f
the United Statea, and 'hath not attained th^a-ge
of 91 years, and resided in the state two yeara
next preceding hia election, and the laat year
thereof in the county of which be may be cho.
sen, and who must hold landed property to the
value of 500 dollars, according to the tax Hat
in the county or district for -vvhich he is chosen.
The supreme executive power is lodged in the
hands of a governor, chosen for 4 years, and in
eligible for the succeeding 4 years after the ex
piration of the time for which he shall have
been elected. He shaU be at least 35 years of
age, and a citizen pf the United States, and
have been an inhabitant of this state, at least
six years preceding his election, and shall hold
in hia own right a landed estate of .$5,000 value,
agreeably to the tax list. No raember of con.
gress, or person holding any office under the
United States, or rainister of any religious soci.
ety, shall be eligible to the office of governor.
The general powers of the govemor of La. in
extent and liraitation, are very simUar to those
of the president of the United States. The
judiciary power is vested in a supreme and in
ferior courts. The supreme court having ap.
pellate jurisdiction only, extending toall civil
cases where the matter in dispute shall exceed
the sura of ,f 300. The suprerae court ahall
consist of not less than three judges, nor more
than five ; the majority of whom shall forra a
quorum. The legislature is authorized to es
tablish such inferior courts aa raay be conven
ient to the adrainLstration of justice. The judg
es, both of the suprerae and inferior courts,
shall hold their offices during good behaviour.
Removeable by address of both houaea of the
legislature, oi' by impeachment by the lower
house before the senate, and in both cases a
concurrence of two thirds requisite for reraoval
or conviction. To enjoy the right of suffrage,
it is requisite to be a free white raale citizen of
the United States, to have attained the age of
91 years, resided in th.e cpunty where he offers
to vote, one year next preceding the election,
and within the last six months prior to the said
election, have paid a state tax. No person,
while he continues to exercise the functions of
a cfergyman, priest, or teacher of any religious
persuasion, society, or sect, shall be eligible to
tbe general assembly, or to any office of profiit
or trust under this state.
History. — The term Louisiana, once so cora.
prehensive, including all Arkansas, Missouri,
the undefined regions on the waters of Misp.
and the region now included under the name
of La,, was iraposed by the French in honor of
Louis xrv. Confiniug.'th'erefpre tbis brief no
tice to the state to which the name ia now ex-
cluaively appropriated, we may obaerve that jS.
de la Salle, a Frencb officer, made itp first
known civilized discovery, in T683. -Iw 1699
M. d'Iberville laid the foundation of the first
French colony. The local knowledge of the
LOU

256

LOU

country was so defective, that the first settle
ments were very injudiciously made along the
barren coast east and west from Mobile, and so
slow was the advance, that in 1712, the inhabi
tants araounted to only 400 whites, and 20 ne
groes. Hitherto a royal colony, in 1712, La,
was ceded to Crozet, who after abortively ex
pending large sums, in 1717 surrendered the
government to the Misp. company. In the lat
ter year the permanent base of the colony was
laid by the foundation of New Orleans. Under
the Misp. company La. flourished, though ulti
mately ruinous to the company itself, who in
1731, ceded their powers to the crown. Again
a royal colony. La. slowly augmented in popu
lation and wealth, but until its cession to Spain
by France, in 1762, and its being taken into ac
tual possession by the forraer in 1769, the colo.
ny afforded no important raatter for history.
France after her cession of La. regretted the
step, and by a secret treaty with Spain, signed
Oct. 1st, 1800, La. was receded to her forraer
parents. The reacquisition ofthe colony avail
ed nothing to France in the accoraplishment of
its original intention, but it enabled her to ne
gociate a sale to the United States in considera
tion of 60,000,000 of francs. These negocia
tions were consuramated April, 1803. In the
following December, the Spanish commission
ers transferred the country to France ; the au
thorities of the latter duly transferred it to the
United States. By an act of Congress, passed
March, 1804, La. was definitely subdivided ;
the northern part above lat. 31° was named
" The Territory of Misp." the lower section,
" The T'erritory of Orleans." The latter in
1811 was authorised to form a constitution of
govermnent, and that part of West Florida,
west of Pearl river, subsequently annexed.
Thus bounded as noticed in the first part ofthis
article. La. in 1812, was formally received into
the Union as a sovereign state, A powerful
British fleet and army invaded La, December,
1814, but after sorae partial actions, the array
was utterly defeated, January Sth, 1815, and the
seige of New Orleans raised. This event gave
to La. a classic intereat in the history of the
United States, and left her to the peaceable pur
suit ofthe arts of social life, and the cultivation
of her soil.
Louisiana, p-v, on the right bank of the Misp,,
at the mouth of Salt r. Pike co. Mo., 19 ms. n. e.
Bowling Green, and 90 ras, N. N.'.w. St. Louis.
Louisville, p-t, St, Lawrence co, N, Y., on
St. Lawrence r., 30 ras. below Ogdensburgh,
Soil a rich loam, gently uneven, well watered
with Racket and Grass rs. Has vast forests of
pine, cedar, &c. "Williamsburgh in Canada,
where was fought the battle of "Williamsburgh,
Nov. 11, 181.3, Ues opposite this town. 10
schools, kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1,076.
Louisville, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co.
Geo., situated on or near the left bank of Great
Ogeechee r,, 58 ms. a little s, of e, MilledgevUle,
and 43 ms. s. w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 02', long.
50 22' w. "W. C.
Louisville, a city, and port of entry, Jefferson
CO. Ky., is situated on the s. side ofthe Ohio r.,
about 4 of a raile above the rapids. It is built
vpon a plain, elevated by a gentle acclivity, 75

ft. above the low water level of the river. It
Ues in lat. 38° 17', long. 8° 45' w. W. C, and is
53 ms. a little n. of w. Frankfort, 77 n, of w.
Lexington and is I, .500 ms. distant from New
Orieans, 1,200 from St. Louis, 500 •from Nash
viUe, 150 from Cincinnati, and near 700 from
Pittaburgh. The city is handsomely laid out,
with broad streets, eight of which are parallel
with the river, and are intersected by 20 others
running from the river to the s. Its length is,
more than 3 raa, measured on the river, and
frora n, to s. it extends upwards of li ms. The
place was settled in 1778, at which tirae and
for a few subsequent years, it was constantly
harrassed by Indian hostilities. In 1780 it was
raade a town by an act of the Virginia legisla
ture, it being then a part of Kentucky co. "Va.
In 1781 a fort was built and garrisoned, and a
check given to Indian depredations. For many
years from its settleraent the town was infested
with fevers, but since 1822 no town of its size
in the western country has been more free from
disease. The soil is alluvial, the adjacent coun
try flat, and yields in abundance the comraon
products of agriculture. There are in the city
1 woollen, and 2 cotton factories, 2 potteries, 2
founderies, 3 breweries, 2 white and sheet lead
factories, 4 rope walks and bagging factories,
1 fire and raarine insurance companyj 1 mer
chants' insurance corapany, a public school, a
theatre, ] 3, houses of public worship, a raarine
hospital, a city hospital, a courthouse and jail.
In 1830, soon after the incorporation ofthe city,
the council established a public school, which
was declared when it was founded to be en
tirely free ; but since a sraall sum has been ex
acted of tbose able to pay, for tuition. There
are now about 350 scholars in the school ; but it
is clearly inadequate to the wants of the com.
raunity, from some defects in its organization.
It is believed however, that proper steps will
soon be taken to remedy all deficiencies. The
Louisville raarine hospital is a fine edifice,
erected by the munificence of the legislature,
by several appropriations in the then currency
ofthe state, viz. comraonwealth paper. These
appropriations amounted to $40,000. The in.
stitution is supported in part by a tax of 2 per
cent, on auction sales within the city, and by an.
nual grants from the marine hospital fund of
the United States. The most skilful physi.
clans of the city give their services to the hos.
pital. A medical school has lately been char.
tered, and it is confidently believed from its lo.
cal advantages, and tbe ability of its professors,
that it will tend greatly to advance the cause of
medical science in the west. There is here a
temperance society containing about 600 mera.
bers, a lyceum, 12 or H exceUent private
schools, 3 daily papers, one weekly literary pa.
per, and a weekly price current. "There are 50
licenced hacks, and 150 drays and carts. Mail
coaches daily arrive from every direction.
Several good turnpike roads, leading to Frank.
fort, Portland, &c, are finished ; and several
more to other places are in progress. The
Lexington and Ohio rail road {see Rail Roads
and Canals) is to pass through the city on its
way to Portland, a viUage 3 ms. below, at the
foot of the falls. A branch of the U, S. bank

LOV

257

LOW

was established here in 1817, with a capital of
$1,250,000, and has for the last ten years done
a safe and profitable business. Another bank
has been recently incorporated with a capital of
$9,000,000, ,Sl, 500,000 of which was subscribed
(March, 1833) in tbree days, and the books
were closed. It is expected to coramence bu.
siness immediately. A saving bank has like.
wise been incorporated, to go uito operation
Boon. The Louisville and Portland canal is a
work of great proraise, being designed for the
piassage of steam boats of the first class, and
thus bringing the lower navigation over the ra
pids to Louisville. It is 91 ms, long, and cost
$750,000, Jt was completed in January, 1831,
and has already done much to increase the
prosperity of the city, and to make it one of the
most important commercial places at the west.
In 1830 an appropriation of ^150,000 was made
by Congress, for the improveraent of the Ohio
r. ; by whicb the obstructions will be so far re
moved as to leave 4 ft, of water in the channel,
and over the shallowest spots in it, during the
dryest season, from its mouth to Pittsburg. In
excavating for the canal, were found at the
depth of 30 ft., skeletons, and some works of
art, the relics of a forraer age. Abundance of
stone for hydraulic, or water lime, was like
wise discovered.. Louisville exports tobacco,
whiskey, cotton bagging and baling, h'emp, flour,
pork, bacon, lard, and other productions of the
fertile country which surrounds it. Its com
merce is carried' on by upwards of 900 steam
boats of various sizes, sorae of which are alraost
hourly arriving either from New Orleans, St,
Louis, Nashville, Frankfort, Cincinnati, or the
intermediate towns, on the Mississippi, Ohio,
Cumberland, Kentucky, and other rivers of the
vast plain of the west. Pop. in 1830, 10,341 ;
in 1833 it was estiraated at 16,000.
Louisville, p-v. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 168
ms. a little s. of e. Nashville.
Louisville, p-v. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 144 ms.
s. E, by e. Tuscaloosa.
LoUTEE, {Otter) isl., and p-o. sthrn. part of
Montgomery co. Mo,, 75 ms. wstrd, St. Louis,
and by p-r. 59 ms. estrd. Jefferson City.
LouTKE Lick, and p-o. Montgomery co. Mo.
78 ms. wstrd. St; Louis.
Lovell, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms, n, Paris,
In this town are Lovell falls, which have been
discovered within a few years, and are an object
of great natural curiosity. Where the water
raakes over into the treraendous basin below, it
falls perpendicularly 40 ft. Above the falls,
tbere is a chain of 8 ponds, partly in Lovell, and
partly in Waterford, connected by small natu
ral dams one or two rods in width, through
which there are sluice-ways, which wUl adrait
the passage of a common sail boat. The
scenery of the mountains and ascending lands
in the vicmity, is rural and beautiful. Pop.
697. Lovell's Pond, N. H., the head of the e.
branch ofthe Piscataqua.
Lovely, co. of Ark. This co. is named in
the p-o. list, but if it exists, it has been omitted
on "Tanner's U. S.
Lovettsville, p.v. Loudon co. Va. in the n.
w, part of the co. by p-r, 55 ms, n. w. W. C.

LovEviLLE, p-V. New Castle co. Del. 103 ms.
N. E. W. C.
LovHJGTON, p-V. and St.. jus. Nelson co. Va.
situated on a branch of Tye r, by p-r, 94 ms, a
little N, of w. Richmond, and 171 ms. s. w. W.
C. Lat. 37° 44', and long. 1° 52' w. W. C.
Lowell, the American Manchester, situated
at the confluence of Merrimack and Concord rs.
Middlesex co, Mass. This place is undoubt
edly destined to be a manufacturing city. Its
growth for a fewyears past has been almost un
paralleled. The foundation of the second fac
tory was laid here in 1829, at which time, the
territory now included in the town, exclusive of
one factory establishment, contained less than
100 inhabitants. There are now (1832) 8
manufacturing cos. viz. the Merrimack manu
facturing company, having a capital of $1,500-
000, 5 large brick factories, containing 26,000
spindles, and about lOOO looms. These era
ploy from 3 to 400 males, and 8 to 900 fe.
raales. using 5,000 bales of cotton, or about
1,500,000 Iba. annually, and raanufacturing,
bleaching and printing 6,500,000 yards yearly.
The Hamilton and Lawrence manufacturing
companies bave each a capital of $1,900,000.
Tbe Lowell manuiacturing company $600,000 ;
Appleton, Middlesex, and Treraont, $500,000
each; Suffolk $450,000, In 1831, when only
five raanufactories were in operation, from 12
to 14 raillions yards of cloth were manufactured
in a year, equal to one yard per second. The
Lowell company raake carpets, which are equal
to the imported. The Lowell Daily Journal
states (1833) that the "araount of capital now
invested in that place in raanufacturing is
$6,150,000, The number of large raills (5
stories high,) in actual operation, 19 ; the num
ber of spindles, 84,000 ; looras, 3,000, Tbe
whole number of operatives is about 5,000, of
which 3,800 are females, 27 millions yards of
cotton goods are annually manufactured from
20,000 bales of cotton; 150,000 yards of cassi.
meres ; and 120,000 yards of ingrained, brus
sels, and other carpeting ; for all which, the
workmen receive $1,200,000 per annum.
There are in the place 900 machinists, who
work up 600 tons of iron, annually, into ma
chinery. It is computed that upwards of 5,000
tons of anthracite coal are annually consuraed,
besides great quantities of other fuel." The
Lock and Canal company, who own and dispose
of the water privileges, have a capital invested
of ^600,000. This corapany own a machine
shop 150 ft. by 40, and 4 stories high, in which
are employed about 200 hands. The stock of
tbis CO. is 160 per cent, advance. The great
water power ia produced by a canal a mile and
a half long, 60 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep, from its
commenceraent above the head of Pawtucket
falls on the Merriraack, to its termination in
Concord r. The entire fall is 32 ft. The wa.
ter is taken from tbis canal by smaller canals,
and conveyed to the factories, and thence into
the Merrimack. There are room and water
power sufficient for 50 huge additional facto.
ries ! There are 15 houses of public worship,
in Lowell, and 3 newspapers are published
tbere, one of them daily. 200 houses were
buUt between April nnd November, J83T, In

LOW

258

LUM

tliat year land advanced 100 per cent, and rents
are now aa higb as in any other town in New
England, Lowell communicates with Boston
by means of the Middlea'ex canal, and a rail
road between the two places is in progress. It
lies 95 ms. n, w, Boston, The viUage of Belvi.
dere, on the opposite side of Concord r, has
grown up along witb Lowell, and, from its con.
tiguity, seeras but a part of tbe latter place,
Lowell continues rapidly to increase, and is be.
coraing a rival of tbe manufacturing towns of
England, Pop. in 1830, 6,474, and in 1832,
10,254. There is a canal round the falls of the
Merriraack, 90 feet wide and 4 deep ; which
however is no longer used for boat navigation.
On the- Concord r, about one ra. from the town,
are powder works, at which powder of a very
superior quality is raade. 30,000 kegs, 25 Iba,
each, are raade annually.
Lower Beavek, p.v, wstrn, part of Beaver co.
Pa. about 26 ms. N. w. Pittsburg.
Lower Blue Lick, and p-o. Nicholas co, Ky.
b.y p-r. 65 ms. tt. e, by e, Frankfort.
Lower Chanceford, p-v. "Vork co. Pa. 20
ma. nthstrd. the boro' of York, 10 s, s, w, Lan
caster, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg.
Lower cr. p-o. Burke co. N, C, 14 ras, n. e.
Morgantown, and by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. Ra
leigh. Lower Mablborowsh, p-v. on the left bank of
Patuxent r. in the nthwstrn. part of Calvert co,
Md, by p-r. 49 ms. s, e, W, C, and about a sim
ilar distance s, s, w, Annapolis,
Lower Merion, p-v, Montgoraery co, 14 ma,
nthrds, Phil,
Lower. Peach Tree, p-o, WUcox co. Ala. by
-p--r. 199 ms, sthrd, Tuscaloosa.
Lower Salem, p.v. Washington co. 0. by
¦p.r, 118 raa, s, e, Columbus.
Lower Sandusky, p-v. and st, jus. Sandusky
CO, 0. by p-r, 103 ms, n, Columbus. Lat, 41°
21', long. 6° 10' w. Pop. 351.
Lower Saucon, p-v. and tsp. sthrn, part of
Northarapton co. Pa. by p-r. 51 ras. nthrd. Phil,
97 ras, estrd, Harrisburg, and 187 ras. n. e. W.
¦C, Pop, tap. 9,308.
Lower Smithfield, p-v. Northampton co. Pa,
by p-r, 15 ma, «, n, e, Easton,
Lower Th-ree Runs, p-o. southern part of
Barnwell dist. S, Cby p-r. 81 ms.s, w, Colurabia.
Lowe's p-o, Robertson co. Ten, 23 miles
nthrd, NashviUe.
Lowhill Port, p-v. eastern part of Lehigh
CO. Pa, by p-r, 76 ms, n, e. by e, Harrisburg,
and 179 ft. n, e, W, C,
Lowman, p-v. in tbe northern part of Lewis
CO. Va, by p-r, 256 ms, w. W. C.
Lowndes, oo, Geo, bndd, w, by Thoraas, n,
by Irwin, E, by Ware, s. by Harailton co, in
rior., and s. w. by Madison co. Flor. Length
from s. to N. 52, breadth 40, and area 2,080 sq.
ms. Extending in lat. 30° 38' to 31° 22', and in
long. 6° 6' to 6° 46'. The slope of tbis co. is
almost directly s,, and is entirely drained by
various confluents of Suwanee r. Pop, 2,453,
Lowndes, c. h. and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo.
by p-r, 165ms,B, MUledgeviUe.
Lowndes, co. Ala. on Ala. r, bndd, n, e, and
E. by Montgomery, s, e. by.Pik-e, s. by Butler,
s. w, by Wilcox, w, and n. w, by Dallas, and n.
by Ala, i, separating it, from Autauga, Great.

est length diagonally from s, E. to n, vr. 50 ms.,-
mean breadth 32, and area 1,600 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat, 31° 51' to 32° 23', and in long.
9° 21' to 10° 04' w. W, C. The general slope
of this CO. is to the N. N. w. towards the Ala. r.
Cf t. Lowndes c. h. Pop. 9,410.
Lowndes, co. Misp, bndd. by Battahatche r.
separating it from Monroe on the n. w., by La
fayette, Ala, tt. E,, by Pickens, Ala. s. e,, and
Tombigbee r, separating it from the ter, of the
Chickasaws s. w. and w. Length along Ala.
line 36 ras., mean breadth 9, and area 324 sq.
ras. Extending in lat, 32° 18' to- 50° 54' N,,
and in long. 11° 21' to 11? 36' vr. W, C. The
slope of this co. is wstrd. towards Tombigbee
r. Cf t, Columbus. Pop. 3,173.
Lowndes, p-v. Rankin co. Misp. by [)#. 118
ms, i\. E, Natchez, and 6 from Jackson.
Lowrey's Mills and p-o. Chesterfield dist. S,
C, by p-r, 143 ms, N, E, Columbia.
Lowville, p-t. Lewis co, N, Y, 35 ms. n.
Utica, 150 from Albany, w. Black r. Well
watered. Eligibly situated. 10 scbool dists.
Contains an academy and a handsome village.
Pop. 2,334.
LoYALSOCK, small r. of Pa. rising in the sthrn,
part of Bradford county, interlocking sources
with MahtKjpenny and Towanda ers. Entering
Lycoming co. and flowing s. w. between the
vallies of Muncy and Lycoming ers. it falls in-
t-o the w. branch of Susquehannah r. 4 ms. be
low the boro' of WiUiamsport.
Lubec, p-t, and port of entry,- Washuigton cq.
Me. in Passamaquoddy bay, lying however on
the main land,- and possessing a spacious harbor,
sheltered from every wind, and never closed
by ice. The first settlement was raade here no
longer ago than 1815. A valuable lead mine
has recently been discovered at this place.
Pop, 1,535.
LucASTOWN, p-V. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r.
132 ma. a little e. of tt. Tuacaloosa.
LucASviLLE, p-V, Sciota CO, O, by p-r, 79 ms,
s, Colurabus. Pop. 45.
Ludlow, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 iniles w.
Windsor, 61 s. Montpelier. Watered by Black
and Williaras rs. Mountainous, Well situa,
ted for trade with the surrounding country.
Land in general well timbered. Amethyst in
crystals has been found here, three fourths of
an inch long, and an inch in diameter. 12
school dists. Pop. 1,927.
Ludlow, p-t. Hampden co. Mass, 90 ms. s.
w. Boston, 10 N. E. Springfield. Watered by
the Chickapee and several smaller streams.
Here is a glass raanufactory, with a capital of
$40,000. Pop. 1,327.
Ludlow, Morgan co. O. {See Olive Green.)
The office is now called permanently Ludlow,
and is situated by p-r. 85 ras, s. e. by e. Colum
bus. LuDLOwviLLE, p-v. {See Lansing.)
Lumber, r. of N. and S. C, rises in Mont.
gomery and Moore cos, of the former, the
boundary between which it for soine distance
forms, flowing in a s, s. e. course. Thence as.
suming a southern course between Richmond
and Cumberland, and between Richmond and-
Robeson. Tuming to s. e. and entering and
traversing Robeson, it onoe more inflects to,g.
s. w,, and separating Robeson and Columbia

LUZ

259

LUZ

cos. finally enters S. C. between Marion and
Horry dists. joins little Pedee after a compara
tive course of about 100 ms. Lumber r. is tbe
northeastern and main branch of Little Pedee.
LUMBERLAND, t, SuUlvau CO, N. Y. 14 ms, s.
w. Monticello, on Del, r. It is well named,
being in reality lumber land. Pop. 953,
LuMBERTON, p-V, and St. jus. Robeson co. N.
C , situated on the left bank of Lumber r, 32
ms. s. s, w. FayetteviUe, 33 w. Elizabethtown,
and by p-r, 99 ms, s. s. w, Raleigh. Lat. 33°
41', long. 2° 10' w. W. C.
LuMBERViLLE, p-v. OU the right bank of Del.
r. Bucks CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. e, Doylest()wn, and
35 N, Phil,
Lumpkin, co, Ga, This co, has been recent
ly formed outof that part of what was the ter
ritory of the Creek Indians, now called " The
Gold Region." It lies westrd, of Chestatee r,
which separates it frora Habersham, and oc.
cupies part -of that elevated country giving
source to -the Coosa, Chattahooche, and Hiwas
see rivers, tt. lat, 34° 30' and long, W. (\ 7°
w. intersect in the estrn, part of " Tfie Gold
Region," at about 150 ma. by the road n. ii, w.
MiUedgeviUe. Cf, t. Auraria,
Lumpkin, formerly called Randolph c, h,, p-v.
and st, jua, Randolph co, Geo, by p-r, 170 ms,
s. w MiUedgevUle.
LUNE-NBURGH, p-t. Esscx CO. Vt, 45 ms, E. N.
E. Montpelier. Some parts very stony. Tim
ber generally hard wood. Conn, r, waters the
s. E. part, besides which the town is watered by
Neal's and Catbow branch, which are conaider
able mill atrearas. 9 school dists. Pop, 1,054,
Lunenburg, p-t, Worcester co. Mass, 45 ras,
H, w. Boston, 96 n. Worcester. Watered by
several-branches of Nashua r. Pop, 1,317,
Lunenburg, co, Va, bndd. by Meherin r.
separating it frora Mecklenburg s,, by Charlotte
w,. Prince Edward n,, Nottaway r, separating
it from Nottaway co. n. e., and by Brunswick
E, Length 26, raean width 16, and area 416
sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 46' to 37° 04',
and in long. 1° 8' to 1° 32' w. W. C. The
slope of this co. is to the s. e. by e. Cf town,
Lewistown. Pop. 1890, 10,662, 1830, 11,957.
Lunenburg, c. h. and p-o. {See Lewistown,
Lunenburg co. Va.)
LuNEv's cr, and p-o. Hardy co, Va. 10 ms,
wstrd, Moorfields, and by p-r. 133 westward
W.C.
Luray, p.v. Shenandoah co. Va. by-p-c. 132
ms. wstrd. W. C.
LusK's Ferry and p-o, Livingston co, Ky, by
p-r, 254 ras, s. w. by w. Frankfort,
LuTHERSBURG, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r.
219 ras. N.w. W, C.
Luzerne, p-t. Warren co. N. Y, b, Hudson r,
at Hadley falls, 12 ms, s. w. Caldwell, 12 w.
Sandy Hill, Pop, 1,369.
Luzerne, co. Pa, bndd. 'by Columbia s. w,,
Lycoraingw,, Bradford n. w., Susquehannah N,,
Wayne n, e,. Pike e., Northampton s. e., and
Schuylkill co. s. Lengtb s, to N. 50 ms., mean
breadth 36, and area 1,800 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. 40° 56' to 41° 43', and in long. 0° 49' to
1° 36' e, W. C, This is perhaps the most di-
vfe'rsified co, in the U. States. "The n. e. branch
of Susquehannah lenters itifrom Bradford at the

N. w. angle, and pursuing a s. E. course forces
its passage through numerous mountain chains,
by coraparative courses 35 ras. to the entrance
of Lackawannoc r. from the n. e. It here en
ters Wyoming valley, and turning at right an
gles, flows down the raountain vallies again 35
ras. to the raouth of Nescopeck creek, where
it leaves Luzeme and enters Columbia. The
peculiar features of Susquehannah r. will be
seen under its own head. It is evident from
the course of Susquehannah r, through Lu
zerne, thatthe western part of the co, ia inclu
ded in a concavity of tbat streara, and vice
versa, on the opposite side. In the concave
section the creeks are small, but on the convex
side two strearas of considerable coraparative
magnitude enter from the n. e., the Tunkhan
noc and Lackawannoc. Below the latter, and
eastward frora Wilkesbarre, the higher sources
of Lehigh r. are within 5 ras. from tbe Susque
hannah bank. Luzerne is composed of narrow
vaUies and intervening mountain chains, both
extending fromN. e. to s. w. That part of the
Susquehannah valley above the entrance of
Lackawannoc being the only exception to the
foregoing arrangeraent. The vallies of Lu
zerne are narrow, but contamthe great body of
the population. The central and principal val
ley is that of Wyoming, between Bullock and
Shawaney mtns. The distance frora ridge to
ridge about 5 ras,, but the real arable part of
the valley less than 9 on an average. This fine
vale commences about 15 ms. below Wilkes
barre, and extending to the n. e. is continued
by the Lackawaiinoc into Wayne co,, and be^
sides the great fertility of soil in raost of its
length, this great valley abounds in interraina-
ble strata of mineral coal, both along the Sua-
quehannah and Lackawannoc, Tunkhannoc
valley in the northern part of the co, is narrow,
not exceeding 1 mUe ; also very irregular, but
extends into Susquehannah co, Nescopeck
valley is in the extrerae southern part of the
CO, ; this valley abounding in excellent soU, it
is remarkable, is detached from tbe Susque
hannah r, ; the Nescopeck or,, after winding
about 29 ms, to B. w, by w, turns abruptly n,,
leaves the arable valley by passing through a
mountain chain. On the .concave or western
part of Luzerne, the two principal vallies are
those of Mohoopenny and Bowman's. Of the
whole surface of tbis large co, about one forti
eth is perhaps already cultivated, and at most
one third adraits of being so ; in pasture more
raight be made useful, but more than one half
is irreclaimable. In mineral coal this co. is pe.
culiariy affluent. The writer has hiraself visit
ed raany of the raines already opened. The
quantity seeras to admit of indefinite supply,
and more recent and deeper examinations have
gi^ven. enlarged expectations of the value and
abundance of this mineral treasure. The
mountain timber of Luzerne, similar to that of
most other parts of the Appalachian system, is
.gigantic in the vallies, and diminishing in size
ascending the mountain beights. In the north
western section, in the vallies, beech and sugar
maple abound, admixed with hemlock of very
large growth. The hemlock is indeed the pro
duction of all varieties of soil, and ascending

LYM

260

LYN

the Susquehannah, commences to be found in
large quantities in Luzerne. Inthe southern or
lower part of the co. the prevailing trees are,
yellow and white pine, oaks of several species,
beech, hickory, and more rare, black walnut
and sycamore. The staples of this co. are
coal, lumber, grain and flour. Clfief towns,
WUkesbarre, Kingston and Stoddartsville.
Pop. 1820, 20,097, 1830, 97,380.
Lycoming, co. Pa. bndd, by Clearfield s. w.,
McKean w., Potter n. w,, Columbia s. e., and
Union and Centre s. Length from e. to w.
106 ras., and the area being 2,332, the raean
breadth raust be 22 ms. Extending in lat. 41°
04' to 41° 36', and in long, }° 18' w. to 0° 45'
E, W, C, The junction of the w, branch of the
Susquehannah r,, witb tbe large confluent from
the N, w,, the Sineraahoning is formed inthe
western part of Lycoming, 'The united waters,
now a fine navigable r,, winds eastwardly over
the CO. about 80 ras. by comparative courses to
Pennsboro' where it winds to the sthwrd,, leav.
ing Lycoming between Union and Northumber.
land cos. In ita passage over Lycoming, tbe
w, branch receives from the n. Pine cr,, Ly
coming, Loyalsock and Muncey ers, and frora
the s. Bald Eagle creek. The face of this co,
is very broken, and airaUar to Luzerne, travers
ed by aeveral mountain chains stretching frora
s, w, to N. E, Though the general slope is
estwrd, the western part of Luzerne actually
declines towards the Appalachian system. In
general features tbe resemblance is very strong
between Luzerne and Lycoming ; the arable
part of both being narrow river or mountain
vallies. The proportion of good soil in Ly.
coming is perhaps rather more, comparatively,
than in Luzerne. In 1820, Lycoming contain
ed 13,517 inhabitants, andin 1830, 17,636.
Cf t, Williamsport,
Lycoming, tsp, and p-v, Lycoming co. Pa.,
extending from the W. Branch up Lycoming cr.
The p-o, by p-r. 6 ras, nthwstrdly, Williarasport,
and 101 N. N. w, Harrisburg, {See Frozen run.)
Lyell's, store and p-o, Richmond co, Va., by
p-r. 60 ras. s. s, e, W, C.
Lyman, p-t. York co. Me., 95 ras. tt. York.
Pop. 1,503,
Lyman, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., n. Conn, r,, 13
ras, above Haverhill, 90 frora Concord, 155 from
Boston; prevailing forest treea are pine and
hemlock ; contains a considerable elevation,
called Gardner's or Lyman's mtn. Pop. 1,390.
Lyme, N. H, {See Lime.)
Lyme, p-t. New London co. Conn,, e. Conn, r.
at its raouth, opposite Saybrook, 4-0 ms. s. e.
Hartford, and about the same distance e. New
Haven ; it is a raaritime town ; surface striking
ly diversified ; prevailing soil, a gravelly loara ;
tiraber, deciduous trees ; among the vegetable
productions are ginseng and Virginia snake
root ; waters abundant ; the town is accomoda
ted witb several good harbors ; the fishing bu
siness is carried on extensively. Pop. 4,084.
Lyme, p-t, Jefferson co, N. "¥"., s. e, St. Law
rence r., ». Chaumont bay, w. lake Ontario ;
predominant soil, clay or marl ; timber, a lofty
growth, consisting of white pine, white oak,
beech, sugar maple, hickory, &c. ; 6 school.

eries of Chaumont bay are important ; excellent
white fish are here taken in abundance. X^op.
2,873. Lyme, p-v. nrthrn. part of Huron co., 0., by
p-r. 103 ra. n. Colurabus.
Lyme Range, a branch of tbe White mtns.,
coraraencing a little below Northampton, Mass.
and running s. along the e. bank of Conn, r., at
the distance of 8 or 10 ms., tiU it terminates at
Lyme on Long Island sound.
Lynchburg, large and flourishing p-t. Camp.
bell CO. Va,, situated on the right bank of James
r., at the great bend below the southestrn. chain
of the Appalachian system. By p.r. 1 08 ras. a
Uttle s. ofw. Richraond, and 206 ras. s. w. W. C.
lat 37° 19', long. 2° 05' w. W. C. This town
was incorporated in 1805, and has risen to the
rank and iraportance of a fiourishing commer.
cial mart, Jamos r, being navigable for batteaux
for a considerable distance above, and below to
tide water, gives to Lynchburg the advantages
of a seaport. The buildings, public and private,
are substantial and elegant. In addition to nu.
merous stores and groceries, there are in this
town four book stores, and a marble manufac.
tory, marking the advance of wealth, intelligence
and taste. Pop. 4,630.
Lynchburg, p-v. southern part of Lincoln co.
Ten., by p-r. 70 ms. southwardl y from Nash
ville. Lynch's cr,, one of the numerous misnomers
so disgraceful to our nomenclature. It is a
river ofN, and S. Carolina, rising in Mecklen
burg and Anson cos, of tbe forraer, between
Yadkin and Catawba rs,, and flowing thence en
ters S. Carolina between Lancaster and Ches^
terfield dists, ; countinuing a s, e, course, sepa
rates Kershaw frora Chesterfield and Darling
ton, Surapter from Darliigton, and Williams
burg from Marion, and falls into Great Pedee,
after a comparative course of about 120 ms. ;
more than one half of which course it is navi
gable. Lynchwood, p.v. in the northern part of
Chesterfield dist. S. C, by p-r. 55 ms. n. n. e.
Columbia. Lyndenbobough, p.t. Hillsborough CO. N. H.,
10 ms. from Amherst, 35 s. Concord ; divided
by a mtn. from e. to w. ; soil deep and strong,
excellent for grazing. Pop. 1,147.
Lynden, or Marengo, p-v. and st. jus. Ma
rengo CO. Ala., situated on Chickasaw cr,, by
p-r. 72 ms. a little w, of s. from Tuscaloosa ;
lat, 39° 22', and long. 10° 51' w. W. C.
Lyndon, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 34 ms. n. e,
Montpelier ; watered by Pasumpsic r. At tbe
Great Falls in this r. near the s, part ofthe town,
the water descends 65 ft, in the distance of 30
rods ; at the Little Falls, one mile above, the
water descends 18 ft., affording excellent wa-
ter privileges ; agaric mineral is found in this
town ; it is a tolerable substitute for chalk, and
a good one for Spanish white ; this is a valua.
ble township ; soil a rich loam, easy to culti-
vate ; 14 school dists. Pop. 1,822.
Lyndon, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 271.
Lynesville, p.v. northern part of GranvUle
CO, N, C, byp.r. 60 ms. n. Raleigh.
Lynn, p-t. Essex co. Mass., on the cbast, 10

dists., scbools kept 6 months in 12. The fish. | ms. n. e. Boston, 6 s. vr. Salem ; it has long

MAC

261

MAC

been noted for the raanufacture of ladies shoes ;
fhe nuraber of shoes manufactured in this place
annually, is -from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 ; they
are sent in large quantities to the southern
states, and to tbe West Indies. The first tan
ning and shoeraaking in New England, was
donehere ; in 1661, calfskin shoes were made ;
and an English maker of ladies shoes, introdu-
cedthat branch here in 1750. There are now,
(1832) 60 or 70'"large manufactories of shoes,
in which 1,500 men, and as raany feraales are
employed. Here is a manufactory of lasta, 5 of
morocco, and 4 tanneries ; and a Printing Com
pany, which colours and prints cloths, and silks.
Here are also 6 churches — 2 Congregational, 2
Methodist, 1 Baptist, and 1 for Friends ; a town
houae also, and an academy, Lynn beach con
nects Nahant with the main land, and is a fa
vorite place of resort in the summer, Lynn
Has a small and convenient harbor, and soil of
the first quality. Pop, 6,138,

Lynn Camp, p-v. northwestern part of Knox
CO. Ky., by p-r, 112 ms. s, E. Frankfort.
Lynn Creek, p-o. southwestern part of Giles
CO. Ten,, by p.r. 112 ms, s. s. w. NashviUe.
Lynnfield, t. Essex co. Mass,, 10ms. w.
Salem, 12 n, e. Beaton. Pop. 617'.
Lynnville, on the p.o. Hst, (but Linville on
Tanner's maps), p-v, northwestern part of Le
high CO. Pa,, 20'ms. «, w. AUentown, and 3 a
tittle E. of N, Reading. Pop. Lynn tsp. 1820,
1,664, 1830, l;t47,
Lyons, p.t, and st. jus. Wayne co. N. Y,, 16
ms, ft. Geneva, 205 frora Albany ; soil good ;
has an abundance of mill seats ; situated onthe
Erie canal, which here crosses the r, Clyde by
an aqueduct of 90 ft, ; contains 20 school dists.
Pop, 3,603,
Lysander, p-t, Onondaga co, N, Y., 15
ms. a. N. w. Onondaga, 24 s. s. e, Oswego';
watered by Seneca,,; 10 school dists. Pop.
3,228.

Note. — Under the letter M,- those names
which usually begin with the abbreviation Mc,
are in this work given in their proper place,
tmd spelled at- full length.
MacAllisteb's, cross roads and p-o. Mont
gomery co. Ten., by, p-r. 67 ras. -N. w. Nashville.
MacAllistersville, p-v, Mifflin co. Pa,, by
p-r, 42 ras. n, w, Harrisburg.
MacArthurstown, p-v, Athens co. O., by
p-r. 71 ms. B, IS. Colurabua,
Macaupin, cr, of II,, rising in and giving
narae to Macaupin ca,, fiows a little s. of w
over Montgoraery co,, and falls into II. r. near
ly opposite Gilead, in Calhoim co.
Macaupin, co. II,, bndd, s. by Madison; w,
Greene ; n, vr. Morgan ; h, e. Sangaraon ; and
B. Montgomery. Length 38, mean width 25,
and area 950 sq. ras. Lat. 39° 20', long. 13°
w. W. C. The southern part slopes a-.,-, and ia
drained by the sources of Cahokia cr, ; but the
body of the co. slopes southwestward, and is
drained by tbe numerous fountain streams of
Macaupin cr, Cf t. Carlinville. Pop, 1,990.
Macaupin Point, p-o. western part of Mont
gomery CO. II., 51 ms. wstrd. Vandalia.
MacCall's, cr. and p-o. Franklin co. Misp.
about 40 ras. E, Natchez,
MaoClellandstown, p-v»inthe western part
of Fayette co. Pa., 8 ms, w, Uniontown, and 10
s. Brownsville.
MacClellansville, p-v. Camden co. Geo,,
by p-r, 219^ ms, s. s, E. Milledg'eville.
MacConnelsburg, p-v. in the eastern part of
Bedford co. Pa., on the r. from Chambersburg
to Bedford, 18 ms. w. the former, 31 a little s.
of E. the latter place, and by p-r. 70 s. w. by w.
Harrisburg. MaoConnelsville, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan
CO. 0,, situated on a branch of Muskingura r.,
30 ms. N. N. w. Marietta, 70 ms. s. e. by e. Co
lumbus, and 30 ms, s, s. E, Zanesville ; lat. 39°
40', long. W. C. 4° 46' w. Pop. 267.
MacCracken, co. Ky., bndd, by Calloway s.
E, ; Graves s.; Hickmans. w. ; the Misp. r.
separating it from Scott co. Mo,, w. ; Ohio r.
34

separating it from Alexander co, of II. n.-
w. ; Johnson co. of II. n, ; and Posey co. of
II. N. E,-j and by Ten, i. separating it from
Livingston and-Caldwell cos, of Ky, e. Length-
along 37tb deg. of p., lat. from the junction of
Ohio and Misp. rs,, fo the eastern border of
Ten, r. 54 ms, ; mean width 14, and area 756-
sq. ms, ; lat, 37°, and long, 12° w, W, C, in
tersect in the southwestern part of this co.
The surface is generaUy level, part annually
submerged, but the soil, where auitable for cul.
ture, highly productive. Cf t. WUraington.
Pop, l,a97,
MacCullough's p-oi Jefferson co, O. by p-T.
140 ras. N. E, by e. Columbus.
Macdonough, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 11 ms.
N. Norwich. Named in honor of Com. Mac
donough. Soil good. Heavily timbered with
maple, beech, basswood, elm, &c. Well wa.
tered by springs and brooks, and a branch of
the Chenango r. Pop, 1,232.
Macdonough, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co, Geo,
situated on Towanligan cr,, a branch of Oc.
mulgee, 67 ras, by p.r. n. w, by w, MUledge
viUe. Lat. 33° 26', and long. 7° 17' vr. W. C.
Macdonough, co. of II., bndd, by Fulton e,,
Schuyler s,, Hancock w., and Warren ft. It i's
a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms
N. lat.-40° 35', long.- W. C. 13° 38' w. Slope s.
w,, and drained by numerous branches of Crook
ed r. Cf t. Macomb, at which, f-says the p-o.
list, there was no ofiice Oct. 1st, 1830. It is
situated about 150 ms, n. w. Vandalia. Pop.
uncertain. Macedon, p-t. on the canal, Wayne co. N.-
Y. 20 ms. w. Lyons. Pop. 1,989.
Macedonfa, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. by p.,r 121
ms. w, Nashville,
MacEwensville, p.o. Northumberland co
Pa. 70 ma. tt. Harrisbura.
Machias r. Me.- fortaed of two branches,
which unite at a place in Machias called the
Rim; when the r. widftnsi into' a bay called Ma:
ehias bay, which commttaicates with the ocean
6>ms. below. Theire ari fafls on eaoh of ths'

MAC

262

MAC

branchea, about 3 ras. above their confluence,
which afford nuraerous mill seats.
MacHiAS, p.t. port of entry, and st. jus. of
Washington co. Me, on Machias bay, 221 ms.
tt: Ji. Portland, The principal settlement is at
the falls of the e, branch of Machias r. At the
falls of the w, branch is another considerable
vil-tage, A bridge is erected across Middle r,,
between the two villages, which, with the cause
way, is 1,900 ft, long, Machias has an acade
my, which is situated in the eastern village.
There is a p-o. at each of the settlements. It
is a thriving town, has considerable trade,
principally luraber, and haa 26 aaw mills,
which cut 10,000,000 ft, of boards annually.
Pop. 2,774.
Machias, t, Cataraugus co, N, Y, Pop, 737,
Macintosh, co, Geo, bndd. by the Altamahah
r. separating it from Glynn and Wayne s. w.,
by Liberty n. w,, n, and n, e,, and by the At
lantic ocean s, E, Length 50, mean breadth 12,
and area 600 sq. ras. Extending in lat, 31° 08'
to 31° 55', and in long, 4° 58' w, W, C, This
CO,, besides sorae of leaser note,, includes the
two islands on the Atlantic coast of St, Simon's
and Sapelo. Tbe whole surface is an alraost
unbroken plain, inclining sthwstrdly, towards
the Altamahah r. Staples, cotton, rice, and
sugar. Cf t. Darien, Pop, 1820, 5,129 ; 1830,
4,998. MacKean, CO, Pa, bndd, by Potter e,, Lycom
ing s. e,, Clearfield s,, Jeft'erson s, w,, Warren
w,, Cattaraugus co, of N. Y. n,, and Alleghany
CO, of N, Y, N, E, Length 42, mean width 32,
and area 1,344 sq, ras. Extending in lat, 41°
24'' to 42°, and in long, 1° 16' to 9° 03' w, W, C,
"This CO. occupies part of an elevated table land,
from wbich flow s, e, the higher sources of Sin
namaboning branch of Susquehannah, o. w, the
sources of Clarion r. branch of Alleghany, The
Alleghany r. riaing in Potter co,, flows wstrd,
into MacKean, and winding n. n, w, enters Cat
taraugus co, of N, Y, Within the latter co, this
stream forms an elliptic curve and again re-en
ters MacKean by a southern course. In the
semicircle or segment of an ellipsis, thus form
ed, the water courses radiate from the central
partsof MacKean, flowing indifferent directions
into Alleghany as a common recipient. The
surface is hilly, in part it is raountainous and
soil generally of raiddling quality, Smithport
is the st,jus. Pop. 1820, 728; 1830, 1,439.
MacKeans, old stand, and p-o. Westraoreland
CO. Pa,, about 20 ms, n. w, Greensburg, and by
p.r. 199 ms. a little n, of w. Harrisburg.
' MacKeansbury, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa,, 5 ma,
H, E. Orwicksbury, and by p-r. 64 n, e. Harris
burg. MacKees Pout, p.v. situated on the right
aide of Youghioghany and Monongahela rs., at
their junction, in AUeghany co. Pa., 1 1 ms. by
land s. E. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 189 ms. w. Har.
risburg. It is a village composed in great part of
a single street along both rivers, and on a high
bottom. The situation is a most delightful one
for a town, as far as natural scenery is concerned.
MacKee's Half Falls, and p-o. Union co
Pa., by p-r. 56 ms. nthwrd, Harrisburg,
Mackinac, on the p-o. list, Mackinaw, on
Tanner's U. S. map, the (dd Michilimakinak,

port and st. of jus. co. of MichiUmakinaw. As
given on the p-o, list, it is 391 ms. n. ^'. w. De
troit, {See MichiUmakinac island and co.)
Mackinaw, r. of II,, rising on the plains, near
the centre of the state, interlocking sources with
those of VermiUion branch of II. and with those
of Sangamon. Flowing thence s, w, falls into
II, I, about 5 ms, above the influx of Spoon r.
The valley of Mackuaaw lies between those of
Verraillion and Sangaraon, and comprises most
part of McLean, and Tazewell cos.
Mackinaw, p-v. and st. jus. Tazewell co. II,,
is situated on Mackinaw r,, by p-r, 149 ms. n.
Vandalia. Lat. 39° 33', long. 19° 18' w. W. C.
MacKinstry's, mills and p-o , n, wstrn, part
of Frederick co. Md,, by p-r, 68 ms, tt.. h. w,
W, C,
M ackville, p-v, in the nthrn. part -of Wash
ington CO. Ky,, 13 ms, tt. vr. by w. Harrodsburg,
and by p-r. 34 ms. s, s, w, Frankfort. Pop. 83.
Mackville, p-v, Franklin co, Geo,, by p-r.
100 ras. N. i\, E, MiUedgeville.
Mo Lea.-^ CO. II., bndd, by Vermillion co, e,,
Macon s , Sangamon s, w,, Tazewell w,, Put
nam, N, w,, and La Salle n, Ex. ent as laid
down on Tanner's improved raap, 50 from n, to
s, and 40 frora e, to w., area 2000 sq, ms. Lat.
40° 40', and long 12° w, W. C, Slope wstrd.
and drained by the sources of Salt cr. branch of
Sangamon, and those of the Vermillion branch
of Illinois. The surface in great part open
grassy plains, Cf, t, Bloomington,
MacLeansville, p-v, Jackson co. Ten, by p-r,
77 ras, ntbestrd, Nashville.
MacMinn, CO. of Ten. bndd, by Rhea co. n.
w, ; it merely touches Roane on the n,, is again
bounded by Monroe n e, and e,, and by Hi
wassee r, s. Length 38, mean width 16, and
area 608 sq, ms. Extending in lat. 35° 15' to
35° 44', and in long, 7° 23' to 7° 52' vr. W, C
It lies in a form approaching a tricHTle, but tbe
sthrn, side curving outwards along Hiwassee r.
The whole surface an inclined ; I tin, sloping
towards the Hiwassee sthwstrdly,, and drained
by nuraerous ers, wbich flow into that r, Cf t.
Athens, Pop, 1820, 1,623, 1830, 14,460,
MacMinville, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co.
Ten. situated on a cr. of Caney fork, branch of
Cumberland r,, 65 ras, s, e. by e, NashviUe,
Lat, 35° 44', long, 8° 48' w, W. C.
Mac Nairy, co. of Ten. bndd. by Hardiman
w., Madjaon N, w., Henderaon «,, Hardin e,,
and the Chickasaw country in the state Misp. s.
Length 30, mean width 24, and area 960 sq.
ras. Extending in lat. 35° 26', and ui long. 11°-
26' to 1 1 o 50' w. W. C. This co, occupies part
of the table land between the Ten. and Big
Hatchee r., the western part drained by the
sources of the latter, the northwestrn. by the
sources of the Forked Deer r., and the estrn. by
smaU ers. flowing into Ten. r. Cf t. Purdy,
Pop, 5,697,
Macomb, co, of Mich, bndd. by Wayne s. w.,
Oakland w,, Lapeer «. w,, St, Clair co. n, e,,
and St, Clair lake e, and s, e. Length 32, mean
breadth 12, and area 384 sq, ms. Lat, 42° 35',
long. 5° 50' vr. W. C. This co, is drained by
the main stream and numerous branches ofthe
Huron. of lake St, Clair,, and slopes to the e, .
Cf. t.;lVIount Clemens, Pop. 2,413.

MAD

963

MAD

Macomb's, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. about 100
ms. w. Columbia.
Macon, co. N. C. bndd, by Rabun co, Ga, s,,
the Cherokee territory w,, Blount co, Tenn,
N. w,, Haywood co. N. C. n, e,, and Pickens
district S. C, s, e. Length from s. e. to N, w,
50 ms., mean breadth 19, and area 600 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, from 35° to 35° 36' n,, and
long, W, C, fram 5° 50' to 6° 50' w. From the
sthestrn, angle on S, C, issue the higher sources
of -Chatuga and Seneca or the raain constituent
strearas of Savannah r. These sources rise in
the sthrn, slopes of Blue Ridge, which here
traverse Macon frora n, e. to s, w, and onthe
opposite or n. w. slope flows the extreme
sources of Tennessee proper. The general
slope is to the nrthwstrd. in the valley of Ten-
.nessee which contains at least four fifths ofthe
whole CO. Cf t, Franklin. Pop. 1830, 5,333,
When Mr. H. S. Tanner published tbe first im
pressions of his map of the U. S, the co, of Ma
con was represented as including tbe whole
wstrn, angle of the state, but more recent and
accurate information has enabled Mr. Tanner
to correct his raap, and it now appears that about
1,250 sq, ms, ofthe extreme wstrn, part of N, C,
remains in the hands ofthe Cherokee Indians,
Haywood, Macon, Buncombe, and the adjacent
Indian country comprise an elevated tr.-ict, the
mean height of which must exceed 1,500 feet
above the Atlantic level. If therefore, allow.
ance is made for relative elevation, the winter
temperature wUl be found as low as tbat of simi.
lar seasons on the Atlantic coast at n. lat, 39°,
Macon, p-v. Franklin co, N. C. 35 ins, n. e,
Raleigh. Maoo.v, p-v, and st, jus, Bibb co, Geo, situated
on the right bank of Ocraulgee r, 3 ras, s, w,
bv w, MiUedgeviUe, lat, 32° 59' and long. 6°
49' w, W, C,
Macon, p-v. Bedford co. Tenn, about 50 ms,
s. E.Nashville. Macon, co, II. bndd, by Cole a, .e,, Shelby s,,
Sangamon w., MacLean n., and Verraillion n,
E. Extent 40 by 35, or area 1400 sq, ras, Lat,
39° and long. 19° vr. W. C, intersect not far
from the centre. Frora the sthestrn. angle fiow
some of the bigher sources of Kaskaskias r.
The main volume of Sangamon, rising in Mac-
Lean and VermiUion enters the ntheatrn, angle
and winding over it diagonally, divides it into
two not very unequal sections. The sthwstrn,
part is drained by the sources of Salt cr, branch
of Sangamon, General slope of the co, s, w,
Cf t. Decatur, Pop, 1,192,
Mac Williamstown, p-o, sthwstrn, part of
Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 63 ms, sthestrd. Harris.
burg. Macumgy, p. t-ship. on Little Lehigh r. Le
high CO. Pa. 5 ms, s, w. Allentown, and by p-r,
95 ras, N, E, by e, Harrisburg.
MacVeytown, p-v,, Mifflin co. Pa. by p-r. 08
ms. from Haf-.'isburg.
Madawasca, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop, 9,487,
Madbury, t, Strafford co. N, H, 11 ms, n, w,
Portsmouth. Contains bog iron ore, and red
and yellow ochre. Pop, 510,
Madison, p-t. Somerset co. Me. on the Ken
nebec r. 9 ras. N. Norridgewock, Pop. 1,972.
Madison, p-t, NewHaven co. Ct, Pop, 1,809,

Madison, co, N, Y,, bndd, N, and n. e. by
Oneida lake and co., e, by Otsego co,, s, by
Chenango co,, w, by Cortland and Onondaga
cos, containing 616 sq, ms. or 394,940 acres.
MorrisviUe is the st. jus, of the co. Its min
eralogical productions are no where exceeded
in the western cos. Pop. 1890, 39,208, 1830,
39,038, Madison, p-t, Madison co, N. Y. 7 ms.. A.
Morrisville, 95 vr. Albany. Pop. 2,544.
Madison, tsp. of Colurabia co. Pa. 5 ras, n.
Danville, Madison, co, Va, bndd. n. w. by the Blue
Ptidge, which separates it frora Page co,, n, e.
and e, by Culpepper, and s, e,, s, and s, w, by
Rapid Ann r, separating it on all these sides
from Orange co. Length s, to n, 28, mean
breadth 12, and area 336 sq, ms. Extending in
lat, 38° 14', to 38° 38', and in long, 1° 09' to 1°
30' w, W, C, This co, slopes to the s, s, e.,
drained by various branches of Rapid Ann.
The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil of
middling quality. Cf t. Madison. Pop. 1820,
8,490, 1830, 9,236.
Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Va.
aituated near the centre of the co,, by p-r, 99
ms, s. w, by w, W, C,, and 95 ms, n, n, w.
Richmond, Lat, 38° 22', and long. 1° 15' w,
W, C,
Madison, p-v, Rockinghara co, N. C, by p.r.
32 ras, n, w, Raleigb.
M-voisoN, CO, Geo., bndd. s, by the south fork
of Broad r,, whieh separates it from Oglethorpe,
s, w, by Clark, w, by Jackson, «. w, and n. 'by
Franklin, and e, by Broad r, sepaffating it frotn
Elbert, Length 28 ms,, raean width 9, 'and area
252 Sq, raa. Extending in lat, 34° to 34° 15', and
in long, 6° to 6° 28' w, W, C, The slope ofthis
CO, is generally a, e, towarda Savannah r,, but
the extrerae estrn. part is drained by Sandy cr„
a branch of Ocoriee flowing into Altaraahah.
Cf t, DanielsvlUe. Pop, -1820, 3,735, 1830,
4,646, Madison, p-v, and st, jus, Morgan co, G«o,.,
situated near the centre of the co,, 40 ras. n. n.
w. MilledgevUle, lat. 34° 09', long. 6° 14' w.
W.C.
Madison, co. Ala,, bndd, e, by Jackson, s, by
Ten, r,, separating it frora Morgan, w, by Lime.
stone, N, w, by Giles co, in Ten,, andN, by Lin.
coin CO, in Ten, Length 36, mean width 18,
and area 648 sq. ras. Extending in lat, 34° 30',
to 35° N,, and in long, 9° 24' to 9° 54' w, W, C.
This CO. slopes sthrd. towards Ten, r. The
surface moderately hilly and soil highly pro.
ductive. Principal staple, cotton. Cf. t, Hunts
ville, Pop. 1890, 17,481,1830,27,990.
Madison, co, Misp,, bndd. by Big Black r.
separating it from Yazoo co, n, w,, by the Choc
taw CO. N. E. and E,, by Rankin co, s, e,, and
Hinds s. w. Length s, w, to n, e, 55, mean
width 12, and area 660 sq, ras. Extending in
lat. 32° 98' to 33°, and in long. 12° 58' to 13°
38° w. W. C, Thia co, ia bndd, on the n, w, as
has been shown by Big Black r,, and the s, estrn.
part is traversed by Pearl r,, the two streams
fiowing to the s. w. at a distance of 1 8 to 90 ras.
asunder, at this particular part of their respec
tive courses. Tbe great road from Natchez to
Florence, NashvUle, &c, alao traveraes thisco.

MAD

264

MAH

between Pearl and Big Black rs. Cf t. Madi.
sonville. Pop, 4,973,
Madison, co. of Ten,, bndd, », by Hardiman,
-Vf. by Haywood, n, Gibson, n, e, Carroll, e,
Henderson, and s. i, by Mac Nairy, Length
28, width 24, and area ,672 sq, ms. Extending
in lat. 35° 24' to 35° 47!. The declivity of this
CO. is to the n. iv, w,, drained towards Misp. r.
by different branches of Forked Deer r. Cf t.
Jackson. Pop. 11,549.
Madisoit, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ten,,
situated near the centre of the co,, by p-r, 168
ras, s, E, by e. Nashville, lat. 35° 27', long. 7°
18' vr. W. C.
Ma,dison, CO. of Ky,, bndd, by Estill «.,, Lau
rel s, e,, Rock Castle s. w,, Garrard w,, and Ky,
r. whicb separates it ftom Jessamine n. w,, La
fayette N,, and Clark n. e. Length 40, mean
width 13, and area 520 sq. ras. Extending in
lat 37° 23' to 37° 54', in long. 6° 48' to 7° 30' w,
W. C. The extreme sthrn, part ofthis co, de
clines sthrd., and is drained in that direction by
tbe sources of Rock Castle, branch of Cumber
land r. The residue of its surface slopes nthrd,
towards Ky. i. Cf t. Ridimond, Pop. 1820,
1.5,954, 1830, 18,751.
Madison, co, 0,, bndd, by Lafayette s,. Green
s. w,, Clarke w,. Champaign n. w., Union n.,
Franklin E,, and Pickaway s, e. Lat. 40°, long.
6° 24' w, W. C. Length from s. to n. 30,
mean breadth 14, and area 420 sq, ras. Slope
sthestrd., and principally drained by Darby's
cr. Cf t. London. Pop. 1890, 4,799, 1830,
6,190, Madison, p-v, Geauga co, 0, by p-r, 173 ras.
M, E, Frankfort,
Madison, co, Ind. bndd. by Hancock s,, Hara
ilton w.. Grant n,, Delaware n, e, and Henry a.
E. Length 30, breadth 18, and area 540 sq.
ms. Lat. 40° 10', long. 8° 49' w. W. C. Slope
p. w. and drained by the raain stream and vari
ous branches of White r. Cf t. Anderson
town. Pop. 2,238.
Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Ind.
.by p-r. 76 ms. s, in. IndianopoUs. It is situated
on the Ohio r, 46 ms, above Louisville, and 18
below Vevay, lat, 38° 43', long, W, C, 8° 24'
w. Pop, about 9,000, This place was com
menced in 181 1, and has been very prosperous ;
according to Flint, it contained in 1829, from
40 to 50 brick buildings, an insurance compa.
ny, and did extensive mercantile business. It
contains two printing offices, and in brief has all
the appearance of a wealthy mart.
Madiso.n, CO, II, bndd, on the n, by Greene,
Macaupin, and Montgomery ; Bond e,, Clinton
s. E., St. Clair o., Mississippi r, separating it
/rom St. Louis cq. Mo. s. w., and the Missis
sippi r, again separating it from St. Charles cq.
Mo. N. w. Lat. 38° 45', long. 13° w, W, G,
Slope s, s. w., and drained by Cahokia, and the
sources of Silver cr, branch of Kaskaskias r,
C£t,Ed-wardsviUe. Pop. 6,221.
Mawson, co. Mo. bndd. by Washington n.
w., St. Francis n.. Perry n. fi,. Cape Girardeau
E., Wayne s,, and w. uncertain. It is a square
of 30 ms,, area 900 sq, ras. Lat, 37° 25', long.
13i° w. 'W. C. Traversed from n. to s. by the
main stream and drained by the branches of St.
francia r, Cf t, Fredericktown, Pop, 2,371.

Madison, Cross Roads and p-o. Madison co.
Ala, byp-r, 21 ms, from HuntsvUle, and 171 i<.
N, E, Tuscaloosa.
Madison Springs, p-v. Madison co. Geo. by
p-r. 75 ras. N, MilledgevUle.
Madisonville, p-v, seaport and st, jus. parish
of St. Taramany, La. situated on or near the
mouth of Chifuncte r. -about 28 ms. N. frora the
city of New Orleans, and on the opposite side
of lake Pontchartrain, lat, .30° 24'.
Madisonville, ,p.v. and St. jus. Madison co.
Misp. about 137 ms. «, e. Natchez.
Mad'Sonville, p.v, and st, jus, Hopkins co,
Ky,, situated on the tahle land between the
vaUies of Green and Tradewater rs. 65 ms,
nearly due n, Nashville in Ten,, 53 sthestrd.
Shawneetown ou Ohio r. and by p-r. 191 ms. s.
w, by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 20', and long. 10°
30'w, W, C, Pop, 112,
Madisonville, p-v, Hamilton co. O. by p-r.
106 ma, s, vr. by w, Columbus.
Maoris, p.t. -'t, Lawrence co, N, Y,, s, St.
Lawrence r,, UO ma, above Montreal, 60 below
Kingston, 250 n, w, Albany, Level, fer-liile,
and well watered. Timbered with beech, ma
ple, &c, 13 schools, kept 7 months in 12.
Pop. 3,459.
Mad r. rises in Grafton co, N. H., and falls
into the Pemigewasaet, near the centre of
Campton. Magnolia, p-v. on St, Marks i. Leoa co.
Flor. 1 6 ms. s, s, e. Tallahassee.
Magruder's, p-o. Prince George's co. Md.,
byp.r. 15 ms. estrd, W, C, and 31 westward
Annapolis, Mahanoy, three tsps, in the sthrn. part of
Northuraberland co. Pa., called relatively Little
Mahanoy, Lower Mahanoy, and Upper Maha
noy. Mahanoy, p-o. Northumberland co. Pa. by
p-r, 45 ms. n. Harrisburg.
Mahanoy, r. of Pa, riaing in the- nthrn, part
of Schuylkill co, interlocking sources with the
Cattawissa creek and Schuylkill r, it assuraes
very nearly a wstrn. course, and entering
Northumberland, falls into Susquehannah r.
about 11 ms. below Sunbury, The valley of
the Mahanoy is between, those of Mahantango
and Sharaokin,
Mahantango, ratn, a ridge of the Appalachi,
an system in Pa,, extending from the left bank
of the Susquehannah r, along the nthwstrn. pan
of Dauphin into Schuylkill co. It is a continu
ation of the chain known to tbe s. w. of Sus
quehannah, as the Tuscarora mtn. or Cove mtn.
Mahantango, i . Pa, rises by two raain and
several sraaller branches in the nthwstrn, angle
of Schuylkill CO, andin the vales of tbe Mahan.
tango mtn. Assuming a course of a little s. of
w. the branches unite on tbe border of Schuyl.
kill, and flowing along the western side ofthe
mtn. of the same narae, forms a boundary be.
tween Northumberland and Dauphin cos, to its
influx with the Susquehannah. Tbe valley of
Mahantango lies between those of Mahanoy
and Wiconisco.
Mahoning, r. Pa. formed by two branches .
The main streanj, or Mahoning proper, rises in
the wstrn. part of Clearfield co. and flowing
wstrd., traverses th« sthestrn. angle pf Jeffer.

MAI

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son, and nthwstrn, of Indiana, receiving the
sthrn, branch in the latter co. at Nicljolsburg,
where entering Arrastrong, tho united waters
.continue to flow wstrd. to their confluence with
Alleghany r, Tbe Mahoning has interlocking
sources with the extreme wstrn. branches of
the Susquehannah river.
Mahoning, r. of Pa, and Ohio, rises by nu
merous branches in Columbiana, Stark, Fo t-
age, and Geauga cos, of the latter state, which
unite in TrurabuU, and assuming a s, e, course
enters Beaver co. Pa,, and there joins the She
nango, forraing the Big Beave-r river,
Mahoning, p-v, in the extreme nthwstrn, an.
gle of Ind, CO, Pa, on Mahoning cr,, 18 ms. a
little w. of N. the boro' of Indiana.
Mahoning, p.v. Lexington tsp. Stark co, 0, 18
ms, N, e. Canton and by p-r, 134 ras, n, e, by e,
¦Columbus, Maiden, cr, one ofthe nthestm, branches of
SchuylkiU r, rising in the extreme wstrn, angle
of Lehigh co, and flowing sthwrd. into I!erks,
falls into the SchuylkiU r. 8 ms. above Reading.
Maiden, cr. p-o, near the mouth of Maiden
creek, Berks co. Pa, 8 ms, n, Reading, and by
p-r, 60 ras, e, Harrisburg,
Maidstone, t. Essex co, Vt, w. side of Con-
inecticut r. 53 ms, N, e. MontpeUer, contains
Maidstone lake, which is small. It was char
tered 1761, first settled 1770, contains 17,472
acres, and is watered by Puul's stream. Pop,
236. Maine, the easternmost and nort'nernmost of
the United States ; bndd. n. w, and n, by Low
er Canada, e, by New Brunswick, s, e, and e,
by the Atlantic, and w, by New Hampshire.
It lies between 43° 5' and 48° lat. and between
66° 49' and 70° 55' w. long. Piscataqua river
forms tbe s, w, boundary for about .35 miles, and
the N. line runs by treaty along the highlands
which divide the St, Lawrence from the ocean
The s. line reaches from Kittery point, to
Quoddy head, about 991 miles. The whole
area is about 33,993 square railes, including a
large tract in the n. e, which has been clairaed
by Great Britain, In 1691, the w, boundary of
Nova Scotia, as was definitively .ascertained by
treaty, was the St, Croix river, and a line run
ning from its source n, to the St, Lawrence r.
In 1691, the e, boundary of Me. was fixed at
the w. boundary of Nova Scoiia, In 1763, N,
Prunswick and Me,, vvhich had before extend
ed to the St, Lawrence r„ were reduced onthe
N. and fixed at the bighlands which separate
the waters of the St. Lawrence river from the
poean. These bounds were repeatedly ac
knowledged by parliament down to 1774, and
were never doubted tmtil 1814 when the British
plenipotentiaries proposed to discuss and revise
tbe boundary so as to prevent future micertaln-
ty and dispute. They stated that they desired
a direct communication from Quebec to Hali
fax, and left it to the Araericans to demand an
equivalent. This was refused, on the ground
that the territory sought, was undoubtedly
Araerican. The tract aUuded to, includes
most of the country watered by the St, John's
river, Mars Hill, s, of that stream, being con
sidered by the British as a part of the " height
of land," though in fact it is far distant, discon

nected frora it, and of very inferior elevation.
The king of Holland as umpire in the case, has
decided in favor of Great Britain ; but it is be
lieved that his-decision will not be subraitted to,
as atthe time of making the award, he was not
an independent sovereign. In 183l, Madawas
ca, and a tract s, of St, ,Tohn's river were incor
porated by the State, aa well as the disputed
territory n, of it, though without any design of
taking forcible possession. In October, 183j,
in consequence of the election of municipal
officers at Mada-wasca, the lieutenant governor
of N, Brunswick and other officers, with a
railitary force, arrested a number of persons
and took them prisoners to Fredericton, but
soon after released ihein, Tbe subject is now
in the hands of coramissloners for arrange
ment. It was originaUy granted in 1606 by
James ist. to the Council at Plymouth, by whom
in 1694, a grant was raade to Gorges and Ma
son, of all the country from Merrimack to Sag-
adahok. This claira was purchased by Mass,
for £1,950, The first permanent settlement
wa-3 made in 1030, From 1674, to 1763, Maaa,
had to defend it from the Indians, with little
profit. In 1691, Mass, obtained a confirraation
of the charter, -which added Maine, Nova Sco
tia, &c,, to her territory, and through long dis
putes with the French and Indians, those addi
tions were still maintained. From its first set
tleraent Me, was a district of Mass, In 1820,
when its present constitution was adopted, it
was separated from Masa, and adraitted into
the Union aa an independent state. Its govern
raent now consists of three distinct departraents.
The legislative power Is vested in a senate ami
house of representatives, the former at present
containing 20, the latter 153 meraber--=. The
merabers are chosen annually, and are propor
tioned to the population. Tbeir regular yearly
raeeting coraraences on the 1st Wednesday of
January. The executive power is vested in a
governor, who is annually chosen by the people,
and a council of seven elected by the legisla
ture. The governor, who raust be at leaat 30
years of age, has a qualified negative on the
laws proposed by the legislature, he has alao
the control of tbe official patronage, and togeth
er with the council exercises the pardoning
power. In case of avacancy, the president of
the senate acts as govemor. The judiciary
consists of a supreme judicial court, and a
court of common pleas, each of three judges.
The j-udges are appointed by the governor and
his councU ; they hold their offices during good
behaviour until 70 years of age, and are remo
vable only by impeachment., Justices of the
peace are appointed for 7 years. The time of
annual elections is the 2d Monday in Septem.
ber. Any changes may be raade in the consti.
tution by a vote of two thirds of both houses of
the legislature, if such vote be ratified by the
people. The surface of the state is generally
diversified, and moderately hilly, A tract on
the west side, east of the White mountains in
New Hampshire,, and also a small district in
the north extremity, are mountainous ; sorae
few elevations ate above ordinary vegetation.
The range of high laud which crosses Vermont
and New Hampshire, enters the n, w, comer of

MAI

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Me,, passes round Chaudiere r,, and running
nearly parallel with the St, Lawrence r., at the
distance of 15 or 20 ras,, terminates on the gulf
of St. Lawrence, near cape Rozier, This is the
" height of land," orthe "N,E, Ridge," spoken
of in the treaties as the n, boimdary of Me,, and
though of gradual elevation, is in sorae places
4,090 ft, above tha ocean. The mountains of
Me , lie in irregular groups, with a.line drawn
from s, part of Oxfjrd co. E. of Androscoggin
lakes, then n, on w, side of Kennebec river and
Moosehead lake, to the mountains among the w,
-sources of Penobscot r. These ratns, belong to
the Alleghany range, and the White mountain
fcpur. There are several subordinate spurs, the
s, one extending 40 ms. from the White mtns.
North of Androscoggin r, and to Dead i, is a
rough range. Including sorae ofthe highest peaks
in the state ; the principal are Speckled raoun
tain. White Cap, Saddleback, '&c, about 4,000
ft. above the sea. Bald mountain ridge, with
peaks ofthe same elevation, lies between Moose
¦ r, and the s, w, brancb of Penobscot r, Kenne
bec, Penobscot, and St, ,Tohn's rs, run through a
broad irregular valley, 20 ms, by 190, which is
bordered by ranges of raountains. Beside those
raentioned, are several other groups, aa the
Spencer, &c, Katahdin mtn, has b:en found by
barometrical observation, to be 5,335 feet above
the ocean, and 4,685 above vr. branch of the
Penobscot r. It isthe highest peak e, of the
Misp, except a few of tbe White raountains of
New Hampshire. The view frora the suramit
is fine and varied, and extends over 80 or 100
ms, ; from it may be seen 63 lakes, which are
tributai^y to the Penobscot r,, and othera, the
heads of the St, John's, and Kennebec. It has
high table land o'a three sides, 4 ms. in width.
and covered with forests, ia inaccess-AIe on the
E., s,, and on part ofthe w, sides, anl is covered
with broken rocks, and overgrovin with spruce
trees, which gradually diminish towards the
top, leaving its summit bare, Tbe principal rs.
of Me. are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Saco, An.
droscoggin, St, John's and St, Croix, which
with their branches water most of the state.
The Saco waters 650 sq, ma,, the Androacoggin
3,300, the Kennebec 5,28 1, and tbe Penobacot,
whicb is navigable to Bangor, by the largest
merchant veaaels, 8,200, Thoae portions of
the eountry near the sea, are watered by the
Piscataqua, Kennebec, Sheepscot, Damariscotta,
Muacongus, St, Georges, Union, Narragaugus,
Machias, and other rs. Between the Penobscol
and Kennebec rs. a distance of 50 ms. on the
sea shore, there are 4 considerable rs, beside in
numerable inlets, so that almost every town has
its particular channel of communication witb
the sea. The soil of Maine is generally equal,
and in some places superior to that of the other
northern states. The tract of country along the
sea coast from 10 to 20 ms, wide, though it em
braces all the varieties of sandy, gravelly,
clayey, and loamy soils, is for the raost part
poor. The principal productions of this seo-
'tion, are raaize, rye, barley, grass, &c. In the
' tract lying north ofthis, and extending- frora 50
to 100 ras. into'the interior, the soil is raore fer
tile, and produces maize, wheat, barlby, rye,
•oats, mUl&t, flax, -hemp, grass, and most north

ern plants. The land between the Penobscot
and Kennebec rivers, is well adapted to the
purposes of agriculture, and as a grazing coun
try, is one of the finest in New England. Land
of average quality, yields with good cultivation,
40 bushels of raaize to the acre, 20 to 40 bush
els wheat, rye, oats, &c,, and 1 to 3 tons hay.
Agriculture, until recently, has been much neg
lected; the forests and fisheries being very
productive, now 5-6 ofthe people are supported .
bylt, most ofthe inhabitants being farmers, but
raany, raerchants and manufacturers, Apple,
pear, plum, cherry trees, melons, &c, succeed;
peach trees do not. The extreme season of
vegetation, is between April 21st, and October
16th ; -vigorous vegetation from June 3d, fo
Septeraber 12th, The cliraate of the state is
subject to great extreraes of heat and cold. In
all parts, the air is pure and salubrious, but
raost 60, as well as most raild, whore tbe forests
have been cleared away. Tbe winters are very
severe. ''Snow lies in sorae parts 5 months, near
the sea but 3 or 4. Many sheep are raised.
The west and old counties raise food, &c. for
their consumption, and send out some, the east
counties not enough. Cattle and swine are sent
into, and through New Harapshire ; and to New
Brunswick, Hamilton, and St, Johns, The trees
are various. White pines are the most abun
dant, and are found chiefly on the sourcea of the
Penobscot, Kennebec, and Aroostook rivers.
Irpn ia abundant, andof excellent qiiality. Lime
is raade in great quantities, at Thoraaston, and
Carabden, Fine raarble is found on the West
branch of the Penobscot river. Granite and
slate are abundant. Salt and fishing are profit
able on the coast, Maine enjoys great facilities
for navigation and commerce. The sea shore
abounds in excellent harbors, and the settled
parts ofthe country are raostly near to markets,
where produce is readily exchanged for raoney.
The centres of interior trade, are Portland,
HaUoweU, Bangor, Calais, Brunswick, Belfast,
&c,, which being always open to navigation,
enjoy sorae advantages over other ports. Saco,
Machias, and Eastport, are important harbors.
The tonnage of Maine, is i of that of the whole
United States, though its population is but one
thirtieth. The principal exports are timber,
lumber of various kinds, dried fish, salt meat,
lirae, beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes, and
some grain. The tonnage of Maine, entered
in the yeaf ending September, 1830, was 74,-
741; departed, 97,794; value of imports,
$572,666; exporta, domeatic produce,
435; foreign, $97,087; total exporta,
522. Manufactures are very few. The direct
reven-je is chiefly derived from assessments on
poUs and estates, laid eiqually, 1 per cent, on
bank stock, and tbe indirect, from duties on Ut
igation, Maine is rapidly increasing in population.
In 1810, tbere were 298,705 inhabitants; in
1820, 298,335; and in 1830, 399,437. The
state is divided into IC^ counties, the population
of each of which, for thesyears 1820 and 1830,
are giveia below. Waldo county was formed
fronr Hancock, since the census of 1820.
Counties. Pop. 1820 Pop. 1830
York, 46,283 51,732
Cumbtirlanii, 49,«5 60,103

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267

MAI

have been superseded by acaderaies, founded by
private persons and supported by land granted
by tbe state. In 1819, there wete 28, 24 of
whicb were incorporated by Mass. with capital
invested, $220,000, annual income $9,500 ; re
ceipts for tuition, g8,000, number of pupUs 950,
for 10 raonths in the year ; average expense |50.
The Maine Wesleyan aeminary, Waterville col
lege, Bowdoin college and Bangor theological
serainary, are superior institutions. Gardiner
lyceum has ceased operations for the pres
ent. Bowdoin college, at Brunswick, was
founded in 1794, by Hon, J, Bowdoin, and
has lands from Mass., and an annuity from
Maine, A medical school ia attached to it. In
Maine there is one child at school for every 4
inhabitants. The state prison, at Thomaston, is
on an erainence, afew yards frora navigable wa
ter. The convicts are employed in quarrying
liraestone on the grounds, and in hammering
granite which is brought by water. In its con
struction and general arrangements the late im.
provements bave been introduced. The con
victs have separate cells, in which they are
confined at night ; they are aU instructed, and
taught to read the scriptures. The proceeds of
their labor in 1831, exceeded the expenses, (ex
clusive of the officer's pay,) raore than $400,
The expenses of 1832 were $18,700; andthe
receipts during the same period were rising of
$20, Ooo. There ia but one county prison in
Maine, and by a recent law, the state haa abo
lished imprisonment for debt, which saves annu
ally about 1000 imprisonments. An act was
passed in March, 1839, to encourage agricul
ture, horticulture, and manufactures, author'-
ising the payment to each incorporated agricul
tural society, or horticultural society, as much
money as it raises by subscription or otherwise,
not exceeding $300 in each county. These
societies are authorized to offer annual pre
miums for improving aniraals, tools, iraple.
raents of husbandry, or raanufacture, trees
plants, &c. The legislature has also at dif!
ferent tiraes, appropriated raoney to iraprove the
road through the White mountains of New
Harapshire, as it affords an important channel of
transportation, for the produce of the interior.
The state expenses, in 1830, were about $297,!
900, $50,000 of whicb was raised by direct
taxation. $5,000 is annuaUy appropriated for
the education of indigent deaf and dumb per.
sons, at the American Asylum, in Hartford'
Conn. There is in Maine, a atate temperance
aociety, and a hiatorical society, with a deposi.
tory, &c. A marine hospital is to be erected
bythe governraent of the United States, at Port
land, and $15,000 have been appropriated for
it. The foUowing are the names ofthe princi.
pal places, and their distances, on the new road
through Maine to Canada, beginning at the cap.
Ital. Frora Augusta to Waterville, 183 miles
Fairfield 187^, Bloomfield 198, Madison!
Wherf's, 205, Solon, Boies', 215, Bingham,
Goodridge's, 223, Moscow, Spaulding's, 235,
forks of Kennebec river. Temple's, 245, Parlin
pond. Baker's, 260, Moose river, Holden's, 275,
Hilton's camp in township No. 5, 3d range, 286,
St. Charies, Owen's, 317, St, Francis, Boldue's,
326, St. Joseph's, Suponsey's, 340, St. Mary's,

Counties.

Pop. 1820,

Pop. 1830.

Lincoln,

53,189

57,183

Kenncliec,

42,623

52,484

0.-sford,

27,104

35,211

Waldo,

29,788

Somerset,

21,787

35,787

Penobscot,

13,870

3 ,5'JO

Hancock,

31,290

24,336

Washington,

12,744

31,294

Total,

298,335

399,437

Of the foregoing

population

of 1830, were

whites.

Males,
Females.
Under 5 years of age.
34,052
32,471
Between 5 and 15,
54,205
51,743
" 15 and 30,
57,385
57,942
" 30 and 50,
38,248
36,443
" 50 and 70,
15,184
15,234
" 711 and 90,
3,458
3,000
" 90 and over,
95
140
Total, 200,687 197,573
Of which 153 are deaf and dumb, 154 are
blind, and foreigners not naturalized 2,489, Of
the deaf and dumb, 8 are supported by the
state, at the American Asylum, at Hartford,
Of colored persons, there are, free.
Males. Females.
Under 10 vears of age, 159 140
Between io and 24, 169 171
•' 24 and 36, 111 117
" 30 and 55, 105 91
" 55 and 100, 52 5-'
•' 100 and over, 2
Total, 600 571
Slaves — males, none; feraales, 6; colored
deaf and dumb, 16 ; blind 1.
Recapitulation,
Whites, Free colored. Slaves. Total,
398,260 ^ 1,171 6 399,437
The militia of Maine according to the last
annual return (1833) excluaive of 7 corapanies
frora which no returns were received, was
40,006, consisting of 1,592 cavalry, 1,767 ar
tillery, 32,099 infantry, 3,986 light infantry, and
1,969 rifleraen.
Since Maine becarae a separate state, an
iraproveraent has been raade upon the old
school systera of Mass, The school fund of
the state, consists of the proceeds of 90 town
ships of land, on interest; the balance of
money to be received from Mass, over tbe
debts of the state, and the proceeds of land
required to be reserved for the rainistry,
which laat is appUed for schools where the
land is. Besides this, every town is obliged
to raise 40 cents a year, for each inhabitant,
which is paid for free schools in proportion to
the number of persons between 4 and 91 years.
The amount of money raised by the new raeth
od, is rauch greater than formerly. The dis
tricts build school.houses, &c,, and the parents
furnish books ; all have equal right to tho
schools. In 1895, $137,878 were expended for
schools, in 9,499 districts ; 101,325 children at
tended, 4i months in the year ; average wages
of teachers, ^12 per month. Expense of each
scholar per year $1,35, and annual increase of
scholars, 6,000, In 1831, the number of school
• districts was 2,500 ; amount expended ^900,000,
andthe nuraber of students at public schools,
not supported by voluntary contributionslOO,000,
The whole number of academies was 35, and
the students 900 ; students at colleges, includ
ing medical school, 260. Grammar schools.
MAN

268

MAN

Slaven's, 352, St. Henry's, 370, Point Levi, Mc-
Kensey's, 382, over the St. Lawrence river to
Quebec, 383, From the Canada line, to Point
Levi, 117 miles, the road is perfectly smooth,
and there are no very steep hills. There are
various reUgious sects in the state. Baptists,
210 churches, 136 ministers, 92 licentiates, and
12,936 communicanta ; Congregationalists, 156
churches, 107 ministers, 9,fi2S coraraunicants;
Methodists,.56 rainisters, 12;182 coraraunicants ;
Free WUl Baptists, 50 congregations; Friends,
30 societies ; Unitarians, 19 societies, 8 minis
ters ; Episcopalians, 4'ministers ; Roraan Cath
oUcs, 4 churches ; New Jerusalem church, 3
societies-; besides some Universalists.
Maine Paiht, cr. and p-o. Fayette co. Ohio,
by p-r. 53 ras. s, s, w, Columbus.
Mainsburg, p-v. Tioga co. Pa, by p-r. 144 ms.
N, Harrisburg,
Malaga, p.v, Monroe co. Ohio, by p-r. 142
ma. E, Columbus,
Mai-colm, p-o, Jefferson co, Misp, 15 ma, n,
Natchez, Malden, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass, 4 ras. N. E,
Boston, 4 miles by 2^. The bridge to Charles
town is nearly 2,500 ft, long. In the south, are
about 1,000 acres of salt raarsh. North part
uneven. First settled 1648, Pop, 2,010.
Mallorysville, p-v. in- the eastern part of
Wilkes CO. Geo. by p-r. 71 ras. n. n. e. MU
ledgevUle. Malone, p-t. and st. jus. Franklin co, N. Y.
on Salraon r,, with a c, h, and state arsenal. It
is 50 ras, w. N, w, of Plattsburg. Se^ eral ponds
afford trout, as well as the strearas. Pop. 2,207.
' Malta, p-t. Saratoga co, N, Y. 4, ms, s, e.
Ballston Spa, 25 n, Albany ; contains Round
lake and part of Saratoga lake, with few mUl
feats, and is a good farraing town, with a vil.
lage called Dunning street. Pup. 1,517.
Malta, p-v. Morgan co. 0. by p.r. 70 ras. s.
E. by e. Columbus.
Mamakating, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. ViUages,
Bloomingsburg, (on Shawangunk cr.) Burling
ham and Mamakating. It is 7 or 8 ms, by 15,
and is crossed by Shawangunk mtn. or Blue
Ridge. The strearas afford trout and pike.
Pop, 3,070,
Mamaronec, p-t. West Chester co, N, Y, has
a harbor on Long Island sound for vessels of
100 tons. Two ers. afford mill seats 23 ms. h.
e. N. Y., 9i ms, by 3, Pop, 838,
Mamgunk, p-v. Phil. CO, Pa.
Manahawken, p-v. Monraouth co, N. J, near
the sea, on a cr, ofthe same name, 6 ras, tt. e,
Tuckerton, 50 raa, s. Freeholdi
Manabhuan r. Monmouth co. N. J, falls into
the ocean 30 ms, s. Sandy Hook, 4 n, Barnegat
bay, is navigable for small vessels.
Manohes^per, t. HiUsborough^o. N. H. e, side
of Merrimack r. ; contains partof Massabesick
pond, and several small streamsi A canal of 1
m, passesthe Amoskeag falls in Merrimack r,,
which descends 45 ft. Made in 1816, and cost
.$60,000. General Stark died here. 16 ms. s.
Concord. Pop. 877.
Manchester, p-t. and half shrre, Bermington
CO. Vt. Battenkill r. and its branches give raany
mill seats. Equinox mtn. is 3,706 ft. above tide.
It has 2 villages, white marble quarries, a jail,'

court house, academy, &c., 29 ms. vr. Benning
ton. A turnpike road crosses the Green mtns.
Pop. 1,525,
Manchester, p.t. Essex co. Mass, 8 ms. e. n.
E, Salem, 27 n, e. Boston. Incorporated in
1645, The inhabitants are much employed in
the fisheries, which are valuable. It has a
good harbor, and lies sloping to the water s.
Pop, 1,236,
Manchester, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 10 ms.
E. Hartford. The villtige is pleasantly situated
on the great route from Hartford to Boston, and
the town, which contains much fine soil, has
several raanufactories. Pop. 1,570.
Manchester, p-t, Ontario co, N, Y. Canan--
daigua outlet affords mill seats, 199 ms. w. -\.l--
bany. The Clifton springs are sulphureous,
rising through lime rocks, 10 ms. n. Canandai
gua. Pop, 2,811,
Manchester, p-o. York co. Pa, between the
boro' of York and Harrisburg.
Manchester, p-v. in the northwestern angle
of Baltimore co, Md, 33 ms, n, n, w. Baltiraore,
Manchester, p.v. very pleasantly situated on
James r. opposite Richmond, and in Chester
field CO. Va. Mayo's bridge over the Rapids of
James r. unites Richmond to Manchester.
Manchester, p.v. in the wstrn. part of Sump
ter dist. S. C. It is situated about 8 ms. n. rt. e.
the junction of Wateree and Congaree rs., and
by p-r; 40 ms. s.e. by e, Colunrbia.
Manchester, p-v, and st, jus. Clay co, Ky,y
situated on a branch of the south fork of Ky, r.
by p-r. 126 ras. s, e, Frankfort. Lat, 37° 10^,
and long, 6° 38' vr. W, C,
Manchester, p-v, Adams co. 0. by p-r. 110
ms, s, B. w, Colurabus,
Manchester, p-v. Dearborn co, Ind. by p-r.
89 ras. s. E. Indianopolis.
Manchester, p-v. St. Louis co. Mo. by p-r.
20 ma, watrd, St, Louis,
Mandan, Nation of Indians residing on both
sides of Mo, r, at n, lat. 47°, and long. W. C.
29° 30' w. These geographical limits yield an
intermediate distance of 1984 statute ms. by a
course inflected 63 degrees from the meridians.
MANDARi.f, p-v. Duval CO. Flor. by p-r. 267'
ms. estrd. TaUahassee.
Mangoiiick, p-o. King Williara co. Va. 40
ras. sthwrd. W. C.
Manhattan, isl. {See N. Y. city.)
Manhattan, p-v. Putnam co. Ind, by p-r. 52'
ms, wstrd, Indianopolis.,
Manhattanville, v. e. side of Hudson r. 9
ms. N. N. Y., included within the bounds of the
city and co. of N. Y.
Manheim, p-t. Herkimer co. N, Y. 69 ms. w.
N. w. Albany, 14 e. Herkimer ; contains a num
ber of mills, and very good land. Pop. 1,937.
Manheim; p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 10 ms. n. w.
the city of Lancaster, and about 30 a little s. of
E. Harrisburg.
Manlius, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 ms. e.
Onondaga ; 1-37 w. Albany ; contains many mill
seats on Limestone, Chitteningo and Butternut
ers. A branch of the first falls 100 ft. There
are sulphur springs. The Erie canal passes
through the town. 5 villages, Manlius, Fayette
ville, Orville, Eagleville and JamesviUe. Pop.
7,375. ^

MAR

269

MAR

Man.\'Boko', p-v, Amelia co, Va. by p-r. 43
ms. N. w, Richraond,
Manningham, p.v, Butler co, Ala. by p-r. 152
ms, s, s, E, Ala.
Ma.nnington. t. Salem co. N. J, 50 ms, s, w.
Trenton ; has Salem cr, s, and w,, and is cross
ed by Mannington cr. Pop, 1,172,
Manor, p-o, Lancaster co. Pa. 6 ras. s. s. w,
Lancaster. Manor Hill and p-o. Huntingdon co. Pa. by
p.r. 163 ras, n, W, C,
Mansfield, t, Chittenden co, Vt, 90 ms. n, w,
Montpelier ; contains rauch uninhabitable raoun
tain land. Pop, 1,726
Ma.nsfield, t, Bristol co. Mass, 13 ms, k,
Taunton, Pop, 1,172,
Mansfield, p-t, Tolland co. Conn, 98 ms, e,
Hartford. A larger quantity of silk is manufac-
tilred here than in .-my other place in the U. S,
This branch of industry was introduced into the
country by Dr, Aspinwall of this place, above
70 yeara ago, v/ho established the raising of
silk worms in New Haven, Long laland and
Philadelphia, Aasisted by Dr, Stiles, half an
ounce of Mulberry seed was sent to every
parish in Conn,, and the legislature for a time
offered a bounty on mulberry trees and raw silk ;
265 lbs, were raised here in 1793, and the
quantity has been increasing ever since. In
1830, 3,900 lbs, were raised. Here is a small
silk factory, under an English manufacturer,
witb swifts, for winding hard silk ; 39 spindles
for doubling ; 7 dozen of spindles for throwing;
7 do, of spindles for spinning ; 32 spindles for
soft silk winding, and 9 broad and 1 fringe silk
looms, Thereis machinery enough to keep 30
broad silk looms, aud 50 hands in operation.
Pop, 2,661.
Mansfield, t, Alleghany co, N, Y, 245 ms.
vr. by s, of Albany. Pop, 378.
Mansfield p-t, Warren co. N. J., is hilly,
crossed lengthwise by Morris canal and Pohat-
cong cr. It is bndd. s. e. in ita whole length by
Musconetcorfg r,, and is 7 ms. s, is, Oxford, and
35 tt. Trenton,
Mansfield, t, Burlington co. N. J. 8 ras. s,
Trenton; has Del, r, n, w,. Blacks cr. n.e,,
and is crossed by Crafts cr, on which are seve
ral mills. It is opposite Newbold's isl. in Dela.
ware r.
Mansfield, p-v, and st. jus. Richland co. 0.
by p-r, 71 ras, n, n, e, Colurabus, Lat, 40° 47',
long, 5° 53' w, W, C, Pop, 840.
Mansfield, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 140
ras. N. N. w. Harrisburg.
Manskeb's cr. and p-o. wstrn. part of David
son CO. Ten. 25 ms. wstrd, Nashville.
Mantua, p-v. Portage co. O, by p-r. 137 ms.
N. e. Columbus.
Maple Grove, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. 231
ms. N, w, W. C.
MArLEsviLLE, p-V. Bibb CO. Ala. by p-r. 35
ma. estrd, Tuscaloosa.
Maramec, r, of Ms, interlocking sources on
the sthrd. with those of St. Francis, and on the
w. with those of Gasconade r. It is coraposed
of two branches, Maramec Proper, and Big r.
Maramec rises in Crawford and Washington
COS., and flowing thence n, e. traverses Frank
lin, receiving Bourbeuse, a large tributary from 35

the westward. Having reached to within 8 ras.
from Mo, r,, the Maramec curves to the e, and
receives Big r. between St, Louis and Jeffer.
son cos. Still inflecting, this streara finally as.
sumes a s, e, course to its influx into Misp, r,
20 ras, below St. Louis, Big i. rises in the
Iron ratns,, and in Washington and St, Francis
cos,, and flowing thence n, over Jefferson falls
into the raain stream of Mararaec at Lawrence-
ton, It may be observed -'s a curious fact in
physical geopraphy, that the general course of
the Maramec is directly co.atrary to, and very
nearly parallel to that of the Misp, from St.
Louis to the influx of Kaskaskias, The valley '
of Maramec is 100 ras, in length, with a mean
breadth of 35, or area 3,500 sq, ras. coraprising
the space between the lower Mo, and St, Fran.
cis, and between the Gasconade and Misp, rs,
Lat, 38°, and long. 14° w, intersect between
the main Maramec and Big r,
Maramec, p-v. Gasconade co. Mo,, about 70
ms, s, w, by w, St, Louia,
Marathon, p-t. Cortland co, N, Y,, 145 ras.
a, by E, of Albany, P.ap. 895,
Marblehead, p-t, and port, Essex co. Mass,,
16 ras, E, Boston, 4 s, e, Salem, 1 m. by 3i oa
a neck of land. The harbor is 1^ ms, long, ^
broad, safe and defended by fort Sewell, "The
town is large and handsome, with a flne square,
custom houae, bank, and other public buildings,
on a rocky neck. The chief business is the
cod fishery on the banks ; 54 vessels, employ
ing 342 men and 46 boys, were employed in
this fishery from Marbleliead in 1832 ; their re
turns were 60,000 quintals offish amounting to
$150,000, 810 barrels of oil, $10,195, and
sounds and tongues valued at $5,000 to $7,000
moi-e. Add the bounty, amounting to $16,918,
the whole product ia about $176,000, The
coaat ia rocky and barren, and there are but
few apots of good aoil in the town ; it has water
on three sides. Pop. 5,149,
Marble Hill, and p-o. Prince Edward co.
Va,, 83 ma, s. w, Richmond,
Marhletow.n, p-t, Ulster co, N. Y,, 10 ras,
s, w, Kingston, Eaopus and Rondout ers,, pass
through it, and with their branches afford mill
seats. Clouded raarble is quarried here ; the
Delaware and Hudson canal passes through it.
Pop, 3,223,
Marburyville, p-v, parish of W. Feliciana,
La,, 8 ras, estrd, St, FrancisvUle, 83 n, w, by
w. New Orleans,
Marcellos, p-t, Onondaga co, N, Y., on
Skeneateles lake, 10 ms. w. Onondaga, in
cludes half of Skeneateles and Otisco lakes,
with many mill seats. Pop, 2,626.
Marcus IIook, p-v, on tbe right bank of Del,
r,, and in the extreme sthrn. angle of Del. co.
Pa,, 20 ms. below Phil,
Marengo, co, of Ala, bndd, n, by Greene ;
N.E. by Perry ; e. Dallas; s, e. Wilcox; s.
Clark ; and w, Tombigbee r,, separating it
from tbe Choctaw country. Length s. to n, 40
ms,, width 94, and area 960 sq. ms. Extend
ing in lat. 32° to 32° 35', and in long. 10° 40' to
11° 41' w.W. C. This CO. extending down
the Tombigbee from the influx of Black War
rior r., is composed of an inclined plane, and
declining wstrd,. towards the latter stream ; the

MAR

270

MAR

estrn, and sthestrn. liraits, though straight linea,
foUow nearly the dividing ridge between the
valliea of Tombigbee and Ala. ra. Sirailar to
the contiguous cos,, the greatest share of the
surface of Marengo is covered with pine, and
with a sterile soil ; in 1820, what is now
Greene -co. was included in Marengo, and the
whole 'had A pdpulation of 3,933 ; in 1830, the
flatter contained 7,700. Cf t. Lynden.
Marengo, p-v. and st.jus, Marengo co, Ala,
.{See Lynden.)
Margallaway r, N, H,, rises on the line of
Maine and L. Canada, and is the head stream
of Androscoggin r.
Margaretta, Furnace and p-o. York co. Pa,
Margaretta, p-v. Huron co. 0,, by p-r, 119
ms,-N, Colurabus.
¦Marian\, p.v, on Cupola r,, in the nrthrn,
partof Jacksonco Flor., about 140 ms. n, e, by
E, Pensacola, and 70 miles n, w, by iV, Talia.
tassee. Makichae, p.o. parish of E. Baton Rouge,
La., situated on the lelt bank of Misp, r, at the
efflux of IbberviUe cr,, 11 ras, s. Baton Rouge.
'MARiErrA, p-v. on the left bank of Susque-
Kasmah r,, above the mouth of Chiques cr, Lan
caster CO, Pa,, 13 ras, w, the city of Lancaster,
In 1 89' I, the tsp, contained 1,545 inhabitants.
Marietta, p-v. and st. jus, Washington co,
0., situated on the point above the junction of
Ohio and Muskingura rs,, about 60 ms, S, b, e,
Zanesville, and byp-r, 304 ras, a little n. of w,
W, C, and 106 s, e, by e, Columbus, The site
is pleasant, butthe lower part near the point li-
ftble to occasional inundation. This tovm was
'the cradle of the state of 0,, and was founded in
1787 by a colony from Mass,, whose descend
ants have maintained theindustrious and frugal
habits of their parents. The town now contains
an acadenry, aeveral private schools, -the com
mon CO. baiiaings, two printing offices, a bank,
and two or three churches. The scenery of the
vicinity is peculiarly fine, even on the Ohio,
Pop. 1,907.
Marion, p-t, 'Wayne co, N, Y, Pop. 1,967.
Marion, dist, S, C, bndd, e, and s, e, by Lum
'ber r, or Little Pedee, separating it frora Horry,
on the s, by Great Pedee, separating it from
Georgetown, a, w, by Lynches cr,, separating it
from Williamsburg, w, by Darlington, n, w, by
Marlboro!, and n, by Robeson co, in N, C,
Lengtb friJm the jtmction of Great and Little
Pedee, to the extreme nthrn, angle on N, C, 67
ms., mean width 18, and area 1,200 sq, ras,
nearly. Extending in lat. 33° 41' to 34° 36',
and in long. 2° 10' to 2° 50' w, W. C, The
general slope of "this large dist, is sthrd., down
which 'flow the Great and Little Pedee, and nu
merous smaller streams ; the surface is mostly
level, much ofit flat and raarshy. In a naviga-
blfe' point of view, Marion has great advantages ;
it lies open tothe ocean by 4 boatable streams,
which are finally united at its extrerae sthrn,
angle. Cf t. Marion. Pop, 1820, 10,201, 1830,
111008. MarioN,-p-v. and st. jus. Marion dist. S, (',,
situated: near the centre of the dist., about 65
ms.'N. Georgetown, and by p-r. 116 ras. a little
N. of E.-Columbia. Lat. 34° U', long, 2°a8'w,
W.C.

Mario.n, CO. Geo,, bndd. s. by Lee, s. w. by
Randolph, w. Muscogee, n, Talbot, and e, Flint
r. separating it from Crawford n, e., and Hous
ton E, Length 35 ras,, raean width 20, and area
700 sq, ms. Extending in lat, 32° 18' to 32°
35', and in long, 7° 19' to 7° 46' w, W. C. The
slope ot this co, is e, towards the Flint. Cf. 6.
Marion c-h. Pop, 1,436,
Marion, p-v. and st.jus. Twiggs co. Geo., by
p.r. 37 mS, s. w, MiUedgeviUe, Lat. 32° 42',
and long, 6° 30' w. W, C,
Marion, c, h. and p-o. Marion co. Geo,, by
p-r, -1.74 ma, s. w, by w, MUledgeviUe,
Marion co, Ala,, bndd. n. by Franklin, r.
Walker, s, Lafayetfs, w, Monroe co, in the
state of Misp,, and n, w, by the Chickasaw
country in Ala, Length 38, mean width 30,
and area 1,140 sq, ms, Lat. 34°, and tog. 11°
w. W. C. intersect very near the centre of this
CO. The nthrn. part is drained bythe sources
of Bear cr, flowing into the Ten. r. ; the greater
part however slopes sthrd,, and is drained into
Tombigbee by-the different branches of Butta
hatche and Sipey rs, Cf, t. P-ikeviUe. -Pop.
4,058, Marion co, Misp,, bndd, w, by Pike, n, sv, by
Lawrence, n, by Covington, e, by I'erry, s, e,
by Hancock, and s, w, by tbe parish of Wash
ington, La, Length 42, mean width DO, and
area 1,260 sq, ms, ; extending in lat '31° to 31°
¦21', and in long..l2° 98' to 13° 17' w, W. Q.
The estrn. part of this co. slopes to the s. e,,
and is-drained by fceaf r, and Black cr,, branches
of the Pascagoula r,, whUst the wstrn, Bection
is traversed by Pearl r. in a s. s. e. direction.
Most of the surface is coveted with pine, and
soil sterile ; tbe margin of the, streams, however,
affords good soil ; staple cotton. Cft. Colum
bia, Pop, 1820, 3,116; 1830, 3,691,
Marion co, "Ten,, bndd, by Curaberland ratn,
which separates it frora Franklin w, and n, w. ;
by Bledsoe n,, Hamilton e,, and Ten. r. s.
Length 30, mean width 90, and area 600 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, 35° 10' to 35° 26', and in long.
8° 15' to 9° 09' w. W. C. The Sequatchie r.
enters this co. on the n. estrn. border, and tra.
verses it in.the greatest length, fiowing lo the
s. w. into Ten. The co, lies in most part iu
the valley of the Sequatchie ; surface hilly, Cf
t. Jasper. Pop. 1820, 3,888, 1830, 5,508,
Marion, co, O,, bndd. by Del. s.. Union s, w,,
Hardin w,, Crawford n,, and Richland e.
Length from e. to w. 39, mean breadth 15, and
area 480 sq, ms. ; lat 40° 40', long. W. C. 6° w.
Slope sthrd. and drained by the higherbranches
of Scioto r. Cf t, Marion. Pop. 6,190.
Marion, p.v. and st.;jus. Marion co. 0,, by
p-r. 47 ras, a little w. of ji.-Columbus. Pop.
1830, 287,
Marion co, Ind,, bndd. s. by Johnson, Mor
gan s. w,, Hendricks w,, n, w, Boone, N, Ham
ilton, and E, Hancock. It is a square of 20 ms.
each side, area 400 sq. ras. Tbe central lat;
40° 45', long. 9° 09' w. W. C. It is -traversed
in a direction ofs, s, w. by the main stream of
White r,, which divides it into two not ve>iy'une.
qual sections. It is a surface which, eveiy.-thing
considered, is perhaps unsurpassed. Cf 4. In
dianopoUs, the cap. of the state. Pop. 7,192l
MiARiON, p-v. Shelby co. Ind., by p.r. 25

MAR

271

MAR

ms, s. t. IndianopoUs, and 5. ms. from Shelby
ville, Marion co, II., bndd. by Jefferson s., Clinton
w., Fayette n,. Clay n, e,, and Wayne s, is. It
ia a square 94 ms, each side, 576 sq, ms,, lat,
38° 40', long W, G, 12° W, It is a table land,
frora wbich flow wstrd. 'some branches of the
Kaskaskias, and s. estrd, the extrerae sources
of Waynes foT-k of Little Wabash. Cf. t. Salem,
Pop, 2,125-
Marion CO, Mo,, bndd, s. by Ralls, s. w. by
Monroe, on the w. uncertain, n. by Lewis, and
by the Miap, r, e,, separating it from Adaras
and Pike cos, II, Breadth 20, mean length 24,
and area 480 sq, ms. Lat. 39^ 45', long,, 14^°
w, W. C. ; the slope estrd, and drained by seve
ral ers. It is in contemplation- to establish a
college in this CO, Cf t. Palmyra. Pop. 4,837/
Marion, p.v. in the nrthwstrn, part of Cole
CO, Mo, It is situated on the right bank of
Miasouri r,, 15 ms, above Jefferson city,
Marksborough, V, Warren co, N. J., on
PaulingskUl, 15 ma. ^, n, e, Belvidere,
Marksville, p->v, and st, jus, parish of Avoy
elles, La,, situated 55 ms, by the road n, St,
Landre, in Opelousas ; 35 ras, s, e. Alexandria
in Rapid co,, and as marked in the p-o, list,
1.308 ras, frora W. C, ; lat, 31° 05', and long,
15° 08' w, W, C,
Marksville, p-v, Shenandoah co, Va,, by p-r.
125 ras, wstrd. W,C,
Marlborough, p-t, Cheshire co, N, H, 5 ma,
s. E. Keene, 55 from Concord, contains several
ponds, eraptying into Ashuelot r. with rocky
soil, good for grain, flax and grass. First set
tled 1760. Pop, 822;
Marlborough, p,t. Windham co, Vt, 24 ms,
E. Bennington, 44 s, w. Windsor, First settled
1763; has the w, branch of West i,. Whet
stone branch, and Green r,, which give good
mill seats; 2 ponds supply trout. Centre mtn,
is in the middle. The soil is rich, and products
and rainerals numerous, 12 school districts.
Pop, 1,218,
Marlborough, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 16
ms, E, Worcester, 28 raa, w. Boston,. Incorpo
rated 1660, on abranch of Concord r,, has.very
good land and a varied surface, where raany
cattle are fattened. First settled 1654, Here
was the Christian Indiap t. of Okamakamesit ;
when a part of Sudbury, in 1676, suffered frora
the Indians. Pop. 2,07-7.
. Marlborough, p-t, Hartford. co. Conn, 4 ms,
by 5J ; 22 sq, ms,, is hilly and stony, fr^st for
grass, with good mill seats on sraall streams.
Black lead is found, here. Sop, 704,
MARLBOROUGH,-p»t. Ulster co. N. Y,, w. Hud
son r., 23 ms. s. s. Hudson, 3 ras. by 6, 16 sq,
ms,, well ctiltivated,, and has many inhabitants
of English extraction. Pop. 9,973.
Marlboro'., Lower, Md. {See Lower Marl
boro'.) Marlboro',. Upper, Md, {SeeUpper Marlboro'.)
Marlborough, p-v. in Marlborough tsp. Stark
CO. 0. The tsp. lies in the nrthm. part of the
CO, and compjiaps a section of highly produc
tive soil, and in a state of very rapid agricultur.
al - iraprnvement-. The p-v, is 14 ms, n. n. e.
Canton, 20 ms. e. of the Ohio Canal, and by
p.r. 130 ma. n. r„Columbus. Pop. 106.

Marlow, p-t, Cheshire co, N. H. 15 miles
from Keene, 45 from Concord, 15,937 acres, is
crossed by Ashuelot r,, has a wet soil, but fer.
tile meadows, and produces much grain. Pop.
645. Marquis, p.v, Tippecanoe co, Ind, by p-r, 77
ms, N, w, Indianopolis.
Marrowbone, p-v, Curaberland co;. Ky. hy
p-r. 198 ras. sthrd, Frankfort,
Mars, p-v, Guilford co, N, C, by p-r, 95 rasv
n, w, by w, Raleigh,
Mars, p-v, Bibb co, Ala, by p-r, 96 ms, estrd.
Tuscaloosa, Mars Bluff, and p-o, on the left bank of
Great Pedee r, Marion dist, S, C, where the
road passes from Darlington to Marion c, h, by
p-r, 118 ras, a little n, of e, Colurabia.
Marsh, ish Penqbscot co. Me, in Penobscot
r, 4 ras, above Bangor.
Marsh, p-o. Chester oe. Pa. by p-r. 136 ms.
N. E, W, C,
Marshall, p-t, Oneida co, N, Y. 110 ms, vr.
Albany. Pop. 1,908.
Marshall's Ferry, and p-o, Grainger co.
Ten. by p-r 248 raa, e, Nashville,
Marshallville, p.10, Wayne co, 0, about 90
ms. N. E. Colurabus.
M-iHSHALTON, p-V. ChestcT CO. Pa. 4 ras. w.
West Chester, and'28 W'. Phil.
Marshfiel-b, p-t. Waahington co. Vt. 12 ma.
N. E. Montpelier, 16 s, w, DanviUe, It is cross
ed by Onion r,, and is uneven, with slate and-
granite rocks. It contains 6 school districts,
and waa granted to the Stockbridge Indians in-
1782, and sold by thera to Isaac Marsh 17B9,"
Pop, 1,971,
Marshfield, p-t, Plyraouth co, Mass. 30 ras,
s. E, Boston ; incorporated in 1640 ; is pleasant
ly situated on the ocean, with North and South
rs,, and a small harbor. It first belonged to Ply
mouth, Pop, 1,565,
Mars Hill, Me, 1 m, 16 chains w. from the
E. bound of U, S, ; has been recently assumed
by the British as the n, w. angle of Nova Sco
tia. It ia iaolated, with two peaks, 1,506, and
1,363 ft, above St, John's r,
Marshpee, Indian t,, Barnstable co. Mass,
170 ras. s. E, Boston, has 4 harbor and some
shipping. It was an Indiantown; and has some
reraains of the original inhabitants. ,It bas
Poraponesset bay e,, a ligbt soil. .with, much
wood. Here was an Indian Christian- congre
gation, Martiiasville, p-v, Montgomery co. Mo.,
about 55 ms. wstrd. S. Louis.
Martha's Vineyard, isl. -Dtikes co. Mass.,
contains 3 towns, Edgartown, Tisbury, and
Chilmark. The court of common pleas is held
at Edgartown for Barnstable and Dukes cos.
Soil poor, but raany cattle and slieep- are. raised ;.
and the fisheries are valuable. -The people are
much engaged as pilots, seamen, and as fisher.
men, and are hardy and enterprising. An In.
dian church was formed here-in 1666, by Cotton
Mather. It is a little w. Nantucket, 91 ras. by 6.
Marticville, p.v, in the tsp, of Martie, Lan.
caster co. Pa, 8 ras. sthrd. the cityof Lancaster.
In 1820, the tsp. contained 1,701 inhabitants.
Martin, co. N. C. bndd. by Washington e,,
Beaufort s, e,, Pitt s, w,, Edgecombe w„ Halifax

MAR

272

MAR

N. w., and Roanoke r, aeparating it from Bertie
N. and N, E. Length 40, mean width 12, and
area 481 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 33° 40' to
36° 02', and in long. 0° 16' e. to 0° 28' w. W.
C. "The surface level, and in part marshy, with
a sUght declination to the N. e, towards Roan.
oke r. Cf t. WiUiamstown. Pop. 1820, 6,320 ;
1830, 8,539.
Martin, co. Ind. bndd. s. by Dubois, Daviess
w., Greene n,, Lawrence n. e,, and Orange s, e, ;
breadth 15, mean length 20, and area 300 sq.
ras. Lat. 38° 40', long. 9° 50' w. W. C. It is
traversed in a s, s. w. direction by the east
branch of White r. Cf t, Hindostan. Pop. 2,010,
Martins, cr. and p-o. The cr. falls into the
Del. r, in Northampton co. Pa. 10 ms. above
Easton, and the p-o. is near it,
Martinsburg, p-t, and st. jus, Lewis co, N,
Y. Roaring branch, has good mill seats. It
contains the co. buildings, and is 48 ms. K.
Utica. Pop. 2,382.
Martiixseurg, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Bed
ford CO. Pa, 27 ms, a little e. of tt. the boro' of
Bedford, artd by p-r. 119 ras. s. w. by w. Har
risburg. Martinsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Berkley co.
Va. 94 ms, n, n. e, Winchester, 21 n. w. Har
pers Ferry, and by p-r, 84 n, w. W. C, Lat,
39° 27', and long, 0° 58' w. W, C.
Martinsburg, p-v. in the sthm. part of Mon
roe CO. Ky, 14 ma. from Torapkinsville, and by
p-r. 151 s. s. w, Frankford.
Martinsburg, p-v. Knox co. 0. by p-r. 55 ras.
m, E, Colurabus.
Martinsburg, p-v. Wasbington co. Ind. by
p-r, ]03 ras, sthrd, IndianopoUs,
Martin's Mills, and p-o, Richland co. 0, by
p;r, 86 ras, n, n. e, Columbus,
Martin's Store, and p-o, Montgomery co. N,
C, by p-r, 133 ms, s, w, by av, Raleigb,
Martinville, P-v, and st. jus. Morgan co.
Ind. situated on White r. 30 ras. below, and s.
s. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 26' long. W. C.
9° 24' w.
Martinsville, p-v, and st, jus, Henry co, Va,
situated near the left bank of Irvine or Smith's
r, about 70 ras, s, w, Lynchburg, andby p-r, 151
e. w. by vr. Richraond,
Martinsville, p-v, Guilford co, N. C, situa
ted on the Reedy fork of Haw r., by p-r, 94 ms.
N. w. by w. Raleigh,
Martinsville, p.v. in the nthestrn. part of
Warren co, Ky, 29 ms, from Bowling Green,
and by p,r, 113 ms. s> w. by w. Frankfort.
Maryland, p-t. Otsego co, N, Y, 16 ras. s.
Cooperstown, 66 w. Albany, has much good
grazing; but Crorahorn mtns. are barren.
10,000 acres of the tsp. belong to the state. It
has miUs, manufactories, &c. Pop. 1,834.
Maryland, one of the states of the U. S.,
bndd. by the state of Del. e,, the Atlantic ocean
andthe estrn. shore ofVa. s.e., Chesapeake
bay s., Potoraac r. separating it frora Va. s, vr.,
a part of Va. w., and Pa. n. w. and tt. Mary
land extefids along the Atlantic ocean frora the
stheattn. angle of the state of Del. to the
sthestrn. angle of Maryland 35 ms. ; between
Md. and "Va., on the estrn. shore 15 ; from the
mouth of Pokomoke r. to that of Potomac 40 ;
up Potomac r. to the sburce of its n, branch 390 ;

thence due n. to the sthm. boundary of Pa, 36 ;
along the limit between Pa. and Md. 200 ; and
along the limit between Del. and Md. to the
place of beginning on the Atlantic 124 ; having
an outline of 770 ms. ; and extends from lat.
38° to 39° 43' very neariy, and in long. 1° 56'
E. to 2° 24' w. W. C. Frona the great irregu
larity of its outline, and from including in its
superficies that of Chesapeake bay, the area of
the land surface of Md. has been, by most ge.
ographers, overrated. The subjoined table
gives the area of the counties, and the aggre.
gate of the whole. Pop, Pop,
Lth. mn, will, area, 1830, 1830.
Alleghany, 60 12^- 812i- 8,654 10,602
A, Rundel, 00 12 720 27,165 28,295
Baltimore, 36 25 900 96,2111 120,876
Calvert, 33 8 284 8,073 8,899
Caroline, 30 8 240 10,041 9.070
Cecil, 22 12 264 16,048 15,432
Charles, 30 15 450 16,500 17,606
Dorch.ster, 32 20 640 17,753 18,685
Frederick, 42 18 776 4",459 45,793
Harford, 30 16 480 15,924 l'!,315
Kent, 30 8 240 11,453 10,502
Montgomery, 28 13 500 16,400 19,816
Prince George's, 30 17 510 20,216 20,473
Queen Ann, 40 10 400 14,952 14,396
St. Mary's, 38 10 380 12,974 13,455
Somerset, 35 15 500 19,579 20,15.>
Talbot, 25 8 200 14,389 12,947
Washington, 40 12 480 23,075 25,263
Worcester, 30 20 600 17,421 18,271
Total, 9,356 407,279 446,913
Of the area, the estrn, shore contains 3,084
sq, ms. with a pop. in 1820. of 121,638, or
soraething above 39 to the sq. ra,, whilst the
wstrn. part, comprising 6,272 sq, ms,, and in.
eluding the two cities of Baltiraore and Fred.
erick, contained in 1820, 285,641 inhabitants.
In the last decennia period, the aggregate pop.
ofthe state, has increased a small fractibn above
9^ per cent,, having gained an increment of
39,634, but this augmentation has been entirely
w, of Chesapeake bay. Of tbe 8 estrn, cos, 4
have decreased, and taken together, the aggre.
gate is 2,171 less than that of 1820. On tbe
contrary, every one ofthe wstm. cos. has gain.
ed raore or less, and the whole has auo-raented
from 285,641 to 327,446. Of the increase,
17,887 -was in the city of Baltimore. The pro.
gressive population ofthe state since 1790, has
been as foUows : —
Date, Whites, Free col'd. Slaves, Total col'd. Total,
1790 208,647 8,043 103,036 111,079 319,728
1800 221,998 19,987 107,707 127,694 349,654
1810 235,117 33,927 111,503 145,429 380,546
18'20 260,222 39,730 107,398 147,123 407,350
laiO 291,093 52,912 102,873 155,820 446,913
Of the pop, in 1830, were : — whites, blind,
156; deaf and durab, 132; colored. Wind, 117 ;
deaf and durab, 89, The free white pop, has
within the last 10 years augmented frora 260,922
to 291,093, having gained 30,871 or about 12
per cent. The free colored increase is 13,182
or at tbe rate of 33 J per cent. Tbe slaves have
decreased 4,590, or at the rate of 4i per cent.
The total increase of colored pop. since 1820,
is 8,652, or at the rate of 5} per cent. There
were in 1790, 183 whites to one colored,—
1800, 175,-1810, 162,-1820, 177, and in
1830, 187.
Natural Geography. — Md. is naturally sub-
divided into three sections ; eastern, middle and
western. The estrn, called locally, " the east.

MAR

273*

MAR

ern shore," separated frora the raiddle by Ches.
apeake bay, coraprises a part of that remarkable
peninsula between the Delaware and Cheaa.
peake baya. Except in size and in being united
to the continent on the n. by a neck of land of
about 20 ras,, the Chesapeake peninsula differs
in nothing essential from the other insular strips
along the Atlantic coast of the U, S, Both
Long laland and Staten Island, are indeed much
more relatively elevated than any part of the
peninsula of Chesapeake, {See Chesapeake
peninsula.) Of tbis peninsula, Md. comprises
the wstrn. slope from Pokoraoke bay, to the
junction of Susquehannah r. with Chesapeake
bay. The eastern shore of Md. is peculiarly
indented by bays and chequered with small
islands. Pokoraoke bay is an expanse of water
spreading from the raouth of a sraall river of the
same narae, and is followed northwestardly by
Tangier island and sound, leading into Fish.
ing bay, below the mouth of Nanticoke r, ; with
the Tangier islands and the mouth of Potomac,
Chesapeake bay abruptly contracts from a widtb
of 25 to about 10 or 1'2 ms. Above the mouth
of Nanticoke a., with the peninsular forming
Dorchester co., intervening, opens Choptank
bay, separating Dorchester from Talbot co.
The latter co. is again subdivided into several
fragments by Tread Haven, Broad and St. i\li.
chael's bays, and is followed by Chester bay
and r., separating Queen Ann from Kent co.
All those bays and nuraerous creeks intersect
tbe coast, in the apace of one degree of lat, be.
tween 38° and 39°. Frora lat. 39°, Kent co.
sweeps a seraiciroular peninsular, between
Chester and Sassafras rs. with its convex on
Chesapeake bay. Sassafras bay is followed in
quick succession by Elk and North rs,, and final.
ly by the great discharge of Susquehannah r.
We raay regard the Chesapeake and Del. canal
as a natural lirait, since, though artificial and of
recent construction, it must remain permanent,
and insulates the natural section under review.
The eastern shore of Md. is aUuvial. The s-jr.
face of the country is either waving or level,
and in no place sufficiently elevated to be cor.
rectiy designated hilly. The soil varies, but in
its general character raay be set down as above
raiddUng quality. The cUmate from the nthrn.
part of Cecil, to the sthrn. of Soraerset and
Dorchester cos. diff'ers in teraperature much
more than might be expected in 103 minutes of
lat., over a region so little diversified in relative
elevation. On the lower cos. cotton can be
cultivated to advantage. The very numerous
inlets, and the proximity of Baltiraore, give this
section of Md. great coramercial advantages,
and yet, as we have seen, the distributive pop. is
on the decrease. If, bowever, we abstract
the combined pop. of Baltimore and Frederick
cities, the mean density of the two shores of
Md., stand by the census of 1830, very nearly
equal at 38 to the sq. m., but with the cities of
Frederick and Baltimore, the wstrn. side has a
distributive pop. of 52 to the sq. m. The prirai
tive ledge, and Susquehannah r. enter. Md. to
gether, but extend at alraost exactly right an.
gles to each other ; the r. flowing sthestrd. to
the head of tide water, and the primiti-ve ledge
inclining sthwstrd. to the head of tide water in |

Potomac r,, in the dist, of Columbia, Aldhg
the shores of Chesapeake bay, from the mouth
of Potomac, to that of Susquehannah, the
components of soil, formation and aspect of the
surface, do not raaterially differ from the oppo.
site or estrn, shore, but advancing to the north.
westward from Chesapeake, the country grad
ually rises, becomes raore and more broken and
rocky, until the primitive ledge is attained.
This great physical boundary has a raean ele
vation of at least 400 ft, and divides the state
into two sections, and also into two very dis
tinct zones of soil. The primitive is not very
definite in its termination to the s, E,, and is still
less distinctly traceable on the opposite side.
Its lower visible boundary is generally deter
rained by the head of tide water, and all the
streams which traverse it, pass thro-ugh gorges
with cataracts of raore or less descent. "The
primitive ledge is in fact a part of an Appa
lachian chain. Mere elevation excepted, the
ridge has every trait of other ridges of the
system to which it belongs. The Sugar Loaf
mtn. which rises in Md., near and below the
junction of Potoraac and Mona,;acy rs,, is
another portion of a naraeless chain, whicli
extends ntbestrd, separating Frederick from
Montgomery, Anne Rundel, and Baltiraore
cos. The immediate valley, about 20 miles
wide, between the lower primitive and Sugar
Loaf chain, is a real mtn, valley, comprising in
Md, great part of Montgomery, the upper part
of Anne Rundel, Baltiraore, and Harford cos.,
and which is followed nthwstrd. frora the Su
gar Loaf chain, by the fine valley of Monocacy.
That part of the latter valley contained in Md,,
is coraraensurate with Frederick co, Westrd,
from Frederick the two cos, of Washington
and Alleghany, are coraposed of narrow but
generaUy very fertile vales, between lateral
ridges of the Appalachian systera, Independ.
ent of the ratn. ridges, the surface of Marylan.k
gradually rises from the Chesapeake bay to the
sources of Potoraac, or frora the level of tide
water to near 2,000 feet. The relative height
frora tide water in the basin at Baltimore to the
dividing ground in Alleghany oo. Md,, between
the sources of Potoraac and Youghioghany rs.
is as follows : from the forks of Patapsco r.
about raidway from tide water at Bait,, to the
second or Sugar Loaf ridge, about raid tide,
385 ft. Sourcea of Patuxent, Patapsco, flow
ing atheatrd. and Liganore and Pipe cr. branch
ea of Monocacy, flowing sthwstrd. and near
where the great road passes from Baltimore to
Frederick, frora 600 to 850 ft. Country adja
cent to Frederick, frora 300 to 500 ft. Harraan's
gap, over Blue Ridge orCatoctin mtn,, about 10
ms, E. Hagerstown, 1,550 ft. Lower part ofthe
vallies of Antietara and Conecocheague around
Hagerstown, 460 to 800 ft. Arable ground
along the Potomac near Cumberland, 550 ft.
Arable ground in the valley between Will's
and Savage ratns., and between Curaberland and
Frostburg, drained into Potomac by Will's and
George's ers., from 800 to 1,000 ft. Arable
vallies between the numerous ridges of mtns.
from which flow on one side the sources of
Potomac, and on the other those of Youghio.
ghany rs,, from 1,600 to 9,000 ft. From the

MAR

274

MAR,

at Sandy Spring. Winter of 1828 — 29, — mean
terap. frora winter solstice 1828, to vernal equi.
nox 1899, 28. 39. Spring of 1829,— raean
terap. from vernal equinox, 1829, to summer-
solstice, 1829, 58, 29, Summer of 1829, —
mean temp, frora the sumraer solstice, to the
auturanal equinox, 1829, 69, 31, Auturan of
1829, — raean temp, from autumnal equinox, to
winter solstice, 1823, 46, 96, Winter of 1829—
30, — raean temp, frora winter solstice 1829, to
vernal eqj^iinos- 1830, 35, 63. Spring of 1830,
— raean terap. frora vemal equinox, to sumraer
solstice 1830, 58, 14, Suraraer of 1830,—
raean terap, frora suraraer solstice, to autumnal
equinox 1830, 71. 46, Autumnof 1830, — raean
terap, frora auturanal equinox, to winter solstice
1830, 49, 23, Winter of 1830— 31,- raean
terap, from winter solstice 1830, to vernal equi.
nox 1831, 29, 88, Spring of 1831,— raean
temp, from vernal equinox, to sumraer solstice
1831, 59. 64, Suramer of 1831, — raean temp,
from suraraer solstice, to auturanal equinox
1831, 69. 95. Auturan of 1831, — mean terap.
frora auturanal equinox, to winter solstice 1831,
41, 81. Mean of the 12 seasons, 51. 63, The
winter of 1831—1832, though remarkable for
occasional low temperature gave a raean of
plus 33, 00, At Sandy Spring oji the raorning
of December 16th, 1831, three thermometers
at frora 2 to 3 miles distance, yielded a mean
of 13° below zero. By the same instrumentSf
the raean of January 26th, 183;J, was at zero,
and on the raorning ofthe 27tb, the whole three
were again down to minus 13°, and the raean
ofthe whole day was ramus 1 16-100°.
Internal Improvements. — Tbe political sub.
divisions and relative extent and population of
Maryland has been already given. The chief
ciiy of thia state, Baltimore, has assumed a
vejy respectable rank araong the emporia of
the United States. Besides the great western
turnpike road, extending from Baltiraore thro'
Fred, to join the U. S. road at Cumberland,
several other leading roads connect Baltimore
witbW. C, on one side and with several ofthe
most productive cos, of central Pennsylvania.
A rail.road on an extensive plan has been pro
jected, to extend from Baltiraore to tbe Ohio.
river. But though a part of this road has been
so far completed (1832) as to admit road cara to
travel over it, too little coraparatively has been
done to admit a general, much less a specific
description. The charter for the Chesapeake
and Ohio Canal is of prior date to that for the
Baltiraore and Ohio rail road, but when the two
companies were in the incipient stage of ad--
yaiice with their respective works they became-
involved in a legal controversy. An injunctitm
was obtained at the suit of the Chesapeake and.
Ohio canal corapany, prohibiting the Baltimore
and Ohio corapany soon after its organization,
frora proceeding to constract the rail-road along
the Potomac r. Tbis stiU (1832) remaina in
force, and has hitherto limited the operations
ef the Board, to the country estrd. ofthe point
of rocks. ' The Point of Rocks,' so called,
isthe terraination of the Cotoctin ratn., on the
left bank of Potomac r. 6 ms. above the mouth
of the Monocacy. Between Bahimore and the
Point of Rocks, the road is to follow a gener-

above elements, given in round numbers, it ia
shewn that western Maryland forms part of an
iuclined plane rising frora tide water in a dis
tance of about 150 statute ras. air raeasure, to
2,000 ft. If 400 ft. is assuraed as equivalent to
a degree of terap. on Fahrenheit's scale, the
relative height will equal 5 degrees, or give to
the extreme western part ofthe state a cUraate
in winter similar to that on the Atlantic coast in
lat. 44° 43'. There is much good soil existing
ia every section of this state, but the raost pro
ductive is grain and fruit in sorae ofthe lime-
stune tracts in the three western cos, ; vegeta
tion, however, either indigenous or exotic, is
greatly influenced by the extremes, if lat. and
relative height are corabined, of upwards of 6^
degrees of temperature. On the low sandy-
plains of Worcester, Soraerset and Dorchester
COS. between lat, 38° and 38° 4Qi, cotton can be
cultivated, whilst the elevated vales of Alle
ghany CO,, though of a highly productive soil,
are almost too cold for wheat. As Maryland
occupies a nearly middle latitude araongst the
states of the United States, the following raeteo
rological tabli^ may serve to elucidate not alone
the climate of that, but of the raiddle Atlantic
states generally, 'The observations were raade
and recorded by the author of this article, at
his residence near Sandy Spring, Montgomery
CO,, about 2.1 ms, n, W, C, at lat, 39° 09' and at
an elevation above tide water of 400 ft. No. 1.
Table of the mean and extrerae raonthly terap.
at the white Cottage near Sandy Spring, from
observations raade during two years, 1899 and
.1830, 1829 1830 Mean Highest Lo-west.
Jan, 30. 30 30. 03 30. 3 4a 8
Feb. 2,1, 34, 66 29. 83 46 2
March 37. 23 43. 88 45.-55 67 20
April 51. 37 54. 49 52. 93 80 30
May 64. 16 65. 18 64, 67 78 37
June 69, 73 68, 94 69, 33 90 50
July 70, 72 79, 01 74, 91 91 ,55
A'ugust 73, 72. 72 72. 81 90 52
Sept. 61, 42 63, 58 62, 05 82 36
Oct. 52. 85 55. 43 54. 16 77 26
Nov. 39. 68 51, 77 4.5, 2-.; 70 21
Dec, 42, 5 35, 53 39, 01 67 6
Mean 51.496 54, 47 53,435
No, 2, Table of the monthly provalent winds
frora observations made on 786 consecutive
days, frora Jan, 1st, 1829, to Feb, 98th, 1831,
inclusive.Months, N, N, w. w. s.w, S. g.K. E. N.E.
Jan, 5 40 4 17 2 9 2 10
Feb, 3 43 3 13 4 8 1 9
March 2 30 0 12 4 12 0 2
April 5 24 1 12 3 a 4 3
May ] 17 1 18 2 13 2 8
June 4 23 5 13 4 10 0 1
July 5 14 7 23 2 7 0 4
August 5 17 3 15 3 11 0 8
Bept, 5 23 1 13 4 9 1 5
Oct, 3 17. 3 13 3 10 0 13
Nov, 3 23 1 14 1 8 4 6
Dec, 2 18 3 17 3 9 0 8

Reduced to 43 289 34 180 35 104 14 77
proportionsof 1000, 50 367 43 241 44 145 17 90
The results of table No, 2, correspond in a
very striking manner with those of similar ob
servations made in the northern, terap, zone on
the continent ofN. America, from- the Pacific to
the Atlantic ocean, on the Atlantic ocean, and
on wstrn. Europe.
Statement of mean teraperature ofthe seasons

MAR

•275

MAR

al wstrn, course, with an elliptic curve to the
nthrd. pursuing the valley of Patapsco to its
forks, 'thence along the wstrn. branch to the
surarait of tbe first ratn. ridge. Thence down
Bush creek into Monocacy r,, down the latter
stream a few ms,, and finally in a o, s, w, di
rection to the Potomac at the Point of Roclis,
Entire distance from Baltimore 66 ma. Above
the Point of Rooks the right of way along the
•Potomac, long in litigation, was decided in favor
of tbe Chesapeake and Ohio canal corapany.
Some attempts were made at coraproraise but
hitherto without efteot, and has arrested this
work at the Point of Rocks. (See art. Rail
Roads and Canals; Baltimore and Ohio, Balti
more ^- Susqvekannahand Baltimore R. roads.)
History. — The first perraanent settleraent of
whites raade on the territory now comprised in
thestate of Md,, was raade in 1631, under
William Claiborne, on Kent Island, now apart
of Queen Ann co. The original charter, how
ever, under which the colony was estabUshed
was granted to Cecilius Cah'ert (Lord Balti
more) and dated 20th June, 1632, The first
emigrants arrived on the n, bank of Potomac,
in 1634, The early settlers were much dis
turbed by contentions with Claiborne, who re
sisted the proprietary grant, and finally instiga
ted the Indiana to war. These troublea were
followed by the inhabitants abaringthe poUtical
feelinga and violence of the revolution in Eng
land, about the raiddle of the 17th .century. A
civil war distracted the infant colony, which
was terminated by the'submis^on ofthe people
to Crorawell's governinent. The charter of
Md. was obtained by <a Roman Catholic no.
bleraan, and the settleraent raade on princi
ples of civil and religious toleration, far in ad
vance ofthe age ; but whUe the republican par
ty, as tbey were with ineffable absurdity called,
prevaUed, all the rigor of anti-popery statutea
enacted in England were enforced in Md. Such
was the intolerance of the times that the restor
ation of the Stewart family qnly changed tbe
objects of oppression. Under James II. a quo
warranto was sued out against the charter of
Md., but before judgraent could be had on the
writ, the family ceased to reign. Under Crom.
well tbe Calvert faraily were deprived of tbe
governraent; were reatored by Charlea II., and
again deprived by Williara and Mary, and Ma
ryland continued a royal govemraent until 1716,
Tbe Calvert who held the clairas of his family,,
finally renounced the Roman Catholic religion,'
and at the latter epoch was reinstated in his
rights. From 1716 to the revolution, the ad.'
vance of Md. was slow, affording few incidents
for history. In the war of Independence, it is
not too much to say that " the Md. line" was
marked with unfading reijown. The existing'
constitution was ratified at Annapolis, •14th Aug;
1776. The federal constitution was adopted by
Md, in 1-788, and in 1790, that partof the district
of Columbia lying to the left ofthe Potomac was
cedefl to the general government,
Governntent. — The legislature is divided into
two distinet branches, a senate and house of
delegates, styled "The general assembly of
Maryland," Senators must bo upwards of .35
yearsof age, -15 in number, 9 for the western.

and 6 for the eastern shore : before being elect
ed they raust bave had three years residence ift
tbe state ; terra of office five years. Delegates
or members of the lower bouse, must, when
chosen; be above 91 yearsof age, and must bave
resided one year in the co, where chosen, next
preceding their election. The governor is cho
sen by tlie legislature annually, but eligible only
3 years out of 7 ; when choaen, he rauat have
resided in the state 5 years, and have attained
tothe age of 25 yeara. The council, 5 in num
ber, is elected by the legislature, and must,
when elected, have attained 25 years of age,
and resided in the state 3 years. Their duties
are to advise the governor and asaent to or dis
sent from the executive appointraents. The
judiciary is forraed of a chancellor, s'jperior
and district judges. By the 9th section ofthe
amendments to the constitution of Md,, passed
Nov, 1812, it was divided into 6 judicial dists,,
9 e, and 4 w, of 'Chesapeake bay; ovef each of
these presides one chief, and two associate
judges, who, during their terra of office, raust
reside in their judicial district, and hold their of
fice during good behavior, removable by con
viction in a court of law, or by address ofthe gen
eral asserably, two thirds of the members voting
forthe removal. The courtof appeals ia formed
by the chief judges of the districts, of whicb
tbree form a quorum ; but no chief judge can
sit as a meraber of the same court of appeals
before whora the original decision was made.
The right of suffrage demands only citizenship,
91 years of age, and one year's residence in the
CO, where the election is held, but is confined to
free wbite males.
Education. — Under the colonial governraent,
as early as 1696, funds were, by legislative
enactments, appropriated to education, by
meana of a college and free achools. As in
nearly every other instance in the U. S. either
before or since the revolution, tbe college ab
sorbed the funds, raade progress, and left the
systera of comraon education neglected. Wash
ington college at Chestertown, Kent co,, east
ern shore, was established in 1782, On the
western shore of Annapolis, St, John's college
was established in 1784, and the two subsequent.
ly forraed a university, A Roraan Catholic
college at Georgetown was also formed in 1784,
The medical college was founded' in Baltimore,
1807. This latter institution was, in 1819, con.
nected with the faculties of divinity, law, and
general sciences, and the whole forraed into a
body corporate, imder the title of " the univer
sity of Maryland." Baltimore college, and St.
Mary's colleges, are separate institutions. The
funds to support these different establishraents,
are drawn from lands, funded stock, and fees
paid by students. Academies witb more or
less approach to collegiate forra exist in most
ofthe principal towns in the state ; but no sys
tem qf comraon instruction is in operation,
though, since 1813, funds for that purpose were
provided, amounting to $15,000 per annura, to
be equally divided between Ihe cos,, whatever
raighfbe the relative population. Tbis fund is
derived from bank stock, and appropriated to
free and charity schools. Some few counties
have met the provision, and availed themselves

MAS

276

MAS

of its benefits, whilst others have uot received
their share of a real benefaction.
Manufactures and commerce. — Though Ma
ryland has not been ranked araongst tbe manu
facturing states, it is doubtful whether in pro.
portion to her population she is not in that re-
.spect amongst the first, Nuraerous woollen and
cotton mills, copper and iron roUing mUls are
in operation near Baltimore, and are also scat
tered over other parts of the state. Flour and
tobacco have been called the staples of Mary
land, but the forraer so greatly exceeds the lat
ter as to claim pre-erainence. Tobacco is how
ever produced largely, and of exceUent quality.
Mineral coal, and iron ore abound in some of
the western cos. The mineral coal is confined,
indeed, to AUeghany co., but there is an inex
haustible abundance of the bituminous species.
Iron ore is found in most of the cos, w. of the
Chesapeake bay, and is extensively wrought in
to iron and pot raetal. By the annual report,
Dec. 30, 1832, ofthe treasurer of the western
shore, it appears that the actual income of the
slate of Maryland, for the year which ended on
the 1st inst., (including $77,177 64, the bal
ance in the treasury of the western shore on the
1st Dec. 1831,) was $683,255 )9. The dis
bursements ofthe year amounted to {631,928 39,
leaving an unexpended balance of ,^51,396 80.
Subject to appropriations uncalled for, $47,439
93, leaving an unappropriated balance in the
treasury on the 1st Dec, 1832, of $3,886 87.
Marysville, p-v. in Ihe southern part of
Campbell co. Va. 20 ms. a little w. of s. Lynch
burg, and by p-r, 147 s. w, by w. Richmond,
Marysville, st, jus, Charlotte co, Va, situ
ated on a branch of Little Roanoke, 30 miles
s. E, Lynchburg, and by p.r, 69 'raa, s, w, from
Ricbraond, N, lat, 37° 03', long, 1° 52' w.W. C.
Marysville, p-v, on Licking r, Harrison co,
Ky. about 45 ras, northestrd, Frankfort,
Marysville, p-v, and st, jus. Union co, 0, by
p-r, 37 ras, n, w, Colurabus, Lat, 40° 16', long,
C° 99' w, W, C, Pop, 142,
Maryville, p-v, and st, jus, Blount co. Ten,
18 ms. 5. -Vf. Knoxville, and by p-r. 161 ms. a
little s, of E, Nashville, Lat, 35° 46', and long,
6° 51' w. W. C, It is the seat of the Southern
and Western theological seminary, which was
established, 1819, and is under the care of the
Presbyterian Synod of the state. It is both a
theological and literary institution, and a farm
belongs to it, on which indigent students labor,
Masard cr, and p-o, Crawford co. Ark, by
p-r, 226 ms, above, and westward Little Rock,
Mascomy, pond, Grafton co. N. H, ; con
tains 2 or 3,000 acres,
Mascomy, r, Graftcn co, N, H, enters Mas
comy pond at Enfield,
Mason, p-t, HiUsboro' co. N. II. 43 ms. o.
Concord, 15 s. w. Amherst ; is crossed by Sou-
began r., and has mills and manufactories. Pop.
1830, 1,403,
Mason, one of the western cos. of Va. bound
ed by Cabell s, w., Kenhawa s. e., Jackson n.
E., Ohio r. separating it from Meigs co. in O.
N,, and again by the Ohio r. separating it from
GaUia co. 0, w, Lengtl. -32, mean bteadth 20,
and ared 640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 32'
to 39° 05', and in long. 4° 22' to 5° 19' vr. W.

C. This CO. is washed, if we follow the bends,
nearly 60 ms. by the 0. r. ; and the southern
part is traversed in a northwesterly direction by
the Great Kenhawa. The surface is very bro.
ken, though rauch of the soil is of good quaUty.
Salt water has been procured by digging wells
near Kenhawa r. Cf. t. Mount Pleasant. Pop.
1820, 4,868, 183 ', 6,534,
Masc-v, CO. Ky, bndd. by Bracken w., by
Nicholas o. w., ileraing s. and s. is., Lewis e.,
Ohio r. separating it frora Adams co. 0, N. e,,
and again by Ohio r, separating it from Brown
CO. 0, N. Length 20, mean widtb 13, and area
260 sq. ras. Extending in lat. 38° 28' to 38°
44', and in long. 6° 32' to 7° w. W. C. Though
this CO, is bounded by Ohio r. on the ft., the
general slope is -wstrd, towards Licking r. Cf
ts. Washington and MaysvUle. Pop. 1820,
13,568, 1830, 16,199,
Ma'son, or to preserve the sound more cor.
rectiy, Masson r, of La,, is one ofthe drains of
the annually inundated tract between the Misp,
and Eocuf branch of Ouachitta, rises near Grand
lake and flowing sthrd, about 80 ras, falls into
Tensaw 20 or 30 ms, above the junction ofthe
latter with the Ouachitta,
Mason Kall, p-v, in the n, wstrn. part of
Orange co. N. C, by p-r. 51 ms.u. w, Raleigh,
Maso.mtown, p-v, Fayette co. Pa. about 90 ms.
N. Union Town, and by p-r. 222 ms. n. w. W. C.
Masonville, p-t. Delaware co. N, Y,, 24 ms.
w. Delhi, furnishes fine grazing ; strearas run
uito Del. and Susquehannah rs. Pop, 1,145.
Masonville, or Mason's Ferry, p-o. York
dist, S, C, situated where the road from York.
viUe to Charlotte in N, C. crosses Catawba r.,
by p-r. 87 ms. a little e, ofN, Colurabia.
Masonville, p-v. Lauderdale co, Ala,, by p-r,
119 ras, nthwrd. Tuscaloosa.
Massabesick pond, in Chester, Rockingham
CO. N. H,, 6 ras. long, by 2 or 300 rods, has an
area of 1,500 acres.
Massachusetts bay, the waters enclosed by
the coast of Mass. frora cape Ann to cape Cod.
It contains many isis. cbiefly in Boston harbor,
and several ports, the raost itnportant of which ia
Boston. It was visited by the pUgrims before
they landed at Plyraouth.
Massachusetts, one ofthe United States, the
oldest and raost iraportant state in New Eng
land, bndd. N. by Verraont and New Harapshire,
E, by the Atlantic, a, by the Atlantic,Rhode Island
and Connecticut, and w. by N, York, It lies be
tween 41° 23' and 43° 52' lat., and 3° 38' and 7°
7' E. long, from W. C. It is 60 ms. wide by 1 30
long, and contains 7,800 sq, ms., of which about
4,644,000 acres are land. The early history of
Mass. is that of New England. In this state the
first perinanent settlements by Englishmen were
raade. "There were tried the first experiraents
of founding a coraraunity on the principles of
general virtue and intelligence. A party of
emigrants who had fled from England to seek a
country in which they might enjoy freedom of
conscience, landed at Plyraouth, Dec. 22d, 1620.
They had sailed for Hudson's, river, but were
carried by the master ofthe ship, wbo had been
bribed by the Dutch to a region far better fitted
for the ultiraate success of their plans, than tbat
for which they started, tn founding their poll.

MAS

277

MAS

tical community, the equal rights and powers of
individuals were distinctly recognized. Legis
lative acta were soon passed for the instruction
of every child in the community. Religion
was the first object of care with the colonists,
and as early as 1631, the general court decreed
that none but church raerabers should enjoy
the privilege of voting, &c. From a few of the
first colonies on the coast of Massachusetts bay,
other settlements were soon fornied, ao that the
same principlea, habits, and institutions, ex
tended throughout New England, and have
exercised an important influence on it, and on
the United Stales, Thefirst general court or
legislative assembly of Mass, composed of 24
representatives from the various settlements,
was held in 1634, Before this, all the freemen
were accustomed to meet for the transaction of
public business, &c. The trial by jury was
now adopted. The Pequod war, which threat
ened tbe south and west settleraents, took place
in 1637, and after sorae unjustifiable cruelties,
terminated in the alraost entire destruction of
the only Indian nation inimical to the colonies.
In 1641 the settlements of New Hampshire were
incorporated with Mass, In 1643, the first
union took place between the New England
colonies, when articles of an offensive and de
fensive confederacy were agreed to, which
enabled them to combine their powers in the
subsequent French and Indian wars. In 165;2
the province of Maine placed itself under the
protection of Mass,, and was called the co, of
Yorkshire, In 1GG4, four royal judges were
sent out from England, to determine all causes
of every kind, in the colonies, but were not per
mitted to perforra the office assigned, and re
turned. In 1675 began PhiUp's war, during
which, about 1000 buildings were destroyed, 12
or 13 settlements broken up, and nearly 600 of
the colonists were killed. In 1680 New Hamp
shire was constituted a separate colony by the
British cabinet. In 1684 the English high
court of chancery, declared the charter of Mass,
forfeited, but Col, fiirk, who was appointed
governor of New England, waa prevented by the
king's death, from entering on his office. In
1685 Joseph Dudley became president of New
England. He was succeeded the next year by
Sir Edmund Androsa, who was resisted in
Mass, and Connecticut, In 1689 Plyraouth
was, by royal order, united to Mass, and the
old charter of Mass, was confirmed. In 1692
Sir Williara Phipps, a native of New England,
became governor under a new charter, which
vested the appointnaent of governor, lieutenant
governor, secretary, and admiralty officers, in
the crown, and rendered the governor's assent
necessary to every public act, besides giving
him the appointment of military and judicial
officers, and a negative on all the elections of
civil officers, by the general court. In 1720, a
controversy comnaenced between the house of
representatives and the governor, in relation to
privile!;e.s, which continued for some time. In
1745 the fortress of Louisburg was captured
by New England troops, most of them from
Massachusetts, In 1753 was formed the first
society for the encouragement of industry, at
the celebration of which, three hundred young 36

women appeared on Boston comraon, at their
spinning wheels, while one working at a loom,
was carried on a stage on men's shoulders.
In 1756 began the last French war, in which
Mass. and the other colonies, took an active
part, and suffered much. In 1765 measures
were first taken by the British government, to
raise revenue in the colonies, and atthe sugges
tion of Maaa., a congreas of delegates assem-
bled at New York, to procure the removal of
duties on stamped paper, &c. The stamp act
was repealed the following year, but renewed
in 1767, with duties on various other articles.
Public excitement prevaUed against the govern.
raent, and in 1770, the King's troops being in
sulted by the people of Boston, killed four of
the citizens. In 1773, several ship loads of tea,
sent out by the East India company, aubject lo a
duty, were forcibly thrown into the harbor, by
the inhabitants of Boston. In 1774, coraraer
cial privileges were denied to Boston, and
Gen. Gage, who was made commander of the
troops, in North America, adopted severa
measures, which at length led to a general in.
surrection, and finally to the establishment of
American independence. In September, 1774,
delegates from the colonies raet at Philadel
phia ; in 1775, Gen. Gage's troops were resist
ed; April 19th, occurred the battle of Lexing
ton, and June 17th, that of Bunker's hill. In
all these contests, the people opposed the en
croachraents of arbitrary power, and rose in
defence of tbose rights, in strong attachraent
to which they had been educated. In 1776,
Gen. Washington coraraenced the siege of Bos
ton, and corapelled the evacuation of it onthe
17th of March. After this time, the soil of
Mass., excepting sorae islands, reraained free
from actual invasion ; but they contributed pow
erfully to the success of the American arras,
by councils, men, and money. The constitu.
tion went into operation in 1780. In 1786 com
menced Shay's rebellion, which greatly agita.
ted the state. It led to no bloodshed except at
Its close, when 3 of his raen were kiUed, in at.
terapting to take the barracks at Springfield.
The federal constitution of the United States,
was adopted by the conveution of Mass. in
1788, "rhe present constitution of Mass,, ia
that of 1780, with sorae araendraents, adopted
by the convention of 1890, which waa in ses.
sion 83 days, at an expense to the state of
$60,000, The government now consists of
three parts. The legialature, called the "gen.
eral court," is composed of a senate of 40
raembers, chosen annually, ar.d a house of rep.
resentatives, of one or more members from
each town, consisting in all of 500, or 600
members, when all the towns send the fuU
number to which they are entitled. The num.
ber elected for the session commencing Jan.
1833, araounted to 583 merabers. Each of
these branches has a negative on the other.
The senate is founded on the representation of
property, the house of representatives on the
representation of the population in towna ; the
nuraber of senators, (with a limitation to six,)
from any district, being proportioned to the
amount of its taxes ; the number of represent
atives from, any town, depending on the number

MAS

278

MAS

of its inhabitants. The senate may constitute
a court of irapeachment ; the house of repre
sentatives may impeach, originate all money
bills, &c, &c. Every bill must be approved
and signed by the governor, before it becomes
a law, unless after being returned with his ob
jections, it shall have been passed by two thirds
of the legislature. The executive is vested in
a governor, lieut, governor, and 9 counsellors,
who are chosen annually, the two fornier by
the people, the counsellors, by the legislature
from the senators. The governor hasthe pow
er of opposing or rejecting bills passed bythe
legislature ; he is commander-in-chief of the
mUitary forces, appoints all judicial officers,
and with the council, exercises the pardoning
power. The judiciary department consists of
a supreme judicial court, and a court of com
mon pleaa, each coraposed of a chief judge,
and 3 associates, who hold their offices during
good behaviour. Besides these, are courts
held byjustices of the peace, and also probate
courts in each county. By an amendment to
the constitution, made in 1831, the political
year, hereafter, begina on the 1st Wednesday
of January, Massachusetts ia entitled to 12
representatives in congress. It is stated (1833)
that the pay and travel of the house of repre
sentatives, during the last 5 years, bave avera
ged $83,700 each session ; average number of
days, 89 ; and of membera, 534, The state is
divided into 14 counllea, and 307 towns. In
each of the counties, is a registry of deeds, a
house of correction, and one or more jails.
The soil is various, though generaUy good, and
the face of the state, greatly diversified, Nan
tucket, Duke's, Barnstable, Plymouth, Suffolk,
and Essex counties, on the sea, have much
poor soil, but good harbora, valuable fisheries,
and rauch navigation and coraraerce, Wor
cester county, the largest in the state, and ex
tending across its breadth, has an irregular sur
face, with good land, and excellent farras,
Franklin, Hampshire, and Harapden counties
are divided by Connecticut river, on whichare
extensive and fertile meadows, and which
affords navigation for rafts and boats. Steam
boats bave recently begun to ply to the upper
parts of the river, Berkshire county, which
forms the west extreraity of the state, is raoun
tainous, being crossed by the Green mountains,
and Taughkannic ranges ; itis of more recent
settlement and has much poor land, though a
considerable portion of excellent pasturage ; it
has good marble quarries, and its mountains
abound in iron ore. The soil of the state gen
erally is well adapted to the growth of grass
and fruit trees, and produces nearly all the
fruits of temperate cliraates, also Indian corn,
rye, oats, &c. There is a lead mine in South
arapton, the works in which have been for a
longtime suspended. The middle andE. parts
of the state abound in granite of an excellent
quaUty for building. Marble and Umestone
are found in exhaustless quantities in West
Stockbridge, Hinsdale and Lanesborough, An
thracite coal is found in Worcester, and quar
ries of soap stone in Middlefield, Near the
west line of the state is the Taughkannic range
of mountaina, which divides the waters of the

Hudson and Housatonic rivers. The highest
peak is Saddle mountain, in the north west
angle of the state, Hoosic mtns, run nearly
parallel, being a continuation ofthe Green mtn,
range of Vt,, and dividing the streams of the
Housatonnic and Hoosic rivers extend to New
Haven, Conn, Wachusett mtn, in Worcester
CO,, raount Tom and mount Holyoke, in Hamp
shire CO,, and mount Toby in Franklin co,, are
isolated, butvery considerable elevations. The
principal river is the Corm,, the largest and
most important in the state, which flows n. and
s, through the cos, of Franklin, Hampshire and
Hampden. Tbat portion whieh is included in
Mass,, affords great advantages for navigation.
By its annual floods, though they often injure
bridgea, crops, &c,, it greatly enriches the ex-
tensive meadows on its banks, with a deposit of
soil ; and its fish, particularly the shad, afford
a supply of excellent food to the inhabitants.
Large sums of raoney have been e,\'peiided on
dams, locks, canals, &c,, by which the naviga.
tion ia much iraproved, Merrimack r, touches
the n, 11, part ofthe state. The principal tribu.
taries of Conn, r, in this state, are Deerfield,
Westfield, IVlillers and Chickopee rs., tbe two
last of -which rise in Worcester co, Housato.
nic and Hoosic rs, rise in Berkshire co,, the
former running s, into Conn,, tbe latter n, into
Vt, and N, York. In Worcester co. rise alao
Quinnebaug r, which runs s, into Conn,, Paw.
tucket r, which runs into R, Island, Charles r.
which empties at Boston, and Concord and
Nashua rs, which join the Merrimack, There
are also many smaller streams and ponds which
are generally supplied with fish, and most of
which afford excellent mill seats for manufac
turing, &c. It is estimated that the quantity of
land at present belonging to this state, in Maine,
araounts to 4,750,000 acres ; of which 1,950,000
are involved in the boundary question between
Maine and New Brunswick.
Population. Massachusetts in 1800, contain
ed 429,845 inhabitants ; in 1810, 479,040 ; and
in 1890, 523,287, In 1830 the pop, was as fol
lows : — to which is prefixed the counties, with
their population in 1820,
Counties. Poy, 1820, Pi^. 1830.
Barnstable, 24,026 2.s,514
Berkshire, 35,720 37,f35
Bristol, 40,908 4ft,592
Dukes, 3,292 3,517
Essex, 74,655 82,859
l<'ranklin, 29,268 29,501
Hampden, 28,021 31,039
Hampshire, 26,487 30,254
Middlesex-, 61,473 77,901
Nantucket, 7,2I36 7,203
Norfolk, 36,471 41,972
Plymouth, 38,136 43,044
SiilRilk, 4.3,940 6-2,m3
Worcester, 73,625 84,833

Total,

:,'.

3,287

610,408

Of -H'hich were white

persons —

Males,

Females,

Undor 5 years of age.

40,644
39,533
From 5 to 15
70,667
67,863
" 16 to 30
91,422
94,934
" 30 to 50
59,116
64,847
" 50 to 70
25,3-37
31,445
" 70 to 90
7,333
9,701
': 90 and over
174
351
Total, 294,683 .308,674
Of the above were deaf and dumb, under 14
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279

MAS

years, 56 ; between 14 and 95, 69 : over 25,
138, Blind, 918. Aliens, 8,787.
Free colored, stales. Females.

rr 10 vraisofage,

794

809

From 10 to 24

889

9li3

" '-'4 to 3li

725

816

" 36 to 55

626

60 1

" 55 to 100

316

394

" 100 and over.

10

40

Slaves. 4

Total.
010,408

Total, 3,360 3,(«-3
Slaves, males none, females 4. Colored deaf
and du.'.ib, 9, Blind 5.
Recapitulation. Wliiles, Free colored
003,339 7,045
Slavery does not exist in this state ; a deci
sion made by the suprerae court ofthe .state, in
1783, declared that it was abolished by the fol
lowing clause in the declaration of rights, " all
men are born free and equal,"
The miUtia of Mass, in 1839 amounted to
44,479, exclusive of coraraissioned officers, viz,
cavalry 720, artUlery 9,694, infantry 3-2,074,
light infantry and grenadiers, 8,978, !)9 pieces
of brass ordnance, and 2 of iron, 15,277 mus
kets, and 9,383 rifles belong to the state.
The commerce of Mass, extends to all parts
of the globe. In the araount of its shipping it
is before any atate in the Union, and in the ex
tent of its foreign trade aecond only to New
York, The value of iraports during the year
ending Sept, 30, 1832, waa .$18,118,800, of
which $17,670,184 in value, were iraported in
American vessels. The value of exporta in
the same year, was $11,993,768, of which
$4,656,635 in value was of domestic produce.
"The amount of shipping owned and employed
in the foreign and coasting trade, and in the
fisheries, on the last day of December, 1831,
-was, 449,676 tons. Of the shipping of .Uassa-
chusetts, 17,659 tons belong to the district of
Newburyport, 1,567 to Ipswich, 12,838 to
Gloucester, 95,539 to Salem, 6,9 14 to M;irble-
head, 138,174 to Boston, 17,877 to Plymouth,
3,899 to Dighton, 64,049 to New Bedford, -2li,»r,7
to Barnstable, 9,590 to Edgartown, and 24,978
to Nantucket, The fisheries are important,
and the state continues more extensively e-j-
gaged in thera than all the other states of the
Union, The shipping employed in the li,-,heries
on the last day of December, 1831, amounted to
1-19,733 tons, of which 69,055 tons were en
gaged in the whals fishery, 38,7,91 tons in tho
cod fishery, and 31,913 in the mackerel fishery.
The whale fishery was comraenced very early.
In 1668, James Soper, in petitioning for an ex
clusive right, stated that he had caught whale
for 39 years. In the beginning ofthe l.stli cen
tury, whales were constantly taken ou the bay
shore of Cape Cod, For the last 60 years few
have been seen in the bay; but theyhave been
pursued in all parts of the world ; and the en
terprize, skill and hardihood, fostered by this
adventurous business, have contributed to the
improvement of American seamen. The ships
are chiefly fitted out at Nantucket and New
Bedford. The cod fishery is carried on on the
K, li, coast ofthe U, S,, and on those of New
foundland and Labrador, In 1831, in the cus
tora house district including Barnstable, licenses

were granted to 188 vessels engaged in cod
fishing, each averaging 58 tons, and eraploying
in all, 1,500 raen and boys. The proceeds for
the year were about $319,000, or about $190
per share, after deducting owners' portions and
incidental expenses. The raackerel fishery is
chiefly carried on along the coast. The manu.
factures of Muss, are extensive and various ;
those of cotton and wooUen are carried on chiefly
by largo and wealthy companies, and by ma.
chinery. In Berkshire co, there is invested for
manufacturing purposes, in real estate, buildings
and fixtures, ,$653,625, in machinery andtoola,
g376,405, and in active capital, $526,650, The
value of sheep and wool in the county, is about
^591,250, making an aggregate amount invested
by the manufacturers and wool growers of Berk.
shire of $9,087,930, The value of the pro
duce of thnse establishraents from Oct, 1830,
to Oct. 1831, was estimated at $2,000,965.
Salt is extensively raanufactured on the coast
from sea water. There are in the state 17,-
545,760 sq, feet of salt works, of which 13,-
799, 710 sq, feet are in the co, of Barnstable,
and cost ,$1,379,971, The expenses of the
state In 1831, were, $381,481 68 cents, re
ceipts $:!25,0.';5 95 cents, deficit $26,451 45
cents, to be supplied by taxation. 'The araount
of taxable property. May 1, 1832, $208,353,-
021 45 cents, and the number of poUs 159,-
444. In 18.-21, property, $153,300,407 54 ets.
and polls 122,71.0. The taxable property in the
cos. of Mas-.. ?,t,irch 9, 1832, was as follows :—
.Suftblk, $86,2-1-1,261 25 ; Essex, $24,335,935
57 ; Middlesex, $21,182,609 ; Worcester, $21,-
160,6-in 68 ; Hampshire, $5,603,95.5 87; Harap
den, $S,5.iH,319 90; Franklin, $5,459,300;
Norfolk, $10,229,111 09; Eerk.shii-e, $6,744,.
648 34; Bristol, $11,346,916 33; Barnstable,
$3,500,000; Dukes, $534,100 75; Nantucket,
$3,895,2SS 40; Plymouth, $7,576,932 06.
There wns in the state (Aug. 1833) 83 char.
tered banking corporations, with an aggregate
capital of $2-1, .590, 000. The amount of bUfs in
circulation was g7, 192,856, and the araount of
specie on hand was .$9.52,20.5. Of these banks,
29 are located in Boston, and have a capital of
$13,000,00(1. In 1831, Oct. 31st the nett
amount of profits on hand was ,$734,319 33;
balances due to other banks, $2,477,615 43;
cash deposited, &c. not bearing interest, $4,.
4ril,9G5 I'd-, cash deposited, bearing intereat,
1^4,5.50,947 68; due fromthe banks, .<-4l,393,-
083 33; gold, silver, &c. in banks, 4919,959
73 ; real r-st.itc, $683,307 89 ; bills of banks
in this state, $1,104,567 29 ; bills of banks
elsewhere, ?ji2?0,606 88; balances due frora
other banks, g9,427,6T9 37 ; due to the banks,
e.-ccepting balances, $36,040,760 76 ; total re.
sources of the banks, $41,415,700 09; amount
of last dividend, g566,715 ; amount of reaerved
profits, g409,12«"76; debts secured by pledge
of stock, .s752,312 37; debts due, and consid.
ered doubtful, ^268,687 81. The interests of
learning have ever been cherished in Masa.
with peculiar care. Many of tho learned di-
vinea and civiUans of England were araong its
early aettlera, and the people have ever been
conspicuous for their regard to useful know.
ledge ; to the general diffusion of which they

MAS

280

MAS

have greatly contributed. Harvard college, at
Cambridge, the most liberally endowed insti
tution in the U. S,, was founded in 1638, chiefly
bya donation of Jno, Harvard; and the first
printing press in America, at which all the
printing of the colony was done for 30 years,
was set up at that place the following year.
In 1764, the college buildings, with a library of
5000 vols, &c. were burnt. The constitution
places this institution under a board of over
seers, consisting in part ofthe gov,, lieut, gov.,
council and senate. It now has a choice library
of 36,000 vols. There are two other colleges
in the state, WilUams college, in Williaras
town, founded in 1755, and Araherst college,
near Northarapton, founded in 1891. The con
stitution raakes it the duty ofthe legislature and
magistrates, "to cherish the interests of litera
ture and science, and all seminaries of thera,
e.specially the university at Cambridge, public
schools, and grammar schools in the towns,"
There is a flourishing theological institution fbr
Congregationalists at Andover, founded in 1807 ;
and one for Baptists at Newton, There is a
medical school at Pittsfield, beside that at Cam
bridge, and various private literary institutions
of highly respectable standing. The number of
incorporated academies in the state is 43, The
means of coraraon education are provided for
all at tbe expense of the state. Every town
with 50 farailies is required by law to have a
free school for children, in which must be
taught the rudiraents of leaming, at least 6
months in the year. In towns of 100 and 150
famiUes, it raust be kept 10 and 19 months,
those of 500 farailies, the history of U, S,,
book-keeping, geometry, algebra, and surveying
must be taught, at least 10 raonths of the year.
In towns of 4,000, in addition to the other
branches, raust be taught Latin, Greek, history,
rhetoric and logic. It is raade the duty of all
teachers to irapress the pupils with the princi
ples of religion and virtue, as the baaia'of hu
man aociety and republican institutions. The
schools are superintended, and the instructers
appointed by committees ofthe districts. The
internal iraproveraents of the state are numer
ous. The roads and bridges are raany and ex.
cellent. The South Hadley canal, round a fall of
the Conn, r,, was the first work of the kind used
in the U, S. That round Miller's falls, near
Greenfield, forms a part of the sarae line of im
provements in the navigation of Conn, i , The
Middlesex canal connects the Merrimack at
Lowell witb the Boston harbor. The Blackstone
canal, which extends to Providence in R, I,, liea
partly in thia state. The Hampshire and Harap
den canal ia partly completed, and extends from
the river at Northarapton to the Farmington
canal in Conn, ; thus opening a line of boat
navigation to New Haven, Conn. Several
other canals have been planned and sorae
surveyed, but the raodern improvements in
rail roads will probably prevent their prose
cution. The first rail road constructed in
America was that of Quincy in Norfolk co,,
which is used to transport granite to the watera
of Boston harbor. Others have been projected,
and 3 are now constructing ; the Boston and
Lowell, the Boston and Worcester, and the Bos

ton and Providence rail roads. The state prison
at Charlestown is an institution highly creditable
to the state. By liberal appropriations fromthe
treasury to the means of experiment in peniten
tiary regulation and discipline, a mere prison
house, for the physical restraint of the body, has
been converted into a school of aalutary instruc
tion and reform to the rainds ofthe most vicious
and abandoned of our fellow raen. The de
raeanor of the convicts has been softened and
corrected, and frora the admonitions afforded
here, and the greater terror inspired abroad,
coraraitments have sensibly diminished. With
in the last year, the number of prisoners waa
reduced frora 990 at its commencement, to 256
at its close. Of 256 convicts, 156 were led by
intemperance to tho commission of offences,
182 had lived in the habitual neglect and viola
tion ofthe Sabbath ; 82 were permitted to grow
up without regular employment ; 68 had been
truants to their parents while in their rainority;
61 could not write, and raany were wholly una
ble to read. In 1828, the excess of expendi
ture was raore than ,$12,000 ; in 1829 it vvas
between 7 and §8,000 ; in 1830 neariy g7,000,
while in 1831, it was only ,$477 47, A hospital
for the insane has recently been erected. The
state governraent is doing rauch by the annual
bestowment of a bounty for the education of the
destitute deaf and dumb ; by liberal encourage
ment to agricultural societies, and by fulfilling
the injunctions of the constitution upon " legis
latures and magistrates, in all periods of the
comraonwealth, to proraote by rewards and im
munities, agriculture, arts, sciences, trades,
manufactures, and a natural history of the coun
try," To promote the culture of silk, the legia
lature had a concise manual compiled and cir
culated, on the growth and culture of the mul
berry tree. The design of obtaining an accurate
map of the state frora actual surveys and ad-
meaaurements upon trigonometrical principlea,
is in a course of diligent prosecution. The ex
aminations of the country have been raostly
raade, and t'ne first part of an elaborate scien
tific report, coraprising the eoonoraical geology
of the state, accompanied with a map, delineat
ing by numbers and colorings, the various raine
rals and rock formations which prevail, is pre
pared. The second part is to exhibit the topo
graphical geology ; the third the scientific geo
logy, and the fourth, catalogues of the native
mineralogical, botanical, and zoological produc
tions. Arrangements have been made to pro
cure the imraediate publication of the first part
of the report. There -were in Mass. in 1831,
491 Congregational churches, with 423 ordained
rainisters, of whom 118 are Unitarians; 129
Baptist churchea, with 110 ministers, and 12,580
communicants ; 71 Methodist preachers, and
8,200 members ; 46 Universalist societies; 31
Episcopal ministers ; 8 New Jerusalera socie
ties ; 9 Presbyterian ministers ; 4 Roman Cath
olic churches, and 4 Shaker societies,
Massametter, p-v, marked on the p-o, list
aa in Shenandoah co. Va, but is probably in the
new CO, of Page, by p.r, 114 ras, westward
W, C,
Massena, p-t, St, Lawrence co, N. Y. 43 ins,
E, N, li, Ogdensburgb, has a good soil, and Grass

MAT

981

MAU

and Racket rs. furnish good mill seats. It is
opposite Cornwall, Upper ( anada. Pop. 9,068.
Masserne, from Mt, Cerne, one of its peaks ;
a chain of mtns. in the United States and Texas,
extending frora the state of Mississippi over
Arkansas into Texas, in a nearly airailar direc
tion with the ratn. range of the Appalachian
systera. The Maaaerne is traversed by Red
and Arkansas rs, and gives source to the Mer
rimac, Gasconnade, St, Francis, White, and Oua
chitta rs. No scientific survey bas ever been
made of the Masserne, a remark which might
indeed be extended and applied to the Appala
chian system. The provincial vulgarism (Ilzark,
tbe hunters' name for Arkansas, has been given
to the Massernes, by some writers and map
makers. Massillon, p-v. on the Ohio canal, near the
centre of Stark co, Ohio, by p.r, 108 ms, n, e,
Colurabus, Pop. 359, The water level in the
canal at MassUlon, is 942 ft. above the mean
height of Atlantic tides.
Matapoiset Harbor, extends frora Buzzard's
bay, into Rochester, and receives Matapoiset r,
from Plymouth co, Mass.
Matciiapungo Inlet, on the coaat of the At
lantic, between Hog and Prouts isis. North
ampton CO, Va, It opens into a sheet or small
gulf called Broad Water, 98 ras, n, n, e, cape
Charles, On Tanner's U, S, it is laid down at
lat, 37° 90',
Mathews, co, of Va, bndd, by Gloucesterco,
s, w. and w,, by Piankatanck r, separating it
from Middlesex n,, Chesapeake bay n,, and
Mobjack bays. Length from Point Comfort to
the n, w, angle on Piankatanck bay, 17 ms,,
mean width 4 ms,, and area 68 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat, 37° 22' to 37° 30', and in long,
0° 33' to 0° 48' E, W, C, This co, is coramen
surate with a small peninsula between Mobjack
and Piankatanck bays. Pop, 7,664,
Mathews c, h,, and p-o, Mathews co, Va, by
p-r. 108 ms, though in direct distance about 70
ms, E, Richmond,
Mathews' PrairIe, and p-o, sthrn, part of
Scott CO, Mo, by p-r, 256 ms, s, e, Jefferson city,
and 150 a little e, ofs, St, Louis,
Matiiewsville, p-o, Pocahontas co. Va, by
p-r, 205 ras, wstrd, W, C,
Mattapony, i, of Va, has its extrerae source
on the estrn, border of Orange ccnear the Rap
id Ann, about 95 ms, westward Fredericks
burg, but the most numerous of ita creeks aro
in Spotsylvania, These unite within and trav
erse Carolina, and thence forming a boundary
between King WiUiam and King and Queen,
unite with the Pamunky, to form York r, after
a comparative southeastern course of 10 ms.
The valley of the Mattapony lies between those
ofthe Rappahannoc and Pamunky, and ia tr,av-
ersed byN, lat, 38° andthe raeridian of W, C,
Matteawan, cr, Monraouth co, N, J, runs
into Raritan bay, 4 ras, s, e, Amboy, is naviga
ble for vessels of 60 tons to Middletown point,
Matteawan or Fishkill mtns, N, Y,, called
the Highlands of Hudson r,, i6 or 18 ras, wide,
in cos, of Rockland, Orange, Westchester,
Putnam and Ducheaa, They are probably con
nected with the Alleghany, being of primitive
rocks ; the numerous peaks form the romantic

pass of the Highlands in Hudson r, ; the range
extends frora N, ,1, n, is, to Maas,
Mattox, or Mattax bridge and p-o. in the
nrthv/st, part of Westmoreland co, Va,, by p-r.
97 ms, [v. N, e, Richmond, and 90 s, W, C,
Matto.x's, p-o, Tatnall co, Geo,, by p-r. 131
ms. a. li, MiUedgeviUe,
Mattsville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r, 53
ms, nrthrd, Phil,
Mauch Chunic, flourishing p-v, on the right
bank of Lehigh r,, 31 ms, n, w, Bethlehem, and
84 ft. N, w, PhU, This very reraarkable village
haa risen araid ratns, and rocks, on ground
scarce wide enough to adrait a street, frora be
ing the depot for the iraraense strata of anthra
cite coal found in the ratn, frora which the narae
is taken, and at the foot of which the village is
situated. The coal strata, or the raost exten
sive mine yet opened, is about 9 ras, westrd.
frora the village, and lies upwards of 1,000 ft.
above the Lehigh level. Down tbis descent the
coal is brought along a rail-way, and meeta a
canal, and slack water navigation, at Mauch
Chunk, This work, called " The Lehigh nav
igation," extends along the Lehigh r, 47 ms,,
with a fall of 364 feet to the Del, at Eaaton.
Thia navigation everywhere admits boata of 5
ft, draught, through 57 locks of 99 feet wide,
{See art.9. Del. and Lehigh rs.) The village
was commenced in 1820 or '91, and in 1830
the number of inhabitants was 1,343, Accord
ing to a stateraent in the Phil, Eve, Post, Jan,
29th, 1830, tbe quantity of coal shipped from
the Lehigh raines, and passing through Mauch
Chunk was, in 1825, 28,393 tons ; 1896,
31,280; 1897, 30,305; 1898, 30,111; 1829,
95,110 ; 1830, 49,995 ; total, 187,424 tona,
Mauha.'^oy, p-v, Northumberland co. Pa.
(See Mahanoy.)
Maukport, p-v, on O, r, Harrison co, Ind,, by
p-r, 152 ms, sthrd, Indianopolis,
Maumee, r, of O,, Ind,, and Mich,, the great
est wstrn, confluent of lake Erie, This very
remarkable r, is composed of two constituent
branches, the St, Mary's and St, Joseph's, St.
Mary's rises in Allen, Mercer, and Shelby cos,
0,, interlocking sources with those of Wabash,
Great Miami, and Au Glaize rs, ; flowing
thence 60 ms. to the n, w,, into Allen co, Ind,,
it unites with the St, Joseph's r. The latter
riaing in Hillsdale eo, Mich,, and aaauming a
s, w, course, traverses the nrthwstrn, angle of
Williams co. 0., enters Allen co, Ind,, and
unites with the St, Mary's as already noticed.
To view- those two rs, on a map, their natural
course would appear to be down the Wabash,
but curving on themselves, the united waters
now knovvn as Mauraee, assume a n, e, course ;
flows in that direction 45 ras,, to where it re
ceives almost at the same point, Au Glaize i.
from the s. and Bean or Tifl'en's r, from the n.
Continuing n, e, 60 ms, farther, Mauraee is lost
in the extrerae wstrn, angle of lake Erie. Thia
stream, Uke all others which issue frora O, in
to lake Erie, is obstructed by rapids a few ras.
above its raouth ; otherwise it is navigable at
high water into both its raain branchea. The
Au Glaize, which falls into the Mauraee at De
fiance, is the most considerable branch, not
faUing rnuch under the St. Mary's and St. Jo-

MAY

282

MEC

seph's united. The valley of Maumee, occu
pying the whole nrthwstrn. angle of the state
of O., is in length from s, w, to n, e, 100 ms,,
with a mean breadth of at least 50, area 5,000
sq, ms,, comprising small fractions in Mich,
and Ind, This r, and its branches drain in 0.
the cos, of Mercer, Allen, Vanwat, Putnam,
Hancock, Wood, Henry, Williama, and Pauld
ing, In lat, the valley stretches from 40° 30'
to 49°,
Maumee, p-v, on Maumee r,, where the road
crosses from Columbus to Detroit, by p-r, 136
ms, N, N, w, Columbus,
Maurepas, lake of. La,, between the parishes
of St, Helena and St, Jobn Baptiste, receiving
the Amite r, from the w,, and communicating
on the estrd, with lake Pontchartrain, by the
pass of Mauchae, a strait of about 6 ms. Lake
IVlaurepas lies in an elliptic form, 12 by 7 ms, ;
depth generally about 19 ft, though in the pass
of Mauchae the water shallows to about 6 ft.
Besides the Araite, Maurepas receives New r,
from the s, w,, and Tickfoha frora the n. The
country adjacent to this lake is mostly low and
marshy, Maurice, r, Cumberland co, N. J,, rises in
Gloucester co, and runs nearly s, about 30 ms,,
receiving several branches, and enters Del, bay
at Maurice cove, through low and swampy
banks, Maurice River, p-t, Cumberland co, N, J,, be
tween Maurice r, and Salem, and Gloucester cos,
Maury, co, of Ten,, bndd, by Hickman vr. ;
Dickson n, w, ; Williamson n, ; Bedford e, ;
and Giles s. Length 30, mean width 24, and
area 790 sq, ms. Extending in lat, 35° 32' to
35° 50' N,, and in long, 9° 42' to 10° 18' w, W,
C, This CO, lies entirely in the vaUey of Duck
r, which winds over it in un, w, by w, direc
tion, receiving numerous ers, frora both sides ;
soil of first rate quality ; staple, cotton. In
this CO, 9 ras, frora Columbia, a manual labor
school has recently been established undei
very favorable auspices. It has a president,
vice president, a professor, and 3 teachers.
The two first are also professors. The studies
embrace the languages, natural and moral phi
losophy, mathematics, and rhetoric, Cf t, Co
lumbia, Pop, 1890, 99,141 ; 1830, 97,605,
Maxata WNY, p 0, and tsp, Berks co. Pa,, 90
ms, i\, N, E, Reading, The tsp, lies on tbe bor
der of Lehigh co,, and on the Sacony branch
of Maiden cr. Pop, 1820, 1,847,
May (Cape), Cape May co, N, J,, the x. point
of Del, bay ; long, 74° 56' vr. (Greenwich,) lat,
39° N, The Del, breakwater is erecting within
this cape. Here is the termination of a range
of low, sandy, barren coast from Shrewsbury
hither. Pop, 4,936,
Maybinton, p-0, Newbury dist, S, C, by p-r,
14 ras, wstrd, Newbury, and 54 n, w, by w, Co
lumbia, Mayfield, r, small streara of wstrn, Ky,, rises
in Graves co,, and first pursuing a nrthrn, course,
turns abruptly west, separating Graves from
MacCracken, and thence MacCracken frora
Hickman, falling into Mis, a few ms, below the
mouth of Ohio,
Mayfield, p.t, Montgomery co. N. Y., 8 ms,
N, E. Johnstown and 40 n. w. Albany ; has good

grass and grain soil, and Cranberry, Mayfield,
and Fondas ers. with mill seats ; 2 post offices.
Mayfield mtn. extends to Mohawk r. Pop.
2,614, Mayfield, p-v, and st, jus. Graves co. Ky.,
situated on a branch of Mayfield r., about 35
ms, s, E, the mouth of Ohio r,, and by p-r, 277
ms, s, w, by w, Frankfort, and lat, 36° 45', and
long, 11° 45' w, W, C,
Mayo, p-v. in the estrn, part of Rockingham
CO. N. C, by p-r, 97 ms, n, w, Raleigh,
Mayville, p-t, and st, jus, Chatauque co. N,
Y,, a flouriahing village, by p-r, 336 ms, w. Al
bany, Mays Lick, and p-o, in the sthrn, part of Ma
son CO, Ky,, about 65 ras, n, e, by e. Frankfort,
Maysville, p-v, and st, jus, IBuckinghara co,
Va,, situated near the centre of theco,, on Slate
cr,, about 35 ma, nrthestrd, Lynchburg, and by
p-r, 987 ms, very nearly due w, of Richmond.
Lat. 37° 32', and long. 1° 32' w, W. C.
Maysville, p-v, on the O, i ,, nthrn, part of
Mason co, Ky,, 60 ms, n, e, by n, Lexington, by
p-r, 67 N, E, Frankfort, and about Go ras, by the
r., s, E, Cincinnati, This village waa formerly
called Limestone, and was amongst the original
settleraents ofthe state. The site is on a rath
er elevated bottora of tbe Ohio r,, 3 ras, from
Washington, the co, seat ; and by water about
500 ms, below Pittsburg, It is the second t, of
Ky, in regard to commercial importance, and
the business ofthe place is rapidly increasing.
It contains 3 or 4 places of public worship, a
court house, market, and several other public
buildings ; and several manufactories, beside
one of glass of considerable extent. The im
portance of MaysviUe has arisen from being the
mart of upper Ky,, and lying on the direct
nthrn, thoroughfare, Lat, 38° 40', long, 6° 40'
w, W, C, Pop, 2,040.
Maytow,',-, p-v, near the left bank ofthe Sus
quehannah r, Lancaster co. Pa,, 22 ras. s. n.
Harrisburg, and 15 w, Lancaster.
Mazeville, p-o, Greenbriar co, Va,, byp-r.
26G ins. s. w. by w. W, C,
Meadville, p-t, and st, jus, Crawford co. Pa.
It is situated on French cr, 95 ms, w, Franklin,
35 s, Erie, and by p-r, 93B n, Harrisburg, The
viUage is very pleasant, containing the ordinary
county buUdings, a court house, &c,, also an
arsenal, bank, and an academy, A weekly
newspaper is pubUshed here, AUeghany col
lege, which was founded in 1815, is located
here. Several grants,, amounting to .$11,000,
have been made to this institution, and it has a
library of 8,000 volumes. There are 3 instruc.
ters, but at present the number of students is
very limited. Commencement is on the first
Wednesday in July, Pop, 1,070,
Meadville, p-v,HaUfax co, Va,, by p-r, 139
ras, s, Vf. W, C,
MEADViLLii, p-v, and st, jus, Franklin co,
Misp,, 105 ms, frora Jackson, and 1,139 from
W, C, Pop, 300.
Meansville, p.o. Union dist. S. C, by p-r, 87
ms, N, w, Colurabia,
Mears Farm, and p-o, Hamilton co, Ohio, by
p-r, 116 ms, s, w, Columbus,
Mecca, p-v, TrumbuU co. O., by p-r. 176 ms.
N. e, by E. Columbus.

MED

283

MEN

Meoiianicsburg, p.v. Champaign co, O,, by
p.r 39 ma, n, w, by w, Columbus,
Mechanic's Hall, p-o. Moore co. N, C, by
p.r. 83 ms. s. w. Raleigh.
Mechanic Grove, and p-o. Clark co. Ala,,
by p-r, 139 ms, sthwd, Tuscaloosa,
Mechanicsville, p-v, Bucks co. Pa,, by p-r,
39 ms, nthrd, Philadelphia,
Mechanicsville, p-v, Montgomery co, Ma
ryland, 30 ms, s, w, Baltimore, and 8 n, e,
Rockville, Mechanicsville, p-v, Vanderburg co, Ind,
by p-r, 164 ms, s, s. w. Indianopolis,
Mechanicville, p-v, Stillwater, Saratoga co,
N, Y.
Mecklenburg, co, Va,, bndd, by Halifax w,,
Charlotte n, w,, Lunenburg n,, Brunswick e,,
and by Warren and Granville coa, N, C, s.
Length 36, mean width 18, and area 648 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, 36° 30' to 36° 53', and in long,
1° 08' to 1° 46' w, W, C, The junction of
Stanton and Dan rivers, to form the Roanoke,
is made on the western side of this co,, and the
thence fine navigable river winds by a rather
sinuous channel over the co. in a southeast by
E, direction, leaving it at the southeastern an
gle. The northern side is drained by Meherin
river, flowing nearly parallel to the Roanoke ;
the slope is of course in the direction of the
streams. Staples, grain, flour, cotton, tobacco,
&c. Cf t, Boydton. Pop. 1890, 19,786—1830,
20,477. Mecklenburg, co. N. C, bndd. by Catawba
r, separating it from Lincoln n, w,, Iredell n,,
Cabarras n, e,, Anson E,, Lancaster dist, S, C,
s,, and York dist, S, C, s, w. Length s, to n,
50, mean width IS, and area 900 sq, ms, Ex.
tending in lat, from 34° 48' to 35° 30', and in
long, 3° 39' to 4° 06' v.-, W, C, The northeas
tern and eastern boundary ofthis co, coincides
nearly with the dividing ridge between the
sources of streams flowing into the Yadkin
eastward and into the Catawba river westward.
The slope is of course westward or rather a
little s, of w, towards the latter r, Cf t, Char
lotte, Pop, 1820, 16,89,5—1830, 90,078,
Mecklenburg, p-v, Knox co. Ten,, 12 ms,
sthrd, Knoxville, and by p-r, 177 ms, a little a, of
i, NashviUe,
Medfield, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass,, 9 ms, s,
w, Dedhara, 17 s, w, Boston, e, side Charles
r,, was burnt by Indians 1675. Population
817, iVIedford, (formerly Mystic) p-t, Middlesex
CO, Mass,, -4 ms. n. of Boston. .Mystic r, and
Middlesex canal pass through it. Burgoyne's
army encamped at Winter Hill after bis cap.
ture. Pop, 1,755,
Medina, co, of Ohio, bndd, by Stark s, e,,
Wayne s,, Lorain w, and n, w,, Cuyahoga n,,
and Portage e. Length 24, raean breadth 24,
and area 576 sq, ms, Lat, 41° 10', long, 4°
48' w. Slope to the N, towards lake Erie, Cf
t, Medina, Pop, 7,560,
Medina, p-v, and st, jus, Medina co. 0,, by
p-r. 111 ms, N. N, E. Columbus, Pop, tsp, 629,
Medrosta Lake, Me. is drained by Spey r,
whioh flows into St, John's r,
Medway, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass,, 15 raUes s,
w, Dedham, 20 from Boston, n, Charles i,,

contains a number of manufactories. It was
incorporated in 1713, before apart of Medfield.
Pop, 1,756,
Meesville, p-v, Roane co. Ten,, by p-r. 153
ms. estrd, Nashville,
Meeting Street, p-o, nthrn, part of Edge
field district, S, C, by p.r, 65 ms. wstrd, Co
lumbia, Meherin, i. of Virginia, and N, C, deriving
its most remote sources frora Charlotte, but ri
sing principaUy in Lunenburg and Mecklen
burg COS., and uniting on the wstrn. margin of
Brunswick, Continuing its original course s.
e, by E, over Brunswick and Greensville, and
thence separating a part of Greensville from
Southampton, it enters N, C, between North
arapton and Gates cos,, and joins the Nottaway
to form the Chowan, between Gates and Hert
ford cos. The entire comparative course of
the Meherin is about 95 miles, but the valley is
narrow, not exceeding 20 miles width at any
part, (mean width hardly 10) area about 900 sq.
ms,, lying between tbe vaUies of Roanoke and
Nottaway, MEiiii^RtN Grove, and p-o, Lunenburg co, Va.
by p-r, 92 ms, s, w, Richmond,
Meigs, co, Ohio, bndd, s, w, by Gallia, n, w,
and N, by Athens, Ohio river separating it from
AVood CO, Va, N, E,, and again by the Ohio river
separating it from Mason co, Va, e,, s, e. and s.
Length frora east to west 30, mean breadth 15,
and area 450 sq, ras, Lat, 39° and long, 5° w.
W, C, intersect in this co. Surface very bro
ken, but some tolerably productive, Cf t, Ches
ter, Pop, 1890, 4,480, 1830, 6,158.
Meigs ca., and p-o, Morgan co, O, by p-r, 77
ras, s, e, by e. Columbus,
Meigsville, p-v, Randolph co, Va, by p-r.
911 ms, wstrd, W, C,
Meigsville, p-v, Jackson co. Ten, by p-r, 84
ras, N, E, by E, NashviUe,
Melmore, p-v, Seneca co, Ohio, by p-r, 80 ras.
N, Columbus,
Meltonsville, p-v, in the northeastern part
of Anson co, N, C, by p-r, 1,32 ms. s. w. by w.
Raleigh, Memphis, p-v, and st, jus, Shelby co. Ten,
situated on an elevated bluff of the Misp, r.
immediately below the raouth of Loosahat-
che or Wolf r,, by p-r, 996 ms, s, w, by w.
NashviUe, Lat, 35'^ 06' and long, 13° 09' w.
W.C, Me.mphremagog, lake, partly in Orleans co,
Vt, but chiefly in Lower Canada, is 30 or 40
ins, long, frora i\, to s,, and 2 or 3 wide, and
communicates by the St, Francis with St, Law.
rence r. Only '7 or 8 ms, of the s, end are in
Vermont, It lies about half way between Con
necticut r, and lake Champlain, A bay from
the s. end extends into Coventry, In 'Vt, the
lake occupies about 15 sq ms,, receiving Clyde,
Black and Barton rivers. 'The "Magog oil
stones" are brought from an island 2 ms. n, of
the Canada line, and are sold in the seaports for
about 50 cents a pound,
Mena-n, Little, island Washington co;. Me.
bas a lighthouse, 2 ms. s. s. E. Goldsborough,
ands. Steuben,
Menassas Gap, and p-o, Frederick co, Va, by
p.r, 134 ms. westward W. C.

MER.

284

MER

Mendham, p-t, Morris co, N. J, 7 ms, w,
Morristown, 35 vr. N, Y,, near the head waters
of Passaic r. ; has an acaderay, and a fine hilly
surface, with good farms. Pop. 1,314.
Mendon, t, Rutland co, Vt. Pop, 432.
Mendon, p-t, Worcester co. Mass. 32 ras, s,
w. Boston. Blackstone r. and canal cross the
s, w, part of the town, and Mill r, runs through
it. There are several manufactories of cotton,
and woollen raills ; the Blackstone factory is
very large. Pop, 3,152,
Mendon, p-t, Monroe co. N. Y. 15 ras, s, of
Rochester, Honeoye outlet and other streams
supply mills. Pop. 3,057.
Menomonie, i, of Mich, ter,, and confluent of
Green Bay, rises in the country of the Meno
monie Indians, sthrd, lake Superior, and flowing
thence sthestrd, about 100 ras,, falls into Green
Bay at lat, 45° 28', and nearly due w,, the strait
uniting Green Bay to lake Mich,, and 50 ras, n,
e, fort Howard.
Menomonie island, in Green Bay, Mich, ter.,
lying about midway between the raouth of jVl e-
nomonie r., and the Grand Traverse straits be
tween Green bay and lake Mich,
Menomonie, st, jus. Brown co, Mich, Posi
tion uncertain.
Mentor, p-v, and tsp, Geauga co, 0,, byp-r,
169 ras, N, E, Columbus, Pop, tsp, 703,
Mentz, p-t, Cayuga co, N. Y,, 8 ms, n, n,
w. Auburn. Seneca r, and Owasco outlet fur
nish mills and navigation. Villages, Montezu
ma and Bucksville, on Erie canal, and Throops-
viUe, Pop, 4,143.
Mercer, p-t, Somerset co. Me,, s, w, Nor-
" ridgewock, n, Kennebec co, ; has a large pond
in the s, E, Pop, 1,210,
Mercer, co. Pa,, bndd. n. by Crawford ; n, e,
by Venango ; s, e, by Butler; s, by Beaver;
and w, by TrurabuU co, 0, Length s. to n, 34,
mean width 95, and area 850 sq, ras. Extend
ing in lat, 41° 02' to 41° 98', and in long, 3° 04'
to 3° 37' w, W, C, The valley of Chenango r,
occupies the far greater part ofthis co,, flowing
sthrd, into Big Beaver ; consequently the slope
ofthe CO, is sthrd,; surface moderately hilly,
and soil productive, Cf t. Mercer. Pop, 1890,
11,681, 1830, 19,731,
Mercer, p-v, borough and st jus, Mercer co.
Pa,, situated near the centre ofthe co,, 55 ms,
a little w, of n, Pittsburg, and 30 ms. a little w,
ofs, Meadville; lat, 41° 15', long. 3° 20' w.
W, C, Pop, 1820, 506,
Mercep., CO, of Ky,, bndd, by Dicks r, sepa
rating it from Garrard e, ; Lincoln s, E, ; Casey
5, ; Washington w, ; Anderson n, ; and Ky, r,
separating it from Woodford and Jessamine n,
e. Length from s, to n, 98, mean breadth 13,
and area 364 sq, ras. Extending in lat, 37° 39'
to 37° 55', and in long, 7° 36' to 7° 56' w, W,
C, The declivity of this CO, is northward ; the
soil highly productive, Cf, t, Harrodsburg,
Pop, 1890, 15,587 ; 1830, 17,694,
Mercer, co, O,, bndd, by Vanwert n, ; Al
len n, e, ; Shelby s, e ; Darke s, ; and the state
of Ind, w. Length 98, raean breadth 20, and
area 560 sq. ras. Lat, 40° 35', and long, W,
C. 7° 38' w. This co, occupies the table land
from which fiows St. Mary's branch of Great
Maumee, and on which rise the extreme

Sources of the Wabash. Itis remarkable that
both rivers assume a parallel n. w. course,
which they maintain over Mercer into India.
na, and thence converge into directly opposite
courses ; the Wabash to the s, w, and Maumee
N. E. It is obvious from the foregoing circura.
stances in the course of its strearas, that Mer.
cer is araongst the raost elevated tracts between
tbe vaUies of Ohio and St. Lawrence. Cf t.
St, Mary's, Pop. 1,110,
Mercer, co, II,, bndd, n, by Rock Island co. ;
N.E. by Henry; s, e, by Knox; s, Warren; and
w, Misp, 1, Breadth 90, raean length frora e,
to w, 30, and area 600 sq, ms, Lat. of its cen.
tre, 41° 15', long, 14° 42' w, W. C. .This now
CO. occupies the space eastward of the Great
bend ofthe Alisp, r., below the rapids of Rock
r,, and opposite the influx ofthe Low and Iowa
rs,, and lies about 900 ms, N, w, Vandalia. By
the census of 1830, it contained but 26 inhabi.
tants, and possessed no p-o, Oct, 1831.
Mercer's Botto.m, and p-o, on the Ohio r.
Mason co, Va,, by p-r, 326 ms, wstrd. W, C,
Mercersburg, p-v. in the southwest part of
Franklin CO, Pa,, 16 ms, s, w, Chambersburg,
and by p-r, 89 ms, n, w, W, C,
Mercersville, p-v, Edgecombe co, N, C, by
p-r, 47 ms, estrd, Raleigh,
Meredith, p-t, Strafford co, N, H,, w, Winni
piseogee lake, and 29 ms. n. Concord, Con
tains many ponds, a good soil, rich landscapes,
and advantages of boat navigation on the lake
and streams. The village at the bridge is
partly in Guilford, and contains an academy,
&c. Pop, 9,683,
Meredith, p-t, Delaware co, N, Y,, 8 ras, n.
Delhi, and 66 w. Catskill, It sends streams both
to Del, and Susquehannah rs,, and is halfway be
tween both. Hilly, with good soil. Pop. 1,666.
Meriden, p-t. New Haven co. Conn, 17 ms,
s, Hartford, 17 n. New Haven, 8 w, Middletown,
Has pretty good, but uneven land ; in sorae parts
mountainous ; and though with few natural ad
vantages, has become an important manufactur
ing place, by dint of industry. The v, is pleasant,
and contains several very fine private bouses, and
4 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Epis
copal, and 1 Methodist, The strearas are small,
with little water power ; yet about a raillion of
dollars worth of different articles are annually
manufactured and sent to other places. One
company eraploys about 930 bands in the manu
facture of brittannia coffee pots, spoons, coffee
mills, waffle irons, signal lanthorns, &c., value
about $900,000 per ann. Other manufactures
are wooden clocks, value per ann, about .J50,000 ;
ivory, wood, box-wood and horn combs, value
per ann, about $40,000 ; augur bits and rakes,
value per ann. about $90,000 ; tin ware, value per
ann, §90,000 ; and another manufacture of brit
tania ware, which manufactures Jf 95,000 worth
annually. There are others of japanned ware,
shoes and boots, &c,&,c. Some very useful inven
tions bave originated in this. place. The first
branch of manufacture extensively engaged in
hero, was that of tin ware. Pop, 1,708,
Meridian Springs, and p-v. in the wstrn. part
of Hinds co. Miap. about 65 ms, n, e, Natchez,
and 31 s, w, Jackson ; the seat of government
for the state.

MET

285

MET

Meridianville, p-v. Madison co. Ala., 8 ms.
H. HuntsvUle, and by p.r. 136 ms. n, n. e. Tus.
caloosa. Merit, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. 75 ms. s. e. Ra.
leigh. Mermentau, r, of La., rises within and drains
the extensive prairies of Opelousas and wstm.
Attacapas. It is formed by the bayous N ezpi.
que, Cane, Plaquemine BruM, and Queue Fortue.
General course s. w. over a country almost a
perfect plane, where the smallest fragment of
stone is rare, and except narrow lines of woods
along the streams, the whole covered witb
grass. Before reaching its outlet into the gulf
of Mexico, timber, with the exception of de
tached clumps of live oak, entirely ceases. The
soil towards the sources of its branches, is but
of second rate quality, but contrary to the usual
operations of nature, stiUmore deteriorates ad
vancing downwards towards the Gulf. The
prevaUing tiraber in the woods is oak, hickory,
sweet gum, and pine along the b4yous Cane and
Plaquemine BruM ; on the Nezpique, pine in
creases proceeding n. wstrd,, and approaching
the waters of Calcasiu becoraes the coramon
tree. Cypress swamps are frequent near the
confluence of Nezipique and Plaquemine BruM.
Below the latter point, live oak appears, and in
greater or less quantities is found on this river
thence to the mouth. With the Mermentau,
however, live oak terminates in that part of the
Gulf coast ; none is to be seen on either the
'Calcasiu or the Sabine. In auturan, when the
strearas are low, the tide ascends this basin into
each of the confluent streams ; but on the con
trary, in winter and spring, when heavy rains
have fallen, the flood from the prairies over
powers the low tides of the gulf Below the
union of its branches, this river expands into a
lake, and again contracts into a narrow stream,
and finally is lost in the gulf, over a bar afford
ing at coramon tides about 3 ft. of water. The
lake is also a shallow sheet of water, not deeper
than the outer bar. The greatest length of the
Merraentau basin is about 90, mean width 30,
and area 2,700 sq. ms. Ofthis surface, raore
than four fifths is composed of open grassy
plains, water, or sea raarsh.
Mermentau lake, is an expansion of tbe r.
of the same name, below the union ofthe dif
ferent confluent brancbes. It is a shallow sheet
about 30 by 10 ms., differing in no essential
physical characteristic from similar lakes along
the coast of La. The shores are low and
marshy. Merom, p-v. and st. jus. Sullivan co. Ind., by
p-r. 115 ms. s.w. IndianopoUs, and 30 ms. ir,
Vincennes. It is situated on the left bank of
Wabash r., lat. 39° 04', long. 10° 36' vr. W. C.
Merimack, r. N. H,, the largest in that state,
and one of the principal rs. of New England, is
formed of the Pemigewasset, from the Wbite
mtns. and Winnipiseogee, which unite near the
lower part of the line of Strafford and Grafton
COS. It crosses the line of Mass. ui HiUsboro'
CO. near Rockinghara co. after a course of 78
ms. nearly s,, and soon after runs n. e, 35 ms,
^0 the ocean at Newburyport. The Pemige
wasset receives Mad and Baker's rs. and the
streams from Squam and Newfound lakes. 37

Winnipiseogee r. comes from Winnipiseogee
lake and Great bay. The Merriraack receives
Contoocook, Soucook, Suncook, Piscataquog,
Souhegan and Nashua rs. There are many
falls, the principal of which are dararaed, and
supply water to important manufactories. Ca.
nals have been raade round them all, witb locks,
by which the r. has been navigated in boats, for
aome yeara, up to Concord. 'There are several
bridgea and many ferries, and the cap. and other
cf ts. stand on its banks. Monomake, its In
dian narae, means a sturgeon. The Middle.
sex canal extends from the bend in this river in
VI ass. to Boston harbor. The following ia a
list of the chief canals, &c. Bow canal, below
Concord, made in 1812, cost ^20,000 ; Hook.
set, 6 ma. below, $1,500 ; Amoskeag, 8 miles
below, $50,000 ; the Union canal embraces 6
falls, and with CromweU's falls canal cost
$50,000. Wicasee, 15 ras. below, $14,000.
Merrimack, co. N, H. formed since the
census of 1820, is bndd. n. by Grafton co., n.
E.by Strafford co,, n, by Rockinghara co,, s. by
Hillsborough co. and w. by Sullivan co. It
lies nearly equidistant from the E, s, and w.
boundaries of the state, and is well watered by
the iVlerrimack river (which runs nearly thro'
the centre of the co.) and nuraerous smaller
strearas which flow into that. This is a flour.
ishing CO., and rauch of the soil is highly pro.
ductive. Concord, the st. jus, and principal
town in it, is also the seat of governraent of
thestate. Pop, 1890, 39,843 ; 1830, 34,614.
Merrimack, p-t. HiUaboro' co, N, H. 6ms.
from .\mherst, 27 s. Concord, on w, side of
Merrimack r, Souhegan r, and its branches
supply manufactories. Pop, 1,193,
Merrittstown, p.v. on Dunlap's cr. Fayette
CO, Pa, 5 ras, a little w. of s. Brownsville, and
10 N. w, Uniontown.
Merrittsville, p-v. atthe foot of Blue Ridge,
and in the northern part of Greenville dist. S.
C. about 40 ms. s. w, Rutherfordton, N. C. and
by p-r. 122 ras. n, w. Colurabia.
Merriwether, co, Geo, bndd. by Talbot s.
E,, Harris s. w., 'Troup w,, Coweta n,, and Flint
r, separating it from Fayette ft. e„ and Pike E.
It is very nearly a square of 20 ms. each way ;
area 400 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° 53' to
33° 15', and in long, 7° 39' to 8° 2' w. W. C.
The slope of this co. is estwrd. towards Flint
r. Cf t. Greenville. Pop, 4,422.
Merry Hill and p-o. Bertie co. N, C, by p-r.
145 raa, n. e. by e. Raleigh.,
Merrymeeting bay. Me. at the junction of
Merriraack and Androscoggin rs. 20 ms. from
the sea.
Merry Meeting Bay, Alton, Strafford co.
N. H., is the s. is. arm of Winnipiseogee lake,
1,600 rods long.
Mesopotamia, p.v. Trumbull co. 0. by p.r.,
168 ms, n. E. Colurabua,
Metcalf, p-v, Richland co, 0, by p.r. 93 ma.
N. E, Columbus,
Metawamkeag, r. Me. enters Penobscot r. on
the E. side.
Metetecunk, r. Monmouth co. N. J. enters
the head of Barnegat bay.
Methuen, p-t. Essex co..Mass. 26 ms. N.
Boston, 10 from LoweU, 5 a. Andover, "• Mer-

MIA

286

MIC

rimack r., and bordering on N. H.„ is a large
town, with wild scenery. The village, with
about 800 inhabitants, is on Spicket r. 2 miles
from its junction with the Merrimack. 150,000
to 200,000 pair shoes are annually manufactur.
ed here ; and on the Spicket i-. are 2 brick
cotton factories, owned by the Methuen Co.,
containing 4,400 spindles, 134 looms, and man.
ufacturing annually 1,137,200 yards tickings,
drilUngs, and sheetings. One of these facto.
ries is 124 feet long, and 5 stories high. The
Spicket has a fall at this plaoe of 40 feet, which
turns a wheel 108 feet in circumference, and 14
wide, supposed to be the largest in the country.
Pop. 2,006.
Metuchin, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 4 ms. n.
E. New Brunswick.
Mexico, great inland sea of North America,
having the Mexican states on the n. w., w., b.,
and s. E., the Cuba channel, island of Cuba and
Florida channel e,, and the U, S. n. e. and n.
Lying between lat. 18° and 30° 31' n., and in
long, from 4° to 20° 30' w. W. C. The great.
est length frora Florida point to Tampico bay,
about 1,000 ras., with a raean breadth at least
600 ms., and area 660,000 sq. ms. This Med.
iterranean is remarkable for its great depth.
Itis an immense reservoir, receiving the cur.
rent of rotation through the Cuba, and dis.
charging it again by the Flor. channel. The
" urface of the gulf must consequently be high.
er than thatof the Atlantic ocean. The tides
in the Gulf of Mexico, where examined at
several distant points along the northem shore,
are found about 2 to 3 feet. A steady current
sets wstrd. along the coast of La. a phenome.
non deraonstrated by the debris of the Misp.
being entirely borne in that direction, and found
scattered along the coast. Of all the inland
seas of the earth, the Gulf of Mexico is mcst
compact in its form, and least broken by islands
or salient capes, and with an immense peri.
phery of 3,200 ras. ; is greatly deficient in
good harbors.
Mexico, p.t, Oxford eo. Me., 47 ms. from Au.
gusta ; it lies n. of Androscoggin r,, and is wa.
tered by two of its tributaries. Pop. 343.
Mexico, p.t. Oswego co. N. Y., 20 ms. e.
Oswego, has many springs and mill strearas.
Salraon cr., the principal, with Mexico Point
and Juliana, p.vs. Pop. 2,671.
Mexico, p-v. on the left bank of Juniata r.
MifHin co. Pa., 31 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Miami, or GreatMiami, r. of O. and Ind., has
its extrerae sources in Shelby and Darke cos,
of the forraer, and flowing tience s. s. e. 50
ms., over Miami and Montgomery, receives in
the latter Mad r. from n. e. Mad r. rising in
Logan, traverses Champaign and Clark, unites
with Great Miami as already noticed. The
two streams unite at Dayton, and assuming a
course of s. s. w. flows in that direction by com.
parative courses 100 ms, to its junction with
Ohio r,, having received a few ms. above its
mouth, Wbite Water r. from Ind, White Wa.
ter is a stream of 70 ms, coraparative course,
rising in Darke co. Ohio, but having most of its
course in, and deriving its, principal tributaries
from Ind. The boundary line between Ind. and
Ohio, strikes the Ohio r. at the mouth of Great

Miami. The valley of Great Miami is in length
120 ms. from s. w. to n. e,, with a mean breadth
of 50 ms,, or comprises an area of 6,000 sq. ms.
This river has become of increasing conse.
quence since the completion of a navigable ca.
nal extending from Dayton to Cincinnati, open.
ing a water means of transport from the interior
table land of 0. to Ohio r., reaching the latter at
the most considerable city inthe state, or indeed
of all the western states except New Orleans.
{See article-Ohio.)
Miami co. O., bndd. by Montgomery s., Darke
w., Shelby n.. Champaign n. e., and Clark s. e.
Length and breadth nearly equal, 20 ms., area
400 sq, ms. Lat. 40° and 7° 15' w. long. W. C.
intersect in this co. It is traversed in a direc.
tion from k. n. w. to s. s. E by the main stream
of Great Miami, and also by its s. w. branch.
The soil is generally fertile. Cf. t. Troy. Pop.
1820, 8,851, 1830, 12,807.
Miami, co. Ind., bndd. N. e. by Wabash co.,
s. E. by Grant, Miami's ter. s., Cass co. of Ind.
w., and to the n, uncertain. Length from o. to
N. 30, mean breadth 10, and area 300 sq, ms.
Lat. 40° 50', and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect m
this CO. Slope to the w., and in that direction
it is traversed by the main Wabash in the cen.
tre, by the Mississinewa to the s. and Eel r. to
the N. Theae rs. unite near its wstm. border
at Miamisport, the cf. t.
Miami, p.v. Hamilton co. O., by p-r. 129 ms.
a. w. Columbus.
MiAMisBURG, p.v. Montgomery co. 0., by p.r.
82 ms. B. vr. by w. Columbus.
Miamisport, placed in the p.o. list as in Cass,
is in Miami co. Ind., and situated at the junc.
tion of Wabash and Mississinewa rs.. by p.r.
131 ms. a little e, of n. Indianopolis, As laid
down by Tanner it stands at lat. 40° 45', long.
9° 4' w. W. C.
Miccotown, p-v. on Alahapa r. northem part
of Hamilton co, Flor,, about 90 ms. a little n.
of E. Tallahasse.
MicHAELsviLLE, p-o. Hartford co. Md. about
34 ms. N. £. Baltimore.
Michigan, largest lake, which lies entirely in
the U. S. . Taken in connexion with the gene
ral physical geography of the two basins of
Mississippi and St. Lawrence, it is evident that
lake Michigan fiUs a part of the great valley, of
which lUinois r. is the continuation towards the
Gulf of Mexico. On our old raaps all the Cana.
dian lakes were delineated too round. They
were represented as vast ponds ; but raore re.
cent observation has increased their length
when corapared with their breadth, and given
them a natural approach to the form of rivers.
As now laid down by Tanner, tbis great sheet
of fresh water extends 360 ms. from the niouth
of W. Calumick (Calumet) r. to the straits of
Michiliraakinak. The breadth, opposite the
mouth of Kalemazoo r., 65 ms. The breadth is
remarkably uniform and yields an average of
at least 45 miles, and adopting that breadth as
a mean, the area will be 16,200 sq. ms., an
area by no means overrated, if Green bay is in.
eluded. The elevation of its surface is, above
the Atlantic ocean, very near 600 feet. In lat.
it extends from 41° 40' to 46° 10', and m long.
from 7J to 11° w. W. 0. including Green bay.

MIC

287

MIC

In depth, it is a profound gulf, the bottom far
below the level of either the Atlantic ocean or
Gulf of Mexico ; consequently if a channel ex.
isted, sirailar to the straits of Gibraltar, still the
lake would exist as an iramense reservoir to
the rivers, to which it is a recipient. If we
commence on the southern end or what is really
tiie source, Michigan receives from tbe left the
two Calamicks, and Riviere du Chemin, from
Indiana; from the peninsula of Michigan, tbe
rivers St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand r., Maake.
gon. White r., Pent-water, Pere Marquette,
Sandy, Monistic, Platte, Carp, Grand Traverse,
and some other streams of lesser note. From
the opposite or westem slope, advancing inthe
same manner, from the mouth of West Calaraick
to the mouth of Green bay, the confluent rivers
are mere creeks, of which the Manawakee, 70
ms. long, is the most important. Green bay js,
however, the recipient to Fox, Menomonie,
and numerous other small rivers. See Fox
rivers for explanation of the peculiar physical
geography of the westem slope of lake Michi
gan basin. The eastern Michigan slope is a
triangle of 320 miles base, perpendicular 110
miles up the valleys of Kalamazoo, and Grand
rivers ;'area about 17,600 square miles. The
wstrn. slope, measuring frora the sthrn. source
ofw. Calamick, to the source ot Mino Coquien
river, has a base of 380 ras. Greatest breadth
from the mouth of the western Cheboiegon
river, across Fox river of Green bay, and up
Wolf river to its source, 170 ms. ; raean breadth
about 100, and area 19,000 sq, ras. It raay be
observed that the whole Michigan basin ap.
preaches the form of a parallelograra, as the sa.
lient or raost acute angles of the two slopes are
reversed, the eastern coraing to a point on the
straits of Michiliraakinak, and the western to.
wards the sources of West Calamick. If the
hand of art had cut the channel of Michigan, it
could not have been much better placed to con.
stitute part of an immense channel of intercom
munication between different sections of the
earth. A canal has already been projected, and
will no doubt be executed in a few years, to
connect lake Michigan with Illinois r., and a
rail road has been projected from Indianopolia
to the southern extreraity of lake Michigan, to
be extended in the atate of Indiana,
Michigan, territory of the United States, For
political purposes, the large territory of Huron,
westward of lake Michigan, has been united to
the peninsula, properly called Michigan. Mr.
Austin E. Wing, tbe delegate in the present
congress, 1831 — 2, informed the author of this
article, that it was probable that as early as
1834, Michigan would become a state, aa the
population was rapidly augmenting, and, that
on the western side of tbe boundary would be
a line following the middle of lake Michigan,
from the northwestem angle of Indiana to the
northem extremity of tbe lake, and thence due
north to lake Superior. If this demarcation is
adopted, the state of Michigan will contain the
peninsula north of Ohio, and Indiana, together
with the eo. of Chippeway, or that peninsula,
bounded s. by lake Michigan, n. by lake Supe-
rior, and e. by the straits or river St. Mary, and
lake Huron, and will have outlines, commentiing

at the point on lake Michigan, separating La
Porte CO, of Indiana from Berrien co. of Michi.
gan, and thence along the westem shore of tbe
peninsula, to the raouth of Traverse bay 980
ms. ; over lake Michigan to its northern coast
opposite Beaver isis. 45 ms, ; across the inter
mediate land surface between lakes Michigan
and Superior to the latter 50 ms, ; along the
southern shore of lake Superior to the outlet or
head of St. Mary's strait 80 ms. ; from eastern
end of Drumraond's isl. to the straits and isl. of
Michilimakinak 60 ms, ; thence along the s, w.
shore of lake Huron to its outlet, or to the head
of St. Clair r. 250 ms. ; thence down St. Clair
r., St, Clair lake, Detroit r., and along the west.
em end of lake Erie to the northern boundary
of Obio 136 ras.; thence due west along the
northern-boundary of Ohio, to the eastern boun
dary of Indiana 85 ms. ; due north along east
boundary of Indiana, to the northeast angle of
that state 10 ras.; and thence due west along
north boimdary of Indiana, to place of beginning
110 ms. ; having an entire outline of 1,106 ms. ;
measured either by the rhorabs or proportional
scale, the area ofthe peninsular part of Michi
gan coraes out about 34,000 square ms. and of
Chippeway co. 3,000, yielding, for what is sup.
posed to be the surface to be included in the
state, 37,000 sq, ms, ; or in statute acres, 23,.
()80,000, Extendmg in lat, from 41° 40' to 46°
47', and in long, from 5° 18' to 10° 35' w.
W. C. The dividing ridge which separates the
sources of Great Miami and Maumee, from
those of the Wabash, is continued over Michi.
gan, in a northerly direction, dividing the pe
ninsula into two not very unequal inclined
plains. The western or lake Michigan plain is
drained by St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand and
numerous other strearas. {See lake Michigan.)
The opposing or eastern plain gives source and
course to the rs. Raisin, Huron of Erie, Rouge,
Huron of lake St. Clair, Belle r.. Black, Sagin.
aw. Thunder, Cheboiegon, and nuraerous sraall.
er strearas. What raight well be called tha
sea shore of Mich, which, if the inflections of
the coasts were included, would far exceed
1,000 ms., are with little exception uniform
along lake Mich., only affording harbors in the
mouths of the rivers. Tbe coasts of lake Supe.
rior and Huron are more indented, and Saginaw
bay offers a gulf of 60 ras. depth. Taken as a
whole, the number of havens are not in a pro.
portion favorable to commerce, when compared
with the distance of sea line. The phenomena
of the rivers, prove the peninsula to be a vast
table land, as all the rivers fall over ledges of
rock before reaching their recipients. Tha
nthrn. part of the peninsula is sterile when com.
pared with the sthrn. towards Ohio and Ind.,
and the whole country with very partial except
tions a forest.
Political geography. — By Tanner's improved
map, up to the present time, Aug. 1832, it ap.
pears that Mich., as delineated in the first part oi
this article, is subdivided into the counties of :—

Counties.
AllegSD,
Arena, Bany,
Berrien, Braneli,

Pop. 1830, Counties.
Calhoim, Ca,iB,
Chippeway,
335 Clinton, baton,

Pop. 1830,
919 63G

MIC

288

MID

C 'Unties.

Pop.

Counties .

Pop.

ijjiadwin,

Monroe,

3,187

Gratiot,

MontcaJm,

Hillsdale,

Oakland,
4,911
Ingham,
Oceana,
£onia,
Ottawa,
Isabella,
Saginaw,
Jackson,
St Clair,
1,114
Kolamazoo,
St. Joseph,
1,313
Lapeer,
Sanilac,
Lenawee,
1,491
Shiawassee,
M acomb,
2,413 Van Pureir,
5
y. ichlliraakinak,
877 Washtenau,
4,042
Aiidland,
Wayne,
6,781
'1 otal on Peninsular Mich, anti Chippeway co. 28,004
In the three Trans.Michigan cos. Brown,
Crawford and Iowa, (for the pop. of which, see
article Huron Ter.) there were in 1830, 3,635
inhabitants, and including these the whole ter.
contains a pop. of 31,639, of which were white
persons : —
Under 5 years of njre.
From 5 to 10
" 10 to 15
Total,
15 to 20
20 to 30
30 to 40
40 to 50
50 to 60
80 to 70
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100
100 and upwards
Males. 3,0233,326 1,905 1,543
4,3892,739 1,232 058264 6420 4
 1
18,168"
Females. 2,743
2,066 1,6861,438
2,540 1,399 726390 140 35 10 50
Whites who are deaf and dumb, under 14 yrs.,
4. ; 14 to 25, 7 ; 25 and upwards, 4 ; Blind, 5.
Colored population as follows
Under 10 years of age.
From 10 to 24
" 24 to 36
" 36 to 55
" 55 to 100
" 100 and upwards.
Free colored.
Males. Fern's.
31 20
36 26 16 4 0
Slaves.
Males. Fem's.
2 1
7 3
11 3
1 3
1 0
0 0
Total, 159 102 22 10
Of the colored population, none are either
deaf and dumO, or blind.
Recapitulation.
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total.
31,346 261 32 31,639
General remarks on JUichigan. — Volney, and
sorae other writers who knew little of tbe real
geography, and of course still less of the cli.
mate, have given a very erroneous idea of the
aerial teraperature of this peninsula and adja
cent countries. The writer of this article, from
actual observation, found the winds on lake
Erie so excessively prevalent frbm the wstrd,
end N. wstrd,, as to bend the whole forest trees
in an opposite direction. In making voyages
from Detroit to Buffalo, and the reverse, the
time demanded differs about as three to one.
By reference to the tables under the head of U.
S., the excessive severity of winter at Detroit,
and Fort Brady, Chippeway co., may be seen.
History. — The first civilized settlements in
Michigan were made by the French frora Cana.
da ; and Detroit (the strait) was founded about
1670, but this region, so remote frora the At.
lantic coast, was peopled slowly, and at the end
ofthe revolutionary war, when ceded to the U,
States by the treaty of Paris, contained but few
inhabitants. Under various pretences, the
British colonial agents retaineti Detroit, with
all that is now Michigan, until after the treaty
of Greenville, and the U. States did not obtain
the country in actual possession until 1796.
Tbe territory of Mich, was forraed in 1805.
The country had to sustain more than a share
of the vicissitudes of the last war between
the U. S. and Great Britain, and was, in 1812,
actually overrun by the troops of the latter, but
in the ensuing year was retaken by an array of
the U, S. under Gen. Harrison. Relieved from
calamities of war, and laid open to Atlantic
commerce and emigration by the great wstrn.
canal of New York, the advance of Michigan
has been rapid. By the census of 1820, it con.
tained but 8,896 inhabitants, but as shown by
the tables in this article, in 1830, the pop. of
the peninsula and Chippeway co. contained a
fraction above 28,000, and by information re
ceived from Mr. Wing, the inhabitants now,
1832, exceed 50,000. The sales of pubUc lands
in Michigan during the quarter ending 29th
June 1833, amounted to $205,000 ; and the es.
timated access of pop. during the same season
was rising of 5,000 persons. On the 17th July,
1822, Col. Brady founded Fort Brady on tbe
straits of St. Mary, and comraenced the settle
raent of Chippeway co. The settlements on the
peninsula are spreading with great rapidity, as
may be seen by the nuraerous counties forraed
since the census of 1830 was taken. Those
with nurabers annexed are those which were
organized in 1830, and amount to 13, out of 36
naraed in the table.
MiCHiLiMAKiNAs:, CO. of Mlch. including the
strait and islands of the sarae name, and the
nrthrn. extremity of the peninsula. The limits
are undefined on the main land, as the nthm.
settlements are separated by a wildemess from
those ofthe sthm. and central parts ofthe ter.
ritory. Cf town, Fort Mackinac. Pop. 1832,
877. Through the straits on both sides of
Michilimakinak isl., a constant and very sensi
ble current flows from lake Mich, into lake Hu.
ron. The straits are wider and shorter than
any other of tbe water connexions between the
great Canadian lakes, but are in every other re.
spect simUar to St. Mary's, St. Clair, Detroit,
or Niagara,
Middleborough, p.t. Plymouth co. Mass. 34
ms. s. from Boston, has a poor sandy soil. As.
sawampsit and Long ponds are chiefly in this
town. Bog iron ore is taken from the former
with long tongs, and manufactured here. Cot.
ton is also manufactured. Pop. 5,008.
1V1IDDLEB0UR^E, p.v, and St. jus. Tyler co.Va.
situated on middle island cr,, 45 ms, a little w.
of s. of Wheeling, and 258 ms. by p.r. west.
ward W. C. Lat. 39° 32', long. 3° 55' w.
W.C.
MiDDLEBOtJRNE, p.v. Guernsey co. Ohio, by
p.r. 97 ms, N, E. Columbus.
Middlebrook, p.v. in the southern part of Au.
gusta CO. Va. 10 ms. s. s, w. Staunton, and by
p.r. 185 ms. s. w. by w. W. C.
Middlebrook; p.v. in the western part of
Edgefield diet. S. C. by p-r. 98 ms. wstrd, Co.
lumbia. Middlebrook mills, on little Seneca,' p.o.
Montgomery co. Md. 28 ms. n. w. W. C.
MiDDLEBUKGB, p.t. Schoharie co. N. Y, 10
MID

289

MID

ms. s. of Schoharie, and 35 w. of Albany.
Schoharie creek affords mill seats. The Hei.
derburg limestone hiUs are scattered over the
town. Pop. 3,266.
Middleborg, p.v. Union co. Pa. 15 ms. west.
ward Sunbury, and by p.r. 61 ms. N. N. w. Har.
risburg, and 6 ms. s. w. New Berlin.
Middleburg, p-v. Frederick co. Md, by p-r.
20 ms. N. e. of Frederick.
Middleburg, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. Pop.
3,278. Middlebury, p.t. and st. jus. Addison co.
Vt. 33 ms. s. Burlington, and 51 s. w. Montpe.
lier. The township is, generally, level. Otter
and Middlebury r, afford very good mUl seats.
Much marble is quarried and wrought here, and
is fine, white, bluish, &c. Tbe village is on Ot.
ter cr. at the falls, and is a place of considera.
ble business. Here is Middlebury college, a
jail, academy, court house, state arsenal, &c.
The college was incorporated in 1800, and
owed its support to private contributions.
There are 2 college.buildings ; 1 of wood, con
taining the chapel, and 20 rooms for students,
which is 3 stories high ; the other a commodi
ous and handsome structure, of stone, 4 stories
high and 180 ft. long by 40 deep, containing 48
rooms for students. 'The faculty is coraposed
of a president, 3 professors, and a tutor. The
students are furnished witb text books, for the
use of which, those who are able pay a sraall
sura annually. Expense of each student per
annura is about $85. — Alurani of Middlebury
college (1832-3) 572. Nuraber of students, 128 ;
and in tbe col. and students' libraries are about
5500 voluraes. Coraraencement is on the 3d
Wednesday in August. The medical acaderay
at Castleton is connected with it. Pop, 3,468,
Middlebury, p.t. NewHaven co. Conn. 22
ms. n. w. New Haven, 36 ms, from Hartford,
4 ms. by 5 ; 19 sq. ms ; has Hop river, &c. It
is hilly, with granite rocks. It produces grass
and grain. Pop. 816.
MiDDLEBUBY, p.t. Gcnesee co. N. Y. 15 ms.
s. of Batavia, produces excellent fmits. The
village is on Black cr. Pop. 2,416.
Middlebury, p.v. on Goose creek in the s, s,
w. part of Loudon co. Va. 12 ras. s. w. Lees.
burg, and by p.r. 44 ms. tt. w. by w, W. C.
Middleburg p.v. Portage co. O. by p.r. 115
ms, N. E. Columbus.
Middle Creek, p.o. southern part of Wake
CO. N. C. by p-r. 12 ras. s. Raleigh. Middle.
creek is a sraall branch of Neuse r.
Middlefield, p-t. Harapshire co. Mass. 100
ms. W. Boston, is an agricultural town, incor.
porated 1783. Pop. 720,
Middlefield, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y. 3 ms. E.
of Cooperstown, 35 s, E. Utica, e. lake Otsego
and Susquehannah r. The great Western turn.
pike passes through it. The dairy is esteemed.
Pop. 3,323.
Middlefield, p.v. Geauga co. O. by p.r. 178
ms. N. E. Columbus.
Middleford, p-v. Sussex co. Del. by p.r. 54
ms. sthrd. Dover.
Middle Grove, and p-o. Ralls co. Mo. about
110 ms. N. w. by w. St. Louis.
Middlepokt, p.v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p.r.
74 ms. N. E. Harrisburg.

Middlesex, p-t. Washington co, Vt, n. of
Onion r,, 30 ms. e, Burlington, is rough. A
bridge over Onion r. crosses a rocky chasm 30
feet deep. Pop. 1,156.
Middlesex, co. Mass. in the e, part of the
state, bounded by New Hampshire ft., Essex
CO, E,, Norfolk s., and Worcester w. Contains
46 towns. Carabridge and Concord are the
shire towns, but Charlestown is the raost popu
lous, Merrimack, Concord and Nashua rs, are
the principal streams. The Middlesex canal,
31 ms. long, 24 ft. wide, and 4 ft. deep, reach.
ing from Boston harbor to Merrimack river, is
wholly within this county. It was begun in
1793, finished in 1804, cost above $700,000, has
13 locks, and 107 feet descent tt., and 3 locks
and 2 1 ft, descent s. The amount of capital in.
vested in manufacturing is very great. Lowell
and Waltham, the two principal raanufacturing
towns in Massachusetts, are in this county. In
Lowell, in AprU, 1832, $3,129,000 were stated
to be invested in real estate and raachinery, for
raanufacturing purposes, without including the
Suffolk, Tremont, and Lawrence manufacturing
companies. There are numerous paper raills
in this county, and an agricultural society which
has annual cattle shows, &c. In June 1832 a
census was taken of LoweU, whioh shows the
population to be 10,254 ; increase in 2 years
neariy 2,000, Belvidere viUage 1,004. It has
been recently stated, (July, 1832) that in this
county the cotton raanufacture employs $3,129,.
000 capital, vested in real estate and machine.
ry, consuraes 6,913,000 lbs. cotton, produces
annually 20,378,000 yards cloth, eraploys 3,896
hands, pays in wages $731,750 ; the *voollen
raanufacture eraploys $394,000 capital, vested
in real estate and machinery, consuraes 899,000
lbs, wool, produces annually 849,300 yds. wool.
len cloth, flannel and carpeting, eraploys 653
hands, pays in wages $152,000 ; the raanufac
ture of leather, boots, shoes, bats, paper, glass,
sheet lead, lead pipe, iron, starob, gunpowder,
soap and candles, drugs, oil of vitriol and other
acids, barilla and other cheraicals, used in the
county by bleachers, dyers, calico printers, soap
boilers, and other artists, are raore extensive
than in any other section of our country of equal
extent, eraploying in these branches, in the ag.
gregate $1,050,255 capital, vested in real es
tate, machinery, tools, &c,, and 'producing
manufactured articles of the annual value
of $3,565,613. P«p. 1820, 61,472—1830, 77,-
961. Middlesex, co. Conn, situated near the mid
dle of the state, is bndd. w. by Hartford co,, e.
by Hartford and New London cos., s. by Long
Island sound, and w. by New Haven co. It is
342 sq. ras. in extent, and contains 7 ts. Chat
hara, Durham, E. Haddam, Haddam, Killing.
worth, Middletown and Saybrook. It was
formed into a co. in May, 1785, and then con
sisted of 6 ts. to which a seventh, taken from
New Haven co. was annexed in May, 1799.
The early settlers of Middlesex were almost
entirely of English origin and extraction, and
its present inhabitants are chiefly their descend
ants. The first EngUsh settlement was cora.
menced in Saybrook in 1635. The several tps.
of the CO. were purchased of the Indians, who-

MID

.290

MID

were forraerly nuraerous here, and in no case
were obtained by conquest.
The general surface of Middlesex is une.
ven. A wide range of hills crosses the coun.
ty obliquely frora s. w. to ft. E., and on the w.
border of Durham and Middletown are the
Wallingford hills. The soil adjacent to the
Connecticut river is generally good. The
Chatham raeadows are of excellent quality —
the uplands usually very good. The numer
ous hills of the co. give rise to a multitude of
springs, brooks and streams, which fertilize the
land, and many of them are highly valuable for
mill seats, &c. The climate is fine, and the re.
gion remarkably healthy. The county is divi
ded by Connecticut river which affords great
advantages for navigation, and abounds in valu
able fish, particularly shad, which are taken in
large nunibers. Much ship building is carried
on in- the co. Tbe foreign trade was forraerly
extensive, and tbe coasting trade is still very
great. Manufactures are flourishing, particu
larly on the strearas in and near Middletown,
where are raanufactories of wooUen, cotton,
fire arras, &c. Valuable quarries have long
been wrought at Chathara, which furnish the
best free stone to the New York market, and
employ many sloops, &c. Building stone is
also abundantly supplied from the granite hills
bordering the straits of the Connecticut river.
Many of the rocks of this county exhibit petrifi.
ed fish, leaves, c&c, partly carbonized, and other
indications of biturainous coal, though no bed
of that valuable mineral has been discovered.
There are also a lead and a cobalt mine, the
latter aljout 5 ms, e, from the head of the strait.
At Middlefield, where is a fall of about 30 ft,
over a bed of trapp rocks, are found chlorophoe.
ite, datholite and iolite. There are in the co.
41 houses of pubUc worship, viz. : 19 Congre.
gational, 18 Baptist, 1 Free Will Baptist, 7
Episcopalian, 5 Methodist, and 1 Universalist,
For more than a century after the first settle.
ment ofthe co., the inhabitants were universally
Congregationalists. The courts sit alternately
at Middletown and Haddam. Middletown is the
principal town. Middlesex comprises 2 senato.
rial dists. Pop, of CO, 1820, 22,405, 1830, 24,845,
Middlesex, p-t, Yates co. N. Y. 194 ras. w.
Albany. Pop. 3,428.
Middlesex, co. N. J. near the centre of tbe
state, is bndd. by Essex co. n., the N. Y, Une
and Monraouth co, e, and s,, Burlington and
Somerset cos. w. It is divided by the lower
part of Raritan r. It contains the upper parts
of Millstone and Assanpink rs., and its princi
pal town is New Brunswick. Pop. 1820, 21,470,
1830, 23,157.
Middlesex, co. of Va. bndd. by Piankatank r.
which separates it from Gloucester s,, and
King and Queen w., by Essex n. w., by the bay
of Rappahannoc n., separating it frora Lancas.
ter, and E. by Chesapeake bay. Length s. e.
to N. w. 35 ms., mean width 5, and area 175 sq.
ms. Extending in lat. 37° 30' to 37° 48', and
ih long. 0° 13' to 0° 40' e. W. C. Tbis co. com.
prises a long and narrow point between the two
bounding rs. Cf. t. Urbanna. Pop. 1820, 4,067,
1830, 4,122.
MiDDiETON, p.t. Strafford co. N. H., has no

rs., ponds nor mtns., except part of Moose
mtn., and the soil is rocky ; 48 ms. n. e. Con.
cord. Pop. 561.
Middleton, t. Essex co. Mass. 20 ms. n. of
Boston, has no village, an uneven surface, and
only tolerable soil. Pop. 607.
Middletown, p-t. Rutland co. Vt, 70 ms. s. of
Burlington, and 41 n, of Bennington, is crossed
by Poultney r,, has a soil of gravelly loam, and
a pleasant village and several mills, &c. Pop.
919. Middletown, I. Newport co. R. 1. 2 miles n.
E. Newport, and 28 s. e. Providence. Pop.
915, Middletown, city, port of entry, and cf. t. of
Middlesex co. Conn, Lat. 41° 35', and long.
4° 15' e. The Indian name was Mattabeseek.
It is pleasantly situated on the gradually rising
ground on the west bank of the Connecticut r.
3] ras, above its raouth, 15 nis, s. Hartford, 24 n.
E. New Haven, and 325 from W. C. The prin
cipal street, whicb runs s. and s. is broad, level
and well built, and with those parallel to it, is
intersected at rightangles by others leading to
the river. The wharves are comraodious, and
two ofthem are appropriated for steam.boats,
by which daily comraunication is kept up witb
the cities of New York and Hartford. Popu.
lation of the city 1820, 2,618, including the
town, 6,681, 1830, city 2,965, including the
town, 6,892, The city contains a court house,
custora house, 2 banks, jail, an almshouse, and
7 places of pubUc worship, 2 of wbich are Con.
gregational, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Baptist, 1 Meth
odist, 1 UniversaUst and 1 African. "The Wes.
leyan University, founded in 1831, is an institu.
tion of great proiaiise, and is. under the patron.
age of the Methodist Episcopal church. Its
buildings, 3 in number, of stone, are eligibly
situated on a hill adjacent to the city, and cora
raand a fine view of the river and the surround
ing country. Its oflicers in 1832, were a pres.
ident and 4 professors, and there are, (1833)
about 60 students. It possesses a. valuable li.
brary, of about 3,000 volumes, 'a cabinet of
rainerals, chemical and philosophical .apparatus,
&c. A law school was established here in
1832, by the late chief justice of the state.
Many of the houses and stores are built with
brick, and rauch taste is displayed in and about
the residences of tbe citizeus. Two weekly
newspapers are published in the city. The
raagufactories ofthe city and towh are numer
ous.' Among them are three for arms for the
United States' service, 1 of broadcloth, 1 of
cotton, 1 of webbing, 1 of combs, 1 of Gunter's
scales, &c., 1 of machinery, 1 of pewter, 1 of
axes, 2 of tin ware, 1 paper mill, 1 powder mill,
4 jewelry establishments, &c. &c. One man.
ufactory raakes 1,500 rifles annually, milling aU
the parts ; another 2,000 milled muskets ; an
other 1,200 guns which are cast. One compa.
ny make 45,000 Ibs. of cotton yam, and another
30,000 yards of broadcloth; 200,000 coffee
mills are made here every year, and the annual
value of manufactures in the place, is about
.$700,000. The coasting trade of Middletown
is extensive — its foreign trade considerable. In
1816 it owned more shipping than any town in
Connecticut. Vessels for Hartford and ofter

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towns on the river, are registered here. The
river is navigable to Middletown for vessels
drawing 10 ft. water. There is a horse boat
ferry between this place and Chatham. Two
ms. above the city is the village of Middletown
Upper Ho-uses, which contains a post office.
The whole tsp. from n. to s. ia about 9 ms.
long, and it varies in breadth from 4 to 10 ms.
and contains about 58 sq. ms. It was settled in
1636, the same year with Hartford and Wind.
eor. The public records of the town cora
mence in 1654. The city was incorporated in
1784, Middletown rests on secondary red sand
stone — ^the other rocks are pudding stone and
bituminous shale, having impressions of leaves,
fish, &c. The range of granite hiUs terminates
2 miles s. of the city, forraing the straits of
Connecticut river. Valuable minerals are found
in various parts of it. During the revolution, a
lead raine was wrought sorae distance E. ofthe
city, on the bank of the Connecticut river, and
several shafts were sunk. The ore was found
in quartz veins, with sorae fluor spar. It is
now neglected.
Middletown, p-t. Delaware co. N.Y. 20 ms.
8. E. Delhi, and 68 s. w. Albany, is watered by
Papachton river, the e. branch of Delaware
river, and tributaries which supply many mill
seats. It is very hilly, with vallies of good
land, and bas a mixed population. Pop. 2,383.
Middletown, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 23 ms.
N. of Newburgh.
Middletown, p.v, Saratoga co. N. Y. 3 ms,
N, w. Waterford.
Middletown, p.t. Monmouth co. N. J. on
Raritan bay, and at the mouth of a cr,, 50 ms.
E. of Trenton, and 30 s. w. N. Y. It has an
academy. Pop. 5,128. ,,
Middletown Point, p.v. Monmouth co. N.
J. on Matteawan cr,, which falls into Raritan
bay, 14 ms. n, w, Shrewsbury, 12 N. n. e. Frise.
hold, and 9 s. E. Amboy.
Middletown, p.v. on the left b^nk of Sus.
quehannah r., above the mouth af Swatara
creek, 9 ras. below Harrisburg, and 27 n. w. by
w. Lancaster, It is comparatively an ancient
village, extending mostly in a single street
along the main road. Pop. 1820, 567.
Middletown, p.v. upon Appoquiniraink
creek, in the southwestem part of New Castle
CO. Del. 25 ras. ». s. w. Wilmington, and 27 by
p-r. N. N. w. Dover.
Middletown, p-v. Washington co. Pa. {See
West Middletown.)
Middletown, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 8 ms.
H, w, by w. Frederick, and 17 s. a. e. Hagers.
town. Middletown, p.v. on Cedar cr,, near the
southwestern border of Frederick co. Va. 16
ms. s. w. Winchester, and by p-r. 83 ms. a little
N. of w. W. C.
Middletown, p-v. in the east part of Hyde
CO. N. C. 158 ms. estrd. of Raleigh.
Middletown, p-v. in the northeastem part
of Jefferson co. Ky. 12 ms. e. of Louisville,
and 40 ms. a little n. of w. of Frankfort.
Middletown, p-v. southem part of Butler co.
Ala. by p.r. 165 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa.
Middletown, p.v. Butler co. 0. by p.r. 90
ms. 6. w. by w. Columbus.

Middletown, p.v. Henry co. Ind. by p.r. 49
ms. N, e. by e. Indianopolis.
Middleway, p.v. western part of Jefferson
CO. Va. 85 ms. by p-r. n. vr. by w. W. C.
Midland, new co. of Mich., bounded s. e.
and s. by Saginaw, Gratiot s. w., Isabella w.,
Gladwin n. w.. Arena n. e,, and Saginaw bay
N, e. Length from e. to w. 40 ms., mean
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Lat. 43° 40',
long. W. C. 7° 18' w. Slope s. e,, and trav
ersed frora Gladwin co, by the Tittabewassee
r. or nrthm. branch of Saginaw r. The cen.
tral part is about 120 ms. N, w. Detroit. Sagi
naw r. enters Saginaw bay at the point where
the boundary between Midland and Saginaw
COS. reaches that bay. Pop. uncertain.
Midway, p.v. Culpepper co. Va, by p.r. 81
ms. s. w. by w. W. C.
Midway, p-v. inthe western part of Caldwell
CO. Ky. by p.r. 216 ms. o. w, by w, Frankfort.
Midway, p.v. Stark co. O.by p-r. 126 ms.N.
E. by E. Columbus.
Midway, p-v. Spencer co. Ind. by p-r. 177
ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis.
Mifflin, co. of Penn. bndd. by Centre n. w..
Union n. e,, Juniata co. e, and s, E., and Hunting.
don s, w. and w. Length from s. w. to ft. e. 42
ras,, mean breadth 12 ms, and area 504 sq, ras.
Extending in lat, from 40° 22' to 40° 52' n.
long. W, C, 0° IB' to 0° 56' w. The ». w.
border of the co. is forraed by Juniata r. which
in a s, E, by e, direction separates it frora Hunt
ingdon, but curving rapidly to n. e. enters and
by coraparative courses traverses !V1 ifflin about
30 ms, from whence again inflecting to a. e.
flows into Juniata co. The body of MifHin co.
is a mtn. valley with the channel of Juniata r.
as its lowest depression. Along tbis channel
extends a section of the Penn. Canal. The
census of 1830, included under the head of
MifHin an aggregate pop. of 21,690 ; but sub.
sequently Juniata co. was forraed entirely out
of the sthestrn, part of the former. Chief t.
of MifHin, Lewistown.
Mifflin, p-v. southwestem part of Hender
son CO. Ten. by p.r. 143 ms. s. w. by w. Nash.
ville, Mifflin, p.v. Richland co. Ohio, n. e. Colum.
bus. *¦
Mifflinburg, p.v. on Buffalo cr. Union co.
Pa. 6 ras, N, w. New BerUn, and by p-r. 65 ms.
a little w, of N. Harrisburg.
Mifflintown, p.v. on the left bank of Junia
ta r., by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
MiFPLiNsviLLE, lu the p-0. list, but MifHins.
burg on Tanner's map, p.v. on the left bank of
Susquehannah r., and southeast part of Colum.
bia CO. Pa. 18 ms. n. e. by e. Danville, and by
p.r, 80 ms , N. N, E. Harrisburg.
Milan, formerly Paulsburgh, 1. Coos co. N.
H. Contains some mountainous land, several
ponds, and is otherwise watered by the Upper
Amonoosuck, and Ameriscoggui rivers. Pop.
243. Milan, p.t. Duchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. tt. e.
Poughkeepsie, u part of Ancram's cr., and
strearas of Wappinger's cr. famish mill sites.
Pop. 1,886.
Milan, p-v. Huron co. Ohio, by p.r. 117 ms.
northward Columbus.

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MIL

MiLBOKo' Spring, and p.o. Bath co. Va. by
p.r. 199 ras. s. w.W. C.
Milburn, p-t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 1,006.
MiLESBURG, p-v. Centre co. Pa. 2 miles w.
Bellefonte, and by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Miles, cross roads and p-o. Knox co. 0. by
p-r. 54 ras. n. e. Colurabus.
MiLESTOWN, p-v. near Phil, city, Phil. co. Pa.
Milfield, p-v Athens co. Ohio, by p-r. 82
ms. s, e, Columbus.
Milford, p-t. HiUsboro' co. N. H. on Souhe.
gan river, has mills and factories, 31 ms. s.
Concord, and yields good apples, &c. Pop.
1,302. Milford, p^t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 ms, s,
E. Worcester, is supplied with excellent raill
seats by Charles and MiU rs. It is gently
swellmg in surface, has an academy. Pop.
1,360. Milford, p.t. New Haven co. Conn, on Long
Island sound, 9 ms. s. w. New Haven ; has
some good land, but is very rocky. It has a
harbor for vessels of 200 tons, and a quarry of
marble like verde antique, clouded greenish,
&c. but not very valuable for working. Pop.
2,256. Milford, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y. 10 miles s.
Cooperstown, 76 ms. vr. Albany, on the north
side of Susquehannah river, is hilly, but has ex.
cellent soil for grazing. Pop. 3,025.
Milford, p.v. and st, jus. Pike co. Pa. situa.
ted on the right bank of Del. river, 56 railes
above and a little E. of n. Easton, and 119 railes
northward Philadelphia, lat. 41° 18', long. 2°
16' E. W. C.
Milford, tsp. of Mifflin co. Pa. opposite
Mifflintown, and on Tuscarora cr. Pop. 1820,
1,554. Milford, village and tsp. in the westem part
of Somerset co. Pa. The village is situated 8
ms. s. w. by w. the borough of Somerset. Pop.
tsp. 1820, 1,394.
Milford, p.v. on Mispillion cr. southeastern
part of Kent co. Del. 20 ms. s. s, e. Dover, and
by the p.r. 102 ras. a little n. of e. W. C.
Milford, p.v. on the left bank of Mononga
hela r., in Harrison co. Va. 5 ra. a, a. w. Clarks.
burg. MiitFoRD, p.v, in the sthrn. part of Greenville
dist. S. C. by p-r. 95 ras. n. w. by w. Columbia.
Milford, p-v. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 66
ms. w, Vlilledgeville.
Milford, p-v. in the N, w. part of Clermont
CO, Ohio, by p-r. 98 ms. s, w. Columbus.
MiLJFoiiD Centre, p-v. sthrn. part of Union
CO. 0. by p-r, 32 ras, n. w. Columbus.
Military Grove, p-v. Burke co. N. C. by
p.r. 220 ms. a little n, of w. Raleigb.
MiLLBoao', p-v. in the eastern part of Wash
ington CO. Pa, by p.r. 214 ms. N. w. by w. W.
C. and 207 w. Harrisburg.
IVliLBoao', p.v. Sussex CO. Va. 4 or 5 ras. a.
E.Sussex court house, andby p.r. 55 ms. a. s.
E. Richraond.
MiLLBORo' Spring, and p.o. Bath co. Va. by
p.r. 214 ms. s. w. by w. W. C.
Millbrook, p.v. Wayne co. Ohio, northeast.
ward Columbus.
Millburt, p.t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms.
a. w. Boston, is crossed by Blackstone r. and

canal. The water taken from the falls feeds
the canal to Mendon. Here was formed the
first of those lyceuras which are now so numer.
ous and useful. The Goodell manufacturing
corapany make woollens, and there are gun,
and cotton manufactories, &c. &c. Quarries of
granite and soap stone are found here. Pop,
1,611. Mill Creek, p.o. Berkely co. Va., by p.r. 93
ras. N. w. W. C.
Mill Ckeek, and p.o. Coshocton co. Ohio, by
p.r. 93 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus.
Mill Creek, p.o. Madison co. Indiana, by
p.r. 46 ms. n. e Indianopolis.
Milledgeville, p.t., St. jus. for Baldwin co.
and of govemment for the state of Geo., is situ.
ated on the right bank of Oconee r., at lat. 33°
05', long. 6° 17' w. W. C. This geographic
position gives by actual calculation, the bear.
ing from W. C. to MUledgeviUe s. 41° 09' w.
and a distance of 536 ms, nearly ; tbe post office
distance along the post road 662 statute ms.
Milledgeville is 92 ms. a. w. by w. along the
road through Warrentown and Sparta from Au
gusta, and 175 ms. n. w. by vr. Savannah. Fol
lowing tbe windings of the Oconee and Alata.
maha, this place is 312 ms. above the Atlantic.
Boats of 25 or 30 tons are navigated to Mil.
ledgeviUe. The site ofthis town is broken into
bills. It contains a state house, a branch of the
state bank, several places of public worship, and
2 or 3 printing offices. The state penitentiary
is also located in Milledgeville. The latter es
tablishment appears from recent information to
support itself. The convicts in 1829, were 92.
Pop. 1,599.
Miller, co. Ark. bndd. n. by Crawford, n. e.
by Hot Springs co., s. E. by Clark, s. by Sevier,
and w. by the unappropriated westem territory.
Length 50, width 36, and area 1,800 sq. ms.
Extending in lat, 34° to 34° 43' n., and in long.
16° 50' to 17° 30' w. W. C. It is cbiefly drain.
en to the southward by the constituent creeks
of the Little r. of the north. The northern part
is mountainous and drained to the northward by
the head branches of Potomac river flowing into
Arkansas. The co. is therefore in part a table
land, between the Red and Arkansas rs. and
lies about 109 ilis. s. w. by w. Little Rock. Pop.
356. Miller, c. h. and p-o. in the preceding co. is
marked on the p-o. list, as distant 1,326 ms.
from W. C, and 215 from Little Rock.
Miller's r., Worcester and Franklin cos.
Mass. enters the Connecticut r. at Northfield,
35 ms, long, with a fall of 62 ft. near its mouth.
Just above it a large body of Indians were de
stroyed in Philip's war, by a small army of vol.
unteers from Northampton, &c.
Millersburg, p-v. in the northeastem part of
Bourbon co. Ky. 10 ms, N. e. Paris, and by p.r.
53 ms. a little N. of E. Frankfort.
Milleksbukg, p.v. and st. jus. Holmes co.
Ohio, by p.r. 80 ms. N. e. by E. Columbus, and
46 ms. N. Zanesville, lat. 40° 32', long. W. 0.
4° 57' w. It is situated on Kilbuck cr., near
the centre ofthe co. Pop. 319, ,
Millersburg, p.v. Ripley co. Indiana, by p-r.
7& ms. s. £. Indianopolis.
Millersburg, p.v. in the northem part of

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293

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Callaway co. Mo. by p-r, 44 ms, n. e, Jefferson
city, and about 140 n, w, by w. St, Louis,
Millersburg, p-v, on tbe left banli of Sus
quehannah r,, on the point above the raouth of
'Wicomisco cr,, 23 ms, n. and above Harrisburg,
Miller's Creek, and p-o, EstiU co. Ky. by
p.r. 81 ras, s, e, by e, Frankfort.
Miller's Inn, sthwstrn. part of Nelson co.
Ky. by p-r. 9 ras. from Bardstown, and 64 ms.
s. w. Frankfort.
Miller's Tavern, and p-o. Essex co. Va, by
p-r. 119 ms, s, W. C.
Millerstow.v, p,v, on the left bank of Juni
ata r. Perry co. Pa. 29 ms. n. n, w. Harrisburg,
Millerstown, p.v, Grayson co, Ky, 10 ms.
from Litchfield, and by p-r. 115 ms, s. w. by w.
Frankfort. Millersville, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa, 5 ms,
s, w, Lancaster,
Mill Farm, and p-o, Caroline co. Va, by u-r,
92 ms, sthrd, W, C,
iViill Grove, and p-o, Mecklenburg co. Va.
by p.r, 258 ms, s. s, w, W, C, and 135 ms. s.
w. Richmond,
Mill Grove, and p-o, Sumpter dist, S, C, by
p-r, 60 ms, e, Columbia,
Mill Hall, p-v, in tbe nthwstrn, part of
Centre co. Pa, 23 ms. n, w. BeUefonte, and 108
ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
Mill Have.vj p.v. Scriven co. Geo. by p-r.
142 ms, a little s, of e, Milledgeville.
MiLLiiEiM, p-v, in the sthestrn, part of Centre
CO. Pa, 20 ms, .>i, e, by e, BeUefonte, and by
p-r, 86 ms. «, i\, w, Harrisburg.
Millington, p-v, Kent co. Aid. by p-r. 53 ras.
N, e, Annapolis.
MiLL-'NGTON, p.v, Dccatut CO. Ind. by p-r. 55
ras. s, E, Indianopolis,
Millport, p-v, in the wstrn, part of Meck
lenburg CO, Ky. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w.
Frankfort. Mill River, p-o. Buncombe co. N, C, by
p-r. 250 ras, wstrd, Raleigh,
Millsboro', p-v, near the head of Indian r,
in the s, e, part of Sussex co. Del. by p-r, 49
ms, s. s, E. Dover.
MlLLSFIELD, t, Coos CO, N. H, 150 ms, n.
Concord, Pop, 33.
MiLLSFORD, p-v, Ashtabula co. 0. byp-r. 197
ms. N, E, Columbus,
Mills Point, p-v, Hickman co. Ky. by p-r,
338 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Mill Springs, p-v, in the southern part of
Wayne co, Ky, 24 ras, frora .MonticeUo, and by
p-r, 152 ms, sthrd. Frankfort.
AliLLSTONE Brook, N. J. a branch of Rari
tan r, rises in Monraouth co,, flows n, through
Middlesex, receiving Stony brook, and part of
Somerset, where it joins the i, 9 railes above
Brunswick, On its banks, where it is crossed
by the Princeton and Trenton roads, Washing
ton defeated the British regiment of grenadiers,
on his retreat from Lamberton, The Dela.
ware and Raritan canal is now constructing
along the course of this streara a part of its
length. Millstone, p.v. Somerset co, N, J. 38 ms.
N. E. Trenton.

CO. Pa. by p-r. 146 ras. n, Harrisburg.

38

MiLLTOWN, p-V. Crawford co. Ind. by p-r.
114 ms. sthrd. Indianopolis,
Millville, p-t, Cumberland co.N. J. 12ms.
E. Bridgetown. It has iron works, which are
supplied with water by a short canal from a
pond. It is crossed by Maurice r. Pop. 1,561.
Millville, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Colum
bia CO, Pa, byp-r, 93 ms, nthrds, Harrisburg.
Millville, p-v. King George's co. Va. by
p-r. 91 ras, s, W, C,
Millville, p-v, Spartanburg dist. S. C. by
p-r. 97 ms, n, tt. vr. Columbia.
Millville, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. about 60
ms. sthrd, NashviUe,
Millville, p-v, Caldwell co. Ky, by p-r. 235
ms, s. w, by w, Frankfort,
Millville, p-v, Butler co, 0, by p-r. 115 ras.
s. w, by w, Colurabus, Pop. 196.
Millwood, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 11 ms, s.
E. by E, Winchester, and by p-r. 61 ras. n, w.
by w. V/, C,
MiLNERsviLLE, p-V, Gucmsey CO. O. by p-r.
102 ms. E. Columbus.
fiiiLo, p-t. Penobscot co. i\le. Pop, 381,
Milo, p-t, Yates co, N, Y, 25 ms, s, e, Ca
nandaigua, w, Seneca lake, E, Crooked lake,
whose ouUet affords mill seats. The soU is
rich, argillaceous loam, with some aUtivion and
wann gravel. Penn Yan p-v. was named from
the settlers being Pennsylvanians and N. Eng
landers, Pop, 3,010,
iWiLTON, p-t, Strafford co, N, H, 27 mUes n.
Portsmouth, 46 from Concord, is on the w, side
of Salmon Falls r,, which divides it from
Maine, It includes Teneriffe mtn,, and is
crossed by a stream. Pop, 1,273.
Milton, p-t, Chittenden co, Vt, e, side lake
Champlain, on LamoUle r, 12 ras, .^, Burling.
ton, and 40 n, w, Montpelier, hasthe advantage
of the Great Falls of Laraoille and its branch.
es, plenty of iron ore and limestone, and of a
low sand bank, extending to the s. w, corner of
S, Hero, by which the lake is fordable raost of
the year. The Great Falls are curious ; an
island stands in the channel, where the river
descends 150 ft, in 50 rods. Cobble and Rat.
tlesnake HUls, 4 or 500 ft, high, are the princi.
pal ; the surface is gently varied. Pop, 2,097.
MiLTox, p-t, Norfolk CO, Mass, 7 ms, S.Bos
ton, s. Neponset r,, has various mills, &c.
Good tillage in the raiddle and n. e,, but in the
s, part, is broken and hilly. Part of the Blue
hUls are in the t, sorae of which are 710 feet
above high water. Pop, 1,576,
Milton, p-t, Saratoga co, N, Y. 30 miles n.
Albany, is nearly level, and has a stiff or sandy
loam, except a sandy pine tract in the e, Kay
derosseras brook crosses it. Slate and lime
stone Ue under the surface, and loose masses of
granite, gneiss, limestone, &c, above. It com
prehends Ballston springs, and the viUage of
Ballston Spa, celebrated as a fashionable retreat,
on account of the value of its waters. There are
several chalybeate springs, and one of them is
strongly charged with salts. They all rise near
the raargin of a small valley, probably once a
lake ; and there is the Spa village, which con
tains 2 churches, a courthouse, &c,, with sev-

MiLLTOWN, p-v, in nthwstrn, part of Bradford keral boarding houses, the chief of which is the

Sans Souci. Milton v. 3 ms. n. w. of the Spa,

MIN

294

MIS

has two churches, limekilns, and several facto
ries. Pop, 3,079,
Milton, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 12 ms. w,
Newburgh. Milton, v, Middlesex co, N, J. 1 m, w, Rah
way, Milton, p-v, on the left side of Susquehan
nah r, at and above the mouth of Limestone run,
12 ms. above Northuraberland, and 81 n. Har
risburg. Milton, p-v. on Dan r. in the nthestrn. angle
of Caswell co. N. C. by p-r. 98 ras. ». w. Ra
leigh. Milton, p.v. Laurens dist, S. C. by p-r, 65
ms, n, w, Colurabia,
Milton, p-v, in the nthwstm, part of Ruther
ford CO, Ten,
, Milton, p-v. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 83 ras.
N. E, Frankfort,
Milton, p-v, Trumbull co, 0, by p-r, 154 ms.
N, E, Columbus,
Milton, p-v. Wayne co. Ind, by p-r, 75 ms,
E. Indianopolis.
Mina, p-t, Chatauque co, N. Y. Pop, 1,388,
Minden, p-t, Montgomery co, N, Y, s, of
Mohawk r,, 15 ms, w, Johnstown, and 58 w,
N, w. Albany. Has gentle hiUs and rich val
lies for wheat, with argil, loara on clay, Ots-
quaga creek affords raill seats. Fort Plain
was on Mohawk r. Tbe inhabitants are Ger
man, and speak the German language. Pop.
2,567, Mine r., confluent of Missouri, and having its
entire course in the state of Mo,, rises between
the northem sources of Osage river and that
part of Missouri r, between the influx of Kan
sas and Grand rs. The valley of Mine r, com
prises the northern sections of Lafayette, Sa
line and Cooper counties, the stream falling
into Missouri 4 or 5 ms, above Booneville, the
st, jus, ofthe latter co. The vaUey of Mine r,
does not araount to 70 ms, in its greatest length,
but it is a large stream compared to its length,
draining a circular valley of 60 ras, diameter,
exceeding an area of 2,800 sq, ms,
Minehead, t. Essex co, Vt, n. Conn, r, 60 ms,
N. E. Montpelier, 100 frora Windsor, and is wa
tered by Nulhegan r. &c. Pop, 150,
Mineral Polnt, and p-o, Iowa co, Mich,, or
more correctly in Huron, As laid down on
Tanner's improved U, States' map, this place is
situated on the head of the w. Fork of Peektano
r. 74 ms, s, w. of fort Wiimebago, 75 ms, a lit
tle s. of E, Prairie du Chien, and 64 n, e. Gale
na in II.
MiNERSviLLE, p.v. in the northeastern part of
Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r, 71 ms, «. e, Harris.
burg, and 179 n. n, e, W, C,
Minerva, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 30 ras, s, w,
EUzabethtown, is little inhabited, and 14 ms,
by 25, The sources of Hudson r. rise in it,
and water it well. The surface is irregular,
and the soil pretty good. Pop, 358,
Minerva, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms.
n. e, Frankfort.
Minerva, p.v. Stark co. 0. by p-r. 135 ms. n.
E. Columbus. Minisink, p-t. Orange co, N, Y. 10 ms, w,
Goshen N, Y., on WalUiill cr,, «, e, N, J, and
Pennsylvania lines. The Shawangunk mtns.

from tbe Alleganies and Navisink r. cross it.
Near the Wallkill are some drowned lands.
Soil and surface various. There are 4 p-os. at
Minisink, West town, Carpenter's point, and
Ridgeburg. Dolsentown and Brookfield are
also villages. The Hudson and Delaware canal
crosses the town, meets Delaware r. at Carpen.
ter's point, and proceeds up that stream. Pop.
4,979, Minot, p-t, Curaberland co. Me. w. Andros
coggin r,, 33 ras, n, Portland, n. Little. Andros.
coggin r,, and s, Oxford co. Pop, 2,904.
MiNTONSviLLE, p-V, Gatcs CO. N. C. by p-r.
149 ras. «. E. by E, Raleigh.
Miranda, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 163
ras. a Uttle s, of w, Raleigh.
MissisauE, {See Troy.)
Missisque, bay, an arra of lake Champlain
containing 35 sq. ms,, reaching 4 or 5 ms. into
Lower Canada, between Swanton and Highgate,
Vt. It is 5 ms. wide on the line.
MissisauE, r, of Vt. rises in Orleans co., and
passing into Lower Canada, traverses Franklin
CO., enters lake Charaplain at Missisque bay.
It is wide, slow and shallow, with several falls.
It receives Trout r.. Black cr., Taylor's branch,
&,c,, draining about 582 sq, ms, in Vermont.
It is 75 railes long, and navigable to Swanton
falls, 6 ras. in vessels of 50 tons.
Mississippi, i. ofthe United States. Though
the various large constituent strearas of the
mighty Mississippi will be severally noticed,
yet a general view of the great central basin is
indispensable in a treatise ofthe nature of this
Gazetteer. Beside many of inferior raagnitude,
the great constituent rivers which drain the ba
sin, and unite their waters to forra the Misp,,
are the Red, Wbite, Arkansas, Miss,, Misp.
proper, and Ohio. A very erroneous opinion of
the relative extent of the basin of the Misp.
has been fostered by too many geographers of
our own country. The true characteristic to
determine the comparative importance of rivers,
is the area drained, and not mere length of
course. To give more correct views of the
true rank of the large rivers of the earth, the
following table was constructed : —
No. 1, Table of the basins of the large
rivers of the earth, including the length of
course of each great river, exclusive of minute.
sinuosities. Length of Mean width Area in
course, ofBaain,
1,600

River Basins,
Rio de la Plate,
Amazon, inclusive of
the Tocantinas,
Orinoco,Atlantic slope of North
America, from Florida
point, e.xclusive of St.
Lawrence,
Misp. including Red, Ar
kansas, White, Miap.
proper, Ohio, Missoufi,
St. Lawrence,
Saskatchawaine,Unjiga, or Mackenzies r.
EiLxine Basin,
White sea Basin,
Caspian and Aral united
Basins,
Oby,Yciiiseii,Lena, Amur,

3,000
1,100

1,800

800

980360

170

sq. ms.
1,280,000

2,940,000 396,000

306,000

2,000

550

1,100,000

1,200

425

510,000

1,200

200

240,000

1,400

200

280,000

1,800

550

990,000

1,380

700

966,000

2,500

1,000

2,500,000

2,150

600

1,290,000

2,100

400

840,000

2,070

350

724,000 CSJ.OOO

1,820

360

MIS 295
Length of Mean widtb Areii in
sq. ms.
396,000
45('>,()00270,000

MIS

River Basins. course.

of Basin,

Yellow river, .1,980

200

Blue river 2,280

200

Basinof s. E. Asia, 1,800

150

Ganges and Buramapoo-

tre, united, 1,500

380

Indus, 1,200

180

Euphrates & Tigris, uni

ted, 1,150

140

Nile, 1,080

250

Niger, 2,000

200

mean width,
261

589,000 216,000 161,000
420,000
... , , 400,000
By this table it is sbewn, that the surface
comprised in the Misp, basin, falls short of that
ofthe Plate, and is only to that ofthe Amazon
as 377 to 1000 ; yet the enormous extent of the
former, though the third in rank amongst the
rivers of America, becomes very apparent,
when it is seen, that it exceeds in extent all the
rivers ofthe Atlantic slope of North America,
including the St, Lawrence, or either the Baltic
or Euxine basins ; that it far exceeds the united
basins ofthe Indus, Ganges, and Buramapootre,
or the great central basin of China. A line
drawn frora the Appalachian systera, where the
sources of Ten. and Great Kenhawa separate
in Ashe co, N, C, to the sources of Marias r,,
the nthwstrn, confluent of Misp, is by calcula
tion N, 55° 40' w. 1,985 statute ras. Another
line very nearly at right angles to the preceding,
drawn between the sources of Red and Ouis
consin rs., measures 1,100 ms., the mean width
of the basin is, however, about 550 ras. The
following table exhibits the relative extent and
geographic position of the constituent vallies of
this great basin.
Nat, Sections, length
Ohio valley, 750
Misp. valley or Misp,
proper, 650
Missouri valley, 1,200
Ohio, including the 1
valle.vs of White, V 1,000
Arkansas, Red, &.c, }
Of these valleys, which drain a territory of 1,099,000
sq, ms,, the extent is as follows :
Ohio, from lat, 34° to 42° 30' long, w, Vf. C, 1° to 11° 40'
Misp, proper, 37° " 48° " " 9° " 20O
Missouri, 37° " 50° " " 130 " 350
Ohio, includ- ¦^
ing the vallies
ofWhite,Arli;, Red, &c, 7
The various sections of this great physical
region will be found under their respective
heads, but we here notioe the general features
in order to explain the phenomena of the annu
al inundations. By reference to table II, it
will be seen that the difference of lat, between
the extremes, is from lat, 29 to 50, or 21 de
grees. The relative elevation has never been
accurately determined, but may without estima
ting raountain ridges, be assumed safely at
6,000 feet, or an equivalent to 10 degrees of
lat. Corabining these elements, would give a
winter cliraate to Misp. sources similar to that
of Labrador, on the Atlantic coast, of lat. 61°,
The basin, if taken as a whole, is coraposed of
two very unequal inclined plains, one, the west
ern and much most extensive, falling from the
Chippewayan system, is about 800 ras. mean
width ; the second declines frora the Appala
chian systera westward, and is about 400 ms.
wide at a mean. The base line, or Une of cora
mon depression, follows the valley of Illinois
and Misp. below the mouth of Misp. The gen.

277437

200

area sq. ms.
196,000

180,000
533,000

0,000

^290 "420

110 " 300

eral characters of the Appalachian and Chippe
wayan systeras, are communicated to their re
spective plains. In a state of nature the Appala.
chain system was a dense . forest. This vast
body of woods was protruded dn one side to the
shores of the Atlantic ocean, and westward en
croached on the central plains. - The Chippe
wayan is mostly naked of tirabers, as are the
immense grassy plains which compose its east
ern slope. By reference to the art. Md, it wiU
be seen that, independent of comparative height,
the prevalent winds of the continent are from
the westward, and that winter cold increases in
intensity advancing westward to the summits of
the Chippewayan, Permanent snows cover the
earth in winter over the Atlantic slope and
Misp. basin, as low as lat. 31°, but from the pe.
cuUar structure of the vaUies, the floods, produ.-
ced by winter snows and spring rains cannot be
simultaneously discharged. "The gradual dis.
charge is produced by three causes ; first, dif.
ference of lat. ; second, difference of height ;
and thirdly, contrariety of direction. The gen.
eral course ofthe flood being to the southward,
spring advances in a reverse direct^h, and re
leases in succession, the waters of the lower
valley, then those of Ohio, then those of Misp,
Ina raean often years the swell coraraences on
the Delta, in the end of Feb, a.nd beginning of
March, and continues to rise by unequal diur.
nal accretions to the raiddle of June, when the
waters begin again to depress. But what raight
excite rauch surprise to those unacquainted
with the cause, the waters ofthe upper Misp. do
not reach the Delta until upwards of a month af.
ter the inundation has been abating. Rising be.
tween 42° and 50°, and at an elevation of from
1,2U0 to 5,000 feet, the higher sources of the
Misp, are locked in ice and snow, long after sum.
mer reigns on the Delta. Again the courses ofthe
Yellow Stone r. and Misp, are to the nrthestrd.
for 5 or 600 ms. from the Chijipewayan ridges,
giving to their fioods a very circuitous route.
To these particular causes of separate dig.
charge, one general cause may be added, that
is the slow motion of the waters. Amongst
the many vulgar errors introduced into our
books concerning the Misp, basin, none stands
more opposed to fact than the rapid motion of
the waters. If in reality the floods moved with
half tbe commonly assigned velocity, the Delta
would be annually and totally submerged.
The waters of Upper Misp. do not reach the
Delta before the beginning of August, about 100
days or 2,400 hours after the breaking up of
winter. This supposes a motion of about one
mUe per hour, Sirailar to the Russian or north
eastern plains of Europe, the Misp, basin is
remarkable for the very regular slope of its de
clivities, and oonseqaently the scarcity of direct
falls or even cataracts in its rivers. If we
allow an elevation of 5,000 ft. to the sources of
Misp,, W'e find the much greater part ofthe faU
in the vicinity of Chippewayan, and to estiraate
the height of the junction of Misp. and Yellow
Stone river at 2,000 ft. is full raore than would
be warranted by known elevation at the source
of Misp. proper. But allowing 2,000 ft, eleva,
tion for tbe mouth of Yellow Stone river, and
2,400 ms. for distance thence to the Delta, we

MIS

296

MIS

have a faU of only 10 inches to the niUe. This
estimate, moderate as it appears, is neverthe.
less too high. Pittsburg is by actual measure.
ment within a small fraction of 700 feet above
the surface ofthe Gulf of Mexico, and distant
by the windings of that streams from that re.
cipient, about 1,800 ras., yielding a mean fall of
4 6-10 inches per raile nearly. If in brief, we
allow a mean fall of 6 inches to the raile, it is
more than sufficiont for the mean faiiof the wa
ters of tbe Misp, basin, frora their beads to final
discharge into the Gulf of Mexico, The sea
sons of general inundation are tolerably well
known to the inhabitants of the Delta, but so
very greatly do the quantity of raeteor difier in
different years, that no length of experience
enables any person to anticipate, with any ap
proach to certainty, the elevation of flood in any
given year. Some years, as in 1800-1, the
waters do not rise above their channels, of
course no inundation takes place. Connected
with the general history of the Misp, Delta, is
the mistaken opinion that the raain channel is
changeable. "When the aimual inundations oc
cur, the surface of the river is indeed above
that ofthe adjacent country, but the bed or bot
tom, sirailar to all other rivers is, nevertheless,
the deepest valley of the region through which
it flows. The author of this article has sound
ed the Mississippi frora the efflux of Atchafa
laya to the different outlets, and found the
stream at the lowest water, from 75 to 80 ft, at
the head ofthe Delta, 130 ft, near the outlet of
Lafourche at Donaldsonville, upwards of 100
ft, opposite New Orleans, and from 75 to 80 ft,
3 ms, above the main bars. Lake Ponchar
train is the deepest lake of Louisiana, and
yet does not average a depth of 18 feet ; say
its bottom is 25 ft, below the general level of
the Delta, then would tbe bottom of the Misp.
at New Orleans, be 75 ft, below that of the
greatest adjacent depression. The great, and
in many cases almost circular bends of the
Misp, in and above the Delta, produce a re
verse of the current at once on the opposite
sides of a neck of land. This neck being com
posed of alluvion, yields easily to the abrasion
of water, and is finally worn away and a new
channel opened. Above and below where the
isthmus formerly existed, the ancient bed is fil
led up with sand and earth, whilst the old bed
around the point assumes the aspect of a lake,
but by its proxiraity to the parent river and its
forra proves the origin. Such lakfes are Fause
Riviere, one near the raouth of Homochitto r,,
Concordia, St, John's, St, Joseph's, Providence,
and Grand lakes, and one forming the mouth of
Yazoo, Of these, Fause Riviere, that onthe
left bank near the raouth of Homochitto, and
that also onthe left bank at the raouth of Ya.
zoo, have been formed within the period of
white setUeinent. With the exception stated,
the volume of the Misp, is as effectually and
permanently confined to its channel, as is any
other river of the earth, {See art. Atchafalaya,
Lafourche, La. ^c.)
Mississippi, state of the U, S, bndd. by the
Gulf of Mexico s,. La. s, w,, Ark, n, vr., "Tenn,
N,, and Ala, e. "The outlines ofthis state are,
from the southwestern angle of Ala, along that

part of the Gulf of Mexico, called lake Borgne,
to the raouth of Pearl r, 60 ms, ; up Pearl river
to lat, 31° 65 ms, ; thence due w. along lat, 31°
to the bank ofthe Misp, nearly opposite the out.
let of Atchafalaya 105 ms,; thence up the viisp.
r, to lat, 35° at the southwestern angle of Ten.
foUowing the windings 530 ms, ; thence due e,
along the southern boundary of Ten, to Ten.
river, and up that stream to the mouth of Bear
r. 123 ras. ; thence along the western bounda
ry of Ala, to the place of beginning on the Gulf
of Mexico 390 ras, having an entire outline of
1,203 ras. Lying between lat, 30° 08' and 35°,
and between long, 11° 12' and 14° 42' w. W. C.
Extrenie length frora s, to n, 337 ms, and the
area being 45,760 square ras., the mean breadth
is a sraall fraction above 135 3-4 ms, ; contain.
ing 29,286,400 statute acres.
Natural Geogra/jhy. — The general decliv.
ity ofthis state is southward, but the western
side declining by an easy descent a, s, w. to.
wards tbe Misp. whilst the eastern side de.
clines slightly towards the Tombigbee. Of the
rivers of this state the principal is the great
streara from which its narae is derived. The
state of Misp. rises from the river of the same
name into a buttress of moderate and unde.
fined general elevation. This interior but
tress reaches tbe streara in a series of crumb
ling banks, called " The Bluffs." Between
the Bluffs and streara, tbe bottoras are as
low and more subject to inundation than
are those on the western bank, as in the for
mer case ; the hUls confine the water which is
augmented by the river and creeks flowing
frora the interior of the state. The bottoras
ofthe Misp, r, svhich exist in the state ol Misp.
bear a small fractional proportion to the aggre
gate surface. From the western side of the
state, advancing n, to s, flow into the Misp, river
in succession, the Yazoo, Big Black, Bayou,
Perre, and Horaochitto, Pearl r, rises near
the centre of the state, but flows s, s. w, near
ly parallel to the Big Black, about 80 ms, and
thence curving s, a. E, 150 ms, falls into, the
pass of rigolets between lakes Pontchartrain
and Boyne, after an entire comparative course
of 230 ms, draining the central and much of the
sthrn, parts of the state. Between Horaochitto
and Pearl rise in the sthrn, part of the state of
Misp. and flow thence into La,, the Bogue,
Chitto, Ta.igipoho, Tickfoha, and Araite rivers.
Eastward from Pearl, and draining the south
eastern angle, and that protruding point be-
tweeuLa, and Ala, coraprising the cos, of Han
cock and Jackson, the various branches ot Pas
cagoula water tbe space between the vallies of
Mobile and Pearl, The northeastern part of
the state gives source to the Torabigbee or
Great western branch of the Mobile r, whUst
the extrerae n, is drained by the sources of
Wolf, and Big Hatch rs. The northeastern
angle is terminated by Ten, r, 'These rivers
are noticed under their proper heads. It is ob
vious from the preceding brief notice of its rs,
that as far as river navigation extends, this
state possesses great advantages. It is true
that neither the Pascagoula or Pearl offer nav
igable faciUties in proportion to their compar
ative magnitude, but the most fertile part and

MIS

297

MIS

that yet best inhabited and cultivated, have ac
cess to the Misp, or streams directly flowing
into it as a recipient.
The soil of the state is varient in quality, but
the rauch greater proportion thin if not sterile ;
the southwestern cos, drained directly into the
Misp. river, contain large bodies of excellent
land, and tracts of productive soil skirt the
streams over the whole state. Cotton, indigo
and tobacco, have been in succession, staples of
this state. The soil and climate are favorable
tothe growth of each of these vegetables, as
also to Indian cora, potatoes, and numerous
garden vegetables, "The peach and fig are the
common fruits, though apples are cultivated in
some places to advantage. For the last 30
years, the great object of farraing operations
in this state has been cotton, to the injurious
neglect of grain and raeadow grasses. Large
quantities of Indian corn are indeed annually
produced, but too rauch dependence is placed
on supplies from the northward, through the
channel of the iVIisp, In general terras the
bluff lands are the best in the state ; those
next the river alluvion ; and tbe third and least
productive, the pine woods. Indigenous trees
most comraon, are the pine, various species and
varieties of oak, and hickory, sweet gum, lirio
dendron, tulipifera, black walnut, persimon,
beech, red maple, honey locust, black* locust,
and numerous other species of trees. Of dwarf
trees, the raost common are dogwood, chinqui
pin, papan, spice wood, thom, &c. Buck eye,
a forest tree in the valley of Ohio, is a dwarf
in the states of Misp, and La, whilst the chin.
quipln, a raere bush in the middle states, rises
in the southwest to a tree often more than 25 ft.
high. In the rich bottom lands of the state of
Ivlisp. the large reed cane, arundo gigantea
abounded, but has in great part disappeared.
Climate. — Compared with tbe winters ofthe
nrthrn. states, those of Misp. may be regarded
as mild, but the seasons of the latter, like those
of all the adjacent regions, are variable frora
eachother, and not unfrequenUy very severe.
The temperature near Natchez has aff'orded a
cold of 12° above zero of Fahrenheit, No
winter passes wi'.boutless or more severe frost
and few without snow. The sugar cane and
orange tree, can neither be preserved in any
part of the state of Misp, above lat, 31°, The
summers are, however, very warm, and long
droughts frequent, as are, on the contrary, ex
cessive and protracted rains. These are the
exceptions to a generally pleasant climate.
Along the streams, bilious complaints are fre
quent ill autumn, but taken altogether, the set
tled cos, of the state of Misp, are healthy.
The winters along the Misp, and adjacent pla
ces, are from two to tbree degrees colder than
those of corresponding lats, along the -Atlantic
coasts. This difference is deraonstrated by
native and exotic vegetation, and by recent ther-
rooraetrical observations. The prevaUing
winds of the whole southwestern parts of the
U. S. are from the western side ofthe meridians,
and principally from the n. w. {See-art. Md.)
Political Geography. — For political purpo.
ses, the state of Mississippi is subdivided into
the counties of

Pop. 1820.

Pop. 1830.

Adiirns,

13,ti?3

14,937'

.Wnili.,

6,853

7,934

CUiib.iriie,

5,963

9,787

Copiatc,

7,001

( 'ovinstton,

2,-.i30

2,551

Franklin,

3,821

•1,622

Greene,

1,.145

1,854

Hancock,

1,594

1,9G2

Hinds,

8,645

Jacltsun,

1,032

1,792

Jelferson,

i;,.s22

9,1 r,r,

.Jones,

1,471
Lawrence,
4,916
5,293
Lowndes,
3,173
jMddison,
4,973
?iIario:l,
3,110
3,691
IVlonroc,
2, --21
3,801
Peri-y,
2.03?-
2,300
Pikr,
4,138
5,402
Itdiikiii,
2,063
Simpson,
2,680
Warren,
2,093
7,861
Washington,
1,976
Wayne,
3.323
2,7fil
Wilkinson,
9,718
11,0.S6
Yaz',0,
0,350
Total population
of the state
136,621, of
which are wbite persons.
Males.
Females.
Under 5 years of age.
7,918
7,319
From 5 to 10
5,572
5,165
" 10 to 15
4,591
4,169
" 15 to 20
3,823
3 6.53
" 20 to 30
7,237
6,231
" 30 to 40
4,032
3,000
" 40 to 50
2,419
1,739
" 50 to m
1,505
983
" 00 to 7' 1
032
436
" 70 to 80
J.^O
149
" 80 to 90
47
34
" 90 to lOD
11
7
" 100 and upwards,
00
2
Total, 38,466 31,977
Of which were deaf and dumb, under 14
years, 12; 14 to 25, 10; 25 and upwards, 7.
Blind 25.
Colored population as follows :
Free
colored.
Slaves.
males.
teni.'iles.
males.
females.
nder 10 vears,
81
72
11,0,37
10,860
10 10 24
82
51
10,793
10,841
24 to 36
59
45
6,947
6,983
36 to 55
43
49
3,455
3,173
55 to 100
22
14
845
682
IOJ and over,
1
0
22
21
Total, 288 231 33,099 32,500
Free colored and slaves who are deaf and dumb, 12.
Blind, none.
Recapitulation.
Whiles. Free colored. Slaves, 1'otal
70,443 519 65.6.59 136,621
In 1816 Mississippi contained 45,929 inhab.
itants, and in 1820, 7.5,448,
Comprising the aggregate area of that part of
the state of Misp, yet organized into cos., and
comparing it with the superficial extent of the
state, as given at the head of this article, the
reader will perceive how large a portion re
mains unsetUed and uncultivated. Examining
the COS. separately, it will again appear, that
density of population is in proportion to distance
from the original settleraents, downwards along
the Misp. Bluffs, frora Natchez to lat. 31°.
About 220,000 acres of land are reserved in
this state for the support of schools.
History. — The whole eountry now included
MIS

298

MIS

in the states of Ala. and Misp, was held by
France, or more correctly, that nation clairaed
this region as a part of La, frora their fii'st set
tlement on the northern' shores of the Gulf of
Mexico. In 1716, the French formed a s.ettle-
ment amongst the Natchez Indians, and built a
fort where the city of Natchez now stands. In
the first instance the Indians were unaware of
the consequence, but dissatisfaction soon arose,
and ended, in 1723, in open war. BienviUe, the
governor general, raarched a force frora New
Orleans to Natchez, which the Indians were
unable to oppose, and were corapelled to sub
mit to terms. In 1729 a raan of the narae of
Chopart was coramandant at Natchez, but his
injustice and folly so exasperated the natives,
and at the same time neglecting the means
of defending his colony against their wrath,
a massacre was plaimed, and on the 30th of
Nov. 1729, perpetrated ; when, with two or
three exceptions, the French of both sexes,
to the araount of 700,. fell victims. The total
dispersion of the Natchez nation soon fol
lowed, as they were too weak to sustain
themselves against the French. The country
in the vicinity of Natchez was abandoned liy
both whites and Indians, and reraained long
uninhabited. The French stiU, however, claim
ed the country until 1763, when it was ceded as
part of Florida to Great Britain, Settlers slow
ly entered the country, and many very respect
able British farailies located themselves ir, and
near Natchez, During tho revolutionary war
in 1781, governor Galvez of La, invaded and
conquered West Florida, and by the treaty of
Paris, 1783, it fell once more to Spain, who held
it until 1798, when it was given up to the U, S,
By an act of congress passed 7th of April, 1798,
the president of the U, S. was authorized to
appoint coraraissioners to adjust the limits be
tween Flor,, La,, and the acquired territory n,
31st degree of n, lat,, and w, of Chattahoochee
r. By a subsequent act of the 10th of the sarae
month, provision was raade for a territorial
governraent, and whatis now coraprised in Ala,
and Misp, naraed the Misp, territory. The
second grade of governraent went into ope
ration in the spring of 1801, The 9th of July,
1808, an act of congress was passed to adrait a
delegate frora Misp, ter, into congress, June
17th, tbe assent of Geo, demanded to the forma
tion of two states fromthe Misp, territory, Geo,
acceded to the deraand, but the country reraain
ed a territory unlil December, 1817, Previous
to the latter date, on the 21st of January, 1815,
a petition from the legislature of the Misp, ter
ritory, praying admission into the union as a
state. This petition was favorably reported on
by a committee of congress, Dec, 1816, An act
was passed the 1st March, 1817, authorizing the
people of the petitioning territory to call a con
vention, wbich was called and met in July,
1817. The convention accepted the act of con
gress, and proceeded to frame a constitution of
government. The constitution was adopted on
the 15th of August, and in the ensuing Decem
ber was confirmed by congress, and the new
state, with the limits given at the head of this
article, took her station as a member of the U.
S. {See Ala. state of.)

Government.— A governor, with a general
assembly, composed of two houses, a senate
and house of representatives. To be eligible
as a senator, the person must be a citizen of
the United States, shall have been an inhabitant
ofthe state four years next preceding his, elec
tion, and the last year thereof a resident ofthe
district for which he shall be chosen, and shall
have attained to the age of 26 years, and also, .
he shall hold, in his own right within this state,
300 acres of land, or an interest in real estate of
the value of $1,000 at the tirae of his election,
and for 6 mths. previous thereto. Term 3 years.
No person shall be a representative unless he
be a citizen ofthe U. S., and shall have been an
inhabitant of this state 2 years next preceding
his election, and the last year thereof, a' resi
dent of the county, city, or town for which
he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to
the age of 21 years, and also unless he shall
hold in his own right, within this .state, 150
acres of land, or an interest in real estate ofthe
value of $500 at the time of his election, and for
six montbs previous to the terra of one year.
Every free white male person, ofthe age of 21
years or upwards, who shall be a citizen of tho .
U, S,, and shall have resided in this state 1 year.
next preceding an election, and the last si^^
raonths within the county, city, ortown, in which
he offers to vote, and shall be enrcdled in the
militia thereof, except exerapted by law from
military service, or having the aforesaid quali
fications of citizenship and residence, shall bave ^
paid a state or county tax, shall be deemed ^^
qualified voter. The supreme executive power
of this state shall be vested in a governor, who
shall be elected by the qualified electors, and
shall hold his office for 2 years frora the tirae of
his installation, and until his successor be duly
qualified. The governor shall be at least 30
years of age, shall have been a citizen of the U,"
S, 20 years, shall have resided in this state at
least 5 years next preceding the day of his elec.
tion, and shall be seized in his own right of a
freehold estate ofthe value of •'$2,000 at the time
of his election, and 12 montbs previous thereto.
The judicial power of this state shall be vested
in one supreme court, and such superior and in.
ferior courts of law and equity, as the legisla
ture may, frora tirae to tirae, direct ahd estab
lish. There shall be appointed in this state,
not less than 4, nor more than 8 judges of the
supreme superior courts. The judges of tbe
several courts of tbis state shall hold their offi
ces during good behavior ; removeable by ad
dress to the governor of the two thirds of both
houses of the legislature, or by impeachment
before the senate, brought up by the lower
house. No person who shall have arrived at
the age of 65 years shall be appointed to or con.
tinue in the office of judge in tbis state. By the
6th article and 7th section, no minister of the
gospel or priest of any denomination whatever
shall be eligible to the offices of governor, lieu.
tenant governor, or to a seat in either branch of
the general assembly. Post masters are the
only officers of the general government admit.
ted to office in Misp. Revision jarovided for
when two thirds of the general asserably shall
recommend to the qualified voters to- vote for or

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299

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against a convention. Number of the conven.
tion equal to that of the general assembly,
wh'ich convention shall meet within 3 months
after the election of its raembers, for the pur
pose of revising, amending, or changing the
constitution. Missouri, large r. bf North Araerica, but in
great part included in the U. S, great western
.territory. So much has been already given of
the phenomena of this stream under the general
head of Mississippi, as to very much abridge
what is necessary to notice under its own head.
The course of discovery has led to the adoption
of the narae Mississippi, as a generic term for
the main streara of the basin, though the Mis.
souri is already a very large river when it ap
proaches and passes the sources of its very in
ferior rival. In regard to area drained, the
Mo. is the largest secondary river of the earth.
A direct line drawn along its valley from its
junction with tbe Misp, r. to the head of Marias
r. is within a small fraction of 1,400 ms,, a
length of course, falling but little short of either
the Madeira branch of Amazon, or the Para
guay branch of Rio de la Platte ; but by refer
ence to table II. article Misp,, it will be seen
* that the Mo, r. drains 523,000 sq, ms,, or a sur.
(face more than double that of the whole Atlantic
slope of the U. S, between the two St, Johns'
rs. inclusive. This fine river derives its sources
from the Chippewayan chains between lat, 42 J°
and 504°, and about 30° long, w, W, C. Frora
these elevated regions, the general course of
. tbe main branches is to the n, e,, until they
'reach nearly the 49th degree of n, lat. Here
the Mo, Proper and Yellowstone rs, unite. In
either length of course or surface drained tbere
is but little difference between these confluent
rivers above their point of union. Though much
less extensive than the sthm, slope, from which
• fall the numerous branches of Yellowstone and
Mo. Proper, there is another northern or coun
ter slope, from which issue the rivers Marias,
Brattons, Milk, Porcupine, and several smaller
strearas, which enter the Mo. above the influx
of Yellowstone r. The entire Mo. valley above
the mouth of Yellowstone r, is 600 ras, across
the sources, and a mean of 300 ms, in the gen
eral direction of the streams ; area 180,000 sq,
ms. The higher vaUey of Mo. presents a sur
face on the westem side, broken by mountains,
and descending the rivers, gradually spreading
into plains. The whole country, with partial
exceptions, along the rivers, is open prairie, ex.
hibiting a great resemblance to the steppes of
Asia, in very nearly the same latitude. After
their junction, it is probable that the united
waters of tbe Mcand YeUowstone form a
river as large in volurae and as wide and deep
as atthe reception ofthe Misp, The Mo, now
a powerful volurae, rolls on to the n, e, to the
mouth of White Earth r, where it has reached
its extreme northern bend at lat, 48° 20', In.
fleeting to s. E. about 60 ras. by comparative
courses it receives Little Mo. from the right.
And here it may be remarked that the Moose r,
a branch of Assiniboin, rises within 1 ra. of the
bank of Mo, Continuing s, E, 160 ms. the Mo.
reaches tbe Mandan vs. at lat. 47° 25', Passing
the Mandan towns, this great stream inflects to a

sthrn, course, which it maintauas upwards of 300
ras. by comparative courses.- The structure of
the country is such, that in the latter long course
through 4.i° of lat, the Mo. receives no re
markable tributary from the left, and frora the
right the comparatively sraall rivers, Heart,
Cannon Ball, Marlpa, 'VVetarhoo, Sarwarcarna,
Chayehne and White rs. Sweeping an ira
mense general curve to the northeastward and
gradually round to sthrd. 300 ms, the Mo. is
augmented from the wstrd. by the large river
Platte, a stream deriving its sources from the
same systera of mountains which produced the
recipient. Along the great curve above the
Platte, the Mo. receives frora the nthrd. Jac
ques, and the Great and Little Sioux rs. Re
ceiving the Platte, the raain volume rolls on s.
200 ma, to the influx of the Kansas, another
very large confluent from the wstrd, 'The Kan
sas rises also in the Chippewayan, and flowing
eastwardly, joins the Missouri after a general
comparative course of upwards of 600 ms.
The Platte and Kansas fill the space between
the higher valley of Mo, and that of Ark, The
length of course not materially different, and
the character of country they drain, is mostly
open plains, sirailar to that drained by the Mo.
itself. With the influx of Kansas, the Mo.
bends to a general course of a little s, of e. 250
ras. to where its iraraense volume and name is
lost in tbe inferior streara of Misp, proper.
With the entrance ofthe Kansas, Mo. enters the
state ofthe sarae narae, within which it receives
frora the right, descending, Mine, Moreau,
Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and from the left
or N, Grand r,, w, Chariton, e, Chariton, and a
long series of streams which are raerely large
creeks. The entire comparative course of Mo.
is 1,870 ms., but following the bends or channel,
the length no doubt exceeds 3,000 ms. The
real length of this great river, aa indeed of all
the Araerican rivers, has been overrated. Our
knowledge of the valley is gene'ral, and except
along the raain streara, in few places have we
exact specific material for these iraraense re
gions. As far, however, as explored, the face
of the earth is monotonous when compared with
extent, Frora much greater relative elevation,
higher lat, and from the peculiar courses of its
confluents, the flood of Mo, is the last in or.
der, and occurs after the tide from the Misp.
proper, Ohio, Ark,, and Red rs, have in great
part subsided, {See arts. Misp., Ark., ^e.)
Missouri, state of the U, S,, bounded N, E.
and E. by the Misp, i, separating it from the
state of II,, s, E, by the Misp r, separating it
from Ky, and Ten,, s. by Ark. territory, and w.
and N. by the western unappropriated domain
ofthe U. S. Its outlines are, beginning on tbe
right bank of the Misp., at the raouth of Les
Moines r,, and thence down the forraer streara,
to where it is intersected by lat 36°, 550 ms. ;
due w. and along lat. 36° to the St, Francis r,,
50; thence up St, Francis r, to lat, 36i°, 50;
thence due w, along the n, boundary of Ark.
to a raeridian line pasaing through the junction
of Mo. and Kansas rivers intersect latitude
36J°, 300 ; thence due n. to a point where a
line drawn due w, from the Sac viUage on Le.
moine r, will intersect the vr. boundary, 273 ;

MIS

300

MIS

thence due e. to the Lemoine r,, 130 ; down
Lemoine r, to place of beginning, 20 ; having
an entire outline of 1,273 ms. Lying between
lat. 36° and 40° 36' and long, w, W, C, 12° 12',
and 17° 28', Without including the small
rhomb between Misp. and St. Francis rivers,
tbe length is 287 ms. The greatest breadth
from a little distance below the mouth of Ohio
to the western boundary is 30.1 ms. The breadth
exceeding the length may seem absurd, but
the reader will observe that the half degree of
lat, extended between St, Francis and Misp, rs.
was excluded, and which, if added, would make
the entire length 321 ms. The mean breadth
230 ras,, would be very nearly represented by
a line drawn due w, from Herculaneum in Jef
ferson CO. to the western boundary. Measured
carefully by the rhomb, the area of Mo, amounts
to 64,000 sq, ms, very nearly, or 40,960,000
statute acres, Itis the second state of the U,
S, in point of superficial extent, only falUng
short of Va, This state is naturaUy divided
into two unequal slopes. Leaving the Misp,
near St. Genevieve, opposite the raouth of the
Kaskaskias r., a dividing ridge extends rather
w, of s. w. by w. From this ridge issue and
flow southwardly the sources of St, Francis,
Black, White, and Grand r, of Arkansas r.
This southern slope bas a breadth of about 60
ms, with the entire breadth of the state, 300
ms., or 18,000 sq, ms. As a physical section
the southern slope of Mo, belongs to the same
inclined plane, down which flows the Misp,
below the influx of Ohio r,, but in extent
araounts to only about the 28-lOOth of the whole
state, Tbe central and northern sections are
coraprised in the lower slope ofthe Mo, valley,
and incline very nearly due e. By a very cir
cuitous channel, but general course of a little a.
of E,, the main volurae of Mo. r, winds down
the central plain, leaving about one third of the
state to the northward. The southeastern an
gle of Mo, is a level, and in a great part an an
nually inundated tract. This subraerged sec
tion has been too highly estimated in regard to
extent; it is about ICO ms. from s. to tt. with a
width of 40 ras.j or 4,000 sq. ms. It is not all,
indeed, subject to submersion, and affords par
cels of dry arable land over the whole extent.
The bottoras along the rivers are subject to
casual flood, but taking the whole state into
view, it is a hilly, and in many parts a very
broken state. Tbe ridge noticed in the first
part of this article as dividing the Mo. slope
from that of Ark,, rises into rocky elevations,
which have received the title of ratns. The idea
ofextended plains is given by the appearance of
the landscape frora the Misp. r. the usual chan
nel of entrance. It is 28 ms. above the raouth of
the Ohio r. before a rocky eminence shows it
self on the Mo. side of the siream. The first
rocks are enorraous walls of limestone, evi
dently, if we extend our view estrdly., an ex
tension of the vast liraestone forraation of Ky,,
Ind. and II. They are in Mo, the buttress of
the dividing ridge already noticed and extend
to an undefined distance westward and north
ward. Under their respective heads will be
found noticed, the rivers which water Mo. It
is sufficient to observe in this place that the

state is washed in all its length by the Misp. ;
the southern part drained by the heads of St.
Francis, Black, and White rs. ; central part is
deeply cut and channeUed by the Mo, and its
confluents, the Osage and Gasconade frora the
right, and the Chariton frora the left. Besides
the Leraoine and Salt rs., the Misp. above the
mouth of the Mo, receives from the state of
Mo, a long series of ers, many of which are for
a greater or less distance above their raouth
navigable strearas. From the preceding data
it is evident, that in natural comraercial facili.
ties Mo, abounds.
Soil. — Climate. — Vegetables. — MineraTs. —
The soil of Mo, as indeed the face of the coun.
try, is a mean between the same objects in the
valley of Ohio, Much of the bottom land along
the Mo. r. and its confluents are raore sandy
than that on the Misp. and its tributaries, and
this character of soil prevails wherever tbe al
luvion of Mo. 1. is deposited. Distant from the
strearas, the soil is alraost invariably gravelly
and poor. There are, however, some partial
exceptions, and detached spots of upland are
found, with a very productive soil, but they are
oases. Much of the stato is prairie, and the
prairie soil, as in the contiguous states, and in
La, presents the sarae varieties of soil, with
woodland. As the expense of clearing timber
wtas avoided where prairies exist, settleraents
will be first forraed on their margins, and such
has been the case in La., Ark., Mo., and II.
" There are scarcely any lands in this state"
fMo.) says Flint, " sufficiently level for cultiva.
tion, that have not fertility enough to bring good
crops of corn without manure, and in many in
stances the poorer lands are better for wheat
than the richer." The very deep and rich allu.
vial lands are no where in the central or south.
western states, suitable for wheat, until cultiva
ted several years. Cotton in sraall quantities
can be cultivated on the s. e. section of the
state, Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c,, are
however the staple crops of the state. Apples,
peaches, pears, plums, and perhaps some kinds
of grape, succeed well. Natural grasses
abound, and yet from some cause raeadows
bave not been cultivated to advantage in Mo.
The abundance indeed of any natural produc
tion is inimical to the artificial culture of anala-
gous species. In fine, it would be safe to say
that at least 20,000,000 acres of farming land,
sufficiently fertile to produce good crops, exist
in Mo, The mineral wealth of the state, par
ticularly lead and iron, is, according to aU con.
current testimony, inexhaustible. The tract in
an especial manner caUed " The Mineral
Tract," in Madison, Washington, and St, Fran.
cis cos,, and from whicb rise the sources of
Maramec, and St, Francis rivers, is represent
ed aa not only abundant in lead, but still more
so in iron ore. Mr. Schoolcraft mentions zinc
as also amongst the productions of Mo., and m
great quantities. Water impregnated with
Muriate of soda (comraon salt) is found in sev.
eral places. Plaster of Paris is plentiful, and,
it is said, produces a raore than coramon effect
on the, vegetation where used as a manure.
Such are, in a rough sketch, the outlines ofthe
resources of this new and extensive state.

MIS

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The native vegetables, and particularly forest
timber, evince an approaqh towards the prairie
region. The peccan hickory is plentiful ; wild
grapes and plums are plentiful. The crab apple
tree, which in La. grows to the height of 30 or
40 ft. is also of largo growth in Mo. The cli.
mate is here, as elsewhere in central N. Amer.
ica, the great stumbling block of travellers and
geographers; " This state," says Flint, " oc
cupies a medial position and has a temperature
intermediate between that of N. Y. and La."
Whatever may be the resemblance in the face
of Mo. and La., there is but little sirailarity in
their respective seasons. La. is in _vvinter a
very cold country, when compared with its lat.,
but it is tropical when contrasted with Mo. At
St. Louis, which may be regarded as a central
point between the northem and southern ex
treraes of Mo,, the Misp. r. is frozen and passa-
ble on the ice by the first of January, in a great
majority of years. In the winter of 1831 — 2,
the Misp. was frozen and passable on tha ice at
Memphis in Ten., nearly a degree of lat. s. of
any part of Mo. In article U. S., it may be
seen that at the CouncU. Bluffs, lat." 41° 25',
about a degree of lat. n. of Missouri, the mer
cury has fallen to 21° minus zero ; and what is
more decisive, by a letter directed to the editor
o4 the Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, on
the 26th Jan. 1832, the mercury was 18° minus
zero nt Florence in Ala., lat. 34° 47', or 1° 43'
s. of any part of Mo. It may be safely stated,
that of all sections of the actually inhabited
parts of the U. States, no otber is so exposed
to excessive vicissitudes of atmospheric tem
perature as is Mo. Open on the westward and
northwestern sides to the great plains of grass,
with winds prevailing about |ths of the time in
all seasons of the year, the cold of tbe vast
central table land of the continent is borne to
wards the Appalachian system of mountains,
and sweeps over Mo., vrith a severity which,
to be known, must be felt. The most accurate
observers have acknowledged the dryness of
the atraosphere over all the prairie regions of
central North America ; and Mo. shares the
exemption from moisture. " The winter,"
says Flint, " comraences about Christmas, (a
month sooner would be nearer ibe fact,) and is
frequently so severe, as to bridge tbe mighty
current of the Mo. ' so firmly that it may be
passed many weeks with loaded tearas. In the
winter of 1818, this was tbe case for nine
weeks." This author again, after some gen
eral observations, comes at laat to the rational
conclusion and acknowledges that, " on the
whole, instead of the cUmate becoming more
mild, as we advance w. on the same parallel, it
is believed that the reverse is the case." The
reader will find in the article U. S. that the in.
creasing severity of cold, advancing towards
the Chippewayan mountains, is not simply be.
lieved but deraonstrated. It is worse than idle
to speak of the health of such, a widely spread
and diversified surface as that of Mo. a coun.
try containing fqns constantly fiUed with stag.
nant water, as low as lat. 36°, and high, dry,
and airy tracts above lat. 40°, where the. hu.
man breast is inflated by air coming frdm re--,
gions exempt, as far as the face of earth can
39

any where be exempt, from every source of
miasmata. Politicai Geography. — For political purposes
the following counties have been organised out
of the territory of Mo,, leaving considerable
tracts not yet laid out.
Counties. Pop. 1830. Counties. Pop. 1830.
Buon, 8,869 Marion, 4,837
Callaway, 6,159 Montgomery, 3,902
Capo Girardeau, 7,445 Ncw Madrid, -2,350
Chariton, 1,780 Perry, 3,349
Clay, 5,338 Pike, 6,129
Cole, 3,023 Ralls, 4,375
Gooper, 6,904 Raudolpli, 2,942
Crawford, 1,721 Ray, 2,657
Franklin, 3,484 St. Charles, '1,320
Gasuonade, 1,545 St. Francois, 2,366
Howard, 10,.^54 St, Genevieve, 2,186
Jackson, 2,823 St, Lewis, 14,125
,reffcrson, 2,592 Saline, 2,873
La Fayette, 2,912 Scott, 2,136'
Lincoln, 4,059 Wa.3hington, 6,784
Madison, 2,371 Wavne, 3,264
Total population 140,455, of which were
white persons, Males, Females,
Under 6 years of ago, 13,631 12,661
Prom 5 to 10 S,6I7 9,077
" 10 to 15 7,469 6,794
" 15 to 20 5,639 6,765
" 20 to 30 11,147 8,794
" 30 to 40 7,084 5,121
" 40 to SO 3,642 2,718
" 60 to 60 1 ,939 1,499
" 60 to 70 927 766
" 70 to 80 334 227
" SO to 90 60 00
" 90 to too , , 14 9
" 100 and upwards 2 2

Total, 61,405 63,390 '
Of which 12 persons are deaf and dumb un.
der 14 years of age, 5 between 14 and 25 years,
and 10 of 25 years and upwards. BUnd 27.
Of the colored population were.
Free. Slaves.
Males. Fem's. Males. Fem's,
Under 10 years of ago 87 77 4,872 4,611
From 10 to 24 70 62 4,364 4,605
" 24 to 36 43 46 2,058 2,199
" 36 to 65 67 63 923 1,014
" SStolOO 18 34 208 219
" IOO and over 3 3 14 4

Total, 284 285 12,439 12,6S2
Of the colored population none are either
deaf and dumb, or blind.
Recapitulation —
Whites, Prec colored, Slavea Total.
114,795 569 25,09J 140,455
A census was taken of this state at the close
of 1832, from whicb it appears that the popula
tion at that time was 176,276 ; of which 32,184
were slaves, and 681 were free people of color.
Increase since the census of 1830, 35,821..
The population of Missouri in 18 10 was 19,.
833 ; in 1820, 66,586 ; and in 1824, (as appears
by a census then taken) 80,675.
Constitution. — Government.— ^-Juiliciary.- —
The constitiition of Mo. was adopted in con.
vention at St. Louis, the 25th Jiine, 1820; the
most important provisions provide, Art. 2, That

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MIS

' the powers of the government shall be divided
into three distinct departments ; each of which
shallbe confided to a separate magistracy ; and
no person charged with the exercise of powers
properly belon'ging to one of those departments,
shall exercise any power properly, belonging to
either of the others, except in the instances
hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.
Art. 3. — Sec. 1. The legislative powe'rs shall
be vested in a " general assembly," which shall
consist of a " senate," and a "house of repre
sentatives." Sec. 2. — The house of representa.
tives shall consist of merabers to be chosen ev.
ery 2d year, by the quaUfied electors of the
several counties. Sec. 3. — No person shall be
a member of the house of representatives, who
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-four
years ; who shall not be a free white male citi.
zen of the U. States ; who shall not have been
an inhabitant of the state two years, and of the
county which he represents one year next before
his election. Sec. 5. — The senators shall be
chosen by the qualified electors for the term of
4 years. No person shall be a senator who
shallnot have attained to the age of thirty years ;
who shaU not be a free white male citizen of
the U. S,.; who shall not have been an inhabit.
unt of this state 4 years, and of the district
which he may be chosen to represent one year
next before bis election. Sec. 13. — No per.
son, while he continues to exercise the functions
of a bishop, priest, clergyman, or teacher of any
religious persuasion, denomination, society, or
sect, whatsoever, ahall be eligible to either
house of the general assembly ; nor shall he be
appointed to any office of profit within the state,
the office of justice of the peace excepted.
Sec, 16. — No senator or representative shall,
during the term for which he shall have been
elected, be appointed to any civil office under
this state, which shall have been created, or the
emoluments of which, shall have been increas.
ed during his continuance in office, except to
such offices as shall be filled by elections of the
people. Art. 4. Sec. 1. — The supreme exec
utive power shaU be vested in a chief magis.
trate, who shall be styled " the govemor of the
state of Mo." Sec. 2. — The governor shall be at
least 35 years of age, and a natural born citizen of
the U. S. ; or a citizen at the adoption of the con.
stitution ofthe U.S.; or an inhabitant of that part
of La. now included in the state of Mo., at the
time ofthe cession tbere«f from France to the U.
S. ; and shall have been a resident of the same
at least 4 years next before bis election. Sec.
3. — The governor shall hold his office 4 years,
and until' a successor shall be duly appointed
and qualified. He shall be elected in the man.
ner following, Atthe time and place of voting
for members ofthe house of representatives, the
qualified electors shall vote for a governor, and
when 2 or moro persons shall have an equal
number of votes, and a higher number than any
(other) person, the election shall be decided be.
tween thera by a joint vote of both houses of
the general asseinbly, at their next session.
Sec. 4. — The 'governor shall be iueligiblc for
the next 4 years after the expiration of his terra
of service. Sec.'14. — There shall be a lieuten
ant govemor, who shall be elected at the same

time, in the same manner, for tho same term,
and shall possess the same qualifications as the
governor. Sec. 15. — The lieutenant governor,
shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the
senate. In committee ofthe whole he may do-
bate on all questions ; and when there is an
equal division, he shall give the casting voto
in senate, and also in joint votes of both
houses. — Art. 5. Sec. 1. — The judicial pow
ers, as to matters of law and equity, shall be
vested in a " supreme court," in a " cbanceUor,"
in " circuit courts," and in such inferior tribu.
nals as the general assembly may, Irom time to
time, ordain and estabUsh. Sec. 3. — The su.
preme court shall have a general superintending
power and control over all inferior courts of
law. It shall have power to issue writs of ha
beas corpus, mandamus, quo -warrantd, certiorari
and other original remedial writs ; and to hear
and determine the same. Except, however, in
specified cases provided for in the constitution,
the supreme court of Mo. has only appellate
jurisdiction. Right of Suffrage. — This priraary
right, is, bythe 10th sec. of the 3d article, se.
cured to " every freo-Vvhite male, citizen of tho
U. S. who shall have attained to the age of 21
years, and who shall have resided in the state
one year before an election, the last 3 months
whereof, shall have been in the county or dis.
trict in which he offers to votei shall be deemed
a qualified elector, of all elective offices ; pro
vided, that no soldier, seaman or marine in the
regular army or navy of the U. S. shall be en.
titled to vote at any election in this state." The
principles set forth in the declaration of rights,
general-provisions for offices, civil and military,
and their duties, powers, and term of office, do
not materially differ from other constitutions of
the states of the U. S. Slavery of the blacks is
adraitted, but the power ofthe master is placed
under control of the legislature, and on trials
for capital offences, trial by jury secured to the
slave, and no other punishment permitted ex.
cept what would be inflicted on a free white
person in like case ; and the courts are required
to provide counsel to manage the defence of
slaves under a crirainal prosecution.
History. — This country was amongst the ori
ginal discoveries of the French from Canada,
who reached the Misp. about 1674. The first
civilized settlements made, however, by the
French on that great river, were in II., and St.
Louis was not founded until after the treaty of
Paris, in 1763. St. Genevieve preceded St.
Louis, and was foimded by a mining company,
styled " Pierre Claude, Maxan and Co." St.
Louis was established in 1764, and in 1780 St.
Charles, on Mo. The settlements and towns
remained feeble and scattered, until after the
cession of La. to the U. S. In 1804, the unwieldy
La. was divided, and the territory of Mo. ere.
ated. fimigration, thoafgh not very fapid, car.
ried the pop. inl819 to the constitutional amount
to entitle the people to state government. Ap.
plication was accordingly made to congress at
the session of 1819 — 20, and after a storm^and
protracted debate, turning principaUy on the ad-
miatfpn or rejection of slavery, permission was
grvTO to the people of Mo. to form a constitu
tion, admitting slavery undor certain restric-

MOB

303

MOB

tions. Complying with the conditions, a con
stitution was formed as already noticed, and on
the 10th of Aug, 1821, Mo. became one of the
U.S. Mitchell's Mill and p.o. Shelby co. Ky., by
p-r. 31ms. wstrd. Frankfort.
Mitchell's Store, and p-o. Goochland co. Va.,
by p-r. 153 ms. s. s. w, W. C., and 50 ms. N. w.
by w. Richmond.
Mobile, r. Locally; this namo only applies
to the stream, or streams, below the junction of
Alabama and Tombigbee rs., to the head of
Mobile bay. Tho entire water of Alabama
does not mingle with the Tombigbee, the former
having an outlet above their junction, which out
let flowmg sthjd., joins another and larger,
which leaves the vmited streams about 10 ms.
below their confluence. The two outlets, uni.
ted, forra the Tensaw, or estrn. Mobile, which
flowing sthrd. passes Blakely, and is lost in the
N. estrn. angle of Mobile bay. The wstrn., the
proper Mobile, and raain stream, flows along
the wstrn. bluffs at a distance of from 3 to 4 or
5 ms. from Tensaw, passes the to^vn of Mobile,
and is terminated in the bay about 2 ms. below
MobUe harbor. Vessels which can pass Dog r.
bar, can reach to either Mobile or Blakely, and
those drawing from 5 to 6 ft. can be navigated
into either the "Tombigbee or Alabama, and up
the former to St. Stephen's, and the latter to
Claiborne. The junction of Alabama and Tora
bigbee is at lat. 31° 06' and long. 11° 05' w.
W.C.
Mobile Bay, Ala. The estuary of the same
narae opens frora the gulf of Mexico, between
Mobile point andDauphin isl., at lat. 30°, 12', lon.
11° 10' w. W. C. The foUowuig directions to en.
ter Mobile bay, will also serve to aid in giving
its geographical features. In running in for
the land in the bay of Mobile, should you make
it to the wstrd. of the bar, the land will appear
broken, as it consists of small islands ; if to the
estrd., the land is uniform as far as Pensacola
E., and covered with timber ; the beech is gene'
rally sandy and quite perceptible in clear weath.
er 8 or 10 ms. distant. Dauphin isl, on the w.
point ofthe bay, appears high and bluff; Mobile
point low, sandy, with a single tree on the ex.
tremity, in the forra of an urabrella, and thinly
wooded for five railes from the point. There
pre houses on the point, and on Dauphin isl
Before shoaluig into 7 fathoms water, brmg
Mobile point to bear w. J w., and the estrd. of
Dauphin isl. to bear K. n, w, j w,, and steer in
n. n. w, This course will run you over the bar,
on which you will have from 16 to 20 ft. water
in good tides. After passing a small burth isl.
on your larboard, you are over the bar and out
of danger, witb a shoal on each side of you.
Then h^ulupfor the point of MobUe, giving ita
burth of 3 or 400 yards, and steer up ihe bay.
It is necessary to calculate for the. bay cur.
rents, as, when the tide is flowing, you will
drift to the wstrd., pnd when at ebb to the estrd.,
untU you get nea* Dog r. bar, which extends
across the hay. 'ViVhen in 11 feet water, and
2i ms. from the wstrn shore, 7 ms. from Mo.
bile, and 15 from Blakely, come to for a f^lot.
The bay is in form of a triangle, of about 32
ms. base from Dauphin isl, to Mobile har.

bor, the apex formed by the minor bay of Bon
Secours, stretching n. e. by e. from Mobile
point into the high angle ; and between Mobile
and Blakeley, the bay is terminated by the dif.
ferent raouths of Mobile r. On tho outer bar,
thero is, as we have shown, 16 ft. water ; but
on Dog r. bar, 7 ms. below Mobile harbor, 11
ft. only can be safely calculated on. Beside the
principal entrance between Mobile point and
Dauphin isl,, there is another inner passage by
the pass of Heron. The latter is the strait be.
tween Dauphin isl. and the continent, opening
frora the s, w. angle of Mobile bay into Pasca
goula sound. In the pass of Heron there is at
mid tide 6 ft. water. It is by this passage that
steamboats and small sail vessels are navigated
between Blakeley and Mobile, to New Orleans,
reaching the latter by the rigolets, lake Pont
chartrain, and Bayou St. John's. Anchorage in
mud, sand, and shells, can be had in any place
in this interior chain of lakes, straits, and
sounds. Mobile Basin. Under thia head is included
a very important physical section, comprising
37,120 sq. ms., and drained by the various con
stituents of Mobile r. Each of those constitu
ents will be formed, noticed and described, un
der their proper heads, but we here insert a
general view of the whole basin. This basin
occupies tho space between that of Ten. n.,
Chattahooche E., Cunnecut s. E., the Gulf of
Mexico s., Pascagoula r. basin s. w., and the
sources of the Pearl and Yazoo n. w. This fine
agricultural and navigable basin, lies between
lat. 30° 12' and 35° 05', and between long. 7°
and 12° w. W. C. It is in a near approach to
a triangle, base 400 ms. frora the pass of Heron,
to the extrerae nrthestrn. sources of the Coosa
r. in the nrthwstm. part of Geo., in a direction
very nearly from s. w. to ft. e. The greatest
breadth 230 ms., from the eastern sources of
Tallapoosa, to the nrthwstrn. of Tombigbee.
The area of the basin measured by the rhombs,
37,120 sq. ms. Though the course of Torabig.
bee and Mobile declines a few degrees estrd. of
s,, the general declivity ofthe basin is about s.
s. w. The difference of relative height from
the sources of Mobile r. to Mobile bar, cannot
fall much, if any, short of 2,000 feet, or an
equivalent to 5 degrees of lat. Uniting the ac
tual difference of lat. between the extremes to
the allowance for relative elevation, the winter
cUmate must differ about equal to 10° of lat.
If the soil suited the growth of that vegetable,
sugar might be cultivated near Mobile bay,
whilst the nrthm. part of Geo. has a climate
suitable to wheat, rye, &c. Of cultivated veg
etables in the U. S., Indian com, cotton, tobac.
CO, and the peach tree, seem most congenial to
this region, though the apple flourishes in the
nrthm,, and the fig inthe sthrn. extreme. The
soil is extremely variable. Along the streams,
are tracts of very productive alluvion, and bor
dering on the alluvion, extensive bodies of sec.
ond rate soil ; but if taken as a whole, a large
proportion ofthe surface is stejile.
Mobile, co. Ala., bndd. n. by Washington, ^
N, e, by Tombigbee r., separating it from Clarke,
E. by Mobile r. separating itfrom Baldwin, s.
E. by Mobile bay, s. by the pass of Heron and

MOII

304

MON

Pascagoula sound, s. w. by Jackson co. state of
Misp., nnd n, w. by Greene co. state of Misp,
The extreme length of Dauphin island is 90 ms.,
mean breadth 25, and area 2,250 sq. ras. ; ex
tending in lat. from 30° 12' to 31° 30', and in
long, frora 11° 04' to 11° 34'. The dividing
line ofthe sources of ors. flowing westward in.
to the basin of Pascagoula, and thoso flowing
eastward into that of Mobile, divides Mobile
CO. into two nearly equal portions. Surface
towards the Gulf of Mexico waving, but be
comes rather hilly in the northern part ; with
but partial exception, the whole superficies cov
ered with pine forest, and soil sterile. Cf. t.
Mobile. Pop, 1820, 2,672 ; 1830, 3,073,
Mobile, city, port of entry, and st, jus. for
Mobile CO. Ala,, is situated on the right bank of
Mobile r,, near the head of the bay ofthe same
narae, 30 ms. n. Mobile point, 55 w. by n, Pen
sacola, and 160 E. New Orleans. Lat. 30° 44',
long. 11° 12' w. W. C. The harbor admits
vessels of 8 ft., but to reach the anchorage, or
wharves, with such vessels, it is necessary to
pass round a small island in front of the town,
which compels ships of more than three feet
draught, to be navigated round the head ofthe
isl, 5 ms, above. By this circuitous entrance,
however, all vessels which can pass Dog r, bar,
can reach Mobile. It is located considerably
higher than the river at its greatest rise, andis
rapidly increasing as a place of commercial im
portance ; communicating with New Orleans
by steam, (besides other modes of navigation,)
through lake Pontchartrain. In 1829 its exports
amounted to $1,679,380; in 1831, 110,000 bags
of cotton were exported from there, and 128,-
333 bales ua 1833, and prior to July 1st. There
are several public buildings in Mobile, among
which are 4 churches, a court house, and jail.
Pop. 3,194.
Mockville, p-v. in the northern part of
Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 141 ms. westward Ra
leigh. Mofeitt's Mills, and p-o. Randolph co. N.
C. by p.r. 70 ms. w. Raleigb.
• MonAWK, r, Coos co, N. H. rises in DixviUe
mtns. and enters Conn. r. in Colebrook.
MoKAWK, r. N. Y. about 135 ras. long, tbe
principal branch of Hudson r., rises in Onei
da CO. near tho source of Black r., runs 20 ras.
s. to Rorae, thence e. by s. to Hudson r. at
Waterford, between Albany and Saratoga cos.
It has many rapids, and falls a little at Gerraan
Flats, 42 ft. at Little Falls, and nearly 70 at the
Cahoos. The banks are very level, and fertile
in sorae places, particularly at Herkiraer, and
poor or rocky in others. The navigation for
boats was forraed sorae years ago by a canal
round the falls, and one from Rome to Wood
creek and Oswego river. The Erie canal now
passes along its course, (chiefly ou the s. bank)
to Rome. (See Erie Canal.)
Mohegan, Indiaia village. Conn. w. Thames
r., 4 ms. s. of Norwich in the t. of Montville, on
a reservation of land for the Mohegan tribe,
now reduced to a small number. A churcii
was built herein 1831, on the site of Unca's
fort. The government of the U. S. have ap
propriated $900 for their benefit, and exertions
have been recently made for their instruction,

by benevolent individuals. The ancestors of
these Indians were faithful friends of the colo.
nists, and assisted them in their wars,
Moira, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 791.
Monadnock mtn. (commonly called Grand
Monadnock) Cheshire co. N, H., 22 ms. e. Conn.
r,, 10 ms. w. Mass., is. a high ridge, n. e. and s.
vr., 5 ms. long nnd 3 wide. The base is said to
be 1,452 ft, above tide, the top 3,250, The
rocks are talc and mica.slate, stratified, and
sometimes contain schorl, garnets, quartz and
feldspar. Plumbago, or blacklead, is found on
the E, side, and made into crucibles and indif
ferent pencils. Monadnock mineral spring is
near the base, and the top commands a fine
view. MoNAMET Point, cape, Mass., in Cape Cod
bay. Long. 6° 35' E. W. C, lat. 41° 45'.
MoiNGUAGO, p-V. in the southeastern part of
Wayne co. Mich,, 14 ms, s, s. w. Detroit, and
by p-r. 512 ms. nrthwstrd. W. C.
Moniteau, p-v. Cole co. Mo., 5 ras. wstrd.
Jefferson city, and 139 ms. wstrd. St. Louis.
Monkton, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 18 ms. s. Bur
lington,, and 27 w. Montpelier. Little Otter
creek, Pond brook and Lewis creek, though
sraall, are the principal streams, and afford few
mill sites. It contains a considerable pond.
Hogback mtn. and others. Iron ore is very
abundant in tbe s., principally hematite, as well
as black oxyde of manganese, and a large bed
of porcelain clay. There is also a curious
cavern. Pop. 1,348.
Monmoutii, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 17 ras. w.
Augusta, contains an academy. It is tt. of
Lincoln co, and has sraall streams flowing into
Kennebec r. Pop. 1 ,879.
Monmouth, co. N. J. bndd. by Middlesex co.
and Raritan bay n,, Atlantic o. e,, Burlington
CO. s. tmd w. Contains much poor pine land,
with a scattered population, and only a few vil
lages in the tt. The coast is low and sandy,
and the scene of frequent shipwrecks. Marl,
which is found in different places, is an excel
lent and lasting manure for the poorest soil.
Mueh pine wood is sent to N. Y. It has seven
large townships, but a great deal of poor sandy
soil, with invaluable beds of marl, which makes
the richest manure. Sandy Hook is the s.
cape of Raritan bay, by which is the communi
cation between the ocean and New York bay,
and the n, e. extremity of this county. Shrews
bury and Navesink rs. (short but broad streams)
enter Raritan bay just within the Hook, which
they have sometimes isolated by cutting through
the , neck into the sea. At Shrewsbury and
Howel, the coast is a sand bank, about 30 feet,
with a beautiful wbite beach, having arable
land to the bluff. Below, Barnegat and Little
Egg Harbor bays are formed by Squam Isle
and Long Beaches, with 2 inlets to the ocean,
in this CO. Many sraall strearas flow into
them, and others rise in the co. which fall into
Raritan and Delaware rs. The principal town
is Freehold. In the pines are furnaces for iron,
&c. Pop. 1820, 25,038 ; 1830, 29,233.
Monongahela, r. of the U. States in Va., Md.
and Ta., is formed by Monongahela proper,
Tygart's valley r.. Cheat r., and the Youghio.
ghany. The Clieat is in fact the main stream.

MON

305

MON

having its remote source in the southern part of
Randolph co. Va., ut lat. 38° 27', interlocking
sources with those of Green r. and Jackson's
branch of Jaraes r. The remote sources of
Tygart's valley r. are nearly as far s. as those
of Cheat, and also in Randolph co. Tbe mtn.
ridge from which both streams rise, is known
locally as Green Brier mtn., and the valleys
from whicb the higher sources are derived,
must be at least 2,500 feet elevated above
tide water in Chesapeake bay. Monongahela
proper is tho western branch, rising in Lewis
CO. Va. witb interlocking sources with those of
Tygart's valley and little Kenhawa. The three
branches near their sources pursue u. general
northern course, but the two western gradually
approach each other, and unite at lat. 39° 28',
wbere they form a point of separation between
Harriaon and Monongahela cos. Thence as
suming a nortbern course over the latter coun
ty, finally leave Va., and form a junction with
Cheat on the boundary between Fayette imd
Green cos. Pa. The Cheat in the highest part
of its course flows along a mountain valley in a
nrthrn. direction, but gradually inclining to
nthwstrd., as already noticed under the head of
Cheat r. Below the junction of the raain branch
es, the Monongahela, by a rather circuitous
channel, pursues a general nthrn. course over
Pa. about 50 ms, comparative length to its junc
tion with Youghioghany, 11 ms, s. e, of Pitts
burg. The Youghioghany is a considerable
branch, having its reraote sources in the wstrn.
part of Alleghany co. Md. Flowing thence
nrthrdly. enters. .Pa,, and separating for some
few ras. Soraerset from Fayette co., receives a
large tributary from the estrd. Casselman's r.
and turning to n. n. w. about 50 railes, compar
ative course, is lost in the Monongahela at
MacKeesport. Augmented by the Youghio
ghany, the Monongahela below the junction as
sumes the course ofthe former, 18 ms. by tbe
channel, but only 11 direct distance to Pitts
burg, where it unites with tbe Alleghany to
forra the Ohio. The general course ofthe Mo
nongahela is almost exactly n., and alraost as
exactly albng long. 3° w. W. C, 150 ms. by
comparative distance. The widest part of its
valley lies nearly along the line between Pa.
and Va. 80 ms. ; tbe mean width 40, and area
6,000 sq. ms. If we allow only 1,508 ft. eleva.
tion to the cultivatable country on the head
branches of Cheat, Pittsburg being elevated
678 ft, will give a descent of 822 ft. to the val
ley of Monongahela. The extremes of lat. are
thus almost exactly corapensated by declivity,
and explain why the seasons near Pittsburg and
in Randolph co. Va. differ but sUghtly. Though
the two eastem brancbes. Cheat and Youghio
ghany, rise in mountain vallies, and the whole
country drained by all the confluents of Monon.
gahela is very broken, and rocky, direct falls
are rare and of no great elevation when they
occur. Cheat r. is navigable through Monon.
gahela and Preston, into Randolph co., both
branches of Monongahela proper above their
junction, and Youghioghany to Ohio pile faUs,
The whole vaUey has gained recent increase
of importance as being part of the route or
routes of proposed Unes of canal improvement.

Monongalia, co. Va. bndd. E. and s. e. by
Preston, s. w. by Tygart's valley river and Buf
falo creek, separating it from Harrison, w. by
Tyler co., tt. w. by Green co. Pa., and n, e, by
Fayette co. Pa. Extending in lat. from 39° I'Z'
to 39° 42', and in long, from 2° 39' to 3° 25' w.
W. C. Thisco. declines to the northward and
is traversed by both branches of Monongahela,
Cheat to the e,, and Monongahela proper to
the w. Its length frora w. to E. is 38 ins.,
mean width 15, and area 570 sq. ms. Though
very broken, the soil is excellent. Cf t, Mor
gantown. Population 1820, 11,060; 1830,
14,056. Monkoe, p-t. Waldo co. Me. s. Penobscot
CO., crossed by Marsh r. a brancb of the Pe
nobscot. Pop. 1,080.
Monroe, p-t. Franklin co. Ms. Pop, 265.
Monroe, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn, on Housa.
tonic r. 20 ras. w. New Haven. Pop. 1,522.
Monroe, p-t. N. Y. {See Munroe.)
Monroe, co. N. Y. 230 ms. w. n. w. Albany,
bounded by lake Ontario and Upper Canada n.,
Ontario co. e., Livingston a., Genesee w, ; 20
by 30 ras, ; area 600 sq. ras. Contains 16 town
ships, has a gently varied surface, rich soil and
raild cliraate. It is crossed by Genesee r., the
Erie canal, and the Mountain Ridge, which waa
probably once the shore of lake Ontario, and
extends from near York, Upper Canada, to Jef
ferson CO. Bog iron ore, salt springs, and free
stone are found in some parts. Rochester is
theco. t. Pop, 49,682,
Monroe, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 19 ms. s. New
burg, 115 a, Albany, and 50 n. N. Y. Surface
broken and hilly, and well watered by numer-
oua strearas, "The hills or raountains abound
with iron ore. Here aro extensive iron works ;
11 schools, continued 6 months in 12. Pop.
3,071. Monroe, co. Va. bndd. by Giles s, and w,,
Greenbrier n,, Alleghany n. e., Botetourt e.
Length 40, mean width 18, and area 720 sq. ras.
Extending in lat. frora 37° 22' to 37° 45', and in
long, from 3° 16' to 3° 54' w. W. C. The base
of this 00. may be regarded as New r. which
bounds it on the w., but the general declivity is
wstrd. from tbe Alleghany mtn. The north
western part is traversed by Greenbrier r,,
which falls into New r, at the point where meet
tho angles of Giles, Logan, Greenbrier and
Monroe. By actual measurement, the mouth
of Greenbrier river is 1,333 ft. above the
oceanic level, and of course the surface of Mon.
roe CO. raust be still higher, say from 1,400 to
1,700, or 1,800 feet. Cf t. Union Town. Pop.
1820, 6,620, 1830, 7,798.
Monroe, p-v. "VVarren co. N. C. by p-r. 70 ms.
N. E. Raleigh.
Monroe, co. Geo. bndd. by Bibb s. e.. Craw.
ford s., Upson w., Butts n,, and Ocmulgee r.
separating it from Jones n. e. Length diago.
nally from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., mean width 12,
and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 33°, and long. 7° w.
W. C, intersect very near the centre of this co.
Declivity to the s. e., and drained by Chupee
and other ers., flowing into Ocmulgee r. Cf.
t. Forsyth. Pop. 16,202.
Monroe, p-v. and st. jus, Walton co. Geo. by
p-r. 66ms. n. n.w, Milledgevilfe.

MON

306

MON

Monroe, co. Ala. bndd. by Baldwin s, w.,
Cunecut s. E., Butler N. e., 'Wilcox n. and the
Ala, r. separating it frora -Clarke w, The
greatest length from s. w. to n. 48 ms,, mean
width 20, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. from 31° 14' to 31° 48', and m long, from
10° 04' to 10° 50' w. W. C. Declivity wstrd.
towards the Ala, r. Surface generally sterile.
Pine wooded land. The banks of the Ala. af.
ford some excellent soil. Staple, cotton. Cf
t. Claibome. Pop. 1820, 8,838, 1830, 8,782.
Monroe, p-v. s. e. part of Feny eg. Misp. by
p-r. 151 ras. s. e. Jackson, and by the direct road
158 ms. s. E. by e. Natchez.
Monroe, co, Misp. bndd. by Lowndes co.
same state s,, by Tombigbee r. separating it
from the Chickasaw ter. w,, the Chickasaw ter.
again on the N., by Marion co. Ala. n. e., and
Lafayette co. Ala. s. e. Length 25 ma., mean
breadth 15, and area 375 sq. ras. Central lat.
33° .50', long. 11° 30' w. W. C. Slopes s. w.,
and traversed by Battahatchee and Weaver rs,,
with some sraaller streai^s. Cf. t. Hamilton.
Pop. 3,861.
Monroe, p-v. and St. jus., parish of Washi-
taw, La., situated on the left bank of Washitaw
r,, about 80 ms. in a direct line N. n, w. Natchez,
and 100 a little E, of n. Alexandria at Rapides.
Lat. 32° 32', long. 15° 10 w. W. C.
.Monkoe, co. Ten. bndd. , by the Cherokee
country s, e, and s,, McMipn co, w., Roan n.,
and Ten. r. separating it from Blount N. E. and
E. Length 30 ras., raean width 15, and area
450 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 1 8' to
35° 48', and in long, from, 6° 57' to 7° 33' w.
W. C. The boundary line between McMinn
and Monroe cos. follows very nearly the ridge
dividing the sources of the ers. flowing s. w.
into the Hiwassee, from those fiowing in an op
posite direction into Tenn. ; the declivity there
fore of Monroe co. is northestrd. Cf t. Tellico.
Pop. 1820,2,539, 183 I, 13,708.
Monroe, p.v. and st. jus. Overton co. Ten,
situated on a branch of Obies r. 100 ras. a little
N. of E, Nashville, und about 35 a little e. of s.
Burkesville in Ky. Lat. 36° 22', long. 8° 10'
w. W. C.
Mo.NROE, CO. Ky. bndd. w. by Big Barren r.
separating it from Allen, n. by Barren, n. e. by
Adair, E. by Cumberland, s, by Jackson co.
Ten., and s. w. by Smith co. Ten. Length
from E.to w. 30 ms., mean width 20, and area
600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 36' to
36° 53', and in long, from 8° 19' to 9° w. W.
C, This CO, is very nearly commensurate with
the higher part of the valley of Big Barren r.,
but with the exception of the southeastern an.
gle. Into the latter part of the co. the main
volume of Cumberland r. enters by one of its
sweeping bends, and again abruptly winds back
into Cumberland co. The dividing ground be.
tween the waters of Cumberland and Green rs,
passing from Adair over Monroe into Jackson
CO. Ten., divides Monroe into two unequal por
tions. "The rauch larger section, with a north.
western declivity, is in the valley of Green r-
or sttb.valley of Big Barren. The cf. t. Tom-
kinsviUe, is by p.r. 137 ms. s. s. w. ftQjn Frank.
fart. Pop. 1830,4,956, 183Q, 5,340.
Monroe, p-v. in the sQUtbeaatetn part of

Hart CO. Ky. by p.r. 96 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort,
and 20 n. n. e. Glasgow.
Monroe, co. 0. bndd. by Washington u.,
Morgan w., Guernsey N, w,, Belraont n., and
the 0. r. separating it from Ohio co. Va. e.
Length from e, to w. 36 ms., mean breadth 10,
and area 576 eq. ms. Lat. 39° 40', long. 4° w.
W. C. The central part ofthis billy but fertile
CO. is a real table land, from which Sunfish cr.
flows estrd. into Ohio r. Little Muskingum
sthrd. also into 0. r., but by a s. vr. course over
Washington co., and the extreme head sources
of Will's cr., branch of Muskingum, n. w. into
Guernsey co. Cf t. Woodsfield. Pop. 1820,
4,641, 1«30, 8,768.
Monroe, p.v. in the eastem part of Butler co.
0. by p.r. 25 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati. Pop. 119.
Monroe, co. Ind. bndd. by Lawrence s.,
Greene s. w., Owen n. w., Morgan tt., and e.
uncertain. Length 24 ms., breadth 20, and
area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 10', and long. 9°
38' w. W. C. The nthrn. part slopes wstrd.,
and is drained by Bean Blossom cr. a branch of
White r., and the southern section slopes to the
sthrd,, and is drained by Salt creek, a branch
of the South fork of White r. Cf t. Bloom
ington. Pop. 6,577.
Monroe, co. II. bndd. tt. e. and e, by St.
Clair, s. e. by Randolph, s. w. and w. by Misp.
r. separating it frora Jefferson co. Mo., and n.
w. by the Misp r, separating it from St. Louis
CO. Mo. Length 30 ms,, mean width 12, and
area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. 13° 12'
w. W. C. This CO. stretching estrd. from tbe
Misp. r. to the Kaskaskias r., slopes towards
both, the central part being a table land. Cf.
t. Waterloo. Pop. 2,000.
Monroe, co. Mo. bndd, by Marion n. e., Ralls
E,, Audrain s. E., Boone s. w., and Randolph w.
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., breadth 27, and
area 810 sq. ras. n. lat. 39° 25' and long. W.
C. 15° w. intersect near its centre. It is entire.
ly comprised in the valley of Salt r., and slo
ping estrd. is drained by numerous branches
of that stream. Paris the st. jus. is situated on
Crooked r. a confluent of Salt r. 120 ms. n. w.
St. Louis,
Monroe, c. h. and p-o. Monroe co. Mo. by
p-r. 129 ms. from Jefferson city.
Monroe, co. Mich, bndd. by Sandusky co.
0. E. E., Wood CO. 0. s., Lenawee county,
Mich, w., Washtenaw co. Mich. n. w., Wayne
N. E., and lake Erie e. Length from s. to n. 32
ms,, mean width 22, and area 704 sq. ms. Lat.
42°, and long. 64° w. W. C. intersect m the
northeastern part of this oo. Slope estrd. and
traversed by the river Raisin and Ottawa cr.
with other smaller streams. Much of the soil
is , excellent. The southeastern part receives
Maumee r. from Wood co. 0, Cf. t. Monroo.
Pop. 1820, 1,831, 1830,3,187.
Monroe, p-v. and st, jus. Monroe co. Mich.
by p-r. 36 ms. s. b. w. Detroit, and 490 north
westward W. C. It is situated on the right
bank of the river Raisin, near its mouth. Ves
sels of 5 or 6 ft. dfaught can ascend thus far.:
Monroe, co. Ark. bndd. by Philipa e., Ar-
ktinsaa CO. s., Jefferson w., Pulaski n. w., and
St. Francis co. n. a. lat. 34° 20', and long. 14°
35' w. of W. C. interaetst near its centre.

MON

397

MON

Though the adjacent cos. as laid down by Tan
ner, are here given, the outlines of this co. are
too vague to adrait even an approximate esti
mate of its area in sq. ms. The slope is to s.
s. E,, and in that direction traversed by the raain
volurae of White r. Much of the surface lia
ble to annual submersion. The central part is
in a direct line, about 50 ms. tt. tt. w.from the
mouth of White r. Pop. 461.
•Monroeton, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. 126 miles
nthrd. Harrisburg.
Monroeton, p-v. on the right bank of Staun
ton r., and in the extreme northwestern angle
of Pittsylvania co. Va., by direct road about 130
mUes, but by p-r. 150 miles s. w. by w. Rich
mond. Monroeville, p-^; Huron co. 0. by p-r. 109
¦ms, nthrd. Columbus.
Monson, p-t. Soraerset co. Me. Pop. 411.
Monson, p-t. Hampden CO. Mass. 17m3. E.
Springfield, 50 s. w. Boston, s. Chickapee r.
The soil is good, and in some parts the land is
irrigated. It is a pleasant t. and has several
manufactories, and an academy with about 100
pupils, a valuable apparatus, and a boarding
house comiected with the institution. Pop.
2,263. Montague, p.t. Franklin oo. Mass. e. side
Conn, r., 87 ms. N. w. Boston, s. and e. Conn. , ,,
which falls 65 feet, among rude scenery. A
little below is an old Indian fort, which was
attacked with great slaughter, in Philip's war,
by captain Holyoke, of Northampton. A rocky
island divides the fall, which is dammed 330
yards, and passed by a canal 3 ms. long, 25 feet
wide, •with 8 locks 75 ft. long, 12 deep, and 20
wide. The dam is of timber, and in one place
40 feet high. It was tom down 2 or 3 years
ago by a violent flood. 4 ms. above is the dam
at Miller's falls, where is a canal cut through
a pudding stone of priraitive rock. A bridge
crosses to Deerfield. Pop. 1,152.
Montague, p.t. Sussex co. N. J., the most
northerly town in the state, with Delaware r.
w., the Blue mtns. e., N. Y. state n. e.. Pa. N.
w., and is connected -with it by a bridge over
Del. r. Its small streams flow in several direc
tions. Pop. 990.
Montague, p-v. sthrn. part of Essex co. Va.
72 ms. s. E. by E. Richmond.
MoNTALEAN, p.v. in the sthm. part of Warren
CO. Misp. by p.r. 81 ms. wstrd. Jackson, and
about 60 ms. N. N. E. Natchez.
MoNTATiK Pouat, Easthampton, Suffolk co. N.
Y., the E. end of L. I. The Ught house is on
the extreme point, on an elevation, and is a very
important land raark, particularly to vessels
bound into L. I. sound. It was erected in 1795.
It commands a clear ¦view of Block isl. and the
opposite shores of Conn. The road leading to
Montauk Point is rough ; but no troublesome
insects are found there ; and there is a conven.
lent tavern on the spot. It is 20 ms. from East
Hampton. There are afew Indians remaining,
but many of them of mixed blood. The soil is
rich, and affords pasturage to numerous oxen,
horses and sheep ; but Napeage beach, 5 ms.
in extent, is a sandy tract. The distance from
Sandy Hook, in a direct line, ia 140 ras.
Montcalm, new co. of Mich., bound«d by

Gratiot e., Ionia s., Oceana w., and Isabella n.
It is a square of 24 ms, each side, area 576 sq.
ms. Lat, 43° 20', and long, 8°w. W. C. Slope
s. w. and drained by nuraerous confluents of
Grand r. The central part about 120 ras. n. w.
by w. Detroit.
Montebello, p.v. Hancock co, II. by p.r. 144
ms, N. w. VandaUa.
Montevallo, p-v. Shelby co. Ala. about 45
ras, nearly due e. Tuscaloosa.
Montezuma, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y.,
11 ras, ft. vr. Auburn, 170 w. Albany ; has some
salt springs, and is 80 rods frora the junction of
Erie canal and Seneca r.
Montezuma, p-v. and et. jus. Covington co. '
Ala, situated on the Connecuh r. by p-r, 176 ms.
soutbestrd, Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 22', long 9°
40' w. W. C.
Montezuma Salt Works and p-o. in the estrn.
part of Casey co. Ky. by p-r. 81 ras, very nearly
due s. Frankfort.
Montezuma, p.v. Parke co. Ind. by p.r. 77
ras, w. Indianopolis. «
Montgomery, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 42 ras. n.
Montpelier, 39 n. e. Burlington. Trout r. and
its brancbes afford mill seats. On the principal
stream is excellent meadow land ; but there is
rauch mountainous country. Pop. 460.
Montgomery, t. Hampden co. Mass. 10 ms.
w. N. w. Springfield, 100 w. Boston, «. E. West.
field r. Pop. 579.
Montgomery co,, N. Y. bndd. by Hamilton
eo. N., Saratoga co. e., Schenectady, Schoharie,
and Otsego cos. s., Herkimer co. w. The great.
est length 36 ms., breadth 32; about 1,000 sq.
ms. The surface is a little varied, being cross.
ed by the Klypse ridge frora Sacandaga r. to
the Nose, on Mohawk river. It has rich mead.
ows on .Mohawk r. and various soils. Crossed
by Mohawk r, and E, Canal, Cf t. Johnstown.
Pop. 1820, 37,569, 1830,43,715,
Montgomery, p-t. Orange CO., N. Y., 12 ms.
w. Newburg ; 12 n. Goshen ; 100 from Albany ;
N. Waalkill r., is irregular in forra, varied sur
face and good aoil, yielding ranch hemp, &c.
In the V. sometimes called Wards bridge, and
whioh is on Waalkill cr. is an academy, &c.
The skeleton of the mammoth in the PhUadel
phia museum was found here. Pop. 1830, 3,885.
Montgomery t. Somerset co. N. J., e. Mill.
stone r., has much handsorae sweUing land, with
a range called Rocky hill. It produces good
grass and excellent cider, chiefly frOra a spe.
cies of apples called Harrison, Crab, &c. On
the s, border is the borough of Princeton, the
seat of Nassau Hall, or Princeton college, and a
Presbyterian theological seminary. Pop.'2,834.
Montgomery co. Pa., bndd. by Phila. co. s. e.,
Del. CO. s., in part an artificial and in part the
Schuylkill r. separates it from Chester s. w.,
on the N. w. a range of hiUs or rather a minor
chain of mnts. separates it from Bucks,. and on
the N. E. it is bndd. by Bucks. This co. is very
nearly a paraUelogram of 24 by 16 ms, ; area
384 sq. ms. Extending in>lat. from 39° 58' to
40° 27', and in long, frora 1° 16' to 1° 56' e.
W. C. The declivity of this fino co. is almost
due s. and in raost part drained by the various
confluents of Perkiomen and 'VVissahiccon ers.
The surface is beautifully variegated by hill,

MON

308

MON

dale, and even mtn. scenery. The soil, though
naturally not of first rate quality,, is no where
sterile. The staples, nearly every vegetable
production of the U. S. in the samo lat. The
beautiful marble of White Marsh is also amongst
the most valuable staples of the co. Cf t. Nor
ristown. Pop. 1820, 35,793, 1830, 39,406.
Montgomery, p-o. in Montgomery tsp. Mont.
gomery co. Penn. The tsp. Ues on the u.
boundary of the co., between the source of Per.
kioinen, Nesharainy, and Wissahiccon ers.
The viUage called Montgomery Square stands
20 ms. N. PhU. Pop. 1820, 751.
Montgomery co. Md., bndd. a. e.. by Prince
George's co. and tbe Dist. Col,, by Potomac r,,
which separates it from Fairfax cd, Va. s,, and
Loudon w., by Frederick co. Md,, n, w,, and by
Patuxent, r., separating it from Ann Arundel
N. E. The greatest length of ;"this co. is by a
westerly Ime from' the easterly angle on Pa.
tuxent to the bend of Potomac r., between the
inouths of Seneca and Monocacy, 32 ms ; raean
width 18, and area 576 sq. ras. Extending in
lat. from 38° 55' to 39° 21', and in long, from
0° 09' E. to 0° 29' w. W. C. Montgomery
comprises two unequal inclined plains ; one fall.
ing s. s. w. towards the Potomac and the ee.
cond and least s'. estrd. towards the Patuxent.
The Potoraac plain is drained by the estm.
branch of Potomac, Rock, Watts, and Seneca
ers., and Contains near two thirds of the co.
Tbe surface of Montgomery is moderately hilly.
The estrn. part drained by the sources of the
estrn. branch of Potomac and Rock ers, rests
on primitive gneiss. From this part N, westerly
extends the dividing ridge between the waters
of Potomac and Patuxent ; this Hdge is ele.
vated from 400 to 800 ft. above tide water. If
taken generally, the soil of Mont. co. is rather
sterile, yet much very good land skirts tbe
streams. Staples, grain and tobacco. Cf t.
Rockville. Pop. 1820, 16,400, 1830, 19,876.
Montgomery co. "''Va., bndd. by the Blue
Ridge, which separates it from Franklin E., by
. Floyd s., and Patrick s. e., Grayson bounds it s.
,. w., Wythe on the w., Walker's ratn. separates
it frora Giles N. w. ; on the n. e. it has Bote
tourt. Diagonally from the Blue Ridge to
Walker's ratn., the length is 40 ms. ; . mean
width 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. from 36° 55' to 37° 24', and in long, from 3°
04' to 3° 50' w. W. C. This co. occupies two
mtn. vallies, being bounded on one side by the
Blue Ridge and on the opposite by Walker's
mtn., and traversed at near mid.distance by a
minor ridge. The mountains, stretching from
s. w. to N. E., present the curious phenomenon
of the dividing line bf r. source being neariy at
right angles to the mtn. chains. This line of r,
source divides Montgomery into two unequal
sections. The larger portion of about two
thirds, comprising the Erthrn. and sthwstrn. parts,
has a' nrthwstm. declivity, and is traversed by
tho Great Kenhawa, and drained by Little r.
and numerous ers, falling into the main stream,
.The nrthm. and sraaller section, declines to
th'e N. e. giving source to the extrerae head of
Roanoke, and to Craigs cr, and other branches
of James r. Thus, Montgomery occupies a
pait of the plateau between the Atlantic slope

and Misp. basin. The mouth of Sinking cr,,
which enters the Great Kenhawa in GUes co,,
at the wstrn. foot of WaUcer's mtn., of course
below any part of Montgomery, is found, frora
actual measurement, elevated 1,585 ft. above
tide water in James r. The highest spring tribu.
tary to Sinking cr. waa found 2,509 ; we may,
therefore, very safely assume as the general
elevation of Montgomery from 1,800, to 2,500 ;
or a mean exceeding 2, 1 00 ft. or an equivalent
to more than five degrees of lat. If then we as.
sume 37° aa the mean lat. of Mont, co., Va.,
the real winter climate will be similar to that on
the Atlantic coast in n. lat, 42°. Beside the
mtns. the whole face ofthis co. is broken and
rocky, yet though so rough and elevated, the
etreariis are bordered with excellent soil. Cf.
t. Christiansburg. Pop. 1820, 8,733, 1830, 12,.^
306, including that part now in the new co. of
Floyd. Mo'ntgomery CO., N. C, bndd. w. by Cabar.
ras, N, w. by Davidson, w. e. by Randolph, e. by
Moore, b. e. by Richmond, and s. w. by Rocky
r. separating it from Anson. The greatest
length, along the sthm. border 50 ; mean width
17, arid area850 sq.ms. Extendingin lat. from
35° 10' to 35° 30', and iii long,'from2° 40' to 3°
32' w. W. C. This co. is subdivided into two
not very unequal portions by Yadkin r., which
traverses it by a sthrdly. course. The general
declivity of the co. ia also sthrdly. The surface
hilly, and in part mountainous. Cf t. Lawrence.
vUle. Pop. 1820, 8,693, 1830, 10,919.
Montgomery co. Geo., bndd. by the Ocmul.
gee r. separating it from Appling s , Auchene.
hatchee r. separating it from Telfair a. w.,
Laurens n. w.. Great Ohoopec r. separating it
from Eraanuel n. e. and Tatnall e. smd s. £.
Length, s. w. to n. e,, 38 ; mean width 22, and
area 896 sq, ms. Extending in lat. frora 32° to
32° 37', and iu long, from 5° 18' to 6° 06' w.
W. C. This CO. is traversed and subdivided -
into two unequal sections by Oconee r., which
joins the Ocmulgee and forms the Altamaha, on
its sthrn. border. The course of the Oconee is
here a. a. e., and the other streams of Mont
gomery flow nearly parallel except the Ocmul.
gee which flows, in that part of its course im.
mediately above the mouth of Oconee, to the
N. e. by E. Cf t. Vernon. Pop. 1820, 1,869,
1830, 1,269.
Montgomery p.v.. Green co., Geo., 35 ms.
nthrdly. from Milledgeville.
Montgomery go., Ala. bndd. s. e, by Pike ;
s. w. by Butler and Wilcox ; w. by DaUaS ; n.
w. and N. by Ala. r., separating it from Autauga,
and N. E. by the country of the Creek Indians. J
Length from e. to w. 50 ms., mean width 30,
and area 1,500 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from
31° 57' to 32° 32' and in long, from 9° 07' to 9°
55' w. W. C. The sthm. boundary extends
along the dividing ridge between the sources
of Conecuh r,, flowing southwardly, and nurae
rous ers. flowing n. westwardly over this to.
into Ala. r. The declivity is of course to the
N. w. Staple cotton. Cf t. Montgomery. Pop,
1820, 6,604, 1830, 12,695.
Montgomery, p.v. and st. jus. Montgomery
CO. Ala., situated on the left bank of Mobile r.,
54 ms, by tho road e. Cahaba, and by p.r. 104

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309

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ms, s, E. TuscalodsaT Lat. 31° 22', long. 9°
25' w. W. C,
Montgomery co, Tenn,, bndd, by Robertson
t. and s, e,, Dickson s,, Stewart s, vr. and w.,
Trigg CO. of Ky. N. w., Christian co. of Ky. N,,
and Todd co, of Ky, a. e. The greatest length
along Tenn. 44 ms. ; raean width 15, and area
660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 17' to
36° 37'. Cumberland r. enters and traverses
the sthrn. part of this co,, receiving at Clarks.
ville, near the centre. Red. r, fromthe n, estrd.
The general declivity is wstrd, Cf t, Clarks.
ville. Pop, 1820, 12,219, 1830, 14,349,
Montgomery, p.v. and st. jus, Morgan co.
Tenn., situated on the Sulphur branch of Obies
r., about 120 ms, a Uttle n. of e, Nashville, and
68 ms. N, w, KnoxvUle, Lat 36° 22', long. 7°
42' w. W, C.
Montgomery, p.v. Sumner co. Tenn,, 17 ms,
N, E. Gallatin, and 48 in a similar direction frora
Nashville. Montgomery co. Ky., bndd. by Estill s,, Clark
W,, Bourbon and Nicholas N, w,, BathN, and n,
e,, and Morgan e, and s, tc. Length frora s, e.
to N, w, 33 ras, ; mean width 8, and area 264
sq, ras. .Extending in lat. frora 37° 46' to 38°
11', and in long, frora 6° 38' to 7° 04' w. W. C.
This narrow co, extends along the dividing
ground between Ky, and Licking rs,, and is
drained in anearly equal proportion by the ers,
of those two rs. respectively. Mount Starling,
the st, jus, is situated 55 ras. a little n, of e,
Frankfort, Pop, 1820, 9,587, 1830, 10,240.
Montgcuery CO, 0,, bndd, by Warren s, E,,
Butler s, w,, Prebble w,. Dark N, w., Miami n,,
.Clarke n, e,, and Green e. Length 24 ras,,
mean breadth 20, and area 480 sq, ms, Lat,
39° 45', long, W, C, 7° 18' w. The raain stream
ofthe Great Miami receives Mad. r, in the n,e,
part of this co, at Dayton, the st.jus,, from
whence the Miarai canal commences. The
general course of the Great Miarai, and the
I slope of tbe co. is to the s, s. w. Tbe surface
finely diversified by bill and dale, and soil fer
tUe. The facilities for raanufacturing in this
CO. are very great. In l(i32 it contained 62
flour mUls, whicb ground 613,0'.)0 bushels of
grain in one year ; 56 saw raUls ; 7 oil milU ;
12 fulling raills ; 12 carding factories ; 72 dis
tilleries ; 30 tanneries ; 5 cotton and 1 woollen
factories ; 1 flax and 1 silk mill ; 1 raanufactory
of cotton and wooUen machinery ; 1 paper
mill, and 2 iron and one brass founderies,
Cf t, Dayton, Pop, 1820, 15,999, 1830, 24,-
362, MoNTGotiiERY, p.v,, Hamilton CO, 0,, Uras,
N, N. iS. Cincinnati. Pop, 219,
Montgomery co. Ind,, bndd. by Putnam s,,
Parke s. w,, Tippecanoe n,, Boon e., and Hen.
dricks s. e. Length 24 ras., breadth 21, and
area 504 sq. ms. Lat. 40°, and long. W, C,
10° w, intersect in this co, ; slope s. w,, and in
that direction it is traversed by Sugar and Rae.
coon ers., branches of Wabash r. Cf t. Craw.
fordsville. Pop. 7,317.
Montgomery co. II., bndd. by Bond s.. Mad.
ison s, w,, Macaupin vr., Sangamo N,, Shelby
N. s,, and Fayeite s. e. Length 36 ms., breadth
24, and area 864 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long.
W. C. 12° 30' w. Sthm. part drained by Shoal
¦ 40

cr,, branch of Kaskaskias r. flowing s,, wstrn-
part by Macaupin cr,, branch of Illinois r,, flow
ing w. ; and the nthrn. part by the sthrn, con
fluents of Sangaraon r, fiowing n, Cf t, Hills
boro', Pop, 2,953.
Montgomery tsp, Franklin co. O. {See Co.
lumbus.) Montgomery co. Mo, bndd, by Calloway co,
w,, RaUs n, w.. Pike n, e„ Lincoln and St,
Charles e,, and Mo, r,, separating it frora Frank
lin s, E,, and Gasconade s, w. Length from e.
to w. 38 ms, ; mean breadth 30 ms,, and area
1,140 sq, ms, Lat, 38° 50', long. W.C. 14"^
18' vr. The n, estrn, section slopes estrd. and
is drained in that direction by Cuivre (Copper)
r., a smaU confluent of tbe Misp. The central,
sthrn., and rauch the most extensive sections
decline sthrd. towards the Mo. i. Cf t. Lew.
istown. Pop, 3,902,
Montgomery's Ferry, and p-o. Perry co. Pa,,
26 ms, N, w, Harrisburg,
Montgomer^iIle, p-v, Montgomery co. Pa,,
by p-r, 24 ras. nthrd. Phil,
Monticello, the seat of the late venerable
Thoinas Jefl'erson, 2 ms, estrd, Charlottesville,
Albemarle co. Va,
Monticello, p-v. Fairfield dist. S. C, 35 ms.
n. Columbia.Monticello, p-v. and st.jus. Jasper co. Geo,,
38 ms, n, w. MUledgeviUe. Lat. 33° 18', and
long. 6° 44' w. W. C,
Monticello, p-v, and st. jus, Jefferson co,
Flor,, situated in the nthrn, part of the co., 31
ms, N. E. by E. Tallahassee. Lat. 30° 31', long.
7° 06' w. W. C.
Monticello, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co.
Misp,, situatedon the right bank of Pearl r., 80
ms. nearly due E. Natchez, and by p-r. 66 ms.
below and sthrd. Jackson. Lat. 31° 27', long.
13° 12' w. W. C. Pop. 600,
Monticello, p.v. and st.jus. Wayne co. Ky.,
situated in the nrthwstrn. part ofthe co., by p.r.
Ii8 ms, nearly due s, Frankfort, Lat, 36° 53',
long, 7° 44' w, W. C.
Monticello, p-v. Fairfield co. O,, by p-r. 35
ms, s, E, Colurabus,
Montmorency, p-v, Jefferson co. Pa,, by p-r.
242 raa, tt. vr. "W. C, and 171 ras. n. w. 'oy w.
Harrisburg, Montpelier, p-t. and st, jus, Washington co.
Vt., and capital of the state, is situated 36 ms. s.
E, Burlington, 103 n, e, Bennington, 140 n. w.
Boston, 524 n. by e. W. C, and 120 s, e. Mon.
treal, at the confluence ofthe two head branch.
es of Onion r, ; lat, 44° 17', long, 4° 25' e. W.
C, It is surrounded by rough hills, is onbroken
ground, and has a wild situation ; was first set.
tied 1786, and was raade the seat of govern.
ment of that state 1805, The viUage of Mont.
pelier is in the s. w. part of the town, within 10
ms. of the geographical centre of tbe state, and
ia a great thoroughfare for travellers.' Since
1805 its growth has been somewhat rapid, dnd
it is a place of considerable business. It con
tains a state house, court house, one or two
churches, a jail, masonic hall, and a flourishing
academy ; there are also some raanufactures in
the town, and 2 weekly papers are published
here. 'The town is well watered, and Onion
and North.branch rs. afford fine mill sites, raany

MOO

210

MOR

of which are iraproved. Pop of the v. 1,193,
ofthe t. including the v, 2,985,
Montpelier, p.v. Hanover co. Va., 24 ms,
nrthrdly. Richmond.
Montpelier, p.v. Richmond co. Va., by p.r.
105 ras. s. w. Raleigh.
Montreal r,, a sthrn, confluent of lake Su.
perior, rises interlocking sources with those of
Menoraonies and Wolf rs,, branches of Fox r,
of Green Bay, and with those of Chippeway and
St. Croix, branches of Misp. r. The country
from which these various streams derive their
sources, is flat and interspersed with lakes and
ponds. Short portages intervene between the
navigable channels. The general course of
Montreal r. is to n. w. ; comparative length
about 100 ras. Mouth into lake Superior, 20
ras, E, of Chegoimegon bay.
Montrose, p.v. and st, jus, Susquehannah co.
Pa. This is a very neat village, occupying a
reraarkable site. It stands on the elevated ta.
ble land, encircled on three sides by the Sua.
quehannah r. In the vicinity rise the higher
sources of Tunkhannock, Meshoppen, and Wy.
alusing, flowing sthwstrdly. into Susquehannah,
whilst, also from tbe sarae vicinity, ers. are dis.
charged northeastwardly into the sanae stream,
Montrose is 31 ms, s, e, Oswego, in the state of
New York, 71 n. w, Milford, on Del. r., and by
p-r. 163 ras. n, e, by e. Harrisburg. Lat. 41°
51', long, 1° E, W, C.
Mont Vernon, p.t. Hillsborough co. N. H.,
28 ras. s. Concord. It occupies a very elevated
position. Pop. 762.
Montville, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 30 ms. n. e.
Wiscasset, without considerable streams ; bas
an eminence in the centre. Pop. 1,743.
Montville, p-t. New London co. Conn. 35
ms, s, e. Hartford, next s, Norwich, and n. New
London, w, Thames r. and 7 ras. ni. its raouth ;
surface uneven, with good land ; contains the
Indian reservation of Mohegan, in which are
3,000 acres of very good soil. Pop. 1,964.
Montville, p-v. Geauga co. 0., by p-r. 178
ms. N. E, Colurabus,
Mooers, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y., 23 ms, N. w.
Plattsburgh. Fop. with Ellenburgh, 1,222,
MooRE, CO. N. C, bndd, s. w, by Richmond,
w, by Montgomery, n, w. by Randolpb, h. by
Chathara, and e. and s. e. by Cumberland. It
lies in forra of an isosceles triangle, two sides
44 ras,, and base 34, area 748 sq. ras. Extend
ing in lat, frora 35° 04' to 35° 30', and in long,
frora 1° 58' to 2° 44' w. W. C. Deep r, curves
into, and again leaves the nthm, boundary of
Moore, flowing estrdly, into Haw r,, which
gives a northern declivity to this part ofthe co.
The eastern part is also drained intn Haw r.,
whilst the southern gives source to Luraber r.
The St. just., Carthage, is 55 ms. sthwstrdly.
frora Raleigh, Pop. 1820,7,128; 1830, 7,745.
MooREFiELn, p-v. and st. jus. Hardy co, Va.,
situated on the right bank of the south branch of
Potoraac, 50 ms. a little s, of w, Winchester,
and by p-r. 123 ms. w. W. C. Lat. 39° 02'
long* 2° 02' w. W, C,
Moorefield, p-v. Nicholas co. Ky., by p-r.
68 ms. N. E. by e. Frankfort.
Moorefield, p-v. Harrison co. O,, by p.r. Ill
ms. a little n. of E. Columbus.

MooRESBURG, p.v. wstm. part of Columbia co-
Pa., 10 ms. N. E. Northumberland, and by p.r-
71 ms. N, Harrisburg.
MooRESFiELD, Or Moorcstown, p.v. Chester,
Burlington co. N. J., 13 ms. E, PhUadelphia.
Moore's Hill, and p.o. Dearborn co. Ind.,
about 100 ms. s. e, Indianopolis.
Moore's Ordinary, and p-o. Prince Edward
CO. Va., by p.r. 137 ms. a. w. by w. Rich
mond. Moore's Prairie, and p-o. Jefferson co. II., by
p.r. 79 ms. a little E, ofs, Vandalia.
Moore's Salt Works, and p-o. Jefferson co.
0., by p-r. 147 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus.
MooBESViLLE, p.v. northern part of Lime
stone CO, Ala,, by p-r. 124 ms. northward Tus
caloosa. MooRESviLLE, p-v. in the sthm. part of Maury
CO. Ten. 16 ms. from Colurabia, the co. St., and
by p-r, 61 ras. m, s, w, Nashville.
MooRESviLLE, p-v. Morgan co, Ind., by p-r.
16 ras. 5. w. Indianopolis.
Moorland, p-v. Wayne co. 0., by p-r. 92 ras.
N, E, Columbus.
MooRiNG's Cross Roads, and p-o. western
part of Pitt county N, C, 10 ras. n. w. Green
ville, the county seat, and by p-r. 95 ras. e. Ra.
leigh. Moose Isl., Me, {See Eastport.)
Moose r,, N, H,, rises on the n, side of the
White mtns, n.iar Durand, through which it
passes, and unites with the Ameriscoggin in
Shelburne. Its source is near that of Israel's
r,, which passes w. into Connecticut.
MciosE R,, N, Y., runs into the e. side of
Black r,, at the High Falls in Turin,
Moosehead L*ke, Kennebec co. Me,, 60 ms.
long ; the source of the e, branch of Kennebec
r, has an irregular forra, and lies in a tract little
inhabited, Moosehillock, or Mooshelock, N. H. a noble
erainence in tbe s. e. part of Coventry. The
height of the n, peak, as estiraated by Capt.
Partridge, is 4,636 ft, ; tbat of the », peak,
4,536. Baker's river has its source on its e.
side. Moosup r,, joins the Quinnebaug in Plain.
field, Ct.
Moreau, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 21 ras, n,
E, Ballston Spa, and 50 n, Albany, Situated in
the Great Bend of the Hudson, embracing part '
of Baker's falls. Glen's falls, and the Great dam
at Fort Edward, and possessing extensive wa
ter power; soil in general good for farming;
timbered with pine, &c, in some parts, and
contains likewise a large tract of beech and ma
ple. Here is an extensive manufactory of gun.
powder, and a paper mill, beside other manu.
factories of various kinds. The navigation of
the Champlain canal is in the Hudson, along
the line ofthis town; 6 schools, attended 7 mo.
in 12. Pop. 1,690.
Moreman's s.., Albermarle co. Va. Though
called a r.. it is only a creek about 10 ras. long,
but it is one of the extrerae heads of Ravenna
r., having its source in the Blue Ridge.
Moreman's r. p.o., on Moreman's r, 10 nis,
N. w. CbarlottevUle, and in the northwesteriian.
gle of Albermarle CO. Va.
Moretown, p.t. Washington co. Vt., 8 raa. w.

MOR

311

MOR

Montpelier. Much of this town is mountain.
ous, and incapable of being settled. It is wa.
tered by Mad river which furnishes several
mill privileges ; 6 school districts. Population
815. Morgan, t. Orleans co. Vt,, 52 ms. N, E.
Montpelier ; contains Knowlton's lake, 4 ms,
long, and part of Clyde r. Pop, 331.
Morgan, co. Va., bndd. by Berkeley e. and
s, E,, Frederick s., Hampshire s. w., Potomac r,
separating it from Alleghany co. of tMd, n. vr.,
and by Washington co, Md. n. Greatest lengtb
along Berkeley 22 ms,, mean width 16, and
area 352 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 39°
22' to 39° 40', and in long, from 0° 58' to 1° 25'
w. W. C. The declivity of this raountainous
CO. is frora s. w. to N. E., and drained by Sleepy
and Great Cacapon ers. Though very broken
and rocky, this co. contains much excellent r.
and valley soil. Cf. t. Berkeley Springs. Pop.
1820, 2,500 ; 1830, 2,094.
Morgan, co. Ten. bndd. n, w, by Fentress,
Campbell u, e,, Anderson E., Roane a. e,. Bled.
soe s,, and White w. Length 45 ms,, mean
breadth 22, and area 990 sq. ms. Extendingin
lat. from 35° 56' to 36° 25', and in long. W. C.
from 7° 14' to 8° w. It occupies a part ofthe
table land between the vallies of Cumberiand,
and Tennessee rs. The northern section slopes
to tbe northward and in that direction discharg
es the higher sources of the South Fork of
Cumberland r. The opposite slope falls to the
o. E. and is drained by various branches of Em
ery's r, a tributary of Tennessee r. The sur.
face of Morgan co. Ten. is elevated and bro.
ken. Cf t. Montgomery. Pop. 2,582.
Morgan, co. Ala., bndd. m. by the Cherokee
territory of that state, s. by Blount co,, w. by
Lawrence, ft. vr. by Ten, r, separating it frora
Liraestone, aud n, e, by Ten, r, separating it
from Madison. Length from e, to w. 30 ms,,
mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq, ras. Ex
tending in lat. frora 34° 18' to 34° 41 ', and in
long, from 9° 40' to 10° 13' w. W. C. The
slope ofthis co. is to the northward, and drain
ed in tbat direction into Ten. r., by Flint r. and
Cotaco cr. Its southemboundary extendsalong
the dividing ridge, between the valley of Ten,,
and the sources of Mulberry, and branch of
Black Warrior. Cf. t. Somerville, or Summer
ville. Pop, 9,062.
Morgan, c. h., Morgan co. Ten. {See Mont
gomery, Morgan co. Ten.)
Morgan, co. 0., bndd. a. e. by Washington,
Athens s. w.. Perry w., Muskingura n. w,,
Guerngey n. e., and Monroe e. Length 32 ras.,
mean breadth 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Lat.
39° 4u', long. W. C. 4° 60' vr. Slope s. s. e.
and traversed in that direction by the iVluskin-
gura r. Surface broken and hilly. Cf t. Mac-
Connellsville. Pop. 1820, 5,297 ; 1830, 11,799.
Morgan, p-v. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 187
ms. ft. E. Columbus.
Morgan co. Ind., bndd. by Monroe s., Owen
s. w., Putnam n. w., Hendricks tt., Marion n.
E., and Johnson e. Length 26 ms., breadth 21,
and area 546 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 30', long, W, C.
9° 30' w. This co. approaching very nearly to a
square, ia entered near the nrthestrn. angle by
the main stream of White r,, which crossing di

agonaUy, leaves it at the s. w, angle, after hav
ing divided it intq two not greatly unequal sec.
tions. Cf t.MartinsviUe. Pop. 5,593.
Morgan, co. II. bndd, s, e. by Macaupin, s, w.
by II, r, separating it from Pike, N, vr. by II, r.
separating it from Sch^jyler, n, Sangamon r, sep.
arating it from Sangamon co,, and again on the
E, by Sangamon co. Length from s. to n, 42
ms,, mean breadth 30, and area 1,260 sq. ms.
Lat. of its centre 39° 50', long. W, C, 13° 18'
w. Slope almost due w, towards II. r,, which
is also the general course ofthe Sangaraon on
its nrthrn, border. The eastern boundary fol.
lows the dividing ridge between the confluents
of II. and Sangaraon. Cf t. Jacksonville. Pop.
12,714. Morganfield, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. Ky.,
situated 12 ras. E. Shawneetown, on 0. r., about
an equal distance s,j5, from the mouth of Wa
bash r,, and by p-r, 197 ms. a little s. of w.
Frankfort. Lat. 37° 41', long. 11° w. W. C.
Pop. 292.
Morgan's Store, and p-o. Montgoraery co.
N. C, by p-r, 121 ms, s, w. by w, Raleigh,
Morgantown, p.v, Berks co. Pa,, 10 ras, estrd.
Reading, and 58 in a like direction from Har.
risburg. Morgantown, p.v. and st. jus. Monongalia
CO, Va,, situated on a high bottom of the right
bank of Monongahela r,, 35 ms. below and ft. tt.
E. Clarksburg, about 60 ras. s. Pittsburg, and by
p.r. 201 ms, n, w, by w. W, C. Lat. 39° 40',
long. 2° 50' w, W, C.
Morgantown, p.v. and st. jus. Burke co. N.
C, situated near the right bank of Catawba r,,
35 ras. N, N, E, Rutherfordton, and 205 ms, al.
most exactly due w, Raleigh, Lat, 35° 45',
long. 4° 39' w. W. C.
Morgantown, p.v. wstrn. part of Blount co.
Ten., by p.r. 152 ms. e. NashviUe.
Morgantown, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. Ky.
situated 6n the left bank of Green r. 32 ms. n.
N, E, Russelville, and by p-r, 144 ms, s. w. by w.
Frankfort. Lat. 37° 12', long. 9° 40' w. W. C.
Morganville, p-o. Nottaway co, Va., by p-r.
56 ms. s. w. Richmond.
Moriah, p.t. Essex co. N. Y. on the vr. shore
of lake Charaplain, Soil good for grass and
well watered. Timbered with maple, beech,
ash, basswood, &c. Contains iron ore ; has
two mill streams ; a quarry of wbite limestone
or marble, and some asbestos ; 10 ms. s. Eliza.
betbtovra, and 112 ft. Albany. 4 scbools, at.
tended 8 months in 12. Pop. 1,742.
Morning Sun, p.o. Shelby co. Ten., by p.r.
205 ms, s, w. by w, NashviUe,
Moniiis, CO, N, J, is bndd. n. e. by Bergen, s.
E. by Essex, s, by Somerset, s, w. by Hunter.
don, and n. w. by Sussex cos., and contains an
area of about 500 sq. ms. It is watered by
several streams. Rockaway^and other conflu.
ents of the Passaic, and sora'e streams flowing
a. into the Raritan. The surface of this county
is undulating, except in the n, w, part, which ia
raountainous. The Passaic is formed on its
estrn. border by the union of tbe Pompton and
Rockaway rs., about 5 ms. above the falls of
the former. 'The soil is generally very produc
tive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. Cf t. Mor
riatown. Pop. 1820, 21,368 ; 1830, 23,580.

MOS

312

MOU

Morrisana, Green co, I'a, {See liyerson's
St'itiott, G,een.co. Pa.)
Morris Canal, N. J, {See '^Rail-roads and
Canals.") Morris Cove, p-o, Bedford co. Pa,, 5 or 6
ms. N, w, from the borough of Bedford, and by
p-r, 132 N, w, W. C.
Morris Hill, p-o, AUeghany co, Va. by p-r.
184 ras, w, Rlcbmond,
Morriston's Bluff, and p-o. Pope co. Ark.
It is on the Ark, river 23 ras. above and wstrd.
Dwight, and by p-r. 101 ras. above and nthwstrd.
Little Rock!
Morrison's Tan Yaro, and p-o, Mecklenburg
CO, N, C, by p-r, 148 ms, s, w, by w, Raleigb,
MoKKiSTOWN, p-t, Orleans co, Vt, 20 ma, n,
vr. Montpelier, 29 n. e. Burlington, It is very
level for an interior t, ; diversified, however,
with gehUe hills' and Vides. Soil, in general,
very good. Timbered with maple, beech,
birch, hemlock, &c, V/atered on the n. e,
part by Lamoille r, 13 school dists. Pop. 1,315.
Morristown, p-t, St, Lawrence co, N, Y, on
St, Lawrence river 12 ras, above Ogdensburgh,
The shores ofthe r, hereabout present the most
beautiful scenery. 6 schools, attended 4 months
in 12. Pop, 1,600,
MoRRtsTowN, p-t, and st. jus. Morris co. N.
J, 18 ms. n, w. Newark, 19 w, tt. w, EUzabeth
t,, 28 vr. s, w. New York, The village stands
on a fine elevated plain, with steep slopes on
two sides of the public square, and picturesque
¦views. The court house is a fine building, and
contains the jail. Near it is the bank. It is on
the Oswego mail route, and daily stage coaches
run on two routes for New York. 'The Ame
rican array wintered here in the revolutionary
war, while the British held New Brunswick.
The bouse is standing in which Washington had
his quarters. There is a church for Presbyte
rians, one for Epiacopaliana, one for Baptists,
and one for Methodists, Pop. 3,636.
Morristown, p-v, Belraont co, Ohio, by p.r,
115 ms. estrd, Columbus. Pop. 267.
Morrisville, p-v. in the estrn. part of Bucks
. CO. Pa. 25 ms. n, e, Phil,
Morrisville, p-v, in the sthrn, part of Fau
quier CO, Va, by p-r, 62 ms. s. w. 'VV, C,
Morrisville, p-v, Hickman co, Ky, by p-r.
313 ms. b, w, by w. Frankfort.
MoRTONSViLLE, p-V. Woodford CO. Ky. about
30 ms. s, s, E, Frankfort, Pop, 145,
Morven, p-v, Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 132 ms,
B, w, Raleigh.
Morven, p-v. Shelby co, Ind, by p-r, 42 ms.
s. E. Indianopolis,
Moscow, t. Somerset co. Me. 28 ms. tt. of
Norridgewock, e, Kennebec r. and crossed by
one of its strearas. Pop. 405,
Moscow, p-v. Lafayette co. Tenn. by p-r. 246
ms, s. w. by w. Nashville.
Moscow, p-v. Hickman co. Ky, by p-r, 320
ms, a. w, by w, Frankfort,
Moscow, p-v, on O, r, in the sthrn. part of
Clermont co. 0. by p-r. 127 ms. s, w. Colurabus.
Pop. 196.
Moscow, p-v. Rush CO, Ind. by p-r. 52 ms. s.
E. by E. IndianopoUs.
Moss Ckeek, p.v. Jefferson co. Ten. byp-r.
239 ma. eitrd. Nashville.

Motte Isle, Vt. in lake Champlain, 8 miles
long and 2 broad.
MoTTS, p.o. WUcox CO. Ala. by p-r. 102 ms,
sthrd, Tuscaloosa,
MoTTviLLE, p-v, St, Joseph's CO. iVTich. by
p-r. 151 ms, s. w, by w. i vr, Detroit.
Moulton, p-v. and st.jus. Lawrence co. Ala.,
situated near the head bf a cr., flowing nrthrd.
into Ten. r., 50 ms, s. w. by w. Huntsville, and
byp-r, 116 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34° 33',
and long. 10° 28' w. W. C.
MoiJi.TONBOROOGH, p-t. Strafford co. N. H, on
lake Winnipiseogee, 50 ms. N. of Concord,
Broken by mtns, and ponds. Bog ore is fount!
in this town, and there is a mineral chalybeate
spring. There is a large spring in the town
which furnishes water sufficient for mills. On
the stream thus produced, nearly a mile below
its source, is a beautiful water fall of 70 feet
perpendicular. Descending on the left ofthis
fall, a cave is found, containing charcoal, and
other evidences of its having been a hiding
place for Indians, Soil fruitful, though in some
parts rocky. The Ossipee tribe of Indians
once resided in this vicinity. Pop. 1,422,
MouNDViLLE, p-v. lowa CO, Mlch, {HuroYi)
as laid down on Tanner's improved U. S, raap,
situated on the road from Fort Winnebago to
both Prairie du Chien, and Galena, 10 ms, e. of
the Fork, 52 ms, s, w. by w. from Fort Wmne.
bago, 74 ms. northestwrd. Galena, and 97 E. of
Prairie du Chien, on the ridge between the
sources of Peektano, branch of Rock r. and
the valley of Ouisgonsin r.
Mountain Cove, p-o. Nicholas co. Va. by
P-r. 273 miles wstrd. W. C.
Mountain CrBek, and p.o. Lincoln co. N. C,
by p.r. 175 ms, s, w. by w. Raleigh.
Mountain Creek, p-o. Harris co. Geo. by
p-r, 145 ms, wstrd, MiUedgeviUe.
Mountain Island, p-o. Owen co, Ky. 44 ms,
nrthrd, Frankfort.
Mountain Shoals, and p-o. nrthrn. part of
Laurens dist. S, C. by p-r, 81 ms. n. w, Colum
bia. The falls or shoals of Ennoree i.from
which the place is named, is just below the
mouth of Beaver Dam cr., 16 ms. jn, of Lau.
ren.'sville. Moukt Airy, p-o. Randolph co. Mo. by p-r.
85 ms. N, n, w. Jefferson city.
Mount Airy, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by
p-r, 177 ras, s. w, Richmond,
Mount Airy, p-v. in Surry co. N. Cby p-r.
172 ras. N, w, byw. Raleigh.
, Mount Airy, p-v. Tuscaloosa, Ala. 10 ms.
from the village of Tuscaloosa.
Mount Airy, p-v. Bledsoe co. Ten. by p-r.
152 ras. s. E. by e. NashviUe.
Mou.NT Alto, p-o., in the Blue Ridge, wstm.
part of Albemarle co. Va. by p-r. 104 miles s.
w. by w. W, C.
Mount Ariel, p-v. AbbevUle dist. S. C. by
p-r. 128 ras, w. Colurabia.
Mount Bethel, p-v. Northampton co. Pa.
by p-r. 208 ras. N, N. e. W. C.
Mount Carbon. {See Port Carbon.)
Mount ( ahmel, p-v. Covington co. Misp.
about 110 ms. e, Natchez,
Mount Carmel, p.v. Fleming co. Ky. byp-r.
about 85 ms. e. Franlifort.

MOU

313

MOU

Mount Clemens, p-v. and st. jus. Macorab
CO. Mich, on Clinton river or Huron of lake St.
Clair, about 3 ras, above its mouth, on the road
from Detroit to Fort Gratiot, 26 ms. n, n, e, the
forraer, and 45 s, s. w. the latter place. Lat,
42° 35', long. W. C. 5° 47' w.
Mount Clio, p-v, on Lynch's cr,, estrn, side
of Sumpter dist, S. C. by p-r. 52 ms, a little n.
of E. Colurabia,
Mount Comfort, p-v, Hardiraan co. Ten. by
p-r, 15-' ms, s, w. by w. NashvUle,
Mount Crawford, p-v. in the western part
of Rockingham co, Va. by p-r. 152 ms. s. vr. hv
w. W. C.
Mount Croghan, p-v. Chesterfield dist. S,
C, by p.r, 110 ms. tt. E, Columbia,
Mount Desert, isl. and p-t. Hancock co. Me,
15 ms, long and 12 wide. Lat. 44° 12', andis
a peninsula between Union r. and Mt. Desert
sound. Pop. 1,603.
Mount Eaton, p-v, Wayne co, O, by p-r, 100
ms. N, E, Colurabus,
Mount Eden, p-o, in the western part of
Spencer co. Ky, !» ms. w. TaylorsvUle, and 37
a. w, by w, Frankfort,
Mount Elon, p.v, Darlington dist. S. C. by
p.r, 75 ras. E. Columbia.
Mount Gallagher, p.v. Laurens dist, S, C,
by P-r, 90 ms, n, w. Columbia.
Mount Gilead, p-o. in the western part of
Loudon CO, Va, by p-r, 43 ms. nthwstrd. from
W. C, and 8 in a similar direction frora Lees
burg. Mount Gould, p-v, Bertie co, N. C, by p-r,
144 ras, a little n, of e. Raleigh.
Mount Henry, p.o, Montgomery co. Ten. by
p-r, 58 ras, ft. w, by w, NashviUe.
Mount Hill, p-o, AbbevUle dist, S, C, by p-r,
99 ms.^w. Raleigh.
Mount Holly, p-t. Rutland co. Vt, 60 ras. s.
Montpelier, and 20 w, Windsor, MUl r. is the
only stream of consequence. Better adapted
to grass than grain. Here are found amiantfius,
comraon and liguiform asbestos, and fossil
leather. There are 10 school dists. Pop. 1,318.
Mount Holly, p-v. and st. jus. Gloucester co.
N, J. on Rancocus cr., 7 ms, s, e, Burlington,
and 17 E, PhUadelphia. It has a handsome
court house and jaU, a bank, and several church.
es. Tbe cr. is navigable to tbe vUlage.
Mount Holyoke, Hadley, Mass., E, Conn, r,
3 ms. s, E. Northampton. It is 830 ft. above
the level of Conn, r., and affords an extensive
and beautiful view ofthe surrounding country.
Mount Hope, bay, the n, e. arm of Narragan.
set bay, receives Taunton r.
Mount Hope, on the w, shore of the above
bay, in Bristol, R, I, is a beautiful eminence,
and is celebrated as the residence of the fa
mous Wampanoag, Indian king Philip.
Mount Hope, p.v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r.
34 ms. estrd. Harrisburg.
Mount Hope, p-v. Williamsburg diat. S. C,
by p-r. 81 ma. s. e, by e. Columbia.
¦M ount Hope, p-o. in the southem part of She
nandoah CO, Va, by p.r, 98 ms. s. vv. by w. W. C.
Mount Hope, p.o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. (See
Mount Airy, same county and state.)
Mount Hope, p.o. Lawrence co. Ala. by p.r.
104 ms. N. Tuscaloosa.

Mount Hope, p.v. Lawrence co. Ala, by p-r.
114 ms. nthrd. Tuscaloosa.
Mount Horeb, p-o. Nelson co. Va. by p-r,
111 ms, wstrd, Richraond.
Mount Horeb, p-v. Jasper co. Geo. 24 ras. n.
w, Milledgeville.
Mount Independence, Orwell, Vt. about two
ms. s. E. Ticonderoga fort. It figured as a
military position in the early history of our
country. Mount Israel, p-v. Albemarle co, Va. by p-r.
145 ms. s, w, W. C.
Mount Jackson, p-o, wstrn, part of Beaver
CO. Pa, 20 ras, wstrd, Beavertown,
Mount ,Tackson, p-o, Shenandoah co. Va. 97
ras. wstrd. W. C.
Mou^T Jot, p-o, tsp, Lancaster co. Pa, be
tween little Chiques and Conewago ers. The
p-o. is 2 1 ras, s, E, Harrisburg, and about 10 w.
Lancaster, Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,835,
Mount Laurel, p-o. in tbe sthwstrn. part of
Halifax co. Va,, by p-r. 135 ms. s, w, Richraond.
Mount Lebanon, p-v. Augusta co. Va., by
p-r, 184 ras, s, w. by w, W, C,
Mount Level, p-v, Dinwiddie co,Va., byp-r.
47 ms, s, s, w, Richraond.
Mount Lewis, p-v. Lycpming co. Pa, 25 ras,
westerly from 'Williarasport, and 118 ms, north
wardly from Harrisburg,
Mount Lineus, p-v. Monongalia co. Va., by
p-r, 240 ras, N, w, by w, W. C,
Mount Meigs, p-o. inthe estrn. part of Mont
gomery CO. Ala,, by p-r. 110 ms. k. e. Tusca
loosa. Mount Meridian, p-v. in the western part of
Augusta CO, Va,, by p-r, 176 ms. s. w. by w,
W,C. Mount Maria, or Mariah, p-v. on the right
bank of Lackawaxen r. and iu the extreme north
ern part of Pike co. Pa,, 24 ras, n, w, by w. MU
ford, and 144 ms. n. Phil.
Mount Morris, p-t. Livingston co. N, Y,, on
the Genessee r. 8 ma. b, s. w. Geneseo. Land
of a good quality, presenting a pleasing variety
of surface, heavily tirabered with raaple, beech,
oak, elm, &c,, 6 schools continued 8 months in
12. Pop. 2,534.
Mount Morris, p.o. Green co. Pa.
Mount Mourne, p-v. Iredell co. N. C, byp-r..
153 ras, w. Raleigh.
Mount Olympus, p-v. Ma.dison co. Misp,, by
p-r. 140 ms. N, E, Natchez,
Mount Pinson, p-v. Madison co. Ten., by p.r..
166 ms. s. w, by -w. Nashville,
Mount Pisgah, p.o, Iredell co. N. C, by p-r.
152 ras. w, Raleigh.
Mount Pisgah, p.v. in the sthrn. part of Wil
cox CO. Ala., by p-r. 128 ras, s. Tuscaloosa.
Mount Pisgah, p-o. Blount co. Ten., 8 ms..
sthrd. Maryville, the co. t,, and by p-r, 168 ras.
a little s. ofE. Nashville.
Mount Pleasant, p.t. Westchester co, N. Y.,
on the E. side of Hudson r,, 33 ms, n, N. Y,,
130 s, Albany. The land is of good quality, and
the town is abundantly supplied with raill seats.-
It contains a copper raine, and a marble quarry.
The Sing Sing state prison, containing cells for
1,000 prisoners, is here. On the 30th Sept..
1831, there were 980 convicts in this prison, and
during the succeeding year, 289 were received

MOU

314

MOU

at it, making a total of 1,269, Of these were
discharged, died, pardoned, transferred to Au
burn prison, or escaped during the cholera,
(tbere were 3 of these,) 437, leaving Sept. 30th,
1832, 832 convicts. The prisoners are em
ployed in the quarries. The amount received
during the year for the support of the prison,
including a balance left the year preceding Sept.
30th, 1831, (|3,336 16,) was ^72,301 16 ; df
which was expended $68,051 83, leaving a
balance of $4,249 33. The receipts from the
earnings of tbe convicts araounted to $38,767
70 ; their labor was susnended 2 raonths during
the prevalence of the cholera. There are 16
school dists. in Sing Sing, Pop, 4,932,
Mount Pleasant, p-v. and tsp, in the s. w,
angle of Wayne co. Pa, , on the head of Lacka
waxen cr. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 874. {See
Pleasant Mount, Wayne co. Pa.)
Mount Pleasant, p-v. and tsp. on the waters
•of Jacob's and Sewickly ers., in tbe sthrn. part
of Westraoreland ro. Pa. The village and p-o.
is situated about 11 ms. s. Greensburg, tbe co. t.
Pop oftsp. in 1820,874,
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by
p-r. 49 ras. n, n, w, W, C.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Spottsylvania co. Va.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the wstrn. part of
Rockinghara co. N. C., 10 ras. w. Wentworth,
and 136 n. w. by w. Raleigh,
Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the nthrn. partof
Fairfield dist. S. C, 13 ms, northwardly from
Winnsborough, and 44 ms. in a similar direction
frora Colurabia.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Monroe co. Ala.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp.
10 ms. northwardly from Woodville, the co, t.
and 23 southwardly Natchez.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the eastern part of
East Baton Rouge, La.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Williamson co. Ten.
about 23 ms. sthrd. Nashville.
Mount Pleasant, p-t. and St. jus. Harlan
CO. Ky. on the left bank of Cumberland river,
about 70 ras. N. n. E, KnoxviUe in Tenn, and
by p-r, 152 ms, s, e, Frankfort, Lat, 36° 47',
long, 6° 21' w, W, C. Tbis is the most south
eastward CO, seat in Ky, The situation is ele
vated, raountainous and roraantic.
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Jefferson co, 0, by p-r.
135 ms. a little n, of e, Columbus, 21 s, w,
SteubenviUe, and 273 ms. n. w. by w, W. C,
This fine village is situated on a hill, emd is
chiefly composed of one main street, and con
tains a printing office, bank, several stores, and
schools. The Friend's raeeting house is a ca.
pacious building, 99 by 62 ft,, the Seceders and
Methodists have also raeeting houses. Pop.
554. Mount Pleasant, tsp. around and compri.
sing the foregoing village, is in the southwest
ern part of Jefferson co. O,, and in 1820, con
tained 1,468 inhabitants, which had augmented
to 2,362 in 1830 ; in both times including the
¦village. The'tsp. is drained by Indian Short
cr., and gives by the rapid descent of its
branches numerous and excellent sites for
mills and raanufactories, ™jiich are numerous
and valuable, consisting oigrist and saw miUs,
paper milla, and cloth factories.

Mount Pleasant, p-v. and st.jus. Martin co-
Ind. by p-r. 121 ms. a. a. is, Indianopolis, and
659 ras, wstrd, W. C,
Mount Pleasant, p-v. Union co. II. by p-r.
167 ms. o. Vandalia.
Mount Pleasant Mills and p-o. on a branch
of the Mantango cr., and in the sthestrn. part
of Union co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. a little w. of n,
Harrisburg, Mount Pocono, p-o, northern part of North
ampton CO, Pa. by p-r, 221 ras. n. n, e, W, C.
Mount Prairie, p-o. Ralls co. Mo, by p-r.
145 ms., but by direct distance only about 100
N, n, E, Jefferson city, and about a like distance
N. w, St, Louis,
iVIouNT Prospect, p-v, Edgecome co, N. C.
15 ras. sthrd. Tarboro', and by p-r. 82 railes e.
Raleigh. Mount Republic, p-v. in the central part of
Wayne co. Pa. by p-r, 164 ms, n, e, Harrisburg,
and 127 ft. Phil.
Mount Reserve, p-o. Bedford co. Tenn.
about 35 ms, s, NashvUle,
Mount Richardson, p-v, Jackson co. Term.
by p-r, 67 ms, ft. e, by e, NashviUe,
Mount Salus, p-v. Hinds co. Misp. situated '
on the raaui road from Natchez to Florence in
Ala. 12 ras. w. Jackson, the seat of government
for the state, and 91 ms. n. e, from Natchez.
Mount Seir, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. by
p-r, 158 ras. s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Mount Sharon, p-v, Blount cq. Ala. 93 ms.
N. N. e, Tuscaloosa, and about 40 southwardly
from Huntsville,
Mount Sidney, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r.
131 ras, a. w. by w. W. C.
Mount Sterling, p-v. and st. jus. Montgora
ery CO. Ky. on the table land between the
sources of ers. flowing northwardly into Lick
ing frora those pursuing an opposite direction
into Ky. r, 33 ms. e. Lexington, and 57 ras. a
little s, of E. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 04', long. 6°
55' w. W. C. Pop. 561.
Mount Sterling, p-v. Madison co. O. byp-r.
wstrd. Colurabus.
Mount Sterling, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind.
by p-r. 102 ras. s, e, Indianopolis,
Mount Tabor, t, Rutland co. Vt. 26 ms. a.
w, Windsor, 36 n, e, Bennington. It is moun
tainous, and much of it incapable of being set
tled. Pop. 210.
Mount Tikza, p-v. Person co. N. C. by p-r.
89 ms. N. N. w, Raleigh,
Mount Tom, Mass, w. Connecticut r,, near
Northarapton, opposite Mt, Holyoke, It gives
name to a range of mtns, coraraencing in New
Haven, Conn., and extending n. to East Hamp
ton, Mass., where it crosses Conn. r. and
unites with the Lyme range at Belchertown.
IWouNT Verno.v, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 18
ms. N, w, Augusta. Pop. 1,439.
Mount Vernon, p-v. Chester co. Pa. about
45 ras. s. w. by w. Phil,, and by p-r, 104 ms. N.
E. W. C,
iMouNT Vernon, p-v. Rowan co. N. C. 11 ms.
northward Salisbury, and by p-r. 131 miles w.
Raleigh. M OUNT Vernon, p.v. in the western part of
Spartanburg dist. S. C. 105 ms. n, w. Columbia,
and 9 w, Spartanburg.

MOU

315

MUL

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Montgome
ry CO. Geo. situated e. from the Oconee r, by
p-r. 85 ras. s, a. f., MiUedgeville. Lat. 32° 13',
long. 5° 39' w. W. C.
Mount Veknon, p-v. on tbe left bank of Ap
palachicola r. iraraediately below the junction
of Fhnt and Chattahooche rs. , and is the north
westem angle of Gadsden co. Flor. about 160
ms. a little n. of e. Pensacola, and by p.r. 52
ms, N, w. by w. Tallabasse.
Mount 'Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Rock Castle
CO. Ky. by p. r. 8 1 ms. s. E. Frankfort. Lat,
37° 22', long. 7° 12' w. W. C, Pop. 142.
Mount Vernon, Bullitt co. Ky. {See Mount
WasMngton, Bullitt co. Ky.)
Mount Vernon, p-v. Mobile co. Ala. byp-r.
189 ms. s. Tuscaloosa.
Mount Vernon, p-v. Warren co. Misp. about
60 ms. N. N. E. Natchez,
Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co.
0. onthe left bank of Owl cr., by p-r. 45 ms. n,
E. Columbus. This village contains the usual
appendages belonging to a st. jus. of a co.,
with nuraerous mills and factories in the vicini
ty. Lat. 40° 24', long. 5° 30' w. W. C, Pop,
1,021, Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus, Posey co.
Ind,, by p-r, 187 ras. s, w, ^Indianopolis, It ia
situated on Ohio r, in the bend above the raouth
of Wabash. Lat. 38° 50', long. 11° w, W. C.
Mount Veenon, p-v. and st.jus, Jefferson co,
II., by p-r. 65 ms, s, s, e, Vandalia, Lat, 38°
21', long, ll°58'w,W, C,
Mount View, p-v. Davidson co. Ten., 16 ms.
from Nashville,
Mountville, p-v, Lancaster co. Pa,, 6 miles
sthrd. Lancaster, and by p-r. 32 ras. a. e, Harris.
burg. Mountville, p-v. Loudon co, Va., 42 me. tt.
w. by w. W. C.
Mount Vintage, p-v. Edgefield dist. S, C,,by
p.r. 63 ms. s. vr. by vr. Colurabia.
Mount Washington, N. H, {See White mtns.)
Mount Washington, t, Berkshire co. Mass.,
130 ras, s. w. Boston, This town is situated on
the height of land between the Housatonic and
Hudson rs,, upon the Taghgannuck range, the
principal surarait of which is in this town, and is
about 3,000 ft. above the level of the sea. A
broken tsp. of scattered habitations. Pop. 345.
Mount Washington, p-v. estrn. part of BuUitt
CO. Ky,, 7 ms. tt. E. by e. ShepherdsviUe, and
62 s. w, by w. Frankfort.
Mount Washington, p-v. Copiah co. Misp.,
byp-r. about 55ms. e. Natchez.
Mount Washingto.v, p.v, Catahoola parish.
La., by p-r, 263 ms, k, w. New Orleans.
Mount Welcome, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C, by
p-r. 159 ms, wstrd. Raleigh.
Mount Willing, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C,
situated on a branch of Little Saluda, 12 ms. n.
e. Edgefield, and 40 ms. w. Colurabia.
Mount Willing, p-v. East Feliciana, 12 ms.
E, St. Francisville.
Mount Wilson, p-v. Fentress co. Ten., about
130 ms. E. NashvUle.
Mount Yonah, p-o. Habersham co. Geo., by
p-r. 159 ms. n. Milledgeville.
Motmi Zion, p-o. nrthm. part of Hancock co.
Geo,, 31 ms. n. e. Milledge^ville.

MouN'T Zion, p-v. Monroo co. Misp., by p-r.
163 ms. N. E, Jackson.
Mount Zion, p-v, sthrn, part of Union co. Ky.,
by p-r. 236 ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort.
Mount Zion, p-v. Lowndes co, Misp., hy p-r.
256 ras, i\, E.Natchez, and 10 ras. from Colum
bus, the county seat of Lowndes,
Mouth of Black river, p-o, extreme north
ern part Lorain co, 0,, by p.r, 139 ms, n. n. e.
Columbus. Mouth of Paint Rock creek, sthm. part of
Roan CO. Ten,, by p-r. 10 ras. s, Kingston, the
county seat, and 166 ms, e, Nashville,
Mouthof \ionooacy, p-o, extreme western
part of Montgoraery co. Md., by p-r, 43 ms. ft.
vr. W. C.
Mouth of Sandy Creek, and p-o, n, estrn.
part of Henry co. Ten,, 94 ras. N. w. by w. J w.
Nashville. Mouth of Tellico, p-o. Monroe co. Ten., on
Ten, 1,, w,here the road frora Knoxville to
Athens crosses that streara, 42 ras, s. w, of
Knoxville, and by p-r. 166 ras, s, e, by e. Nash
viUe. Mud Ca.mp, p-v. Curaberland co. Ky,, 152 ras.
sthrd, Frankfort.
Mud cr, Ontario co. N. York, rises in Bris
tol, and after a course of about 43 ms. enters
the Canandaigua outlet at the village of Lyons.
A very valuable stream.
Muddy r. Ky,, rising in Todd and Logan cos.,
interlocking sources with Red i, branch of
Cumberland, and flowing to the nthrd, leaves
Todd and Logan, and for about 12 ms, forras a
boundary between Butler and Muhlenburg cos.,
finally faUinn; into Green r, opposite Ohio co,
Muhlenburg, co. Ky., bndd, a, by Todd, s. vr.
by Christian, w. by Pond r. separating it from
Hopkins, n, by Green r. separating it frora Da.
viess, N. e. by Green r. separating it frora Ohio
CO,, and s, e. by Muddy r. separating it from
Butler, Length diagonally s, E, to n, w. 38 ras.,
raean width 13, and area 494 sq. ms. Extending
in lat, frora 37° 04' to 37° 32', and in long, from
9° 47' to 10° 17' w, W. C. It wiU be seen that
this CO, is bounded on all' sides except to the s,
by rivers. The declivity is to the n. n. w. Cf.
t. GreenviUe, Pop, 1820, 4,979, 183 i, 5,340.
Mulberry, r. of Ala., the n, wstrn. and main
branch of Tuscaloosa or Black Warrior r. ha
ving its sources in the table land between the
basins of Mobile and Tennessee rs. The gene
ral course is s,, draining the wstrn. half of
Blount and all Walker co,, and uniting on the
wstrn, border of Jefferson, with the Locust fork
to form the Black Warrior, The valley of the
Mulberry comprises an aAa of 1,500 sq, ms,,
lying in form of a triangle, base 60 ras. and al-
tftud ! 50 ras. The valley is, traversed and divi
ded into two not very unequal sections by lat. 34°.
Mulberry, p-v. in the nthm. part of Lincoln
CO. Ten., ahout 50 ms. s, NashviUe,
Mulberry, p-v. in tbe wstm. part of Autauga
CO. Ala., by p-r, 81 ms. a, E, Tuscaloosa.
Mulberry, p-v. Crawford co. Ark,, by p-r.
136 ms. v^strd... Little Rook.
Mulberry Gap, p^. Claiborne co. Ten., by
p-r. 264 ms. estrd. IfflshviUe.
Mulberry Grove, and p-o. Harris co. Geo.,
by p-r. 135 ms. wstrd. MUledgeviUe.

MUS

316

MUS

MuLLENSFORD, and p-o. Franklin co. Geo., by
p-r. 114 ras. N. Milledgeville,
MuLLicus 1, N. J., runs into .the Atlantic
through New Inlet, 4 ms. e. of Leeds, It is
navigable 20 ras. for vessels of 60 tons, and
Ibrms the boundary of Burlington and Gloucester
COS. Mulloy's, p-o. Robertsbn co. Ten., by p-r.
29 ms. N. w. NashviUe.
Muncy, post tsp. on both sides of Muncy cr.
in tbe southeastern part of Lycoming co. Pa. 80
ras. N. Harrisburg,
Muncytown, p.v. and st. jus. Delaware co.
Ind, by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Indianopolis, lat. 40°
13' and long. W. C. 8° 36' w.
Munfordsville, p-v. and st.jus. Hart co, Ky,
situated on the right bank of Green r,, 20 ms,
M, Glasgow, 32 s, Elizabethtown, and 97 s. w.
Frankfort. Lat. 37° 17', long. 8° 50' w. W. C.
.Pbp, 194.
MuKSTER, p-V.' Cambria co. Pa. eastward
Ebensburg, and by p-r. 130 ms. westward Har
risburg. Murfresboro', p-v. Hertford, N. C.
MuRFRESBOKO', p-v. and St. jus, for. Ruther
ford CO. Ten. situated on a branch of Stone r.
¦30ms. s. E, Nashville, and 82 ras. a little E. of
N, Huntsville in Ala. Lat. 35° 51', and long.
9° 15' w.W, C.
- Murray, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop, 2,790,
Murray's Mills, and p-o. Dearborn co. Ind.
•by p-r. 117 ras. s. E. Indianopolis,
Murraysville, p-v, Lorain co. O. by p-r. 128
jns. N. N E. Colurabus.
Murraysville, p-v. on a branch of Turtle
cr. and in the wstrn. part of Westraoreland co.
Pa., 12 ms, N. w, Greensburg, and 20 ms. a lit
tle s, ofE, Pittsburg,
Murkill'b Shop, and p-o. Nelson co. Va. by
p-r. no ms. w. Richmond.
MuRKiNsviLLE, p-V. Butlcr CO, Pa. by p-r, 251
ms, N, w, W. C.
Muscogee, one of the western cos. of Geo.
bndd. by Harris n,, Talbot n, e., Marion e,,
Randolph s., and the Chattahoochee r. separa
ting it from the Creek, country in Ala. w.
Length e. to w. 25 ms., breadth 20, and area
500 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 31° 17' to
31° 35', and in long, from 7° 52' to 8° 14' w,
W, C, The slope of this co. is westward and
drained by the different branches of Upotoi cr.
Cf t. Colurabus. Pop, 3,508.
MusKESAT, isl. Mass. lying between Nan.
tucket and Martha's Vineyard, in the form of a
horse shoe, about 3 ma, in extent.
Muskingum, important r. of Ohio, and one of
the great branches of the r. Obio, frora the right
or N. w. side. It ia forraed by two branches,
Tuscarawas frora the northeastward, and White
Woman's r. to the northwestward. White Wo.
man's r, rises near the centre of the state of
'Ohio, interlocking sources with those of Scioto,
Huron of Erie, Verraillion, and Black rs, Cora.
posed of two branches, Mohiccon and KUlbuck
ers.. White Woman's r. drains Wayne, Holmes,
Richland, Knox, and part of Coshocton coun.
ties; general' course s. e. joining Tuscarawas
in Coshocton co., between the villages of Co
shocton and Caldersburg, after a general cora
parative course of 60 ms. Tuscarawas has in.

terlocking sources with those of Cuyahoga and
Big Beaver, In the higher part of its course
for 50 ms. it pursues a southern course, out of
Medina and Portage cos. over Stark into Tus
carawas CO. Inflecting abruptly to the w. and
entering Coshocton, it unites with White Wo
man's r., as already noticed, after a general
comparative course of 60 ms. It is at the
junction of Tuscarawas and White Woman's
rs. that the united waters take the name of
Muskingum, wiiich flowing a. 10 ras. receives
a large eastern branch, Wills cr., and bending
to about s, s. vr. 15 ras, receives Licking creek,
and falls over a ledge of rocks at Zanesville,
Below Zanesville, with large partial bends, the
general course is s. E. 50 ras. coraparative dis
tance to its influx into 0. river at Marietta.
The Tuscarawas branch drains all Tuscara
was and Stark, with parts of Harrison, Colura
biana, Portage, Medina, Wayne, Holraes, and
Coshocton COS. Wills creek drains and its
valley is nearly coraraensurate with Guernsey
CO. The Muskingura r, properly so called,
winds over the southern side of Coshocton, and
over Muskingura, Morgan, and \Vashingtoti
cos. The entire Muskingura valley approach
es reraarkably near a circle, of 100 ras, diarae.
ter; but with allowance for the salient parts,
tbe area is about 8,000 sq, ras. The Ohio and
Erie canal enters tbis valley in Licking co. and
is carried n, e, to Coshocton, and thence along
the main channel of Tuscarawas to the Portage
Summit, {See art. Rail Roads and Canals.)
The level of the canal on the Portage surarait
is 973 feet above the ocean tides, whilst that of
Ohio at Marietta, but little if any exceeds 600
feet of similar relative height. "The arable aoil
around the sources of the higher fountains of
White Wpraan's and Tuscarawas rs, must ex.
ceed 1,000 feet above the ocean, or the differ.
ence of level of the valley araounts to at least
an equivalent to a degree of lat. The actual
extremes of lat, are 39° 20' and 41° 10'. The
soil of the Muskingum valley is of unsurpassed
fertility. The surface presenting the usual
features of tbe rs, of Ohio ; that is, level at the
sources and becoraing raore and more hilly ap
proaching the main recipient, the Ohio r. The
true cause of this inversion ofthe coramon char
acter of rs,, will be seen by reference to article
0. r,
Muskingum, co. Obio, bndd. by Morgan s. E,
and s., Perry s. w.. Licking w,, Coshocton n,,
and Guernsey E. Length 27 ms., raean breadth
26, and area 700 sq. ms. Lat. 40°, and long.
W. C. 5° w. intersect almost exactly at the
centre of this co. It is traversed from n, to s,
and very nearly equally divided by Muskingum
r. Surface moderately hiUy, and soil fertile.
Cf t. Zanesville. Pop. 1820,' 17,824, 1830,
29,334, The n. wstrn. angle is traversed by
the Ohio and Erie canal, and in the opposite di
rection the U. S. road passes over at the great-
est breadth .
Musconetcunk, lake, or Hopatcong, 9 ms,
long, 14 ms. N. n. w. Morristown, N. J,, has
been dararaed at the outlet (South) and suppUes
Morris canal through a feeder,
Musconetcunk, r. N. J,, rises in Musconet
cunk lake, and flowing s. w, divides Sussex and

NAN 317
Warren from Morris and Hunterdon cos,, and
faUs into Delaware r. 5 ms. below Easton. It
is a fine mill stream.
Myers, or Meyers cr., a small stream of
Frankfort, Herkiraer co. N, Y., which enters
the Mohawk near the'E. extreraity of the long
level ofthe Erie canal.

NAN

Myers, p-o, Venango co. Pa,, byp-r. 256 raa.
N, w, W, C.
Myerstown, p-v. on a branch of Quitapahilla
cr,, Lebanon co. Pa,, 31 ras, a little n, of e. Har
risburg, and 5 ms, w, from the boro' of Lebanon,
Mystic, r, of Mass., flows into Boston har
bor, navigable for sloops to Medford.

Nacouchy Valley, p-o. {See Cooperstovn,
Habersham co. Geo.)
Naglesville, formerly Tobyhanna, p-v.
southern part of Pike co. Pa. by p-r. in, n, e,
W.C, Nahant, Essex co. Mass. a peninsula ex
tending from the s. shore of Lynn far into the
sea. It is considered a great natural curiosity.
It appears once to have been two islands, but is
now connected to the main land by two ridges
of pebbles and sand thrown up by tbe water.
The surface is broken, andthe shores are bold
and rocky. It is a place of great resort in the
summer. The air is fragrant and cooling; the
scenery romantic ; the walks round the raargin
ofthe cliffs pleasant, and the prospect grand. It
is 9 ras, s, of Salera, and 14 n, e. Boston,
Nahunta, cr. and p-o, northern part of
Wayne co, N, C, by p-r, 45 ms. s. is, by e, R-a-
leigh. Namasket, I. Mass, joins Bridgewater r, to
form the Taunton,
Nanceville, p-o, Floyd co, Ind. by p-r, 129
ms, a little e, ofs, Indianopolis.
Nankin, p-v, western part of Wayne co, Mich.
by p-r, 17 ms, w. Detroit,
Nanje-^vioy, cr,, bay, and p-o, in the south
western part of Charles co, Md, The p-o, is
by p-r. 47 ms. nearly due s, W. C. Nanjemoy
bay is a small opening from the left bank of
Potomac river at tbe great bend above Port
'fobacco. Nansemond, co, Va, bndd, by Black V/ater r,
w, separating it from Southarapton, by the Isle
of Wight N, w,, Hampton Roads n, e,, Norfolk
CO, E,, Pasquotank co, N, C, o, e,, and Gates co,
,S. C, s. Length diagonally s, w. to n. e, 40 ms,,
raean breadth i6, and area 640 sq, ma, E.-cten-
ding in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 5-4', and in long,
from 0° 6' to 0° 41' e, W. C, The northern
part has a gentle inclination tothe n, n, e,, and
is drained by tbe branches of Nansemond r,,
which stream, or rather bay, extends about 18
ras, towards the centre of the co. The south
western section has a sUght decUvity to s, s, w,,
and is drained into Nottaway r. The south
eastern angle is low, marshy, and in part oc
cupied by a sraaU lake called Drummond's pond.
From this pond, a sra,<iU lateral canal has been
constructed into the raain trunk of the Dismal
Swarap canal. Lake Drummond canal answers
the double purpose of a feeder, and of a navi
gable channel ; it ia 5 ras, in length, 16 feet
wide, and 4i ft, in depth. The general surface
of Nanseraoiid is level, and contains a good
share of productive soil. Cf.t. Suftblk. Pop,
182:j, 10,49.4, 1830, 11,784,
Nanse.mond, r, Va, rising in Isle of Wight
and Nansemond cos. Va., but chiefly in the lat.
41

ter. It opens by a comparative wide bay from
Hampton Roads, and is navigable for vessels of
100 tons draught, soraething above 20 ms, to
Suffolk, the CO, t, of Nansemond co,
Nantasket Road, the entrance into Boston
harbor, Mass. It affords aafe anchorage in 5
to 7 fathoms water, and was formed in 1831.
Nanticoke, i. of Del, and Md. is formed
from two branchea, Nanticoke Proper, and
V'arshy Hope, both rising in Del. The Nanti
coke rises within, and drains the central and
western parts of Sussex co, Del., and flowing
southwestward enters Dorchester co. Md., in
which it receives from the n. Marshy Hope.
Tbe latter rising in Ktnt co. Del. traverses the
southeastern angle of Caroline co. Md., frora
which, entering Dorche&tcr, it falls into the
Nanticoke. Below the junction of the two
branches, the Nanticoke gradually widens into
a bay frora one to two ras. wide, until finally
merged into the still wider Fishing bay. The
entire comparative course of Nanticoke, by
either brancb, is about 50 ras,, the valley lying
between those of Pocoraoke and Choptank.
Nanticoke, ratn. Luzerne co. Pa, extends
along the left bank of Susquehannah r, about 8
ms, downwards from Nanticoke falls,
Nanticoke Falla, or rather rapids in the Sus
quehannah r, 6 ms, below WUkesbarre. The
river after having flowed down the Wyoming
Valley to the s, w, turns abruptly to the w., and
piercing the Nanticoke ratn, again resuraes a s,
w, course.
Nanticoke, v. Broorae co. N. Y. 155 ras, a.
w, _A.lbany,
Nanticoke, p-o. near Nanticoke falls, 7 ras.
s, w. Wilkesbarre, and by p-r, 107 railes n, e,
Harrisburg. Nantikoke, hundred, of Sussex co. Del,,
and occupies the southwestern part of Sussex
CO, on Nantikoke r. Pop. 2,366.
Nantucket isl., co. and p-t,, situated in the
ocean about 20 ras, s, Chathara, Barnstable co.
Mass., and about 15 ras. e. Martha's Vineyard,
being 100 ras, s, e, Boston on a straight line,
and 125 round Cape Cod, It is 15 ras, long,
and 1 1 wide at its greatest breadth. The soil is
light and sandy, but in some parts productive.
The people are almost all whalemen and aea-
.nen, and are considered as among the most
skilful and adventurous in the world. The ship
masters have, with commendable zeal, estab
lished a marine reading room, cabinet, &c.
Nantucket is the name for the island, county,
and town. The climate is miich milder th.an
that ofthe neighboring continent. There is not
a tree of natural growth on the isl ind, though
it was formerly well wooded. The exports
are spermaceti and right whale oil, \^,'halebone,

NAS

31H

NAT

and sperra candles ; of these and oil tbere are
50 raanufactories. There were in 1829, sixty
ships eraployed in whaling frora this port.
Other ships have since been built. The value
of this fleet, as fitted for sea araounts to about
*j2, 000,000, On tbe s, e, ofthe island are Nan
tucket Shoals, where numerous vessels hare
been wrecked. They extend 50 ms. in length,
and 45 in width. The harbor of Nantucket is
safe from all winds, being almost landlocked.
There are in Nantucket 7 or 8 houses of reli
gious worship, 2 banks and 2 insurance offices.
There is a bar of sand at its mouth, on which
tbere are li ft, of water at low tide. The taxa
ble property of this island in 1832, amounted to
$3,895,288 40. Pop, 1820, 7,266, 1830, 7,202,
Nantucket Bay, N, J., opposite Borabay
Hook. Naples, p-t,, Ontario co, N, Y,, 20 ras. s, w.
Canandaigua, Contains fine groves of pine,
13 school dists,; schools continued 5 months in
12, Pop, 1,941,
Naples, or Henderson bay, extends from
Chaumont bay to the a, w, into Henderson,
{See Henderson.)
Naples, p-v, Morgan co, II,, by p-r, 125 ms,
n. w. Indianopolis.
Napoleon, p-v, Ripley co, Ind. by p-r. 67 ms,
s, E Indianopolis,
Napoli, p-t, Cataraugus co, N, Y, Pop,
852, Nap's cr, p-o, Pocahontas co. Va,, by p-r, 242
ma, a little s, of vr. W, C,
Naraganset Bay, R, L, seta up from s, to n,
between Point Judith on the w,, and Point Sea-
conet on tbe e. It is about 30 ms, long, and 15
broad. Embracing several very considerable
isis, and good harbors, and receiving Provi
dence and Taunton rs. It is accessible frora
the ocean at all seasons,
Narmarcungawack, r, N, H,, a branch of the
Araeriscoggin, rises in the tsp, of Success, and
unites with the raain stream at Paulaburgb,
Nash, co, N, C, bndd, a. w. by Contentny cr,,
separating it from Johnson, w, and n, w. by
Franklin, n, e, by Fishing cr,, separating it from
Halifax, and by Edgecombe e, and s, e. Length
36 raa,, raean width 18, and area 648 sq, ms.
Extending in lat. from 35° 42' to 36° 13', The
declivity of this co, is to the s, e, by e,, and
drained by various branches of Tar r, Cf, t,
NashvUle, Pop, 1820, 8,185, 1830, 8,490.
Nash and Sawyer's Location, a tract of
2,184 acres, granted May 20th, ITlS^Jo Nash
and Sawyer, for exploring a route through the
White mtns.
Nashawn, one ofthe Elizabeth isis,, on the
a, t, side of Buzzard's bay, 9 ms, long, tmd 2
broad, Nashawenna, another of the Elizabeth isis,,
lying between Cutahunk and Presque Isle,
Nash's Stream, N, H,, a branch of the Up
per Amonoosuck, has its sources in Stratford
and the lands e,, and unites with the r, in the
N. w. part of Piercy,
Nashua r,, a beautiful streara in the s, part of
Hillsborough co,, has its source in Worcester
eo. Mass., and falls mto the Merrimack at Dun
stable, N. H.
Nashua, v. on the preceding r,, in Dunstable,

Hillsboro co,, 11 ras, from Amherst, 36 from
Boston, and 32 from Concord. It is a manufac
turing village, and a place of considerable busi
ness. The r. falls 65 ft. in the distance of 2 ms.
Nashville, p-v. and st, jus. Nash co. N. C,
situated on Peach Tree creek, by p-r. 44 ras.
N. E, by E, Raleigh. Lat. 35° 56', long. 1° 2' w.
W.C,
Nashville, p-t, and st, jus, Davidson co,, and
seat of the governraent of Ten, is situated on
the left bank of Cumberland r. Lat, 36° 05',
long. 9° 43' w. W. C, and by actual calculation,
a small fraction above 565 statute ras, s,, 70° w.
W. C. ; but by p-r. the stated distance between
the two places is 709 ras. Nashville is 1 10 ras.
N. Huntsville, 218 ras. s. vr. Frankfort, Ky,, 430
N, E, Natchez, and 480 n, n, e. New Orleans.
The site is a high bank on tbe concave side of
Curaberland r., the central point of a very fer
tile and well cultivated country. It is by far the
largest town in Tennessee, is regularly laid out,
and contains several public buildings, some of
which are handsome ; araong theae are several
churches, a court house, raarket house, jail, a
state bank, a brancb of the U, S. bank, and a
private banking house. This flourishing town
possesses all tbe features of a coraraercial depot,
and is one of rauch enterprise and wealth. It
comraunicatea with New Orleans by stearaboat
navigation, and the Cumberland is navigable at
times to this place, for vessels of 400 tons bur
then ; 9 months in the year, for those of 30 or
40 tons, Tbe University of Nashville, incor
porated 1806, is now a flourishing institution ;
it has a very valuable philosophical and chemi.
cal aparatus, a museura of natural history, and
a mineralogical cabinet containing over 10,000
specimens. The library contains 2,000 volumes,
and the students' libraries about 1,200, Nura
ber of professors and teachers, including a pre.
sident, 6; alumni, 103; students, 1832—3, 95.
Commencement ison the 1st Wednesday in Oc.
tober. In the vicinity of Nashville an extensive
atate penitentiary baa been erected ; it is of
stone, over 300 ft. long, 50 wide, containing
cells for 200 convicts. Pop. whites, 3,554 ;
colored, 2,012 ; total 5,566,
Nassau, r, of Flor,, gaining importance only
as giving name to a co. This small stream ri.
ses in the angle between St, John's and St, Ma.
ry's rs,, fiows estrd, 30 ms, to its outlet by Nas
sau inlet to the Atlantic, between Cumberland
and Talbot's isis,
Nasbau, p-t, Rensselaer co. N. Y. 18 ms, s, e.
Troy, 14 frora Albany. Surface uneven, Val
lies rich and fertile, 14 schools, continued 9
raonths in 12, Pop, 3,255,
Nassau, n, estrn, co, of Flor,, bndd, by Nassau
r, separating it from Duval co. s,, by Duval co,
s. w,, St, Mary's r, separating it from Camden
CO, of Geo, w, and n,, and by tbe Atlantic E,
Length from e, to w, 36 ras,, raean width 16,
and area 576 sq, ms. Extending in lat. from
30° 27' to 30° 46', long, from 4° 40' to 5° 14'
w, W, C. Cumberland isl, constitutes the outer
part of this co, towards the Atlantic, The
general surface ofthe co, is level, part marshy.
Cf t, Fernandina. Pop. 1,511.
Natchaug, r. Conn, joins the Shetucket in
Windham.

NAT

319

NEE

Natchez, city, p-t, and st. jus. Adams co.
Misp,, is situated on the left bank of Misp, r
at lat. 31° 33', long. 14° 30' w. W. C, 322 mUes
above New Orleans, following the bends of the
Miap,, but only 157 over lake Pontchartrain,
and thence by the road direction nearly n. w,,
and by p-r, 98 ms. s, w, Jackson, the seat of
government. At Natchez, the bluff reaches
the r, and is entirely composedof clay unraixed
with the sraalleat pebble ; the whole rising on
a substratura of pudding stone rook. The
rock, however, lies below the higher level of
the r., and is only visible at a very low stage of
the water in that stream. It is loose, friable,
and rauch admixed with petrifactions of wood.
Above this rock rests the clay superstrata, ad
mixed with sand, and in some places, in dig
ging wells, beds of sand are detected. The
surface of the ground on wbich the city stands,
and that of tbe whole adjacent co, is waving,
not unlike a sea in a storm, and curiously con
trasted with that of La, on the opposite side of
the Misp. The streets of Natchez are extend
ed at right angles ; many of the bouses are
elegant, though generally the style of building
is plain. It containa five places of public
worahip ; Presbyterian, Episcopal, Roman
CathoUc, Methodist and Baptist. The public
edifices are a court house, jail, and 3 banks ; 1
of $1,000,000, lof g3,000,UOO capital, anda
Branch of the U, S, Bank, The pleasantly
waving site of Natchez, rising from 100 to 200
ft, above high water in Misp, affords an airy,
and for 9 months inthe year, a healthful, agree
able, and advantageous residence. There are,
however, casual seasons, when all classes are
subjectio bilious and remittent fevers. There
is perhaps no other city of the U, S, where the
araount of manufacturing and commercial busi.
ness beara so large a proportion to ita popula
tion. In 1820, the exports of cotton exceeded
35,000 bales. The quantity of goods sold here
as early as 1800, was very great ; and within
the last 30 years bas been constantly increaa-
ing. The city ia a corporation, governed by a
mayor, alderman, and city council. Pop, 2,789,
Natchitoches, northwestern parish of La.,
bounded by tbe parish of Claiborne n, e,, Ra
pides a, E,, Opelousas s,, Sabine r, separating it
frora Texas s, w,, and by a meridian line from
lat, 32° to 33°, also separating it from Texas
IV, w,, and by Lafayette co, in Ark, n. Length
a, to N, 150 ras,, raean width 40, and area 6,000
sq, ras. Extending in lat. from 31° to 33°, and
in long, from 15° 32' to 16° 24' w, W. C. Con
siderably the largest part of this very extensive
parish is barren pine wooded land, or equally
SterUe oak flats. The aUuvion of Red r, ia,
however, to this character of soil, a complete
exception. The lower and southern section of
tbe parish is traversed by Red r. and its nu
merous outlets, affording sorae ofthe finest cot
ton lands in La. This is the only tolerably
well peopled part of the parish, and ofthe pop.
of 7,486, in 1820, the far greater part were
resident in the town and vicinity of Natchito
ches, the st.jus. Pop, 7,905.
Natchitoches, p-t. and st. jus, for the parish
of Natchitoches, La, is situated on the right
bank of Red r, at lat, 31° 44', long. 16° 10' w.

W, C, 355 ms, by the road through Attacapas
and Opelouaas, n, w, by w. New Orleans, fi^d
as stated on tbe p-o, list 1,339 s, w, by w. W.
C, This V. is built chiefly in one street along
the r, at the foot ot a bluff. Not quite 1 mile s,
of the present town is the spot where the ori
ginal French settlement was madein 1717,
Natchitochea lathe extreme southwestern en
trepot of the U, S, towards Texas, and has
been consequently a place of importance ever
since the acquisition of La. by the U S, In it
self it is a very pleasantly situated village.
Natick, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 17 ms. w.
Boston, situated on Charles river ; a pleasant
farming town. Here labored the apostoUc
Elliott among the Natick Indiana, By his ad
vice, they adopted the form of government
proposed by Jethro to Moaes, chooaing one
ruler of a hundred, two rulers of fifties, and
ten rulers of tens. There is an extensive
wheel factory at Natick bridge. Pop, 890,
Natural Bridge, a fine deviation from the
ordinary course of nature in the phenomena of
streams, A small water course called Cedar
cr, in the southern angle of Rockbridge co,
Va, before it joins James r,, passes under a
natural arch of rocks, affording a splendid as
semblage of bold and contrasted features in
acenery, A visit to the Natural Bridge can be
rendered still raore interesting frora the prox-
i.Tiity to the peaks of Otter, This highest part
of the Appalachian system s, w, from the Del.
rises 10 ms. a, from tbe Natural Bridge, On
Tanner'a mapa the Natural Bridge ia laid down
at lat, 37° 35', long, 2° 34 w, W, C„ 14 ras. a.
w, Lexington, and 180 w, Richmond,
Natural Bridge, p-v, in the southem part of
Rockbridge co, Va, 16 or 17 raa, a, w, Lexing
ton, the CO, st,, 30 ms, «, w, Lynchburg, and by
p-r, 224 s. w, by w, W, C, and 176 a very Uttle
s, of w, Richraond,
Naudaway, r,, a confluent of Mo, rises about
lat, 42°, interlocking aources with the Racoon
fork of Des Moines, Grand, and Nishnebatona
rs. ; flowing thence by a gtneral course of a little
w, ofs,, falls into Mo, at lat, 39° 55', about 70
ras, in a direct distance above the influx of Kan
sas r. The valley ot the Naudaway lies be
tween those of Nishnebatona and Grand rs, in
long, between 17° and 18° 10' w, W, C.
Naugatuck, r. Conn, rises in the n, w, part
ofthe atate, and joins the Housatonic at Derby.
Above Waterbury, it ia called Mattaluck.
Naylok's Store and p-o. St. Charles co. Mo.
by p-r. about 25 ms, wstrd, St, Louis.
Nazareth, Lower and Upper, two contiguous
tsps, of Northarapton co. Pa, on BushkiU and
Manskisay ers, about 8 ras. nrth wstwrd. Easton.
The joint pop. 1820, 1,747 ; 1830, 2,146,
Nazareth, p-v, Northarapton co. Pa, 7 ras, n.
w. Easton, and 10 n. Betblehera. This v. be
longs to the Moravian society, and contains a
school of that sect,
Neddock, Cape, York, Me,, York co. Long.
6° 20' E, W, C, lat. 43° 8'. It is a rocky,
barren bluff, with a small pop. of poor fisher.
men. Needham, p.t. Norfolk co. Mass, 12 ms. a.
w. Boston, on Charles r. Soil coarse, and aur.
face uneven. Here is a perpendicular fall in

NEP

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NEW

he river of 20 ft, at which mills are erected.
Pop, 1,418,
Neffsville, p-v, Lancaster co. Pa,, by p-r,
39 ras, estrd, Harrisburg,
Nelson, p-t, Cheshire co, N, H, 40 ras. from
Concord, on the height of land between the
Conn, and Merrim:;ck rs. Surface hUly, but
good for grazing, Strearas small. Contains
mill privileges. Pop. 875.
Nelson, p-t, Madison co, N, Y, 6 ms, w.
IVIorrisville, 109 w, n, w, Alhany, Situation
elevated. Soil good and fertile. It is better
for grass than grain, 15 schools, continued 7
months in 12. Pop, 2,445.
Nelson, p-v. Tioga co. Pa, byp-r, 16 2 ras.
nthrd. Harrisburg.
Nelson, co. Va. bndd, by the Blue Ridge,
separating it from Rockbridge v. and Augusta
s, w„ by Albemarle n, e, a.jd E,, James r, sepa
rating it frora Buckinghara s. t., and Amherat
s. and s. w. The longest line is a diagonal
from the extreme southern to the extreme
northern angle, about 40 ma. ; the co* is in form
of a trapezium ; greatest breadth 28 ma,, and
area 560 sq, ms. Extending in lat, frora 37°
32' to 38° 02', long, frora 1° 50' to 2° 7' w, W,
C, Declivity s, of s, e,, and is drained by the
different branches of Rock and Tye rs. The
surface hilly, and towards James r, traversed
by South ratn, Cf, t, Lovington, Pop, 1820,
10,137; 1830, 11,251,
Nelson, co, Ky, bndd, by Bullitt w,, Spencer
N, and N. E,, Chaplin's Fork of Salt r, separating
it frora Washington s, e., and the Rolling Fork
of Salt r, separating it from Hardin s, w.
Length from w, to E, 38 ras,, mean breadth !t
ms, and area 304 aq, ms,, N, lat, 37° 42' to 37°
58', long, W, C, 8° Oo' to 8° 44' w. This co,
lies between the two main branches of Salt r,
discharging sraall creeks nrthrd, and sthrd,
respectively. Soil highly productive, Cf t,
Bardstown. Pop, 14,932, or nearly 50 to the
sq, raile.
Nelson, p-v. Portage co, O, by p-r, 146 ras,
n, E. Colurabus,
Nelson's p-o, Robeson co, N, C, by p-r, 68
ms, s, s. w, Raleigh,
Nelsonville, p-o, Athens co, 0, by p-r, 59
ras, s e, Colurabus,
Nemawhaw, the name of two confluents of
Mo. called relatively Great and LitUe Nemaw
haw. Great Nemawhaw rises between the val
leys ofthe Republican fork of Kansaw r, and
Platte r,, and between lat, 40° and 41°, and
about 21° long, w. AV, C. Flowing thence by
a course of a little s, of e, 170 ms, falls into tbe
Mo, at lat, 40° 05', and by direct distance 70
ms. above, and n, w, from the influx of Nauda
way, Little Nemawhaw, avery inferior stream
10 the preceding, falls into the right side of
Mo. a short distance above the influx of the
Nishnebatona, after a general course of about
70 ras. from the nrthwstwrd,
Neoshoo r. {See Grand r. br. of Arkansas r.)
Neponset, r. Mass. flows into Boston harbor,
and is navigable for vessels of 150 tona 4 ma. to
Milton. Neponset, v. on both sides of Neponset r, 6
ms, a. Boston. Contains a nuraber of mills and
manufacturing establishments.

Nescopeck, mtn, in the sthrn, part of Luzerne
CO. Pa, between Wapwallopen and Nescopeck
ers. The local name is confined to a ridge of
about 12 ras, in lengtb ; but it is merely a ridge
ef the chain which separates the valleys of the
Lehigh and Lackawaxen r, frora tbat of the
Susquehannah, and which riaes into bold peaks
to the eatrd. of Wilkesbarre,
Nescopeck, cr, in the southern part of Lu
zerne CO, Pa, interlocking sources with the ex
treme wstrn, ers, of the Lehigh, and flowing
watrd, into fbe Susquehannah opposite Berwick.
The valley of the Nescopeck lies between those
ofthe Catawissa and Wapwallopen ers,
Nescopeck, p-v, and tsp, Luzerne co. Pa.
The V. stands on the left bank of Susquehannah
r,, above the mouth of Nescopeck cr, and op-
poalte the borough of Berwick, by p-r, 86 ms.
above and n, n, e. Harrisburg,
Neshaminy, small r, or large cr, of Bucks co.
Pa,, heads partly in Montgomery co,, but most
ly in the central part of Bucks, interlocking
sources with the Tohickon, Perkiomen, and
Wissihickon cr, flows sthestrd, into Del, river,
which it joins 4 ms, below Bristol, after a com
parative course of about 25 ms,
Nesiianock, cr, Mercer co. Pa,, the eastern
branch of Shenango, {See Shenango r.)
Nether Providence, p-v, Del, co. Pa, by p-r,
124 ms. N, E, W, C,
Nettle cr, and p-o, in tbe nrthwstrn. part of
Wayne co, Ind, by p-r, 61 ms, estrd, Indianopolis,
Neuse, r, N, C, rises in Person and Orange
cos,, interlocking sources wilh those of Haw r.
branch of Cape Fear r,, and Dan r, branch of
Roanoke, The difl'erent higher constituents unite
in the n, w, angle of Wake, and crossing that
co, and Johnson in a southeasterly direction, it
thence enters Wayne, and assuraing an estrly.
course over the latter, Lenoir and Craven coa.
to Newbern. Now gradually opening into a
wide bay, curving first s. e. and thence w, k, into
Pamlico sound between Beaufort and Carteret
cos. The valley of the Neuse lies between
those of Cape Fear and Tar rs. The length of
the Neuse, by comparative courses, is about
200 ms, The valley, independent of the great
bends of the stream, 180, but coraparatively
narrow, tbe raean breadth not averaging above
'J5 ras,, and area 4,500 sq, ms,, lying between
lat, 34° 50' and 36° 22', and between long. 0°
30' E, to 3° 10' w.
Neversink, or Nwisine, t. Sullivan co. N.
Y,, 15 ma. tt. VIonticello, 30 w, Kingston, 9
schools, continued 7 raonths in 12, Pop, 1,257.
Neville, p-v, Clerraont co. Ohio, by p-r. 123
ras. s. w. Colurabus.
New r,, the local name of Great Kenhawa
r,, above tbe raouth of Gauley r. {See Great
Kenhawa r.)
New r,, p-v, western part of Monroe co, Va.,
26 ras, wstrd. Union, tbe co. seat, and by p-r,
296 ma, a, w. byw, W.C,
New r, inlet, Onslow co, N, C„ about 50 ms.
a Uttle s, of w, cape Look-Out, is a strait be
tween two sand islands, and the entrance to
the mouth of a sraall r. called New r,, which,
rising in Lenoir, and thence traversing Onslow
county, opens to the Atlantic ocean by this
entrance.

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New r., small stream of Beaufort dist, S,
C, draining the swaraps between Savannah and
Coosaw Hatchie rs,, flows s, s, e,, and near the
Atlantic ocean breaks into several branches,
one entering the estuary of Savannah i., and
another Calibogue aoimd.
New r,, of La., is the drain of the lowlands
between the Misp, and Araite ra,, and flowing
N, e, by E,, falls into tbe s, w, angle of lake
Maurepas. New Albany, p-v. Bradford co. Peim. by p-r,
116 ras, nrthrd, from Harrisburg,
New Albanv, p-v. and st.jus, Floyd co, Ind.
byp-r. 121 ras. a little e, of s, Indianopolis, It
ia situated on the right bank of O, r, at tbe foot
of the rapids, and nearly opposite Shipping
port in Ky. Mr. Flint atates that tbe raain street
is 3-4 of a mile in length. It haa a convenient
harbor for boats, and is a fine thriving r. Pop,
2,079, New Albion, t, Cattaraugus co, N, Y. Pop,
380, New Alexander, p-v, Columbiana co. O,
by p-r, 138 ras. n, is. Columbus.
New Ale.xander, p-v. Cross Creek tsp. Jef
ferson CO, Ohio,
New Alexandria, p-v. Westmoreland co,
Penn, 11 ras, n. e, from the borough of Greens
burg, and 8 by p-r,, 171 ras, wstrd, Harrisburg,
New Antrim, p-v, Wasbington co, Va, by
p-r, 3 3 ms, s. w, by w, W, C,
Newark, or Arthur Kull, bay, N, J, forra
ed by the confluence of the Passaic and Hack
insack rs, and separated frora Hudson r, on the
E, by Bergen neck. It coramunicates through
the kills, 4 miles long, with N, Y, bay, and
through Staten isl, sound with Amboy bay,
Newark, p-t, Tioga co, N, Y, 8 ras, n, n, e,
Owego, Pop, 1,027,
Newark, p-t, and cap, Essex co, N, J, the
most po;mlous t, in the atate, is on tbe w, side
of Passaic r,, 3 ms, frora its raouth, in Newark
bay ; 9 ms, w, N. Y,, 5 n, e, Elizabethtown,
and is a remarkably beautiful and flouriahing
place. Itis noted for the variety and excellence
of its raanufactures ; particularly carriages,
saddlery, leather, shoea and jewelry, whichare
sold in different parts of the U, S. to a great
araount. About 2,000,000 of pairs of shoes
are said to be produced annually by one raanu
factory. There are quarries of exceUent free
stone in the vicinity, which are extensively
worked for N, Y, and other places. The New
ark cider, which is made near this place, is
produced from two or three sorts of apples,
and is of proverbial excellence. The Morris
canal, terrainating here, affords great advanta
ges and has added to its trade, population and
enterprize. There are a fine court house, aca
demy, 3 banks, and several churches, for Pres
byterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists
and Catholics ; sorae of thera are very large and
beautiful. The v. is situated on a beautiful lev
el, and principally on a fine street of reraarka
ble breadth and straightness. Pop. 1830, 10,-
953 ; 1833, supposed to be over 12,500.
Newark, p-v. in the northwestern part of New
Castle CO. Del, 12 ms. s. w. by w. Wilmington,
52 ms. n. n, w, Dover, and 113 ms, n, n. h.
W.C.

Newark, p-v, in the southeastern part of
Worcester co, Md, by p-r. 158 ms. s. e. by e.
W, C,
Newark, p-v, in tbe southeastern part of
Louisa CO, Va, by p-r, 31 ras, N, w, Ricb
raond, Newark, p-v, and st, jus. Licking co, O, by
p-r, 34 raa, a Uttle n, of e, Columbus, and 362
ms, a little w, of n, w, by w, W, C, lat, 40° 04',
long, W, C, 5° 27' w. It is aituated at the raain
forka of Licking cr, and on the Ohio and Erie
canal, and contains the usual co. buildings, sev
eral stores, 2 printing offices, 2 ware houses,
raarket house, 5 or 6 taverns, several schools,
and 2 or 3 places of public worship. Pop, 999.
The elevation ofthe water in the canal atNew.
ark ia 834 ft, above the mean level ofthe Atlan
tic lidea, and 360 ft, above the mean level of O.
r, at the mouth of Scioto,
New Ashford, t, Berkshire co, Mass. 20 ras,
N, Lenox, 121 from Boston, Pop, 28.3,
New Athens, p.v, in the southeastern part of
Harriaon co, O, by p-r, 130 ras, a little n, of E,
Colurabus, and 6 ms, s, Cadiz, the co, seat,
Franklin coUege is located here. Population
198, New Baltimore, Greene co, N, Y, 16 ms.
n. CatskiU, 20 s. Albany, Watered by Cox
sackie and Haanekrai ers. which supply mill
seats in abundance. Surface, broken ; soil, di
versified. Has a landing on the Hudson, There
is a spring in this t, which is said to riae and
fall at certain perioda, 10 schools, continued 9
raonths in 12, Pop, 2,370,
New Baltimore, p-v, in the eastern part of
Fauquier co. Va. 45 raa, wstrd, W, C,
New Barbadoes, t, Bergen co, N, J, w, Hack
ensack r. Pop, 1,693, Hackensack, the st.
jus, is a V, in this t.
New Bedford, p-t, and port of entry, Bristol
CO, Mass. 52 ms, s, Boston, lat, 41° 38', long.
6° 10' E. W, C, It is beatifuUy situated on the
w, side ofthe Acitshnet r,, which here empties
into Buzzard's bay. It is chiefly built of wood
on an inclined plane, and presents a lively and
picturesque appearance. This is ono of the
most flourishing towns in New England, as is
indicated by the rapidity of its growth, and the
wealth and enterprize of its inhabitants. The
citizens are much engaged in commerce, but the
whale fishery constitutes the chief businesa of
the place, A ateamboat runs to Nantucket, and
soraetimes is used for towing vessels over tbe
bar. Here are three banks, whose united
capital is nine hundred thousand dollars ; tbree
insurance offices, each with a capital of 350,000
dollars ; 1 1 places of pubUc worship, 3 Baptists,
2 Presbyterians, 2 Methodist, 1 Unitarian, 1
Quaker, 1 Catholic, and a chapel for seamen ;
also a court house, jail, lyceum, an academy,
and 1 dally, and 3 weekly papers. There are
seven considerable raanufactories of sperra can.
dies, and there are eraployed fifty thousand tons
of shipping in the foreign and whale fishery —
forty thousand, probably, engaged in the whale
business— about 1,200 tons in the cod and
mackerel fishery, and 8,000 tons coastwise.
The number of foreign clearances at the port of
New Bedford, 1831, was 101, and of foreign
entries 83, Of the arrivals 58 were from wha.

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ling voyages, importing 41,144 bbls, of sperma
ceti oil, 53,145 bbls, whale oil, and 381,000 lbs,
whale bone. There reraained at sea, on wha
ling voyages, at the end of the year, IOO ships,
9 barques, and 7 brigs, measuring 35,208 tons,
navigated by 2,635 men. Of these vessels, 56
are in the Pacific ocean, and the rest on the
Brazil Banks, in the Indian ocean, and else
where. From sources which it is stated raay
be reUed upon, as substantially correct, it ap
pears that the amount of tonnage belonging to
the dist. of New Bedford, Dec, 31, 1832, was
70,400 tons ; whole number of ships and barques
180 ; of which 150 were owned in New Bedford,
24 in Fairhaven, and 6 in Rochester, Ware
ham, Dartmouth and Westport ; and produce of
the whale fishery of the dist, in 1832, 38,885
bbls, sperra oil, 90,872 bbls, whale oil, and 781,-
700 Ib.s, of whale bone. Pop. 1820, 3,947;
1830,7,592. New Bedford, p-v. a, w, part of Mercer co,
Penn,, 15 ms, s, w, from the borough of Mercer,
and 55 n, w, Pittsburg,
New Bedford, p-v, Coshocton co, 0,, by p-r,
99 ms, a little n, ofE, Columbus, Pop, 51,
New Berlin, p-t, Chenango co, N, Y,, on
the w, bank ofthe UnadUla, 7 ms, n, e, Norwich,
93 vv, Albany, It ia supplied with good raill
seats by the Unadilla, and some of its branches.
Here are manufactories on a large scale, 14
schools, continued 7 montbs in 12, Pop, 2,643,
New Berlin, p-t, and st, jus. Union co. Pa,,
byp-r, 60 ms, n, n, w, Harrisburg, 11 ms, w,
Sunbury, lat, 40° 52', and very nearly on the
meridian of W, C,
Newbern, p-v. in tbe wstrn, part of Montgora
ery CO, Va,, 16 ras, s, w, by w, Christiansburg,
and byp-r, 324 ras, s, w, by w, W, C.
Newbern, p-t, and st, jus. Craven co, N, C,,
situated on the point above the union of the
Neuse and Trent ra,, by p-r, 351 ma, nearly due
K, W. C, and 119 a, e, by e, Raleigh, Newbem
was long the seat of government ofN, C, and
ia still the largest t, of the state. It is a port of
entry, and though large vessels cannot ascend
Neuse bay, the trade is considerable in lumber,
tar, turpentine, pitch, &c. Pop, 1820, 2,467 ;
1830, 3,776,
Newberry, p-v, on the point above the junc
tion of Lycoming cr, with Susquehannah r, Ly
coming CO, Pa,, 2 ras, vr. Williarasport, and 89
N. N, w. Harrisburg,
Newberry, dist, of S, C, bndd, by Laurens
w, and N, w,. Union n,. Broad river, aeparating it
frora Fairfield N, E,, Lexington s, e,, and the Sa
luda r, separating it from Edgefield, a, and s, w.
Length 26 ras,, raean breadth 20, and area 540
sq, ras. Extending in lat. frora 34° 03', to 34°
30', and in long. 4° 20' to 4° 55' w. W. C. The
dividing ridge between the sources of watera
flowing s, eastward into Saluda, and n, eastward
into Broad and Ennoree rs, traverses this co.
and subdivides it into two not very unequal in
clined plains. Bush r. and Little r, both rising
in Laurens, flow a, eastward over tbe western
part of Newberry and falling into Saluda, En
noree r, forraing a part of the northern bounda.
ry, then enters Newberry, and falls into Broad
r, in the n. eastern angle of the dist. The n,
eastern declivity thus falling towards Ennoree

and Broad rs, is dramed by Cannon's and Kel.
ler's ers, flowing eastward into the latter, and
by King's, Indian, and Duncan's ers, flowing n.
eastward into the former. There is much ex
cellent soil in Newberry, Staples, cotton,
grain, &c, Cf t. Newberry. Pop. 1820, 16,.
104; 1830, 17,441.
Newberry, p-t. and st, jus, Newberry dist, S.
C, situated near the centre of the dist,, by p-r.
43 ms, IV, w, by w, Columbia, lat, 34° 12', long,
4°23'w, W, C.
Newberry, p-v. in the s. western part of Ge.
auga CO, 0,, by p-r, 147 ms, n, e, Colurabus,
Pop, of Newberry tsp. 594.
Newberry town, p-v. York co. Pa,, 2 ms. ft.
vr. by w, from the borough of York, and 14 ms,
s, s, w, of Harrisburg,
Newberry town, (see Newberry, York co.
Pa,) Newbiggen cr,, p-o, Pasquotank co, N, C, 9^
ms, s, E, Elizabeth city, and by p.r, l90 n, e, by
E, Raleigh,
New Bloomfield, p-v. and st, jus. Perry co.
Pa,, byp-r, 36 raa, s, w. Harrisburg,
Newborn, p-v, ,Iasper co, Geo,, by p-r, 63
ras, northwestward Milledgeville.
New Bosto.n, p-t, Hillsborough co, N. H,, 9
raa, frora Amherst, 22 s. Concord, 57 from Boa-
ton, Watered by tbe s, branch ofthe Piscata
quog, and several other streams. This is a
raountainous t. In the a, part is a considerable
elevation, on one side of which it is nearly per
pendicular, Ita height, taken from the road
through the notch of tbe hill, ia 572 ft. Pop,
1,684, New Braintree, p-t, Worcester co. Mass.,
18 ms, w, ft. vr. Worcester, 66 w, Boston. It is
excellent graz. \g land, with fine hills, well wa
tered. Pop. 825^
New Britain, p-v. of Berlin, Hartford co.
Conn,,^ 10 ms. s, w, Hartford, Here are vari
ous and extensive raanufactures of brass, and
plated ware, of different kinds ; three manufac
tories of suspenders,. — one of silver spoons, and
another of machinery for cotton factories,
which is operated by steam power. These and
similar causes have rendered this one of the
most thriving and pleasant villages in the state.
New Britain, p-v, Bucks co. Pa,, 24 miles
nrthrd, Phil,
New Brunswick, city and st, jus, of Middle
sex CO, N, J,, Ues in Middlesex and Somerset
cos,, the principal street being the county line.
It ia situated on the s. w, side of the Raritan,
12 ms, above its raouth, near the head of navi
gation, at the terraination of the Delaware and
Raritan canal, and is surrounded by a fertile
country. It is 31 ras. s, w, N, York, 25 n, e,
Trenton, and 55 tt. e, Phila,, lat, 40° 30', long,
2° 39° w, W. C. A part of the town is in a low
situation, but it has extended to the surround
ing hills, wbich are very pleasant, and the whole
is healthy. New Brunswick is a place of con
siderable business, and grain is the principal
export. Among the public buildings are 6
churches, 1 for each reforraed Dutch. Presbyte
rians, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists and
Catholics ; a court house, jail, 2 banks, Rutgers
college, and a theological seminary. The col
lege ¦was founded in 1770, and the principal

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building is of stone, 3 stories higb ; this is bow-
ever appropriated m part to other purposes.
There are 6 instructors, (132 — 3,) 70 students,
and in the libraries rising of 6,000 volumes,
Coraraencement is on the 3d Wednesday in
August. The Theological seminary is eonnect
ed with the college, in which are 3 professors
and 20 students ; and a grararaar scbool also, in
which are about 30 scholars. In the vicinity of
New Brunswick is a bed of peat, about 11 ft, in
depth, and of great size. Pop. 7,831,
New Buffalo, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 20
ms, northwestward Harrisburg,
Newburgh, p-t, Penobscot co. Me, n, Wal
do CO,, 54 ms. E, Augusta, Pop, 626,
Newburgh, p-t, port of entry, and half shire
town. Orange co, N, Y, on the w, bank of the
Hudson, 95 ms, s, Albany, 65 by tbe river and
70 on the stage road n. New York, The vil
lage is incorporated, and is pleasantly situated
onthe slope of a bill which rises very abruptly
from the river, commanding a fine view of the
Hudson, West Point, the Highlands, &c. It ia
well built, and is a place of conaiderable cora
mercial importance ; being one of the areat
thoroughfares from the west, frora whence it
coraraands a very extensive trade ; the whaling
business bas been coraraenced. Tbe principal
streets are laid out parallel withthe river, some
of which are paved, and these are crossed by
others running west from the Hudson, It con
tains a court house ; bank ; 2 churches for Pres
byterians, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Metho
dists ; and a respectable acaderay. Some ship
ping is owned here, and it enjoys, with every
iraportant town on the river, great facilities for
intercourse with the metropolis. The town is
excellent for agricultural purposes, is well wa
tered, and there are several manufactories in it.
On Chambers creek is an extensive iron foundry.
Pop, 6,424,
Newburg, p-v, athwstrn, part of Cumberland
CO, Pa, 19 ras, s, w, by w, Carlisle, and 37 ms,
a little s, ofw, Harrisburg,
Newburgh, p-v, Cuyahoga co, 0, 6 ras, s,
E, Cleaveland, the county seat, and by p-r, 144
ms, N, E, Columbus. Pop. Newburgh tsp. 869,
Newburgh, p-v, northwest part of Warrick
CO, Ind, by p-r, 181 ras, a, s. w, Indianopolis,
New Burlington, pv, western part of Ham
ilton CO, Ohio, 12 ras, frora Cinciimati, and by
p-r, 124 ras, s, w, Columbus,
Newbury, p-t. Orange co, Vt, w. Conn, r,, 97
ms,E, Montpelier, 47 N, E, Windsor, Well sup
plied witb mill strearas. Contains several rain
eral springs. Two bridges cross the Conn,
frora different parts of this town. The legisla
ture has holden two sessions in this place ; the
one in 1787, the other in 1801. Here is the
bend in the Conn, denominated the Great Ox
Bow, Pop, 2,252,
Newbury, t, Essex co. Mass, s, Merrimack
I,, opposite SaUsbury, with which itis connect
ed by a bridge, 32 ras. n, e. Boston. Land in
general of an excellent quaUty, Parker r, a
fine raill streara, falls nearly 50 ft, in the course
of 1^ ms. in this town. Limestone of a good
quality is found here ; also raarble, serpentine,
amianthos, asbestos, and arsenical iron pyrites.
Here are two academies. Pop. 3,603.

Newbury, p-v, and tsp, York co. Pa, The
village is situated 10 ras, s. s, e, Harrisburg,
and 14 N, N, w, the borough of York.
Newbury, dist, and p-t, S, C, {See New
berry.) Newburyport, p-t, port of entry, and one of
the shire towns of Essex co. Mass, is situated
on the a, side and near the raouth of Merrimack
river, 32 ras, n, e. Boston, It is the sraallest
town in Mass,, and containa only 647 acres. It
is a delightful town, and is entirely surrounded
by the Merrimack and Newbury rivers, A
handsome bridge across tbe former, suspended
by chains, connects it with Salisbury, The
harbor is deep, and safe, but difficult of en
trance ; an appropriation has been made how-
ever by congress, for removing the obstruc
tions. The streets are very regularly laid out,
crossing each other at right angles, and tbe
buildings, generally, are in unusual good taste.
There are in the town a court house and mark
et, of brioli ; a town hall ; 7 churches, and a
jail of stone. The business of the place is still
important, although it suffered severely by the
restrictions on coraraerce previous to the late
war, andby a destructive fire in 1811, which
destroyed over 250 buildings. A large araount
of shipping is owned here, and the cod and
raackerel fishery have been pursued from
hence very successfully. Here are manufac.
tures of morocco, cordage, carriages, silver
and gold plate, a brewery, and several distille
ries, A small silk factory is here, and the only
stocking factory in 1831 inthe U, S, was then
here. Pop, 1820, 6,852 ; 1830, 6,375,
Newburyport, cft, Berrien co. Mich, situ
ated at the mouth of St, Joseph's r. of Mich.
It stands on the shore of lake Michigan and on
the right or n, aide of the i,, and opposite to
the old vil, of Saranac, n, lat, 42° 05', long,
W,C, 9°30'w, About 200 ms, a little s, of
w. Detroit,
Newby's Bridge, and p-t, Perquimans co, N,
C, byp-r, 209 ms,N, e, by e, Raleigh,
Newby's CRoaa RoADa, and p-o, Culpepper
CO, Va, by p-r, 70 ras, n, w, by w, W, C,
New Canaan, p-t, Fairfield co. Conn, 8 ras,
N, Long Island sound, 77 ms, a, w. Hartford.
Surface mountainous. Soil a hard gravelly
loara, tolerably well tirabered, 9 school dists.
and 1 academy. Pop, 1,826,
New Canton, p-v, on the right bank of Jaraes
r., at the raouth of State cr., and in the north
eaatern part of Buckingham co, Va., 63 ras, w,
and by land from Richmond,
New Canton, p-v, northeatm, part of Haw
kins CO, Ten,, by p-r, 244 ms, a little n, of e,
Nashville, New Carlisle, p-v, Clarke co, 0, by p-r, 66
ms, wstrd, Columbus, and 23 ms, westward
Springfield, the co, seat. Pop, 343,
New Carthage, p-v, Concordia parish. La.
by p-r. 284 ms, n. w. New Orleans,
New Castle, p-t, Lincoln co. Me. w, of
Sheepscot r., 7 ms, e, Wiscasset, Pop. 1,,544.
New Castle, or Great Island, isl. and t,
Rockingham co, N, H,, lat, 43° 5', It is a
rough and rocky isl, in Portsmouth harbor. It
is connected with Portsmouth by a handsorae
bridge. Fishing is here pursued with success.

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Fort Constitution and the light house stand on
this isl. Pop. 845.
New Castle, t. West Chester co, N, Y, 37
ms,N, N, Y,, 128 s, Albany, 6 w, Bedford ; 10
schools continued 7 raonths in 12, Pop. 1,336,
New Castle, p-v, on the peninsula between
Shenango and Neshanock ers. and near the s.
border of iVIercer co. Pa. 18 ras. s. s, w, fiom
the borough of Mercer, 41 n, a. vr. Pittsburg,
and 264 ms, iv, w, W, C,
New Castle, nrthrn, co, of the state of Del,,
bndd, by Kent co, of the sarae state s,, Kentco.
of Md. s. w,, Cecil co, of Md, w,, Chester co,
of Pa, N, w,, Delaware co. Pa, n,, and by Del.
r, separating it frora Salem co. N, J. e. Length
from s, to N. 38 ms,, mean breadth 12, and
area 456 sq, ras. Extending in lat, frora 39°
18' to 39° 50', and bug. from 1° 17' to 1° 38' e,
W, C, The line of demarcation between Md,
and Del. states following, particularly in the
northern part, very nearly the dividing ridge or
sumrait, separating the sources of era, flowing
westward into Chesapeake, from thoae purau-
ing an eaatern course into Delaware bay ; the
slope of New Castle co, is consequently to the
eastward. The northern part is traversed and
drained by the different confluents of Brandy
wine creek, which enters the Del, in the vicini
ty of Wilmington, Below the Brandywine,
flow also into Del, in thia co, the Appoquini-
minck and Black Bird creeks. Duck creek on
the s, separates New Castle from Kent, (.See
Chesapeake and Delaware canal.) Some parts
of this CO, towards Del, r, are low and marshy,
but receding wstrd, and northwestward, the sur
face rises into waving hills, and though no
where much elevated the interior is pleasantly
diversified. The soil is mostly productive in
grain, grasses and orchard fruit. The falls in
the different brancbes of Brandywine have
made the northern part of New Caatle a manu
facturing county. Cf ta, Wilmington and New
Caatle, Pop, 1820, 27,899, 1830, 29,710,
New Castle, p-v, and st.jus. New Caatle co,
Del,, situated on the bank of Del, r., 5 ms, a
little w, ofs. Wilraington, 32 s, w,Phil,, and by
p-r, 103 ras, n, e, W, C, Lat, 39° 40', long, 1°
24' E, W, C. The viUage of New Castle ex
tends lengthwise along the Del., and is tolera
bly compact and well built. The site is a ri
sing plain, and the Hundred, in 1819, con
tained a pop, of 2,438, in 1820, 2,671, in 1830,
2,463, New Castle, p-v. in the forks of Craig's
creek, western partof Botetourt co, Va,, 15 ms,
a little s, of w, Fincastle, and by p-r, 210 ras, s,
w, by w. W. C.
New Castle, p-v, Wilkes co, N, C, by p-r,
175 ras. a little n. of w, Raleigh.
New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co, Ky,
24 ras, N, w, Frankfort, 38 ms, n, e, by e, Louis
ville, and by p-r, 564 ms, a little s, of w, W. C'
Lat, 38° 25'. long. 8° 08' w, W, C, Pop, 538.
New Chester, p-t, Grafton co.N, H,, 16 ms,
s. Plymouth, 24 ras. from Concord, 44 from
Haverhill, 25 from Hanover, and 86 from Bos
ton. Watered by Pemigewasset and Blackwater
rs. and several sraall strearas. Timbered with
white pme, birch, beech, hemlock, maple, &c.
Pop. 1,090.

New Columbia, p.v, in the nthrn. part of Union
CO., Pa., 68 ms, n, n, w. Harrisburg.
Newcom", t, Essex co. N. Y. Pop, 62.
Newcomb, p.v, Preble co, Ohio, by p.r, 8 ms.
s, Eaton, the county seat, and IOO ms, a little s.
of w, Colurabus,
Newcomerstown, p.v. in the s. wstrn. angle
of TusuiU'uwas co, Ohio, 96 ms, n.e. byE, Co.
lumbus, and 12 ma. e, Coshocton, It is situ
ated on Tuscarawas r, and on the Ohio and Erie
canal, Lat, 40° 16', Pop, 100.
New Covington, p-v. in the nthrn. part of
Luzerne co. Pa,, 19 ms, nthrd, frora "Wilkes
barre, and by p-r, 144 ras, «. e. Harrisburg,
New Cumberland, p-v, on the point above
the entrance of Yellow Breeches cr, into Sus
quehannah r,, and in the extrerae estm, angle
of Cumberland co. Pa,, 3 ms, s, Harrisburg.
New Derry, p-v, Westmoreland co. Pa,, 6
ras, estrd, Greensburg, the co. t., by p-r, 188 ras,
N, w. W, C,
New Design, p-v. Trigg co, Ky,, by p-r. 217
ms. s.w, byw, Fiankfort,
New Durham, p-t, Strafford co, N, H, Sur
face very uneven, a portion so rocky as to be
unfit for cultivation. It is well watered. In
thia town there is a remarkable cave. Pop.
1,162. New Egypt, v. Monraouth co. N. J., on Cross
wick's cr,, 18 raa, a, w. Freehold,
New England, a name given to the six states
ofthe Union lying east of New York, viz, Maine,
New Harapshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, and Connecticut, It is bndd, n.
by Lower Canada, e, by New Brunswick, s, by
the Atlantic and Long Island sound, and w, by
New York, It lies between 41° and 48° 12'
lat., and between 2° 45' and 10° long, e, W. C,
and contains 65,475 sq, ms, Tbe inhabitants
are alraost exclusively of unraixed EngUsh ori
gin, and though never united as a political
whole, they have at different periods been con
nected by tbeir common interests. From tbe
earliest settlement of their country they have
enjoyed peculiar advantages for literary and re
ligious instruction, and being trained to habita of
induatry, econoray and enterprize, by the cir
curastances of their peculiar situation, as well
as by the dangers of prolonged wars, tbey pre
sent traits of character which are considered as
reraarkable abroad, as they are common and
universal at home. Some of the first settle
ments were raade in the territory of Maine,
which had been visited by Martin Pring, an
EngUsh navigator, in the years 1603, and 1606;
but tbe most iraportant was tbat of .Massachu
setts, wbich was comraenced in the year 1620,
by the Pilgrim forefathers of New England,
¦«'ho had been expeUed frora England for as
serting liberty of conscience, and who found
Holland not sufficiently reraote from their op
pressors, to secure to theraselves or their off
spring, the civil and religious blessings which
they desired. While tbe French missions, and
the English colonies in Maine, have scarcely
left any traces of their existence, the principles
which were regarded as fundaraental by the
Plyraouth Pilgrims, have produced effects which
raay be raore or less plainly traced in the insti
tutions and condition of all he United States,

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and have diffused an influence which is felt at
the present day in every country of Europe,
As early as 1638, Harvard -ollege was founded,
and in 1647, the legislature of Mass. passed a
law making effectual provision for the instruc
tion of every child in the rudiments ol learning.
The support of public worship was also legally
provided for. In consequence of these and si
milar enactments, the people are generally well
instructed and moral ; and from them has been
furnished alarge portion ofthe learned and influ
ential men who have figured in other parts of the
Union. In Rhode Island, where no provision
was made by law for the support of either
leaming or religion, the experience of many
years has induced the people to take measures
to secure, as far as possible, the advantages in
these respects, enjoyed by the other parts of
New England. A large part of the distin
guished raen of the U. S. have been educated
at Harvard and Yale colleges ; and though
there are many respectable institutions of leara
ing in other parts of the country, still, raany
students from the s. and w. are annually taught
in the colleges of New England. Teachers of
schools, of all descriptions and in different
states, are derived from the same quarter of
the Union, education being so easily and cheap
ly obtained, that instructers are to be found in
abundance. Many defects have hitherto exist
ed in the systems of popular education in New^
England ; but notwithstanding all such impedi
ments, she has maintained the superiority in
common instruction and general intelligence,
not only in the U. S., but probably also in the
world. Improvements, however, have been
commenced: Mass, with liberal and enlight
ened views, taking the lead in measures which
promise much for the interests of education.
Evidence of the good raorals of the New Eng
landers raight be adduced frora various facts,
did the nature and liraits of this work permit.
The Pequod war, in 1634, placed in their pow
er the first, and it is believed, the only land
ever clairaed on the ground of conquest. The
laws of the colonies forbade any land to be ob
tained frora the. Indians by individuals, and the
governraent frequently paid for the sarae tracts,
several times over, to avoid the iraputation of
injustice. Crimes have always been compara
tively rare, and duelling is almost unknown in
their criminal records. Crirainals have gene-
rally been araong those who were least instruct.
ed, and tbe conviction is deep and general in
New England, that the general diffusion of
leaming and religion is indisi^nsable to the
good order of society, and to the existence of
a free and popular governraent. The intelli
gence and enterprizing spirit of the people are
seen in the expedients to which they resort to
obtain a livelihood at horae, as well as their
judgment and foresight in choosing places to
which to emigrate. They have never found
the means of accumulating wealth, or even of
subsisting, without persevering labor and econ
oray ; their soil and climate offered no attrac
tions to adventurers, and their siraple habits
and strict rules of society, are unpalatable to
persons of that class. Tbe early circumstan.
ces of New England obliged its inhabitants to
49

I dwell in villages, as the Indians could thus ba
best resisted ; the first settlers were thus con.
fined to a few spots on the coast, long enough to
discipline them in the political, intellectual, and
religious principles of the pilgriras ; so that,
tho' the eraigranta from England brought over
much ignorance, and even vice, they were re
strained, if not entirely reforraed, by the pure
and inteUigent society to which tbey were in
troduced. At every step of their progress in
extending their settlements, the colonies carried
with them their schools and churches. Had
not the population been prevented by circura.
stances i'rom spreading too fast, this probably
could not have been tbe case, and it would have
degenerated both intellectually and moral'y.
Many of the pilgrim settlers, had been men
distinguished for their learning and piety in
England, and their influence produced happy
and permanent impressions on the community,
whicli they had aided in founding. These in.
fiuences extended to all the early settlements,
and have been still raore widely diffused by the
amount of emigration which has taken place in
later years, from New England to various parts
of the country, especially the western states.
The early colonies firat spread slowly along the
coast, tben along Conn. r. ; and afterwards, aa
the strength of the people increased, and their
enemies diminished, gradually occupied the re
maining territory of Mass., Conn., R. I., and
the lower parts of N. H. and Vt. It is stated
that the number of " regulars," furnished by N.
England during the revolutionary war, wae 117,-
441 ; 67,907 of these by Mass,, and 31,939 by
Conn. Tbe close of the war of the revolution
opened the adjacent states to the colonists of
New England, and every opportunity has been
improved for extending their settleraents. Con.
siderable portions of New Jersey, New York,
and a part of Pennsylvania were settled by New
Englanders ; and Ohio, which within 30 years
has grown up from a wilderness to an iraportant
state, derived a large part of its inhabitants, aud
raost of its enterprize and prosperity, from New
England emigrants; the same is true to a less
extent, of Illinois, Michigan Territory, &c, ;
and eraigrants now proceed every year to tbose
states, to Florida, Texas, and even to the Oregon
Territory, with as rauch readiness and confi
dence of success, as they once did to N, York,
or in earlier days to the Conn, river. There
are in New England 12 coUeges, 3 in Mass,, 3
in Conn,, 2 in Me,, 2 in Vt,, 1 in N, Harapshire,
and 1 in R, I. ; 6 theological serainaries, 4 of
which are in Mass., 1 in Me,, 1 in Conn, ; 8
medical schools, 2 in Me,, 3 in Vt,, 2 in Mass.,
and 1 in Conn. : 4 law schools, 1 in M ass. and
3 in Conn. The following table will show the
number of newspapers and periodicals of tha
New England states, at different periods : —

1775,

1810,

Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire,
Verm -nt,
Rhode Island,
Connecticut,
The population of this portion of the U. 3.
has been gradually but not rapidly increasing.
In 1700 it wae about 120,000, and in Martin's

7

32

78

1

12

17

14

21

9.

7

14

4

11

3S

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326

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London Magazine we find it stated in 1755, at
345,000; the troops inthe provinces at that time
not being reckoned. The following is the pop.
of the six N. E. states by the censuses of 1820,
and 1830 : 1820, 1830, Increase pr,ct,
Maine, 298,335 399,462 34
New Hampshire, 244,161 269,533 10
Vermont, 235,764 280,676 19
Massachusetts, 523,287 610,014 17
Khode Island, 83,059 97,210 17
Connecticut, 275,248 297,711 8
Total, 1,659,854 1,954,609
Accordingto the census of 1830, the increase
of the U, S. for the preceding 10 years was
about 35 per cent. The average increase in
the states of New England, during the sarae pe
riod, was 17J per cent. . To prevent repetition,
the reader is referred to individual states, and
to the art. United States, for farther details, in
agriculture, manufactures, arts, &c.
New Fairfield, Fairfield co. Conn,, 64 ms,
s, w. Hartford, 7 N, Danbury. Tsp. broken, soil
hard and gravelly. Pop, 940,
Newfane, p-t, and st, jus. Windhara co. Vt,
10 ras. w. Conn, r., 12 N. w. Brattleborough, 110
ms. from Boston, 80 from Albany, 110 from
Montpelier, and 50 from Wmdsor. Well wa
tered and supplied with mill seats. Diversified
Willi high hills and deep vallies. Tirabered
with rock raaple, beech, birch, walnut, oak, &c.
and contains a variety of minerals. The centre
village, which contains a c. h., jail, and acade
my, stands on an elevated situation, and affords
a very extensive and picturesque prospect.
From the raeeting house may be seen some part
of at least 50 towns, lying in Vt., N. H, and
Mass, Here are a co. graramar school, and 12
school dists. Pop. 1,441.
Newfane, p-t, Niagara co, N, Y,, 276 ms. w.
Albany, 10 n. Lockport. Pop, 1,448,
Newfield, t, York co. Me,, 40 ras, n. w,
York, 36 w. n. w. Portland, b. Strafford co. N.
H, Pop, 1,286.
Newfield, p-t, Tompkins co. N. Y., 9 ms. s.
w. Ithaca. 'VVeU watered ; liraestone plentiful,
and some marie. 15 schools, 5 months in 12.
Pop, 2,664,
Newfound lake, Grafton co. N, H,, 6 ms,
long frora n. to s. and 2 broad. Communicates
with the Merrimack at Bridgewater.
Newfound river mtlls, p-o. Hanover co. Va.,
30 ras. northward Richmond, and by p-r. 98 ms.
s. s. w. W. C.
New Gaillard, {See New Gilead, Moore co.
N.C.) New Garden, p-v. between Red and White
Clay ers. Chester co. Pa., 45 ms. a. w. by w.
Phil., 12 ms. N. w. by w. 'Wilmington, Del., and
by p-r. 123 ms. N, e. W. C,
New Garden, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r,
82 ms, rt. -vr. by w. Raleigh.
New Garden, p-v. western part Columbiana
CO. O,, by p.r. 9 ms. w. New Lisbon, the oo. st,,
and 142 ms, n, e. by E, Columbus.
New Garden, p.v. Wayne co. Ind., byp-r. 84
ms. E. IndianopoUs.
New Geneva, p-v. on the right bank of Mo
nongahela r. in the a. western part of Fayette
CO. Pa,., 20 ms. by land sthrd. Brovmaville, and
by p-r. 217 mi. k. w. hy w. W. C.

New Germantown, p-v. in the k. western part
of Perry co. Pa., by p.r. 46 ms. wstrd. Harris
burg. New Gilead,, formerly New Gaillard, p.v.
Moore co. N. C, by p.r, 8 ms. a. westward Car.
thage, and 63 s. w. Raleigh.
New Glasgow, p.v. n. western part of Am.
herst CO, Va, 20 ma. N. N. E. Lynchburg, and
by p.r. 175 ms. s. w. W. C, and 132 ms. nearjy
due w. Richraond.
New Gloucestsr, p.t. Cumberland co. Me.
23 me. n. Portland, and ie crossed by a small
stream flowing tothe tide. Pop. 1,682.
New Guilford, p.v. Coshocton co, O,, by p.r,
63 ms. N. E, by e. Columbus.
New Hagerstown, p.v. in the estrn. part ot
Tuscarawas co. 0., by p.r. 124 ms. n. e, by E.
Columbus, and 18 ras. s, e. by e. New Philadel
phia, the CO. St. Pop. 102.
New Hampshire, one of the U. S., bndd. n. by
Lower Canada, e. by Me. and the Atlantic, s.
by Mass. and w. by the w. bank, of Conn, river,
which forms the E. boundary of Vt. It lies be.
tween 42° 40' and 45° 20' w.lat., and between 4°
30' and 6° 15' e. long. W. C. Its extreme
length is 168 ms,, its greatest breadth 90, and
its whole area, 9,491 sq, ras. New Harapshire
was first discovered in 1614, by Capt. John
Smith, the English navigator, and was after
wards named by John Mason, to whora it was
granted in 1622, by a patent in which it is called
Laconia. The first settleraents were raade in
the following year at Dover and Portsraouth.
In 1629, the territory between the Merrimack
and Piscataqua rs. and extending 60 ms. from
the sea, was granted to Mason alone, by whom
it was then first called New Hampshire. In
1641, all the settlements of the state united
themselves to Mass. and forraed part of the
county of Norfolk. In 1679, they were again
constituted a separate province by Charles IL,
and in 1 680, the first asserably convened. FroiB
1689, with the exception of a short period, it
was againunited with Massachusetts, until 1741,
when it was constituted a separate government
under the care of Gov. Wentworth. A few set
tlements were coramenced in Coos co. before
;1775, but were abandoned until the conclusion
of peace. During the war of the revolution,
the government of New Hampshire was con
ducted by a temporary administration ; and in
1784, a new constitution was adopted, which,
with the amendments of 1792, forras the pre-
sent constitution of the state. The legislative
power of the present government is vested in
a senate of 12 raembers, who are chosen by
districts, and a house of 229 representatives
from the towns ; each branch having a nega
tive on the other. The executive is composed
of a govemor, and a council of five merabers.
The governor is annually elected by the people,
and has a negative on both branches of the
legislature. The regular time for the annual
session of the legislature, is the first Wednee.
day in June. The judiciary department is
composed of a superior court and a court of
common pleas, each consisting of three judges,
who are removeable only by impeachment, ex.
cept that they are disqualified by attaining 70
years of age. The surface of the stat« ia near-

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ly level for 20 or 30 ms. frora the sea coast,
which extends but 18 miles, and is generally a
sand beach with salt marshea within ; back of
this it becomes hUly, and in many parts moun
tainous. Between the Connecticut and Merri
mack rs. lie Monadnock, Sunapee, Kearsarge,
Moosehillock, and Carr's mtns. In the lower
part of Coos co. is a cluster of mtns., called tbe
White hills, or White mtns., among which are
the most elevated peaks ofthe U. States. Tbis
region, which is ¦wild and almost entirely unin
habited, abounds in sublime scenery, and for
merly afforded much wild game. 'There are
now many deer, wild cats, and some bears, &c.
New Hampshire has beeu called the granite
state, frora the quantities of tbat rock quarried
within it ; and the Switzerland of America, on
account of its wild and picturesque raountain
acenery, its lakes, cascades, &.c. The largest
collection of waters ift the state is Lake 'Wm-
nipiseogee, which is one ofthe most varied and
beautiful in the United States, and a favorite
resort of travellers. Besides this are Connec
ticut, Ossipee and Squara lakes, &c. whicb af
ford fish and fowl. Lake Urabagog is partly in
this state and partly in Maine. 'The state is re
markably well watered, and five of the princi.
pal rivers of New England have their sources
within its borders. The air is pure and salu.
brioHs, and the climate, though severe, very
healthy. The soil of New Harapshire is gene.
rally fertile, and mostly capable of cultivation.
The best lands are tbose bordering the rivers,
which are enriched by the annual floods. The
hiUs afford excellent pasturage. By far the
greatest part of the inhabitants is occupied in
agricultural pursuits. The principal produc
tions are raaize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax,
&c. Large quantities of pork, beef, butter,
cheese, &c. are aimually exported. The state
produces excellent timber, much of which is
also sent abroad. Tbe white pine attains a
very large size. The ginseng, long supposed
to grow only in China and Tartary, is found
here in abundance and of excellent quality.
Apples are abundant, and excellent; pears,
plums, cherries, &c.are also produced. Beau.
tiful and fine grained granite is found in va.
rious parts of the state, of which large quan
tities are transported for building stone. Iron
and copper ore of excellent quality have been
found at Franconia ; and very good plumbago
or black lead, at Bristol. There are many
intemal iraproveraents and channels of cora.
munication. A large part of the comraeree of
the lower counties finds its vent by tbe Merri
mack river into Mass., while most of that from
the upper counties passes E. to Portland, Me.
Indeed so iraportant has the road through the
White ratns. been considered to that state,
that tbe legislature of Me. have soraetiraes ap.
propriated raoney for its improvement. Merri.
mack r. has been dammed, locked and canalled
bythe state, at the falls between Concord and
IVI ass., so as to be navigable in boats ; and
great quantities of lumber, granite, produce,
and foreign merchandize, are transported by
that channel. Numerous factories are erected
atthe falla. The Middleaex canal opens a
communication between the bend of the Merri.

mack r. and Boston harbor. Piscataqua r., at
the mouth of which is Portsmouth, the port of
the state, and a navy yard of the U. S., is rather
an arra of the sea, which receives 5 small rs.
the principal of which is Salmon Falls r. .An.
droscoggin and Saco rs. which flow into Me,,
rise in the upper parts of N. Harapshire ; the
laat has its source on Mt, Washington. By the
report of tbe secretary of the treasury, the
araount of Araerican and foreign tonnage en.
tered in N. H. for the year ending Sept, 30th,
1830, was 9,416; departed, 4,6 i2; value of
imports, f 130,828 ; exporta, doraestic, $93,499;
foreign, $2,685; total exports, |96,184, On
the Ist of January 1833, the banking capital of
the state was $22,271,308 ; specie on band
$464,571 ; bills in circulation ^12,386,430.
The state is divided into 8 count'es and 215
towns ; none of which are large. Portsraouth
is tbe chief in siae, and Concord is the seat of
governraent. The population of New Hamp.
shire has been steadily on the increase. In
1800 it was 183,858, in 1810, 214,460. In
1820 and 1830 the pop, of the counties and
state was as follows :
Countief. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830.
Cheshire, 26,803 27,016
Coos, 5,549 8,388
Grafton, 32,989 38,682
Hillsborough, 35,761 37,724
Merrimack, 32,843 34,614
Rockioghain, 40,526 44,326
Strafford, 51,117 68,910
SuUivan, 18,633 19,669

Total, 244,161 ^ 269,328
Of the foregoing there were white persons.
Males. Females.
Under 5 years of age, 19,429 18,538
From 5 to 15, 34,258 32,315
" 15 to 30, 36,038 39,387
" 30 to 50, 25,468 28,586
" 50 to 70, 12,277 14,336
" 70 to 90, 3,626 4,195
90 and above, 89 180
Total, 131,184 137,537
Of these were deaf and durab, under 14 years of
age, 32; between 14 and 25, 65 ; above 25, 48.
Blind 105. Aliena 410.
Free colored persons. Males, Females,
Under 10 years of age, 67 66
From 10 to 24, 78 95
" 24 to 36, 54 54
" 36 to 55, 44 61
" 55 to 100, 31 45
100 and upwards, 5 2
Total, 279 602
There arc 5 female slaves inthe atate. Of color
ed persons there were 9 deaf and dumb; blind, none.
Recapitulation,
White persons. Free colored. Slaves. Total.
268,721 602 5 269,328
The counties of Merrimack and Sullivan
have been formed since the census of 1820,
from other counties, and the pop. above named
was embraced within their limits, in 1820. The
common schools of New Hampshire are ea.
tablished by law, and are generally weU sup.
ported ; and there are academies and high
Bchoola in many ofthe large towns. Dartmouth
college at Hanover ia the only one in the state :

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it was founded in 1770. In the number of its
graduates, it is the third in the United States ;
and the libraries connected witb it contain
14,000 volumes. There is a state prison at
Concord. There are various religious denomi
nations in the state. The Congregationalists
have 146 churches, 116 rainisters, and 12,867
communicants ; Baptists 75 churches, 61 rainis
ters, and 5,279 cora. ; Free WUl Baptists 67
churches, 51 rainisters, and 4,500 cora. ; Me
thodists 30 ministers, and 3,180 com, ; Presby
terians 11 churches, 9 ministers, and 1,499 com,;
Christ-ians have 17 rainisters; Friends 13 so
cieties ; Universalists 20 congregations ; Unita
rians 10 rainisters ; Episcopalians 8 ministers ;
Catholics 2 churches ; Shakers 2 societies, and
Sandemanians 1.
New Hampton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H,, 30
ma, N, Concord, watered in the w, part by Pe-
migewaaset r. The aurface is broken and un
even. The soil reraarkably fertUe, Here is a
flourishing 'academical and theological institu
tion,' erabracing 4 departraents, theological,
classical, English, and a feraale department.
In all these there are 8 professors and teachers,
and 314 students ; viz, classical 96 ; English 110 ;
teraale 108, The theological departraent has
been discontinued. Pop, 1,905,
New Hampton, p-v., eastern part Madison co,,
O,, by p-r. 15 ma. w, Colurabus,
New Hanover, p-v, Montgomery co. Pa,, 24
me, nthrd, Phil,
New Harmony, p-v, Posey co. Ind,, by p-r,
171 ma. .¦<. s. w, Indianopolia, and 732 raa, a lit
tle s, ofw, W, C, lat 38° 10', long. W, C, 11°
weat. This v, has been the scene of sorae in
teresting revolutions, Itwas founded in 1814
by a society of Gerraans, called " the Har-
moniies," vrho reraoved there from their settle
ment of the same name in Butler co. Pa,, on the
Conequenessing cr. The principles of their
civil polity, as far aa developed to the public,
was a community of goods, landed and personal.
Their civil and reUgious leader waa George
Rapp. They were reraarkable for industry,
quietness, decency, and indeed every raoral
quality which gives force to a people. With
such principles they soon made a garden of
New Harmony, But MAN continued to be
MAN on the Wabash, as he had done sinoe he
came with his partner weeping down from the
hill of Eden. Robert Owen of Lanark, wbo
had heard of New Harmony, having discovered,
or thought he had discovered, a gold raine in
the human heart, came to America and pur
chased New Harmony for $190,000, and began
hia experiment on a plan directly the reverse of
the Harmonites. 'With the German reformer
all was order and obedience, and of course suc
cess in his operations ; with the Scotch re.
former, all was equality, and the result answered
to the raeans. Robert Owen left New Har.
mony covered with the weeds of discord. It is
probable all reflecting persons wiU respond to
the huraane wish of Mr, Flint, " It is to be
hoped that this beautiful village, which has been
the theatre of such singular and opposing ex.
periments, will again flourish," 'The actual
population is not given by either the census re.
turns, orby Mr. Flint.

New Harrisburg, p-v. Stark co. 0., by p-r.
132 ras. N. E. by e. Columbus.
New Hartford, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 20
me. N. w. Hartford. Watered by the Far
mington or Tunxis r., whicb affords numerous
sites for mills, &c. It is likewise watered by
numerous small streams, is billy and mountain
ous, and timbered with deciduous trees, except
in the n. part of the town, where the perennial
or evergreen region of Connecticut commences.
Pop, 1,766.
New Hartford, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., near
Utica, and 100 ras, w, Albany, The village is
very neatly built, and in its immediate vicinity
are several handsome country seats. Pop,
3,599, New Haven, p-t, Addison co. Vt,, 26 ma. s.
Burlington, 31 w. Montpelier. It is watered by
Otter cr., Little Otter cr., and New Haven r.,
and contains good mill privileges. Quarries of
exceUent marble are found in almost every part ;
timber, maple, beech, birch, elra, basswood, &c.
Pop. 1,834,
New Haven co. Conn,, bndd, ft. by Litchfield
and Hartford cos,, E, by Middlesex co,, s, by
Long Island sound, and w, by Litchfield co, and
the Ousatonic r, which separates it from Fair
field CO, Ita average length from e, to w, is
about 26 ras,, and its width from n, to s, 21 ms.
Containing 540 sq, ms., or 345,600 acres. This
CO,, lying on Long Island sound, has a very ex
tensive raaratime border, but its foreign trade
is chiefly confined to New Haven harbor. Its
fisheries of oysters and clams and other fish are
valuable. It is intersected by several streams,
none of them of very large size, but of sorae
value for their water power and fish. Of these
the principal are thePoraperaug and Naugatuck,
on the w. ; the Quinnepiack, the Menunkatuck,
and West and Mill rs. on tbe e. The Quinne
piack is tbe largest, and passes through exten-
sive meadows, A part of its course is pursued
by the Farraington canal, which passes through
this CO, frora n, to s. There is a great variety
of soil in this county, as well as of native vege
table and raineral productions. The range of
secondary country which extends along Conn. i.
as far as Middletown, tbere leaves that stream,
crosses into this co. and terrainates at New
Haven. This intersection of tbe priraitive for.
raation by a secondary ridge, affords a great
variety of rainerals, and materials for different
soils. Considerable tracts on the mountains
and sandy plains are of little value. This co.
contains the largest city in the state, one of its
caps,, a seaport with jiretty extensive trade, and
one of the most beautiful towns in the union.
The raanufactures are not very numerous.
There are however large manufactories of cot.
ton, and buttons, at Humphreysville, in the
wstrn, part ofthe co, ; an extensive gun manu.
factory at Whitneyville, near New Haven, and
a nuraber of raanufactories of various articles at
Meriden and other towns. New Haven is the
co.st. Pop, in 1820, 39,616, 1830, 43,847,
New Haven, city, seaport, and st. of jus. of
Now Haven co. Conn., and one of the capitals
of the state, is 34 ras. s. w, Hartford, 52 w. New
London, 76 n. E.New York, and 301 from W.C.
in lat. 41° 17', and long. 3° 58' e. W. C, It is

NEW

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beautifuUy situated about 4 ms. from Long Island
sound, at the head of New Haven bay, on a large
snd level plain, surrounded, except in the di.
rection of the harbor, by a grand amphitheatre
of hills, two of which present bold and perpen.
dicular precipices of rude and naked trap rock.
These abrupt eminences, whicb are called East
and West rock, are 350 to 370 ft, high, and
in connection with the surrounding scenery
are said very much to resemble the famoua
" SaUabury craig" in England. New Haven
waa first settled by tbe EngUsh in 1638, and
was united with the Connecticut colony in 1665.
The Indian name was Quinnipiack, The city
waa incorporated in 1764, is 3 ras, long frora
E, to Vf. and 2 wide, and includes the old and
new townships, each of which ia regularly laid
out by right lines which divide it into spacious
squares. Tbe central square of tbe old town
ship, which is 182 yards on each side, is, with
its omaments, one of the finest in tbe U, S,
The city is characterized by an appearance of
plainness, neatneaa and order, Ita houses and
private edifices, are mostly of wood, not ex
pensive, but neat and convenient. The public
square and the principal streets are finely orna
mented with large and spreading elras, and
other shade trees ; and a great part of the
houses have gardens attached to tbem, filled
with fruit trees and shrubbery, gi^ving to tbe
city a rural and delightful appearance. The
central square is intersected by a beautiful
street, overspread by elms. The east section
is free from buildings and occupied only by raa
jestic elras. On tbe west, are situated the new
state house, 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, and
1 Methodist church. Tbe new state house is a
splendid edifice, built after the raodel of the
Parthenon, coramanding in its appearance ; and
for the beauty of its proportions, and the style
of its workmanship, it holds a high rank among
the best specimens of architecture in the coun
try. It ia situated near the centre of the sec
tion, and includes a large hall for city and town
meetings, the halls of legislature, with com
raittee rooms, court rooma, &c. The Epiaco-
pal cburch is a large Gothic edifice, built of
dark stone from East Rock. In the new town
ship, is also a new Episcopal church, in the
Gothic style, an elegant Congregational church
also lately erected, and a Baptist church of
stuccoed stone. The state hospital, erected in
1832, is a fine stuccoed edifice, with a colon
nade, standing on an eminence about half a raile
s. w. from the centre of the city. This institu
tion is one that must prove highly useful, and
honorable to tbe state. Yale coUege, one of
the oldest and most distinguished literary in
stitutions of the country, is located here. It
was founded in 1700, and received donations in
books and raoney, the forraer frora clergyraen
in Connecticut and others, and the latter chief
ly from England. Its name was derived frora
its principal foreign donor. It was chartered
in 1701, was originally located at KiUingworth,
was reraoved to Saybrook in 1707, and to New
Haven in 1717. The original design ofthe in
stitution was to afford instruction to yoimg men
designed for the ministry. A large proportion
of all the youth who have received a classical

education in the U, S. have, however, been in
structed here. It has long suffered for want of
funds. The whole araount of pecuniary dona
tions received from all sources, since it was foun
ded, is less than $150,000, viz. from the state
g75,000,and frora individuals about g70,000. It
nas not an endowed professorship, and its annual
incorae is only about $2,000. 'The receipts of
the students' bills constitute, therefore, the only
means of defraying the expenses of instruction,
and these bave hitherto been insufficient. A
fund of $100,000 has however been recently
raised, by individual subscriptions, for the ben
efit of the institution, which will greatly facili-
tat,! its means of instruction, and reraove its
present erabarrassraents. The general raan-
agement ofthe college is coraraitted to the cor
poration, consisting of its president, the govern
or and lieutenant governor of the state, tbe 6
oldest members of the state senate, and the
same nuraber of diatinguiahed clergymen ofthe
atate, choaen by the corporation. The faculty,
to whom is entrusted the government and in
struction ofthe pupils, consists of a president,
15 professors, viz. of law ; ofthe principles and
practice of surgery ; of chemistry ; pharmacy ;
mineralogy and geology; ofthe Latin language
and literature; of the theory and practice of
physic; of materia medica and therapeutics; of
didactic theology ; of anatoray and physiology ;
of obstetrics; of sacred literature ; of divinity;
of rhetoric and oratory ; of raathematics and
natural philosophy ; and of the Greek language
and literature ; 8 tutors ; besides assistants to
the professors of law and chemistry, and in.
structers in elocution, drawing, and perspec
tive, botany, and in the German, French, and
Spanish languages. The situation of the col
lege buildings is very fine, healthful, and con
venient. They consist ofi buildings 100 ft, by
40, each of 4 stories, and containing 32 rooms
for students; a chapel, in which is one story
appropriated to the theological school, and one
to the coUege library; with 2 other buildings,
called the lyceura and atheneum, appropriated
to recitation and lecture rooras, rooras for tbe
professors, and libraries for the literary socie
ties. These are all built of brick, and are rang
ed in a line, on a gentle elevation facing the
city green, with a broad yard in front, shaded
with elms and maples. In the rear of these is
another range of buildings, consisting of the
chemical laboratoiy; the commons hall, in the
2d story of which, is an elegant and spacious
apartment, fitted up for the mineralogical cabi
net ; and a third, a neat and tasteful building of
stuccoed stone, recently erected, for the recep
tion of a part of Col. TrurabuU's paintings,
(which have lately becorae the property of tha
college,) and other pictures. A short distance
frora these, are the buildings ofthe law and
medical schools. The medical institution is
furnished with a library and an anatomical mu
seum. The lectures comraence the last week
in October and terrainate the last week in Feb
ruary, During the course, from 50 to 100 lee.
tures are given by each professor. The library
of the college, consists principally of old and
valuable books, and contains 9,500 vols. The
libraries of the literary societies of the stu.

NEW

330

NEW

dents amount to 10,000 volumes. Tbe philo.
sophical and chemical apparatus, are both exten.
sive and valuable. The mineralogical cabinet,
contains more than 16,000 specimens, and is
the most valuable in the country. Comraence.
raent is on the third Wednesday in August.
The nuraber of academical students, 1832 — 3
was 354; theological, 49; law, 31; raedical,
fl831) 69, Nuraberof Uving graduates (1831)
2,506; alurani 4,609; degrees conferred 5,138,
There are 10 very respectable schools of the
higher class for young ladies, in which about
400 pupils are educated. The Farmington ca
nal, wbich in connection with the Hampshire
and Harapden canal, was designed to afford a
coraraunication with Connecticut river at North.
ampton, terminates here. The harbor of New
Haven is well protected from winds, but is shal
low and gradually filling up ; there being but 7
feet of water on the bar at low tide. To rem
edy this, a wharf with flood gates hasbeen late
ly erected, at considerable expense, forming a
spacious basin, where the water may be always
kept at high tide mark. There is another wharf
extending 3,943 feet into the harbor ; longer
than any other in the U. S, by 2,000 feet. The
harbor bridge is half a mile in length, 27 feet
wide, and cost $60,000, The foreign com
merce ofthe city was formerly very extensive,
but is now principally confined to the West In
dies, Its coasting trade is raore iraportant.
Regular lines of packets run to New York,
with which city there is a daily coramunication,
by swift and comraodious stearaboats. Among
other objects of enterprise in the city, are a
large carpet raanufactory, and a carriage man
ufactory, one ofthe most extensive in the U. S,
It is a coach making village, comprising tbe
habitations ofthe workmen, and alarge building
with a Doric front in wbich are tbe workshops,
chapel, &c. The ground is laid out for gar
dens, and the whole occupies a beautiful situa
tion, near the mouth of Quinnipiack river, and
the N. side of the harbor. There are in the city,
beside what have been mentioned, the county
jail, an almshouse, custora bouse, museura, 3
banks, 2 insurance offices, and 6 printing offi
ces, frora which are issued 5 weekly newspa
pers, and three other periodicals. The Frank
lin institution has been lately established for the
benefit ofthe citizens, andat great expense, by
an enterprising mechanic of the city. It is an
institution for popular lectures, and comprises a
spacious lecture room, chemical apparatus, and
a mineralogical cabinet. At Whitneyville, a
village at tbe base of East Rock and within the
liraits ofthe town of New Haven, is a very ex
tensive gun raanufactory, established a few
years since by an enterprising citizen of New
Haven and one of the most ingenious and in
ventive mechanica of our coimtry; frora whom
the village derivea its narae. The burying
ground of New Haven ia a level spot, regularly
laid out in squares and ornamented with rows
of poplars. It contains a great number of very
handsome monuments, many ofthem made from
ancient models, and ia said to be one of tbe
moat solemn and impressive spots of the same
kind in our country. There are 10 Churchea
in the city, via. 4 Congregational, 3 Episcopal,

1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 2 African. Pop. of
tbe city and town, 1820, 8,326. In 1830, city
10,180 ; town exclusive of the city, 498 ; total
10,678, New Haven, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. s. lake
Ontario, 10 ms, E, Oswego, has good land,
pretty well supplied with mill seats by Cat-
fish cr,, &c. Fruit grows very weU. Pop.
1,410. New Haven, p-v. Htwon co. 0, by p-r. 95 ms.
northward Colurabus. Pop. tsp. New Haven,
615, New Holland, p-v, southern part of Picka
way CO, 0. by p-r, 44 ms. southward Colum
bus. New Holland, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 ms.
ft. E. Lancaster city, and 55 ms, a little n, ofw,
Phil, New Hope, p-v, on the right bank of Del. r.
Bucks CO. Pa. opposite Lambertsville in New
Jersey, 11 ms. n, e. Doylestown, and 34 n. n.
E, PhU,
New Hope, p-v, Augusta co, Va, by p-r. 114
ms, 3, w. by w, W, C,
New Hope, p-v, Spartanburg dist, S, C, by
p-r. 112 ms, nrthrd, Colurabia,
New Hope, p-v, Hancock co. Geo. by p.r. 26
ms. N. E. MiUedgeviUe.
New Hope, p.v. Lincoln co. Ten, by p.r. 56
ms. sthrd, Nashville,
New Hope, p.v. Brown co, 0, by p.r. 97 ms.
s. 3, w. Colurabus.
New Hope, Perquimans co. N. C. {See Du
rant's Neck.)
New Hope Forge and p.o. Iredell co. N. C,
byp-r, 372 ms. s. w, W. C,, and 166 westward
Raleigh, New Iberia, p-v, on the right bank of Teche
r, parish of St, Martin'e, La. about 200 ms. fol.
lowing tbe p-r,, and in a direct course alraost
due w. New Orleans, It is a sraaU village con
taining about 200 inhabitants, situated on a bank
soraething higher than those of Teche r, gene-
erally. It is 11 ras, s, St. Martinsville, the st.
jua. for the parish, and 45 ms, a. s. e. St. Landre
in Opelousas.
NewichawaNnook. (See Piscataqua r.)
Newington, p-t. Rockingham co, N, H, 4 ms.
w. Portsmouth, 46 e, by s. Concord ; tbe soil is
generally sandy, but there is some good soil
near tbe streams. Frora Fox point to Goat
Island, and thence to the Durhara side, abridge
has been thrown across the Piscataqua 2,600
ft. long, and 40 ft, wide, which cost $65,401.
Pop. 547.
New Inlet, N. J. between Brigantine and
Tucker's beaches, leads from Great bay into
the sea s. of Little Egg harbor. Long, about
3° E. W, C, lat. 39° 50'. It is at the mouthof
MuUicus r.
New Ipswich, p-t. HiUsboro' co. N. H, 50
ms, a, w. Concord, 52 n. Boaton, 5 ma. by 6 ;
20,860 acres, crossed by Souhegan r., over
wbich is a stone bridge, on the turnpike road.
The first cotton factory in N, H. was built here
in 1803. It is fertile, and has a flourishing aca
demy, founded 1789. Pop. 1,673. ^
New Jefferson, p-v. German tsp. Harrison
CO. 0.
New Jerssy, one ofthe U. S., bndd. n, by

NEW

331

NEW

New York, E. by the Atlantic and the Hudson
r., which separates it from N. Y., s. by Del,
bay, and w. by the Del. r. which separates it
from Pa. It is situated between 38° 56' and
41° 21' N. lat., and between 1° 45' and 3° 30' e,
long. W. C. Its greatest length is 1 63 ms., and
its width 52, and it contains about 8,320 sq. ras.
The first settleraent within the limits of New
Jersey, was made by the Danes in 1624, at Ber
gen, so caUedfrom a city of Norway. In 1626,
a company was formed in Sweden for the pur
pose of colonizing sorae part of America, and
in the following year the Swedes and Fins
made a settlement on the w, bank of the Del, r.
In 1640, the English forraed a settleraent on the
eastern bank ofthe same river, but they were
soon driven out by the Swedes in concert with
the Dutch, In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, govern
or of the New Netherlands, conquered the
country, and transported most of the Swedes to
Europe, In 1664, it was taken frora the Dutch
by King Charles II,, and granted by charter to
the Duke of York. In 1676, after having been
reconquered by the Dutch, and restored by
treaty, it was divided into East and West Jer
sey, whicb were reunited by Queen Anne in
1702. In 1738, they were placed under a sepa
rate govemor. In the controversies preceding
the revolution. New Jersey was early and sin
cerely attached to the interesta of the mother
country ; but when compelled to aeek a separa
tion as tbe only refuge frora arbitrary oppres
sion, she was one of tbe first to resolve on in
dependence, andthe second colony which adopt
ed a constitution for her ^wn governraent. She
was prorapt in accepting the present constitu
tion of the U. S., and during the scenes of the
revolution was distinguished for her patriotic
exertions. The battles of Princeton, Trenton
and Monraouth, were fougbt within her liraits.
The present constitution was adopted in 1776,
The legislature is coraposed of a legislative
council, a house of assembly ; the former con
taining 14 members, one frora each county, the
latter 50. They are annually chosen, and raeet
on the 4th Tuesday of October, The governor
is also elected annually, by a joint vote of both
houses ofthe legislature. In case of vacancy,
the vice president ofthe legislative council acts
as governor. The judiciary consists of a court
of chancery, of which the governor is chancel
lor, a suprerae court of three judges, circuit
courts, and courts of coramon pleas in the dif
ferent counties, beside inferior tribunals. Re
sidence for one year in the co. and payment of
taxes, are the qualifications for an elector. The
soil of New Jersey, and face ofthe country, pre
sent every variety. The N. w. and N, portions of
the state are hilly and mountainous, but inter
spersed with rich valleys, and extensive tracts,
well adapted for grazing, and the production of
all kinds of grain and vegetables. The middle
parts are agreeably diversified, and generally of
good quality. The more southern coa. are of
alluvial formation, generally level, with loara
or sandy soil, and most oarts well improved and
highly productive. The lands in the vicinity
of New York and Philadelphia produce great
quantities of fmit and vegetables for thoae mar-
kets. The apples and cider of N. Jersey are

proverbially excellent. Wheat, maize, rye,
barley, &c. are staple productions. The great
quantities of lime in the northern, and marl in
the middle parts of the state, of late years ex
tensively used as manure, have greatly im
proved the quality and productions of the lands.
A part ofthe southern portion of the state and
the sea coast is sandy, and valuable only for
fuel and timber; but the quantity of land of this
description has been greatly overrated. The
principal mineral productions are, iron, copper,
copperas, paints and various colors. Iron is
abundant, and is extensively manufactured.
Ores of gold and silver have been discovered
in Warren co. Copper mines were wrought
before the revolution. Free stone, limestone,
marl, and varieties of fine clay for potters' use,
large quantities of which are exported, are also
found. The state, excepting the n, boundary, is
alraost surrounded by navigable water. It is
intersected by raany navigable rs., and has nu.
merous streams for mills, iron works, and eve
ry species of raanufactures requiring water
power. The principal of these streams are the
Raritan, Hackensack, Passaic, Salem, Tom,
Cohanzey and Maurice ra. Raritan bay is an
extensive arra ofthe sea on the e. coast, afford
ing a ready coraraunication at all tiraes between
the ocean and. Perth Amboy, the principal sea
port in the state. The intemal communica
tions are generally good. The great thorough
fare between the tt. and s. states passes through
N, J, ; and the advantages whioh the state en.
joys as it regards distance and facilities in
transporting goods to raarket, are not exceeded
by those of any equally extended district of the
country. In addition to the natural advantages
of water coraraunication, the state enjoys the
benefit of many internal improveraents. The
Morris canal, uniting the Passaic and Del. rs.
has been corapleted. The Delaware and Rari.
tan canal, a splendid work, ia in active progress.
It will connect those rivers by a cbannsl of 70
ft. wide, and 7 deep, adapted for sloop naviga
tion, and completing an internal water corarau
nication between Alberaarle sound and N. Y.
A rail road frora Camden, across the state to
Araboy, is nearly completed, and others are in
progress in several parts of the state. New
Jersey is divided into 14 cos., Bergen, Morris,
Sussex, Warren, Essex, Soraerset, Hunterdon,
Middlesex, Burlington, Monmouth, Gloucester,
Salera, Curaberland and Cape May. These
are subdivided into townships. Trenton is the
capital, and Newark is the largest town in the
state. The pop. of N. Jersey, though not rap
idly increasing, has been steadily progressive ;
and its increase has been considerably in ad
vance of sorae others of the Atlantic states. In
1790 the pop. was 184,139 ; in 1800, 211,149 ;
in 1810, 245,562 ; in 1820, 277,575, and in 1830,
320,823. The lattej in detaU, as follows : Pop.
23,157
29,233 23,666 14,155 17,689
20,346 18,627

Cos.

Pop.

Cos.

Bergen,

22,412

Middlesex,

Burlington,

31,107

Monmouth,

Cape May,

4,936

Morris,

Cumberland,

14,093

Salem,

Essex,

41,911

Somerset,

Gloucester,

28,431

Sussex,

Hunterdon,

31,060

Warren,

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332

NEW

Of which there were

white persons.

males.

Under 5 years of age,

25,071

Between 5 and 15

40,949

" 15 and 30

44,124

" SO and 50

28,274

" 50 and 70

11,511

" 70 ind 90

2,555

" 90 and over.

45

Total

152,529

Of the above were deaf and dumb, 207
205 ; and aUens, 3,365.
The colored population were.
Free.
Males, Females,
Under 10 years of age, 3,033 2,811
From 10 to 24 3,234 
" 24 to 36 1,458
" 36 to 55 1,196
" 55 to 100 573
" 100 and upwards, 7

females, 23,92738,74642,001
27,6,30 12,012 2,746 65
147,737
; bUnd,

2,890

12

1,428

395

1,113

383

554

261

6

3

Slaves,
Males, Females,
5 a

424 451288 4

8,802

1,059

1,195

Total,
320,823

Total 9,501
of which were deaf and dumb 15 ; blind 22.
Recapitulation.
White persons. Free colored. Slaves.
300,206 18,303 2,254
The raanufactures ofthe state are extensive
and flourishing. They are chiefly of iron, cot.
ton, woollen, paper, leather, carriages, shoes,
&c., large quantities of which are sent abroad.
There are 13 raanufactories where glass is
made, of various kinds, chiefly from sand found
in the state. Iron is one ofthe most iraportant
articles of raanufacture, and the forges, furna
ces aild raills are very numerous in several of
the counties. Chain cables are made at Dover,
and cut nails in abundance at Patterson. In
1829 there were in Patterson 487 looras, and 4
machine factories, in one of which, in the pre
ceding year, were made 15,048 spindles. Con
nected with the last was a foundry, producing
annually 35,000 pounds of brass, and 1,020,000
pounds of iron castings. The cotton and flax
annually used araounted to 2,779,600 pounds,
and the quantity of cloth manufactured is 2,-
604,450 yards. The foreign trade of New Jer.
sey being carried on through the ports of New
York and -Philadelphia, its araount caimot be
accurately ascertained. The araount of ton.
nage in 1829 was 32,465 tons, besides about
5,000 tons registered at New York, By the
report ofthe secretary ofthe treasury. Sept, 30,
1830, the amount of tonnage entered the previ.
ous year was 586 ; departed 627, Value of im.
ports, .$13,444; of exports, domestic $8,224;
foreign $100. Total exports, $8,324. The
system of coramon school instruction in the
state, has hitherto been very defective ; but in
consequence ofthe recent efforts ofthe friends
of education, the attention of the public has
been called up to the subject, and measures
have been commenced which promise impor
tant and cheering results. Tbe state possesses
aschool fund which commenced in 1816. The
incorae from it, which is about $22,000, is an
nually distributed in small suras, to such towns
as raise an equal araount for the support of
schools. Acaderaies and private schools are
numerous and excellent. There are in the state
two colleges — Nassau Hall at Princeton, foun.
ded in 1746, which enjoys a high reputation ;
and Rutger's college at New Brunswick, foun.
ded in '1770. Tlrere is a theological semmary

at Princeton, ijnder the superintendence of the
general asserably of the Presbyterian church,
and a similar institution at New Brunswick, un.
der the care ofthe general synod ofthe Dutch
Reforraed church. Twenty-two newspapers
are published in this atate. The religious de.
nominations of the state are, Presbyterians,
who have 85 churches, 88 rainisters, and 12,519
communicants; the Methodists 10,730 mem.
bers ; Dutch Reformed, 28 ministers and 28
churches ; Baptists 34 churches, 21 ministers,
and 2,324 communicants ; Episcopalians 20 min.
isters, and sorae Friends and Congregational.
ists, and Catholics.
New Jerusalem, p.v. Bucks co. Pa., 11 mp.
frora Reading, and 65 e, Harrisburg.
New Kent, co. Va., bndd. by Chickahomina
r. separating it from Charles City co. s. and
Henrico s. w. ; by Hanover n. w. ; Matapony r,
separating it from King William tt. ; and by
Jaraes City co. s. E. Length diagonally from e.
to w. 33 ms., mean width 7, and area 231 aq.
ras. Extending in lat. frora 37° 19' to 37° 36',
andin long, from 0° ll' e. to 0° 24' w. W. C.
It is obvious frora the position of New Kent,
between two rs. thatit is coraposed of two nar.
row inclined plains. The surface hilly. Pop.
in 1820, 6,630.
New Kent, c. h. and p-v. near the centre of
New Kent co. Va., by p-r. 133 ms. a little vr. of
s. W. C, and 30 e. Richmond, lat. 37° 26', long.
0° 06' w. W. C.
New Leb-Anon, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y., 30
ms. K. E. Hudson, is of irregular form, with 32
sq. ms,, has good land, with Williamstown mtn.
on the E., arable hills on the s. and a large rich
valley n, e, and n, where flows Lebanon creek,
Liraestone lies below the soil, with lead and
other ores, raarl, &c. Pop. 2,695. {See fol.
lowing article.)
New Lebanon, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. 24
ms. s. e. Albany, and 6 w. Pittsfield, Mass,
Tbis is one of the principal watering places of
the U. S. The water flows abundantly from
the s. side of a fine hiU near the n, e, comer of
thet. and a hotel 150 ft. long, and a smaU vU
lage have been erected near it. Tbe water is
always at 72° Fahrenheit, and esteeraed for
bathing, for which there are accoraraodations.
The water is but slightly impregnated, and very
pure. The scenery is far more agreeable than
that of Saratoga or Ballston, and the views
from near the hotel are very fine and exten
sive, over a variegated and well cultivated
country. About 2 ms. distant is a Shaker vU
lage, where agricultural and mechanic arts in
several branchea are conducted with great neat.
ness, economy and success. The property ia
all held in common by the members of the soci
ety. New Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus. Camden co.
N. C, situated ou one of the head branches of
Pasquotank r. at the sthm. extreraity of the
Disraal swamp canal, about 30 ms. s. Norfolk
in Va. and by p-r. 201 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh,
lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 42' e. W. C.
New Lexington, p-v. Perry co. 0. by p-r. 54
ras. s. E, Columbus.
New Liberty, p-v. Owen co. Ky. 26 miles
northward Frankfort.

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NfclW

New Lisbon, p-t. Otsego co, N, Y, 10 ms, s,
w, Cooperstown, 76 w. Albany, haa arable and
grazing hills and rich vallies, crossed by But
ternuts cr. and a branch of Otsego cr. which
give mill seats. Pop. 2,232.
New Lisbon, p-v. and st.jus. Columbiana co.
0. situated on Little Beaver, 33 ms. n. Steuben
ville, 54 ms, N, w. by w. , ^'ittsburg, and by p.r,
152 ms. N. e. by e. Colurabus, and 282 ms,
nthwstrd, W, C, lat, 40° 47', long, W, C, 3°
43', w. Accordingto Flint this place contained
when he wrote (early in 1832,) tlie ordinary co,
buUdings, bank, two places of public worship,
6 taverns, 9 stores. In the tsp, of Centre, in
which New Lisbon is situated, there were 4
merchant miUs, 4 saw mills, a paper mUl, 2
woollen factories, 1 fulling raill and 1 carding
machine. Pop. 1,129.
New London, p-t. Merriraack co. N. H,, e,
Sunapee lake, containing 17,0u0 acres, it is 33
ms. N, w. Concord, 75 from Portsraonth, and 9
from Boston, and has 3 ponds, good deep soil,
maple, birch, &c. Incorporated 1779, Pop,
913, New London, co. Conn. bndd. by Hartford,
Tolland aud Windhara cos. «., by "Windhara co,
and R, I, E,, by L, I. sound s., by Middlesex co.
w, Lengtb 30 raa,, mean width 20, area about
600 sq. ms. It abounds in harbors, ers, and
bays, convenient both for fishing and naviga
tion. Tbe r. Thames formed by the juncture
of the Quinebaug and Shetucket, affords steam
and sloop navigation to Norwich, Just below
Norwich, the Thames receives the waters of
the Yantic, and thus furnishes an admirable en
trance for vessels. The different branches of
the Thames afford excellent water power; and
a canal is proposed along the Shetucket valley,
into Mass. The Niantic, Pequonock, Mystic,
Stonington, Wickatequack, and Pacatuck are
among the important and beautiful bays which
indent that portion of coast included within the
territorial Umits of this co. The n, w, part of
the CO, is mountainous, and rauch ofthe surface
ia hilly and rocky ; but much arable and gra
zing land is found in the co. The soil is gen
erally productive. Fruits, grain, lumber, fish,
are the staples. Considerable attention is paid
to manufactures. By a return made to the sec
retary of state at Wasbington in .Tune, 1832, it
appears that there are in the co. 14 catton mills.
which eraploy 22,688 spindles and 580 looras.
Amount- of capital invested $746,000 ; quantity
of wool consuraed, 1,647,928 lbs. ; yarn sold
the previous year 2,500 lbs. ; yds. clotb sold in
sarae tirae, 5,048,780. Capital invested in the
manufacture of woollens $206,000 ; quantity of
wool consuraed 271,600 lbs. ; annual value of
wooUen manufactures $187,784. New Lon
don and Norwich are shire towns. Pop. in
1820, 35,943, in 1830, 42,201.
New London, city, port of entry, p-t. and
half shire, N. London co. Conn., on the w. bank
ofthe Thames, and 3 ras. from L. I. sound. It
is 42 ms. 3. e. Hartford, 53 e. New Haven, and
14 s. Norwich. Long. 4° 0' 48" e. W. C, lat.
41° 0' 25" N. The town is three quarters of a
mile broad, .by 4 ms. long, comprising an area
of 2,400 acres. The surface is rather hilly,
soil good, producing spontaneously the best of
43

oak and walnut timber. Granite is found here
in great abundance. The city is situated on the
decUvity of a hiU, and at the head of a harbor
bearing its own name. It contains 4 places of
public wo'ship; one for Presbyterians, another
for Epiacopalians, a third for Baptists, and a
fourth for Methodists, Besides theae and the
ordinary county buildings, there are in the city
2 banka and an insurance office. The harbor
is one of the best in the United States, being
3 ms, long, and rarely obstructed with ice, and
having 5 fathoms water. It is environed by
hilla, and defended hy 2 forts ; the one upon its
west side is called fort Trumbull, and is de
lightfully situated about a mile below the city;
while the other, upon its east side, is called fort
Griswold, and rises from the top of a com
raanding erainence opposite the city, and in the
town of Groton. These advantages, together
with its light-house, on a point of land project
ing frora the w, shore, and forraing the divi.
ding point between the harbor and sound, ren
der this in every respect a safe and corarao
dious harbor. It haa served in a great degree
aa the port of Conn, river, the impediments in
which frequently prevent its being navigated by
large vessels fully laden, Tbe commerce ia
quite considerable, both in the coasting and
foreign trade, and it has a steam boat commu
nication with the city of New York. The
whale fishery is alao an important branch of
commerce. About half a million of doUars is
devoted to its prosecution, and not less than 25
ships, which give employment to about 700 sea
men, are engaged in this adventurous business.
Several vessels are also engaged in sealing.
Fort Griswold, to which reference has been
made, waa, together with the circumjacent
country, the seat of a revolutionary struggle,
which is commemorated hy a noble granite rao
nuraent, 150 ft. high, bearing an embedded
marble slab, which contains the names of those
who there fell in defending their country, to
gether with the followmg appropriate and scripi
tural inscription, " Zebulon and Napthali were
a people tbat jeoparded their lives unto the
death in the high places of the field." Pop,
1820, 3,330; 1830, 4,335,
New London, p-v, near the watrn; border of
Campbell oo. Va. 11 ms. s, w. Lynchburg, and
191 ras. s. w, by w, Richraond,
New London, cross roads, p-v, in the sthm,
part of Chester co. Pa, 40 ras, s, w, by w.
Phil, and by p-r, 93 ms. n, e, W. C. Pop. tsp.
1820, 1,200.
New London, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Jef
ferson CO, Ind,, situated on Ohio r. 12 ms, below
Madison, the co. St., and by p-r. 97 ms. a, s. js.
Indianopolis. New London, p-v. and st, jus. Ralls co. Mo,,
by p.r, 167 ms, n, n, e, Jefferson city, and by the
common road 105 n, n, w, St, Louis. It ia situ
ated on Salt r. of Mo,, 39° 33', long. W, C, 14°
21' w.
New Ltmic, p-v, Ashtabula co, Ohio, by p-r.
183 ms. N. E. Columbus,
New Madison, p-v. Dark co, Ohio,, by p-r.
no ms. wstrd. Columbus.
New Madrid, a. e. co. Mo., bndd, s, by Crit
tenden CO, Ark., s, w, by St. Francis r, eepa-

NEW

334

NEW

rating it frora Lawrence co. Ark., N. w. Stod
dard CO. Mo., N. Scott CO. Mo., tf. e. Mississippi
r. separating it frora Hickraan co. Ky., Missis
sippi r. E. separating it frora Obion and Dyer
cos. Ten. Length from s. to n. 65 ms., mean
breadth 25, and area, 1,625 sq. ms. Lat. 36^°
and long. W. C. 13° w. intersect near the centre
of thia CO. Slope is almost directly s., as in
that course flow the Misp. and St. Francis rs.
The surface is with very partial exceptions an
annually inundated plain. In 1812, thia part of
the U. S. was considerably disturbed and in
some places disrupted by an earthquake.
Where the soil is of suflacient elevation for cul
tivation, it is generally very productive, and the
climate sufficiently warra in summer to adrait
tbe cultivation of cotton. Cf t. New Madrid.
Pop. 2,350.
New Madrid, p-v. and st. jus. New Madrid
CO. Mo., by p-r. 278 ras. a. e. of Jefferson city,
and bythe raost direct road 170 a little E. ofs,
St. Louis. It is situated on a rather raore than
usual high alluvial bank, upon the right shore of
Misp. r. directly opposite to the extrerae s. w.
angle of Ky. I3y the bends of the r. it stands
at about 50 ras, below the raouth of Ohio, It is
an uniraportant village, though historically in
teresting. It waa founded by a Mr. Morgan
frora Pa., with great expectations of future pros
perity. But the bank, apparently raore stable,
because raore elevated than the other alluvial
Mississippi banks, was really raore subject to
deterioration by abrasion from superior weight,
and most of the surface on which the original
village stood has long since been swept away.
To this steady cause of destruction. New Mad
rid seems to have been the centre of mighty con
vulsions in 1811, and 1812, To exaraine the
place and adjacent country, all seeras tranquil,
and but little apprehension of danger preceded
a commotion which shook with more or less vi
olence perhaps 200,000 sq. ms. Near New
Madrid the rs., lakes, and even the ground
heaved like a boiling pot. Water burst in im
mense jets into tbe air, lakes were dried in
some places, and formed in otbers. Boats were
sunk, or hurled with an inconceivable force
araongst the foaraing surges. The thinness of
the population and the log or frarae buildings
protected human life, though some persons were
lost. The trembling of the ground was felt in
the city of New Orleans, and what is very re
markable, continues to be occasionally felt in
sthrn, Missouri to this time, after a period of 20
years. Newmarket, p-t. Rockmghara co, N, H., 12
ms. w. Portsmouth, 38 s. E. Concord, and 9 from
Dover, w. from Great Bay ; 11,082 acres ; is
crossed by Piscasset r., and situated on Lam
prey r. about 1 ra. from Piscataqua, and vessels
of from 80 to 100 tons can come up to the fac
tories. The tovm containa one glace of public
worahip for Methodists, and one for Congrega
tionaUsts. The ' Newraarket raanufacturing
pompany have 3 large stone mills, 2 of which
are 156 ft. long each, and 6 stories higb, in
cluding baseraent stories ; the other is 100 ft,
long, and alao six stories high ; and a raachine
shot) ; 14,000 Spindles, 487 looms, and 660 hands,
500 of whom ara femmes

bales of cotton per annura, which yield three
raillions five hundred thousand yards. A Wes
leyan academy was incorporated here 1818.
Pop. 2,008.
New Market, p-v. s. estm. part of Frederick
CO. Md., situated on the Baltimore and Frede
rick turnpike, 36 ms. wstrd. frora the latter
place, and 11 estrd. from the forraer, and byp-r.
51 ms. a little w. of k. W. C, direct distance,
however, only 35 ms.
New Market, p-v, sthm. part of Shenandoah
CO. Va., 20 ms. s. s, w, Woodstock, and by p-r.
120 ms. s. w, by w. W. C.
New Market, p-v. tt. wstm. part of Madison
CO. Ala., 17 ms. n. w. Huntsville, and by p-r. 172
ms, n, n, e, Tuscaloosa.
New Market, p-v. n. wstm. partof Jefferson
CO. Ten., 30 ras. n. e. by E. KnoxviUe, and by p.r.
195 E, NashviUe.
New Makket, p-v. Washington co. Ky,, sit.
uated in the sthrn. part of the co., on the Roll.
ing fork of Salt r., 13 ras. s. a. w, frora the co.
St., Springfield, and 62 ras. s. s. w. of Frankfort.
Pop. 43.
New Market, p-v, Abbeville dist. S. C. by
p-r, 88 ras, w, Colurabia.
New Marlborough, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass.,
148 ms. a. w. Boston, 10 s, is. Lenox, and bor
dering on Conn., is watered by branches of
Conkepot and Housatonic rs. It has a pond
s. E. Incorporated 1759. Pop. 1,656,
New Milford, p.t. Litchfield co. Conn., 48
ras, s, w, Hartford, 6i ms by 13 ; 84 sq. ras. ;

is one ofthe largest towns in Conn,, crossed by
the Housatonic and other rs,, witb good mill
seats. Mica slate and marble are quarried.
Iron and sorae silver have been found. The
land is generally good, and the village is on the
Housatonic, in a valley. First settled 1713.
Pop. 3,979.
New Milford, p.v. tt. wstrn, part of Susque.
hannah co. Pa., 19 ms. n. w. Montrose, and by
p-r. 183 ms. a little e. ofN, Harrisburg.
Newman, p-v. and st. jus. Coweta co. Geo.
by p-r. 129 ms. n. w. by w. MiUedgeviUe, lat.
33° 26', long. W, C. 8° w. It is situated on
the sumrait around, between the vallies of Flint
and Chattahooche rs.
New Orleans, city, and port of entry, Or
leans parish. La., and seat of tbe governraent of
tbe state, is situated on the left bank of tbe
Misp. r,, 105 ms. by the channel above its
raouth, and by the course of the river 322 ms.
from Natchez, 1,005 from the mouth of tbe
Ohio, 1,175 from St. Louis, 1,350 from Louis
ville, 1,500 from Cincinnati, 1,780 from Pitts.
burgh, and by p.r. 1,203 ms. s. w. Washington.
The city stands on lat. 30°, and very nearly 13°
w. W. C, By calculation, the two cities bear
from each other, by angle frora the reflective
raeridians, 50° 15'; distant, 966 statute ms,,
within a small fraction. The site of New Or.
leans is on an incHned plain, the declivity falling
very gently frora the margin ofthe river. Hence,
when the Misp. is in full flood, the surface of
the water is from 1 to 3 feet above the streets
ofthe city; but at low water it is from 7 to 9
ft. below them. To prevent constant uautida-
tion, a levee or embankmait fronts the city,
Th^ consume 2,500 similar to that extendine on both sides of th«

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Mississippi, above and below New Orleans ;
differing only in breadth and solidity. The
tides do not reach here ; and the rise of the
river (whioh is a mile in width opposite the
city) during the highest floods, is about 12 ft.
above low water raark. The city is built on
the concave side of the river, and including.^ the
suburbs extends about 3J milea along the
atream, with an average depth of f of a
mile ; it lies in the form of a crescent, with the
city, properly so called, near the middle ofthe
curve. New Orleans proper is a parallelogram,
of 4,000 by 2,000 EngUsh feet, very nearly ;
the streets extending at right angles, and the
longest side paraUel to the river. Tbe larger
streets, running parallel with it, are Levee,
Chartres, Bourbon, Dauphin, Burgundy, Rara.
part, &c. Above the city are the suburbs {fau-
¦ bourgs) of St. Mary, Delor, Annunciation,
Nuns, Lafayette, and Livauday ; and below are
those of Marigny, Daumois, Da Clouet and
Washington. In tbe rear of the city is also an
other, but detached suburb, on Bayou St. John,
New Orleans possesses extraordinary facUities
for coramercial enterprise ; and indeed no city
in the world can boast greater natural advan
tages than this. The Mississippi and its tribu
taries, alone afford a navigable steam boat com
munication, tbrougb a most fertile country, of
raore than 20,000 miles; numerous bayous
coraraunicate with other parts of the state ; and
beside the natural channel of the river, it has a
communication by sloops and other small ves
sels with the gulf of Mexico, through lakes
Ponchartrain and Borgne ; a canal and the
bayou St. John extending to the former. An
other canal is now in progress, to extend from
faubourg St. Mary to lake Ponchartrain. This
will be 6i ma, in length, 8 ft. deep, and 30 ft,
wide atthe surface, A rail road to this lake,
perfectly straight, and 4^ ras. in length, has re
cently been completed. The city is admirably
situated for an intercourse with the West In
dies, and great quantities of the products of the
Mississippi valley are annually transported
thence. The passage to the gulf, by the river,
is very easy, stearaboats being used for towing
' during unfavorable winds. The city is well de
fended frora foreign attacks, by fortifications
erected during the late war, and others raore
recently constructed. The oldest part (which
we terra the city proper) and in which the
French and Spanish styles of building predom
inate, is divided into squares of 320 ft. front ;
the streets are not broad, few of thera being
more than 40 ft, wide. The principal material
for building- is brick; this is now generally
used in all parts ofthe city, and particularly in
the suburb St. Mary, which is built more after
the American style than other parts ; in tbe city
proper, until very recently, tbe buildings were
generally stuccoed. The levee, bordering on
tbe river, is the fashionable promenade of tbe
city, and is also the scene of the heaviest busi.
ness of tbe place. Along tbis, in one part are
sea vessels of every description, with their for.
ests of raasts ; while in other parts, may be
seen steam boats, soraetimes 50 in number,
keel boats, and hundreds of the flat bottomed
boats, of the rivers; and here too maybe seen

that variety of costume and character, and that
variety of language may be heard, for which
New Orleans is so proverbial, above all other
American cities, 'These dissimilarities, how.
ever, are gradually disappearing; and the char
acteristics of other populous cities of the coun.
try, are in the same ratio, becoming those of
New Orleans, A large proportion of its eiti.
zens are of French or Spanish descent, and
above one half of the population are colored
persons, free or slaves, araong which every
shade between the white and black abound.
Araong the public buildings in New Orleans are
raany spacious, elegant, and sorae very expen.
sive edifices. Tbere are 8 churches ; 2 catbo.
lie, besides a splendid cathedral, 120 ft. by 90,
having 4 towers; 2 presbyterian; 1 episcopal;
1 methodist, and 1 mariners' ; there are also the
government huuse ; several banks ; a custom
house ; 2 theatres ; Ursuline convent ; a mar.
ket house ; a charity hospital ; and a male, and
a female, orphan scbools. The two latter are
separate establishments, and have considerable
funds. The charity hospital, situated in the fau.
bourg St. Mary, is aspaciousbuildingofbrick, 4
stories h.gh, and will accoraraodate 300 persons.
There are 6 banks in tbe city with an aggre.
gate capital of $20,500,000, and a branch ofthe
U, States bank also, with a nominal capital of
$1,000,000: besides these, 3 new banks bave
been incorporated recently, which will go into
operation immediately, witb an aggregate capi
tal of $17,000,000, raaking collectively, a bank.
ing capital araounting to the enorraous sura of
<iJ38,500,000, The commerce of New Orieans
is of course very extensive, and during the
season of busineas, perhaps no city in the world
exhibits, in a higher degree, the appearance of
a great coramercial eraporiura. In 1828 the
shipping of Louisiana amounted to 51,903 tons.
During the year ending Sept, 30, 1830, the
amount of tonnage entered in the state was
118,663 tons; departed, 142,334 tons. The
imports during the same period were $7,599,.
083, about one third in foreign vessels; and
the exports were, of foreign produce, $2,445,.
952; doraestic, $13,042,740; total, exports
§15,488,692. AU this chiefly centered at New
Orleans, In 1829 tbere were brought here
frora the interior, and frora Texas, of bacon
assorted, 2,868 hogsheads ; bagging, 13,472
pieces ; butter, 3,995 kegs ; beef; 5,405 brls. ;
bees wax, 795 brls, ; buffalo robes, 15,2 10 lbs. ;
cotton, 269,571 bales ; com raeal, 6849 brls. ;
corn in ear, 91,882 bris. ; flour, 157,323 brls. ;
lard, 110,206 kegs ; pig lead, 146,203 pigs ;
linseed oU, 2,946 barrels ; deer skins, 6,215
packs ; bear skins, 159 packs ; tobacco, 29,432
hogsheads. These are a part only of the do.
mestic imports, as they do not include sugar,
lumber, lirae, and numerous other articles of
great amount and value. In 1830, the araount
of cotton exported from New Orleans, was
354,024 bales. The cotton crops ordinarily
begin to arrive in the city about the 1st Nov. ;
and of that of 1831, 345,000, and of that of
1832, about 410,000 bales, were shipped from
this port. Of late years the health of the city
haa been improving ; and the fevers of the
coimtry have not prevailed so extensively, or

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proved as fatal as formerly. The most active
measures have been taken by the legislature,
seconded by the citizens, to effect this change,
in every respect so salutary : the streets, in
seasons ot high water, are washed frora the
river; the surrounding raarsbes have been
drained to a great extent, and places where
water forraerly stagnated, have been filled up.
Two iraportant streets have recently been pa.
ved, and it is in contemplation to carry this im
provement through the city : 70,000 yards of
pa^ring are now (1833) under contract. The
water of the river is the only kind used by the
citizens ; when filtered it is excellent, and wa
ter works are novv erecting for the city, on an
extensive scale. If we turn our attention to
the vast regions of the Mississippi basin, to the
accumulating population on its innuraerable
strearas, and tbe navigable facilities afforded by
so raany channels, we have the raeans to esti
mate the resources which must contribute to
augment this city in extent, wealth, and popula
tion. New Orleans was laid out in 1717, and
named in honor of the then Duke of Orleans,
regent of France during the minority of Louis
XV, It remained as capital of Louisiana under
the French until 1769, when itwas taken pos
session of by the Spanish general Orcilly, under
a treaty of cession made between Spain and
France in 1762, The Spanish government con
tinued New Orleans aa the capital of the colo
ny untU it was receded to France in 1803, The
same year, the French colonial prefect, Lau-
salt, by order of hia government, gave it up to
the United States. ' The present government
ofthe city, is a mayor and council, which are
elected by the freeholders. Within the present
century the increase of population has been very
rapid. In 1800 it araounted to between 5,000
and 6,000 inhabitants, and it contained in

1810,

1820,

1830,

Free white males

3,586

8,268

11,962

" " females

2,745

5,318

8,082

Free colored persons

4,9,50

6,237

11,562

Slaves

5,961

7,355

14,476

Total 17,212 27,178 46,083
New Oxford, p-v, Adaras co. Pa., by p-r, 87
ms, nthrd, W, C.
New Paltz, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y,, 15 ms. a,
Kingston, 80, s, Albany, 85 n, N, Y., w, Hudson
r, Haa good land, 'The people are of Dutch
extraction; first settled about 1672, Tbe v, ia
on Walkill cr, and there are several sraaller
ones at the landings, &c. Pop, 4,973,
New Paris, p-v, Preble co. O,, by p-r. 104
ms. wstrd. Columbus.
New Petersburg, p-v. Highland co. Ohio, by
p-r. 74 ras, ». s, w, Colurabus.
New Philadelphia, p-v. and st. jus. Tusca.
rawas co. Ohio, by p-r, 107 ras, n. e. by E. Co
lumbus. Lat. 40° 30', long. W. C. 4° 31' w.
It is situated on Tuscarawas r. and on the Ohio
and Erie Canal ; contains the ordinary co.
buildings. Pop, 410,
Newport, t. Penobscot co. Me,, 25 ms. vr. n.
w, Cangor, with Soraerset co, n, and w, ; con
tains a large pond, drained by Sebaatocook r.
Pop. 897.
Newport, p-t. and st.jus, Sullivan co, N. H,,
40 ms, n. w, Concotd, 96 from Boston ; 25,26'7

acres. Three branches of Sugar r. unite near
the viUage. Tnere are fine meadows, but much
dry gravel, and moist and cold land ; it is, how.
ever, generally fertUe. Two ponds furnish
trout, &c. There are alao some high hUls.
Bald, Coit, East and Bl'ueberry mtns. Pop.
1,913. Newport, co. R. I,, comprises several isis.
in Narraganset bay, as well as tbe adjoining
land on the continent, in all 136 sq, ms., with 7
towns. It has great advantages for navtgatio.i,
and contains Newport, one of the best seaports
in the nthrn, states, and now fortifying on a
large scale for a naval station. The waters are
navigated by all the vessels proceeding to and
frora Providence, and there ia a daily steamboat
communication with New York, Rhode Island
is the moat important, and is a fine agricultural
country. In its n, part is a mine of anthracite
coal, whicb has been wrought, but not to good
advantage. The rocks are transition, as are
those of Prudence, Canonicut and Block islands,
which also belong to tbe co. Fish are taken in
great quantities, and from Block isl, are sent to
distant places. Cf t. Newport. Pop. 1820,
15,771, 1830, 16,535.
Newport, seaport and co. t. Newport co.
R. I,, and one of the capitals of the state, 30
ras. s, by E, Providence, 75 s, w, Boston, about
1 m, by 6, with 8 sq. ms., has an uneven but
rich soil, especially in thes. and much well cul
tivated land. The harbor is excellent, near tbe
sea, and accessible in winds which will not per.
mit a ship to enter any other port, in all this part
of the coast. The principal population are col.
lected on the west declivity, and at the foot of a
hill. Tbe place was formerly a very flourish.
ing seaport, and, before the revolution, was the
fourth t, in size in the colonies. It has for some
years resigned its enterprize and prosperity to
Providence. Ita fine situation, healthful air,
excellent fish, &c., render it a favorite resort of
visiters from the southern states, in sutnmer.
Here is a large lace manufactory. The harbor
has Goat isl, in front, nearly closing the en
trances, where are fort Wolcott and a military
hospital. Forts Green tmd Adams also defend
tbe harbor. The latter is a new and exten
sive work, on tbe s. point, witb powerful batte
ries, and includes 40 acres. "The foundation
for a raonument to the memory of Cora, Oliver
H, Perry, has been laid. It is to be of grey
granite, and 28 ft, high. The foundation is to
be surrounded by a mound of earth, 160 ft. in
circumference. The 'Newport Mercury' was
eatablished here, 1753, and the first number
was issued by Jaraes, elder brother of Dr.
Franklin. Newport was occupied by the British
for sorae time during the revolutionary war,
who stripped the island of its fine forest trees
and ftrchards. They were besieged by the
Araerican troops. Pop. 8,010.
Newport, Herkiraer co. N. Y,, 13 ras. n.
Herkimer, 95 n. w. Albany, e, Oneida cr,, has
a deep valley in the raiddle, where is the v,, at
a good waterfall in W. Canada cr. Pop, 1,863.
Newport, (now called Albion,) v. Orleans co.
N. Y., on Erie canal 2i ms. a. s. E. Gaines.
Newport, p-v. nthrn. part Perry eo. Pa,, 41
m», N, w, Harrisburg. .

NEW

337

NEW

Newport, p-v. on Christiana cr. New Cas
tle CO. Del,, 3 ras, westwardly Wilraington, and
byp-r. 103 N. e. W, C.
Newport, sraall r. or cr. of Geo., separating
Liberty frora Mcintosh co., and falling into
Sapelo sound.
Newport, p.v, and st. jus. Cocke co. Ten,,
situated on French Broad r., 48 ms, a little s,
of e. Knoxville, and by p.r, 210 ms, in a simUar
direction Nashville ; lat, 35° 56', long, 6° 4' w,
W, C,
Newport, p-v, and st. jus. Campbell co. Ky,,
situated on Ohio r. on the point above the raoutb
of Licking r., and directly opposite the city of
Cinciimati. This t. contains an acaderay, a
U. S. arsenal, and the ordinary co. buildings.
A manufactory of bale rope, twine, and cotton
bagging, by machinery and steam power, on an
extensive scale, has been estabUshed here, by
an incorporated company. Pop, 717.
Newport, p-v. estrn, part Washington co, 0,
Itis situatedon Ohior., byp-r, 16 ms. above
and estrd. ,'\larletta. Pop. tsp. 556.
Newport, d-v. and st.jus. VermiUion co. Ind.,
situated on the point below tbe junction of Wa
bash and Little Verraillion rs. by p-r, 86 ms. w.
Indianopolis. Newport, Franklin co. Mo,, p-v, on Mo. r,,
43 ms, wstrd, St, Louis.
New Portage, p-v, Medina co, 0,, byp-r, 110
ms. N, e, Columbus,
New Portland, p-t. Somerset co. Me,, 48
ms, frora Augusta ; crossed by Seven-miles
brook, a brancb of Kennebec r. Pop, 1,214.
New Providence, p-t. Essex co. N, J. 12 ms,
w, Newark, and by p-r, 52 ms. from Trenton.
Pop, 910,
New Providence, p-v, nthrn, part Lancaster
CO, Pa,, 20 raa, n, e, Lancaster city, and b'y p-r,
129 N. N, E, W, C,
New Providence, p-v. Clarke co. Ind., by p-r.
104 ras. s. s, E, Indianopolis,
New Richmond, p-v, Clermont co. 0,, by p-r.
132 ms, s. w, Columbus.
New Rochelle, p-t. Westchester co, N. Y,,
20 ras, N, N, Y. city, 5 s. White Plains, 143 from
Albany, w, side of East r, and Long Island
sound, has level, stony, but pretty good soil,
has an acaderay, and coraprises several sraall
isis. It was settled by Huguenot eraigrants
from France, whence its name. Pop. 1,274.
New Rumley, p-v. Harrison co. O., by p.r,
134 ms, N, E, by e. Columbus.
Newry, t,, Oxford co. Me., 24 ras. N. w. Pa.
ris, tt. Androscoggin r,, is mountainous and
wild. Pop. 345.
Newry, p.v. wstrn. part of Huntingdon co.
Pa., 32 ms. N. vr. hy vr. the borough of Hunting.
don, and by p.r. 122 ms. a little s. of w. Harris.
burg. New Salem, p.t, Franklin co. Mass., 80 ms.
w. Boston, incorporated 1753, is higb in the
centre, and has Monadnoc N. There is an
academy, which was incorporated 1795. Pop.
1,889. New Salem, p.v. wstrn. part of Fayette co.
Pa., 9 raa, n. w. Union, the St. jus., and by p.r.
207 ras. N. w. by w. W. C.
New Salem, p.v. Harrison co. Va., by p.r.
240 ms. wstrd. W. C.

New Salem, p-v. Randolph co, N,C,, byp-r.
77 ras, w, Raleigh,
New Salem, p-v. Sangamon co. II., 98 ms.
N.N. w. Vandalia.
New Sharon, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., s. Som.
erset co., crosaed by Sandy r, a brancb of the
Kennebec, Pop, 1,599,
New Shoreham, t, Newport co, R, I,, on
Block Lal,, all which it comprehends, has but
little communication with other places, but pos.
sesses a valuable fishery. Pop, 1,885,
Newstead, t, Erie co, N. Y, Pop, 1,926,
New Stockbridge, N, Y,, a tract of land 6
ms, sq. in Augusta, Oneida co,, and Smithfield,
Madison co. It was granted to the Indians of
Stockbridge, Mass,, by the Oneida Indians, who
were bound to them by ancient treaties and
friendship ; but a large portion of the tribe have
removed to Green Bay within a few years.
The Scotch Society for Proraoting Christian
Kiaowledi,'e, have for raany years suppported a
mlsaionary among them.
New Store, and p.o. Buckinghara co, Va,,
by p-r, 81 raa, wstrd, W, C
Newton, p-t, Middlesex co, Masa,, 9 ras, w,
Boston, incorporated 1691, is large, and has
Charles r, on 3 sides, along which are broad
and rich tracts of raeadow. The uplands are
hilly and woody. There are 2 falls, and at tbe
lower are raanufactories, Nonantura, a hill in
this t,, was the scene of the apostle Elliot's
first exertions to teach the Indiana Christiani
ty, in 1646, and witnessed his success. He
was ordained as pastor of the church here in
1 664, A Baptist theological serainary was foun
ded here a few years since. Pop, 2,376,
Newton, p-t. and st. jus. Sussex co, N, J.,
50 raa, N, Trenton, 28 n, w. Morriatown ; it is
mountainous e,, and gives some of the head
strearas to Pequest branch and Pawlin's kill.
Much of the soil is excellent, and reraarkably
well cultivated. There is an academy, and
the V. is pleasant and flourishing. Population
3,464, Newton, p-v, Newton, Sussex co, N, J,, 28
ras, N. w, Morris, is near the centre ofthe town,
pleasant, witb an acaderay, bank, c. h., a
church for Presbyterians, and one for Episco
palians, Newton, p-v, and borough of Bucks co. Pa,,
26 ras. N. N, K. PhUadelphia, and 11 w. Trenton,
N, Jersey,
Newton Mills, p-o. Licking co, 0,, by p-r,
42 ras, estrd. Colurabus.
Newton's, p-o. Greene co. Ky., by p.r. 84
ma. s, w, Frankfort.
Newtown, t. Rockinghara co. N. H., 40 ms.
s. E. Concord, 27 s. w. Portsmouth, n. Mass.,
5,250 acres, contains one third of Country pond,
and 2 small ones connected with it ; with good
grass land. First settled 1720. The Baptist
church is the oldest of that denomination in N.
H. Pop. .510.
Newtown, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., g. w.
Housatonic r,, 48 ms. s. w. Hartford, 26 n. \y.
New Haven, is almost triangular, with 50 sq.
ras,, on high ground, hilly surface, gravelly
soil, yields much rye and fruit. It is crossed
by Powtatuck r,, and has a pond, with several
manufactories. A toll bridge crosses to South-

NEW

338

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bury; 15 school dists.; the village is near the
centre. Pop, 3, 100,
Newtown, p-t. Queen's co. N. Y., on w. part
Long Isl,, 8 ms, E. N. York, s. East r., opposite
Hurl Gate, n. King'a co., s, w. Flushing bay ;
extends near half acroaa the isl,, is well culti
vated, yields grass, vegetables, &c. for the
city, and abounds in fine apples, particularly a
fine sort of yeUow winter apples caUed New
town pippins, which have been sent to various
parts ofthe world. It has a v, near the centre,
and some fine country seats. Peat, found near
the V. is rauch used lor fuel. It coraprises the
isis. Two Brothers, and two coves, Hallet's and
Riker's. Pop, 2,610.
Newtown, v, Elraira, Tioga co, N. Y, {See
Elmira.) Newtown, p-t, Gloucester co, N, J,, 25 ras.
a, w, Trenton, s, w. Cooper's cr,, s. e. Del, r,,
opposite Phil,, from which it derives the advan
tage of a market. Camden v, in this t., is on
Del. r,, and has a ferry to Phil. It is also at
the end ofthe S, Araboy and Caraden rail road,
wbich, when corapleted, will form a raost im
portant route across N, J,, for travellers and
merchandize passing between New York and
Phil, Pop, 3,298.
Newtown, p-v. Worcester co. Md, 8 ras, tt.
Vf. Snow HiU, and by p-r, 159 ras, s. e, by E,
W.C.
Newtown, p-v, northern part King and Queen
CO, Va,, by p-r. 99 ms. a little w. of s. "VV. C.
and 38 ms, n, e, Richmond. •
Newtown, p-v. Scott co, Ky. 25 ms. from
Frankfort. Newtown, p-v, Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 120
ras, s, w, Columbus,
Newtown, Hamilton, p.v, Mifflin co. Pa.
. Newtown, vil. Ottawa co. Mich, situated on
the sthrn, point at the mouth of Grand r, into
lake Michigan, n. lat, 42° 58', long, W. C. 9°
06' W. Distant about 180 ras, n, w. by w. De
troit, Newtown SauARE, p-v, northern part Del, co.
Pa, 15 ras, a little n, of w, Phil.
Newtown Stephensburg, p-v. Frederic co,
Va. by p-r. 79 ras. n, w, by w, W, C, and 10
ms, n, w, Winchester,
Newtown Trap, p-v, in the s. western part
Frederic co. Md. about 9 ras. a. w, the city of
Frederick, and by p-r. 51 ras, n. w. W. C.
New Trenton, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r.
81 ras. a little s. of e. Indianopolis.
New Tripoli, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 187
ms, N.E. W. C.
New Tkoy, p-v. near the right bank of Sus
quehannah r, Luzeme co. Pa. 5 ms. above and
N. ft. E. Wilkesbarre, and 120 ms. n. n. e. Har.
risburg. New Utrecht, t. Kings co. N. Y. w. end of
Long isl. opposite the narrows, the entrance into
N. Y. harbor, 9 ras. s, city, e. and nt. Hudson r.
It is hilly and stony w., level interior, with
sandy soil, and has suffered irom fever and
ague, a fewyears. One ofthe best shad fiahe-
ri^a ia in thia t. Bath, on the ebore, ia reaorted
to from N. Y. for bathing, fishing, and shooting.
The V, about a mile from this spot, is on a plain,
in a retired situation. On the n. is the w. end
of a long ridge, extending through the ial., n.

ofthe great plaina, e. to Southhold. Theywere
iraportant in the revolution. The British array
landed at Bath, 1776, Fort Lafayette, triangu.
lar with 3 tiers of guns, on a small isl. w. of
this t., with the works on the shore, defends
the entrance of N. Y. harbor on the E. Nyak
point and fort Lewis are on the same shore.
Pop. 1,217.
New Vernon, v. Morris co. N. J. 3 ms. s.
Morristown. Newville, p.v. western part Cumberland co.
Pa. and near the right bank of Conedogwinet,
16 ras. w. Carlisle.
Newville, p.v. Barnwell dist. S. C. by p.r.
14 ms, frora Barnwell c. b,, and 76 s, s. w, Co.
lurabia, Newville, p.v. Richland co. O, by p.r. 76
ras. N. E, Colurabus.
New Vineyard, t. Soraerset co. Me. «. Ken.
nebec co., is rough, and crossed bya branch of
Seven-miles brook, branch of Kennebec • r.
Pop, 869.
New Washington, p-v. Clarke co. Ind.' by
p-r. 94 ms. s. s, e. Indianopolis,
New Wilmington, p-v, in the southwestern
part of Mercer CO, Pa,, by p-r. 274 ras. «. w.
W. C.
New Windsor, p-t. Orange co, N. Y., 100
ras. s, Albany, 65 n. N. York, and 5 s. w. New
burgh on the w, side Hudson r. It is 4 ras, by
8, containing about 30 sq, ras., has some small
strearas, and good soil. In the w. part are sorae
of the highlands. The v. is on Hudson r, 24
ras. a, Newburgh, A part of the t. is called
Little Britain. Pop, 2,310,
New Windsor, p-v. Frederick co. Md,, by
p-r, 67 ras. a little w. of N, W. C.
New York, one of tbe raost iraportant of the
U. S,, bndd. n, by Canada, Lake Ontario, and
the river St, Lawrence, which separates it frora
Canada, e. by Vt., Miss, and Conn., s. by the
Atlantic, N. Jersey and Pa., and w. by Pa.,
lake Erie and Niagara river, wbich separates it
from Canada. It ia situated between 40° 30'
and 45° lat, and between 3° 45' e. and 2° 50'
w. W. C, (not including Long Isl,, which ex
tends E, to long. 5° 50',) and contains 46,085
sq. ras,, including lakes and islands. Its great
est length frora e. to w. (excepting Long Isl
and) is 316 ras,, and its greatest breadth from
N, to s. 304 ms. Tbe tract now coraposing N.
Y. was originally included in the grant of Vir
ginia, raade by Queen Elizabeth ; and in the
grants of n. and s. Virginia, made in 1606 by
James I. This part of the continent, however,
was not known to the Europeans until 1609,
when it was first discovered by Henry Hudson,
an enterpriziilg'English navigator, then in the
eraploy of the Dutch East India company. Af.
ter sailing 150 miles up the river that now bears
his name, he retumed to Europe and commu.
nicated to the Company the result of his
vtiyage. In 1613, a trade with the natives was
commenced by the Dutch, and trading estab.
lishments were formed at New Amsterdam
and fort Orange, {now the cities of New York
and Albany.) In 1621, the Dutch government,
desirous of founding a colony in America,
granted to the Dutch West India company an
extensive territory on both sides of the Hud.

NEW

339

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son, called New Netherlands. I'he boundaries
were not accurately defined, but were consid
ered by the company as extending to the Con.
necticut r. at the north, and the Delaware on
the south. In 1623, they erected a fort on the
Del., and a few years after, another onthe Conn.
Tbis territory continued in their possession
till 1664, when Charles II. denying their
right to any portion of it, made a grant to his
brother, the duke of York and Albany, of the
whole extent of country, frora Nova Scotia to
Del. bay ; and the sarae year took possession of
it by conquesti In 1673, it was recaptured by
the Dutch ; and the year following was restored
by treaty to the English. Tbus it reraained one
ofthe British colonies till the war of the revo
lution, and the adoption of a free constitution
by the people. In 1790, Vt,, previously a part
ofN, York, became a separate state. In 1821,
the amended constitution, was adopted by tbe
state of N. Y. under which it is at present
governed. By this constitution the legislative
power is vested in a senate and assembly, the
former consisting of 32, and the latter of 128
raerabers. Tbe forraer chosen for 4 years by
dists. and the latter elected annually by cos.
The executive power ia veated in a governor,
who holds his office for 2 years. A lieutenant
governor ia chosen at the same tirae and for
the same terra, who is qualified to act as gov
ernor whenever that office becomes vacant ;
and is also president of the senate. The judi
ciary consists of a court of chancery, a suprerae
court with 3 judges, 8 circuit courts in as many
different circuits, wbich correspond to the sen
atorial dists., and the superior court ofthe city
of N. Y, consisting of 3 judges. Beside these
are the county and justice courts, &,c. The sen
ate, with the chancellor and justices of the su
preme court, constitute a courtof impeachraent
and for the correction of errors. The right of
suffrage is enjoyed by every raale citizen ofthe
age of 21 years, who has resided one year in
tbe state, and six raonths in tbe town or county
where he offers his vote ; baving paid a tax
within the year, or legally served as a railitia
man, or fireraan, or labored upon the pubUc
highways, &c. Tbe surface of tbe state of N,
Y. is greatly diversified, but in general may be
considered as an elevated tract, with numerous
indentations and depressions, whicb forra the
basins of lakes and the valleys of fertilizing
strearas. There are several ridges of mtns,,
which in general are considered as continua
tions of the AUeghany ridges. The Cattskill
mms., the highest in the state, are about 3,800
ft. above the level ofthe sea. The forra ofthis
state is irregular, and it enjoys very great ad.
vantages for coraraerce, agriculture, and manu.
factures, which have been greatly iraproved.
It has a large extent of sea coast, with all the
southern shore of lake Ontario, most of the
w. shore of lake Champlain and the e. endof
lake Erie, with the whole course ofthe Hud.
son, navigable in ships of the line to Hudson,
and in sloops to tbe Mohawk r. The Mo.
hawk, the branches of the Susquehannah, and
other streams afford abundance of water pow.
er, and at the same time diversify and ferti.'
lize the state. In the valley of Genesee river

is some of the best wheat country in the
world ; and many other parts of tbe state are
remarkable for their fertiUty. The principal
productions are wheat and other grain, flour,
provisions, salt, pot and pearl ashes, and lura
ber. New York also abounds in various natu.
ral curiosities and raineral productions : among
which, tbe raoat reraarkable are the Trenton,
Cohoes and Glenn's falls on the Mohawk and
its branches, and the cataract of Niagara, the
largest in the world, by which tbe wa'ers of
lake Erie and the other great lakes, pass into
lake Ontario, over a precipice of 160 ft. In the
western parts of the state are found large quan
tities of gypsum, which are used very exten
sively for agricultural purposes. At Sing Sing,
on tbe Hudson, is an excellent quarry of mar
ble, which is rauch used in architecture. In
the counties w. of lake Champlain, are vast
beds of iron ore, and the iron raines of Colura
bia CO. are also highly valuable and extensively
wrought. Traces of other raetals, as silver,
lead, zinc, and titanium, have also been obser
ved in various parts of the state ; and of miner
als, which raay be deemed rather objects of
curiosity than of real value, this atate affords
abundant varieties. There are 56 counties in
tbis state, wbich, under the apportionraent of
1832, are divided into 32 congressional districts,
and are entitled to 40 representatives in con
gress. The nuraber of cities is 7, viz., Albany
(the capital). New York, the largeat and raost
iraportant city in the U, States, Troy, Hudson,
Schenectady, Utica and Buffalo, The nuraber
of towns is 764, and of incorporated villages
102. The progressive pop, of the state of N,
York has been exceedingly rapid. In 1790 it
amounted to about 20,000; and in 1730 to
about 50,000; in 1749 tbere were 100,000 in
habitants; in 1770, 160,000; in 1790, 340,120;
in 1800, 586,050; in 1810, 959,049; and in
1820, 1,372,812. In 1830 there were 1,918,608,
as follows :
Counties. Albany,
Alleghany, Broome,
Cataraugus, Cayuga,
Chatauque, Chenango,Clinton,Columbia,Cortland,Delaware, Dutchess,Erie,Essex,Franldin,
Genesee,Greene, ,
HamUton,Herkimer,
Jefferson, Kings, Lewis,
Livingston,Madison, *
Mantde,
Montgomery, ,
New York,
Niagara,Oneida,

Pop. 1823,

Pop. 1830,

38,116

53,560

9,330

26,218

11,100

17,582

4,090

16,726

39,897

47,947

12,568

36,657

31,215

37,404

13,070

19,344

38,330

39,959

16,507

23,693

26,587

32,933

46,615

50,929

15,668

35,710

12,811

19,387

4,459

11,312

39,835

51,992

22,996

29,.'i25

1,251

1,325

31,017

35,869

32,952

48,515

11,187

20,537

9,227

14,958

19,196

27,719

32,208

39,037

26,529

49,862

27,569

43,593

123,706

203,007

7,322

18,485

71,326

71,336

NEW

340

NEW

Counties.

Pop. 1820,

Pop. 1830,

Onandaga,

41,461

58,974

Ontario,

35,312

40,167

Orange,

41,213

45,372

Orleans,

7,5'25

1H,873

Oswego,

12,374

27,104

Otaegu,

44,855

51,372

Putnam,

11,363

12,701

Queens,

21,519

22,278

Rensselaer,

40,153

49,472

Richmond,

6,1:35

7,034

Rockland,

8,837

9,388

Saratoga,

36,t)52

38,616

St. Lawrence,

16,037

36,351

Schenectady,

13,081

12,334

Schoharie,

33,1,54

37,910

Seneca,

17,773

21,031

Steuben,

21,989

33,975

Suffolk,

24,272

36,780

Sullivan,

8,900

12,372

Tioga,

14,716

27,704

Tompkins,

26,178

36,545

Ulster,

30,934

36,559

Warren,

9,453

11,7',^'',

Washington,

31,831

42,61.0

Wayne,

20,319

33,515

West Chester,

32,638

36,459

Yates,

11,025

19,019

The white population included in the above, as

follows.

Males.

Females.

Under 5 yeara of age.

158,077

151,868

From 5 to 10

137,061

133,084

" 10 to 15

118,523

115,166

" 15 to 20

101,712

105,196

" 20 to 30

176,754

163,897

" 30 to 40

113,136

101,522

" 40 to 50

68,871

64,315

•• 50 to 60

40,503

38,344

" 60 to 70

23,829

22,589

" 70 to 80

10,034

9,645

" 80 to 90

2,561

2,673

" 90 to 100

249

304

" 100 and upwards,

35

17

951,441 916,630
Ofthe foregoing were deaf and dumb, imder 14
years of age, 277 ; from 14 to 25, 310 ; of 35 and up-
-wards, 255; blind, 642, aliens, 53,488,
"The colored population were,
Free, Slaves,
Males. Fem's. Males. Fem's.

Urider 10 years of age

5,642

5.509

5

33

From 10 to 24

6,096

6,843

6

13

" 24 to 36

4,859

5,504

0

17

" 36 to 55

3,492

3,780

1

3

" 55 to 100

1,357

1,714

0

b

" 100 and over.

19

54

0

3

21,465 23,404 12
Of these were deaf and dumb, 43 ; blind, 82,
Rerapitulation of tables : —
Whites. Free colored. Slaves.
1,868,061 44,869 76
Add to the above, inmates of poor house
not included
Add deaf and durab, and aliens in the
city,pf N, Y,do, do.

64

Total.
1,913,006 125
5,477

Making the aggregate pop, ofN, Y, 1830, 1,918,608
"This state carries on an extensive foreign
commerce with all parts of the world ; for the
most part through the city and port of N. York,
The number of vessels that arrived at New
York from foreign ports, during the year end
ing Dec, 1831, was 1,634; of which 1,264
were American. {See art. N. Y. city.) The
inland trade is also very thriving, and has been

greatly increased by canals, rail roads and oth
er works of public enterprize and improve
ment. The Erie canal, the longest in the
world, being 360 miles in lengtb, connects the
navigation of Hudson river with that of lake
Erie, the western lakes and the Ohio canal.
The Charaplain canal connects it with that of
lake Champlain ; and the Delaware and Hud
son canal, with Delaware and Lackawana rs.
The total expenditures by the coramissloners of
the canal fund, from 1817 to Sept, 30th, 1832,
including $1,687,351 30 loaned or invested,
amounted to $18,213,390 44. The receipts,
including loans $7,672,782 24, toUs $6,966,.
698 55, vendue duty $2,843,456 34, salt duty
§1,483,686 65, and all others, amounted to
$19,603,384 32 — leaving a balance, the sum
stated abounds loaned or invested nf 43,055,.
247 65, applicable to the payraent of the canal
debt, the araount of wbich (1833) is $8,055,-
645 86. 'Phe receipts into the treasury of rev.
enue on account of the canal fund during the
year ending the 30th day of September, 1^1,
not however including September, amounted to
|I,029,908. The receipts in 1833, from the
opening of navigation to June 30th, amounted
to g500,211 94, The" receipts during the
raonth of June were $174,646 90, as follows;
Erie, $148,170 46; Charaplain, $21,165 24;
Cayuga and Seneca, $2,411 17 ; Oswego, $2,.
900 03, Canals are in progres or conterapla.
tion to open a coraraunication with the naviga.
ble waters of Pennsylvania, and between im.
portant strearas in this state. A rail road has
been corapleted between Albany and Schenec.
tady, called the Mohawk and Hudson rail road ;
and many others are projected. {See art. Rail
Roads and Canals.) The commerce of lake
Erie has rapidly increased ; and about 130 ves.
sels of 70 tons each are now employed on the
southern shore, besides 16 steamboats, of from
150 to 400 tons. Within the past year 75,000
tons were entered at the Buffalo custom house.
23,467 barrels of flour, 200,802 bushels of
wheat, 8,426 bbls of pork, 1,768 do. ashes,
1,044 do. whiskey, 11,040 barrels of salt, pass.
ed through the Welland canal previous to the
30th Septeraber. At least 60,000 barrels of
salt frora tbe state of New York raust have
been transported on lake Erie to various raar
kets, beside large quantities that were detained
in different ports, by the early closing of the
navigation. Not less than 70,000 barrels of
flour, 500,000 bushels of wheat, 5,000 barrels
of pork, 3,000 barrels of ashes, 10,000 barrels
of lake fish and an incalculable araount of otber
products of the country, found their way to
raarket by means of tbis lake during 1831,
Tbe salt springs, in Onondaga co., are sources
of great wealth to the state. By the inspec
tor's report it appears that the quantity inspect
ed in 1832 araounted to 1,652,985 bushels, of
which 187,653 was coarse salt. The steam
boats in this state in 1831, were estiraated at
86 ; the principal part of which ran from the
city of N. York. One of them raeasured 527
tons. The most rapid boats have run between
the two cities of N. York and Albany in less
than 10 hours. The mail is carried from New
York to Quebec (almost the whole distance in

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steamboats) in 96 hours. In tbis state there
are 200 wooUen manufactories ; 112 cotton
mills, with a capital of $4,485,500, raanufac
turing 21,010,920 yds. valued at $3,530,250,
and using 7,961,670 Ibs. of cotton annually,
and employing 15,970 persons : — above 200
iron works, making $4,000,000 worth :— 50
paper mills, making |700,000 worth :— leather
made to about the value of $3,458,000 ; and
hats to the value of $3,500,000, &c. &c. per
aijnum. By an act of the state of New York,
passed in 1829, every bank thereafter to be
chartered or renewed was obliged to contribute
one half per cent, per annum of its capital, in
order to establish a safety fund, which should
be placed in the hands of coraraissioners, to
provide for the payraent of the debts of any
banks which should becorae insolvent. In 1 830,
there were 29 banks subject to this act, with a
capital of $6,294,600. Tbe capital of banks
not subject to tbe safety fund waa, $21,323,-
460. There are 4 colleges in New York ; Co
lurabia, city of N. York ; Union, Schenecta
dy ;• Hamilton, Clinton, Oneida co, ; and Ge
neva, Ontario co, — 5 theological seramaries ;
Episcopal, N, York city ; Presbyterian, Au
burn; Oneida Institute, "Whitestown ; Hamilton,
Madison co. ; Hartwick, Otsego co. ; — 2 medi
cal colleges, one at New York city and one at
Fairfield, Herkiraer co. ; — 57 acaderaies and
seminaries which derive part of their support
frora the public fund. Tbe regents of the uni
versity, 21 in nuraber, and appointed by tbe le
gislature, raay grant degrees in raedicine and
the arts, and control tbe income of the literature
fund ; dividing it among the 8 senate districts,
among the incorporated serainaries of learning,
except colleges, in proportion to their number
of students. They are also authorized to re.
port on the colleges and academies tothe legis
lature. There were in the state, January 1833,
9,600 school districts, in whichit was estiraated
9270 schools had been kept 8 months of 12 of
the previous year. In these over 500,000 pu
pils raust have been instructed. The amount
of wages paid to the teachers of these waa
g663,902, and the superintendant estiraated the
whole, expense of instruction, fuel, books, wa
ges, &c. at $1,125,162. The productive capi
tal of the scbool fund at the above date was
$1,735,175 ; the revenue for 1833 was estima
ted at .$ 101 ,250. The average annual increase
of this fund during the last 10 'years has been
$57,937, Tbe unproductive portion of the
school fund consists of about 850,000 acres of
land, lying principally in the fourth senate dis
trict. The value of these lands has been esti-
mat.d at $400,000 ; which sura, if added to the
present productive capital, would make a total
of more than 2,000,000 of dollars. During the
last twelve years, and since the school system
has been in fair operation under the act of 1819,
the average annual increase of children, be
tween 5 and 16, has been 16,008; and the
average increase of scholars instructed has
been 16,860 each year. There are 2 institu.
tions for the instruction of the deaf and durab ;
one at the city of New York, and one at Cana.
joharie. In addition to these institutions, may
be raentioned the university of the city of New 44

York ; an institution recently chartered by the
state legislature ; and established on the com.
prehensive systera ofthe universities of Europe.
The state has a fund for the promotion of liter
ature, which amounts (1833) to $248,595.
This state has led the way in tbe'late important
iraproveraents of prison discipline, with such
success as to obtain imitators in raany other
states and receive the approbation of sorae
foreign countries. This systera was intro
duced into the Auburn state prison about 10
years since, and soon after was. also adopted in
the prison at Sing Sing, In 1830, tbe nuraber
of convicta was 600, the araount of whose labor
was $40,341, The whole expenses of the es
tabUshment for the same time was $36,226.
The state prison at Sing Sing as yet is less
profitable, Tbe expenses of this prison in 1831
were 1177,600, The ainount of the labor of
convict's, $48,000, Nuraber of convicts, 990,
The marble quarries at which tbe prisoners
are employed, require much labor to remove
the earth and inferior stone, before the good
raarble can be obtained, and are therefore less
profitable. In 1831, the number of paupers
supported by the state was 15,564, at an ex.
pense of $245,433, The portion of this sum
saved by the labor of the paupers was $17,.
546. The constitution of this state secures to
all its citizens, " the free exercise and enjoy.
ment of religioua profession and worship, witb.
out discrimination or preference ;" and accord.
ingly, some of alraost every denomination are
found within its limits. The following estimate
is for 1831, The Presbyterians have 587
churches, 486 ministers, 54,093 communicants.
The Dutcb Reforraed 148 churches. 111 rainis.
ters, and8,672 comraunicants. Associate Synod
of N. Y, 15 congregations, 13 ministers, and
1,668 comraunicants, Methodists 73,174 raera.
bers. Baptists 549 churches, 387 rainisters,
and 43,565 comraunicants. Episcopalians 129
rainisters. Lutherans 27 rainisters, and 2,973
communicants. There are some Roman Cath.
olics. Friends, Universalists, Unitarians, Sha
kers and United Brethren, {For further details
in internal im-provements, see art. Rail Roads
and Ciinals.)
New York, city and co, N, Y, is 225 ms,
N, E. from Washington City; 90 n, e, Philadel.
phia; 210 s, w, Boston ; IbO s, Albany and 390
s. Montreal. It is about 16 ms. from the At.
lantic ocean, at lat. 40° 42', and long, 2° 54' e.
W, C. This is the most populous, wealthy,
coraraercial and important cily in the United
States, It stands at the junction of the Hudson
and East rivers, on the s. end of Manhattan isl.,
where the population is alraost entirely concen.
trated. The ground is generally high near the
raiddle, frora which it slopes estrd. to East r.
which is the channel of tbe eastern coasting
trade ; and wstrd. to Hudson r,, which affords
the grand route of internal coraraerce through
the Erie canal, and the great northern lakes.
Tbe bay of New York, which is one of the
finest harbors in the world, is about 4 ras, by 9 ;
being almost entirely enclosed by land, and
much protected by the heights of Staten and
Long islands. The shores on both rs, are lined
with wharves and slips, where ships of the

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largest size are laden and discharged. The
outer bay affords a convenient retreat and safe
anchorage, during the prevalence of certain
winds ; and is well furnished with Iight.houses
and forts. By a recent estimate the city con.
tained 30,000 dwelling houses, stores, manufac.
tories, and churches. The first houses were
built in 1621, inthe sthrn. part of the isl., where
there are still some narrow and crooked streets ;
but the other parts are laid out with more re.
gard to beauty and convenience. Broadway,
the principal street of the city, is 80 ft. wide,
and perfectly straight, and passes frora the s. ex
tremity, through the centre of tbe city, about 2
ms., and there joins the Fifth avenue, which
passes through the isl. to Harlaera r. Hesides
this, there are many other streets worthy of no
tice. Those in the s. part and on the East r,, are
remarkable as places of business ; and those in
the upper part are chiefly occupied by private
residences. The battery is a fine open public
walk, on tbe s, extremity of the isl, ; coramanding
an extensive view ofthe bay, andthe opposite
shore of New Jersey. The City Hall is a raar
ble buUding, standing in the Park, 216 feet by
105, and 65 high ; built at an expense of $500,-
000. It contains the chambers of the two coun
cil-boards, court rooms, offiices, &c. The new
City Hall in its rear contains the almshouse,
court of sessions, and poUce office. The Mer
chant's Exchange in Wall street, contains the
Post Office, as well as tbe Exchange Hall, and
various offices. The hospital is an old and very
respectable institution, witb a library of 3,0UO
vols. At Bellevue are the alras-house, a hospi
tal, and a penitentiary. The first contained in
January, 1832, 1,207 natives. of the United
States, and 1,049 foreigners. "The second, 302
patients, and the third 417 vagrants and other
prisoners, of whom 151 were foreigners. The
new penitentiary is on Blackwell's i=l,, in East
r,, about 7 ms, from the city. There are two
large stone buildings, with cells for solitary
confinement by night. The prisoners are em
ployed in quarrying building stone in the vicini
ty. The police of the institution is strict. The
children receive instruction, and the morals,
habits, and rainds are improved under the ex
cellent systera of the prison. The pubUc school
society, have 12 large brick school houses in
diff'erent parts ofthe city, each of which con
tains 2, and sorae of them 3 large apartments.
The public schools received in 1831, from the
state, $20,549 38, and frora a city tax, $15,661.
The number of pupils instructed tn 1830, was
24,952. There are also the Protestant Episco
pal scbool, the mechanic's school, besides nu
merous private schools for both sexes, Colum
bia college is a venerable institution, founded
in 1754 ; and is now possessed of an estate val
ued at $400,000. Its officers are a president,
8 professors, and, in all, 16 instructors, in the
various departraents ; the nuraber of students
is about 100, and the college and students' li
braries contain about 14,00 i vols. This col
lege and the graramar school connected with it
enjoy a fine situation, near the centre of the
city. Inthe latter are about 100 scholars. The
New York University, recenJ;ly chartered, has
already commenced its operations. It is found

ed on the liberal system of the European uni.
versities, and is one which promises much ben
efit to the cause of science and literature in our
cotmtry. Its funds have been raised bythe vol.
untary subscriptions of individuals. It is gov
erned by a council of 32 raerabers, chosen by
the subscribers, together with the raayor and 4
members of the comraon councU of the city.
It has a chanceUor, besides whora there are 16
professors, and teachers, in the several de
partments. Buildings are now erecting for tbe
purposes ofthe institution, in the upper part of
the city, anda considerable nuraber of students
have already been received. The number of
literary, scientific, religious, benevolent, and
other societies in the city of N. York, is al
most innumerable. The American Bible soci
ety buildings are very large and extensive. The
receipts of tbe society, for the year ending
May, 1832, were $107,059, of which $40,193'
were in payment for books. Nuraber of Bibles
and Testaments issued during tbe year, li5, 802.
The American Tract society bave also a large
building, and published during the same year,
5,471,750 tracts, of 87,622,000 pages :— raaking
the whole nuraoer of pages printed since the
forraation of the society, 288,281,000. Nura
ber of pages distributed « during the year,
4,927,009, Whole nuraber of societies' publica.
tions, 614, in 10 different languages. Tbe
American home missionary society, received
in 1831, $50,2^9 25; expended $52,808 39;
supported 509 missionaries, and assisted 745
congregations. The American education soci,
ety, in the sarae year aided 673 youiig men, and
received ,$41,947. Whole number of young
men assisted since its forraation in 1826, 1,426.
The receipt of the American seaman's friend
society, forthe same year, amounted to $5,679.
Among other benevolent societies, are the New
York Sunday school union ; general Protestant
Episcopal Sunday ^'school union; colonization
society ; manuraission society ; numerous tem
perance societies; institution for tbe instruction
of deaf and durab ; do. for the blind ; orphan
asylum ; Roman Catholic benevolent society ;
marine society ; St. George's society ; St. An.
drew's society ; friendly sons of St. Patrick so
ciety ; French benevolent society ; German so.
ciety ; Humane society ; Education society of
tbe Reformed Dutch church ; charity school of
do. ; Sunday school union of do, ; societies for
the relief of poor widows, of orphan children,
of aged indigent females ; asylum for the re.
formation of juvenile delinquents, for the edu.
cation of Jewish children, for the encourage
ment of faithful domestics ; besides numerous
branch societies, &c, &c. Among the literary,
scientific, mercantile and other societies, may
be enumerated, the American acaderay of fine
arts, (Barclay st,) ; the National -Academy of
Design (CUnton Hall) ; Lyceum of Natural
History ; New York Historical Society ; New
York Society Library ; N, Y, Atheneum ; N.
Y, Literary and Philosophical Society ; Mer.
cantile Library Association ; Clinton Hall As.
sociation ; N. Y, Law Institute ; N. Y. Cham.
ber of Commerce ; American Institute, (forthe
encouragement of doraestic industry, with an.
nual fairs and exhibitions) ; N. Y. Chamber of

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Trade ; W . Y. Horticultural Society ; N. Y,
State Society of Cinciimati ; Merchants' Ex.
change Co, ; N, Y. Society of Merchants and
Tradesmen ; N. Y. University ; Araerican Ly.
ceura, &c. &c. There is no city in the United
States, perhaps none in the world, which pos.
sesses greater advantages, both for internal and
extemal comraeree. Frora the 1st January to
the 31st December, 1831, inclusive, there arri.
ved at New York from foreign ports, 387 ships,
42 barques, 757 brigs, 433 schoners, &c. &.c,
in all 1,634, of which 1,264 were American, 278
English, 8 Spanisb, 14 Swedish, 17 German,
25 French, 2 Haytien, 18 Danish, 1 Mexican, 2
Brazillian, 1 Genoese, 1 Russian, and 3 Dutch.
According to the report of tbe secretary of
the treasury, during tbe year ending Sept, 30,
1831, the amount of tonnage entered in the state
waa 333,778 ; araount departed, 265,915 ; value
of iraports $35,624,070 ; exports, doraestic,
$13,618,278; foreign, $6,079,705; total ex
ports $19,697,983, The amount of duties on
iraported merchandise, discharged at this port,
$20,096, 1 36 60, During the year ending Sept,
30, 1832, the araount of iraports waa $52,855,-
929 ; value of exports $10,941,488 ; araount of
duties which accrued during that period,
$17,123,174 70, The number of passengers
which arrived from foreign ports within the
same year, exceeded 40,000, But the internal
coraraerce with the western states and the inte
rior of the state of N. Y, is a still greater
source of wealth and prosperity to tbe city.
The following estiraate will show the relative
values of real estate in the city ofN, Y, during
two coraraercial periods of seven years each ;
and in some degree perhaps the comparative
effects of external and internal coraraerce. In
1817, the real estate of the citywas aaaessed at
$57,799,435, In 1824, it was assessed at
$52,0 1 9,730 ; showing a decrease of $5,779,70 ">
during a period of 7 years, in which foreign
commerce was regulated by the tariff of 1816,
In 1825, the Erie canal was corapleted ; and the
real estate of tne city was estimated for this
year at $58,425,395 ; and in 1831, was assessed
at M5,716,485; showing an increase of $43,-
706,755, during another period of 7 years, after
the internal coraraerce with the western states
had coramenced. In 1831, the city inspections
of flour, grain and salt, were as fgllows. Wheat
flour 928,281 bbls, ; rye flour, 9,222 do, ; Indian
raeal, 31,950 do,; buckwheat flour, 380 do.
The araount of wheat inspected was, "466,559
bushels ; rye 438,114 do, ; corn 1,023,674 ; oats
1,067,693 ; bariey 129,297 ; raaU 37,018 ; and of
salt 74,008. The whole amount of grain in
spected was 3,267,231 bushels ; value $2,305,.
687 8l. From New York there are lines of
regular packet ships to Liverpool, London and
Havre ; and packet brigs to HuU, Greenock,
Belfast, Carthagena and Vera Cruz ; besides
lines of packet vessels to almost every large port
ofthe United States. There are (1832) 19
banks in the city, whose capital amounts to
$11,311,200, and which m Jan. 1832, had notes
in circulation to the amount of $4,396,387 13 ;
witb specie on hand to the araount 1,207,363 65.
There are also a brancb of the United States
bank, a savings bank, a searaen's savings bank,

and 9 raarine and fire insurance corapanies"
Tbe raunicipal tax for tbe year 1 832 rs $550,000 ;
averaging $2,20 ets. to every individual, old and
young. Tbe estiraated revenue frora other
f 'urces, is ,'{•159,000, and the estiraated expen.
diture ,$600,475. Tbe araount appropriated by
the city council for expenditures for tbe year
coramencing May 1, 1833, was $1,545,757. In
1830, the number of votes for members of con.
gress was 21,000; the proportion of freeholders
not knowm, as property is no longer the basis
of representation. There were in July, 1832,
in the city 11 daily newspaper?, 9 aemi.
weekly, 29 weekly, of which several are reli.
gious ; 2 Spanish and 1 French, 3 semi-raontbly
and 2 monthly. The nuraber of sheets issued
annually, is about 10,628,600, The consumption
of fuel in 1831, was 297,606 loads of wood,
at an aggregate cost of $493,085 86 ; 26,605
tons of anthracite coal, 11,875 chaldrons Vir.
ginia, 12,953 of charcoal, at a cost of $321,.
642 34; total $814,728 20. A great araount
of Liverpool coal consuraed, ia not included.
The nuraber of deaths in 1805, was 2,252; in
1815, 2,507 ; in 1820, 3,520 ; m 1825, 5,018 ;
and in 1830, 5,537. One sixth of these have
been from consuraption. and, except to those in.
clined to consumptive disorders, the city gene
raUy is very healthy. In 1831 the deaths were
6,363, and in 1832 tbey amounted to 10,359, of
which it is estimated 3,515 were by cholera.
The number of churches in the city is upwards
of 100, erabracing sorae of alraost every deno
raination of christians. The pop, of the city of
New York increased very raoderately during
the earlier periods of its history, Araong the
earlier dates, we find that in 1696 it amounted
to 4,302, and in 1786 it bad only increased to
23,6l4, a period of 80 years. Since that tirae
its growth has been exceedingly rapid ; in four
years afterwards, 1790, the population had in
creased to 33,131, and at subsequent periods it
was as foUows : in 1800, 60,489 ; in 1810, 96,.
373; in 1820, 123,706; in 1825, 106,086, and
in 1830, 202,589.
New York, p.v. western part of Alberaarle
CO. Va, 18 ras. w, Charlotteville, and byp.r. 143
ms, s. Vf. by w. W. C.
New York, p-v. Switzerland co. Indiana, by
p-r, 114 ms, s, E. Indianopolis.
Niagara, r. on the n. w. boundary of New
York, and a part of the boundary of the U. S.
36 ms. long, from J m, to 6 or 7 ms, wide,
empties the waters of lake Erie into lake Onta
rio, has several isis,, great rapids, and the
cataract of the same narae, which is the moat
reraarkable in the world. The shores are low
and nearly level frora lake Erie to the falls, and
but little inhabited, and Grand isl. 12 ras, in
lengtb, and 7 broad in the widest part, divides
its channel a part of its course, Tonawanta
and Chippewa ers. erapty into the river, the lat-
ter frora the Canada side ; the former supplies
Erie canal to Rochester, and serves as the first
part ofthe route. The surface of Niagara river
is smooth to the rapids, where it is broken by
ledges of rocks, over a descending bed, for
about three quarters of a mile, and then is pre
cipitated from a perpendicular wall of rock, 160
ft, high on the American side, and 174 ft. on the

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Canadian side. The precipice near the middle
of the cataract is much higher up the river than
near the shores, and forras an irregular arch,
or horse shoe, towards tbe west side. Goat
island also occupies a part of the channel and
divides the catarart into two unequal parts,
but is connected with the American shore by a
bridge. The Biddle stair case conducts the
visiter in safety from Goat island to the rocks
below ; and there are stair cases on the sides
of the cataract, as well as spacious hotels. Se
veral persons have at different tiraes been car
ried over the precipice, and none have ever sur
vived. Ducks have soraetimes been picked
up alive after the fall, witb legs and wings
broken. The waters are precipitated into a
gulf, which is constantly kept in a state of
commotion, and is covered with white foam,
while tbe rocks overhang it from a great height
on three sides, dripping with the raoisture which
rises in large clouds of miat.
Niagara, co. N. Y., is bndd. by lake Onta
rio or Upper Canada n,, Orleans and Genesee
CO. E,, Tonawanta cr, or Erie co. s,, Niagara r,
w., 115 ms, by 28, 448 sq. ms., has 7 ts,, is cross
ed by the mountain ridge, between 7 and 9
ms. from the lake, and nearly parallel to the
shore. In its highest part this ridge is 330 ft,
above the lake. The s, part is agreeably vari
ed. The soil is good. The alluvial way is an
inferior elevation, 3 ord ms, n, ofthe mountain
ridge, partly in this eo, remarkably uniform,
and serving for tbe route of a good road. Tus
carora and Eighteen Miles ers. are the princi
pal streams inthe co,, but small. The rapids in
Niagara r. however, afford good mill sites,
Erie canal enters frora Orleans co,, runs at the
foot of a mountain ridge to Lockport, where it
surmounts that obstacle by one of the most ex
pensive and splendid works on its whole route,
Tbe excavations are great, for the deep cut and
the basin ; and the vast water power is of great
value. Since the forraation ofthe canal. Lock-
port bas been forraed from a wilderness to a
considerable viUage. Frora thia place the ca
nal passes to Tonawanta cr,, on the s. line of
the county. The falls of Niagara are in this co,
and the portage of 8 ras, round them, Welland
canal, (on the Canada side) has been construct
ed to effect a navigation round the falls. In
1796, there was but one faraily in the liraits of
this CO, The settlers were from different parts
of the country, sorae frora Canada. Lockport
is the st.jus. Pop. 1820, 22,990 ; 1830, 18,482,
Niagara, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y,, 300 ras, w,
Albany, 11 s. w, Lockport, 11 n. e. Lewiston,
at the falls of Niagara, has a varied and agree
able surface, sloping towards tbe r. with a ligbt
BoU, in sorae parts good. Manchester v, is at
the rapids, near the falls, 7 ms, from Lewiston,
It is small, but bas a large hotel for visiters,
who annually appear in great nurabers, to see
this noblest cataract in the world. Several mills
are raoved by the water at the rapids. A
bridge reaches to Goat isl. a Uttle above the
precipice, and a covered spiral staircase con
ducts to the foot of the falls on the raain land
from both; the views of the falls are various
and interesting, Gypsum is found in the rocks.
Fort Schlosser, a stockade, built after the old

French war, stood at the raouth of GUI cr. on
Niagara r, 1^ ms. above the falls. It was sur
rendered to the United States 1796. Pendleton
viUage is in the s. e. part ofthis t. Pop. 1,401.
Niagara, v. Porter, Niagara co. N. Yj, 7 ms.
N. Lewiston, atthe mouth of Niagara r. on the
shore of lake Ontario. Fort Niagara is on this
site. Nicholas, co. of Va., bndd, by Pocahontas E,,
Green Brier s, E, and s,, Gauley r. separating it
from Fayette s. w,, Kenhawa co, w., Lewis n.,
and Randolph n, e. Length 50 ras., mean width
25, and area 1,250 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
frora 38° 4' to 38° 43', and in long, from 3° 18'
to 4° 12' w. W-, C. 'The decUvity is a little s.
of w., drained by Gauley r. on the sthm., and
Elk r, on tbe nrthm. side. Pop. 1820, 1,853 ;
1830, 3,349.
Nicholas, c. b, and p-v, Nicholas co.Va., 310
ms. wstrd. W. C, and 268 n, w. by w. Rich
raond, lat. 38° 18', long. 3° 48' w. W. C.
Nicholas, co. of Ky., bndd. a. w, by Bour
bon, w. and N. w. by Harrison, «. by Bracken,
N. E. by Mason, e. by Fleraing, and s. e. by Bath.
Length 30, mean width 12, and area 360 sq.
ras. Extending in lat. frora 38° 12' to 38° 33',
and in long, frora 6° 47' to 7° 10 w. W. C. The
raain volume of Licking r, crosses this co, in a
nrthwstrly, direction, following the general de
clivity. Chief t. Carlisle, Pop. 1820, 7,973 ;
1830, 8,832.
Nicholasville, p-v. and st, jus., Jessamine
CO. Ky., 3,J ms, s, e. Frankfort, and 14 s. s. w.
Lexington. Lat. 37° 52', long. 7° 33' w. W. C.
Pop, 408.
Nichols, p-t. Tioga co, N. Y., 10 ras, w.
Owego, on the a. side Susquehanna r. Pop.
1,284, Nicholson, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Luzerne
CO. Pa., 32 ras. above Wilkesbarre, and'by p-r.
146 ms. above Harrisburg.
Nicholson, p-o, Copiah co, Misp., about 60
ms, a little n. ofE. Natchez, and 10 ras. s. s. vr.
Jackson. NicKsviLLE, p-v. Lovely co. Ark.
Niles, p-v. sthestrn. part Berrien co, Mich,,
by p-r, 179 ms, s, w. by w. ^ w, Detroit. Lat.
41° 51', long. 9° 18' w.W. C. As laid down by
Tanner on his improved U. S, map, it is situa
ted on St, Joseph's r,, 5 ms. n. of the boundary
between Ind, and Mich.
Nlmisila, p-v. Stark CO. O., by p-r. 117 ras. n.
E. by E. Colurablis.
Nine'Smile cr., and p-o. Blount co. Ten., by
p-r. 155 ms. a little s. ofE. NashviUe,
Nine mile prairie, p-o. Perry co. 111., by p-r.
127 ras, sthrd. VemdaUa.
c Nineveh, p-v. n, part Frederick co. Va., by
p-r. 81 ms. N. w by w. W. C.
NippENosE, p-o. sthrn. part Lycoming co. Pa.,
by p-r, 104 ms, w. Harrisburg. *
Nishnebatona, r. confluent of Mo. r. rises at
about lat. 42°, flowing thence by a general
course of a little w, of s., inclining upon that
part of Mo, immediately above and below the
raouth of Platte r., and inflecting with the for-
mer, finally falls into it a short distance below
the infiux of little Nemawhaw. The valley of
Nishnebatona lies between those of Mo. and
Naudoway,

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Niskayuna, t, Schenectady co. N, Y,, 12 ms,
N. w. Albany, a. w, Mohawk r., n, Albany co,,
E. Schenectady, is sraall, with much poor sandy
land but some good on the r. The people are
of Dutcb origm. Alexander's bridge crosses
Mohawk r. inthe n. e. comer, where are mills,
a dam, and tbe upper aqueduct, 748 ft. long,
and 25 high, on which passes the Erie canal ;
near it are 3 locks of 7 ft. Uft, Pop. 452,
Niskayuna, Shaker v. Schenectady co. N. Y.
{See Watervliet.)
Nittaxv, p.v, nrthwstrn, part Centre Co, Pa,
16 ras, tt. w. BeUefonte, and by p.r, 101 ras, n.
w. Harrisburg, ,
Nixon's p-o, Randolpb co. N. C. by p-r. 94
ms. watrd. Raleigb.
N;)\h's Fork aad p-o, ntbwStm, part Bedford
CO, Ten, 60 ras, s. e. Nashville.
Nobleborough, p-t, Lincoln co. Me. 16 ma. t,
N. E. Wiscasset, e, Daraariscotta r. Carries on
a considerable trade. Pop, 1,876.
NOBLESBORO' Or NoBLESTOWN, p-V. OH Robe-
son's run, in the sthwsirn, part Alleghany co. Pa.
11 ms, a. w.by w, Pittsburg.
NoBLESTOWN, p-v. AUeghany co. Pa. by p-r.
212 ms. w. Harrisburg, and 12 ms. s, w, Pitts
burg, NoBLESviLLE, p-V. and St. jus. Hamilton co,
Ind, by p-r. 22 ms, k, n, e, Indianopolis, Lat,
40° 03', long, 9° w, W, C.
Nolachucky, r, of N, C, and Ten,, bas its
reraote sources in the western slope of the
Blue Ridge, and northern part of Puncombe co,
opposite tbe sources of Catawba, and between
those of French Broad and Watauga rivers ;
draining the nrthrn, part of Buncombe, and
flowing by a general n, w. course, traverses the
mtn. pass between the Bald and Iron mtns.,
enters Ten., where, passing over Washington
and Greene cos. joins Frencb Broad. {See
Ten. r.)
Nolachucky, p-v, on Nolachucky i, sthm,
part Greene co. Ten. by p-r. 286 ms. e, Nash
viUe, Noland's ferry and p.o, Loudon co, V, by
'..p-r, 43 ms. a little above and n. w. from W. C.
The p.o, is nearly opposite, though rather above
the mouth of Monocacy r.
Nolensville, p-v, nrthrn, part Williamson co.
Ten. 16 ras. a Uttle e. ofs. Nashville.
No-man's-land, isl, Dukes co, Mass. s. of the
a. w. end of Martha's Vineyard. It is small,
and lies in long. 6° 15' e, W.'C, lat. 41° 15',
Norfolk, co. Mass, bndd. n. by Middlesex
CO., N, E, and e, by Mass. bay and Plymouth co,,
s, E, and s, by Plyraouth and Bristol cos,, s. w.
by Rhode Island, and w. by Worcester and
Middlesex cos. It is principally watered by
Neponset and Charles rs., and their tributaries,
and contains 22 towns, of which Dedhara is tbe
capital. The two strearas mentioned are sin
gularly connected by Mother brook, which thus
renders a part of the co. an island. The wa
ters of Stony brook are almost on a level with
it. Blue hills on the n. are of a considerable
elevation, but the anrface is not very uneven.
The N. part has many fine country seats, belong
ing chiefiy tothe citizens of Boston ; and its vici
nity to the city affords a valuable market to the
farmers of the co,, in which aome of the most

beautiful farnis and rural scenes in the state
are found. That part contiguous to Boston
was occupied in tbe revolutionary war, and du
ring the siege of that place, by the American
troops ; and remaina ofmiUtary works are still
to be found. It is crossed by the great route
frora Boston to Providence, and a rail road,
which is projected between the two places,
will, doubtless, greatly increase the already
great araount of travel and transportation
through the co. The araount of manufactures
in this CO, is considerable. Its surface is gen
erally diluvial, with rocks of sienite granite, or
graywacke. The uplands are rounded gravel
from tbe interior, sand and clay raingled, and
the vallies raarshy with peat. Large masses of
rock lie on the surface, for 10 ma, s, of Blue
hilla, s, IS. of the ledges frora which they bave
been torn ; but the sienite and green stone
ledges are raost remote. Diluvial gravel lies
upon the slope frora Blue hills to Neponset r.
The Quincy rail road, the firat constructed in
tbe U, S, is in tbe e, part of this co. Pop, 1820,
36,471, 1830, 41,972,
Norfolk, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 35 ms, n.
w. Hartford, s. Mass. line ; 4i ms, by 9 ; 44 sq.
raa, ; is on high ground, crossed by granite
ridges frora n, e. The soil is cold, but the gra
zing good ; and the trees cbiefly oak and ches
nut, with some maple. 20,000 lbs. of raaple
sugar were once raade here annuaUy. Black
berry, Mad, Sandy and other rs,, supply water
and mill sites. Much iron is manufactured here.
Pop, 1,485,
Norfolk, p-t, St, Lawrence co. N. Y. 32 raa.
N, E, Ogdensburgh, 224 frora Albany. Watered'
by Racket r, atthe falls of which is a v,, at the
head of boat navigation. Pop, 1,039,
Norfolk, co, Va. bndd, by Nansemond vr.,.
Hampton Roads anciLynbaven bay n.. Princess
Anne co, e,, and Currituck and Camden cos. N.
C. s. Length frora s, to n, 32, raean width 17
ras,, and area 544 sq ras. Extending in lat.
frora 36i° to 36° 59', and in long, from 0° 33'
to 1° 2' E, W, C. This CO, is coraposed of two
inclined planes of very little declivity. The
nrthrn, section is drained by the confluents of
Elizabeth r, {See Elizabeth r.) Tbe south
ern part includes great part of the Disraal
Swarap and lake Drumraond, and drained sth.
wrdly. into Pasquotank r. {See Dismal Swamp
canal.) Cf t. Norfolk. Pop. 1820, 15,478,
1830, 24,814,
Norfolk, borough, and port of entry. Nor.
folk CO, Va, situated on the right bank of Eliza.
beth r,, 8 ms, above Hampton Roada. Lat. 36°
52', long. 0° 44' e, W, C, By p-r, 217 ma, s,
s, E. W, C, and 114 s, e, by e. Richmond, Nor
folk harbor admits vessels of 18 feet draught,
and renders the borough the most coraraercial
depot of Va. The harbor is safe, and very
coraraodious, being nearly 1 raile in widtb ;
and is strongly defended by a fortress on
Craney island, and forts Norfolk and Nel
son in the iramediate vicinity of the town.
The Dismal Swamp canal opens to Norfolk,
the commerce of the great basins of Roanoke
and Chowan ; and in consequence, some ofthe
finest aectiona of Va. and N. C. The site of
Norfolk, similar to the surface of the adjacent

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346

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country, is low, level, and in part raarshy : the
streets are irregular, and are generally paved.
Among tbe public buildings of tbe borough are
3 banks, including a branch of the U. S, bank ;
6 churches, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopalian, 2
Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roraan CathoUc ;
an orphan aaylura, atheneura, theatre, court
house, jail, raarket house, Lancasterian school,
academy, &c, &c, A mile (Jjstant, on Wash
ington point is a raarine hospital, a handsome
building of brick ; and in the imraediate vicini
ty of the town is Portsraouth, and Gosport
where there is an extensive navy yard ofthe U,
S. During the late war, and for a time after
wards, the business and popidation of Norfolk
declined considerably ; but recently, both have
been moderately advancing. It contained in

1810,

1821,

1830.

Whites,

4,776

4,618

5,1,31

Free colored.

592

599

928

Slaves,

3,825

3,261

3,757

Total, 9,193 8,478 9,816
Norristown, p-v, borough and st, jus. Mont
gomery CO, Pa. situated on the left bank of
Schuylkill r,, 16 ras. above and n. w. Phil, and
by p-r. 143 ms, n. e, W, C. Lat, 40° 08', long.
1° 42' E, W. C. The site of Norristown and
the adjacent country are delightful. It contains
an acadeniy, some places of public worship,
and the co. edifices. Pop, 1820, 827,
Norman's kill, brook, Bethlehem, Albany co.
N, Y. enters Hudson r. 2^ ms. s. Albany, 28
ms. long, supplies large mills.
Norridgewock, p-t. st. jus. Somerset co.
Me, 35 ms, w, by tt. Hallowell, 94 n, iv. e. Port
land, 28 from Augusta, has a court house,
jail, &c. and has considerable trade. Pop,
1,710, NoRRisviLLE, p-0, WUoox CO. Ala. by p-r.
127 ms, s. Tuscaloosa.
North Adams, v, Adama, Berkahire co,
Mass. 15 ms. n, Pittsfield, 40 e, Albany, 5 e,
WiUiams college, is a flourishing manufactur
ing place. There are, in and about the village,
12 cotton and woollen factories, (abotit 24 in the
town,) 2 calico print works, 3 furnaces, and
several extensive estabUshinents for making
cotton and woollen machinery, &c.
North Hampton, p-t. Rockingham co, N, H.
7 ms, s, Portsmouth, 50 from Concord, w, At
lantic ocean, has 8,405 acres, 2 small streams,
and Little Boar's Hoad point. Garrison hous
es were built early, to protect the people against
the Indians, Pop. 766.
Northampton, p-t, st. jus. Harapshire co.
Mass. 95 ras. w, Boston, 42 n, Hartford, 18 n,
Springfield, It is one of tbe oldest and pleas.
antest towns in that part of the state. It lies w.
Conn, r. with a varied surface, good soil, and
between 3,000 and 4,000 acres of excellent
meadows. The Harapshire and Hampden ca.
nal, partly completed, and connected with the
Farmington canal in Conn, is to join the Conn,
r, here. It contains 4 churches, for Calvinists,
Baptista, Episcopalians, and Unitarians. A
court house, jail, town houae, bank, » fine ho.
tel, &c. in the village, which is large, and was
in past days, the residence of president Ed
wards, David Brainard, Gov. Strong, and other

distinguished men. First settled in 1664, and
for many years the village was surrounded
with a palisade. It was attacked and threat
ened at different times by Indiana. A great
deal of raanufacturing is carried on here, 700
raen being engaged in cotton and woollen fac
tories ; a woollen factory 4^ ras, w, of the vil
lage, on a fall of 50 feet, works 1,384 spindles,
35 broadcloth and 8 satinet looms', and employs
no persons, consuming 150,000 lbs, of wool,
and making 42,000 yards of broadcloth, and
36,000 of satinet, A button manufactory em
ploys 30 persons. There are in the town,
dweUing houses, 417; stores and shops, 69 ;
barns, 302; mills of various kinds, 26; of til
lage, 2,635; bushels of rye raised, 6,257 ; oats,
5,050; Indian corn, 31,000; acres of mowing,
2,148; tons of hay, 2,394; acres of pasture,
4,060; bbls, cider, 2,150; acres of woodland,
4,414; horses, 334; oxen, 174; steers and
cows, 866; sheep, 4,000; woollen factories,
3; spindles, 1,152; carriages and chaises,.
3,525, Mount Holyoke, a fine eminence' on
the oppposite bank of the river, is i. favorite re
sort and coraraands one of tbe raost beautiful
views in this part ofthe U, S, The shad fishe.
ry is valuable, and steara navfgation is to be
extended hither by the boats from Hartford.
In 1786, during Shay's rebeUion, a body of in.
aurgents were dispersed here by the sheriff.
Pop, 3,613,
Northampton, p-t, Montgomery co, N, Y.
17 ms. N. n. .Johnstown, 42 ras, n. n, w. Alba
ny, 22 rr. w. Ballstown Spa, w, Saratoga co., 4
ras, by 8, is crossed by Sacandaga r, and has 3
smaU mill streams, and good level land, but
1,000 acres ofthe great vlie or swamp. Atthe
fish house where Sir WiUiam Johnson some
tiraes resided is a smaU vUlage. Population
1,380. Northampton, t. Burlington co, N, J,, 7 ras,
s. E. Burlington, s. iSlortb braBcb of Rankokus
cr,, w, Monraouth co. Pop. 5,516; it in-
cludet the v. of Mount Holley, the st. jus. of
the CO.
Northampton, co. Pa,, bndd. by Bucks co. a.,
Lehigh s. w., SchuylkUl w., Luzerne «. w,.
Pike N,, and Del. separating it from Warren co.
N. J, E, Length diagonally from the extrerae
southern angle on Bucks, to the extrerae north
ern on Luzerne, 46 ras. ; the greatest width
wstrd. frora Del. r.to tbe wstrn. angle on Schuyl
kiU andjLuzeme, is very near equal to tbe
length. 'The area being within a trifle of 1,100
sq. ras. The raean breadth is very nearly 24
ms,, extending in lat. frora 40° 33' to 4l° 10',
and in long from 0° 50' to 1° 52' e. W, C,
'Though the Lehigh river does not rise en
tirely in Northampton co., having its higher
branches in Pike and Luzerne, yef the co. and
valley of this branch of Del. are in great part
commensurate, and the general slope sthward-
ly. The surface is, however, greatly diversifi.
ed, both as to mtn,, hill, and dale, and in rela-
tive level, independent^f mtns, and hills. The
Kittatinny mts, ranging something e, of s. w.,
divide this co, into two unequal sections ; about
one third lying below, or s. of the Kittatinny,
and the residu* above, or nthrd. from that
chain. The Lehigh r. deriving its numerous

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347

NOR

sources from the very raountainous region above
the Kittatinny, pierces that smd numerous other
chains at nearly right angles ; reaches the nth
wstrn, foot of Blue Ridge at Allentown, and
turning thence to n. e,, traverses the mtn, foot to
its influx into Del. at Easton. The lower sec
tion of Northarapton, though coraprising only
one third ofthe whole surface of the co,, con
tained in 1820, 22,030, out of 3 1 ,765 inhabitants.
The valley between tbe Blue Ridge and Kitta
tinny chains, averages in Northarapton a width
of about 10 ras,; the sthrn, part towards the
Blue Ridge resting on limestone, and the oppo
site ou clay slate. The two extreme southern
tsps, below the Blue Ridge, lie also partially on
limestone. The whole of this sthrn, and lower
section bas a raean elevation above tide water,
of from 250 to 350 ft. The soil ia excellent for
grain, pasturage, meadow grasses, and orchard
fruits. Without regard to the ratns,, the vaUies
above Kittatinny rise like terraces, from 600 to
upwards of 1,200 ii. above tide level. It ia ob-
servedtbat in the seasons of spring, harvest, &c,,
there are two weeks or raore between the ex
treraes of this CO., and relative height at once
explains the phenomenon. But the greatest
difference and most important to the farmer in
the respective sections of Northampton, is in
quaUty of soil, which deteriorates gradually,
receding to the nrthwstrd. from the Blue Ridge,
{See articles, Lehigh, Mauch Chunk, ^c.) The
Lehigh navigation, and a canal frora Easton
along Del, r, to Bristol, with the enormous
masses of anthracite coal near Mauch Chunk,
have given great iraportance to the sthrn, part
cf Northarapton, The produce of its fields and
pastures are also abundant and valuable, and
rapidly augmenting in annual araount. Cf. ts.
Easton, Betblehera, Mauch Chunk, Hellers
town, and Stroudsburg, Pop, 1820, 31,765,
1830, 39,267, an increase of 24 per cent,
Northampton, or Allentown, p-v., borough
and st, just,, Lehigh co,, Pa., situated on the
point above the junction ofthe two main brancb
es of Little Lehigh, and about a mile from the
main Lehigh r,, 6 ms, s, w, by w, Betblehera,
and 18 in nearly a sirailar direction frora Eas
ton, 50 ras, a little w ofN, PhU,, and by p-r, 178
ms, N, N, E, W, C, lat. 40° 36', long, 1° 30' e,
W. C. It is a very pleasant small town, stand
ing on a swelling hUl, surrounded by a fine
well cultivated country, and contains a bank,
printing oflice, numerous dry good stores, and
in the vicinity several merchant mills.
Northampton, co. Va., and the sthrn, of the
eastern shore, bndd. m, by Accomac co, Va., E,
by tbe Atlantic, and s. and w. by Chesapeake
bay. Length from s, to N, 32, mean width, if
tbe Atlantic islands are included, 10 ms, ; area,
320 sq, nis,, extending in lat. frora. 37° 05' to 37°
33', long, frora 1° to 1° 28' e, W. C. The sur
face of this CO. is but httle broken by bill and
dale, but the margin is excessively indented by
small creeks, and covered on tbe Atlantic side
by Paramores, Hog, Prout's, Sraith's, and Fish.
erman's islands, proceeding southwardly to Cape
Charles. Cf t. EastviUe. Pop. 1820, 7,705,
1830, 8,644.
Northampton, co. N. C, bndd. n. e. in part
by Meherin r., separating it frora Gates co., by

Hertford e,, Bertie a. E., Roanoke r. separating
it frora Halifax s, w,, Brunswick co. Va. n, vr.,
GreenvUle co, Va, rt., and Southampton co, Va.
N, E. ; length from s, e, to n, w, 42 raa. ; mean
width 13, and area 546 f q. nia. ; extending in lat.
from 36° 0* to 36° 30', long, frora 0° 08' to 0°
56' w. W, C. Though bndd, on one of the long
est sides by Roanoke r,, the general declivity is
estrd, toward Meherin and Chowan' rs. Much
good soil. Pop.-1820, 13,242, 1830, 13,103.
Northampton, u. h, and p.o, Northampton co,
N. C, 70 ras, a, w, Norfolk, Va,, and by p.r, 95
N. E. Raleigh, Lut, 36° 24', long. 0° 27' w.
W, C,
NoRTHAMi'To.v, p-v,, Portage co, 0,, by p-r.
126 ras. N, E, Colurabia, Pop, tap, 293.
North I3loo,mpield, p-v, TrurabuU co, 0,, by
p-r, 173 ins, -I. E, Colurabus,
Northborough, p-t,, Worcester co. Mass,, 11
ras, E, Worcester, 36 w, Boston, in a valley ;
bas excellent land, Assabet i, bas good raea
dows and mill seats ; cotton, shoes, scythes,
leather, &,c, are manufactured here. It for
merly belonged to Marlboro', and sutfered frora
the Indians. A house in this t. was defended
agairist 24 Indians by a raan and woman in 1704.
Pop, 992,
NoRTuBRiDGE, p-t, Worcester co. Mass,, 12
ms, s. Il, Worcester, 45 s, w, Boston, is crossed
by Blackstone r, and canal, and bas large raea
dows with uneven uplands, yielding good grass,
&c. Here are granite quarries, and several
cotton and woollen factories. Pop. 1,053.
North Bridgewater, p t, Plymouth ccMass.,
20 ras, s, Boston. It was incorporated 1821, is
well watered, generally level, soil various and
some ofit excellent. There is a cotton factory
here, and shoes are made for foreign raarkets.
Settled about 1700, Pop, 1,953,
North Brookfield, t, Worcester co. Mass.,
68 ms, w, Boston, haa good soil, excellent farras,
and some factories. Pop, 1,241, ^.,«i.
North Brunswick, t. Middlesex c^, N, J, on
the Raritan and South rs, ; it includes the city
of New Brunswick, Pop, 5,274,
North Carolina, state ofthe U, S,, bndd, by
S, Carolina s,, Georgia s, w.. Ten, vr., Va. n.,
and by the Atlantic k. and s, e,, having out-
lines on ms.
S, C, frora the Atlantic to Chatuga r., 300
Along thenthrn. boundary of Geo., 58
Along estrn. border of Tenn,, 185
Along athrn, boundary of Va,, 330
Along Atlantic, 320
Having an entire outline of 1,193
Greatest length frora the wstrn. extreme to
Cape Hatteras, within a very trifling fraction of
500 ras. ; area 51,000 sq. ras., as carefully
raeasured by the rhombs, will give a mean
breadth of 100. The greatest breadth is, how
ever, 185 ras. frora the extreme sthrn. angle at
Little r. inlet, to tbe sthrn. border of Va. In
lat. it extends from 33° 50' to 36° 33', and in
long, from 1° 36' e. to 7° 12' w. W, C. In di
versity of surface, soil and cliraate, N, C, pre
sents very wide extreraes, falling in either re
spect, Uttle if any thing below Geo. Though
extending lengthwise from e, to w,, the relative
height decreases the elevation of temperature

NOR

348

NOR

advancing frora the ocean wstrd. The state
similar to S. C. and Geo,, is naturally divided
into 3 zones ; the distinction between tbe physi
cal sections are far more strongly raarked in
the fornier, than in the two latter states. The
sea sand alluvial tract ofN. C, is frora s. w. to
N, E,, 260 ras, in length, with a raean breadth
inland of about 90 ms,, but varying in width
frora 80 to 100 ms. The estrn. part is deeply
indented by shallow, though wide sounds, of
which the principal are Pamlico and Alberaarle.
The athwstrn, part presents a coast directly tbe
reverse ; it is a long inflected line, with a re
markable deficiency of inlets. The entire coast
ofN. C, indeed, with a distance of 320 ms,, is
the raost defective part of that of the Atlantic
border of the U, S, in those valuable coramer
cial entrances. The rivers (^Ihowan and Roan
oke rising in Va,, and Tar, Neuse, and Cape
Fear rivers rising in the state itself, issue from
the interior section, and reach the sounds of the
sea sand region in a s, e, direction, and their
channels are the only furrows wbich materially
break the raonotony of the great plain of 23,000
sq, ms. There are slight exceptions, but dead
uniformity of surface, is the general character
ofthe ocean section ofN, C. Without any very
abrupt raarks of distinction between thera, the
sea sand is followed by the hilly or middle sec
tion. Much that raight be said on this subject
has been anticipated under the art, Geo, ; we
may here, however, observe that the billy tract
of N, C, coraprises 14,000 sq, ras., with a slope
.to the s. E., and traversed at the extreraes by
Roanoke, "ifadkin and Catawba rs,, and in the
<;entre gives source tothe nuraerous tributaries
.of Tar, Neuse and Cape Fear rs. The Blue
Ridge, on raost raaps very erroneously is raade
to represent the outer chain of tbe Appalachian
¦system in N. C, as in the contiguous states;
.but so far is ihis geography from being cor
rect, there are two chains outside or between
the Blue Ridge and the ocean, nor is in fact
ihe Blue Ridge correctly drawn over N, C,
The cos, of Person, Orange, Chatham, Moore
and Richmond, are in general terms the wstrn,
-sections of the middle region ; whilst Caswell,
Guilford, Randolph, Davidson, Montgomery and
Anson, commence the ratn, tract, Sorae slight
reserablance raarks the two contiguous estrn.
sections of N, C, but no contrast can be mueh
greater than exists between the extrerae regions
of sea sand, and the bold, swelling, and delight
ful ratn, or wstrn. section. Towards the ocean
the feye raeets no relief, and fresh water is in
raany places rare ; the rivers and sounds are
stagnant, or drag their sluggish streams along
their oozy beds ; arid the surface to large ex
tents marshy and uncultivable, lie unadorned
and useless wastes ; but ascend the rs., tra
verse the hills, and the outer hurable but dis
tinct Appalachian chain, and a country opens,
to which the boasted peninsulas of Asia Minor,
Greece,, Italy or Spain, can offer no spot supe.
rior in all that can render the face of the earth
a happy residence to man. The streams are
the pure productions of living fountains; the
soil, if not exuberantly fertile, is sufficiently
productive to reward, and with the elastic air
over its surface, richly reward human labor.

If we reject the mtn. chains, there still remains
a difference of level of at least 1,800 ft. between
the COS. along the ocean border, and that of
Ashe, and Buncombe, on the wstrn. extreme
between the Blue Ridge and Iron chains. The
actual difference of lat. a little exceeds 2J de.
grees, and the difference of level is fully equal
to 4 degrees, making an actual difference of 6i
degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer as the
mean and extremo temperature. The winters
of Upper N. C. are perhaps not as long, perhaps
something less severe, but on the ratn, sec.
tions of not only N, C, but of S. C. and Geo.
also, the inhabitants have with the raore nrthrn.
states a share, and not a slight share of the
rigors of frost, snow, and cold rainy weather in
winter. Agricultu e. — The natural vegetables
afford often good guides to the estimate of cli
raate suitable to exotics. In the whole three
sections of N, C, spread iraraense forests of
terebinthine trees, and there may be said to
commence, advancing from the north, those
vast collections of pines, araongst which the
traveller may pursue his way for days without
meeting, except a few scattering stems, any
other tree but pine. This forest tree evinces
thinness, if not sterility of soil, but is gen.
erally attended with good fountain water.
Though, however, it is the raost common,
pine gives plaoe, or' ia interraixed witb nearly
every forest tree known in the raiddle statea
ofthe U, S,, and the live oak, quercus semper-
vivens, a tree ceasing in La. below n. lat. 30°
30', is found on Cape Fear i., N. C, as
high as 34" 20', showing a difference of tem.
perature between the Atlantic coast and Mis
sissippi valley, of nearly 4 degrees. A sira
ilar relative location is found to distinguish
the dwarf palras. From these criteria, we
may decide that on the sea sand alluvion of N.
C, cotton may be cultivated witb success, as in
the valley of the Mississippi cotton flourishes 5
or 6 degrees of lat. above the live oak or tbe
dwarf palm, and sugar cane is cultivated near.
ly as far northward as these trees are found.
Ascending to the interior and elevated table
land, small grain, raeadow grasses, and tbe ap
ple, follow tbe cotton. Potatoes succeed well
over the state, as do a vast abundance of escu
lent roots and fruits. Indian corn is the staple
grain. The fig tree yields its abundant sac
charine fruit on the lower section, and the peach
over tbe state gives its tribute to the hand of
tbe cultivator. In fine, N. C. is not a state of
raore than medium general fertUity, but it is a
state of abundant product, where labor is prop
erly applied. Minerals. — Iron ore abounds,
but few attempts have yet been raade to reduce
it to the raetalUc state. Much of that raetal is
manufactured, it is true, but imnaensely more
might be produced. 'The gold mines of the
state, which are found in the vicinity of the
Yadkin and its branches, have excited much
interest, and their annual produce is increasing.
In a district which comprises about 1,000 sq.
ms., it is found sometimes in considerable
quantities, mixed with the soil in minute parti
cles ; and lumps of 1 or 2 pounds weight have
been found.
Rivers, Commerce, To-wns, ^c. — With a very

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349

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unfavorable sea-coast, the connection ofN. C
with Europe, or the other states of the U. S.
is much below the relative proportion of area or
population ; but again, a considerable fraction
of the commerce of Va. and of S. C, originates
in this state. The whole western sections of
the state discharge their rivers either south
ward into S. C, northward into Va., or west
ward into Ten. One great branch of Roanoke,
Dan r., flows frora N. C. into Va., returmng its
waters, however, Dy- the Roanoke. Catawba
and Yadkin rs., rising in the fine vallies of
westem or rather central N. C, become navi
gable strearas, and bending their courses south
ward carry their volumes and their burthens
into S. C. The whole margin ofthe state be
yond Blue Ridge, is drained by tbe nuraerous
confluents of Ten. r,, and has a slope to the n.
¦vr. Other rivers are the Chowan, Neuse, Para-
lico, and Cape Fear. The latter affords a navi
gable coramunication for vessels of 300 tons to
Wilraington, and above that place for steam
boats, to Fayetteville. This is the best naviga
ble stream in the state ; some other rivers of
the state are large, but their raouths are blocka
ded by iraraense bars of sand. The coramerce
of North Carolina as we have remarked, is not
extensive ; a system of iraprovements however
is in rapid progress, whicb have iraraediate
reference to reraoving the obstructions in sorae
of the rivers, the construction of roads and ca
nals. &c. &c. Many partial canals, side cuts,
locks, and drains have been already raade,
tending to araeliorate some ofthe difficulties of
coraraunication hitherto experienced. The
araount of tonnage entered in North Carolina
duringthe year ending September 30, 1830, was
29,527 ; departed 38,364=. The amount of ex
ports during the same period was, domestic
produce $398,550 ; foreign, ^783 ; total, $399,-
333. Value of imports $221,992. There are
no large towns in the state ; tbe principal of
these are Raleigh, the seat of governraent ;
Wilmington, Fayetteville, Newbern, Edenton,
Halifax, Saliabury, HiUsborough, Tarborough
and Washington.
Population. — The population of North Caro
lina at several periods follows, with tbat of the
counties in 1830. In 1790, it contained 393,-
950 inhabitants; in 180O, 478,103; in 1810,
555,500 : in 1820, 638,829 ; and in 1830, 738,-
470.

Counties.
Ashe, Anson,Burke,Buncombe, Brunswick,Bertie,
Beaufort,Bladen,Craven,
Cabarras,Currituck,Caswell,Chowan,Caimlen,
Obatliam, Columbus, CiiiTi berland,
Cartni Pt,
Ouplin, Oavidson,
EdgecombeiFranklin,

Pop. 1830,
C,9S7
14,09517,888 16,281 6,,51G
12,20210,989 7,811
13,731 8,8107,655
15,185 6,6976,733
15,405 4,141
14,834 0,597
11,2.11
13,389 J4,9:i5
10,665

Counties.

Pop. 1830,

Granville,

19,355

Gates,

7,866

Guilford,

18,737

Greene,

6,41,3,

Hyde,

6,184

Halifax,

17,739

Haywood,

4,578

Hertford,

8,537

Iredell,

14,918

Johnston,

10,938

Jones,

,5,608

Lincoln,

32,455

Lenoir,

7,723

Mecklenburg,

20,073

Martin,

8,539

Moore,

7,745

Macon,

5,333

Montgomery,

10,919

Northampton,

13,391

New Hanover,

10,959

Nash,

8,490

Onslow,

7,814

45

Counties.

Pop. 1830,

Counties.

Pop. 1830.

Orange,

23,908

Randolph,

12,406

Person,

10,027

Suiry,

14,504

Pitt,

12,003

Sampson,

, 11,634

Perquimong,

7,419

Stokes,

16,196

Pas(]uotaiik,

8,641

Tvrrell,

4,732

Richmond,

9,300

¦Wilkes,

11,968

Robeson,

9,433

Wake,

20,398

Etockingliam,

12,935

Wiiync,

^?'??i

Rowan,

20,786

Washington,

4,552

Rutherford,

17,557

Waireii,

11,877

Of whichwere

White tiei'soiis. Males,

Females,

Under 5 yeara of age.

46,749

43,775

From 5 to 10

35,9.W

34,264

" 10 to 15

.30,537

2«,842

" 15 to 20

25,452
27,398
" 20 to 30
39,428
41,636
" 30 to 40
23,042
24,534
" 40 to 50
14,998
16,428
" .50 to 60
10,530
10,601
" 60 lo 70
5,968
5,080
" 70 to 80
2.489
2,496
" 80 to 90
649
747
" 90 to 100
138
158
" 100 and upwards^
28
30
Total, 235,954 336,889
Ofthe preceding were deaf and durab, under
14 years of age, 70 ; frora 14 to 25, 81 ; 25 and
over, 79. Blind, 223.
The colored population was as follows :
Free
colored.
Slfives.
Males.
Females,
Males. Females.
Under 10 years.
2,438
3,287
45,901 44,847
From 10 to 24
3,955
3,118
38,099 37,508
" 24 to 36
1,400
1,649
20,312 20,095
" 36 to 55
1,063
1,179
14,030 13,088
" 55 to 100
685
720
6,848 5,636
100 and upwards,
21
29
133 114
Total, 9,561 9,982 124,313 121,288
Deaf and dumb colored persons, 93 ; blind, 161,
Recapitulation.
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total,
472,843 19,543 245,001 737,987
'Thw receipts into the treasury of North Ca
rolina, for the year ending Nov, 1832, were
$127,528 42 ; the expenditures during the sarae
period, $116,598 68,
Constitution. — Judiciary, — The constitution
of N. C, was adopted in convention at Halifax,
18tb Deceraber, 1776. It comraences with a
bill of rights containing 25 sections, the last of
which relates to tbe boundaries ofthe state. The
constitution is itself divided simply into sections,
and provides aa follows : — Sec. 1. — Thatthe le
gislative authority shall be vested in two distinct
branches, both dependent on the people, to wit,
a senate and house of commons. Sec. 2. — That
the senate shall be composed of representatives,
annually chosen by ballot, one for each co. in the
state. Sec. 3. — That the house of coramons
shall be composed of representatives annually
chosen by ballot, two for each co., and one for
each ofthe towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wil
raington, Salisbury, HiUsborough and Halifax.
Sec. 4. — That the senate and house of com.
mons, asserabled for the purpose of legislation,
shall be denorainated " The General Assem
bly." Sec. 5, provides that tbe members of
the senate, must, to be eligible, possess in the
CO. from which he is elected 300 acres of land
in fee ; and Sec. 6, makes a similar provision in
regard to merabers ofthe house of coraraons,
except Uraiting the latter to a property quaUfica.
tion of at least 100 acres of land in fee. Sec.
7, raakes it necessary to possess the right pf
suffrage, that the elector shall be 21 years of
age, have resided one year in the co. next pre.
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350

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ceding the election, and possess therein a free.
hold of 50 acres of land, to vote for a senator ;
and by sec. 8, like age and residence, as ne.
cessary to vote for a senator, and having paid
pubUc taxes, quaUfies to vote for a member of
the house of comraons. Sec. 13. — That the
general asserably shall, by joint ballot of both
houses, appoint judges of the suprerae courts
of law and equity, judges of adrairalty, and at.
tornies general, who shall be coraraissioned by
the governor, and hold their offices during good
behavior. Sec. 15, provides for the election of
a governor by joint ballot, for 1 year, and eUgi.
ble only 3 years in 6 successive years, and
mast be 30 years of age, have resided in the
state 5 years, and have in the state a freehold
in lands and teneraents, above the value of 1,000
pounds. Sections 31, and 32, read with curious
contrast. The forraer renders ineligible to a
seat in either houso ofthe general assembly, or
the council, all clergymen or preachers ofthe
gospel of any denoraination ; whilst the 32d
section disqualifies frora every office in the state
of profit or trust, all persons who deny the being
of God, the truth of the Protestant religion, or
the divine authoriiy of either the Old or New
Testaraent, &c. Sec. 39, provides for the re
lease of debtors who give up their estates for
thb benefit of creditors, and against whom there
is not strong presuraption of fraud.
Hi, tory. — The first, but abortive attempt to
colonize what is now the two Carolinas, was
raade by the French in the reign of Charles the
IX,, frora whora the name Carolina was deri
ved. The Frenoh colonization was opposed
and prevented by the Spaniards. A second,
and again disastrous enterprise to form ti set
tleraent on tbe Carolina coast, was made in
1586, under a patent granted by Queen Eliza
beth of England, to Sir Walter Raleigh. Un
der this patent, a small number of adventurers
were landed in 1586, who were probably mur
dered by the natives, as no trace of their ex
istence or fate could ever be procured. The
coast, under the narae of Carolina, reraained
again desolate 75 years, when in 1661, a sraall
English colony frora Mass fixed themselves on
the banks of Cape Fear r. Granted by the En
glish monarchs to various proprietors, and to
their conflicting proceedings was added Locke*s
scheme of govemment. Under so raany causes
of erabarrassraent, the colony advanced slowly
and painfully. In the abandonraent of Locke's
scherae one impediment was reraoved, but in
1712 a most sanguinary Indian war broke out,
and ravaged the settleraents. The proprietary
governraent of Carolina produced so many and
so just complaints, that in 1717 it was abolished
and the colony became royal, and continued so
to the revolution, which separated the Caroli
nas, with other N. American colonies, from
Great Britain. In 1720, the colony of Carolina
was found too unwieldy for convenient govern
ment, and was separated into two, under the
relative naraes of North Carolina, and South
Carolina. The inaccessible coast of North Car
olina, if disadvantageous commercially, has
been a real and extended line of fortifications,
to protect the state from invasion on the side of
the ocean, and consequently no other section of

the union haa felt the evUs of two wars with
Great Britain, so little as has N. C. In the
revolutionary war, some expeditions made frora
the side of S. C. reached the interior of N. C,
but were of more ultimate injury to the eneray
than to the invaded country. But though ex
posed to little of the danger within, the peo
ple of N. C. sought it without, and have borne
their full share of the perils, and reaped an ara
ple reward, in aharing with their fellow citizena
the glory of independence. They were araongst
the first who threw off the British yoke, as may
be seen by the date of their present constitu
tion, which was adopted on the 18th Dec. 1776.
Fifty-six years of profound and unambitious
tranquillity, in regard to her domestic concerns,
has been only broken at long intervals by for
eign war, which when ended, the ploughshare
was formed from the falchion, and N. C. may be
named amongst the most happy communities of
the earth.
North Castle, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 33
ms. ft. N, York, 6 s. Bedford, ft. vr. Conn., ia
crossed by Byram r., and has Bronx cr. w. on
which are mills. The surface is irregular, but
cultivated, and the Heights noted in tbe history
of the revolution. Pop, 1,653.
North Cove, p-o. Burke co. N. C, by p.r.
179 ras. wstrd. Raleigb.
North Dover, p.v. Cuyahoga co. O., by p.r.
150 ms. N. N. E. Colurabus.
North East, p-t, Dutchess co. N. Y,, 25 ms.
ft. £, Poughkeepsie, 95 s, Albany, s. of Colum
bia CO. and Mass., w, of Conn. The town is
shaped like a boot, is 19 ms. long, and from 3
to 5 wide, is une ven and stony, and has W, Town
ratn. overgrown with trees, but contains much
good land. Several brooks supply mills. Wap
pinger's cr. rises in Hittin's pond. Pop. 1,689.
North East, p-v. nthrn. part Erie co. Pa., by
p-r. 348 ms, N. w. W. C.
North East, p-v. on North East r., Cecil co.
Md. 6 ms, a little s. of w. Elkton, and by p-r. 82
ms. N. e. W. C.
North End, p-v. wstrn. part Matthews eo.
Va. by p-r. 91 ms. e. Richmond.
Northfield, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 10 ms.
s. w. Montpelier, 35 s. e. Burlington. It contains
18,515 acres, was first settled 1785, and ia
crossed by Dog r., which has good mill seats ;
it bears hemlock, spruce, maple, beach, &c.
and has generaUy a good soil. The surface is
uneven, and crossed N. and a. by a range of
slate. It contains 2 vs., several manufactories,
and 9 school dists. Pop, 1,411.
Northfield, p-t. Merrimack co. N, H., 16
ms, N, Concord, s, of Winnipiseogee r., and e.
of Merrimack r,, has 20,000 acres, with some
good soil. It contains Chestnut pond e,, and
Sondogardy s,, and is crosaed by two ridges of
high land, Tbe Winnipseogee and Peraige
wasset rs,join inthe n, w,, and forra Merriraack
r. Tbere are several raills, &c. First settled
1760. Pop, 1,169.
Northfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 94 ms,
N. w, Boston, s, of New Harapshire, has rauch
excellent land, and extensive and fertile mea
dows. It was settled in 1687, was purchased
from the Indiana for 200 fathoms of wampum,
andX57 in merchandize. The settlement was

NOR

351

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attacked by Indians in 1,678, and finally deserted
and destroyed. It was resettled, and deserted
again, and permanently occupied at last in
1713, after which some ofthe inhabitants were
killed. Fort Dummer was built in Vernon,
Vt., just beyond this town, but was intended to
be within its limits, and served to protect it
in the French wars against the savages. Pop.
1,757, Northfield, t. Richraond co. N. Y., 5 ms. n,
Richraond. Pop. 1,262.
Northfield, p.v. Vermillion co. II., by p.r.
162 ms. N, E, 'VandaUa.
Northford, p.v. New Haven co. Conn., 10
ms. N. E. New Haven, 26 a, Hartford.
North Fork, p-o. on a branch ao called of
Licking r. Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 69 ms. tt. n.
by E. Frankfort.
North Hampstead, p-t. and at. jua. Queena
CO. N. Y., 20 ma. e. New York, on Long Island
sound. Pop. 3,091.
North Haven, t. New Haven co. Conn., 7
ms. N. New Haven, contains about 17 sq. ms.
and is nearly level, with hills E, and w. It is
crossed by Quinepiack r., navigable 8 miles.
Pop. 1,282,
North Hero, p-t. isl. and st. jus,. Grand Isle
CO. Vt. in Lake Champlain, 26 ms, n. Burling
ton, 6 w. St. Albans, contains 6,272 acres.
First settled 1783. In 1789 a block bouse was
built here by the British, and given up in 1796.
Tbere are no important streams or raill sites.
but the soil is very good. The v. is small, with
a stone c. h. and jail, and 4 school dists.
Northington, p-v. Cumberland co. N. C, by
p-r. 10 ms. nthrd. Fayetteville, co. St., and 51
ms. s. w. Raleigh.
North Kingston, p-t. Washington oo. R. I.,
20 ms. s. w. Pro^vidence, w. Narragansett bay,
about 7 ms. by 8, 66 sq. ms., is hilly, with level
land N,, and yields free stone. Several brooks
supply mill sites, and afford fish. There is a
good barbor at 'Wickford, rarely shut by ice ;
and also two others, Cole's and Allen's. A few
vessels are employed in fishing on the hanks,
the shoals, and other parts of the coast, and
others are eraployed in coasting. There are
several factories. Pop. 3,037.
North Middleton, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky., 49
ms. E. Frankfort.
North Moreland, p-v. of Luzerne co. Pa.
20 ras. K. Wilkes Barre, and 134 ms. n. n. e,
Harrisburg. North Norwich, p-v. athrn. part Huron co.
C, by p-r. 95 ms. tt. tr. e. Columbus.
Northport, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 14 ms. n. w.
Castine, 46 e. Augusta, s. of Belfast, w. of
Belfast Bay, and opposite Isle Borough. Pop.
1,083. North Providence, p.t. Providence co. R. I.,
4 ms. ft. Providence, w. Seekonk r,, which di.
vides it from Mass,, has Wanaguatucket r, w.,
about 2 ms. by 6, 16 sq, ma. ; is uneven, with
primitive and transition rocks, limestone, &c.,
and a gravelly soil, bearing oak, walnut, &c,,
grass, hay, corn, and vegetables, for Providence.
There are many mill seats, and aome good fiah-
eries. The town is extensively engaged in
manufacturing, especially cotton. Pawtucket
v, is in the n, e., on the border of Mass,, and is

a large raanufacturing v,, with a considerable
one on the opposite side ofthe r. Pop. 3,503.
North Ridgeville, p-v. Lorain co, O. by p-r.
134 ras. nthrd. Colurabus,
North r. N. Y. {See Hudson r.)
North r, Plyraouth co. Mass., is navigable
18 ms. to Perabroke, in vessels of 300 tons,
and in boats to tbe falls.
North River Meeting House and p-o. Harap
shire CO. Va, by p-r, 115 ms. «. w. by w. W. C.
North River Mills and p-q. 16 ras. a, E,
Romney, and by p-r. 99 ma. N. w. by w. W. C.
North Royalton, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. by
p-r. 130 ras. n, e, Columbus.
North Salem, t. Somerset co. Me., 63 ms.
from Augusta. Pop, 389.
North Salem, p-t. Westchester co, N. Y. 53
ms. N. N. Y., 8 N. Bedford, w. of Conn, line,
about 4 ras. by 6, e. Croton r. It has mill seats
on a branch of it. There is an academy in the
t. Pop. 1,276.
North Sewickly, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by p-r.
12 ms. s. E. borough of Beaver, and 263 ms. «.
w. W. C.
North Smithfield, p-v, Bradford co. Pa. by
p-r. 142 ms. n. Harrisburg.
North Springfield, p-v. Portage co. 0, by
p-r. 120 ms. n. e, Columbus.
North Stonington, p-t. New London co.
Conn. 50 ms. s. e, Hartford, n, w, Pawcatuck r.
which separates it from R. I., about 6 ras, by
8 ; 44 sq, ma, ; is hilly with granite rocks, but
good for grass ; and yielding oak, chesnut, (fee-
There are raany mUl sites. Pop. 2,840.
Northumberland, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 130
ms. n. Concord, e. Conn, r., opposite Maidstone,
Vt. ; has some good soil. Cape Horn mtn.
1,000 ft, high, is near the centre, with Conn. r.
on one side, and Upper Amonoosuck r. on an.
other : and the meadows are overflown, in tbe
spring. There is a bridge over Conn. r. and a
small village at the falls. First settled, 1767.
There was a fort in the town in the revolution.
Pop. 342.
Northumberland, p-t, Saratoga co. N. Y., U
ras. N. E, BaUston Spa, 36 n, of Albany, w, of
Hudson r. and Washington co., 6 ms. sq., and
has a variety of soils. There is a large pine
plain w, with rauch good sandy and argillaceous
loara in other parts. Cold cr. supplies a few
mill seats. Pop. 1,606.
Northumberland, co. Pa. bndd. by the Ma-
thantango r. separating it frora Dauphin s., by
the Susquehannah r, separating it from Union
vr., and part of Lycoming n. w., by another part
of Lycoming n., Columbia n. e. and is., and by
Schuylkill s. e. Length frora s. to k. 40 ms. ;
and the area being about 440 sq. ms,, tbe mean
breadth will be 11 ; but the width is very une
qual. In one place below the E, brarich it is 24
ras. wide, and at another about 3 ms. ; above
the borough of Northumberland, it is confined
to a width of less than 4 ms., though at a dis
tance of 16 ms. from the northern extremity.
It extends from the meridian of W. C. to 32' e.
The declivity is westward in the direction of
the East branch of Susquehannah, where it
unites with the weatern branch between Sun
bury and Northumberland, and very nearly at
right anglea to the course of the raain volume

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352

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along tho western margin ofthe co. Contrary
to their general range, the Appalachian ridges
where they traverse Northumberland, extend
with a very sUght declination from e, to w.
Though mountainous and rocky in much of the
aurface, thia co, comprisea ao much river raar
gin as to give it great comparative extent of
fertile arable land. Following the inflections
of the river, 40 ms. ofthe eastern branch ofthe
main river, and including both sides, 20 ras. of
the eastern branch of Susquehannah, are inclu
ded in Northumberland ; and beside the large
rs, fine vallies extend along Mahantango, Ma
hanoy and Sharaokin ers. below, and Chillis-
quake, Limestone and Warrior ers. above the
mouth of the eastern branch, Cf ts. Sunbury,
Northumberland, Milton and Watsonburg,
Pop. 1820,15,424, 1830, 18,170.
Northumberland, p-v. and borough of North
umberland CO. Pa, situated on the point above
the confluence of the two principal branches of
Susquehannah r, 2 ms. above Sunbury, and 54
N. and above Harriaburg. Lat. 40*^ 55', long.
0° 8' e. W. C. Population of the tsp. 1820,
1,373. NoRTHUMEELAND, CO. of V. bndd, by Lancas
ter south and s, w,, Richmond w,, "Westmore
land N. w,, the mouth of Potoraac r, n, e., and
Chesapeake bay e. and s, e. Length 30 ras,,
mean width 8, and area 240 sq, ras. Extend
ing In lat. from 37'= 40' to 38° 05', long, from
0° 2' to 0° 45' E, W, C, The decUvity of this
CO. ia, in the southern part, southeastward to
wards the Chesapeake, and in the northem sec
tion northestrd, towards Potomac r. Pop. 1820,
8,016, 1830, 7,953.
Northumberland, c. h. and p-o. Northum-
berland.co. Va. by p-r. 151 nis. s. a. is. W. C,
and 92 n. e, Richmond,
North Union, p-v. Harrison co. 0, by p-r,
129 ras, a Uttle tt. of e, Colurabus,
NoRTHViLLE, p-V. northern part of Erie co.
Pa. 19 ms. N. E. Erie, and by p-r, 352 ms. K. w.
W. C.
North Washington, p-v. Westmoreland co.
Pa. by pr. 215 ms, n. w. W. C,
North West River Bridge, p-v. s. E. part
of Norfolk CO. Va. on a sraall confluent of
Currituck sound, 24 ms, a little e, of s. Norfolk,
and about an equal distance n, EUzabeth city in
N.C. Northwest Territory. {See Huron terri
tory.) North Whitehall, p-o. southern part of
Lehigh co. Pa. 18 ms. n, w, AUentown.
Northwo.od, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20
ms. IN. E. Concord, 27 w. n. w. Portsmouth, 20
from Exeter ; has 17,075 acres, 6 ponds, and
parts of 2 raore, some of which supply it with
strearas. Saddleback ratn, lies between tbis
town and Deerfield, whicb affords crystals,
&c., and gives rise to the N. branch of Lam
prey r. It was formerly part of Nottinghara,
and first settled in 1763 from Northampton.
Pop. 1,342.
North Yarmouth, p-t. Cumberland co. Me.
42 ms. o. a. w. Augusta, 42 n. n. e. Portland,
N, Casco bay. It has an academy, and is
crossed by a eonsiderable stream. Population
9,666.

Norton, p-t. Bristol co. Mass, 32 ras. s, Bos
ton, 8 n. w, Taunton, It was formerly part of
Taunton, incorporated 1711 ; has not very good
soil, rauch of which is rented. It is watered
by several branches of Taunton r. whicb afford
very good mill seats. Iron is rained here.
Winnicunnit pond was much resorted to by In.
dians in past days, for fish and clams; and they
soraetiraes lived in caves. This t. was first
settled by a cabin boy, 1670. The Leonard
iron worka have been long eatablished. Before
1828, 40 young men ofthis town had been edu-
CBted at college. Pop, 1,479.
Norton, p.v. Del. co. 0. by p-r. 36 ms. n,
Colurabus, Norwalk, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 66 ms. s,
w. Hartford, 32 w. New Haven, 48 N, e. N,
Y., N. of Long Island sound, w. of Saugatuck r,,
about 5 ms. by 7, with 34 sq. ms. ; is uneven,
high N. with much granite rock. The soil is
good for grain, grass, and fruit, and bears wal.
nut, chesnut, and other timber, much of which
has been taken to the N. Y. raarket, with which
there is constant intercourse by sloops, and
stearaboats which ply daily. There are two
good harbors, one at the raouth of Norwalk r.,
with water for vessels of 100 tons, and the other
at Five Mile r. There are many isis. and
sraall streams near the coast. The fisheries of
black fish, shell fish, &c. are valuable. The
village is considerable, witb a Congregational
and an Episcopal church, and an academy. Set
tled in 1651. Pop. 3,792.
Norwalk, p-v. and st. jus. Huron co. 0. situ
ated on a branch of Huron r. 20 ms, », s. e.
Sandusky, and by p-r. 113 ms. a little E. of n.
Columbus. Lat. 41° 15', long. 5° 53' w. W. C.
Pop. 310,
Norway, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 47 ms. w. by s.
Augusta, 8 s. w. Paris ; bas a large pond which
empties into Little .Androscoggin r. It lies n.
of Curaberland CO. Pop. 1,713.
Norway, p-t. Herkiraer co. N. Y. 90 ms. N.
w. Albany, 18 n. Herkimer, 6 ms. by 15 ; has
a warra, rich, and dark soil, ¦with a tract of
ligbt sand. It has moderate hills, and is rather
stony, bearing a variety of trees, and fumished
with many mill seats on W. Canada creek.
Pop. 1,152.
Norwich, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 21 ms. N.
Windsor, 40 s. E. Montpelier, w. Conn. i. op
posite Dartmouth college in N. H. ; contains
about 25,000 acres. Settled, 1762. Conn. r. is
here about 120 yards wide, and fordable at low
water in 3 placea. Ompompanoosuc r.. Blood '^
brook, Smalley'a cr., &c. water the town, and
fumiah aome mill seats. The surface is un.
even, but is generally good for grain and grass,
and bears excellent orchards. There are large
beds of iron ore. Subterranean sounds were
formerly heard near Ompompanoosuc r. The
viUage is situated on a plain, contains a gram.
mar school, and was formerly the location of
Partridge's mUitary academy. Pop. 1,392.
Norwich, p.t. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 ras.
w. Northampton, 105 w. Boston ; is crossed by
a N. branch of Westfield r. n. and s., and has
the main streara s. w. Incorporated, 1772.
Pop. 795.
Norwich, p.t,, city, and half shire, N, Lon-

NOR

353

NOT

don CO, Conn, at the head of navigation on
Tharaes r. (formerly called Pequod,) 13 ms. n.
New London, 38 s, e. Hartford, 38 s. w. Provi
dence, 50 n'. E. New Haven. Lat. 41° 34' n.,
long. 4° 55' E. W. C. The town has Shetucket
and Tharaes rs. onthe e. It contains 29 aq. ms,,
being 3 ms, by 7. The boundary of the town en.
circles 3 distinct villages, viz., Norwich falls,
BeanhiU, and Yanticville. At the falls are 9 es
tablishments for manufacturing purposes, at
BeanhiU 2, and at YanticvUle 1. Tbe aggre
gate of manufactured goods during tbe last yeor,
was somewhat over ^^600,000. The town con.
tains 8 houses for public worship, viz., 3 for Con
gregationalists, 1 for EpiscopaUans, 1 for Bap
tists, 2 for Methodists, and 1 for Universal
ists. A high school for boys, and a feraale
acaderay, in which the higher branches of edu
cation are taught, have been in operation for a
considerable time, and are in flourishing cir
cumstances. A hotel, sufficiently spacious to
accomraodate 200 boarders bas been recently
built near the court house on the square. A
large public building has been erected, which
waa designed for the use of county and town.
In the town are 2 banks, witb a capital of $200,-
000 each ; a savings bank, incorporated 1824,
whose deposits already exceed 4 100,000 ; and
two insurance offices. The scenery of the town
is in a high degree picturesque and delightful :
and its beauty is greatly heightened by a rich
and well cultivated soil. About a raile e. of the
city a dam has been recently erected across the
Shetucket r., which will, it is calculated, fur
nish sufficient water power to carry 60,000
spindles. Five large factories, besides 40 or
50 dwelling houses, are being built ; and there
is little doubt that, in respect to the amount of
its water privileges, Norwich is the second town
in New England. A rail-road also is contem
plated, through the valley ofthe Quinebaug, to
intersect the Boston and Worcester rail-road at
Worcester. A charter has been obtained for
this object with a capital of one million dollars.
A bank has been chartered, with a capital of
$500,000, on condition that it shall subscribe
for $100,000 of rail-road stock. That part of
Norwich known by tbe name of The Town, or
The Plain, was, in ancient times, the sumraer
residence ofthe Mohegan Indians, the remnants
of whom now reside on the reservation in the
adjoining town of Montville. The burying
ground of the Uncas family is near the mouth
ofthe Yantic. The township was sold by Un
cas in 1659, for about $230. It is reported that
Uncas did this out of gratitude to the Narragan
set Indians, for provisions which they fumished
him during a close seige. Sachem's Plain, near
the Shetucket, was the scene of the battle be.
tween Uncas and Miantonomoh, and the place
of the latter's grave. The settlement of Nor.
wich was begun in 1660, by Rev. Mr. Fitch and
a part of his church frora Saybrook. Pop. t. in
1820, 3,624 ; in 1830, 5,161, of which 3,135 re.
sided in the city.
Norwich, p.t. Chenango co. N. Y., 8 ma. n.
E. Oxford, 100 w. Albany, 7 raa. by 12 ; is
croased by Chenango i ., which, with aeveral
branchea, afforda mill aeats. The aoil is good.
The post borough, the st, jus. of the co., is in

a fine plain at the junction of Canasawacta cr.
and Chenango r. It contains the co. buildings,
a female academy, &c. There is a mineral
spring 2 raa, from the borough. Pop. 3,619.
Norwich, p.v. McKean co. Pa., by p.r. 281
ms. N. n, w. W. C.
Norwich, p-v. estrn, part of Muskingura oo.
0., by p-r. '71 ras. e. Columbua.
Norwood, p-v. Montgomery co. N. C, by
p-r, 159 ms. sthwstrd. Raleigh.
Notch, inthe White mountains, N. H. {See
White Mountains.)
Nottaway, r. ofVa. and N. C, has its most
remote source in Prince Edward co. Flowing
thence s. s. e. between Nottaway and Lunen
burg COS., between Dinwiddie and Brunswick,
turns to eastward between Greenville and the
western part of Sussex. Entering tbe latter,
and first curving northward winds to s, m., and
traversing Sussex and Southampton cos,, re
ceives Blackwater r. from the n,, and entering
Gates CO. N. C, bends to s. w. 10 ras, to its
junction with Meherrin, to form Chowan i.
The entire length of Nottaway by comparative
courses is 110 ms, Tbe Nottaway valley is
about 100 ms,, by 20 mean width, comprising
great part of Nottaway, Dinwiddle, Sussex,
Surry, and Southampton cos., and a smaller
part of Lunenburg, Brunswick, Greenville,
Prince George, Isle of Wight, and Nanseraond
counties Va., and minor part of Gates county
N. C,
Nottaway, co, of Va., bndd. F., by Dinwid
die, s, by Nottaway r, separating it from Lu
nenburg, w. by Prince Edward, and n, by Ame
lia. Length 22 ms,, mean width 12, and area
264 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from 30° 54' to
37° 14', and in long, frora 1° 3 to 1° 26' w. W.
C. This CO, coraprises two inclined planes;
the northern falling northeastward, and drained
by ers. flowing over AraeUa, into Appomatox
r., and the southern declining southeastward
toward Nottaway r, Cf, t, Nottaway c, h, or
Hendersonville. {See Hendersonville, Notta
way CO. Va.) Population 1820, 9,658, 1830,
10,141. Nottaway, cr. and p-o,, northeastern part of
St. Joseph's CO. Mich, The p-o, is by p-r. 130
ras. a little s. of w, Detroit. Tbe creek is a
northern branch of St. Joseph of lake Michi
gan. Nottaway, c. h. {See Hendersonville, same
CO. and state.)
Nottingham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 25
ms. from Concord, 20 frora Portsmouth, 55
from Boston ; is crossed by North r. ; contains
several ponds, and gives rise to sorae sraall
streams. Some of the Blue hilla are in the w.
part ; the surface is generally rough, but the
soil is often good. Bog and other iron ores
are found. The village called Nottingham
square, is pleasant, ai)d stands on a hill. Set
tled in 1727. Gen. Joseph CiUey resided here.
Pop. 1,157.
Nottingham, t. Burlington co. N. J., 5 ms. s.
Trenton, 9 a. a. w. Prmceton ; has Del. r. vr.,
Assanpink n., Crosawicka cr. s. It is level,
liea opposite Duck and Biles iala. in the Del.,
and contains aeveral villages ; Lamberton,
Sandhills, &o. At Lamberton, Gen, Washing.

OAK

354

OCK

ington waa encaraped when threatened by the
British at Trenton, and here he comraenced
the retreat which occasioned the battle of
Princeton. Pop. 3,900.
Nottingham, p.v. Prince George's co. Va,,
by p-r, 32 ms, s. e, Richmond,
Nottingham West. {See Hudson, Hillsboro'
CO. N. II.)
Nulhegan, i. Essex co. Vt., rises near Can
ada, and falls into Conn. r. at Brunswick. It
is rapid, and was the channel of navigation for
the Indians, between Conn, r, and Memphrema
gog 1. there being a portage for canoes, of 2 ms.

Nunda, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y,, 14 ms. n,
Angelica, has good grass land, and large and
fertile aUuvial tracts. It is crossed by Genesee
r. which has 2 faUs of 50 and 90 ft. 1 mile apart.
Pop. 1,291.
Nuttsville, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Lancas
ter CO. Va., by p-r. 138 ms. a. s. E. W. C, and
76 N. E, by E, Richmond.
Nyack, v. Rockland co. N. Y., w. Hud.
son r.
Nyesville, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 102
ms. a, e, Columbua.

o.

Oak Flat, p-o. watrn. part Pendleton co. Va.
by p-r. 186 ras. s. w. by w, W, C.
Oak Grove, p-o, Lunenburg co, Va. by p-r.
88 ras. s. w, Richraond.
Oak Grove, and p-o, Edgecorab co, N. C. 72
ms. E, Raleigb.
Oak Grove, and p-o. Union dist, S. C. byp-r.
91 ms. N, ft. vr. Columbia.
Oak Grove, p-o. Jasper co. Geo. 7 miles
nthrdly. Monticello, the co, st,, and 42 n. w.
MUledgeviUe. Oak Grove, and p-o. Jefferson co. Ten. by
p-r. 236 ms, E. Nashville,
Oak Grove, p-o. Christian co. Ky. 14 miles
sthrd. Hopkinsville, the co, st,, and by p-r. 220
ms. s. w, by w. Frankfort.
Oak Grove, furnace and p-o. Perry co. Pa.
by p-r. 28 ms. n. w. Harrisburg.
(3akham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 9 ms. n.
w, Worcester, 55 ras, s. w. Boston, hilly, with
not very good soil, bas sraall strearas falling
into Chickapee r. Pop, 1,010.
Oak Hill, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 59
ms. nthrd. Raleigh.
Oak Hill, p-o. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 58
ms. p. w. by w. W. C,
Oak Hill, p-v, Newton co, Geo. 10 ms. n, w.
Covington, the co, St.. and 70 ms. in a similar
direction from MUledgeviUe.
Oakingham, p-v. western part of Laurens
district, S. C. by p-r. 74 miles N. w. Colum.
bia, Oakland, p-o. Morgan co. Va. by p-r. 96 ms
N, w. by w. W. ('.
Oakland, p-v. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 49
ms. nrthwstrd. Raleigh.
Oakland, p-v, parish of St. Tammany, La.
Oakland, p-o. Christian co. Ky. by p-r. 222
ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort.
Oakland, co. Mich, bndd, by Macomb co. is.,
Wayne a., Washtenaw a. w., Shiawasse w. and
N. w., and Lapeer co. n. It is a square of 30
ms, each side, area 900 aq. ms. ; lat. 42° 35',
long. W. C. 6° 18' w. Oakland is a true table
land, in the centre flat and full of small lakes,
from which issue and flow wstrdly. the sourcea
of Huron of Erie, n. w. Flint r. branch of Sagi.
naw, a. e. the aourcea of the r. Rouge, and E.
thoae of Clinton t., or the sources of Huron of
lake St. Clair. Cf t. Pontiac. Pop. 4,911.
Oakland, p.v. Oakland qo, Mich, by p.r. 40
ma. N. IV. Detroit.

Oakland Mills, and p-o. Ann Arundel co.
Md. by p-r. 53 ms. nthrd. W. C. and 45 n, w,
Annapolis. Oakland, Mills, and p-o. Juniata co. Pa. by
p-r. 41 ms, N. w, Harriaburg.
Oakland Mills, and p-o. western part Lou
don CO. Va. 37 ms. a little n. of w. W. C,
Oakley, p-o, Franklin co, Ky. by p-r. 4 ms.
Frankfort. Oakmulgee, r. {See Ocmulgee river.)
Oak Point, and p-o, Randolpb co. Mo. by p-r,
about 100 ras. n. w.by w. St. Louis.
Oak Ridge, p-v. GuUford co. N. C. by p-r.
about 100 ras. n. w. by w. Raleigh.
Oaktomie, p-v. Covington co. Misp. by p-r.
llO ms. E. Natchez.
Oakville, p-v. southwestern part Bucking
ham CO, Va, 49 ms. s. w, by w. N^ew Canton,
and 103 wstrd. Richmond.
Oakville, p-v. Mecklenburg co.N. Cby p-r.
125 ras. H. w. by w, Raleigh.
Oakville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. byp-r. Ill
ms. N. Tuscaloosa.
Oat's Landing, and p-o. Marion co. Ten. 121
ras, s. e. by E. Nashville.
Obies, r. of Ten. and Ky. but cbiefly of tbe
forraer, rises in Fentress and Overtoil cos.. Ten.
deriving some inconsiderable tributaries from
Curaberland co, Ky. The course is a little n.
of w. 70 ras. to its influx into Curaberland r. on
the border between Overton and Jackson cos.
The valley of Obies r. is nearly commensurate
with Fentress and Overton cos.
OccoauAN, r. Va. rises in Loudon, Fairfax,
and Fauquier cos. traverses and drains the
western part of Prince William co,,,and thence
forming the boundary between Prince William
and Fairfax cos. falls uito the Potoraac, about
25 ras. below W. C. and nearly opposite Indian
Point. OccoauAN, p.v. N. it. part Prince WiUiara co.
Va. 23 ras. a little w. of s. W. C.
Oceana, co. Mich. bndd. by  n., Mont.
calm CO. E., Kent s., Ottawa s. w., and lake
Michigan N. w., lat. 43° 20', long. 8° 40' w. W.
C. Slope s. w. and drained in that direction by
White r-and Maskegon r. flowing separate into
lake Michigan, and by Rouge r. a small north.
ern branch of Grand r. This co. haa been re.
cently formed and is aituated 150 ma. n. w. by
w. Detroit.
OcKJWWAHA r., the wstrn. br. of St. Joha'a r.

OCM

355

OGD

of Florida. It is composed by two confluents ;
Orange lake r,, and Ocklawaha proper. " Tbe
Ocklawaha takes ita riae out of the lake Apop.
ka, 73 ms. (by water) above its mouth. At the
outlet ofthis lake, the stream is 15 ft. wide and
7 feet deep ; but the width and depth of the r.
are increasing gradually down to St. John's.
The lake Apopka, being but 80 ms. (n. e.) from
the bay of Espiritu Santo, (Tarapa) the Ockla
waha if iraproved, raight gradually facilitate tbe
inland coraraunication between this bay and the
Atlantic ocean. In this direction frora the
mouth of St. John's to the bay, is about 260 ms. ;
out of whicb, 180 would be by water and 80 by
land. Above its mouth 16 ms. the Ocklawaha
receives the outlet of Orange lake. The banks
ofthis r. (outlet of Orange lake) are represent
ed as lined in raany places with well tirabered
hararaocks. The country through which run the
head branches, is generally sandy, with a pine
growth ; it presents, however, sorae fine ham
mocks, and also extensive prairies subject to
be overflown in rainy weather. Numerous
ponds and lakes are raet with in every direc
tion." {See Engineer's Report, Public Docu
ments, No. 185,) The Ocklawaha heads in the
country of the Seminole Indians between the
sources of St, John's and those of Araaxura
rivers, and flowing thence by a general nrthrn,
course to the influx of Orange lake outlet. The
latter heads between the Santa Fe branch of
Suwannee and Amaxura rivers, and flowing
estrd, joins the Ocklawaha, Below their junc
tion, the name of Ocklawaha, but course of
Orange r. are maintained to St, John's river.
Height of Orange lake above the tide level of
Atlantic ocean, 41 ft.
Ocklockonne, bay and r. The bay of Ock
lockonne is in fact the inner part of tbe larger
bay of Appalache, and under the latter head,
the forraer has been already noticed, but we
raay add in this place an extract frora the En.
gineer's Report, that the Bay of Ocklockonnee
" lies 18 ras. s. e. of St. Marks, Its entrance
is much obstructed by oyster banks, anJ its
bottom may be considered as part of the shoal
which, frora Appalache to Cape San Bias, ira-
pedes approach to the coast. The general
width of Ocklockonne bay is 1 3-8 m., length
6 1-8 m. The depth wbich can be carried
through the bay to Ocklockonne r, is 7 feet at
low tide," Ocklockonne r. rises in Georgia,
interlocking sources with those of Suwanne r.
and sorae confluents of Flint r, ; and draining
sections of Baker, Decatur, Irwin, and Lowndes
COS., tbe various branches enter and unite in
Thomas co, after a general stbra, sourse of 50
ms. Inflecting thence to sthwstrd. 60 ms, and
at about raid-distance having entered Florida,
again bends to s. E, 30 ms, to its final influx into
Ocklockonne bay. This r. sweeps an elliptic
curve round to the wstrd. of Tallahasse. Its
basin lies between those of Appalachicola and
Oscilla rs.
Ocmulgee, r. Geo. the wstrn, and main con
stituent branch of Alatamaha, rises in Gwinnett
and De Kalb cos. and flowing thenco a, h, e.
between tbe Oconee and Flint rs. and nearly
parallel to both, by comparative courses 170 ms.
curves lo tho n. e. by e, 30 ma. to ita junction

with Oconee, as will be noticed under the head'
qf the latter, having an entire comparative
course of 200 ms. Though the actual length of
the streams of the Ocmulgee exceeds that of
the Oconee, the vallies ofthe two streama are
reraarkably similar in lengtb, width, and direc
tion, and of course In area, each comprising
about 4,900 sq, ras. Taken together, the Oco
nee and Ocmulgee drain the great central plain
of Geo. and water one of the finest sections of
the state, and nearly one sixth of the entire
surface. Ocoha, Bridge and p-o, Covington co. Misp.
about 120 ras. e, Natchez.
OcoNEE, r. Geo. the estrn. brancb ofthe Ala-
taraaha, having the raost reraote of its sources
in Hall co. within 5 ras. of tbe main volurae of
the Chattahoochee, and flowing thence by cora
parative courses, 175 ma, in a s, s, e. direction,
joins the Ocmulgee to forra the Alatamaha. The
junction is made very nearly on lat, 32° and
between Montgomery and Appling cos. The
confluents of Oconee are numerous, but rela
tively sniaU, the valley where widest in Putnam,
Jasper, and Greene cos. is only about 40 ras.
and the raean widtb about 28, the area 4,900 sq.
ras. The higher or northern part of Oconee
valley, lies between those of Ocraulgee and Sa
vannah, the middle part between those of Oc
mulgee and Great Ogechee, and the southern
between Ocmulgee and Great Ohoopee.
Ocoocii, mtn. On Tanner's raap of tbe U. S.
this ridge is laid down, as extending n. n. e.
and s. s. w. between the valley of Ouisconsin r,,
the sources of Chippeway r, and those of some
lesser intervening confluents of Misp, r. The
lengtb of the ridge, as represented on tho raao,
.is 80 ras. Lat. 44°, aud long W. C. 13° w. in
tersect near its sthestrn. slope. Between the
Ocooch mtn, and tbe main channel of Ouiscon
sin, Mr, Tanner has entered as a note, " Lime
stone Hills." If this note is drawn from cor
rect documenta, it tends to give interesting in
struction on the value of this imperfectly knowii
country. Ooracoke Inlet, is the pass from the Atlantic
0. into ParaUco sound, between Cove and Hat
teras isis. It adraits vessels of 14 ft. draught.
On Tanner's U. S map, lat, 35° and long. 1° e.
W. C. intersect about 2 nautical ras. s. w. from
the entrance of this inlet.
- Odamsville, p-o. Northampton co. N. C. by
p-r. 106 ms. n. e. Raleigh.
'Office, Tavern, and p-o. wstrn, part of Ame
Ua CO. Va, by p-r. 43 ras. a. w. by w, Richraond.
Ogden, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y, 12 ras. w. Ro
chester, and containing 32 sq. ms., is crossed
by the mtn. ridge, and in the e. by Erie canal.
Salmon, Rush, and Little Rush creek, water the
town, flowing in several directions. The land
ia pretty good and uneven. Pop. 2,401.
Ogden, p-v. nrthwatrn. part of New Madrid
00. Mo. by p.r. about 150 raa. s. St. Louis.
Ogdensbukgh, kicorporated p-v. port of entry
and st, jus. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 116 ms, n.
Utica, 120 w, Plattsburgh, 209 ms. n, w. Al
bany, on St. Lawrence r. at the mouth of the
Oswegatchie. It is situated on a fine plain,
with a good harbor, ia regularly laid out. It
lies opposite to Prescott, Upper Canada,

OHI

356

OHI

Ogechee, or as conimonly called. Great Oge
chee, r, of Geo, having the reraote sources in
Greene and Taliaferro cos. about 40 ras, n. n.
E, MiUedgeville ; flowing thence s, s, e. by
comparative course 190 ms. falls into Oasabow
sound, 20 ma. due a, the city of Savannah. The
valley of Great Ogechee lies between those of
Alatamaha and Savannah re. {see Cannouchee
river.) The valley of Ogechee, including that
of Cannouchee, is about 160 ms. in length, with
a mean breadth of 30 ms. and an area of 1,800
sq. ma.
Ogee's Ferry, and p-o. Joe Daviess co. II.
about 320 ms. a little w. of n. Vandalia.
Oglethorpe, co. Geo. bndd. by Taliaferro
CO. s. s. E,, Green s,, Clarke w., Madison n..
Broad r. separating it from Elbert, n. e,, and
Wilkes E. and s. e. Length diagonally from
southwest to northeast 38 ms., raean width 13,
and area 494 sq. ms. Extending in lat. Irom
33° 41' to 34° 02', and in long, from 5° 44' to
6° 23' w. W. C. Though Oglethorpe co.
reaches to the Oconee river on the westem bor
der, the far greater part of the surface is in the
valley of Broad r. and declines estrd. towards
the Savannah r. Cf t. Lexington. Pop. 1820,
14,046, 1830, 13,558.
O'Harra, p-o. Randolph co. II. 101 ms. s. s.
w. Vandalia.
Ohio r., the great northeaatern confluent of
the Miap. and in proportion to the extent of
land it drains, perhaps the most remarkable r,
of the earth. "The physical section drained by
this stream lies geographically between lat. 34°
12' and 42° 27', and long. 1° and 12° w. W.
C. The course of the Ohio proper, from the
sources of Alleghany to its junction with Misp.
is by calculation s. 59° 30' w. 680 statute ras.
This is not however, the longest, nor in regard
to relative space drained, the most central line
tbat can be drawn over tbe Obio valley. An
other line extended from the sources of Orleans
cr., Cataraugus co. New York, to those of
Bear Grass cr,, Marion co. Ala., thatis, from
the most northern to the most southern sources,
araounts by calculation to 750 statute ras., de
clining frora the meridians 40° 37'. The forra
of the valley approaches in a very remarkable
raanner that of a regular ellipse, of which the
latter calculated line would be tbe transverse
diameter, and the conjugate diameter, another
line extending from the Blue Ridge where the
sources of Great Kenhawa and those of Wa
tauga branch of Ten. rise, to tbe northwestern
sources of Wabash, 450 statute ms. Measur
ed by the rhorabs, following the eleraents in the
following table, the area comes out so very
nearly 200,000 sq. ms. as to admit the adoption
of that round number. Table of the extent in
sq. ras. ofthe valley of Ohio river, sq. ms.
Between latitude ,34o and 350 2 1-4 Eliomba 8,986
35 36 6 1-2 do. 25,655
36 37 7 1-2 do. 29,205
37 38 8 1-2 do. 32,700
38 39 8 1-2 do, 32,250
39 40 8 3-4 do, 32,742
40 41 8 do, 29,488
41 43 2 1-2 do. 9,085
Aggregate extent in sq, ms, 200,111
Allowing the greatest length to be 750 ms'

the mean width wUl be 267 very nearly, or the
raean breadth amounts to within a trifling frac
tion of 1-3 of the greatest length, a compact
ness seldom equalled in rs. If the Alleghany
is regarded as the primary and remote constit
uent of Ohio, this great stream rises by nuraer
ous ers, in McKean and Potter cos. Pa,, and
Alleghany and Cataraugus cos. New York.
Becoraing navigable near the line of deraarca-
tion between the two states, the stream, with
partial windings, pursues tbe general course
already stated, to ita junction with the Misp.
affording a natural navigable channel of be
tween 1,200 and 1,300 ma. The opposing in
clined plains of Ohio valley are of unequal ex
tent, nearly in the proportion of 2 to 3, the
larger falling frora the Appalachian system of
ratns. and containing 120,000 sq. ras. In their
features also the two Ohio plains differ essen
tially. The southeastern, declining frora a
mountainous outline, has a comparatively rapid
slope. The most elevated table land from
whioh the eastern confluents flow, is tbat where
rise the sources of Clinch, Holston, and Great
Kenhawa, about 2,500 ft. The Appalachian
table land declines in relative elevation both to
N. and s. of this nucleus, but there is no one
part frora tbe sources of Alleghany and Genesee
to those of Ten, and Coosa through 7° of lat.
but which exceeds 1,000 ft. The elevation of
the Obio at Pittsburg, where the Alleghany and
Monongahela unite, is 678 feet, and that of the
low water at the confluents of Obio and Misp.
283 ft. ; of course the Ohio below Pittsburg,
has a fall qf 395 feet in 948 ms., the length of
the intermediate channel. The left confluents
must have from the preceding data, a descent
of from. 1,000 to 1,200 ft. Down this rapid de
clivity, advancing frora n, to s. are found the
strearas of Clarion, Kiskirainitas, Monongahela,
Great Kenhawa, Sandy, Kentucky, Cumberland
and Tennessee and several of lesser length of
course, whose sources do not reach the Appa.
lachian vallies. It may well excite surprise,
that along this steep plain, direct falls are not
frequent, and where they do occur, of moderate
direct pitch. The western, or more correctly
northwestern plain is directly the reverse of its
opposite in respect to apex ; the inflected line of
river source wbich separates the valley of
Ohio from that of the Great Canadian lakes,
is in great part level and marshy. Proceeding
frora the southern extremity of lake Michigan,
and tracing the line from which the Ohio water
flows, the face of the country very slowly
changes from level to hill and dale, and it is
not until reaching tbe fountains of Alleghany
that any protuberance would appear deserving
the narae of ratn. From this flat, and in winter
partially inundated plain, the Big Beaver, Mus.
kingum, Scioto, Miami, and Wabash first slow.
ly descend, gaining more and more rapidity of
declivity approaching their recipient, the Ohio.
Ascending the southeastern confluents the
scenery becomes rugged and diversified in
character, in proportion to proximity to the
Appalachian ridges ; on the contrary the north
western streams afford the boldest scenery
along the immediate margin of Ohio, and the
banka ofthe western rivers become more tame

OHI

357

OHI

and raonotonous until they end in unbroken
plains. To an eye sufficiently elevated, and
powers of vision sufficiently enlarged, the whole
valley of Ohio would indeed appear one im
mense declivity, falling very nearly at right
angles to the general range of the Appalachian
system, and the rs. would appear to have cut
deep channels seldora in a direction correspond.
ing to the plain of general descent. Of these
channels that of Ohio would appear as the prin.
cipal. The author of this article carefully
measured the height of the hills, in the vicinity
of Pittsburg, and found them about 460 ft. above
the low water level of the rivers, or 1,138 ft.
above the level of the Atlantic tides. Above
Pittsburg to the hills, which rise like mtns.
from lake Erie, the ascent is at least 400 ft.
and below Pittsburg the fall to the Misp. has
been shown to be 395 ft. Without therefore es.
tiraating ratn. ridges, the great inclined plain of
Ohio has a descent of upwards of a foot to the
statute m., but what is something remarkable,
the rivers, and particularly the Ohio itself, do
not fall gradually withthe plains of their cours.
es. The actual channel from Pittsburg to the
mouth is 948 statute ms. and the fall 4,716
inches, or not quite 5 inches per mile. The
waters in effect have abraded their channels,
deeper toward their sources than in proportion
to length of course. It is this circurastance
which has contributed to give to the Ohio prop.
er, the appearance of flowing in a deep and im.
mense ravine. The difference of climate ari
sing from difference of level, frequently exceed
ing a degree of lat. in less than a mile, and ra.
dialed heat, with an exuberant alluvial soil, giv
ing in spring a precocious vegetation along tbo
river bank, have superinduced great misunder
standing respecting the teraperature and seasons
ofthis region. Descending the Ohio, say frora
Pittsburg, the scenery along the banks and hills,
is in an eminent degree picturesque and varied,
but these fine features imperceptibly fade away,
and long before reaching the .Misp. totally
disappear, and leave a narrow horizontal ring
sweeping round the heavens, forraed by the
trees along the banks. As a navigable channel
few, if any other rivers of the globe, equal tbe
Ohio. In the higher part of its course the nav
igation is annually more or less impeded in win
ter by ice, and in autumn by a want of water.
Impediment from ice prevails in all its course,
but below the influx of Kenhawa, drought is of
less injury, and below the rapida at Louis^ville,
very seldom impedes navigation. The only di
rect cataract in Ohio was that at Louisville,
now in a comraercial point of view, reraoved by
a na^dgable canal. {See Louisville and Port
land canal, ot article Louisville, Ky.) Ofthe
whqle number of steara boats built on the great
rivers ofthe west, (in 1831 there had been 348)
198 were running at that time. Of these, 68
were built at Cincinnati, the same number at
Pittsburg, 12 at New Albany, Ind., and the re.
mainder, principally in Ohio and Kentucky.
A large proportion of these boats are engaged
in tbe coraraerce of the Ohio and Mississippi,
wbich are admirably adapted^^for steam naviga.
tion. Tho 4 most important of all raineral pro.
ductions abound in the Ohio valley, limestone, 46 '

mineral coal, salt, and iron ore. Of all con
tinuous bodies of productive soil on earth, if
climate and fertility are combined, the valley of
Ohio will, it is probable, sustain the most dense
population. {See the different confluents of
Ohio under their respective heads.)
Ohio, one of the U, S,, is bndd. n. by Michi.
gan ter. and lake Erie, e, by Pa,, h. e. by the
Ohio river, separating it frora Va., a, and s, w.
by the Ohio separating it frora Ky., and w. by
Ind. This state bounds on the Ohio river, from
the mouth of Little Beaver to that of Great Mi
ami, 440 ms. ; due n. in comraon with Ind. 170 ;
due e. along Mich, to lake Erie, 80 ; thence
along the southern shore of Erie, 150; thence
due s. in common with Pa. to place of beginning,
the mouth of Little Beaver, 93 ; having an en
tire outline of 933 ms. ''Phe superficial con.
tents of O. have been generally under-rated ;
raeasured carefully by the rhorabs on Tanner's
and Mitchel's raaps, the area comes out within
a smaU fraction of 44,000 sq, ms. or 28,160,000
statute acres. In lat. this state extends from
37° 25' at the mouth of Great Sandy r., to 41°
58' at its extreme north-eastern angle, long. W.
C, 3° 30' to 7° 48', A general idea prevaUs,
tbat the state of Ohio presents great uniformity
of surface and aerial temperature; but neither
its surface or raeteorological phenomena sus
tains such an opinion. The subjoined table
will serve to givo the reader an idea of its rela.
tive and mean height.
Ascents and descents from the Ohio r. at the
mouth of the great Kenhawa; thence down
that stream to the mouth of Scioto r. and thence
foUowing the Ohio and Erie canal to the lat.
ter at Cleaveland.

dist. in

ascnt

elevation

Stations on the route.

miles.

or de

in ft. abv.

scent

mn. tide.

lieight of the water level

at a mean in the Ohio
r. at the raouth of the
Great Kenhawa,
535
^'^outh of Scioto r.
85
faUs
61
474
Thence leaving Ohio r.
and up the Scioto to
ChiUicothe,
52
137
rises
140
614
Circleville,
20
157
do
60
674
Hebron on Licking eum.
rait.
52
209
do
219
893
Newark st. just. Licking
county.
10
219
falls
69
834
Muskingum valley on the
border between Musk
'
ingura and Coshocton
COS.
90
744
Conhocton village.
42
261
rises
24
768
New Philadelphia,
43
304
do
106
874
Massillon in Stark co. and
coramenceraent of Por
tage surarait,
28
332
do
68
942
Akron in Portage co. and
northern extremity of
Portage summit,
28
360
do
31
973
Cuyahoga aqueduct,
13
373
rails
369
704
Cleaveland and level of
1
lake Erie,
18
391 1
do
136
568
A not very inflected line extended over Ohio
3, w. by w, from the w, boimdary of Pa,, be-
OHI

358

OHI

tween the sources of Ashtabula r. and those
of Sbenango branch of Big Beaver, and cross.
ing the summit level of the canal between
Massillon and .4kron, and thence between
the sources of the rivers, flowing into Ohio r.
and those flowing into lake Erie, would di
vide the state into two inclined plains of very
unequal area, and relative rapidity of descent
frora their common apex. The northern or
Erie plain, not above 25 ras. wide at its N. e.
extreraity, widens to 80 ms. along the e. boun-
bary of Ind. and contains about the 1-4 part of
the state. The Ohio plain, much raore exten.
sive in breadth, and of course in area, has a
much raore gentle declivity. By reference to
the table, we find the slope of the northern
plain 3 ms. is 405 ft. ; whilat down the Ohio
plain, in a distance of 247 ms. the raean fall is
509 ft. The fall of the northern plain exceeds
13 ft, per raile ; that ofthe southern but a small
fraction above 2 ft. per mile. The mean eleva.
tion of the comraon apex of those two opposing
plaina raay be assumed at 1,000 ft,, the positive
mean height is, bowever, perhaps something
more. Without a knowledge of the real fea.
tures of Ohio, it would be natural to place a
range of hills along the sources of the stream
which flow down the plains of Ohio ; but the
very reverse is the fact. The central table
land is coraparatively level, in part raarshy,
and what is peculiarly remarkable, the bill along
the Ohio r. is very nearly of similar elevation
with that of the central table land. It is almost
demonstrable, that originally the whole sthm.
or Ohio inclined plain, was a vast level with a
very slight declination towards what is now the
particular valley of Ohio r., and that what ap.
pears hills along that great recipient, are tbe
reraains of what earth and rock was left as the
rs. cut away their beds. A sirailar remark is
applicable to the lake Erie shore of Ohio.
Protruding frora the extrerae western part of N.
Y., the ridge dividing the sources of the con.
fluents of the O, valley frora those of lake Erie,
rises sloping but abrupt from the latter ; and
so abrupt that sorae of the feeders of Chatauque
lake have their fountains within 5 ras, from tbe
lake shore. Here, at an elevation of 1,300 or
1 ,400 feet above the ocean tides, flows water on
one side which finds a recipient in the Gulf of
Mexico ; whilst on the opposite side the water
in 5 ras. has a fall of near 800 ft,, a fall which
the O, waters have not reached at the raouth of
Muskingura. Sailing on lake Erie from Buffa
lo, the ridge we have been noticing is seen
stretching over the northwestern angle of Pa,
into the state of Ohio, and slowly receding into
the interior of the latter state, until from San
dusky bay it ceases to be visible from the lake.
This reraark is founded on personal observation
by the author of this article. The rs, which
fall into lake Erie frora O, are from their pre
cipitate descent difficult of navigation, and all
roll over direct falls or cataracts. Falls or
cataracts are on the other side rare, though
some of the latter do occur, one in the Musk
ingum at ZanesvUle, for instance. We atonce
see frora the preceding data, that the state of
Ohio occupies an iminensc, and not slightly
elevated plateau or table laud. Along the |

sources of its rivers much of the original plain
remaina unchannelled by rivers, presenting
wide spread levels ; but receding either to
north or aouth the river channela become more
and more deep ; hilla seem to riae aa the wa
tera really fall. The dull monotony gradually
ceaaes, and a country ia preaented which
abounda with rich and varied, and in sorae pia.
ces even grand scenery. Descending frora the
central table land, the courses of the rs. with
partial inflections, are northward towards Erie,
or southward towards O. The course of that
part of 0. itself which separates the state of 0.
frora Va. is s. s, w., whilst that part of the
same stream separating 0. from Ky, is n, w. by
w., a bend not far from a right angle taking
place at the mouth of Big Sandy r. Tho whole
Ohio r. border of the state of 0. approaches as.
tonishingly to a circular curve. Setting one
leg of a pair of compasses in Worthington, 9
ras. N. Columbus, and extending the other to
the mouth of Great Sandy, 125 ms,, the dis
tance will reach the mouth of Great Miami,
approach very near tbe raouth of Little Beaver,
and carried from extreme to extreme will
sweep along or very near the 0, r. It is this
salient curve of Ohio r, and the little difference
between its mean length and breadth, wbich
renders this state the most compact, not even
excepting Conn., of any state of the U. S. in
proportion to outline. 'That part of Ohio called
New Connecticut, or Connecticut Westem Re
serve, embraces 8 counties in the n. e. comer
of tbe state ; tbe tract contains 3,300,000 acres.
Of this district Ohio has the jurisdiction, but
the fee lies in Connecticut, and it is chiefly
settled by eraigrants from the latter state, and
Mass. An unsurveyed tract of 4,204,800
acres, lying between Little Miami and Scioto
rivers, belongs to tbe State of Virginia, and ia
called the Virginia Military Lands.
Climate and seasons.— Oa no olher subject
connected with the geography of the U. S. has
there been so much of palpable mistake as in
regard to the cliraate of, not only Ohio, but
of the entire central basin of N. A. Volney,
who understood the meteorology and winds of
N. A, about as well, and no better than do Eu.
ropean travellers in general, the moral and po.
litical character of the U. S., propagated the
opinion that the central basin was warmer on a
given latitude than the Atlantic coast. Con.
suiting neither relative elevation or exposure to
prevalent winds ; nor awaiting recorded obser.
vations with tbe therraoraeter, and the inflo
rescence, foliage, and decay of vegetables, or
the freezing of rs. and ers,, this foreigner, in a
nme month's transit, mostly in suraraer, thought
himself corapetent to decide a problera which
no huraan sagacity could determine, except by
the aid of actual experiment ; and experiment
long continued and carefully registered. Due
attention being given to the internal structure
of the country, especially that of O,, will enable
the reader to detect the leading cause of an er
ror which sets at naught all the induction drawn
from the known laws of nature. The individu
al chaaiiiel of Ohio r, at Pittsburg is, by actual
measurement made by the writer, 460 ft. below
the apex of the adjacent liiUs. This relative

OHI

359

OHI

height does not materially change on the right
side, especially until 50 or 60 ms. below the
mouth of Wabash. The hills, or more correct
ly the buttress of the interior table land, reaches
the bank, or recedes one or two railes with in
tervening bottoms, through the entire valley of
O, r. from hill to hill ; and is above LouisvUle
in few places two ms. wide. Thus that stream
fiows in a deep chasm, which receives the sun's
rays as in a focus, and has besides an actual de
pression equivalent to a degree of lat. below
tbe surface, one or two miles from its banks.
The rapid transition of temperature is seen on
vegetation, and is felt and seen in a very stri
king manner on health. Between the valley of
0. r. at Wheeling, which is very nearly oppo
site the middle lat. of the state of Ohio, andthe
farms on the hills 8 or 10 ms, distance e. or w,,
there is a difference of at least 10 days in seed
tirae, harvest, or the inflorescence of fruit trees
or ripening of their fruit. The accuracy of the
opinion, that so far from being warraer, the val
ley of O. is in winter, greatly colder, does not
depend alone on the observation or assertion of
the author. The following is an extract frora
the National Intelligencer, Dec, 29th, 1831. —
"Wheeling, Dec. 24th, 1831. Tbe raercury in
the thermometer (Far.) on Sunday morning last,
(Dec. 18th,) stood at 16° below zero, wbich
was 10 degrees colder than the coldest day last
winter," Frora this extract, the extreme cold
of the winter of 1830 — 31, was, 6 minus zero.
In the art. U. S. the reader wiU find this subject
more amply discussed.
Soil and Agriculture. — As a general charac
ter, the soil of Ohio is eminently productive,
and the productive part, perhaps 9-lOths of the
whole, very equally distributed over the state.
But ¦with extreraes of lat, 3i degrees, and with
relative height taken into the account 5 degrees
of Fahrenheit in raean teraperature, the effects
on vegetation are severely felt. Small grain,
Indian com, salted raeat and live stock, are the
staples of the state. Of grains, Indian corn is
cultivated in an abundance which might be sty
led excessive, and is the grain wbich is indeed
most suitable to all parts of the state, as the
summers on the highest part of the table land
are sufficiently long for its ripening. An intel
ligent man who reraoved frora the vicinity of
Sandy Spring, and who settled in Portage co,,
informed the writer that the climate was there
too cold for the successful culture of winter
grain. The apple succeeds well over Ohio, as
does the peacla in sheltered situations. Flint
says, " Fruits of all kinds are raised in the
greatest profusion ; and apples are as plenty in
the cultivated parts of the state, as in any part
ofthe Atlantic country. The raarkets are amply
suppUed wifh peaches, pluras, cherries, goose
berries, strawberries, and cultivated grapes.
From the fulness and richness ofthe clusters of
cultivated grapes, it is clear, that this ought to
be a country of vineyards. The Germans have
already made a few establishments ofthe kind,
with entire success. Apricots, nectarines, and
quinces, succeed ; and the state is the appro
priate empire of Pomona."* To the preceding
we may add, tobacco, hemp and flax, as these
» Flint's Geog. Misp. valley, vol. 1, p. 393—4.

vegetables are in a high degree suitable to the
soil and climate of 0. Hemp and flax must,
frora the very nature and analogy of things, be
corae standing staples of Ohio. But we raay
extend the observations on these two latter ve.
getables, to the contiguous political aectiona,
Ky., Ind., Mich., Pa,, and wstrn, Va, ; and per.
haps still raore suitably to II, and Mo.
Rivers, Canals, if-c. — The principal river of
Ohio, is that queen of rivers frora which tbe
state derives its narae, and which seraicircles
tbe state with its channel, unequalled for tran
quillity of current, and soft splendid scenery
along its banks. Flowing in fact along the base
of the enorraous platform of Ohio, the r. 0. has
a very moderate descent, falling only 204 feet
from Pittsburg to the raouth of Scioto, In pro
per seasons when araply supplied with water,
the 0. is one ofthe most safely and easily navi.
gated rs. ofthe eartn ; but it is impeded in win.
ter by ice, and in suraraer by drought, and is
not, on an average of one year in ten, naviga.
ble above the mouth of great Kenhawa, raore
than half the year. Winter frost impedes the
navigation in all its length, a great raajority of
seasons. It is also liable to excessive and de.
structive floods. {See article Ohio river.)
Of the rivers flowing from the state into
the Ohio, the principal are descending, Mus.
kingura, Hockhocking, Scioto, and Great and
Little Miarai. These, with numerous creeks,
drain the great southern plain of 0,, and have
interlocking sources with the streams flowing
in an opposite direction into lake Erie. Advan.
cing from e. to w, the most important of tho
latter are, Ashtabula, Grand, Cuyahoga, Huron,
Sandusky, and Mauraee, witb innuraerable in
termediate creeka. Other rivers are the Mau
mee, Portage, Black, Verraillion, Rocky, and
Muskingura, Tho spirit of uaternal improve
ment pervades Ohio ; nuraerous rail-roads have
been projected, and many have recently been
incorporated. Of canals, the raost important
are the Ohio and Erie, and the Miami ; these
have already afforded immense facilities for
business, and opened new fields for the enter
prise of the citizens of this, as weU as the
neighbouring states. The main Erie and Ohio
canal comraences at Cleaveland, on the lake
shore, follows up the valley of the Cuyahoga
r, southwardly, above 30 ras,, then crosses the
Portage Summit, to the Tuscarawas or Musk
ingum river, whose valley it follows to Dres
den, about 14 ms, n. Zanesville ; from thence
it takes a southwestern direction across the
height of land dividing the Muskingura from
the Scioto r,, into the valley of the latter, about
12 ras, a, frora Columbus ; thence a southem
direction along the valley of the Scioto river,
passing Circleville, Chillicothe, and Piketon, to
Portsmouth, onthe N.bank of the O. r,, at tbe
mouth of the Scioto. The length of the main
trunk is 310 ma. ; of the feedera and side cuts,
24 ras. ; total 334 ms. Except one rock, near the
Ohio, this canal was completed in 1832. Tho
Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and ex
tends nrthwrdly. along the valley of the Great
Miami r. ; a total distance of 67 ms. It passes
the towns of Hamilton, Middleto^wn, Franklin
and Miamiesburg to Dayton. This canal is

OHI

360

OHI

now finished. A route was surveyed, some
three years ago, for the future extension of the
Miami northwardly, from Dayton to tbe Mau
mee r. at fort Defiance ; thence northeastward
ly along the Maumee, to its mouth in the west.
ern extremity ot lake Erie. A grant from the
U. S. of 300,000 acres of land to the state, on
condition that thia work should be prosecuted,
has been accepted ; the lands have' been select
ed, sales effected to the amount of $40,000, and
it is expected the work will be comraenced
within the time specified by Congress, {For
farther details in internal improvements, see
art. Rail Roads and Canals.)
The following extracts from a message of
the governor, Dec, 4, 1832, exhibit the condition
of the finances and public works of this pros
perous member of the confederacy. The ag
gregate amount paid into the Treasury for State
and Canal purposes, for the year ending the
15th of November 1832, ia $265,217 22—
which added to the balance in the Treasury on
the 1,5th of November 1831, $6,075 38, araounts
to $271,292 60, ' The total amount of dis-
burseraents at tho Treasury for State and Canal
purposes for tbe year ending 15th Noveraber
1832, is $250,507 65, leaving a balance in the
Treasury at tho last date of $20,784 94, The
estiraated araount of tax levied for State and
Canal purposes for the year 1832 is $250,000.
The amount of the foreign drht heretofore con
tracted on account of tho Canal is $4,400,000,
and the interest payable annually to foreign
stockholders is $260,000, The araount of
loans derived from the School Funds, is
$434,847 95, tbe interest on which, araounting
to ahout 25,000 dollars, is applied to the support
of common Scbools ; ro that the whole Canal
debt of the State, is about $4,834,847 95, and
the lotal araount of interest due 1st of January
1833, will be about $285,000. The araount
received into the Treasury from the sale of
lands granted by Congress to the State of Ohio
for Canal purposes for the year ending 15th
Noveraber 1832, is ^58,103 78. The amount
of tolls received from the Miami Canal for the
sarae period is $34,956 86. The araount of
tolla collected from the Ohio Canal for the
year ending the 15th of November 1832,
§76,463 93 — making the sum total received
for tolls ,$111,420 79; deduct incidental
charges, ^7,118 26, and a balance is left of
$104,302 53, which is applied towards the
payment of intereat on the Canal debt. A tax
araounting to $143,153 46, was levied to aid in
the payment of intereat on thia debt, for 1839.
The Ohio canal, with ita navigable feedera, is
now corapleted from lake Erio to the Ohio, a
distance of about 334 miles, withthe exception
of one lock near tbe Ohio river ; and the whole
length of canals in this atate now navigable
is about 400 miles, affording the most con
venient and cheap mode of transportation —
enhancing the value of the products of the
country — and giving every reasonable facility
to those engaged in commercial employment.
The influence of theae great worka is already
visible in the increase of commerce and travel.
Siibtsantial improvements have been wrought
in the country which they traverse, and there

has been a regular arrival and departure of
packet and freight boats, at a season ofthe year
when navigation has been hitherto unknown.
It has been estimated bythe canal coraraission.
ers, that during the year 1832, the actual saving
of transportation (less than what would have
been the expense of land carriage,) on the Erie
canal alone, amounted to $231,004,05 ; and on
the Miami canal, $81,152, making a total of
§312,156,87 ; or nearly three times the amount
received on these two canals for transporta.
tion, during the year ending Nov. 15th, 1832.
The aggregate araount of tolls received on the
United States' road, between Wheeling and
Zanesville, (it having been transferred to the
state of Ohio,) on tbe 15th Nov. 1832, waa
$11,082,63. The institution forthe deaf and
durab, which is supported by the state, is in a
flourishing condition. The nuraber of pupils
(Dec, 1832) was 31, of whora 17 were wholly,
and 1 was in part, supported by the state. The
whole expenses of this asylura, for 3 quarters
ending July 31st, 1832, was $3,409 16. It is
expected a building suitable for the purposes
of the institution will be completed early in
1834. A new penitentiary for state purposes is
in progress, the present one having been found
in many respects deficient. The expensea of
that prison in 1831 amounted to $13,000. From
the railitia returns forthe year 1832, it appears
that there were then in the state 6,131 corarais.
sioned officers, and that the number of non.
commissioned officers, privates, &c. amounted
to 126,030.
Progressive population. — The settleraent of
Marietta, 1787, or 46 years ago, commenced
that of Ohio. In 1800, the population of tho
state amounted to 45,365; in 1810, it was 230,.
760 ; and in 1820, 581,434,
The subjoined table exhibits the aggregate
by counties, 1830,

Cou-nties.

Pop. 1830,

Adams,

12,281

Ashtabula,

14,534

Athens,

9,787

Allen,

578

Butler,

27,143

BelmonI,

28,627

Brown,

17,867

1 hampalgn,

12,131

Clarke,

13,114

1 lermont.

20,466

Columbiana,

35,592

f oshocton.

11,161

Cuyahoga,

10,373

Crawford,

4,791

Clinton,

11,436

Dark,

6,204

Delaware,

11,504

Falffield,

24,786

Fayette,

8,182

Franklin,

14,741

Gallia,

9,7,33

Geauga,

15,813

Green,

14,801

Guernsey,

18,036

Hamilton,

52,317

Hocking,

4,008

Highland,

16,345

Harrison,

20,910

Hancock,

813

Hardin,

210

Henry,

262

Holmes,

9,135

Huron, '

13,341

lefferson.

22,489

Jackson,

5,941

Knox,

17,085

Lawrence,

5,367

Counties.

Pop. 1830.

Licking,

20,809

Lorain,

5,690

Logan,

6,440

Madison,

6,190

Marion,

6,,551

Medina,

7,500

Meigs,

6,158

Mercer,

1,110

Miami,

12,807

Monroe,

8,768

Montgomery,

24,362

Morgan,

11,800

Muskingum,

29,334

Perry,

13,970

Pickaway,

16,001

Pike,

6,024

P.irtage,

18,826

Preble,

16,291

Putnam,

230

Paulding,

161

Richland,

24,006

Eoss,

24,068

Sandusky,

2,851

Shelby,

3,671

Scioto,

8,740

Seneca,

5,159

Stark,

26,588

Tuscarawas,

14,298

Trumbull,

26,153

Union,

3,192

Van Wert,

'49

Washington,

11,731

Wayne,

23,333

Williams,

387

Warren,

21,468

Wood,

1,102

OHI
Of which were white persons :
Males.
Under 5 years ef age, 06,411
From 5 to 10 74,690
" 10 to 15 62,151
" 15 to 20 ' 51,138
" 20 to 30 81,290
" 30 to 40 49,340
" 40 to 50 31,112
" 50 to 60 18,058
" 60 to 70 10,783
" 70 to 80 3,632
" 80 to 90 935
" 90 to 100 138
" 100 and upwards, 29

361

OHI

Females. 89,873 71,851 59,30652,635
75,574 43,894
27,546 15,898 8,293 2,915 736 89 6

Total, 478,680 447,031
Among the preceding who are deaf and
dumb, there are under 14 years of age, 148 ;
from 14 to 25, 160; 25 and upwards, 118;
blind, 232.
Of free colored persons, there were.
Mates. Females.
Under 10 years, 1,502 1,573
10 to -24 1,440 1,551
24 to 30 H08 799
30 to 05 640 611
55 to 100 325 241
100 and upwards 8 4

4,779
Deaf and

Total, 4,788
Slaves. — Males 1, females 5.
durab colored, 9.
Recapitulation — .
JVhitcs. Free eolored. Slaves. Total.
926,311 9,567 6 935,884
Constitution, Government, Judiciary. — The
constitution of Ohio was adopted in convention
at Chillicothe, 29th Nov. 1802 ; the most im
portant provisions of which are : Tbat the le.
gislative authority of this state shall be vested
in a general assembly, which shall consist of a
senate and house of representatives, both to be
elected by the people. That representatives
shall be chosen annually. That no person shall
be a representative, who shall not have attained
the age of 25 years, and be a citizen of the U.
S,, and an inhabitant of this state ; shall also
have resided within the limits of the co, in
which he shall be chosen, one year next prece.
ding his election, unless absent on public busi.
ness. That senators .fihall be chosen biennial.
ly. That no person shall be a senator who has
not arrived at the age of 30 years, and who is
not a citizen of the U. S. ; shall have resided 2
years in the co. or district, immediately prece.
ding his election, unless absent on public busi.
ness. That no senator or representative ahall,
during the tirae for which he ahall have been
elected, be appointed to any civil office under
this state, which shall have been created, or
the emolumenta of which ahall have been in.
creased, during such time. That no money
shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conae.
quence of appropriations made by law. That
the supreme executive power ofthis state ahall
be vested in a governor. That the governor
elected by the qualified electors for the mem.
bers of tbe general assembly, and at the same
time and place. Holds his office for two years,
or until another governor shall be elected and
qualified. Eligible only 6 years, in any term of
8 years. He shall be at least 30 years of age,
and have been a citizen of the U. S. 12 years,
and an inhabitant ofthis state 4 years next pre.
ceding his election. That no meraber of con.

gress, or person holding any office under the
U. S. or this state, ahall execute the office of
govemor. The powera of the governor of
Ohio are nearly the same as generally vested
in governors of states. Ho can grant pardons
and reprieves after conviction, except in casea
of impeachment. That tho judicial power of
this state, both as to matters of law and equity,
shall be vested in a supreme court, in courts of
common pleas for each co. ; injustices ofthe
peace, and in such other courts as the legisla.
ture mtiy, from time to time establish. That
judges of tho supreme court shall, by virtue of
their offices, be conservators of the peace
throughout the state. The presidents of the
court of coraraon pleas, shall, by virtue of their
offices, be conservators of the peace within
their respective circuits, and the judges of the
court of common pleas shall, by virtue of their
offices, be conservators ofthe peace in their re.
spective cos. That judges of the supreme
court, the presidents, and the associate judges
ofthe courts of common pleas, shallbe appoint
ed by a joint ballot of both hoiises of the gene
ral asserably, and shall hold their offices for the
terra of 7 years, if so long they behave well.
(This raode of choosing judges of law aqd equi.
ty septennially, is a rather novel, or at least
wide deviation frora the usual manner of elec
tion or term of service.) That in all elec
tions, all white male inhabitants, above the
age of 21 years, having resided in the state one
year next preceding the' election, and who have
paid, or are charged with, a state or co. tax,
shall enjoy the right of an elector ; but no per.
son sball be entitled to vote, except in the
county or district in which he shall actually re
side, at the tirae ofthe election.
Art, 8, contains 28 sections of general prin
ciples ; araong which we may notice the fol.
lowing : Their shall be neither slavery or in.
voluntary servitude in this state, otherwise than
for the punishraent of criraes, &c. No prefer.
ence shall ever be given by law to any reli
gious society, or mode of worship ; and no re.
ligious test shall be required, as a qualification
to any office of trust or profit. Sec. 6, secures
tbe freedom of the press, and concludes thus :
"In prosecutions for anA publication respect
ing the official conduct of men in a public capa
city, or where the matter published is proper
for public information, the truth thereof may
always be given in evidence ; and in all indict.
menta for libela, the jury ahall have a right to
determine the law and the facts, under the di-
reqtion ofthe courts, as ua other cases." The
person of a debtor, where there is not strong
presumption of fraud, ahall not be continued in
priaon after delivering up hia estate for the
benefit of his creditor, or creditors, in such
manner as is prescribed by law. No person
shall be liable to be transported out of this
state, for any offence committed within the
state. History. — In 1787, what is now the atate of
Ohio, waa included in a territory then created
by act of congreaa, called " The Territory
northwest of the river Ohio," and in the same
year preparations were made for the first civili.
zed settlement raade within its limita. Gen.

OHI

362

OLI

Rufus Putnara and the Rev. Menasseh Cutler,
led a sraall colony from Middlesex and Essex
counties, Mass., who fixed themselves at Ma.
rietta, at the raouth of Muskmgura r. Sirailar
to every settleraent raade on a frontier, exposed
to savage war, the first years of Ohio were
spent in blood and teara. Tbe treaty of Gren.
ville, in 1795, and the surrender of Michigan in
1796, gave peace to the west, and eraigration'
poured over the mountaina, into the Ohio val
ley. In 1800, Ohio and Michigan were forraed
into a separate territory, but having acquired
sufficient nurabera in Ohio, Michigan waa de
tached April, 1802, and tbe forraer authorized
to frame a constitution. January, 1802, after
every necessary forraality was coraplied with,
Ohio was adraitted into the Union as a state.
Though as a raeraber of the confederacy her
history is blended with that of tbe nation, we
cannot orait an expression of adrairation at a
progress in power, resource and energy that
has no parallel in all human history. Forty-
six years past all waa a wild ; now, 1832,
with at least g. million of inhahitants, her
towns, cities, canals, roads, achools, coUeges
and other iraprovements raock the pen of the
geographer, Ohio, co. Va. bndd. by Washington co. Pa, n,
E,, Greene co. Pa, s. e,, Tyler co. Va. s., Ohio
r. separating it frora Monroe co, state of Ohio,
s. w,, and Belmont co. Ohio, ft. -vr., and by
Brooke co. of Va. n. Length from s. to N. 36
ms., mean width 12, and area 432 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. frora 39° 42' to 40° 14', and in
long, from 3° 36' to 3° 55' w, W. C, The de
clivity is a little n, of w., down whicb flow into
O. r, advancing frora n. to s.. Short, Wheeling,
Grave, Fiah, and Fiahing creeks, baving their
sources in Pa, Tbe surface is excessively bro
ken by biUs, but with alluvial bottoras of first
rate soil. In fact the soil of the highest bills is
fertUe, and the whole co. a body of exceUent
land. Cf t. Wheeling. Pop. 1820, 9,182, 1830,
15,590, Omo, CO, Ky. bndd. N, w, by Daviess, n, E.by
Hancock, e. by Grayson, s. e, by a part of But.
ler CO,, and by Green r, which separates it from
a part of Butler s., and from Muhlenburg s, vr.
This CO. lies nearly in forra of a square, 24 ras.
each side ; area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat.
from 37° 12' to 37° 34', and in long, from 9° 37'
to 10° 14' w. W. C. The declivity of this co.
is westward in the direction of the two main
branches of Green r. between which are com.
prised full 3-4 of all the area. Cf t. Hartford.
Pop. 1820, 3,879, 1830, 4,913.
Ohiopyle Falls, in Youghiogany r. is a de.
scent of 7 or 8 ft. direct pitch in that stream,
where it passes Laurel Hill, 11 or 12 ms. tt. E.
Uniontown, Fayette co. Pa.
Ohioville, p.v. western, part of Beaver co.
Pa. by p-r. 11 ms. below, and wstrd. of the
borough of Beaver, and 262 ms. n, w. by w. W. C.
Oil or., small, but reraarkable streara of Pa.
rising in the southem part of Crawford, and
westem part of Warren cos,, flows southwardly,
enters Venango co. and falls into Alleghany r.
about 8 ms. eatrd. Franklin. On thia cr. and
and near the border between Venango and
Crawford coa. arises a spring of water, on which

floata a mineral oil, from which the name of the
cr. ia derived. The oil spring, as laid down on
Tanner's Pennsylvania, is 25 ma, a little a, ofE.
MeadviUe. Oil Creek, p-o. and tap, aoutheastem angle
of Crawford co. Pa. 25 ras. E. Meadville, and 80
a little E. of N. Pittsburg.
Olamon Plantation, Hancock co. Me. Pop.
222. Oldbridge, v. Middlesex co. N. J. at the
head of navigation on Smith r. 7 ms. s. e. New
Brunswick, 2 n. e. Spots^wood.
Olo Church and p-o. Hanover co. Va. by p-r.
15 ms, N, Richraond.
Oldfield, p-o. Ashe co. N. C. by p-r. 218
ras. N, w. by w, Raleigb,
Old Fort, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 75 ms,
N. w. Harriaburg.
Old Fort and p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r.
235 ms. w. Raleigh.
Oldham, co. Ky,, bndd. n. by Gallatin, E.
by Henry, s. e. by Shelby, s. w. by Jefl'erson,
and w. by Ohio r. separating it frora Clark co.
Ind, Length 28 ras., mean width 15, and area
420 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 38° 15' to
38° 40', and in long, frora 8° 12' to 8° 37' w.
W. C. The surface hilly and rocky. Cf t,
Westport, Pop, 9,563,
Old Mines and p-o. Washington co. Mo,, by
p-r, 60 ms, s. s. w. St. Louis.
Old Point Comfort, cape and p-o. Elizabeth
City CO. Va., 12 ms. in a direct line a little w. of
N. Norfolk, 3 ms. o. e, Hampton, the co. seat,
and by p-r. 202 ras. s, s, e, W. C. The proraon-
tory, particularly called Old Point Comfort, is
almost exactly on lat, 37°, according to Tan
ner's U. S,, and with the opposing point, Wil
loughby, on the right shore, forms the real
mouth of James r., the intervening strait sepa
rating Lynhaven bay from Harapton roads. On
tbis point is located fortress Monroe, one ofthe
strongest fortifications ofthe U. S.
Old Tow.v, p-v. on Potoraac r, AUeghany co,
Md., 14 ras. below and s. E. Curaberland, and
by p-r. 135 ms. n, ¦w. by w. W. C.
Old Town, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Ross co,
O,, 12 ms, n. w. ChiUicothe.
Old Town, p-v. Lowndes co. Ala., by p-r.
131 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa.
Olean, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 20 ms, s.
E. Ellicottville, 33 s. w. Angelica, 115 s, w,
Geneva, n. of Pa., 8 ms. by 9 ; is crossed by
Olean cr. which runs into Alleghany r., and
supplies several mill seats. The timber is
chiefly valuable pine, which has occupied the
inhabitants in the preparation and transportation
of lumber. Olean Point, or Harailton village,
standa just below the confiuence of Oil cr. and
Alleghany r., and at the head of navigation.
Several ancient mounds were found near this
place. Pop. 561.
Olean, cr. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 25 ms. in
length. Oley, tsp. Berks co. Pa., 10 ma. eatrd. Read
ing. Pop. 1820, 1,400 ; 1830, 1,469.
Oley Fiirnace and p-o. in Oley tsp. Berks eo.
Pa., 10 ma. eatrd. Reading.
Olive, t. Ulater co. N. Y,, 12 ms. w, King-
aton, about 10 ma. long, haa a rough aurface.
Pop. 1,636.

ONE

363

ONO

Olive, p-v, Morgan co. 0., by p-r. 100 ma, a
little s, of E. Columbua.
Olive Green. {See Ludlow, Morgan co.
Ohio.) Oliver's p-o. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. 188
ms, E, Nashville.
Olympian Springs and p-o. Bath co. Ky., 11
ms, s. E. Owingsville, and 49 e. Lexington.
Ompomponoosuc, r. Orange co. Vt., joins
Conn. r. at Norwich. It is a good mill streara,
about 20 ras, long.
Onancock, cr. and p-o. on the Chesapeake
shore of Accoraac co. Va,, 8 ras. s, w. by w.
Draramondsto^wn, and by p-r. 210 ma. s.e, 'W.C.
Oneida, lake, N. Y. in aeveral cos, about tbe
middle of the state, near the shore of lake On
tario, into which it fiows. It is about 20 ms.
long e. and w., and 4 broad, and receives Chit
teningo cr. &c. w,. Fish and Wood ers, E,, and
Oneida cr. s. Tbis lake, being the important
channel of intercourse between the Canadians
and the five nations of Indians, up to the tirae of
the French wars, was fortified by two block
houses, fort Brewerton w., and fort Royal at
the mouth of Wood cr. "rhe banks are low,
with good soil.
Oneida, cr, Madison co. N. Y., divides this
CO. from Oneida co. for 17 ras., and runs n, into
tbe s, E, end of Oneida lake. It forraerly sup
plied the Indians with fine fish, but is now a
valuable raill streara, and is crossed by the
Erie canal 3J ras, from its mouth. Its princi
pal tributary, Stanando cr,, is also a good mill
stream. Oneida, co. N. Y., bndd. by Lewis co. and a
partof Oswego co. n,, Herkiraer co. e,, Herki
raer and Madison cos, s,, Madison and Oswego
COS. w. ; contains 1,136 sq. ms. The head of
navigation of Mohawk r, is in this co,, a part of
Oneida lalce. It is 110 w. of Albany, and con
tains 32 ts. ; Sadaguada, Oriskany, and other
ers. or streams, tributary to Mohawk r., lie in
the middle of this co. Fish and Wood ers. n,.
Black r, and its branches N. E., W, Canada cr,
e,, with its branches, Steuben and Cincinnati
ers,, Oneida cr. s. w,, and streams of Susque
hannah r, s. Mill seats are abundant, and
equal to those of any co, in the state. The sur
face is uneven, and abounds 'in fine springs.
In the N, E. the coimtry is more hilly. Iron ore
is found in the s. and n. e., and iron works exist
in several places. The Erie canal lies along
the s. bank of Mohawk r. to Rorae, on the Long
Level, which reaches 69J ms. The old canal
from Wood cr. to the Mohawk, which connect
ed the navigation of lake Ontario and the Hud
son, is in this co. Rome is the St. jus. Pop.
1S20, 50,997; 1830, 71,326.
Oneida, p-v. Vemon, Oneida co. N. Y,, 22
ms. w. Utica, 9 s. Oneida lake, is on the bor
ders ofthe Oneida reservation.
Oneida Castle, Oneida co, N, Y,, was the
chief residence of the Oneida Indians, one of
the five native nations ofthe atate ofN. Y., who
have a reservation of about 20,000 acres of val
uable land, on which were supported Christian
missionaries for many years, with some success.
The nation gave a portion of their land to the
Stockbridge Indians, and another to such of oth
er tribes aa chose to settle upon them ; and

they also enjoyed the benefits of instruction.
Within a few years many of these different
tribes have eraigrated to Green Bay, where
they received lands frora the Menominee or
Rice Indians.
One Leg, p-v. Tuscarsfwas co. 0., by p-r. 127
ms. N. E. by E. Columbus.
Oneonta, t, Oswego co, N. Y, Pop, 1,759.
Onion, r. Vt., rises in Cabot, Caledonia co,,
first runs s, and s. w,, then turns n. w. and
flows through Washington and Chittenden
cos, into lake Champlain 5 railes below Bur
lington, It is about '70 niiles long, and one of
the largest rivers in Vt. Its principal branches
are Dog r. and Steven's branch, n, branch at
Montpelier, Mad, Waterbury and Huntington rs,,
and iVluddy brook. It passes through a wUd
and roraantic country a considerable part of its
course, and has a great descent. On its high
est branch is a fall of 500 ft. within a distance
of 30 ft. In Bolton, Chittenden co., where it
crosses the ridge ofthe Green mtns. tbe current
in the course of ages has worn away the rocks
in a remarkable manner. In one place it has
cut to a depth of 30 ft., a channel 60 ft. wide,
and about 270 yards long, through a solid rock.
At another, 4 ms. below Waterbury v. it bas
cut 100 ft, down, having one side a pcrpendicu.
lar wall ; and there rocks have fallen down so
as to fbrm b natural bridge. An artificial
bridge has been built over a third place of the
kind, three quarters of a mile above the falls,
where the channel is 65 ft, deep and 70 wide.
The water power afforded by tbis stream is very
great. The turnpike road from Royalton to
Burlington lies along the course of Onion r,,
and is one of the best, as well as one of the
most romantic roads in this part of the U. S.
The great route by which the Indians forraerly
travelled between Conn. r. and lake Charaplain,
lay along the courses of White and Onion rs.
When the English first settled at Plyraouth, an
extensive war was carried on in boats of skins
by this route ; and during the subsequent wars
with the French in Canada, raany incursions
upon the frontiers were raade in this way.
There is rauch excellent alluvial land along the
banka, especially after ita paaaage of the mtns.
Boats go up to tbe falls about 40 ras., but lake
vessels can go only 5 ras.
Ono, p.v. Edgar co. II. 6 ras. nrthrd. Paris,
the CO. St. and by p.r. 112 ms. n, e, by e. Van.
dalia, Onondaga, lake, Salina, Onondaga co. N. Y.
7 ms. from Onondaga, drained by Seneca r. It
is about 1 J ms. by 6, with turbid water, and re.
ceives raany springs of salt water from its banks,
besides several streams; Otisco, Onondaga
creeks, &c. Its banks have been peculiarly
subject to the fever and ague. The surrounding
land is low, and often marshy. The great salt
manufactories of N. Y. are supplied with water
from the shores. It is raised by machinery to
an elevation sufficient to convey it in pipes to
Syracuse and other places where the manufacto
ries are situated. "The branch canal or aide cut
from the Erie canal, communicates with the
lake by locks at Salina, the descent being 38
feet. Onondaga, co. N. Y, 130 ms. vr. tt. vr. Al.

ONS

364

ONT

bany, 40 s. s. e, Oswego, 50 w. Utica ; bound
ed by Oswego co. e., Madison and Cortlandt
COS. s., Cayuga co. w., Oswego r. on the n,
bound,, Oneida lake and river e,, and Skene
ateles lake s. w. Greatest length 32 railes,
greatest breadth 28, area, about 334,000
acres. It contains the salt springe of the
state, wbich are of immenae value, and quan
tities of gypsum, limestone and water cement,
with a good soil, and strearas highly useful for
manufactures and navigation. Besides the
waters above raentioned, there are Oswego and
Seneca rs,. Cross, Onondaga and Otisco lakes,
&c. In the s. are several brooks, tributary to
Susquehannah' r. The manufacture of salt is
very extensive and valuable. The Onondaga
Indians, though much reduced in nurabers, oc.
cupy their reservation in this co. The salt
springs are owned by the state, and are in the
town of Salina. The water is raised by water
and steam, conducted into Syracuse, Geddes
and Liverpool, and there the salt is made frora
it, as well as in Salina. It is obtained by solar
evaporation, and by artificial heat, in different
ways. A branch of the Erie canal extending
to Salina, supplies water power. A bushel of
salt is obtained from 45 gallons. A tax of 12J
cents a bushel is paid by the manufacturers to
the state, for the canal fiind. Between 1817
and 1831, including tbose two years, about
$1,400,000 was paid tothe treasury from this
source. Quantities inspected in different
years : 1826, 827,508 bushels ; 1827, 983,410 ;
1828, 1,160,880; 1829, 1,291,280; 1830,
1,435,446 ; 1831, 1,514,037 bushels. Of the
last, 163,000 bushels were made by solar
evaporation, and the residue by solar and aitifi.
cial heat corabined. 189,000 bushels were
coarse. Syracuse is the St. of jus. Pop. 1820,
41,467 ; 1830, 58,984.
Onondaga, p-t. and St. jus. Onondaga co. N.
Y. 134 ms. w. Albany, 41 s. Oswego, 9 ms. by
10 ; has an agreeable surface, with very good
soil. In the E. is a fine valley, between high
hills, through which lies the course of Onon
daga creek towards Onondaga lake, and here
are many mill seats. Water ceraent, lime
stone, marie and gypsura here abound. Onon.
daga Castle is in this t. 3 ms. s. of the Hollow.
Pop. 5,668.
Onondagas, Indians, Onondaga co. N. Y.
These are the reraains of the first of the Five
Nations of Indians, formerly powerful, but now
reduced to a small number. They have a re.
servation in Onondaga t., 24 ms by 5 ; 3 ms s.
of the Hollow, on which a portion of them re.
side. They receive an annual payment from
the state in money — the interest of the money
for which they formerly sold their lands in this
and several adjacent cos.
Onslow, an extensive bay of tho U. S. on the
Atlantic coast, sweeping in a great elliptic
curve from cape Fear to cape Look Out. 'The
chord line from cape to cape is, by calculation,
111 statute ms., and deflects from tbe raeridian
by an angle of 65° 50' very nearly. A chain
of long, narrow and low sand iala., inflecting,
and within frora 1 to 2 ms. from the coast,
stretch along the curve of Onslow bay. The
main shore is alao low, and but little broken by

either bays or water courses. The inlets be.
tween the isis. are nuraerous, but none adrait
large vessels. In lat. this-bay extends from
33° 54' to 34° 34', and in long, from 1° w. to
0° 25' E. W. C.
Onslow, co. N. C. bndd. by New Hariover s.
w., Duplin N. w., Jonea n. and n. e., Cartaret e,,
and Onslow bay s. E. and s. Length 40 ms.,
raean width 18, and area 720 sq. ms. Extend
ing in lat, from 34° 30' to 35°, long, from 0°
13' to 0° 40' w. W. C. The very slight decliv
ity of Onslow is a little e. of s. and drained by
New river and Whittock r. Pop. 1820, 7,018 ;
1830, 7,814.
Ontario, lake, one of the great chain of N.
American lakes, lying between N. Y. and Up
per Canada. It extends from lat. 43° to 44°
and frora 0° 40' e. to 2° 50' w. long, from W.
C. and has the general form of a flat ellipse,
with its ends e. and w., and is about 1 90 ms.
long, with an average breadth of 40 ras. The
chief supply of its waters is received by Niaga
ra r. whichforras part ofthe w.bpundary of N. Y.,
and after having brought all surplus of the lakes
above, down the greatest cataract in the world,
pours it into lake Ontario on its s. shore, a little
E.'of its w. extreraity. Its other principal trib-
utariea are the Genesee, Oswego, and Black rs.
which flow from N. Y., and there are numerous
small streams frora both sides. The principal
bays on the N. Y. shore are Chauraont e., and
Gerondiquot and Braddock's ; and the isis..
Stony Emd Grenadier's isis., with Wolf or Grand
isl. at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Thia
lake is very deep, by sorae supposed to be 500
ft. It is never closed over with ice. It yields
excellent fish. The shores are generally rath
er low, and in some places marshy, though in
otbers quite elevated, and the land is commonly
good. The surface is 334 ft. lower than that
of lake Erie. There is a remarkable ridge of
land, called the alluvial way, extending in a
courae generally parallel with the a. ahore, from
7 to 10 ms. diatant from it inthe atate ofN. Y.,
which has the appearance of having been thrown
up in some manner by the waves, or some cur.
rent of the lake, when it may have overspread
a much greater aurface of country. An excel.
lent road ia laidiout upon the summit of this
narrow ridge. The surface of the lake ia 231
ft. higher than the tide level of the Hudson at
Albany. All this body of water discharges its
surplus at its e. extremity into the St. Law.
rence r. which is broad and rendered unna^viga-
ble, except in boats, by isis. and rapids, for some
distance. It is owing to this that most of the
commerce of the lake finds its way to N. York.
Canals, large enough for achoonera of the lar.
gest size uaed on the lakea, have just been
completed by the British governraent, round
the falls of Niagara, and those of the St. Law.
rence below lake Ontario, The Oswego canal
has also been recently constructed in the state
of N. Y. from the Erie canal to the mouth of
Oswego r.
Ontario, co. N. Y., bndd. by Wayne co. n.,
Seneca co. e., Yates and Steuben cos. a., Liv
ingston CO. w., and Monroe co. n. w. "The s.
part is hilly, and the other parts generally
agreeably varied, with a variety of soil, and

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much good, rich argillaceous loam, Canandai
gua lake lies near the middle, and partly on the
s, E, boundary ; Honeoye and Skeneateles lakes
are w. ot it, and Hemlock lake is on the w.
boundary. The principal streams are Hoaeoye,
Mud, and Flint ers., and Canandaigua outlet,
besides West r,, flowing into the head of Can
andaigua lake, and several other streams — all
flowing nrthrdly. There are 13 towns, and
manufactories of iron, cotton, woollen, glass,
&c. in thisco., of which Syracuse is the st.jus.
Pop. 1820, 35,312, 1830, 40,167.
Ontario, p-t. 'Wayne co. N. Y., 208 ms. n,
N, w, Albany, 17 n. w, Lyons, s, lake Ontario,
is crossed by several small streams running n,,
and contains a bed of iron ore, and several
forges. Pop. 1,585.
Ontonagon r., by sorae called Copper Mine
r,, a confluent of Lake Superior, rises at lat,
45° 40', long. W, C, 12° w, interlocking sources
with those of Menoraonies, and Wolf rivers,
flowing to the s. e, ; and those of Montreal r,
br. of Lake Superior, and with those of Chip
peway r. With an intervening portage of 4 or
5 ms., there is at seasons of the mean height of
these waters, a canoe navigation Irom lake
Michigan, by the channels of Menoraonies and
Wolf rs. into lake Superior, by either Ontona
gon or Montreal r. The forraer enters Lake
Superior about 75 ras. s. w. by w. Point Kewe
naw. OosTEN.ALAH r.. Ten, and Geo,, rises in the
former at lat. 35° 05', and is the raost nrthrn.
fountain, the water of which is conveyed into
the gulf of Mexico e. from the Misp. Yet a
cr. under the name of Connesauga, this streara
enters the Cherokee country of Geo., and flow
ing s. s. w. by coraparative courses 60 ms, to
New Echota, where it unites with a large con
fluent, the Rockhig Stone or Salequohe, from
the nrthestrd. Below New Echota, the Ooste
nalah continues s. s. w, 25 ras,, to its union with
the Etowah, to form the Coosa, This stream
has interlocking sources with those of Ten,,
Hiwassee, and Etowah,
Opelousas, parish of La,, and the raost sth
wstrn. section of the U. S,, bndd, n. w. by the
.parish of Natchitoches, n, by Rapides, n. e, by
Avoyelles, e, by Atchafalaya, a river separa
tmg it frora point Coupee and West Baton
Rouge, s, E, by St. Martin's, the upper parish
of Attakapas, s. w. bythe gulf of Mexico, and
w. by Sabine lake and r,, separating it from
Texas. The longest line that can be drawn in
Opelousas, is a diagonal frora the mouth of
Sabine, to the nrthestrn. angle ofthe parish on
Atchafalaya r. 16 raa., and raeasured in that
manner, the raean width would be about 50 ms.,
area 8,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat, frora 29°
26' to 30° 55'. Tbe Opelousas is a part of tbe
great northem plain of the Gulf of Mexico, and
the central and western part declines a. s. vr.
It is drained, advancing frora li. to w. in suc
cession by the nuraerous branches of Merraen-
tou, Calcasiu, and Sabine rs. The eastern but
much less extensive section has a southeastern
decUvity, and is drained by the confluents of
Atchafalaya, Teche, and Vermillion rs. Though
the northern part rises into comparative hills,
the whole surface so nearly approaches a lev- 47

el as to admit being designated literally an
inclined plain. The declivity is, however, so
very slight, as to adrait the raoderate tides of
the Gulf of Mexico above the lakes of Sabine,
Calcasiu, and Merraentau, and when the Miss.
and Atchafalaya are in full flood, the water of
Courtableau is rendered stagnant to its bead,
at the junction of Boeuf and CrocodUe creeks.
But though so nearly a curve section of the
sphere, Ojielousas is far frora being uniform
in its features. It is divisible into three very
distinct physical regions. The sea marah of
the south, the immense prairies or natural
meadows in the raiddle, and tbe dense foresta
onthe N. and n. e. The raarshy gulf border
rises but very little above the ocean level, is
clothed with rank and coarse grass with a few
clumps of trees, and extends inland from 30 to
40 miles. It is a treioibling bog, and irreclaim
able for any agricultural purpose, and except
along the water channels impassable, perhaps
by any human effort. The prairie and marsh
sections along their Une of connection blend,
the former imperceptibly rising above inunda.
tion. Except their monotonous surface, the
prairies of Opelousas are seductive to the eye
and fancy. There is an oceanic softness im.
pressed on the mind while the vision is swept
over those immenae plains. The dull uniform
ity is broken by the lines of woods stretching
along the Plaquemines, Brule, Teche, Queue
Fortue, Cane, Nezpique, Calcasiu and Sabine.
The innumerable herds of cattle and droves of
horses ; the farm bouses scattered upon the
forest borders, and the bountling horseman give
life to this extensive picture. It is here the
ideas of relative space are lost in the immensi.
ty, Frora a slight erainence or frora the roof
of a high house, the surface of many counties
of the eastern border of the United States
comes on the foreground of the landscape.
Passing the prairies either to the northward or
eastward the traveller ia plunged into a dense
forest ; but the northern and eaatern forests
differ greatly in their features and specific com.
ponent timber. Towards Rapides and Natchi.
tochea, pine trees so greatly prevail^ and grow
with so Uttle underwood as truly to deserve
their common narae " Pine Woods." This vast
pine forest, interrupted only by Red r. spreads
beyond the bounds of La. On tbe eastern bor.
der of Opelousas, towards the inundated lands
of Courtableau and Atchafalaya pine entirely
ceases, but the forest is in an especial raanner
dense, with an underwood of cane, numerous
species of bushes and vines. The prevailing
tiraber, oaks of different species, hickory, dif
ferent species, linden, and sassafras, sweet
gura, and raany others. Where actual raarsh
occurs, cypress and tupeloo prevail. On the
woods along the water courses which traverse
the prairies, black oak, white oak, sweet gura
and hickory, witb an underncood of dogwood
and whortleberry prevail. The arable soil of
Opelousas varies in quality to great extreraes.
In the eastern part of the parish on the waters
of VerraiUion, Teche, and Courtableau, the
land is highly productive, but receding in any
direction from this region the soil deteriorates.
Eastward the fine arable tract is succeeded by

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366

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the annually inundated soil in tbe waters of
Mermentau and Calcasiu, is thin and foUowed
by sea marsh. To the nrtbwstd. the pine for.
est land is also unproductive when farming is
attempted. Cotton is greatly the prevailing
staple of Opelousas, and is followed in value
aggregately by live stock. Peaches, figs, and
apples, are the common orchard fruits ;' the lat.
ter do not, however, thrive to rauch advantage.
Indian corn, rice, indigo, tobacco, and many
other vegetables are cultivated successfuUy.
Cf. t. Opelousas, or Saint Landre. Pop. 1820,
10,085, 1830, 12,591.
Opelousas, p-v. and ' st. jus. parish of Ope
lousas, La. {See Saint Landre.)
Oppenheim, p-t, Montgoraery co, N. Y. 56
ms. w. Albany, 15 vr. Johnstown, n. Mohawk
r,, E, of E, Canada cr,, is crossed by Zimmer
man's, Crura and Little Crura ers, and other
small strearas. Pop. 3,660,
Oquago, vU,, Windsor, Broorae co, N. Y. lb
miles E. Binghampton, on Delaware river.
Orange, lake and r, the wstrn. confluent of
Ocklawaha r. and consequently the raost west
ern tributary of St, John's r, of Florida, This
congeries of lakes and intervening inlets gain
consequence frora offering part of the course
of a proposed canal route across the peninsula
of Florida. {See Ocklawaha r.)
Orange, t., Grafton co, N, H, 16 ras, e, Dart
mouth college, 40 ms, n, n, w. Concord, with
22,000 acres, contains lead and iron mines,
with a pond in the s, e. on the banks of which
are found a kind of yellow paint. Valuable
clay is also found, and great quantities of ochre
are prepared and sold annually. The surface is
uneven, with Cardigan mtn. e, and the soil
good. First settled 1773, Pop, 410,
Orange co. Vt. bndd, by Caledonia co, n,.
Conn, river separating it from N, H. e,. Wind.
sor county s,, Washington and Addison cos, w,,
is about half way between the n, and s, lines of
tbe state, and contains 650 sq, ras. Incorpora
ted 1781, and contains 17 towns. It has 'W'e^ls
I, N. E, Ompompanoosuc and Wait's rs, and
streams of '\Vhite and Onion rs. In the n, w,
is part of the e, range of the Green raountains.
Granite rocks abound in the n. and middle
parts, which are valuable for building and mill
stones ; slate is found west, and in the co, are
great quantities of iron and lead ores, Cf t,
Chelsea. Pop, 1820, 24,169, 1830, 27,285,
Orange, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 13 ms. e, Mont
pelier, 50 N, Windsor, with 23,040 acres. First
settled 1793 ; has an uneven surface, soraetiraes
rocky, with Knox's mtn. n, e, which yields
abundance of excellent granite for building.
The soil is better for grain than grass. SaU
branch is the principal stream, and there are
several sraaller. Pop. 1,016.
Qrange, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 75 ms. w.
Boston, N. Miller's r. which furnishes good
mill seats. The surface is rough, and has some
manufactories. Pop, 880.
Orange, t,. New Haven co. Conn, 5 ras, s.
w. New Haven, with Housatonic r, n. w, and
Long Island sound a. e. It is crossed by Wo-
powang r. and is rough and rocky, with some
good land. Pop, 1,341.
Orange co.N. Y-bndd, by Sullivan and Ul

ster COS. north, Hudson r. eaat, which separates
it frora Putnara and Ducheaa cos,, Rockingham
southeast. New Jersey s. w., Delaware r. w.,
which separates it from Pa. It contains 609
sq. ms. and 14 tsps,, of which Newburgh and
Goshen are the sts. jus. The east part is very
mountainous, embracing the principal part of
the w. highlands of the Hudson, called the
Matteawan ratns. There is also much drown.
ed land, which has a good soil for hemp, &c.
when drained. Iron ore, and timber are ob.
tained frora the mtns. There is also some
marble. Wallkill r. runs tt. vr. through the
raiddle ; Shawangunk r, one of its brancbes,
bounds it on the n, w. The Delaware and Na
visink, its tributaries, are w. and Murderer's
creek flows e. to the Hudson, Raraapo and
Sterling rs, flow into the Passaic in N. J. The
Shawangunk range of ratna, crosses the n. w.
corner. The ratnsi in the e. part of this co.
were a most important bulwark of the country
in the revolutionary war. There were the
forts Clinton, Montgoraery, and Putnara, (the
latter at W. Point) guardmg the passage of the
river. They were taken by the British, in
1777, who hoped to open a coraraunication with
Gen, Burgoyne, but were disappointed. These
forts Gen, Arnold covenanted to betray to the
eneray. The railitary acaderay of the United
States, is at West Point, (which see.) The
Delaware and Hudson canal enters this co.
along the valley of Navisink r. and up the bank
of the Del. Inthe village of Walden are raan.
ufactories of cotton, flour, flannel and broad.
cloth. Pop. 1820, 41,213, 1830, 45,336.
Orange, p-t, Essex co, N. J, n, w, Newark,
s. w, Bloomfield, has an academy and a rainer
al spring. The west part lies on the east ac
clivity of the Short hills. It is crossed by one
or two sraall strearas. Pop. 3,887.
Change, vil,. Orange, Essex co, N. J, is a
flourishing raanufacturing and populous village
4 ms, n, w, Newark, and has a bank, Tbe in
habitants-manufacture a large amount of hats,
shoes, &c.
Orange, co, Va. bndd. by Spottsylvania, e.
and s. E,, Louisa s,, Albemarle s. w,. Blue
Ridge separating it from Rockingham n, w,, by
Conway r, separating it frora Madison n,, and
by Rapidan r, separating it frotn Culpepper n.
Length diagonally frora e. to w. 56 ras,, raean
widtb 10, and area 560 sq, ms. Extending in
lat, frora 38° 07' to 38° 25', and in long, from
0° 42' to 1° 45' w. W. C The northern part
in its entire length is bounded by and drained
into Rapidan, on tbe southwestern branch of
Rappahannoc ; declivity eastward. The south.
eastern angle gives source to N. Anne, and
the southwestern to the extrerae northem
sources of Rivanna r. The surface is hilly
and the co. is nearly equally divided by the
southwest ratn. Much of the soil is good. Cf
towns. Orange court bourse, BarboursviUe, and
Stannardsville. Pop, 1820, 12,913, 1830,
14,637, Orange, co, N. C. bndd. ». e, by Wake, s, by
Chatham, w. by Guilford, n, by Caswell and
Person, and n. e. by Granville. Length 40 ms.,
raean width 25, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Ex.
tending in lat. from 35° 53' to 35° 14', and in

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367

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long, from 1° 48' to 2° 34'. Some of the high.
er sources of Neuse r. rise in tbe northeastern
part of Orange, but the central sthrn, and west.
ern sections are drained by Haw r. and its con.
fluents. The general declivity southeastward.
Cf. t, HiUsboro'. Pop. 1820, 23,492, 1830,
23,908. Orange, co. Indiana, bndd. », by Crawford,
s. w. by Dubois, n. w. by Martin, n. by Law.
rence, and e. by Washington. Itis a square of
21 ras, each way, area 440 square ras. lat. 38°
35', long. W, C. 9° 30' vr., slope w. giving
source to Patoka r. and to Salt cr, a branch of
White r, Cf t., PaoU. Pop. 7,901.
Orange, p-o. TrurabuU co. 0,, by p-r. 165
ms. N. E, Colurabus.
Orange, c, h, and p-o. Orange co, Va,, at the
foot of the S, W, ratn,, 92 ras, s, w. by w, W. C,
Orangeburgh, dist. of S. C, bndd, s, e, by
Charleston and Colleton districts, s, w, by South
Edisto r,, separating it from Barnwell, w. by
Edgefield, ft. w, by Lexington, n. by Congaree
r., separating it from Richland, and n, e, by
Santee r,, separating it frora Surapter, Length
76 ms,, mean width 24, and area 1,824 sq, ras.
Extending in lat. from 30° 10' to 30° 53', and
in long, frora 3° 23' to 4° 41' w. W, C. De
clivity to the s. s. E, by e., and mostly drained
by the two Edistos ; cf, t,, Orangeburg. Pop.
1820, 15,653 ; 1830, 18,453.
Orangeburgh, p-v. and st. jus., Orangeburgh
dist. S. C, by p-r, 43 ms. a little e. of s. Co
lumbia. Lat. 33° 28', long, 3° 51' w. W. C.
Orange Springs and p-o,, s, e. part Orange
CO. Va,, by p-r, 94 ms. s. w. W, C.
Orangetown, t, Rockland co, N. Y,, the s. e,
corner of the co, 28 ms, n. N, Y,, 142 s, Alba
ny ; bas Tappan bay of Hudson r, e,, and N,
Jersey s. and w. It contains an acaderay.
Hackensack r. flows s. into N. J,, supplying
useful water power. It contains the villages
of Tappan, Nyack and Middletown. Dobb's
Ferry and Slote Landing are on Hudson river.
Pop. 1,947.
Orangeville, p-t, Genesee co. N, Y,, 22
ras, s, Batavia, gives rise to one of the head
streams of Tonewanta cr,, and is nearly level,
with light loara, bearing beech, raaple, linden,
&c. Pop. 1,525.
Orangeville, p-v. estrn, part of Columbia co.
Pa,, 16 ras, northeastward Danville the co. t.,
and by p-r. 81 ras, N, ft. e, Harrisburg.
Oregon, p-v. Franklin co, 0,
Oregon, or Columbia, large r, of North
America, included inthe discoveries of Lewis
and Clarke, and usually regarded as part of the
doraain of tbe U, S, We introduce the article
here in order to give a general ¦view of the
country between the Chippewayan or Rocky
mtns. and the Pacific ocean, and first notice the
great r. from which the name has been derived,
and which is slowly but probably securely re
gaining the Spanish name of Oregon. Orega-
no, in Spanish, is the narae of wild marjoram,
and from that herb, or some other bearing to it
a strong reserablance, it is supposed the name
arose. The origin of the name Colurabia is
generally raistaken, as it was not derived from
any connexion with the great discoverer of
America ; but from the Columbia Redivina, an

American vessel from Boston in Mass., com.
manded by Capt. Robert Gray, who entered the
Columbia r. on the Ilth of May, 1792, and was
the real re.diacoverer of that important stream.
The Oregon is composed of two great constit.
uent branches, the Clark to the n, and Lewis s.
The real remote source of the nrthrn, branch
of Clark's r. has not been accurately determin
ed, but it is supposed to rise about lat, 53°, op
posite to the sourcea of Saskatchewaine and
Unjiga, Flowing sthrd, 300 ras,, it joins a
much superior stream from the estrd,, Clark's
r, proper. The latter heads in the Chippeway
an range or system, interlocking aources with
the various branches of Mo, lat. 45°. Flow
ing thence by a general n, w. by w. course, but
with a very extended nrthrn. curve, joins the
N. branch as already noticed. Below the junc
tion the united stream assumes a s, a, w, course
120 ms., to its union with Lewis r., after an
entire comparative length of 800 ms. The en
tire valley of Clark's r,, as laid down on Tan
ner's N, A,, embraces an area of 75,000 sq.
ms. If Lewis r. ia correctly delineated on
either Tanner'a N. A,, or on the upper raargin
of his U, S,, it is a still superior streara to that
of Clark's r, ; the former rising amongst the
chains of tbe Chippewayan system at lat, 40°,
long, 30° w, W, C. Interlocking sources with
those of Rio Grande del Norte of the Gulf of
Mexico ; the Colorado of the Gulf of Califor.
nia, Rio Buenaventura of the Pacific, and with
those of Arkansas, Platte, and Missouri rivers ;
Lewis r,, the main constituent of Oregon, as
sumes a N, w. by w, course, receiving large
tributary branches from both sides, but particu
larly from the right. This large streara, after
a coraparative course of 800 ma,, joins the n.
branch or Clark's r. The valley of Lewis r.
exceeds an area of 100,000 sq, ras, Itis a re.
raarkable circurastance thatthe elevated vallies
from which the upper sources of Lewis r, are
derived, is, following the general courses of
the Rio del Norte and Colurabia, alraost exact.
1^ equidistant frora the Gulf of Mexico, and
Pacific ocean ; exceeding 1,000 ras, distance
in either direction. Combining the two vallies
of Lewis r, and Clark's r,, and measuring from
the raost northern source of the latter to the
extreme southem source of the former, the
breadth of their sources is about 1,000 railes.
Below tbeir union the vast volurae pursues a
general western course, but with a considerable
southem curve 300 ras. to its final efflux into
the Pacific ocean, having received the Multno.
mah below the last chain of ratns. which it
traverses, and near the head of tide water.
In a pamphlet published in Boaton in 1830,
written by Hall J. Kelley, A. M., and entitled
a geographical sketch of Oregon Territory,
the following notices are given of the main
r. : " It is six railes wide at its mouth ; at the
distance of 175 ms. frora the sea, and near the
foot of the grand rapids, it meets the tide wa.
ter, and assuraes a new character. The mouth
of the r, is spacious and easy of ingress, afford.
ing good anchorage, and a nuraber of safe and
comraodious harbors. There are flats and
bars, which extend frora Point Adaras on the
s., nearly across the entrance ; but over these

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368

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flats, there are no less than 20 ft. of water at
low tide. The ship channel which Ues snug to
Cape Disappointment on the n., gives no less
than 24 ft, at low water. It has been observed
that the tide sets up 175 ms. It rises at Cape
Disappointment, about 9 ft,, and its reflux at
this place, is generally in the spring 5 or 6
knots per hour. The raouth ofthe r, has been
particularly surveyed, by Capt. Nash, from
whom the following directions were obtained
for entering its mouth. Bring Chennke point
to bear N. E, by E,, at any distance not less than
4 leagues, and steer for it, until Cape Disap
pointment bears n,, then run for tbe eastern
part of Cape Disappointment and pass it at a
quarter of a mile distance, and when the south
ern part ofit bears w, halfs, you may steer
ne,arly e,, keeping Chenoke Point a little open
on the larboard bow ; this will clear the Spit
bank, and bring the ship into a fine channel of
6, 9, 12 and 13 fathoms, (should the wind be
ahead, you may work up for Cape Disappoint
ment, standing to the westward until the cape
bears n, n, e, half e, and to the eastward, untU
it bears n, half w, in a good channel,) when
abreast of Chenoke Point, haul in for Point El
lice, and pass it at half cable's length, when
you may bring it to bear s, halfs,, and steer f,
by N, half n,, untU the Red Cliff bears n, w,
half w, ; then steer for the low land to the
southward of Tongue Point, until two trees,
which stand above tbe rest of the high woods
to the s., are directly over tbe raiddle of three
trees, that stand near the water, between two
red patches; then run for thera until you shut
a bluff point of sand upon the river, into Tongue
Points; then steer for port George, till an old
white stump, or withered tree, beara s. e. by s.
half s. ; then haul in shore, till two trees on the
high land, to the ft. e, shut just on to Tongue
Point, and keep them so, and you raay anchor
at Fort George, in 7 fathoms, raud," In the
Boston paraphlet quoted above, tbe Multnoraab
is derived from lake Timpanogos, and from the
Rocky mtns. ; but from maps drawn frora actual
observation, and coramunicated by Gen, Ash
ley to Mr, H, S. Tanner, that river has a far
more brief origin. It appears that sthrd. ofthe
Colurabia, extensive open plaina spread to a
great extent, and in which the Multnomah rises
at least 300 ras. watrd. oi the Rocky mts,, and
pursuing a course of n, «. w, about 350 ms., falls
into Columbia or Oregon, near the head of tide
water. So little more than the rough general
outlines, are known of these immense regions,
which are merely merging into view, that an
atterapt at specific inforraation would be pre.
mature. Under the art, U, S,, it will be shown
that the climate of that part ofN. A. w, ofthe
Chippewayan system, is much milder on a giv.
en lat., than on or near the Atlantic coast ; and
the true cause of the difference will be
shown. The soil of Oregon has been boasted
of as in a high degree fertile, which, if assumed
as a general character, is hot supported by the
facts developed by actual discovery.
Oregon. This territory, taken as a physical
section, is in great part confined to the basin of
Columbia or Oregon r., and is bounded s, by
the lat, 42°, or the nrthrn. boundary of Hispano,

N. A, ; N, it has the Russian territories, E. it i®"
liraited by the Chippewayan mtns., and onthe
w. by the Pacific ocean. Before proceeding to
describe the country geographically, it may be
well to glance on the international stipulations
which have fixed, as far as they are fixed, the
N, and o. boundaries. By the treaty of Wash
ington, ratified by the king of Spain, on the
24th Oct., 1820, and tbe ratifications exchanged
at Washington, the 22nd Feb., 1821, the 42°nd
of lat. is madsi the limit between the Mexican
provinces and the Oregon territory ofthe U. S.
Tbis closed a tedious and vexatious controver-
sy with Spain, but two far more powerful com.
petitors presented themselves. Great Britain
and Russia severally urged their claims. It
was certainly stretching a right too far to claim'
Oregon as a part of La., nor was sucb plea at
all requisite, 1 he people of the U. S. were the
original discoverers afier Spain, of the Colum
bia or Oregon, in both directions, from the
sources to the mouth. As early as 1788, some
raerchants of Boston fitted out two vessels, for
the avowed purpose of trading along the N. W.
coast of N, A, One of these, the Colurabia
Redivina, commanded by Capt. Robert Gray,
discovered, entered, and gave the prenoraen of
his ship to the r. Capt, Vancouver was tben at
Nootka, and the discovery very frankly and for.
Innately communicated to tbat great navigator,
who sent one of his principal officers to examine
the channel, and in his narrative acknowledges
the facts ; thus placing the right of prior dis
covery in the U, S. beyond dispute, on British
evidence. In addition tothe discovery by sea,
tbe expedition of Lewis and Clark was one of
those transactions too notorious to admit addi
tional evidence, and the result was a discovery
and partial survey of the Oregon regions. Some
attempts have been made by individuals to in
duce, the U. S. government to forraally take
possession of the Oregon, and in 1810 a private
expedition, at the expense and under tbe direc
tion of John Jacob Astor of N. Y., actually
formed an establishment, and named the princi
pal depot Astoria. This colony of 120 men,
went out well provided for trade and agricul.
ture. Two years after the first founding of
Astoria, they had eatablished theraselves at 5
otber places beside Astoria. One settlement
was on the Multnoraab, one at the mouth of
Lewis r,, and the 3 others in the interior of the
country. Had the U, S, government sustained
the colony sent o-ut in 1810, it is probable all
conflicting clairas would long since have been
quieted, or perhaps never urged. In the con.
vention of 1818, between the U. S. and Great
Britain, the right of both parties to the country
of Oregon, seeras to be mutuaUy conceded,
and to embarrass the conflicting claims still
more, those of Russia were brought forward,
though nqt strenuously asserted, and were, as
far as that power and the U. S. were concemed, ,
fixed by the convention of the Sth of April,
1824. By tbe third article of the above noticed
convention, we may consider lat. 54° 40' as the
provisional boundary of the U. S. and Russia
on the Pacific ocean ; and to the aouth, sinoe
the definitive ratification of the treaty of Wash
ington, lat. 42° has become the determiued

ORE

369

ORL

limit. If we consider the title ofthe U, S, par
amount, then this nation will possess on the Pa
cific coast 12 degrees and 40 minutes of lat,, or
880 statute ms., with a mean breadth inland of
460 ms. ; area exceeding 400,000 sq. ras. The
surface of this immense country as far as
known, appears to be broken and mountainous.
It is bndd. on the e, by the vast system of the
Chippewayan, and traversed in a similar direc
tion from s, to N,, at no great distance from the
Pacific ocean by another systera, wbich has
hitherto remained without a generic name.
The great body of the country spreads between
those two systems. As laid down on Tanner's
N. A. and U, S,, the coapt between lat, 42° and
the Columbia r, seems rock bound, and very
devoid of openings, bays or harbors. On the
raap of N. A, between lat, 42°, and 43°, is
placed tbe raouth ofthe r, Los Mongoa, the out
let of lake Timpenogos, and to the n. of its
efflux is placed cape DiUigencias of Spanish,
the Oxford of English geography. The wide
and open bay of Cannaveral lies between lat,
44° and 45°, and is terrainated at lat, 44° 55' by
Cape Fairweather ; and that again at 45° 3(1'
by Cape Xeliraak, and r, of the same narae.
The raoutb of Oregon foUows at lat. 46° 12'.
Beyond this important opening the coast is
again in great part rock bound to cape Flattery,
lat. 48° 30', or to the mouth of the strait St.
Juan de Fuca. The character of tbe coast
now entirely changes ; a deep entrance of near
100 ras. separates the southern extreme ofthe
isl. of Quadra and Van Conver, from the con
tinent. Tbe straits of Fuca extend, a long ir
regular bay of 80 ras,, to the southward, reach
ing to within 50 ms. of the Oregon. On the
nrthm. side the strait again under, first, the
name of tbe Gulf of Georgia, and thence by
that of Queen Charlotte's sound, raerges into
the Pacific ocean at lat, 51°. The isl. of Qua
dra and Van Couver is near 300 ms. long, in
form of an ellipse, broadest part about 80 ; but
mean breadth perhaps under 50 ms. The
ocean side is represented as abounding in bays,
Frora lat. 42° to the straits of St, Juan de Fuca,
the coast deviates only by a small angle frora
due N, and s. ; but the isle of Quadra and Van
Couver, and the opposing coast, bear nearly n.
w. With the nortbern terraination of the isl,
and entrance of Queen Charlotte's sound, the
coast again bends to n, n. w. and preserves that
direction to lat, 54° 40', excessively broken by
bays and isis, ; the latter not very distinctly
grouped, but called generically. Princess Royal,
and Pitt's isis. Outside of these groups, with
an intervening strait 20 to 100 ms. wide, ex
tends Queen Charlotte's isl., a bodyof land 180
ms, in length, with a mean breadth of perhaps
20 ms,, and extending nearly N. and s. With
tbe N. cape of Queen Charlotte's isl., opens
Dixon's entrance or Vancouver's sound, and
also terminates the U. S, territory, as fixed by
treaty with Russia, 1824, as already noticed.
Iraperfect as is our knowledge of this coast,
what we possess of the interior country, par
ticularly N. of the Oregon r,, is still greatly
more defective. On Tanner's and other maps
two large rs. are represented as discharging
into the gulf of Georgia ; the southem called

the Caledonia, and the nortbern the Tacoutche
Tesse. The latter name is undoubtedly misap.
plied. It is derived frora tbe narrative of an
Indian to Du Pradt, who, about 1735, published
an account of La. The Indian related to the
author, that he made the traverse of the conti.
nent of N, A, to tbe great water towards the
setting sun. He describes a river down which
he accompanied other Indians to the ocean,
and naraed it Tacoutche Tesse. Frora what
we know of the rs. and mtns. between the
Misp, and Pacific, two things must be evident
to whoever reads Du Pradt; one, that the In
dian did really make the journey he related ;
aecond, that the r, called Oregon, or Colurabia,
was his Tacoutche Tesse, The streara now so
called, answers in neither course or discbarge
to the account given by the Indian ; whilst on
the contrary, in both respects, the Oregon cor
responds with his description to convincing ex
actness. To narae the minor capes and isis.
along the Oregon coast, would be to give a con
fused list, wbich the several navigators have
made utterly unintelligible by iraposing differ
ent naraes to the same place, and at the sarae
time leaving the position uncertain. The fer
tility of tbe soil of this territory has no doubt
been overrated, but the undeniable mildness.
of the cUraate perhaps fully compensates for
the steriUty of soil. In a country comprising
a surface more than double that of the whole
Atlantic slope ,of the U, S, ; and also more than
double that of the valley of Ohio ; and a coun
try abounding in rivers, an iraraense population
raay be certainly supported, and if estimated at
20 to tbe sq, ra , would amount to 8,000,000.
It is probable, however, that 20,000,000 would
fall farthortof the capabilities ofthe country.
Tbe commercial advantages of its position
give again incalculable interest to Oregon ; and
we raay without danger of contradiction, say
that, taken in every respect, it is the most ira
portant section ofthe earth, on wbich no civili.
zed settleraents have been permanently estab
lished. Orford, p-t, Grafton, co, N, H,, on Conn, r,,
across which there is a bridge to Fairlee, Vt,
It is 10 ras, s, Haverhill, and 60 n, w, by w.
Concord, The soil of this t, is generally fer.
tile, particularly the intervals lying on the
Conn. Mounts Cuba and Sunday lie near the
centre of it, and there are 4 or 5 ponds of con.
siderable size. Liraestone, soap stone, and a
grey granite abounds, and lead ore of a fine
quality. The village is very pleasant, and is
situated on a handsome plain, bordered on tbe
w. by the intervals on the i., and is chiefly
built on one street, of nearly 3 ras. in extent.
Pop. 1,829.
Oriskany, cr. N. Y., abranch of Mohawk r,,
23 ms, long, erapties between Utica and Rome.
Ita principal branch is Deane's cr,
OrI8Kany, p.v. Whitestown, Oneida co. N.
Y., 7 ma.n. Utica, 3 frora 'Vybitesboro', on Oris
kany cr. and the Erie canal, has a large woollen
factory. Orland, p.t. Haneock co. Me., 64 ms. e. by
N. Augusta, E. Penobacot r. oppoaite Orphan
isl., haa a large pond. Pop, 975.
Orlean, p-v. Fauquier co. Va.

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Orleans, co. Vt,, bndd. by Canada jm., Esaex
CO, E,, Caledonia and Washington cos. s., Frank
lin CO. w, ; lies about half way between the e.
and w. bounds of the state. Incorporated 1792.
Irasburgh is the st, jus. First settled 1787.
The soil is good for grain and grass. It con
tains rauch marshy ground, and more ponds
than any other co. in Vt. Memphremagog lake
lies partly within it. LamoiUe i. is in the s,.
Black, Barton and Clyde ra. in the n, and mid
dle. It is enclosed between the two ranges of
the Green mtns. The rocks in the central part
are argillite ; in the w. Mica and chlorite ; slate
and serpentine are found on Misisque r,, with
asbestos, magnetic iron, &c. Pop, 1820, 6,976 ;
1830, 13,980,
Orleans, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass,, 85 ms.
s, E, Boston, 2j E, Barnstable ; is very irregu
lar in forra, lying on the ocean, whicli bounds
it on the e. It forms the elbow of the long and
crooked point called Cape Cod ; and like it ia
low and sandy with a miserable soil, except on
sorae parts of tbe neck and isl. There are ma
ny ers. and coves along the shore, and Chatham
beach shuts in an extent of salt marsh, e. from
Chatham harbor, which is large, and Ues be
tween this t. and Chatham. The inhabitants
are scattered. The fuel, whichis partly peat,
is brought frora elsewhere. Pleasant Bay con
tains several isis., and Stage Harbor is an open
ing in Chathara beach. The people are al
most exclusively devoted to catching fish and
clams. Pop. 1,789.
Orleans, co, N, Y,, bounded by lake Onta
rio N,, 23 ras, from Monroe co. e,., Genesee
CO. s., Niagara co, w,, ia crossed by Oak Or
chard cr, which flows through the vr. and n, w,
part, and enters the lake. Johnson's cr. and
several sraaller strearas flow in tbe same di.
rection w. of it ; and Sandy cr. runs e, into
Monroe co. The Ridge road on the alluvial
way passes through the raiddle of the co, frora
E, to w, nearly parallel to which, at a short dis
tance s,, are the Erie canal, and the Mountain
Ridge, which is near the s, boundary. The
surface of the country is gently undulated, and
the variations are reraarkably regular, owing
to the two singular ridges above raentioned.
It is supposed that all the n. part was at sorae
long past age overflown by lake Ontario ; and
that the alluvial way was forraed by a current.
The soil is various, generally favorable to grass.
It contains 8 towns, of which Albion is the st,
jus. Pop. 1820, 7,625 ; 1830, 17,732.
Orleans, t, Jetferson co. N. Y. 10 ras. n.
Watertown, s. St, Lawrence r, opposite Grind.
stone isl,, is crossed s, w, by Chauraont r. which
rises near its centre, and runs 12 or 14 ras. in
to Chaumont bay ; with good raill sites. Perch
cr, s. runs 13 ras. into Black River bay. The
shore of the St, Lawrence is indented with
many coves. The surface is varied, and the
soil is clay and sand. White pine, white oak,
beech, hard maple, &c, are abundant. The
forra is square, with a triangular tract tt. ou the
shore. Pop. 3,091.
Orleans, parish of La,, bndd. s. and e. by
the parish of Plaquemines, w. by Jefferson, n.
by lake Pontchartrain, and n. e. by lake Borgne
and the pass of Rigolets. Length 32 ms., mean

breadth about 5 ras., and area ] 60 aq. railes.
Extending in lat. frora 29° 46' to 30° 12, and in
long, frora 12° 30' to 13° w, W. C. The sur.
face in the greater part a morass, but with high
ly fertile arable soil, though narrow borders of
land rising two or tbree feet above the high tide
level, and stretching along the margins of tbe
Misp, Bayou, Boeuf, and other raarsh bayous.
In a state of nature it was only tbe corapara.
tively elevated margins along the streams,
whicb generally produced timber. The mo.
rass mostly covered with coarse grass, and
flooded by every tide. The soil actually capa.
ble of cultivation, produces sugar, cotton, rice,
Indian corn, &c. The usually cultivated fruit
trees are orange, fig and peach. Of garden
vegetables the number of species and abundant
quantity raay be seen at the vegetable market
of New Orleans city. Chief t., city of New
Orieans. Pop. of the parish 1820, 41,351,
1830, 50,103.
Orleans, isl. of. This art. is introduced to
explain away a raisconception. The name of
Island of Orleans was given to that part of La.
on which the city of New Orleans is situated.
It is that part of the state, bndd. by the Misp.
r., IberviUe and Amite rs,, lakes Maurepas,
and Pontchartrain, the Pass of the Rigolets,
lakes Borgne, Chandeleur, and Bayard, and
Gulf of Mexico, and stretches from tbe effltax
of Iberville to tbe raouth ofthe Misp. 180 ms,,
differing in width frora 3 to 25 railes. Except
the narrow arable border along the Misp, and a
few other places, the surface is level with the
surface of high tide. Though called an isl.,
this part of the Delta no more deserves tbe
terra than do the spaces in other parts, wbich
are enclosed by the nuraerous bayous, lakes
and lagoons, which chequer the whole surface
from the mouth of the Pearl to that of Sabine
river. '
Orleans, p-v. northeastem part of Orange
CO, Ind. by p-r, 8 ras. n. Paoli, the co. St., and
86 ras. a little w, of s, VandaUa.
Orono, or Indian Old Town, p-t, and isl. Pe
nobscot CO. Me. 73 ras. n. e. Augusta, is an isl.
in Penobscot r. 12 ras. ft. n. e. Bangor, above
the Great Falls. It is inhabited by the reraains
of the Penobscot Indians, who have a CathoUc
church. Pop, 1,472.
Orrington, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 74 ras. N.
N, E, Augusta, 5 s. Bangor, 32 n, Castine, e. Pe
nobscot r., indents the n. line of Hancock co.
and is separated frora the n, e, corner of Waldo
CO. by Penobscot i. It is crossed by a pond
and streara flowing n. w. into that stream. Pop.
1,234. Orton, raiUs and p-o. Brunswick co. N. C.
byp-r. 1 67 ras. s. Raleigh.
Orvllle, p.v. Manlius, Onondaga co. N. Y.
5 ms. H. w, Manlius, is on a branch of the Erie
canal and on Butternut cr.
Orwell, p.t. Rutland co. Vt. 20 ms, n. w.
Rutland, 47 s. w, Montpelier, 47 s. BurUngton, '
and opposite Ticonderoga, N. Y. It containa ,
42 sq, ms. including Mt. Independence, where
was a picket fort, a battery, &c. in the revolu
tionary war, as one of the outworks of fort Ti
conderoga. The first perraanent settlement
waa made in 1783. There are hills s,, but the

OSA

371

OSW

land is generally almost level. It is fertile and
watered by East cr., and Lemonfair r. which
afford mill seats, Epaora aalts have been raade
frora a spring on the lake shore ft. vr., and
otber springs are impregnated with them.
Compact lirae rocka contain impreasions of
shells, fish, &c. Zinc has also been found.
The lake is here frora 1 to 2 ras, wide. Pop.
1,598. Orwell, t. Oswego CO. N.Y. 139 ms, frora
Albany, and 12 E, Pulasky, is crossed by Sal
mon r, in the s,, and raany branches in all parts,
and has pretty good land, witb an irregular sur
face, bearing beech, raaple, heralock, &c,
Tho rocks, which are liraestone and slate,
abound in petrifactions on hills and in valleys.
In Richland there is a fall in Salmon r. 20 ms.
frora its niouth. The current is first smooth,
then it runs over rapids 2 ms,, and then falls
almost perpendicularly 107 ft, At high water
the fall is about 250 ft, wide. Pop, 501.
Orwell, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. byp-r. 16 ras,
tt. of Towanda, and 141 n, Harrisburg,
Orwell, p-v, Ashtabula co, O.by p-r. 179
ras, N, E, Colurabus. "
Orwigsburg, p-v, boro' and st. jus. SchuylkiU
CO. Pa. situated on a sraaU branch of SchuylkUl
r. 7 ms, s, n. Pottsville, 29 ras, n, w. Reading,
and by p-r. 59 n, e, Harrisburg, lat, 40° 41',
long. 0° 4'8' E. W. C. The site of Orwigsburg
is broken, but very pleasant, and though even
mountainous in appearance, the adjacent cimn-
try is well cultivated. The village contains the
ordinary co, buildings, witb about 120 dwelling
houses. It stands on the main road through
Reading frora Phil, to Sunbury and Northum
berland. Pop. about 600.
Osage, r. of the U. S. in the great westem
territory of Mo,, and in the state of Mo, This
stream has its reraote sources between those
of Grand r, of Arkansas and the raain channel
of Kansas r, coraposed of two branches. Grand
r. on the nrthrn, and Osage proper on the sthrn.
Both branches assume an estrn. course, and
entering the wstrn. side of the state of Mo,
unite after a respective coraparative course of
150 ras. Below the junction, the united waters
continue eastward about 50 miles, first s. e.
thence n. e,, fall into Mo, r, 12 ras. below the
city of Jefferson and 108 ms. w. by the land
road frora St. Louis. The entire valley of the
Osage, is about 250 ras. in length, extending
very nearly from e. to w. In its broadest part
it is 130 ms., but the raean width not above 60
ms., area 15,000 sq. ms. The lower part of
tbe channel below the junction of the two raain
branches is excessively crooked, a feature
whioh has contributed to raagnify the real size
of the stream. Lat. 38 divides this r. valley
into two not very unequal sections. The valley
lies between Lower Kansas and Mo. r. n,, Gas
conade a, e,, the nrthm, sourcea of White r. a,.
and those of Grand r. of Arkansas s. w. It is a
fine navigable stream as high as the main fork,
and along its shores, and on many of its tribu
taries spread some ofthe finest lands of Mo.
Osage, ferry and p-o. nrthwstrn. part of Gasi
conade co. Mo. The ferry is over Osage r, at
ita mouth, 12 ms. below Jefferson, and the p-o.
is at the ferry.

OsNABURGH, p-V. Stark CO. 0., 4 ms. E. Can
ton, the CO. St. and 107 n. e. Colurabus.
OssABAU, sound and isl, Bryan co, Geo. The
sound is in fact the mouth or estuary of Great
Ogeechee i,, and opens into the Atlantic ocean
18 ms, s, w, the raouth of Savannah r,, lat. 31°
50', long. W. C, 40° 8' tv. Ossabau isl. is one
of those level small isis. which extend in a chain
along the Atlantic coast of Florida, Geo. and S.
C. Tbe Ossabau fills the space between Os
sabau and St. Catharine's sounds, and is about
10 ms. in length,
Ossian, p-t. Allegany co, N, Y., 20 ms, n, e.
Angelica, is crossed by Canaseraga cr. wbich
afforda mill sites. It is in the n, e. corner of
theco. Pop, 812,
Ossipee, lake, Strafford co, N. H,, is nearly
of an oval forra, and covers about 7,000 acres.
The water is clear, and it contains no isis. It
discharges its surplus water by Ossipee i.
through several ponds into Saco r. in Me.
Ossipee, ratns, Strafford co, N. H,, Ue along
the E. side of Winnipisiogee lake about 8 ms.
The ridge is broken in some parts, but nearly
uniform in height, and of considerable elevation.
The slope towards ihe lake is gradual near it,
where the landis pretty well cultivated. These
mtns. form one of the most conspicuous fea.
tures in the fine scenery of that region. In
easterly storras the wi.ld soraetimes comes
over the mtns. with destructive violence.
Ossipee, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 52 ras. n, n.
E, Concord, has part of the range of Ossipee
ratns, N, w, and part of Ossipee lake and r. Its
form is irregular, and the e. angle almost touch.
es the boundary of Me. Pine r, crosses the e.
part, and Bearcamp r, is in the n, w,, a tributary
of the lake. There are several ponds. A
mound of earth 10 ft, high, w, ofthe lake, was
found to contain skeletons, tomahawks, &c.
Incorporated 1785. Pop. 1,915.
Oswegatchie r. N. Y., liea chiefly in St.
Lawrence co. and haa 2 branches which, after
rising near the s. boundary of the co., and flow.
ing N, unite about 4 ras. from their raouth in St.
Lawrence r. The e. branch pursues a remarka
bly crooked course ; running w. over the line of
Jefferson co., then turning back almost into the
same channel, flows n. e., and then raore n. till
it raeets the w. branch or Indian r. It has
raany falls and rapids favorable to raanufactur
ing, and passes through a fertile country. It is
about 120 ras. long. At one of its angles is a.
natural canal coraraunicating with Grassy r.
The w. branch flows frora Jefferson co. into
Black lake, or Oswegatchie lake, on leaving
which it joins the e. branch.
Oswegatchie, lake, St. Lawrence co. N. Y.
receiifes Indian r. or the w. branch of Oswe
gatchie r,, and a great part of the course of
that streara lies through it. It contains several
islands, and is chiefly in Morristown, It lies
N. E. and s. w., and paraUel with St. Lawrence
river.
, Oswegatchie, p-t. and st. jus, St. Lawrence
CO. N. Y. 204 ras. n. n. w. Albany, 476 frora
Washirigton, lies on the St. Lawrence r. is
crossed by Oswegatchie r., and watered by ita
two branchea for a few ma. before their junc.
tion. It ia oppoaite Prescott, Upper Canada,

OSW

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OTI

and at the end of sloop and steamboat naviga
tion ; being a little above the rapids. It is 10
ms. sq. with a varied aurface and pretty good
soil. Oswegatchie r, is navigable and sup
plies many valuable factories. An old fort
stood at its mouth, built by the French. Og-
densburg, a port of entry, and a large and flour
ishing vUlage, the st. jus. of the co. is in this t.
Fort Van Rensselaer was built here in the last
war. Pop, 3,993,
Oswego, r. N, Y,, the outlet ofthe lakes in
the middle ofthe statS? flows into lake Ontario
near the raiddle ofthe s, shore, at Oswego vil
lage. The lakes with which it is connected
are Fish, Cross, Otisco, Onondaga, Owasco,
Skeneateles, Canandaigua, Crooked, Oneida,
Cayuga, and Seneca. The coramunication is
by outlets, which unite and forra Seneca r., and
this soon faUs into Oswego r., as do many other
small streams. These waters abound in mill
sites. Itis 24 ras. long, runs n., and serves a
very important purpose for the greater part of
its course, as tbe Oswego canal, which con
nects Erie canal at Syracuse with lake Ontario.
12 ms. from the mouth of the r. is a fall of about
100 feet, round which was formerly a portage
of 1 ra. for Doats. The canal is conducted along
the E. bank below the falls, to the village near
the mouth of the r. where it descends to the
level of the harbor by locks, and affords abun
dance of vpater power to raany factories. It is
crossed by a bridge 700 feet long. It served
in early times as the great channel of inter
course between the English and French in
Canada, and the Six Nations of Indians, and
was a route of invasion in the revolutionary
war. The harbor at the river's mouth, has
lieen greatly improved by the govemment of
the U. S., and has much navigation. It is one
of the places regularly visited by the lake
stearaboats. Oswego, co. N. Y. bndd. by lake Ontario and
Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida cos. e., Madison,
Onondaga and Cayuga cos. s. and Cayuga co,
w,, Oneida lake and r. forraing tbe line on tbe
s. It contains 900 sq. ras. and 18 towna. It is
watered by numerous streams, flowing in all
directions, tbe principal of whioh, after that
mentioned, is Oswego r. Salraon r. crosses
from the, E, line to lake Ontario, Scribas and
Bay creeks run s. into Oneida lake, Scott's cr,
into Oneida r.. Black cr, w. into Oswego r. and
Catfish, Little Salmon, Grindstone and Deer
ers. N, and w, into lake Ontario, n. e. are some
hills, but the oo, is nearly level, with good gra
cing land, some soils favorable to grain, and
remarkably adapted to fruit trees. Oswego
and Pulaski are the co, towns. The co. con
tains salt springs and freestone quarries.
There are old forts at the mouth of Oswego r.
by which was the communication between the
Canadians and the Five Nations of Indians be
fore the French wars. Fort Oswego is in this
CO. as is part of tbe village of Oswego, tbe st.
of jius. ofthe CO. and a port of entry. The ca
nal from the falls lies along the E. shore, and
many manufactories have been erected there.
The construction ofthe Oswego canal affords a
navigable connection between lake Ontario and
Erie canal. Pop.in 1820, 12,374; 1830,27,119.

Oswego, p.t. Oswego co. N, Y. 168 ms. n-
vr. Albany, 72 N. w. w. Utica, s. lake Ontario,
w. Oswego r., is level in some parts, gently
varied in others, with soil favorable for grain,
grass and fruit, and contains part of the v. of
Oswego, the other part being in Scriba. It is
at tbe mouth of Oawego r. and enjoys great
advantages as a manufacturing place, from an
excellent lake harbor, (being defended from the
waves by two long piers built by the govern.
raent ofthe U. S,) and frora the Oswego canal,
which connects tbe navigation of lake Ontario
and the Erie canal, A trading house was built
here, 1772, at the mouth of Oswego r,, and
fort Oswego in 1727, 50 ft. above the level of
the water. In 1755 it was enlarged, and fort Oa
wego was built on the opposite aide, in Scriba,
on rauch higher grpund. They were captured
by Gen. Montcalm, frora the English, in 1756,
with stores, arras, boats, and ammunition, but
abandoned. In 1814, fort Ontario was taken
by the British, but evacuated the next day.
Pop. 2,703.
Oswego, incorporated v. and port, in the tsps.
of Oswego and Scriba, st. jus. Oswego co. N.
Y, 167 ms, N, vr. by w. Albany, is a flourishing
place at the mouth of Oswego r. on high ground
near the sites ofthe old forts Oswego and On.
tario. It has a good harbor, with 1ft ft. water
on the bar, and is protected from the waves of
lake Ontario by two long piers, built by the U.
S. A bridge 700 ft. long connects the two
banks ofthe r. Oswego canal here terrainates,
and communicates witb the r., on a level with
the lake, by locks on the e. side, affording wa
ter for many manufactories. It is carried along
the E. bank to the falls, 12 ms. above wbich it
enters the r. Boats pass by this channel to
Syracuse, on the Erie canal ; and is the only
navigable coraraunication between that canal
and tbe lake. This work has given great ira
portance to the v., which has increased very
rapidly within three or four years.
Otego, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 86 ms. w. by
s. Albany, '20 *5b. w. Cooperstown, and n. w.
Susquehannah r, pr Delaware co. ; has large
and rich raeadows on that r,, with hills else
where, and pretty good soil. It is crosaed by
Otego cr. which affords fine raill aeats, Otsaawa
cr. and other strearas. The tiraber is valuable,
and rafts are sent down tbe Susquehannah r.
Pop. 1,148.
Otego, r, Otsego co. N. Y., rises near the
centre of the co. in 2 branches, near Oak cr.,
runs s. paraUel to it about 28 ms., supplies good
raill sites, and falls into Susquehannah r. a little
above HuntaviUe.
Oti8, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 350.
Otis, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms. w.
Boston, 20 s. e. Lenox ; ia on high ground, be
tween Farraington and Westfield rs., and has
several strearas and ponds flowing into them.
The surface is uneven. Pop. 1,012.
Otisco, lake, or pond, Onondaga co. N. Y.
near the s, w. comer of the co., 1 mile by 4,
and parallel to Sheneatlea lake ; receivea seve
ral brooks, and discharges through Otisco cr.
into Onondaga lake. Its Indian narae means
" waters much dried away."
Oiiaco, cr, or Nine|Mile cr.,. Onondaga co.

OTS

373

OVE

N. Y,, flows from Otisco lake northeastwardly
in a curving course, into the middle of Ononda
ga lake. It is 15 ms. long, and supplies mill
scats. Otisco, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 134 ma. vr.
Albany, 8 s. s. w. Onondaga, and 50 from Utica,
It is 5J ras. long n. and s., contains 30 sq. ms, ;
bas high land, sloping w. to Otisco lake, and its
inlet and outlet, which bound it s. w, and e,,
towards Onondaga cr,, to which it sends a tri
butary. The soil is racist and warm, the mill
sites are good, and there is some limestone in
the N, E, Tbe timber is oak, nutwood, tulip,
&c. Pop. 1,938.
Otisfield, p-t. Cumberland co. Me,, 82 ms,
a, w. Augusta, 40 «. Portland, s, w, of Oxford
CO. ; has crooked r. e., and part of a large pond
=. Pop, 1,274.
Otsego, lake, Otsego co. N. Y,, is a sraall
but pure and picturesque sheet of water, 66 ras,
w. Albany, lying n. and s. near tbe k. line of
the CO., abounding in salraon trout at all sea
sons, and giving rise to one of the north streams
of Susquehannah river. Itis frorn three fourths
ra. to 3 ras, by 9 ; and its outlet, on wbich
stands the pleasant village of Cooperstown,
affords water power to several large manufac
tories. Otsego, co. N. Y., is bndd. by Herkimer,
Oneida, and Montgomery cos, i^,, Schoharie co,
E,, Delaware co. s., Unadilla r. dividing it from
Chenango and Madison cos. w. It is of irregu
lar forra, with 935 sq. ras. It is 66 ras. w. Al
bany, with 22 towns, and sujjplies the princi
pal sources of the N. branch of Susquehannah
r. Otsego and Schuyler's lakes, near the n.
line, flow sthwstrly., as does Charlotte r. in the
s. E., and Scbeneoas, Cherry Valley, Otego, Ot
saawa, Butternut, and Wharton ers. Branches
of UnadiUa cr. are on the vr. Une, which is a
large tributary of the Susquehannah. A few
brooks in tbe n. flow into Mohawk r. The co.
is elevated and billy, being crossed by the Sus
quehannah hills and Kaatsturg jange, which
passes to the Hudson at Li||6 Falls, "rhe soil
is various, and raost favorable for grass. Coop
erstown, a pleasant village, and the st. jus. of
the CO., is at the outlet of Otsego lake. Iron
ure is found in sorae placea, lirae,=:tone near
Schuyler's lake, marble in Cherry Valley, and
sandstone n. There are many cotton factories
un the outlet of Otsego lake and Oak cr., the
outlet of Schuyler's cr., altogether containing
about 8,000 spindles. On Butternut creek are
2 cotton factories with 5,200 spindles, and a
woollen factory, besides others of different
kinds at Hartwick, &c. &c. Pop. 1820, 44,-
856, 1830, 51,372.
Otsego, t. Otsego co, N. Y. Pop, 4,363.
Otselic, cr., N. Y., rises in the s. w. part of
Madison co,, crosses part of Chenango, and
enters Tioughnioga cr. ui Broome co., after a
course of 43 ras.
Otselic, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 106 ms, w,
Alhany, 17 n, w, Norwich, and s. of Madison
CO. It is square, has good soil, pleasantly va
ried, and is crossed frora n, e, to s. w. by Ot
selic creek. Pop. 1,236.
OxsauAGo, cr. (Osquaga or Otaquaga,) rises
in Hamilton co., flowa e. into Montgomery co., 48

and enters Mohawk r. at Fort Plain. It haa a
course of about 23 ms. and affords good miU
sites. Ottawa, new co. Michigan, bndd. by AUe
gan CO. a,, Kent s, is, and e,, Oceana n. e. and
N,, and lake Michigan w. Length frora ^ to
N, 38 ras., raean breadth 18, and area 684Psq.
ras. Lat. 43° and long. W. C. 9° w. intersect
in this CO., about 170 ms, n. w. by w. Detroit.
Cf. t. Newtown.
Otter, cr. Vt., tho largest stream in the
state, whose entire course is within its bounds,
rises near Bennington co. and flows s. into it,
then N. through Rutland co. and empties into
lake Charaplain near the line of Chittenden co,,
just above Vergennes. It is about 90 ras. long,
and, with its branches, waters 900 sq. ms. The
first part of its course, to Middlebury, is
smooth ; thence to Pittsford 25 ras,, it is navi
gable in boats ; and has valuable falls at Mid
dlebury, Weybridge, and Vergennes, where
are manufactories. It is navigable for the lar
gest lake vessels for 8 ras. frora Vergennes to
the lake. In some parts this r. flows through
fine raeadows of great fertility. Its tributaries
are numerous; principally Lemonfair, Little
West, Mill, New Haven, Leicester, Furnace,
Cold rs. &c.
Otter Bridge, and p-o. Bedford co. Va,,
17 ras. s. w. by w. Lynchburg, and 215 ms. s.
w. W. C.
Otter Peaks, the highest part of the Ap
palachian system, southwest of the Delaware,
The Peaks of Otter are parts of the Blue
Ridge, rising to a height above the Atlantic
ocean of 4,260 feet, and are situated 30 nis, by
tbe road from Lynchburg, and between Bed
ford and Botetourt cos. Va. Direction from
Lynchburg a very little n, of due w.
Otter Tail, lake and r. The lake so called
is the extreme fountain of Red r. branch of
Assiniboin, and crossed by n. lat. 47°, is about
25 ms, long from n, to s, and frora 1 to 5 railea
wide. From the aouthern end of the lake
issues the r. of the sarae narae, which gradual
ly bending frora a s. to w. course joins Swan r.
60 ras. below Otter Tail Lake. Below the
mouth of Swan r. the united stream is known
by tbe narae of Red r. By Otter TaU, Rico,
and Leech lakes, with their intervening inlets
and portages, a canoe navigation exists between
the heads of Misp. and Red rs.
Otto, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 10 ras. tt. w.
EllicottvUle, and s. of Cattaraugus cr. Pop.
1,224, Ottsville, p-v. northern part of Bucks co.
Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. N. Phil,, and 14 in a similar
direction frora Doylestown,
Ouachitta. {See Washitaw.)
Oury's p-o. Harailton co, 0. by p-r. 127 miles
s. w, Colurabus,
Overall's p-o, Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r, 91
ras. wstrd. W. C.
Overslaugh, a shoal and crooked channel in
Hudson r. in Betblehera, 3 ms, o, Albany ; haa
caused much difficulty to the navigation in
sloops and steamboats in tiraes past.
Overton, co. Ten, as laid down on Tanner's
improved raap of the U. S, is bndd. by Fentress
E. and a. e., 'White s,, Jackson a, w. and w..

OWE

374

OXF

and Curaberland co. Ky. n. Length 36 railes,
raean breadtb.22 ms, ahd area about 800 sq.
ms. Lat. 30° 05' to 36° 37' n,, long. W. C. 8° to
8° 30''w. General slope northwestwardly, and
in that direction drained by Obey's r, and other
initior confluents of Cumberland r. Chief town
uMoe. Pep. 1820, 7,128 ; 1830, 8,242.
Ovid, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. Seneca co.
N. Y. 205 ms. w. Albany, 18 s. Waterioo, • be
tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, about 9 ras.
E. and w., and nearly 5 ft. and s. ; has a varied
surface, well cultivated, with good soil, and
raany small raill streams. Ovid v. near the
middle of the n. line, is on an erainence de
scending e. and Vf. and overlooking bolh lakes.
There is much good wheat land on the shores.
Pop. 2,756.
Owasco, lake, Cayuga co. N. Y., near the
middle of the co,, from 1 to 2 ms, wide, by 11
long, receives Owasco inlet from the s., and
discharges Owasco outlet n. It lies nearly
equidistant between Cayuga and Skeneateles
lakes, and lies nearly N. and s. like alraost aU the
interior lakes of N. Y. It is said to owe its
narae (which in the native language signifies a
bridge,) from a raft formed of tiraber near the
outlet. Owasco, inlet, N. Y., enters Owasco lake,
Cayuga co. in Sempronius.
Owasco, outlet, Cayuga co. N. Y., flows n.
from the n, end of Owasco lake, 15 miles to
Seneca r,
Owasco, p-t Cayuga co. N. Y. 164 ms. w.
Albany, 5 s. e. Auburn v., and w. Onondaga
CO. ; lies a, w. on the E. side of Owasco lake,
and a short distance on the outlet, has very rich
land, and a few mill sites on a sraall stream.
Pop. 1,350. .
Owego, p-t. and half shire, Tioga co. N. Y.
170 miles w, s, w, Albany, n. Pa. line, is. Owe
go creek and Susquehannah river, and west
Broorae co. ; is crossed by Susquehannah r,,
7 rniles by 15, has a varied surface and soil,
with white pine tiraber near the river, raaple,
beech, &c, on the hills. It is favorable to fruit.
First settled about 1690, Owego v, is on Sus
quehannah r. li ras. frora Owego creek, 29 s.
s. E. Ithaca. Luraber, salt and gypsum are
sent to Baltimore by the Susquehannah. Pop.
3,026. Owen, co. Ky. bndd. by Gallatin n.. Grant tt.
E., Harrison e., Scott s. e., Franklin s., and Ky.
r. separating it frora Henry w. Length 20 ras.,
raean breadth 16, and area 320 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. from 38° 22' to 38° 42', and in
long, from 7° 33' to 8° w. W. C. Though
bounding on Ky. r. the body of the co. is drain
ed by Eagle creek, which, rising into Scott and
Harrison, flows N t>. w. between Grant and
Owen, and thence bending abruptly to wstrd.
forras the boundary between Gallatin and Owen,
finally faUs into Ky. r. Cf t. Owenton. Pop.
1820,2,031,1830,5,786, OwENEORO, p-0,, t, and st. jus. Daviess co.
Ky. on the left bank of Ohio r,, 76 ras, w, Eliz
abethtown in Hardin co,, and J51 raa, a littlo s,
of w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 48', long. 10° 09' w.
W. C. Pop. 229,
Owensville, p-v, Gibson co. Ind. by p-r. 151
ms. s. v. Indianopolis.

Owenton, p-v. and st. jus. Owen co. Ky.
about 25 ms. n. n. e. Franltfort. Lat. 38° 3()',
long. 7° 42' w. W. C. Pop. 143.
Owingsville, p-v. and st. jus. Bath co. Ky.
by p-r. 70 ma. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 10', long.
6° 44' w. W. C. Pop. 241.
OwL'a Head, Thomaston, Lincoln co. Me.
the W. cape of the inner part of Penobscot
bay, runs s. E. and forms Clara cove. Opposite
are Fox isla., and outaide of it several others.
Oxbow, a bend in Conn. r. at Newbury, Vt.
enclosing 450 acres of fine meadow.
Oxford, co. Me. bndd. by the dist. of Three
Rivers in Lower Canada n. e., Somerset and
Kennebec cols, e., Cumberland and York cos.
s,. New Hampshire w. It ia of an irregular
forra, elonged n. and s. The surface is rough,
and in many places mountainous. Moose aud
Dead rs. rise here, and flow e. into the Kenne
bec. Androscoggin and MagoUoway, a branch,
rise in the n. part. The main stream flows
through a chain of large lakes, the last of which
is Umbagog, on the line of New Hampshire.
The r. returns into the co. in the s. part, crosses
it, and enters Kennebec co. The small streams
are numerous, Saco r. crosses the s. w. cor.
ner. The st, jus. is Paris. Pop. 1820, 27,104.
1830, 35,211.
Oxford, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 1,116.
Oxford, p.t. Grafton co. N. H. 17 ma. n.
Hanover, 10 s. Haverhill, 60 frora Concord,
120 from Boston, witb 27,000 acres, k. Conn.
r,, over which is a bridge. The soil is general.
ly fertile, especially the meadows on Conn. r.
Mounts Cuba and Sunday are near the centre.
There are 4 or 5 ponds, some of which flow
into Coim. r,, and others into the Merrimack.
Coarse primitive limestone abounds at the foot
of a mtn. Building.granite, soap stone, and
lead ore are also found. The village is on a
street, in a beautiful vaUey 1 m. by 5 or 6 ms.
long, enclosed by hills, which approach each
other very nearly in the middle. A social U-
brary was incorporated 1797. First settled
1765. Pop.1,829.
Oxford, p.t. Worcester co., Mass., 55 ms. s.
w. Boston, 12 s. Worcester ; is di'vided by
Stony or French r. the upper part of Quinebaug
r. which flows s. into Connecticut. It affords
good mill sites, wbich are occupied by 7 facto.
ries. Here is a large thread factory, and sev
eral mills are soon to be erected. In 1686, a
French colony settled this t. It consisted of
Protestants, who left France on the repeal of
the edict of Nantes. Gov. Dudley obtauied a
grant of land here 8 ms. sq,, for this purpose.
In the E. part of the t. on a hill, are the reraains
of their principal fort, which had bastions and a
well; and their grapes, currants and asparagus,
still grow there. In 1096 an Indian incursion
broke up tbe settlement, and the colonists re
tired to Boston, where they had a church for
sorae years. A few of thera afterwards re
turned, the place being reoccupied in 1713.
Pop, 2,034,
Oxford, p-t.. New Haven co.. Conn,, 40 ms.
s. w. Hartford, 14 N. vr. New Haven, e. Housa
tonic r., 5 ms. by 8, with 38 sq. ms. ; is uneven,
with gravelly loam, calcareous w., and general
ly productive. The trees arc chiefly nut. Nau-

PAO

375

PAC

gatuck r. and other streams water the tsp., and
there are several mUls and factories. Pop.
1,763. Oxford, p-t., Chenango co., N. Y,, 10 ras. s.
w. Norwich, 108 from Albany, 56 frora Utica,
has good land, crossed by Chenango r., (200 ft.
wide,) and other strearas, which supply mill
seats. The soil is good. The remains of an
old fort are seen on a higb bank of Chenmigo r.,
with a ditch 3 ft. deep, enclosing about an acre.
In 1788 large trees stood on the ground. Pop.
2,943. Oxford, an incorporated v., Oxford, Chenan.
go CO., N. Y., 108 ras. s. s. w. Albany, 236 N.
w. N. Y,, 110 w. Catskill, 56 s. by w. Utica ; is
pleasantly situated on the meadows of Chenan
go r., (about 1,200 yds. wide,) with handsorae
swells at a little distance. There is an acade
my, &c.
Oxford, p-v. Blooming Grove, Orange co.
N. Y,, 12 ms. o. vr. Hudson, w. West Point,
has an academy.
Oxford, p-t. Warren co. N, J., e. Delaware
r., opposite Northarapton co. Pa., is crossed by
Pequest cr., and Beaver cr. its branch. It con
tains Belvidere v., the st.jus. of the co. and the
vil. of Oxford Furnace. Pop. 3,665.
Oxford, p-v. southwestern part of Chester
CO. Pa,, 50 ms, a. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 92
ms.N. e. W, C.
Oxford, v. Talbot co. Md. on the estrn. or
left side qf Tread Haven bay. It is a port of
entry and one of tbe most trading places on
the eastem shore of Maryland.
Oxford, p-v. and st. jus, GranviUe co. N. C,
by p-r. 47 ms. n. Raleigh, lat. 36° 20', long. 1°
40° w.W. C.

Oxford, p-v. and tsp. n. w. part Butler co.
0., by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. by vr. Columbus. Mi
ami university, to whioh the township belongs
is located here ; it was chartered in 1809, and
comraenced operations in 1824. The institu.
tion is finely situated, flourishing, and its reve.
nue, which is now about $4,000 per annum, is
rapidly increasing. It bas II instructers ;
about 140 students, and the libraries contain
about 4,000 ¦ vols. Commenceraent is on the
last Wednesday in Septeraber. Pop. vil. 737 ;
ofthe tsp. 2,928.
Oyster, r. N. H., flows into Great Bay,
through Durhara.
Oyster Bay, p.t. Queen's co. N. Y., Long
Isl,, 28 ras. E. N. Y., 172 s. Albany, s. Long
Isl. sound, N. Atlantic 0., has a variety of soil,
pretty^level surface, and West, Fort and Unk-
way necks on its s. coast, which extends only 3
ms., and has Jones's inlet opposite, which is a
channel through the beaches which here line
the coast At the n. w. corner of the t. is
Hempstead harbor, and tt. Oyster Bay harbor, a
large square sheet of water coraraunicating e.
with Cold Spring harbor, v/hich extends along
the N. E. boundary. There are several vs. in
different parts of this extensive t. ; Musqueto,
Oyster Bay, Norwich and Wolver Hollow n.,
Wheatly, and Jerico, and Cold Spring in the
middle. Oak and Cove necks extend along
Oyster Bay harbor. On Fort Neck were two
Indian forts at the first settlement of the town.
The remains of one are 30 yards square. Pop.
5,348. Oyster Bay, p.v. Oyster Bay, Suffolk co.
N. Y., on the s. w. corner of Oyster Bay, ia re
sorted to in sumraer for fish, &c.

F.

Pacific Ocean. If we regard the Oregon
Territory as appertaining to the U. S., the Pa^
cific ocean ought to be named as one of the
great boundaries, and demands a- notice with
the same propriety as does the Atlantic. Un
der the art. Oregon, we have already stated that
the respective treaties with Spain and Russia,
give the U. S. the sovereignty along the Pacific
ocean from lat. 42° to 54° 40', or equal to 880
statute ms. in round numbers. A general view
of this coast has already been given under the
head of Oregon, and under that of the U. S.
The phenomena of the prevailing winds as far
as known, wiU be discussed. We raay in this
place observe, that in regard to prevailing winds,
those of the two bounding oceans of the U. S.
present a directly contrary excess. Along the
Atlantic from 6 to 7 in 10 of the winds are from
the westward, of course tov/ards the ocean ;
on the Pacific coast the prevailing winds are
also frora the westward ; therefore, frora the
ocean towards the land. This westem current
of tbe winds, which, as will be shown, is an es
tabUshed effect of the laws of nature, must
have a most powerful effect on the navigation of
the two coasts. The average time of voyages
from the U. S. to and frora Europe, is about as
21 is to 40, and vice versa. In a nuraerous ae
ries of voyages from the U. S. to Europe, if it

demands 21 days, it will deraand 40 days to re
turn. From. these ascertained comparative el
ements, it must be evident, that the departure
of vessels from the Atlantic coast of the U. S.
is as 40 to 21, to the facility of approach ; and
it raust be equally evident, that the very reverse
will be the case on the Pacific coast. If in.
deed we corapare the relative width of the two
oceans, in tbe direction ofthe winds, we might
risk the theory, that the proportions will be
greater on the Pacific than on the Atlantic
coast. The breadth of the Atlantic ocean
along N. lat. 40° between the wstrn. coast of
Spain and the estm. of tho U. S., is about equal
to 60° of long., whilst the Pacific ocean along
the same line of lat. from the wstrn. coast of N.
A. to the estm. coast of Asia, is equal to 105
degrees ; or the breadth ofthe two oceans are,
along the line assumed, as 3 to 5 very nearly.
In bearing, however, the two oceanic coasts of
N. A. are almost at right anglea to each other ;
the Atlantic coaat bearing n. e. anda,.w., whilat
the Pacific coaat beara s. e. and ft. w. From
this structure of the respective coasts, it ia
clear, that the prevailing winda must leave the
estm. at a very different angle to their impulse
on the opposite side of the continent. In art.
U. S. it wUI be seen, that the prevaUmg winds,
being from the land in N. A. and from the ocean

PAI

376

PAL

on Europe, is the true cause of the difference
of cliraate between the opposing sides of the
Atlantic, and that cause once discovered and
acknowledged, its application demonstrates al.
so the cause why Oregon, between lat. 42° and
54° 40', has a climate approaching in tempera.
ture to that along the Atlantic coast, lat. 35° and
45°. It is remarked in the narrative of the
passage of Lewis and Clark over the continent
of N. A. to the Pacific, that the narae was far
from appropriate at the raouth of Columbia, and
we raay at once perceive that frora the prevailing
wstrn. winds, and the iraraense body of ocean
water, that the wstm. coast of N. A. between
ft. lat. 42° and 55°, must be a truly sea.beat
shore. {See Art. U. S.)
Packagama, or Pakagama, Falls of in Misp.
r. about 10 or 11 ms. below the junction ofthe
outlets of Leech lake, and Little Winnipec
lakes. Lat. 47° 26', long. W. C. 17° 40' w.
Pacolet, r. N. and S. C, riaea from the spurs
of Blue ridge and in the sthwstrn. part of Ruth.
erford co,, ofthe former state. Flowing thence
estrd, 15 ms,, the stream bends to s, e, by e,
over Spartanburg and Union dists,, falls into
Broad r, nearly opposite the s, w. angle of York
dist., after a comparative course of 60 ms.
This streara beads opposite the sources of
French Broad or., and its valley lies between
those of Ennoree and Broad rs,
Paotolus, p.v, on the South Fork of Holston
r,, and in the wstrn, part of Sullivan co. Tenn,,
about 80 raa, n, e. by e, Knoxville, and by p-r,
268 raa. a little n, of e, Nashville,
Paddytown, p-v, Hampshire eo, Va., on Po
tomac r,, 20 ras, by land road above Cumber
land in Md., and by p-r. 135 ms. n, w, by w, W, C,
Paducah, p-v. estrn, part of McCracken, co,
Ky,, by p-r. 19 ras. estrd. Wilmington, the co.
St., and 245 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Page, co, Va,, bndd, s, by Rockingham, w,
Shenandoah, and n, Frederick ; Blue Ridge
separating it frora Culpepper e,, and Madison
s. E. ; length 34 ms., breadth 11 ras,, and area
374 ; lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 1° 25' w. The
main and eastern brancb of Shenandoah river
winds to the s. e., traversing this co. in its
greatest length ; slope of courae in the direc
tion of its principal r. The surface is general
ly hilly, and the co. being bndd. on two sides
by mtns. gives it the appearance and reality of
a rugged valley, though rauch of the r. soil is
fertile and well adapted to farraing. The co.
of Page corresponds nearly to what is called
E. Shenandoah inthe census returns, and con
tained in 1830, a pop. of 8,327 ; cf t. Luray.
Page's Mill and p-o. Gibson co. Tenn., by
p-r. 150 ms. w. NashviUe.
Pagesville, p-v. western part Newberry dist.
S, C, by p-r. 75 ras, n. w. by w, Columbia, and
30 ms. sthwstrd. Newberry, st, just, for the dist.
Painsville, p-v. western part Araelia co.
Va., 46 ms. s. w. by w. Richraond, and about a
sirailar distance a little N.of w, Petersburg.
Painesville, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C, by
p-r. 106 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh.
Painesville, p-v. on Grand r., northeastern
part Geauga co, 0,, 4 ras. s. Fairport on Lake
Erie, and byp-r, 161 ms, n, k. Colurabua, Pop,
tsp, 1,499.

Paint cr., p.o. Floyd co. Ky., 10 ras. N. Pe.
tersburg, the co. St., and by p.r. 161 ms, b. e. by
E. Frankfort.
Painted Post, p.t.jSteuben co. N. Y., 27
ms. s. E. Bath, 234 w, by a. Albany, w. Tioga
CO., is crossed by Tioga r. frora n. w. to a. e,,
juat below the raouth of Conhocton r. and the
canal. It is 12 ras. by 20, and had ita name
frora an oaken post, erected, and occasionally
painted red by the Indians, in memory, it ia
beUeved, of a great warrior. The land good,
and there ia rauch rich alluvian. Locust tira
ber ia sent to market. Pop. 974.
Painted Rock, p-v. Jackson co. Ala., byp-r.
152 ms. i\. E. Tuscaloosa.
Painter's Cross Roads, and p-o. Del. co. Pa.,
by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. W. C.
pALATL-«E, P-t. Montgoraery co, N. Y., 10
ras. w. .Iohnstown, 51 n. n, w, Albany, and n,
Mohawk r,, ia well watered and supplied with
raUl sites by Garoga cr, &c,, and has excellent
land. It was settled by Germans, 1724, Stone
Arabia is a part 4 ras, frora the r,, declining s,,
and reraarkably fertile. There was a small
paUsaded fort here in the revolution. In 1780
it was garrisoned witb 200 men, and here Col.
Brown fell. The Indians used to grind their
corn in a hole in a rock in the s. e. corner of
tbe t., with a large stone. Hence Bread cr..
derived its narae. Palatine bridge is a v. in
thist. Pop. 2,742.
Palatine Hill and p-o. Monongalia co. Va.,
4 ms, sthestrd, Morgantown, and by p-r, 2ll
ras. N. w, by w, W, C,
Palatka, v, John's co. Flor,, on the left bank
of St, John's r,, about 85 milea' b. w. St. Au.
gustine. Palermo, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 16 ms. e. Au
gusta, 30 N. E. Wiscasset ; bas Kennebec co.
w. and N, w,, and Lincoln co, s„ and contains
several large ponds, which flow s, w. into
Sheepscut r. Pop. 1,257.
Palestine, p-v. Picken's co, Ala,, by p-r. 62
ms. wstrd. Tuscaloosa.
Palestine, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. II.,
situated near tbe right bank of Wabash river,
byp-r. E, VandaUa, lat, 39° 02', long. W, C, 10°
40' w,
Palisado Rocks, the precipitous w, bank of
Hudson r,, begiiming in Bergen, N. J., and ex
tending into Rockland co. N. Y. The rock is
of the trap formation, in sorae places lying upon
red sand stone, which shows itself in horizon
tal layers at tbe water level. Tbe height va
ries, but in sorae parts is very regular, high and
smooth like a wall. Tbe frost graduaUy splits
off fragments, wbich bave accuraulated below,
and offer an extensive quarry for an inferior
kind of stone. As the shore forras many pro
jections, the peculiar form of these precipices
gives a very picturesque aspect to this part of
the shore of the Hudson, and the steamboats
generally pass near tbe base. Small streams
of water sometiraes pour down from the neigh
bouring fields, and tiraber is soraetimes sUd
down to the water, where are numerous little
landing places. A few patches of sloping soil,
and level arable land, are cultivated and inhab
ited. Palmer, p-t, Hampden co. Mass,, 14 ms, e.

PAM

377

PAO

Springfield, 82 s. w. Boston, incorporated 1752,
N. and w. Chickapee r., e. Swift r,, crossed by
Ware r. These 3 streama unite on the w. line
of the t,, and afford many faciUties for manu
facturing. The surface is irregular, and the
soil good for farras. This t. was first settled
from the North of Ireland. The Three Rivers
cotton and woollen raanufacturing companvwas
incorporated 1826, with a capital of a million.
Pop. 1,237.
Palmer's Springs and p-o. wstrn. part Meck
lenburg co.Va,, 103 ms.s, w, Richmond.
Palmer's Tavern, and p-o. Prince's George's
CO. Md., 30 ms. from W. C.
Palmerstown, mtn. N. Y., rises between
lakes Champlain and George, in Washington
CO,, bounds lake George for some distance on
the E., crosses Warren co, in the s. e. and en
ters Saratoga co. It consists of granite and
gneiss, is steep, and from 200 to about 1,000 ft,
high. Palmyra, p-t. Somerset co. Me,, 51 ms. n, e.
Augusta, 28 e. byN. Norridgewock, 215 n. e.
Boaton, w. Penobscot co., and adjoining New
port, is crossed n, and s. by Sebasticook r,, and
several of its small streams. Pop. 902.
Palmyra, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 15 ms. N.
Canandaigua, 220 n, n, w, Albany, is crossed
by Mud cr, which runs e,, and furnishes sorae
mUl sites, and admits of a little boat navigation.
It is 6 ras, by 12, with a good soil, and has also
Red cr, Erie canal passes through the tsp,
and the v. or borough of Palmyra is on Mud
cr, and the canal. Pop. 3,427.
Palmyra, incorporated v. Palrayra, Wayne
CO. N. Y. On Mud cr. and Erie canal, 196 ins.
n. n. w. Albany, 13 n. Canandaigua, 15 w. Ly
ons, and 16 s. Pultneyville, has an acaderay,
several churches, factories, &,c,, and has con.
siderable trade.
Palmyra, p-v., wstm, part Lebanon co. Pa,,
14 ras. N. E. by e. Harrisburg, and 10 a little s.
of w. frora the borough of Lebanon.
Palmyra, p-v. and St. jus., Fluvanna co. Va.,
by p-r. 45 ras, n. w. by w. Richmond, and \36
s. v. W. C. ; lat. 37° 47', long.-l° 29' w. W. C.
Palmyra, p-v. sthm, part Halifax co. N. C,
by p-r. 101 ms. ft. c. by e. Raleigh.
Palmyra, p-v, on tbe left bank of Cumber
land r., Montgomery co. Ten., 4 or 5 ms. be.
low, but on the opposite side frora Clarksville,
and by p-r. 48 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville.
Palmyra, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 139 ms.
N. E. Colurabus. Pop. tsp. 839.
Palmyra, p-v. and st. jus., Marion co. Mo,,
125 ms. N. N, w. St. Louis ; lat. 39° 46', long.
W. C. 14° 30' w.
Pamela, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y., 166 ms. n,
w. Albany, N. Black r,, and opposite Water-
town, 4 ras. by 8, has an uneven surface, light
loaray soil, yielding wheat, com, &c. reraarka
bly well. It has few springs or brooks. Wil
liamsville, or WiUiamstown, is on Black river.
Limestone, which abounds, contains vegetable
irapressions. Kanady's Grotto is a remarka
ble cavern, in a rock near the shore of Black r.
Pop. 2,273.
Pamlico, r. N. C. This name is applied only
to the bay of Tar r. below Washington, Beau
fort CO, It is a sheet of water varying in width

from 1 to 8 ms,, and about 40 ms, in length,
with depth of water adraitting any vessel which
can be navigated over Pamlico sound. {See
Tarr.) Pamlico Point, and p-o. Beaufort co. N, C,
by p-r. 29 ms, o, e, by e, Washington, and 151
in a sirailar direction from Raleigh. The point
is the cape on the s. side at the entrance of
Pamlico r. The name is spelled Pantego in the
p-o. list.
Pamlico Sound, is an extensive shaUow gulf,
or raore correctly, cape of North Carolina, tbe
recipient frora the w, of Tar, or Pamlico r.,
and on the s, w, of Neuse r. It is in forra of
a half moon, stretching 70 ms, from the mouth
of Neuse in a n. e. direction, to the strait
wbich unites it with Alberaarle sound. 'The
breadth varies frora 8 at the northeastern ex
treraity, to thirty towards Core sound, and the
raouths of Neuse and Pamlico rs. This sound
is separated from the Atlantic ocean by Core
and Hatteras isis. These isis. are, however,
mere narrow, low, but very dangerous reefs.
Core isl, from Cedar to Occacoke inlet is 22
ms. long. Hatteras isl. is about 66 miles in
length from Occacoke to New Inlet, The land
around Pamlico sound is every where low, and
in many places marshy.
Pamunkey, t. Va., andthe principal constitu
ent of York r,, is forraed by Paraunkey proper
and North Anna, The latter rises in Orange,
the northern part of Louisa, and in Spottsylva
nia cos,, and flowing thence southeastward
unites withthe Paraunkey betweenCaroUne and
Hanover cos. The Pamunkey rises in the
south west mtn., on the border between Al
bemarle and Louisa ; drains the sthm. and cen
tral part of Louisa, and traversing Hanover
joins the North Anna. Below their junction
the united waters, known by the name of Pa
raunkey, preserves the original course south
eastward about 45 ras, comparative course, (but
perhaps double tbat distance by the bends,) to
its junction with Mattapony to form York ritter.
The entire comparative length of Paraunkey,
by either branch, is about 90 ms. The broadest
part of the valley but little exceeds 30, and is
only about 15 ras. mean width, area 1,300 sq.
ms., lying between those of Jas. and Chicka
hominy onthe right, and Mattapony on the left.-
Panther, cr. and p-o. southeastern part of
Surrey co. N. C, by p-r. 130 ms. s. w. by w.
Raleigh. Panther, cr, and p-o. Daviess co. Ky., 10
ms. sthrd. Owensborough, and by p-r. 169 ms.
w. of s. s. vr. Frankfort.
Panther's Gap, and p-o. Rockbridge co. Va.,
by p-r. 195 ms. s. w.'W. C.
Panton, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 13 ms. n. vr.
Middlebury, 25 s. Burlmgton, w. Otter cr., e.
lake Champlain, opposite Elizabethtown, N.
Y. ; chartered 1764 ; with 10,530 acres ; is
very level, and crossed by a sluggish stream
of Otter creek running through it n, ¦ Pop.
605. Paoli, p-v. Cheater co. Pa,, 25 ma. watrd.
Philadelphia. Paoli, p-v. arid st. jus. Orange co. Ind,, situa
ted near the centre of tbe co,, by p-r. 94 ms. a
littlp w, of a. Indianopolis ; lat, 38° 34',

PAR

378

PAS

Papachton, r. Delaware co, N. Y. The e.
branch of the Delaware rises in many small
strearas in Stamford and Roxbury, the east
towns of the co,, flows s, w, through its south
towns 48 ras, to the Del. in Hancock co,, and
receives many tributaries, of which Beaverkill,
from N. Jersey, is the principal. It affords mill
sites. Papertown, p-v, Cumberland co. Pa.
Paperville, fa-v. in the northeastern angle of
Sullivan co. Ten., situated on Holstein river, by
the road 118 ms. above, and x. e. by e, Knox-
ville, byp-r. 274 ms. a little n. of E.Nashville.
Paraclifta, p-v. Sevier co. II,, by p.r. 168
ms. s. w. by vr. Little Rock.
Paradise, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., by p.r. 44
ms. estrd. Harrisburg.-
Paradise, p.v. Cole co. II., by p-r. 70 ms. N.
E. Vandalia.
Paradox, lake, Scaroon, Essex co. N. Y., 5
ms. long, and erapties into Scaroon r. It is sur.
rounded by high hills, in a wild region, from
which the water frequently descends in great
quantities. Sometimes the outlet is raised by a
shower above the level of the lake, and flows
back into it, from which remarkable peculiarity
the lake is said to have derived its narae.
Parciphany, p-V. Morris co. N, J., 21 ras. n.
w. Newark, and 63 from Trenton, on a sraall
branch of Passaic r. A school for the instruc-
tion of Africans was forraed here in 1816, un.
derthe Presbyterian synods ofthis state and N.
Y., to supply the colony at Liberia and in Hay.
ti, ¦with school teachers and clergymen, but it
is not continued.
Parham's Store, and p-o. Sussex co. Va., by
p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond.
Paris, p-t. st. jus. Oxford co. Me., 42 ras. w.
Augusta, 46 tt. vr. Portland, and 160 n. n. e.
Boston, is nearly of an oblong forra, lying tt. vr.
and s. E., ^d crossed by Little Androscoggin
r., in the upper part of its courae, which riaes
in the adjoining cos. It has a high mtn. s. Pop.
2,306. Paris, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 8 ras. w. Utica,
106 ms. N, N. w. Albany, is of regular form, and
contains about 100 sq. ras. with a varied sur
face, and good soil, especially in the vallies, fa.
votable to grain, grass, &c., and bearing ma-
,,ple, beech, birch, elm, &c,, with some hem
lock and cedar. It is well watered, and sup
plied with mill sites and trout by Oriskany and
Sadaguada ers. There is a mill seat onthe lat
ter stream, to every 22 yards of its course.
Hamilton college is in thist., in the village of
Clinton, where is also a seminary, several board
ing schools, &c. There are 37 school dists. in
the t. Iron is obtained from ore furnished by
the t., and silicious and lime atonea are quar-
ried. The Brothertown Indiana settled in this
t. some years ago, on land given them by the
Oneidas. They were from the renanants of the
New England tribes, and aome from the Dela
wares. The t. is 8 ms. a. of Erie canal, but ia
croased by the route of a new canal to be con.
Btruoted. There are several vUlagea ; Clinton,
Paria Hill, Paria Fumace, Mancheater v., San.
<juait v., and Hanover. Moses Foote commen.
eed the settlement, with 10 families, in 1787.
Pop. 2,765.

Paris, p.v. nrthm. part Fauquier co. Va., 58
ras. w. W. C.
Paris, p.v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ten., situa.
ted on a small branch of Sandy cr., by p-r. 118
ms. a little n. ofw. NashviUe, lat,36° 19', long.
11" 25' w. W. C.
Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Bourbon co. Ky,, aitu.
ated on the s. fork of Licking r., 40 ms. e. Frank.
fort, and 20 ms. n, w. Lexington. Lat. 38° 12',
long. 7° 13' w. W. C. Pop. 1,219.
Paris, p.v. Stark co. O., by p-r. 127 ms. n. e.
by E, Colurabus.
Paris, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind., by p-r. 76 ma.
s. 5. E. Indianopolis.
Paris, p.v. and st. jus, Edgar co, II,, by p-r.
106 ms. N. E. by e. Vandalia. n. lat. 39° 36',
long. W. C. 10° 44' w.
Paris, cf t. Monroe co. Mo., situated on
Crooked r,, a branch of Salt r. n. lat. 39° 26',
long. W. C 14° 55' w,, about 140 ms. n. w. St.
Louis. Parisburg, p-o. and st. jus. Giles co. Va., sit
uated on tbe left bank of New r,, where that
stream passes through Peter's mtn., and irame
diately above the gap, by p-r. 298 ras. h. w. by
w. W. C, and 240 ms. a little s. of w. Rich
mond. Lat. 37° 21', long. 3° 43' w. W. C.
Parish, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 968.
Parishville, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y.,
226 ras. N. w. Albany. Pop. 1,477.
Pakisville, p-v. nrthrn. part Baltimore co.
Md., by p-r. 26 ma. from Baltiraore.
Parisville, p-v. Portage co. O,, by p-r. 144
ma. N. E, Columbua.
Parkersburgh, p-v. and st.jus. Wood co. Va.,
situated on the point above the confluence of
Ohio and Little Kenhawa rs., 12 ms. below Ma.
rietta, 0,, and by p-r. 299 ms. a little n. of w.
W. C. Lat. 39° 15', long. 4° 34' w. W. C.
Parkersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa.
Parkhead, p-v. Washington co. Md., by p-r.
87 ras. ft. w. W. C.
Parkinson's Ferry, and p-v. on the left bank
of Monongahela, directly below the mouth of
Pigeon cr. Washington co. Pa., 20 ms. e. from
the borough of Wasbington, and very nearly a
sirailar distance s. Pittsburg.
Parkman, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 64 ms. frora
Augusta. Pop. 803.
Parkman, p-v. sthestrn. part of Geauga co. 0.,
by p-r, 159 ms, n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 732.
Parks, p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C, byp-r. Ill
ms, wstrd. Columbia.
Parma, p-t. Monroe co. N, Y., 230 ms. n. by
w. Albany. Pop. 2,639.
Parma, p-v. Cuyahoga co. 0., by p-r. 131 ms.
N, E. Columbus.
Parsonsfield, p-t. York co. Me., 93 ms. a. w.
Augusta, 38 n. w. Portland, and 118 n. n. e.
Boston ; borders w. on Effingham, Strafford co.
N. H., and n. on Oxford co. Me., Ossipee r.
forming the line. Two ponds empty s. e. into
little Ossipee r. Pop. 2,492.
PAKTLow's,"p.o. Spottsylvania CO. Va., byp-r.
79 ms. a. s. w. W. C, and 59 n. Richmond.
Pascagoula, r. of Misp. and Ala., the much
greater ahare of its valley being in Misp., is
formed by 2 branchea of the Chickaaawhay and
Leaf ra. The Chickaaawha riaea in the Choc
taw country, kt. 32° 50', and flowing thence by

PAS

379

PAT

a course of very near s., receives the Leaf river
about 2 railes below lat. 31°. The vaUey of
Chiokasawhay lies between those of Leaf and
Ala. Leaf river rises about lat. 32° 20', and
p#suing a southeastern course' unites with
the Chiokasawhay as already noticed. The
united water, thence known as the Pascagou
la, continues the course of tbe latter, to the
Pascagoula sotmd, «. lat, 30° 20'. The entire
comparative length of the Pascagoula by the
main brancb, Cbickasawhay, is 170 ms. ; the
mean breadth of the valley is at least 50 ras. and
area 8,500 sq. ms. Tbe Pascagoula valley lies
between those of Pearl and Ala, and coraprises
the western part of Mobile and Washington
counties, Ala,, and all of Jackson, Perry,
Greene, Wayne, Jones and Covington, and part
of Lawrence, Sampson and Rankin cos, in the
state of Misp,, with a considerable space in the
Choctaw country.
Pascagoula, Sound, is a sheet of water
spreading along the southwestern border of Al
abama, and the southeastern of Mississippi,
extending in length 55 miles frora the Pass of
Heron w. to the Pass of Christian, with a mean
width of about 8 ras. It is separated frora the
gulf of Mexico, by a chain of low, narrow sand
islands, naraed, advancing frora e, to w., Dau
phin's, Massacre, Petite Bois, Horn, Dog, Ship
and Cat island. The depth of water in tbe
sound is generally about frora 10 to 18 ft,, but
no vessels drawing raore than 6 ft. can be navi
gated through the Passes. The depth increas
es rapidly on the Gulf side of tbe isis. When
the British fieet carae on the coast of La,, their
heaviest ships of the Une were anchored close
on Cat isl,, outside of the Pass of Mariam,
This anchorage is in fact the most sheltered on
the U. S. coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, where
ships of war of the largest class can be safely
moored. Pascagoula, p-o. southem part of Jackson
CO. Misp., about 200 raUes a little e. of s. e.
Natchez. Pascataqua, i. N. H,, empties into tbe ocean
at Portsmouth, on the boundary between that
state and Me., and is forraed by several small
streams, which rise in Rockingham and Straf
ford COS-, and meet a few ms. from the coast.
Of these Salraon Fall r., tho principal, runs on
the boundary of Me. The others are Coche
co, Bellaraybank, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscot
and Winnicut rs. The five last fall into a kind
of lake, which takes the name of Pascataqua
r., and contracting in size below, at the distance
of 3 railes joins the ocean, forming Portsraouth
harbor, which is a very good and safe one, and
has a navy yard of the U. S. with several
islands. Pasquotank, r. N. C, is the drain of the
southern part of Dismal Swamp, and after flow.
ing s. o, Ejtbetween Camden and Pasquotank
COS. opens by a comparative wide bay into Al
bemarle sound, after a course of 40 railes, in
cluding bay and r. The Pasquotank bay admits
ordinary coasting vessels to its head at EUza
beth City.
PAsauoTANK, CO, N. C, bndd. by Pasquotank
r. separating it from Camden co. N. e. and e.,
Albemarle sound a. e., Perquimana co. s, w.,

Gates N, w,, aud Nanseraond and Norfolk cos.
Va, N. Length from Albemarle sound to the
Va. line 40 ma., mean width about 8, and area
320 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 03' to
36° 30', and in long, from 0° 23' to 1° e. W.
C. The surface is a plain, partly raarshy, but
with considerable tracts of good soil. The
slight declivity is s. s. e, Cf t. Elizabeth City.
Pop. 1820,8,008, 1830, 8,641,
Passadu-vkeag, t, Penobscot co. Me. Pop.
269. Passaic r., N. J. a valuable streara, naviga
ble 10 ras. for sloops, rises in Morris and Sora
erset COS. and forras the boundary of Essex co,
almost on three entire sides, w,, n,,, and ui. It
receives Porapton r, tt. which is forraed of Pe-
quannoc and Raraapo rs, which last rises in
Rockland co, N. Y. Rockaway r. falls into it
on the w. and there are several sraaller branch
es. The Passaic supplies water to the raost
important manufacturing village in the state,
Patterson, It there makes a fall of 72 feet
frora a precipice, into a deep pool between two
rocks, but the current has now been diverted
into nuraerous channels for the supply of the
varioua raanufactories, so that the cascade,
which was formerly celebrated by its pictu.
resque beauty, is now to be seen only during
the wet season. The Passaic is crossed by
an aqueduct of Morris canal, 3 ms, above Pat.
terson, PASS.vMAanoDDY, bay, partly in Penobscot co.
Me. lies principally in New Brunswick. It re.
ceives St. Croix r. wbich forms the e. bounda
ry ofthe U. S. for sorae ras., and the corarauni.
cation with tbe Atlantic is nearly closed by
Carapbello isl. It is forraed by Quoddy Head,
in Lubec, Me, and the s, w, corner of New
Brunswick, being about 6 ras, by 12, and con
taining Deer isl. The tide rises frora 25 to 33
ft. The water is deep, well stocked with fine
fish, and never frozen over. The fish are cod,
herring, raackerel, &c.
Pass.amaouoddy Indians, Me, of whom only
a small tribe remain, reside in Perry, on a re
servation of 27,000 acres, and have a Roman
CathoUc church,
Passumpsic r., Vt, rises in a pond in Essex co.
and flows s. through a part of Caledonia co.
into Conn, r, at the bend in Barnet, It is rap
id till it reaches Lyndon, and then winds slow.
ly through several ricb tracts of raeadow, with
a few falls. It is deep, and has several branch
es, running a course of 34 ras.
Passyunk, tsp, Phil, co. Pa. adjoining the
sthrn. side of the city of Phil, and extending
from the Del. to the Schuylkill r.
Patapsco, r. Md. This coraparatively amall
stream has gained great importance from hav
ing had the eastern part of Baltiraore and
Ohio rail road, formed along its valley. The
Patapsco riaes by numerous creeka from the
aoutheaatern foot of the Parr aprjng or Sugar
Loaf ridge of mountaina between Frederick
and Baltimore counties, and oppoaite to Little
Pike creek, Linganore, and Buah cr. branches
of Monocacy. The main or northern branch
riaes near Weatminater in Baltimore co. and
flowing first s. E. about 8 ms. turns to the
southward 15 ma. to the forka of Pafapsco,

PAT

380

PAT

where it receives the western branch or Parr's
Spring^ranch. The latter rises near Ridge.
ville and almost on the Baltimore and Freder.
ick road, and near where tbat road is crossed
by tbe Baltimore and Obio rail road. From
thence pursuing an eastem course between
Baltiraore and Ann Arundel cos. 15 ras. to its
junction with the northern branch. The forks
of the Patapsco on the junction of the two
main constituents of tbat r. is 16 ms. air mea.
sure N. w. by w. city of Baltiraore. From the
forka, with many partial bends and a general
southem curve, and a comparative distance of
W ms. the Patapsco opens to a hay, receiving
Gwyns Falls creek on the southwestem side
and Jones' Falls cr. in the city of Baltimore.
Jones' Falls cr. bay is in fact the harbor of Bai.
timore, and the compactly built part of the city
does not yet reach the Patapsco bay. The
j unction of the two latter is raade below fort
McHenry ; from the basin of Baltimore the
Patapsco bay stretches fourteen ms. southeast,
with a width from one to three miles to the
Chesapeake between Bodkin and North Points.
The basin of Patapsco is in length 40 ms. and
mean width 15, area 600 sq. ms. between lat,
39° 08' and 39° 38'. Measuring the plains of
descent from Parr's Spring ridge to tide water
in Patapsco, we find it within an inconsiderable
fraction of 27 ras. The ridge near Westrain.
ster is 675, and nepr Parr's Spring 850 ft. ele
vated above tide water. The water level at the
forks is 385 ft,, of sirailar comparative height.
The raean height of the ridge 780 ft. nearly,
consequently the raean fall frora the sumrait to
tide water is 28 7-8 feet per mile, or yields a
plain of descent or ascent of 3° and 8 minutes.
This great and rapid fall renders the Patapsco
and its branches highly valuable as mill streams.
(See Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road.)
Patoka river, Indiana, rises in Orange and
Crawford cos. and entering Dubois, approaches
to within 3 ms, of the e. fork of White r. at
PortersviUe, but inflecting thence first s. e. and
thence west, crosses Pike, and entering Gibson,
falls into Wabash, one or two ms. below the
raouth of White r. after an entire coraparative
course of 80 ras. in a direction from e. to w.
It may be reraarked, that the corresponding
courses of Ohio, Patoka, and White rs. being
all from east to west, demonstrate a corres
ponding uniformity of structure in the country
where river channels have such striking re
serablance in their direction. The Patoka
valley lies between that of Ohio and White
rivers. Patrick, co. Va. bndd. by the Blue Ridge
which separates it from Grayson w., and Floy3
N. w., by Franklin N. e., Henry E,, Rockingham
CO. N. C. s. E., Stokes co. North Carolina south,
and Surry co. N. C. s. w. Length diagonally
from s. w. to n. e. 42, mean width 12, and area
504 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 36° 30' to
36° 47', and in long, frora 2° 56' to 33° 40° w.
W. C. The northern part of Patrick declines
northeastward, and is drained by Irvine or
Smith's r. The sthestrn. angle givea aource to
Mayo river, the central part givea source to the
extreme fountains of Dan r. whilst the western
angle, towards Grayson, is drained by the ex.

trerae northern sources of the Yadkin. The
whole CO. has a general declivity to the sthest-
ward. Cf t. TaylorsvUle. Pop 1820, 5,089,
1830, 7,395.
Patrick, t. h. {See TaylorsvUle, Patrick^.
Va.) Patrick's, p-o. King and Queen co. Va.
Patrick's Salt works and p-o. Perry county,
Ky. by p-r. 125 ms. s. E. Frankfort.
Patricktown, plantation, Lincoln co. Me.
Pop. 382.
Patriot, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind. by p-r,
121 ms. a. E. Indanopolis.
Patterson, p-t. Putnam co, N, Y. 6 ms. n. e.
Carmel, 22 S.E. Poughkeepsie, 93 s. Albany, a.
Duchess CO., w. Connecticut, is hilly e. and w.
with a broad and fertile valley between, in
which is a large swamp, containing an isl. of
12 acres, and extending into Pawlings. This
is the source of Croton r. The village is rt.
Pop. 1,529.
Patterson, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 61 ms. n. w.
byN. Trenton, 18 N. a. vr. New York, at tbl
great falls of Passaic r. is one of the principal
raanufacturing villages in the U. S. In 1791
the society for establishing useful manufac
tures was incorporated, with a capital of
$1,000,000, and the right to dig canals, clear
rivers, &c. within 6 ms. and authority to form a
city and co. with the consent of the inhabitants ;
the last has never been done. The population
30 years since was only about 300. At this
time (1832,) there are about 8,000 inhabitants.
Thereare about 800 dwellings in the place, in
cluding 57 stores ; nine churches, viz : — Pres-
byterian, one ; Roman Catholic, one ; Reform.
ed Dutch, three ; Episcopal, one ; Baptist, one ;
Reformed Presbyterian, 1 ; Methodist, 1. A
large new Catholic church, of stone, is also
building. There is also a bank, with a capital
of gl25,000 paid in. There are about 20 day
schools, 8 for feraales, instructing together
raore than 700 children ; a free school, sup
ported by the town, in wbich about 80 poor
children are instructed, and. an infant school
where 150 poor children are gratuitously in
structed. The literary societies are, the rae
chanics institute, and a philosophical society,
which has a respectable library. There are
fifteen blacksmiths' shops, besides those imme.
diately connected with the machine shops,
twenty.five shoe ahopa, eraploying fifty-seven
hands, ten taverns, two raillwright and machine
ahopa, including a blacksraith shop, which em
ploy twenty hands, and four other machine fac
tories, employing two hundred and eighty hands.
In one of these, were raanufactured last year
15,048 spindles, together with all the necessary
fraraes and fixtures, whieh, at $12 the spindle,
araount to gl80,576. Connected with this is
an iron and brass foundry, producing annually
1,020,000 pounds of iron and brass castings.
Another manufactory for machinery is also
erecting. There is one rolling and slitting mill,
and nail factory, employing 23 hands, and pro
ducing annually 672,000 pounds of naUs, a wool
len or satinet factory, 17 cotton factories, with
22,029 spindles. The raw cotton consuraed in
these factories in 1829, was 2,179,600, produ
cing 1,914,450 pounds of yarn ; the raw cotton

PAT

381

PAW

costing $223,501. There is now manufactur- 1 the Patuxent is remarkably narrow. The di
ed annually in Patterson, upwards of 400,000 rect distance between the opposing sources is

yards of cotton duck, and about 200,000 yards
of otber description of cotton cloth. In 1829
the cotton duck made araounted to 150,000
yards, and of other cotton cloths 1,861,450
yards. The cotton yarn not mado iuto cloth,
amounting in 1829 to 1,192,400, now to 1,500,.
000, is sent from Patterson, principaUy to New
York and Philadelphia. There are in opera
tion in the factories 26!i power looms, and 26
htind looms. In the town there are emjiloyed
upwards of 500 hand looms, making at least
800 power and hand looms in operation in the
place. The Phenix duck manufacturing co.
eraploy 1,616 spindles, consume annually 600,-
000 lbs. of flax, manufacture 450,000 yards of
duck and 143,000 yds. of bagging, and eraploy
395 hands, 'The total of cotton and flax spin
dles eraployed in Patterson are now rising of
40,00(1 ; tbe amount of cotton and flax consuraed
annually is estimated at 3,200,000 ; the total of
' cloth and duck of all kind made aimually, in
1829 was 2,604,450 yards, now nearly 3,000,.
000, The annual amount of manufactured
goods in Patterson is about 2,590,000 dollars
The Morris canal passes within sight of the
town, and a rail road to Hoboken is in a course
of completion. The beautiful falls ofthe Pas.
saic r. at this place, attract raany visiters. {See
Passaic r.) The water power which operates
all the machinery we have noticed, is procured
from above the falls, by a sluice way cut through
the precipice, and is conducted by canal to
the several manufactories. The supply is yet
more than abundant for the purposes to which
it ia applied.
Patterson's Mills, and p-o. Washington co.
Pa, 249 ras, n, w. W. C.
Pattonsburg, p-v. on James r. Botetourt co,
Va, 12 ms, n, e. by e. Fincastle, the co. St., and
40 ras. N. w. by w. Lynchburg, by p-r. 223 ras.
N. w. W. C. The water level in Jaraes r. at
low flood, is 806 ft. above tide water at Rokett's,
below Richmond.
Pattonsvile, p-V. GranviUe co, N. C. by p-r.
38 ras. N. Raleigh.
Patuxent Forge and p-o. Ann Arundel co.
Md. 25 ras. n. e. W. C. and nearly a simUar
distance a Uttle w. of s. Baltiraore.
Patuxent, r. Md. ha^ving its reraote source
on the southem side of the Sugar Loaf ridge,
between Montgoraery and Ann Arundel cos.
The raain stream from its source pursues a
southeast course 40 mUes separating first Mont
goraery from Ann Arundel, and thence Ann
Arundel frora Prince George's. Ha^ving reach
ed within 6 miles of Chesapeake bay, the
Patuxent inflects to a southern courae 30 ms.
with Prince George's and Charles' cos. on the
right, and Ann Arundel and Calvert on the
left, it gradually expands to a wide estuary,
and bending again to the s. e. 20 ms. between
Calvert and St. Mary's it terminates in Ches
apeake bay, after an entire coraparative course
of 90 ms. It may be noticed as a curious fact,
that the Patuxent in the 50 lower miles of its
course is in no one place 12 ms. from Chesa
peake bay, the mean width of the intervening
country being about 8 ma. The entire valley of
49

in no part fifteen ms. asunder, and the mean
width of the VEiUey is perhaps overrated at 10
ms., area about 900 sq. ms. The higher part
of this confined basin lies between thoae of Po
toraac and Patapsco, the lower between Poto
raac and Chesapeake bay,
Paulding, co. Ga. extending over the ex
treme sources of FUnt r, and bndd, s, by Carroll
CO., and w. by the line between Ga. and Ala,
The other liraits, and the extent uncertain.
Centre about 120 ms, in a direct course n. w.
by w. MUledgeviUe,
Paulinskill, r, N. J, rises in Sussex and
flows through Warren co, into Delaware r, at
Colurabiaville, in Knowllon, It bas its principal
source in Long pond, in Frankford. Ita courae
is about 25 ras,
. Paulus Hook, a sraall peninsula, Bergen,
Bergen co, N, J, opposite the city of New
York, containing the village of Jersey city.
Towards the main land it has a low neck, over
which the road is carried on- a causeway,
being in danger from high tides. There is a
stearaboat ferry to the city, and several lines of
stage coaches proceed hence to Philadelphia,
Easton, cfec.
Pawcatuck r, R, I., rises in Washington co.
with one of its branches heading just over the
boundary of Conn, Its strearas are principally
supplied from ponds, which stUl bear the In
dian names. The l<itter part of its course
raarks the boundary between the two states,
near the sea.
Pawlet, p-t. Rutland co. Vt, 21 ras. a, w.
Rutland, 33 n, Bennington, 23,040 acres, char
tered 1761, first settled 1762, is crossed by
Pawlet r, southwesterly, and bas Indian river
in the a. w. which has its source in an abundant
spring, and abounds in trout ; a raountainous
range divides it n, and s,, in the middle of
which is Haystack mtn. The soil is warm,
dry, bearing grain and grass, maple, beech,
birch, elm, &c, Indian river was once a
favorite fishing place of the Indians. There
is an academy in the town. Pop. 1,965.
Pawlet r,, rises in Vt. near the line of Ben
nington and Rutland cos,, flows n. w, in Wasb
ington CO, N, Y., passes through Granville, atad
falls into Wood creek in Whitehall. It is a
valuable raill stream, well supplied with water,
and stocked with trout, and above 20 miles in
length. Pawling, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. s. e.
Poughkeepsie, 105 ms. s. Albany, w. Connecti
cut, N. Putnara co, 8 ms. by about 9. The hills
of Dover and Patterson extend through its E.
and w, parts, and between them lies a continua
tion of the same valley, with a part of the large
swamp which was raentioned in Patterson. The
waters flow partly s. forraing the source of Cro.
ton r. and partly n, into Ten Mile r. m Dover, a
branch of Housatonic r, of Conn, ; Quaker hill,
and West mountain, are considerable eminen.
ces. Iron ore ia found here, mica, &c. Pop.
1,705. Pawtucket, r. R. I. the principal branch of
Seaconk r,, rises in Worcester co. Mass, and
bears the name of Blackstone r, in that state.

PEA

382

PED

It enters R, I. near the n, e. corner, divides '
Cumberland and Smithfield in Providence co,,
and auppliea water power to many bf the prin
cipal raanufactories in the atate, particularly in
the village of Pawtucket, The Blackstone ca^
nal extends up its valley for raost of its length,
to Worcester, Mass, and affords great advanta.
ges to nuraerous raanufactories in that state as
well as in R. I.
Pawtucket, t. Bristol co. Mass. The ¦«!. is
divided from another of tbe same name in R. I.
{See next a< t.) by Pawtucket river, and a bridge
unites the two. On the Mass. side are two or
three cotton raanufactories, and the vil. is very
pleasant. Pop-, 1,458.
Pawtucket, p-v. 4 ras. b. Providence, at the
falls of Pawtucket r., 4 ms. N. e. Providence, is
a large manufacturing village. There are
three falls. At the- central falls are 3 large
cotton factories, with 6,600 spindles, 162
looms, and using 900 bales of cotton annually;
there is also a thread factory. At the Upper or
VaUey falls 4 factories, with about 17,500
spindles, and 140 looms ; and at the Lower falls
where the greater part of the inhabitants live,
are 11 factories, with 18,687 spindles and 430
looms. The pop. in 1831 was supposed to be
about 4,000. Tbe Blackstone caual passes
near tb^ village.
Pawtucket falls, in ^'Merrimack r. Mass.,
between Lowell and Dracut. Within the dis
tance of about 300 yards the descent is 30 feet.
The water first falls perpendicularly over a
ledge of rocks, and then pours foaraing down a
rough channel. A bridge crosses just at the
fall, A canal, 90 feet broad, is dug on the s,
side, and draws off a large volume of water to
the great manufactories of Lowell, which is
situated at the confluence of Conco'rd and Mer
rimack rivers, about 1 mile below. The coun
try in this vicinity was the seat of the Paw-
tuckets, in the early history of New England
a powerful tribe of Indians, who were govem
ed by Wonnalonset, an old and friendly sa-
chera. After residing here till 1686, they sold
their reraaining land and retired into the inte
rior. Paxton, p-t, Worcester co, Mass. 55 ms. w.
Boaton, 9 n. w. Worceater ; ia watered by
Naahua r. flowing into the Merrimack, and
Chickapee r. fiowing into the Connecticut, baa
good lantl, with a varied surface, also several
fish ponds. Pop, 597.
Peacham, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt, 20 ra. tt. e.
Montpelier, 18 n, w, Newbury ; was chartered
1763, but was rauch irapeded in its growth by
the revolutionary war. A gramraar school was
estabUshed in 1795. Pop. 1,351.
Peach Bottom, p-v, lower part of the south
eastern angle of York co. Pa, by p-r, 36 ras. s,
£. by e. frora the borough of York, and 80 n. n,
E, W, C.
Peaks of Otter. {See Otter, Pe rks of.)
Pearl, r. Misp. and La, havjng its remote
sources in the Choctaw country and in the for
mer state, about lat. 33° interlocking sources
with those of Big Black, Pearl and those of
Oaknoxabee branch of Torabigbee. Flowing
thence by coraparative courses 80 ms,, curves
gradually'to s. s. e. 160 ms. to its raouth into the

Rigolets, after an entire coraparative course of
24 ms. The valley of the Pearl is narrow, and
in all its lerigth the only confluent above the
length and volume of an ordinary cr., is the
Bouge Chitto. {See Bouge Chitto.) Tbe basin
of the Pearl on the strict principles of geo-
graphical classification contains the valleys of
the Tchefoute, Tanchepaha, Tickfah and
Araite, as the Rigolets are the coraraon estuary
of aU those strearas, and the Pearl, being low.
est in order of discharge and in length of course
very greatly the superior volurae, is entitled to
give narae to the basin. The actual valley of
the Pearl, including only with the main stream
that of Bogue Chitto, is about 240 miles in
length, witb a mean width of 30 ms. or 7,200
sq, ms. The Pearl drains a sraall section in
the Choctaw territory, and part of the cos. of
Madison, Hinds, Rankin, Copiah, Simpson,
Lawrence, Pike, Marion and Hancock in the
state of Misp., and in La. part ofthe parishes of
Washington and St. Tamraany. As a navi.
gable streara the facilities afforded by the Pearl,
bear a very small proportion to the compara.
tive length of its course. The estuary is also
irapeded by rafts of timber, shallows, and sand
bars. Pearlington, p.v. and st. of jus. Hancock
CO, Misp. situated on the' left or estrn. bank of
Pearl r. about 150 ms. s. e. Natchez, and 50
ras. N, E. New Orieans, lat. 30° 30', long. W.
C. 12° 38' w.
Pearman's, ferry and p.o. Dale co. Ala., by
p-r, 220 ras. s. e. 'Tuscaloosa.
Pecan, grove and p-o. Washitau parish, La.
by p-r. 846 ras. ft. vr. New Orleans,
Peoonery, p-o. Conway co. Ark. 33 railea
nthwstrd. Little Rock.
Pedee, i. N. and S, C, having its extreme
nthm. source, however, in the wstrn. part of
Patrick eo. Va. This river has received the
name of Yadkin in N. C. and it is only after
entering S. C. that it is known as Pedee. The
Yadkin rises frora the sthestrn. valleys of the
Blue Ridge, opposite the sources of French
Broad, Nolachucky and Great Kenhawa, and on
the Atlantic slope, having interlocking sources
with those of Dan r. n,, and Great Catawba s,
Flowmg thence northeastward over Wilkes and
Surry cos, N. C, and receiving its extreme
nthrn. water from Va., it bends to a course a
little E. of s,, after having flown about 80 miles
nearly parallel to the Blue Ridge. The last
noted inflection is made on the border between
Surry and Stokes cos,, at lat, 36° 17', long. 3°
30' w. W. C, Frora this point the Yadkin
gains only 30' of long, in the residue of its course
to lat, 34° 48', where it enters S. C. and loses
its narae in that of Pedee. In the latter com.
parative course of about 110 ms. no tributary
above the size of a large cr, enters from the
left^; bat from tbe right, Little Yadkm from
Iredell and Rowan cos,, and Rocky r. from Ca
barras, Mecklenburg, Anson and the western
part of Montgomery, are considerable streams,
which will be described under their proper
heads. The vaUey of the Yadkin is about
135 ms, in length, with a mean width of 55 or
a small fraction above 7,400 sq. ms., draining
in Va. a sraall part of Patrick co., and in N. C.

PEL

383

PEN

all Wilkes, Surry, Rowan, Davidson, Montgom
ery and Cabarras ; with great part of Stokes,
Iredell, Randolph, Richmond and Anson cos.
If we regard tbe Yadkin aa one of the constitu
ent strearas of the Great Pedee, tbe latter is
forraed by the Yadkin, Lynches, Waccaraaw,
and Little Pedee rs. See the secondary strearas
under their respective heads. The raain streara
enters S, C, between Marlborough and Ches
terfield dists,, and continuing the general course
of Yadkin, over Marion, and thenoe between
Horry and Georgetown dists, opens into Win
yaw bay after a coraparative s. s, e, course in
S, C. of 110 ms. This lower part of the basin
is very nearly a square of 100 ms. each side,
equal to 10,000 sq. ras,, making the whole ba
sin, including the Yadkin valley, equal to
1 7,400 sq, ras. If tbe basin is extended from
Winyaw Point at Georgetown entrance to tbe
source of Toms cr, in PtRrick co. it stretches
frora lat. 33° 11', to 36° 35', and frora the estrn,
bend of Waccaraaw to tbe extreme western
fountains of Yadkin, from 1° 40' to 4° 30' of
long. w. W. C, Without estiraating tbe ratn,
ridges, the relative oceanic level of the arable
aoil along the atheatrn. slope of Blue Ridge in
Wilkes, Surry, and Patrick cos, is at least 1,500
feet or an equivalent to 3i° of Fahrenheit,
which added to 3° 24', the difference of lat,
yields almost 7° difference in temperature be
tween the higher and lower part of the Pedee
basin. This basin lies between those of Santee
and Cape Fear ra., and if duly improved would
be of immense importance as a navigable and
commercial channel.
Pedlar's hill, and p-o. western part of Chat
ham CO, N. C. 10 railes westward Pittsboro',
and 43 miles in a sirailar direction from Ra
leigh, Pedlar's mills, and p-o. sthwstrn. part of
Amherst co. Va. by p-r. 198 ras. o. w. W. C,
and 135 wstrd, Richraond.
Peebles, tavern and p-o. Northampton co. N.
C. by p-r, 208 ras. a very little w. of s. W. C,
and 94 ras, n, e, by e. Raleigh.
Peeksku.l, incorporated v. Cortland, West
Chester co. N. Y. on the east side of Hudson
river, near the raouth of Peekskill cr. at the s,
entrance of the Highlands, 40 ras. n, N, Y, ;
has conaiderable trade, and daily coramunica
tion with that city, in the warm season, by a
steamboat. Peektano, branch of Rock r. {See Rock
River.) Peeling, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. n,
Plyraouth, 60 n. by w. Concord, witb 33,359
acies, is crossed by Pemigewasset r., its three
branches uniting here, and has mill seats on
several other strearas, particularly the sources
of Wild Araonoosuc, Baker's rs. &c. It has
two ponds and several mms. of which Cush-
raan'sand Blue rams, are the chief. Settled
1773. Pop. 292,
Pelham, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 37 ras.
s. by E. Concord, 45 a. w. Portaraouth, 32 N. w.
Boston, with 16,338 acres, contains Gumpas
and Isl. ponds, and part of North pond, and is
crossed by Beaver r. on which and its branches
are fine meadows, bordered by pine lands, good
for grain. There is good grazing, orchard and

wood land e, and w. Wood, chiefly oak, has
been taken down the river. 'There are aeveral
factories, «&c. First settled 1722. Population
1,070. Pelham, p-t. Harapshire co. Mass., 85 ras. w.
Boston, 10 N, E, Northampton, and 5 ras. e. Ara
herst ; is elevated and has a hUly surface, with
good grazing land, and is watered in the e. by
Swift r,, and w. by Fort r Pop, 904,
Pelham, t, Westchester co, N, Y,, 18 ms, n,
E. N. Y,, 9 s. White Plains, n. Long Isl. sound,
N, of East r, andE, of Chester cr,, is small and
terrainates in an angle ft. The surface is near
ly level, with a stony but good soil. Pell's
or Rodman's Point is south. It comprehends
City, Hart's and High isl. in the sound. Pop.
334. Pembina, r, and vU, This vil. or settlement.
is laid down by Tanner, du the right bank of
Red r,, branch of Assiniboin, opposite to the en
trance of a sraall streara, frora which the narae
has been derived, or to which it has been given/
On the raap the v, is placed iraraediately below
N, lat, 39°, of course on the territory ofthe U,
S,; long. W, C. 20' w,
Pembroke, p-t. Merrimack co. N, H,, 60 ms.
N.w, Boston, 6 E. Concord, e. Merriraack r., a.
E. Soucook r,, N, w, Suncook r,, with 10,240
acrea, has several factories and railla, and a con
aiderable village, with a fine street of 3 ras, par
aUel to Merrimack r. The roads generaUy run
at right angles. The land near tbe v. slopes
pleasantly to the narrow meadowa on the rs.,
and it contains a town house, and an acaderay
founded by Mr. Blanchard, The Indian narae
was Suncook, and it was granted, 1727, to the
survivors of Capt, Lovewell's company, andthe
heirs of those deceased, for services against
the savages. It was first settled 1728, and
rauch interrupted by their attapk, Tbe set
tlers were of English and Scotch descent. Pop.
1,312. Pembroke, p-t, Plyraouth co. Mass,, 23 ras. s.
E. Boston. It originally belonged to Duxbury,
and had the orily saw raill in the Old colony for
40 years. North r. runs between this t. and
Hanover, and 2 branches flow from ponds.
There are some manufactories. Pop. 1,325.
Pembroke, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y,, 10 ms. vr.
Batavia, 257 w. Albany, e. Erie co., 8 ras. by
14i ; is watered by Murder and Tonawanta
era, with atrearaa of Oak Orchard cr. It con
tains the Tonawanta Indian v. on Tonawanta
cr. The land bears maple, elm, beech, hem
lock, &c., and is pretty good. Pop. 3,828.
Pembroke, p-v. sthrn. part Todd co. Ky., by
p-r, 196 ms, s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Pembroke Springs, and p-o. Frederick co.
Va., 18 ma. watrd. Winchester, the co. St., and
by p-r. 89 ras. wstrd, W. C.
Pemigewasset, r, N. H., chiefly in Grafton
CO., is the w. brancb ofthe Merrimack. Its tt.
branch riaes in Franconia, a few ms. a. w. of
the White mtna., and meeta two othera in Peel
ing. Pendleton, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 284 ms.
w. Albany. Pop. 572.
Pendleton, co. Va., bounded by a ridge
called there locally " The Great North Moun.
tain," separating it frora Rockingham e., Au-

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gusta s, E,, and Bath s, w,, by the main spine of
the Alleghany separating it from Randolph w,,
and by Hardy tt. e. Length 40 ras., mean
width 25, and area 1,000 sq, ms. Extending
in lat, from 38° 15' to 38° 53', and in long, from
2° to 2° 42' w, W, C, Pendleton occupies the
most elevated part of the table land between its
two bounding ridgea of mountaina, discharging
to the s, w, the extreme sources of James r,,
and in an opposite direction the higher sources
of South Branch of Potomac, More than four.
fifths ofthe surface is, however, in the vaUey
of the latter. Comparing the general elevation of
Pendleton, with the determined height in James
r, in AUeghany co,, with the whole slope of
Bath CO. intervening, the level of the arable
land frora whence flow the sources of Jaraes
and Potoraac ra,, raust exceed 2,000 ft, Cov.
ington in Alleghany, at the junction of Pott's
cr, with Jackson's r,, is 1,222 ft. above tbe
mean tide in Chesapeake bay, and at this point
the water of Jackson's r, has faUen down a plain
of upwards of 50 ras, descent. The surface is
generaUy raountainous, rocky and sterile, Cf
t, Franklin. Population 1820, 4,836, 1830,
6,271. Pendleton, formerly the northwestern dis.
trict of S. C., has been sub-divided and the
name discontinued. The territory forraerly
comprised in Pendleton, contains the present
existing districts of Anderson and Pickens,
which see.
Pendleton, p-v. northwestern part<)f Ander
son dist. S. C, situated on a branch of Savan.
nah r,, by p.r, 143 ras. northwestward Colura
bia. Lat, 34° 38', long. 5° 42' w. W. C.
Pendleton, co Ky., bndd. by Bracken e.,
Harrison s. e, and s,. Grant w,, Carapbell h,,
and Ohio river separating it from Clerraont co.'
in the state of O. n. e. Length 32 ras, by a
diagonal from a. w, to n. e,, raean width 14,
and area 448 sq, ms. Extending in lat. from
38° 30' to 38° 52', and in long, frora 7° 10' to
7° 35' w, W. C, Licking r, traverses this co.
in a northwestern direction, and very nearly
para'Uel to that ofthe Ohio r., where it joins the
bouridary between this and Clermont co. The
declivity is of course in the sarae direction
with the rs. Cf. t, Falraouth. Pop. 1820, 3,-
086, 1830, 3,863.
Pendleton, p-v. wstrn. part Madison co,
Ind., 'Dyp-r. 40 ms.N, k, IndianopoUs.
Penfield, p-t. Monroe co, N, Y,, 10 ms, E.
Rochester, 21 1 w, by n, Albany, s, lake Onta
rio, vr. Ontario in Ontario co. ; 67 sq. ms. It
has Teoronto bay n, w,, into which flows a raill
stream, and several other streams run n. into
the lake. The surface has an inclination north
ward, and the soil is poor. The village is a.
w. The bay, which ia often written Gerunde-
gut, and Irondequot, is 1 m. by 5, and opens by
a narrow strait into lake Ontario. Population
4,474. Penfield, p-o, Lorain co, 0,,by p-r. 116 ras.
N, N, E. Columbus.
Penn Branch, p-o. Orangeburg dist. S. C,
by p-r.' 65 ms. sthwrd. Columbia.
Penn Line, p-v. wstrn, part of Crawford co.
Pa., 21 ms. northwestward MeadviUe, and
about 100 ms. n. n. w. Pittsburg.

Piii\NsnoRo', p-v. Wood co. Va., by p-r. 268
ras, w, W, C.
Penn's Nrck, Upper, t. Salem co. N, J., 50
ms. a. w. Trenton, and 25 s. w. Philadelphia.
It has Old Man's cr. n. whicb separates it from
(ilouceater co., and Delaware r. w., opposite
the mouth ofthe Brandywine, and WUmington,
Del. It h,as settlements at Pedricketown and
Sculitown, and the Cove. Pop, 1,638,
Pisnn's Necic, Lower, t. Salem co, N, J,, 58
ms, s, w, Trenton, 30 a. w. Philadelphia, Del.
river w,, and Salera r, e,, which flows into it on
the s, line, where there are tracts of marshy
land. It lies opposite New Castle and Dela
ware ciiy, Del,, and nearthe middle ofthe r, is
tbe small isl, on which was fort Delaware,
belongmg to the U, .S,, which was accidentally
burnt in the winter of 1831 and 1832, Pop,
994, Peon's Store, and p-o. eastern part of Pat
rick CO. Va,, 17 m.s. northeastward Taylors-
ville, the eo, soat, and by p-r. 316 ms. s. vr.
W, C,
Pei.tnsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., 18 ms. n.
w. Trenton, N. J., and 20 a little e. of ft. Phil
adelphia. Pennsville, p-v. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 76
raa. s, E. by E. Colurabus,
Pennsylvania, one of tbe U. S. ; it is bndd.
N. by lake Erie and N. Y., n. e. by N. Y., e,
by N. J. and Del,, o, by Md. and Va., s. vr. by
Va., and w. by Ohio. The name of this state
is derived frora the surname of William Penn,
and sylva, woods ; and means, literally, Penn's
woods. Though at the epoch when tbe narae
was imposed, the real feaures of the coimtry
it was in future to designate, were in great part
unknowTi ; to those who were its authors, no
terra could be more appropriate. Few, if any,
regions of equal extent, and in one continuous
body, ever bore, in a state of nature, a raore
dense forest. Pennsylvania was an expanse of
woods, in tbe strictest acceptation of the word.
As now limited, Pennsvlvania extends frora lat.
39° 43' to 42° 16', and' frora 2= 20' e, to 3° 36'
w, W. C. It is bounded in coramon with Del
aware, from tbe Del. r. by a circular line,
around New Castle co., to tbe n. e. limits of
Cecil CO. Md., 24 ms. ; due north to the .\. e,
angle of Md,, 2 ms, ; along the northern limit
of Md,, 203 ras, ; in common with Va,, from the
N.w. angle of Md. to the s. w angle of Greene
CO., 59 ms, ; due north, in comraon with Ohio
and Brooke cos. of Va. to the Obio river, 64
ms, ; continuing the last noted lirait, in comraon
with 0. to lake Erie, 91 ras, ; along the s, e,
shore of lake Erie to the western limit of New
York, 39 ras, ; due south along Chatauque co.
of New York to lat. 42°, 19 ms. ; thence
due east in common with New York, to the
right bank of Del, ,,, 230 ms, ; down the Del.
to the n. e, angle of the state of Delaware,
230 ms.; baving an eniire outline of 961 ras.
Its greatest length is due w. from Bristol on
Del r,, to the estrn, border of Ohio co. Va,,
through 350 rainutes of longitude, along lat.
40° 09'. This distance, on that Une of latitude,
is equal to 315 Ainerican statute ms. The
greatest breadth 176 ms,, from the Virginia
line to the extreme nrthrn, angle on lake Erie ;

PEN

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and general breadth 188 ms. The area of the
state has been variously stated, but probably
never very accurately determined. In both
Morse's and Worcester's Gazetteers, the super-
fices is given at 46,000 sq. ms. Other authori
tlea vary, but comparing the best maps, and
from calculating tbe rhorabs, and parts occupi
ed by the state, Pennsylvania includes above
47,000 sq, ms. Rejecting tbe fractional ex
cess, and using that curve superfices, the state
will contain thirty mUlions and eighty thousand
statute acres. Its mountains obtrude them
selves at the first glance on a map, as the most
prominent of its natural features. No even tol
erably good survey having ever been made of
the mountains of this region, and many irapor
tant chains having been entirely omitted, a lu
cid classification is attended with great difficul
ty. Sorae ofthe collateral chains hitherto over
looked, have been supplied frora personal ob
servation; but no doubt much reraains tobe
added or rectified, by future research. The
structure and position of its ratns. has given to
Pennsylvania an aspect peculiar to itself The
Appalachian system in the U. S,, generally ex
tends in a direction, deviating not very essen
tially fro.ui s, w, to N. E. ; but in Pennsylvania,
tho whole system is infiected from that course,
and passes the state in a serpentine direction.
Towards the s, boundary, the ratns. lie about tt.
N. e,, gradually inclining more eastwardly as
they penetrate northwards ; and in the central
cos. many of the chains lie nearly e, and w, ; but
as they extend towards the nthrn, border ofthe
state, they again imperceptibly incline to the n,
e,, and enter N. Y. and N. J, in nearly that di
rection. The influence of the ratns, in modify
ing the general features, is very obvioua, far
beyond where any chains or ridges are suffi
ciently elevated to be classed as parts of tbe
Appalachian system. It will be, however,
shown in the progress of this review, that the
mtn. system is very much too greatly restrict
ed, not alone in Pennsylvania, but also in Md.,
Va., N. Y,, and N. J, Without attending to mi
nor clairas, the ratns. of Pa., advancing from
the s. E. to N. w., are as follows : — though omit
ted in most maps, a chain enters the s. boundary
of York CO. and cut by the Susquehannah r.,
rises in and traverses Lancaster co. between
Pequea and Octorara ers. ; and between the
sources of the Conestoga and Brandywine, sep
arates for a short distance, Lancaster and Ches
ter COS. Continuing between Berks and Chester,
it ia interrupted by tbe Schuylkill above Potts
town. Rising again, and stretching n, e,, it forma
the boundary between Montgomery and Berks ;
thence tbat between Lehigh and Bucks, and
separating Northampton from Bucks, reaches
the Del, Pursuing a N. E. course through N,
J,, separating Sussex from Huntingdon, Morris,
and Bergen cos, it enters N. Y. between the
sources of the Wallkill and Passaic rs., and
extending in broken ridges, through the a, E,
part of Orange co. forms the Highlands near
West Point. After having formed the celebra-
ted masses on both sides of the Hudson be
tween Newburg and West Point, the ridge con.
tinues n. e. separating Putnam frora Duchess
CO. Inflecting to the n. and forming the sepa.

rating ridge between the waters of the Hudson
and Housatonic livers, it stretches through the
eastem partof Duchess, Colurabia, and Rens
selaer COS. Along the two latter, however, the
ridge forms, in reaUty, the separating bounda
ry between N. Y, and Mass, and entering the s,
w, angle of Vt, continues through that state, by
the name of Green mtns,, into Lower Canada.
Thus prominent and continuous, frora tbe Sus
quehannah to the n, e., thia part of the Appa
lachian systera is equally so through Md,, Va.
and N. C. Passing over Harfotd, Baltiraore,
Ann Arundel, and Montgomery cos. in Md,, it
forras falls in the Potoraac, twelve ms, above
Georgetown, and extends into Va, in Fairfax co.
Varying in distance from 20 to 30 ras. the Great
Kittatinny or Blue Ridge, and the ridge we
have been tracing, traverses Va. into N. C.
Leaving Va. in Henry co, and entering N. C. in
Stokes CO,, there is no doubt but that it is (Us-
tinctly continued over the Carolinas and Geo,
into Ala. Though the structure of the Atlan
tic slope, decidedly evinces a tfonforraity to the
Appalachian system, far below the S, E, moun
tain, it is tbe terminating continuous ridge to
wards the Atlantic, n. w. frora, .and nearly
parallel to, the South ratn., another very re
raarkable ridge traverses N. J, and Pa. and
similarto the forraer, the latter is unknown in
either of these states, by any general name.
Its continuation in N, Y, is designated by the
Shawangunk, Between tbe Susquehannah and
Potoraac, it ia termed relatively, the South mtn,,
and in Va, andthe Carolinas, it forms the Blue
Ridge, and entering the n, w, part of Geo, is
gradually lost amongst the source of Chatta.
hooche river. To preserve perspicuity, we
have adopted, or rather extended the name.
Blue Ridge into Pa, and N, J, This very re
raarkable chain of the Appalachian sy.stem en
ters Pa, on its southern line, and stretching n.
between Adaras and Franklin cos. reaches the
sthrn, angle of Curaberland, where it turns to
the N, E,, and extending towards the Susque
hannah, separates Cumberland from Adams and
York cos. About six ms, below Harrisburg,
the Blue Ridge is pierced or broken by the Sus
quehannah, and again rising below the mouth
of Swatara, crosses the southern angle of Dau
phin ; thence known as the Conewago hills, it
separates Lebanon from Lancaster co. enters
Berks, and reaches the Schuylkill at Reading.
Continuing through Berks, Lehigh, and North
arapton COS., the Blue Ridge passes Allentown,
Bethlehem, and Easton, and is again interrupt
ed by the Del. below the latter town. Extend
ing through Sussex co„ thf Blue Ridge enters
N. Y,, and is finally terraiirtfted in the Shawan
gunk, on the west side of Hudson river and
amongst the branches ofthe Wallkill, In one
respect the Southeast mtn, and Blue Ridge, in
Pa. and N, J,, differ from other sections of the
Appalachian system. The two chains we have
noticed, are forraed of links raore detached,
than are those raore reraote from the Atlantic ;
but, otherwise, in respect to component matter,
range, and vegetation, are in every place well
marked sections of the general syatem. The
very unequal elevation of their varioua parta,
may, perhaps, be alao adduced, aa a character.

PEN

386

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istic ofthe Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge.
The former does not, it is probable, in any part
of Pa. or N, J, rise to 1,000 ft, above the level
of the Atlantic, whilst in N.Y. at the High
lands, sorae of the peaks, particularly Butter-
hUl, exceed 1,500 ft. elevation above tide wa.
ter ; and in Maas. and Verraont tower to near
3,000 ft. If taken generally, tbe Blue Ridge in
Pa, and N. J. is raore elevated than the South.
east ratn., yet no particular part of the forraer
rises to an equal elevation with the Highlands,
on either bank of the Hudson. In Md. the
Blue Ridge assuraes a very distinctive aspect,
and separating Frederick and Washington cos,,
is broken by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry,
below the mouth of the Shenandoah. This fine
chain crosses, and adorns Va. and N, and S.
Carolina. In one remarkable circumstance,
the Blue Ridge stands alone amongst the
raountain chains of the U. S. From the Sus.
quehannah to n w. angle of S. C, in a distance
of upwards of 500 raa. it every where forraa a
county deraarcation. The third, and in sorae
respects the most remarkable chain of Pa, is
the Kittatinny, Known by divers local naraes,
the Kittatinny, in a survey advancing frora s,
w, to N, E, first rises distinctively in Franklin
CO,, and like other chains in the sthm. raargin
of Pa. ranges a little e, of n, ; but inflecting
raore to the ft. e,, extends to the Susquehannah,
separating Cumberland and Perry cos. Five
miles above Harrisburg, the Kittatinny is inter
rupted by the Susquehannah, Broken also by
the Swatara, the SchuylkiU, the Lehigh, and
Delaware, the Kittatinny enters N, J, through
which it passes into N. Y. and forms, by its
continuation, the Catsbergs, The general as.
pect of the Kittatinny is much more continuous
than any other mountain cbain of Pa, It is,
however, very far from being uniforra in eleva
tion, varying from 800, to perhaps 1,500 feet
above tide water. Northwest frora the Kitta
tinny, though more elevated, the chains are
much less distinctly defined. Between the Kit
tatinny mountain, and the north branch of Sus
quehannah r. the interraediate country is in a
great part coraposed of high rugged mtns., and
harrow, deep and precipitous valleys. This is
- the raost sterile and least iraprovable part of
Pa., but it is the region producing the raost ex
tensive raasses of anthracite coal, known on
the globe. The confusion in the natural ar
rangeraent of the anthracite section of Pa. is
raore apparent than real. The Kittatinny mtn.
and Susquehannah r. lie nearly parallel, up
wards of seventy ras. ; distant frora each other
about 35 ms. The intervening space is filled
by lateral chains, rising in many places far
above any part of tbe Kittatinny. Araongst
these chains, two are worthy of particular no
tice, and serve, pre-eminently, to elucidate the
very peculiar topography of interior Pa. Bed
ford and Franklin cos. are separated by a chain,
tbere known as Cove mtn. With a change of
name, to Tuscarora mountain, the latter chain
separates Franklin from Huntingdon, Perry frora
Mifflin, and reaches the Susquehannah nearly
opposite the southern extremity of Northum
berland CO. Rising again below the Mahan
tango r, and broken into vast links, the chain

divides into nearly equal parts, the space be
tween the Kittatinny raountains and the main
branch of Susquehannah r. Broad mtn., passed
on the road from Easton and Betblehera to Ber
wick, is one of the great links of this central
cbain. More accurate surveys would, it is
more than probable, identify Sideling hill, of
Bedford co,. Jack's mtn,, of Huntingdon and
.Mifflin, and tbe central chains of Union, Co
lumbia, and Luzerne cos. Tbe chain which ri.
ses on both banks of the Susquehaimah, in Lu.
zerne, is amongst the most interesting features,
not only in the U. S, but the world. Below
Sunbury, a chain comraences, or if the writer's
supposition is correct, is continued up the Sus
quehannah, along its left shore ; this chain is
crossed by the r. above Danville, and again
above Catawissa, From the latter place, it
stretches to the n, e. through Colurabia, enters
Luzerne by the narae of Nescopeck, and rain-
gles ultiraately with other chains, and is terrai
nated towards the southern angle of Wayne
CO. Nearly parallel to the Nescopeck, and
with a coraparatively narrow intervening valley,
another chain leaves the Susquehannah, above
the borough of Northumberland, and traversing
Northuraberland and Colurabia cos, enters Lu
zerne, and is broken by the Susquehannah six
teen ras, below Wilkesbarre, Skirting the left
bank about eight ras, it is again crossed by the
river, and continuing its course n, e, passes
about two and a half miles frora and opposite
Wilkesbarre. Preserving its course n. e, it ia
for the third and last time, crossed by the Sus
quehannah, above the mouth of Lackawannock
cr. ten railes above Wilkesbarre, and stretching
towards the Del. is lost in Wayne co. Beyond
the main brancb of tbe Susquehannah, to the
N. E., the chains lie nearly parallel to those s, e.
frora tbat r. The structure of the country, on
both sides of the Susquehannah, is nearly the
st^'KC. Tbe yet discovered mines of anthracite
coal, advancing from s, e, to n, w., cease, in the
chain iraraediately opposite Wilkesbarre. To
the eye, the region included between tbe west
branch of Susquehannah and the Potomac,
bears a strong analogy to that between the west
and N, branches of Susquehannah ; but a rainute
scrutiny exposes a great change, advancing a,
w, towards tbe borders of Maryland. Soil and
vegetation both differ materiaUy. The beech,
heralock, and sugar-raaple forests, are succeed
ed in the valleys, by oak, hickory, and elm.
Thus far the entire drain of Pa. is into the At
lantic. Tbe chain called the AUeghany, forms,
in tbe southem parts of Pa,, the dividing ridge
between the Atlantic slope and the valley of
Ohio. Alleghany has, no doubt, from tbis cir
cumstance, received its pre-eminence amongst
the mtn. chains of Pa., Md. and Va. Only
about sixty ms. of its range in the former state,
however, separates the sources of the streams
of the two great natural sections, the Atlantic
slope and Ohio valley. The Alleghany chain,
leaving Alleghany co. in Md,, separates Bed- ¦
ford and Somerset cos,, and extending in a
northerly direction, also separates the n. w.
part of Bedford from the s, e. part of Cambria
CO. At the extreme northern angle of Bedford,
the Alleghany tums to the n, e,, and is thence

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drained on both sides by the tributary streams
of the Susquehannah, Discharging the waters
of the west branch to the tt. vr. and those of the
Juniata and Bald Eagle rivers to the s, e,, the
Alleghany reaches the west branch of Susque
hannah at the mouth of Bald Eagle river.
Here, once raore, the defect of our maps is
strikingly apparent, Lycoraing co. is delinea
ted as if no ratn. chains traversed its surface.
This is not the fact, though too httle is known
of tbat part of Pa. to adrait a classification.
To hazard a conjecture, the chain which cross
es the Susquehannah in Bradford co., runs near
to, and below Towanda, tbe continuation of the
AUeghany. It may be reraarked, that it is only
in a few places e. of, and those iramediately in
its spurs, that biturainous coal has been hitherto
discovered in Pa. on the Atlantic slope, whilst
it abounds n. w. from the Alleghany chain.
This locality of biturainous coal prevails across
the whole state, and is found frora near Towan
da, in Pa., into Md. How far, and to what ex
tent the bituminous coal formation spreads into
Va., we are unable to determine. The Alle
ghany chain raay, in the existing state of our
raineralogical knowledge, be viewed as the lim
it between the two species of coal in Pa
Whatever may be the elevation of its summit,
the base oi the Alleghany cbain, between Bed
ford and Somerset, and Cambria cos. constitutes
the height of land between the O, r, and Atlan
tic tides, and forms also a sirailar demarca
tion in Maryland, This circumstance is enti
tled to our serious notice, frora this region be
ing the intended route of the Chesapeake and
Ohio canal. The sumrait level, or Cumberland
road, as given by Mr, Schriver, is 2,825 ft. As
a mtn, chain, the AUeghany yields in grandeur
of scenery, and in elevation above its base, to
not only the Broad ratn,, but to many other
chains of tbe Appalachian system. Chesnut
ridge is the next chain w; ofthe Alleghany, the
two chains extending nearly parallel, and about
20 ms. asunder. Thoagh comparatively hum
ble in respect to elevation, Chesnut ridge is one
of the raost extended chains of the system to
which it appertains, reaching by various local
names over Va,, into Ten,, and raost probably
into Ala. As placed on our raaps, Chesnut
ridge enters Pa, at the rt. w. angle of Md., and
ranging a little e. of n., forms the boundary be
tween Union and Somerset, thence between
Westmoreland and Soraerset, and finally be.
tween tbe n, e, angle of Westraoreland and the
6, w. of Carabriaco. At the extrerae n. e. an.
gle of Westraoreland, the Chesnut ridge reach
es the Kiskiminitas r,, and as delineated, its
termination. So far from being so in nature,
this chain preserves its identity through the
state, farther N. than any other chain ofthe Ap
palachian system. Laurel hUl is the last chain
of the system in Pa. What has been already
observed respecting the coraparatively depres
sed chains nearest the Atlantic, maybe repeat
ed respecting the Chesnut ridge, and the Lau,
rel hill ; that, though not very elevated, they
nevertheless exist as well defined mtn. chains.
The latter ia a very extended branch ofthe sys.
tem, reaching frora the nrthrn. part of Pa. into
Ala, This chain traverses Va. by varioua

naraes ; separates Va. from Ky. as Cumberland
mtn. ; traverses Ten,, and penetrates Ala, under
the latter terra, and interi upted by Ten. river,
it forms tbe Muscle Shoals, and is impercepti
bly merged into the central hills of Alabaraa.
Like many others, this very lengthened chain
is delineated defectively in every map of Penn
sylvania. Similar to Chesnut ridge. Lau
rel hill is terrainated" on our raaps, nearthe
Kiskirainitas, though in reality extending to
near the south boundary of N, Y, In addition
to the great chains we have been aurveying,
raany of minor importance- might be noted ;
but we bave deeraed a view of the raoat stri
king parts sufficient. If grouped into one
view, the ratns. of Pa. exhibit many very inter
esting points of ob.^ervation. Tbe -4ppalachian
system is here upwards of 150 ras. wide. The
particular chains do not average raore than
3 ras. if so rauch, in breadth. Before proceed.
ing farther in our review, we observe that
raountains are considered as the superlative of
hills. In not only Pa. but in the Appalachian
systera generaUy, hills and mountains are not
only specifically, but generically, distinct fea
tures of nature. If this was not the case, the
slope would, in most cases, gradually rise from
the mouths to the sources of rivers, and no
regular ranges of elevated ground could be
found crossing the strearas obliquely. Accor
ding to coraraon opinion, the ratns, of the U. S,
forra the dividing ridge between the waters of
tbe Atlantic slope, and those ofthe Misp. and
St. Lawrence basins. So far, however, are the
mtns. frora constituting the separating line of
the waters, that the real dividing ridge, if it
can be so called, crosses the mtns, diagonally.
The Appalachian system is forraed, as we have
seen, by a nuraber of collateral chains, lying
nearly paraUel ; each chain is again forraed by
ridges, wbich interlocking, or interrupted by
rivers, extend generally in a sirailar direction
with the cbain to which they particularly ap
pertain. The chains differ raaterially from
each other in elevation and continuity. In
sorae ofthe chains, at each side ofthe systera,
tbe parts are of very unequal height above their
bases, and of tide water. The Southeast mtn.
and Blue Ridge are prorainent examples. In
tbe correct solution of any question arising out
ofthe advance or distribution of population, the-
deterraination of the real surface covered with
mountains, would afford extremely satisfactory
element. As far as observation, and the pres
ent state of our geographical knowledge afford
data, we have estiraated the extent of raountain
base in Pa. ; and on tbe best raaps, carefully
measuring every chain, the' entire length pro
duced, araounts to a small excess above 2,250
ms. If this sum is taken, and three ms. allow
ed for the mean breadth of the chains, the
mountain area will be 6,750 sq. ms., or very
neariy one seventh part of the superfices of Pa.
The respective r. basins, or rather the sections
included in Pa., are of very unequal extent.
Delaware, Susquehaimah, and Ohio, include an
immense proportion of the whole state, and
subdivide it naturally into the eastern, middle,
and western r. sections.
The following tables give the reapective

PEN

388

PEN

area of each, and also the smaller sections of
Potomac, Genesee, and Erie.
Delaware river drains the counties of
Square Miles, Acres,

Berks,

9,50

608,0011

Bucks,

6-10

409,600

Chester 3 1,

,5.-|0

3.';2,000

Delaware,

180

115,200

Lebanon 1-8,

40

25,600

Lehigh, ,

360

230,400

Lu/orne,

180

115,200

tllmltgoniery,

4.50

288,000

Nortli,ini(Hon,

1,100

704,000

Philadeliilii.i,

120

76,800

Pilie,

850

544,000

Schuylkill 3-8,

500

320,000

Wayne,

790
6,710

505,600

4,2!)4,400

Susquehannah drains the

counties

of

Adams 3-5,

350

224,000

Bedford 3-5,

1,000

640,000

Bradford,

1,260

806,400

Cumbria S-5,

330

2tl,2-i0

centre.

1,460

934,400

Chester 1-4,

180

111,200

clearfleld 9-10,

1,450

928,000

columbiii,

630

403,200

Cumberland,

630

403,200

Dauphin,

550

352,000

Franklin 1-3,

280

179,200

Huntingdon,

1,280

819,200

Indiana 1-10,

HO

51,200

Lebanon 7-8,

280

179,200

Luzerne 9-iO,

1,!H0

1,228,800

Lycoiiiiuy,

2,510

1,000,400

lVrKeanl-4,

380

243,200

Mifflin,

910

532,400

Northumberland,

500

320,000

Peri^y,

550

352,000

Potter 5-8,

7.50

480,000

Schuylkill 3-8,

300

192,000

Husqiiehauiiah,

910

582,400

Tioga,

1,180

755,200

fjiiion.

600

384,000

York,

1,120
21,390

716,800

13,685,600

Genesee drains 1-8 of Potter

150

96,1)00

Potomac drains

Adams "2-5,
220
140,800
Bedford 2-5,
630
403,200
Franklin 2-3,
500
358,400
Somerset l-O,*
180
115,200
1,590
Lake Erie drains 1-3 of Erio county.
380
1,017,600
243,200
Ohio river drains the
counties of
Alleghany,
810
518,400
Armstrong,
1,010
646,400
Beaver,
690
441,600
Butler,
850
544,000
Cambria 3-5,
800
512,000
Clearfield 1-10,
160
102,400
Crawford,
1,040
665,600
Brie 1-2,
380
243,200
Fayette,
900
576,000
Greene,
640
409,600
Indiana 9-10,
680
435,200
Jefferson,
1,2S0
819,200
M'Kean 3-4,
1,140
729,600
Mercer,
880
563,200
Potter 1-4,
520
204,800
Somerset 5-6,
800
512,000
Venango,
1,200
768,000
Warrea,
900
576,000
Washington,
990
576,000
Westmoreland
1,180
755,200
SUMMARY.
Delaware drains,
6,710
4,294,400
tiuyqueliaiinah.
21,390
13,685,600
1.50
96,000
Potomac,
1,.500
1,017,600
Ohio,
16,760
10,598,400
Lake Erie,
380
243,200
46,980 29,935,300
(¦See articles Delaware, Susquehannah, Po
tomac, Genesee, Alleghany, Mononga/iela,
Ohio, cj-c)
Over a surface of 47,000 sq. ms. traversed by
a wide mtn. system, and on which relative level
of arable land differs from a surface, barely
above tide water, to upwards of 2,000 ft,, the
varieties of soil must necessarily be very great,
and such is the fact. Though as a state Penn
sylvania may be designated fertile, yet between
the river aUuvion, on both sides of tbe system
and in the Appalachian vallies, and the rocky
slopes of the mtns., the respective quality of
soil embraces nearly the extreraes of sterility
and productiveness. The whole state where at
all arable is favorable to grasses, including
bread grain. Of fruits, the apple seems best
adapted to the cliraate and soil, though similar
to the stone fruits, liable to destruction from un
timely frosts. Climate and seasons. As an
element in the philosophy of cliraate, it is only
recently that relative height has been duly in
troduced, and yet without regard to difference
of level, no rational deduction respecting cli
raate can be forraed on any part of tbe earth.
Under the head of Maryland, to which article
the reader is referred, are introduced general
tables of mean and extreme temperature, and of
prevalent winds. The tables were placed in
that article from the central position of Md.,
amongst the Atlantic states of the U, S. The
following tables, founded on observations made
in the city of Phila., and at Germantown in the
vicinity of that city, may be prefaced by the re.
raark that large cities have a local atmospheric
temperature, higher than that of the surrotmd.
ing country, and that the subjoined tables ex
hibit the difference in two contiguous places.
1. The monthly mean temperature at Phila
delphia, from a series of twenty years observa
tions, made by James Young, from 1807 m-
clusive ; that of Germantovpn is from a series
of 10 years observations, by Reuben Haines,
from 1819 to 1828 inclusive, Fahrenheit.
Philadelphia,
Germantown.
Excess m Phil,
Jan,
32° 7
30° 0
2° 7
Feb.
36 32
33 10
3 22
March
45 64
41 22
4 42
AprU
57 18
49 40
7 78
May
68 01
61 30
6 80
June
78 27
71 20
7 7
July
82 25
75 0
7 25
Aug.
80 06
73 0
7 06
Sept,
73 39
65 0
8 39
Oct,
60 81
53 40
7 41
Nov,
47 34
42 60
4 74
Dec.
37 01
32 60
4 41
mean ann,
temp, 58 41 52 37
2. Table of mean monthly temp, at Phil, and
Germantown, for 7 consecutive years, from 1820,
1826 inclusive, being years common to both observ-
16,760 10,598,400 1 ers :
January, February, March,April, May,
June,July, August,September,
October, November,December,

PEIil
Philadelphia, 32,y5° 39.9347,03 55.53 70,4480.05
84,0780,46 76,68 61,8947.2336,93

389

PEN

Germantown, 29:68° 3^,72
40,6J 50,32 61,7670,0375.04
72,92 64.83
63,38 4175 3175

Plffer. ,3,27° 8 21
6 42
5,218.68
10,02 9,03
7,54
11.85 8,.515,43 5,18

rather more explicitly expressed, of watej- ip
rain, hail, snow, &c., which falls at any given
place, affords very requisite elements jn a the
ory of the climate. The following table is
extracted from the Philadelphia Gazette.
Statement of the rain fallen frora 1810 Xq
1830, inclusive, the first 14 years by the guage
,of P. Legarux, of Spring MUl, the foUowing 7
years by that kept at the Pa, hospital.

Mean Annual, 57.08 52 5.08
Frora the above elements ^ye involuntarily
deduce tbe iraportant fact, tbat the sumraer cli
mate of Phil, is from 8° to 10°, and in sorae in
stances still higher, above that of the adjacent
country ; and that in winter the city atraosphere
is warraest from 3^ to 5 degrees. For the pre
vailing winds of Pa., we may again refer to the
article Md., at the sarae time observing, that
from Mr. Young's observations in Phil,, the
winds from the true western points n. w., w. and
B. w,, amount to 602 thousandths of the whole
winds of the year ; and in Germantown Mr.
Maine's observations give 663 thousandths.
Combining therefore, tbe various observations
.quoted in tbis treatise, we are shown tha^t tbe
greatly prevailing winds of the middle states of
,the U. S., are from the wstrn, sides of the me.
ridians. Again, if we add the intensity of the
•iEjial currents to their respective courses, it
would be safe to say, that four-fifths of all the
atmospheric pressure is estwrd., and in Pa, the
alraost uniforra leaning of forest, and raore of
.orchard trees, deraonstrates tbis physical fact.
The climate of Pa. is relatively influenced by
change of level. The surface ofthe state, with
two partial exceptions, is composed of two
great plains, declining from the dividing ridge
of its waters. The estrn, declivity, drained by
the Del. smd Susquehannah, and their conflu
ents, falls frora an elevation of about 2,000 feet
to the level of tide water; the westem, drained
.by tbe numerous confluents of Ohio, is up
wards of 600 ft. elevated above the ocean tides,
at the very lowest part. This greater height is
one of the most influential causes of the cora
parative low temperature w, of the mtns,, par
ticularly in winter. Observations made at U,
S,' military posts and by several other observ
ers, have dissipated the long cherished vulgar
error of ateuperior warmth on like latitudes w,
of the mtns,, and have established directly tbe
reverse, giving rationality to the theory of our
climate, and distributing comparative tempera
ture according to the relative latitude and height.
On both plains of Pa. it is a rare occurrence
thatthe rivers are not frozen and rendered un
navigable in winter, for a longer or shorter pe
riod ; 40 days would probably approach near a
mean of this winter period. The actual sum
mer or period between frosts, does not exceed,
if it amounts to, a mean of 120 days, except in
the sthestrn. and lowest part. Receding west
ward, occasional frosts entrench on sumraer,
and on the high mountain vallies, even where
farming is conducted to considerable advantage,
untimely frosts happen occasionally in every
month of the year. The quantity of rain, or
50

1810, 1811, 181-2,
1813, 1814,
1815,1816,

Inches, 32,656 34,963 39, 3
35 6'35
43,13534.66627.947

1817,1H18, 1819,
13-20, 1821, 1822,1823,

Inches. 38.005 30.177 23.354
3J.60932.182 39.864
41.815

1824, 1-2.5, 1826,
1827, 1828, 1829,
1830,

Inches, 3d.74
29.57 35.14
38.5037.97 41.85
45.07

" The whole quantity faUen for 21 y^ars is
748,143 inches, wbich, divided by 2l yeara,
gives 35,626 Inches as the annual average for
that time," From the whole of these tables we
find the discrepancy between the mean and ex
trerae teraperature of different years at the
same place, to be great, but we also find that
raoisture falls as unequally. Coraparing the
tables in possession of the writer, no strong
obvious connexion can be traced between the
prevalence or scarcity of rain and raean tem,
perature. In 1816, a year of unusual low
raean temperature, it appears that the quantity
of rain fell short of 28 inches ; but in 1819, a
warra year, the rain araounted only to 23.354
inches ; and in 1814, when the rain fallen was
so high as 43,135 inches, the raean teraperature
was high.
Natural productions. Under this head a
volume might be written, but a few brief noti.
ces can only be adraitted into an article neces.
sarily brief. The two great mineral produc.
tions of Pa,, are iron and fossil coal. Iron ore
is very extensively disseminated, and as great.
ly diversified in quality and richness. The iron
niines in the estrn. part of the state were ex.
plored and worked at an early period of coloni.
al settlement in Pa,, and had becorae an interest
of great value before the revolution. Since
the peace of 1783, witb much fluctuation, iron
has at all times eraployed rauch capital and
labor. Next to iron ore, mineral coal is most
widely disseminated and is also next in im
portance. The fossil coal of Pa. is of 2 spe
cies : anthracite in the valleys e, of the main
spine of the Appalachian systera, and biturain
ous w, of tbat ridge. This distribution may
admit of some exceptions, but if taken general.
ly it is correct. Independent of specific dis.
tinction, the coal of Pa. has very deeply influen.
eed tbe iraproveraent of the state at both ex.
treraes. The iramense canals and locks which
have been created on the Lackawannock, Le.
high, Delaware and the Schuylkill, and otbers
in progress or designed in every part of the
state, have been more or less the effect of a
desire to render accessible these vast mineral
deposits. Tbe eastern anthracite is mostly
found imbedded in inclining strata ; the coal
beds themselves of every variety of thickness
frora less than 6 inches to iramense mountain
masses of unknown extent. The largest body
yet laid open is that explored and worked on
Mauch Chunk mtn, by the Lehigh coal and

PEN

390

PEN

navigation company. It is probable, however,
from nuraerous indications, that the most ex
tensive deposits of coal e. of the mtns. remain
unexplored, perhaps undiscovered. The strata
actually known are vast, and beyond tbe power
of man to exhaust in many succeeding ages.
The position of the bituminous coal of the west
ern part of Pa. is level or very nearly so. It
is imbedded in horizontal strata, and unlike the
anthracite is bften so very near a dead level as
to admit drainage with difliculty. In using the
relative terms east aad west in stating the great
deposits of Pa. coal, some modification is ne
cessary. Bituminous coal has been found on
Towanda cr, Bradford co. Pa,, and in AUegha.
ny CO, Md, near Cumberland, A line from one
of these points to the other, runs nearly with
the great spine of Alleghany, and divides Pa,
into two not very unequal sections. The bitu.
minous deposits prevail from the Alleghany,
and increase in extent, falling down the r. to
Pittsburg. In the vicinity of this city the coal
strata are in extent immense ; frora 3 to 6 feet
in thickneas, and often frora 250 to 350 feet
above tbe high water level of the rs. The
nuraber of mines already open, and the ease of
reaching the coal from the deep river valleys,
has contributed to fix the opinion that coal is in
unusual abundance near Pittsburg. That opin
ion is rendered doubtful by the fact, that in eve
ry part of the adjacent country, where suffi
cient pains have been tai^eri, coal haa been
found, and frora analogy we raay suspect its ex
istence as underlaying strata far into the state
of Ohio. It abounds along the Ohio r. as low
as Cincinnati. Though an indefinite number
of other minerals have been named as having
been discovered in Pa. except iron and coal,
limestone is the only one of extensive use and
value. Limestone is the prevailing rock in a
band spreading n. w. from Blue Ridge, and
crossing the whole of Pa. from the Del. into
Md. It exists in detached deposits E. of Blue
Ridge, and in western Pa. is found in intermina
ble beds, alternating with other rocks. Water
impregnated with muriate of soda, or comraon
salt, is found on the watera of Coneraaugh, and
might be, it is probable, di.acovered in other
places in the Ohio valley, by digging to suffi
cient depth. On the Conemaugh, salt works
have been many years in operation. Marble,
of great variety of shade and tint, and that re-
ceives a beautiful polish, is found in the lower
cos. of Philadelphia, Chester, Montgomery,
&c. These 'elegant raarbles bave greatly
added to the convenience, cheapness and beau
ty of domestic architecture.
Rivers, Cities, Commerce, ^c. The most
important rivers of Pennsylvania are the Dela.
ware, Susquehannah, Ohio, AUeghany, Schuyl.
kill, Genesee, Juniata, Clarion and Youhiogha-
ny. Besides these there are other important
streams, and by these, and innumerable otbers
of less note, the atate is abundantly supplied.
Tbere are 3 cities in Pa, Philadelphia, Harris
burg, the seat of government, and Lancaster ;
there are also many other towns of sorae note
in the state, among which are Reading, Carlisle,
Chambersburg, York, Wilkesbarre, Lebanon,
Washington, New Bloomfield, and Kittaning,

For the commerce of Pa., which is chiefly
centred at Philadelphia, and the late bequest of
Stephen Girard, see art. Philadelphia.
Internal Im-provements. The foundation of
the wealth and improvement of this prosperous
state is deeply laid, in her fertility of soil, her
iron mines, her coal stratas, and the industry of
her population. Under this head we can only
give the naraes of some of the works, and re.
fer to their respective titles, in the article Rail
Roads and Canals. Belonging to the state ia
the raagnificent line of canals and rail road, en
titled the Pa. canal and Columbia rail road.
Belonging to joint stock companies, are the
Schuylkill navigation. Union canal, Lehigh
navigation, consisting of artificial navigation
along the Lehigh and the Mauch Chunk rail
road, Lackawaxen canal and rail road, Cones-
toga canal, and the Chesapeake and Del. canal.
We include the latter in the works of Pa. from
the circumstance of the work having been in
great part designed and executed by citizens of
that state. Besides numerous others, there is a
line of tumpike road extending from the city
of Philadelphia through Lancaster, York, Get
tysburg, Charabersburg, Bedford, Greensburg,
and Pittsburg, to Washington, where it meets
theU. S. road. Thelatter enters Pa. inthe
southwestern angle of Somerset, and traversing
Fayette and Washington cos. by Union, Browns
ville and Washington, passes on to Wheeling
in Va. Without enumerating the amounts
which bave already been expended on various
public works in Pa,, we subjoin a statement of
the year's appropriations, (made Feb. 1833,)
for the promotion of the extensive internal
iraprovements of this state, yet unfinished.
PhUa, & Columbia Rail Road §1,111,958 78
Alleghany RaU Road 414,793 06
Canal from Middletown to Col. 35,835 25
Juniata Canal 32,712 04
North Branch Canal 115,202 46
West Branch Canal 470,007 90
French Creek Canal 162,991 98
Beaver Caual 197,159 97

Total $2,540,661 44
This amount added to previous expenditures,
will make an aggregate of about $20,000,000,
which this state bas applied to the purpose of
improveraent, by canals and rail roads, within
the last 8 yeara.
Banks, Finances, ^c. — According to the re
port of the auditor general of the treasury, al
the beginning of the year 183 1 , the capital stock
paid in of 32 banks, was gl2, 815,581 83 ; notes
in circulation ,$7,870,613 90; contingent funds
,$1,170,068 02; bills discounted « 18,454,213
50; specie .'83,013,383 84; amount of depos
its ^7,244,752 05. By the same report, the
commonwealth owns, in bank stock, $2,108,700
00; turnpike stock, $1,911,243 39; bridge
stock, $ 110,000 00 ; canal stock, $200,000 00 ;
Total, $4,629,943 39. The dividends receiv
ed by the state on tbe bank stock, amounted
during the last year to, ^121,716, and onthe
bridge, canal and turnpike stocks, to $29,715 ;
amounting aggregately to $151,431. In Janu
ary, 1833, there were 37 banks in the state, ex
clusive of the U, S, bank, 14 of which were lo-

PEN

391

cated in Philadelphia. The capital of these
araounted to $14,515,368 ; notes in circulation
$9,237,505 ; specie on hand $2,954,047. The
amount of notes in circulation of fhe bank of
the U. S., and branch at Pittsburg, was $1,687,-
297 ; specie $2,311,618. From tbe report of
the auditor, it appears that the receipts into tbe
treasury during the year ending Oct. 31, 1832,
araounted to $4,719,372 04 ; including a bal
ance in the treasury Nov. 1, 1831, of $124,482,-
82. Araong these were loans araounting to
$3,188,213 ; Stephen Girard's legacy $300,000;
dividends on bank stock $173,230 ; auction du
ties $113,537 ; duties on dealers in foreign
merchandize $69,783 ; tavern licences $58,795 ;
lands, and land office fees $63,662 ; premiums
on loans $355,462 ; and canal tolls $50,909.
The expenditures amounted to $4,602,204 88,
among which were for internal improvements
$3,521,754 ; expenses of government $228,803;
internal improvement funds $682,379 ; interest
on loans $91,925; education $10,970; pen
sions and gratuities $24,288 ; penitentiary at
Phila. $4,045; do. near Pittsburg $3,115.
Balance in the treasurv Nov. 1, 1832, $117,-
167,16. Political divisions and population. — Pennsyl
vania, as has been observed, is naturally divi.
ded into three physical sections : first, sthestrn.
section from the Kittatinny ; second the central
mtns. ; and third, the western or that part drain.
ed by the -"constituents of O. r. Along their
lines of separation these natural sections blend,
but in their physiognomy respectively, they are
strongly contrasted. Of these divisions, the
first or sthestrn. contains about 8,028 sq. ras.,
and a population of 603,864 ; the 2nd mountain
ous or middle section, 20,850 sq, ms,, and pop,
306,214 ; and the 3d or Ohio section 16,332 sq.
ms,, and pop. 342,922. The population ofthe
state in 1800 was 602,545 ; 1810, 810,091 ;
1820, 1,049,313 ; and in 1830, 1,348,233. In
1820 and 1830 as foUows :
Pop. 1820.
19,370
34,921

Counties.
Montgomery, Northampton,
Northumberland,Perry,
Phil, city and co.
Pike, .
Potter, Schuylkill,Somerset,Su quehannah,
Tiogti, Union,
"Venango, Warren,Washington,
Wayne, Westmoreland,York,Total pop. 1820,
Ofthe foregoing, were
tJnder 5 years of age.
From 5 to 10
" 10 to 15
" 15 to 20
" 20 to 30
" 30 to 40
" 40 to 50
" 50 to 60
" 60 to 70
" 70 to 80
" 80 to 90
" 90 to 100
" 100 and upwards

Counties.
Adams,
Alleghany Armstrong,
Beaver, Bedford,Berks,Bradford,Bucks,Butler,Cambria, (. eutre, ^
Chester,Clearfield, Columbia,Crawford, Cumberland,Dauphin, Delaware,Erie,
Fayette, Franklin,
Greene,Huntingdon,
Indiana,Jefferson,

10,32415,340
20,24346,275 11,554
37,842 10,193 2,387
13,796
44,431 2,342
17,621 9,3117
23,006 21,653 14,810 8,553
27,285 31,89215,554
30,144 8,882 561

Juniata, included io Mifflin by census 1830,
Lancaster, 68,336
Lebanon, 16,988
Lehigh, 18,895
Luzerne, 20,027
Lycoming, 13,517
MacKean, 728
Mercer, 11,681
Mifflin, 10,618

Pop. 1830,
21,379 50,552 17,701
24,18324,50253,15299,746 45,745 14,581 7,076
18,879
50,910 4,803
20,05916,030
29,22625,24317,323 17,041
29,172 35,03718,028
27,145 14,252 2,025
76,631
20,557 22,256
27,379 17,636 1,439
19,729
21,690

PEN
P,p. 1820.
35,7'.I331,7(i5 1.1,4-^4 11,312
137,097 2,894 186
11,33913,974 9,6604,021
18,619 4,915 1,976
40,038 4,127
30,54038,759
1,049,313
white persons.
Males.
117,853 96,19982,37573,113
121,359 75,172
46,60028,032 16,085 6,9791,775 258 42

1830,

Pop. 1830.
39,400
39,482 18,13314,261
188,797 4,843 1,205
20,744 17,762 16,787 8,978
20,795 9,4704,697
42,784 7,663
38,400
42,859
1,348,233
Females. 111,947 92,71980,087
75,976
115,898 09,604
44,48527,882 16,221 7,084 1,929 235 21

Total, 665,812 644,088
Persons in the foregoing who are deaf and
dumb, under 14 years of age, 224 ; of 14 to
25,279, and of 25 and upwards 255. Blind,
475,

Colored populat

ion as

follows

—

Free,

Slaves,

Male,

Female,

Male. Female,

Under .10 years.

5,095

5,054

23 32

Prom 10 to 24

6,250

6,142

102 106

" 24 to 36

4,069

4,476

25 22

" 36 to 55

2,796

2,742

11 25

55 to 100

1,132

1,105

10 42

" 100 and over,

35

34

1 4

Total, 18,377 19,553 172 231
Colored deaf and dumb, under 14 years of
age, 12 ; from 14 to 26, 12 ; 26 and over, 15.
BUnd, 28.
Recapitulation.
Whites. Free colored. Slaves;- Total.
1,309,900 37,930 403 1,348,233
Education. — Literary Institutions. — Penn.
sylvania has two universities, one in Philadel
phia, and another, " the Western university,"
in Pittsburg ; Mount Airy college, German-
town ; Dickinson college, Carlisle ; Washington,
in Waahington ; Jefferaon, in Cannonaburg ;
AUeghany, in MeadviUe ; Madison, in Union;
and numerous academies in the different bo
roughs. The PhUadelphia library raay be, with
great propriety, ranked amongst the first litera.
ry institutions of the state. The interests of
education have received so much legislative at.
tention, as to induce a false opinion of the dis.
tributive benefits derived from these enactments.
Elementary instruction ia in many large aectiona
lamentably neglected. One cause of this evil,
may be found, by exaraining the tables of pop.
where the very unequal density of the objects
of education ia raost strikingly apparent. But
the mequality of inhabitants on a given space is,
however, only one cause why mental culture ia

PEN

392

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neglected. The Moravian, or United Brethren,
have schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth, Litiz, &c.
There are theological seminaries at York, at
Gettysburg, and -in Alleghany town, opposite
the city of Pittsburg. Under a constitutional
injimction, legislative provision has been raade
for gratuitous instruction to the children of in
digent parents. The first scbool dist. of the
state, coraprising the city and county of Phila-
delpbia, has received an organization, wbich,
according to the 12th annual report ofthe corap.
troUers of public schools in this diat, dated 5th
Feb. 1830, has extended instruction to 34,703
children within the 12 preceding years.
Constitution — Judiciary. — The existing con.
atitution of Pa. was adopted the 23d Sept. 1790.
The legislative power ia vested in a general
assembly, which shall consist of a senate and
house of representatives. No person sball be
a representative, wbo shall not have attained
the age of twenty-one years, and have been
a citizen and inhabitant of the state three
years next preceding his election, and the
last year thereof an inhabitant of the city or
CO. in which he sh ill be choaen ; unless he
shall have been absent on the public business of
the U. S. or ofthis state. Representatives are
chosen annually. Tbe senators shall be cho
sen for four years by the citizens of Philadel
phia, and of the several cos,, at the same time,
in the sarae raanner, and at the sarae place
where they shall vote for representatives. No
person shallbe a senator who shall nothave at
tained the age of 25 years, and have been a cit
izen and inhabitant of the state four years next
before his election, and the laat year thereof an
inhabitant ofthe district for which he shall have
been chosen; unless he shall have been absent
on the public business of the U. S. or of tbis
state. The senators sball be chosen in dists.
to be formed by the legislature ; each dist. con
taining such a number of taxable inhabitants, as
shall be entitled to elect not more than 4 sena
tors. When a dist. ia composed of two or more
COS., they sball be adjoining. Neither the city
of Phil, nor any co, shall be divided, in forming
a dist. In elections by the citizens, every free
man of the age of 21 years, having resided in
tbe state two years next before the election, and
within that tirae paid a state or co. tax, vvhich
ahall have been assessed at least six months
before the election, shall enjoy the right of an
elector. An enuraeration of the taxable ihbab.
itants shall be ra'ade separately, in Such raanner
as shall be directed bylaw. Such enumerations
have been raade in 1793, 1800, 1807, &c. up to
1828. The supreme executive power shall be
vested in a governor, who shall be fchosen on
the second Tuesday of October, by the citizens
of the coramonwealth, at the place where they
ahall reapectively vote for repreaentativgs. The
peraon having tbe higheat nuniber of votes shall
be governor. But, if two or more shall be
equal and higheat in votes, one of thelii shall be
chosen governor by the joint vote of the mem
bers of both houses. The governor Bhall hold
hia ofEce during three yeara from the third
Tudaday of Deceniber, hext ensuing his elec.
tion ; and shaU not be cipable of holding it lod.
£»r thah 9 y'eii-i ift ftny term 6f 12 yeara. He

shall be at least 30 years of age, and have been
a citizen and inhabitant ofthis state 7 years next
before hia election ; unleSei he shaU have been
absent on the pubUc businesa ofthe U. S., orof
thia state. No fnfember of Congress, or pefson
holding any office under the U. S. or thia atate,
shall exercise the office of govemor. The
governor shall be coraraander in chief of the
array and navy of the commonwealth, and the
niUitia ; except whert they shall be called into
the actual service of the United States. He
shall appoint all Officers whose offices are es.
tablished by this constitntion, or shall be es.
tablished by law, and whcrse appointments
are not herein otherwise provided for. He
shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures
and grant reprieves and pardons, except in ca.
ses of impeachment. Every bill, which ahall
have passed both houses of the geheral assem
bly, shall be presented to fhe governor. Ifhe
approve, he shall sign it ; but if he shallnot ap.
prove, he shall return it, with his exceptions, to
the house in which it shall have originated, and
must be first exarained in that house, and sent
to the other, with the governor's objections, and
if approved by two-thirds of each house it be
comes a law. Any bill sent to the govemor
and not retumed in ten days, Sundays excepted,
becoraes also a law. The judicial power is
vested in a supreme court ; in courts of oyer and
terminer and general jail delivery ; in a court
of coramon pleas, orphans court, registeta
court, and a court of quarter sessions of the
peace, for eachco., injtistices ofthe peace, &c.
The state is divided into sixteen judicial cir
cuits, over which is appointed a president judge.
For the suprerae court five districts have been
forraed. The jurisdiction ofthe supreme court
shall extend over the state, and the judges
thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be jus.
tices of oyer and terminer ahd general jail
delivery, in tbe several cos. The trial by jury
in issues of fact to reraain inviolate. No per.
son who acknowledges the being of a God and
a future state of rewards and punishments, shall
on account of his religious sentiments, be dis
qualified to hold any office or place of trust or
profit under this commonwealth.
History. — The first settleraent made in Pa.
by a civilized people, was formed in 1627 or
1628, by a Swedish colony; l^ut remote from a
nation, and not qualified by population or wealth
to sustain distant settlements, the Swedish colo
ny remained weak, and in 1655, was conquered
by the Dutch from N. Y. What is now Del.,
Pa., and N. J., shared the fate of all New Neth.
erlands, or the' Dutch settlements on the Del.
and Hudson rs. In August, 1764, the whole
conntry was seized by the English in virtue of
a previous cession made by the States General.
March, 1664, Charles II. granted the New
Netherlands, by the name of New York, to his
brother James, Duke of York. The latter on
the 24th June, 1664 granted N. J. to Lord
Berkeley, and Sir Geo. Carteret. In June,
1680, Wra. Penn, aon and heir of admiral Sir
Wm. Penn, presented a petition to Charles II,,
stating not only his relationship to the late ad
miral, but that he waa deprived of a debt due
from the crown, and praying for a grant of

PEN

393

PEN

lands lying northward of Md. and wstrd. of Del. | tributaries, the principal of which is the Matta-

His petition was recoraraended by the Duke of
York, and acceded to by Lord Baltiraore's
agents. It was confirmed Jan. 1681, and in the
eusuing May, Markham, an agent and relation
of William Penn, was sent over to take posses
sion. What is now Del. or then called the
three lower counties. Was conveyed to WiUiara
Penn by a grant frora the Duke of York, Aug.
1682, and on the 24th of Oct. of that year be
landed in person at New Castle, and found on
his arrival, in both his colonies, about 3,000
people, Swedes, EngUsh, Dutch and Finns,
The first deliberative assembly was convened
at New Castle, Dec. 4th, and comraenced a
regular government. Coaquanock, now Phila
delphia, was chosen as the capital and laid out
in 1682. Though involved in a controversy
respecting their coraraon boundaries, Md. and
Pa. slowly but solidly advanced. Tbe line be
tween the two colonies was finally fixed in 1762
by actual survey, executed by two erainent
English mathematicians. Mason and Dixon,
The second assembly of Pa. was held at Phil.
1683. In 1718 tbe founder died, and from that
period to the revolution in 1775, except fixing
the boundary as already noticed, and treaties
witb the Indians, Pa., happily for its inhabit
ants, afforded few events for history. In the
events of the revolution and in the subsequent
history of t^e U. S., this great state acted a
conspicuous part, and has risen to be, in wealth,
pop. and improvement, the second state in the
confederacy. Penn Tsf. and p-o. Pa., tsp. adjoining Phil, to
tbe northward, Phil, (io. Pa.
Penn Yan, p-v. Milo, st. jus. Yates co. N.
Y., 185 miles vr. Albany, 30 N. Bath, 16 s,
Geneva ; is in the tt. vr. corner of the town,
on the outlet, J mile from Crooked lake, and
partly in Benton. The stream affords good
mill aitea, tvhich are uaed. The viUage con
taina the CO. buildings. It derives its name
from a corabination of parta of the worda
Pennsylvanians and Yankees, having been
settled by New Englanders and Pennsylva
nians. Penobscot, r,. Me,, the largest which is
"wholly in that state, rises In the w. part of
Soraerset co., in numerous sraall branches,
which fiow frora springs in the height of land
onthe frontier of the district of Quebec, Lower
Canada, very near the head waters of Chaudi
ere river. Sortie ofthe streams flow from Bald
mountain iridge, which gives rise to some of the
head watere of Kennebec r. Others interlock
with head atreama of St. John's r,, so that a
portage of 2 hailes lionnecta theif boat naviga
tion. All the watera of the Penobacot in Som
erset Co. unite in ChesumscOok lake, and leave
its s. end on the boundary of Penobsiiot cO.
The streani then flowa a. E. fleat the footof
Katahdin raountain, through the fctooked and
irregular l&ke bf S&nedumpkok, and receives
the waters of several Other lakes and ponds,
the principal of tvhich is Millinoket, and after
wards ths east branch, *hich affot-ds a boat
navigation to Aroostook t'iV6t, vrith only a shott
portage from the hfead of the Seboola lakea.
Beyond this it betids 6, «. receiving aevetal

wamkeag, and on crossing the s, line of the co.,
flows between Lincoln and Waldo cos., forra
ing, with Penobscot bay, their boundary to the
ocean. Besides the above raentioned branches
it receives in Penobscot co,, there are many
others, the chief of which is Piscataquis r., on
the w. It contains many islands, most of which
are small, except Old Town in Penobscot co,,
and Orphan isl. in Hancock co., and Islebo-
rough in Waldo co. The Fox isls. and Little
Deer isls. in Hancock co, are in Penobscot bay ;
and off its mouth are several more. Isle au
Haut, Manticus, &c. There are several very
good harbors in the bay ; and Belfast, nearly at
its head, in Lincoln co, is a flourishing place.
Vessels of some size go up to Bangor, in Pe
nobscot CO,, 50 ms, from the raouth of tbe bay.
This great streara, with auch a multitude of
branches spread over a great extent of country,
is capable of becoming a most important chan
nel of trade ; and, although the districts it
waters, are still to a great degree wild and un
inhabited, Bangor and Belfast have already be
come important places. A large part of the
business continues to be the tiraber trade ; but
the forests annuaUy recede before the axe, and
give place tothe plough.
Penobscot, co, Maine, bndd. by Lower Can
ada N., Washington co. e., Hancock and Waldo
cos. s., and Soraerset co. w. ; is the largest co.
in th^ state, and contains a large part of the
uninhabited land within its boundaries. It Was
incorporated in 1816. The territory which it
embraces, contained, in 1790, only 1,154 in
habitants. In 1820 only 1,143 acres, were im
proved in the towns, and the inhabitants were
13,870. In 1830 there were 3,582 acres of
tillage, 9,476 pasturage, 11,000 mowing, &c.
23,940 acres cultivated, in all ; and there were
raised 12,957 bushels corn, 25,591 wheat,
1,333 rye, and 2,719 of oats. The stteams,
lakea and ponds are too numerous to be all men
tioned. St. John's r, crosses the co, E. and w.
in the tt. part, while its 3 n. branches rise and
join it in the CO. viz ; St. Francis, Madawaska
and Green rs. The AUagash is partly in this
CO., as are the sources of the Aroostic, and
most of its course. Temiscouata, Long and
Eagle lakes are the largest which are tributary
to St. John's r. The S. part of the co. presents
a labarynth of lakes and atreama, the aources
and principal tributaries of Penobscot r, which,
crossing the s. line, divides the cos, of Waldo
and Hancock on its way to Penobscot bay and
the sea. The largest of these lakes are MUli-
noket, Banedurapkok, &c. There are nuraer.
ous mtns. in different parts of the county, the
principal of which ia Katahdin, the higheat
eminence in the State. The E. and w. lines of
thb Co. run N. and s. about 63 miles apart for
nearly 200 ms. The n. and S. boundaries are
irregular. The s. part of the co. contains near.
ly its entire population,' and Bangor, which is a
large and flourishing vUlagfe, and the st.jus. is
on the Penobscot near the S. line. In 1830 there
were only 46 ts. With naraes, but many mote
laid out in >-ange,'^, besides plantations. Pop.
1820, 13,870, 1830, 31,530.
PfeNOBSCdT, p.t. and aea port, Hancock eo.

PEQ

394

PER

Me. 75 ms. e. Augusta, e. Penobscot bay, and
opposite Belfast ; is penetrated by an arm of
the bay in the s, part, and possesses a consid
erable number of coasting vessels. Pop, 1,271,
Penobscot, Indians, The remains of this
tribe reside at Oldtown, or OrOno, Penobscot
CO, Me,, where, though reduced in numbers,
they have a Catholic church, havingbeen former
ly collected under French missionaries from
Canada. Pensacola, fine bay of the U, S. on the nrthrn.
shore ofthe Gulf of Mexico, Escambia co. Flor
ida. The Pensacola bay is united to the Gulf
by a narrow entrance, between Barancas Point
andthe watrn. end of St, Rose's isl. Stretching
from the bar tt. e. by e, 28 ms,, with a raean
widtb of about 3 ras., it receives into the north
ern part Escarabia r. and YeUow Water r. from
tt. E. The entrance admitting vessels of 21 ft,
draught, is about 8 ras. a, s. w. frora the city of
Pensacola. The bar ia on lat, 30° 19', long,
10° 24' w, W, C, The country around Pensa
cola bay is in general low, sandy, and barren,
Pensacola, city, port of entry, and st, jus,
Escarabia co, Florida, is situated on the n, w.
shore of the bay of the sarae name, by p-r. 242
ms. a little s, of w, Tuscaloosa ; as laid down
on Tanner's United States, at lat, 30° 23', long,
10° 19' vr. W. C. This city was founded 1699,
by Don Andre de la Riola, a Spanisb officer. It
is a parallelograra in form, and about a mile in
length. The harbpr is safe and commodious,
being the deepest haven belonging to the U, S,
on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico,
adraitting vessels of 21 ft. draught. The an
chorage is good, on mud and sand, but towards
the shores tbc water is generaUy shallow, and
small vessels only can approach the 'town. This
is a naval station of the U. S, Pop, about 2,000,
Peokia, lake, between TazeweU and Peoria
cs,, II., is an elliptical expansion, of the usual
breadth of Illinois r. of about 20 ms, in length,
and from half a mile to a mile wide, 'Phe
lower part of this sheet of water is about 130
ms, a little w. ofN. "VandaUa.
¦ Peokia, co. Illinois, bndd, by Fulton », w,,
Knox n, w,, Putnam ft., and Illinois r, separating
it from Tazewell e, and s, E, It is in form of a
triangle base, along the western border 40 ras,,
and perpendicular along the northern border 30
ms, ; mean breadth 15 ms,, and area 600 sq, ms.
The northwestern attgle is traversed in a south
westem direction by Spoon r., but the body of
the CO, slopes s, e. towards Illinois r. This co,
was connected with Putnara in taking the cen
sus of 1830, and contained an aggregate popu
lation of 1,310. For lat. and long, see next
art. Peokla, p-v. and st. jus. Peoria co, II., situa
ted on II. r,, at the lower extremity of Peoria
lake, by p-r. 143 ms. a little w. of tt, Vandalia,
lat 40° 40', long. W. C, 12° 35' w.
Peppekell, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 40
ms. s. w. Boston, w. Naahua r. ; has a soil fa
vorable to grain, grass and fruit. The Nash
ua and one of ita branches offer abundant water
power. Maj. Gen. Prescott, who comraanded
' the American troops at Bunker's Hill, was born
here. Pop. 1,440.
Pehuannock, t. Morris co. N. J. 18 ms. n. n.

w. Newark, has Pequannock r, N., Rockaway r-
s,, and Pompton r. e. The Blorris canal Ues
along its s. border, and Copperas brook, and
Green meadow mtn., near its w. line. Pequan
nock r. separates it from Bergen co. Pop.
4,451. Pequawkett, r. Strafford co. N. H., a small
streara flowing n, into Saco r.
Peciuawkett, N, H,, the Indian name for the
proper residence of the Pequawkett Indians, a
tract on Saco r. partly in Me. Conoray, N. H,,
and Fryeburgh, Me,, with aeveral other towna,
are within ita limits. The region is romantic,
and was peculiarly adapted to the habits of In.
dians. 'Their principal residence was at Frye
burgh, where the Saco pursues a raost serpen.
tine course, flowing 36 ms, through rich raead
ows, in a tsp. six ms. sq,, and affording a cir
cuitous line of boat navigation of about 100
miles in connection with the ponds emptying
into it. Fish and fowl abounded here, and near
where the village now is, was an Indian fort,
which overlooked the extensive and fertile
plain. This tribe was troublesome to the set-
tiers in Mass. in the early part of the 18th cen.
tury, and the general court having offered a re.
ward for Indian scalps, a party proceeded
through the wilderness, by Winnipiseogee and
Ossipee lakes, against the Pequawketts, under
the command of Capt, Lovell, with Mr, Frye
for their chaplain, from whom Fryeburgh had
its name. After a desperate fight this party was
defeated, and only a few of thera found their
way back.
Pequawkett, mtn. N. H., a prominent emi.
nence of the second peaks of the White mtns.,
between Bartlett, Coos co., and Chatham, Straf.
ford CO. It was formerly called Kearsearge
mtn. Pequest cr., N. J,, a good mill streara, rises
in Newton, Sussex co,, crosses Warren co,, and
enters Del, r, at Belvidere v,, Oxford t,, after a
course of about 35 ras,, watering a narrow
valley, Peroival's, p.o. ntbrn. part Brunswick co. Va.
67 ras. s. w, Richraond.
Pekdido, r. and bay, forming the boundary
between Baldwin co, of Ala,, and Escambia of
Flor, It rises in Baldwin co., flows southward
ly about 40 nailes, and expands into a narrow
and shallow bay. Perdido bay is crooked,
and from the intricacy of its entrance, derives
its name " Perdido" or Lost Bay. The
country adjacent to the bay, and drained by the
Perdido, is mostly barren, and timbered with
pine. Pebkinsville, a manufacturing v. Weathers.
field, Windsor co. Vt, on Black r. at the falls.
It contains a woollen factory, a machine shop,
saw mUl, a manufactory of ivory black, and a
cassimere factory. The v. has grown up with.
in 6 years, and contains a church and a number
of neat dwellings.
Perkiomen, r. of Pa., rises in Berks, Lehigh,
and Bucks cos., and the constituent era., uni
ting in the nrthwstrn, angle of Montgomery,
assumes a sthrn. course into the SchuylkiU, 6
ms. above Norristown.
Perkiomen, p-o. on Perkiomen r., Montgom.
ery co. Pa., 25 ma. h. w. Phil.

PER

395

PER

Perrin's mills and p.o., Clermont co. O., about
90 ras. s, w, Colurabus.
Perrington, p.t. Monr5e co. N, Y., 12 ms,
s. e. Rochester, has a good soil, and several
streams, the chief of whicb ia Irondequot, or
Teorondo cr. Tbe Erie canal crosses it near
the middle, and is carried over Irondequot cr,
with an embankraent, at which is Hartwell's
basin. Thoraas' cr. is a sraall mill stream.
Pop, 2,183.
Perry, p.t. Washington co. Me,, 184 ma, e,
Augusta, 5 N, w, Eastport, opposite Passama
quoddy bay and Deer isl,, in N. Brunswick, has
Cobscook bay s,, and is crossed from N, w, to
s, E. by tbe outlet of a pond which erapties into
the bay. It enjoys facilities for fishing. Pop.
735. Perry, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 22 ms, s, E,
Batavia, 239 w. Albany, w. Livingston co., about
6 ras. square, has a soil of ordinary quality, and
several sraall streams flowing in different di
rections, with a part ofthe outlet of Silver lake
in the s, e. Bog iron ore has been found here.
Pop, 2,792,
Perry, co. Pa,, bndd, by the Kittatinny mtns,,
separating it from Cumberland s,, by Franklin
B. w., Tuscarora mtn. separating it from Juniata
CO, N, w, and n,, and by the Susquehannah, sep
arating it frora Dauphin e. Length 36 ms., mean
width 15, and area 540 sq. ms.' Extending in
lat. from 40° 12' to 40° 40', and in long, from
the meridi^ of W. C, to 0° 42' w. This co. is
partly composed of what was formerly called
Sherraan's valley, and the sthrn. part is chiefly
drained by Sherman's cr. The nrthestrn. sec
tion is traversed by Juniata r. The decUvity of
the whole is estrd, towards the Susquehannah,
Though the surface is rocky, and much of it
mountainous, the arable soil is excellent for
grain, fruit, and pasturage, Cf, ts. New Bloora
field, Landisburg, and Millerstown. Pop. 1820,
11,342 ; 1830, 14,361,
Perry, p-v. n. w, part Venango co. Pa,, 22
ms, from Franklin, the co, at., and about 75 raa.
N, Pittsburg.
Perry, p-v. and st, jus., Houstpn co, Geo,,
by p-r. 60 ras, s. w. MUledgevUle, lat. 32° 25',
long. W. C, 6° 54' w.
Perry, co. Ala., bndd. by DaUas a. e. and s,,
Marengo s. w,, Greene n. w,, Tuscaloosa and
Bibb N,, and Autauga e. Length 42 ras,, mean
width 23, and area 966 sq. ms. Extending in
lat. from 32° 17' to 32° 54', and in long, frora
10° 02' to 10° 38' w. W. C. The wstrn. side
falls towards the wstrd., and is drained by ers.
flowing into Tombigbee and Black Warrior rs.,
but the central, estm,, and much larger sections
of the CO,, are traversed and drained by the Ca
tawba and its branches. General declivity sthrd,
Cf t. Marion, or Perry c. h. Pop. 11,490.
Perry, u. h. and p-v,, Perry co. Ala,, by p-r.
61 ms. s. ». E. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 37', long.
10° 27' w. W. C.
Perry, co, Misp. bndd. by Jackson s., Han
cock s. w., Marion w,, Jones n,, Wayne n, e,,
and Greene e. Lengtb 36, width 30, and area
1,080 sq. ms. Extendmg in lat, from 30° 55'
to 31° 33', and in long, frora 11° 58' to 12° ,30'
w.W. C. Declivity sthestrd., and drained by
Leaf r. and Black cr,, branches of Paacagoula!

r. It is raoderately broken, witb a soil gener
ally thin, and covered with pine timber. Cf. t.
Augusta. Pop. 1820, 2,037; 1830, 2,-300,
Perry, co. 'Ten,, bndd. by Wayne s. e., Har.
din s, w,, Henderson wl, Carroll n. w,, Hura.
phreys n,, and Hickraan e. Length 36 ms. ;
width 30, and area 1,080 sq. ms. Extending in
lat, from 35° 27' to 35° 55', and the lltb de
gree w, W, C. passes very nearly over the mid.
die ofthe co. The main volurae of Ten, r, tra.
verses it also in a nthrn. direction, as does the
Buffalo branch of Duck r. Ten, flows over the
wstrn, and Buffalo over the estrn, side, the lat
ter entering its recipient. Duck r,, in the north.
eastern angle. General declivity nrthrd. Cf. t.
BarrysviUe. Pop. 1820, 2,384; 1830, 7_,094.
Perry, co, Ky., bndd, by Laurel mtn,, sepa
rating it from Harlan s, e, and s,, by Clay w,,
EstUl N, w., Morgan n., Floyd n, e,, and Pike
e. Length 53 ras,, raean width 20, and area
1,060 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 36° 55' to
37° 36', and in long, from 5° 51' to 6° 30' w.
W. C. Except a few ers. frora Pike co,. Perry
gives source to the higher branches of Ky.
These branches leave their mountain vallies in
a N, N. w, direction, over Perry, uniting and
turning wstrd, in Estill. Cf. t. Perry c. h. Pop.
3,330. Perry, c. h. and fi-v.. Perry co. Ky., by p-r.
114 ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort,
Perry, co, 0., bndd, by Athens s,, Hocking
s, w., Fairfield w., Licking h,, Muskingura n.
E,, and Morgan e, and s, E. Length n. to s. 28
ras,, raean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ms.
Lat. 39° 45', long. W. C. 5° 15' w. It is a ta
ble land, between the vallies of Hockhocking
and Muskingura rs,, andfrom which ers, ofthe
former flow w, and s, -vr., and of the latter n.
and N. E. The surface is in raost parts hilly,
and in several places mineral coal has been
found. Cf t. Somerset, Pop, 1820, 8,429 ; 1830,
13,970, Perry, p-v. Geauga co, 0., by p-r. 165 ms.
N. E. Columbus,
Perry, co, of Ind,, bndd, w. by Spencer, n.
w. Dubois, ft. Crawford, and by the O, r., sep
arating it frora Meade co. Ky, e,, Breckenridge .
CO, Ky, s., and Hancock co, Ky, s. w. Length
frora s. to N, 30 ms,, mean breadth 15, and area
450 sq, ma, Lat, 38° 08', long, W. C. 9° 40'
w. Slope athrd. towards O, r. The surface is
very broken, as it comprises a part of the great
buttress of 0, r,, and reaches w, to the dividing
ridge between that streara and White r. Cf. t.
Rorae. Pop. 3,369.
Perry, co. II., bndd. by Jackson s., Randolph
w,, Washington N,, Jefferson tt. e., ahd Frank
lin s, E. Length from e, to w. 24 ms,, mean
breadth 18, and area 432 sq, ms, Lat 38° 05',
long. 12° 24' w, W, C. Slope sthrd,, and drain
ed in that direction by different branches of
Muddy or. Cf t. Pinckneyville. Pop. 1,215.
Perry, co. Mo. bndd. s. by Cape Girardeau
CO., a. w. Madison, n. w, St. Genevieve, and by
the Misp. r., separating it from Randolph co. II.
Lat. 37° 44', long. W. C. 13° 00' w. Slope
nrthestrd. towards the Misp. r. Cf t. Perry-
viUe. Pop. 3,349.
Perryopolis, p-v. northwestern part Fayette
CO. Pa. 16 mUes a, Uttle w. of n. Union.

PER

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PET

town, 8 N. IS. Brownsville, and by p-r. 209
N. w. W. €.
Perry's, Bridge and p-o. on Verraillion r,,
Lafayette parish. La., by p-r, 217 ma. w. New
Orleans. Pebeysburgh, p-t. Cattaraugus co, N. Y., 12
ras. N. w. EUicottsville, 306 w. Albany ; is near
ly inthe forra of a triangle, with its long and
irregular side n. e. bndd. by Cattaraugus cr,
and Erie co,, and partly by the south and its
western brancb, on the line of Chatauque co.
It has several brooks flowing n. into Cattarau
gus cr,, and others s,, the head streams of Con
ewango cr. The n. w. corner lies only 5 or 6
iniles frora the e. corner of lake Erie, at the
raouth of Cattaraugus creek, and is about 500
ft. above its level. The soil bears maple, beech,
elm, &c., with some evergreens, and is most
favorable to grass, though sorae of it produces
grain well. Pop. 2,440.
Perrysburs, p-v, and st. jus.. Wood co. O,,
situated on the right bank of Maumee r,, 15 or
16 ms. above its mouth, and by p.r. 135 ms. a
Uttle w. of N. Colurabus. Lat. 41° 35', long. 6°
36' w. W. C. Pop. 182.
Perry's Mills, p.o. and st. jus. Tatnall co,
.Geo,, by p.r. 115 ms. s. e. Milledgeville.
Perry's store and p-o, Giles co. Ten., byp-r.
67 ras, sthrd. Nashville, ¦
Perrysville, p-v. AUeg^hany co. Pa., 7 ms.
a little w. of n. Pittsburg.
Perrysville, p-v. Perry co.Ten.
Perrysville, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p^r. 40
ras, sthrd, Frankfort, Pop, 283,
Perryville, p-v. Sullivan, Madison co. N. Y.
•P,erryville, p-v. Richland co. 0., by p.r. 72
ms. nrthestrd. Columbus.
¦Perryville, p.v. Vermillion co. Ind,, by p.r,
,88 ms. n. w, by w, Indianopolis.
Perr^wille, p.v. and st. jus.. Perry co. Mo.,
by, p-r. .about 88 railes s, a. e, St. Louis, and 20
ms. s. s, K, St. Genevieve. Lat. 37° 33'.
Perth Amboy, Middlesex co. N. J. {See
Amboy.) Peru, t. Oxford co. Me,, s. Androscoggin
river, with several small strearas. ' Pop. 666.
Peru, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 30 railes tt. E,
Bennington, 30 s, w, Windsor, with 23,040
.acres ; first settled 1773 ; lies on the range of
the Green ratns,, in the ft. e. corner of tbe co,,
and is high, with much broken land. There
are 2 ponds of 60 and 40 acres, and some of the
streams of W. r. water the e. part ; 3 school
dists. Pop, 445.
Peru, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 118 ms. vr.
Boston ; is on elevated ground, giving rise to
the principal and middle brancbes of Westfield
r. 'The surface is billy, being on tbe declivity
of the range of the Green mtns. The cliraate
is as cold as that of any part of the state ; the
aoil is hard, but yields grass well. The in
habitants are scattered. Pop, 729,
Peru, p-t, Clinton co, N, Y,, 9 miles a. w.
•Plattaburgb, 153 n. Albany, w. lake Charaplain,
ft. Easex co., e. Franklin co. Great Sable r.
forms thehoundary s. e,, and partly s. Little
Sable r., whose wliole. courae is in this t., is a
good mill atream. From the lake, 10 ms. w.,
tbe land ia nearly level, and good ; the remain
der is hilly, .woody, and iSuppliedwith inexhaus.

tible raines of the best iron ore. There are
several iron worka, particularly the Etna fur.
nace, 9 ras. frora the lake, at Port Kent, which
is a landing place. The Russia iron works are
on Sable r. Pop. 4,949.
Peru, p.v. Huron co. 0., by p.r. 104 ms. n.
N, e, Columbus. ,
Peterborough, p.t. Hillsborough co. N. H.,
75 ms, w. a, w, Portamouth, 60 n, n. w. Boaton,
40 a. w. Concord, 20 from Araherst, 20 from
Keene, with 23,780 acres ; has the range of
Pack Monadnock hills on the E. line, and is
crossed n. by Contoocook r., and contains part
ofthe n, branch, which affords good mill seats.
At the falls on the latter are broad meadows,
and the soil is generally very good. Pine grows
on the s, branch, bard wood in other parts, and
large oaks on the hills. A church stands on a
hill in the centre of the t., 200 ft. above the r.
200 ft, higher than this, on the e. hills, is a pond
of 9 acres ; and lower, one of 33 acres. The
Notch in the mtn. is a reraarkable pass. Iron
ore is found, also ginseng and buck bean. The
surface is varied, the t. healthy ; and there is a
library, several cotton factories, &c. First set.
tied 1739, deserted 1744, reoccupied 1745.
Pop. 1,983.
Peterborough, p.v. Smithfield, Madison co.
N. Y., 29 ms.s. w. Utica, 6 n. MorrisvUle, 108
w. tt. w. Albany, on Oneida cr., 7 ms. b. Erie
canal. Petersburgh, .p-t. Rensselaer cf>. N. Y., 25
ms. N. E. Albany, 18 E. Troy, w. Pownal, Vt.,
and Williarastown, Mass., about 6 ras. by 8, has
the range of Bald mtns. E. and the Green woods
vr. Little Hoosac r., a mill streara, flows n.
through the middle, along the course of which
is a broad valley. It is included in the great
estate of Rensselaerwyck, and the land is leas
ed for about 10 bushels of wheat for 100 acres.
The village of Rensselaer's mills, 1 8 ms. from
Troy, is near the centre. Good limestone
abounds. Pop. 2,011.
Petersburg, p-v. Adaras co. Pa., 23 ms. a
little N. of w. from the borough of York, and
20 s. s. w. Harrisburg.
Petersburg, a borough and port of entry,
Dinwiddie co. Va. is situated in the extrerae
northeastern angle of the co., on tbe southern
bank of the Appomattox river, just below the
falls, ,and 12 miles above its junction with James
river at City point ; by the p-r. 22 ms. nearly s.
of Richmond, and 144 s. s, w. W. C. Lat. 37°
13', long. 0° 24' w. W. C. Its location is pecu
liarly well adapted for coramercial pursuits.
The river is navigable to this place for vessels
of 100 tons, and by means of a canal past thfe
falls it is rendered boatable 80 ms. above, tbus
creating here a depot for the produce of a large
portion of N. C. and Va. The foreign and
American tonnage of this port in 1830 was
13,152. There is a regular comraunication be
tween here and N. Y. by means of packets.
The articles of trade are chiefly corn, flour,
tobacco and cotton. There are very extensive
water privileges at the falls, some of which are
improved for flouring miUs, &c. The adjacent
country is well peopled and cultivated, and in
the immediate yicinity .and contiguous, are the
viUages of Blanford in Prince (George's co.,

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397

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and Powhatan on the north side of tbe river, in
Chesterfield co. These places, although in
different cos. are from their contiguity and es
pecially in their commercial interests, almost
identified with Petersburg. In 1815, 400 buUd
ings were destroyed by fire ; they have how
ever been since rebuilt with brick. The pub
lic buildings are the Bank of Va. and the Farm
er's Bank of Va,, an Insurance office, a custom
house, and academy and Masonic hall. Pop.
8,322. Petersburgh, p-v. on the point above the
junction of Broad and Savannah rs., and in the
extreme sthestrn. angle of Elbert co, Geo. 50
ms, by the land road above Augusta, and by p-r,
86 ms. N. E. MiUedgeviUe.
Petersburgh, p-v. Boone co. Ky., by p-r. 102
ms. K. Frankfort.
Petersburgh, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten,, by p-r.
61 ras, sthrd. Nashville.
Petersburgh, p-v. Columbiana co. O,, by p-r.
173 ms, tt. E, by e, Columbus,
Petersburgh, p-v, and st, jus. Pike co. Ind.,
situated on the left bank of 'Wbite r,, below the
main fork, 25 ms, o. e, Vincennes, and by p-r,
119 ras, s.w, Indianopolis. Lat, 38° 32', long,
W,C. 10°20'w.
Peter's Creek, p-o. Barren co, Ky., by p-r.
104 ms, s. w. Frankfort.
Petersham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass, 66 ms,
w. Boston ; has a productive soil, and was an
early settleraent. Tbe Indians had a village
here called Nashawang. It was granted
1732, as a reward for services in wars, and
suffered hardships in the war of 1755, when
they had forts erected for their defence. The
village is pleasantly situated on rising ground,
and coraraands a fine view. Pop, 1,696.
Peter's ratn,, and p-o. Dauphin co. Pa., 20
ras. N. Harrisburg.
Peterstown, p-v. Monroe co, Va,, by p-r,
294 railes s, w, by w. W. C, and 249 w, Rich
mond, Petersville, p-v, nrthestrn, part Frederick
CO. Md,, 25 ma, n, e. Frederick, and 35 n, w,
by w, Baltimore, andby p-r, 56 ms, a very Uttle
w, of N. W, C,
Petit Gulf, Little Gulf, a remarkable bend
in the Misp, i, opposite the nrthwstrn, angle of
Jefferson co, state of Misp, {See Rodney, Jef
ferson CO. Misp.)
Petite Jean, r. of Ark., rises in Crawford
CO, interlocking sources wilh those of Poteau r,
and with those of tbe extreme nrthrn, branches
of Ouachitau, Flowing thence estrdly, this
stream enters aud traverses Pope co,, faUing
into Arkansas r. between Pope and Conway
cos, after an entire comparative course of about
75 ras.
Petit Menan, isl, Washington co. Me. It
lies off a point of Steuben t. with a reef be
tween, and has a light house. Pop. 11,
Peytonsburgu, p-v, Pittsylvania co. Va. by
p-r, 148 m,.^, s.w. W.C,
PiiARSALiA, p-t, Chenango co. N, Y,, 114
miles w, Albany, 11 w, Norwich, 45 s, s, w,
Utica, 122 w, by N, Catskill; 6 miles square,
is high, a little uneven, and has several good
mill streams and othera, the head waters of
Canasawacta creek, a branch of Chenango 51

creek, and of tributaries of Tioughnioga creek
Firat settled 1798, There ia a apring charged
with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Population
1,011, Phelps, p-t. Ontario co, N, Y,, 197 ms. w.
Albany, 12 e. Canandaigua, 5 n, Geneva, and
w, Genesee co. It is about 8 ras, by 10, baa a
gently varied surface, and excellent aoil. A
part of Canandaigua creek ia in the e, part,
j;which has valuable meadows, and supplies mUl
seats. It was named after Oliver Phelps, tbe
first purchaser of a large tract of land in this
part of the state, Flint cr,, a branch of Can.
andaigua cr,, is in the w. The v, of Vienna is
at their junction. Orleans is another village in
this t, Gypsura is found on the creek. Pop.
4,876. Philadelphia, p-t, ,Teflerson co. N. Y. 170
ras, N, w. Albany ; 5 ms, by 8, is nearly level,
with a good arable clay and sandy soil, and
pretty well watered by Indian river and its
brancbes, which supply raiU seats. The tira
ber is oak, beech, basa, &c,, with sorae hera.
lock and pine. First settled, 1813. Population
1,167, Philadelphia, co. Pa,, bounded by Del. co.
s. w,, Montgomery n, w,, Bucks n, e,, Del, r.
separating it from Burlington co, N, J. e,, and
Gloucester co, N, J, s, Lengtb from s, w, to
N, E, 22 ms,, raean width 7, and area 154 sq.
Extending in lat. frora 39° 52' to 40° 08',

and in long, from 1° 47' to 2° 08' e. W, C,
Bounded on one side by the Delaware, and
traversed by the Schuylkill, the confluence of
these two streams is made in the southern part
of the CO, Tbe general decUvity is to the
sthestrd, in the direction of the mean course of
the Schuylkill, and at right angles to tbat of
Delaware, Though comparatively confined in
extent, the features of this co, are very strong
ly contrasted. The upper and nortbern part is
beautifully broken by hill and dale, whilst the
lower and the sthrn, section is composed of
recent alluvion, and is an almost dead levet.
The primitive ledge on the margin of which
the city of Philadelphia is buUt, traverses the
CO. from s, w, to n, e,, arresting the tide in
Schuylkill within the precincts of the city. On
the Delaware, the scenery is rather tarae, but
along the SchuylkUl and Wissahiccon cr, be
coraes picturesque, and in raany places even
wild and bold. The variety bf sites for coun
try residences in the northern part of the co,,
adds no little advantage to Philadelphia ; and
the inexhaustible raasses of gneiss, affords
raore than an araple supply of raaterial for the
rougher, more soUd, and raore durable kinds of
architecture. Besides the eity of Philadelphia
and places adjoining, the co, contains the bo.
roughs or towns of Frankfort, Germantown,
Holmesburg, Bustletown, Smithfield, and sorae
others. Population including Philadelphia and
suburbs, 1820, 137,097 ; 1830, 188,961.
Philadelphia, the largest city in the state of
Pennsylvania, and the second in size in the U,
S,, is situated inthe co, of the same name, be
tween the Delaware and Schuylkill rs,, about 5
ms, above the junction of the two streams, 120
ms, from the Atlantic by the course ofthe Del
aware, and 55 ms, from it in a straight line to the

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s. E, The state house in Chesnut street be
tween 5th and 6th streets, standa in lat. 39°
56' 51", long. 75° 10' 05" w. of Greenwich, and
1° 46' 30" E. of the city of Washington. The
city lies 30 ms. belowthe head of steam naviga
tion on the Del,, 96 from Harrisburg, 89 from
N. Y., 98 from Baltimore, and 120 statute ms,,
or by the post route 136 ma. from Waahington
city. In its natural state, the ground on which
Philadelphia standa was an undulating alluvial
plain. The Indian narae, Coaquanock, was
changed to that of Philadelphia, and the city reg.
ularly laid out into atreets crossing each other
at right angles, extending by a small angle from
the true meridians. Thia regularity doea not
extend however to either of the auburbs or Lib.
ertiea. In the latter, the streets in part corres.
pond to those of tbe city, in part they are at
right anglea to each other, but oblique to thoae
oi the city ; and in part they are irregular, croa
sing at acute and obtuse angles. Dock street
ia the only one, either in the city or Liberties,
which extends in curve linea. Happily tbe un
dulating aurface on which the body of the city
ia built, haa been left untouched by the rage for
levelling, and contributea to clear the streets of
filth whenever rain falls on them ; an advan
tage relinquished in places where a different
policy has prevailed. Philadelphia, like New
York, stands on a superstratum of porous allu
vion, based on primitive rock, which ia an ad
ditional cause of cleanlineaa and dryneaa. The
environa of Philadelphia on the Delaware, have
been justly admired for the richness, and along
the banka of the Schuylkill, for the variety of
their scenery. Without due attention to the
cause, it may excite some surprise that the
scenery of the Delaware should present fea
tures so much rtiore monotonous than that of
the SchuylkUl ; but the geological structure of
the country explairis the difference. The prira
itive rock ledge, on the raargin of which Phila
delphia is situated, is at that city only touched
by the Delaware ; whilst on the contrary, it is
there thatthe Schuylkill eraerges from the re
gion of hills based on the primitive, and raeets
the tide. If the two rivers are compared as to
their relative connexion with the primitive
ledge, the Delaware forms the traverse at Tren.
ton, sirailar to that of the Schuylkill at Phila.
The city was founded in 1682, by Wm, Penn:
its original form was a parallelogram, extend.
ing from tbe Delaware to the Schuylkill, and
inore than a raile on these rivers. Its present
limits are much enlarged, and embrace in the
northern and southern suburbs, an important
part of its population. It is accessible by the
Delaware for vessels of 600 tons burthen ; and
the Schuylkill is navigable for vessels of lighter
draugbt above its junction with the Delaware ;
the navigation however, in tbe winter season,
is much obstructed by ice. That part of the
city adjacent to the Delaware was forraerly tbe
principal seat of business; but since the coal
mines in the interior of the state have been
opened, their iraraense importance, with the fa
cilities for the transaction of business afibrded
by the completion of rail-roads and canals ter
minating in that vicinity, have directed the at
tention of tha public to the Schuylkill, and busi

ness is rapidly incre'asing on its banks. The
numerous stores and other buildings erected in
this part of the city, are the best evidence of
the growing importance of this branch of do.
mestic enterprise. The city itself, as was be.
fore remarked, is laid out with remarkable reg
ularity; the streets crossing each other at right
angles. There are nearly 600 of these, gener
ally paved, with good walks of brick ; some of
them are broad, and are fine promenades.
There are also several public squares, which
contribute in a great degree to the beauty and
comfort of the city ; one of them contains 10
acres of land. Public sewers have been con
structed under most of the principal streets,
which carry the filth of the city to the Dela
ware, and promote in a high degree the health
and corafort of the inhabitants. The city is
built with a degree of neatness and beauty
which is scarcely surpassed in the U. S. The
houses are generally of brick, and are orna
raented with steps and window sills, and not un
frequently a basement, of white marble. Among
the most prominent of the public buildings are
tbe U. S. bank, a raagnificent white marble edi,
fice, copied after the Parthenon at Athens ; it is
161 by 87 ft,, including porticos: the bank of
Pennsylvania, also of white marble, modelled
after the temple of Minerva, 125 by 51 ft.; the
mint of the U, S,, a splendid building faced with
marble, and presenting a iront of 122 ft., em
bracing a portico 62 ft. long, and two wings of
30 ft. each ; it is of the Ionic order, and was ta
ken frora a splendid Grecian temple on the riv
er lUssus, near Athens. Besides these are Gi
rard's bank, the Philadelphia library, the hall of
the Philosophical society, the university of
Pennsylvania, the arcade, the state house, from
which the declaration of Araerican Indepen.
dence was first proraulgated ; the acaderay of
fine arts, the hospital, masonic ball, alms-house,
arsenal, exchange, orphan's asylum, widow's
asylum, carpenter's hall, custora house, old and
new penitentiary, marine asylum, the institution
for the deaf and dumb, the medical college,
three prisons, four theatres, and several mar.
kets, one of which ia very extensive. In 1830
there were 90 churches in the city and sub.
urbs, of wbich Christ's church ia the oldeat,
having been comraenced in 1727. Of these 2()
were Presbyterian, 9 Episcopal, 7 Friends, 10
Methodists, 6 Baptists, 5 Lutheran, 4 Roraan
Cathohc, 10 African, and 19 of other denomina
tions. 'There are two bridges across the
SchuylkiU. Perraanent bridge, thrown acroas
from the west end of Market street, is 1,300 ft.
long, and cost $235,000. The Fairmount bridge
consists of a single arch of 350 feet span ; it
was erected in 1823, and cost f 150,000. These
are beautiful and substantial structures. In ad
dition to the bank of the U, S., with a capital
of $35,000,000, there are sixteen other banks
in the city incorporated by the State, with an
aggregate capital of $20,600,000; of which
$ 18,935,000 has been paid in. The capi
tal of the different insurance companies, a-
mounts to $5,080,000. Philadelphia is noted
for the benevolent disposition of its citizens,
and for the nuraber, variety and extent of its
charhable and literary institutions. Among

PHI

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PHI

these may be mentioned the Pennsylvania hos
pital, founded in 1750, the buildings of which
occupy an entire square ; the university, Gi
rard college, the medical college, the alms
house, the dispensaries. Friends' asylum for the
insane, humane society, orphan's, and indigent
widow'a, and aingle women's asylura, the insti
tution for the deaf and durab, and the aboUtion,
savings fund, and fuel saving societies, besides
many others. Some of these are worthy of fur
ther notice. The institution for the deaf and
dumb was established in 1820, and incorpora
ted tbe next year, with a grant of $8,000 from
the state, and a liberal appropriation for the
support of indigent pupils from Pennsylvania.
The building is of granite, was erected in 1824,
is 96 ft, in front by 63 in depth, and is a chaste
and beautiful speciraen of architecture. The
annual expenses of the institution are about
$11,000. The nuraber ofpupUs in May, 1833,
was 72 ; half of whora were males aud half fe
raales. The university of Pennsylvania, loca
ted in this city, in Jan. 1833 had 186 students in
tbe academical departraent, and in the raedical
department three hundred and sixty-eight stu
dents. The alras-house is supported at an ex
pense to the public of about $50,000 per ann.
The city is well supplied with public schools
and academies, some of which are well endow
ed ; and it has recently received a most munifi
cent bequest, for the establishraent of a coUege
for orphans, by the will of the late Stephen Gi
rard, Tbis gentleman, who died in 1831, by
his will bequeathed the sum of two nnUions of
dollars to the corporation of the city, in trust
for the endowment of an Orphan College, The
site selected by Mr. Girard for this object, is
1^ ms. from the city, on the Ridge Road, and
at a place called Peel Hill. It contains forty
five acres of land, upon which, by the terms of
the will, buildings are to be erected for the ac
coraraodation of 300 pupils, together with those
necessary for the teachers, and for other pur
poses. Provision is made for the education of
as many poor orphans as the place will accom
modate ; the pupils are to be selected, 1st from
the city of Philadelphia, 2nd from the state of
Pennsylvania, 3d frora the city of New York,
and 4tb from the city of N. Orleans. They are
to be taught the various branches of a sound
education, including practical mathematics,
philosophy and the raodern languages ; and pro.
vision is made for extending the course of
study, for those who may merit it by distin
guished capacity or industry. The corner stone
ofthe Girard College for Orphans was laid, on
the 4tb July 1833. The building ia to be 160
feet front, by 217 feet in flank, including the
porticoa. The order ia Coruithian ; the auper.
atructure will repose on a basement in the form
of a truncated pyramid, composed of 12 steps
surrounding the whole building. The columns
are to be 6 ft. in diameter at the base, and 54 ft.
6 inches high. The body ofthe buUding will be
of blue marble, and the columns, pediment, &c.
of white marble. The magnificent water works
of Philadelphia, by means of which the city is
supplied from the Schuylkill -with pure and
wholesome water, are without a parallel on this
side ofthe Atlantic. The water is raised from

the river and conveyed into reservoirs, elevated
56 feet above the higheat ground in the city.
Frora these reservoirs 3,000,000 gaUons of wa
ter are taken daily for the supply of the city.
72 J miles of iron pipe have already been laid,
to convey the water, and additions are constant.
ly making. The total amount expended for
thia object ia $1,443,583, and the receipta
for the present year are estimated at $77,.
500. From thia aource the fire companiea
are liberally supplied with water in case of fire ;
of these, there are about 30 engine, and 18 hose
companiea. 'fhe U. S. mint was established by
Congress in 1790, and has since been continued
at Philadelphia, The whole araount coined at
this estabUshment from 1793 to 1831 was $37,.
000,000. In 1831 tbere was coined $3,932,473
60 of which $518,000 was from the gold ofthe
U. S. In 1832 the araount coined was $3,331,
055, of which $578,000 was frora U, S. gold.
Philadelphia is deservedly celebrated for the
value and variety of its manufactures. All the
necessaries and most of the luxuries of life are
manufactured in the city and its vicinity, and
large quantities of useful and fancy articles are
annually sent abroad. The internal trade of
the city is very great, particularly with the
Western States. In 1830, 473,876 barrels ef
flour were inspected. The coraraerce of Phila
delphia is also extensive ; tlie tonnage, inclu
ding registered, enrolled and licenced, in 1833
amounted to 79,703, of which 44,029 was re.
gistered ; 28,093 enrolled; 1,615 licenced ; and
5,963 foreign. The tomiage of new vessels
built and registered, from Jan. 1st to July 1st
1833, was 8,068, of which 2,238 ia to be employ
ed in the foreign trade. The number of arri
vals in 1830 was 3,702, of which 415 were for
eign, coastwise, 3,287 ; in 1831, 3,602, of which
396 foreign and;3,206 coastwise. The imports
of the state chiefly centre here. In the year
ending Sept. 1830, they araounted to $8,702,,
122, and during the sarae tirae tbe exports were,
of doraestic produce $2,924,452, foreign $1,.
367,341. There are several extensive ship
yards for building raerehant vessels, and the U.
S. have also a navy yard here, A line of steam
packets is contemplated to run between the city
and Charleston. The population of the city for
several periods, has been as follows : — in 1731,
12,000, 1753, 18,000, 1790, 42,500, 1800, 70,-
287, 1810, 96,664, and in 1820, 119,325. In
1830, the population of the city and suburbs was
as follows: —
Suburbs N., Nthn. Libertiea, 31,376
Spring Garden, 11,141
Penn Townahip, 2,507
Kingaton, 13,326 58,350

Suburbs, S. Southwark, E.
Do. W.
Moyamensing,
Passyunk, City,

10,361 10,379 6,822
1,441 29,003

80,458

Total, 167,811
Philadelphia, p.y. northern part Monroe co.
Ten,, by p-r, 173 ma. a, e. by e. NashviUe.

PHY

400

PIE

Philadelphus, p-v. Robeson co. N, C, by p.r,
107 ras, s. w, Raleigh,
PiiiL.iNTHROPV, p-v, Butler CO, 0,, by p.r, 126
ras, s, w. by w, Columbus,
Philips, r, Coos co, N. H,, a branch of Up
per Amonoosuc r. ; joins it in Piercy,
Philips, p-t, Somerset co. Me,, 53 ms. n. k,
w. Augusta, 40 h, Norridgewock, and e, of Ber
lin. Oxford CO, is crossed n, and a, by Sandy
r,, a branch of Kennebec r. Pop, 9,54.
Philips, p-t, Putnam co, N, Y,, 96 ms, s, Al
bany, opposite Wost Point, Cornwall, Orange
CO., about 8 ras. by 12, is very mount ;inous, and
has the principal part of Break Neck hUl in the
N, one ofthe chief erainences ofthe Highlands,
It contains also Rlue hill, &c. In the south along
the branches of Peekskill creek are handsorae
raeadows. There are other streams, and sev
eral ponds. The scenery is bold and varied,
but much of the soil is broken, and iron ore
abounds, which is mined. The village of I'leas-
ant Valley is nearly opposite to 'West Point,
Above it is Cold Spring, and the principal can
non foundry in the U. StDtcs, The Robbison
mansion stands on an elevation not far from
the shore. The property ofthe owner was con
fiscated in the Revolution, and the house was
occupied by Arnold when he treacherously de
serted the Araerican cause. Pop. 4,761,
Philips, co. Ark,, budd. by Arkansas co. s,
w,, Monroe w., S, Francis co, n,, and n, e,, e, and
,s. E. by Misp, r, Aa laid down on Tanner's ira
proved raap of the V. S, the outlines approach
very nearly to a right angled triangle : base a
N, and a. line 54 ms, ; perpendicular the nrthern
boundary, 32 ms, and hypothenuse the general
course of the Misp. r., area 864 sq, ras. Central
lat, 34° 30' long, W, C, 13° 45' w. With but
little exception, it is flat and liable to annual
subraersion, Cf t, Helena, Pop, 1,152,
Philipsburgh, p-v, Wallkill, Orange co, N,
Y,, on Wallkill creek, 20 miles w, Newburgh,
and 4 from Goshen ; has several manufactories.
Philipsburgh, v,, Warren co, N, J,, t, side
Del. r,, oppoaite Easton, Pa,
Philipsburg, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 114
ms, wstrd, Harrisburg,
Philipsburg, p-v, Jefferson co, O,, by p-r, 149
ms, ft. E. by E. Columbua,
Philips Store, and p-o, Nash co, N. C, by
p-r, 61 ms, estrd, Raleigh,
Philipston, p-t, Worcester co. Mass,, 65 ms,
N, w, Boston, 26 n, w, Worcester ; bas very
good grass land, and raany raill sites, Burn-
shint r, rises herein a fine pond: pop. 932.
Philipsville, p-v. Erie co. Pa,, 345 ras, «. w,
W, C,
Philomont, p-v. Loudon co. Va,, 41 miles
wstrd, W. C.
Phipsbuegh, p-t. Lincoln co. Me,, 44 ms, s,
Augusta, 20 s. w. Wiscasset ; forras the s.
partof a long and irregular peninsula on thew.
side of Kennebec r, at ita mouth. It termin
ates in two points, called Bald Head and Cape
Small Point, and has Cape Sraall Point harbor :
pop. 1,311.
Phoenixville, p-v, wstrn. part Chester co.
Pa„ about 30 ras. from PhU.
PHvrEB'fl Cross Roads, and p-o. Knox co, O,,
60 ms, n. E.Columbus.

Physic Spring, and p-o. Buckingham co. Va,,
67 ms, w, Richmond.
PiciCAWAY, CO. ()., bndd. a, by Rosa, Fayette
s. w,, Madison n. w„ Franklin ft., Fairfield e.,
and Hocking s, e. Greatest length 28 miles,
mean length 24, mean breadth 21, and area 500
sq, ras. Central lat, 39° 37', long, W. C. 6° w.
Slope sthrd,, the Scioto r, traveramg it in that
direction, and within its limits receiving Walnut
cr, trom the n, e., and Darby's creek from the
N, w, I'he soil is remarkably diversified, some
part being exuberantly fertile, whilst the oppo
site extreme reaches barrenness. The fertile
part has been found so productive as to afford
crops of 40 or 45 bushels of wheat per acre,
and other grains and fruits in equal proportion,
Thepop, being in 1820, 13,149, 1830, 16,001,
¦R'ould seem to show tbat in general fertility,
Pickaway must fall short of several other cos.
of Ohio, Cft, Circleville,
Pickens, extreme wstrn, dist. of S, C, bndd,
by Greenville dist. n, e,, Anderson e,, Tugaloo r.
aeparating it from Franklin co, Geo, s. w., and
Habersham co, Geo. w., Chatuga r. separating
it from Rabim co. Geo, n, w,, and by Haywood
and Buncombe cos in N. C, n. Length from
s, w, to N, E, 40 ms., mean breadth 30, and area
1,200 sq, ms ; lat, 34° 50', long, W. C. 6° w.
slope sthrd,, and drained chiefly by the various
branches of Seneca r. Surface hilly, and in
part mountainous ; chief t. Pickenville. Pop.
14,473. Pickens co, Ala., bndd. by Lo^wndes co.
Miap, n, -vr., Lafayette co, Ala, n,, Tuscaloosa
CO, E,, Greene s,, and Torabigbee r. separating
it from the Choctaw territory, Ala. w. Length
from s, to N. 36 ras,, mean breadth 20, and area
720 sq. ms. ; lat, 33° 13', long. W, C. 11° 15'
w. Slope s. w,, and in that direction drained
by Sipsey r. and several creeka flowing into
Tombigbee r. ; chief town Piekensville. Pop.
6,622, Pickens, c, h, and p-o, Pickens dist. S. C,
by p-r. 157 ras, n, w, Cidumbia.
PicKENSviLLE, p-v. cstm. part Pickens dist, S.
C, 43 ras. ft. -vr. by w. Spartanburg, and by p-r.
130 ms, K, w.by w. Columbia.
Picee.nsville, p-v. and st. jus. Pickens co.
Ala,, by p-r. n, w, by w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 32°
20', long. W.C. 11° 16' w.
Pickering isl, Hancock co. Me. Pop. 10.
Pickerington, p-v, Franklin co. 0.
Pickett's valley and p-o. Greenville dist. S.
C„ by p-r, 123 ms. ft. vr. Columbia.
PiCKMjNK r. {See Illinois r.)
Piercy, t. Coos co. N. H,, 5 ms. N. E. Lancas.
ter, 20,000 acres, of irregular form, is crossed
by Upper Araonoosuc river, whose n. and s.
branches here unite. Piercy's pond is e. The
surface is uneven, soil not very good. It con.
tains MiU and Pilot mtns., and Devil's Sliding
Place, which has a smooth declivity n., and a
precipice of 300 feet a. First settled 1788.
Pop, 236,
Piermont, -p.t, Grafton co. N. H., 70 ms. n, n.
w. Concord, 132 n, n. w. Boston. It contains
23,000 acres, lies e. Conn, river, has good aoU,
exceUent on the river, with broad meadows.
Grain and grass grow well on the adjoining
plains ; e, of theae are hills favorable to grass.

PIK

401

PIK

White pine growa near the river ; hard maple,
birch, elm, &.c. e. Eastman's ponds are n. e.,
flowing into Conn, through Eastman's brook, on
which are mill seats. Indian brook, alao a
mill stream, is s. ; Barron's Isl. is in Conn, r, ;
valuable quarries are in the n. First settled
1770, Pop. 1,042,
Pierpont, p-t, St, Lawrence co, N, Y,, 213
ras, IV, N. w, Albany, 28 e. s, e, Ogdensburgh, is
crosaed in the n, e, corner by Racket r,, and in
other parts has several sraall streams of Grassy
r. Pop, 749,
Pierpont, p-v, Ashtabula co. O,, by p-r. 199
ms, tt. E, Columbus,
Pig r, Va., rising in tbe southeastern slope
ofthe Blue Ridge, and flowing thence ea.stward,
between Blackwater and Irvine rivers, travers
es and drains the central part of Franklin co.,
and entering Pittsylvania, turns to n. e, and
falls into Roanoke, after a coraparative course
of 35 ras.
Pigeon Hill, p-v. York co. Pa., by p-r, 90
ms,N, W,C,
Pigeon Roost, p-v, Henry co. Ten, by p-r,
100 ms, a little n, of w. NashviUe.
Pig Point, p-v. on the left bank of Patuxent
river, opposite the mouth of the W, branch,
and in the aouthern part of Ann Ariandel co,
Md,, by p-r, 59 railes, but by the common inter
raediate road, only about 30 ras, s,E, by e, W. C,
Pike, p-t, Alleghany co, N, Y,, 255 ms, w,
by b. Albany, 18 n. -vr. Angelica, and s. Gene
see CO., 6 ms. by 12. Itis crossed tt. and s. by
both branches of Wiscoy cr. Genesee r, flows
through the adjoining t. of Portage on the e.
The soil is good, bearing much maple, beech,
bass, elra, &c. Bog iron ore is found here.
Pop. 2,016.
Pike, co. Pa., bndd. by Northarapton s, ; the
nrthrn. branch of Lehigh separating it frora Lu
zerne w,, by Wallenpaupack cr, separating it
from Wayne n. w., Lackawaxen r, separating it
frora Wayne n., Del. r. separating it frora Sul
livan CO, N, Y,, ft. E,, and by Del, r. separating
it from Sussex co. N. J., e,, and Warren co. N.
J., s. E. Length crossing diagonally from e. to
w. 48 ms., raean breadth 15, and area 720 sq,
ms, Lat, 41° 17', long. W. C. 1° 48' E. A ratn.
chain traverses this co. frora s. w, to N. e. divid
ing it into two slopes, one estrd. towards that
part of Del. below tbe raouth of Nevesink r,,
and the other nrthrds, towards that part of Del.
between the mouths of Lackawaxen and Neve
sink rs. ; surface of the co. very broken. Cf. t.
Milford. Pop, 4,843.
Pike, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p.r. 149 ms.
nrthrd, Harrisburg.
Pike, co. Geo., bndd. by Fayette ft. vr,. Hen.
ry N., Butts n. e,, Monroe a. E., Upson s,, and
Fluit river separating it frora Merriwether w.
Length from e. to w. 28 ras., raean width 17,
and area 476 sq. ms. ; lat 32° 07', long. W. C,
7° 30' w.j slope sthrd. and drained in that di
rection by Auhau cr. a branch of Flint, and Chu.
pee cr., a branch of Ocmulgee r. ; Cf, t. Zebu.
lon. Pop. 6,149.
Pike, co. Ala., budd. by Henry s. e.. Dale s.,
Covington a. w., Butler -w., Montgomery n. vr.,
and the Cherokee territory tt. and n. e. ; great.
eat length along tbe athrn. border 68 ms, -, mean

breadth 25, area 1,700 sq, ms. The extrerae
nrthrn, angle is drained by Ockfuskee cr,, a
branch of Tallapoosa r, and slopes to the n.
Tbe much greater part of the whole surface,
however, slopes a, w,, andis drained in that di
rection by the sources of Conecuh and Choctaw
rs, Cf t. Pike o. h. Pop, 7,108,
Pike co, Misp,, bndd, s, w, by Amite, n, w.
by Franklin, Lawrence n,, Marion e,. Wash.
ington parish. La, s, e, and s,, and St. Helena
parish, La. s. w. ; length 30 ma., raean breadth
28, and area 840, Extending in lat, frora 31°
to 31° 27', and in long, from 13° 10' to 13° 40'
w. This CO, is traversed in a s, s. E, direction
by the Bogue Chile r,, and the sthwstrn, angle
gives source to the Tangipao r. The general
slope nearly athrd, ; surface in a great part open
pine woods ; Cf t, HolmesvlUe. Pop, 5,402,
Pike co, Ky,, bndd, a, by Harlan, s, w, and
w, by Perry, n, by FloyS, and by Cumberland
mtn,, which separates it frora Tazewell co, Va,
E„ and frora Rusaell co, Va, s. e. It approaches
the form of a triangle, base 55 ras, along Cura
berland mtn, ; mean breadth 20 ms,, 1,100 sq,
ms, ; lat, 37° 15', long W, C, 5° 40' w. The
nrthestrn, angle is traversed nrthwstrly, by the
West Fork of Big Sandy i,, whUst from the
central and sthrn, sections rise the extreme
sources of Kentucky r, fiowing also to the n,
w. ; surface very broken ; Cf, t, Piketon, Pop,
2,677, Pike co, 0,, bndd, s. by Scioto, Adams s. w,.
Highland w,, Ross n,, and Jackson e, ; lengtii
from E, to w, 32 ms., mean width 18, and area
576 sq, ras, ; lat, 39° and long, W.'C, 6° w, in
tersect in this CO, It is traversed in a s. a, w.
course by Scioto r, ; soil productive in grain,
fruits and meadow grasses; cf, t, Pike.'on,
Pop, 1820, 4,253, 1830, 6,024,
Pike co, Ind,, bndd, by Warrick s,, Gibson
w,. White r, separating it frora Knox n, w,, the
estrn, branch of White r, separating it from
Daviess n, e,, and by Dubois co, e, ; mean length
frora s, to N. 22 raUes, raean breadth 18, and
area 396 sq. ras. The slope ofthis co, is very
nearly due w,, and iu that direction is traversed
by Patoka r. The course alao of both branches
of White r, where they bound the co, is also to
the w, ; cf t, Petersburgh, Pop, 2,475.
Pike co, II., bndd. by Calhoun s,, Misp, r.
separating it frora Pike co. Mo, s, w,. Rails, Mo.
w., and Marion Mo. N. w., again by Adaras,
II. N., Schuyler n, e,, and II, r. separating it
frora Morgan e. and Greene s. e. ; length from
s. to N, 33 ras,, mean breadth 30, and area 990
sq, ras, Lat, 39° 35'-, long, W. C, 14° w, ex.
tending from the Misp, to II, r. ; the principal
slope is wstrd. towards the former ; cf t. Atlas.
Pop, 2,396.
Pike co. Mo,, bndd. by Lincoln s, e,, Mont.
gomery s,, Ralls a. w., andN, w., andthe Miap.
r. aeparating it from Pike co, II. n. e,, and from
Calhoun co, II. e. ; length from a. to n, 36 ras.
mean breadth 20, and area 720 sq. ras. ; lat.
39° 20', long. W. C. 14 w. Salt r. of Mo,, en.
ters the Misp. in the nrthm. angle of this co.,
which it traverses to the s. e. The nrthrn.
branches of Cuivre (Copper) r. riae in the sthrn.
section, and also flow a. E. ; chief t. Bowling
Green. Pop. 6,129.

PIN

402

PIS

Pike c. h. and p.o. Pike co. Ala., by p.r. 179
ms. B. E. Tuacaloosa.
Pikesville, p.v. Baltimore co. Md. by p.r.
46 ras, ft. E. W. C, and 8 ms. from Baltiraore.
Piketon, p-v. and at. jua. Pike co. Ky. situa
ted on the W, Fork of Sandy r,, by p-r. 165 ms.
B. E. by e. Frankfort.
Piketon, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. 0. situated
onthe left bank of Scioto r. 26 ms. above Ports
mouth, and by p-r. 65 ms. s. Colunabia ; lat. 39°
02', long. W. C. 6° w. Pop. 271.
Pikeville, p-v. and St. jus. Marion co. Ala.
situated on Battahatche r,, byp-r. 118 ms, n.n.
w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 34° 07', long. W. C. 11 vr.
Pikeville, p-v. and st. jus, Bledsoe co. Ten.,
situated on Sequatchie r,, by p-r. 109 ma. a. e,
by E. NashviUe ; lat. 35° 39', long. W. C, 8°
12' w.
Pikeville, p-v. Monroe co. Ky. by p-r. 145
ms. s, s. w. Frankfort!
Pilesgrove, t. Salera co. N, J. 50 ms. s. w.
Trenton, 25 s, Phila,, hasOldraan's cr. n. which
separates it frora Woolwich, Gloucester co.,
and is crossed by Salera r., on which are the
villages of Sharptown and Woodstown. Pop,
2,150. Pinckney, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y., 153 miles
N. w, Albany, 13 s. e, Watertown, and E, of
Rodman in Jefferson co., 6 ms. by 6J, first set
tled 1805, has nearly a level surface, with rauch
moist, sandy loam, favorable to grain and
grass, and bearing a variety of forest trees :
pop, 763.
Pinckney, p-v. on the left bank of the Mo.
river, Montgomery co. Mo., by p-r. 66 ms, w.
St, Louis,
Pinckneyville, p-v. Union dist. S. C, 92 ms.
n. N, w, Columbia,
Pinckneyville, p-v, Gwinnet co. Geo. by p-r,
106 ras, n, w, Milledgeville.
Pinckneyville, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. 44
ras, s. Natchez.
Pinckneyville, p-v, and st. jus. Perry co.
Illinois, situated on Boucoup creek, a branch of
Muddy creek, by p-r. 129 railes a little w. of
B, Vandalia, lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 12° 25'
west. Pindertown, p-v. and st. jus. Lee co, Geo.,
situated on Flint river, by p-r. 130 miles a. s,
w, MUledgeviUe, lat. 31° 40', long, W. C. 7°
10' w.
Pine cr. or more correctly r. of Pa., rising in
Potter and Tioga cos,, interlocking sourcea
with tbose of Tioga, Genesee, and Alleghany
rs. The various branches unite in Tioga, from
which the united water flows into Lycoraing,
and falls into the W. branch of Susquehannah
r., after a sthrn. courae by comparative diatance
60 ms.
Pine cr. p-o. Tioga co. Pa., by p.r. 159 ms.N.
Harriaburg. Pine Bldfp, p.o. southeastern part Pulaski
CO. Arkanaaa, by p-r. 50 miles s. e. Little
Rock. Pine Grove, p.v. SchuylkiU co. Pa., by p.r.
41 ms. N, E. Harrisburg.
Pine Grove, p.v. Tyler co. Va. by p.r. 249
ms. wstrd, W. 0.
Pine Grove, milla and p.o. Centre co. Pa„
byp.r. 88 ms. nrthwatrd. Harrisburg.

Pine Orchard, Catakill, Greene co. N. Y.,
8 milea w. Hudson river, and CatskiU vil. a
small level on the CatskUl mtns., a favorite re
sort of travellers of taste during the hot sea
son. It was originally covered with a grove of
pine trees, growing at nearly equal distances,
on a aurface acattered with broken rocka, and
terminating at a projection which overhanga a
precipice of aorae bundreda of feet. At that
spot has been erected a splendid hotel, called
the Catskill Mountain house, from which the
view ranges without interruption over the wide
valley of the Hudson, including some of the
highlands of Conn., Mass. and Vt, The most
distant erainences in eight N. and s, are about
70 ras. apart.
Pine Park, p-v. Bibb co. Ala., by p-r. 59 ms.
estrd, Tuscaloosa.
Pine Plains, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 79 ms. s.
Albany, 28 n. e. Poughkeepsie, 4 ms. by 10,
has a small village ; a high hill e. and Stissing
mtn. w„ on the e. side of which is Stissing
pond, with an outlet s. the head stream of Wap.
pinger's creek. Chioome creek crosses the
town from b. e. to n. w. flowing into Roeleff
.lansen's cr,, which crosses tbe n, w. corner.
Pop, 1,503.
Pine Street, p.v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r.
162 ms. N. w. Harrisburg,
Pine Village, p-v, Edgefield dist. S. C, 66
ms. wstrd. Columbia.
Pineville, p-v. nrthm. part of Charleston
dist. S. C, 53 ras. tt. Charleston, and by p-r. 92
ras, B. E. Colurabia.
Pineville, p-v. nrthrn, part Clarke co. Ala,,
by p-r. 107 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa.
Piney river, p-v. on a small stream of the
name name, southem part Dickson co. Ten.
By p.r. the p.o. is 54 miles westward Nash.
ville. Pintlalah, or Pintelalah, small r, of Mont.
gomery CO. Ala, rises on the sthrn. border ofthe
CO. and flowing nrthrd. falls into the left side of
Ala. r.
Pintlalah, p.o. Montgomery co. Ala., 13 ras.
from Montgomery, the co. st. and by p.r. 132
ms. s. E, Tuscaloosa.
Piping Tree, p-v. King WiUiam co. Va,, by
p-r, 20 ms, tt. e. Richmond.
PiauA, p-v. Washington tsp. nrthrn, part of
Miami co, 0., by p-r. 79 ms. a little n. of w.
Colurabus, and 8 ras. N. n, w. Troy, the co. st. ;
pop. 488.
PiciuEA, p.v. sthrn. part of Lancaster co. Pa.
27'ms. sthrd. Lancaster, and by p.r. 126 miles
nrthestrd. W. C.
PiscATAauA r., N. H., the boundary between
N. H. and Me. from the ocean 40 ms. n. n. w.
which is the length of its course. Its source
is in Wakefield. Ita mouth is near Portsmouth,
which capital stands on ita s. ahore. It ia a
large, deep and important stream the last few
ms. of its course, spreading out into several
bays. Only this part of it ia commonly caUed
Piacataqua ; the middle part, from the mouth of
Cocheco river to the lower falla in Berwick,
bearing the name of Newichawannoc, and the
upper part Salmon Falla river. The western
branch is formed by several branchea, which
fall into Great Bay, Swamscot r. from Exeter,

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Winnicot r. which passes through Greenland,
and Lamprey river flowing between Durham
and Newmarket. At a smaller bay below.
Oyster river comes in frora the n. The tide,
which flowa up to the lower falla in aU these
strearas, affords navigation from them to Ports.
mouth. The channel, being narrow, though
very deep, 7 ms. froiri the ocean, causes a very
rapid rush of water both at the rising and the
falling of the tide, so that ice is never forraed
across. Tbe harbor forraed near the mouth of
the Piscataqua is very safe and capacious.
There is an outer and an inner bay, islands with
forts, a light house, &c., and in the inner is a
navy yard of the U. S.
PiscATAauoQ r., Hillsborough co. N, H,, is
formed of 2 branches, and enters Merrimac r.
on the Une of Goffstown and Bedford.
PiscATAauoG, p.v, Bedford, Hillsborough co.
N. H., a pleasant little vUlage on Piscataquog
r. near its junction with the Merriraac, with a
bridge over the forraer, 60 ft. long. The Union
canal here passes the falls, and facilitates the
business of theplace.
Piscataway, v., Piscataway, Middlesex co.
N. J. 3 ms. N. E. New Brunswick, and N, Rari
tan r.
Piscataway cr. sthm, part Prince George's
county, Md. rises a few ms. w. of Upper Marl
borough, and flowing a. w. falls into Potoraac
at Fort Washington.
Piscataway, p.v. on Piscataway cr., sthrn.
part Prince George's co. Md. by p.r. 16 ms. s.
W.C. Pisgah, p.v. Cooper co. Mo. 34 ms. wstrd.
Jefferson. Pitcher, p.t. Chenango co. N. Y. 127 ras. w.
s. w. Albany. Pop. 1,214.
Pitch Landing, and p-o. sthrn. part Hertford
CO. N. C. 12 ms, s. Wmton, the co. St. and 129
ms. N. E, by E, Raleigh.
Pitt, co. N. C. bndd, E. by Beaufort, Johnson
s,, Lenoir s, w,, Greene w,, Edgecombe tt. w.,
and Martm n. and n. e. Lengtb from e. to w.
44 ms. ; greatest breadth 36 ms. but mean
breadth 18 ms., and area about 800 square ms.
Central lat. 35° 35'. The meridian of W, C,
traverses the eastern angle. Contentney or the
ratn, branch of Neuse r. traverses the sthrn.
angle in a s. e. course, whilst Tar, r. in a simi
lar direction winds over the central part. The
general slope is to the s. e. Cf t. GreenviUe.
Pop. 12,093.
Pittsboro', p-v. and st, jus. Chathara co. N.
C. situated on the road from Raleigh to Ash.
boro', 33 ms. wstrd. of the former, and 39
estrd. of the latter, lat. 35° 43', and long. 2° 14'
w. W. C.
Pittsburg, city Alleghany co. Pa, situatedon
the point above the junction and between the
Alleghany and Monongahela rs. and where
these two streams form the Ohio r. by p.r. 323
ms. northwestward W. C, 201 w. Harrisburg,
and 297 ms. a little n. of w. Phila,, lat, 40° 28',
long, 2° 56' vr. W. C. That part incorporated
and particulariy caUed Pittsburg, lies entirely
on the point above noticed, and occupies an al.
luvial plain and part of the adjacent hill pro.
truded between the two rs. In its form the city
of Pittsburg is laid out with a very strong re.

semblance to N. Y. The streets along the Mo
nongahela are laid out at right angles to each
other, and perpendicular or parallel to that
stream; and the sarae relative arrangeraent
prevails along the AUeghany, and renders the
streets of tbe two sections of the city oblique
to each other. In 1820, if the adjacent villages
were included, there were within 1 mile of
its centre, about 10,000 persons, of whom
7,248 resided in the corporation. In 1826, the
city contained a population of 10,515. By
the census of 1830, the city alone contained
12,568 inhabitants, but in a coraraercial and
social point of view, Alleghany town, Bir.
minghara, LaYfrenceville, Bayardstown, and
the street along the Monongahela opposeit,
all belong to Pittsburg as suburbs, and all
included in one aggregate, araounted to
18,000, in 1830, and now 1832, no doubt ex
ceeds 20,000, Pittsburg is eraphatically the
Birraingham of the Ohio valley, and is in no
small proportion made up of manufacturing edi.
fices, and inhabited by raanufacturers. Amongst
the machinery erected here, may be naraed as
first in utility and efficiency, a high pressure
engine of 84 horse power, which raises water
frora the Alleghany river 116 ft. and can afford
a diurnal supply of 1,500,000 gallons. There
were according to Flint early in this year, 1832,
11 extensive iron foundries, from which, in
1830, were raanufactured frora pigs, 5,339 tona.
There were 6 rolling railla and nail factories
united, whicb raanufactured 7,950 tons of pigs
into blooras, and 2,805 tons into nails. There
were 4 extensive cotton factories, one of which
worked 10,000 apindlea. Two glass works,
several breweries, and taking altogether up
wards of 270 raanufacturing establiahmenta.
Tbere are 13 churches, for Roman CathoUcs,
Baptists, Covenanters, Seceders, Methodists,
Gerraan Lutherans, Episcopalians, Presbyteri
ans, Unitarians, fee. In this city is located the
Weatern University of Pa., (in which are 4 in
structors and about 60 students,) the Pittsburg
High school, numerous private schools, Lara-
din's muaeura, a branch of the U. S, and 2 or
3 other banks, a theatre, and also a state prison.
The city is united to the adjacent country be
yond the two rs,, by a bridge over each. That
across the Monongahela is, however, in sorae
raeasure useless, from being located too high
up the stream, and a ferry is still kept up from
the point to the great weatern road, through
Washington, Wheeling, Steubenville, and other
places. The site is a real amphitheatre formed
by the hand of nature* The rivers flow in chan
nels from 450 to 465 ft. below the highest peaks
of the neighboring hills. The writer of thia
article measured the height of several hills in
the vicinity of Pittsburg, and found them va
rying between the relative elevations stated.
Another geological phenomenon deserves par
ticular notice ; the main coal strata lie some.
thing above 300 ft. above the level ofthe streets
of that part of the city on the alluvial point, and
these strata Ue almost exactly on one level. A
levelling instrument placed at the mouth of any
of the coal beds, if carried round the horizon
the circle of vision passes along the openings
of all the other mines. The hiUa though ateep

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are not, except in a few instances, precipitous,
and afford from their slopes and peaks a seriea
of rich and varied landacape. The acenery ia
in a most interesting manner strengthened in
color by the fertility of soU wbich continues to
the very summits. There ia nothing of barren.
ness visible ; vegetation in the forests, raead
ows, fields, orchards, and gardens, exhibita one
theatre of abundance. The formation is here,
as in every other part of the valley of Ohio,
floetz, or level, so much so, indeed, as to ren
der the draining of the coal mines difficult.
Limestone is formed, but the prevailing rock is
a porous sand stone as far as the earth has been
penetrated. Few places in the United States combine so
great advantages of position as does Pittsburg,
The great line of canal and rail road frora Phil
adelphia by the Schuylkill over the Susquehan
nah valley, and the intervening raountains, ter
minates for the present in the valley of Ohio at
Pittsburg, but its extension down the latter
stream is amongst the inevitable effects of its
execution to the head of such a navigation.
The Ohio is impeded by auturan drought in di
rect excess with ascent, and is nearly annually
rendered unnavigable as low down as Marietta,
for one, two or three raonths before the frosts of
winter. It is, however, navigable as high as
Wheeling, long after it ceases to be so at the
confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela,
Taken with all its existing business, few if any
other places, in either the United States or Eu
rope with an equal population, have transactions
to so great araount. The value of its raanu-
f ictures falls annuaUy but Uttle under $3,000,-
000, and the objects of raanufacture being those
of priraary necessity, renders the prosperity of
tbe plaoe permanent.
Pittsfield, p-t, Somerset co. Me. by p-r. 38
ms. from Augusta. Pop, 609,
Pittsburgh, p-v, western part of Baldwin co.
Geo. 8 ms, from MiUedgeviUe,
Pittsfield, p-t, Merrimack co, N. H,, 15 ms,
N, w. Concord, with 14,921 acrea, is uneven
and rocky, with good soil, and is crossed by
Suncook r, from n, to s., supplying mill seats.
s. E, is Catamount mtn, from which is seen the
ocean, and on which is Berry's pond, 300 yards
by i mile, supplying miU seats with its outlet.
There are several other ponds. Pop. 1,276,
Pittsfield, p-t, Rutland co, Vt,, 35 ras, a, w,
Montpelier, 17 n, e. Rutland, is in the n. e. cor
ner of the CO. ; first settled 1786, and organized
1793, Tweed r, a branch of White r,, is form
ed near the centre, by the union of three
streams, which afford miU sites. White r. also
crosses the e, part. The surface is mountain
ous, and Wilcox's peak is the highest. 4 school
dists. Pop, 505,
Pittsfield, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass,, 125 ras.
w. Boston, 38 e, s. e, Albany ; Ues between the
two mountainous ranges of Taughkannic and
the Green mtns,, has a varied and beautiful
surface, good soil, and, along the two main
branches of Housatonic r,, extensive meadows.
The village enjoys an airy situation, on the sum
mit of a hill, -with a large pubUc square, in the
centre of which is a remarkably fine elra, which
was loft when the forest was cleared away. It

has several streets, with anumber of stores and
handsome residences, and a bank; the Berk
shire academy, and a seminary for females. In
the tsp. are several extensive factories, inclu.
ding Mr. Pomeroy's, of muskets, where arms
are frequently raade for the U. S. The settle.
ment began in 1736, and two garrison houses
were erected in 1754, but the general occupa.
tion of the town has been much more recent.
The Indians called it Pontoosuc, During the
last war, many British prisoners were cantoned
in the village. Pop. 3,515.
Pittsfield, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y., 87 raa, w.
Albany, and 15 s, w, Cooperstown ; has Unadilla
w, whicb separates it from Chenango co,, and
has an irregular surface, with fertile vaUies and
arable hills, with fine pastures well watered.
Wharton's cr. falls into Mead r. Pop, 1,006,
Pittsford, p-t, Rutland co. Vt,, 60 ms, n, Ben
nington, 44 s. w. Montpelier, 8 n. Rutland.
First settled 1768, frora Greenwich, Mass.,
and had forts Mott and Vengeance, picketed in
the revolution ; the latter being the most n,
frontier point held by Americans in tbe war, w.
ofthe Green ratns. It contains 25,000 acres.
Otter creek flows frora s. to n. through the raid.
die, from 40 to 50 yards wide, winding, and
slow. Furnace r. is a branch formed of East
cr. and Philadelphia r., which have valuable
meadows, and good mill sites. A pond s. e.
contains twenty acres, and one n. e. 30. A
hilly range is on the w, line. The soil is loam,
with sorae sand and clay, bearing oaks, pine,
raaple, beech, &c. &c., and contains iron ore,
yielding 25 per cent. Marble is quarried and
sent to Middlebury to be sawn and cut. It is
coarse and elastic, so that a thin slab laid hor.
izontally, supported only at the ends, bends in
the middle. Oxide of manganese also is found
here. There are 14 school dists. Pop. 2,005.
Pittsford, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 215 ms. N.
N. w, Albany, 8 e. Rochester, 22 n. w. Canan.
daigua ; with 22 aq, ms, ; has Irondequot cr. s.
E,, Noyes cr, n, w,, with few raill seats, and is
crossed by Erie canal frora n, w. in a crooked
course to s. e,, where is the great erabankment
over Irondequot cr. The village is in tbe n, w.
corner, and almost surrounded by the canal.
Pop, 1,831.
Pittsgrove, p-t. Salem co, N, J,, 74 ma. s.
s. w. Trenton, 25 s. Philadelphia ; has a little
of the head of Oldman's cr, n. with Gloucester
CO., and at its s. angle just touches the n. w, an
gle of Deerfield, Cumberland co. Pop. 1830,
2,216. Pittston, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ms. b. Au.
gusta, has Lincoln co. e. and s,, and Kennebec
r, w., into which it sends several small streams.
Itis a place of some trade. Pop, 1,799,
Pittston, p-v. onthe bank of the East Branch
of Susquehannah r., at the mouth of Lackawan
noc r,, Luzerne co. Pa,, 9 ms. above Wilkes-
Barre. Pittston Ferry, nearly opposite Pittston p-v.
Luzerne co. Pa., 8 ms. above, but on the oppo
site side of the East Branch of Susquehannah
from Wilkes-Barre,
Pittstown, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y,, 18 ms.
N.E. Albany, 15 tt. e, Troy, s, Washington co, ;
with 35,500 acres; first settled 1750; is un.

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even but arable, with a good soil, bearing oak,
maple, beech, ash, &o., and sends wheat, pork,
beef, &.C. to market. The villages of Pittstown
and Tomhanoc, are in pleasant vallies. Hoosac
r. is on the n. line. The raill strearas are sraall.
Pop. 3,702.
Pittsylvania, co. Va., bndd. s. w. by Henry,
Franklin w., Roanoke r. separating it frora Bed
ford, N. w., and Campbell n, ; it has Halifax on
the E,, and Caswell and Rockingham cos, N.
C. s. Greatest length from a. to n. 40 ms.,
mean length 36, breadth 28, and area 1,000 aq,
ms, Lat, 36° 50', long. 2° 21' w. W. C. This
CO. is bndd. on the ft. by Roanoke, in the centre
by Banister r., arid on the s. by Dan r., all of
which strearas in that part of their respective
courses flow estrd,, and of course give that
slope to the surface. Much of the soil is ex
cellent. Cf t. Competition, usually called Pitt
sylvania c. h. ; Pop. 1820, 21,313, 1830, 26,034,
Pittsylvania, c, h. and p-o., or Competition,
st, jus. Pittsylvania co. Va., ia aituated near the
centre ofthe co. on a branch of Baniater r,, by
p-r. 259 ma. s. w. W. C, and 167 ras. s. w. by
w. Richmond. Lat. 36° 50', long. W. C. 2°
20' w.
Placentia, ial., Hancock co. Me, : Pop. 39.
Plain Dealing, p-v. Meade co. Ky,, 10 ms,
eatrd, Brandenburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 80
ras, wstrd. Frankfort.
Plainfield, t. Washington co. Vt,, 55 ras. n.
Windsor, 21 n. w, Newbury; first settled about
1794, and has 10,000 acres. Onion r. is in the
N. w. part, and is here joined by Great brook,
which crosses the town. The village is at the
junction, with several mills, &c. There is a
trout pond, and a small raineral spring which is
resorted to by invalids ; the soil is pretty good,
the surface MUy, and timber is abundant : Pop,
874. Plainfield, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 12 ras. s,
w. Dartraouth college, 55 w. n. w. Concord, 111
N, w, Boston, E, Conn, r., and s. of Grafton co.
Has pine tiraber near the river, maple, beech,
&c. on the hills. It contains fine meadows,
particularly on the r. Harts isl,, 19 acres, be
longs to thia town. There ia a pleasant village,
in which ia Union academy, with a fund of
$40,000, given by Hon. Daniel KimbaU, the in
terest of which is to be given partly to a clergy
man, and partly to the education of ministers.
First settled 1764. Waterqueechy falls are in
this town : Pop. 1,581.
Plainfield, p-t, Hampshire co, Mass., 110
ms. w. Boston, 20 tt. vr. Northampton ; lies on
the range of the Green mtns., and supplies the
head streams of the «. branch of Westfield r.
Pop, 984.
Plainfield, p.t. Windham co. Conn, lies e,
of Ciuinnebaug r. n. New London co. and is
crosaed by Moosup r. a branch of the Quinne.
bang, with other small streama. The village is
pleasantly aituated in the midat of a level. The
town haa good aoil and many valuable farms.
It has also an academy : Pop, 2,290,
Plainfield, p.t, Otaego co. N. Y,, 75 ras, w.
Albany, 15 N. vr. Cooperstown, E. IJnadilla r,
or Madiaon co., and a. Oneida co. Several
amall branches of Unadilla r. are in the town.
The surface is level and fertile n, vr., and hilly
* 52

a.," with fine paaturea. The country is elevated
between the head streams of the Mohawk and
Susquehannah : pop. 1,626.
Plainfield, vUlage, Westfield, Essex co.
N, J., 16 milea s. vr. Newark, and e. of Green.
brook. Plainfield, p.v. Coshocton co. O., by p.r, 70
ms, N, E. by E. Columbus,
Plainfield, p-v, St, Clair co, Mich., by p-r.
64 ms. N, E, Detroit,
Plainbville, p-v, Luzerne co. Pa., byp-r. 119
ma. N. E, Harrisburg,
Plaistow, p-t, Rockinghara co, N, II,, 36 ras,
a. E, Concord, 30 s, w, Portsraouth, 35 n, by w.
Boston, N. and n, w, Haverhill, Mass, ; 6,839
acres ; was purchased of the Indians, 1642, as
a part of that town, and has a good, black,
loaray soU, rocky n, w. Some minerals are
found here, many springs anij a few small
streams : pop, 591,
Plaquemines, (Perciraon,) outlet of the Misp,
to the right, 96 ras, below tbe raouth of Red r,,
8 ras, below the outlet of IbervUle frora the op
posite side, and 117 ms, above New Orleans.
The Plaquemine outlet receives water only
wheu the Mississippi is within 8 or 10 feet of
its extreme height uf flood ; but when the main
streara has attained its greatest height, large
barges and stearaboats are safely navigated
down the Plaquemine into its recipient the At,
chafalaya ; and thence by the varioua inter
locking streams to upper Attacapas, andto Ope
lousas. The channel of Plaquemine, of 15 ms.
in length, is very winding, but the banke being
ateep and composed of alluvial soil, vessels re
ceive but little damage by running on shore. It
is a pass of very great importance, as, through
it, passes the travelling and coraraerce of a
wealthy and fertile section of La,
Plaquemine, remarkable bend of the Missis.
sippi r. 75 ras, below New Orleans. Fort St.
Philip, called in the p-o, list fort Jackson, stands
on this bend, and on the left bank of the r,, and
corapletely coramands the stream, which, oppo
site the glacis, is only 37 chains, or a fraction
less than half a mile wide ; of course the op
posite shore is within reach of point blank shot.
At this place is a post office called Fort Jack.
son. Plaquemines, parish of La,, bndd. w. by Jef
ferson, St. Bernard n. w,, lake Borgne tt.,
Chandeleur bay e,, and the gulf of Mexico s.
B, and s. Greatest length, fqllowing the gener.
al comparative course of Misp, r, 85 miles.
Greatest breadth from Barataria bay to the pass
of Marian 75 ms. The form approaching that
of a cross, ends in narrow points at each ex.
tretne ; the area about 2,500 sq. ma. Extend.
ing in lat, from 29° to 30° 10', and in long. W.
C. 12° to 13° w. The surface is the sthestrn.
saUent part of the great plain of the Missis.
sippi, and is literally a plain, over which no
spot rises 10 ft. above the level of the gulf of
Mexico. This was demonstrated by the hurri
cane of the 18tb and 19th August, 1812, when
the water was raised 8 ft, above its ordinary
level, inundated the whole Plaquemine parish,
spreading ruin and death along the cultivated
banks of the Misp, r. Houses, fences, horses,
cattle, and not a few human beings, were en.

i ,«& ,m

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gulfed. 'The storra was truly terrible over all
La,, but below the EngUsh Turn, 15 ms. below
New Orleans, it was a real deluge with all the
terrors of such a catastrophe. The writer of
this article passed along the scene in April,
1813, when it atill appeared as if an enormous
weight had been rolled over the whole surface
where any timber had stood to meet the fury of
the tempest. The wooded, very slightly eleva
ted, and arable margins of the Misp. river
would be fully estimated at 120 square miles
in Plaquemine parish ; and the residue is one
extended grassy raarsh. Tbe arable soil is,
however, extreraely productive. Sugar cane,
cotton, Indian corn, rice, the orange and fig
tree, with an indefinite list of esculent plants,
grow luxuriantly. There is no town in thia
parish deserving the title : pop. 1820, 2,354,
1830, 4,489.
Plato, p.v. Lorain co. Ohio, by p-r. 139 ms.
N. N. E. Columbua.
Platte, large r. of the U. S., and one of the
great watrn. confluents of Mo. r., rises accord.
ing to Tanner, in the eastern vallies of the
Chippewayan or Rocky mountains, interlocking
sourcea to the southward with those of Arkan
aaa, to the nrthrd. with those of Yellow Stone
r., and to the wstrd. with those of Lewis' r,,
branch of Oregon or Coliimbia r. The extrerae
source of Platte, as laid down on Tanner's N.
A,, is in lat, 40° and a little w. of 30° w. long.
W. C, and so nearly due E. is the general
course of this large stream, that though trav
ersing ll degrees of long,, its entrance into the
Mo. river is at lat. 41° 03'. It is in the higher
part of its course composed of two branches ;
the Padouca or sthrn. and the Platte proper or
nrthrn., both deriving their sources along the
estrn, slope of the Chippewayan systeni, and
along or near long. W. C. 30° w. The two
branches inclining upon each other, unite after
a separate course over 5 degrees of long. The
name of this r. is derived from the features of
its channel, which is disproportionably wide,
shallow, and irapeded by sand banka and isla.
Theae phenomena, however, the Platte ahares
in common with all the atreama sthwrd. frora
Misp, proper, and which flow frora the Chippe
wayan mtna. or immenae plains between that
system and the Misp. and gulf of Mexico, none
of which maintain throughout the year naviga
ble water, answering in any moderate propor
tion to their length of volurae or surface they
respectively drain. This is the case with the
Platte, Kansas, Arkansas, Red river, Sabine,
Trinity, Braaoa, Colerado of the Gulf of Mex
ico, and in a very atriking manner with the Rio
Grande del Norte. The valley of the Platte,
aa laid down on our beat mapa, liea between
thoae of Mo. and Yellow Stone r. to the tt., and
the Arkanaaa and Kanaaa ra, a,, and ia about 560
ma. from w. to e. ; mean breadth 120, and area
67,200 aq. ms. Surface in great part unwooded
and in many places desert plains. The series
of rs. belonging to tbe system of which Platte
is one, is .continued sthrd. to the Rio Grande
inclusive, and nrthrd. to the Mo, at the Mandan
villages. In the latter direction the streama
are rapidly abridged m their length by the pe
cuUar form of the upper vaUey of Mo. If the

volume of the Platte afforded navigable facili-
tiea in proportion to the length, and direction of
ita channel, it would be the most suitable
route of intercommunication between the Misp.
basin and Pacific ocean, as it heads in the
aame ayatem of mountaina, and at no great
diatance frora the aourcea of tbe Timpanogoa,
Bueneventura, and Colerado of the gulf of
California. These latter rivera from the vague
knowledge we possess of the region they
drain, partake of the na-vigable defects we
have noticed in regard of those streams issuing
from the opposite sid,e of the same syatem of
mountains. Plattekill, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 89 ms. a.
by w. Albany, 22 a. Kingaton, n. Orange co, ;
with 30 aq. ma. ; has an irregular form, few
streams, and a village called Pleasant Valley ;
pop. 2,044.
Plattsburgh, p-t. and st. jua. Clinton co. N.
Y., 164 ma, n, Albany, 112 n. WhitehaU, 120 e.
Ogdensburgh, w. lake Champlain, is crosaed
by Saranac and Salmon ra., and aeveral amaller
streams which fumiah good mill aeats. The E.
part ia nearly level, and the w. very hilly and
broken. The v. ia at the mouth of the Saranac,
13 ms. ft. Port Kent, and contains the co. build
ings. It was taken by the British twice in the
last war. The view upon the lake from the
high grounds near, is very fine. Cumberland
bay was the scene of iVl cDonough's victory in
the American squadron on the lake, on the Ilth
Sept. 1814, over that of the British general.
Sir George Prevost, wbo was at that time en
caraped in the n. part of the village of Platts.
burgh, with 14,000 raen. The Araerican ves.
sels had a total of 86 guns and 820 men, and
the British 95 guns and 1,050 men. The result
of tbe battle was of the highest iraportance, as
it compelled the enemy to retreat, and delivered
the country below from the fear of invasion :
pop. 4,913.
Pleasant, p.v. nrthwst. part Switzerland co.
Ind., 93 ms. s. e. Indianopolis.
Pleasant Exchange, p.v. Henderson co.
Tenn., by p.r. 128 miles s. w. by w. Nashville.
Pleasant Garden, p.v. Burke co. N. C, by
p-r. 223 ms. w. Raleigh.
Pleasant Grove, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by
p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Richmond.
Pleasant Grove, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by
p-r. 64 ms. k. w. by w. Raleigh.
Pleasant Grove, p-o. GreenvUle dist. S. C.
by p-r. 125 ms. n. w. Columbia.
Pleasant Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. byp-r.
115 ms. N. w. Milledgeville.
Pleasant Grove, p-o. Maury co. Ten. 10 ras.
sthrd. Colurabia the co. St., and by p-r. 52 ms.
sthrd. Nashville.
Pleasant Grove, p-v. Tazewell co. II. by p-r.
153 ms. N. N, w. Vandalia.
Pleasant Grove, p-v. Lafayette co. Mo. by
p-r. 286 nis. wstrd. St. Louis.
Pleasant Hill, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. by p-r.
125 ms. N. E. W. C.
Pleas,\nt Hill, p-o. Charles co. Md.26 ms.
sthrd. W. C,
Pleasant Hill, p-v, western part of Wythe
CO, Virginia, by p-r. 344 miles a. vr. by w.
W, C.

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Pleasant Hill, p-v. Northampton co. N. C.
by p-r. 101 ms. n, e, Raleigh.
Pleasant Hill, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C. by
p.r, 66 ms. n. n. e, Columbia.
Pleasant Hill, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by p.r.
105 ms. a. a. e, Tuscaloosa.
Pleasant Hill, p-o. Jefferson co. Misp. by
p-r. 14 ras. ft. Natchez.
Pleasant Hill, p-o. Crawford co. Ark. by
p-r. 139 ras. ms, wstrd. Little Rock.
Pleasant Hill, p-o. Davidson co. Ten. by
p-r, 8 ms. wstrd. Nashville.
Pleasant Mount, p-v. Wayne co. Pa. by p.r.
'269ms, N. N.E. W.C.
Pleasant Plains, p.o. Franklin co. Ten. by
p.r. 81 ms. s. e. NashvUle.
Pleasant Ridge, p.o. Greene co. Ala. by p.r.
67 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa.
Pleasant Ridge, p.o. Rush co. Ind. 49 ms.
s. E. by E. Indianopolis.
Pleasant Spring, p.v. Limestone co. Ala. by
p.r. 178 ms. n. n. e. "Tuscaloosa.
Pleasant Unity, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa.,
by p-r. 189 ms. n. w. W. C.
Pleasant Vale, p-v. Pike co. II,, 10 ms, n. At
las, CO. St., and by p-r. 158 ras. n. w. Vandalia.
Pleasant Valley, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 7
ms. N. E. Poughkeepsie, and 82 from Albany,
about 6 ms. sq., is nearly level, with good land.
The V, is near the centre, on Wappinger's cr.
7 ms. a. E, Poughkeepsie, and contains several
factories : pop, 2,419.
Pleasant 'Valley, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about
43 raa. n. PhUa.
Pleasant Valley, p-v. Fairfax co. Va.. 30
ms. wstrd. W, C.
Pleasant Valley, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C;
by p-r. 96 ras. n. n. e. Colurabia.
Pleasant Valley, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by p.r.
92 ms. B. B. E. Tuscaloosa.
Pleasant Valley, p-v. Washington co. Ind.
by p-r. 89 ms. a. Indianopolia.
PLEAaANT View, p-v. Henry co. Ten., by p.r.
189 ma. watrd, Nashville.
Pleasantville, p.v. Montgomery co. Pa. by
p-r. 22 ms. nrthrd. Phil.
Pleasantville, p-v, Rockingham co. N. C.
by p-r. 118 ras. N, w. Raleigh.
Pleasantville, p-v. Fairfield co. 0. by p-r.
29 ms. a. e. Colurabus. Pop. 34.
Pleasureville, p-v. Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 34
ma. n. w. Frankfort.
Pluckamin, p-v. Bedminster, Somerset co.
N. J,, 6 ms. N. SomeravUle. The range of
Pluckamin rams, begins here, which extends
N, E, to the Passaic falls at Patterson.
Plumb, isl., Mass., between Ipswich and
Newburyport, is near the raain land, and about
9 ms, in length.
Plumb isl,, Southold, Suffolk co. N. Y., 1 ra.
by 3, has a few farailies ; it is separated from
Oyster Pond pouit, by a narrow strait. A line
drawn nearly n. e. from that point passes through
this isl., the Gull isls., the Race and Fishers'
isl. where Long Isl. sound appears to have been
formerly more nearly closed at its e. extremity
than now. The surface is very atony. Some
pine wood is found in a swamp.
Plumb Grove, p-o. St. Charles' co. Mo., about
40 ma. watrd, St. Louia.

Plum Orchard, p.o. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r.
60 ma. eatrd. Indianopolia.
Plymouth, t. Penobscot co. Me., 44 ma. from
Augusta. Pop. 504.
Plymouth, p-t. and half ahire Grafton co,
N. H. 75 ms. n. w. Portsmouth, 40 n. by w.
Concord, 31 a. e. Haverhill, w. Pemigewaaset r,,
16,256 acrea, has also Baker's r,, 30 ms. long.
and several smaller strearas, pretty good soU,
bearing beech, maple, birch, heralock and white
pine. The uplands, which aro mountainous,
are aeven-eightha of the t. The church in the
N. E. corner, is on a coramanding hill. There is
a library. First settled 1764. Baker's r. has
its name from a successful attack on the Indians,
who dwelt on its meadowa, by Capt. Baker,
from HaverhiU, Mass. Pop. 1,175.
Plymouth, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 15 ma. w.
Windaor, 52 s. Montpelier, 16 s. w. Rutland ;
settled 1776 ; gives rise to I3lack r. which runs
s, E,, and furnishes mUl seats, and has several
fish ponds connected with it. Here rise also 2
branches of Queechy r. The surface is broken.
Mount Tom, and another mtn, cross the t. paral
lel to the r. ; priraitive liraestone is quarried
and cut here for raarket ; soap stone also
abounds. There are several caverns 500 yds.
a. w. of the r., one of which, discovered in
1818, is quite extensive. The soil is good for
grazing : pop. 1,667.
Plymouth co. Mass., bndd. by Norfolk co.
tt. w,, Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays E,,
Barnstable and Buzzard's bays s., and Bristol
CO. w. The surface is uneven, and the soil va
rious ; the form is irregular, extending n, to
Point Alderton, the a. point of Boston bay, from
which to the s. w. extremity is a Ime of irregular
coaat, with a short interval of land, where the
a. E. boundary eroaaes the iathmua of Cape Cod.
Plyraouth bay indenta the E. line near the raid-
die, and receivea a few brooka. It la the spot
firat aettled by the pilgrira fathera ofN. England,
who landed here on the 22d Deceraber, 1620,
0. S. The prmcipal stream in the county, ia
Taunton r,, which rises in the n. w. part, and
crosses the w. boundary into Bristol co. ; there
are many ponds and brooks. Plymouth colony
remained under a separate colonial government
untU 1685. It haa several harbora, Plymouth,
Duxbury, &c,, with considerable coasting and
aorae foreign trade ; fiaheriea of value, and aome
manufacturea. It containa 21 tapa. and Plymouth
is the at. jua. Pop, 1820, 38,136 ; 1830, 43,044.
Plymouth, sea port, p-t. and st. jus., Plym
outh CO. Mass., 36 ras. s. e. Boston, 5 ms. by
16, contains the oldest permanent settleraent in
New England. It stands on Plymouth bay,
which is large, but affords but little depth of
water; It is alraost shut in by two long reach.
ea, formed of sand thrown up by the waves, and
is graduaUy increasing. The government of
the U. S. appropriated $2,500 to repair it in
1832. The land is high on the n. and a. sides
of the bay, and there are rocky isls. off the har
bor. Manumet point, a bold, rocky promontory,
lies s. The aoil ia generally thin and poor, and
aome portions of it are very good. The v. is
near the n. e. part ; the principal street runs n.
and a. between the head of the harbor, and aev
eral sandy hills, whioh rise at a little distance

POC

408

POO

from the shore. Some foreign trade has been
carried on bere. One of the principal buildings
is PUgrim's Hall, which was erected by the
pilgrim society. For the annual celebration of
the landing ofthe forefathers of New England,
This iraportant event Occurred here on the 22d
of December 1620, O, S,, when the crew ofthe
Mayflower debarked. A large granite, on which
they first stepped from the boat, ia still preserv.
ed. One half of it retains its original position,
near the water, which has since been some.
what encroached on by the land, while the oth
er has been removed to the centre of the v.
The Indians on this part of the coast had been
greatly reduced in numbers before tbe arrival
ofthe colonists, by the sraall pox ; and Massa.
soit and his raen firat presented theraselves on
Watson's hill. A fort was erected on Burying
hill, which also became a grave yard ; and aev
eral ofthe stones ofthe early colonists are still
preserved there. The first well dug in New
England is still in existence. The first child
born in the colony waa Peregrine White. The
first mill erected in N. England was built here,
in 1632. Frora this spot at different periods,
proceeded some ofthe first settlers of many of
the old towns in Massachusetts and Conn. It
containa 407 acres of tillage land, 828 mowing,
3,486 of pasturage : Pop. 4,758,
Plymouth, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn,, 24 ms,
W. Hartford, 30 from New Haven, w, Bristol,
Hartford co,, and n, of New Haven co., about
6 ms. by 5i, is hilly, with primitive rocks, bear
ing oak, chestnut, swanip raaple, &c,, also rye,
corn, oats and grass. It has Naugatuck r, w,
wifh mill seats, and other streams. Pop, 2,064,
Plymouth, p-t. Chenango co. N, Y., 107 ms,
w. Albany, 7 n. w. Norwich, has an uneven sur
face, witb good land, well watered by Canasa
wacta cr., whose tv/o branches meet near the
centre, at FrankvUle v. The streara then runs
E, E, towards Chenango r., which it meets in the
next tap,, Norwich, There are several mill
sites. The tiraber is maple, beech, elm, bass,
&c. : Pop, 1,609.
Plymouth, p-o. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa., op
posite Wilkesbarre, The p-o, is 6 miles from
Kingston, and 7 s, w. Wilkes-Barre,
Plymouth, p-v. and st. jus, Washington co,,
N. C, situated on a small cr. extending sthrd.
from the mouth of Roanoke r,, by p-r. 128 ms.
E. Raleigh, and 35 ms.,N, N. E, "Washington, in
Beaufort co. ; lat. 3.5° 51', long. W. C. 0° 19' e.
Plymouth, p-v, Richland co, 0,, 20 ms. nrthrd.
Mansfield, the co. St., nnd by p-r. 91 ms. n. n,
E. Columbus.
Plymouth, p-o, tt. Vf. part Wayne CO., Mich.,
by p-r. about 25 ms. N. w. Detroit,
Plympton, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 32 ms.
s. E. Boston, has a branch of Taunton river s,,
has extensive iron manufactoriea. The Indian
name waa Patuxet, or Wanatuxet. It contains
349 acres under tillage, 613 of mowing, and
1,366 of pasturage : Pop. 950.
PooAGON, p-v, Berrien co, Mich. It is situat.
ed on St, Joseph's r, of lake Michigan, by p-r.
180 ms. a little s. of vt. Detroit. Though placed
in Cass co, by the p-o, list, it is laid down by
Tanner in his improved U. States map, in the
southeaatern part of Berrien co. Mich.

Pocahontas, co. Va,, bndd. by Greenbrier s.
and s. w., Nicholas w., Randolph n. w. and n.,
and AUeghany mtn. separating it from Pendle
ton N, E. and E. Length from s. w. to n. e. 50
ms., raean breadth 20 ms., and area 1,000 sq.
ms. Lat. 38° 20', long. 3° w. W. C. This co.
is araongst the most elevated in the U. States,
giving source to Cheat r, branch of Mononga
hela, flowing northwardly, and to Greenbrier r.
flowing southwardly. The mean height of the
arable land of Greenbrier co. is about 1,700 ft.
and of course, being lower down Greenbrier r.
than Pocahontas, the lowest part of the latter
must exceed that relative oceanic elevation, or
rise to a raean exceeding 1,800 ft., or an equiv
alent to four degrees' of lat. or mean winter
temperature. Greenbrier ratn. enters and trav
erses Pocahontas frora s. w. to n. e. from the
western slopes of which issue tbe extreme
fountains of Gauly and Elk rs. The surface is
excessively broken and rocky, and most of the
soil sterile. Cf t, HuntersviUe : Pop. 2,542.
Pocket (The). {See " The Pocket," p.v.
Moore CO. N. C.)
Pocomoke, r. and bay, Md. The r. rises on
the border between Sussex co. Del,, and Wor
cester CO, Rid,, from whence by a s, s, w, di
rection 60 ms, by comparative courses, travers
ing Worcester co,, it opens into a bay of tbe
same name at lat, 38°, and on the line between
the eastern shores of "Va. and Md, The bay of
Pocomoke is a triangular sheet of water, bndd.
n, w, by Tangier isl,, n, by the sthrn. shore
of Soraerset co. Md,, and e. by tbe wstrn, shore
of Accomac co, Va. To the s. w. it opens into,
and is confounded with Chesapeake bay. Small
coasting vessels ascend to Snowhill on Poco
moke r.
PocoTALiGO, r. Va,, in Kenliawa co,, rises in
the ft. vr. part of the co, interlocking sources
with those of the west fork of Little Kenhawa,
and flowing thence southwestward 60 miles by
comparative courses, falling into Great Kenha
wa r, at the point of separation on that stream,
between Kenhawa and Mason cos.
PocoTALiGO, p-o. on Pocotallgo r. Kenhawa
CO, Va, by p-r. 353 ms. a little s. of w. W. C.
PocoTALiGO, P-V. near the right side of Com-
bahee r. and in the n. e. part of Beaufort dist.
S. C, 67 ms, a little s, of w. Charleston, and by
p-r. 141 ms. s, Colurabia,
PoESTEN Kill, Rensselaer co. N. Y. a very
good mill stream, wbich falls into Hudson river
at Troy, after turning rauch machinery for va
rious raanufactures in the vicinity. It rises in
Grafton, and has a course of about 20 ras. At
the falls, on the side of mount Ida, 1 ra. east of
Troy, is a small raanufacturing village.
PoGE, cape, the n. e. end of Chippaquiddick
isl,, E, of Martha's Vineyard,
PoGOi Keys, or St. Martin's Keys, are raere
sand banks or islets, scattered along the wstrn.
coast of Flor., between the mouth of Amasuro
r. and Vaceasausa bay. The sea along this
coast, even where deepest and at higb tides,
admits only of vessels of 5 feet draught, The
opposite coast is also low, sandy and devoid of
harbors of any kind. The estrn. slope of the
peninsula here comraences within 30 ms, from
the watrn. coaat.

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409

POM

Poindexter's Store and p-o. Louisa co, Va,
by p-r, 68 ms. n. w. Richmond.
Point Coupee, parish of La. bndd. s. by West
Baton Rouge, vr. by Atchafalaya r. separating
.it frora Opelouaas or Saint Landry, and frora
the parish of Avoyelles, N. e. and e, by Misp, r,
separating it from West Feliciana, and East
Baton Rouge. Tbe outline is triangular, base
along the general course of the Atchafalaya 34
ms., perpendicular 30 ras. along the southern
border ; area 510 sq. ras. Lat. 30° 45', long.
14° 36' w. W. C, "The very slight inclination
sthrd. The whole being a plain, elevated about
4 or 5 ft, along the raargins of the streams, but
depressed from the water courses so as to be
annually subraerged. It extends from the efflux
of Atchafalaya, widening as the two rivers di
verge frora each other. In its natural state the
surface was covered with a very dense forest,
and the greatest part remains in that state. The
soil, where sufficiently elevated for the plou^
is exuberantly fertile. Cotton is the comraon
staple, and in this parish is the highest point in
La, where the sugar cane has been cultivated
to any advantage. Cf. t. Point Coupee : Pop.
1820, 4,912, 1830, 5,936.
Point Coupee, or Cut Point, p.v. and st. jus,
parish of Point Coupee, situated on the left
shore of the Misp. r. opposite St. Francisville,
and by p-r. 154 ms. above and n. w. New Or
leans, Lat. 30° 42'.
Point Harmer, p-v. Washington co. O. by
p-r. 106 ms. s, e, by e, Columbus.
Point Labadie, p-v. Franklin co. Mo. by p-r.
43 ms. w. St, Lotus,
Point Pleasant, p-v, and st, jus. Mason co.
Va. situated on the point above the junction of
Ohio and Great Kenhawa rs. by p-r. 358 ms. a
little s. of w. W. C, and 358 ms. n. vr. hy vr.
i vr. Richra'd. Lat, 38° 50', long, 5° 7' w. W. C.
Point Pleasant, p-v. sthrn. part of Clermont
CO. O.by p-r. 19 ms. s. Batavia, the co. st. and
128 s. w. Columbus.
Point Remove, p-v. on Arkansas r. sthrn.
part of Conway co. Ark. by p-r. 51 ms. above
nnd n, w. by w. Little Rock. This name is
another instance of that propensity so comraon
of accoraraodating proper naraes to our own
language ; it comes from the French Point Re
mu, aad that frora a counter current in the ad.
jacent r.
Poland, p-t. Curaberland co. Me. 44 ms. s, s,
w. Augusta, 30 n, Portland, s. Little Andros
coggin r., borders on Oxford co. on the n. w.,
and part of a small lake, which, with several
ponds and small strearas, erapties into Little
Androscoggin r. : pop. 1,916,
Poland, p-v. in the southeastern angle of
TrurabuU co. O. 20 ms. b. e. Warren, the co,
st,, and by p-r. 283 ras. n, w. W. C, and 164 n.
e. by e. Columbus : pop. of the tsp. of Poland,
1,186. PoLSLEY's Milla and p-o Monongalia co. Va.
by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. by vr. W. C.
Pomfret, t. Windsor co. Vt. 18 ms. n. Wind,
sor, 40 s. Montpelier, 5 J ms. by 7 ; first aettled,
1770 ; is uneven, with good soil, and haa White
river n. e, and Queechy a. e. ; 13 achool diata.
There ia a range of young timber in the foreats,
7 or 8 miles long, and about 500 yards wide,

whicb appears to have grown up after a hurri
cane, which is supposed to have swept through
that region about 120 years ago : pop. 1,866.
Pomfret, p-t. Windham co. Conn, 40 ms, n.
E. Hartford, 30 e. Providence, and w, Quine
baug r,, about 6 ras. by 7, with about 42 sq. ras.
It is hilly, with priraitive rocks, and has a good
aoil, favorable to grazing. Cotton, woollen,
&c, are raanufactured to some extent. It is
watered by Little r, and several otber branches
of the Quinebaug. Shad are caught in Quine
baug r. In a wild and Solitary part ofthe town
is the famoua cavern, in wbich major general
larael Putnam, who afterwards coramanded the
American militia at the battle of Bunker's Hill,
performed the bold and celebrated feat of kill
ing a wolf. He was an inhabitant of Porafret
frora 1739, for many years. He distinguished
hiraself in the French war of 1755 as well as
through the revolution : pop, 1,981,
Pomfret, p-t. Chatauque co. N, Y, 20 railea
N, N, E. Mayaville, and a, of lake Erie, has 90
square railes, and is crossed n. e. and s. w. by
Chatauque ridge, which runs parallel to the
lake, 3 or 4 railes distance, with a smooth al
luvial tract of land lying between them, with a
good sandy loam ; s. is a slaty loara, bearing
tulip, raaple, beech, heralock and other trees.
Canadawa cr. crosses the t. in a n, w, direction,
and there are several sraaller streams. Dun
kirk V. is on the lake, with a good harbor, 3 ms.
ft. E. Fredonia, and 45 s, w, Buffalo, There
are seven ft, of water on a reef of rocks at the
bar. From this place to Erie the shore is rocky.
Fredonia v. stands on Canadawa cr,, 22 ms.
frora Maysville, and 45 frora Buffalo, is on the
Buffalo and Erie road, and is a thriving v. Bear
and Cassadaga ponds are on the s, line of the
t. Pop, 3,386.
Pomona, p-v. Wake co. N, C, 14 ras. rt. a.
Raleigh. Pompey, p-t, Onondaga eo, N, Y,, 11 ms, s, E.
Onondaga, 146 w. n, w. Albany, has several
excellent mill streams ; Butternut cr, vr., and 2
branchea of Limestone cr. e., all which flow n.
to Chitteningo cr. The surface is varied by
hills and valleys. Traces of considerable ex
cavations and mounds are perceptible here, of
unknown antiquity ; and metallic weapons and
instruraenta, and even a'church bell, have been
dug up frora the ground. The first settlement
was made in 1788, and no tradition exists which
refers to the ancient inhabitants. The raounds
are evidently of reraote construction. Three
of them are traceable near Delphi, the largest
of which is a triangle of about 6 acres, with a
gateway and picquets. From nuraerous graves
have been dug bones, weapons, utensils, Span.
ish coins, &c. There are several villages in
this t. Pompey v., Pompey w,, HUl, and Del.
phi, a. E. In the t. ia an academy. On Lime.
stone cr, are two faUs, about 100 yards apart,
which tura machinery for several manufacto
ries, &c. Pop. 4,812.
Pompton, r. N. J., between Morris and Ber.
gen COS., ia a branch of Paaaaic r. forraed by the
union of Pequannbc, Longpond arid Raraapo ra.
and beara the name of Porapton for only 7 or 8
ma., wheu it entera the Paaaaic at the corners
of 3 coa., Morris, Bergen and Esaex.

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410

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Pompton, t. Bergen co. N. J., 60 raa. n. n. e.
Trenton, haa N. Y. on the N. E., Suasex co. n.
w,, and Pequannoc r. s., dividing it from Morria
CO. It is croased n. and s. by Kingwood r,,
and ia hilly and raountainoua in many parts, be.
ing rendered rough by the mountainous range
which extends s. w. nearly across the state, and
forras a natural line of defence, which was oc
cupied by the Araerican troops during different
periods of the revolutionary war. In advance
ofit s,, is the inferior range of elevated ground
called the Short PliUs : pop 3,085.
Pompton, p-v, Pequannoc, Morris co, N. J.,
5 ms, N. w. Patterson, stands on the s. side of
Pompton r,, a little n. of Pompton ratna,, and n,
w, ofthe plain.
Pontchartrain, lake of La,, between the al
luvial Delta, and the comparatively high and
hilly interior. Inspection on a map, and still
raore actual examination of the countiy adja
cent, must convince any person that lakes Borg
ne, Pontchartrain and Maurepas, are the re
mains of a deep bay, wbich in reraote ages pen
etrated upwards of 120 ms. from opposite the
mouth of Pascagoula r. towards the Misp., and
separating the high grounds to tbe n. frora the
Delta. This chain of lakes has been formed
by alluvial protrusions into the ancient gulf.
Pearl r. and the outlets ofthe Misp,, have forra
ed a neck only traversed by the Rigolets and
Chef Menteur straits, separating lakes Borgne
and Pontchartrain ; and at the opposite extrem
ity ofthe latter, similar natural operations have
formed a similar neck with the Bayou Man
chac, coniiecting it with lake Maurepas. Frora
the high lands, lake Maurepas receives Araite,
and Tickfolah rs. Into Pontchartrain is poured
Tangipaha, Tchefuncte, and some smaller ers. ;
whilst lake Borgne, or rather the Rigolets, re
ceive the different outlets of the large streara of
the Pearl. The greatest length of Pontchar
train frora the outlet ofthe Rigolets to the Pass
of Manchac, is about 45 ras. ; greatest breadth
25, but mean breadth 12 ms. The common
depth from 16 to 18 ft., but every where shal
low along shores, and in no harbor or cr. afford
ing a harbor of 9 ft. draught. Along the north
ern side the banks are low, but in part solid ;
towards the Delta it is bordered by an uninter
rupted marsh. Timber covers the nrthrn,, and
open grassy plains the sthm. side. Compared
with the depth of the Misp. r. at New Orleans,
the bottom of lake Pontchartrain is about 50 ft.
elevated, and the surface about 6 ft. depressed
below that of tbe Misp. at mean flood. The
tides of the Gulf of Mexico, slight as they are,
not exceeding a mean of 2J ft., flow into Pont.
chartrain, and are diumally perceptible in the
rear of New Orleans.
Pondicherry, mtn. between Jefferson and
Bretton Woods, Coos co. N, H.
Pontiac, p.v. aud st. jus. Oakland co. Mich.,
situated on Clinton r. by p-r. 26 ms. n. n. w. De.
troit, lat. 42° 37', long. W. C. 6° 15' w.
PooLESviLLE, p.v. wstm. part Montgomery
00. Md., 33 ras. n. w. W. C.
PooLEsviLLE, p-V. Spartanburg dist, S. C, by
p.r. 112 ma. N. w. Columbia.
Poor's, p-v. Jackson co. O., by p.r. 82 ma. s.
s. E. Columbus.

Pope, co. II., bndd. by Johnson w,, Gallatin
N. and ft. E,, Ohio r, separating it from Livings
ton CO, Ky. E., and the Ohio r. again separatmg
it from MacCracken co. Ky. a. Greateat length
due N. from the 0. r. oppoaite the mouth of
Tenn, r. 40 ma. ; mean breadth 20 milea, and
area 800 aq. ms, ; lat. 37° 20', long. W. C. 11°
36' w. General slope sthestrd. towards Ohio r.
Soil of middling quaUty, and aurface hiUy. Cf
t. Golconda. Pop. 3,31 6.
Pope, co. Ark., aa laid down by Tanner in
hia improved map of the U. S,, ia bndd. by Con
way E,, Hot Springs co. a., Crawford w., and
Washington n. Greatest length from a. to n.
64 ras., mean breadth 33, area 2,100 square ms.
Extending in lat. from 34° 42' to 35° 35' n.,
long. W. C. 15° 54' to 16° 37' w. Surface very
diversified. The northem part slopes to the
sthrd. and is drained by ers. faUing into Ark. r.
The raain volurae of the latter traverses the co.
in a s. E. by e. direction. Petite Jean r. enters
frora the w. and also traverses Pope CO., form
ing on the estrn, side part of the boundary be
tween it and Conway. The sthrn. section gives
source to the extreme nrthrn. tributaries of Ou
achita r. In this co. are found a very contrast
ed scenery, from the alluvial bottoms of Ark. r.
to mtias, of no raean elevation. On Tanner's
raap the principal t. is Dwight, but on the post
office list Scotia ia naraed as principal p-o. The
centre of this co. is about 80 ms. in a direct
line N. w.by w. Little Rock. Pop. 1,483.
Poplar branch, p-v. Currituck co. N. C, by
p-r. 228 ms, tt. e. by e. Raleigh.
Poplar corner, p-o. Madison co. Ten., by
p-r. 10 ms. wstrd. Jackson, the co. St. and 157
ras. s. w. by w. NashviUe.
Poplar Grove, p-o. Dinwiddie co. Va. byp.r.
39 ras, s. Richraond.
Poplar grove, and p.o. Iredell co. N. C. by
p.r, 155 ms, w, Raleigh.
Poplar grove, p.o. Newberry dist. S. C, by
p-r, 45 ras, n. w, Colurabia.
Poplar hill, p-o. Giles co. Va. by p-r. 310
ms. a. w. by w. W. C.
Poplar mount, p-o. Greenville co.Va. by p-r.
56 ms. s. Richmond.
Poplar plains, p-v. Fleming co. Ky. by p.r.
84 ms. E, Frankfort.
Poplar ridge, p.v. Scipio, Cayuga co. N. Y.
4 ms. E, Cayuga lake, 14 s. w. Auburn.
Poplar ridge, p-o. Obion co. Ten. 10 miles
from Troy, the co. st. and by p.r. 168 mUes a
little N. of w. Nashville.
Poplar run, p.o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 95
ms. s. w. W. C.
Poplar spring, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. 36
ms. nrthrd. Columbia.
Poplar springs, p.v. near the extreme north.
western angle of Ann Arundel co. Md. It is
situated on the western turnpike from Balti.
more to Frederick, by p.r. 61 miles n. W. C.
PopLARTOWN, p-V. Worccster co. Md. 12 ms.
watrd. Snowhill, the co. at. and hy p.r. 152 ms,
s. E. by E. W. C.
Poplin, p.t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 ms.-w.
a. w. Portsmouth, e. s. e. Concord, 50 n. n. e.
Boston, with 10,320 acres, is watered by
Squamscot or Exeter r. and other atreama, and
has Loon pond n., and Spruce swamp e., has

POR

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good soil, and no high hiUa. Incorporated
1764 : pop. 429.
Porpoise, cape, Kennebunk port, York co.
Me., long. 70° 23' w., lat. 43° 22', forras Ken.
nebunk harbor, which liea at the mouth of a
small streara.
Portage, p.t. AUeghany co. N. Y. 247 ms,
w, Albany, and a. of Livingaton co., is crosaed
by Geneaee river which pursues a serpentine
course frora the a. to the N. line, and passes
three falls, of 8, 66, and 110 ft. near which, on
the w. side, is situated the village. The shape
of the t. is regular, except at Ae s. w. corner :
pop. 1,839.
Portage, co. O. bndd. s. E. by Colurabiana ;
Starks. ; Medina w. ; Cuyahoga n, w. ; Geauga
N. ; and TrurabuU n. e, Tbe greatest lengtb
30 ras, is frora e. to w, ; breadth 24, and area
720 sq, ras, ; lat. 41° 12', long. W. C. 4° 20' w.
This CO. is a true table land between the valleys
of Big Beaver and Cuyahoga rs. Tbe south.
western angle also giving source to Tuscara.
was r. or the nrthestrn. constituent of Musking.
um r. The peculiar structure of the surface
may be more particularly seen by reference to
Ihe article Cuyahoga r. The arable surface of
Portage co. exceeds araean of 1,000 ft. above
tide water in the Atlantic, or rather more than
an equivalent to two degrees of lat. The sur.
face is rather level, and in part deficient in good
fountain water. 'The soil moderately fertile.
The Ohio and Erie canal traverses this co, in
its greatest breadth and near the western bor.
der ; and within it is the sumrait level of that
work, 973 ft. above the Atlantic tides. Cf t,
Ravenna. Pop. 1820,10,095,1830,16,963,
Portage r. O. rising in Hancock co. inter.
locking sources with those of Blanchard's fork
of Mauraee r. Foriued by nuraerous creeks
which unite in Wood co,, and curving to n, e,
enters Sandusky co. ih which latter it again
curves more estrd,, finally falling into lake Erie
after an entire comparative course of 50 ms.
The valley of Portage lies between those of
Sandusky and Maumee.
Portage, p-v. sthestrn. part of Wood co. O.
by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. w. Colurabus.
Port bay, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. 193 ras. frora
Albany. Pop. 1,082.
Port Byron, p-v. Cayuga co. N. Y.
Port Carbon, flourishing p-v. Schuylkill co.
Pa. 10 ms. wstrd, Orwigsburg, the co. st,, and
by p-r, 177 ms. N. N. E, W. C. and 69 ms. n. e.
Harrisburg. Port Clinton, p-v. SchuylkiU co. Pa. by p-r.
60 ms. N. E, Harrisburg,
Port Clinton, p-v. at the mouth of Portage
r., into lake Erie in the nrthm. part of Sandus.
ky CO. O. by p.r. 117 ms. due ft. Columbus.
Pop. 116,
Port Conway, p-v. and s-p. on Rappahannoc
r. sthwstrn. part King George's co. Va. by p-r.
79 ras. sthrd. W. C.
Port Depospt, p-v. on the left bank of Sus
quehannah r. at its lowest falls, Cecil co. Md.
37 ras, N, E. Baltiraore, and 5 ms. above Havre
de Grace, at the raouth of Susquehannah r.
Porter, t. Oxford co. Me. 91 ms. s. w. Au.
gusta, 34 s. w. Paria, liea e, of N.H, n. Ossipee
r. which separates it from York co. Fop. 841.

Porter, t. Niagara co. N. Y. 15 ms, N, w.
Lockport, a. lake Ontario, and e, Niagara r,,
contains Youngstown viUage and fort Niagara.
There is a ferry across N, r. at Youngstown.
Niagara v. stands on the e, side Niagara r, at
its mouth in lake Ontario, opposite Newark,
U, Canada. It stands 15 ras. below Niagara
falls, and 7 frora Lewiston. A palisaded fort
was raade here in 1679, by the French, which,
in -1725, was enlarged into a considerable work.
It was surprised by the British, Dec, 19, 1813
and deUvered up in March, 1815, Pop, 1,490.
Porter, p.v. Scioto co. Ohio, by p.r. 100 ras.
a, Colurabua.
PoRTERsviLLE, p-V. northern part of Butlcr CO.
Pa. 1 6 ras. N, of the borough of Butler, and by
p-r. 252 ms. n. w. W, C.
PoRTERSviLLE, p-V. Franklin county, Misp.
about 20 ms, s, e. by e. Natchez.
PoRTERsviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Dubois co. Ind.
situated on the left bank of the East Fork of
White r., by p-r. 124 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis,
lat. 38° 30', long, W. C, 9° 52' w.
Port Genesee, or Charlotte p-v. Greece,
Monroe co, N, Y. stands at the mouth of
Genesee river on the shore of lake Ontario.
Port Gibson, p-o. and st, jus. Claiborne co.
Misp. 67 ms, frora Jackson. Pop, 950,
Port Gibson, Ark. {See Cantonment Gib
son.) Port Glasgow, v, Wolcott, Wayne co. N.
Y, 22 ras. N. Waterloo, stands on Sodus bay, at
the head of navigation ; it has a good harbor
for lake vessels, and is agreeably situated. A
good road leads to Clyde, on the Erie canal, 10
3-4 ms. s.
Port Kent, v. Chesterfield, Essex co, N, Y.
3 1-2 ms. E. KeesevUle, 2 s. Sable river, 13 s.
Plattsburgh, and w. Lake Champlain, has a
good harbor, witb stores and docks, and serves
as a landing place for vessels engaged in the
transportation of iron from the extensive mines
in the neighbourhood,
Portland, p-t, and port of entry, Curaber
land CO. Me, until lately the capital ofthe state,,
is beautifuUy situated on an elevated peninsula
in Casco bay. It is 54 ras. n. n. e, Portsraouth,-
118 N, N, E, Boston, 542 frora Washington, and
258 s, Quebec ; lyuig in lat. 43° 9', and long.
6° 45' E. W. C. Portland is the principal com
raercial and raost populous town in the state,
has an excellent and capacious harbor, and
seldom frozen, bounded by capd' Elizabeth s. on
which is a light house of stone, 70 ft. high ; the
land about the harbor is generally elevated.
Numerous isls. are in tbe bay to the e. on two
of which are forts which defend the entrance of
the harbor. Fort Preble, on Bang's isl. and
Fort Scammel, a block.house on House island.
Fort Burrows atands under the observatory
bluff, on the water's edge. Ahout 45,000 tons
of ahippmg belong to thia port, conaiating of a
large number of ahipa, briga, schooners, sloops,
and steamboats, and other craft. The town,
(forraerly Falmouth, called Portland and incor.
porated 1786,) is handsomely laid out, and the
style of the buildings, generally, is neat and
convenient. A fine street, on which are sever.
al churchea and other buildings of granite, runs
along the ridge and extends to the observatory,

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where forraerly was fort Sumner on a com.
manding erainence. Frora this point the view
is extensive and varioua, erabracing the beauti.
ful island scenery in the vicinity, and in clear
weather, the peaks of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire. The town lies principally on
a declivity, and has the appearance of a con
siderable and flourishing coramercial place.
Among the pubUc buildings is that formerly the
state house, a court house, town hall, theatre,
almshouse, 5 banks, besides a branch of the
United States' bank, a customhouse, academy,
and an atheneum, fo which a large library (of
about 3,000 vols.) belongs. Besides these,
there are 15 churches, one of which is for mar
iners. Education is well attended to, and
there are numerous schools, including some of
a high character. A corapany has recently
been formed here for coal mining at Cape Eliz
abeth. Portland, (theu called Falmouth,) was
burnt by Capt. Mowatt, of the British sloop of
war Canceau, Oct. 18, 1775, on the inhabitants
refusing to deliver up their arras. The place
was first borabarded for about 9 houre, after
which torchea were applied and about 130
houses, (two thirds the whole nuraber,) were
consumed. The old church was one of the
buildings which remained : pop. 1820, 8,581,
1830, 12,601.
Portland, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 8 ms. n,
Maysville, s, lake Erie, 36 sq, ras,, is crossed
N, E. and s. w, by the Chatauque ridge, a few ras,
from the lake shore and parallel to it, with a
regular descent towards the water, and unbro
ken except by tbe courses of a few streams.
On this ridge grow chestnut, beech, maple,
hemlock and other forest trees, and on the low
er country, with these are fotmd walnut, tulip,
cucumber tree, &c. The soil is pretty good,
and the mill seats are numerous and valuable.
The roeks are often of raica slate. The town
is crossed by the portage road from lake Erie
to the head of Chatauque lake, 8 ms. passing
through Westfield, a p-v, 1 mile from the har
bor, and 7 from Maysville, The harbor of Port
land is good, and the p-v, stands upon it 8 ms,
frora MaysviUe, The earth was once bored
near this place 600 feet for salt water, without
Bucceas : pop. 1,771.
Portland, p.v, Dallaa co. Ala. by p-r. 112
ma, s, E. Tuscaloosa,
Portland, Huron co, O, {See Sandusky.)
Portland, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Foun
tain CO, Ind, 88 ms. n. w, Indianopolis.
Port Lawrence, p-v. and port, on the left
bank of Maumee r, andin the s. e, part of Mon
roe CO. Mich, by p-r. 55 ras, a. s. w. Detroit,
and about 3 ras. above the mouth of Maumee
into lake Erie.
Port Penn, p-v. New Castle co. Del. and on
the right bank of Delaware r. opposite Ready
laland, 15 ms. sthrd. WUmington, and 121 ma.
N. E. W. C.
Port Republic, p-v. Rockingham co. Va. by
p.r. 143 ma. n, w, by w, W. C.
Port Royal, Caroline co. Va. p-v. on Rappa
hannoc r, opposite Port Conway, in King George
CO. about 26 ms, below Frederiosburg, and by
p-r. 78 ms. sthrd. W. C.
Port Royal, p-v, inthe estrn, part of Mont

gomery CO, Ten. aituated at the mouth of Sui.
phur creek into Red r, 20 ras, eastward Clarks.
ville, the co. st. and by p.r. 42 miles n. w. Nash.
ville. Port Royal, p.v. in the northeastern part of
Morgan co. Ind. by p.r. 16 miles s. Indian.
opolis, Portsmouth, p.t, and port of entry Rocking.
ham CO. N. H. ; the raost populous town in the
state, and the only seaport. It lies on Piscata.
qua r, which divides it frora Maine, on a fine
peninsula about 3 ms, from the ocean, in lat.
43° 5', and long. 6° 23' e, W, C. It is 45 ms.
E. Concord, 55 n. by e. Boston, 58 s. w. Port.
land, and 491 from W. C. The population is
chiefly collected near the harbor, on a hill de.
scending towards it n. and E,, and frora cora
manding points, the view is very fine. It was
settled in 1623 by a company, of which Sir
Ferdinando Gorges was an asaociate ; and
was incorporated by Mass. in 1653, while
N. H. was under that colony. It never suffer.
ed from Indian attacks, the neck on the south
being stockaded. The town originally inclu.
ded all the peninsula forined by the river
and the ocean. The harbor of Portsmouth is
one of the finest in the world, rarely, or never
freezing, owing to the excessive tides, and haa
40 feet of water in its channel at low tide. It
ia well protected frora storras, being coraplete.
ly land-locked, admits vessels of the largest
class, and is defended by fort Constitution on
Great island, fort McClary opposite, fort Sulli
van on Trefethen island and fort Washington
on Pierce's island. The two latter were gar.
risoned during the late war. The amount of
shipping owned in Portsmouth, which includes
nearly all belonging to the state, is quite large,
and though not extensive, it has considerable
coasting and other trade. {See article New
Hampshire.) Portsraouth contains several band-
some houses of pubUc worship ; a branch of tbe
U. S. bank and 4 others ; several markets, in
surance offices, a custora house, academy, athe
neum and some other public buildings. Two
bridges were built to Kittery, Maine, in 1822,
across the Piscataqua, the channel of which ia
broad, and the current rapid at particular timea
of tide. The long bridge 1,750 feet in lengtb,
extended across water varying from 43 to 45
feetindepth allow tide, a distance of 900 feet,
and crosses an island in the river. A water
company was forraed and coraraenced opera
tions in 1799, which supplies all the streets
with good water, brought a distance of 3 ms.
On Great isl. is a light house. On Continental
island, which is owned by the U. S, is a navy
yard belonging to government, and on Badger's
island was constructed the first abip-of-the-line
in America, It waa built' duruag the revolu.
tion, and named the North America. Ports.
raouth has suffered severely at different periods
from fires. Stocking weaving has recently been
commenced here. Pop. 1820, 7,327, 1830,
8,082. Portsmouth, p-t. Newport co, R. I. 7 ms. n.
w. Newport, about 2 ms. by 8, occupies tbe n.
part of the island of R, I. with water on 3 sides,
viz, E, bay e., Mount Hope bay n., and Narra
ganset bay w., has a moderate elevation, with

POS

413

POT

slopes, a variety of soil, generally good, with
slate rocks. 'Wheat, barley and fruit flourish,
and sheep are raised in considerable numbers.
Fish abound along the shores. Prudence isl
and, and several others still smaller, belong to
Portaraouth. A bed of anthracite coal, at the
N. w. corner of the town, haa been worked to
some extent, on the shore, but has been aban
doned ; the quality being inferior to that of the
Pa, mines. Pop. 1,727.
Portsmouth, p-v, and st. jus. Norfolk co. Va.
opposite the borough of Norfolk, 1^ ra. distant,
on the left bank of Elizabeth r., and at the
mouth ofthe sthrn. branch, by p-r. 219 ras. s, a,
e, W. C. Portsraouth affords one of the flnest
harbora in Araerica; ships ofthe largest class
may lay with safety at the wharves; The navy
yard is directly on the sthrn. extreraity of Ports
mouth, and within the boundaries of the town.
This part is called Gosport, and resembles the
Northern Liberties of Phila, Charlestown, or
Newtown, another suburb rapidly iraproving,
stands at the opposite side from Gosport. Pop.
2,000. Portsmouth, p-v. and st, jus, Scioto co. 0.
situated on the point above the junction of 0.
and Scioto rs. by p-r. 421 ms. a little s. ofw.
W. C. and 91 ms. s. Columbus, lat. 38° 42',
long. W. C. 5° 54' w. Though rather exposed
to river floods, frora the lowness of its site, this
is a flourishing town. Here the Ohio and Erie
canal leaves tbe former, at an elevation of 474
feet above the Atlantic tides. According to
Flint it containa a printing office, bookstore, a
bank, two churchea, 18 atores, 4 commission
stores, 1 druggist, 20 mechanical establish
ments, steam mill, raarket house, and the or
dinary county buildings. In position it has
great and enduring advantages, as a comraer
cial depot. Pop. 1,063.
Port Tobacco, p-v. and St. jus. Charles co.
Md. by p-r. 32 ms. a very little E. of s. W. C,
and 69 s, w. Annapolis. It is situated on a
small cr. or bay, raaking northward from the
Potoraoc river at the Great bend opposite King
George's co. Va. lat. 38° 30': Pop. 500.
Port Watson, v, Cortlandtville, Cortlandt co,
N. Y. 3 ras. s. Homer v,, w, Tioughnioga r. at
the head of boat navigation, just below Cort
landt v., which is on Factory Branch.
Port William, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co.
Ky., on the point above the junction of Ken
tucky r. with the Ohio, by the land p-r, 57 ms.
below and n. n. w, Frankfort, lat. 38° 40', long.
W. C. 8° 09' w. : Pop. 323.
Port William, p-v, sthm. part Lawrence co.
Ind. by p-r. 87 ras. s, s. w. Indianopolis.
Posey, ath watrn. co. of Ind. bndd. «, by Gib
eon, E. by Vanderburg, Ohio r, s. aeparating it
from Henderson and Union cos. Ky., by Wa
bash r. separating it frora Gallatin co. II. a. w,,
and White co. II, w. Greateat length frora a. to
N, 32 ms, ; mean breadth 16, and area 512 aq,
ms, ; lat, 38 and long, W. C. 11° w., interaect
near Springfield. Though bordered on the athrd.
by Ohio r. the slope of Posey co. is wstrd. to
wards the Wabash r. The surface is hilly, but
soil productive. Cf ts. Springfield, Harmony,
and Mount Vernon, the st. jus. ; Pop. 1820,
4,061 ; 1830, 6,549. 53

Potomac r, of Va,, Md. and Pa, Tbis river
above Blue Ridge, is formed by the north
brancb, distinctively called Potoraac, Patter.
son's r,. South Branch, Cacapon, Back creek,
Opequhan, and Shenandoah, frora the south.
westward, and by a series of bold, tho' cora
paratively small streams from the nrthrd. The
streara to whicli tbe narae of Potomac is first
applied, rises in the Alleghany chain opposite
to the sources of Cheat and Youghioghany
branches of Monongahela, at lat. 39° 10', long.
W. C. 2° 30' vr. Flowing thence N. e. 30 ms.
receives frora the n. Savage river, and bend
ing to s. E, 10 ras, traverses one or two rainor
chains of raountains, and returning to n, e, 18
railes to the influx of Will's creek frora the
north at Curaberland, Now a considerable
stream, by a very tortuous channel, but direct
distance 15 ms, to s. e, the Potomac below
Curaberland, breaks through several chains of
mtns, to the influx of South Branch. The lat
ter is in length of course, and area drained,
the main branch. The various sources of thia
mountain r, originate in Pendleton co, Va. lat.
38° 25', between the Alleghany and Kittatinny
chains. Assuming a general course of N, e.
the branches unite in Hardy co. near Moor
fields, below which, in a distance comparative
of 40 ms, to its union with the North Branch,
the South Branch receives no considerable
tributary. The volume formed by both branch.
es, breaks through a mtn. chain immediately
below their junction and bending to n. e. by
comparative distance 25 miles, but by a very
winding channel reaches its extreme northern
point at Hancock's town, lat. 39° 41', and with
in leaa than 2 ras. s. of the sthrn. boundary of
Pa. Passing Hancock's town the Potoraac again
inflects to s. e. and as above winds by a very
crooked channel, but by comparative courses
35 ms. to the influx of Shenandoah from the
sthrd. Shenandoah is the longest branch of
Potoraac, baving a comparative length of 130
ms, and brings down a volume of water but
little inferior to that of the raain stream. Ha
ving its moat remote sources in Augusta co. Va.
interlocking sources with those of Great Calf
Pasture branch of James r, and by Blue Ridge
separated from those of Rivanna, as far h. as
lat. 37° 55' alraost exactly due w. of the mouth
of Potoraac into Chesapeake bay. The elonga
ted valley of Shenandoah is part of the great
mtn, valley of Kittatinny, and comprises nearly
all the cos, of Augusta, Rockingham, Page,
and Shenandoah, with the estm, sections oJ
Frederick and Jefferson. The upper valley of
Potomac including that of Shenandoah is in
length from s, w. to n, e, 160 ms,, where broad
est 75 ms,, but having a mean breadth of 50
ms., area 8,000 sq, ms. The water level of Po
toraac at Harper's Ferry is 288 feet above tide
water ; therefore we raay assurae at 350 ft, the
lowest arable land in the valley above the Blue
Ridge. This is equivalent to a degree of lat.
on the aerial teraperature at the lowest point of
depression. So rapid is the rise, however, in
crossing the vaUey to the foot of AUeghany
mto. that an allowance of 1,200 ft. is rather too
moderate an estimate for the extreraes of cul.
tivated soil. Passing the Blue Ridge, with par.

POT

414

POU

tial windings, the Potoraac continues a. E. by
comparative courses 50 ms. to the lower falls
and head of ocean tides at Georgetown. Ha.
ving in the interraediate diatance reoeived the
Monocacy r, frora the n. and aorae minor era.
frora the s, sirailar to the Delaware, below
Trenton, and the higher part of Chesapeake
bay below the mouth of Susquehannah, the Po.
tomac meeting tbe tide bends along the outer
margin of tbe primitive rock. It is indeed very
reraarkable that tbe three bends, in the three
consecutive rs. follow alraost exactly the same
geographical line, or flow from head of tide s.
w,, the Delaware 60, Chesapeake 40, and Poto
mac 45 ms. The latter, a few ras. below where
it retires from the priraitive, has reached within
6 ms, of Rappahannoc r. below Fredericksburg,
Leaving the primitive, the two latter, not far
frora parallel to each other, assume a compara
tive course of 75 ras, to the n, e,, the interrae-
diate peninsula in no part above 22 ras, wide,
and the distance 20 ras, frora Smith's Point, on
the s. side of tne raouth of Potoraac to Wind.
raill Point, the n, side of that of the Rappa.
hanoc. Combining the two sections above and
below tbe Blue Ridge, tbe whole basin of Po
tomac erabraces an area of 12,950 square miles
orin round nurabers 13,000, extending from lat,
37° 50' to 40°, and in long, from W. C. from 0°
45' E. to 2° 45' w. The winding of its tide
water channel renders tbe navigation of tbe
Potomac bay (for such it is below Georgetown)
tedious though not dangerous. The channel
is of adequate depth for ships of the Une of 74
guns, to the navy yard at W. C, With its de
fects and advantagea, as a commercial and ag
ricultural section, the basin of the Potomac is a
very interesting object in physical and also in
political geography. Deriving its sources frora
the raain Appalachian spine the Potomac chan
nel has been worn through the intervening
chains to their bases, and perforraed an ira.
raense disproportion of tbe necessary task to
effect a water route into the valley of Ohio,
Such a route has been commenced under the
narae of " Chesapeake and Ohio canal," {See
article rail roads and canals.)
Potomac, p-v. Montgomery co, Md, Neither
position nor distance in p-o. list.
Potosi, p-v. and st. juat, Washington co. Mo,,
situatedon the head waters of Big r. branch of
Maremac r, 70 ras, s, s, w, St, Louis, and by
the road 55 ras, w, St. Genevieve, lat, 37° 56',
long. W. C, 13° 48' w. This place derives its
narae from being tbe central point of the mine
dist. When visited by Mr, Schoolcraft in 1818,
it contained 80 houaea and probably 400 inhab
itants, the ordinary co, buildings, 3 stores, 2
distiUeries, 2 flour mills, 1 saw-raill, a post
ofiice and 9 lead furnaces. This traveller de
scribes the site as a handsorae eminence, dry
and pleasant,
Potsdam, p-t. St, Lawrence co, N. Y, 25 ms.
F. Ogdensburg, 90 w, Plattsburg, and 216 n.
N, w. Albany, has a very fertile soil, and the
surface agreeably varied. Racket river flows
11 ms, through the t, and on it are situated
quarries of atone. The v. atands at the falls of
this stream, 3 ras, frora the s. boundary. Above
it the r. is almost 1 m, across. The manufac

tories here are various and include sorae iron
works. Water is brought into the viUage frora
the bottom of the r. by a forcing pump : pop.
-3,661. Potter, co. Pa. bounded by Lycoming o,,
MacKean w., AUeghany co, of N. Y. N., Steu-
ben CO. N. Y. ft. e., and Tioga co. Pa. e.
Length from s, to N. 37 ms., breadth 30, and
area 1,110 sq. ras. Lat. 41° 43', and long, 1° w.
W. C. intersect near the centre of this co. In
dependent of ratn, chains this is the most eleva
ted CO, of Pa, In tbe northeastern angle rises
tbe Cowanesque r,, flowing to the e. ; from the
nrthrn, side rise tbe extreme sources of Gene
see r,, flowing to the n. From the central and
nrthwstrn. sections issue the higher fountains
of Alleghany r. and the extreme nrthestrn. sour
ces of Ohio valley ; and finally from tbe south
side issue the Sinnamaboning and Kettle ers.,
brancbes of the West Branch of the Susque
hannah. From these elements it is evident that
Potter CO, is a real table land, giving source to
streams flowing into tbe basin of St. Lawrence
N,, that of Misp. s, w,, and into the Atlantic s.
E. Mean elevation at least 1,200 ft. Cf t.
Coudersport : Pop. 1820, 4,836, including some
adjacent cos,, and in 1830, Potter co. alone
1,265. Potter's mills, and p-o. Centre co. Pa. by
p-r, 71 raa. «. w, Harrisburg.
Pottsgrove, p-v. Northuraberland co. Pa. by
p-r, 67 ras, ft. Harrisburg.
Pottstown, p-v. on the left bank of Schuyl
kill r. and in the tt. w. angle of Montgoraery
CO. Pa. by p-r. 68 ras. e. Harrisburg, and 16
frora Reading.
Pottsville, p-v, Schuylkill co. Pa, on Schuyl
kill I, 8 ms, N, w, Orwigsburg, the co, st,, and
by p-r, 67 n, e, Harrisburg, This fine village,
one of the creations of the coal mines, stands
on the right bank of the raain branch of Schuyl.
kill river at what may be regarded tbe head of
navigation ; it is however corraected witb pla
ces farther distant from tide water by canals
and rail-roads. PottsviUe is, seated araid mtn.
chains, but enriched by sorae ofthe richest coal
raines of the State, it has risen in about 12 years
to alraost a city in size. In 1833, from the
opening of navigation to Aug. 1, 137,000 tons
of coal were forwarded frora this place to Phil.
Pop, 1830, 2,464; in 1833 about 3,500.
Poughkeepsie, p-t. and st. jus. Duchess co.
N. Y, 75 ras, s. Albany, 74 n. N. Y. and 10 n.
Newburgh, about 3^ ms. by 10, lies on the e,
side Hudson r, and is nearly level, except w.
where the aurface is uneven and broken by
courses of strearas. Gypsura bas been useful
on the sandy soils. Fall cr, tt., Wappinger's cr.
E,, and a small stream s, furnish excellent mill
seats, Barnegat limestone, -which is dug and
burnt in the s, w. partof the townis very good.
The village of Poughkeepsie is situated about
a mile from tbe river ; the ground on which it
stands is level, and there are many neat and
handsome buildings in the place. The principal
street runs E. and w,, or at right angles with
the Hudson, The public buildings are several
places of public worship, a court house, jaU, a
bank, academy, and some others. The whaling
business has recently been introduced here, and

POW

415

PRA

thus far successfully. At the landing there is
a considerable number of houses, stores, &c.
and a number of sloops are engaged in business
with New York. The Albany steamboats stop
bere several tiraes in tbe day during the season
of navigation : Pop. 7,222.
Poultney, r. Rutland co. Vt. is a small
streara, rising in Tinmouth, and after running
a few ms. w. marks a part of the boundary be
tween this state and N. Y., tUl it falls into the
head ofE, bay, an arm of lake Champlain. It
is about 25 ms, long, and Castleton and W, Ha
ven rs, are its branches. In 1783, during a
high flood, Poultney r. cut through a ridge near
E. bay, which had before dararaed it up, and
made a channel 100 ft, deep, destroying for a
tirae all sloop navigation in E, bay. By tbe
force of the current and the works of a compa
ny formed for the purpose, the obstructions
have been greatly removed.
Poultney, p-t. Rutland co, Vt, 13 ms, s, w,
Rutland, 10 ms, e, Whitehall, 46 n, Benning
ton, 60 s, w, Montpelier, 7 s, Castleton, and e,
of Harapton N, Y,, is crossed by Poultney r,
aud its brancbes, and has 35 sq. ms. It was first
settled 1771, is well supplied with raill seats,
and has an agreeable surface and a fertile soil,
especially in the river raeadows. There are
2 vs., a feraale acaderay, &c. Pop, 1,509.
Poundridge, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 139
ras, s, Albany, 15 e, Hudson r,, 12 n, L, Island
sound, and 5 s. e, Bedford; is supplied with
raill seats by Mechanus cr, on tbe w, line ; some
ofthe streams of Croton i, &c. The surface
is uneven, with ranch stony land. Pop. 1,437.
Powell's Tavern, and p.o, Goochland co,
Va., by p-r. 15 ras. w. Richmond.
Powelton, p-v. Richraond co. N, C, 15 raa.
sthrd. Rockingham, the co. seat, and by p-r. 128
ms. s, w. Raleigb. ..
PowELTOiV, p-v. on Great Ogeeche r. in the
nthestrn. part Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 15 ras.
N. E. Sparta, tbe co. seat, and 37 n. e. Milledge
vUle, Powerville, V,, Morris co, N. J,, 8 ms. N.by
E, Morristown; on iVl orris canal and Rockaway
1,, near the falls.
Powhatan, co, Va,, bndd. by Chesterfield s,
E,, Appomattox river separating it frora Araelia
s, w,, Cumberland w,, and Jaraes r, separating
it from Goochland n. Length 25 ms., mean
breadth 10, and area 250 sq, ms, Lat, 37° 34',
and long. W. C. 1° w. intersect in this co. It
contains two opposing slopes ; one sthwstrd.
towards tbe Appomattox; but tbe second, to the
nrthestrd, towards James r, includes much the
larger section, Cf t. ScottsvUle. Pop. 1820,
8,292, 1830, 8,517.
Powhatan, p-v. Madison co. 0.
Powhatan Point, and p-o. Belmont co. O,,
by p-r. 155 ms. E. Columbus.
Pownal, p-t. Cumberland co, Maine, is of
sraall size and irregular form, 35 ras, s. s, w,
Augusta, 18 ft. E, Portland. Pop. 1830, 1,308.
Pownal, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 56 ras, s, w.
Rutland, 30 w. Brattleboro' ; lies n, WiUiams
town, Mass., E. Hoosac, N. Y. ; with 25,000
acres; first settled 1761. It is uneven, with
good soil for graaa. Hooaac r. flowa n, w. into
N. York, affording good mill sitea, and water

tracts of meadow land ; several brooks in the
N E, which form head water ot Wallamsack r, ;
13 school dists. Pop, 1,R34,
Powow, 1, N, I-I, a good raUl stream, rises in
Kingston, and after a devious courae, falls into
the Merrimac on tbe line of Amesbury, in
which town is its principal fall, where it de
scends 100 ft, in about 275 yards,
Prairie, from the Frencb language, signi
fies literaUy raeadows. It ia a term occur
ring so frequently in tbe geography of the
United States, tbat we bave deemed it requi
site to introduce it as an article, in order to
explain the true raeaning, and describe the
features of country intended by the term, Pr^
in French, raeans a meadow in the common
acceptation of the word, whUst prairie is the
superlative, and used for a large and indefinite
space covered with grass. The term prairie,
therefore, is perfectly apphcable to tbe iramense
open grassy spaces in N, Araerica, wnich, witb
partial interruptions, extend frora the Gulf of
Mexico to the Arctic ocean, and of course
traverse the whole territory of the U, States
along the great slope falling estrd, frora the
Chippewayan systera towardsthe Appalachian,
though in no place actuaUy reaching the latter.
In their external features and relations to the
great ratn. systeras of the two continents, the
steppes of Asia, and prairies of N, America,
have a coraplete specific resemblance. The
Asiatic steppes coraraence in fact in Europe, in
the vaUey of the Wolga, frora whence, follow
ing the great systera, known by the respective
names of Altai, Stavonoy, and Yablony mtns,,
spread across the whole continent of Asia,
frora the Caspian sea to that of Ochotz, As in
N, A,, the Asiatic steppes follow the raountain
chains, and are traversedatornear right angles
by the rivers. Called by either name, these
grassy spaces partake of all tbe varieties of
soil and surface of regions covered with forest.
It is very erroneous to suppose tbe prairies ne
cessarily plains ; tbe real fact is, that strictly
speaking small parts only of the prairies are
level plains. In the southwestern part of La.,
and skirting along the Gulf of Mexico, over
the sea border of Texas, the prairies are level
plains, but advancing northwards they exhibit
every variety of surface and of soil, and when
traversed to their terraination on the Arctic
ocean, sink again to level plains. Tbe La.
prairies are perfectly congenial to the growth
of every spetiies of forest tree, that the climate
will adrait, and where fertile, are equally with
woodland adapted to evejy object of agricul
ture, gardening, or orchard. Tbis stateraent
ia raade from personal experience ; the writer
of this article resided 8 years in Opelousas and
Attacapas, or inthe prairie section of La. The
llanos, or pampas, of South America, spreading
along tbe great eastem slope of the Andes, are
specifically prairies, with similar variety of soil
and surface.
Prairie, p.o. Perry co. Ala., byp.r. 68 ms.s.
E, Tuscplobsa.
Prairie ©reek, p.o. aouthern part Vigo co.
Ind. 17 mitea aouthward Terre Haute, the co.
aeat, and^by p-r. 100 milea s. w. by w. Indian.
opolia.

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416

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PiiAiaiE DE Long, p-o, Monroe co, IL, by p.r.
87 ms, a, w. Vandalia,
Prairie du Chien, p.v. and St. jua. Crawford
CO. Mich. or more correctly Huron, is aituated
on the point above their junction, and between
the Misp. and Ouia'cgnsin rs., as stated in the
p.o. list, by p-r. 1,060 ms, If we compare the
bearing and distance of Galena, which may be
seen by reference to that article, we raay see
that Prairie du Chien bears about n. 70 w. frora
W. C, and the direct diatance within a amall
fraction of 800 statute milea : pup, including
tbat of tho railitary atation at fort Crawford, 692,
Fort Crawford is adjoining to the village of
Prairie du Chien.
Prairie Ronde, p-o, Kalamazoo co, Mich,,
about 140 ras. nearly due vv. Detroit.
PaATTSBURG, p-t. Steubert CO, N, Y., 230 ms,
w. Albany, 14 n. Bath ; has an uneven surface,
and is watered by Five Mile creek, and streams
of Crooked lake and Conhocton cr., on whicb
are raill seats : pop, 2,402,
Prattsburg, p-v, Warren co, Misp., about
50 railes above, and by the road k, n, e,
Natchez, Preble, p-t. Cordd.md co. N. Y,, 138 ms. w.
Albany, 7 w. Homer, 24 s, Salina, a. Tully,
Onondaga co,, e. Cayuga co, ; 5 miles square ;
has brooks of Tioughnioga creek, a hilly sur
face favorable fbr grazing, and rich vallies,
where the rocks are limestone and slate. First
settled 1800, by New Englanders, Germans
and Dutch. Maple, beech, bass, elm, nut
woods, and some hemloqk and pine grow
here ; and there are a few ponds. Preble
Flats, 2 railes wide, cross the town n. and s, :
pop, 1,435.
Preble, co, Ohio, bndd. n. by Darke, Mont
goraery E., Butler s,, Union, Ind. s. w., and
Wayne, Ind. tt. vr. Length frora s. to N. 24
ms., breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 39°
45', long. W. C. 7° 40' w. General slope s. e.,
and drained in that direction by St. Clair and
Franklin creeks branches of Great Miami,
The soil productive. Chief town Eaton: pop,
16,991, Prescott, p-t, Hampshire co. Mass., 76 ms,
w, Boston, 15 N, E, Northampton ; is watered
by several strearas of Swift r,, and has an
uneven surface, with good grass land : .pop.
758. Preston, p-t. New London co. Conn,, 44
miles s. s. k. Hartford, 5 railes s. e. Norwich,
w. and s. e. Thames and Quinebaug rivers ;
has an irregular form, containing about 30
square miles. It is uneven, rocky, with a
pretty good soil. First settled 1686 ; pop.
1,934. Preston, p-t. Chenango co, N. Y., 5 ma. w.
Norwich, 115 w. bya. Albany, has a good soU,
bearing maple, beech, bass, elm, Ste, and favor
able to grain ; watered by sraall atreama of
Chenango r, : pop, 1,213,
Preston, co. Va., bndd, s, by Randolph, Mo,
nongalia w,, Fayette co. Pa. n., and Alleghany
CO. Md. E. The greatest lengtb from s. to N. 36
ms,, raean breadth 13, and area 463 sq. miles
Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 2° 38' w. The main
Alleghany chain extends northwardly along the
eastern border of this co,, and the Chesnut

ridge separates it from Monongalia on the w.
The body of the co. is a mountain valley be.
tween the two chains. Cheat river enters the
southern side, and winding to n. n. w., divides
It into two not very unequal eections. Though
generaUy broken, rocky, and in part mountain.
ous, Preston containa aome excellent soU. Cf
town, Kingwood : pop. 1820, 3,428 ; 1830,
5,144. Preston, p.v. in tho southwestern part of
Hamilton co. O., by p.r, 127 ms, s, w. Colurabus.
Pri.:stonburg, p-v. and st. jus. Floyd county
Ky., on the w. fork of Sandy r,, by p-r. 142 ras.
s. E. by E. Frankfort. Lat, 37° 37', long, W.
C, 5° 38' w. Pop. 81.
Prestonville, p-v. Rhea co. Ten., by p-r.
147 ms. s. E, by e, NashviUe.
Prewett's Knob, p-o. Barren co. Ky., by p-r.
118 ms. B. s. w. Frankfort.
Priestford, p-o. Harford co, Md.
Prince Edward, co. Va. bndd. b. e. by Lu
nenburg, s, and s. w. Charlotte, w. Campbell,
N, w. and N.^uckingham, iv,E. Curaberland and
Araelia, and e, Nottaway, Length frora e. to
w. 32 ras,, raean breadth 8, and area 256 sq.
ras. Lat. 37° 12', long. W. C. 1° 30' w. This
CO, is bndd, along its whole northern border
and greatest length by Appomattox r., and of
course slopes in the direction of that stream or
eastward. The southern and central parts have
a counter slope to n, e., and drained bynumer-
ous ers. fallmg into Apporaattox i. This is
one of the best peopled and most enlightened
COS. of Va, In 1820, tbe pop. stood at 12,577,
and in 1830, at 14,107, or 55 to the sq. m. Of
the latter aggregate 5,039 were whites. There
are 12 post offices, and Harapden Sidney col
lege is located in this co. The following in
forraation was forwarded to the editor, " This
CO. derives great advantage frora the naviga.
tion of the Apporaattox. A large part is fer.
tile, well watered, and highly cultivated.
Harapden Sidney college, has in this county an
elevated, dry, and remarkably healthful situa.
tion, 80 ras. s. w. Richraond. The coUege was
founded in 1775, The charter is as liberal
and araple as that of any coUege inthe U. States.
The following professorships have been estab.
lished : the president is the professor of men.
tal philosophy, rhetoric, raoral philosophy, and
natural law ; besides which are the chairs of
chemistry, natural philosophy, mathematics,
and the learned languages. The philosophical
apparatus, and libraries of the college, philan.
thropic, the union, and philosophical societies
are ample. The permanent college funda are
veated in landa and bank atosk. A preparatory
academy ia annexed to the college, in which
thoae atudies only are taught, that are required
for admission into the lowest college class.
The nuraber of students is about 60, and the li
brary contains about 7,000 vols. The annual
expense of a student is .^150, including board,
tuition, room rent, washing, and servant's hire.
The Union theological seminary, also located
in tbis CO., commenced operations in 1824.
There are in the institution 3 professors and an
assiatant, and about 50 students. The library
contains 3,000 vols.
Prince Edward, c, h,, and p-o. Prince Ed.

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417

PRI

ward CO. Va. by p.r. 75 ms. a. w. by w. Rich.
mond. Prince Fredericktown, p-v. and st. jus.
Calvert co. Md, by p-r. 56 ms, s. E. W. C. and
63 ms. s. Annapolis, lat. 38° 32', long. W. C. 0°
28' E.
Prince George, co. Va. bounded by Surry
s. E., Sussex s,, Dinwiddie w,, Appomattox
r, separating it frora Chesterfield n. w,, James
r, separating it from Charles City co, n, and
N. E. Length from e. to w. 26 ms., mean breadth
12, and area 312 sq. ms., lat. 37° 10', andlong,
W. C. 20' w. Though bordered on two sides
by Appomattox and James rs,, the far greatest
part of the surface slopes s, E, and is drained
by the sources of Blackwater r,, and some con
fluents of Nottaway r. ; of course its water is
tributary to Albemarle sound, by Chowan r.
Chief t. City Point. Pop. 1820, 8,030; 1830,
8,367. Prince George's co. Md,, bndd, s,by Charles,
s, w. Potomac r. separating it from Fairfax co.
Va., District of Columbia w,, Montgoraery co,
N. Vf., and the Patuxent r. separating it frora Ann
Arundel co. n. e,, and Calvert s, e. Greatest
length 40 ras,, mean breadth 15, and area 600
sq, ras. The meridian of W, C, passes along
the wstrn, border, whilst the northern angle is
traversed by lat, 39°. The dividing ridge be
tween the confluents of Potoraac and Patuxent,
traverses this co. from s. to n,, dividing it into 2
very nearly equal sections. The surface is
generally hilly, though much of the soil is ex
cellent. Cf t. Upper Marlboro. Pop. 1820,
20,216; 1830,20,474.
Princess Ann, p-v. sea port, and st. jus. Som
erset CO, Md,, situated on Manokin r. near the
head of tide water, by p-r. 144 ms. s. e, by e,
W, C. and 107 ms, b. e, AnnapoUs, lat. 38° 12',
long. W. C. 1° 18' E. It is a place of consider
able commerce, and contains a bank, the ordin
ary CO. buildings, and several places of public
worship. It stands 18 ms. above the mouth of
the Manokin into Chesapeake hay.
Princess Ann, sthestrn. co. of Va., bndd. by
Norfolk CO. w,, Chesapeake bay n,, Atlantic
ocean e., and Currituck co, N, C, s. Le;ngth
-from s. to N. 30 ras,, raean breadth 12, and area
360 sq. ms. Lat, 36° 45', and long. W. C, 1°
e. intersect near its centre. Though in general
level, it is a tableland, discharging the sources
of the east branch of Elizabeth's r. watrd. ; the
various branchea of Lynhaven r. into Lynhaven
bay northwards, and the confluents of Currituck
sound sthrd. Cf t. Princess Ann c. h. Pop,
1820,8,730; 1830,9,102.
Princess Afiit, c. h., p-v. and st. jua. Princess
Ann CO. Va., by p-r. 23 ms. s. e. by e. Norfolk,
lat. 36° 44', long. 0° 57' e. W. C.
Princess' Bridge, and p-o. eastern part of
Chatham co. N. C, 23 ras. a little a. of w. Ra.
leigh. Princeton, p-t. Worcester co. Maaa., 52 ma.
w. Boaton, and 16 n. Worcester, haa a soil very
favorable to agriculture, but containa Wachu-
aett mtn. The land embraced by the preaent t.
bore the same narae in the Indian language.
This solitary eminence ia 3,000 ft. above the
ocean, and ia often ascended on aceount of the
extensive and delightful view enjoyed from its

summit. The v. is situated a little diatance up
the aide of the mtn. Pop. 1,346.
Princeton, p-t. Schenectady co. N, Y,, 20
ms, n, w. Albany, 7 w. Schenectady. It is of
irregular form and ia crossed by Norman's
Kill cr, E. and has several brooks N, -which flow
into the Mohawk. The surface and aoil are
various, and sorae of the principal erainences
afford flne views : Pop. 812.
Princeton, borough, N. J, between West
Windsor, Middlesex co, and Montgoraery, Som.
erset co,, 10 ms, n. e. Trenton, 10 s. w. New
Brunswick, 50 s. w. N. Y. and 40 n. e. Phil., is
a pleasant place, not large, containing about 110
dwellings, and is the seat of Nassau HaU (New
Jersey) college, and also the theological sera
inary of the Presbyterian church. The princi
pal buUdings of these two institutions are of
stone, and arq spacious, Nassau HaU ia 4 sto
ries high, 170 ft. long and 50 deep ; it is ven
erable in its appearance, shaded by trees, and
has 60 apartraenta for students, besides a chap.
el. The rooras for the libraries, recitation,
philosophical apparatus, museum, refectory, and
the societies, are in 2 adjacent buildings, 30 ft.
by 60. This college was founded in 1746; was
first located at Elizabethtown, afterwards re.
moved to Newark, and was finally perraanently
located at Princeton in 1757. It was founded
by the Synod ofN. Y,, and raany distinguished
men have been educated within i-s walls. It is
now, and has long been highly prosperous. The
faculty is composed of a preaident and vice pre
sident; beside 10 others, profeasora and teach.
ers. Number of alurani, 1833, 1,930 ; Students,
133; coraraenceraent is on the last Wednesday
in Sept. In the College Hbrary are 8 000 vols.
and in those of the Students 4,000. The theol
logical serainary was founded in 1812, and is
devoted to the education of young men destined
for the rainistry. There are 3 professors, and
23 scholarships. The nuraber of students is
now, (1833,) about 95, and the course of in
struction erabraces a terra of 3 years, Prince
ton is celebrated as the field of a battle, very
iraportant in its results, between the Americans
under the comraand of Gen. Washington, and
a British force, during the war of the Revolu
tion. 'Thelatter, after having taken refuge in
Nassau HaU coUege, the sarae now standing
were forced to surrender, Jan. 3, 1777.
Princeton, p-v. Washington co. Misp. by
p-r. 100 ms. N. N, E, Natchez. Pop. 2i,0,
Princeton, p.v, Jackson co. Ten. by p.r. 107
ms. N, E, by E. Nash-ville.
Princeton, p.v. and st. jua. Caldwell co. Ky
situated on the summit ground between the val
lies of Cumberiand and Tradewater rs by p r'
229 ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort, and 59 ms a Ut
ile N, of w. Russellville, lat. 37° 02', lone W
C. 10° 54' west: Pop. 366.
Princeton, p-v. Liberty tsp. sthrn. angle of
Butler CO. 0. 20 ms. a little e, of n. Cincinna.
tl, and 98 ras. a. w. by w, Columbus : Pop. 33.
Princeton, p-v. and at. jua. Gibson co, Ind.
aituated on the aummit ground between the val.
ley of Patoka r. branch of Wabaah r. and the
aources of Pigeon cr. flowing into O. r. by p.r,
141 ma. s. w. Indianopolis, lat. 38° 22', long.
W. C. 10°S8'w, ^

PRO

418

PRO

Printer's Retreat, and p-o, Switzerland co,
Ind, 111 ms, s. e, IndianopoUs,
Prospect, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 52 miles e.
Augusta, 15 N. w. Castine, and 227 n. i\. e,
Boston; lies on the west side of Penobscot r,,
and north of Belfast bay, opposite Orphan isl,,
and includes Brigadier isl, in tbe Penobscot, It
has a few small streams : Pop, 2,383,
Prospect, p-t. New Haven oo. Conn. 12 ms,
N, by w. New Haven, is crossed by the West
Rock range of hiUa, and has afew small strearas
which flow into tbe Quinnipiack and other rs,
emptying at New Haven harbor : Pop. 651.
Prospect, p-o. Prince Edward co. Va. by p-r.
80 ras. s. w. Richmond.
Prospect Hill, and p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 9
ms. wstrd. W. C,
Prospect Hill, p-o, CasweU co. N. C. by
p-r. 59 ras. n, w. Raleigh,
Protho's Mills, and p-o, Orangeburgh dist,
S. C, 38 ras, s, w, Columbia,
Providence co., R, I, bndd. by Norfolk and
Worcester cos. Mass, n., Bristol co,. Mass, E,,
Kent CO. and Narraganset r. s,, and the line ot
Conn. w. It is about 17 ms, broad by 22 long,
containing about 380 sq, ms, and is the largest
CO, in tbe state. It has an irregular surface and
is in some parts rough; raost of tbe rocks are
primitive, with some transition and limestone.
The soil is raost favorable to grass, and fruit
thrives. The timber is various. Water power
is abundant, and there are raanufactories of
many kinds carried on in different parts ofthe
CO, Pawtucket r, crosses the co. on the n. e,,
and Sekonk r,, into which it falls, is on the line
of Mass, Pawtuxet flows s,, and there are oth
er streams, as the Mashasuc and Wanaaqua-
tucket. The Blackstone canal, wbich commen
ces at Providence and soon after strikes along
the course of Blackstone or Pawtucket r,, pur
sues it to Worcester, Mass. and affords an ira
portant channel of transportation to many raan
ufacturing and agricultural places. Cotton is
the principal article of manufacture in this co.
The first machinery every erected in America
fir this raanufacture was first set up in Provi-
d.nnce, and afterwards in the village of Paw
tucket, The coramerce ofthis co, is extensive,
and almost the whole foreign commerce of the
state is centered at Providence, whieh is the
st, jus. ofthe CO. The Canton trade of that city
is very extensive. Pop. 1820, 35,736, 1830,
47,018. Providence, city and sea port. Providence
CO, R. I,, the most commercial and populous
town in the state, and second in pop, in New
England, It is situated in lat. 40° 51', and in
long, 5° 37' E, W, C, at the head of Narragan
set bay, 30 ms, from Newport and the ocean,
42 s, w. Boston, 58 n. e. New London, 70 e.
Hartford, 190 n. e. N. Y,, and 394 n, e. Wash
ington. The to-wn contains about 9. sq, ms,, is
separated from Mass. by Seekonk r,, and tbe
two streams which forra Providence r, unite
within it, and afford an abundance of fish. The
city is divided by the latter atream nearly in the
centre, which ia here navigable for veaaels of
900 tons burthen ; two fiue bridgea across it
unite the two parts of the city. Providence is
well laid out, and viewed from several eminen.

ces within tbe city, or from the bay, ita appear
ance ia fine and irapoaing. The calaraitiea which
it has several tiraes suffered by storras, floods,
and particularly an extensive fire in 1801,
and the great storm of 1815, when 500 build
ings were destroyed, have ultimately tended
to the improvement of the city, in its streets
and buUdings, These are mostly of w-ood,
and are uniformly neat ; there are many how
ever, of brick, granite, &c., which are spacious
and elegant, and finely situated. The public
buildings are numerous, and several ofthem are
very handsome. Among these is the arcade, a
noble edifice of stone 222 feet in length, with
two fronts of granite, 72 feet wide, and colon-
ades of 0 colurans each, 25 feet high, tbe
shafts of which are single blocks 22 feet in
length. Thi.^ building was corapleted in 1828,
and cost $130,000, Tbere are 14 churches,
some of which are in fine taste. There are al
so a state houae, the Dexter asylura (for tbe
poor), the building occupied by the Friends'
boarding school, and two edifices belonging to
Brown University : these are all of brick, and
the three latter are finely located on a very cora
raanding eminence. Providence is well situa
ted for comraercial enterprise, and intemal im
proveraents have recently added rauch to its
prosperity. The foreign and coasting trade are
both extensive, as the commerce of the state,
which was formerly concentrated at Newport,
is now chiefly transferred to this place. Sev
eral lines of packets, beside other vessels, run
regularly to different parts ofthe U. S,, andthe
facilities for intemal comraunication are nu
merous. The. trade with Canton has for some
years been quite large, — The -duties collected
in 1831 araounted to ,$227,000 ; the iraports of
the sarae year to .$457,000, and the exports to
$329,000. The registered amount of shipping
wasmore than 12,000 tons ; there are in the city
4 Insurance companies, witb a capital of $360,-
000 ; a branch of the U. S, bank, witb a capital
of $800,000, and 16 otber banks, with an ag
gregate capital of $4,602,000, including a bank
for savings, tbe capital of wbich is $100,000,
The Blackstone canal, which extends from
Providence to Worcester, passing near numer
ous manufactories, adds rauch to the trade of
the city, as does the manufacturing v, of Paw
tucket, one of the most important in the coun
try, and to which leads one of the finest roads
in the U. S. The Boston and Providence rail
road, whicb is to be coraraenced imnaiediately,
will probably be productive of still greater ben
efits. A branch of it is to extend to Taunton,
Mass., and another to New London, Conn,, so
as to connect the land transportation of the N.
York and jBoston route, with Long Island sound
at the latter place ; the navigation round point
Judith being exposed, and soraetimes danger
ous. Steamboats ofthe largest and finest kind,
keep up a daily comraunication with N. Y. dur
ing tbe season of navigation, and in connection
with them are several lines of stage coaches,
which run to Bostop in 6 or 7 hours; Providence,
as weU as the state of whichit is the chief t., is
distinguished for its numerous manufactories.
There are 4 of cotton, with a capital of $327,-
500, arid consuniing annually nearly half a million

PRO

419

PUL

pounds of cotton, from which are woven about
1,500,000 yards of clotb, valued at about $250,-
000 ; there are three bleacheries, two of which
bleach about 3,300,000 pounds of cotton annual
ly, which is an equivalent to about 13,200,000
yds. ; there are also 4 dye houses, 4 iron found
ries, and 7 machine shops, raanufacturing an
nually about $300,000 worth of raachinery,
chiefiy for cotton factories; three brass found
ries, 2 for the manufacture of steam engines ;
10 tin, copper, sheet iron, and coal grate es
tablishraents ; 27 jewellers' ¦ estabUshments,
raanufacturing jewelry, &c. to the value of
about $230,000 ; and a glass factory, where
cut and fiint glass to the araount of $70,000,
is annually raanufactured ; besides these are
various other manufactories of corahs, oil,
soap, candles, bata, boots, shoes, &c, &c. It
is estiraated that not less than 3,000 persons are
regularly' eraployed, or are principally occupied
in the larger manufacturing establishraents in
the city. In addition to all these, a capital of
more than $2,000,000, owned in Providence, is
invested in various manufactures in other parts
of the state. Brown University, transferred
from Warren to Providence in 1770, was found
ed in 1764. Its two buildings are spacious ;
four stories high each, and one 150, the other
120 ft. long, and contains rooras for the officers
and students, library and philosophical rooms,
and a chapel. The philosophical apparatus is
now very complete ; recent efforts have en.
larged its raeans, and the present condition of
this institution is comparatively prosperous. A
new building, the gift of Hon. Nicholas Brown
is about to be erected ; it is to be of brick, 3
stories high, 86 ft, long and 42 deep, and is to
include a chapel, library, philosophical, lecture,
and other rooms. A subscription was lately
commenced, to raise the sura of $26,000, the
proceeds of which is to be applied to the pur
chase of books, philosophical and chemical ap
paratus, &c. This sum will undoubtedly be
raised. The officers of thia inatitution are, a
president, and five profesaors and tutors. Num
ber of students 1832—3, 133 ; the several li
braries contain about 12,000 vols., of wbich
6,000 belong to the library of the college . The
total nuraber of alurani, 1832 — 3, 1,219 ; cora
menceraent is on the 1st. Wednesday in Sep.
teraber. This is the principal literary institu
tion in the state ; besides it, and the Friends'
boarding school (which belongs to the Friends
. of N. Blugland,) there are several graramar,
primary, and other schools in the city. There
are two daily, and eight other newspapers pub
lished here. Providence was originally found
ed in 1036, by Roger Williams, who was ban
ished from the Plymouth colony for avowing
the doctrine that all denominations of Chris
tians are equally entitled to the protection of
tbe civil raagistrate. In 1644, this settleraent
was permitted to establish a government for
itself, independent of Mass, ; and in 1663, a
charter was granted by the king to the Provi
dence plantations, which extended the right of
voting to all e,-s;cept Roman Catholics. In 1831,
Providence was incorporated as a city, and its
municipal government organized : pop. 1810,
10,071 ; 1820, 11,767 ; and,m,J830, 16,833, of

which 8,701 were on the E., and 8,132 on the
w, side of the river.
Providence, or Narraganset river. Provi
dence CO. R. I., is forraed by the union of See
konk river, and another branch which raeet
at Providence, It is deep enough for large
ships, forms the harbor of that town, and a
short distance below, falls into Providence bay.
Providence, p-t. Saratoga co. N, Y,, 42 ms.
N. w. Albany, 15 ft. vr. Ballston Spa, 20 n, Sche
nectady, E. Montgoraery co,, 6 ras. by 7, is billy
N, e,, crossed by Kayderosseras ratn. and else
where uneven, with Sacandaga r, «, w., and
several sraall streams. The soil is favorable
for grass : pop. 1,579.
Provide.noe, p-v, Luzerne co. Pa,, 10 ms. n.
E, Wilkes-Barre, and by p-r. 130 ms, n. e. Har
risburg. Providence, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N, C, 5
ms. s. E. Charlotte, the co. St., and 135 ms. by
p-r. s, w. by vr. Raleigh.
Providence, p-v. in the wstrn, part of Hop
kins CO, Ky,, by p-r. 17 raa. watrd, Madison
ville, the CO, st,, and 217 ras, a. w, by w. Frank
fort. Provi.ncetown, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass., 50
ras, s, e. Boston, (116 by land,) is on the tt.
point of Cape Cod, with tbe ocean n, ands,,
and Cape Cod bay w. It is in the forra of a
hook, being inwards w, and s,, and enclosing
Provincetown bay, which is alraost shut in by
land, with an opening s., with water enough for
ships of the largest size. The soil is a loose,
sterile and shifting sand ; and the houses ofthe
V. which stands on the n, w, side of the bay, are
very small, and buUt on piles so tbat the winds
blow under them. The inhabitants are devoted
to fishing, and take and cure great quantities of
cod annually. There are no wharves in tbe
harbor ; the land is not cultivated. This was
the place first visited by the N, England pil
grims, who spent a little tirae here in Dec. 1620,
before they proceeded to Plymouth. Lat. 42°
3' N,, long. 70° 9' w. Pop, 1,710,
Prun'pytown, p-v. estm. part of Harrison co.
Va,, and near the ferry over Tygart's VaUey r,,
20 ms, N, E. by e. Clarksburg the co. st., and by
p-r, 209 ras, n. w. by w J w, W. C,
Pryor's Vale, p-o, Araherst co. Va,, by p-r.
191 ms. s, w. Richmond.
Pughtown, p-v. in the nrthm. part of Chester
CO. Pa,, situated on French cr, 35 ms, N. w. by
w. PhUa.
Pulaski, p-v. and half shire, Richland, Oswe
go CO. N, Y,, 153 ras, frora Albany, 27 iv, e,
Oswego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor, 36 n. Salina, 60
N, w, Utica, on Salmon creek, 34 ms. frora its
mouth on lake Ontario. The harbor at its raouth
receives vessels of 60 or 70 tons.
Pulaski, co. Geo. bndd, n, by Twiggs, «. E.
Lawrens, s. E. Telfair, and by Ocraulgee i.
separating it from Dooley s. w. and Houston n.
w. Length from s. e. to n. w, 34 ras., breadth
20, and area 680 sq, ms. n. lat. 32° 20', long. 6°
22' w, W, C. Slope s. e,, ahd in that direction
it is traversed by different brancbes of Auchen-
hachee r. a small confluent of Ocraulgee ; and
the latter flows in a sirailar course along the
southwestern border. Cf t. Hartford. Pop.
4,906.

PUT

420

PUT

Pulaski, ' p-v. and st.jus. Giles co. Ten. by
p-r, 77 ms, a little w, of s. NashviUe. «. lat. 35°
08', long. 10° w. W. C.
Pulaski, co. Ky. bndd. w, by Wolf cr., sepa
ratuig it from Russell, Casey n. w., Lincoln n,,
Rockcastle tt. e,, Rockcastle creek, separating
it frora Whitley e., and Curaberland r, separa
ting it frora 'Wayne s. Length frora e. to w,
40 ras,, raean breadth 16, and area 640 sq. ras.
N lat. 37°, and long. 7° 30' intersect in the
southern part of this co. Slope southward to.
wards Cumberland r. Cf. t. Somerset. Pop.
9,500. Pulaski, a p-v. named in the p-o. list as be
ing situated in Allen co. Ind., but from the dis
tance given from Indianopolis 214 ms. a very
extravagant allowance would be requisite to
bring it into any part of Ind, There is no point
in Allen co. 150 ms. by the road frora Indian
opolis. Pulaski, co. of Ark. bndd, by Clark a., Hot-
springs CO. w., Conway n. w., Jackson n. e.,
Monroe e,, and Jefferson s, E, Length frora s.
w. to N, E. 100 ms,, mean breadth 40, and area
4,000 sq. ms. These boundaries are, however,
vague, and given aa being merely relative. The
town of Little Rock, at. jua. and capital of Ark.
stands on the right bank of Arkansas r. n. lat.
.34° 42', long. W. C. 15° 15' w. Slope sthestrd,
and in tbat direction traversed by the main vol.
urae of Arkansas r. Tbe nrthestrn. section is
drained by the sources of Big Meto, and sorae
confluents of White r., whUst frora the sth.
westrn. portion flow the higher tributaries ofthe
Saline br. of Ouachita r. The features ofthis
CO. are much varied, from deep alluvion liable
to annual subraersion to mtns. of considerable
elevation. It presents also dense forests and
extensive prairies. Pop. 2,395.
Pulteney, Vt. {See Poultney.)
Pulteney, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 230 ms. w.
Albany, 16 n. Bath, n. Ontario co., w. Crooked
lake, has uneven land e., with beach, maple,
cfec. for tiraber, and several sraall strearas, of
which Five Mile cr. rises n. e, and flows
through it s, e. towards Conhocton cr. Pop.
1,724. PuLTENEYviLLE, p-V. Wayrtc CO. N. Y. 16 ras.
N. Palmyra, s. lake Ontario.
PuMPKiNTowN, p-v, Pickerts dist. S. C. by p-r.
145 ms. rt. vr. Colurabia.
PoMPKiNTOwN, p-v. Campbell co. Geo. by p-r.
130 ms.N. w. MiUedgeviUe.
PuNGOTEAGUE, p-V. Accomac CO. Va. 10 ras.
s. w. Druraraondstown, and by p-r. 218 ms. a. E,
W. C.
PUNXUTAWNY, PUNGATAWNEY, OT PUNXETAUNY,
(for all theae apellings are uSed,) p-v. on Ma
honmg cr., southern part of Jefferson co. Penn.,
by p-r. 216 ms. N. w. W. C.
Purcell's Store and p-o. Loudon co. Va. by
p-r. 41 ms. northwstrd, W, C.
Purdy, p.v. and st.jus. McNairy co. Ten. by
p.r. 128 ms. s. w. by w. NashvUle. h. lat. 35°
13', long. 11° 36' w. W. C.
Put.in.Bay, fine harbor of Huron co. O. See
Basa Islands. This haven, the most deep and
safe in lake Erie, except Detroit, and Niagara
rs., is formed by a curve of the sthrn, Bass
island. The concavity constituting the basin ia

on the nrthrn. aide of the ialand, and directly
oppoaite at about half a mile distance stretches
frora east to west, the middle Bass ; and again,
as if nature intended to give coraplete security
to this haven, an islet rises at each opening, af.
fording four passes to and frora the bay. Ves.
sels of 12 feet draught can be safely navigated
and find good anchorage in Put.in.Bay. Ship
channel about 20 ms. n. n. vr. from the mouth
of Sandusky Bay; and 30 s. e, from the mouth
of Detroit r.
Putnam, co. N. Y. bndd. by Duchess co. n,,
Conn, e.. West Chester co. a., Hudson r. or Or
ange CO. w., 12 ms. N. emd s. by 21, with 252 sq.
ras. ; is very rough, with mtns. s. w., and but a
small proportion oi level land. Iron ore is taken
frora mines here in considerable quantities, and
partly smelted in the co. At Cold Spring, in
Philipstown, opposite West Point, is the largeat
cannon foundry in the U. S. Here are 1 blast
furnace, making 850 tons of iron annually, 3
air furnaces, and 3 cupola furnaces, which raelt
2,500 tons, raaking $280, OuO worth per annura.
Black lead and pyrites are forraed in sorae
places. In the co. are 2 paper mills, and 1
woollen raanufactory. The 2 branches of Cro
ton r. or cr. flow through the co. and unite on
the s. line, after receiving the waters of many
ponds. Carrael v. tbe st.jus. ofthe co. is in n.
E. corner of Carrael t. on a small lake. Pop.
1820, 11,268, 1830, 12,628.
Putnam, p.t. Washington co. N. Y. 30 ms. n.
Sandy hill, w, lake Champlain or Vt., e. lake
George, about 3^ ras. by 10 ; is on a narrow
tongue of land between these lakes ; mountain
ous, with poor soil. The N. end is 4 ms. frora
Ticonderoga : pop. 718.
Putnam, co. Geo. bndd. b. by Baldwin, Jas.
per w., Morgan N., and Oconee r. separating it
from Greene n. e., and Hancock s. e. Length
24 ms,, mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms.
N, lat. 33° 20', long. 6° 27' w. W. C. Slope
sthrd., and drained by Oconee or confluents.
Cf t, Eatonton : pop, 13,261.
Putnam, p-v. Muskingura co. O. situated on
Muskingura r. opposite Zanesville, and by p-r.
59 ras. E, Colurabus : pop. 758.
Putnam, co, O. bndd. s. by Allen, Vanwert s.
w., Paulding n. w., Henry n., and Hancock e.
Length 24, widtb 24, and area 576 sq. miles.
Lat. 41°, and long. 7° w. intersect in this co.
The general slope n. w., the whole surface,
with a very small exception, being in the valley
of Au Glaize river. Cf. t. Sugar Grove. Itis
a new settlement : pop. 230.
Putnam, co. Ind. bndd. by Owen a,. Clay a.
w., Parke w. and n. w., Montgomery n,, Hen
dricka N, e. and E., and Morgan a. e. Length
30 ma., breadth 20, and area 600 aq. ma. Lat.
39° 40', and long. 10° w. W. C. intersect in
this CO. Raccoon cr., a branch fiowing s. w.
over the northwestern angle, flows thence over
Parke into Wabash ; but the much larger sec
tion mclinea to a. a. w., and is in that direction
drained by the higher constituents of Eel r.,
branch of the North fork of White r. Cf t.
Green Castle : pop. 8,262.
Putnam, co. II. bndd. s. by Peoria, Knox a.
w., Henry w., unappropriated territory n.. La
Salle E., and McLean a. e. Aa laid down by

QUE

421

QUE

Tanner on bis recently iraproved map of the
U. S,, it is about 40 ms. sq. ; area 1,600 sq,
ms. Central lat. 41° 18', lon. 12° 35' w. W. C,
The northwestern angle is drained itno Rock
r, Illinois r. enters on the eastern border, and
flows s, a. w. over the southeastern angle, and
the much greater part of the surface is drained
to the southward direct into II, or into that
stream by Spoon r. Cf ts. Hennipin and Al
exandria. Including Putnam and Peoria, the
joint pop. 1830 was 1,310.
Putney, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 miles n.
Brattleboro', 34 N, E, Bennington, 33 s, Wind
sor, w. Conn, r, ; 18,115 acres ; settled 1754,
from Mass. Great Meadow fort was burnt by

Indians in the last French war. Conn. r. bends
so us to form part of tbe s. boundary. Great
Meadow N, E,, contains about 400 acres of ex
cellent land, A ridge of hiUs runs n. and s.
through the e, part of the town, w, of which
is Sacket's brook, with a fall of 75 ft, in 500
yards nearthe village, where are several dams,
and many mills and factories ; w. of this the
surface is very hilly, and near the vr. line is
Brooklyne valley. The rooks are raica slate,
black limestone, &c,, and green fluate of lime
bus been discovered. Birch, beech, maple, and
sorae hemlock, grow on the hills, and on Conn.
r. nut trees and oak. Pop. 1,510.

«?&*

Quakertown, p-v. in the northwestern part
of Bucks CO. Pa. 38 ras. n, n. w. Phil. It is a
neat small village, in a single street along the
raain road. Pop. about 200.
Quantico, cr. and p-o. inthe nrthwstrn. angle
of Somerset co. Md.
Queechy, or Waterqueechy a. Windsor co.
Vt, rises in Sherburne, Rutland co,, crosaea
Windsor co, and enters Conn, river 2 railes
above Queechy falls. Two good mill strearas
enter the Queechy in Bridgewater, and two
others in Woodstock. Its course is about 35
miles over a stony or gravelly bed, and its
water is pure. It waters about 212 square
miles. Queen Ann, co, Md. having on the e. Chop-
tank r. separating it from Caroline, Talbot co.
s,, Chesapeake bay w., Chester r. separating it
from Kent n. w. and n,, and Kent co, Del, e,
Frora the Southern part of Kent isl. to the
northeastern angle of the co, 40 ras, ; mean
breadth 10 ma., and area 400 sq. ms. Lat, 39°
andlong. 0° 45' intersect in Queen Ann. Slope
s. w. The CO. is composed of Kent isl. and a
long narrow space between Choptank and Ches
ter rs, Cf t. CentervUle. Pop. 1820, 14,952 ;
in 1830, 14,397,
Queen's co, N. Y. on Long Island, bndd, by
East r. and the sound n., Suffolk co. e., the At
lantic s, and King's co. w, ; has 6 townships,
and about 3554 sq, ras. The greatest breadth
of the isl. in this co. is 22 ms., but the water
approaches frora opposite sides in one place
with 6i. The, surface is slightly varied, the
greatest elevation, viz. Harbor Hill, in North
Herapstead, being 319 feet above high water.
A sandy ridge crosses the co. e. and w. The
w. has much excellent soil, well cultivated for
vegetables, fmit, &c. for N. Y. raarket. There
are many coves, inlets and bays, on which tide
mills are erected, principaUy for flour. On the
n, are Cold Spring bay and harbor. Oyster do.
do,, Hempstead do. do.. Cow and Little Neck
bays, and Flushing bay and harbor ; on the E,
r. is Hurl Gate, and several coves and points on
N, Y, harbor and bay, and s. part of S, bay,
Jamaica bay, Rockaway beach. Hog isl. &c.
&c. There is a light-house at Sand's point in
Long Isl. sound. North Herapstead, which is
21 ms. from N. Y. city, is the st, jus, of the co.

farmers, among whom were many families of
French extraction, whose ancestors fled into
Holland after the massacre of St, Bartholo
mews, This CO suffered aeverely during the
war of the revolution. A landing waa made
her^ by the British array after it evacuated
Boston, on the b. e. shore ; and a battle waa
fought, in consequence of which general Wash
ington was compelled to draw off his array
and evacuate the city of N. Y. In this he was
favored by a thick raist, and the dilatoriness of
the enemy. Queen's co. long remained in tbe
possession of the British : Pop. 1820, 21,519 ;
1830, 22,460.
QuEENSBORo', p-V. cstm. part of Anderson
dist, S. C. by p-r. 108 ms, n. w. Columbia.
Queensbury, t. Warren co. N. Y. 58 ms. N,
Hudson, 5 n, w, Sandy HiU, 8 s. Caldwell, w.
Washington co,, n, Hudson r. and Saratoga co,,
about 6 ras, by 13, has loose, sandy soil w.,
and loam e. both bearing pine. There are sorae
plains E., and t'je w. is hilly, with French ratn.
and French pond at its foot, I4 by 2 miles in
length and width. There are also several cran
berry marshes. Halfway brook rises bere and
flows into Wood cr. Iron ore and lirae are
found in the t., and an extensive and beautiful
quarry of black marble has recently been
wrought in considerable quantities. Glens Falls
viUage is pleasantly situated, on a plain near
the falls of the sarae name in the Hudson. This
is a favorite spot in the northem tour of travel
lers, lying on the road from Saratoga springs
and lake George, and presenting interesting
scenery at the falls. The descent of the Hud.
aon here is 37 ft, A ledge of blackish lirae
stone crosses the channel,, over -frhich the wa.
ter is precipitated perpendicularly into a deep
basin. Below, the channel is divided by an isl.
of solid rock, in which the floods have worn
holes and two singular caverns, in a direction
parallel to the strata and across the course of
tbe stream. The neighborim; banks are high,
rocky and perpendicular ; and the whole is seen
at great advantage from a bridge which rests
upon the island. A dam crosses the r. at the
falle, which supplies several saw mills and
turns part of the water into a branch canal and
feeder. This passes along tbe bank in this t.
and through Sandy HiU v. to Kingsbury, where

A large part of the CO. was settled by Holland it enters the Champlain canal above fort Ed.
54

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422

RAC

ward. A convoy of wagons was attacked on
the banka of the r. in thia t. during the French
war, and a skirmish ensued. At the foot of
French mtn. is a defile, in which occurred
(1755) the fight between a detachment of the
EngUsh and colonial troops under General Sir
Charlea Johnaon, on a scout from fort George ;
the French troops and Indians under Gen. Dies.
kau. The latter lay in ambush, and the former
suffered severely. The famous Mohawk chief,
Hendrick, fell among his allies, the English :
Pop. 3,080.
QuEENSDALE, p.v. Robesort CO. N. C. by p-r.
117 ras. o. w. Raleigh.
Queenstown, p-v. Queen Ann co. Md. on
the s. E. side of Chester bay, 7 ras. a. w. Cen
terville, the CO. St., and by p-r. 62 ms. estrd,
W.C.
Quercus Grove, and p-o. Switzerland co.
Ind. by p-r. 117 ms. s, E. Indianopolis.
Quigle's Mills, and p-o. Centre co. Pa. by
p-r. 100 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg.
Quincy, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 8 ma. a. e.
Boaton, s. w. Boston harbor, settled 1625, be
fore Boston or Salem, under the name of Mount
Wollaston, as a trading post. On Neponset r.
is a salt raarsh. Squantura is a peninsula run
ning into Boston harbor. Two ridges of the
Blue hills run parallel through the west part.
There are extensive quarries of fine granite
wrought here, 3 ras. from tide water, in Ne
ponset r., to which it is conveyed on a rail road,
constructed in 1826 — the first work ofthe kind
in Araerica. Pine rails, 12 inches deep and 6
wide, were laid, under oaken rails 2 inches by
3, covered by iron plates 3-8 inches thick.
These rails are 6 feet apart, on granite blocks
74 ft, long. In this t. are the mansions of John
Adams and Josiah Quincy. Pop, 2,201.
Quincy, p-v. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ras.
N. N, w. 'VV. C.
Quincy, p-v. and st.jus, Gadsden co. Florida,

situated in the nrthrn. part of the co. 23 ms.
N. w, by w. Tallahaaaee, lat. 30° 34', long. W.
C. 7° 47' w.
Quincy, p-v. Munroe co. Miap. by p-r. 168
ms. N. E. Jackson.
Quincy, p-v. wstm. part Gibson co. Ten. by
p-r. 153 ms. watrd. NashviUe.
Quincy, p-v. and st. jus. Adams co. II., sit
uated near the left bank of Mississippi r., by
p-r. 193 ms. n. w. VandaUa, n. lat. 39° 52' long.
W. C. 14° 18' w.
Quinebaug, r. a considerable stream in the e.
part of Conn, and a very valuable r. for water
power. It takes ita rise from a pond (Maaha-
pang) in the town of Union, and after making a
circuitous course into Massachusetts, unites
with French r. between Woodatock and Thorap.
son. Conn. After a course of 30 ms. through
a rich agricultural dist., it forma a junction with
the Shetucket, tbree ma. north of Norwich city ;
frora thence to its junction with the "Yantic it '
bears the latter name. These united streams
form the Thames. On the Quinebaug and its
tributariea are now (1832) from 85 to 100 cotton
and woollen manufactoriea, containing from one
to four thousand spindles each, exclusive of
those in the Yantic, Willimantic and Shetucket
rivers and their tributaries. Tbe course of the
Quinebaug has been proposed as the route for
a canal, from tide water in the Thames into
Mass. Quinipiack, the ancient Indian name of New
Haven, Conn.
Quinipiack, or E. r. Con. rises in a pond in
the s. part of Farraington, Hartford co. and
flows through Southington, between tbe two
ranges of ratns. in that t,, then breaks thro' the
E. range, and flows at its E. base at the foot of
rat. Carmel and of E. Rock, entering New Ha
ven harbor under a long bridge. The Farra
ington canal lies along the upper part of the
course of this stream.

!&•

Rabun, nrthestrn. co, Ga. bndd. s, w. by Tu
roree r. separating it frora Habersham co., w,
by the nrthm. part of Habersham, n, by Macon
CO, N. C, IV, E. Haywood co. N. C., and e. and
s. E. by Chatuga r,, separating it frora Pickens
diat. S. C,, length frora e, to w, 30 ms,, mean
breadth 11, and area 330 aq, ras,,. lat. 34° 53',
long. W. C. 6° 24' w. The Blue Ridge passes
along the nrthrn. border, and frora the northern
side of the chain and in Rabun co. rise the ex
treme sources of Tennessee proper and Hiwas.
see r. From the sthrn, slope again issue the
foimtains of Turoree and Chatuga, or the ex
treme sources of Savannah i. We may add
also, that the higher fountains of Chattahooche
r, rise in Habershara, within 4 or 5 ms. frora
the sthwstrn. part of Rabun. Frora these el
ments it is evident that Rabun co. occupies a
very elevated table land. The farras raust be
from 1,500 to 2,000 ft, above the Atlantic tides,
producing an efi'ect on aerial temperature to at
least 4 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer,
Cf t, Claytonsville : Pop, 2,176.
Raccoon, p-o. nrthrn. part of Washington co.

Pa., 12 miles nthrd. the borough of Washing.
ton. Raccoon Ford, and p.o. Culpepper co. Va.
Race, the e. end of Long Island sound, be
tween Connecticut and Long Island, where a
sunken reef renders the surface, agitated when
the tide is rapidly passing. The reef lies about
N. E. and s. w. in a line with Fisher'a, Gull and
Plumb islands.
Race Point, the n. w, extremity of Cape Cod,
Provincetown, Barnstable co, Mass., 3 ms. n.
w. Provincetown v.
Racket, r. N. Y. rises in Hamilton co. in a
mountainous region, near the head streams of
Hudson and Black rs. It is at first deep, slow
and crooked, flows through several ponds ; but
for about 30 ras. during a part of its course, it
has a- rapid descent and affords many mill sites.
At Louisville it again becomes slow and deep,
and is navigable in boats of 5 tons to its mouth
in the St. Lawrence. The boat navigation con
tinues thence to Montreal. Its whole length is
about 120 ms., its descent 200 ft. and its gene
ral course n.

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423

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Radnor, p-v, Delaware co. O. by p-r. 30 ms.
N. Columbus,
Ragged mtns,, N, H. a range about 10 ms.
long, running nearly E. and w. on the line be
tween Merrimac and Grafton cos. between
Kearsearge mm. and Pemigewasset r. They
are broken and precipitous, and some peaks are
nearly 2,000 ft. high.
Ragged Isl., town, Lincoln co. Me, Pop.
14. Rahway, p-t, Essex co. N. J. 4 miles a. w.
Elizabethtown, rt. Middlesex CO., is crossed by
Rahway r. N. and a,, with a pleaaant v,, and 10
school houses. The r. enters Staten Island
sound 4 ras. below. Pop. 1,983.
RAIL-ROADS AND CANALS.
In arranging the article Rail-Roads and Ca
nals, we shall endeavour to state what has al-
- ready been effected, in regard to these two sys
teras of internal iraproveraent, so far as our
docuraents will adrait. We- comraence with
Canals, and with the map of the country before
us, proceed with them from south to north ;
witb some reference to other means of inland
navigation, in the southern, raiddle and western
slates. The Rail-Roads will follow these, in
alphabetical order,
Louisiana, or Mississippi Delta navigation.
— Besides the main volurae of Mississippi, this
atate iatraveraed by numerous outlets frora that
stream, andby counter, or interlocking water
courses. The whole plain nearly approaches
the curve superficies of the sphere, and the
highest lands are but slightly elevated above
the general level. Under the bead of Missis
sippi, we have shown that that river flowa in a
comparatively deep valley, and cannot by either
natural or artificial means be diverted from its
bed. Canal works therefore, raust be con
structed, to obviate the defects of river naviga
tion, or to supply an artificial r. where a natu
ral one did not exist. A view of the country
itself, suggests the idea of prodigious facilities
for canal construction, whicb, however, have
been only very partially taken advantage of,
for raany reasona.
A short cut, to adrait schooners, sloops, and
other small craft into a basin in the rear of N.
Orleans, from Bayou St. Jobn, is yet the raost
iraportant canal in La., or indeed in the United
States thus far south. This canal is called
Carondelet, from governor Carondelet, under
whose administration, during the existence of
the Spanish government, it was projected.
Another canal, extencUng from New Orleans
(faubourg St. Mary's) to lake Pontchartrain, is
now (18-33) in progress. This will be 64 ras,
in length, with a depth of 8 ft. and 30 ft. wide at
the surface. Lafourche, a short canal, suppli
ed with water only when the Mississippi is in
flood, unites the outlet of Lafourche (the fork)
with the chain of lakes and creeks 'vyhich lead
into the lower Teche, and opens the coramerce
of Attacapas to N. Orleans. This canal leaves
tbe Lafourche, 16 ms. below its efflux from
the Mississippi. Where the Plaquemine issues
frora the Mississippi, a cut haa long been made I
to adniit veasela into the former. Thisis also |

supplied with water only at high flood. Bayou
Iberville, the first outlet of the Mississippi from
the left, descending tbat stream, is exactly sira
ilar to the Lafourche, Plaqueraine, and Atcha
falaya, from the opposite side. Iberville issues
from the main streara below the last highlands,
which extend a, of Baton Rouge, and 8 miles
above the efflux of Plaquemine, Following the
windings, Iberville receives the Amite r, from
the N,, 20 ma, from the Mississippi. Now a
navigable stream adraitting vessels of 5 feet
draught, the Araite turna to the eastward, and
following its very winding channel fiows 35 ras.
before it opens into lake Maurepas. This lake
is again contracted into a creek (bayou) which
connects it with the rauch larger lake Pont
chartrain, which is itself joined to lake Borgne,
a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, by two channels ;
the Rigolets and Chef Menteur. Through this
chain of lakes, creeks and bays, an immense
line of internal navigation has been projected ;
wbich is, however, only in project, and men
tioned only in this place, as being connected
with the design of cutting a canal over the pe
ninsula of Florida. In furtherance of the plan
of the Florida canal, an act of congress was
passed March 3rd, 1826, authorizing surveys.
The surveys were made in virtue of the act of
congress, and reported to the board of internal
iraproveraent, 8th Feb., 1828. From this report
it appears that the canal is practicable. " 'The
elevation of the highest intermediate ridge
above the level of the seas, has been found 152
feet at the head of St. Mary's r, near the Geo.
line ; 158 feet between Kinsley's pond and Lit
tle Sta Fe pond, head of Sta Fe river ; and 87
feet between the head brancbes of the Amaxu
ra and Ocklawaha." The sea shore was found
shallow from Tarapa bay to Appalachie bay, on
a width outwards from tbe land, varying frora
5 to 15 ms. Frora the latter to cape San Bias,
this width diminishes, except at the intervening
capes, where extensive shoals project out, but
from cape San Bias to lake Pontchartrain, the
shore is generally bold, and the coast affords
several good harbors. The Atlantic coast " is
all along shallow," say the engineers, " and
offers no harbors except at the mouth of St.
John's r, and St, Augustine," The shortest
distance across the peninsula, is from near St.
Augustine, to a point on the Gulf between the
mouths of the Suwannee, and Amaxura rivers,
105 ms. The distance in a , straight line from
the raouth of St. John's to that of the Suwannee
is 130 ms,, and from the mouth of St John's to
that of St Mark's, 170. The wide and shoaly
bank, which obstructs the coast from Espiritu
Santo (Tarapae) continues uninterrupted to the
bay of Appalachie, where its breadth is reduced
to about 3 ras., and a channel formed of 10 feet,
to enter St. Mark's r., and vessels drawing 8
feet can ascend to the town of St. Mark.
Along the shore 4 or 5 feet is the general
depth, and 10 or 12 ms. out at aea only twelve
feet ia found. The difference of level between
the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean, re-
aulting from theae aurveys, give to the former
an elevation of 3 or 4 feet above the latter.
Tidea in the Gulf about 2 feet at a mean. It
appears from the invoatigations aa far aa prose-

RAI

424

RAI

cuted, that 8 feet is the deepest water that can
be calculated on, as a debouchment to the in.
tended canal on the side of the Gulf; of course
the canal itself raay notnecessarily be construct
ed with a greater draught than can be naviga
ted from sea to sea, Thia navigation would be
ao obyiously beneficial, and practicable, the cli
mate offering no winter obstruction, ^that we
may regard its actual construction as amongst
the improvements which the coming ege will
carry into effect.
Leaving the Delta of the Mississippi,' and
passing aloijg the northern coast of the Mexi
can Gulf, and over the intervening land and
rivers, wo reach the small basin of Ashley and
Cooper, before we find any considerable ira
proveraents in the inland navigation of the
country, with the single exception ofthe Savan-
nali and Ogeechee canal, which is 16 railes in
length, and extends from Savannah to the Ogee
chee river. Thia canal was completed in
J 829, has a lockage of 29 feet, and is 4 feet
deep, with a breadth at bottom of 33 feet. This
canal it is proposed to continue to the Alatama-
ha, 60 ras. 'With this exception, setting out
frora the mouth of St, John's i, of Florida, a
distance of 200 ms,, and along a coast indented
by the outlets of Sl, John's, St, Mary's, Santilla,
Alataraaba, Great Ogeechee, Savannah, Coosa-
hatchie, Edisto, and numerous sraaller streams,
nature has been left to direct, or impede the
channels according to her own caprice. The
importance and wealth of Charleston, witb the
peculiar range of the channel of Santee river
suggested a canal, which was undertaken about
the beginning of this century, and in 1802, the
harbor of this southern einporium was united
to Santee r. by a canal called " The Santee
canal," It extends frora the head of Cooper r,
N N. w. 22 raa., and ia joined to Santee oppoaite
Black Oak ialand. "I'he Santee canal is 34
feet wide at surface, wilh 4 feet water, and
cost 650,667 dollars. The Santee, Columbia,
and Saluda navigation, has been improved
above the Santee canal, upwards of 150 railes,
corabining side cuts and locks, with the river
channels, and about thirty locks overcorae 217
feet fall. The foregoing embraced the western
branch. Along the Catawba or Wateree, exten
sive side cuts and locks in Kershaw district,
near Caraden, ut Rocky Mount in Fairfield, and
in other places, opened the fine channel of Ca
tawba to the ocean by the Santee canal. But
all that has been done in this extensive region,
has hardly done more than to demonstrate the
utility and necessity of very extended opera
tions. This will be more obvious when we see
tbe extent of country embraced in this section,
exclusive of that of Flor. and La. Along the
Atlantic coast at least, the cliraate opposes no
great obstacle to the forraation, and permanent
use pf canals as far as Albemarle sound, in lat.
36°. The almost united mouths of Santee and
Pedee, are but little above lat. 33° ; the Atlan
tic part of the navigation therefore, ia exerapt
from impediment by ice in winter. It bas been
projected to coimect Charleston with Savannah,
by an inshore chain of natural channels and
short cuts. This line of improvement is no
doubt practicable, and may be effected at an ex

pense of money bearing a small proportion to
its imraenae advantagea. The same natural
facilities extend in both directions frora Savan
nah r. To the ?, w. the inshore navigation may
be extended to connect with that of Flor,, and
advancing westward, reach and join the already
vast coramercial operations, of the Delta ofthe
Missisaippi, On the opposite side, it is true we
discover a new character of coast, but the ^
natural channels still seem to invite to canal
iraproveraent. Passing the Pedee, the insular
coast, so reraarkable along Florida, Georgia,
and the Carolinas, changes its nature and aspect.
Three great eUiptic curves sweep from the
mouth of Pedee to cape Hatteras, of very near
ly equal length, 100 miles each. Defective in
deep harbors, as is the coast a. -iv. of the Pe
dee, it is still raore ao to the n. e, of Winyaw
hay, or outlet of Pedee. Thia latter coast of
300 ras, is broken but by one river, thatof cape
Fear, and in no place admits vessels of 15 feet
draught. Beyond cape Hatteras to Chesapeake
bay, this latter character of coaat continues,
but with increased asperity. Between cape
Lookout and cape Henry, extend Pamlico, Al-
beraarle, Currituck, and other shallow sounds,
not admitting the navigation of vessels drawing
6 feet water. Into this region of shallow
sounds, are poured the volumes of Neuse, Pam
lico, and Roanoke rs. There ianot in Araerica,
if there ia on earth, another range of ocean
coast, where one canal iraprovcment would
raore obviously suggest another, until one
chain of such works would unite the extremes,
than that stretching frora the mouth of the Mis.
sissippi, to that of Chesapeake bay. We may
here remark, tbat there is no other obstacle
opposed to the construction of canals, so forrai
dable, as an extensive shallow sheet of water.
Without a correct knowledge of their real
character, the North Carolina sounds would be
taken as fine expansive bays, and like the Ches
apeake, peculiarly fitted for inland navigation ;
but when actuaUy and carefully exarained, we
find that the Cape Fear and Chesapeake basins
cannot be united, by a cbain of canals atany ex
pense within human raeans, unless that chain is
carried along the raouths ofthe rivera, and heads
ofthe sounds. The basins of Albemarle and
Chesapeake are separated by a marshy, and
generally dead level peninsula, 60 ras, wide.
Tbe name given to its central part, Dismal
Swamp, serves as a brief description of this
tract. From thia dreary region of lakes, marsh
es, and almost impervious , woods, Bennet's
creek flows into Chowan river ; and the rivers
or rather bays of Perquimans, Pasquotank and
North river, are connected sthrdly. with Albe
marle sound. To the n. the surplus water is
carried into the James,, by Nansemond and
Elizabeth rivers. The Dismal Swamp canal,
is yet the only work of any iraportance, which
haa improved the navigation of this region of
shallows and fens. It comraences on the Va.
side, on EUzabeth r., near the mouth of Deep
cr., and stretches over the Dismal Swamp to the
mouth of Joyce's cr., a branch of Pasquotank ;
its length is 23 ma. ; and it rises only 164 feet
above the Atlantic level ; it ia 40 ft. wide at the
surface, and is 6J feet deep. It receives the

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425

RAI

water of a feeder from lake Drummond of 44
feet depth, and 5 ms. in length. This work has
cost directly or indirectly, about $800,000,
Since the construction of Disraal Swamp canal,
it haa been projected to deepen it to 8 or 10 feet,
but tbat design has been considered useless if
eflected, unless a sirailar depth of canal was ex
tended along the heads of the sounds. A line
of connected canal and river navigation has,
however, been sketched, whicb, with such
raodifications as raore accurate surveys may
point out, will be no doubt effected, at no yery
distant time. This splendid project is to cora
mence with the deepening and enlargement of
the Dismal Swarap canal, and carrying it into
the Chowan r., near the mouth of Bennet's
creek ; thenoe following the shores of Chowan
into the Roanoke, and up the latter to the port
of WiUiamston. Thence in a direction little w,
of s. 22 ms., to Washington, on Pamlico r. ; and
continuing sthrd, beyond Washington 16 ms, to
the navigable water of Neuse r. at Dawson's
bridge. Neuse r, offers a natural channel of
35 ms. past Newbern, to the mouth of Adams'
cr, ; up the latter with 12 feet water for several
ras,, and by an intermediate canal to North r,,
and down that stream to Beaufort, This line
could be varied or branched, by going up Neuse
r, to its great bend in Lenoir co,, and thence
into the North branch of Cape Fear r,, or leave
the Neuse at Newbern, and follow the Trent
into Duplin co,, and thence into Cape Fear r,
Either of the two latter routes would debouch
into Cape Fear r. at Wilmington. To carry this
navigation forward into Wineyaw bay, several
routes have been proposed. Tbe most direct
is a canal from opposite Wilmington to the nav
igable water of Waccamau r. Another plan is
to leave the channel of Cape Fear r. at Hay.
woodsboro', 180 ms. above Wilraington, pro.
ceed up tbe valley of Deep r. as far as requi.
site, and thence by the raost practicable route
to the Yadkin near Blakeley in Montgoraery
CO. N. C. This route has received Legisla.
tive sanction, and the narae of Cape Fear and
Pedee canal. Corabining the whole space
frora St. John's basin to Roanoke inclusive, the
subjoined table will exhibit the great area, inclu.
ded in the navigable section s. of Chesapeake
bay, and estrd. of the Appalachian systera of
mtns., wilh the pop. of 1830. Mean Area in Pop.
Sub-basins. Lfrth. brth. sq. ma. 1830,
Basin of Geo. and S. C, 380 170 64,600 925,734
Do, Cape Fear r,, 200 40 8,000]
Do. Neuse r„ 180 40 7,200 I
Do, Tarr., 160 25 4,000 r *"'""''
Do. Albemarle, 290 60 17,400j

Aggregke, , 101,200 1,665,734
We have thua, excluaive of Florida and Lou.
isiana, a section of the U. S. comprising a
fraction above 100,000 aq. ms., and a population
exceeding 1,600,000 inhabitants, on which the
Santee and Disraal Swarap canals are the only
worka of that nature of any magnitude, except
such as have been executed to meliorate the
navigation of rivers. In the latter species of
improveraent, however, more has been done
than is generally supposed. Obstructions have
been removed, though to no very great extent.

in the Savannah river. Some expense haa been
incurred to open the inner channela of Edisto
rs. N. and s. Near Columbia, where the Saluda
and Broad rs. unite, there are canals or side
cuts, called ihe Columbia canal and Saluda
canal, made to perrait navigation past rapids.
These, witb other works in connexion, along
Saluda and Broad rs,, comprised, in 1826, 28
looks, and 150 raUes of mixed navigation. The
Wateree, (the principal branch ofthe Santee,)
is obstructed in Kerahaw diatrlct, S, C, by
rapids. A canal has bere been extended along
its western side, and another constructed for a
similar purpose, at Rocky mtn,, in Chester dis
trict. At an expense of between 2 and 300,000
dollars, the Catawba has been made navigable
nearly to its source in N. C, Between Cheraw
and Georgetown, a considerable expense on
side cuts and otber iraprovements has shortened
the distance, and given a navigation, though a
defective one, to tbe Pedee, The navigation
of the Cape Fear has been noticed. Much has
been done, and much more reinains to be done,
to render this the valuable comraercial channel
which its position deraands, and its volume of
water will adrait. A plan has been suggested
for the iraproveraent of the Neuse, Pamlico and
Tar rivers, to wbich we have already alluded.
To improve the channels of the Roanoke and
its confluents, corapanies have been forraed in
both N. C, and Va. Sloops ascend the Roan
oke to Weldon above Halifax, and the Chowan
to Winton. The Weldon canal, in a distance
of 12 ms., overcomes 100 ft. fall,' and as early
as Dec. 1828, by a report of the Va. Roanoke
company, it appeared that the improvements
bad been such as to admit steamboat navigation
to Salem in Botetourt co,, w. of the Blue
Ridge, overcoming upwards of 900 ft, fall in
244 ms,, following the i, channel. Danville
navigation was also (Nov. 1828) so greatly ira
proved, as to adrait, by a mixed series of locks,
sluices, and side cuts, a regular navigation into
Rockingham co. N. C, at the village of Leakes
ville, 152 ras., following the bends of the river.
Expenditures of tbe Roanoke corapanies to
Nov. 1826, $341,283 ; Nov. 1828, $365,991.
Virginia navigation east of tlte Appalacliian
mtns. Under tbis comprehensive head are in
cluded the lower part of the deep bay of Ches
apeake, and its confluents, Jaraes, York, Rap
pahannoc, andthe far greater part of the valley
of the Potomac. The earth affords no other
instance where so great a physical change is
found in so short a distance, as that between
the shallow sounds of N. C, and the deep
water of the Chesapeake. In the latter, the
largest ships of war have adequate depth al
most to the very verge of the priraitive rock.
Ships of the line ascend the raain bay to near
its head, up the Potoraac to Alexandria, sorae
distance into York r,, and up Jaraes r, to the
raouth of Nansemond r, and Hampton Roads,
Sloops drawing 6 or 7 feet water penetrate into
innuraerable creeks on both sides of the Chesa
peake. Inthe peculiar direction of their chan.
nels, it would appear as if nature intended to
lavish her favors on thia state, by making her
estrn. border a common centre of confluent
streama. The rivers of Geo. and the Carolinas

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426

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from Alatamaha to Cape Fear inclusive, and
without much violence wo might say to Roan
oke inclusive, flow to s. e,, or s, a, e. In sthrn,
Va,, their general course is estrd. to the Sus.
quehannah, which is again almost due s. Much
has been done to iraprove the navigation of the
rs. of Va., but what is executed is indeed
small,, when compared with the extent ofthe
physical section under review. James r. ad
mits vessels of 125 tons to Rockett's, the port
of Richmond. At that city coraraences the
falls or rapids, to pass which by a navigable
canal, the old James river company was char
tered in 1784, andthe works were so far ad
vanced, that tolls were regularly collected in
1794. {See art. Richmond city.) The Rich.
-mund canal enters a basin in the wstm. side of
tbe city ; is 25 ft. wide, and 3 deep, and extends
^Ji miles to where it enters the river; there
are 12 locks, and the fall is 80 feet. Three
miles ahove the first is a second short canal,
with 3 locks, overcoming 34 feet fall. These
canals and locks, with other slight iraprove
ments, opened a navigation at all seasons of 12
inches water to Lynchburg, The James
river company in 1825, declared another canal,
known as the James and Jackson river canal,
complete, to the head of the falls called Mai.
den's Adventure, Goochland cc, 304 uis. above
Richmond. Width of canal 40 feet, depth of
water 34 feet, fall overcome, 1401 feet. If the
data in Armroyd's treatise are correct, this, in
proportion to raagnitude, was the most promptly
executed work of its kind ever performed in
the U. S. A section canal to carry anavigation
along Jaraes r. through the Blue Ridge gap, was
commenced in 1824 ; faU 96 feet; stone locks
104 feet wide, and 76 feet long. With these,
a short canal, 7 ms. ua length, requiring 96 ft,
of lockage, around a fall in Rockland co,, and
some other iraprovements, tbe navigation of
James's r, has been effected into the valley
above Blue Ridge. Extensive farther im
provements have been proposed, to the amount
of $5,750,000, according to the engineer's re
port, July 1826. These estimates are again
swelled by plans of canal construction in the
Obio section of Va. ; but in actual performance
tbe efforts of the state seem to have rather re
laxed than augmented. Below Richmond and
the head of tide water, some canal works have
benn executed. From City Point at its mouth
into James r., the Apporaattox has been im
proved 10 ms., to Fisher's bar, and thence by
canal round the falls, to 5 or 6 ms. above Peters
burg. Thence the channel of the r. has been
cleared to Farmville, Prince Edward co. On Up
per Appomattox, about !S100,000 have been ex
pended; below tide water, about g30,000. Ves
sels of 7 ft. draught can ascend to Petersburg.
Chesapeake and Omo Canal. This impor
tant channel of coramunication was chartered by
Virginia in 1^24, and the charter was confirraed
by Maryland, and the Congress of the U. S, in
1825. It ia to extend from tide water above
Georgetown, D. C, on the Potomac, to Pitts
burg, Pa. a diatance of 341 ms. The breadth
at the surface, wUl vary from 60 to 80 feet,
at the bottom 50 feet and the depth wUl be
from 6 to 7 feet. The lockage required on

the whole route amounts to 3,210 feet; and
at the summit level, upon the Alleghany
mtns,, a tunnel 4 ms. long will be necessary.
The estimated cost of this canal is rising of
$22,000 000, but it is now supposed that it will
faU short of $20,000,000. The U, S, have sub
scribed for $1,000,000 of the stock. Some
differences have arisen between this corapany
and that of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road,
which have been tKe cause of much delay in
accomplishing the objects ofthe two corapanies,
but these are now (June 1833) in a fair train for
a mutual adjustment. Of the canal, 102 ms.
are under contract, 64 of which were to be
completed by June 1st 1833, andthe balance on
the 1st Sept. From the report of June 4th 1832,
it appears tbat the Chesapeake and Ohio canal
compmiy had then received frora various re
sources, funds to the amount of ^2,065,769
and 80 ets.; and had expended $2,007,875
and 15 ets., leaving a balance on hand of $57,-
894 and 65 ets. The charter of tbis company
requires, on penalty of forfeiture in case of
failure, the completion of 100 ms. of the ca
nal in 5 years frora its coraraenceraent, which
took place 4th July, 1 828 ; of course unless
provided for, the 100 ms. of canal must be in
operation by the 4th July, 1833, or the com
pany raust cease operations. On the subject
of this contingency, the report acknowledges
the inability ofthe corapany to save the charter
by a full compliance witb its provisions ; but
observes, "although the apprehension should
not be for a moment indulged, that the charter
of the company would be endangered by their
failure to construct 100 ms. of canal in 5
years from its commencement, considering
tbe legal obstructions which have irapeded its
progress for more than three years of that pe
riod, yet this provisi,an of the charter, and the
interests of the stockholders, impose on the
company the obUgation of diligently prosecuting
their work, to the extent here contemplated.
" From the treasurer's report, Ist May, 1S32,
it appears that, on the 30th April, the subscri
bed stock, payable in money, as contradistin
guished firom the part payable in the shares of
the former Potomac companv, amounted to
$3,609,200 ; of this stock there had been then
collected ^1,959,057, leaving to be coUected
the farther sum of 51,650,113. DetJuct aUow
ance for bad debts 870,113, a balance remains
of g 1,580,000, To which add cash on hand,
at the date of the treasurer's report, §30,814,-
and there results a fund of .51,610,614, applica
ble to the following objects: — for the payment
of work below the Point of Rocks, §40,841 ;
indemnity for lands taken for the construction
of the canal, between the Point of Rocks and
the mouth of Tiber creek, .§30,000; comple-
tion of unfinished work, between the Point of
Rocks and the mouth of Tiber creek, ,s 1 70,000 ;
completion of 12 ms. of canal and their appnr.
tenances, between the Point of Rocks and the
Harper's Ferry feeder, including the dam and
guard lock at the latter ;p310,000 ; and for the
completion of 244 ms, of canal, between the
Harper's Ferry feeder, and that in the vicinity
of Opeccon, $788,197 ; total amount for these
objects $1,339,038, These being deducted

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427

RAI

fromthe available stock, and cash on hand, $1,.
610,814, leaves the sum of $271,776, which
balance is to be applied to the portion of caual
between the feeder at Licking creek, and that
next to Opeccon. The portion of canal extend
ing from the former, wbich wUl be required to
make up 100 ms., when added to the part bo-
low, need not exceed 14 ras. ; for which the
above sum leaves near $19,500 a mUe." By
reference to tbe following tables, it will be seen
that 100 ms. of canal from Georgetown will
reach 32 ras. above Harper's Ferry, and 4 ras.
above Williamsport. In regard to work actual
ly completed, the sarae report states, that, the
various works on the ctmal between the Point
of rocks and the basin in Georgetown, which
had been perraitted to proceed very tardUy, for
many raonths, bave reached very near their final
completion. The account rendered of the tolls
ofthe canal, for the 11 months which expired
on the 30th of April, (1832) is ^25,108 93, to
which may be added, tbose for the month of
May, g6,400 32. making tbe tolls for the year
araount to $31,509 25, being an excess beyond
those of the previous year of $2,367 90. After
sorae estimates, which we have not room to in
sert, the report adds, "the resources, exclusive
of the canal tolls, may be safely coraputed at a
sum exceeding $150,000, and if not profitably
converted into money, might be pledged, aa the
basis of a loan, to tbat amount, in aid of the un
collected stock of the company, if required to
construct 100 ms. of canal by the Autumn of
1833; by which period, the contracts last raade,
require that part of the canal below Opeccon
to be completed. Those for the works below
the head of Harper's Ferry falls, limit the pe
riod of their completion, as haa been stated, to
the 1st of Deceraber (1832,) by which time, or
at any rate, bythe opening ofthe ensuing spring
(1833), it is confidently expected to bring the
entire canal into use, from the still water, at
the head of the falls, produced by the dam of
the U. S. armory, down to the mouth of the Ti
ber." The preceding is a brief view of the pre
sent state of the canal system along the Atlantic
coast, and that of the Gulf of Mexico from the
Potomac to the Mississippi, inclusive. It was
our intention to have given a summary table of
expenditures ; but so desultory have been the
operations, and so loose the registers of ex
pense, that any suraraary raust be extremely de
fective ; we state the following however, as
approximating to the amounts expended on sev
eral objects in this section of the U. S. previous
to June 1832. Expenditures on the Santee ca
nal, $650,667; Roanoke navigation, $365,991 ;
Dismal Swamp canal and feeder, $800,000 ;
James r. navigation, including the Appomattox,
&c. say $1,200,000 ; Chesapeake and Ohio ca
nal, ,$2,007,875. To which add for aU other
improveraents on the various rs, and inlets,
from the Delta of the Mississippi to the Poto
mac inclusive, $1,000,000. Aggregate amount,
$6,024,533. To which amount we may add
as already expended on rail-roads in fhe aame
natural aection, viz. Chesterfield rail.road,
$140,000 ; Petersburg and Roanoke rail.road,
aay $100,000, and the South Carolina rail.road,
the estimated cost of which ia $904,499, ma.

king a total of expenditures in canals and rail
roads of $7,169,032. {For Chesapeake and
Delaware canal, see Pennsylvania navigation.)

Table of tbe sub-basins and aggregate extent of
Chesapeake basin.

Basins,

,Tames r,
York, Rappahan'c
Potomac, above Blue
Ridge,
Potomac, below Blue
Ridge,
Patu,\ciit, Patapsco, &c.
Eastern sh,
of Chesa
peake,
Susqueh'h,Chesapeake bay.

Aggregate,

180

500

360 40'
37 15
37 34

Between
Latitudes, N,

37 58
37 50
38 10

37 07
39 33

37 00

36 40

380iO'
38 16
38 44

40 05
39 55
39 42

40 00
42 53

39 33

42 53

Between
Longitudea from W, C,

lOOO' E.
0 41 E.
0 41 E.

0 25 VV.

0 45 E.

0 40 E.
2 16 E,

30 40' W.
1 12 W.
1 35 -VV.

0 05 W.

1 40 R.
1 41 W.

1 34 E.
3 40 W.

Table of the ascents and descents from tide water at
'Weldon, on Roanoke, by Salem, and thence over the
Alleghany chain into the channel of New river, .and
downthat stream and the Great Kenhawa to the Ohio
river at Point Pleasant,

Eleva

Distances in
Ascent
tion in
Route.
miles.
or
ft, above
descent.
mid-tide.
Tide water to Salem,
224
,,0(3
rises.
1003
1003
Salem to forka of
Roanoke,
11 3-4
235 3-4
t'
176
117,S
Mouth of ElUott
creek,
11 1-4
247
u
221
1399
Beginning of summit
level,
13 3-4
259 3.4
((
6,5(1
21141)
Over summit level,
5 3-4
265 1-2
"
From western end of
summit level down
M eadow creek and
Little river to New
river,
11 1-4
376 3-4
falls.
3lltl
1740
Tilence to mouth of
Greenbriar river,
83 1-2
360 1-4
358
I3SS
Bowyer's ferry,
45 3-4
406
u
400
982
Foot of Great falls of
Kenhawa,
22
428
It
341
641
Mouthof Great Ken-
haw a at Point
Pleasant,
94
522
a
108
533
Ascents and descents from head of tide water in James
river at Richmond, along the channel of James, Green
briar and Kenhawa rivers to the Ohio river at the
mouth of Great Kenhawa ; and crossing the Appa
lachian system by way of Covington and Greenbriar
rivers.
Distances
Route,
in
miles.
From tide water
to Maiden's Ad
venture,
99
Columbia,
,3fl
.59
Big Bremo,
11
70
Hardware 1 .
3 1-3
73 1-
Ascent
descent in feet.
Elevation in
feet above
mid-tide.
140,5 39,28
29,22
33,27
140,5179,78
209,242,27
Route.

Scottsville,Warminster,Lynchburg,Blue Ridge,
Through do.
Pattonsburg, Covington,
Mouth of Fork
Run,
Beginning of
summit level
Along summit
level,
From western
end of sumrait
level down
Howard cr. to
Greenbriar r.
Down Green
briar to its en
trance into
New river,
Bowyer's ferry.
Foot of falls in
Great Ken
hawa,
Mouth of Great
Kenhawa,

RAI

Distant^s

428

RAI

1-21-2
]-3 1-3
1-31-2

1-2

81 1-2
100 1-3
150 1-3
170 1-3
177d198 1-2
257373 1-3
370
380 .1-3

337 1-3
383

i05
:4'99

Ascent or
descent in feet.

Elevatioa In
feet above
mid-tide.

rises. tl

1,5,11
58,37
185,88 103,47 94,75
106,33
416,

357,38315,75501,63605,1
699,85 806.08
1323.08

a

433,

1654,08

"

364,

1918,08

falls.

349,

1669,08

'•

387. 400,

1382,08 .982,

((

341,

641,

"

108,

533,

Table of the ascents and descents from tide water in
Ja mes river at Richmond, along the channel of James
river to the mouth of Catawba creek, thence up the
latter aud over the interraediate summit into the val
ley of Roanoke at the forks of the latter above Salem,
and thence, as in table VIII.

Eleva

Distances in
Ascent
tion in
Route,
miles.
or
ft. above
descent.
mid-tide.
Pattonsburgh,
198 1-2
rises.
ROR
Mouth of Catawba,
14 1-4
213 3-4
RO
886
Forks of Roanoke,
51
363 3-4
(i
293
I17H
Summit level, table.
24
287 3-4
(1
871
2049
Thence tn the mouth
of Greenbriar,
94 3-4
383 1-2
falls.
667
138?
Thence to themouth
of Great Kenhawa,
161 1-2
544 1-4
"
849
533
Table of the ascents and descents along the channel of
Potomac, from tide water at Georgetown to Cumber-
Jand, and tliunce, following the contemplated route of
the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, over the Appalachian
system by the channels of Youghioghany and Monon
gahela to the Ohio at Pittsburgh.
Distances
Ascent
Elevation in
Route.
in
or
feet above
railes.
descent.
mid-tide.
Mouth of Mono
cacy,
44
rises.
224
Harper's ferry, at
passage of Po
tomac through
the Blue Ridge,
and influ.-? of
Shenandoah,
24
68
u
62
286
Williamsport,
28
96
11
69
355
Hancockstown,
31
127
"
52
407
Old Town,
42
169
82
489
Cumberland,
17
186
u
84
573
Mouth of Little
Wills Creek,
13 3-4
199 3-4
((
309
882
Eastern end of
summit level.
15 1-4
215
((
1016
1898
Western end of
summit level,
53-4
268 3-4
((
Mouth of Middle
Fork Creek,
Mouth of Cassal-
man river,
Coranellsville,Mouthof Yough
ioghany,
Pittsburgh,
18
30
27 1-2
43 3-4
14
304 3-4
332 1-4
376390
falls.
Elevation In
feet above
mid-iide.
216
430 433
152 .35
1682
1262 830
678643
Pennsylvania navigation. Under this head
is included the Chesapeake and Delaware ca
nal, since, though not actually in the state, it
was with means principally afforded by Penn
sylvania, that this work -was constructed.
Though only about 14 ms. in length, this canal
was built at great expense, owing to its size,
the depth of its excavations, and the extent of
its embankments. It is of sufficient dimensions
for the passage of coasting vessels, and ex
tends across the state of Delaware, from the
Delaware river, 45 ms. below Philadelphia to
the Elk, which falls into Chesapeake bay. In
this canal is a deep cut of 3j ms., 76^ feet in
depth, where the greatest excavation was
made. 'Within the state of Pa. the following
are the most important works of this nature
which have been executed. The Conestoga
canal, passing from Lancaster, about 62 miles
directly w. from Philadelphia, down the Cones
toga creek, 18 ms., in nearly a south west direc
tion, to the Susquehannah r. The Delaware
canal commencing at its northern extremity at
Easton, 55 miles nearly n. from Phil, on the
N. w. bank Delaware r., which, for about 50 ms.
s. of this place, is s. e,, when it turns nearly s.
w. about 30 ms. to Phil. This canal follows
the general course of the river, keeping its w.
bank to Morrisville, where it bears off from
the river to avoid a bend, and proceeds in a
nearly direct course to Bristol, on the w. bank
of the Delaware, I9<J ms. tt, e. from Phil. The
Lackawaxen canal is a continuation of the
Delaware and Hudson, up the Lackawanna r.
and terminates at the rail-road at Honesdale.
Its length is 36 ms,, width at the surface 32,
and at bottom 20 ft. and depth 4 ft. The Le.
high canal commences at the Mauch Chunk
coal-mine on the river Lehigh, and runs to
Easton on the Delaware. The whole distance
of this navigation is 46| ms,, but a part of it is
on the r., the length of the canal being 37 ms.
At Easton, it meets the western termination of
the Morris canal, in New Jersey. This canal
has a depth of 5 ft. and is 65 ft. broad at the
surface, with 45 at the bottom. The- Pennsyl
vania canal commences at Middletown, at the
termination of the Union canal, whence it is
proposed to proceed up the Susquehannah in a
westerly direction, to the Alleghanies, which
are passed by a. rail-road, about 50 miles in
length, into the valley of the Ohio ; here the
canal again commences, and is continued to
Pittsburg, a distance, m the whole, of 320 ms.
of canal and rail-road. The Schuylkill caruil
is constructed on the banks of Schuylkill river,
from Phil, about 110 ms. to Mount Carbon, the
region of the anthracite coal in Schuylkill co..
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429

RAI

the general direction being nearly n. w. It has
620 feet of lockage, is 36 ft, broad at the sar.
face, 24 at bottom, is 4 ft. deep, and has a slack
water navigation of 45 ms. The Schuylkill
{Little) canal is 27 miles in length, frora the
raouth ofthe Little Schuylkill i, to the coal
mines. The Union canal branches off from
the Schuylkill canal 9 ms. below. Reading, in
Berks CO. It extends to Middletown, a little
above the junction of the Swatara with the
Susquehannah, first passing up a branch of the
Schuylkill, and then down the valley of the
Swatara, somewhat circuitously, a distance of
80 ms., exclusive of the Swatara feeder, whicli
is 24 ms, in length. This canal connects the
waters of the Schuylkill with those of the Sus
quehannah : width at the surface 3G ft., at bot
tom 24 ; and depth 4 feet. It is connected
with the coal mines at Pine Grove, by a rail
road, 4 ms. in length. Besides these canals are
the following, which are either completed, or
wilibe during the present year, (1833,) viz:
Frankstown, extending from Huntingdon to
Holidaysburg, 30^ ms,, 15^ of which is slack
water, Franklin, extending from the Allegha
ny, atthe mouthof French cr,, which it follows
22i ms, to the French creek feeder. Of this
17 ms. is slack water, Beaver, extending to
Newcastle fromthe mouth of the Big Beaver,
on the Ohio ; length 25 ms,, with 16 ms, of
slack water. Wyoming, 16 ms, in length, com
mencing at the Nanticoke dam, and terrainating
near the mouth of Lackawannock creek, and
Lycoming, commencing at Muncy dam, extend
ing up the "West branch of the Susquehannah
and terminating at Big island ; 41 miles in
length, about -^th of which is slack water.
It has been a question somewhat warmly
mooted, with whom originated the canal system,
in the United States. "Were it practicable to
arrive at a satisfactory adjustment of rival
claims, the result would be wholly unimportant,
since the idea, by whomsoever conceived, was
entirely without originality, having been bor
rowed from older countries. In Pennsylvania
the first enterprises of any moment in this
country, in the way of internal improveraent,
were undertaken and accomplished. But it
was not till, by the completion ofthe great Erie
canal, the immense benefits resulting from such
works were fully demonstrated ; it was then
that the system acquired vigor, and won upon
the confidence of the people. New York suc
ceeded, and roused her powerful sister state
into action ; and that action has produced ef
fects in direct ratio with positive power ; giv
ing a lesson to man that all future ages will
read, from a book traced on the surface of the
earth, Pennsylvania has already (1832) ex
pended not much if any less than $40,000,000
on her stupendous intemal improvements.
New Jersey, from the limited extent of its
territory, the dry and sandy nature of its soil in
fhe southern part, its mountains on the n., and
tlie general want of commodious harbors on
the eastem coast, has not been the scene of
very extensive canal operations. The Morris,
and the Delaware and Raritan canals, however,
are important works, and will prove of very
great utility. The Delaware and Raritan canal, 55

authorized by the legisiatiue of New Jersey,
by an act passed in Feb., 1830, will connect the
navigabie waters of the Delaware with those
of the Raritan, ' Its length will be 38 miles,
width 75 ft. at the surface, and depth through
out, 7 ft. The bridges will be moveable, like
those of the Delaware and Chesapeake canal.
The locks are 1 1 0 feet in length, by 34 in width.
Vessels of large burthen may consequently pass
through the canal ; and its advantages to the
coasting trade will be great, as it will complete
an internal water conimunication for masted
vessels between N, York and Albemarle sound.
The- terminating points ofthe canal, are, on
the Raritan, at New Brunswick, and on the
Delaware, at Bordentown. It follows the val
ley of the Raritan, Millstone, and Stony brook j
and, crossing the Lawrence Meadows to the
valley of the Assa.npink, along the valley of
that stream to Trenton, and thence do-wn the
river, (crossing the Assanpink by an aqueduct,)
to the point where Crosswick's cr, comes into
the Delaware at Bordentown. It passes the
towns of New Brunswick, Boundbrook, Mill
stone, Griggstown, Kingston, Princeton, Tren
ton and Lambarton, discharging at Bordentown.
The route is through a beautiful and highly cul
tivated valley, affording great advantages to
numerous mills and other water works, on the
various streams adjacent. It is supplied by a
feeder from the Delaware r., commencing at
Bull's island, 20 ms. above Trenton, and passing
along the bank of the river to the main canal
at Trenton. The feeder is also a canal, 60 feet
in width, 5 deep, and 20 ms. in length. The
works are under the direction of an able engi
neer and assistants, and there is no doubt ofthe
completion of the whole work in 1833. The
Morris canal extends from Philipsburgh, on the
Delaware river, to the Passaic at Newark,
across the atate of New Jersey, through the
counties of Warren, Sussex, Morris and Essex,
and was constructed chiefly to open a more di
rect channel of communication by boats, for
the transportation of coal from the mines on
Leliigh river, Pa,, to the city of New York.
It is 32 feet wide, 4 deep, and 101 ms. long, in.
eluding a feeder frora Musconetcunk (or -cong)
or Hopatcunk (or -cong) lake. The elevation
of the sumrait is nearly 900 feet above tide
water, and 700 feet above the Delaware at
Easton, Pa., opposite, which it joins that river.
On account of the scarcity of water, the com.
pany were induced to construct inclined planes
at sorae of the principal elevations onthe route.
There the boats are received in large cars,
which are raised or lowered by machinery ; the
weight of the descending boat being often ap
plied to assist in raising an ascending one. The
canal is navigable in boats of 25 tons, many of
whieh are actively engaged in transporting coal,
iron ore, produce, lumber and merchandise of
different sorts. The country through which it
passes has many iron mines, forges and furna
ces, numbers of which have been abandoned
on account of the scarcity of fuel in their vi
cinity, or for other causes ; but some of them
will again be rendered profitable. Large quan
tities of anthracite coal will find the way to the
New York market by this route, and ore from

RAI

430

RAI

the different mines is transported by this channel
to forges in the different places, particularly in
the lower parts of New Jersey, to be smelted.
The route, after leaving the Delaware, lies near
Musconetcong and Pohatcong rivers, through
Hacketstown and Stanhope, to the summit near
Brooklyn, then down to Suckasunny Plains,
Dover, Rockaway, along the valley of Rocka
way r. across the Raritan on a fine aqueduct 3
ms. above Patterson, through Bloomfield, to
Newark. The rise and fall of this canal is
1,657 ft., 223 of which is overcome by locks,
and the remainder by 23 inclined planes. That
at Newark is 1,040 feet long, rising ir.ire than
70 feet, and has a double line of tracks, on each
of which is a car with eight wheels, large
enough to receive a canal boat. This car is
connected to a machine turned by a water
wheel, 24 feet in diameter, and by a chain
strong enough to support 15 tons. A boat may
be raised, and another lowered at the same
time, in about eight minutes. Five such opera.
tions may be performed in an hour, and 6,000
tons may be passed in a day. It has been esti
mated, that if locks had been substituted for
inclined planes on this canal, the time spent in
passing them all would have been 24 hours,
while the inclined planes are passed in 2 1-2
hours. The great basins of the St. Lawrence and
the Mississippi are very intimately connected,
and no difficulty exists in the way of uniting
their navigable waters, by artificial channels.
This object is effected, by the two great Ohio
canals ; to which will soon be added the Wa
bash and Erie canal, of which abrief notice is
given below. What has been actually comple
ted onthe Atlantic slope, and in the cases of N.
York and Pennsylvania, the extensions made
into the great Canadian basin by the former,
and into the Ohio valley by the latter, raay well
excite astonishraent, but if all things are con
sidered and liberally corapared, the two great
canals of the state of Ohio are tho raost stu
pendous undertakings ever achieved onthe face
of nature by raan. Forty years ago the ground
now comprising that state was a wilderness,
and it is little more than forty years since an
army was defeated by savages on the very sec
tion of this youthful state, where now a canal is
navigated. The Miami canal comraences at
Cincinnati and extends north-north-eastwardly
along the valley of the Great Miami, a total
distance of 67 ms. It passes the towns of
Hamilton, Middletown, Franklin and Miamis-
burg, to Dayton, tho co, seat of Montgoraery
CO. This canal is in full operation, and it is in
contemplation to extend it to lake Erie, by the
valleys of Miami, Auglaize and Maumee rivers.
To secure this latter extension, the congress of
the United States made a grant or grants of
land to a large amount, conditioned that the
Ohio canals be completed within seven years
from 1828, or in 1835, and said canals to
be and forever remain public high-ways,
for the use of the government of the United
States. The route of eastern or Great canal
of Ohio, with its ascents and descents, will be
seen by reference to a table in article Ohio,
page 357. This canal commences on the 0. at

Portsmouth, and at the mouth of Scioto r., and
thence ascends the Scioto upwards of 70 miles,
passing the towns of Piketon, Chillicothe and
Circleville. It then, leaving the Scioto, pursues
a course a little e. of N. e. to Coshocton, passing
the towns of Hebron and Newark, and the sum
mit level between the valleys of Scioto and
Muskingum rs. From Coshocton, the canal
follows the valley of Tuscarawas about 100
miles to the summit level between the Ohio val
ley and basin of Erie. It thence finally falls
rapidly 31 miles to the level of lake Erie at
Cleaveland. This great canal traverses the
counties of Scioto, Pike, Ross, Picka-H'ay,
Franklin, Fairfield, Licking, Muskingum, Co
shocton, Tuscarawas, Stark, Portage and Cuya
hoga, and may, in more than one important cir
cumstance, be regarded as a continuation ofthe
Erie canal. Both the Ohio canals are owned
by the state. This great canal line may be re.
garded as a continuation of that ofthe Hudson
and Erie canal of N. York. The cost of these
two canals, including incidental expenses, has
exceeded g4,900,000. To these we raay add
another canal which is now commenced, being
an extension of the Miami, northwardly, from
Dayton to the Maumee r. at fort Defiance ; and
thence n. e,, along the Maumee, to its junction
with lake Erie, at its western extremity.
The Louisville and Portland canal, for the
passage of large vessels round a cataract in tho
Ohio at Louisville in Ky., is the last work of
that kind of any considerable importance yet
completed in the valley of Ohio, which remains
to be noticed. For its length, the Ohio and
Portland canal is perhaps the most important
artificial hydraulic work ever executed. It has
been in use since the 21st>Dec., 1829. The
charter was granted Jan. 1825, to " the Louis
viUe and Portland canal company ;" stock
,$6li0,000, of which, by act of congress, the U.
S. took $100,000. The length of this canal is
between 2 and 3 ms., overcoming 24 feet fall,
by 5 locks. To this notice of western canals
we add the Wabash and Erie canal, of Indiana,
about 40 ras. of which are under contract. It
is to extend from the Wabash in Tippecanoe
CO., following the course of that stream into
Allen CO. and thence to the Maumee river. The
entire length of this canal will be about 200
ms. ; it is undertaken under the authority of the
state, and its object is, to unite the waters of
Ind, with lake Erie.
To the basin of the St. Lawrence belonga
all the northern portion of the stale of New
York, and it has been for the purpose pf form
ing a connection between the waters of this
basin and the Atlantic, that the Champlain
and Erie canals have been constructed. But
beside these splendid works, which were tho
first to open the eyes of the people of the U.
S, to the vast utility of artificial navigation,
so many others, of more or less consequence
and extent, exist within the limits of the state,
either corapleted or in progress, that we have
thought proper to present a succinct and sepa
rate account of each, in the following arrange
ment. Black river canal; a canal has been
proposed by the canal commissioners, from the
High Falls of Black r., to Rorae, 36 ma. with

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the improvement of the navigation of the river
from those falls to Carthage, and a navigable
feeder of 9 miles from Boonville, the whole
amounting to 76 ms. at an estimated expense ol
$602,544. The water it is proposed to take
from Black river. Buffalo canals, at Buffalo in
Erie co, are two short canals. One of these is
for the passage of lake vessels from Buffalo
harbour to the line of the Erie canal. It is
about 700 yards in length, 80 feet wide, and 13
feet deep. It commences near the outlet of
Buffalo creek. The other is a boat canal, from
Big Buffalo creek to Little Buffalo creek, 1,606
feet long. Cayuga and Seneca canal, extends
from Geneva, at the foot of Seneca lake, to
Montezuma, on the Erie canal 20 ms. 44 chains.
About half the distance is by slack water navi.
gation, the other by an artificial canal. The
descent to the canal is 73J feet, which is sur
mounted by 11 wooden locks. The tolls col
lected on this canal in 1831, amounted to $12,-
920 39 cents. The tolls reported in July, 1832,
amounted to ,^725 44. Champlain canal, ex
tends from the junction with the Erie canal, 8
ms, N, Albany, to Whitehall, Washington cO,
at the s. extremity, or head of lake Champlain,
and affords a boat navigation between that lake
and Hudson river. It is 72 ras, long, and has
21 locks, with a total rise and fall of 188 feet ;
7 of these descend 54 ft, frora the suramit level
N. to the lake, and 14 s. to the level of Hudson
river 134 feet. Frora Albany to West Troy,
the Champlain and Erie canals are united ;
West Troy is 7 ms. and the route lies along the
level on the west bank of Hudson river. At the
junction it leaves the Erie canal, and crosses
the Mohawk river at a ferry ; passing through
Waterford, Stillwater, Saratoga, Schuylersville,
Fort Miller, Fort Edward, and Fort Ann, it
terminates at Whitehall. The tolls collected
on this canal in 1831, amounted to $102,896 23.
This is the route of an extensive and valuable
trade, between the shores of lake Charaplain,
the Hudson and New York. The work was
commenced in 1818, and finished in 1823 ; 46
ms, ofthe route is dug, GJ lies in Wood creek
from Fort Ann n,, the water being raised by a
dam. Near Fort Edward a feeder enters frora
the Hudson, in which is a dam 900 feet long
and 27 feet average height. From Fort Ed
ward to Fort Miller, 8 ms. the canal lies in the
Hudson, and again 3 ms. above Saratoga Falls.
Chemung canal. — The legislature appropriated
$300,000, in 1829, for the construction of this
canal, which is now completed. It extends
from Elmira, Tioga co. on Tioga or Chemung
river, (a tributary of Susquehaimah river,) to
the head waters of Seneca lake, 18 miles. To
this work is to be added a navigable feeder of
13 ms. for the suramit level, from the Chemung
at Painted Post. The canal is to have 53 locks,
all of wood, 70 bridges, 1 dam, 6 culverts and
3 aqueducts. The distance from Elmira to
Philadelphia by this route, is 374 miles, and to
Baltimore, 394. Chenango canal. — A canal has
been proposed, from a point on the Erie canal
in Oneida co. to the Susquehannah at Bing.
hampton, Broome co. through Oriskany and
Saquit creeks and Chenango river. The cost
is estimated at $944,775. The lockage would

be 1,009 feet, the rise frora Erie canal to the
summit being 706 ft. and from Susquehannah
r, 303 feet. It would cross the following towns.
New Hartford, Clinton, Madison, Hamilton,
Sherburne, Norwich, Oxford, Greene and Che
nango forks. Chitteningo canal, extends from
Chitteningo village, Madison co. 1 1-2 ms. to
the Erie canal, and has 4 locks. Crooked Lake
canal, is to extend from near Penn. Yan, along
the outlet of Crooked lake 7 miles to Seneca
lake. There raust be 270 feet descent over
come by locks, and the legislature have appro
priated $120,000 for the work. Delaware and
Hudson canal. — This canal was coraraenced in
1825 and corapleted in 1828 ; its entire length
is 108 ras. It extends from the Hudson river
at a point 90 ms. n. New York, to Port Jervis,
on Delaware r. 59 ms, up the e. bank of the
latter 24 ras., and up Lackawaxen r., Pa., to
Honesdale, Wayne co. 95 ms. It is here con.
nected with a rail road, 16 ms. long, running
to Carbondale, Luzerne co. Pa. where are ex
tensive mines of Lackawana coal. This cora.
pany has a capital of $1,500,000, one third part
of which is in banking capital in New York.
The canal is from 32 to 36 feet in breadth at
the surface, 4 feet deep, wilh locks 9 feet by
76, for boats of 25 or 30 tons ; 43,200 tons of
coal were transported on it in 1830, and
52,000 in 1831. It is re-shipped into vessels
at Bolton, on the Hudson, where there is 11
feet water to market. In 1831, 641 vessels
were loaded there with coal and other arti.
cles, and $19,500 was received in tolls that
year at Rondout, exclusive of that paid on
coal ; 138 boats were devoted to the trans.
portation of coal only. Erie canal, ot Grand
canal of N. Y. extends from Albany to Buffalo,
363 miles. It is 40 feet wide at top, 28 at
bottora, depth 4 feet. The tow path is 10
feet wide, and it is fenced, lined and bridged,
by the state. It leaves lake Erie at Buifalo,
which it has rendered a rich and flourishing
place ; runs to Black Rock near the lake along
Niagara r. 7 ms. in the channel of Tonnewanta
creek, 12 ras. through a deep cut in mountain
ridge 7 J ms. to Lockport, descends 60 feet hy
5 double locks ; passes near the ridge road
63 ms. to Rochester, crosses Genesee river,
thence to Mohawk river at Rome, passing a
little N. of the sraall lakes, near the course of
Seneca r. through the Cayuga marshes and the
long level. It then follows the course of the
Mohawk to Cohoes bridge, and after uniting
with the Champlain canal, terminates at the
great basin at Albany. It crosses Geneaee r.
on a noble aqueduct, the Mohawk three times,
and has many aqueducts, dams, feeders, cul.
verts, &c. connected with it. The Albany and
Schenectady rail-road will carry many of the
commodities, and other rail-roads are projected
from Schenectady west even as far as Buffalo.
Several canals of much importance are branch.
es of the Erie canal ; the Oswego canal, which
extends from Syracuse to Oswego, on lake On.
tario, and the Cayuga and Seneca canals, con.
necting it with several of the sm,all lakes in the
middle ofthe state. There are others planned,
with rail roads in different directions, whicli
-will still further increase the vast amoimt of

R.A.1
transportation novv carried on throu
The following is an iiccouni of the
ceived in tolls at diirc^rent places
and Charaplain canals iu 1831, and
)H31

433

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Albany, West Troy,
Schenectady,Little Falls,
Utica,
Rome,
Syracuse, Montezuma,
Lyons, Palmyra,Rochester,Albion,Brockport,Lockport,
Buffalo,Geneva, Waterford,
Sloop Lock,
Fort Edward,
Whitehall,Salina,

$'J,-..,443 73
1119,438 19
:)3,700 r,c>
y,l)«5 78
41,ill3 61
28,680 79
60,144 8-3
65,570 15
20,539 4ii
5.-.,776 33
174,3.^0 90
10,993 i)4
10,750 b'i
31,023 19
116,009 19
37,7-1-2 98
9,iiG7 34
76S 15
1.5,0,54 17
45,«au 09
39,360 30

gh the State,
amounts re-
on the Erie
1832, 1832
236,636 32
160,329 28
37,794 95
15,023 13
47,046 78
33,,547 14
94,916 34
73,3,-'8 119
25,378 85
6-1,4:14 7cl
1.54..541 OH
10,219 43
13,035 81
38,433 23
58,-233 09
39,333 69
17,338 18
1,091 .59
16,349 85
50,3.07 21
31,839 53

Total, 8', 194,610 49 $l,19l'.,008 12
Increase in 1832, ^1,3,^7 63
Besides this, large quantities of flour, ashes,
provisions, &,c, have been sent to the Canadas,
of which no account is here made.
The N, Y, canals were constructed at the ex
pense of the state, and a large debt has been
thus contracted, to defray which their income is
pledged with the net revenue frora the auction
and salt duties. In 1837 about 9-5 ofthe debt
is payable. The debt for the Erie and Chara
plain canals araounted, on the 1st Jan. 1832, to
$7,001,035 86; the Oswego, Chemung and
Crooked Lake canal debt to $1,054,610 00; so
that the whole canal debt of the state then was
48,055,645 86. In 1831 were inspected at Al
bany, 48,653 bbls, of wheat flour, a large part
of which was raised in the fertile counties ol
the state, and ground at the extensive mills of
Ilochester. The tolls coUected on the Erie
and Charaplain canals, in July, 1832, amounted
to $102,904 98; $3,953 52 less than in 1831.
Haerlem canal, N, Y. co, extends from East r.
to Hudson river, 3 ms. through Manhattanville,
The company was incorporated in 1826, and en
joy a perpetual charter, with a capital of §-550,-
O(D0. It is 60 ft, wide, and in the middle part of
the route 100 ; 6 or 7 ft, deep, and about 3 railes
long ; a street of 50 ft, breadth is to be forraed
on each side ; it has guard locks at the ends,
and the sides are to be walled with stone. Hell
Gate canal. — A corapany has been incorporated
to construct a sloop canal, 800 yards long, round
the dangerous passage in East r. called Hell
Gate, on the w. end of Long Island. Delays
are frequently caused to the nuraerous vessels,
principally coasters, which navigate that chan
nel, as the passage is unsafe except at paiticu.
lar states of wind and tide. Hallet's Cove, at a
short distance, is often crowded with vessels,
waiting for an opportunity to pass. It has been
estimated that 520 packets pass 92,520 times
in a year ; 500 trading vessels which pass 1 1,000
titoes ; and 13 steara boats, most of them large,
and employed in transporting nuraerous passen
gers and valuable freights, which pass 5,000
times, making 50,000 in all. It is proposed to
make the canal 82 ft. wide, 18 ft, deep, with
gates, and to face it all with stone ; and the cost I

is estiraated at .$70,000, and the purchase ofall
the lands, about 50 acres, including houses,
buildings of all kinds, ferries, rail-ways, quar
ries, &c. will araount to about fifty thousand
dollars more. It is coraputed that it will pay
about twenty-two per cent, on the original cost.
.Mohawk canals. — The Mohawk river was ren
dered navigable in boats from Schenectady to
Rorae, some years ago, by the construction of
canals round Little Falls, and Wolf Rift, onthe
German Flats. A canal of 1 1-2 ms. was also
made frora the head of the Mohawk to Wood
creek, which leads into Oneida lake. Oswego
canal, in Onondaga and Oswego cos. extends
frora Syracuse, on the Erie canal, to Oswego,
on lake Ontario, 38 ras. For half the distance
Oswego r. is used, having been dararaed, and
supphed with a towing path on the bank. The
descent to the lake is 123 feet, which is over
corae by 13 locks, all of which are of stone ex
cept one. Cost, $525,000. $16,271 10 was
collected on this canal in tolls in 1831. The
tolls reported in July, 1832, araounted to
$192,62. Si-ottsville canal. A company was
incorporated in 1 829, with $15,000 to construct
a canal from Genesee r, to Scottsville, Munroe
CO, Sodus canal, is to be 24 ms. long, 6 railes
of its route is on Seneca r. and the outlet of
Crusoe lake, and 13 ms, to be excavated at the
summit level only 10 feet. The descent is 130
feet, of which 114 is near the end of the canal.
The locks will afford abundance of water pow
er. Big Sodus harbor, with which this canal
is to communicate, is large, and one of the best
on lake Ontario. This work is on a route said
to be the raost direct communication between
the waters of lake Charaplain and the St. Law
rence. In the preceding table we have exhibited the
receipts of the Erie and Champlain canals in
1831 and 1832, The names of the two other
canals in N. Y., the property of the state, we
give below, with their receipts during the same
period. 1831. 1832.
Oswego, $16,271 10 $19,786 20
Cayuga and Seneca, 12,920 39 13,894 68
The increase of the former in 1832 being
$3,515 10, and ofthe latter $974,29, The
total receipts of these 4 canals in 1831 was
$1,223,801 98 ; and in 1832 $1,229,689 00.
Increase of the whole receipts in 1832, over
that of 1831, $5,887 02, The amount expend
ed on these canals in payment of repairs, sala
ries to superintendents, and pay of lock tenders,
for the year ending October 1, 183'2, was
$358,258 04.
New England, possessing in general, the
usual rugged character of primitive formations,
offers fewer facilities for extensive artificial
navigation, than raany other portions of the
U.S. .
In Connecticut, the work of greatest mag.
nitude which has yet been undertaken, is the
Farmington canal. This extends 58 ras. from
New Haven to Southwick ponds, on the boun
dary of Mass. It passes through Hampden,
Cheshire, Southington, Northington parish,
Simsbury, Farmington, Granby, to Southwick,
where it enters several ponds. From the level

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433

RAI

of Farmington it rises N. 38 feet by 6 locks ; it
crosses Farmington r. on an aqueduct of 280
feet, 34 high. It is 36 feet wide at top, 20 at
bottom, 4 deep, with 218 feet lockage, all as
cending from N, Haven, Farmington r. feeder,
3 ras. long, gives the principal supply, and is a
branch. The work began in 1825, The
Hampshire and Hampden canal has been con
structed in Mass, in continuation of the Far
mington canal to Westfield, and was intended
to go to Northampton, and even proposed to be
extended to Barnet, 'Vt, It will probably be
corapleted to Northampton soon, wbere it will
communicate with Connecticut r. Besides this
in the same state is the Enfield canal, extend
ing round Enfield falls, on the w, side of the
Connecticut. Itis 6 railes long, and is an im
portant improveraent in the navigation of that r.
The fall is 30 feet, whichis overcome by three
locks of 10 feet lift each, of hammered stone.
Great advantages ' are afforded by tbis canal
for hydraulic purposes, which are partially im
proved. In Rhode Island, the Blackstone canal com
raences at Providence, aud extends about 40
ras. to Worcester in Mass, It follows piincipal-
ly the course of Blackstone, or Pawtucket riv
er, and passes through Sraithfield and North
Providence in R, I,, and Mendon, Uxbridge,
Northbridge, Sutton, Grafton and Milbury to
Worcester, where it terrainates. It is supplied
with water from the Blackstone r. Numerous
manufactories lie on and near this route, to
which tbe canal affords great advantages.
This canal was built by a corapany chartered
bythe states of R, I,, and Mass, at an expense
of about $700,000 and was corapleted in
1828. It is 45 miles long and has a fall of 450
feet, to surmount which there are 48 locks
onthe route. The canal has a depth of four
feet, is 34 feet wide at the surface and 18 at the
bottom.-. In Massachusetts few canals of magnitude
have been constructed, besides the above. The
principal are the Middlesex, and the Hampshire
and Hampden canals ; the latter is not yet cora
pleted, and has been already noticed under the
head of Farraington canal. Middlesex ca;al
extends from Charlesto-wn, on the navigable
waters of Boston harbor, to Lowell, on the
Merrimack, where it communicates with the
works on that r. and extends the hue of boat
navigation to Concord, N. H. It is 27 ms. long,
30 ft. wide and 3 deep, with 90 locks and 7
aqueducts over valleys and streams. There
are four levels, each 5 ms. long. At Charles
town the canal terminates in a large mill pond.
On the sumrait level it crosses Concord river,
which supplies it with water. 13 locks de
scend hence to Charlestown, 107 feet, and 3
looks to Merriraack r, above the falls, 91 feet.
This work cost $530,000. The Pawtucket,
South Hadley, Wickasee and Montague canals,
are comparatively of inferior importance. Paw
tucket canal was constructed in 1797. It pass.
es round the Pawtucket falls (m the town of
Lowell) in the Merrimack, a distance of IJ ms.
Since its first construction it has been both
deepened and widened and affords water power
to several manufactories. The falls in the

whole distance are about 30 ft, and the canal is
now 90 ft, broad, and 4 deep. South Hadley
ca-nal, is 2 ms, long, and overcomes a descent
of 40 feet in Connecticut i. It was fhe fir.'it
canal in the U. S., being commenced in 1792.
Near its lower junction with the Conn, is a cut
through solid rock, 300 ft. long and 40 deep,
through which it passes. Wirkasee canal,
leads boats round the falls at that place in Mer.
rimack r, 3 ms, ahove Lowell, where the Mid
dlesex canal commences. It cost $14,000,
Montague canal, at Montague, Moss, extends
round a fall of the same name in Conn, river.
It is 3 ms, long, with a lockage of 75 ft., and is
25 ft in width, and 3 in depth.
The reraaining canals of New England will
occupy but a very brief space.
The White r. canal, in Vt, is a small work
around a fall in Conn, r,, for flat bottoraed boats
and rafts. The Bellows Falls canal, in the
sarae state, is a short but expensive work along
the west shore of Conn, river, round these
falls. It is cut through a bed of hard granite ;
but a part of the excavation was raade in
ages past, by the current of the stream-. Flat
bottomed boats, small steamboats and rafts,
thus pass a natural obstruction in the naviga
tion. In N. H, a company was incorporated in
1811, the charter of which has since been re
newed, for the purpose of forming a canal with
locks from Winnipiseogee lake to Dover,
along Cochego r, 27 ms. As the descent is
452 ft,, no less than 53 locks would be necessa
ry ; and the expense is estiraated at $300,000.
This work would be of benefit to above 400
sq. ms, ; and it has been even proposed to ex
tend a canal to Peraigewasset r, 'The follow
ing works, corapleted in the same state, consti
tute with the Pawtucket and Wickasee canals,
in Mass, already raentioned, links in a chain of
navigation, extending from Boston harbor by
the Middlesex canal and the Merriraack r,, to
the central part of N. H, Amoskeag canal,
affording a boat navigation round a fall of 4.5
ft,, in the Merrimack, is one mile in length.
The fallis 45 feet, and is overcome by 9 locks,
which withthe canal cost $50,000. Bow canal,
affords boat navigation of | ra. round the falls
in Merrimack r. at Bow, of 25 feet descent.
The works cost $91,000, The canal comraen
ces at the upper landing in Concord, and is the
first link in the chain of improved internal
transportation, whieh extends down the IVlerri
mack to Lowell, and thence to Boston. Hook-
sett canal, hO rods only in length, passes round
Hooksett falls, 7 ms. below Amoskeag. These
falls are 16 feet, and the canal and locks cost
|17,000. They afford a navigation for boats.
The Union canals pass 7 falls in the Merri
mack, and the distance improved by them for
the navigation of boats is 9 ms. There are 7
locks on the route, which furnish water power
for several manufactories. This and the 3 ca
nals preceding, all in New Hampshire, are a
part of a line of navigation long since pro
jected between Boston and the central parts
of N. H. The Middlesex canal unites with
this improved navigation 27 ms. n. n. it. Boston,
at Chelmsford. The charter granting to a com-

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RAI

pany, in 1811, the right of constructing a canal
from lake Winnipiseogee to Cocheco river,
near Dover, has been renewed. The distance
is 97 railes ; andthe estimated expense of the
canal is $350,000. The lake is 450 teet above
the level of the river.
In Maine the Cumberland and Oxford canal
extends 50 ms., from Portland to Sebago pond.
The latter, with Brandy pond and outlets, in
clude 27 ras. of the canal, the balance, 23 ms.,
being artificial, and having 96 locks. It is 34
ft, in width at the surface, 18 at the bottora, and
is 4 ft. in depth. Bridgeton is at the head of
the canal.
This completes what we have to say descrip
tive of canals in the U. S. With regard to the
systera in general, the expense attendant on the
construction of such works, and the amount of
profit accruing from them to the proprietors, a
few words here raay not be out of place. The
following ohservations and statistical detail are
extracted from Wood's treatise on rail roads
and interior comraunication in general, edited
by George W. Smith, and published in 1832,
" The spirit of enterprise has been displayed,"
says Mr. Smith, " on a scale coramensurate
with the extensive territory of the U, S, With
the exception of Great Britain and Holland, uo
country on the face of the globe contains so
many or extensive can-als as this republic ; and
the whole of combined Europe has not effected
as rauch during the last 16 years, as the three
states of Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio
only. The total nuniber of miles of canals in
the Union is 2,526, including about 264 which
aro nearly finished, and which will be navigable
during the ensuing spring, (1833,) Several
extensive canals are in progress, and an im
mense number of projected or authorized works
are not included in the suraraary just given.
Nearly four-fifths of the aggregate araount
have been executed in the three states above
montioned. The cost of the canals in the U,
S,, has been about $21,400 on an average, per
mile. Although raany expensive alterations
have been made, a large additional sum will be
requisite, for the purpose of completing these
works in a permanent and suitable manner.
The amount necessary for this purpose cannot
be accurately estimated ; but, if a judgraent
raay be formed frora the brief and limited ex
perience of N, Y, and Pa., (where much ex
penditure will still be necessary,) the ultimate
cost will probably be at least g28,500 per raile.
The navigable canals of Pa. have already cost
$25,185 per mile. The cheapest canal (prob.
ably in the Union) cost about $5,200 on an
average per mile. The Chesapeake and Dela
ware canal cost nearly $169,000 per mile. The
dimensions of this work permit the passage of
coasters. It presents one of the cases where
canals are decidedly superior to rail-roads —
namely, for connecting by a short line an im
mense extent of navigable waters ; although
the tolls chargeable on every ton render the
cost of transportation ten times greater than on
a rail-road of similar extent, and constructed
for perhaps one-tenth of the cost of the canal —
nevertheless, the expense, delay, and incon.
venience of transhipment give a preference to a

work which permits of a continuous voyage.
A rival rail-road, to connect the same points,
has, however, even in this instance, been made,
and with great advantage, for the rapid con
veyance of light goods, passengers, &c., for
which purposes canals are not adapted," From
the stated cost of $169,000 per mile, the 14
ms, contained in the Chesapeake and Delaware
canal, must have cost $2,366,000 ; the original
estimate of the sum this canal would cost was
made in 1894, and stated at $1,199,036 73, or
too low by nearly one half (The actual cost
was $9,200,000,) The mistake in the esti
mates most probably saved the enterprise. " In
the U. S., the proprietors of the two thousand
five hundred and twenty-five miles of canals,
which are in operation or in progress, have
not, in any one solitary instance, received from
the tolls derived from these works the current
interest of the country on the capital expended
in their construction (including therein, as part
ofthe real cost, the arrears of unpaid interest
on those portions of the capital tohich were tem
porarily dormant.) The Erie and Champlain
canals of New York, (now the most productive
in the Union,) have not in any one year, with
one exception, paid th e expenses of their repairs
and management, and the current rate of inter
est on their actual cost, although in other re
spects they have greatly increased the wealth
and welfare of that populous state. Justice,
however, requires the remark, that raany of
the A7nerican canals have only recently been
constructed, and, consequently, that the trade
on them is not yet established to the extent
which time will create."
RAIL-ROADS.
The authorities consulted in the following
notices of rail-roads, are chiefly " Sraith's
Wood," and the " Rail road Journal" of New
York. Those who would see accou»ts more
full in detail, are referred to these and other
more extended works.
RAIL-ROADS, COMPLETED, COMMENCED, OR
INCORPORATED,
Alatamaha and Brunswick:, r-r. Geo. This
road is to extend from the Alatamaha river, 12
miles to Brunswick. It was commenced in
1832. Albion AND Tonawanda, r-r. N. Y. A cora.
pany has been incorporated to construct this
road. Albany and Schenectady, r.r. {See Hud
son and Mohawk r-r.)
Alleghany Portage r.r. Pa. This is one of
the links of the Pennsylvania chain of r-rs. and
canals; it extends over the main Alleghany
ridge of mtns., from Hollidaysburg on the Ju.
niata r. to Johnstown on the Connemaugh, 36i
miles. It passes over the Alleghany mtns.
by 10 inclined planes, 5 on each side ; the
estrn. slope, from Hollidaysburg to the summit
being 10 ms., and the wstrn. declivity 26i. It
passes a part of the mtn. by a tunnel 880 feet
long, 96 high, and 22 wide. There are 4 via
ducts, (road ways) of masonry, containuig
15,465 perches, estimated cost about $80,000 ;
a bridge, for the passage of a tumpike, cost

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$1,284 ; 79 culverts, 11,775 feet, cost $37,000;
cost of grading, exclusive of the raasonry,
$499,300 ; estiraate for engines and machine
ry $89,000. This road is not completed, but-
is in rapid progress, and may be in operation in
1833. Amboy r-r. {See Camden and Amboy r-r.)
An Sable and Lake Champlain r-r. N. Y.
A company has been incorporated to construct
this road from the forks of the great Au Sable
river, along the valley of that stream to lake
Champlain about 15 railes, with power to
make branches to the iron mines of Pa. The
object of this plan is to facilitate transportation
between navigable water and the mines.
Baltimore and Ohio r-r. The charter for
this work was granted by the legislature of
Maryland, Feb. Oth, 1827, and the work was
commenced the 4th July, 1828. The original
design was to traite the cily of Baltimore with
the Ohio by a line of double tracks ; and to
that efi'ect, permission was obtained from the
legislature of Pa. and Va. ; but as the extension
of the road beyond the Point of Rocks, where
it intersected Potoraac r., has been prevented
by a legal dispute with the Chesapeake and
Ohio canal corapany, we confine our notice to
that part either finished or in progress. The
controversy, however, between these two com
panies, htis been decided in favor of the Canal
CO., and the present purpose ofthe r-r. com. is to
extend it to Williarasport, thence to Curaber
land, and froiu thence to Pittsburg, the whole
distance being 325 ms. It commences in the
city of Baltimore, and extends to the Point of
Rocks 69| ras., with a branch road to Freder
ick, of 3i ras., the whole distance being 731
ms. The road-bed is 26 ft. wide. The line of
the road is inflected very considerably along
the vallies of the streams ; and presents seve
ral rather abrupt curves. Of the whole dis.
tance, about 33 miles are for the most part
straight: The bridges and viaducts are nu.
merous, and solid, but very expensive struc
tures. The raaterials on vvhich the rails are
laid, are stone blocks and wooden sleepers.
Forty miles of single track, are coraposed of
granite sills 8 inches thick, 15 wide, and ofva.
rious lengths. These are laid in trenches, filled
with broken stone. The estrn. section of 13
ms. was by far the most difficult and expensive ;
costing, for only graduation and masonry, above
,$46,354. The cost of graduation of these 13
ms., amounted to ^8,994 more than did the res
idue ; and on the first 8 3-4 ms. was expended
in masonry, a sum equal to the cost of the re.
maining 61. The average cost of the road
when completed, was estiraated at $30,000 per
raile. This road is in operation, and during
the last very severe winter, kept the cost of
fuel in Baltimore down to its ordinary price,
about 100 per cent, below what it was in Phila.,
New York, &c.
BtLTIMORE AND PoRT DePOSIX T-T, Md. tO ex
tend to the latter place, situated on the Susque
hannah, 37 miles n. e. Baltimore. Chartered
1832. Baltimore and Susq.uehannah r-r. This
line of road, designed to connect the city of
Baltimore with York Haven on the Susquehan

nah, will be about 76 ras. in length. It has to
pass a suramit of 1,000 feet. The first division
of 7 ras., commencing at the depot in the city
of Baltiraore, and terminating on Jones' Falls
creek, was completed and opened with one
track, on the 4th of July, 1831, The road-bed
of 22 feet, will admit tvvo tracks. The second
division, 6 3-lOth ms., continuing from the first
up the valley of Jones' Falls to the mouth of
Rowland's run ; thence up the latter, and over
the surarait, between the vallies of Jones'
Falls creek and Gunpowder river to a point
on York turnpike between the 12th and 13th
raile stones frora Baltiraore, is nearly comple
ted. From the terraination of the first division,
on the right branch of Jones' Falls creek, the
Westminster branch road leaves the main line,
and follows the valley of Jones' Falls to its
head, 8 ms,, and terminates on Reisterstown
road, near the Ilth mile stone. This work
was comraenced in the auturan of 1830. It will
extend to ft. line of the state of Maryland, and
thence to York Haven in Pa, Another section
of the Westminster branch of this road is com.
pleted to " Owing's mill," and the cars have
already coraraenced running to that place. The
same is true of another division of this road,
which extends to the York turnpike road.
Baltimore and Washington r-r. Md. This
r-r. is another, and an important branch of the
Baltimore and Ohio r-r., and has been com.
menced by the same company. The surveys
are completed, and the expense is estimated at
$1,.555,000. The road will be 33 ms. long,
from Washington to Elkridge landing ; its stock
has been chiefly taken by the state of Mary.
land, and the Baltimore and Ohio r-r. company.
Black River r-r. A corapany was incor
porated by the legislature ofN. Y. in 1832, to
construct this r-r. from the Erie canal at Rome
or Herkimer, to the r. St. Lawrence, with a
capital of $900,000.
Boston r-rs. There are now three r-rs. con.
structing from Boston in as many different di
rections ; all of which will probably be greatly
extended beyond the points at which for the
present they will terminate. The road to Prov
idence will undoubtedly be continued to Nor
wich or New London ; that of Worcester to
Albany, and that of Lowell to Vt,, perhaps to
Burlington, or frora the opposite shore of the
lake to Ogdensburg, N. "Y. The Worcester
road raay possibly be connected with one from
Norwich, Ct. ; one to Hartford and New Ha
ven, Ct. ; and one to the N. w. parts of Mass.
Boston and lake Ontario r-r. This pro-
posed line erabraces the Boston and Lowell r-r.
That part of the road to the New Hampshire
line, via Lowell, is now in a vigorous train of
execution ; and in New Hampshire it is con.
tinued 15 ms. by the Port Kent and Au Sable
r-r, A company, under the title of " the Bos.
ton and lake Ontario r-r. company," has been
incorporated by the legislatures of Massachu.
setts, Vermont and New Hampshire, and it is
expected will be by that of N. Y. at the ensu-
uig session.
Boston and Lowell r-r. This road, which
was incorporated in 1830, is now actively pro-
greasing i it is to be constructed of the raost du-

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rable raaterials, stone and iron, with a single
track at present, and provision for the addition of
another if expedient. It is to commence near
Warren bridge, to cross Charles river by a via
duct, thence through Woburn, and terminate at
the Merrimack canal at Lowell, a distance of
25 miles.
Boston and Provideuce r-r. This road was
incorporated in 1831 ; the route has been sur
veyed, and the location deterrained. The road
will be nearly, (for the raost part actually)
straight; and its direction is such, that ivhile it
will afford the shortest comraunication between
Boston and Providence, it affords great facilities
for a connexion also with Taunlon, by a branch
rail-way (diverging from the raain line, say 93
ms. frora Boston,) of but Hi to 19 ms. in
length ; niaking the distance, therefore, frora
Boston to Taunton, but 35 ras ; or exceeding
that by the turnpike, only 3 ms. Length ofthe
route from Providence to Boston, 43 ms.
Boston and Taunton r-r. A rail-road was
incorporated, 1831, to extend between these
two places, a distance of 32 ras.
Boston and Worcester r-r. The excavation
for this road was coramenced, August 1832, at
Brighton and at Needham. Thirteen ms. ofit
are to be completed in 1833, and 13 other ms.
are under contract; the whole it is expected
will be corapleted in May 1834. The length
of the road as it is located, is 43i ras. This is
about 9 ras. longer than a straight line between
the points of terraination, and about equal in dis
tance to the road which is now most travelled
between Boston and Worcester. The iron for
the construction of this road is admitted into
the country free of duty ; and it is stated that
the work will be executed at less expense than
the sum estimated, and considerably below the
capital ofthe company.
Brooklyn and Jamaica r-r. This road is to
be constructed on Long Island, to form a r-r.
communication between Brooklyn and Jamaica.
The distance is between 11 and 12 ms. ; the
corapany was incorporated in 1832, the stock
has been taken up, and it is expected the road
will be completed, a single track, in 1834.
Buffalo and Erie r-r. A company was in
corporated in 1832 by the legislature of New
York, to construct this r. road, extending from
Buffalo, to lake Erie, with a capital of $650,-
0;)0. {See Table.)
Camden and Amboy r-r., commences on the
Delaware r. at Camden, opposite Philadelphia,
and extending 61 ms. terrainates at Amboy, on
Amboy bay. So direct is the line of this road
that the actual distance between the extreraes
is not supposed to exceed 60 ms. The first di
vision of 34i ms. follows the left bank of Dela.
ware river from Caraden to Bordentown ; the
ground plan nearly level, and few places hav.
ing an inclination of 20 feet to the mile. Frora
Bordentown to Amboy, the line is generally
favorable. The average descent frora Borden.
town to South Amboy is 27 feet per mile, with
one deep cut of 2 ms. long and 60 feet in depth
in the deepest place. There are now 3 loco.
motive engines on this road, and 6 more are
soon to be added. A single track of this road
only is now in operation j it was chartered in

1830, and by the terms of it the completion of it
was 'limited to 9 years. This company have
the exclusive right of rail-roads across the state,
by their charter, for 30 years. For this privi
lege the company gave the state 1000 shares
of stock, which is to revert to the company in
case of any rail-road being built in N. J. for the
purpose of transporting passengers or property
between New York and Philadelphia. In 1831
this company and the Delaware and Raritan
canal company were united by an act of the
legislature of New Jersey. The legislature of
New Jersey has authorized extensions of this
rail-road to New Brunswick, and to the Hud
son r. opposite the city of New York.
Cape Feak, and Yadkin r-r., N, C. This
road was incorporated in 1839, with a capital
of $2,000,000, It is to extend from Wilraing
ton via. Fayetteville to Yadkin r., and thence
by Salisbury to the Catawba, probably at Beat.
ty's ford, a distance of about 240 ras. A sub
scription has been raised for this purpose, and
a loan also contracted of ,$200,000. (See N.
Carolina Central rail-road.)
Carbondale and Honesdale r-r. In 1896
the legislature of Pa. granted a charter for this
road, which was commenced in 1826, and com
pleted in 1899. It is in fact a continuation of
the canal line extending frora Eddyville on the
Hudson r,, over a part of N. Y., N. J,, and Pa.,
to Honesdale on the Lackawaxen r. It is 113
ras. long, and is intended as a channel of gen.
eral trade, but has been hitherto chiefly used
in the transportation of coal. This road reach.
es the suramit of Moosic mountain, 990 feet
aggregate ascent above the mines, by 7 inclin
ed planes, worked by stationary power, and
thence descends to Honesdale 913 feet by 3 self
acting machines or planes. {See Lackawaxen
rail-road.) Catskill and Canajoharie r-r. N, Y. incor
porated 1830. Its capital, $600,000 has been
subscribed for, and it was commenced in 1831,
near Catskill. Distance, 70 railes. When
finished it will connect Canajoharie on the
Mohawk river, with Catskill on the Hudson
river. Central r-r. Pa. This r-r. " extends from
Pottsville, through the valley of the Shamokin
creek to Sunbury, near the junction of the Sus
quehannah river, with its western branch."
{See Pennsylvania r. roads.)
Central r-r., N. C. {See North Carolina.)
Charleston and Hamburg r-r. {See South
Carolina.) Chesterfield r-r. Va. takes its name from
Chesterfield co. Va. within which it is formed,
to connect the bituminous coal strata on James
r. with tide water in the same stream, below
Manchester and Richmond. It extends 13 J
ms. in single track, with several turn outs, and
14 mile branch roads to the different coal beds.
This work was commenced January, 1830,
and opened for use on the 1st of July, 1831,
and afforded a dividend of 10 per cent, to the
stockholders on the first six months. Cost was
$8,000 per mile, and including their wagons,
horses, &c. the whole disbursements of the
company has been about $140,000, or $10,370
per mile.

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Dansville and Rochester r.r. N. Y. A
company has been incorporated, and surveys
made preparatory to extending a r-r. from
Dansville to Rochester, under the title of " The
Dansville and Rochester rail-road," The sur
face to be passed over is unusually level and
favorable to the work.
Danville and Pottsville rr. Pa. This
rather circuitous but highly important line is a
continuation of Mount Carbon rail-roads and of
the Schuylkill navigation. It is made as a pub
lic high way, and calculated to open a cheap
and expeditious channel of communication be.
tween the Schuylkill valley and that of Sus.
quehannah near the junction of the two main
branches of the latter. In order to render the
description of the whole line more perspicuous,
it.is necessary to commence with the Mount
Carbon road. This latter line was comraenced
in 1899, and corapleted in 1831, with a main
line and two branches. It begins at the lower
landing of Mount Carbon on the Schuylkill ca
nal, about 106 ras. northwestward Philadelphia,
passes through the town of Pottsville, and
thence up the Norwegi-nn creek. A branch of
this road extends up the raain fork of the
creek 1 7-10 ms. and another branch along the
west fork within a small fraction of 3 miles.
Both branches and the mainline -are raostly ex
tended in double tracks. Frora the branch of
the Mount Carbon rail-road on the eastern fork
of Norwegian cr. extends the road from Potts
ville to Danville, on the Susquehannah, by Sun
bury ; this rail-road was chartered by the legis
lature of Pa. in 1826, but subsequently raerged
into the Mount Carbon rail-road company.
The forraer leaves the latter road at an eleva
tion above Sunbury of 330 feet, and 2 1-2 ms,
frora Pottsville by a deep cut and tunnel of 1,400
feet, which leads into Mill creek, along the
valley of which it is carried to the suramit of
Broad ratn, 1,040 feet above Sunbury, The
height is reached by 4 inclined planes, and the
opposite side of the mtn, is descended by a sin
gle plane of 400 feet perpendicular elevation.
The next stage of 2 1-4 ras. is level. The
sixth inclined plane descends to a level of about
4 ms. The line thence ascends to the suramit
level between the Mahonoy and Shamokin
creeks, by the 7th inclined plane, ascending at
the rate of from 10 to 30 feet per mile, and de
scends to Sunbury by two inclined planes. The
entire length of the main lino is 47 miles, 174
poles, and the Danville branch 7 miles, the
whole 54 54-100 ms. M'dl Creek rail-road is
connected with the two preceding, and was the
first road of the kind formed in the Upper
SchuylkiU valley. It is a single track line of 6
turn outs, main line 4 ms, from Mine Hill to
Port Carbon, and branches, 9 in number, aggre
gate extent about 5 miles. Mine Hill and
Schuylkill Haven rail-road is not yet connected
with the Central or Danville and Pottsville
rail-road ; yet as such uiion is in contem
plation, and as both these roads are in the same
vicinity we unite them in one general view.
The main line of tho Mine Hill and Schuylkill
Haven rail-road commences at Schuylkill Ha
ven, and stretching along the West branch of
Schuylkill r. 10 1-2 ms. passes the Mine Hill 56

gap. At the fork or where the W. W. branch
leaves the W. branch, an arm of the rail-road
extends along the former 3J ms. of a double,
and 1 m, of single track; making in all 14 ms.
of a double, and 1 of a single track road. From
the preceding accounts we discover that tho
Schuylkill navigation in its Upper valley is con
nected with three systems or lines of r, roads.
There are also in the same region several
miles of rail-road not included in the above,
but which were constructed on private proper.
ty by individuals. These iramense works, in a
period comparatively short, have changed re.
gions, once barren, wild, and desolate, into the
busy residence of several thousands.
Delaware and SustntEiiANN.iii r, road. {See
Elizabethtown and Somerville r-r.)
Detroit and Powtiac r.r,, Mich. A com.
pany has been incorporated and the surveys
mado for a rail road between Pontiac and De
troit. The length of tho road when completed
will be 25 ras,
Dutchess County r-r,, N. Y. A corapany
has been incorporated to construct a r-r, from
Poughkeepsie to the Connecticut line. The
road will be from 20 to 30 ms. in length. Capi.
tal ofthe company, $600,000.
ElIZABETUTOWN AMD SoMERVILLE, AND DELA
WARE AND SusauEHANNAH r-rs. These roads
have been surveyed, and it is expected that the
which has been examined, will probably cross
the Delaware at Belvidere, andis 146 ms. long;
extending from Jersey city opposite New-York,
to the Great Bend of the Susquehanna, at or
near Pittston. It will pass through Stroudsburg,
Belvidere, SomerviUe, Elizabethtown, andNew-
ark. This road will be intersected by the New
Jersey rail road, near EUzabethtown. The es
timated cost of that part of this route, extend.
ing from EUzibethtown to SomerviUe, 20
miles, is $200,000 ; from SomerviUe to Bel.
videre, 45 miles. $541,250, or for the 65
mUes, ^741,950, The stock of this route is
taken up.
Elmira and Williamsport r-r., N. Y. A
corapany was -incorporated by the legislature of
N. 'ifork in 1839, to construct this raU road ;
its capital 75,000 dollars.
Experiment r-r. {See N. Carolina r. roads.)
Fayetteville r-r., N. C. This road when
corapleted will extend from Carapbeltown on
the Cape Fear r. to Fayetteville. The company
was incorporated in 1830 ; its capital g20,000.
Germantown r.r, {See Philadelphia, Ger.
mantown and Norristown r-r.)
Haarlem r-r,, N, Y. This r-r, is entirely
within the city of New York, if we regard that
city as commensurate with Manhattan island.
The grading of the other parts of the road is
rapidly progressing. The contemplated New
York and Albany r.r. will probably commence
at the N. extremity of this road, so that it raay
be considered as the first link in the grand chain
of r-roads, which shall yet connect the city of
New York with "the "West."
Hudson and Berkshire r-r. The legisla
ture of N. Y., in 1832, incorporated a compa
ny, with a capital of ,$350,000, to construct a
r-r. to the Massachusetts line, to meet a r-r.
g thorized by the government of that state.

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Hudson and Delaware r-r., N. Y. This
corapany was incorporated in 1830, for the coii-
struction of a road from Newburgh through Or
ange CO. to the Delaware river at Carpenter's
Point, 51 ras. ; frora this Point it is proposed to
extend it to Lackawanna river, and the coal re
gion, 65 ms. farther.
Hudson and Mohawk r-r., N. Y. This,
which in length is 16 ms. is a very important
r-r,, connecting Albany and Schenectady, It
was chartered by the legislature of New York
in 1830, It is calculated for double tracks, one
of which is corapleted and in operation, and the
second in progress. The summit is 335 feet
above the level of tide water in the Hudson.
This is a dead level of 14 ras, in length. At
each end of the road there is a stationary en
gine of 12 horse power, which overcome by
inclined planes, a rise of about 120 feet. A
very heavy locomotive engine, imported from
Europe, was found by its weight, 12,742 lbs.,
to injure the road ; but another weighing only
6,7,58J lbs,, made at West Point, is in use, and
a second has recently been added. The mean
rate of raotion on this road with a load of 8
tons, is 15 ms, hourly. The company were au
thorized, in 1832, to construct a branch rail
road frora the Hne of the present one, near its
intersection with the great western turnpike, to
Capitol square in Albany, and fro.Ti thence, or
some point between the places of intersection
and the Capitol, to the Albany basin.
Indiana. Eight joint stock companies have
been incorporated in this state, with a total
capital of $4,000,000, for the construction of
rail-roads, "The principal road is to comraence
on the Ohio, at MadisOR, in Jefferson co, 76 ms.
s. e. Indianopolis, from thence to Indianopolis,
aud is afterwards to be continued into Fayette
CO. It is also expected to continue these from
Indianopolis to several places on the Wabash.
Illinois and Michigan r-r. This road,
which, when completed, wiU be 96^ miles in
length, is to coramence at Chicago on lake
1\1 ichigan, and after running in a s, w, direction
along the valley of the river Des Plaines, to
terminate at the Illinois rapids. The summit
level will be less than 200 feet above the low
est part of the road.
Ithaca and Geneva r-r. The company for
the construction of a rail-road between these
two towns was incorporated in 1832 by the
New York legislature ; capital $800,000.
Ithaca and Catskill r-r. N. Y. The whole
length of this road when completed between
the two places wilibe about 167 ras.
Ithaca and Owego r-r. N. Y. This line of
29^ ms. is intended to connect the village of
Ithaca in Tompkins co, with Owego in Tioga
CO. N. Y. The direction s. b. e. It is the first
rail-road line actually comraenced which will
unite the basins of Chesapeake and St. Law
rence. It was incorporated in 1828, the stock
subscribed for, and the work coraraenced. It
is expected that half ofthe route wilibe cora
pleted the present season, and the balance early
in 1834.
James River and Kenhawa r-r. Va, Incor
porated 1831, for the purpose of uniting the
JaiTies with Ohio river, by rail-road and canal,

or either. The state proposes to take 2-5ths of
the stock afterthe subscription for the balance
shall be filled.
Knoxville and Southern r-r. company.
{See North CaroUna Central rail road.)
Lackawaxen and Susquehannah r-r. Pa.
This line extends from Carbondale coal-mines
down the Tunkhannoc valley to the Susquehan
nah river, 16 ms., and is a continuation of the
Carbondale and Honesdale r-r. The Lacka
waxen r-r. was authorised by the legislature of
Pennsylvania, in 1826, and by charter required
to be a public high way for the conveyance of
persons, produce and merchandize. (<See Car
bondale and Honesdale rail-road.)
Lake Champlain and Ogdensburg r-r. A
company was incorporated in 1832, by the New
York legislature, to construct a roil.road be.
tween Ogdensburg on the St. Lawrence, St.
Lawrence co. and lake Champlain, with a capi.
ital of g3,000,000.
Lafayette and Michigan r-r. Ind. The
charter for the construction of this road was
granted in 1839, with a capital stock of
§•500,000, This road is to extend from Lafay
ette, Tippacanoe co,, on the Wabash, to a port
on lake Michigan, a distance of 84 ras. This,
when completed will give the interior of this
state a very direct coramunication with New
York. Lake Pontchartrain r.r. This rail-road,
which is about 4i miles in length, and consists
of a single track, extends frora lake Pont.
chartrain to New Orleans. The corapany was
incorporated in 1830, the road opened in 1831.
Whole cost of construction about $70,000.
Lexington Ky. and Ohio r.r. 'This road is
designed to extend from the town of Lexington,
in a direction a little n. of w. through Frank
fort, Shelbyville, and some other intermediate
places, to Louisville. The length will be about
66 ms. Six miles of this road is completed,
and a locomotive engine is soon to be placed
upon it. A second division of 20 ms. is now
under contract, to be completed the present
season. The first 6 railes it is expected will
cost about ,5145,000, or an average of $7,500
per mile, and the second division about
$11,000. Little Schuylkill r-r. Pa. This road com
mences at Port Clinton, and mouth of Tama.
qua, following the valley of the latter stream
21Jms,, and 1^ ms. above the town of Tama.
qua, A branch of 1 m. leaves the main line
from Tamaqua, to other mines. The road is
graded for double tracks, and a single track
has been constructed throughout. The com.
pany are authorized to continue this rail-road
to Reading from Port Clinton in one direction,
and to the foot of Broad mtn. in the other.
Another company is empowered to extend it to
Catawissa on Susquehamiah r. 57J ms. from
Port Clinton. Upon these extensions nothing
except surveys has yet been executed.
Lykin's Valley r-r. Pa. which was commen
ced iu 1831, and completed 1832, is a single
track e.vtending frora a coal basin of Broad mtn.
through Bear Creek gap, down the Wiconisco
valley, north side of Berry's mtn,, to Millers
burg on the Susquehamiah. Length 16J miles.

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This line extends along the n. side of Dauphin
CO. Pa.
Mad River and Lake Erie r-r. Pa. This
road when completed will extend from Dayton
atthe head of Miami cr,, in a n. n, e. direction,
to Sandusky ; and its length will be about 150
ms,, stretching along the vallies' of Mad river,
part of Scioto, and thence down that of San
dusky, to its point of northern termination.
The route has been surveyed, and the stock
books are soon to be opened. It is said of
this road, that when corapleted " a locoraotive
engine, with its train of cars can traverse its
whole distance with ease, as there is not an
inclined plane upon the route rendering the
intervention of stationary power necessary.
Manchester, r-r. This r-r. which is in Ches
terfield CO. Va., extends frora Manchester to
the coal raines, about 13 ms. distant. (See
Chesterfield r-r.)
Mauch Chunk, r-r. Pa., was one ofthe first
attempts made in the U. S. to introduce the r-r.
system. In construction, it shares the imper
fections of first efforts, but in point of profit to
the company which constructed it, it has been
highly successful. The Mauch Chunk r-r, was
comraenced in the winter of 1826-7, and brought
into use in the latter year. Main line 9 ms, ;
branches 4^, or 13i ms, in all. It extends frora
Lehigh r, tothe coal raines, to which it has a
continued ascent ; down this plane the cars,
when loaded, descend by their own gravity,
and are returned to the mines again by mules.
Room Run and Mauch Chunk r-r, is in fact an
arm of the Mauch Chunk r-r., and extends about
5i ms. from the coal mines on Roora Run, to
the depot at Mauch Chunk. The total cost in
cluding machinery, $76,111.
Mill Creek r-r. Pa. (Sec Danville and
Pottsville r-r.)
Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven r-r. Pa.
{See Danville and Pottsville r-r.)
Morris canal and Patterson rr. N. J. A
company has been incorporated in N. J,, for the
purpose of constructing a road to connect the
Morris canal with the Patterson and Hudson
river r-r. How far the company have progres.
sed in the work is not accurately known.
Mount Carbon r-r. Pa. This road was in.
corporated in 1899, and is now in use. It ex.
tends from Mount Carbon to Morrisville, thence
through PottsviUe to the Forks. It is 36,808
ft. long, and cost $100,000.
New Castle and Frenchtown r-r. Del. This
line of 16 46-100 ms. reaches from the centre
of Front street in New Castle, to Elk r. at
Frenchtown. A direct line connecting the ex
treraes measures 15 97-100 ms,, the road being
but half a mile longer than its chord. It was
chartered in 1897, and completed in 1832. The
road is composed of 6 curves and 6 straight
lines, of which the curves occupy 5 16-100 ms.
Road bed 26 ft. exclusive of side drains. There
are 4 bridges or viaducts, and 29 culverts of
stone raasonry. Locoraotive engines only are
used on this road for the transportation of pas
sengers, and it is estimated that 150,000 persons
have travelled across it since its completion, to
not one of whom, it is said, has the slightest
accident occurred. The first locomotive in

troduced on this road has performed 70 succes
sive days, without loss of a trip, and a consid
erable nuraber of days it performed double
trips. The tirae of traveUing this road is from
55 to 60 rainutes, and information is conveyed
from one end to the other in 3 minutes, by means
of signal staves erected along its route. The
cost ofthis road, including land, wharves, loco
raotive engines, &o, $400,000. From the raain
line of the New Castle and Frenchtown r-r,,
there is a small branch of about 800 ft., which,
added to 16 46-100, gives 16 61-100 ras., as the
entire length of the road.
New Jersey r-r. This company was incor
porated in 1832, with a capital of $750,000, and
with perraission to double the amount. The
road is to extend 30 ras., from Hudson r. {See
Patterson and Hudson r-r.) to Newark, and
thenee to New Brunswick, through Elizabeth-
town, Woodbridge and Rahway, and will inter.
sect with the Elizabethtown and Somerville r-r.
near the former place. The stock of this co.
has been subscribed for, and the work was com.
menced in Dec. 1832 ; it is supposed the road
will be corapleted, from Hackensack r. through
Newark to Elizabethtown in 1833, and in 1834
to the latter place from the Hudson. The tirae
liraited for the completion of this road, by the
company's charter, is 5 years. The estiraated
cost of a single track, turn outs, cars, and all
other expenses, is $718,936 ; and for the com.
pletion of the whole, with double track, $860,.
236. New York and Albany r-r. A company
was incorporated in 1839 by the legislature of
N. Y., to construct a r-r. between these two cit
ies, on the E, side of Hudson river, through the
cos, of Westchester, Putnara, Dutchess and Co
lumbia,^ into Rensselaer co,, in which it is to
terminate on the Hudson, opposite Albany. A
branch may extend to Troy, and others to meet
those contemplated from Mass. and Conn. This
roadis to be completed in 10 years, on penalty
of forfeiture of the charter. The length will
be about 160 ms., and the capital ofthe compa.
ny is $3,000,000. The state wiU be at Uberty
to take the road at any time between 10 and 15
years after its completion, on paying the cost
and 14 per cent interest.
New York and Erie r-r. This line, the most
extended ever actually planned in the U. S., was
projected as a continuous road frora the Hudson
r. opposite the city of New York, to some point
on lake Erie. A corapany was incorporated in
1832, with a capital of ,^10,000,000, to construct
the work. By the terms of the charter of this
rail road, it will pass the entire distance within
the state, not connecting with those of N J. or
Pa,, without perraission ofthe legislature' ofN.
Y,, on penalty of forfeiting their charter. The
route ofit will probably be from N. Y. city, or
some point near it, through the sthm. and south
western cos., bordering on Fa. n. to the lake.
The stock books of this company were opened
in July, 1833, and the quantity requisite to the
commencement of the work was taken. The
whole must be completed in 20 years ; distance
about 400 ms.
New York, Providence and Boston r-r. For
that part of this line extending from Providence

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to Boston, see art, Boston and Providence r-r.
The ground on that division ofthe road running
to Providence from Stonington, Conn,, was bro
ken with some cereraony on the 14tli August,
1833, in the vicinity of the latter place. The
distance is 48 ms,, and the cost of its construc
tion, in the most durable manner, with a single
track, is estimated at gl, 139,414, including con
tingencies. Norristown r-r. {See Phila., Germantown,
and Norristown r-r.)
North Carolina Central r-r. Under this
head we shall enter into some detail for the
purpose of showing the extent that the r-r. in
terest has gained in the southern states ; and
also because the raU-road system is admirably
adapted to the localities and climate of the Car-
. olinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and the adjacent
states. Rail-road meetings have been held
at several places in the southern states ; in
quiries made respecting the best routes of land
communication between navigable waters, and
the southern Atlantic seaports. Surveys have
also been made of the Tenn. and Savannah rs.,
and information derived from other sources,
A competent engineer will probably soon ex
amine several of the routes which have been
proposed. The Charleston and Hamburg r-r,,
the completion of which will essentiaUy aid the
projected channel of comraunication, is nearly
finished (1833,) The FayetteviUe r-r. extend
ing to the western part of the state, is in con
templation, and a corapany for its construction is
chartered. A central r-r. (the title standing at
the head of this article) was incorporated in
1832, with a capital of $2,000,000, which is to
extend from Beaufort, via. Raleigh and Salis
bury, to the western part of the state., Tenn,
has not been inattentive to her interest in these
grand enterprizes ; and at a recent session, her
legislature incorporated the Knoxville and
Southern r.r. company. This review, though
brief, justifies the conclusion that the several
communities interested in the undertaking are
aware of its great importance and value to all ;
and if they but observe a proper concert of ac
tion, its accoraplishraent can no longer be
deemed problematical. A meeting of dele
gates frora S, CaroUna, N. Carolina and Ten
nessee, has been proposed, to be held at Ash
ville, to take the subject into raore deliberate
consideration. The citizens of N, and S. Caro
lina were requested to send delegates to the
convention, which was fixed for the first Mon
day in Sept., 18.32. The citizens of N. C,
seem fully prepared to second the views of the
friends of r-r. iraproveraent, and with a view
of promoting the success of the Central, by a
practical demonstration ofthe great advantages
attendant upon that mode of transportation, a
company has been recently organized in Ra
leigh for tbe purpose of constructing in the im
mediate vicinity of that city, an experimental
r-r. It is to be about 1 mile in length, and in
every respect will be a complete raodel. Near.
lythe whole amount required for its completion,
has been subscribed, and no doubt is entertain.
ed of its successful prosecution. Proposals for
grading the line of the road, for furnishing ma.
terials, &,c., have been advertised for in a N.
C, paper.

Norwich, Conn, and Worcester, Mass. r-r.
A company under this title was incorporated in
Conn, in 1832, with a capital of $1,000,000,
in connection with the Quinnebaug bank with
a capital of $500,000, and free from taxation,
intended to aid the company in the construction
of the rail-road. The books of these compa
nies were opened in May, and the stock readily
taken. The distance between the two places
is 60 ms., and via. of Worcester, the distance
frora Norwich to Boston by rail-roads will be
103 ms. This road raay be extended to Lyrae,
New London, or New Haven.
Ohio. Beside those which we have given
under their proper heads, we are unable, for
want of documents, to say but little on the sub-
ject ofthe intended rail roads in this state. The
following however have been incorporated by
a recent act of the legislature of that state.
Frora Port Clinton to Lower Sandusky ; from
Milan, in Huron co., to Newark, in Licking co. ;
frora Milan to Colurabus ; from Chilicothe, Ross
CO., on the Ohio canal, to Lebanon, in Warren
CO.; -to Richraond, Eaton and Miami; Franklin,
Springboro' and Wilraington ; Columbus, Dela.
ware, Marion and Sandusky ; Cincinnati, Harri
son Sa, Indianopolis ; and Cincinnati & St. Louis.
Otsego r-r, A r-r, company was incorpora.
ted by the New York legislature in 1839, to
construct a work of this kind from Coopers
town to CoUierville, with a capital of 200,000
doUars, Patterson and Hudson r-r. This r-r. is de
signed to extend from Patterson N, J., to the
Hudson at Hoboken, opposite the city of New
York, a distance of 14 ras. This road is lo
forra a junction with the New Jersey rail road,
at Bergen, to which place it will be completed
in 1833, Its cost to this place is estimated at
$361,318 ; and the continuation of it to the
Hudson, in concert with the New Jersey cO's.
road, $55,171, or a total of $416,989, including
all expenses. About 7 ms. is partially, and 4f
entirely finished. The part corapleted extends
from Patterson to the village of Aquackanonk,
and is now in successful operation. The com
pany have placed upon the road three splendid
and commodious cars, each of which will ac
comraodate 20 passengers inside, and from 6
to 12 on the top, and may be drawn by 1 horse,
at the rate of a raile in 3 minutes. "There is a
gradual ascent from Aquackanonk, or the land.
ing, for about 3 ms., in the course of which,
tho road passes over an embankraent, and
through a cutting in rocks, from 10 to 20 feet
deep, for about 150 yds. The summit level
extends about ^ of a mile, and thence to Pat
terson there is a descent of about 21 feet per
raile. A eorapany has been incorporated, for
the purpose of connecting this, by a rail road,
with Morris canal,
Pennsylvania r-r. By a very culpable con
fusion of names, this term includes a r-r, of 81
6-10 ms, from Philadelphia to the Susquehan
nah, and another of 36 69-106 ms, over the Al
leghany mtn,, separated by r. and canal naviga
tion, of 171 ms. The part over the Alleghany
mtn. we have already noticed under the head
of" Alleghany Portage r-r." {which see.) The
estrn. division of the Pennsylvania r-r., called

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the Philadelphia and Columbia t-t.. as indeed
the wstrn. division and intermediate canal work,
were undertaken in virtue of nuraerous acts of
the legislature of Pa., frora 1811 to the 24th of
March 1828; It was at the latter date, that the
Pa. r-r., including both sections, was authorized
as a state work, so that this ri-. is, therefore,
the first -which was undertaken in any part of
the world by a government. The Philadelphia
and Columbia r-r. coraraences in the city of
Philadelphia, at the corner of Broad and Vine
streets, from whence branches, constructed by
the different corporations of the city and con
tiguous places, will diverge, and terminate at
the necessary points. The main road leaves
the city and vicinity by a line inflected by curves,
and straight lines, and thence to a viaduct of
S84 feet over the Schuylkill below Peter's isl.
After passing the river, the road in a distance
of 27454 feet ascends an inclined plane of 187
2-10 feet perpendicular height. It thence con
tinues by Downingstown, Coatsville, and Lan
caster, to Columbia on the Susquehannah, 81
6-10 ms. On the line there are 31 viaducts, 73
stone culverts, and nearly 500 stone drains.
There are 18 coramon road and farm bridges.
The whole road formation is finished, with the
exception of 2 viaducts and the deep cut thro'
Mine ridge, the principal surarait, and which
is 599 feet above the Delaware at Philadel
phia; this is nearly completed. The rails are
laid, and travelling coramenced on some sec
tions. The country traversed by this road is
very uneven, and presented great obstacles to
the direct line, yet the actual length of the r-r.
exceeds but a few ras. thatof the comraon turn
pike, between the same points, and is not one
half the length of the Schuylkill, Union canal,
and Susquehannah water navigation between the
sarae points. If the profile be analyzed, it will
be perceived that 71 per cent, of the useful ef.
feet will be obtained on this road, ^hich would
be attainable on a line perfectly level. The es
timated expense of this great line, allowing a
mean of 90,000 dolls, per mile, including all
expenses to complete double tracks, with their
appropriate machinery, wagons, cars, and other
contingencies, will be about 1,632,000 dollars.
It is proposed to continue this road westward,
to York, a distance of 14 miles. Westchester
r.r., is a branch of that of Phila. and Colurabia,
leaving the latter about 2 ms. w. of Paoli, and
follows the general direction of the ridge 9
ms. to the town of Westchester. The road
formation is 25 feet wide, and designed for a
double track. The eutire road, single track, is
in full operation. Total cost $90,000. There
are three companies formed to extend branches
from the Phila. and Columbia r.r. One cora
pany to construct a branch from the main line
near Downingstown to the city of WUmington;
a second to carry a branch via Oxford to Port
Deposit on the Susquehannah r. ; and a third in
Maryland to extend the latter to Baltiraore.
Neither of those three branches have been
commenced. The Philadelphia, Germantown
and Norristown r.r., now completed, is in fact,
a link in the chain of which the Philadelphia
and Columbia r-r. constitutes the main line, and
extends from Philadelphia to Norristown on

the SchuylkiU, a distance of 18 7-10 ms. The
junction of these roads is contemplated ; hith
erto, however, they are separate.
Pennsylvania and Ohio r-r. We are unable
to say more of this rail-road than it is proposed
to extend it from Pittsburg, Pa, to Massillon,
Stark CO, 0,, situated on the Ohio canal. The
distance is about 108 ms,, and the estiraated cost
is about $15,000 per raile.
Petersburg and Roanoke r-r. This very
iraportant road coraraences at Petersburg in
Va,, and extends 60 mUes a little w, of s, to
Woldon in N. C, and to the foot of the faUs in
Roanoke r. The line is very direct ; gradua.
tion in no place exceeding 30 feet per mile ;
and the curves having radii frora 2 to 4 railes.
The direction is almost at right angles to the
ordinary course of the great roads,- and in the,
Une of southern traveUing must receive great
emolument from the transportation of persons.
Norfolk has been hitherto regarded as in sorae
raeasure the depot to the Roanoke valley, an
advantage which this road will divert in great
part to Petersburg, Estiraated cost, when com
pleted with double tracks, 400,000 dollars. In
February (1833) this road was completed and
in use, from Petersburg to Belfield, a distance
of 41 ms, ; and frora present appearances, it is
probable that before the close of 1833, the en
tire line will be completed, and the enterprise
ofthe company rewarded, by seeing Petersburg
becoraing the mart for the rich products of the
country bordering on the Roanoke.
Philadelphia and Baltimore r-r. The route
of this proposed road is, diverging frora the
Penn. r-r. 45J ras, frora Philadelphia, and running
from thence 31 ms., to the Susquehannah, A a
raile above Port Deposit. This route will pass
through Cochranville, Edentown, RusseUviUe,
Haysville and Oxford.
Philadelphia and Delaware co. r-r. This
road is to extend southwesterly from Philadel
phia, and along the raargin of the Delaware.
It is in conteraplation to extend it across the
state of Delaware, to Maryland.
Philadelphia, Germantown and Norris
town. {See Philadelphia and Columbia r-r.
under the head of Pennsylvania r-r.)
Philadelphia and Trenton r-r. The route
for this road through Kensington and Morris
viUe, has been surveyed, and the stock princi
pally subscribed.for. The whole distance will
be a little short of 27 ms., and contracts have
been entered into for the construction of the
road formation and bridges, for the sum of
$161,047. The road is to be graded for a dou
ble track, and ready for the laying of the rails
Jan. 1, 1834, the bridges to be completed by the
1st Sept. foUowing.
Philipsburg and Juniata r.r. A company
was incorporated in 1830 by the Pennsylvania
legislature, to construct this rail-road from the
Pennsylvania canal near the mouth of the Little
Juniata river to the coal-mines near PhiUpsburg.
Pine Grove r-r. This road, which is about
5 ms. in length, extends frora the coal-raines to
the Swatara feeder ; cost $30,000.
Port Kent and Keeseville r-r. N. Y. Two
routes have been surveyed for this road, one
4 3.4ths, the other 5 3.4ths ms. in length.

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Portsmouth Va. and Roanoke r.r. This
line of rail-road is to extend from Portsmouth,
opposite Norfolk, through Suffolk, in Nanse.
mond CO., and through Gates co. N, C, to sorae
point on the Roanoke ; thus connecting tide
water in this river with that in the Chesa
peake. This road is progressing ; 4 ras. were
completed in Aug. and it is expected that the
whole line, from Portsraouth to Suffolk, 16 ms,,
will be completed by Dec. 25, 1833.
Quincy r-r. This road, extending in a single
track, frora the granite quarries in tho town of
Quincy, terminates at Neponset r. which dis
charges itself into Boston harbor. It is 3 ms.
long, the base of the rails is wood, surmounted
with plates of wrought iron, on which the ca.rs
traverse. It is used principaUy for the trans
portation of granite, and was the first experi
ment of rail-roads in the U. S,, having gone
into operation in 1827.
Rensselaer and Saratoga r-r. A corapany
was incorporated in 1832, to construct this
work, with a capital of $.300,000. _ Surveys
have been made of the route, and the stock
has been, chiefly, disposed of It extends from
Troy to ISallston Spa, and' the work, it is ex
pected, will be commenced the present season,
(1833,) Rochester r-r, completed in 1832, extends
frora the Erie canal at Rochester to the head
of navigation in Genesee river, below the falls.
It crosses Main street in Rochester, and ter
rainates at the end of the aqueduct, near Ely's
mill. Room Run and Mauch Chunk. {See Mauch
Chunk rail-road.)
Saratoga and Fort Edward r-r. A compa
ny was incorporated in 1832, for the construc
tion ofthis rail road, with a capital of 200,000
doUars. The distance from Port Edward to
Saratoga by this road wiU be about 14 ras. The
expense is estimated at about $ 1 0,000 per raile.
Fort Edward is on one of the great routes
leading from Albany to Whitehall and Lake
Champlain, 48 ras. from the latter.
Saratoga and Schenectady r-r. This road,
which is a continuation ofthe Hudson and Mo
hawk rail road, was completed in July 1833, It
extends frora Schenectady to Saratoga, a dis
tance of 21 ras. ; that of the Hudson and Mo
hawk is 16 ms., making a distance between the
two extremes, Albany and Saratoga, of 37 ras.
By reference to the article Hudson and Mo
hawk r-r,, and connecting that line with that of
the Saratoga and Fort Edward r-r,, the reader
will perceive that when the latter is brought
into operation, the Alpine scenery along the
upper Hudson will be rendered cheaply and
delightfully accessible, to the visitants to Ball
ston and Saratoga.
Schoharie and Otsego r-r. A company was
incorporated in 1832 to construct a rail road
frora the Cattskill and Canajoharie rail road,
via the Cobleskill and Schenevas creeks to the
Susquehannah r,, with a capital of $300,000,
Schuylkill r-rs. Under the heads of Dan
ville and PottsvUle and Little SchuylkiU r-rs.,
we have noticed several of the rail roads of this
systera, but there still remains the
Schuylkill Valley r-r. This road commen.

ces on the Schuylkill at Fort Carbon, the head
ofthe Schuylkill canal, about 2 ras, above Potts.
ville, and extends northeastward up the valley,
.10 ras, to the town of Tuscarora. It was com.
menced in 1828, and completed in 1830. The
nuraber of its lateral branches is 15, extending
in the aggregate 13 ms. I'rom the town of Tus
carora, a branch has been constructed to Cold
Run, and which is intended to be connected
with the Little Schuylkill r-r.
South Carolina r-r. The Sotith Carolina
rail-road extends frora Charleston to Hamburg,
situated on Savannah river, and directly oppo.
site to Augusta, Geo. The direction of the
road is w. by N. from Charleston, and its length
is 135 ras. In its course, after passing several
difficult strearas and depressions, it crosses
Edisto river, 65 ras. from Charleston, and near
the junction of the North and South Fork, by a
bridge 400 feet long, with a single arch of 66
ft. span over the raain stream. Its route is then
continued onthe ridge which divides the Edisto
frora several branches of the Savannah, and,
passing 9 ras. to the n. of Barnwell vil., it reach.
es its highest altitude, the head ofthe valley of
Wise's creek, 91 ras. s. of Edgefield c. h., 16
from the bridge at Augusta, and 119 from
Charleston. This point is 510 feet above the
level at the latter place, and 360 feet elevation
above Augusta bridge. One half the latter is
overcorae by an inclined plane, coramencing at
the surarait, 3,800 ft. long, at the head of which
are two stationary engines ; by these the pas
sage of loaded trains and cars is effected, at the
rate of 10 ras. an hour. At Haraburg are two
spacious depositories, built of brick, with zinc
roofs. The roadis a single track, except at the
inclined plane, where is one raile of double
road, and at the turn outs and depositories,
which in all are about 3 ras. raore. 'The direc.
tion is generally straight, andthe curves, where
they occur, have large radii. The first 65 ms.
from Charleston varies but half a mile from a
straight line, and there are several courses of
6 to 10 railes. In August (1833) the U. S. mail
was transported on this road, a distance of 105
ras. ; subsequent to this period the whole route
has been completed, and seven locomotive en
gines are now eraployed upon it ; thus afford
ing the greatest faciUties to the traveller, and
to comraercial enterprise. The cost of this
road, including surveys, engineers, purchases
of land, locoraotive and stationary engines, and
all other expenses, araount to $904,500, or
$6,700 per raUe. AU things considered thisis
a raost important work, both comraercially and
politically ; and its su<;cessful execution, and
beneficial results must have a powerful tenden
cy to introduce sirailar works into this section
of the United States.
SuSaUEHANNAH AND DELAWARE I-T. This
road has recently been surveyed. Its route
comraences at the junction of the Lackawanna
and Susquehannah rivers at Pittston, Luzerne
CO., passing up the vaUey of the former, thence
to lake Henry, crossing afterwards the head
waters of the Lehigh to those of Anatomak or
Broadhead's creek, thence down the Pocono,
one of its tributaries, through Stroudsburg,
then down the main stream, approaching the

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Delaware at the head of the Water Gap. The
elevation of the summit between the two rivers
respectively is 1366 ft. and 1599 ft., and the
length of the route is about 70 ms. A route
has also been surveyed for a branch frora this
road, to extend to the state line, near the Great
Bend of the Susquehannah, a distance of about
17 railes.
Tennessee and Alabama r-r. The company
undertaking these improvements was incorpo
rated in 1832, with a capital of $3,000,000.
The object is to connect the navigable waters
of the Hiwassse with the Connessauga or
Oostenalah, and thence to the head of Coosa,
and the Ten Islands, a distance in all of 270
ms. This is to be accoraplished by removing
the obstructions frora the rivers, and by the
construction of a rail-road from Hiwassee, at
the head of its navigation, to the Connessauga,
a distance of 16 ms. AU this it is estimated
may be perforraed at an expense of about
$65,000. It is then proposed to construct a
rail-road extending about 100 ms, to the Ala
bama river at Selma, Dallas co. Ala. thus ma
king the route proposed to be improved a dis
tance of about 270 railes. The whole expense
is 'estiraated at about $800,000.
Tonawanda r-r. N. Y. A company has been
incorporated to construct a T-t. from Rochester
to Attica, in Genesee co,, with this title. The
capital stock, which is $500,000, has been ta
ken up, and operations are expected to be cora
menced the present season, (1833,)
Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur r-r.
Ten, This road is designed to connect the
navigation of Tennessee river, above and be
low the Muscle shoals. It extends frora Tus
cumbia, in Franklin co., to Decatur, in Morgan
CO,, between which, the distance in an air line
is about 51 ms, ; the route is along the southern
side of the Tennessee. This road has been
successfully comraenced, and 95 ms. of it are
to be corapleted the present season, (1833.) A
part of this distance extends from the viUage of
Tuscumbia, to a depot on the river ; this is a
single track, 9 1-10 ras. and cost ^9,500. It is
a branch of the raain route, and is called, dis
tinctively, " Tuscumbia Rail Way."
Utica and Schenectady r-r. The company
for the construction of this road was incorpora
ted in 1832, with a capital of $2,000,000, The
stock books of the com, were opened in June,
(1833,) and $14,374,000 were subscribed,
Utica and Sushuehannah r-r. The legisla
ture of New York, in 1832, incorporated a
corapany for the construction of a r-r. from
Utica along the valleys of the Susquehannah
and Unadilla rivers to the line of the projected
New York and Erie rail-road. The capital is
1,000,000 dollars.
Vicksburg and Clinton r-r. This proposed
road will extend frora Vicksburg, in Warren
CO. Misp. to Clinton, in Hinds co, A large por
tion of the stock has been subscribed, and it is
presumed the road will go into operation. The
distance is about 55 ms,, and the route has been
surveyed. Warren County r-r. A company has been
incorporated by the New York legislature to
form a r-r. in Warren co. from Glenn's FaUs to

Caldwell, at the south end of lake George, with
a capital of $250,000.
Watertown and Rome r-r. The construc
tion of a r-r. between these two places was au
thorized in 1839, when the N. York legislature
incorporated a co. for the purpose with a capi
tal of 1,000,000 doUars.
West Branch r-r. This rail.road which is
15 miles long, with 5 miles of branch roads
extends frora Schuylkill Haven to Broad moun
tain. The main road has a double track.
Cost of road and branches about 160,000 dol
lars. West Chester r-r. {See Pennsylvania r-r.)
West Feliciana r-r. {See Woodville and
St. Francisville r-r.)
West Jersey r-r. A company was incorpo
rated by the New Jersey legislature in 1831, to
construct a rail-road either from the Delaware
river in Gloucester co, or from the Camden and
Amboy rail-road to the Delaware river in
Penn's Neck, Salem co. Capital 500,000 dol
lars, with liberty to increase to 2,000,000 dol
lars. Wilmington and Downington r-r. This road
when completed will extend from Wilmington
(Del.) to the boundary line of the state, in the
direction of Downington, (Pa.) The company
for its construction was incorporated by the
Delaware legislature in 1831, with a capital of
100,000 doUars, with powers to extend it to
150,000 dollars.
"Winchester, Va. and Potomac r-r. Thia
company was incorporated in 1832, with a cap
ital stock of $300,000, of which the state has
taken one fourth, and $120,000, conditionally.
It is expected that the work will be contracted
for duringthe present season, (1833,) and the
ultimate, and not distant completion of the
road, is not doubted. Besides the funds availa
ble frora the state, for stock, a considerable
araount has already been realized from other
stockholders of the company.
Woodville and St. Francisville r-r. From
WoodvUle, Wilkinson co. Misp, to St. Francis
ville, in West Felvciana parish. La. Like that
of Vicksburg and Clinton, this road has been
surveyed, and the stock chiefly subscribed.
Length of the route, 28 miles.
In concluding our account of the rail-roads of
the U, S, we remark, that with the aid of the
Rail Road Journal of New York, and sorae
other resources, it has been our aira to give the
reader a brief view of the existing state of this
species of improveraent throughout the coun
try. Much of the material,' however, which
we have been able to comraand, has been un-
arranged and detached ; and much more has-.
been wanting, in order to enable us to perfect
the whole, as we had intended. Indeed, with
regard to raany of the rail-roads in the country,
such docuraents as might be reUedupon, and as
are necessary, in order to present them with
any detail, are notin existence. Consequently,
our account of some roads will be found suffi
ciently full for the purposes of the general
reader, whilst others, which we had not the
means of extending, may appear deficient, and
unsatisfactory. The details of the manner of

t »

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444

RAL

construction, or any explanation of the mathe.
raatical principles on which rail-roads are based,
are foreign to the objects of this work, and
these are therefore oraitted. Below we have
arranged a list of rail-roads which have been
proposed, araong which, will also be found
several that have been incorporated, but to
wards the corapletion of which, no progress, as
yet, has been raade. - Among the statistics at
the close of the volume, will be found a table
of Rail Roads, which we shall perfect as far
as practicable.
Projected rail roads, including sorae which
have been incorporated, not included in the
foregoing alphabetical arrangeraent. —
A. — From Athens, Geo. to Augusta — frora
Auburn, N. Y. to the Erie canal ; incor. — from
Augusta, Geo. to Heshman's lake, about 50
ms., to avoid the uncertainty of the navigation
of Savannah river— from Augusta, Geo. to
Colurabus, on the Chattahooche — from Aurora,
N, Y. to Buffalo, incor,
B, — From Baltimore to Annapolis, Md. —
from Bardstown, Ky. to LouisviUe — from Ben
nington, Vt. to Troy, N. Y. about 30 ms., to be
extended to Brattleboro', 49 miles incor, — frora
Boston, or LoweU, Mass, to Brattleboro,' Vt.
from Boston, Mass. to Ogdensburgh, N. Y. the
necessary privileges having been granted by the
states of N. H., Vt. and N. Y,— from Boston to
Salera, which if constructed wiU probably be ex
tended to the N, boundary of the state — from
Brooklyn, L. I, to Suffolk— from Buffalo, N, Y, to
Cayuga lake— from Buffalo, N. Y. to the Pa. line.
C. — From lake Champlain, near Burlington,
through the valley of Onion river, and by
MontpeUer to the Conn, i, opposite HaverhUl,
N, H. about 80 railes, incor, — frora Chilicothe,
Ohio, to Lebanon, incor, — frora Chittenango, N.
Y. to Binghampton — from CUnton to Vicksburg,
Misp. incor. — from Columbia, Ten. to some
point on Tennessee river — frora Cooperstown,
N. Y. to Clairsville.
G, — From Geneva, N, Y. to Ithaca.
L  From Lynchburg, Va. to New River —
from Lynchburg, Va, to Richmond.
M. — From Mayville, N. Y. to Portland, on
lake Erie, incorporated.
N.— From Nashville, Tenn. to Franklin —
from New Haven, Conn, to Hartford, incor, —
from New London, Conn, to Worcester, Mass.
incor, and surveyed — from Norristown, Pa. to
Allentown, on the Lehigh.
P. — Frora Philadelphia, through Delaware
CO, and along Delaware river, to the Maryland
Une. R. — From Reading, Pa. to Philadelphia —
frora Richraond, Va. to Lynchburg — from Rich
mond, Va, to the Potoraac, forming a junction
with the Baltimore and Ohio rail.road — from
Rochester, N. Y. to Alleghany river — from
Rochester, N. Y. to Carthage — from Rutland,
Vt. to Whitehall, N. Y.
S. — From Salina, N. Y. to Utica — from Sa.
vaimah, Geo. to Augusta— frora Schenectady,
N. Y. to Buffalo, through Utica and Salina —
frora SteubenviUe, Ohio, to the Ohio canal —
from Stockbridge, Mass. to Albany, N. Y 

' from Suffolk, Va, to the Roanoke, near Weldon,
N.C. T. — From Tallahasse, Flor, to sorae point on
St. Mark's or WaukuUa river— from Troy, N.
Y. to Whitehall,
U. — Frora Utica, N. Y. to sorae point on
Cayuga lake — frora Utica, N. Y. to Oswego.
'VV. — Frora West Stockbridge, Mass. to form
a junction with the New York and Albany rail.
road— from Wheeling, on the Ohio, to lake
Erie — frora Wilkesbarre, Fa. to the Lehigh —
frora Wilraington, N. C. through Fayetteville
and Salisbury, to the iron mino districts near
Statesville. Y  From the Yadkin, N. C. to the Catawba

Raine's, p-o. Cumberland co. Va., by p-r. 69
ms. wstrd. Richmond.
Raine's Store, and p-o. Twiggs co. Geo.,
by p.r. 31ms. b. w. MiUedgeville.
Rainsburg, p-v. Bedford co. Pa., by p-r. 113
ms. wstrd. Harrisburg.
Rainy Lake r, {See Assiniboin r.)
Raisin r., of Mich., having its extreme
sources in Hinsdale and Jackson cos,, from
whence, flowing 95 ms. ft. E. by e,, curves to
the sthrd. in the s. w. angle of Washtenaw,
continuing sthrd. 95 ms. over Lenawee, inflects
in the latter to n. e. by e,, enters and traverses
Monroe co. to its final discharge into the wstrn.
part of lake Erie, after an entire comparative
course of 80 ms. Raisin has interlocking
sources with Grand, Kaleraazoo, and St. Jo
seph's rs. of lake Michigan ; with Huron of
Erie, on the n., and Tiffin's and St. Joseph's
branches of Great Mauraee, s. The mouth af
fords good entrance and harbor for small ves
sels of 5 or 6 feet draught.
Raisinville, p-v. Monroe co. Mich., by p-r.
56 ms. s. w. Detroit.
Raleigh, the seat of government of North
Carolina, and st. jus. of Wake co. has a situa
tion soraewhat elevated, and is surrounded by
a healthy and agreeable vicinity. It is located
6 ras. w. of the river Neuse, 27 from the near
est point of navigation, 60 N. Fayetteville, 140
N. Newbern, and 186 s, w. W. C, in lat. 35"
44' and long. 1° 38' vr. W. C. Frora its dis
tance from navigable strearas, the trade of
Raleigh is quite limited; its intercourse is
chiefly with Newburg, Fayetteville, and Peters
burg. The greatest ornaraent of this place, the
state house, in which was a fine statue of
Washington, executed by Canova, was burnt in
1831. "This was situated in a square of 10
acres, located in the centre of the town. Be-
sides this there are 4 other squares, of 4 acres
each. The principal streets are 8 in number,
crossing at right angles, 4 of which are 99 ft,,
and 4 others 66 ft. broad. Among the public
buildings, which are generally in good style,
there are, besides those of the governraent, a
court house, 2 banks, a theatre, market, jail,
and two academies; besides these are several
highly respectable schools, 9 churches, and 3
or 4 printing offices. There is an excellent
quarry of granite near the town. Pop. 1,700,
Raleigh, p-v, Shelby co. Ten., by p.r. 217
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville.

RAN

445

RAN

Raleigh, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio r,, nrth
wstrn, part of Union co, Ky,, by p-r. 215 ms. a
little s. of w, Frankfort,
Ralls co. Mo, bndd. by Montgomery s. e,,
Audrain s. w,, Monroe w,, Marion n,, and
Misp, r. separating it from Pike co, II, n. e.
Greatest length from s. to «. 40 ms., mean
breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ras. Lat. 39° 30',
and long. 'VV. C. 14° 36' w. intersect near its
centre. The general slope is estrd. and with
small exceptions near the Misp, r, and on the
sthestrn. angle it is entirely in the valley of
Salt r., the main volume of which by a very cir
cuitous channel winds over it from w. to e. The
sthestrn, angle is traversed also in an estrn, di
rection by Cuivre or Copper r, Cf t. New
London. Pop. 1830, 4,375, though at that epoch
Ralls CO. included with its present liraits, also
what liow constitutes Monroe co.
Ramapo, r., rises in the s, e, part of Orange
co, N, York, crosses the w. corner of Rockland
CO,, enters New Jersey, and flows across Ber
gen CO, and joining Kingwood and Pequanock
rs., forms Porapton r., which falls into the Pas
saic 6 ras. w. Patterson, It affords valuable
water power, and moves much machinery.
Ramapo, p-t. Rockland co. N, Y,, 132 ms, s,
Albany, Pop, 9,837.
Ramapo Works, p-v. Rockland co. N, Y,, 30
ms. N. w. New York city, has extensive iron
works, a cotton factory, &c., and is a large and
flourishing village. It is situated in a secluded
valley on Ramapo r.
Ramsay's Mill, and p-o. Chatham co; N. C,
40 ms. W. Raleigh,
Ramsboro', p-v. Guilford co. N. C,,'by p-r,
96 ms, N. w, by w. Raleigh.
Randallstown, p-v. Baltiraore co. Md., 10
ms, from Baltiraore,
Randolph, t, Coos co, N, H. Pop, 143,
Randolph, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 23 ras. s,
Montpelier, 3-1- N. w. Windsor; 28,596 acres;
is crossed by 2 branches of White r,, which,
with other streams, furnish miU sites. Maple,
beech, birch, &c,, grow in the forests ; the
land is high, the soil pretty good, and the town
contains 3 villages. The Orange co, grararaar
school was incorporated here 1806, which af
fords advantages for education. Pop, 2,743,
Randolph, p-t, Norfolk co, Mass., 15 ms. s,
Boston, gives rise to a good mill streara, which
flows into Boston bay between Quincy and Wey
mouth, Pop, 2,200.
Randolph, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 312
ms. w, by s, Albany, e, Chatauque co,, n, Penn
sylvania ; has AUeghany r. s, e,, and several
small branches. Pop. 776.
Randolph, t. Morris co. N, J,, 6 ras. vr. Mor
ristown ; has Trowbridge ratn, s. is., and Rock
away r. and Morris canal n. Pop, 1,443.
Randolph, p-v. Crawford co. Pa,, 12 railes
nrthrd, Meadville, the co. seat, and by p-r, 309
ms, tt. vr. W. C.
Randolph, co. of Va., bounded by Green
brier s,, Nicholas s. w., Lewis w,, Harrison
N. vr., Monongalia and Preston n,, AUeghany
in Md., and Hardy, Va., n. e,, Alleghany mtn,
separating it from Pendleton e., and Green
briar mtn, separating it from Pocahontas s. e.
The greatest length from s, w. to n. e. 90 1
57

ms,, raean breadth 20, and area 1,800 sq. ras.
Lat. 39° N,, long. W, C 3° w. The surface
is a congeries of mtn, chains, ridges and deep
vaUies, It gives source to both Tygart's val
ley, and Cheat branches of Monongahela, both
flowing nrthrd, Cf t. Beverly. Population
5,000. Randolph, co,, N. C, bndd, s, e, by Moore,
Montgoraery s,, Davidson w., Guildford n,, and
Chatham e. It is very near a square of 30 ras.
each side ; 900 sq, ras. in area. Lat. 35° 40',
long. 2° 48' w, W, C. Slope sthrd, but drain
ed nearly equally, by Deep r, into Cape Fear r.
valley, and by ers, flowing into Yadkin ; it is
therefore a table land betvveen two r. basins.
Soil excellent, and surface finely diversified.
Cf t, Ashboro', Population 1820, 11,325 ; 1830,
12,406. Randolph, co. Geo., bndd. N. by Muscogee,
Marion n. e., Lee e., Baker s, E,, Early s,, and
Chattahooche r. separating it frora the Creek
country of Ala, w. Length 44 ras, frora s. to
N,, mnan breadth 35 ms,, and area 1,540 sq.ms.
Lat. 39°, and long, 8 w. V/, C, intersect near
its centre. The slope is sthrd,, the estrn, part
drained into Flint, and the wstrn, into Chatta
hooche r. Pop, 2,191,
Randolph, c, h, and p-o. Randolph co,, Ga,,
by p-r, 170 ms, », w, MiUedgeville.
Randolph, p-v, on the Misp, r,, at the raouth
of Big Hatchee r,, western part Tipton co. Ten.,
by p-r, 213 ras, s, w, NashvUle,
Randolph, p-v, in the sthrn, part of Portage
CO, O,, 10 ras, a, Ravenna, the co. St., and by
p-r. 132 ras. «, e. Colurabus,
Randolph, co, Ind,, bndd. by Wayne s., Hen
ry s. w,, Delaware w, and n. w,,  n,, and
Darke co. 0. e. Length 24, breadth 24, area
576 sq, ras. Lat, 40° 10', long, W. C, 8° w.
This CO. is a real table land, frora which flow
to the N, w, the higher sources of Mississinni-
wa, branch of Wabash; the extrerae source of
White r, rises on the w, border of Darke co.
0,, and flowing westward traverses Randolph ;
and finally the whole southern side gives source
to, and is. drained by tbe extreme sources of
White water, branch of Great Miarai, Cf. t.
Winchester, Pop, 3,912,
Randolph, co. of III,, bndd, n. w, by Monroe,
St, Clair n,, Washington n, e.. Perry e., Jack
son s, E,, and the Misp, r, separating it from
Perry co. Mo, s,, St, Genevieve co. Mo. s. w.,
and Jefferson, Mo,, w. Length frora s. to n, 30
ras,, raean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. mUes.
Lat. 38° and long. 13° w. W. C. intersect near
the CO. St., Kaskaskias, Slope sthrd,, and in
that direction traversed by Kaskaskias r. The
lower part of this co, near the mouth of Kas.
kaskias, is one of the most ancient settleraents
of civilized inhabitants in the basin of the Mis
sissippi, datmg as far backwards as 1674. Pop.
4,429, Randolph, co, Missouri, bndd. by Ralls r..,
Boone s, e,, Howard s, w,, Chariton w,, and un.
appropriated territory n. Mean length 38 ras.,
breadth 20, and are 760 sq, ras. Lat, 38° 30' and
long. W. C. 15° 30' intersect in ihis co. It is a
table land between Chariton and Salt rivers, the
confluents of the forraer flowing s, s. w. into
Missouri r., and those of the latter estrd. over

RAP

446

RAU

Ralls into the Mississippi. Cf t. Huntsville.
Pop. 2,942.
Random, t. Essex co. Vermont, 48 ms. N. E.
Montpelier ; is watered by Clyde river and
smaller streams, and a part of Knowlton's lake,
the sand of which is remarkably white and
beautiful, well fitted for glass raaking. It was
chartered in 1781. In 1893 it contained but a
single faraily. Pop. 105.
Rankin, co. Misp. bndd. s. by Simpson, Pearl
r. w. separating it frora Hinds co., n. Madison
and E. Choctaw territory in Misp. Length 98
, ms., raean breadth 99, and area 616 sq. ms.,
Lat. 39° 20', and long. 13 w. W. C. intersect
in this CO. Slope wstrd. towards Pearl r.
Surface generaUy covered with pine forest. Cf.
l. Brandon. Pop, 2,083.
Rankin, p-v. Yazoo co. Misp. by p-r. 85 ms.
nthrd. Jackson.
Ransom's Bridge, and p-o. estrn. part of Nash
CO, N, C, by p-r. 70 ras, e. Raleigh.
Rapid Ann, r, of Va., deriving its reraote
sources from the Blue Ridge, and flowing
thence s. e. 20 ms, across the valley, between
Blue Ridge and South East mtn,, tums thence
N.E, 15 ms. to the influx of Robertson's river
frora the n, w. Passing South East ratn, and
inflecting to a general eastern course of 30 ras,,
joins the Rappahannoc 10 ras, above Fredericks
burg, after a coraparative course of 65 ms. In
nearly the whole of its length Rapid Ann sepa
rates Orange co. first 35 ras. frora Madison, and
thence 25 from Culpepper At their junction it
is superior in volume to Rappahannoc ; and ex
ceeding also in length of course the Rapid Ann
is the main streara.
Rapid Ann, meeting house, and p-o. wstrn.
part of Madison co. Va., by p-r. 104 ms, b, vr.
W, C,
Rapides, parish of La,, bndd. by Opelousas,
or St. Landry s,, Natchitoches w. and n. w.,
Little or Catahoola r, separating it frdm Cata
hoola parish n,. Black r, or Lower Ouachitta r,
separating it frora Concordia e,, and Red r, and
in part an artificial limit separating it frora
Avoyelles s, e. Length from s, to n, 65 ras,,
mean breadth 40, and area 2,600 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. very nearly from 31° to 32° n,,
and in long, between 15° and 16° w W. C,
Slope s, e,, and in that direction drained by the
bayous Bceuf and Crocodile, to the s. w. ; by the
confluents of Catahoola n. e., and nearly cen
trally traversed by the main volume of Red r.
The soil exhibits every variety, from the most
fertile river aUuvion to that of sterile pine for
est land. The latter, however, greatly prevails,
and coraprises raost of the s, wstrn. and n.
estrn. sections. The estrn, and lower part is
subject to annual submersion. Along Red r,
and bayous Rapide and Boeuf, the soil is of the
very first rate,
"This parish derives its narae frora the lower
rapids of Red r,, which are opposite the town
of Alexandria, the st, jus. At high water they
are invisible, but at low water very much im
pede the navigation of the streara. Pop. 1820
6,065, 1830, 7,575,
Rappahannoc, river of Va,, forraed by two
branches, Hedgeman's and Thornton's rs, both
deriving their remote sources from Blue Ridge.

Hedgeman's r. after a comparative course of
30 ms. between Fauquier and Culpepper cos.,
receives Thornton's r. from the latter, and the
united waters continuing the course of the for.
mers. E. 90 ms., join the Rapid Ann as already
noticed under the head of the latter. A naviga.
ble r. at the junction of its two main branches,
the Rappahannoc continues to the s. E. 10 me.
to its lowest falls, where it traverses the primi.
tive ledge, and raeets the ocean tides at Freder.
icsburg. Similar to the Delaware, and all the
large western confluents of Chesapeake -bay,
the Rappahannoc turns along after passing the
priraitive rock, but after a short curve to the
southward, this streara resuraes a s, E. course,
which with a rather tortuous channel it raain.
tains to Leeds, in Westmoreland co., where it
approaches to within 5 ms. of Potomac, at the
mouth of Mattox cr. Gradually widening, and
with the features of a long narrow bay of 55
ms., the Rappahannoc by a s. s. e. course, is
lost in Chesapeake bay between Windraill and
Stingray points. The tide ascends this channel
to the falls at Frederiosburg, something above
100 ms. adraitting vessels of considerable ton.
nage. In all the distance below the union of its
two raain branches, it does not receive a con.
fluent above the size of a small cr. The en
tire basin is 140 ms, by a mean width of 90 ;
area 9,800 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 37°
34' to 38° 44', and in long. W. C, from 0° 41' e,
to 1° 99' w.
Rappahannoc Academy, and p-o. in the north
eastern part of Caroline co, Va., by p-r, 72
ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 64 miles tt. n. e. Rich
mond. Raritan Bay, N. J., between Sandy Hook on
the E,, Monmouth co, on the s., and Staten isl,
onthe N, w,, terminating at Amboy, The chan.
nel carries 3i fathoms to Araboy.
Raritan, r., N. J,, is forraed by branches
which flow through Morris, Hunterdon, Soraer
set, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, water
ing a large extent of country. It enters Raritan
bay at Araboy, and is navigable for vessels
drawing 8 feet water to N, Brunswick, except
at low ebb tides, when the water is shallow and
the channel narrow in sorae places. Along the
lower part of the .stream, the banks are low,
flat, and partly marshy. Large stearaboats ply
daUy between New York and New Brunswick,
on the principal stearaboat and stage route to
Philadelphia, Raritan, south branch, river, N, J,, rises in
Budd's pond, Schooley's ratn,, Morris co,, n,
Suckasunny plains, and runs by Gerraan vaUey,
CUnton, Flemington, &c,, to its junction with the
north branch, 4 ms, w, SomerviUe.
Raritan, north branch, r, N. J., rises 6 ras. n.
w. Morristown village, Morris co,, and partly
in Suckasunny plains, and runs through Soraer-
set CO, to its junction with s, branch,
Raritan Landing, v, Middlesex co. N. J., at
the head of tide water on Raritan r., 2 mUes
above New Brunswick. There is a free bridge
over the r.
Rattling Gap, p-o, Lycoming co. Pa., by p-r.
109 ms. nrthrds. Harrisburg.
Raubsville, p-o. Northarapton co. Pa., by
p-r. 196 ms. n. n. e. W. C.

REA

447

RED

Ravenna, p-v, and st.jus. Portage co. 0., by
p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 390 me. north.
westward W. C. lat. 41° 10', long. W. C. 4° 19'
w. It is situated on a branch of Cuyahoga
river, on a country, the raean height of which
is about 1,000 feet above the Atlantic tides.
Population of Ravenna tsp. including the vil.
lage, 806.
Rawlingsburgh, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C,
by p-r, 105 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh.
Rawlinsville, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r.
95 ms, N,E. W. C.
Rawsonsville, p-v. Broadalbin, Montgomery
CO. N. Y., 10 miles from Johnstown, on Fondas
creek. Ray, p-v. in the nrthrn, part of Macomb co,
Mich,, by p-r, 58 ms. n. e. Detroit.
Ray, CO. Mo., bndd. by Missouri r, s,, sepa
rating it from Lafayette and Jackson ; Clay w,,
and on the other sides boundaries uncertain.
Length 24 ms,, raean breadth 20, and area 480
sq,ms. Lat. 39° 15' n., and long. W. C, 17°
w. intersect in this co. Slope s. E, towards
Missouri r. Chief town Richraond. Pop, 2,657.
Raymond, p-t, Curaberland co. Me., 75 ms, s.
w. Augusta, 24 tt. Portland, lies onthe n. side
of Sebago pond, is crossed by the lower partof
Crooked r. s. w,, and has several other small
ponds and streams. Pop. 1,756.
Raymond, p-t. Rockingham co. N, H,, 25 ras,
s, s, E, Concord, 25 s. s, w, Portsraouth, 13 w,
Exeter, with 16,317 acres ; is crossed by Lara-
prey r,, whose two branches here unite. There
are also 2 ponds, and part of Patuckaway r.
There are fertile meadows on the r. Oak, &c.
grow on the uplands, A sraall cavern in the
w, part called the oven. Rattlesnakes forraerly
abounded. This town furnished 24 soldiers to
the continental army in the revolution, besides
militiamen. Pop. 999.
Raymond, p-v., and as raarked in p-o, list,
cf t. or St. jus. Hinds co. Misp., 19 miles from
Jackson, but relative position uncertain. Pop.
700. Raynham, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 32 ms, s,
Boston ; has Taunton r. s,, which forms an
arch round that part. First settled 1650, and
the first forge erected in North Araerica was
built herein 1652, by Jaraes and Henry Leon
ard, King Philip, or Metacom, had a fishing
station here. Iron is here manufactured in
various forras, nails, bars, hollow ware, &c.
Pop. 1,200.
Raysville, p-v. Henry co. Ind., by p-r. 36
ms. N, E, by E, Indianopolis.
Raytown, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo., by p-r. 51
ras. N. E. Milledgeville.
Readfield, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ras. w.
Augusta, is a small town of irregular form,
crossed by a long pond, whose outlet forras the
principal upper streara of Cobbesseeconte r.
Pop. 1,884.
Reading, p-t. Windsor co. Vt,, 53 ms. s.
Montpelier, 9 w. Windsor ; was chartered in
1781, and contains 23,040 acres. First settled
1772. It is uneven, with a ridge of mountain
ous land w., from which descend several
streams, flowing partly N. e. to Queechy r.,
partly e, to Connecticut r. at Windsor, and
partly s. into Black i,, furnishing pretty good

raill sites. There are 12 school dists., several
mills, &c. The tiraber is hard wood and
spruce. Pop. 1,409,
Reading, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass., 12 ms. n.
Boston. Settled 1644; has rauch good soU,
but some uneven and hard. The viUage is large.
Pop, 1,806.
Reading, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn, 60 ms, s. w.
Hartford ; about 5 ms, by 6i, with 32 sq,ras. ;
has rocks of granite and primitive liraestone,
with an irregular surface, and a good soil.
Saugatuck r, crosses it through the raiddle n.
and s. and Norwalk r. is in the w. part. The
forest trees are oak, nut trees, &c. Joel Bar.
low was born here. Pop. 1,686.
Reading, p-t, Steuben co, N. Y,, 223 ras, w.
Albany, 25 n, e, Bath, 15 s, e. Penn- Yan, w.
Seneca lake, which separates it frora Seneca
and Torapkins cos. It is a gore of land from
3 ras. to 4i by 14, with very good, level land,
without stones, and watered by Bigstreara and
Rockstreara, which afford valuable mill sites.
They flow into the lake, which they enter near
each other. Rockstreara has a very roraantic
fall of 140 ft. at the foot of a long rapid. The
water is precipitated into a basin, between high
banks of clay slate. Stone quarries are situated
at different places along the shore of the lake.
Pop. 1,568,
Reading, borough, p-t, and st, jus. Berks co.
Pa,, by p-r, 59 ms. a very little n. ofE. Harrisburg ;
50 ras, N, w, Philadelphia, and 143 ms, a little
N, ofN, E, W, C, N, lat, 40° 49', long, W. C. 1°
03' E. Reading, similar to raany of the other
borough towns of Pa,, was originally laid out
after the raodel of Philadelphia ; streets extend.
ing at right angles to each other, with two raain
streets, at the intersection of which isthe court
house. It is raore than commonly compact and
well built, and contains 5 or 6 churches, a large
edifice for public purposes, 2 banks, a jail, and
many fine private buildings, numerous private
schools, and one bookstore. Situated on the
canal formed along the Schuylkill, and in the
midst of a fertile and well cultivated country,
Reading is a flourishing commercial depot, as
well as a place of doraestic trade. The original
inhabitants were raostly Gerraans, and erainent
for their industrious and economical habits and
quiet manners ; and such is still the character
ofthe place. Pop, 1820, 4,332, 1830, 5,856.
Reading, p.v. Sycamore tsp. Hamilton co. 0.,
by p-r, 11 ms, tt. n. e. Cincinnati. Pop. 200.
Readyville, p-v. in the estrn. part of Ruth
erford CO. Ten,, 12 ms, e. Murfreesboro', the
CO. seat, and by p-r. 45 miles s. E. by e. Nash
vUle. Reamstown, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., 15 ras.
N. e. Lancaster, and 15 ras. s. vr. Reading.
Pop. 1830, 300.
Rebecca Furnace, and p-o. Botetourt co. Va,,
220 ras. N. w. W. C.
Rebersburg, p-v. Centre co. Pa,, 12 ms. e.
Bellefonte, the co. seat, and 93 ras. w. w. Har
risburg. Rectoetown, p.v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r.
53 ras. s. w. by w. W. C.
Red River. There are several streams in
the U. S. which bear this narae, and following
the geographical relative positions we hav«

RED

448

RED

pursued in this treatise they stand in the follow.
ing order, —
Red r. of Ky. and Tenn. has its sources in
Christian, Todd, Logan and Sirapson counties
of the forraer state, and which flowing south'rd.
enters a stream which originates in Summer co.
Ten., and which, flowing westward under the
name of Red r, traverses Robertson and Mont
gomery COS. Ten. falls into Curaberland r, at
the bend near ClarksviUe, Red r, has inter
locking sources with Big Barren and Muddy r.
branches of Green river.
Red r. of Ky, rises inJMorgan co. and flow
ing thence wstrd. over Montgomery, falls into
the right bank of Kentucky r. between Clark
and EstiU cos.
Red r, great southern constituent of Assin
iboin river. {See Red river, article Assiniboin,
p. 32,)
Red r, great sthwstrn, branch of Mississippi
r,, has its reraote sources in the mountainous
prairies of N, Mexico, between the sources of
Canadian Fork of Arkansas and those of Rio
Colorado of the Gulf of Me.\ico, and between
25° and 33° long, w, W, C. From its source
through 11 degrees of long, the general course
is very nearly E, From the 23d degree fo 17°
30' w. W. C. the channel forms the boundary
between the U, S, and Texas, and with long,
17° 30' it inflects to s, e, and becomes entirely
a streara of the U. S,, traverses a sraall angle
of Ark, and thence entering La, over which it
winds 300 ms. by comparative course to its final
discharge into Mississippi at tt. lat, 31° 01',
long, V/. C, 14° 40' w. The higher volurae of
Red r, is formed by two main branches. Red r,
proper, and False Ouachitta, both rising in New
Mexico, and flowing about 350 ras. before their
junction. It is remarkable that in all its course
of upwards of 1,100 miles Red r, receives no
tributary of any consequence worthy of notice,
but frora the north, beside False Ouachitta, and
below that streara coraes in in succession Blue
r., Kiraitchie, Vasseux and Little r. of the n,
above La,, and in the latter state, Dacheet,
Black r,. Saline, and Ouachitta. {See Ouar.kit-
ta.) Red r. partakes in sorae measure with
Arkansas, the character of a stream of the
desert. Along the immense inclined plain be
tween Missouri proper, and the Gulf of Mexi
co, in the suraraer and auturan seasons, the
moisture and herbage are alike dried up. The
beds of the streams, a few raonths before re
plenished to overflowing, become in great parj
dry sandy lines. At no season, however, does
Redr. where passing the rapids at the town of
Alexandria in La. and where the whole of its
volume is confined to one bed, answer to the
great coraparative length of its course, but this
phenomenon is explained by a feature, as far as
I know the natural history of rivers, peculiar to
Red r. Some distance below where it bends to
s. E, and enters La, it divides into numerous
channels, spreading their mazes over an eUip
tical region of low land between the retiring
hills. This tract is about 70 ras. in length with
a width varying from one to 8 or 10 ms. It is
one immense intricacy of interlocking water
courses, but without any direct continuous
channel. From personal observation the writer

of this article is inclined to the theory that this
very recent aUuvial tract was once a lake, which
the abrasion of the river against its banks has
at length filled vvith earth. But what is at the
same time in an extraordinary degree remarka.
ble, is the fact that the same cause which fiUed
the river lake with deposit created numerous
others. The various ers. or small rivers flow.
ing in between the hills on each side have now
become lakes. Their channels and bottoras
from hiU to hill, for a distance of from 10 to 30
ms. backwards have been supplied with water,
which cannot now all escape as their outlets to.
wards the Red river have become so many em
bankments. It is true, the water in these new
lakes rises and falls vvith the floods of the main
stream. In latter sumraer and autumn much
of their vaUeys become green raeadows, sup
plied with succulent herbage ; but as the ira
raense volume of Red river pours down in win
ter and spring, a reflux takes place and the riv
er water pours rapidly into these great natural
reservoirs, and contributes by this flux and reflux
to raost effectuaUy equalize the discharge of
Red river. The Ouachitta and its confluents
present similar features, {See lakes Bistineau,
Bodcau, Catahoola, tf-c) Whatis called " r/is
Raft," in Red river, has been thus formed, and
to call it a raft inthe true intent of the term is
a very deceptive raisnoraer, I have personally
surveyed both the lakes of Red r, and the At-
chafalaya raft, and found that of the latter to be
a raft in the literal sense of the word; but be.
tween it, and the thicket islands and lake like
channels of Red r, above Grand Ecor, there is
nothing in common, (See Atchafalaya.) At
Grand Ecor 4 ms, above the town of Natchito
ches, the whole volume of Red r, is united; but
in less than half a mile below, again separates,
the Rigolet de Bon Dieu issuing from the left,
and does not again enter the main stream for up
wards of 30 ms,, in which distance it receives
Black and Saline rivers frora the north. The
raain stream also which passes the town of
Natchitoches is subdivided into nuraerous chan
nels. Below the rejunction of the Rigolet de
Bon Dieu, the r, is once raore for 3 or 4 miles
united in one channel, but again dividing the
bayou Rapide isssues to the right, and so call
ed from again meeting the raain river at the
rapids near Alexandria, With the outlet of
bayou Rapide, properly speaking, the unity of
Red river is destroyed to be restored no raore,
as in the natural state of the country at high
water outlets flowed .from bayou Rapide itself,
the waters of which flowed down the bayou
Bffiuf and were conveyed into Atchafalaya by
several channels. These issues from bayou
Rapide have been erabanked, and by the aid of
art the whole of Red river is made to pass
Alexandria. The solid pine wood land indeed
reaches the bank on the left directly opposite
Alexandria, but on the right a few ras. below,
outlets coraraence which have their recipient
in Atchafalaya. A recent revolution at the
mouth of Red r, ought not to be passed over in
silence. Where it entered the Mississippi, the
latter by a long curve, first to the west, thence
sthrd. and abruptly back to the east formetf a
peninsula which about 5 miles a little s. of e.

RED

449

REG

from the raouth of Red r. had not quite a raile
in breadth in 1800, and was continually lessen
ing. The actual breach of this isthraus was
long foreseen, and actually took place in 1831,
With slight cutting the river was made to act
upon the yielding soil, and now Red r, has its
mouth 5 ras. above where it formerly existed.
This may seem contrary to the laws of nature,
as water would naturaUy fall like other bodies
when left free, but exactly sirailar phenoraena
took place at the raouths ofthe Yazoo andHo-
mochifta rivers, which, when the bends were
cut and the outlets of the rivers changed, the
inouths vvere formed at the upper and not as
might have been expected at the lower end of
the cut. Red river it is generally supposed
would flow down the Atchafalaya, if the com
munication betvveen it and Mississippi was in
terrupted, but an irresistible barrier to a per
manent stream passing down the Atchafalaya,
may be seen stated at the head of that article,
and stated frora personal observation on the
spot. Kere is also the place to notice another
error which has been sanctioned by official
docuraent. It has been stated that changing
the bed of Red river has drained 900,000 acres
of pine land. Any person acquainted at all
vvith the respective features of La, knows per
fectly well that pine land is never overflowed,
and they know also, that before they could be
overflowed the whole delta would be raany feet
under water. The pines lands and delta touch,
but no two species of soil hovvever distant can
differ raore specificaUy, and besides, the pine
tracts are every where elevated above any in
fluence frora annual floods from the Mississippi
or any of its confluents.
Red r. of Ark,, a branch of White r, rises at
lat, 36°, and long. 16° w, of W. C, between
the vallies of Ark, and White rs. and in Izard
CO. Flowing thence to the estrd. by compara
tive courses, 120 ms, to its entrance into 'White
r, about 70 ras. s. e. by E, Little Rock,
Red Bank, p-v, in the nrthrn, part of Arra
strong CO, Pa,, 20 ms, n, Kittanning, the co. st,,
and by p-r, 935 ms, n, w, W, C.
Red Bird, p-v, in the sthrn. part of Clay co.
Ky,, 10 ms, sthrd, Manchester, the co. st,, and
125 ms, s, e, Frankfort.
Red Bridge, p-o. Hawkins co. Ten., 10 ms.
s. w. Rogersville, the co. St., and by p-r. 254
ms. a little e, of n, Nashville.
Reddies, or Reddy's river, and p-o, Wilkes
CO, N. C, by p-r, 188 ms. a little n, ofw, Ra
leigh. Redfield, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y., 30 ms. tt.
Rome, 149 n, w. Albany, a. Jefferson co., w.
Lewis CO. ; 6 ms, by 14 ; is crossed in the s, by
Salraon r, which flows into lake Ontario, and a
branch flows s. through the middle, which fur
nish raill seats. The soil is good, bearing a
variety of tiraber, and the surface nearly level.
Pop. 341.
Red Fork, and Red Lake, tributaries of Red
r. branch of Assiniboin. Red Lake lies imme
diately N. of Turtle lake or the extreme source
of Misp. r. With the exception of some salient
bay it is nearly circular, and about 20 miles in
diaraeter, Lat. 48°, and long. W. C. 18° w. in
tersect in this lake. Near ijji wstrn. side is- j

sues Red Fork, which latter, with a sweeping
curve to the sthrd. pursues a general western
¦direction, by comparative distances 80 ms, into
Red r, of Assiniboin, By the Grand and Red
Fork rs, and intermediate lakes, an alraost un
interrupted water coramunication exists be
tween Rainy Lake r, and Red r. through the
sources ofthe Mississippi.
Red Hill, MouUonborough, Grafton co, N.
H,, at the N. end of Winnipiseogee lake, com
mands the finest view of that beautiful sheet of
water, and the surrounding country, for a great
distance. It has a small streara n,. Great
Squara lake w,. Long Pond and Winnipiseogee
lake s. Iron ore is found in the n. Bluff, and
bog iron ore in a brook below it.
Red Hill, p,v, sthrn, part of Kershaw dist.
S.C. 16 ms, sthrd, Camden, andby p-r, 49 ms.
N, E, by E, Colurabia,
Red House, p-o, Charlotte co, Va.byp-r, 119
ras, s. w, Richraond,
Red House, p-o, Caswell co. N, Cby p-r. 75
ms. N. w, Raleigh.
Red Hook, p-t. Dutchess co, N. Y, 93 ms.
N. Poughkeepsie, 20 s, Hudson, b, ( olurabia
CO,, E, Hudson r,, has a rich loam, more mixed
with clay near the river, well cultivated, and
varying in surface. It is crossed by Sawkill,
which affords good raill seats. There are sev
eral landings, at one of which the New- York
and Albany steamboats touch ; and several vil
lages in the interior. Near the river the banks
are fine, and ornamented with the residences
of several of the Livingston faraUy, and olher
gentleraen. There are several factories, an
academy in the Upper viUage, &c. Pop, 1830,
2,983, Red Mountain, p-o. Orange co, N, C, by p-r,
38 ras. N, w, Raleigh,
Red River, iron works and p-o, EstUl co.
Ky, by p-r. 75 ras. s. e. by e, Frankfort,
Red Shoals, p-o, Stokes co, N, C, by p-r.
143 ms. N. w, by w, Raleigh,
Red Sulphur Springs, and p-o, on Indian cr,
in the wstrn, part of Monroe co, Va, by p-r.
940 ms. w, Richraond.
Reedsborougii, t. Bennington co, Vt,, 12 ms,
s, E, Bennington, 18 s, w, Brattleboro', n, Rowe,
Mass,, is quite raountainous, wilh large tracts
of useless land, Deerfield i, forms the e,
boundary, and a branch crosses the t. Both
afford mill seats. Pop, 662,
Reed's Mills, sthrn, part of Jackson co, 0,,
by p-r, 86 ms, s, s. e. Columbus,
Reed'sville, p-o, Rutherford co, N, C, by
p-r, 913 ras. s, w, by w, Raleigh,
Reedtown, p-v. Seneca co, O, by p-r. 90 ms.
nrthrd. Columbus.
Reedy Fork, p-o. on Reedy Fork r. northern
part of Guilford co. N. C. by p.r. 92 ms, tt. vr.
by w. Raleigh.
Reedy Fork, river and p.o. southern part of
Greenville dist. S. C, by p-r, ll9 miles n. w.
Columbia. Reedy Spring, p-o. Campbell co. Va. by p-r.
196 ms. s, vr. W. C.
Rees' Cross Roads, p.v. Woodford co. Ky.
12 ms. s. E. Frankfort.
Regnier's Mills, and p-o. Washington co.
0. Ill ms. 3. E. Columbus.

REN

450

RHO

Rehnersburg, p-v, in the nrthwstm, part of
Berks CO, Pa. 25 ms. tt. vr. Reading and by p-r,
38 N. e. by E. Harrisburg.
Rehoboth, Bristol eo. Mass. 37 mUes s. w.
Boston, E. Sekonk r. or R. Island, is nearly level,
with a few gentle hifls ; settled 1643 by Rev.
Sarauel Newman and part of his church frora
Weymouth, Mass. In 1646 the Indians burnt
40 dwellings and 30 barns. Anawan's rock
was the wild and secluded retreat of king
Philip's principal chief After the death of the
latter, and the death or capture of his other
captains, Anawan was surprized here by Capt.
Church. Pop, 2,459.
Reidstown, p-v. Union dist. S. C. by p.r. 95
ras, N, w, Colurabia.
Reidsville, p-v, Rockinghara co. N. C. by
p-r. 103 ras. n. vr. by w. Raleigb.
Reiley, p-v. Butler co. O. byp-r. 120 ras. s.
w. by w, Colurabus.
Reisterstown, p-v. Baltiraore co, Md. 15 ms.
N. w. Baltimore,
Remsen, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 90 ras. w. n,
w. Albany, 20 n, Utica, s, Lewis co,, vr. Herki
raer CO., is crossed by Black r, running vr., and
has Cincinnati cr. b. The E, line is partly forra
ed by W. Canada creek, and there are other
strearas which also supply mill seats. The
surface is uneven and the soil generally good.
First settled 1793. The v, is on Cincinnati cr,
16 ms, tt. Utica, 55 Johnstown, Waters rising
but J m. apart, flow into Black r. and W. Can
ada cr. Pop, 1,400,
Rensselaer co, N, Y, bndd. by Washington
CO, n., Vt. and Mass. e., Columbia co. b., Hud
son river w. which separates it frora Albany
and Saratoga cos., and contains 572 1-2 square
railes and 14 townships. There are high hills
e, and the surface is generaUy broken, with
large valleys and sorae fine raeadows. The
soil is various, as are the forest trees, Troy,
one of the most flourishing cities in the state,
is in this co,, and is at the head of sloop navi
gation in Hudson river ; the great dara across
that r, affords a coramunication between Troy
and the Erie canal. Fine steamboats owned
here, regularly ply to New York ; and there is
a large amount of business carried on by
sloops, as well as by canal boats. Hoosac r,
enters the co. from Mass., and receiving Little
Hoosac cr,, Wallorasac and Torahanoc ers.,
after a crooked course, falls into Hudson r. in
the ft. Poesten kill joins the Hudson at Troy,
after supplying valuable raill seats. There are
several other strearas of less iraportance. The
ancient estate of Rensselaerwyck included all
this CO, except the 3 n. towns, together with
the CO, of Albany, and was early settled. It
was 24 ras. wide on the Hudson, 49 long, and
purchased and granted between 1630 and 1649.
The CO. is transition, except a little secondary.
Roofing slate, sorae iron ores, &c. are found in
different places. Under the patronage of Ste
phen Van Renssalaer, Esq. who bears the an.
cient title of Patroon of Rensselaerwyck, a plan
of pubUc instruction has been in operation here,
of a practical nature, by which useful know.
ledge is furnished to young raen in agriculture,
as well as in other branches : a central institu
tion being established at Troy, with a farm.

which operates in different ways in other parts
ofthe CO. There are cotton factories at Lan.
singburgh, Scaghticoke, Hoosac, Troy, Nassau,
Pittstown ; and a few wooUen in different pla
ces. There are two rolling mills and nail fac
tories 9 ras, s. Troy, on Wynant's kill : at the
Albany nail factory 450 tons are made in a year ;
and at the Troy factory 1,000 tons, partly into
spikes. Troy is the cf, t. and st. jus. of the co.
Pop, 1890, 40,153, 1830, 49,494,
Rensselaer, v, Berlin, Rensselaer co. N. Y.
19 ras. E. Albany.
Rensselaerville, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 24
ras, s, w, Albany, n, Greene co., E, Schoharie
CO., about 8 ms. by 8 1-2, with 68 sq. ms,, is
rough with some high hills of the Catsberg
range, and large, fertile vallies. It is crossed
in the s. w. by Cattskill creek, whose branches
supply many raill seats. The land is generally
leased. The v. on Ten Mile cr. is in the n, e,
23 ras, w, s, w, Albany, 10 ras. frora CattskUl
cr, Preston Hollow is a v, s. w. 30 ras. Albany,
and 26 Cattskill. Pottersville is 2 ms, w. of
this. Pop, 3,685.
Republican Grove, and p-o, Halifax co. Va.
by p-r. 149 ms, s, w, Richmond,
Reynoldsburgh, p-v. and st.jus. Humphries
CO. Ten. by p-r. 78 ms. w. Nashville. It is sit
uated on the right bank of Tennessee r. n. lat.
36° 05', long. W. C. 11° 04' w.
Rhea, co. Ten. bndd. by Hiwassee r. separa
ting it from the Indian country s,, Hamilton co.
s. w., Walden's ridge separating it from Bled
soe w. and N. w,. Roan n. e., and MacMinn s.
E. Length frora s, w. to n, e, 36 ms. ; breadth
26, and area 926 sq, ms, Lat, 36° 25', long. 7°
54' w. W. C. Tennessee r. enters on the nrth.
estm, border, and winding over the co, in a
sthwstrn. direction divides it into two unequal
secdons and opposing slopes. The larger sec-
tionis to the n. w. falling from Walden's Ridge.
Cf iWashington. Pop, 1890,4,215, 1830,8,186.
Rheatown, p.v. in the estm. part of Greene
CO. Ten. 10 ms. e. Greenville, the co. st. and by
p-r, 283 ms, e. Nashville.
RmNEBECK, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 67 ras.
s. Albany, 17 ft. Poughkeepsie, e. Hudson r. on
the banks of which are landings, and by which
considerable trade is carried on with New York,
cfcc, MiU seats are found on Landtraan's and
Crora Elbow ers. The name is formed by a
combination of those of river Rhine in Europe,
and Beekraan, one of the earliest purchasers.
The first settlements were made by Gerraans,
The land is rather uneven e, and level w,, with
a fertile plain in the middle, where is the vil
lage of Rhinebeck Flats. Wertemburg s. E.
has a light soil. Sepascat lake though small
yields fish. Pop. 2,938.
Rhode Island, one of the U. S., and the
smallest state inthe union, is bndd. n. and E.by
Mass., s. by the Atlantic ocean, and w. by Con.
necticut. It hes between 4 1° and 42° n. lat.,
and between 3° 11' and 4° e, long, W.C. — be
ing about 42 ras. long from n. to s. and 29 ms.
wide, and embracing an area of 1,225 sq. ms,
of which 130 sq. ms. are included in Narragan
sett bay. The territory now comprehended in
the state of Rhode Island, was found by the
firat EngUsh settlers, chiefly in the possession

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ofthe Narragansett Indians, from whose lan
guage the present names of raany places, rivers,
&c. have been derived. The w, boundary was
the dividing line between this nation and the
Pequods of Connecticut. The Wampanoags,
a branch ofthe latter, inhabited the n, e. parts of
the state, about Bristol ; and their chief, Meta-
cora, or Philip, involved the colonies in a most
dangerous and destructive war, between 1675 —
77, A rude map of Mass, bay, which embraces
the coast of R, I,, was published in London in
1634, by a Mr, Wood. The first settleraent by
white raen was made in 1636, by Rev. Roger
Williams, who had been banished from Mass.
colony for his peculiar religious opinions. He
was followed by raany others, who with hira
laid the foundation of the fine city of Provi
dence, In 1638, Mr, Coddington and 17 others
being persecuted in Mass, on account of their
reUgious tenets, foUowed Roger WilUams, and
settled at Newport. In 1644, a charter was ob.
tained for both the settlements. In 1647 was
held the first general assembly, when the ex
ecutive power was'^confided to a president and 4
assistants. In 166.3 anew charter was granted
by Charles II, which with a few changes has
formed the basis of the governraent until the
present time. One of the earliest acts of hos.
tility against the British, before the revolutiona,
ry war, was coramitted in this state, whose in.
habitants took an active part in that struggle.
The island of Rhode Island was for some
time in possession of the enemy. The con
stitution of the U, S, was adopted by this state
in 1790, after it had received the assent of all
the others. The state government still pro.
ceeds under its colonial charter granted in
1663, by Charles II, The legislative and ex.
ecutive departraents are mi.xed. The legisla.
ture consists of a senate and house of repre.
sentatives. The senate is coraposed of the
governor, Ueut. governor, and 10 counsellors
¦There are 72 representatives, elected by the
people semi-annually. The legislature con
venes 4 times a year. The salary of the gov.
ernor is $400, ofthe Ueut. gov. $200, ofthe
secretary of state ^750 and fees. The judicia.
ry is vested in a suprerae court of 3 judges, and
a courtof coramon pleas for each of the 5 cos
each court consisting of 5 judges. These
judges are aimually appointed by the legislature.
The right of suffrage is universal. The sur.
face of the state is varied, but there are no
ratns. About one tenth is water, which is a
greater proportion than in any other state in the
Union. The s. w. part of the state, and the
vaUey of the Narragansett r. have a large pro
portion of level land. There are many hills, as
Mount Hope in Bristol, Hopkins's hill in W,
Greenwich, and Woonsocket hill in Smithfield ;
and much of the land is uneven and rocky.
The soil on the continental part of Rhode Island
is tolerably fertile, though its cultivation re
quires rauch labor. It is well adapted to raany
kinds of fruit trSes. On the islands it is slaty
and more productive. Some iron ore, marble,
and free stone are found iu different places, and
there is amine of anthracite coal on the isl. of
Rhode Island, wliich is'not worked. - There is
much good pasture laud, and grain, and or

chards are successfully cultivated. Agricul
ture is, however, generally much less flourishing
than in the adjacent states — commerce and
manufactures absorbing more the attention of
the inhabitants. The isl, of Rhode Island, has
been celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated ap
pearance, abounding in smooth swells, and be
ing divided with great uniformity into well till
ed fields. Oak, walnut, chestnut and other
trees are abundant in sorae parts of the state.
The cliraate rauch reserables that of Mass. and
Conn, in its salubrity — the parts of the state ad
jacent to the sea are favored with refreshing
breezes in sumraer, and in winter are the raost
mUd. The rs, are sraall, but some of them
afford excellent sites for manufactories ; partic
ularly the Pawtucket or Blackstone river (the
largest in the state) the lower part of whose
course lies along the e, boundary. Among the
numerous factories on this river audits branch.
es are the following : at Mannsville, 11 miles
above Providence, two for cotton, with 7,000
spindles ; on Peter's r. 5 miles above, 2 built
of stone, with 25,000 spindles ; on Mill r, J
mile further, 9 of wood, with 600 spindles ; at
Woonsocket falls, about 20,000 spindles, &c.
At the latter place are also 2 raachine shops,
a foundry, and about 2,000 inhabitants, Wa.
ter is abundant in the state, and is extensively
applied to use. The chief bays of R. I. are
Narragansett bay, which penetrates north into
the state more than 30 ras. and is navigable by
large ships up to Providence : it connects seve.
ral good harbors with the ocean. But the most
important in a naval point of view is Newport
har'jor which is accessible in the raost unfavor
able winds on the coast, is safe frora storras,
and strongly protected by forts ofthe U, S, A
variety of fish is obtained frora the coves, bays,
&c. Several useful turnpike roads lead in dif.
ferent directions ; and the principal route of
travelling between New- York and Boston, dur
ing the months when navigation is unimpeded,
has been for several years by the Providence
steamboat and stage coach line. Regular pack
ets ply between the principal ports of R, I, and
of other states; and an important foreign tr?de
is carried on, principaUy from Providence, {see
Providence,) the merchants of which city have
been engaged in an extensive coramerce with
Canton, The Blackstone canal lies partly in
this state, A rail road is to be constructed from
Providence to Boston, for the transportation of
passengers and merchandize. {See Bostonand
Providence rail-road, under the head of Rail.
Roads.) Several islands of sorae iraportance
belong to this state : the principal of wbich are
Rhode Isl,,Connanicut, Prudence, and Block isls.
Rhode Island is divided into 5 counties, Pro
vidence, Newport, Washington, Kent, Bristol,
and 31 towns, of which Providence is the lar-
gest. The population ofthe state at several pe.
riods has been as foUows : in 1790, 68,825 ;
1800, 69,199; 1810, 76,93] ; 1890, 83,059, and
in 1830, 97,199 : the two latter as follows :
Counties. 1830, 1830,
Providence, 30,769 47,018
Newport, 16,294 16,535
Washington, 14,962 15,411
Kent, 9,834 12,789

Bristol,

5,073

5,446

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Of the population

of 1830,

were free white

persons:

Males.

Females.

Ijnder 5 years of age

6,733

6,623

From 5 to 15

11,186

10,855

15 to 30

13,779

14,787

30 to 50

8,891

9,780

50 to 70

3,001

4,765

70 to 90

1,115

1,434

90 and upwards

28

44

Total

45,333

48,288

Free colored persons.

Under 10 yearsof age
334
358
From 10 to 24
500
598
34 to 36
317
445
36 to 55
239
350
55 to 100
151
266
too and over
3
3
Total 1,544 2,020
Slaves, males 3 ; females 11,
While persons, deaf and dumb 48 ; blind 57 ;
aliens 1,103.
Kecapitulation, "Whites, Free col'd. Slaves Total,
93,621 3,564 14 97,199
Rhode Island is the raost manufacturing sec
tion of the U, S,, in proportion to its population.
The manufactures are raostly of cotton ; though
there are many of woollen, cordage, driUing,
&c. At Newport is a manufactory of lace.
Upon Woonsocket falls alone are more than 20
different factories, producing between two and
three raiUions of yards annuaUy, Warwick is
a flourishing raanufacturing town, and Paw
tucket has by far the largest manufactories in
the state, 'The comraercial prosperity of the
state has kept pace with its manufactures. The
amount of shipping is between 40 and 50,000
tons. The amount of imports for the year end
ing Sept, 1830, according to the report of the
secretary of the treasury, was $488,756 ; ex
ports, foreign, $71,985 ; domestic, $906,965 ;
total exports $278,950, Tonnage entered 16,-
676; departed 14,094. In no part ofthe U. S,
has barking been carried on to such an extent
as in R, I, There are in this small state, 51
banks, with an aggregate capital of $6,793,996.
Common schools were not early established
and aided by legislative support in R. I. as in
raost of the N, E, states ; tho' the interests of
education have not been neglected. There are
now but 323 pubUc schools, with 17,034 pupils ;
toward the support of which the state pays
about $10,000 annuaUy. There are flourish
ing acaderaies in several places in R. Island.
Brov/n University was originally founded at
Warren, in 1764, whence it was reraoved in
1770 to Providence. {See Providence.) The
religious denominations of this state are vari
ous. There are 16 Baptist churches, 19 min
isters and 9,000 communicants ; 10 Methodist
preachers, and 1,100 merabers ; 10 Congrega.
tional churches, 10 ministers, and 1,000 com
raunicants ; 9 Unitarian societies and 2 minis.
ters ; about 1,000 Sabbatarian comraunicants ;
8 churches of Six.principle Baptists, and about
800 coramunicants ; the Friends are numerous,
and there is 1 Roraan CathoHc church, and
some UniversaUsts, &c, &c,
Rhode Island, isl. Newport co. R. I. about
3 1.2 ms. by 15, has a good soil, exceUent in
some parts, an agreeably varied surface, well
cultivated and presenting a fine agricultural as
pect. The fielda are generally divided by ex.
ceUent stone walls. The isl. contains the tsps .
of Newport, Middletown and Portsmouth ; and
with several adjoining islands, forms the co. of
Newport, It has Narragansett bay w,, the e. Pas
sage E. and Mount Hope bay n. which abound
with fish. A mine of anthracite coal has been
wrought to some extent in the n. part ofthe isl.,
but is not now used. The ». w. extremity of
the isl. projects in such a manner as to protect
the harbor of Newport on the e. and s. with its
high ground. Towards the osean it presents a
lofty and precipitous bluff, where the waves
often dash tumultuously ; yet a considerable
tract of land there possesses a deep and fertile
soil of great value. Easton's bay, with a fine
beach, indents the s, shore and nearly isolates
the s. w, comer of the island. While New
port was occupied by British troops, the Araer
ican lines were for a tirae drawn across the
neck ofthe peninsula, from Tamony hill to the
beach. Riceboro', p-v. and st. jus. Liberty co, Geo.
34 ms. 3. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 202 ms. s.
E. MiUedgeviUe. Lat. 31° 45', long. W. C. 4°
30' w.
Rice Creek ^pring, and p-o, nrthestrn, part
of Richland dist. S. C. by p-r. 13 ms. n, e, Co
lurabia, Richardsonville, p-o, Edgefield dist, S, C,
byp-r, 77 ms. wstrd. Columbia.
RictiARDSviLLE, formerly Smith's tavem, p-o.
Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 71 ms. southwestrd.
W. C.
Richboro', p-v. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 158 ms.
N. E. W. C.
Richfield, p-t! Otsego co. N. Y. 72 ms. w.
by N. Albany, 13 n. w. Cooperstown, 18 s. w.
Utica, 4 ms. by 8, has Herkimer co. n. and w.
and Schuyler's, or Caniaderaga lake s. This
affords one of the highest sources of Susque
hannah r. The t, is rather uneven, with many
small streams, of which some in the n. w. flow
into Unadilla r, ; has pretty good sod. It was
first settled in 1791. Pop. 1,752.
Richfield, p-v. Juniata co. Pa. by p-r. 61 ms.
northwstrd, Harrisburg.
Richfield, p-v, northeastern part of Medina
CO, O, by P-r, 130 ms, tt. e. Colurabus. Pop, of
Richland tsp. 1830, 444.
Richford, p-t, Franklin co. Vt. 50 ras. N.
Montpelier, 24 N, e. St. Albans, with 93,040
acres ; lies s. of the Canada line, and was char
tered 1780. It is hilly e., and is crossed by
Missisque r. which enters from Lower Canada,
and flows frora it into Berkshire, with rich
meadows on its banks. It was first settled
about 1790. Pop. 704.
Richland, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 60 ms. N.
w. Utica, 97 n. w. Oswego v., s. Jefferson co.,
E. lake Ontario ; has very good soil, raore fa
vorable to grass, bearing oak and chestnut,
beech, &c. near the lake, and a large tract of
white pine e,, with other trees. The surface is
uneven. It is crossed by Salraon r,, and has
also Little Sandy, Deer and Grindstone crs^all
of which erapty into the lake, and furnish miU
seats. The viUage, sometimes called Pulaski,
is 27 ras. N. E. Oswego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor,
36 N, Salina, and 153 from Albany, is on Sal
mon cr. 34 ms. from the harbor at its mouth.
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The falls are just below. Great quantities of
salmon and pickerel are caught here. There is
a salt spring near the borders of SaUna. Pop.
9,733. Richland, dist. S, C. bndd. s. by Congaree
r. separating it frora Orangeburg ; Congaree
below, and Broad r, above Columbia separating
it from Lexington dist,, ft. Fairfield, and n, e,
Kershaw, and e. Wateree, on the lower Cataw
ba. Length diagonaUy from the junction of the
Wateree and Congaree to the extreme north
western angle on Broad r, 50 ras,, mean breadth
12, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 34°, and long, 4°
w. W. C. intersect at Columbia, the co. st. and
St. of governraent of the state. The general
slope to the s. s. £. in the direction of its bound
ing rivers. Much of the soil of this district is
amongst the best in S. C. Pop. 1820, 12,321,
1830, 14,779.
Richland, co. of O., bndd. s. by Knox, Ma
rion s. w,, Crawford w,, Huron n,, Lorain n, e.,
Wayne e,, and Holmes s. e. It is a sq. of 30
ms. ; area 900 sq, ras. Lat. 40° 46', long. 5°
33' w. W, C. The nthrn. border extending
along N. lat. 40°, and also along the surarait
ridge between the valley of Ohio and that of
Erie, merely gives source to creeks flowing to
wards the latter. The n. wstrn. angle gives
source to the higher fountains of Sandusky, and
along the wstrn, border rise the extreme sources
of Scioto r. Though two sides are thus drained,
thebodyof the CO, including at least seven-eighths
of its surface, is drained by, and gives source to,
Mohicon branch oi White woman's r,, and slopes
to the s, E. It is a comparatively elevated and
level table land, which when compared with
the known height, 768 feet of the water level at
Conhocton, at the mouth of White woman's r,,
the table land of Richland co. raust be 1,000 ft,
above the Atlantic tides. The soil is generally
good. Cf t. Mansfield. Pop, 1890, 9,169,
1830, 94,006,
Richland Hill, p-v. East Feliciana, parish
of La., by p-r, 141 ms, n, w. New Orleans.
Richl-.vnd's p-o, Onslow co. N. C. by p-r. 202
ms. s. E, by e, Raleigh.
Richmond, p-t, Lincoln co. Me,, 15 ms, s. by
w, Augusta, s, Kennebec co., w. Kennebec r.
Pop. 1,308.
Richmond, p-t, Cheshire co. N. H. 70 ras. b.
w. Concord, 72 n.n. w, Boston, 12 s, Keene,
with 23,725 acres ; is watered by strearas of
Miller's and Ashuelot rs, and has a pretty level
surface, with a good soil. Settled from Mass,
and R, I, about 1758, Pop. 1,309.
Richmond, p-t, Chittenden co, Vt, 13 ms, s. e.
Burlington, 94 ft. vr. Montpelier ; first setUed
1775 ; deserted during the revolution ; is cross
ed by Onion r, which has meadows on its banks ;
is joined by Huntington r, flowing in from the s.
Several other streams afford mill seats. Pop.
1,109. Richmond, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms.
w. Boston, 6 vv. Lenox, E. New York state ; is
in a pleasant and well cultivated valley, enclos
ed by the Taughkannuo mtns. The principal
street runs through the town n, agd s., and a
w. branch of Housatonic r. crosses the valley.
Iron is taken from mines in this town, and
wrought in Salisbury. Pop. 844.

Richmond, p-t, Washington co, R, I,, 30 ms, s.
s. w. Providence, n, Charles r,, E,Wood r,, about
6 ras, by 7, with 40 sq, ms, ; is generally une
ven, with some level ground, and is watered by
the above raentioned strearas, with several
of their branches. They join below, and
form Pawcatuck r. The town is well suppUed
with mill seats, some of which are occupied by
raanufactories. Pop, 1,363.
Rich.viond, CO, N, Y,, which erabraces Staten
Isl,, is bndd. by Newark bay and the Kills n,,
Hudson r. or the Narrows, between the outer
and inner bays of New York e,, Raritan bay s,,
and Staten Isl. sound vv. The centre of it is
about 11 ms, s. w, N, Y, city. It is 14 ms. long,
N, E, and s, w,, and the greatest breadth 8 ms.
It contains 77 sq, ms. 'The s. end is in n. lat.
40° 29', and the w. 16' w. from N. Y. It con
tains 4 towns, with an agreeably varied surface,
and some good land, which enjoys the advan
tage of being near a market. 'The N. Y. quar
antine station, with 3 hospitals, and the Sailors'
Snug Harbor and the Sailors' Retreat, are near
the N, E. corner of the isl. in a pleasant situa
tion, A little below, at the Narrows, there are
fortifications on both sides for the defence of
the entrance of N, York harbor. Forts Tom
kins, Richmond and Hudson on this side. Itis
here 1,700 ft. frora land to land, A stearaboat
runs from N, York to the quarantine ; and the
steamboats which ply between the city and New
Jersey, touch at other points on the n. shore.
There is a large dyeing establishment. The
St. jus. is the viUage of Richmond. There are
several country houses of citizens on the isl. ;
but fevers and agues have prevailed bene within
a few years. Pop. 1820, 6,135; 1830, 7,082.
Richmond, p-v, and st, jus. Southfield, Rich
mond CO, N, Y,, 156 ras, s. Albany, 19 s. N. Y,,
on Staten isl,, is three quarters of a mile from
sloop navigation in the Fresh Kills.
Richmond, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 232 ms, vr.
Albany, 16 s. w. Canandaigua, e. Hemlock lake
and Livingston co. First settled 1789, from
Mass, It has Honeoye and Canadea lakes,
with hilly and broken land, Allen's Hill vil
lage is in the n, e, corner. Pop, 1,876.
Richmond, p-v. in the eastern part of North
ampton CO, Pa,, by p-r. 13 ras. n. n. e. Easton,
the CO. St., and 203 ras. k, e. W, C.
Richmond, city, seaport, and seat of govern
ment of Va,, is situated in Henrico co. on the n.
side of James r,, at the foot of its lowest falls,
and at the head of tide water, 150 ras. from the
river's mouth. It stands on lat, 37° 32', long.
0° 27' w. W, C, 25 ras, n, Petersburg, and 122
s. by vy. Washington. The site of the city is
highly picturesque and salubrious, and the sur. «
rounding scenery is roraantic and beautiful. It
is chiefly built upon a considerable hill, called
Shockoe, and upon its sthrn, and eastern slope,
and tho valley below. As early as 1794, a canal
was constructed along that part of the r. impe.
ded by falls ; thus opening a navigation of 220
ras. on the r. above the city. Below, vessels of
15 ft, draught can approach within 3 ms. ofthe
city, and those of 7 or 8 ft, draught, touch at
Rockets, about a mile distant. The eity is
well huilt; there are many neat private resi
dences, some of them are elegant, and the

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public edifices are generaUy commodious, and
in good style. Amongst these, the capitol
has excited the admiration of travellers, for its
chaste proportions, and coraraanding position.
Its location is within a public square, contain
ing 8 acres, which is surrounded by a substan.
tial iron railing. Upon this spot are also other
public buildings. Beside the capitol, in which
is a statue of Washington, other buildings, and
sorae institutions of note are, a new court house,
a fine, structure, the Governor's house, peniten
tiary, theatre, orphan asylum, acaderay of fine
arts, airas house, several banks and insurance
offices, and churches for Presbyterians, Epis
copalians, Baptists, Methodists, Friends, Ro
man Catholics and Jews. Of these, one called
the Monumental church, an elegant building,
will attract the spectator, and comraand a mel
ancholy interest. It stands on the site of a the
atre vvhich was burnt Dec. 26, 1811, and within
which, the governor of the state and 71 other
persons perished. Within its porch ia a monu
ment, bearing the naraes of the suff'erers. The
Virginia armory is in the immediate vicinity of
the city, and is an extensive establishraent.
The schools ofthe city are good, and nuraerous.
Its raanufactures are various ; there is a cotton
factory, several flour mills, a nail manufacto
ry, rolling and slitting mills, and some others,
¦The business of Richmond with the interior is
very extensive, and its coraraerce, which is very
considerable, is increasing. Its exports are
chiefly flour, wheat and corn, tobacco, sorae
cotton, and coal, which is brought hither by the
Manchester rail-road, frora the mines 13 ms,
distant. The exports are about $8,000,000 an
nually. There are regular lines of packets be
tween this place and New York, and other
ports, and steamboats ply regularly between
here and Norfolk. Richmond was incorporated
in 1742 by act of assembly, and in 1780 be
carae the seat of the state governraent. The
health ofthe city has been alraost uninterrupt
ed, and it is one of the healthiest towns in the
U, S, Its population at different periods has
been as foUows : 1800, 5,739, 1810, 9,735, 1820,
12,067, andin 1830, 16,060, of whora 1,900
were free blacks, and 6,345 slaves,
Richmond, co, Va, bounded n. w. and n. by
Westraoreland, Northuraberland e,, Lancaster
o. E,, and Rappahannoc r, separating it from Es
sex s. w, and w. Length 25 railes, mean width
8, and area 200 sq, ms. Lat. 37° 5 ', long. 0°
18' E. Cf. t, Richmond c. h. Pop. 1820,5,706,
1830, 6,055.
Richmond, c. h,, p-o. and st, jus, Richraond
CO. Va. by p-r. a Uttle e. of s. W. C. and 56 ras.
N. E, by e, Richraond city ; n. lat. 37° 55', long,
0°18'E, W.C.
Richmond, co, of N, C. bndd. by Marlboro'
dist. S. C. s. Yadkin r. separating it frora An
son CO. N. C. w., Montgomery co, N, C. n.,
and Lumber r,, separating it from Moore n, e,,
Cumberland e,, and Robeson s. e. Length 30
ras., raean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ras.
Lat. 35°, and long, 9° 42' w. W. C. intersect in
thjs CO. Slope southward in the direction of
its rs. Little Pedee rises in its southern sec
tion, as do several ers, which flow into S, C,
Cf t. Rockingham. Pop, 1820, 7,537, 1830,9,396.

Richmond, co. of Geo. bndd. s. by Mount
Beans cr., separating it frora Burke co,, Brier
cr, w, separating it from Jefferson, Colurabia
N. w„ and Savannah r., separating it from Edge.
field dist. S, C. E. Length frora w. to e. 32 ras,,
mean breadth 12, and area 384 sq. ms. Lat.
33° 25', and long. 5° w. W, C. intersect in this
CO. Though Brier creek, which forras its
wstrn. boundary, flows s. e,, the body of the co.
has a slope alraost exactly e. towards Savan.
nah r. Cf t. Augusta. Pop. 1820, 8,608, 1830,
11,644, Richmond, p-v. Fayette co. Ten. by p-r. 194
ms, s. w. by w, Nashville.
Richmond, p-v. and st.jus. Madison co. Ky.
by p-r. 50 ras. s. E, Frankfort, and 27 s, s. e.
Lexington. Lat. 37° 43', long. 7° 13' w. W. C.
Pop. 947,
Richmond, p-v. Jefferson co, O. by p-r. 143
ras, N, E, by E. Colurabus.
Richmond, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 69
ras. E. Indianopolis. Pop, about 1,500,
Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Ray co. Mo. by
p-r. 149 ms. above tmd ft. vr. by vr. Jefferson,
and 284 ms. in a similar course frora St, Louis.
Richmond Dale, p-v, in the s. estrn. angle of
Ross CO. 0. by p-r. 58 ms. s. b. e. Columbus.
Ridge, or Alluvial Way, a singular elevation
about 30 ft, high, in the cos,, of Genese,e, Mon
roe, and Niagara, N, Y, It extends about 78
ms, from Niagara r, almost to Genesee r. near
ly paraUel to the s. shore of lake Ontario, about
139 ft. above the level of its waters, which are
frora 8 to 10 ms. distant, and is supposed to
have been formed at sorae long past period, by
its waves or currents, when large tracts of coun
try, nbw dry, were overflown. The ridge va
ries in breadth, and serves for the route of a
good, level road, called the Ridge road, on
which are several sraall villages.
Ridge (The), p-v. near the extreme sthm.
point of St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 32 ms. s. e.
Leonardstown, the co. st., and 95 ras, s, n, W. C.
RiDGE (The), P-v. inthe eastern part of Edge
field dist., S. C, by p-r. 40 ras. w, Colurabia.
RiDGEBURY, p-v. Bradford co. Pa,, by p-r. 150
ms, N, Harrisburg,
Ridgefield, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 70 ras.
s. w, Hartford, 10 s. w. Danbury, 55 n. e. N.
York city, touches N. York state w., is vari
ed by several ridges, with rocks of granite
and limestone, and a good soil for grain and
grass. Mill seats are supplied by branches
of Saugatuck and Norwalk rs. There are sev
eral raanufactories in the town, and some Hme
kilns. The land was purchased from the In
dians in 1708, It is elevated, and Long Island
sound is visible from different points, 14 miles
distant. The village is pleasantlv situated in
the 1st society. Pop, 2,323.
Ridgeville, p-v. nrthrn, pari of Warren co,
0,, by p-r. 78 ms, s. w. by w. Columbus.
Ridgeway, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y,, 26 ms. N.
w. Bavaria, e. Niagara co. ; is crossed nearly
through the centre by the ridge, and weU wa
tered by Oak Orchard and Johnson's creeks
with branches, and- by Erie canal, which lies s.
It has a varied surface, and a variety of good
soils. Oak Orchard cr. falls 30 ft. jjist below
the intersection with the canal. Pop. 1,972.

RIP

455

ROA

Ridgeway, p-v., nrthestm. part of Jefferson
CO, Pa,, by p-r. 165 ms, N. w, by w, Harrisburg,
Riga, p-t. Monroe co, N. Y., 939 ras. w, by
N, Albany, 1] w. b. w. Rochester, e, Genesee
CO,, with very good land; is crossed by Black
cr, frora w, to e,, and 2 small branches. Black
cr. is navigable in boats to West Pulteney vil
lage. Pop. 1,908.
RrLEY, t, Oxford co. Me,, e, Coos co, N. H.,
71 ms, w. by n. Augusta, is very rough and
mountainous, s. Speckled mtn. Pop, 57,
Rindge, p-t, Cheshire co, N, H,, 56 ras, b, w.
Concord, 20 s, e, Keene, 50 n. tt. vr. Boston, 5
ms, by 7, with 23,838 acres ; has a swelling
surface, very good soU, formerly covered with
beech, maple, birch, heralock, &c,, and con
tains 13 ponds. Of these Manomonack, Era-
erson's and Perley's ponds flow into Miller's r,
of Mass., and Long, Grassy and Bullet, into
Contocook r. a branch of the Merrimack ; the
waters of those two great rs, being separated in
one place only by a narrow ridge. Fish are
abundant, and rendered these streams favorite
resorts of Indians. Iron ore is found in Rindge.
First settled 1752. Pop, 1,269,
Ringoes, p-v, Arawell, Hunterdon co. New
Jersey, 17 ms. n, Trenton.
Ring's Mills, and p-o. Belraont co. 0,, by
p-r, 129 ms, e, Columbus.
Ripley, p-t, Soraerset co. Me,, 60 ms, tt. e,
Augusta, w. Penobscot co, ; is crossed by the
upper part of Sebasticook r. Pop, 644.
Ripley, p-t. Chatauque co. N, Y., 336 ms, w,
Albany, 12 w. Maysville, s. lake Erie, e, Penn
sylvania ; has a varied surface and soil, bear
ing oak, nut trees, maple, &c. It is crossed
by Chatauque ridge, frora 6 to 10 ras, distant
frora the lake, with a gentle declivity of arable
land towards the tt., with a foundation of mica
slate. The lands near the lake are very good,
being alluvial, from 1 to 3 ras, wide. It is cros
sed by Chatauque cr. of lake Erie, about 10
ras, long. Pop. 1,647.
Ripley, p-v, on the right bank of 0. r,, sthrn,
part of Brown co. 0., by p-r. 113 ms. s. s. w,
Colurabus. Pop. 572.
Ripley, co. Ind,, bndd, by Jefferson s., Jen.
nuigs vr., Decatur n, w,, Franklin n., Dearborn
E,, and Switzerland s. e. Length 27 ms., mean
breadth 16, and area 432 sq. ms, Lat, 39°, and
long. 8° 15' w. W, C, intersect in this co
The western part of this co, gives source to
the extreme eastern branches of the South fork
qT White r,, and which flow westward ; the
residue is drained by ers, flowing sthestrd, into
Ohio r, Cf t. Versailles. Pop, 1820, 1,829,
1830, 3,989,
Ripley, one of the southern cos, of Mo., as
laid down by Tanner, stretches from Wayne
CO. which bounds it on the e, along the nrthrn,
boundary of Ark, 190 ms. with a breadth of 78
ms, towards Crawford co. Mo, ; area 9,360 sq,
ras. In the central part of this large space,
spreads an elevated table land, from which
flow northwards the sources of Gasconade r,,
and E., s, E., s, and s, w., the numerous tributa.
ries of White r. N , lat, 37°, and long W, C. 15°
w. intersectnear the centre of this plateau.
RiPLEYviLLE, p-V. Huron CO. 0., by p-r. 101
ras. tt. N. E. Columbus.

Rip Point, Nantucket ial., Mass. The n,
E. Point of the island at the end of Sandy
Point, Ripton, p-t. Addison co, Vt,, 26 mUes s. w,
Montpelier ; has Middlebury r, b., and is moun
tainous, rough, and with few inhabitants. Pop.
605. Ripton, village, Huntington, Fairfield co.
Conn. Rising Sun, p-o, Philadelphia co. Pa,, by p-r.
139 ras, IV, E, W, C.
Rising Sun, p-o. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 89 ras.
N, E, W, C,
Rising Sun, p-v. on the right bank of O. r,,
and in the sthrn, part of Dearborn co., Ind., by
p-r, 119 ras, », E, Indianopolis,
RiTCHiEviLLE, p-V, Diuwiddie co, Va,, by p-r,
49 ms. B. Richmond.
RiTTERsviLLE, p-V, Lehigh CO. Pa., by p-r. 181
ras. nrthestrd. W. C.
RrvEK Bank, p-v. Orange co, Va,,byp-r, 104
ras,s, w, W, C,
Riverhead, t., st, jus, Suffolk co, N, Y,, 90
ras. e. New York, 234 s. by e. Albany, on the
N. side of Long Isl., s. Long Isl, sound. It has
Pequanic r, and bay s., and Wading cr, on a
part of the n, w, boundary, where is a small
harbor. One mile from the sound is a broken
ridge ; in otherparts the surface is a little va
ried, bearing pine, with some oak, &e. Coast
ing vessels take wood and other articles to New
York raarket ; and those of 70 tons can go to
the raouth of Pequanic cr, 2J miles from the
c. h. There are six sraaU viUages. Pod,
2,016, :
River Styx, p-v. nrthm. part of Medina co.
0., by p-r, 117 ras, n, e, Columbus,
Rives', p-o. in the northern part of Hall co.
Geo., by p-r. 135 mUes northwards MiUedge
ville. Rlxeyville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., 67 ms. a.
w, by w. W, C,
Roane, co. Ten,, bndd. s, by Monroe and Mac
Minn, s, w. Rhea, w. Bledsoe, n. w. Morgan,
N. Anderson, e, Knox, and s. e. Holston river,
separating it frora Blount, Length 50 railes,
raean breadth 15, and area 750 sq, ras, Lat.
36° and long, 7° 30', intersect in this county.
Holston and Clinch rs. unite to form Tennessee
r, , very near the centre of this co,, and both the
branches and the main stream below their junc
tion flow s, vr. by w. The nrthrn. section slopes
sthrd. and is drained by Eraery's r. a branch of
Clinch r. Cf t. Kingston, Pop. 1820, 7,895,
1830,11,341. Roanoke, r. of Va. and N, C. Taken in the
utmost extent, Roanoke basin is the sarae as
Alberaarle, and includes the sub-basins or val
lies of Roanoke proper and Chowan r. The
latter has been noticed under its appropriate
head, and to which the reader is referred. Ad
vancing frora s. to N. all the rivers beyond Roan.
oke, have their most remote fountains on the
-Atlantic side of Blue Ridge ; but with the Roan.
oke a new feature appears. The Blue Ridge is
pierced by that stream, which derives its higher
fountains from the main Alleghany chain in
Montgomery co. Va., and within 8 ms. of the
main channel of New r., and at an elevation
without estimating the mtn, ridges, of at least

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ROC

2,000 ft. Issuing by numerous ers. trom this
elevated tract, and uniting into one stream near
the border between Montgomery and Botetourt
cos, it is here literally " The Rapid Roanoke,"
having at Salem m the latter co. fallen 1,000 ft.
in little raore than 20 ms. At Salem the water
level is 1,002 ft, by actual adraeasureraent,
above raean Atlantic tide. Below Salem the
river inflects 20 ms, in an eastern course, to its
passage through Blue Ridge, and thence s. e.
25 ms. to its passage through South East mtn.
Passing South East mtn, between Bedford and
Pittsylvania cos,, the now navigable volurae
sweeps by an eUiptical curve to nthrd. and round
to s, E. 511 ms. comparative course to the influx
of Dan r., entering its right side from the w,
part, {See Dan r.) Below tho junction of
these two rivers, the united waters in a course
of a little s, of e, 60 ms, by comparative dis
tance, reach tide water at Weldon, having fallen
by a lengthened cataract over the priraitive
ledge. About raidway between the influx of
Dan r. and Weldon, Roanoke leaves Va. and
enters N. C. Mingling with the tide, the Roan
oke by a very tortuous channel, but by cora
parative course flows s. e, 50 ms., and thence
estrd. 25 ms, to its junction with Chowan r, at
the head of Alberaarle sound, (See Albemarle
sound.) The eniire valley of Roanoke, if raea
sured along the raain stream or Dan r, is 250
ms., but the rivers wind over this space by
channels of much greater length. By compara
tive courses it is 155 ms, frora Salem to Wel
don, whilst frora a report made by the Roanoke
corapany, the intermediate channel is 244 ms.
Taking these proportions, the length of this
river by ita meanders is about 400 ms. Includ
ing the whole Albemarle basin it is 290 ras, from
its outlet into the Atlantic ocean, to the fountain's
of Roanoke in AUeghany mtn,, but with the
Ciiowan and Dan vallies united to that of the
principal river, the basin is coraparatively nar
row, being only 80 ms, where broadest, and not
having a mean breadth above 50 ras,, or an area
exceeding 14,500 sq. ras. It is not, however,
its extent which gives raost interest to the
Roanoke or Albemarle basin ; it is at once a
fine physical section and physical limit. The
difi'erence of arable level, amounts to at least
2,000 ft,, and no two regions of the earth can
dift'er in every feature more than do the truly
beautiful hills and vales, on each side of the,
Appalachian chains, from the stagnant marshes
and level plains towards the Atlantic ocean.
Along the lower Roanoke coraraences, advanc
ing frora the n, the profitable cultivation of cot
ton, the fig tree begina to appear, rice can be
produced, and in suramer the advance towards
the tropics is felt, and very distinctly seen on
vegetation. Ascending the basin, the aspect of
the northern states gradually appears, both on
the features of nature and on cultivated vceta.
bles. Wheat, rye, and other small grain, with
meadow grasses, and the apple, flourish. The
suraraers are cooler, and the winters have the
severity suitable to relative elevation. Though
the higher part of Roanoke is annuaUy frozen,
and for a shorter or longer period rendered un
navigable m winter, with lower Roanoke com
mences the region on the Atlantic coast where

navigation remains open at all seasons. It is
true that even Albemarle sound has been occa.
sionally irapeded with ice, but this phenomenon
is rare. As a navigable channel following
either branch, the importance of this basin is
lessened by the shallovmess of Albemarle sound
— an irremovable impediment. In the progress
of improvement, however, there is no doubt,
but that by rail road or canal, a water commu
nication will be opened direct from tide water
below Weldon to Chesapeake bay. Tbe rivers
are now navigable for boats to Salem on the
Roanoke, and to Danbury in N. C. by Dan r.
This 'has been effected by side canals, sluices
and other artificial iraproveraents. ("See rail
roads and canals.)
Roanoke Bridge, and p-o, Charlotte co., Va.
by p-r. 89 ms, s, w. -Richmond.
Roaring Creek, p-o, Columbia co. Pa,, by p-r.
77 ms, i>. Harrisburg,
RoBBiNSTON, p-t. Washington co. Me,, 192
ras.N.n, E, Augusta, is bndd, e, by St. Croix r.,
and lies opposite St. Andrew's in New Bruns
wick, It has a few small ponds and streams.
Pop, 616,
Robbstown, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., on
the right bank of Youghioghany r. 206 ms.
N, w. W. C. It is a sraall village of a single
street along the river bank.
Robertson, co. Ten. bndd, e, by Sumner, Da
vidson B,, Dickson s. w., Montgomery w., ond
N, by Logan and Simpson cos. Ky. Length 32
ms,, mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq, ms.
Lat. 36° 25' »., long. W, C. 9° 39' w.- Slope
3, w. and drained by Red r, and other smaller
brancjies of Curaberland r. Cf t. Springfield.
Pop. 1820, 9,938, 1830, 13,979.
Robertson, p-v. Giles co. Ten,, by p-r. 67
ras, s, s, w, NashviUe.
Robertson's Store, and p-o,, Pittsylvania co.
Va,, by p-r, 252 ms, s, w. W. C,
Robert's Store, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., by
p-r. 20 ras. w. Frankfort.
Roeertsville, p-v. Beaufort dist., S. C., by
p-r, 90 ms. wstrd. Charieston, and 160 ms. s.
Colurabia. Robeson, co. N. C, bndd. by Richmond n.w,,
Cumberland n, and n, e,. East Fork of Lumber
r, separating itfrom Bladen e,, Lumber r, sepa
rating it frora Columbia s, e,, Marion dist. S. C.
s, w,, and Marlboro' dist,, S. C, w. Length
frora s. to N. 50 ms,, raean breadth 22, and area
1,100 sq, ms, Lat. 34° 40', and long. W. C, 9°
w, intersect in this co. Slope sthrd. and drained
in that direction by Lumber r,, or the higher
part of Little Pedee. Cf t. Lumberton. Pop.
1890. 8,904, 1830, 9,433,
Robins, isl, Southold, Suffolk co. N. Y.
Rochester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 30 ms. s. w.
Montpelier, 90 s. e, Middlebury ; first setUed
soon after the revolutionary war ; is crossed by
White r, from n. to s, which receives a branch
near the centre, and both supply mill seats.
The surface is mountainous, with much goo'd
soil. The village is on the e. branch of White
r. ; 13 school dists.
Rochester, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 40 ms. e.
Concord, 29 n. w. Portsmouth, 10 n. n. w. Do.
ver, w. Salmon Falls r, ; is divided by Cocheco
r,, and has a part of Isinglass r, s. near its junc-

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457

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tion with Cocheco r. Norway Plains, near the
centre, is a considerable viUage, and a great
thoroughfare ou Cocheco r. Both the princi
pal streams afford valuable water power. At
the falls of Cocheco r. is Squamanagonnic vil.
The surface of the town is irregular, the soil
generaUy good, with pine plains, sorae of which
are favorable to corn, &c., and a tract of oak
landw. A tract called Whitehall was burnt in
1761 and '62, when the seasons were very dry,
and the soil was ruined. Squamanagonnic hill
is the principal elevation. Incorporated 1722 ;
now contains 60,000 acres ; first settled 1728 ;
was a frontier town till 1760, and suffered some
from Indian hostilities. Twenty-nine soldiers
from this town died in the revolution. Pop,
9,115, Rochester, p-t, Windsor co, Vt, 30 ras, b, w.
Montpelier, 90 s, e, Middlebury. The principal
streara in the town is White r,, which, with a
tributary, afford sorae good mill sites. The tsp.
is broken and raountainous, but it contains rauch
good land, particularly along the r. There are
saw, grist, fuUing and carding raills in the town,
and 2 tanneries. Pop. 1,392.
Rochester, p-t. Plyraouth co. Mass, 48 ras. s.
Boston, N, Buzzard's bay, is crossed by Matta-
poiset r. whose branches rise in ponds here and
in Middleboro'. This streara empties into
Mattapoisct harbor, which puts up frora Buz.
zard's bay, Sipican r. also flows into a sraall
bay, after passing through several ponds. The
soil is poor, andthe inhabitants scattered. Pop,
3,556. .
RocHESTERj p-t. and st. jus. Ulster co. N. Y.
16 ras. s. w, Kingston; has Shawangunk mtns,
s, E, and Rondout creek w,, with several of its
branches, which afford mill seats. It has pretty
good land. Pop. 2,420.
Rochester, an incorporated village in Gates
and Brighton tsps. Monroe co. N. Y, 236 ms,
w. N. w, Albany, 63 e. Lockport, 77 e. Lewis.
ton, 7 s. Charlotte, is the most populous and ira.
portant village in the state. It stands on the west
side of Genesee river at the falls of that streara,
and at the end of the great aqueduct of the
Erie canal. The rail-road which was construct.
ed in 1832 to the foot of the falls, and head of
navigation of Genesee r., to which vessels corae
up from lake Ontario, terminates here. The
growth of this place has been remarkably rap.
id, and was caused by the opening ofthe canal,
which afforded a channel of transportation, aind
encouraged the manufacture of flour. The riv
er is now lined on both sides with flour mills,
many of thera of iraraense size, and construct
ed in the raost substantial raanner, being abun
dantly suppUed with water power frora the r.
The village is ornamented with many fine build.
ings, public and private. In 1819 there were
but 2 or 3 dwelling houses, of an inferior (
scription, on its site, now the seat of a large
population, and of an active and lucrative busi
ness. The aqueduct of the Erie canal is built
of hewn stone, and has 9 arches, each of 50 ft,
chord, with an arch of 40 feet chord over the
mill canal on each side. A navigable feeder
here joins the canal from above the falls. The
fall in Genesee r, at Rochester, is 92 ft. The
flour mills, and the araount of flour made, in

crease from 15 to 20 per cent annually. About
1,000 or 1,200 bis, of flour are now made dai
ly; and the mUls could raake 1,500 or 1,800,
"The raillers eraploy large capitals, and frequent
advances are raade by thera on the crops before
they are gathered. In 12 months, ending in
1832, there were 240,000 barrels of flour raan
ufactured in the viUage, and during the sarae
period the amount paid for wheat by the millers
amounted to $1,160,000, The annual raanu
factures of the village are nearly as follows :

Amount

Capital

manufactured

invested.
annually.
Flouring mills,
$381,000
Sl,331,000
Cotton goods.
50,000
30,000
Woollen do.
70,000
113,000
Leatlici, &c.
35,000
166,000
Iron work.
24,000
46,000
Rifles, &c.
3,000
5,000
Soap and candles,
6,000
45,000
Groceries, &c.
21,000
33,800
Tobacco,
4,500
18,000
Pail, sash, &;c.
2,500
13,000
Boat building,
11 ,000
40,200
Linseed oil,
3,000
4,000
Globe building factories.
10,000
15,000
S51 1,000 $1,857,000
The trade ofthe viUage in lumber, beef and
pork, pot and pearl ashes, butter, cheese, lard,
wool, &c, (fcc, is very considerable. There are
in the place 3 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 2
Methodist, 2 Friends, 1 Baptist, and 1 Roman
Catholic churches ; 1 daily and 5 weekly news
papers, and about 100 wholesale and retail
stores. Pop, l8-'0, 1,502; 1825, 5,271 ; 1830,
9,207, Rochester, p-v, Warren co, O, by p-r, 81
ras, s, w, by vr. Columbus,
Rochester, p-v. northern part of Oakland co.
Mich, by p-r, 43 ms, n, w. Detroit.
Rock, r. iraportant streara of Huron and II.
having its remote sources in the former at lat.
44°, long, 10° 40' w, W, C, and between lakea
Huron and Winnebago, Flowing thence b, b.
w, by comparative courses 100 ms. between,
and very nearly paraUel to the two Fox rs, to
the influx of Goosekehawn from the n, w.
Goosekehawra {The river on whichwe Uve), has
its source a few mUes sthrd, of the Portage be
tween Ouisconsin and Fox r, of lake Michigan,
Rising on a flat, and in winter and spring, a
generaUy very wet region, the Goosekehawn in
most of its course is in reality a congeries of
lakes, and is raarked on the maps as the Four
Lakes ; general course b. £., length 50 ms.
Below the mouth of Goosekehawn, Rock r.
raaintains its original course 50 ras. to the in
flux of Sugar cr,, or rather Peektano r., also
from the n. w. The Peektano is the most con.
siderable branch of Rock r. and rises by numer.
ous branches in Iowa co., Huron, between the
Misp. and Ouisconsin. Comparative length,
about 100 ms., and general course to the s. e.
Sugar cr. and Peektano are separate strearas in
Huron, and do not unite until the latter has flown
50, and the former 25 ms, in the northern part
of II. The raain stream also enters Illinois
about 95 ms. above the mouth of Peektano, It
may be remarked, that Rock r. in all its length
receives no tributary from the left above the
size of alarge cr,, and that below the Peektano
ROC

458

ROC

in a comparative course of s, w, by w, lOt) ms.
it is augmented by no confluent of consequence.
It falls into the Misp, r, in Rock Island co. at lat,
47° 27' after a comparative course of 250 ms.,
The utmost breadth of its valley, UO ms.
f'roiD the extreme sources of Peektano to those
of Kishwaukee cr. ; but being very narrow at
both extremes, the mean width is about 30 ms.
and area 7,500 sq, ms. This valley has that of
Fox r, of lake Michigan n,. Fox r, of Illinois
E,, lUinois proper s, e,, Misp. r. s, w, and vv,,
and Ouisconsin n, w. It is yet but thinly peo
pled by whites in any place, and far the great
est partis wilderness.
Rook cr,, a small stream of Maryland, and
of D, C, gains importance only as it separates
the city of Washington from Georgetown, This
cr. has its extreme source about 4 ms, wstrd.
Mechanicsville, Montgoraery co. Md, heading
with the East branch of Potomac r, at an eleva
tion above tide water at Georgetown of 500 ft.
The entire length ofthe cr,, following its valley,
is about 98 ras. The fall being upwards of 17
feet to the raile, and that fall being in raany
places far above the raean, renders it an excel
lent mill streara.
Rock and Cave, p-v, on Ohio r. extreme
southeastern part of Gallatin co, II. by p-r. 147
ras. B, s, E, Vandalia, and 20 ras, s, Shawnee
town, This place takes its narae frora enor
mous precipices of limestone rock, which rise
from the western bank of Ohio r,, and into
which extend caves of unknown extent ; one of
which yawns an iramense and really awful
opering, and when seen, as it was by the author
of this article, exhibited a most iraposing spec
tacle at the close of day. The walls were then,
1799, sculptured with innuraerable naraes.
The adjacent country was then an uncultivated
wild on both sides of the river.
Rockaway, Hempstead, N, Y,, on Long Isl
and, 20 ms, from New York, a place resorted
to for sea bathing. The beach vvhich bears
tliis name is extensive, partly in this town, and
partly in Jamaica, and abounds in sea fowl, as
the water does in fish. The sea beats up from
the s, upon this beach, there being no protection
against the waves ; and bathing is soraetiraes
attended with considerable risk.
Rockbridge, co. Va. bndd, s, w, by Bote
tourt, Alleghany co. w., MiU, or raore correctly,
Kittatinny ratn. separating it frora Bath n. w.,
Augusta N, e,, and Blue Ridge, separating it
frora Nelson n, e,, Amherst e,, and Bedford s.
E. Lat, 37° 45', and long, 2° 30' w. W. C, in
tersect in this CO, Slope sthwrd, and drained
entirely by North r. branch of James i. and its
confluent creeks. The co. occupies a part of
the fine valley which flanks Blue Ridge on the
IN. vv,, and derives its narae frora the celebrated
natural bridge, which extends over a cr, near
the sthm, border, Cf t, Lexington. Pop. 1890,
11,945, 1830, 14,244.
Rockbridge, p-v, western part of Gwinnett
CO. Geo, 14 ras. wstrd. LawrenceviUe, the co.
St., and 107 ft. vr. MiUedgeviUe.
Rockcastle, co. Ky. bndd. by Pulaski s. w.,
Lincoln w., Garrard n. w., Madison n, and N,
e,, and Rockcastle cr,, separating it from Lau.
rel s. e. It is a sq. of about 18 ms, each way.

area 394 sq. ras. Lat. 37° 90', and long 7° 14'
w. W, C, intersect in this co. It is a table land
between the vaUies of Ky. and Cumberland rs,,
and gives source on the n, w, side to Dick's r,
of the forraer, and on the opposite section to
Bucks and Rockcastle branches of the latter
stream. Rockcastle creek, frora which the co.
takes its name, is the extreme northern foun
tain of Cumberland r, rising in Laurel and Mad
ison cos,, and fiowing s, s, w, falls into Cum
berland r, between Pulaski and Whitley cos, Cf
t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 1820,9,249, 1830 ,9,805.
Rock Creeic, p-o. Orange eo. N, C, by p-r.
64 ras. N, w, by w, Raleigh,
Rock Creek, p-o. Muscogee co, Geo, by p.r.
130 ms, s, Vf. by w, Milledgeville,
Rock Creek Ford and p-o. Jennings co. Lid.
by p-r, 51 ms. s. s, a. Indianopolia,
RooKD,vLE, p-v, northwestern part of Craw
ford CO. Pa. 8 ms. n. w, MeadviUe, the co. St.,
and by p-r. 305 ms. n, w, W, C.
Rock Fish, p-v. Duplin co. N, C, byp-r. 136
ms. s. E, Raleigh,
Rockford, p-v, and st, jus. Surry co. N. C.
on the Yadkin r. 151 ms. by p-r. n, w. by w.
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 18', long, 3° 40' w, W. C.
Rock Hall, p-v, Kent co, Md, by p-r. 68 ms.
estrd. W. C.
Rock Hill, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 56 ms.
nrthrd. Phil.
RocKHOLD's Store and p-o. Sullivan co. Ten.
327 ms. a UtUe n. of e, NashviUe.
Rockingham, co. N, H, bndd, by Strafford co.
N. and_ N, E,, the AUantic ocean e,, Massachu
setts s',, HiUsboro' co, w,, is the only maritirae
CO. in the state. It is of an irregular triangular
shape, about 30 ms, by 50, and contains about
1,034 sq, raUes, The surface is irregular, but
without any raore considerable erainences than
Saddleback mtn,. Fort hill. Bean's hiU and Cat.
amount hUl, Merriraack river runs near the
bounds of this co. on the w. and s., and several
streams flow hence into it, as well as in other
directions. In the e. and s, e. are Ldmprey,
Exeter, Beaver and Spigg-ot rs. Great Bay, in
the N. E. is connected with Piscataquay river.
There are other sheets of water, as Massabe.
sick pond. Island, Great, Country, Pleasant,
Turkey, Long, and TurUe ponds. Agriculture
is of an older date, and in a more flourishing
condition than in any other part of state. There
is but one sea-port, which is also the only one
in N. H,'; this is Portsmouth. The toiinage
owned here in 1831, was 18,943 30. Concord
is the capital of the state. The manufactures
are nuraerous and various. Pop, 1890, 55,246,
(53,4 to a sq, m,), 1830, 44,325.
Rockingham, p-t, Windham co. Vt. 85 ms.
Montpelier, 99 Windsor, 25 Brattleboro', w. of
Conn, river and opposite Charlestown, N. H. ;
contains 24,955 acres ; first settled, 1753. The
inhabitants for some years neglected agricul
ture, and attended chiefly to fishing for Salraon
at BeUow's falls. The town is crossed by Wil
liams r., a branch of the Conn., and affords mill
seats as well as Saxton's r. The surface is ir
regular, but the soU good. Bellow's falls are
near the s. e. corner ofthe town. The r, flows
for sorae distance with a smooth current thro'
fine meadows, and is about 120 yards wide, till

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459

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at the falls it is suddenly narrowed into 9 chan
nels, each about 90 ft, across. When the water
is low, all the streara rushes through a chasm
between the granite rocks only 16 feet wide.
There are several sudden descents in the river
within a short distance, altogether being about
50 ft. ; but a canal has been constructed round
them on the w. bank, through which pass flat
bottoraed boats, rafts, and small steamboats,
Salmon formerly swam up the r, beyond these
faUs, but shad have never been caught north
of this spot. The first bridge ever built over
Conn, r. vvas constructed here in 1785, by Col.
Enoch Hale ; and the second was not erected
till about 1792. Some interesting minerals are
found near this spot. There are 3 viUages, Sax
ton, r. viUage, Rockinghara, and Bellow's falls.
The last is in a picturesque situation, and con
tains several handsome dwellings. Pop. 2,272,
Rockingham co, Va,, bndd, s, w. by Augusta,
w, and tt. -vr. by the Great North mtn., Pendle
ton w., and Hardy n. w., Shenandoah co. n,.
Page N, E., and Blue Ridge separating it from
Orange e, and Alberaarle s, e. Breadth 25 ms,,
mean length 35, and area 875 sq, ms, Lat, 37°
30', long. W. C. 1° 45' w. Slope to the n, e.,
and entirely drained by the main stream and
branches of Shenandoah r. The surface is
generally hilly and in part mountainous, but
rauch of the bottora soil excellent. It is a grain
district. Cf t. I i arrisonburg. Pop. 1820,
14,784, 1830, 20,683.
Rockingham, co. N. C. bndd. by Caawell e,,
Guilford a., Stokes w,, Patrick, Va., n, w., Hen
ry, Va., N,, and Pittsylvania n, e. Length frora
E, to w. 30, width 99, and area 660 sq, ms, Lat,
36° 94', long. W. C, 2° 48' w. This co, is a
table land, frora which issue to the s. e, the- ex
treme sources of Haw r. and of course Cape
Fear r. The nrthrn, part is traversed in a n, e,
by e, direction by Dan r. Cf, t, Wentworth.
Pop. 1820,11,474, 1830, 19,935,
Rockingham, p-v. and st. jus, Richmond co.
N. C. byp-r. 113 ins. s, w,byw, Raleigh. Lat,
35° 03', long, W, C. 9° 49' w.
Rock Island, p-v. Warren co. Ten, by p-r. 87
ras, s. E, by e, Nashville,
Rock Island, co. II, as laid down by Tatmer
in his improved map of the U. S. e-xtends along
the left bank of Misp, r. above and below the
mouth of Rock r., bndd. n, and n. e. by S. Ann
cr., separating it from Joe Daviess co., s. e. by
Rock r, separating itfrom Henry, s, w, by Mer
cer, and w, by the Misp, r. Length from s. w,
to N, E. 64 ms., mean breadth 10 ms., and area
640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 20' to
41° 53' and in long, frora W. C. from 13° to 14°
w. Slope s. w. inthe general direction of both
the Misp. and Rock r. Cf t,. Fort Armstrong,
This CO, is not named in either the p-o. list or
census table.
Rock Island, p-v. Adams co. II. by p-r. about
150 ms. N. w. Vandalia.
Rockland, p-t, Sullivan co, N. Y. s. w. Ulster
CO., s, E, Delaware co,, has not a very good soil,
and is generally leased. It is watered by Wil-
limemock. Big and Little Beaver creeks. Pop.
547. Rockland co. N. Y., bndd. by Hudson r. or
Westchester co. e.. New Jersey s. w., Orange

CO, n. w., is in the form of a triangle, aud con.
tains 161 sq.ms. There are 4 ts. The cf t.
and St. jus, is Clarkstown. The surface is
mountainous and broken bythe Highlands, with
large an^ fertile vallies, and rauch arable land
and pasture on the Uplands. It is crossed by
Ramapo river and has several streams which
flow into Hackensack and Passaic rivers ;
all these furnish valuable mill seats. There
are also several fish ponds on the high lands.
The Nyak hills furnish good sand stone,
of which the state capi'ol at Albany was
chiefly built. This county coraprises a tract
which was of considerable iraportance in the
revolutionary war, Raraapo raills forra a
considerable raanufacturing v, on Ramapo riv.
er, atthe w, corner of the co, 30 ms, from N.
York, and 14 w. Hudson r. This estabUshment
comprehends 4,000 acres, and about lOO buUd.
ings, including dweUing houses, mills, &c.
This com. was incorporated in 1824, with a
capital of ^400,000. There are a large rolling
and slitting mill, a manufactory of cut naUs, em.
ploying 100 men, a brick cotton miU of 5,000
spindles and 80 power looras, a grist raill, and a
saw mill. The v. contains 700 inhabitants.
There is a woollen manufactory, and at Haver
straw Messrs. Phelps &i Peck's roUingand slit
ting mill andiron wire raiU. Pop, 1825, 8,016 ;
1830, 9,338,
Rock Mills, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by p-r.
75 ras. s. vv. W. C.
Rock Mills, p-o, Anderson dist, S, C, byp-r.
144 ras. N, w, Colurabia.
Rock Mills, p-o. Hancock co. Geo,, by p.r.
41 ras. N, E. MiUedgeviUe,
Rock Port, onthe sthrn, shore of lake Erie,
p-v, in the nrthwstrn. angle of Cuyahoga co. O,,
by p-r. 146 ras. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp.
3'.1, Rockport, p-v, and st, jus, Spencer co, Ind,,
onthe right bank of Ohio r,, by p-r, 167 ms, s,
s, w, Indianopolis. Lat, 37° 57', long, W. C.
10° 06' w.
Rock Rest, p-v, Chatham co, N. C, by p-r.
40 ms. wstrd. Raleigh.
Rock Run, p-o. n. e. part Harford co, Md,,
by p-r, 12 ms. n. i., by e, Belair, the co, st,, and
38 N, E, Baltimore.
Rock Shoal, p-o. Estill co, Ky,, by p.r. 95
ms, b, E, Frankfort,
Rock Spring, p-v, Pickens dist, S, C, by p-r.
149 ms, ft. Vf. by vr. Colurabia.
Rock Spring, p-v. St. Clair co, IL, by p-r. 63
ras. s, w, Vandalia.
Rook Springs, p-v. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 79
ms. N, E. W. C.
Rockstream, p-v. Reading, Steuben co. N.
Y,, 17 ms. from Penn-Yan, is at the falls of
Rockstreara, where a descent of 140 ft. affords
water power. Above the falls is a rapid, a mUe
long, and belowit the streara falls into Seneca
lake. RooKTowN, p-v. Harrison co. O,, by p-r. 143
ras. a Uttle n. of E, Colurabus. Pop. tsp. 708.
Rockville, p-v, and st, jus. Montgomery co.
Md. 15 ms. N. w. W. C, 37 ms. s. w. by w. Bai.
timore, and by p-r. 52 ms. a little n. of w. An
napolis. Lat. 39° 05', long. W. C. 0° 7' w. It
is a neat and^iather close built viUage, but con-

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460

ROS

sists chiefly of one street along the main turn
pike, or what ought to be a turnpike from W.
C. to Frederick. Contains the co. buildings, an
acaderay for young men, two printing offices,
several stores and taverns, and a pop, of 555.
Rockville, p-v. Putnam co. Geo,, by p-r. 33
ms. N, w, MUledgeviUe,
Rockville, p-v, Monroe co. Ten., by p-r. 151
ms, S.E. byE, Nashville,
Rockville, p.v. and st. jus. Parke co. Ind., by
p-r. 68 ms. w. Indianopolis. Lat, 39° 40', long.
W. C. 10° 16' w. Pop. about 500.
Rocky Comfort, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor., 99
ms, s, w. Tallahassee.
Rocky Hill, p-v. Barren co. Ky. by p-r. 138
ms, s. w. Frankfort.
Rocky Mount, p-v. and st. jus, Franklin co.
Va. on a branch of Pig r,, a confluent of Roan
oke, by p-r. 963 ras. s. w. W, C. Lat, 36° 57',
long. W. C. 2° 50' w.
Rocky Mount, p-v, sthrn. part Nash co. N.
C, byp-r, 54 ms. E, Raleigh,
Rocky Mount, p-v, Fairfield dist. S. C, by
p-r, 55 ms, a little e. ofN. Columbia.
Rocky Spring, p-v, Claibome co. Misp., about
60 ras N, E, Natchez.
Rooky Spring, p-v. Granger co. Ten., by p-r.
945 ras. E. Nashville,
Rodman, p-t, Jefferson co, N, Y,, 12 ras, e.
lake Ontario, 7 s. Black r., is watered by the n.
branch of Sandy cr, and small streams flowing
into the other branch ; adjoins Pinckney, Lewis
CO, on the e. It was first setUed 1801, has a
good soil, yielding various crops, and favorable
to fruit. "There are remains of small ancient
mounds, and fragraents of utensils, &c. are
found, which mark it as once a favorite resort
ofthe Indians. Pop. 1,901,
Rodney p-o. Jefferson co. Misp., about 15 ras,
nrthrd, Natchez.
Roger's p-o. Sangamon co. II., by p-r. 94 ms,
N, N, w. Vandalia,
Roger's Store, and p-o. Wake co, N. C, 14
ms. from Raleigh.
Rogersville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C, by
p-r. 147 ras. tt. vr. Colurabia,
Rogersville, p-v, Lauderdale co. Ala, by p-r.
150 ras, tt. Tuscaloosa,
Rogersville, p-v, and st, jus. Hawkins co.
Ten., by p-r. 264 ms. a little n. ofs, Nashville,
Lat, 36° 24', long, 5° 48' w, W, C,
RoHRSBURGH, p-0, Columbia co. Pa.
Role's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C, by
p-r. 15 ms. nrthrd. Raleigh.
Rome, t. Kennebec co. Me,, 22 ras, k, Augus
ta, s. Mercer, Somerset co., has several large
ponds on its s. and e, borders, which erapty by
different channels into Kennebec r. Its form is
irregular. Pop. 883,
Rome, p-t. and halfshire, Oneida co. N, Y,,
no ms. w. Albany, 16 n. w. Utica; the head
of boat navigation of Mohawk r. and that of
Wood cr. is here, connected by a canal IJ ms.
long, which forras a link between the waters of
the Hudson and of lake Ontario. Several brooks
flowing into the two streams, water different
.partsof the to-wn, which is of irregular form.
'The soil Is generally uneven and of very good
quality ; but the borders of Wood cr. aro low,
lev£l and moist. The land is generally held on

lease. Fort Stanwix, built here by Great Brit
ain in 1758, and which cost $266,400, was re-
built by the Americans in the revolutionary
war, and called fort Schuyler. This frontier
post was reduced to great straits by an expedi.
tion of Canadians and Indians, under Col. John
son, but defended with great bravery. The ru.
ins of it are now hardly distinguishable. The
battle of Oriskairy was fought here, in which
General Herkiraer fell. Here was forraerly
a carrying place, before the canal was con.
structed, and on the route passed a considera.
ble araount of Indian merchandize in early
times. The village is on the n. side of the
canal, and 1-9 ra, n, Erie canal. An arsenal
of the U, S. stands three hundred yards n. Erie
canal, on the height of land between the
streams, and was built in 18 1 6, for a subordinate
depot, under the ordnance department. There
is a building 40 by 96 ft,, 3i stories high, and a
raagazine 19 by 65 ft., with a stone wall, 15 ft.
high around it, oflacers' quarters, &c. &c. Pop.
4,360. Rome, p-o. Smith co. Ten. about 50 miles
nrthestrd, Nashville,
Rome, p-v, Trumbull co, 0, by p-r, 183 ms. N.
E. Columbus.
Rome, p-v, and st. jus. Perry co, Ind, on the
right bank of the Ohio r, opposite Stephensport,
Breckenridge co. Ky. by p-r, 143 ras. a little w.
of s. IndianopoUs. Lat. 37° 58', long. W. C.
9°36'w. Romeo, formerly called Indian village, p-v.
Macorab co, Mich., by p-r, 56 ras, n, n, e. De-
troit, Romney, p-v, and st. jus. Harapshire co, Va.
on the right bank of the south branch of Poto.
raac, by p-r, 116 ms. a little m. of w. W, C, 39
ms, in a similar direction from Winchester, and
28 s, Curaberland, in Md. Lat. 39° 20', long.
W. C. 1° 42' w. Pop, 346, 100 colored per.
sons, Romulus, p-t, Seneca co. N, Y, 6 ms, n, Ovid,
19 a, Waterloo, has Cayuga lake and co. e.,
Seneca lake and Ontario co, w,, has very good
laud, which is all cultivated, with few mill
streams. The surface has a gentle ascent from
the lakes, and the rocks beneath are slate and
secondary limestone, Appletown, a small vil
lage in the n, w, corner, on the lake shore, has
its name frora the reraains of some ancient In
dian orchards which stiU exist. Thistown in
cludes part of the Cayuga Indian reservation.
Pop. 2,089.
Root, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 19 ms. s.
w. Johnstown, s. Mohawk r,, N, Schoharie co,,
was formed from the e, part of Canajoharie,
and w. part of Charlestown, in 1823. The
rocky eminence, called the nose, and Mitchell's
cave, are in this town. In the N. passes the
Erie canal, where it strikes a narrow tract of
priraitive rocks. There is but one other disclo.
sure of a priraitive forraation along the whole
canal route. Pop, 2,750.
Rootstown, p-v. Portage co. 0. by p-r, 131
ras, N. E, Colurabus.
Roscoe, p-v. Jackson tsp. Coshocton co. 0.,
by p-r. 83 miles n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 81 .
This place was forraerly Caldersburgh.
Rose, p.t. Wayne co, N, Y. Pop. 1,641.

ROT

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Rosedale, p-v. Madison co. 0. by p-r, 26 ms,
w. Columbus.
RosEHiLL, p-v. Lee co. Va. by p.r. 20 miles
westward Jonesville, the co. st, and 412 railes
s. w. by w. W. C. It is the extrerae sthwstrn.
p-o. in Va.
RosEHiLL, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. by p-r.
about 90 ms. sthrd. Natchez.
Roseland, p-v. Cambria co. Pa,, by p-r, 182
ms. N. w. W. C.
Rose Mills, and p-o, Amherst co. Va., by
p-r. 170 ms, s, w. W. C.
RosEviLLE, p-V. Loudon co. Va., by p-r. 38
ms. wstrd. W. C.
RosEViLLE, p.v. Muskingum eo. Va., by p-r.
69 ms. estrd. Columbus.
RosEviLLE, p.v, Parke co. Ind,, by p-r. 78
ms. w. Indianopolis.
Ross CO. O., bndd. on the s. by Pike, s, w.
Highland, n, w. Fayette, ft. Pickaway, n, e,
Hocking, and s, e. Jackson. Length from e. to
w. 34 ms., mean breadth 29, and area 748 sq,
ms. Lat. 39° 20', and long. W, C. 6° w,, in
tersect near Chillicothe and near the centre of
this CO., and near the same point the Scioto r.
receives from the w. Paint cr. The former
traversing the co. in a s. s, h, direction. It is
also traversed in all its breadth by the Ohio
and Erie canal, which follows the right or
wstrn. bank of Scioto. The face of the co. is
peculiarly and finely diversified. Soil produc
tive. Cf t. Chillicothe. Pop. 1890, 20,619,
1830, 24,068.
Ross' p-o. Anderson co. Ten,, by p-r. 201 ms.
E. Nashville.
RossiE, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 29 ms.
s, s. w, Ogdensburgh, has Jefferson co. s, w.
It is a large triangle, and is crossed through
theraiddle by Indian r, and thew. branch ofthe
Oswegatchie, which affords water power to the
iron works at the head of Black lake. Oswe
gatchie r. also runs for some distance in this
town. In the w. is Chippeway bay in St, Law
rence r,, which contains numerous little islands
belonging to the group called the Thousand isl
ands. Limestone and iron ore abound, with
granite, quartz, &c. The surface is various,
partly almost mountainous and partly level.
The Oswegatchie is a public highway from
Streetor's mills in this town to its mouth at Og
densburgh. Atthe viUage the ironworks are
quite large, and owned by Mr, David Parish,
Pop. 64L
RossTRAVER, tsp. and p-o. wstrn. part of
Westmoreland co. Pa., by p-r. 212 ms. w. w.
W, C. Pop. of the tsp, 1830, 1,721, It is the
wstrn. tsp. of the co. and lies between tlie
Youghioghany and Monongahela rs.
Rossville, p-v. wstrn. part York co. Pa., 15
ms. N, w. by w. ofthe borough of York, 17 ms.
s. Harrisburg, and 100 n. W. C.
Rossville, p-v. Cherokee Nation, Geo., by
p-r. 250 ms. tt. w. MUledgevUle. In the p-o.
list it is marked as 56 ms, farther from Mil
ledgeville than is New Echota,
Rossville, p-v. Butler co. 0,, on Miami r.,
25 ms. N. Cincinnati. Pop. 639.
RoTHERWooD, p-V. estm. part of Carrol co,
Geo, 143 ras, n. w. by w. Milledgeville.
Rotterdam, p.t. Schenectady co. N. Y., 4 ms.59

s. w. Schenectady, on the-s. side of .Mohawk r.,
N. Albany co,, E, Montgomery co. The land is
almost all of excellent quality particularly the
large meadows on the r's. bank. Nine sraall
isls. in the Mohawk are also well cultivated.
The inhabitants are of Dutch extraction. The
Erie canal passes through the raeadows not far
from the r,, descending from higher ground by
3 looks. There are several manufactories of
different kinds. Pop. 1,481.
Rough Creek Church, and p-o, Charlotte co.
Va,, by p-r, 105 ms, s, w. Richmond.
Roulette, p-v. Potter co. Pa., by p-r. 999 ras.
ft. W. C,
Round Prairie, p-o, Callaway Co, Mo., 39
ms, N, N, E, Jefferson.
Round Top, the highest eminence of Catts.
kill mtns., Greene co, N, Y.
Rouse's Point, formerly supposed to belong
to Charaplain, Clinton co, N, Y,, was found to
lie N, of lat. 45°, and of course it was decided
that it lay in Canada.
Rowan, co. N, C, bndd. by Montgomery s.
E,, Cabarras s,, IredeU w,, Surry n,, and Yad
kin r, separating it from Davidson e. Length
from s. to N. 40 ms., mean breadth 20, and area
800 sq. ras. Lat, 35° 45', long, W. C. 3° 36'
w. The slope alraost due east towards the deep
valley of the Yadkin. Cf t, SaUsbury. Pop.
1830, 90,786, In 1890, Rowan contained the
space E, of Yadkin, now Davidson co,, and con
tained then 96,009 inhabitants ; the two coun
ties now contain a pop, of 34,175,
Rowanty, p-v, Sussex co. Va., on Rowanty
creek, 43 ms. s, Richmond,
Rowe, p-t. Franklin co, Mass., 130 ms. tt. -vr.
Boston, s, Vt, ; is elevated, and near the head
waters of Deerfield r,, at the base of Hoosac
ratn. Fort Pelham was built here about the
year 1744, being one ofthe line of forts for the
protection of the frontier against savage incur
sions. Pop, 716.
RowLANDSviLLE, p-0. Cecil CO. Md., by p-r.
80 ras. N, E, W. C,
Rowley, p-t, Essex co. Mass,, 28 ms. N. e.
Boston, 16 N. li, Salem, 6 s, Newburyport, and
w, Massachusetts bay ; has much sand and salt
raarsh E., with very good land in other parts,
on hills and in vallies ; well watered by Row-
ley and Parker rs,, and other strearas. The
town was settled in 1639, frora Yorkshire, Eng.
under Rev. E. Rogers. It includes Plurab isl.,
and extends about 4 ras, by 13, including Plurab
isl. sound. The hills w. are the highest land
in the co. Pop. 9,044.
Roxboro', or Levering's p-o, tn Roxboro'
township, Philadelphia co. Pa,, 8 ras. nrthrd.
PhU. Pop. tsp. 3,334.
Roxboro', p-v. and st, jus. Person co. N. C,
by p-r. 60 ms. n. w, Raleigh, and 271 s. s. w.
W. C. Lat. 36° 24', long. W. C. 2° w.
Roxbury, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H,, 5 railes e.
Keene, 60 w. s. w. Concord, 76 n. w. Boston ;
is very sraall, containing but 6,000 acres, and
is separated from Keene by the n. branch of
Ashuelot r. The surface is uneven, with good
grazing. Pop. 392.
Roxbury, t. Washington co, Vt,, 15 -ms, tt."
vr. MontpeUer, 45 n. w. Windsor ; first settled
1789 ; is on the height of land between Onion

ROY

462

RUS

and White rs., into both which strearas several
brooks flow. The soil is uneven, but good for
grass and grain, bearing hard wood, with some
evergreens. Slate, with crystals of pyrites are
found E. Pop. 737.
Roxbury, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 2J ras. s.
w. Boston, lies s. Charles r. or bay, on which
are 1,000 acres of raarsh, and coraraunicates
with Boston by a well built street extending
along the Neck. In the middle part ofthe town
the soil is fertile and well cultivated ; and s. vr.
is Jamaica Plain, 1 mile by 2, covered with
gardens and country seats. About J part s, e.
is rough and rocky land. Settled 1630, by John
Pyncheon and others. Rev. John EUiot, called
the apostle to the Indians, becarae pastor ot
the church here in 1632. He had great success
in christianizing and civilizing the savages, and
translated and published the scriptures in their
language. Gen. Warren, who feU at Bunker's
hill, was born here. Jaraaica pond, a beautiful
sheet of water, suppUes the Boston aqueduct.
Pop. 6,247.
Roxbury, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 46 ms. b.
s. w. Hartford, 32 n. w. New Haven, n. New
Haven co. ; about 4 ms. by 6J ; with about 26
square ras. ; has a varied surface, bearing nut
trees, &c. The rocks are granite, with some
variation ; and iron ore exists here. Shepaug
river, a sraall branch of the Housatonic, runs
nearly s. through the t. Pop. 1,122,
Roxbury, p-t, Delaware co, N, Y,, 56 ms.
B. w. Albany, 22 e. Delhi, 49 w, Cattskill ; lies
s, Schoharie co,, and w, of Greene co, A pond
gives rise to Papachton r,, the e, branch of the
Delaware, and on it are mill seats. The sur
face mountainous, and some of the vallies have
good land. It was settled from the eastern
states about 1790. Pop. 3,234.
Roxbury, t, Morris co, N, J., 45 ms, n. Tren
ton ; is divided on the n, w, and w. from Sus
sex and Warren cos, by Musconetcong river,
which rises n, in Hopatung pond. The surface
is elevated and mountainous ; Schooley's mtn,
extending into the w. part. On it is Budd's
pond, which, with a smaller one near Hopatung
pond, gives rise to the south branch of Raritan
r. A very narrow ridge, in this land, therefore,
divides the waters of the Hudson and Delaware,
Flanders, Draketown, Drakesville and Stanhope,
are villages partly in this town. Pop, 9,262,
Roxbury, p-v, northern part of Franklin co.
Pa., by p-r, 13 ras.,N, Chambersburg, the co,st,,
and 103 ms, n, n. vr. W, C,
Royal Oak, p-v. Oakland co, Mich,, 14 ms,
northward Detroit.
Royalton, p-t. Windsor co. Vt,, 31 ras. s.
Montpelier, 25 n, w, Windser ; fifst settled
1771, and the buildings were burnt by Indians
frora Canada in Oct, 1780, Several persons
were kiUed, and 98 of the inhabitants were
carried captive to Canada, all of whora except
one were ransomed and returned. The soil is
good though the surface is mountainous. The
townis crossed by White r. which is here joined
by two branches ; and along the banks are rich
meadows. The v, is in a pleasant situation, on
White r. near the centre of the town, and con
tains an academy, &c,, incorporated in 1807,
Pop. 1,893,

Royalto.v, p-t. Niagara co. N<Y,, 26 ms, e,
Lewiston, 6 e. Lockport, w. Genesee co. ; has
Tonawanta cr. s., which divides it from Erie
CO. It is crossed by the mountain ridge and
Erie canal. Lockport viUage is situated at
the spot where they cross each other. The
canal descends by 5 double corabined locks,
after passing through a deep rock cutting for a
great distance, and affords raost valuable mill
sites, which are supplied by the waste water,
and some of them occupied. The land in this
town, though until recently but little occupied,
is generally good. Pop. 3,138.
Royalton, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 36
ms. s. E, Columbus.
RoYALSTON, p-t. Worcester, co. Mass,, 70
ms, w, Boston ; has a good soil, but an uneven
surface, and is watered by several streams, the
principal of which is Miller's r, in the s, e,,
which, as well as Tully's r., affords good mill
sites. There are several mills and factories.
The Royalston cotton and woollen factory on
Miller's r, was incorporated 1813, with a capi-
tal of $50,000. Settled 1762, Pop, 1,493,
RoYSE mtn, Coos co, N. H., in the ungranted
lands N. Chatham, near Me,, and the Andros
coggin. RucKERsviLLE, p-v. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r.
108 ras. N, N, E, Milledgeville.
RucKMANviLLE, p-v, Bath CO, Va,, by p-r. 180
ras. s, w, by vv. W. C.
Ruddle's Mills, and p.o. Bourbon co. Ky.,
by p-r, 45 ms, e, Frankfort,
Ruggles, p-v. a. estm. part Huron co. 0., by
p-r. 100 ms. tl. n. E. Columbus,
Rum r, {See Missisagaigon r.)
Rumford, p-t. Oxford co. Me,, 90 ms. n. Pa
ris ; has Androscoggin r. on its a. boundary, 2
branches E. andw., and several ratns. Pop, 1,126.
Rumford Academy, and p-o. King WiUiam
CO, Va., by p-r. 115 ms. a very little s, of w.
W, C, and 32 n. e. Richraond.
RuMNEY, p-t. Grafton co, N, H,, 8 ms, n, w.
Plyraouth, 47 n. by w. Concord, 110 n. n. w.
Boston ; with 22,475 acres ; crossed by Baker's
r. and a branch frora Stinson's pond n,, Stinson's
and Webber's ratns, lie e., and part of RatUe-
snake or Carr's mtn. n. w. The soil is pretty .
good, bearing white pine, beech, sugar maple,
oak and birch. Settled 1765, Pop, 993,
Rupert, p-t, Bennington co. Vt. 96 ms. h, Ben.
nington, 78 ms. s. w, Montpelier, lies e, N. Y.,
has Pawlet r. n, e,, and gives rise to White cr.
The E, part is mountainous, but there are many
good farms. Pop. 1,318.
Rupp's p.o, Marion co, O. by p-r, 38 ms.
nrthrd. Columbus,
Rural Valley, p-o, Armstroiig co. Pa, by
p-r, 224 ras, n, vv, W. C,
Rush, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. Pop, 2,101.
Rush, co, Ind, bndd, bj Decaturs,, Shelby s,
vr., Haucock n, w,, Henty n,, Fayette n, e,, and
FrankUn s, e. Length frora s. to n. 24 ms,,
breadth 20, and area 480 sq, ms. Lat. 39° 35',
long. W, C, 8° 30' w. Slope s, w. and drained
by numerous branches ofthe Driftwood fork of
White r, Cf t. RushvUle, Pop, 9,707,
Rushford, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 12 ms,
w, AngeUca, e, Cattaraugus cp. There are
few raill streams. Pop. 1,115.

RUS

463

RUT

Rushville, p-v. sthm. part Susquehannah co.
Pa. by p-r. 965 ms. n. n. e, W. C.
Rushville, p-v. near the eastern border of
Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 38 ms. s. e. by E. Colum
bus, Pop, 934.
Rushville, p-v. and st. jus. Rush co. Ind. by
p-r, 46 ms. s, e. by e, Indianopolis. Lat. 39°
36', long. 8° 97' w.W. C.
Rushville, p-v, and st. jus. Schuyler co. II.
by p-r. 172 ms. n. w. Vandalia, Lat. 40° 06',
long. W. C. 13° 33' w.
Russell, p-t. Hampden co. Mass, 108 ms, s,
w, Boston, is crossed by Westfield r. n, w, and
s, E,, and Little Westfield r, from w, to E, In
corporated 1792. Pop. 507.
Russell, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 28 ms.
s. E, Ogdensburg, n, Herkiraer co. The soil is
favorable to pasturage ; the strearas are nu
merous and small, except Oswegatchie r, s.
Mill sites are abundant. First settled 1805,
There are quarries of free stone ; iron ore,
pyrites, &c, are found. Pop. 541,
Russell co, Va, bndd. s. by Scott, Lee s. w.,
Curaberland ratn. separating it from. Pike co
Ky. N. w,, Tazewell co, Va, n. e,, and Clinch
mtn, separating it from Smyth e. and Washing
ton CO. Va, s. E, Mean length between Clinch
and Cumberland mtns, 40 ms,, raean breadth 35,
and area 1,400 sq. ras. Lat. 37°, and long. W.
C. 5° 30' w,, intersect in this co. Though
bounded by 2 ratn. chains, Russell co. of Va, is
a very reraarkable table land, giving source to
the west fork of Sandy r. which flows to the n,
w. and pierces Curaberland raountain, A rainor
chain of ratns, traverses the co, from n, e, to s,
w. parallel to the CHnch and Curaberland
chains, dividing it into two not very unequal
sections. Clinch r. rising in Tazewell assuraes
a southwestern course down the sthestrn. val
ley of Russell, giving to that section a slope at
right angles to that of the section bordered by
the Cumberland chain. The whole co, occupies
a region which must be elevated, independent
of the mtn, ridges, at least from 1,200 to 1,500
ft. above the ocean tides. Surface rocky and
in great part mountainous. - Cf. t. Lebanon,
Pop, 6,714:
Russell, co, Ky. bndd. b. by Wayne, a, w.
Cumberland co., w. and n. w. Adair, n. e. Casey,
and E. Wolf cr, separating it from Pulaski.
Length from s. w, to n. e. 96 milea; raean
breadth 10, and area 260 aq. ms. Lat. 37° and
8° w, W. C. intersect in this co. Curaberland
r. by a very circuitous channel traverses the
sthr.-i. section in a nearly westerly direction, the
general slope is, however, to the s. towards
that streara, though tke nrthrn, extrerae reaches
into the valley of Green r, Cf t, Jamestown.
Pop. 3,879.
Russell, p-v. Geauga co. 0. by p-r. 141 ms.
N. E. Columbus.
Russell Place, p-o. Kershaw dist. S. C. by
p-r, 61 ms, N. e, by E, Colurabia.
Russellville, p-v. Chester co.Pa. byp-r, 99
ms. N. E, W, C.
Russellville, p-v. and st, jus. Franklin co.
Ala. by p-r. 127 miles n, Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34°
98', long. W. C. 10° 46' w. It is situated on
a branch of Bear cr. a confluent of Tennessee

Russellville, p-v. Claiborne parish. La. by
p-r; 441 ms. h. w. by w. New Orleans,
Russellville, p-v. and st.jus. Logan co. Ky.
situated on the summit ground between the
sources of Muddy i, branch of Green r. and
those of Red r. a confluent of Cumberland r.,
by p-r. 171 ms. s. w, by w, Frankfort, and 58
ms. a UtUe w, of N, Nashville in Ten. Lat. 36°
50', long. W. C, 9° 50' w. It is a flourishing
v., containing besides the co, buUdings an acad.
emy, some places of public worship, schools,
stores, &c. Pop. 1,358. Il is the largest town
in sthrn. Ky.
Russellville, p-v. Brown co. 0. by p-r. 106
ms, s, a. vr. Colurabus.
Russia, p-t. Herkiraer co. N. Y. 90 raUes tt.
Herkimer, has streams running in different di
rections, the principal of which is West Cana
da cr. Pop. 2,4-58.
Russia, iron works, Peru, Clinton co. N. Y.
6 ms. from KeeseviUe, 23 from Plattsburgh.
Rhtherford, CO. N. C. bndd, by Blue Ridge,
separating it from Buncombe w, ; a spur of the
sarae chain separates it from Burke n, ; it has
Lincoln e,, and Spartanburg dist, S, C. s.
Length from e. to \v, 42 ms, ; mean breadth 28,
and area, 1,176 sq, ms. Lat. 35° 20' n,, and
long, W. C, 5° w, intersect near the centre of
this CO. The main stream of Broad r. flows
along the sthrn. side in a nearly estrn. direc
tion, receiving numerous ers. which enter from
the N. the general slope being sthrd. Much of
the soil is excellent, but much is also thin and
sterile. Cf town, Rutherfordton. Pop. 1820,
15,351 ; 1830, 17,557.
Rutherford, co. Ten. bndd. by Bedford s,,
WiUiamson s, w,, Davidson n, w., Wilson tt.,
and Warren e. Length frora e, to w, 32 ms. ;
mean breadth 24, and area 768 sq. ms. Lat.
36° and long. 9° 20' w, W. C, intersect in this
CO. The outUnes are very nearly commensu
rate with, and the co. contains nearly the whole
valley of. Stone's r, a tributary of Cumberland
r. "The slope n, w. The n. w. angle is about
6 ras. N. E. by e, Nashville. The soil excellent.
Cf t. Murfreesboro'. Pop, 1820, 19,552 ; 1830,
26,134. Rutherfordton, p-v. and st. jus. Rutherford
CO. N. C, by p-r, 223 ms. a little s, of w, Ra-
leigh. It is situated on a branch of Broad r.,
and near the centre of the co.
Rutland, co. Vt, bndd. by Addison co. n,,
Windsor co, e., Bennington co. s,, Wa.shington
CO. w., 34 ms. by 42, with 958 sq, ms. Rut.
land, near the centre, is the cf t. Castleton is
another considerable v. Otter cr. crosses the
CO. from s. to n. Black, White, and Queechy
rs. rise e. and run into ConnecUcut r. Pawlet
r. is s. and Castleton and Hubbardton rs. w.
The principal part of the co, is hilly and moun.
tainous, but excellent level land is found on
Otter or., and in the s, w. marble is quarried
abundantly in a range of granular limestone
along Otter cr., and iron ore is found at the base
of the Green mountains, whose heights are in.
eluded in the e. part of the co. Cf t. and
St. jus. Rutland. Pop, 1820, 29,983; 1830,
31,294. Rutland, p-t. and st. jus. Rutland co. Vt. 50
ms, s. w. Montpelier 60 s. Burlington, 52 s. e.,

SAB

464

SAB

Bennington, is of irregular forra, containing
above 26,000 acres. It was first settled about
1770. In the revolution 2 picket forts were
built here, one of which was near the site of
the present court house in the E. viUage. It is
crossed hy Otter cr. from s, to n. West r. and
East cr. fall into it in this t. and these strearas
afford raill sites, where several factories are
erected. The soil is very various, the rocks
being priraitive imd secondary. Iron, Hrae-
etone, and clay are found. Marble quarries are
wrought, both white and blue, in a range ex
tending from Berkshire co. Mass, through a
considerable part of Vt, The principal vil. is
in the e. parish, and contains a court house, and
other public buildings. In the w. parish are 2
small villages. Pop. 9,753.
Rutland, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 56 miles
w. Boston, is a pleasant agricultural town, with
good soil and varied surface, crossed by an e,
branch of Ware r. It was purchased of the
Indians in 1686. A tract 12 miles sq. which
included thia and several adjacent towns, was
purchased fdr £30, Several of the inhabit
ants were killed by Indians in 1723 and '24,
Pop, 1,276,
Rutland, p-t. Jefferson co, N, Y, 170 ras. n,
w, Albany, 6 E, Watertown, s. Black r., h,
Lewis CO,, has Ught soU and favorable to grain
and grass. Limestone rocks lie beneath at a
considerable depth. The trees are raaple,
beech, elm, with sorae wtlte pine, &c. near
Black r. The remains of an ancient work like
an encarapraent are seen on a hill, surrounded
bya ditch. The place was overgrown with old
trees, and human bones are found in the soil.
Pop. 2,339.
Rutland, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 148 ms.
N. N, w. Harrisburg.
Rutland, p-v. Meigs co, 0. by p-r. 95 ms. o.
E. Columbus.
Rutledge, p-v. and st. jus. Grainger co. Ten,
33 ras, N. E, by E. Knoxville, and by p-r. 232 ms,
E. NashviUe. Lat. 36° 15', long. W. C. 6°
16' w.
Ryal's, p.o. Montgomery co. Geo. by p-r.
101 ms. s. s. E. Milledgeville,
Rye, t. Rockinghara co, N, H, 6 ms. e. Ports-
mouth, which it separates frora the ocean, 51
E. s, E. Concord, has Little Harbor n. e,, the At
lantic E,, and contains 7,780 acres. It was first
settled in 1635, when it belonged to Ports
mouth ; incorporated 1719. Its narhe was
probably derived frora a town in England. The

soil is poor and hard, but sea weed is used with
great benefit as manure. The sea coast extends
6 ms., nearly one third of that possessed by the
whole state, and embraces Sandy, Jenniss' and
Wallis beaches, which afford bathing places,
much resorted to. There is a small harbor for
vessels of 70 or 80 tons ; and many fish are
caught in boats along the coast. A tract of 300
acres has been drained of a fresh pond, which
yields salt hay. At Breakfast hill, a party of
Indians were surprised, 1696. That t. suffer
ed considerably in the Indian wars. Pop. 1,172.
Rye, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 29 ms. n. e.
N. Y., 5 s, E. Whiteplains, 142 s, Albany, w.
Conn,, N. Long Isl. sound, is small and of irreg.
ular form. It has Byram r. for a short distance
on the E, boundary. Parsonage Point extends
into the sound. There are 2 small villages. Rye
and Saw Pitts, the latter on the sound, 98 ras.
from N. Y. and a place of some trade. Seve
ral small isls. in the sound belong to this town.
Pop. 1,609.
Ryegate, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 33 ms. e.
Montpelier, 58 n, w. Windsor, 150 n. w, Boston,
lies w. Conn, r,, n. Orange co, opposite Bath,
Grafton co, N. H. and has 39 sq. ms. The
original settlers, (except one family,) were from
Scotland, a company with £1,000 sterling, be
ing raised in 17'79, by farmers of Renfrew and
Lanark, and after a selection make by agents,
the setUeraent was coraraenced in 1774. New
colonists were interrupted by the war, but after
wards arrived ; and about two thirds of tbe
population are of Scotch descent. The habits
of their ancestors are still in sorae degree re
tained : oat meal and barley forra iraportant ar.
tides of diet; and frugality and industry pre
vail. The land is uneven, and in the north
rough ; but there is much pasturage, and very
Uttle waste. The western part has rich soil,
and on the Conn, are three small meadows.
Ticklanaked pond b., contains 64 acres, and its
outlet enters Wells r. North pond discharges
into Conn, r, over which is a dam, at Canoe
faUs, and a ferry, A part of WeUs r, b. w. af,
fords mill seats. Mill stones are obtained from
Blue mtn. the only considerable eminence.
Pop, 1,119.
Ryeeson's station, p-v. nrthrn. part of Greene
CO. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. s. s, w. of the borough of
Washington in Washington co. Pa. and 949 ms.
N. w. by w. W. C.
Rynd's, p-o. Venango co., Pa. by p-r. 988 ms.
N. w. W. C.

S.

.Sabillisviule, p-v, Frederick co, Md., by p-r.
59 ras. N. N. w. W. C.
Sabina, p.v. Clinton co. O,, byp.r, 55 ms. s.
w, Columbus.
Sabine, r. of La, and the Mexican province of
Texas, rising in the latter about lat, 33°, and to
the sthrd. of the great bend of Red r,, and to
the N. w. of La. The country round its sources
ia generally prairies ; but before reaching lat.
39°, where it becomes a boundary between La.
and Texas, this stream has entered a dense for
est. From this point to the raouth, it was navi

gated and surveyed by the author of this arUcle
in 1812 and 1813. At lat. 32° it is already a
navigable streara for boalS of considerable size
at high water ; the breadth of the streara 60 or
70 yards. Below 39° the Sabine receives no
tributary stream above the size of a large cr. ;
of these, however, there are several from both
sides. The main stream, with a curve to the
estrd., pursues a general sthrn. course over 2
degrees of lat. to lat. 30°, where it is joined
frora the n. vr. hy the Netchez, a branch from
the vicinity of Nacogdoches. Before their junc.

SAC

465

SAG

tion both rivers have merged into prairie, which
continues to the Gulf of Mexico, Immediately
below the union of the Sabine and Netchez, the
united waters expand into a shallow elliptical
lake of ahout 30 ras. long, and frora 1 to 7 or 8
ms, wide. At the lower end of the lake the
water again contracts into the size of a river of
but little more width than above the lake. The
whole length oi this river, from the source to fi
nal outlet into the Gulf of Mexico, is 70 miles
above and 250 ms. below the point where it is
crossed by lat. 32°. Though vvhen swelled by
rains the Sabine is navigable above lat, 32°, it
is not of sufficient depth at the raouth, or over its
lake, for vessels of 3 ft, draught. Along the west
ern side a range ofhigh hills stretches with the
Sabine, sorae parts of which are rocky and even
precipitous ; but along the opposite shore not
one high bank exists, and vvith the prairies all
eminences cease, and one iramense plain ex
tends on all sides. Tufts of trees graduaUy
cease, and frora the mouth not a shrub is to be
seen. The soil, as far as we can judge frora
the appearance along the banks, is generally
sterile. At any considerable distance from the
streara, pine is the prevailing timber. Taken
as a whole, it ' is a river worthy of particular
notice only, as having become a political boun
dary between two great nations.
Sable r. or River au-Sable, N. Y., empties
. into lake Champlain, after a course of 35 miles
from Essex co,, where it has its source. It runs
for some distance on the line of Essex and
Clinton cos,, with mill seats. Little Sable i.
empties into the lake 2 ras. k, ofit,
Sacandaga, r, N. Y,, a branch of the Hud
son, 8 ms. long ; has its sources in numerous
ponds and small streams in Warren and Hamil
ton COS., and after a crooked course, and re
ceiving a number of good mill strearas, joins
the Hudson 8 ras. s. w. of lake George.
Sacarappa, p-v. Curaberland co. Me. 59 ras.
frora Augusta.
Sachem, Grand, mtn. N. Y,, the highest of
the Highlands on Hudson r. called also the
Beacon. Sacket's Harbor, incorporated p-v. Houns-
field, Jefferson co. N. Y. 161 ms. n. w. Albany,
12 below Watertown, 8 from lake Ontario, is
on a large and important bay and harbor, which
was made a naval station during the late war,
and is very convenient for ship building as well
as for anchorage. Forts Tompkins and Pike
were built here in the war.
Saco, r. rises in N, H. and enters the Atlan.
tic in Me. Its highest source is near the sura
mit of one of the loftiest peaks of the White
mtns, ; and during its course to the Notch, it
flows in one place within about 900 yards of
the Lower Amonoosuc. After winding slowly
through a little narrow, alluvial level at the foot
of the principal peaksi it passes through the
Notch, which it appears to have had much
agency in reducing to its present form, and in
stantly changes its character to a furious and
foaming little torrent, rushing impetuously down
a descent in a continued cascade, with few in
terruptions for several miles. On the upper
part of the Notch it is about 4 feet wide, and
yet leaves barely roora enough for the road to

pass beside it. It pursues a s. course for about
19 ms. through many romantic scenes, and then
turning e. in BarUett receives EUis's r,, and in
its s, course of 10 ms. further is sweUed by
several other small tributaries. At Conway it
flows across a level tract, receives Swift r,, and
then running e, passes into Fryeburgh, Maine,
through which it pursues a reraarkably tortuous
course, running 36 ms. in a town 6 ms. sq,, the
ancient favorite habitation of the Pequawket
Indians. It then pursues its way to the sea in
Me,, on the borders of which it makes a sudden
descent, at a spot where its channel is divided
by an island, on which, and the adjacent banks,
large raanufactories were erected a few years
since, with the prospect of operating with great
advantage on account of its convenient comrau
nication with navigable tide water, as well as
the abundance of water power. The principal
buildings were unfortunately destroyed by fire.
The r. is subject to sudden floods, especially in
jts upper parts.
Saco, p-t. and port of entry, York co. Me.
71 ms, s, s, w, Augusta, 15 s, w, Portland, 29
n, e, York, 103 n, n, e, Boston ; has Saco r, on
the s, w,, Cumberland co. N. e,, and a bay on
the s, E, where the mouth of the river forras a
harbor. The falls here afford water power for
raanufacturing. The village stands on Saco r.
at the bead of tide water, about 3 ras, frora its
raouth, and atthe falls, the descent of whichis
nearly 50 ft, and to which vessels of 100 tons
corae up from sea. The water power is al
ways very abundant, and numerous factories
might be erected on the shore. About 20 saw
mills are now moved by the water. The York
raanufacturing cora. own a site 34 ft. in length,
where they have a new factory with 8,000 spin
dles, and other sites at Call's island. They
have also a rolling mill and nail factory, produ
cing 400 tons of nails annually. There is one
Episcopal, one Calvinist, and one Unitarian
church, besides congregations of Baptists and
Methodists, The number of inhabitants in the
viUage by the last census was 3,219 ; the nura
ber the preceding year was over 3,800, Only
a few raonths before the census was taken, the
large cotton raill which had employed 600 per
sons was bumt. Pop. 3,219.
Saddle, i, N. J. rises near the boundary in
N. Y., and flows s, through Bergen co. into
Pompton r. and forras the Passaic,
Saddleback, mtn, Oxford co. Me. n. of An
droscoggin river, about 4,000 feet above the
sea. S.\DDLE River, t. Bergen co. N. J. 4 ms. n.
w. Paterson ; has Pompton r. on the s. bound
ary, and much hUly or mountainous land.
Paterson v. is at the falls, opposite this town.
An aqueduct of the Morris canal crosses the r.
Pop. 3,397.
Sadsburyville, p-v. western part of Chester
CO. Pa. by p-r. 43 ras. w.Phil.
Saegersville, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 85
ms. E. Harrisburg.
Sagadahoc, r. Oxfol-d co. Me. falls into the
Androscoggin in Rumford, from the n.
Sag Harbor, p-v. and port of entry, South
ampton, Suffolk CO. N. Y. in the n. e. corner of
that town, 100 ms. e. N. Y., 244 from Albany,

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has a good harbor, and the seat of some trade,
aa well as of whale fishing, and the manufac
ture of salt from sea water.
Saginaw, bay of lake Huron, in Mich. As
laid down by Tanner in his recently improved
map of the U, S, Saginaw bay opens frora the
lake between Transit point on the s., and
Rock point on the n,, by a mouth 39 ras, wide,
and extending thence s, w. 50 ras,, maintaining
a general width of about 90 railes, and ter.
minating in a wide base or shore exceeding
in fact in width the mean breadth of the bay.
This bay receives frora the n, vr. tho rivers
Thunder, Sable, Grindstone, and sorae of
lesser note ; the inlets are small, and the
raain confluent of the bay, the Saginaw river,
enters the extreme southwestern shore. The
bay of Saginaw is chequered with sorae
islands, the principal groups are the Thunder
islands off Rock point, and the Shaungum
islands between the raouths of Grindstone and
Saginaw rivers. Vessels drawing 5 or 6 feet
water are navigated into, and sorae distance up
Saginavv r. The distance is about 75 ras. n, n,
w, from the outlet of lake Huron into St, Clair
r, to Transit point, or southern entrance of the
bay of Saginaw,
Saginaw, r, ol Mich,, is formed by the rivers
Cass, Flint, Saginaw Proper, and Tittibawas-
see. Cass r, rises in Sanilac cr,., and flowing
wstrd, by coraparative courses 50 ras,, falls in
to Saginaw nearly opposite to the mouth of Tit-
tibawassee, Flint r. rises in Lapeer and Oak
land COS., and flowing thence to the n, w, enters
Saginaw co,, and joins Saginaw r. 3 or 4 miles
above the raouths of Cass and Tittibawassee rs,
Saginaw Proper rises in Oakland, Washtenaw,
and Shiawassee cos,, and flowing nrthrd, into
Saginaw, joins Flint r. ; as already noticed, the
comparative length of the two strearas above
their junction is nearly equal, and each about
55 ms. The Saginaw Proper has interlocking
sources with those of Huron of Erie, and Grand
1, of Michigan. The course ofthe Tittibawas
see is alraost directly opposite to that of Flint
r. Rising between the sources of Thunder r,
of lake Huron, and Manistic of lake Michigan,
it flows s, a, E, by coraparative courses about 70
ms,, and is the longest ofthe constituent branch
es of Saginaw. This streara rises on the un
appropriated territory between Saginaw bay
and lake Michigan, and in its course to its re
cipient traverses Gladwin and Midland cos,,
and is lost in Saginaw r, in Saginaw co. Be
low the union of its constituent strearas, the
Saginaw flows n, n, e. by coraparative courses
to its final discharge into Saginaw bay. The
valley of Saginaw occupies rauch of the central
parts of the Michigan peninsula ; the greatest
length, 120 ras, from the source of FUnt r. to
that of Tittibawassee ; mean breadth 35 ms.,
and area 42 sq, ras. Lying between lat. 42° 35',
and 43° 2U', Contrary to ordinary cases, the
greatest length of this river valley is alraost at
right angles to the general course frora the raid-
die source to point of ultimate discharge.
Saginaw, co. Mich., bndd. tt. e. and E. by
Sanilac co,, b. e. Lapeer, s. Shiawassee, w.
Gratiot, n. w. Midland, and n. Saginaw bay.
Length from s. to N. 38 ms,, mean breadth 32,

and area 1,216 sq. ras. Extending in lat, from
43° 07' to 43° 39', and in long, from 6° 36' to 7°
91' w, W, C, Slope a litUe e, of n. The far
greater part ofthe whole co, is in the valley of
Saginaw r., and near its centre the constituent
streams of that r, converge and unite within 3
or 4 ras, of the same point. Cf t. Saginaw,
Saginaw, st, jus, Saginaw co, Mich., as laid
down by Tanner, is on the left bank of Sagi
naw r. 90 ms. above its mouth, and 100 ms. n, w,
Detroit, Lat. 43° 95', long. 6° 55' w, W. C,
Sai.nt Alban's, p-t, Somerset co. Me,, 3j ras.
E, Norridgewock, 46 n. n. e, Augusta, touches
Penobscot co. at the n. e. and s, e, angles, ly
ing w. Corinna, which breaks the line of that
CO, It is crossed n, e, and s, vr. by a stream
flowing into Sebasticook r,, the main stream
forraing the w, boundary ofthis t. Pop, 920.
Saint Alban's, p-t, and st, jus. Franklin co.
Vt, 97 ras, N, Burlington, 46 n. w, Montpelier,
7p s. Montreal ; is situated on St, Alban's bay
of lake Charaplain on a handsorae slope, cora
raencing about 3 ras, frora the shore, Tbe
streets of the village are regularly laid out, and
the pubUc edifices are built about a central
square, the co, buildings, academy, churches,
&c. The settlement ofthe town began in the
revolutionary war. The streams are insignifi
cant ; the soil is good, bearing maple, beech
and birch, and near the lake, oak. The trade
of the town has been much increased by the
opening of Charaplain canal. Saint Alban's
acaderay was incorporated in 1799, Pop, 9,395.
Saint Andrew's Bay, Washington co. Flor.
This extensive and irregular sheet of water
coraraunicates with the Gulf of Mexico, by
Saint Andrews Inlet, lat, 30° 13'. long, 8° 40'
w, W, C. and receives Econfina r, from the n.
The following notes are taken from a report of
the U. S, Engineer Department, " St. Andrew's
Bay has its entrance about 10 ras, ft. n. w. of
the bar of St, Joseph's bay. It is covered by
Crooked and St, Andrew's islands, which com
prehends between thera and the main, St. An
drew's Sound, leading into the bay itself There
are three passes into St. Andrew's Sound. The
estrn, is through the opening between Crooked
and St, Andrews Islands. The depth is 90
feet on the bar, and the channel close by the
latter island, is contracted to the width of 300
yards. The distance between the islands is
1,200 yds. The middle or main pass enters near
the western end of St, Andrews island; the
depth 21 feet. The least width of the channel
is 200 yards. The westem pass 2 ras. w. of
thelatter, depth onthe bar 10 feet. Frora this
pass to the head of the bay is 30 ras. The bay
has been represented as shaUow ; but, inside of
the Sound 18 feet can be carried frora the main
to the eastern pass,"
Saint Augustine, p-v. Cecil co. Md. by p-r.
99 ms. «. E. W. C.
Saint Augustine, East Flor. {See Augus
tine, Saint.)
Saint Bernard, parish of La., as laid down
by Tanner, extends s. e. from the lower sub-
urVsofNew Orleans, and is bndd. w. by the
parish of Jefferson, tt. by the parish of Orleans,
n. e. by lake Borgne, and e, and s, e, by the
parish of Plaquemines, Length 30 ms, from

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the vicinity of New Orleans to the junction of
the bayous Levy and Terre aux Boeufs; mean-
breadth 5 ras., area 150 sq. ras. Central lat.
29° 54', long. 12° 46' W, C. This parish con
tains both banks of the Misp. from the vicinity
of New Orleans to the Great Bend above Wood
viUe, and the whole course of Terre aux Boeufs.
The margin of these strearas coraprise the only
arable part, the residue being impassable mo.
rass. The whole surface is a plain, being a
part of the delta. Staples, sugar, rice, and cot
ton. There is neither co. st. nor p-o, naraed in
this parish on the p-o, Ust, Pop, 3,356,
Saint Charles, parish of La, bndd, by Jeffer
son parish e., Lafourche parish s.. Saint John
Baptist vr., and lake Pontchartrain tt. Length
34 ras,, mean breadth 15, and area 512 sq. ms,
Lat, 30°, and long, 13'-' l8' w, W, C, intersect
in this parish. What slight descent exists in
the surface is to the s. e. by e. in the direcUon
of the Misp. r., by which it is traversed. The
alluvial banks of the Misp. afford moat of the
arable soil of the parish, which, like other parts
ofthe delta, is a'plain liable to annual, and in
the present case, even diurnal submersion, ex
cept the margin of strearas. Pop. 1820, 3,862,
1830, 5,147. Staples ofthis parish, sugar, rice,
and cotton.
Saint Charles, co. Mo. bndd. by Mo. r.
which separates it from Saint Louis co. s. e.
and s., and from Franklin s. w. ; it haa Mont
gomery CO Mo. w., and Lincoln n. ; above the
mouth of Illinois river it is separated from
Calhoun co. II. by the Misp., and below the
raouth of 11, to that of Mo, r. it is separated
by the Misp, r, frora Greene co, II, n,, and
Madison co, II, e. It occupies the point be
tween the Mo, and Misp. rs,, and approaches
the forra of a triangle ; the hypothenuae or
greatest lengtii 52 ras." along the general course
of the latter stream ; perpendicular along Mont
goraery 2 ms, ; area about 500 sq. ms. Lat.
38° 47', long. 13° 35' w. W, C. General slope
to the E. It is proposed to locate a coUege in
this CO, soon. Cf t. Saint Charles. Pop. 1 820,
3,970, 1830, 4,390.
Saint Charles, p-v. and st. jus. St. Charles
CO. Mo. situated on the left bank of Mo. r, 20
ms, N, vr. St. Louis. It is principally coraposed
of one long street, on a superstratum underlaid
by solid limestone. After rising the slope on
""•which the town stands, an immense plain ex
tends, partly covered with woods, but raore an
open prairie. According to Flint, about one-
third of the population is French, and the
whole about 1,200. Lat. 38° 45', long. 13° 30'
W. C.
Saint Clair, r. of Mich, and Upper Canada,
is the discharge of the iraraense reservoir of
lake Huron, or rather it is the drain ofthe basin
of which lake Hurow^is itself the reservoir,
Tovvards its southern extreraity this large sheet
of water graduaUy contracts, and finally terrai.
nates in a river alraost exactly at lat. 43°. This
r. or strait, with a general width of about a half
mile, flows by comparative courses 40 ms. a
little w, of s, to its entrance into lake Saint
Clair, The lower part of St. Clair r. is a real
delta, the water separating into nuraerous chan.
nels, with low marshy or sandy intervening

islands. The main channel of St. Clair r. ad
raits in all its length the navigaUon of vessels
drawing 7 or 8 ft, water, 'The water of St,
Clair r, forms part of the boundary between
Mich, and Upper Canada, as does also lake St.
Clair. Saint Clair, lake, is a nearly circular sheet
of waler ; greatest length or breadth 30 ras.,
and receiving from the n. the r. or strait of the
sarae narae. This lake is shallow, and the
shores generally low, level, and in part raarshy.
It receives from Upper Canada the rs. Bear
and Tharaes, and frora Mich,, Clinton r. It is
discharged at the southwestern angle into De-
troit r,, and is navigable for vessels of 7 or 8 ft.
draught, Sai.vt Clair, co, Ala, bndd, by Shelby s. w,,
Jefferson w., lilount n, w,. Wills creek or river
N, E,, and the main Coosa e, and s,e. Length
frora s, vv, to n, e, 42 raa,, raean breath 90, and
area 840 sq, ras, Lat, 33° 45', long, 9° 94' w,
W, C. Slope eastward towards Coosa r, Cf.
t, AshviUe, Pop, 5,975,
Saint Clair, co. Mich. bndd. by '\'acorab co.
s.w,, Lapeer w,, Sanilac n,, lake Huron ft. e..
Saint Clair r, e, and s, e,, and lake Saint Clair
s. Length frora s, to n, 55 ras,, raean breadth
90, and area 1,100 sq, ms. Lat. 43°, long. 5°
30' w, W. C, Slope s. e,, and in that direction
drained by the river Dulude and Belle ,. Pop.
1,114. Saint Clair, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co.
Mich, by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Detroit. It is situated
on Saint Clair r, at the mouth of Pine r. Lal.
42° 47', long. 5° 25' vr. W, C,
Saint Clair, co, II, bndd, N, by Madison,
N, E, Clinton, Washington s, e,, Randolph s,,
Monroe a, w,, and the Miap. r, separating it
frora St, Louia co. Mo, 1,1, w. Length from s.
to N, 30, ras,, raean breadth 22, and area 660
sq, ms, Lat. 38° 30', and long, 13° w, W.C,
intersect near the centre ofthis co. The south
eastern angle ia traversed in a southwestern di-
recuon by Kaskaskias r, SUver cr, rising in
Macaupin, traverses by a sthrn, course Madi
son and St. Clair, faUing into Kaskaskias r. in
the latter. The general slope of the co. is to
the s,, though a smaU section of the n, -wstrn.
part declines to the wstrd. towards the Misp.
Cf t, BelleviUe. Pop, 1890, 5,9,)3, 1830,
7,078, Saint Clairsville, p-v, and st, jus, Belraont
CO, 0,, by p-r, 11 ms, a UtUe n, ofw, WheeUng
in Va,, 975 ras. n. w, by w, W, C, and 124 ras.
E, Colurabus. It is situated on a small branch
of Indian or West Wheeling cr,, in a very hilly
but fertile country. This village stands on the
U, S, road, contains the comraon co. buildings,
with a printing office, raarket house, 3 places
of public worship, and several private schools.
Pop. 789. Lat, 40° 05', long, W. C, 3° 51' w.
Saint Clement's Bay, and p-o. s. w, part of
St Mary's co, Md., by p-r. 57 ms, s, a, e. W. C.
Saint Croix, r. Me. rises in a considerable
lake on the borders of Washington co, and
New Brunswick, and after a devious course of
about 80 or 90 ms, in a s, e. direction on the e.
[jOundary of the U. S., falls into Passamaquoddy
ay. It also bears the names of Passamaquod.
°y, Cheputnetecoock, &.c. It receivea nume.

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rous small strearas frora Washington co. par
ticularly the outl-et of the Shordic lakes. It is
navigable 12 ras. to the falls at Calais.
Saint Croix, r. of Huron, rises about lat. 46,
long. W, C, from 14° to 16° w,, interlocking
sources on the w. with the confluents of Rum
r,, on the e, with those of Chippeway r,, and n.
with numerous small streams flowing into lake
Superior. This is a large r. compared with
its length of course, which is about 110 ms. to
the s. s. w.f and the breadth across its sourcea
is very little less than the length of its valley.
St. Croix enters the Misp. about half way be
tween the mouths of St. Peter's and Chippeway
rs, at lat,,44° 45', its valley occupying the space
between' those of Rum r. and Chippeway rs.
This stream has numerous branches, and rauch
ofthe land is spoken of by traveUers, as excel
lent. The mouth foUowing the land route e.
of Miap. r. is about 200 ms. above Prairie du
Chien. Saint Francis, r, of Mo, and Ark,, is cora
posed of two branches, the estrn, or White Wa
ter, and wstrn, or Saint Francis Proper, White
Water haa its reraote sources in Cape Girar
deau CO, Mo,, and derives some of its fountains
.within 10 ras, from the channel of the Misp.
Flowing thence by a course a little w. ofs. over
Cape Girardeau, Stoddard, Scott, and New
Madrid cos,. Mo,, enters Crittenden co. Ark.,
within which it joins the Saint Francis after a
coraparative course of 140^- ras. Saint Francis
rises in the Iron ratns.. Saint Francis co. Mo.,
interlocking sources with those of Black r.
branch of White r. on the vv. ; with those of
Big r, branch of Mararaec, and with those of
Cold Water, Vase, and other small ers. flowing
to E. into Misp, From this coraparaUvely ele
vated and broken region. Saint Francis, in a
general sthrn, course of 160 ras, unites with
White Water, having traversed the sthrn, part
of Saint Francis, the entire breadth of Madison
and Wayne, Mo,, and part of Lawrence, Mon
roe and Crittenden cos. Ark, Belowthe union
of its main branches. Saint Francis maintains its
southern direction, by t;oraparative courses 80
miles, but with a very sinuous channel, to its
entrance into Mississippi at lat, 34° 35'. In its
entire course of 240 ms, the Saint Francis flows
so nearly parallel to the general course of Black
r., and its continuation, White river, that the
two streams vary in relative distance frora 10
to 40 ms. The mean breadth of Saint Francis
valley is about 35 miles ; area 8,400 sq, ms.,
fiUing the space between tJhe valley of White r.,
and the opposing part of that of the Misp. The
rauch greater part of Saint Francis valley is a
plain, liable to annual submersion. In the low.
er part of its course it is in appearance, the Mis
sissippi on a smaller scale.
Saint Francis r. as naraed by Henepin and
Carver, and Leaf r. by Pike, is a br. of Misp.
proper riaing in and draining the large triangle
between Rum, and Misp. rs. It rises to the
wstrd. of Spirit Lake, and by a general compar.
ative course of 100 ms. to the s. e, falls into the
Misp. on the right side 10 ms. above the raouth
of Rum r., and 30 ms. above the Falls of St.
Anthony, Saint Francis, co. Missouri, bndd. s. by Mad.

ison, Washington w., Jefferson n., and St. Ge.
nevieve e. The outline is very irregular, but
the greatest length is from s. to N. 30 ms. ; mean
breadth 90 ms,, and area 600 sq, ms. Lat. 37°
50', long. W. C. 13° 30' vr. The irregular east
ern and northeastern borders of this co. follow
the dividing ridge or table land between the
sources of Saint Francis ^d Maramec rs. and
those of sraall ers. falling into the Mississippi,
after a brief course of 10 or 15 ms. The range
of hills or raountains which reach the Missis.
sippi near the village of Saint Genevieve,
crosses Saint Francis co. in a westem direction,
and discharges the sources of Big river, branch
of Mararaec, n., and those of Saint Francis r.
s. The surface of the whole co. is hilly, bro.
ken, and in part even motmtainous. Cf t. Far.
mington. Pop. 9,366.
Saint Francis, co. Ark. bndd. by Crittenden
E,, Phillips s. E., Monroe s. w., Jackson n. w.,
and Lawrence N. Length from s, to n. 54 ms.,
mean breadth 40 ras., and area 2,160 sq. ras.
Lat. 35°, and long. 14° w. W. C. intersect in
this CO. between Saint Francis and White ra.
The rauch greater part of the area embraced
by this extensive co. is level and liable to an
nual submersion. Slope sthrd. in the general
direotion of the courses of White and Saint
Francis rs. Cf t. Saint Francis. Pop. 1,505.
Saint Francis, p-v. Saint Francis co. Ark.,
byp-r. Ill ms. n. e. byE. Little Rock.
Saint Francisville, p-v. and St. jus. West
Feliciana parish, Louisiana. It is on a hiU ri-
sing from the Misp, river about 4 m. from the
mouthof bayou Sara, 64 ms, s. Natchez, andby
p-r. 149 ms. n. w. by vr. New Orleans. Lat.
30° 42', long. W. C. 14° 19' w. It is a neat
village, in one street along the road from the
mouth of bayou Sara to Fort Adams, Natchez,
&c. Saint Genevieve, co. of Mo. bndd. by Perry
s. E,, Saint Francis co. s, w. and w., Jefferson
N, w,, and Mississippi r. separaUng it from Ran
dolph CO. Illinois n. e. It approaches to the
forra of a square of 20 miles each side ; area
400 sq.ms. Lat, 87° 50', long, W.C. 13° 14'
w. The slope is to the n, e. towards the Mis
sissippi r, ; the western border following the
dividing ridge of the sources of Saint Francis
and Mararaec, and those of ers. flowing over
Saint Genevieve into the Misp. Cf t. Saint|,
Genevieve. Pop. 2,186.
Saint Genevieve, p-v. and st, jus. Saint Gene
vieve CO. Mo., situated, says Mr. Flint, about
one raile frora the Mississippi r. on Gabourie
cr., and at the head of a fine alluvial prairie.
According to this author, the population is
about 1,500, and yet not more than it was 30
years ago. The French inhabitants are most
nuraerous. The village contains an academy
and CathoUc church. It is distant 61 ms. be
low Saint Louis, and 8 westward of Kaskaskias
in II. Lat, 38°, long. W. C, 13° 05' w.
Saint George, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 38 ms.
frora Wiscasset, and 57 s. is. Augusta ; forras
an irregular cape, running .-,. w. into the sea,
with St, George's r. on the tt. w. and w. Pop.
1,643. Saint George t. Chittenden co. Vt,, 28 ms, e.
Montpelier, 8 s. e. Burlington ; ia of small size ;

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first settled 1784 ; has an uneven surface, with
, some high hills ; maple, beech, and birch tim
ber, but no considerable strearas. Pop, 135.
Saint Helena, parish of La,, bndd. by lake
Pontchartrain s. e,, the Pass of Manchac, lake
Maurepas, and the lower part of Araite r, sepa
rating it frora the parishes of Saint John Bap-
Ust, Saint James, and Ascension ; the Amite r,
separating it frora East Baton Rouge s. w. and
w., and New Feliciana n. w. ; on the n. it has
the CO. of Araite in Misp,, and on the e, the
Tangipao r. separating it from Washington
n, e, and St, Tamraany e. Length frora s, to
n, 50 ras,, mean breadth 34, and area 1,700 sq,
ms, {For lat. and long, see St. Helena the st.
jus.) The slope is a little E, of s. There is
some good soil along the strearas, but the rauch
greater part is sterile, and covered with pine
thiiber. Pop. 1820, 3,026, 1830, 4,028.
Saint Helena, p-v. and st.jus. parish of Saint
Helena, La,, on Tickfa r,, by p-r. 98 ms, n, w.
New Orleans ; and about 45 ms. a UtUe n, ofE,
Baton Rouge. Lat. 30° 35', long. W. C, 13°
40' w.
Saint Inigoes, p-v, on a small r. of the same
name, sthrn. part of St. Mary's co. Md,, 27 ras.
s. E. by E. Leonardstown, the co, seat, and by
p.r. 90 ms. s. s. e. W. C.
Saint James, parish of La. bndd, e, by Saint
John Baptist, s, by the Misp i, separating it
from the parish of Assomption, w, by Ascen.
sion, and n, by Amite r, separating it frora Saint
Helena. Length 98 ras,, mean width 90, and
area 560 sq. ms. Lat, 30° 10', long. W. C.
13° 45' w. The southern border of this parish
rises only from 1 to 4 minutes above lat, 30,
and is about the nthrn, extreme in La," where
the orange tree will grow to any advantage, and
even here, its existence is precarious. Sugar
and cotton are the staples. In surface and soil
it reserables other Louisiana parishes along the
Mississippi in the delta. -Pop, 1890, 5,660,
1830, 7,646,
Saint James, p-o, St. Jaraes parish. La,
Saint Jajies' Church, and p-o, Bedford co,
Va , by p-r. 217 ms. b. w, W, C.
Saint John Baptist, parish of La., bndd,
by St, Charles e,, bayou Cabanose separating it
frora the parish of Lafourche s., Saint Jamea
, and Assomption w,, lake Maurepas n. w.,
^Jp'ass of Manchac s., and lake Pontchartrain n.
^'e. Length from s. to n. 50 ras., raean breadth
12 ras., and area 600 sq, ras. Lat. 40° an^
long. 13° vr. W. C. intersect near the centre of
this parish. A remark raay be raade here
which applies to the present article, and all the
other parishes of La., in the delta of the Misp,,
that is, that the area is in great part nominal as
regards arable land. The only part sufficient.
ly elevated for the plough is the margin of the
streams, but where arab,le, the soil is highly fer
tile. The Misp, winds over Saint John Baptist
fiOra w. to e. S'aples, cotton and sugar. Pop,
1820, 3,854 ; 1330, 5,677,
Saint John's, r,. Me,, rises in Soraerset co, in
that state, near the raiddle of the w, boundary,
where its head waters alraost 'interlock with
those of the Chaudiere, which flows into the
Saint Lawrence, and with those of the Penob
scot, and approach near to sorae of the aources 60

of the Kennebec, The canoe navigation of the
Penobscot is connected with that of the Saint
John's, by a portage of only 2 ms. The first
course of Uiis great r. is N,, then n. e, and e. to
near the upper part of the boundary of Penob
scot and Washington counties, where it bends
southerly, and crossing the latter county, it
passes into New Brunswick, The Saint John's
presents a bold and noble curve on the mapi;
and is navigable in sloops of 50 tons in New
Brun.^wick 80 ms, from the Bay of Fundy. Its
principal branch, the Aroostic, rises in the w.
part of Penobscot co., runs n. e., and enters N.
Brunswick, Saint John's, r, Florida, This very remark
able river has evidently bi-cn forraed from one
of those sounds which exist along the Atlantic
coast of the United States. In strictness it
cannot be said to have any definite source, as
both branches, the 0,;klawaha, and Saint John's
proper, originate in one immense marsh, rising
but very slightly above the level of the Atlan
tic ocean. As laid down- by Tanner, both
branches flow northwardly about 60 miles,
unite, and the combined water, continuing the
original course 70 ms, inflects abruptly e, 90
raa, to its outlet into the Atlantic ocean at lat.
30° 90'. For such vessels as can enter tho
raouth, 6 or 7 ft. draught, it is navigable raore
than two thirds of its euUre course. The re
gion it drains is generaUy sterile. " The bar
at the mouth ofthis river is shifting ; .he greatest
depth on it is 15 ft, at high tide ; but, ou account
of winds, it varies from 12 to 15 ft. At low
tide theieast depth is 6 ft, the greatest 7J feet.
As there is constantly more or less swell, a
vessel drawing more than 11 ft. could not cross
the bar vvith safety, but might ascend easily the
r,, as far up as the raouth of Black cr. On
this distance of 47 ras. the channel is wide, and
affords a depth never less than 15 ft." By the
same authority, (report of U. S, engineer) be
fore quoted, it appears that tlte Saint John's
river of Florida can be safely navigated by ves.
sels drawing 8 feet water to lake George, 107
ras,, foUowing the stream, above Uie bar at its
mouth. The engineers state that freshets
(floods) dp not exceed a rise of 9 feet, and that
" the banks are principally marsh, hammock
land, pine barren, and cypress svvamp." Soil
generally sterile.
Saint John's, co. Florida. As laid down by
Tanner, this co. is very nearly comraensurate
with the valley of Saint John's r., having ex.
tensive marshes s,, Serainole Indians s. w.,
Alachua co. w., Duval co. n. w. and n., and the
Atlantic e. Within these limits it is in length
frora s. to N. 130 ras., with a raean breadth of at
least 40 ms., area 5,200 sq. ms. Extending in
lat, from 28* 40' to 30° 20', and in long, from 4°
to 5° 30' w. W. C, The ouUines, it must, how.
ever, be premised, are arbitrary except to the
N,, and along the ocean. This wide region is
generaUy open prairie or marsh, with a very
sterile soil. It may be remarked, that the al.
luvion of Florida is as sterile as thnt of La. is
productive. Where sufliciently elevated and
fertile, the soil of Saint John's produces eugar
cane, cotton, rice, indigo, and an irnraense num
ber of Oliver valuable vegetables. The climate

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is sufliciently raild for the orange, olive, and
perhaps the date palra. Chief town, St, Au
gustine, The pop, 2,538, in 1830, marks the
nature of the country ; not 1 person to 2 square
miles. Saint John's Bluff, and p-o. Duval co.,
Florida, by p-r. 274 railes, though by direct
distance only about 200 miles east Talla
hassee. Saint Johnsbury, p-t, Caledonia co, Vt,, 31
raUes N, E, Montpelier, 26 n. Newbury, firat
settled 1788 ; it is hilly, and is crossed by Pas
sumpsic r, N. and s. on which are fine meadows.
The plain is a pleasant village, near the centre.
Pop. 1,592.
Saint Joseph's, r., of Mich,, Ohio and Ind,,
riaea in Branch and Hilladale counties of the
former, and flowing s, s, w_, traverses Williams
CO. Ohio, and entering Ind., unites in .411en
county with the Saint Mary's river, to form
Mauraee, after a comparative course of 70 ms.
The Saint Joseph's branch of Mauraee has in
terlocking sources vvith those of the Saint Jo
seph's of lake Michigan, and Tiffin's r,, branch
of Maumee,
Saint Joseph's, i, of lake Michigan, has in
terlocking sources with those of Eel river,
branch of Wabash ; those of Saint Joseph's of
Mauraee, Tiffin's of Maumee, the r. Raisin of
lake Erie, and with those of Kalamazoo river
of lake Michigan, The most reraote aource ia
in Hillsdale co, Mich., butthe nuraerous conflu
ents drain nearly all Branch, Saint Joseph, Cass,
and Berrien, with part of Calhoun, Kalaraazoo,
and Van Buren cos. Mich, ; and all La Grange
and Elkhart, with part of Saint Joseph's and
La Porte cos, Ind, The various strearaswhich
contribute to forra Saint Joseph's river, unite
in Mich,, and the main streara inclining s, w,,
enters Indiana in the ft. e. part of Elkhart co,,
and thenoe sweeping an elliptic curve over
the northern sections of Elkhart and Saint Jo
seph's counties, re-enters Mich, by a northwest
ern course, which it raaintains over Berrien
CO, to its final entrance into lake Mich, The
Saint Joseph's i, of lake Michigan is a large
stream in proportion to length. The utmost
length of the valley it drains is 110 ms,, whilst
the raean breadth is fully 40 ras, ; area 4,400
sq, ras. This valley is also araongst the finest
regions ofthe Saint Lavvrence basin. In lat, it
extends froni 41° 15' to 42° 20' ; and frora about
80 to 180 ras, a litUe s, ofw, frotn Detroit, The
vallies of Saint Joseph's, Kalamazoo, and Grand
ra, follow each other from s, to n.
Saint Joseph's, an isl, in the straits of St.
Mary, Ues between Drummond's and George's
isl. it is 20 ms, long, with a mean breadth of
8 ms,, and in all its length separates the two
channels of the straits of St, Mary,
Saint Joseph, co, Mich, bndd, vr. by Cass,
N, by Kalraazoo, e, by Branch, a, by La Grange
CO, Ind,, and s, w. by Elkhart co, Ind, Length
from E. to vv. 24 ms,, breadth 21, and area 504
sq, ms. Lat, 42°, aud long, W, C, 8° 35' w, in
tersect in this CO, The raain volume of St. Jo
seph's I, enters the estrn, border aud winda s,
weatwardly over the co. leaving it at the s,
wstrn, angle. The whole surface is in the val
ley of St, Joseph's r.

Saint Joseph, co. of Indiana, bndd. by Elk
hart CO. Ind, E., by the Putawatomie country s.
E,, s. and s, w,, La Porte co. Ind. w., Berrien
CO, Mich. N. w,, and Cass co. Mich. n. e.
Length from s. to n. 39 ms,, width 21, and area
672 sq, ms. Lat. 41° 35', long. W. C. 9° 20'
w. Though a level country this co. com
prises a table land. The N, estrn, angle is tra
versed by and drained into St. Joseph's r. From
the N. wstrn. part issue some ers. which flow
into lake Michigan by a wstrn. course. The
central and wstrn. sections give source to the
Kankakee branch of II. r. which leaves the co.
by a s. w. by w. course, whilst the sthrn. bor-
der gives source to the Tippecanoe branch of
the Wabash.
Saint Landre', parish of La. bndd. by Sabine
r. on the w. separating it from the Mexican
province of Texas, Natchitoches, La. n. w.,
Rapides parish La. n., Avoyelles parish N. £.,
Atchafalaya r. separating it from the parishes of
Point Coupee, and West Baton Rouge e,, St.
Martin's parish s, e., the Queue Tortue bayou
s,, separating it frora the parish of Lafayette,
and by the gulf of Mexico s, vr. Length along
the wstrn. border 100 ms., mean breadth 60 ms.
and area 6,000 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from
29° 95' to 31°, and in long, from W. C. 14°
48' to 1 7° w. This very extensive parish em.
braces most part of the region known frora the
name of an Indian tribe called Opelouaas, It
is the extreme s. wstrn, tmgle of the U. S.
Few, if any other continuous surfaces of equal
extent, differ more in soil, features, and indi
genous vegetation. The nthrn. part towards
Natchitoches rises into an undulating coun
try covered generally with pine tiraber. The
central and wstrn, sections asaurae the aa-
pect of an iraraense plain, with lines of woods
winding with the streams, but the far greater
part between the water courses, prairie. The
southwestern part between the Merraentau and
Sabine is a level sea raarsh, with scattered
clumps of treea, but mostly flooded prairie.
AU these three sections have sterile soil. But
advancing eastward to the banks of the Teche,
Courtableau, and Vermillion, the timber be
comes more plentiful, and the soil exuberantly
productive. This fine section is again follow.
ed by the inundated raargin of Atchafalaya,.
and lower' Courtableau, The ecclesiasUcalf
naiTie which heads this article was iraposed by
^le first civilized settlers, the French, which
nation in nurabers still predoralnate. Staples,
cotton, live stock, hides, &c. Cf t., St. Lan
dre'. Pop. of the parish, in 1820, 10,085; 1 830,
12,591. Saint Landre', p-v. and st. jus. parish of St.
Landre', Opelousas, is situated on bayou Bour-
bee, the extrerae head branch of Verraillion r. ;
a branch of the Teche, liowevcr, rises irame
diately in the rear of the v. Though the adja
cent country is level, it is in an uncommon de
gree pleasant. The lines of woods, the farm
houses along their margins, with the innuraera
ble flocks of cattle and horses, and the rich
products of the soil, yield a very animated pic
ture. This place gains interest from being the
most sthwstrn, post village inthe U, S, Inthe
p-o, list it is called Opelousas, and in the direc-

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tion of letters that narae ought to be used. (See
Opelousas.) Sajnt Lawrence, co. N. York, bndd. by St.
Lawrence r. n. vr. which separates it frora Up
per Canada, Franklin co. e., Harailton and Her
kimer COS. s,, and Herkimer, Lewis and Jeffer
son cos, s, vv. The line on the St, Lawrence
is 65 1-2 ms, without the sinuosities. It con
tains about 9,000 sq. ms. and 94 towns ; the
capital is Oswegatchie. Black lake is long and
narrow, and a convenient channel of navigation
from Rossie iron works, running nearly n. to
the St, Lawrence, Oswegatchie, Grass, St,
Regis, and Racket rs. are the principal streams,
whose courses are long. 'Ihe surface is bro
ken and hilly, except s, and s, e. where it is
nearly level. The soil below Ogdensburgh is
light and productive. Iron ore abounds, and
the streams furnish mill sites. Oak, raaple,
birch, bass, beech, and white and Norway pine
forra the forests. There are extensive swamps
in the s. e. A canal frora the St. Lavvrence to
lake Champlain has been proposed, to cross this
CO. and Franklin and Clinton cos. There is a
state arsenal at RusseU, and Potsdam is the st.
jus. of the county. Pop. 1820,16,037; 1830,
36,354. Saint Lawrence, p-v. sthwstrn. part Chatham
CO. N. C,
Saint Leonard's, p-v, on Chesapeake bay,
estrn, side of the peninsula between that sheet
of water and Patuxent r. and in Calvert co, Md.
12 ras. b. e. Prince Fredericktown, the co. st.,
and by p-r. 75 ms. s. e, W. C.
Saint Louis, r. of the U. S. in Huron, as
laid down by Tanner rises at latitude 48°, and
between long. W. C. 15° and 16° vv. interlock
ing sources with water courses flowing into
Rainy Lake r. and between the confluents of
Misp. r., and those ofthe n, wstrn. partof lake
Superior. Flowing thence by coraparative
courses s.w. 100 ras. inflects to a b.e. by e,
course about an equal distance to its efflux into
the extreme wstrn, angle of lake Superior,
Along the lower course of St, Louis r, andthe
Savannah r, branch of Misp, is one ofthe chan
nels of intercoraraunication between the basin
of St. Lawrence and Misp. According to Mr.
Schoolcraft, it is, following the streara, 148 ms.
from its moiith up St. Louis r. to the Portage
into Savannah r,, and the Portage plain has an
elevation of 6594 feet above the level of lake
Superior, or about 1,270 ft, above the level of
the Atlantic, Such an elevation is fully e'qui-
valent to 3^ degrees of lat,, therefore the re
gion from which St, Louis r, flows, has a win
ter cliraate suitable to lat. 51 to 52° on the At
lantic coast.
Saint Louis, co. Mo. bndd. by Jefferson s,,
Franklin b. w., Mo. i. separating it from St.
Charles co. w., tt. vr. and n,, Misp. r, separa
ting it from Madison co. II. n, e,, St, Clair co, II.
e., and Monroe co. II. s. e. Greatest length
from s. w. to n. e. 40 ras., greatest width 24
ms., but mean width about 12 ms., area 480 sq,
ms. Lal. 38° 36', long. 13° 30' w. W. C. The
sthrn. side is in part bndd. and in part traversed
by Maramec r. in an estrn. direction. The
Mo. r, where it bounds St, Louis, flows to the
N. E, by E. to its junction with Misp. at the n.

estrn, angle of the co. Below the 'mouth of
Mo, the Misp, flows s, s, w, to the influx of the
Mararaec. Thus the three rs, render St, Louis
CO, literally a peninsula, the neck frora the Ma
ramec to Mo, being only about 8 ms, wide.
Short ers. flow from the centre into the respec
tive rs. The whole resting oi?Tt' Substratum' of
Umestone, Soil productive. Cf t. St. Louis.
Pop, 182U, 10,049, 1830, 14,125.
Saint Louis, p-t, and st, jus, St, Louis co. Mo.
the principal and most important town in the
state, is situated on the w. side ofthe Mi.^sp, r,,
20 ras, below its junction with the Mo,, 30 be
low the mouth ofthe II,, 180 above the junction
of the Misp, and O,, and 1,180 froni New Or
leans. It is also 68 ras. s. liy w. Vandalia, 1 16
E. Jefferson city, and 856 s. of w. Washington ;
in lat, 38° 6', long, 1 3° 14' w. W. C, St, Louis
was founded in 1764, but during the existence
of the French and Spanish colonial govern
ments, it remained a mere viUage, The site
is very coramanding, especiaUy the most ele
vated part, which is about 125 ft, above the r, ;
frora this elevation the view is very extensive,
and the town itself is a very conspicuous atid
iraposing object, on approaching it frora sorae
distance below. The ground -which it occupies,
and which rises graduaUy frora the r, is divided
by an abrupt ledge, or bank of limestone ; the
higher part being elevated, frora 40 to 60 ft.
above that nearer the i. The town is chiefly
built on the lower plain, or bottom. There are
5 principal streets running parallel with the
Misp,, which are crossed by numerous others,
andthe town e.^ttends nearly 14 ms, along the
r. Among the public buildings are a very ca
pacious town house of brick, two Protestant
churches, a raagnificent cathedral of stone, a
Catholic chapel, a branch of the bank of the
U. S., a theatre, a spacious and elegant court
house of brick, &c, &,c. There is also a ma
rine and fire insurance oflice, a Catholic college,
an academy, and several very respectable
schools. Beneath that part of the town house
occupied for the ordinary purposes, is an exten
sive market, and a range of stores. The col
lege was founded in 1829 ; it is contiguous to
the city, and is pleasantly located. The build- •
ing is of brick, 60 ft, by 40, and is soon to be
enlarged, the present accommodations not being
sufficiently coraraodious. There are novv 6 in
structors in the institution ; 2 raore are to be
added, and the nuraber of students is about 125,
The buildings a|-e generally of stone or brick,
chiefly of the latter ; among them are many
very neat private residences, some very hand
sorae, and nuraerous gardens ornaraent the
town. It is watered from_ the Misp,, the water
being raised by steam power to a reservoir (on
a spot where once was an Indian mound), and
from whence it is conducted in iron pipes
throughout the town. St. Louis is the most
commercial place on the Misp. above New Or
leans, and is rapidly increasing both in popula
tion and commerce. Its location in reference
to the prmcipal rivers of the west, the Mo,, II,,
0. and others, is highly advantageous ; and
these unrivaUed fapUities for an extensive inter
course, combined -with the iraraense territory,
and ferUle soil through which they flow, must,

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ere long, render it the centre of great business,
wealth, and population. There are 6 or 7 steam
boats regularly eraployed between this place
and Nev,' Orleans ; as raany run to LouisviUe, a
distance of 630 ms, ; 1 or 2 to Cincinnati, 150
ms. further; and 9 or 3 to the lead raines at
Galena, on Fever r,, about 480 ras. There are
also many others which ply, though not regular
ly, between this and other places : to Pekin, on
II, r., 180 ras. ; to St. Peter's r. about 400 ras.
above Fever r, ; to Fort Leavenworth, about
400 ms,, and Franklin, about 200 ms, on the
Mo,, and to Pittsburgh. The trip to New Or
leans and back is ordinarily made in 18 to 24
days. Beside an extensive business in articles
of foreign produce, that derived from the lead
mines forras an important branch ; provisions,
beef, pork, &c. are considerable articles of
export, St, Louis is also tbe general depot ofthe
American fur company. Four or five newspa
pers are published here ; there are grist and
saw mills, which are operated by steam, brewe
ries and distilleries, and an iron foundry ; a
marine rail-way hasbeen recently constructed,
A steam ferry-boat plies to II. t., directly oppo
site, on the Misp,, which rises here not unfre
quenUy frora 18 to 25 ft, St. Louis was origi
nally settled frora Canada ; beside native Amer
icans, tho population now consists of EngHsh,
French, Irish, and Gerraans ; and it is ,a place
of rauch resort for adventurers from various
countries. Pop, 1810, 1,600; 1890, 4,598;
1830, 6,694, of whora 1,668 were slaves, and
287 free colored persons.
Saint Marks, small r. of Flor., which has
gained iraportance from its position, rising be
tween the Ocklockonne and Oscilla rs. and to
the s. of Tallahassee. From this liraestone re
gion it flows 10 or 19 ma. to the s, e,, receives
the WalkuUy from the n, e,, and takes the narae
of Appalache at the village of Saint Marks,
{See Appalache.) If we compare the navigable
facilities of Saint Mark's r, by either branch,
with the length of the streams, we are struck
with the disparity. Neither branch has 35 ras.
comparative course frora head tfo eritrance into
the gulf of Mexico, and yet large boats ascend
both branches to near their sources. " In the
winter of 1826," says WiUiams in his Florida,
" The Franklin schooner came up to the fort
(S.iint Marks) drawing 9 ft, water; but 7 is as
much as can be depended on,"
Saint M.vrks, p-v, at the head of Appalache
r., and junction of Saint Mark and WalkuUy ra,,
by p-r. 22 ms, s, s, e, Tallahassee. This is the
port of Tallahassee for sail vessels, though boats
are navigated 10 ras. stUl higher. {See art. St.
Mark's r.)
Saint Martin's, r, a small stream of the «.
cstm. angle of 'Worcester co, Md, The ex
treme source is in Sussex co. Del,, but flowing
s, E, it enters Worcester co, Md,, and faUs into
the nthrn. arm of Sinepuxent bay, and opposite
Fenwick's isl.
Saint Martins, p-v. n, estrn, part Worcester
CO, Md., on Saint MarUn's r,, 20 ras. n. n, e,
Snowhill, the co, seat, and by p-r, 144 ras, a. c.
by E. W. C,
Saint Martins, upper parigh of Attacapas,
La, bndd. by Lafay«tte parish s, w,. Saint Lan.

dre or Opelousas w. n. w. and n., Atchafalaya
r., separatfng it frora West Baton Rouge n. e.,
parish of Iberville e,. Ascension s, e,, andBaint
Mary's or lower Attacapas s. Length frora e.
to w. 60 ras., mean breadth 30, and area 1,800
sq. ms. Lat. 30°, and long. 'VV. C. 15° w. in
tersect near New Iberia, the port of the parish.
The estm, part of this parish between Atchafa
laya r, and the prairies E. of Teche r., is Uable
to annual subraersion, and covered with a dense
forest of such trees as are natural to inun
dated land, such as water white oak, willow,
bitter nut hickory, sweet gura, tupeeloo gum,
cypress, cfec. This secUon is uninhabitable, bnt
with the prairie land a different soil and aspect
is presented. The central secUon is traversed
by the Teche, and the western by Vermillion
r., both streams flowing southwardly, and upon
both, e,\tend along their banks narrow lines of
wood land ; the intermediate surface prairie.
Ne-.ir the r, b.anks the soil is exuberantly fer
tUe, and sufficiently elevated for cultivation.
Sugar cane has been cultivated on the Teche
in this parish, but is evidently too far N,, and too
much exposed to the sweeping n,w. winds to be
made a profitable staple. Cotton succeeds weU,
as also Indian corn, rice, indigo, &c, Tho
peach and fig are the principal fruits. Live
stock is, however, the most valuable staple. Cf.
t. Saint Martinsville. Pop. 1830, 6,442, of
whom 4,301 were slaves.
Saint Martinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Saint
Martin's parish, La., is on the right bank of
Teche r, 35 ms, a little e. of s. Saint Landre',
1 1 ma. s. New Iberia, and by p-r. 176 ma. a very
little N. of w. New Orleana. Thia village rose,
aftdr the eatabliahraent of the U. S. govemment,
around Saint Martin's church. It extends
chiefly in one street along the high bank of
Teche. Pop. about 300. Lat. 30° 09', long.
14° 56' w. W. C,
Saint Mary's, an important r, of the Atlantic
slope of the U, S. in Geo. and Flor. As delin.
cated on our raaps, this river has its extreme
northwestern source in Ware county, Geo., at
lat, 31°, between the Santilla r,, and the Alapa.
paha, a branch of Suwannee, Flowing thence
by a course a little E. of s., and receiving large
accessions of water frora the westward, the
Saint Mary's reaches its great bend at lat. 30°
21', having become a boundary at lat. 30° 36'
(nearly) between Geo, and Flor. Inflecting ab.
ruptly to the E, about 5 ms,, turns again equaUy
abruptly to the northward, and flows about 35
ms, comparative course almost reverse to its
original direction, to the influx of Spanish river
frora the nrthrd, and from Geo, Once more
thia singular r. bends at very nearly right an.
gles, and by a comparative course of a little s,
of E,, reaches the Atlantic between Amel^ and
Cumberland isl. The basin of Saint Mary's r.,
extending from. lat. 30" to 31°, is about 80 ms.
in length from k, to w,, with a mean breadth of
30ms,; area2,40ii ms, ; having the basin of
Saint John's s, e,, Suwannee vr., and Santilla n.
The foUowing description is given by the U. S.
engineers. " Saint Mary's r. takes its rise out
of the extensive swaraps which are on the Geo.
line, and stretch between the head branches of
Saint Mary's and Suwannee rivers. These

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swamps, called emphaticaUy dismal swamps,
are generally covered with a thick growth of
bay Jj,ees, vines and undergrowth. At some
places, short bay bushes, at others sedge grass,
are the only growth. No lake or natural re.
servoir of importance is to be found ; but on
account of the great extent of the swamps,
draining both ways, into the Suwannee and
Saint Mary's rs., these streams are subject to
high freshets during the rainy season, or after a
sudden heavy rain. At the upper fork of Saint
Mary's r,, the riseof freshets is about six feet.
In following the windings ofthe river, the dis
tance from the AtlanUc to the very head of
the stream, 13 miles above the upper fork, is
about 105 ms. The surarait point of the ridge
between the AUantic ocean and th<' gulf of
Mexico, has been found 152 feet. Saint Ma
ry's I, itself flows generally through narrow
strips of wet hammocks. The banks iraraedi
ately adjoining are high, their soil sandy, their
growth pine. The greatest depth of water on
the bar, at the entrance of St, Mary's harbor, is
as rauch as 22 feet during spring tides, when
easterly winds have blown for a considerable
tirae, and 13J ft, only at low tide. The tide is
felt as far up as Barbour's plantations, 50 ras,
frora the raouth ofthe r. The commodious har
bor at the mouth of Saint Mary's r,, presenting
on the bar a depth of 13J ft, at low water, and
194 ft, at common high tide, is susceptible of
defence, and derives a great iraportance from
the circumstance of being the only good harbor
from the boundaries of Geo, to Flor, Point,"
Saint Mary's, 1, of Ohio and Ind,, has its re
mote source in Shelby co, Ohio, and assuming
a northwestern course traverses Mercer and
Vanwert cos, of Ohio, enters Indiana, and min
gles at Fort Wayne, in Allen co,, with the St,
Joseph's r, to form the Maumee, after a com
parative course of 60 ms. The valley of Saint
Mary's lies between those of upper Wabash,
and au Glaize, branch of Maumee.
Saint Mary's strait, between Chippeway co.
Mich., and Upper Canada, unites lakes Huron
and Superior. Taken in its utmost extent, the
straits of Saint Mary extend n. w. and s. e. 75
ras. frora the passage between Druramond's and
Saint Joseph's isls., to Maple isls. in lake Su
perior. Frora Maple isls, to the cataract of St,
Mary, is about 30 ras. In this higher section
the strait gradually narrows, and is but little in
terspersed with isls. At the Sault or Chute,
between fort Brady, and the British Hudson's
Bay corapany's factory, the water is contracted
to about ^ mile, and rushes over a ledge of
rocks. "This part of the strait is navigable,
with sorae more difficulty than real danger, by
vessels of 6 ft. water. Below the cataract the
stra^ becomes and continues to be divided into
two channels by George and Saint Joseph's isls.
These channels are similar to the Belts in Den
mark which unite the Baltic and Scaggerac
seas. The southwestern channel on the side
of Michigan, is again subdivided by Sugar isl.
20 ras. long, and some other smaller isls., but
after winding 50 ms. opens into lake Huron,
between Drummond's isl. and the promontory
of The True Detour. The eastern channel or
strait along the Canada shore, stretches from |

the cataract of Saint Mary 40 railes and ter
rainates in Manitou bay of lake Huron. The
emire fall from the level of lake Superior to
that of Huron is about 23 ft. From recent and
accurate observation, it has been clearly estab
lished that the rocks in Saint Mary's strait are
slowly yielding to the impression of floods and
ice, and that the surface of lake Superior is
lowering, {See art. Sault de Saint Mary.)
Saint Mary's, p-o, Chester co. Pa., by p-r.
139 ms, N, E, W. C.
Saint Mary's, co, Md,, bndd. by the Poto
mac s. which separates it from Northumber
land and Westraoreland cos. Va., Charles co.
Md, vv, and n. w,, Patuxent river separating it
frora Calvert co, Md. s, e., and Chesapeake bay
E, Length from Point Lookout at the mouth of
Potomac to the nrthwstm, angle 38 ms,, mean
breadth 10, and area 380 sq. ras, Lat. 38° 03'
to 38° 30', long, W. C. 0° 12' to 0° 41' e.
Though bndd, bythe Patuxent on the ft. li., the
slope is southward towards the Potom,ac, and
in that direction flow the Saint Mary's, Brit
ton's and Wicoraico rs. These brief but ira
portant water courses are navigable bays for
some distance from the Potomac, and the Wi
coraico by its relative course v/ith the Patuxent,
nearly insolates the co. This point or peninsu
la, now Saint Mary's co,, was the cradle of Md,;
it was there, that in 1 632, Calvert's colony vvas
fomde.'i, and where the seat of the governinent
of Md, continued 67 years, until in 1699 it was
perraanenUy fixed at AnnapoUs, Cf, t. Lcon-
ardtown. Pop, 1820, 12,974; 1830, 13,459,
Saint Mary's, sea port and p-v. at the raouth
of Saint Mary's r., andinthe sthestm. angle of
Caraden co, Geo, It is situated directly w. of
the entrance between Cumberland and AraeUa
isls., 80 ras, by land, a little w, of s, Darien, and
935 ras, s, a. e. MiUedgeviUe. Lat. 30° 49',
long, W, C, 4° 48' w. Thia place frora its po
sition raust becorae one of great iraportance, but
hitherto the want of pop, on the basin of Saint
Mary's r. has retarded its increase.
Saint Mary's, or Lower Attacapas, parish of
La., bndd. n. w, and n, by Saint Martin's parish,
Atchafalaya r. n, e,, separating it from Ascen
sion N, E,, and Assomption e, ; parish of Terre
Bonne s, e,, the Gulf of Mexico s., and Vermil.
Hon bay separating it from the parish of Lafay.
ette w. Length paraUel to the Teche river 50
ms., and independent of the deep indentings of
Vermillion, Cote Blanch, and Atchafalaya bays,
and the surface of lake Chetimaches, the mean
breadth of the land surface is about 90 ras. ;
and area 1,000 sq, ras. Central lat. 99° 45',
long. W. C, 30° 40' w. Lying entirely below
lat, 30°, Saint Mary's parish is in all its extent
within the climate suitable to the growth of su.
gar cane, and the sod being without exception
highly fertile, where of sufficient elevaUon to
admit culture, sugar is a standing staple of the
parish. The Atchafalaya r, and Teche r, afford
a navigable channel of 8 ft, tothe oeiitre of Saint
Mary's parish, and of 5 or 6 ft, to New Iberia
in Saint MarUn's. The general course of the
Teche from New Iberia to its mouth into Atcha.
falaya is s. e, by e,, with a channel sweeping
very large bends. "The lines of woodland along
this stream narrow until near the mouth ; soil

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on both banks first rate. As in Saint Martin's,
the annually inundated part of Saint Mary's to
wards Atchafalaya, is covered with a dense for
est. Onthe contrary side of Teche towardsthe
Gulf of Mexico, the general surface is prairie ;
near the Teche, and aome other atream.s, cora
paratively high and arable, but sinking into im
mense grassy morasses near the Gulf bays ;
tiraber, where found, raostly stands in detached
cluraps. Along the Gulf shore of this parish,
occur those reraarkable hills, called Petite An
se, Grand Cote, Cote Blanche, and BeUe Isle.
These hills rise on the shores of the bays, and
though surrounded by marsh, rise far above any
other land s. of Upper Opelousas, They are
composed of very productive soil, and in their
natural state were covered with dense forests.
Neither of these hiUs exceed li ms, in length;
their timber distinct (except live oak which
abounds on both), from that along the Teche,
and other streams of Saint .Mary's, Sugar,
cotton, rice, indigo, tobacco and Uve stock, are
the staples ; fruits, fig, peach, and some apples,
Cf t, FrankHn, Pop, 6,442,
Saint Mary's, p-v, on Saint Mary's r., and in
the estrn, part of Mercer co, O,, by p-r. 1 ll ms.
a. vr. by w, Columbus, Pop, 99.
Saint Michael's, small r, or cr, of Talbot co,
Md,, extends first southward lu m^^, past the t,
of Saint Michael's, until within UtUe more than
1 mile from Tread Haven bay, when it bends 5
or 6 ms, towards the n, e, Tu the vr. of Saint
Michael's r, extends a peninsula, to which that
name is often applied,
Baint Michael's, sea-port and p-v, on the
western side of Saint Michael's bay,.andin Tal
bot CO, Md,, by p-r, 12 ms, n, w, by vv, Easton,
the CO, st, and 72 a very little s, of e, W. C,
Sai.\t Peter's, a large and important conflu
ent of the Miap, r,, rises at lat, 45° 40', long. W,
C. 90° w, interlocking sources with the highest
fountains of Red r, branch ofthe Assiniboin ; it
flows thence 160 ms, to the s. E,byE,, and at a
mean distance of about 55 ms, in a very remark
able raanner parallel to the course ofthe Misp.
r. Having reached its most sthrn. bend at the
influx of Blue Earth r,, St, Peter's inflects very
nearly at right angles, and assuming a nrthestrn,
direction 70 railes, falls into the right side of
Misp. 1, immediately below the falls of St, An
thony, after an eruire course of 230 ms. There
is a very short portage between Bigstone lake
of St, Peter's and lake Traverse of Red r,, and
the tvvo, in the advance of civilized settlement,
may aff'ord a highly iraportant channel of com
raercial iiitercomiDunication between the two
great slopes of central N. A, On examination
itis evident, that the Red r. branch of Assini
boin, St, Peter's, and Des Moines rs,, flow along
sections of one great valley. The iraportance
of these strearas is just becoming visible.
Saint Regis, vil. Saint Lawrence co, N, Y.,
45 ms. E. N, E. Ogdensburgh, on Saint Regis r.
at the mouth in the Saint Lawrence. Lat. 45°.
Saint Stephens, p-v. and st.jus. Washington
CO. Ala., on the right bank of Tombigbee r., 70
ms. N. MobUe, and by p-r, 162 a little w. of s.
Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 33', long. W. C. 11° 10'
w. It stands at the head of schooner navigation
in Tombigbee, is the seat of an academy, con.

tains a printing office, and a pop. of 1,000, or
1,200, Saint Tamma^tv, parish of La,, bndd, n, w, by
Tangipao r, separating it from Saint Helena, n.
by the parish of Washington, e. Pearl r, sepa.
rating it from Hancock co, Misp,, and s, by lake
Pontchartrain. Length 70 ras. frora the mouth
of Pearl r. to the extreme nrthwstrn, angle on
Tangipao r, ; raean breadth 15 ms,, and area
1,050 sq: ras. Lat. 30° and long, 13° w, W. C.
intersect very near the cen're of ^Jiis parish.
Slope s, E,, and traversed by Chifuncte r. The
surface rises frora lake Pontchartrain into hills
covered with pine and other, tiraber. Soil gen.
erally sterile. Ci t. Covington. Pop. 1820,
1,723 ; 1830, 2,864,
Saint Thomas, tsp, and p-v, Franklin co. Pa,,
9 ms, w. of Chambersburg, andby p-r. 97 ras,
N.w. W.C, Pop. tsp, 1,771.
Salem, p-f. Rockinghara co. N, II,, 30 ms. s.
w. Portsraouth, 30 s, e. Concord ; vvith 15,600
acres ; has an uneven surface, a soil generally
good, and is crossed by Spiggot river, which,
with its nuraerous tributaries, allbrds ra,iny
raill seats. Policy, World's End, and Captain's
ponds are the principal sheets of water. Pop.
1,302, Salem, t,, Orleans co, Vt,, 49 ms, n, Mont
pelier ; first settled 1798 ; contains 17,330
acres, and is crossed by Clyde r,, which falls
into Salem or Derby pond, on the boundary line.
South bay of lake Memphremagog enters the
town on the vr. There are no raill sites. The
soil is generally good, and the surface level.
The trees are various. Pop, 230,
"Salem, p-t. seaport, and capital of Essex co.
^'lass, 14 ras. n. n. e. Boston, 24 s, New¬bury
port, 4 ras. N, w, Marblehead, and 450 n, e, W.
C, is the second town in the state for popula
tion, wealth, and coramercial importance, being
inferior only to Boston. Its lat, is 42° 30' n,,
and its long, 6° e, W, C. Salem is the oldest
setdement in New England except Plymouth,
having been settled in 1628, Its Indian name
was Naumkeag, or Naumkeek, by which title
it was long designated. Its setUement was
coraraenced by John Endicott, for a corapany in
England, which had purchased the place ofthe
Plyraouth company. He erected dweUings,
&c, and in 1629, ships to the number of 11
came out, bringing 1,500 persons, by whom
were coraraenced the setUements ,tt Boston,
Charlestown, Dorchester, &c, John Winthrop
was appointed governor, and Thomas Dudley,
deputy governor, by charter, and as they resi
ded at Boston, that place became the seat of
government for the colony. Two hundred of
the settlers died at Salem in the first winter.
The territory then included the present tsps. of
Danvers, Beverly and Marblehead. Theifirst
cases of witchcraft, which excited public atten.
tion so much in the early periods of New Eng
land, occurred here. The persons first tried on
this singular accusation lived in what now is
Danvers. Many trials took place in Salera, and
raany executions on the neighborboring emi.
nence caUed Witch-hiU, Roger WUliams', who
colonized Rhode Island, was once a pastor
here, and Bowditch, the mathematician, and
Timothy Pickering, secretary of state ofthe U.

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S, were both natives of Salem, The British
authority was resisted in Salem before the bat
tle of Lexington, for Colonel Leslie, who had
come from Boston to remove some cannon
thither, was prevented frora entering the town
by the reraoval of a draw bridge, &c. so
that he was unable to accoraplish his object.
The town, though low, is pleasantly situated
at the head of the bay formed by two inlets
from the sea, and including a peninsula run
ning E, The soil is generaUy poor. About
the neck of the peninsula are collected the
principal part of the inhabitants, on a surface of
about 1-2 a mile by 1 1-2 ms. The streets are
generally beautiful and well built, mostly with
wood, though with many brick, and some ele
gant buildings. They cross each other at right
angles, with large open squarea, bordering on
which are the public buildings, some of which
make a fine appearance. The common is
beautifnl, and planted with fine shade trees.
The commercial prosperity of the place during
the successful prosecution of an active trade
with the East Indies and China, some years
ago, adorned Salera with raany splendid edifi
ces. This trade is still extensive though not so
rauch so as forraerly. North and South rs. are
two arras of the bay between which the penin
sula extends. They are crossed by bridges
which unite Salem to two considerable villages,
or suburbs. The bridge over North r. con
necting Salem with Beverly is 1,500 ft, long.
The harbor has too little water at ebb tide to
allow all desirable facilities for commerce-;
vessels of large burden not being able to lie at
the wharves, and those drawing more than 12
ft. water being commonly lightened before
coming up to the town. An important work
has been comraenced, by which the town will
be supplied with considerable water power. By
a dara across the North r., and a canal acroaa
the neck, the tide may be made to put in mo
tion a large araount of raachinery. By this en
terprising iraproveraent, the manufactures of
Salem will doubtless be rauch increased.
Among the public buildings, are a court house,
the market house, the atheneura, the orphan
' asylum, churches, &c. The Atheneura is on
Essex street, and the airas houae, hospital and
9 forts are on the neck. The atheneura has a
library of 5,000 voluraes. The marine museura
is a valuable collection of rare curiosities from
aU parts of the world, contributed by the mera
bers of the East India marine society who are
all nautical or commercial men, and who es
tablished the society with a view to promote a
luiowledge of East Indian navigation and trade,
and to aid indigent niembers and their farailies.
There are in Salera 9 banks, which in 1831,
madj8>half yearly dividends of from 2 1-2 to 3
1-2 per cent. There are alao 6 insurance ofii
ces, 15 churches, school houses, &c. The
schools, of which there are between 90 and 30,
are flourishing and well supported, and cora
mon education is placed on a footing' highly
creditable to the people, and proportioned toils
real importance. The town also contains 16
tanneries, 11 twine and cordage factories, and
2 white lead manufactories, moved by steam
power : one of thera makes 600 tons annually,

beside a large quantity of the sugar of lead,
and the othor 1,000,000 lbs., half of which is
caUed Gerraan white lead, raanufactured on
a secret plan, for the knowledge of which
$10,000 were paid. Ten thousand gaUons
of oil are consuraed in the preparation of the
German white lead alone. The iron com
pany makes 500 tons into hoops annually.
There are 15 or 20 vessels employed in the
coasting trade, many others in luraber, wood,
(fee, and in Jan, 1833, there were 26 ships, 8
barks, 67 brigs and 10 schooners, employed in
foreign trade. In 1781, 52 vessels, mounting
746 guns, which were engaged in privateering,
were owned in this place. The churches of
Salem are 4 Unitarian, 3 Congregational, 2
BapUsts, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman (JathoHc, 1
Methodist, 1 Quaker, 1 Christ-ians, and 1 Uni.
versaUst. Pop. 1810, 12,613, 1820, 12,731, and
in 1830, 13,895.
Salem, p-t. New London co. Conn. 29 miles
s. E. Hartford, lies e. of East Haddam, Mid
dleaex CO., has Gardner's lake on the n. e.
border, and a few small streams flowing s. w.
into Conn, river. The surface is uneven. Pop.
958. Salem, p-t, and half capital, Washington co.
N. Y. 46 ms, n. e, Albany, 21 s. e, Sandy-HUl,
w, Vermont, and has Battenkill cr. s. Several
streams flow into this, and the town is well
suppHed with mill sites. The land near the
streams in sorae places presents fine meadows.
Pop, 2,972,
Salem, p.v. and incorporated village, Salem,
Washington co. N. Y. 46 mUes frora Albany.
Salem, co. N. J. bndd. by Gloucester co. n.
and N, E,, Curaberland co. s. E. ands., Delaware
bay w,, which separates it from Pa, contains 9
taps. ; the cf t, is Salem. Oldman's cr. forras
the north boundary, Maurice r. part of the e.
and Stow er. the a, e, Salem r, rises in the e.
part, flows w. by n, then s, and erapties into Sa
lera cove, on the Delaware, a Httle below fort
Delaware, South of this, and opposite Reedy
isL, is the raouth of AUoway's creek which, as
vvell as Salera r, has a tract of raarshy land
along the lower part of its course. This co.
enjoys the advantage of navigation on the w.
where it is washed by the Delaware. The
strearas supply raill sites, which are used. A
small canal extends from the bend of Salera
river to the Delaware. Pop, 1820, 14,029,
1830, 14,155.
Salem, p-t. and St. jus. Salera co. N. J. 65
ras, s. vv, Trenton, 90 ms, n. w. Bridgetown,
and 37 s. w, Phil,, is a small town at the head of
navigation for vessels of 50 tons, on Salera r,,
3J nis, from its mouth in Delaware bay. It has
Fenwick's cr. n. and Salem r, on a partof its w,
boundary. Pop, 1,570.
Salem, p-v. sthm. part of Botetourt co. Va,,
60 ms, alitUe s, of w. Lynchburg, and by p-r.
256 ms. s, vv, W. C. It is situated in the great
valley between the Blue Ridge and Kittatinny
or North mtn., at an elevation of about 1,090 ft.
above the level of the Atlantic, The Roanoke
is thus far navigable for boats, {See article
roads and canals, head of Roanoke.)
Salem, p-v, sthrn. part Stokes co, N. C, by
p-r. 113 ms. a litUc n. of w. Raleigh,

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Salem, p-v. sthm. part of Sumpter dist,, S,
C, by p-r, 72 ms. a, e. Colurabia.
Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Clarke co. Geo. by
p-r. 58 ras. n. MilledgevUle.
Salem, p-v, sthrn, part of FrankHn co. Ten.
hy p-r. 10 ras. a. w. Winchester, the co. st, and
92 ms. s. E. by e, Nashville.
Sale.m, p-v. and st. jus. Livingston co. Ky. by
p-r. 245 ras. s. w. by w. i vr. Frankfort, and 35
ras. 3, Shawneetown in II. lat. 37° 15', long. W.
C, 11° 20' w. Pop, 281.
Salem, p-v, Columbiana co. 0., by p-r. 10
ms, N,w, New Lisbon, the co. st, and 157 ms.
n. e. by E. Columbus. Pop. 56.
Salem, p-v. and st, jus. Washi.igton co. Ind.,
by p-r. 91 ras. s. IndianopoUs, and 33 ms, n. w,
Louisville, in Ky, Lat. 38° 37', long. W, C, 9°
06' w. Pop. about 1,000.
Salem, p-v. and st.jus. Marion co, II, by p-r.
96 miles a, e, Vandalia, and 74 miles e, St.
Louis, in Mo. Lat. 38° 40', long. W. C. 19°
west. Salem Cross Roads, and p-o, wstm. part of
Westmoreland co. Pa, 8 ms. westward Greens
burg, the CO. St. and by p-r. 200 miles N. w,
W, C,
Salem Fauquier, p-v, nrthrn, part Fauquier
CO, Va, by p-r. 63 ms. w. W. C,
Salina, p-t, and st. jus. Onondaga co. N, Y.,
130 ms, w, Albany, and 5 ms. n. Onondaga, is
of irregular form, though bndd. by right lines,
and includes the lower part of Onondaga r.,
and all Onondaga or Salina lake, with many of
the salt springs on its shore, and extends to
Oswego r. The manufacture of salt by artifi
cial heat is carried on to a great extent in this
town, and creates an active business on the
branch canal which extends frora Syracuse to
the village. The navigation has been opened
in the opposite direction, by the Oswego canal,
to the raouth of Oswego river and lake Ontario.
The pumps by which water is suppUed to the
salt works here, are at Syracuse and Geddes,
which, as well as Liverpool, are salt making
villages, in this town. Syracuse is large and
very flourishing ; indeed the general increase
of inhabitants and wealth in this town since this
branch began to be extensively carried on, has
been reraarkably great. The nuraber of manu
factories of salt by artificial heat in Salina, is
135, containing 3,076 ketUes, The manufac
tories making salt by solar heat or evaporation,
are, the Onondaga salt corapany, the Syracuse
salt corapany and Henry Glfford's works ; in
all, consisting of 1,303,024 superficial feet of
lots. In the 4 viUages above mentioned there
are (1832,) 125 manufactoriea of aalt, besides
two corapanies whose vats for solar evapora
tion would extend in a continuous line about 15
railes each. In 1831, there were nearly a
million and a half of bushels salt manufactur
ed. The great salt spring is situated on the
edge of the Oswego canal, at a short distance
from the shore of the lake, in the village
of Salina. It ia in a soft alluvial soil, and
was formerly a marsh, till the surface of the
lake was lowered a few years ago. On the
bank of the canal there is a large building,
containing the immense reservoir which sup
plies the manufacturers for aeveral mUea around.

Two immense iron pipes, on an inclined plane,
throw up the water by two forcing pumps,
which are worked by a large water wheel,
driven by water taken from the canal. The
spring supplies three pumps with water. The
reservoir, the house, and the buUdings attached,
have a singular bronzed appearance, inter
spersed with salt incrustations. Close to this
building there is another reservoir and set of
forcing pumps making, which will be ready for
use whenever they are required by the manu
factures. The old spring in use a few years
ago, is now superseded by a new one recently
discovered, which is much stronger and better
than the old one. There is at Syracuse, a court
house, several churches, large hotels, and hand
some private edifices, with an active country
trade. Pop. tsp. 1830, 6,929.
Saline r. of La. rises in Claiborne parish, be.
tween Dugdoraen and Black rs., and flowing
sthrd. 50 ras. falls into the Rigolet de Bordien,
8 or 9 ras. E. ofthe village of Natchitoches.
Saline, r. of Ark., draws its most remote
sources from the Masserne mtns. about 20 ras.
vr. Little Rock, and about lat. 34° 45'. Flowing
thence by a course of a little e. of s, 120 ras.
falls into the left bank of Ouachitta, lat. 33° 10'.
The valley of the Saline Hes between those of
the main Ouachitta, main Arkansas, and Bar.
theleray. Saline, r. of Illinois, rising by numerous
branches in Johnson, Franklin and Hamilton
COS. which unite in Gallatin and fall into Ohio
r. about 5 ms. below Shawneetown, after a
general estrn. course of 55 ms. The country
drained by it is very broken. The U. S. pos.
sess extensive salt works on it, andfrom which
the narae is derived.
Saline co. Mo., bndd, s. e. by Cooper, a. un
certain, Lafayette w., and the Missouri r.-on all
other sides ; independent of an uncertain sthrn.
extension that part on Mo. is about eqiial to a
square of 30 ras. each side, 900 sq. ras. Lat.
39°, and long. W. C. 16° w. intersect in this
CO. The Missouri r. seraicircling the co. gives
it a border of near 70 ras. on that streara, the
lower part of which fiows to the w. of s. It is
towards this bend of Missouri that the slope of
the CO. falls ; it is consequently to the estrd.
and in that direction drained by Mine r. and its
branches, Cf. t. as given in the p-o. list. Walnut
Farra. Pop. 2,873.
Saline, p-v. sthm. part of Washtenau co.
Mich., on the head of a cr. of the sarae name,
by p-r. 59 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit,
Salisbury, p-t, Merrimack co. N. H, 15 ms. n.
Concord, 78 n, k. vr. Boston, w, Peraigewasset
and Merriraack rs. The latter is formed here
by the junction of the Pemigewasset and Win
nipiseogee rs., near which poiiu is the head of
boat navigation. Black r. is in the west. Black
and yellow oak, white, pitch, and Norway pine
abound, and formerly the hills, which are now
chiefly devoted to pasturage, were covered
with maple, beech, birch, &c. There are val
uable meadows on Blackwater r., and 300 acres
in a bend of the Merrimack. Kearsarge mtn.
in the n, w, comer, has its summit a Uttle be
yond the line. It is a mass of granite, which
rock prevails through the town. First settled

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1750, Several of the inhabitants were carried
captive to Canada in the last French war. Pop.
1,379. Salisbury, p-t. Addison co, Vt. 34 ms. s. vv.
Montpelier, 40 s. Burlington, is small and in tho
centre of the co. First settled, 1775, by a sin
gle family. Otter cr. bounds it w,, Middlebury
river is n,, and Leicester r, a. Lake Dunmore,
about 9 ma, by 4, Hes partly in this town. Its
outlet, Leicester r,, supplies water power to a
manufacturing viUage. The soil is good, the
surface uneven except w, where are raeadows.
The Green ratns, are is. There are several
swaraps, and a large cavern. Pop, 907.
Salisbury, p-t, Essex co. .Mass. 35 ms, n, e,
Boston, s. New IHirapshire, w, AtUintic, n, of
Merrimack r,, and e, of Powow r,, enjoys great
advantages for trade, agriculture and manufac
tures. It has 2 long and expensive bridges, one
¦leading to Newbury andthe other to Newbury
port. One of the villages at the Point, has
been a place of much ship building. The vil
lage of Amesbury raills stands on both sides of
the river and part ofit is in this town. These
manufactories here raake excellent flannels,
and alarge araount of cotton goods, &c. The
descent ofthe r. at the falls is nearly 40 ft, in
about 220 yards, and the sites for machinery
are vory valuable. The soil of tho town is gen
erally good ; in the E. is an extensive salt marsh,
and a beach on the shore, which is frequented
for bathing &c. First setUed, 1638, the flrst
spot on Merrimack r, inhabited by whites. The
general court sat here in 1737, in relation to
the boundary. Pop, 9,519,
S,iLisi!URv, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn, 47 ms, tt.
vr. Hartford, 60 tt. n. vr. New Haven, is rough
and mountainous, and contains valuable iron
raines and many forges, furnaces, and iron raan
ufactories. Housatonic r,, which bounds it
east, affords abundant water power, descending
in one place 30, and tinother 60 ft, perpendicu
larly, and flows over rapids below about 550
yards. Scythes, anchors, screws, gun barrels,
&c, are made here, while a large ainount of ore
is smelted annually, and considerable quantities
transported. It is about 6 ms, by 9, with 58 sq,
nis. The valliea are generally liraestone, and
the hUls granite. Much of the soil is go'od, and
bears a great deal of wheat, whUe it is also fa
vorable to other crops. There are 4 fish ponds,
and Salraon river which crosses the town s, e,,
affords valuable tnill seats. First settled 1720,
hy three Du.tch farailies, from the state of New
York. Pop. 2,580,
Salisbury, p-t. Herkimer co,, N, Y,, 21 ms.
northeast Utica, northeast Hamilton co. The
West branch of East Canada cr, and the East
branch of West Canada cr, rise here, and East
Canada cr. forms a part of the southeast boun
dary. Spruce creek is a valuable raill stream.
Pop. 1,999.
Salisbury, p-v. Lancaster co., in a tsp. of the
.same name, 19 ras, cast Lancaster, and.by p-r.
123 ms. northeast W. C.
Salisbury, p-v. on the extreme northeastern
margin of Somerset co. Md, 17 ras. n, n. e.
Princess Ann, the co. st. and by p-r. 128 ras, &,
E. by E. W. C.
Salisbury, p-v. and st. jus. Rowan co,, N,
"' 01

C, by p-r, 118 ms, west Raleigh, and 51 ms, a
Uttle N. of e. Lincolnton ; lat. 36° 4U', long. W.
C, 3° 21' w. -Pop, 1,613,
Salisbury, p-v, Meigs co, 0,, by p-A 106 ms.
southeast Columbus.
Salisuurv Mills, p-v. Blooming Grove, Or
ange cn, N, Y, on Alurderer's cr, 6 ras, west
New Windsor,
Salmon, r. Conn, rises in Tolland co. and
with many smaU tribut;irie.s I'l-om that co,, Now
London, Hartford and Middlesex cos,, flows
southerly tliruugh a rou^'U and romantic couii-
Iry to CounecUcitt rivi'.r which it enters in Etist
Haddam, It has a full of 70 f.ict in that town,
where it moves tho machinery of sever.il fuc-
tories. The baulks of one of its branches wore
in ancient times the residence of a tribe called
the Muodus Indians, vvho wore famed as iiuigi-
clans. Salmon, r, Oswego co, N. Y. crosses this
CO, and falls into lake Ontario, where it forms a
good harbor, lis course is about 45 ms. Itis
navisjable 1 mile from the moulh, and in boats,
at high water, 14 ms, to the falls in OrweU, at
which place itis about ISO yards wide,
Sal.hon-, cr,, N. Y. Thero are several streams
bearing this narae in the stair, one in Cayuga
CO, 19 ms, long ; oue iu Oswego co, :'i8 miles ;
one in Franklin co, entering tlie St, Lawrence ;
another in Monroe county entering Braddock's
bay, (fee, &c,
Salmon, p-v Franklin co, Ind. by p-r. 82 ms.
a, E, by E, Indianopolis.
Salmon Falls r, N. H, a part ofthe Piacata-
quay, from its aource to Berwick falls.
Salt, i, of Ky, This stream is coraposed of
two raain and nuraerous minor branches. The
main branches are Salt r. proper, and the Roll
ing Fork, Both branches have their extrerae
sources in Casey co,, but ihonce diverge. Salt
r, flows a Utde n. of vv. parallel to and within
5 or 6 ms. of Kentucky r, abniit 36 miles over
.Mercer iuto Nelson co,, and thence assuming
a wstrn, direction by comparative courses 60
ms, receiving froni the nrthrd, Broshear's and
Floyd's foviis, finally receives or rather unites
with the Rolling fork betvveen Meade and Bul
litt cos, RolUng fork is composed of two near
ly equ:il branches, RoUing fork proper and
Chaplin's fork ; both having a a, w, by vv. course
of about 00 ms. above their junction, and20 ras.
below to the union of their waters with that of
Salt r. Below tho union of its two constituent
branches Salt r, flows about 15 ras, corapara
tive course to the n. w,, and to its influx into
Ohio river at ShepherdsviUe, and alraost on lat.
.38° and long, W. C, 9° w. Salt r, is a large
streara in proportion to ita length, and drains a
triangle of 80 ms, base, with a perpendicular of
50 ms., area 2,000 sq, ras. : comprising all the
cos, of Washington, Nelson, BulHtt, Spencer,
and Shelby ; with part of Meade, Hardin, Ca
sey, Mercer, Oldhara, and Jefferson ; of course
one of the finest regions of Ky.
Salt, r, of Mo,, has indeed its most reraote
source in the n. w, territory to the n, of Mo.
between the valleys of the Oes Muines and
Chariton rs. as high as lat. 40° 50'. Flowing
sthrd, about 20 or 30 ms, it enters Mo., and in
clining to a direction a little e, ofs, by compar-

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alive courses 100 ms, into Ralls co,, where it
receives numerous large ers, from the w, and
s, and bends to an estm, course, which it main
tains about 50 ms, to its entrance into the Misp.
in the northern part of Pike co. after an entire
coraparative course of 180 ras. The valley of
the Mo. Salt r, has that of Des Moines N, E, ;
Misp, E, ; Mo, s. ; and Chariton w.
Salt cr,, or Sugar or, very iraproperly so
called, is the raain northern confluent of San
gamon r, II, It rises interlocking sources with
those of Mackinaw and Sangaraon rivers and
draining part of Sangaraon, Macon, Mc'Lean
and TazeweU cos, flows by a general western
course to its junction with Sangaraon river in
Sangamon co, after a comparative length of 75
ras. ; and having drained an area of about 2,100
sq. ras. {See Art. Sangamon r., head of Su
gar creek.)
Salt Creek, p-v, Muskingum co, O, by p-r,
10 ras. S.E, Zanesville, the CO, st,, and 69 miles
E, Columbus,
Salt Sulphur, springs and -p-o. Munroe co,
Va. by p-r. 270 ms. », w, W. C,
Saltzburg, p-v, wstrn, part Indiana co. Pa.
situated on Kiskiminitas r. and on the Penn
sylvania canal, by p-r. 197 ms. n. vr. W. C.
Salubrity, p.v. Gadsden co. Flor. by p-r. 14
ms, s, w. Tallahassee.
Salvages, a reef of rocks off Sandy Bay, on
the north shore of Cape Ann, Mass.
Salvisa, p-v, Mercer co, Ky. by p-r. 21 ms,
s. Frankfort. Pop, 39,
Sampson, co. of N, C. bndd. by New Hano
ver a,, the eatrn, branch of Cape Fear r, aepa.
rating it from Bladen s, w,, and Cumberland w.
and N. w,, by Johnson and Wayne n,, and Du-
pline E, Length 40 ms., mean breadth 22, and
area 880 sq. ms, Lat. 35° and long. W. C. 1°
20' w, intersect in this co. Slope nearly due s.
and drained by Black r, branch of Little Cape
Fear r. Cf t,, Clinton. Pop. 1820, 8,903;
1830, 11,634.
Samptown, v. Piscataway, Middlesex co, N,
J, on a sraall branch of the Raritan, near the
ft. VI. corner ofthe co.
Sam's Creek, p-v. estrn, part Frederick co,
Md, about 90 ras, n, e, Frederick, and by p-r.
63 ma. a litUe w, of n. W, C,
Sanbornton, p-t, Strafford co, N, H, 20 raa,
frora Concord, 9 frora Guilford, and 60 frora
Portsraouth, occupies a peninsula, formed by
Great and Little bays, and Winnipiseogee r. e,
.ind s,, and Pemigewasset r, w. The union of
these 9 streams in the s, vv, angle ofthe t. forras
the Merrimack, Salraon brook n, w, is the
principal atream in the t. and afforda a few mill
seats, as does Winnipiseogee r. The land is
rough, but good, and almost aU fit for cultiva
tion, Sanbornton mtns. He in the n. There is
a remarkable chasm 38 ft, deep, and a mile long,
in a rocky ridge ; and on the banks of the Win
nipiseogee are reraains of an Indian fort. This
work was formed of six stone walls, enclosing
a piece of ground, within which impleraents of
war, &c, have been found. The tap, was first
settled 1765, There is an acaderay, one or two
social librarie^s, and a fund for the support of the
preaching of the gospel. Pop, 9,866,
Sanooty Head, the east point of Nan

tucket island, Mass. in lat. 41° 16', long. 7°
5* E. W. C,
Sanders, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r. 149
ms, N. Tuscaloosa.
Sanders, p-v. Grant co. Ky. by p-r. 54 ms.
s. s, w. Frankfort.
Sanderson's, p-o. Goochland co. Va. by p-r.
161 ms, s. s, w, W. C.
SandErsville, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by
p.r, 67 ms. n. Colurabia.
Sandersville, p-v. and st. jus. Washington
CO, Geo, by p-r, 27 ras, s. E, byE. MiUedgeviUe.
Lat, 32° 52', long, W. C. 5° 55' w,
Sandersville, p-v, Vanderburgh co. Ind. by
p-r, 158 ms, s, w. Indianopolis.
Sandgate, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 20 ms. n.
Bennington, 31 s, w. Rutland, E, N. Y. state,
has a broken surface, with Sheltarack and Bald
ratns. N. w., Swearing hill s. w., Red ratn. s, e.,
and part of Equinox rata. n. e. It is watered
by tributaries of White cr. and Battenkill, but
ill supplied with mill seats. Pop. 933.
Sandige's, p-o. Amherst co. Va. by p-r- 142
ms. B, w, W. C.
Sandisfield, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass. 112
ras. s. w. Boston, 22 s. e, Lenox, n. Conn., is
crossed by Farmington r. s, E,, on both sides
of which riae steep and roraantic banks. The
aoil is favorable to agriculture, and scattered
vvith farra houses. Maple sugar is manufac
tured here in considerable quantities. Pop.
1,655. Sandiston, p-t. Sussex co. N, J. 63 ms. n.
Trenton, has Del, r, on the n. w. line, and Blue
mtn. ridge along the e. boundary. Big and Lit
Ue Flat ers. cross the t. Pop. 1,097.
Sand Lake, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 11
ms. r,. Troy, haa a rough surface, with many
hiUs and much waste land. Crooked and Glass
lakes are the principal of 6 ponds. There are
few mill seats, Marie is found in considerable
quantities. There are 3 vs. Sand Lake, Rens
selaer and Poestenkill. Pop. 3,650.
Sandover, p-v. AbbeviUe dist. S. C. by p-r.
90 ms. wstrd, Columbus.
Sandown, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H, 31 ms.
s. E. Concord, is smaU, with only 8,532 acres.
It is uneven, favorable to grain and grass, with
several ponds, one of which, Philip's, gives
rise to Squamscot r. This streara soraetimes
flows backwards towards its source. First
setUed 1736, then a part of Kingston. Pop.
557. Sand's Point, North Hempstead, Queen's co.
N. Y,, the extremity of Cow Neck, a cape run
ning into Long Isl. sound, has a light house, a
Httle E, from Cow Bay,
Sandton, p-v, Kershaw dist. S. C. by p-r. 55
ras, N, E, Columbus,
Sandusky, r, O, having its remote sources
in Marion, Crawford, and Richland cos. inter
locking sources on the w, with those of Blan
chard's fork of au Glaize r,, onthe s, with those
of Scioto ; and on the e, with those of White
Woman's r. or the nrthwstrn, sources of Musk
ingura. Issuing from this table land the San
dusky assumes a nrthrn, course, and after
traversing Crawford and Seneca cos,, enters
Sandusky co, where inflecting to the e, it opens
into an oblong sheet ofwater frora 1 to 3 ms.

SAN

479

SAN

wide, and about 20 in length. This smaU gulf
is called Sandusky bay, but closed by tvvo pro
jecting points ; onthe estrn. extrerae the water
ia' confined to a narrow channel, adraitting ves
sels of 6 or 7 ft. draught, {See Sandusky vil.)
Sandusky, co. 0, bndd. by Huron co, e,, Sen
eca s.. Wood w,, Monroe co. of Mich, n, w,
and lake Erie n. It is very nearly a square of
98 ras. each side, area 784 sq. ms. Lat. 41°
25', and long. 6° 06' w. intersect in this co.
The sthrn. section slopes to the n,, but towards
the centre all the strearas which traverse its
surface curve in conimon to n. e. This is the
case with Sandusky, Muddy, Portage and
Toussaint rs. Between Sandusky bay and lake
Erie extends a peninsula which is nearly equal
ly divided between Sandusky and Huron cos,
"There are tracts of good land in Sandusky, but
the general features of its surface are low, and
it is consequently wet. The asperity of soil is
shown by the progressive population, which
was m 1820, 852 ; 1830, 2,851, Cf t. Lower
Sandusky. Sandusky City, p-t. and port, of Portland tsp.
Huron co. Mich, is situated on the s, side of
Sandusky bay, 106 ras. tt. Colurabus, 200 ft. E,
Cincinnati, about 70 s, Detroit, and 415 n, w, by
w. W. C. Lat, 41° 28', long. 5° 40' w, W, C,
This is a flourishing town, has a fine harbor,
and is well situated in reference to trade. Ac-
_ cording to Mr. Flint, early in 1832 it contained
9 wharves, 10 stores, a ship yard, rope walk,
printing office, several private schools, and
numerous mechanics' shops. The amount
of merchandize landed there was, $1,319,823,
In 1830, upwards of 500 arrivals in the port,
and the arrival and departure of 2,000 wagons.
evinced the importance of its mercantile trans
actions. The Detroit and Buffalo steam boats
touch here ; a rail road to Port CHnton is in
contemplation, and a turnpike is now construct
ing to Columbus. The site of the town is ele
vated, dry, and pleasant. Sandusky is fre
quently erroneously called Portiand, Pop. 593,
Sandusky Cross Roads and p-o, Knox co. 0,
by P-r. 48 ras. «. n, e. Columbus,
Sandwich, p-t, Strafford co, N, IL, 70 ms,
from Portsmouth, and 50 from Concord ; has
part of the Sandwich ratn,, a high ridge which
terminates at Chocorua Peak in Burton, There
are several other mtns. particularly Squam
ratn. Bearcarap pond, part of Squara lake and
r,, and Red Hill r, are the chief waters in the
town, and there are several raills. Pop. 2,744,
Sandwich, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass. 54 ms,
B, E. Boston, occupies the isthmus of the long
and crooked peninsula of Cape Cod, and lies
between Bamstable and Buzzard's bays. The
soil is generaUy light and sandy, with exten
sive raeadows, and the town is the most devo
ted to agriculture of any in the co. It has been
heretofore proposed to open a canal navigable
for ships, through this town, to save the long
and dangerous circuit ofthe Cape to the coast
ing trade. Between Manumet and Scusset rs,
the distance is short and the land low, so that
the work might be accomplished at a raoderate
expense. There is a large pond near the cen
tre, and mills are supplied by a fall. Here is
a large manufactory of glass, owned by the

Boston and Sandwich glass co,, by which more
than one quarter of the population are sup
ported ; 96 of the workmen are heads of fami
lies, and nearly 200 men and boys are constant
ly employed. The first settlement waa raade
frora Lynn in 1637, under a grant from Ply
raouth colony. Much salt is made here front
sea water. The town is much resorted to for
trout fishing. There are 4 churches, Metho
dist, Calvinist, Unitarian, and Roraan Catholic.
Pop, 3,361,
Sandy, r. Me. rises near the bounds of So
raerset and Penobscot cos,, flows s, into Ken
nebec CO,, turns n, e. and enters Kennebec r,
at Starks, Somerset co. 6 ms. n. Norridge
wock, Sandy, r, streara of Virginia and Kentucky,
composed of two branches, called relatively
East fork and West fork. East fork, the main
constituent of Sandy, rises in the Appalachian
valleys, interlocking sources with those of Great
Kenhawa to the e,, and with those of Holston
and CHnch branches of Ten, r, to the s, e. Is
suing from this elevated region, and draining
part of TazeweU and Logan cos, Va,, the Sandy
r, pursues a ft. vv, direction by coraparative
courses 50 ms, to its passage through Cumber
land ratn, Becoraing a boundary between Va
and Ky,, below the Curaberland chain, Sandy
assuraes a direction of n, n, w, 70 ras, separa
ting Logan and Cabell cos. of Va. frora Floyd,
Lavvrence, and Greenup cos. of Ky. to its final
influx into Ohio i. opposite BurUngton, O,
West Sandy rises in Russell and Tazewell cos.
Va., and assuming a n. w. direction, pierces
the Cumberland chain, enters Ky., and after
traversing Pike and Floyd cos. bends to the
nthrd, and joins East Sandy in Lawrence co.
The valley of Sandy r.has that of Ten, r, s,, Ky,
s. w,. Licking w,, that of Ohio n., Guyandot
E,, and Great Kenhawa s. e. It is about 100
ms, long, mean width 35, and area 3,500 sq,
ras, Sandy cr, Genesee co, N, Y,, enters lake On
tario at Murray,
Sandy, p-o, Columbiana co. O,, about 140
ms. N. E. Columbus.
Sandy Bay, v. Gloucester, Essex co. Mass.,
is near the e, extremity of Cape Ann, and has a
convenient harbor, exposed on the n. £,, but
iraproved by a breakwater constructed by the
U, S, The inhabitants are devoted to fishing,
in which about 100 vessels are eraployed.
Sandy Bluff and p-o. on Illinois r. wstm.
part of Morgan co. II,, by p-r, 131 ms, n. w.
Vandalia. Sandy Bridge and p-o. estrn, part of CarroU
CO, Ten,, by p-r, 94 ms, w. Nashville,
Sandy Creek, p-t, Oswego co, N, Y. Pop.
1,839. Sandy Fumace and p-o. Venango co. Pa,, by
p-r, 283 ras, n. w. W. C.
Sandy Grove, p-o. Chathara co. N. C, byp-r.
64 ms, w, Raleigh,
Sandy Hill, p-v. Kingsbury, Washington co.
N. Y,, near Baker's falls, just e, of Hudson r,,
on a pleasant level, 52 ms, n. Albany, near the
junction of Charaplain canal and Hudson r. It
is a half capital of the co.
Sandy Hill, p.v. s. estrn, part of Worcester

SAN

480

SAN

to, MJ,, 10 ms, stlird. Snow Hill, the co, st,,
and by p-r, 174 ras, s, e, by e, W, C,
Sandy Hook, Shrewsbury, Monraouth co. N.
J„ thes, cape of R.iritan bay, through whichis
the entrance to N.Y, bay, Itis about 3 ms. long,
viitb Irhrewsbury r. and Sandy Hook bay w. ; and
has a light house erected by the U.S. The sand
fast extends the cape n,, so that two Ught houses
have been rendered useless by being left by
the water. There are only 9 dweUings on the
hook, with a fow trees; but the bay is often
useful in e. storms, f-'hrewsbiiry r. sometiraes
flows across and isolates the hook.
Sandy Hook, p-v, Culpepper co. Va., byp-r,
85 ms, s, -sv, W. C,
Sandy Mount, p-v. sthm. part of GreenviUe
co.Va., by p-r. 75 ms, s, Richmond,
S.^^DY Point, tho ,%', extrcuiity of Nantucket
isl. Mass,, 70° w, long, 41° 23' n, l.-it.
Sandy Poi.st, k. e. extremity of Barnstable
CO. Mass., 69° 35' w. long., 41° 91' n. lat.
Sandv River Church and p-o, sthrn. part of
Prince Edward co, Va,, by p-r, 79 ras, s, w, by
w. Richmond, This place tnUcs its narae frora
asmtdl confluent of Appomattux r.
Sanov Spri-m;, or Siablcr's p-o. and Friends
meetinghouse, \. wstrn, part of Montgomery
CO. Mil,, 98 ms, s, vv, Baltimore, 9 ms, n. e,
Rockville, and 19 ms. nearly due .n, W, C.
The adjacent countiy is peeuliKiiy healthful
and pleas,ant, and is clrvaica above fide water
from -I'ift to 500 ft. It derives its name, from
asprinj;. Sandy Sprin-g, p-v, s, e, part of Adams co, 0,
by p-r, lllms, sthrd, Columbus,
Sandvville, p-v, noriheastevn part of Tusca
rawas CO. 0, by p-r, 1 19 ms, k. h. by e. Coluhi-
bus. S.1NF0RD, p-t, York CO, Me, 94 ms, from Bos
ton, 20 ms, north froiu Y^ork, is of irregular
form, with Kennebunk r, n,, and a pond s,,
which flows into a tributary of the Piscataquay,
Pop. 2,327.
Sanford, p-t, Broorae co, N, Y, 94 ras, i...
Chenango point, or Binghampton, and s, Che
nango CO,, has a hilly and stoiiy surface, fa
vorable to pisturapc, with some pood vales,
A sraall stream in this t, flows into Cookqungo
cr,, abranch of Del, r, on the s, e, line. Pop,
931, Sanford's Store and p-o, Hancock co. Geo,
Mma, K, i„ MUledgeviUe,
S.vNRAMON, I . of 11. and branch of II, i. This
stream, the name of vvhich is pronounced as ii
written Sangamo, haa its remote fountains ou
the plains, frora which fiow to the n. w, the Ver
raillion branch of Illinois, lo the n, the Pick-
mink branch of Illinois, to the s, e, the Ver
miUion branch of Wabash, and sthrd, the ex
treme sources of Kaskaskias r. Flowing from
this plain the Sangamon flows sthrd, about 30
ms,, and ihence sweeping an eUiptic curve to the
B. w,, s, aud vr. about 100 ms,, attains its great
est southem bend a few milea above the influx
irom the s, oi the Mowawequa r. deflecting to
the N, w, 30 ras, to the influx frora the n, e. of
Sugar cr. Below the raouth of Sugar creek
the Sangamon, tuming to wstrd. 30 ms,, falls
into Illinois in*Morgan co The entire com
parative length of Sangamon raay be stated at

900 ms. The valley is in form of n triangle,
base 110 ms,, by a line from head to raouth of
the raain stream ; shortest side ,50 ras, from the
mouth of Sangamon to source of Mowawequa
r. ; perpendicular 65 ms,, area about 3,570 s(|.
ms. The Mowawequa or southem branch of
Sangamon rises in Shelby and Montgomery
COS., and flowing n. w, joins the main stream
in Sangamon co, ; its valley is the southern
saUent angle of the ,'^angalnon valley, Ein-
bosoracd in the long curve of the raain stream
of Sangamon, and to tlie nrthrd. of that chuii-
nel, the counlry is drained by Sugar cr, or the
northern confluent of Sangamon. Sugar cr.
has a general western course of 70 ms., and
joins the main streani in the northwestern part
of Sangamon co. Much of tlie soil of San.
gamon valley has been represented as first rate ;
but taken as a vUiole, too much of the surface
is composed of low and wet prairie.
Sakga,moi»i or SangaiVio co. II. bndd, b, e, by
Shelby, Montgomery s,, .Macaupin s, vv,, Mor
gan w,, TazeweU xV,. MacLean n, e,, and Ma
con E, Length from s. lo .n, 50 ms,, mean
breadth 40, and area 9,000 sq, ms. Extend
ing in lat. from 39° 30' to 40° 13', and in
long, from 9° 10' to 13° w, W. C. This co.
embraces the central part of the valley of the
river from which the name is derived. The
niain Sangamon traverses it by a curve, first
westward tmd thence round to northwestward ;
and as Sugar creek traverses the northern part
to the westward, that course may be regarded
as that of the general slope, though that of the
western side is to the n. of n. w. Much of the
surlace is flat, and of course wet, except after
long drought ; but the soil is generally very
highly productive. Chief t. Springfield. Pop.
12,960. Sangersfield, p-t. Oneida co, N. Y. 15 ms.
s, by w, Utica, 9 1 vv, n, w, Albany, N, and e,
Madison co, ; contains head strearas of Che
nango and Oriskany cr^,, is on high land, -«'iih
hills s, and E,, and goud soil. Limestone rocks
abound, with inipressions of organized substan
ces. The land is generaUy owned in fee.
There is a large pine and cedar swamp.
Ihore are 2 viUages, Sangerfiijld and Water
viUe. Pop. 2,2:2,
Sam^erville, t, Penobscot CO. Me, 70 ms,iv,
N, E, .Augusta, and 35 n, w, Bangor ; has Som
erset CO, vr. and Piscataquis r, n. There are
several ponds, one of vvhich sends a head
streara to Sebasticook r. Pop, 776,
Sanilac, co. Mich, as laid do%vn on Tanner's
improved map of the TJ. S. is bndd. s. e. by
Saint Clair co,, s, w, Lapeer, n, w, Saginaw
bay, and n, e, and e, lake Huron. Length along
the southern boundary 62 ms,, mean breadth
39. The area may be assumed in round num
bers at 2,000 sq. ms. It is a table land, from
the centre of which the waters flow like radii
from a comraon centre, Frora the southwest
ern angle flow the higher branches of Cass r.
a tributary of Saginaw r, Frora the southern
side issue the nrthm, sources of FUnt r, another
branch of Saginaw. The river Delude has its
higher founttons in the sthestrn. angles, whilst
Elra and Black rs. flow n. e. into lake Huron,
and Sugar r. and other streams n. vv, into Sagi-

SAR

481

SAU

naw bay. The northem extreraity of the co, is I
Transit point, or the sthrn, entrance into Sagi
naw bay.
Santa Fe r. {See Suwannee.)
Sappony, cr,. Cross Roads and p-o. iu the
sthestrn. part of Dinwiddie co. Va. The cr, is
a branch of Stony cr,, and the latter a tributary
of Nottaway r. Sappony Cross Roads p-o. is
byp-r, 92 ms, s, s, vv, Petersburg,
Saract,!, p-v, Duplin co. N. C. by p-r, 115
ms. p. E. R.ilein-b,
S.iRAN'Ac, r, N, V,, rises in several ponds in
the s, part of FrnnkHn co., flows x, e, through
Franklin and Clinlon coa, and falla into lake
Champlain at Plattsburgh viUage, a. Cumber
land head. Its he id streams are near thoseof
Racket, Saint Regis and Grass rs, and tbe .\,
branch of the Hudson,
Saranac, p-t, Clinton co, N, Y. Fop, 316,
SAR^NAc, p-v. Lenavva co, Mich, by p-r. 70
ms, s, vv. Detroit.
Saranac, vil, Berrien co, Mich, situated at
the mouth of St, Joseph's r, on the s. side,
and opposite Newburyport, about 2:10 miles a
Uttle s, of vr. Detroit,
Saratoga, lake, Saratoga co, N, Y., 6 ms. s,
E, village of Saratoga Springs, 6 n, e, Ballston
Spa ; about 3 ms, by 9 ; has handsome, sweU
ing and cultivated banks ; receives Kayderosse
ras cr, w,, and discharges into Hudson r, by
Fish creek, which aflbrds valuable mill seats.
This lake Hes partly in 4 townships. Fish and
fowl are abundant. The scenery is very agree
able, andit is a favorite resort during the sum
mer months.
Sarato(ja, CO. N. Y, bndd, by Warren co. n.,
Hudson river n. dividing it from Washington
and Rensselaer cos,, Mohawk river s, sepa
rating it from Albany and Schenectady coun
ties, and Montgoraery co, w,, with about 772
sq, ras. The Hudson borders this co, n, e, and
E, for nearly 70 ms,, and Sacandaga river flows
through the n, part. In the middle part is Kay
derosseras r, or cr. and Fish creek. Antliony's
and Snook's kills also flow into the Hudson,
Mill sites on its numerous strearas are abun
dant. Two primitive raountainous ranges are
in the n. w,, Kayderosseras and Palraerstown,
while there are valuable raeadows on the Hud
son, &c, and sandy plains in the s, e. The sec
ondary country is most extensive, though there
are also transition tracts. The river hills and
meadows bear oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. ; the
loamy plains, beech, maple, ash, (fee, and white
and yeUow pine grow on the sandy plains.
Good sandstone for building is found at Green
field, -(fee. Large beds of marie lie underthe
transition and secondary forraations, Saratoga
lake, BaUston lake. Round and Owl ponds are
the principal sheets of water. This w, side of
Hudson T. was an iraportant railitary route in
the early as well as the late French war ; aiyl
in the revolution it was the scene of iraportant
operations. Gen, Burgoyne, in 1777, after tvvo
battles on the heights of Saratoga, retreated to
Fish cr,, and there surrendered. At Milton,
Moreau, Mechanicsville and Schuylersville are
rhanufactories of wooUen and cotton ; and there,
are 5 oil raills in different parts ofthe co. The
Champlain canal enters this co, at Miller's falls.

and passes along the bank of the Hudson to
Mohawk river. The Schenectady and Sarato-
go raU-road runs chiefly in this co, BaUston is
the st, jus. Pop, 1820, 33,147. 1830, 38,679.
Saratoga, p-t. Saratoga co, N, Y,, 32 ras, n,
Albany, 15 e, Ballston Spa ; has the t, of Sara
toga Springs and Fish creek n,, Hudson river
e,, and Saratoga lake w. Fish cr, affords val
uable mill seals. White and yellow pine grow
on the light soil near Saratoga lake ; and oak,
walnut, &c,, in the neighborhood of Hudson r.
The surface is pleasantly diversified with fine
ranges of hills. Tho Quaker Springs are in
this town, butthe other sources of mineral wa
ters are in the adjoining t. of Saratoga Springs.
Champlain canal passes along the bank of the
Hudson. The reniains of fort Hardy are to be
seen near the raouth of Fish cr,, where Gen.
Burgoyne surrendered in 1777, The p-v, of
Schuylersville, situated at that .spot, is a place
of some importance. Pop, 2,461,
Saratoga Springs, p-t. Saratoga co,, N, Y,,
32 ms. N. Albany, 5 n, e, Ballston Spa ; con
tain^ the famous sources of mineral witters, and
is the annual resort of raany visiters from all
parts ofthe country. The village built at that
spot, in the N, part ofthe town, contains many
lodging houses, several of -vvdiich are very ex
tensive. The surface ofthe townis nearly lev
el, vvith a poor sandy soil, bearing pines, but
capable of being rauch improved by gypsura or
ratirle, which latter is found in different parts.
Limestone prevails near the springs. Part of
Palmerstown mtn, is also in this t. Kayderps-
seras, Fish, and Ellis' creeks, with some amall
er atteams, water difl'erent parts, In this tsp.
are the famous Saratoga springs, situated 7 ras,
K, E, BaUston Spa. The village is built on a
low, sandy plain, beneath which is a limestone
rock. The street runs on the west side of a
narrow marshy tract, in which the springs are
found; there are nuraerous houses for the" ac
commodation of visiters, who resort here an
nually in great numbers, particularly in July
and August, Congress hall, U, S, hall. Union
hall, and the Pavilion, are the principal. The
moat important apringa are the Congress, Ham
ilton, Round Rock, and Flat Rock, Pop, tsp.
2,204, Sardinia, p-t, Erie co, N, Y,, 30 miles s. e.
Buffalo, 273 from Albany, w. of Geneaee co,,
and N, of Cattaraugus co,, from which it is di
vided by Cattaraugus creek. Small streams of
Cazenove and Seneca creeks flow in different
parts of the t. Pop. 1,453,
Saugatuck, r, Fairfield co. Conn,, flows be-
tween Fairfield and Norwalk, and forras a good'
sloop harbor,
Saugatuck, p.v, Fairfield, Fairfield co,, Conn,
It is a place of considerable coasting trade,,
near L. I, Sound, on a harbor formed by the r.,
of its name,
Saugerties, p-t. Ulster co. N, Y, 52 ras. s,
Albany, 13 n. Kingston 113 N. New York, a.
Greene co., w, Hudson r,, and e, Greene co,,
and is crossed by EsopuS cr. One raile w. of
it is the v., and at its mouth is a manufacturing
village, suppHed with water povver by a caual
cut deep through a rock round the head of the
falls, and which lead's into an artificial basin.

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The water is drawn thence to supply a large
foundry, a paper mill, saw mill, (fee. The mouth
ofthe cr, is navigable in sloops to these raills.
There ia a horae boat ferry acroas the Hudson
frora thia apot, to IJpper Red Hook landing.
The land is high and level, and the soil light
and good, along rauch of the Hudson's bank in
this town. The inhabitants were generally of
Dutch origin. Pop. 3,747,
Saugus, p-t, Essex co. Mass,, 7 railes N, E,
Boston ; has rauch rocky and irregular land,
with a large salt marsh s,, and fine fresh water
meadows along the banks of Saugus r,, which
flows through them, as well as the salt mead
ows, with a very crooked and picture.sque
course. This town formerly belonged to Lynn,
which vvas one of the earUest settleraents, and
bore the narae of Saugus. Pop, 960,
Sault de Saint Marie, p-v. and st. justice,
Chippeway co. Mich., on the right bank of St.
Mary's strait, at the lower extremity of the
cataract or falls of Saint Mary, and as stated in
the p-o, list, 326 ms, n, w, Detroit, This place
was founded on the 17th JtUy, 1822, by a de
tachment of U, S, troops frora Detroit, under
comraand of Col, Brady, Lat, 46° 31', long, W,
C, 7° 20' w. (>Se« article Saint Mary's river,
Mich, ond Upper Canada.) Vessels of 6 feet
draught can be navigated to this village, and it
has been stated on good authority, that at an
"inconsiderable expense, (when corapared with
the advantages) vessels of 10 ft, might be ena
bled to ascend to the foot of the falls.
Savannah, a r, which divides and forms the
boundary of the two states of South Carolina
and Georgia, by a course nearly from n, w, to
s, E, It is formed by the junction ofthe Tuga-
lo and Kioevee rivers, which, rising in the mtns.
w,, unite about 100 ms. above Augusta, by the
course of the streara, and fall into the Atlantic
at Tybee bar. The length of the Savannah,
from the junction of the two rivers above named
to its mouth, is about 350 ras,, and its course is
very tortuous. It is navigable for the largest
ships to Five Fathom Hole, 3 ms, frora Savan
nah, and to Augusta, 250 ras, above, (120 by
land,) for stearaboats of 150 tons burthen, Frora
Augusta to the raouth of the Tugalo, 100 ras,,
and about 50 ras. up that streara, pole boats of 6
to 10 tons burthen ascend witb raerchandize, re
turning with a freight of 40 to 60 bags of cotton.
SAVAN^AH, two small, but from their position,
important rivers of the territory of Huron. One
is a branch of Saint Lquis r. of lake Superior,
and the other a branch of Misp. river ; both are
links in the chain of navigable streams by which
lake Superior is united to the upper 'Misp,, by
the Saint Louis, river route, 'The two Savan
nah rs. are Unks in the direct route frora Saint
Louis river to the Misp. Taken together their
joint general course is frora St, Louis r, a little
N, of w,, and nearly along lat. 47°. In direct
distance the western Savannah joins the Misp,
about 60 ms, below the extreme source of the
latter. Savannah, t., Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 886.
Savannah, city, seaport, and st.jns. Chatham
CO, Geo,, is situated on the s. bank of Savannah
river, 18 ms. above its mouth. It is 100 ms. s.
w, Cliarleston, S. C. and by p-r. 120 ms. s, s. w.

Augusta, 167 s, e, by e, MilledgevUle, and 662
s, by w, Washington ; in lat, 32° 5', long, 4°
10' w, W, C. It is elevated about 40 ft. above
the river, a sandy bluff rising abruptly about that
distance frora it. The site of the city is near
ly level ; it is very regularly laid out, the streets
crossing each other at right angles. Many of
these are wide, and with the public squares, 10
in number, are planted with handsome treea.
The place was formerly very unhealthy ; of late
years this is much improved, a change which is
attributed in some degree to a new mode, re
cently adopted, in the cultivation of rice in the
vicinity. Since the great conflagration of 1820,
when a large portion of the city was destroyed,
it has been principaUy rebuilt, and many hand
some, and some elegant buildings, have been
erected, Araong the public, and conspicuous
buildings of the city, are the exchange ; two
banks, with a branch of the bank of the U. S, ;
10 churches, one of which, built of granite, is
very splendid ; a court house, hospital, jail,
poor house, theatre, and an academy. Many
of the private dwellings are very elegant.
There are several benevolent institutions in the
place. The business of Savannah is very
considerable, and it has some commerce.
Vessels of 14 ft. draught come to the wharves,
and a great portion of the imports and exports
of the state, are laden and unladen here. Cot
ton, rice, sugar and tobacco, are the raost valu
able staples, and the annual araount exported,
particularly of the two forraer, is very heavy.
That of cotton, from Oct. 1st, 1832, to Feb. 1,
1833, araounted to 79,785 bales ; during tbe
same period, the previous season, 84,107 bales
were exported, A canal, fromthe Ogeechee to
Savannah river, 16 ms,, terminates at Savaimah.
Pop, 1810, 5,315; 1820, 7,523 ; 1830, 7,303,
Savannah, p-v, and st. jus. Hardin co. "Ten. by
p.r. 112 ms. s, w. by w. Nashville.
Savan\ahville, P-v. Macon co. N. C, byp-r.
319 ms. a little s, of w, Raleigh.
Savoy, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass., 120 ms, r>.
¦vr. Boston, and 20 n. e, Lenox. It is on the s.
base of Hoosic mtn., and gives rise to Hoosic
and Deerfield rs. Pop. 927,
Saw Pits, p-v. Rye, West Chester co. N. Y.,
28 ras, N, E, New "York, 5 b, e. White plains,
149 s, Albany, and near Connecticut, on Long
Island sound,
Saybrook, p-t, Middlesex co,' Conn., 40 ms. s.
E. Hartford, 18 w. New London, 34 k. New
Haven, and n. Long Island sound, on the west
side .of Conn, river, at its mouth. It extends
6 miles'E, and w,, and 11 n. and s,, with 70 sq.
raUes ; is uneven and stony, but has some ex
tensive levels, and tracts of rich soil, particu
larly about Saybrook v. The soil is generally
good for grass. Some of the hills near the
Conn, have good granite quarries, convenient
to navigable water. Pettipaug and Chester
are the principal strearas, tributaries of Conn.
r. which cross this town. There are several
sraall harbors on the sound, and on ^Connecticut
r., at Saybrook Point and Pettipaiug, at the last
of which much ship building has been carried
on. The bar at the mouth of this great stream
offers an unfortunate impediment to navigation,
for even vessels of a moderate draught of wa»

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ter are often obliged to pass it with but a part
of their cargoes. An important and lucrative
trade was formerly carried on from this r, to
the West Indies, and New London often served
in some degree as the port, Saybrook harbor
is at the raouth of a handsorae cove, making up
from Conn, r, w,, alraost to Saybrook vUlage,
and is often resorted to by coasting vessels in
bad weather. Great quantities of fisli, are
caught in this town. Sea fish are taken to 'oth
er raarkets, and the shad fisheries are numer
ous and lucrative. The first settlement in the
bounds of this state by Europeans, was raade at
Saybrook fort in 1635, A sraall fort was erect
ed on the Point, on a spot supposed to have
been a little s, E. of the present fort, now en
croached upon bythe waler, andin advance of
the monuraent of Lady Arabella Fenwick. It
was supposed that the Point would have become
an important coramercial place ; and the ground
on that sandy peninsula was early laid out for
a city, in right lines, as is still to be seen. The
garrison of the fort were several times closely
beset by the Indians unlil after the Pequod war ;
and a paUsade fence was kept up across the
isthmus many years after. Yale coUege was
seated in this town for aeveral years after its
reraoval frora Killingworth, and a house on the
Point was appropriated to its use. The present
fort, which is a mere redoubt of earth, is no
longer used. During the last war, the borough
of Pettipaug was occupied a few hours by a
detachment of British, who proceeded up in
boats from the squadron in Long Island sound.
Pop. 5,018.
Saybrook, p-v, Ashtabula co, O,, by p-r. 183
ms. ft. E. Colurabus,
Saysville, p-v, estrn, part Morgan co, O.,
by p-r, 106 ras, s. e, by e, Columbus,
Scaghticoke, p-t. Rensselaer co. N, Y,, 16
ms. N, Albany, 10 n. Troy, e, Hudson river, a,
Washington co, ; has a gently varied surface,
with soil good for grain and grass, particularly
onthe Flats, The form is irregular, Hoosac
river N. affords many mill sites, as well as its
branch, Torahanoc cr. An early settleraent
was made on the Flats, by several Dutch and
German famiUes, Pop. 3,009,
Scarborough, p-t, Curaberland co. Me,, 65
ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 10 s, w, Portland ; lies n,
w. Atlantic ocean, n. e. Saco, York co., with
one or two sraall strearas, and Prout's neck
running into the sea. Pop. 2,106.
Scarsdale, t., West Chester co., N. Y. 25
miles N, IS, New York, 3 s. White Plains, has
Bronx river on the w, line, and is small, con.
taining only 8 sq, miles, with pretty good soil.
Pop, 317.
Scaroon, p-t. Essex co, N, Y,, 25 ms, a, s, w.
Elizabethtown, and n, of Warren co, ; containa
about half of Scaroon lake, with Paradox lake,
(fee. The rocka are limestone, often with ve
getable irapressions. Beech, raaple, pine, hera
lock, &c,, formed the forests. The surface is
rough and mountainous. Pop, 1,614,
Scaroon, lake, Essex and Warren cos. N. Y.,
12 ras. vr. from the n. end of lake George, is
about 1 raile by 8, forms part of the n, e, branch
of Hudson r., abounds with fish, and dischar
ges by Scaroon r, :

Scaroon, r, Warren co, N, Y, ; is the outlet
of Scaroon lake, and forms the n, e, branch of
Hudson r,, falling into the main branch, after a
short course, in the same co,
Schall's Store, and p-o, Berks co. Pa., by
p-r, 157 ms, nrthestrd, "W, C.
Schellsbdrg, p-v, Bedford co. Pa,, on the
main road from Bedford to Pittsburg, 9 ras.
wstrd. ofthe former, and byp-r. 135 ms. n, vr.
W. C, It is a sraall v, in a single street along
the road. Pop. 200,
Sche.neotady, CO, N, Y,, bndd, by Montgom.
ery and Saratoga cos, tt. and E,, Albany co. s,,
and Schoharie co, w,, is of a very irregular-
form, and is crossed by the Mohawk r, and the
Erie canal ; while Albany and Schenectady r-r,
meet here at the city of Schenectady. Sand
kiU and Eel Place kill are the principal miU
streams. Along the Mohawk the soil is a rich
alluvion, and on the uplands a light sandy loam,
on clay slate, with an undulating surface, well
watered by springs. In Duanesburgh, ifec. the
soil is argillaceous, and the surface raore hilly ;
strearas flow n, to Mohawk r,, e, to Pludson r,,
and w, to Schoharie creek, on the w, line, which
affords good raill aeata, "The Schenectady raan
ufacturing company at Rotterdam, ia the only
incorporated company for manufacturing pur-
poaes in the co. They make about 400,000 yda.
of cotton goods annually, and 20 or 30,000 lbs.
of yarn. It has 2,000 spindles and 50 looms.
There are also satinet, paper, and carpet man
ufactories, an oil raill and iron foundries, all
large ; and in other places 11 tanneries, 1
foundry. Schenectady city is the cf. t. and
St. jus. of the CO, Pop. 1820, 13,081 ; 1830,
12,347, Schenectady, city and st, jus, Schenectady
CO, N, Y,, 15^ ras, N, w, Albany ; hasthe Mc-
hawk r, and Albany co, n,, and contains exten.
si-fre alluvial meadows, with handsorae uplands,
and a sandy loam upon clay slate. Sand kill,
flowing into the Mohawk, affords mill sites,
some of vvhich are occupied by mills and raanu
factories. The Erie canal crosses the ft. part,
near the Hudson, but on account of the circuit
ous route, and the nuraerous locks between this
place and Albany, rauch of the navigation stops
here. Packet boats run hence in numerous
lines to Utica, and on as far as Buffalo, and ma
ny StiU extend to Albany, Thus a vast araount
of raerchandize annuaUy passes through this
city. The Albany and Schenectady r-r, greatly
facilitates the comraunication withthe Hudson ;
and this, with the Saratoga and Schenectady
r-r,, have rendered Schenectady the great tho
roughfare for travellers to the sprmgs, Nuraer
ous Unes of stage coaches also pass through this
city. Union college, which stands a short dis
tance frora the centre of it, is a very respecta
ble and flourishing institution. II was founded
by the Regents of the University in 1795. The
prinoipal^college buildings are each 200 ft. long,
4 stories high, built of brick, and co-vtered with
white stucco. The institution possesses a li.
brary, cabinet, philosophical and chemical ap.
paratua, (fee, Beaide a president, there are 4
professors, and 4 assistant professors in this
coUege ; the whole nuraber of alumni in 1833,
1,373, of whom 1,253 are living ; students 1832,

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3,20,"!, In the libraries are about 13,500 vols,,
of which that ofthe coUege contains about 5,000,
The spot on which fhe college buildings stand,
wai, once the aite of a Mohawk viUage, The
streets of the city are regular, and paved, but
i-ather narrow ; 8 of them are crossed diagon
ally by the Erie canal. Schenectady was early
settled by a few Dutch, but on the night of Feb.
Sth, 1690, the village then containing 63 houses
and a church, was suddenly attacked and bumt,
by French and Indians from Canada. 60 ofthe
people were killed, 27 carried captive, and 27
ofthe remainder lost Hmbs by exposure to the
cold, in attempting to reach'Albany. Irf*1748,
70 of the inhabitants were raassacred by savage
invaders from the same quarter; and in 1819,
170 buildings were burnecT to the ground. Pop.
4,268. Schlosser, fort Niagara, Niagara co, N. Y.,
ancient work, long disused,
ScHODAC, p-t. Rensselaer co, N. Y., 9 ms, s,
Albany, 15 s. Troy, n. Colurabia co., w, Hudson
1, separating it frora Albany co., has a variety
of soils, 'generally good, with sorae pine, plains.
The inliabitanls ,ire of Dutch extraction, Moor-
denar's kill, (fee. supply rail! seats on their
course to the Hudson. 'There are 2 landings,
with post villages, Hogeberg or High Hill is
on the bank of the Hudson, 9 ms. below Alba
ny. Pop, 3,794.
Schoharie, co. N. Y,, bndd, by Montgomery
CO, N,, Schenectady and Albany cos, e,, Greene
and Delaware cos, s,, and Otsego co, vv,, is part
ly broken by a range of the Catskill and Hel
derberg hills, and crossed centrally by Schoha
rie cr. It has also CobuskiU cr,, and in the e,
rises Catskill cr. The rocks are of limestone,
and on Schoharie cr. are extensive and very fer
tile raeadows, 26 ms. long, where settlements
were begun by Gerraans and Dutch about 100
years since, while the 3 tsps. are inhabited by
people frora the e. states, Schoharie village
was destroyed by the English and Indians in the
revolutionary war. There are 10 tsps, Scho
harie, the st, jus, of tlie co,, stands onthe raead.
ows. In the co, are 1 furnace, 1 paper mill, 1
woollen, and 2 leather raanufactories. Pop.
1820,23,154; 1830, 27,902.
Schoharie, p-t, and st, jus, Schoharie co, N,
Y,, 32 ms. vv, Albany, 92 ms, s, w, Schenecta
dy, 24 s, Johnston, s, Montgomery leo,, and w,
of Schenectady and Albany cos,, is crossed by
Helderberg hiUs, and Schoharie cr, which here
receives CobuskiU and Fox ers, Onthe Scho
harie are very rich meadows, which have been
under constant culture for 100 years. The in
habitants are of Dutch and German extraction.
Here are 3 viUages, Schoharie, Esperance, and
SloansviUe. Pop, 5,157,
SciiouARiE, cr,, or kill, N. Y. rises on the vv,
side of the Catskill mtns, Greene co, and after
winding 23 ms, enters Schoharie co, fiows ft.
40 ms, and empties into the Mohawk in Mont.
gomery couuty, opposite Tribe's hill. It is
rapid, has several branches, and waters some
fine alluvial meadows, as well as some hilly
regions. Sci-iooDic, or St. Croix r, iNlaine,
Schooley's, ratn, N, J, a high range in
Washington and Roxbury, Morris co., forming

a part of the mountainous region in that part of
thestate. Schooley's, mtn., p-v, and mineral springs,
Washington, Morris county, N, J,, 56 miles n.
' Trenton, 50 n. n. vv. New 'York, 20 s. Newton,
and 70 n, Philadelphia, is on an elevarion on
Schooley's mtn,, where the air is pure and the
scenery bold and varied. The place is a favor
ite resort for health and pleasure during the
summer months, and there are two large hotels
for visitors, besides more private accommoda
tions. The roads are rough, but a line of
stage coaches runs daily to the place from
ElizabethtovvA Point, connected with the New
York steamboat, and passing through Morris
town, The water of the spring holds in solu
tion muriate of soda, magnesia and lime, sul
phate of Hme, and oxide of iron.
ScHROON, r. New York. {See Scaroon r.)
ScHROo.N, lake, N. Y. {See Scaroon lake.)
Sci-iuooN, p-t. Essex co. New York. (See
Scaroon.) Schultz's, range, and p-o. Wood co., Va., by
p-r. 324 ras, wstrd, W. C,
Schuyler, p-t. Herkimer co., N. Y, 86 ms. w.
Albany, 8 ft. \v, Herkiraer, 6 ms, e, Utica, n, of
Mohawk r,, and e, of Oneida co,, has aeveral
sraall raill strearas, a good soil, and is somewhat
hilly. Pop, 9,074.
Schuyler, co. of Illinois, bndd. by Pike s,,
Adams w,, Hancock n. w,, Macdonough n.,
Fulton N, E,, and Illinois r. separating it from
Morgan e. and s, e. Length from s. to n. 30
ms,, mean breadth 92, and area 660 sq. miles.
Lat. 40° and long. W. C. 13° 40' w. intersect
in this county. It is traversed and drained by
Crooked cr., a confluent of Illinois r. Slope to
the s. E. It is represented by recent travellers,
as amongst the finest counties of Illinois. Cf.
t., Rushville. Inthe census returns for 1830,
Schuyler and Macdonough cos. are comprised
under one head, and contained together a pop.
of 9,959.
Schuylersville, p-v, Saratoga co., N. Y.
6 railes w. Union village, n. Fish creek, on
the w, bank of Hudson river, and upon the
Champlain canal. On the meadows adjoining
the viUage, the array of Gen, Burgoyne surren
dered to the Araericans in 1777, after their de
feat ou the heights of Saratoga, seven raUes
below, Schuylkill, r. Pa. great s. wstrn. branch of
Delaware r. The vaUey of SchuylkiU has'that
of Susquehannah s., s, w,, w,, and n. w,, thatof
.Lehigh n,, and that of Delaware above tide
N, E. The range of the valley is from n. w. to
s, E. 90 ras, in length. The breadth above
Blue Ridge about 35 ms., but below that chain
the utraost breadth ia 95 ms., and mean width
about 12 ms. The mean breadth of tlje entire
vaUey about 22, and area 1,980 sq, ms. The
tide ascends this r, about 5 ms, to the primi
tive ledge inthe city of Phila,, from whence a
chain of canals, locks and rail-roads have been
constructed along this stream to near the ut
most sources, opening the fine country along.
and near its banks to the Atlantic tide water,
and providing a means to bring to market the
immense masses of mineral coal drawn from
the bowels of the earth along its nigher tributa-

SCI

4-85

SCO

riea. (See articles Pa., Delaware river, and
roads and canals.)
Schuylkill, co. Pa,, bndd, s. vr. by Dauphin,
w, by Northuraberland, Columbia n, w., Lu
zerne N,, Northampton N. E,, and the Kittatin
ny ratn. separating it from Lehigh co, E, and
Berks s, e. Length frora s. w, lo n, e, 37 ms,,
mean breadth 18, and area 660 sq, ms, Lat,
40° 40', and long. W. C, 0° 47' e. Though
along the border of this county contiguous to
Dauphin, Northuraberland, Columbia, and Lu
zerne cos,, ers, rise which have the Susquehan.
nah as their recipient, the body of the co, ia
drained into Schuylkill r,, and slopes s, estrd.
The face ofthe co, ie perhaps more diversified
by valley, hUl, and mtn, than any other in Pa,
The mean elevation ofthe arable soil is about
800 ft. above tide water, and with all its moun
tainous appearance much of the soil is excel
lent. But what renders this co, an object of
peculiar interest, is the vast deposita of raineral
coal it containa. Since 1806, upwards of a
milHon of dollars have been expended to facili
tate the transportation of this fuel to the Atlan
tic markets, {See article roads and canals.)
Cf t, Orwigsburg. Pop, 1820, 11,339, 1830,
20,744, Schuylkill, p-o, nthm. part of Chester co,.
Pa,, by p-r, 134 ms, n. e. W, C,
Schuylkill Haven, p-v, Schuylkill co,Pa. 55
ms. N, E, Harrisburgh, and 171 n, n, e, W, C,
Scio, p-t, Alleghany co, N, Y,, 14 ras. s, An
geUca, N, Pa. Pop. 609,
Scioto, r., 0,, having its remote sources in
Richland, Marion, Crawford, and Hardin cos.
It is coraposed of two branches. Whetstone on
the E,, and Scioto proper west. Both branch
es issuing frora Marion county, assume a
nearly parallel course to a, s, e,, traversing
Delaware and uniting in Franklin county, be
tween the towns ji( Colurabus and Franklin,
after each branch having flowed by coraparative
courses 70 ms. Below Columbus the general
course is almost exactly s., and comparative
length 100 ms, to ita influx into 0, r, between
the villages of Alexandria and Portsraouth,
The Scioto valley, lying between lat, 38° 42',
and 40° 50', and cut into two very nearly equal
sections by long, W. C. 6° w,, is about 150 ras,
long, and 60 ms, wide, area 9,000 aq, ma. Be
low Columbus the main streara traverses the
COS. of FrankHn, Pickaway, Ross, Pike and
Scioto. Though without direct falls, the Scioto
is a very rapid streara, {See art. rail-roads and
canals.) The Scioto valley lies between those
of Great Miarai and Muskingum, and has that
of Sandusky n., and M aumee ft. vr.
Scioto, co, O,, bndd, by Adams w,, Pike n,,
Jackson n. e,, Lawrence e,, and O, r, separa
ting it from Greenup co, Ky, s,, and Lewis co,
Ky,, s. w. Length from e, to w, 34 ms,, raean
breadth 15, and area 512 sq, ms,' Lat, 38° 50',
and lon", W, C, 6° w, intersect near its centre.
It is divided into two not very unequal aectiona
by Scioto r. which traverses it from n, to s.
The general slope is sthrd. ; surface hilly, and
aoU tolerably fertUo, Cf t, Portamouth. Pop.
1820, 5,749 ; 1830, 8,740.
Scioto, p-v. Scioto co. 0,, by p-r. 92 ms. s.
Columbus. 02

Scit'io, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y,, 180 ms, w.
Albiiny, aud 11 s. of Auburn, is bounded w, by
Cayuga lake, which separates it from Seneca
CO,, has Owaco lake e,, and includes a part of
the Cayuga Indian reserved landa. The inhab
itants are generally farmers, Salmon cr, and
other brooks supply many raill seats, but the
springs are afl'ected by drought. Slate rock
lies under the aoil. It haa Aurora and other
small villagoa. Pop, 9,691,
Scipio, p-v, Seneca co, 0,, by p-r, 88 ms. n.
Columbus, Scn-UATE, p-t, Plymouth co. Mass, 17 ms, s.
Boston on the Atlantic coast. Its harbor is
protected against the storms by small isls,, and
it has sorae coasting trade. It ia crosaed by
Satuit brook, whence it derives its name. It
waa an early settlement, and in 1676, during
Philip's war, had 19 houses and barns burnt by
the savages, Thomas Clapp, President of Yale
CoUege, Conn,, was born here, 1703, Pop,
3,468, Scituate, p-t. Providence co, R, I, 12 ms, w.
Providence, about 6 ras, by 8, has a rocky and
varied surface, vvith good buUding stone in the
w, ; soil generally favorable to grass. It has 2
small streams of Pawtuxet r. The raackerel
fishery here is important; 21 vessels were en
gaged in 1832, It also contains several cotton
factories, a bank, a foundry of bells and cannon,
and an academy. Pop, 3,994.
ScoNONDOA, p-v, Oneida co, N, Y, 23 ms. w.
Utica, 11 s. Rome, and 1 s, Erie canal, stands
onSconondoa cr,
Scotch Plains, p-v, Westfield,- Essex co, N.
J,, on Green Brook, 14 ms, s, w, Newark, and
near the borders of Soraerset co,
ScoTCHTowN, p-v, WallkiU, Orange co.N. Y,,
6 ma, N, w, Goshen,
Scotia, p-v,, and as named in the p-o, list of
1831, st, jus. Pope CO,, Arkansas, by p-r, 81 ras,
N, wstrd. Little Rock, E.'cact position uncer.
tain, Scott, p-t. CorUandt co. N, Y,, 18 ms, s,
Skeneateles, 9 from CorUandt, s. Onondaga co,,
and E, Cayuga co,, has small streams of Tiough
nioga cr,, and an inlet of Skeneateles lake, with
ridges of land extending n. and s. and a produc
tive soil, bearing grass best on the hills. The
soil is hold in fee simple. Pop, 1,452,
Scott, -p.v. Wayne co. Pa,, by p-r, 283 ras,
N, N. E, W, C,
Scott, co, Va,, bndd. by RusseU co. Va., n.
and N, N, E,, Washington co, Va. e., Sullivan
and Hawkins cos, Tenn, s,, and Lee co, Va. w.
and N, w. Length along Ten, 40 ras,, raean
width 15, and area 600 sq, ms. Lat, 36° 47',
long, -W. C, 5° 40' w. Slope s.w,, and tra
versed in that direction by the raain volurae of
Clynch, andN. fork of Holston rs., and between
those strearas by Clinch mtn. The surface is
broken and soU of middUng quaUty. Chief
town, EstiUvUle, Pop, 1820, 4,263; 1830,
5,724, Scott, co, Ky,, bounded by Lafayette s, E.,
Woodford s. w., Franklin w., Owen n, w,, and
Harrison n, and n. e. Length 18 ins,, raean
breadth 14, and area 252 sq, ins, Lal, 38° 15',
long. W. C. 7° 40' w. Slope n. w,, and drained
by Elkhorn and Eagle rs, confluents of Ky.

SCR

486

SEB

r. ; soil excellent. Cf t, Georgetown, Pop,
1820, 19,919 ; 1830, 14,677.
Scott, co. of Indiana, bndd. by Clark s,,
Washington w,, Jackson n, w,, Jennings n,, and
Jefferson n, e, and e. Length 90 ras,, mean
width 10, and area 200 sq, ms, Lat. 40° 40',
long, W. < '. 8° 45' w. Slope n, w, by w,, and
in that direction drained by ers,, falling into
Grahara's Fork of White r, Cf t. New Lex
ington, Pop. 1820, 9,334 ; 1830, 3,092.
Scott, co. Mo, bndd, by New Madrid a. w,,
Stoddard w,, Cape Girardeau n. vr., Misp, r.
above the raouth of Ohio, separating it from
Alexander county, Illinois n,, and the Misp.
river below the mouth of Ohio, separating
it from MacCracken and Hickman counties,
Ky. E. Length frora the Misp. r. on thes. e, to
the border of Cape Girardeau co, 50 ras, ;
mean breadth 18, and area 900 sq, ms, Lat,
37°, and long. 12° 30' w. intersect in this co.
Slope sthrd. The n. watrn. angle traversed by
White Water branch of St. Francis, and the
residue by ers, flowing into Misp, r, Cf t,
Benton. Pop. 2,136.
Scott, p-v. Adams co. 0,, by p-r, 94 ms, a
little w, of s, Columbus.
Scottsburgh, p-v, Halifax co, Va, by p-r.
235 ms, s.s. w, W.C,
Scott's Ferry, p-o, Albermarle co, Va. by
p-r. 150 ms. s. w. W. C,
Scottsville, p-v, Wheatland, Monroe co.
N. Y,:. 12 ms. s, Rochester, and 1 frora Genesee
r., stands on Allan's cr.
Scottsville, p-v. n, wstrn, part of Luzeme
CO, Pa,, 40 ma. n. n. w, WUkes-Barre,
Scottsville, p-v, and st. jus, Powhatan co,
Va, 32 ras, w, Richraond, and by p-r, 138 ras, s, s,
w, W, C. Lat. 37° 32', long, W, C, 0° 56' w.
Scottsville, p-o. Orange co, N,C,, by p-r,
56 ms, ft. N. w. Raleigh,
Scottsville, p-v, and st. jus. Allen co. Ky.,
situated on a branch of Green r., by p-r. 151
ras, s, s, w, Frankfort, and 67 ms, n, e, Nash
viUe, Ten, Lat, 36° 45', long, W. C, 9° 06' w.
Pop, 180.
Scriba, p-t. Oswego co, N, Y. 173 ms, n, w,
Albany, 60 w,,^.w. Rorae, s. of lake Ontario,
and tt. E, Oswego r., has a nearly level surface
and good soil, with few miU sites. Oswego
fort is in this town. It has a triangular form,
enclosing 3 or 4 acres, 50 ft. above 'the lake,
and vvas the first railitary work erected at the
raouth of Oswego r. in the old French wars, in
1727. Fort Oswego was afterward erected
near it ; and both were captured by the French
in 1756. Itwas surrendered to the Americans
by the British under Jay's treaty, in 1796, The
British, during the late war, once landed here,
and occupied the village at the raouth of the r.
for a few hours. Pop. 2,073,
Scriven, co, of Geo. bndd, by Effingham s, e,.
Great Ogeechee r. separating it from Bullock s,
w,, and Emanuel vv,, Burke n, w., and Savan.
nah r, separating it frora Bamwell dist, S. C,
N. e,, and Beaufort dist, S, 0, e, Lat. 32° 40',
long. W. C. 4° 30' w. The nthrn, section of
this CO, is traversed in a s, estrn. direction hy
Brier cr. branch of Savannah r, ; but the sthm,
and central sections slope sthrd,, and are drain
ed into Great Ogeechee r. Length in the di.

rection of its bounding rs., that is, from s.e. to
N. w. 34 ms.. mean breadth 99, and area 748 sq.
ms. Pop, 1890, 3,941 ; 1830,4,776.
Sckoggsfield, p-v. Columbiana co. O,, by
p-r. 146 ms, n.e. Columbus.
ScuFFLETOv/N, p-v. nthm. part of Laurens dist.
S. C, about 10 ms. tt. rt. e, Laurensville, and
by p-r. 85 ms. N. w. Columbia.
Scull Camp, p-v. n. wstm. part Surry co. N,
C, by p.r, 182 ms. «. w. by w. W. C.
Scull Shoals, and p.o. Greene co. Geo., by
p-r. 58 ms. n, MiUedgeville.
Seabrook, t, Rockingham co. N. H. 17 ras.
s, H. w. Portsmouth, 7 n. Newburyport, forms
the s. E. corner ofthe state, havmg the Atlantic
ocean e., and Mass. s. First settled 1638. It
is watered by Black, Brown's, and Walton's rs.,
and on raany of the brooks is found bog iron
ore. The building of whale boats has been ex
tensively carried on here, and the inhabitants
are chiefly sailors and raechanics. Pop. 1,093.
Seaconnet, point and rocks, Newport, New
port CO. R. I,, the s, end of the e, shore of Nar
ragansett bay, 6 ras. e. s, e. Newport.
Seaford, p-v. on Nanticoke r. northwestern
part Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 107 ms. a little s.
E. W. C.
Searcy's p-o. Montgomery co. Ten. by p-r.
58 ras, N. w, by w, Nashville.
Searight, p-o. Fayette co. Pa, by p-r. 199 ms.
N, w, W, C.
Searsburgh, t, Bennington co. Vt. 19 miles
E. Bennington, has a rough surface and much
poor soil, so that it sustains but few families.
Pop. 40.
Searsmont, p-t. Waldo co. Me, 25 ms. west
Castine, 30 e, Augusta, has alarge pond in the
centre, which discharges s, by an outlet into St.
George r. The form of the town is irregular
Pop, 1,151,
Seay's, p-0, Merriwether co. Geo. by p-r.
119 ras. w. MiUedgeviUe.
Sebago, lake, Curaberland co. Me. is 13 ms.
long, and about 20 wide in the broadest parts,
but nearly divided by a long and narrow cape,
extending s. w. from the e. shore in Rayraond.
It forras a part of the boundary of 5 tsps. clus
tered around it, Standish, Baldwin, Sebago,
Rayraond and Windham. Crooked r, falls into
the lake on the ft., into the lower part of whose
course, (which bears the name of Sungo,)
empties Long lake, in the n, part of the co.
Presumpscut r. flows frora the s. e., part of the
lake s. E, into Casco bay. Boat navigation ex
tends by this route to Portland,
Sebago ,p.t, Cumberland co. Me. 65 ms: s. w.
Augusta, lies onthe tt. w. side of Sebago lake,
with Oxford co. vr., has an irregular form, and
is watered by sraall strearas flowing into the
lake. Pop. 586.
Sebasticook, r. Me. rises in Penobscot and
Somerset cos, flows acroas the s, e. corner of
the latter, and passing into the n. e. corner of
Kennebec co, faUs into Kennebec r, in Winslow
opposite WatervUle.
Sebec, p.t. Penobscot co. Me. 87 ms, n. e.
Augusta, embraces the end of Sebec pond and
the head of Sebec r, which rises in it, andis
weU watered by these and Piscataquis r. on the
s. line. Pop. 906.

SEN

487

SEN

Second Fork, p-o, Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r.
154 ms, N, w. Harrisburg.
Section cr., and p-o. Clay co. Ky, by p-r.
106 ras. S.E. Frankfort. On Tanner's map of
the United States this creek is naraed Sexton's,
which is probably the real narae, but in direct
ing letters the p-o. Ust perhaps ought to be fol
lovved. Sedgwick, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 6 miles e.
Castine, 87 E, by s, Augusta, has Blue Hill bay
E. and a strait s. which separates it from Deer
isl., being situated principally on a peninsula,
with a coast raade irregular by points, coves,
(fee. Pop. 1,604.
Seecatcuee, V, Mass, onthe e. shore of Nan-
tucket, and on the verge of the ocean,
Seekonk, p-t, Bristol co. Mass, 38 ms. a, e,
Boston, N, Barrington, R. I,, and e. Providence
river, there the line of the sarae state. It
is an iraportant manufacturing town. Pop,
2,133, Selby's, store and p-o. Wake co, N. C. by p-r.
20 ms. s. wstrd. Raleigh.
Selin's Grove, and p-o. Union co. Pa., situa
ted on the right bank of the Susquehannah r,,
between Penn's tmd Middle cr,, by p-r. 50 ras.
above and nthrd. Harrisburg and 4 ras. below
Sunbury. Seller's, tavern and p-o. Bucks co. Pa,,
about 30 ras, m. Phil.
Selma, p-v. on the right bank of Alabama r,,
nrthrn. part DaUas co. Ala., by p-r. 86 ms. s. s.
e. Tuscaloosa. Selma, p-v. Jefferson co. Mo,, by p-r, 30 ras.
sthrd. St, Louis.
Seminole, Agency and p.o, on Ocklawaha r,
Alachua co, Flor., about 80 ras. a. w, by w, St,
Augustine, and by p-r. 238 ras. s. e, by e, Tal
lahassee, Sempronius, p-t, Cayuga co. N.Y, 15 ms,
s, E, Auburn, 160 w, Albany, has Onondaga co,
N,, Skeneateles lake e,, Onondaga and Cort
landt cos, e,, with raany hills, sorae extensive
valleys, and a soil generally rich and arable,
Owasco lake in the w, has an inlet in the s,
part, whose streams afford mUl seats, as do
other brooks running in different directions.
There are several raarsbes, tbe largest of which
is along the lower part of Owasco inlet, Owasco
flats s.w. are fertile, ..and contain Moravia v.
One raUe distant is Montville where are raills.
Pop. 5,705.
Seneca lake, N. y. lies between 4 cos, w. of
Cayuga lake, and in one part only 6 ras, distant.
It is about 35 ms, long n, and s,, frora 9 to 4
wide and of great depth. Ita outlet, Seneca r,
runs frora the n. end e, to Cayuga lake. There
is a great raarsh s. chiefly in Tioga co, through
which run several small strearas. On the w,
side, the outlet of Crooked lake falls into Seneca
lake. The aurface ofthis sheet of water is 431
ft. above the level of tide water at Albany.
Geneva, one of the prettiest vUlages in the
state, is situated at the n, w, comer ofthe lake,
partly on the low ground, and partiy on the ele
vated bank. The water has a gradual periodi
cal riae and fall, once in several years, the cause
of which has never been ascertained. The
water neTer freezes, which is probably owing
to ita depth. The land gradually rises for

several raa, by thoae broad, natural terraces
or successive parallel ridges, running n, and s.
over a considertible tract nf country. The view
frora the height of land between ,Seneca and the
adjacent lakes is extensive and agreeable.
The region has the appearance of having been
swept bya powerful current of water frora thcN.
Senega r, N, Y. rises at the N, end of Seneca
lake, and crosses Seneca, Cayuga and Onon
daga cos, 60 ras, to Oswego r, in Cicero, Its
branches are Cayuga, Canandaigua, Owasco,
Skeneateles, and Onondaga outlets. It is ren
dered navigable by a canal and locks by Water.
loo to the Erie canal. At Montezuma it is 371
ft. higher than the Hudson is at Albany.
Seneca r. of N. C. and Geo,, has its remote
sources in Blue Ridge, Macon co, N. C, but it
is a mere cr, where it leaves that state and
enters Pickens dist, ,S, C. Thence augmented
by nuraerous ers. from both sides, the Seneca
flows by comparative courses 45 ras. in a di.
rection a little e. of s. to its junction with Tu.
galoo to form Savannah r. This r. and its_
confluents drain the greater part of Pickens
dist. It is a mtn, streara, and compared with
length of course contains a large volume of
water, Seneca, co. N, Y,, bndd, by Wayne co. n,,
Cayuga co, e,, Torapkins co. s,, Ontario and
part of Steuben cos, w, IlHes chiefly between
Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and is crossed in the
N, by a part of Seneca r., which here runs from
the foot of Seneca lake to the foot of Cayuga
lake, and then n. The other streams are small.
It contains 10 towns, of which Ovid and Water.
loo are the chief and shire towns. It is about
187 ras. w, Albany, has an agreeably varied
surface, with a calcareous loam and vegetable
mould. There are some salt springs, iron ore
and limestone. The village of Seneca falls
has rapidly increased in business and popula
tion. In 1825 there were 265 inhabitants, and
in 1830,1,610, The faU is '46 ft, and affords
abund,ant power, part of which is employed in 4
flour mills, 1 grist raill, 1 cotton factory with
4000 spindles, 1 paper mill, 1 tannery, 1 sash
factory, 2 furnaces and 1 oil mill. At Water-
loo are 5 flour mills, 2 saw miUs, 1 clover seed
raill, 1 hemp factory, 1 patent pail factory, 1 tub
factory, 1 paper mill, 1 oil mill, 3 carding raills,
a lath factory and 1 forge. At Ovid, 1 steara
flour raill and 1 carding mill. Pop. 1820,
23,619; 1830,21,041.
Seneca, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 176 ras. w.
Albtmy, 12 e. Canandaigua, w, Seneca lake
and CO,, and is crossed by the road frora Albany
to Buffalo. The land is arable and favorable
to grass, and the surface s, hUly. The village
of Geneva, one of the pleasantest in the state,
is atthe n, w, corner of the lake. Pop. 6,161.
Seneca, co. 0,, bndd. by Crawford s., Han
cock s, w,, .Wood N. w., Sandusky N,, and Hu
ron E. Length frora e. to w. 32 ms., breadth
20, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 10', long.
W. C. 6° 06' w. Sandusky r. traverses this co.
flowmg to the nthrd. The general slope is of
course in that direction, but fromthe s. w. angle
issues the extreme fountains of Blanchard's
branch of Au Glaize r, Cf t. Tiffin. Pop.
5,159.

^EW

488

SHA

Seneca Falls, p-t, Seneca oo, N. Y,, 167
ms, w, Albany; contains a flourishing manu
facturing village, wbich has increasi:d in popu-
lationfrora 965 to 1 ,610 between 1895 and 1830,
The water falls here 42 ft, and afl'ords abun
dance of power for several mills and factories.
(.See Seneca co.) A canal her^asses round
the falls. Here are 18 dry goods stores in the
viUage, besides 2 hardware do,, 9 druggist's
do,, 5 flouring mills, 1 large cotton factory, 1
wooUen do,, 1 paper mill, 1 distiUery, 1 large
tannery, 1 sash factory, 1 carriage factory, be-
sidesnumerous smaller raanufacturing estabUsh
ments, The prosperity ofthe village ia owing to
ita valuable hydraulic privileges. Pop, 2,603,
Senegas, Indiana, N, Y, hold several reser-
vationa in the state, but their principal settieraent
is near Buffalo, on a tract 7 nis, by 18, on Buffa
lo creek.
Seneca Milla and p-o, Montgomery co. Md,
by p-r. 23 ma, n. w. "W, C,
Seneca VILLE, p-v, Guernsey co, 0, by p-r, 99
ms,E, Columbus,
Sennet, p-t, Cayuga co. New York. Pop,
, 2,297. Setauket, p-v. Brookhaven, Suffolk co, N,
Y, 58 ras. E. N, Y,
Setzler's Store and p-o. Cheater co. Pa. by
p-r, 138 raa, ft. e, W, C,
Seven Mile Ford and p-o, _ eaatern partof
Washington co, Va, 362 railes b, w, by w,
W, C. '
Seventy Six, p-v, Beaver co. Pa, byp-r, 256
ms. ft. Vf. W, C,
Severn, cr, and p-o, Owen co, Ky, by p-r, 21
raa, nrthrd, Frankfort,
Sevier, co, Tenn, bounded s, w, and w. by
Blount, Knox n, w,, Jefferson n, e,, Cocke n,,
and the Iron mtn, separating it from Haywood
CO, N, C. a, E, Length from s, e, to w, w, 28
ras,, raean breadth 18, and area 500 sq, raUes,
Lat, 35° 45', long. 6° 25' w, W, C, The
northem part of thia co, ia traversed in a west.
erly direction by the Nolechucky r, ; but the
southern and rauch the raost extensive section
of the CO, is drained to the n. w, by Little
Pigeon r. and its confluents, flowing from the
Iron mtns. into Nolechucky r. Chief t. Sevier-
viUe, or Sevier c, h. Pop, 1820, 4,772, 1830,
5,717. Sevierville or Sevier c, h,, p-v, and st, jua,
Sevier co. Ten, situated on Littie Pigeon r, 25
ms. B. E, by E, KnoxviUe, and by p-r, 225 ms, a
little s, of E. NashvUle, Lat, 35° 50', long, 6°
21' w, W, C,
Sewell cr, and mtn, wstrn, part of Green
brier CO, Va, SeweU cr, is one of the extreme
sthm, sources of Gauly r,
Sewell mtas., p-o. western part of Green
brier CO, Va, by p-r, 294 miles s, w, by w,
W,C, Sewell VaUey, p-o, western part of Green
brier co,.Va. by p-r, 988 raUes s, w, by w, W, C,
Sewicicley, the narae of three ers. of wstrn
Pa. The raost considerable is a streara of
Westmoreland co, rising opposite to the Loyal
hanna r,, and flowing westward into Youghio
ghany r. The second a smaU creek, though
relatively called Big Sewickley, and for a fe
ms, constituting part of the bound.iry between

AUeghany and Beaver cos. The third or Little
Sewickley, is a raere brook of Alleghany co.
The two latter Scwickleys fall into the right
side of Ohio r,
Sev»ckley Bottom, p-o, wstrn. part of AUe
ghany CO. Pa. 14 ras. n. w, Pittsburg.
Se.xton's, p-v, wstrn, part of Boone co. Mo,,
by p-r, 64 ms. ,^, w, Jefferson.
Shade, cr.one ofthe higher branches of Co
nemaugh r, flowing from the Alleghany ratn, in
the nrthwstrn. part of Somerset co. Pa.
Shade mtn,, a ridge extending from the great
bend of Juniata r., below Lewiston, and separa
ting Juniata from Mifflin co. Pa,
Shade, p-o, on Shade cr. n, j.,, partof Soraer
set CO, Pa,, about 20 railes n, e, the borough of
Somerset, and by p-r, 1 60 ras, n. w, W. C,
Shade Gap, and p-o, estrn, part of Hunting
don CO, Pa., 117 ms, n, w, W, C,
Shady Dale, p-o, Jasper co, Geo,, by p-r, 43
ms, N. w. MiUedgeviUe,
Shady Grovc, p-o, Franklin co, Va,, by p-r.
305 ms, a, w, W.C,
Shady Grove, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C, by
p-r, 277 ras, w. Raleigh.
Shady Grove, p-o. Union dist. S.C, by p-r.
86 ras. n, w, Colurabia,
Shafer's, p-o. Northarapton co. Pa., by p-r,
210 ms, N, E, W, C.
Shaferstown, p-v. estrn, part of Lebanon co.
Pa,, 9 ms. c. Lebanon, and by p-r. 129 ras, n. n.
E. W, C,
Shaftsbury, p-t, Bennington co, Vt., 97 ms.
s, w. Montpelier, 46 from Rutland, 31 frora Brat.
Ueboro' ; first settled about 1763 ; lies e, N. Y.
between Walloomsac and Battenkill ers,, and
has no large strearas, W. mtn. extends into
this town about 3 ras. The soil is generally
good, and excellent in the s, w. Iron ore and
raarble are found in the town. There is a fund
of $10,000 for the support of schools. Pop,
2,142, SiiaKleford's, p-0. King and Queen oo, Va.,
by p-r, 160 ras, s, W, C,
Shalersville, p-v, nrthm, part of Portage co,
O,, 5 ras, N, Ravenna, the co, st, andby p-r, 139
ms. N, E, Colurabus, Pop, tsp, 757,
Shallow Ford and p-o, Anderson dist, S. C,
by p-r, 145 ras, N. w. Colurabia.
Shamokin, cr, and p-o, central part of North
umberland CO, Pa,, by p-r, 64 ms, n. Harris
burg, The Sharaokin cr, falls into the left side
of Susquehannah r., iraraediately below the bo
rough of Sunbury,
Shandakan, p-t, Ulster co, N, Y,, 20 ras. w.
Kingston, 83 s, by w. Albany, lies s. Greene
CO,, N, SuUivan co,, and e, Delaware co. It is
mountainous, and several strearas flow hence to
Del. r, and Esopus cr. Pine hill ratn, liea on
the bordera of Del, co. Pop. 966.
Shane's Crossings, over St. Mary's r,, or as
marked on Tanner's map, Shanesville, p-v. on
St, Mary's r, nrthrn, part of Mercer co, 0„ 18
ras, N, w. St, Mary's, the co, st, and by p-r. 129
ras. N. w, Columbus, Pop, 46.
Shanesville, p-v. Tuscarawas county, Ohio,
by p-r. 96 miles n, e, by e. Columbus. Pop.
160. Shannon, p-v. Mason co, Ky,, by p-r, 55 ms.
N, r„ by E, Frankfort,

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Shannon HiU, p-o, Goochland co, Va. by p-r,
147 ms, a. s, w, W. C.
Shannon's Store and p-o. Randolph co, II, by
p-r, 71 ms, a. w. Vandalia.
Shannonville, p-v., and named in p-o, list as
St. jus. Perry co. 'Ten,, by p-r. 114 ms. s. w, by
w, Nashville.
Shapleigh, p-t. York co. Me. 163 ms, s. w,
Augusta, 35 N, w, York, e, N. H. ; contains
several ponds, one of which, partly in the ad
joining state, gives rise to Salmon Falls river.
Pop, 1,479,
Sharon, t, HiUsborough co. N, H, 18 mUes
from Amherst, 48 from Concord, and e, of
Cheshire cc, gives rise in the s, e, to branchea
of Contoocook r,, but is almost destitute of mUl
aeata. Boundary ratn, 900 ft, high, is on the e,
boundary. Pop, 371,
Sharon, p-t, Windsor co. Vt.92 ms. n. Wind
sor, liea N, White r. Pop, 1,459,
Sharon, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass. 18 mUes s,
Boston, is at the head of Neponset r, which
furnishes good mill seats, occupied by several
manufactories. The Sharon cotton raanufac
turing corapany was incorporated 1811, with a
capital of $100,000. Mashapoag pond gives
rise to one of the chief branches of Neponset
r, and gave the Indian narae to the town. Pop,
1,023. Sharon, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 railea
vv, Hartford, liea w. Housatonic river, and E,
N. Y. It is hilly e. with granite rocks. The
soil is varioua, generally atony, with fine cal
careous levels w. Grain succeeds better than
in most other parts of the state. Population,
2,615, Sharon, p-t. Schoharie co, N, Y, 45 ms. frora
Albany, 16 N. w, Schoharie, s, Montgomery co,,
and E, Otsego co. ; has some low ridges of the
Helderbergs. The soil is favorable to wheat.
CobuskiU cr, rises here and suppHes mill seats.
The inhabitants are of German descent. Pop,
4,247. Sharon, tsp. and p-v. wstm, part of Mercer
CO, Pa. "The p-v, is very near the border be
tween Mercer co. Pa. and Trumbull of O,, and
stands on Shenango cr, about 16 ras. w, of the
borough of Mercer,
Sharon, tsp. Franklin co, O, 56 ras, w. Zanes
ville, 9 N, Columbus. It contains 16,000 acres,
and 5 sq. ms. First settled 1803. Worthing
ton, a fine vil. is in this tsp. situated on fhe E.
side of Whetstone river, and contains a hand
some Episcopal church, one for Presbyterians
and one for Methodists, Pop, tsp. 913,
Sharon, p-v, Morgan co. 0. by p-r. 99 ms, b,
E. by E, Colurabus,
SiiARONviLLE, p-V, Hamilton co, O, by p-r, 14
ms, n. E. Cincinnati.
Sharpe's Store and p-o, Lowndes co. Geo, by
p-r. 203 ras. b. MiUedgeviUe.
Sharpsburg, p-v. southern part Washington
co.^Id. on the left bank of Potomac r,, 18 ms,
s. Hagerstown, the co, st,, and by p-r, 66 ms. tt.
vr. W, C.
Sharpsburg, p-v. wstrn. part Bath co. Ky. 11
ms. wstrd. Owingsville, the co. St., and 62 ms.
e. Frankfort. Pop. 158.
Sharp's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa, by
p-r, 197 ms, n. vr. W. C.

Shartlesville, p-v. Berks co. Pa, by p-r,
156 ms, I-,-, N, E, W, C,
Shauck's, p-o, Richland co, 0, by p-r, 57 raa.
N, N, E, Columbus,
Shaver's cr. and p-o. northern part Hunting
don CO. Pa, 10 miles n, the borough of Hunting.
don, and by p4t 152 ma, a little n. ofN, w, W, C,
Shawangunk, p-t, Ulater co. N.Y, 91 ma. from
Albany, 26 s. w, Kingston, 17 w, n. w. New
burgh, has Montgomery co. s,, and reaches the
base of Shawangunk mtn, w, Shaw cr, vr. and
Wallkill cr, is, raeet near the n, boundary. The
soil is strong loara, with some clay, and the
surface nearly level. Oak prevails in the
woods, MiU stones are obtained here. The
skeleton of the mammoth in Peal's museura,
Philadelphia, was taken frora a swamp here,
and 9 others have been found in this and an ad
joining t. The inhabitants are of Dutcb origin.
Pop, 3,681.
Shawangunk ratns. N, Y, cross Ulster and
Orange cos, being a spur of the sraall range of
the Catsbergs.
Shawneetown, p-v, on Ohio i, eastern part
Gallatin co, II, 9 ms, below the raouth of 'Wa
bash r, and byp-r, 197 ras, s, e, Vandalia, Lat.
37° 49', long. W. C, 11° 14' w. It is a flourish
ing V, containing a bank, printing office, land
office, and a number of taverns, stores, <fec. It
is the depot for the U. S, Saline near the v, of
Equality, 19 ms, wstrd.
Shaw's Meadows, and p-o, nthrn, part Nortii-
ampton CO, Pa, about 36 ms, N, of Easton, the
CO, st,, and 926 ras, n, n, e, W, C,
Sheboigon, r, of Mich, {See Cheboigon.)
Sheboigon r, of Huron Ter, rises to the
eastward and near the southern end of Winne
bago lake, interlocking sources wilh Rock r.
and flowing thence estrdly, into lake Mich,
Sheepscot, r, Lincoln co. Me, runs a short
distance in Kennebec co, and erapties into thp
Atlantic, at Wiscasset, raeeting some of those
arms of the sea which forra so raany isla, on
that part of the coaat.
Sheet's Mill and p-o, Harapshire co, Va, by
p-r, 126 ras, n. w, by w. W. C,
Sheffield, p-t, Caledonia co, Vt, 35 ms, n.
Montpelier, 40 n, Newbury, with 22,607 acres.
First settled 1793, It is on the height of lands
dividing the waters of Conn r, and lake Chara
plain, containing head streams of Barton and
Passumpsic rs, on which are mill seats. Pop,
720. Sheffield, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass, 125 ms.
W.Boston, n. Conn,, was incorporated 1733,' 6
years before any other t, in this co. The sur
face is agreeably varied, and there is much
good land, watered by Housatonic r. and several
of its branches. The v. is situated in a valley
surrounded by several eminences, of which
Taughkannic mtn, w, is theloftiest, being about
3,000 ft, high. Along the course ofthe Housa
tonic, here slow and crooked, are extensive and
valuable meadows, on the w. side of which
runs the principal street 4i ms, A grant was
raade by the general court of Mass. in 1720,
which included partof two neighbouring towns,
and left a reserved tract for the Indians, The
settlement was soon comraenced from West-
field. Pop, 9,382,

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Sheffield, p-v. on lake Erie, nrthrn, part Lo
rain CO, 0,, byp-r, 14 ras, N, Elyria, the co, st,,
and 144 ras, n, n, e, Colurabus, Pop, tsp, 915.
Shegag's, store and p-o. about 60 ras. wstrd.
NashviUe, Shegoimegon, r. {See Chegoimegon.)
SiiELBURN, p-t, Chittenden co,,Vt,, 33 ras, w.
Montpelier, and 96 n. w. Middlebury, was first
setUed before the revolution by Logan and Pot-
tier, on points in the lake which still bear their
naraes. They and ten other famiUes soon af
ter abandoned the place, hut after the war it
was occupied by settiers from Connecticut,
There is a bay of the lake, named after the t,
into the head of which falls Laplatte r, Shel-
burn pond in the n.E. covers about 600 acres.
The soil is very good, tiraber hard Vvood. Pop.
1,122, Shelburne, p-t, Coos co, N. H. Ill ras. from
Concord, w. of Maine, is crossed by Andros
coggin r, which receives Rattle r, (fee, and has
good soil on its banks ; but the land is general.
ly rough, and often useless for cultivation, Mt,
Moriah, of the White ratn. range, is in the s.
Moses' rock is a singular block of stone, 90 ft.
long and 60 high. First settied 1775. Pop.
312. Shelburne, p-t. Franklin co. Mass,, 100 ms,
K, w. Boston, n. e. Deerfield r,, comprising a
valuable fall of 20 ft,, has a pleasant situation,
nnd was formerly a part of Deerfield, The
schools, library, ifec, have proved particularly
useful. At Shelburne faUs is an academy on
the manual labor plan, having 3 buildings ; one
of brick, containing 2 recitation rooras, and 21
others for stud'ents ; another 2 stories high, 60
ft, by 28, and another for commons. Mr, Fisk,
missionary to Palestine, was bom here, 1792,
Pop, 995,
Shelby, p-t, Orleans co, N, Y,, 263 ms, from
Albany, 14 ft. n, w, Batavia, e, Niagara co,, and
ft. Tonawanta reservation, is watered by Oak
Orchard cr. and its branches, crossed by the
Mtn. Ridge n. and touched n, w. by Erie canal.
There are several mills, (fee. Pop, 2,043.
Shelby, co, Ky,, bndd, s, e, by Anderson,
Spencer s,, Jefferson w,, Oldham n, w,, Henry
ft. and Franklin e. Length from e, to w, 26 ras,,
breadth 17, area 449 sq, ras, Lat, 38° 15',
long, W, C, 8° 10' w. Though the estm. bor
der approaches very near Kentucky r,, the slope
of this CO, iss, w,, and in that direction is drain
ed by different confluents of Salt river. Pop,
19,030, Cf t, Shelbyville,
Shelby, the extrerae sthwstrn, co, of Ten,,
bndd, by 'Tipton co. Ten, n,, and Lafayette co.
Ten, e,, on the s, it has the Chickasaw territo
ry in the state of Misp,, and onthe w, the Misp.
r. separating it frora Crittenden co. Ark. Lat.
35° 15', and long. W. C, 13° vr. intersect in the
wstrn. part ofthis co. The sltipe is wstrd, and
in that direction is traversed and drained bythe
various confluents of Wolf r, and Nanconnah
cr. The high land of the interior reaches the
Misp. r. at the n, w, angle, and at the raouth of
Wolf r. in this co. 'These hills are called
Chickasaw Bluffs frora the Indian nation who
formerly owned and inhabited the country. The
soil is good. Staple, cotton. Cf t, Memphis.
Pop. 1820, 354; 1830,5,648.

Shelby, co. Ohio, bndd, by Miarai co, a,.
Dark co. s, vr., Mercer n. vr., AUen n,, Logan
N. e,, and Charapaign s. e. It is about 90 ras.
each side ; area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 20',
long. W, C, 7° 12' w. The extreme sources
of Saint Mary's and au Glaize rs, rise on the
northwestem and northern borders, but the
much greater part slopes southward, and gives
source to Great Miami r. The extrerae higher
sources of Wabash rise also in Mercer co,,
very near the northwestem angle of Shelby.
The latter comprises, therefore, a part of the
high and flat table land of Ohio. Cf. t. Sidney.
Pop. 1820, 2,106, 1830, 3,671.
Shelby, co. Ind,, bndd, s, e, by Decatur, Bar
tholomew s,, .Tohnson w., Marion n. vr., Han
cock N., and Rush E. Length from s. to n. 24
ras., breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 39°
30', long, W. C. 8° 45' w. Slope s. s, w., and
in that direction drained by different branches
of Driftwood fork of White r. Cf t. Shelby.
vUle. Pop. 6,295.
Shelby, co. II,, bndd. a. is. by Effingham,
Fayette s., Montgomery w., Sangamo n. w.,
Macon n., and Coles E. Length from e. to vr.
40 ms,, width 32, and area 1,280 sq. ms. Lat.
39° 22', long. W. C, 11° 45' w. The north
westem angle gives source to the Mowawequa
branch of Sangaraon r., and slopes to the n, w. ;
and the opposite or southeastern angle gives
source to Little Wabash, and slopes to the
sthrd. Full 9-lOth of the co. is, however, drain
ed by the Kaskaskias, and branches ; the main
streara traversing it diagonally from ft. n. e. to
s. s, w. Cf t. ShelbyviUe. Pop. 2,972.
Shelby, co. Ala. bndd. by Autauga co. b,,
Bibb s, w,, Jefferson n, w, and n,, St, Clair n.
E., and Coosa r, separating it frora the Creek
country e. Length frora s, to tt. 50 ms,, mean
breadth 29, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 33°
and long. W. C, 10° w. intersect in the south
western angle of this co. The East fork of
Cahaba r,, rising in Jefferson and Saint Clair
COS., enters and traverses the northwestern
side of Shelby, flowing in a s. s. w. direction
into Bibb co. Between the Cahaba and Coosa
vallies extends a ridge, from which ers. flow
eastward towards the Coosa. The Coosa slope
comprises full tvvo thirds of the whole surface
of the CO. Cf town, Shelbyville. Pop. 5,704.
Shelby, p-v. northeastern part Macorab co.
Mich., 1 1 ms, northward Mount Clemens, the
CO. seat, and 37 ras, ft. n, e. Detroit.
Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ala.
by p-r. 73 ras. a little n. of e. Tuscaloosa. Lat.
33° 16', long. W. C. 9° 59' w.
Shelbyville, p-v. and St. jus. Bedford, co.
Ten., situated on Duck r., by p-r. 52 ras. s. s.
E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 98', long. W. C. 9°
24' w,
Shelb'Yville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ky.
on a branch of Salt r, 30 ras. e, LouisviUe, 22
w. Frankfort, lat. 38° 11' long. 8° 12' w. W.
,C. This is a very flourishing village, and one
of considerable business. It contains a court
house, jaU, and 4 churches, 1 Presbyterian, 1
Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist. There
is also a female academy and 3 other schools,
a market, printing office where a weekly paper
is published, 2 cotton spinning and 1 rope and

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bagging factory, and other valuable manufac
turing establishments. Pop, 1,901.
Shelbyville, p-v. and at. jus. Shelby co,
Ind,, by p-r, 30 ras, s. e. Indianopolis. Lat, 39°
32', long. W.C, 8° 46' w.
Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. II.,
on Kaskaskias river, 40 miles above and n, n.
E. Vandalia. Lat. 39° 92', long. W. G. 11°
52' w.
Sheldon, p t, Franklin co, Vt., 46 ms. n. w.
MontpeUer, 32 n. e. Burlington ; was setUed
1790, and is watered by Missisque r,, and Black
r, its branch, on the latter of which are mill
seats. The surface is varied, and the soil
generally good. Pop. 1,427.
Sheldon, p-t. Geneaee co, N, Y., 270 ms. w,
Albany, 94 s, w, Batavia, aud e, of Erie co, ; is
watered by Tonawanta cr, and two branches
of Buffalo cr. The land is high, but moist, and
more favorable to grass than grain. Pop,
1,731. Shelter Island, t. Suffolk co, N, Y., lies off
the E. end of Long Island, 100 miles e. New
York, and 950 frora Albany, by the coramon
route. This town is forraed of two iisljnds,
which lie in the bay between Southold and
Southampton. Shelter island contains 8,000
acres, of varied surlace, with a soil generally
light and sandy, but in sorae parts rich, level
and well cultivated. Hog Neck isl, ^ a mile
distant, and connected by a ferry, has a ship
channel all round it. In the revolutionary war,
the British deprived this island of its timber.
Pop, 330,
Shenandoah, i . of Va., and one of the great
southem branches of Potomac r., is coraposed
of two branches, called with no great relative
correctness. North Branch and South Branch,
The southern and main branch rises in Augus
ta CO., as far s, as lat, 38°, and long. 9° w, W,
C, Flowing thence nrthestrd. along the north
western slope of Blue Ridge, over Augusta,
Rockinghara, and Page counties, receives the
North Branch in the southern angle of Fre
derick CO., after a coraparative course of 90
miles. The North Branch of Shenandoah r. has its
source in Rockingham co,, from which it flows
by coraparative courses n. n. e, 50 railes over
Rockingham and Shenandoah counties, enters
Frederick, bends to the eastward, and joins
the South Branch as already noticed. Below
the junction of its two branches, the Shenan
doah flows N. E. along the northwest slope
of Blue Ridge 40 miles to its junction with the
Potoraac at Harper's Ferry. {See art. Po
tomac.) Shenandoah, co., Va., bndd. a. w. by Rock
inghara, Hardy w. and N. w., Frederick a. and
N, E,, and Page E, and s. e. Length from s. w.
to N. E. 39 ms., raean breadth 12, and area 384
sq, ras. Lat. 38° 50', long. W. C. 1° 30' w.
The whole co. is a part of the valley of the
North fork of Shenandoah r. Since the census
of 1830, Page co. was detached from Shenan.
doah, which latter formerly comprised upwards
of 1,000 sq.ras. In the census tables of 1830,
what is now Shenandoah co,, is called West
Shenandoah, and contained a population of
11,423. Both counties, or the original Shenan.

doah, contained in 1890, an aggregate pop. of
18,996. Shepherdstown, p-v. estrn, part Curabeijand
CO, Pa,, by p-r. 8 ms. from Harrisburg, and 102
ms, rt. W. C.
Shepherdstown, p-v, on the Potomac river,
northeastern part ,Teff'erson co, Va,, 10 miles
above Harper's Ferry, and by p-r, 62 ms. n, w.
W.C, Shepherdsville, p-v, and st. jus, BuUitt co.
Ky,, on the North fork of Salt river, 23 railes
s, LouisviUe, and by p-r, a little s, of w. Frank
fort, Lat. 37° 58', long. W, C. 8° 42' w. Pop.
278, Sherburne, p-t, Rutiand co. Vt,, 22 railes
N, w, Windsor, and 9 w, e. Rutland, First
settled 1785. It gives rise to Queechy river
tt. vr., and bas several small mill strearas,
particularly Thundering brook, wdiich rises in
one of the ponds. There is some meadow"
land on Queechy river, but the surface is gene.
rally mountainous. Killington peak, of tho
Green mtas., is south and 3,924 ft. high. Pop.
432. Sherburne, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass,, 21 raa,
s, w, Boston, vv, Charles r., e, andN, e. Nashua
r. The t. is agricultural, and possesses a good
soU. Pop. 899.
Sherburne, p-t. Chenango co, N, Y,, 98
miles w, Albany, 11 n, Norwich, lies s, Madi
son comity, and is crossed by Chenango river,
on which are rich raeadows. The soil gene
rally ia good for both grain and grass. The
village is on the e. bank of the river. Pop.
2,601. Sherburne, p-v. Beaufort dist, S, C, by p-r.
165 ras. s. Colurabia.
Sherburne Mills, and p-o. Fleming co. Ky,,
by p-r. 84 ras, estrd. Frankfort.
SiiEiiiDAN, p-t, Chatauque co, N. Y,, 3i9 ras.
from Albany. Pop. 1,666,
Sherman, p-t, Fairfield co. Conn,, 60 ms. s.
w. Hartford, is in the s. w, corner of the co,,
with Litchfield co, n, and N. Y. -vv. The sur
face is hilly, the soil varioua, and aome iron
ore is found. Several streams flow into Housa
tonic r. Pop. 947.
Sherman, p-v, southern part Huron co. 0,,
by p-r. 96 miles a little e. of n. Columbus.
Pop, 153.
Sherman, p-v. Saint Joaepli's co. Mich., by
p-r. 145 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit.
Sherrard's Store, and p-o. Hampshire co.
Va., by p-r. 95 ms. n, w. W. C.
Suerrill's Ford, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C,
by p-r. 148 ms. wstrd. Raleigh.
Sheshequin, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r.
136 ras. nrthrd. Harrisburg.
Shetucket, r. Conn., is formed by the junc
tion of Willimantic and Mount Hope rivers,
and after flowing s. e. joins the Quinnebaug,
and at Norwich takes the narae of the Tharaes.
Shickshinny, mtn., rises above and stretches
along the right bank of Susquehannah r., sthm.
part Luzeme co. Pa.
Shickshinny, p-o. near the right bank of Sus
quehannah r., sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa., by
p-r, 10 1 ms, N. E. Harrisburg.
Shiloah, p-v. Camden co. N. C, by p-r. 200
ms. N. E. by E. Raleigh.

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Shiloh, p-v, sthrn, part Marengo co. Ala., by
p-r, 97 ms, s, Tuscaloosa,
Shinersville, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa,, by p-r,
224 ms. nrthrd. W. C.
Shinnston, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p.r. 236
ms. wstrd. W, C,
Shippen, p-v. MacKean co. Pa., by p-r, 293
ma, N, w, W, C,
Shippensburg, borough and p-v. Cumberland
CO. Pa,, by p-r, 39 ms, s, w, by w, Harrisburg,
and 100 ms. n, n. w, W, C, Pop. 1830, 1,621.
It is a close built v., principaUy of one street
along the raain road.
SiiippENSviLLE, p-v. Venango co. Pa,, by p-r.
256 ras. N, w. W. C,
Shippingport, p-v, Ky, on the Ohio r,, 2 ms,
below the centre of Louisville, and at the lower
end of the Rapids, Jefferson co. Though a
> separate p-v, and under a different corporate
esta.blishraent, it is comraercially a suburb of
Louisville. Pop, 606.
¦ Shippingport, p-v. Tazewell co, II,, about 150
ms. N, N, w, Vandalia,
Shiremantown, p-v, Curaberland co. Pa, by
p-r, 4 ras, frora Harrisburg.
SiiiRLY, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass, 38 ras. n,
w, Boston, s, w, Nashua r,, wiUi Squanicook, a
branch of it, on the n, on both of which streams
are rich raeadows. Chairs have been made
here to a great amount. Pop, 991,
Shirleyseurg, p-v, Huntingdon co. Pa. 20
ms. a. a, £, the borough of Huntingdon.
Shiver's Mills, and p-o, Warren co, Geo,,
by p-r, 45 iiis, n, e, by e, Milledgeville,
Sno.iLS OF Ogeechee, p-v, Hancock co, Geo,,
by p-r, 47 raa. tt. e, MiUedgeville.
Shober's Mills, and p-o, Jefferson co, Ohio,
by p-r. 142 ms. n, e, by e. Columbus.
Shoreham, p-t. Addison co. Vt, 12 ms, s, w,
Middlebury, 49 ms. s. Burlington, and ou the
E, side of lake Champlain, has a surface nearly
level, with good soil, and is one ofthe best far
ming towns in the state. It Hes opposite fort
I'iconderoga, and coraraands a view of the ruins
of that fortress, and the interesting scenery in
ita vicinity. The lake is generally about a J
mile wide bere, and there is a ferry across it.
The shore is generally a little elevated, andthe
rocks of dark calcareous atone, containing ira
pressions of shells, (fee, A variety of fish are
taken frora the lake. Pop, 2,137,
Short Mountain, p-o. 111 ms, westward Lit
tle Rock, Arkansas, given in the p-o. list as in
Crawford co.
Short Pump, p-v, Henrico Co,, Va, by p-r. 12
ms, Richmond.
Shrewsbury, r,, Monmouth co, N, J, divided
into the North or Navesink and South rivers, is
navigable for vessels of 50 tona, and navigated
by a ateamboat frora N. Y. twice a day. Thia r.
formerly diachargedinto the sea 9 ms. s. Sandy
Hook, but the outlet was closed by a storm in
1810, and the r, discharged into Raritan or
Sandy Hook bay. The outlet is again open and
the waters discharged by both channels, (1832.)
Shrewsbury, p-t. Rutland co. Vt, 22 ma, w,
Windsor, 9 ms. s. e. Rutland, Hes chiefly on the
Green mtns, and is very high e. Shrewsbury
peak N, 4,100 ft, high, is one ofthe most lofty
summits of the range. Mill r, s, w. and Cold

r, N,, are mUl streams. Pearl's and Ashley's
ponds Ue s. The soil is good for grass. Pop.
1,28'9. Shrewsbury, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30
ms. w. Boston, 5 e. Worcester, is varied by
hills and vallies, and divided near the middle,
N, and s. by a high ridge. The soil is fertile,
and the inhabitants farmers. Quinsigamond or
Long pond, nearly 4 ms, long, and from 50 to
70 ft, deep, lies between this town and Worces
ter, and is crossed by a floating bridge, princi
pally of hewn lirriber, 525 ft, long. Artemas
Ward, the first major general of the U. States,
died here, in 1800. Pop, 1,386,
Shrewsbury, p-t, Monmouth co, N. J. 95 ms.
from N. Y. city and 14 s. e. Middletown Point;
Here are several large peach orchards, two of
which are said to be the largest in the United
States, covering together 150 acres, and con
taining 92,000 trees, the first of which were
planted about 1899, The fruit is principally car
ried to New York market. The soil is even
inferior to that of Uie adjacent pine plains, yet
the fruit is remarkably fine. Beds of marie are
found in some parts of this town, containing
bones, shark's teeth, ifec. Pop. 4,700,
Shrewsbury, tsp, and p-v. southern side of"
York CO., Pa. The p-o. is about 14 ras. south
wardly from the borough of York, and by p-r.
72 ms. N. W. C. Pop, tsp, 1820, 1,983, 1830,
2,571, Shutesbury, p-t. Franklin co., Mass., 89 ms.
w, Boston, is very rocky, stony, and hilly, and
unfavorable to agriculture. It is crossed by the
w, branch of Swift r. tt. and s. which furnishes
valuable raill seats. Settled 1754, from Sud
bury, Pop, 986,
SiASCoNSET, v.. Mass,, on the E, side of Nan
tucket, a little s, of Sicacache.
Sidney, p-t, Kennebec co. Me,, 8 ras. n. Au
gusta, has Kennebec river e. and a sraall lake
on the w. line, which is connected with several
others, and flows by an outlet into the Kenne
bec. Pop. 2,191,
Sidney, p-t, Delaware co,, N, Y. 95 ms. s,
w, Albany, 24 ms, w, Delhi ; has Oswego river
N., which separates it frora Otsego co. ; Che
nango CO, is w. The Susquehannah is n, w, and
Ouleout cr. n. e. and both have fine raeadows
on their banks, though the surface of the town
is generally hilly. Pop. 1,410.
Sidney, p-v. and st. just. Shelby co,, O,, by
p-r. 86 ms, n. w. by w. Columbia, on Great Mi
ami I. at lat, 40° 1 7', long. 7° 8' w. Population
240. •
Silvan Grove, p-v. Morgan co. Illinois, by
p-r. 138 ms. northwest VandaUa.
Silver Creek, p-v. on SUver cr,, wstrn, side
Madison co. Ky,, by p-r, 8 ms, wstrd. Rich
mond, the CO. St., and 58 ms. s. E. Frankfort.
Silver Glade, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C, by
p-r. 148 ms. n, w. Columbia.
Silver Lake, p-o. Susquehannah co. Pa,, by
p-r. 980 ms. n. n.e. W. C, 6 ms, n.w. Mon
trose, the CO. St. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 456 ;
1830, 516.
Silver Spring, p-v. wstrn. part of Wilson co.
Ten., 22 ms. estrd. Nashville.
Simpson, co. Misp., bndd. by Covington s. e,,
Lawrence Si w., Copiah w,, Hinds n, w., and

SIN

493

SLA

Ranltin n, ; length from e, to w, 36 ms., breadth
28, and area 1,008 sq. ms. Lat. 32°, and long.
W. C. 13° vr. intersect in this co. near West
ville, the CO. St. The slope is to the sthrd,,
and in that directiou it is traversed by Pearl i ,,
and drained by several of its branches. Pop,
9,680. Simpson, co. Ky., bndd. w. and ft. vr. by Lo
gan, Warren n,, Allen e,, Sumner co. Ten, s, e,,
and Robertson co. Ten, s, w. The length along
Ten. 35 ms,, mean breadth 12, and area 420
sq. ras. Lat. 36° 45', long, W, C, 9° 35' w.
The estm, part ofthis co, slopes nthrd., and in
that direction is drained by some of the sthrn.
branches of Big Barren r, ; whilst frora the
wstrn. section issue the extreme n. estrn,
source of Red r, branch of the Cumberland,
The CO. is therefore a table land between the
vaUies of Green and Cumberland rs, Cf t,
Franklin. Pop. 1820, 4,852 ; 1830,5,815,
Simpsonville, p-v. Montgomery co. Md., by
p.r. 7 ms. from W. C.
SiliFsoNviLLE, p-v. Shelby co. Ky,, by p-r, 8
ms. wstrd, Shelbyville, the co. st., and 29 ms.
wstrd. Frankfort. Pop. 77.
SiJiSBURY, p-t. Hartford co. Conn.. 12 ms. n,
w. Hartford, first settled 1670, frora Windsor,
deserted in 1676, and then burnt by Lidians, but
was soon after re-occupied. It is crossed by
Farmington r., and has a rocky range e., ou
which ia much useleaa land, and which is bro
ken through by the r, on a part of whose course
lie sorae rich raeadows. Salmon and shad for
merly abounded in this streara, but have now
deserted it. Pop. 2,221.
Sinepuxent Inlet, on the Atlantic coast of
Worcester co. Md. It is the entrance between
Assateague and Fenwick's isls, into a long
narrow sound which bears the same name
with the entrance, and admits sinall coasting
vessels, Si-N'GSi.NG, p-v. Mount Pleasant, Westchester
CO, N. Y,, is situated at the foot and on the ac
clivity of the steep bank of Hudson r, just be
low the mouth of Croton r. It has 4 churches,
a male and feraale acaderay, and 2 landings,
with one of which a fine steamboat communi
cates twice daily on the v/ay between Peekskill
and New- York. There are several handsorae
country seats, and many fine points of view.
One of the state prisons is situated a little s,
from the village, on the bank of the r,, is built
of white marble, forming 3 sides of a square,
with 1,000 cells for convicts, ranged in 5 sto
ries, a chapel, 2 hospitals, superintendants and
keepers, dwellings, work sheds, and a wharf
The system of discipline is essentially that of
the Auburn prison. 'The convicts are eraployed
in quarrying and working white raarble from a
quarry in the rear, on the grounds belonging to
the prison. They are guarded by 94 centinels,
and work without chains or bonds of any kind
There is not even a wall or fence about the
quarry. From the higK grounds in the upper
parts of the vUlage, the eye embraces a view of
Hudson r,, for afeout 30 ras., including Haver
straw and Tappan bays, with a large part of
the Highland range, &c.
Sinking Cane, p-o., Overton co. Ten,, by p-r.
113 ms. estrd. Nashville. 63

Sinking Spring, p-v. Highland co, 0,, by p.r,
78 ms, B. s, w, Columburi,
Sinking Vallev Mills, and p-o. Huntingdon
CO. Pa., by p-r, 170 ms, tt. n. w, W. C.
SiNNA,uAiioNiNG, T. Pa,, the extrerae n, wstrn.
branch ofthe West Branch of Susquehannah.
This r. forraed by numerous branches flowmg
from Potter, MacKean, Jeflcrson, and Clearfield
COS. is a true mountain stream joining the main
w. branch in tho vvstrii, part of Lycoming co.
It interlocks sources to the ft. with those of
Genesee r, ; to the n, w, wilh those of Allegha
ny r, and W. Clarion r,
SiNNAMAiiONiNG, p-0. wstm, part of Lyco
ming CO. Pa.) about 120 ma. tt. vr. Harris
burg. SmoAN, p-v, Rochester, Plymouth co,, Mass.
on Sipican r,, which empties into Buzzard's
bay, SisTERSviLLE, p-v, Tyler co, Va,, by p-r, 974
ms. a Uttle n. of w. W, C, on 0, r,, about 50
ras, N, w, by w, Clarksburg,
Six Natioi^, of Indians, N. Y. This general
narae includes theprincipal tribes or rather na
tions of Indians, who forraerly occupied the
principal part ofthe present state of Nevv York,
and exercised authority far into New England.
They have gradually becorae scattered and re
duced, having sold most of thoir land. But
numbers of therti all, except the Mohawks, still
dwell upon small tracks of reserved land in dif
ferent cos. of the state. The names of these
were Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Oneidas,
Mohawks, and Tuscaroras, 'I'he Onondagas
were highest in authority. The Tuscaroras
came from the south, and were in modern times
adraitted into the confederacy. The language
of this tribe is said to bear no resoiublance to
the others beyond the general principles of con
struction, in which all the tongues and dialects
ofthe Araerican savages agree (with two ex
ceptions,) The other 5 nations, though differ
ing in this respect, speak languages which have
a greater affinity,
Skaneateles Lake, N, Y., lies chiefly in
Onondago co,, aud is 15 ms. long, by 4 to 1^
wide. It yields trout aud other small fish, and
its outlet flows frora the n. end into Seneca r.
10 ms., supplying many mill sites.
Skaneateles, p-t. Onondaga co,, N. Y., 149
ms. from Albany.. Pop. 3,819.
Skaneateles, p-v, Marsellus, Onondaga co,,
N. Y,, at the outlet of Skaneateles lake, 145
ms. w. Albany, contains several raills, (fee.
Skinner's Eddy, and p-o. Luzerne co., Pa,,
on Susquehannah r, 44 ras. above Wilkes.Bar
re, and 267 ras, n. n, e. W. C,
S'kippack, cr. and p-o. The cr, is the eastem
branch of Perkioraen r,, Montgoraery co. Pa.,
by p-r. the p-o. ia about 25 raa. n. w. Phila.
Slab Point, and p-o, western part of Mont
gomery CO,, Illinois, by p-r. 46 ms. n. w. Van
dalia. Slabtown, p-v. Anderson dist,, S, C, by p.r.
139 ms. N. w. Columbia,
•Slate, p-o. Bath co. Ky,, by p-r. 80 ms. e.
Frankfort. Slate Mills, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by
p-r. 91 ms; s. w. W. C,
Slatebvillb, v., s. Oxford and Dudley, Sms.

SMI

494

SMI

from Uxbridge, and 6 ms. from Douglass, coh
tains seven mills, two of stone, three of brick,
and two of wood. Five of these derive their
power from French river, the other two are in
the centre of the village, and obtain their pow
er from Slater's lake ; the Indian of which is
Chargoggagoggmanchoggo. It is four miles
long and never failing. They use 6,000 spin-
dleSj^O looms, and eraploy 190 hands, and work
up 1,000 bales of cotton, which produces 15,000
yards a week, beside large quantities of sati
net warps, and sewing thread. They manufac
ture, also, broadcloths, cassimeres, and satinets.
In this branch of their business, they use 600
lbs. of wool a day, or 180,000 pounds a year.
These factories are owned by Messrs. Slater
lfe Sons, Mr. Sarauel Slater, who resides here,
has been said to have a larger amount of prop
erty vested in manufactures than any other man
in the United States. He invented cotton thread
in 1794.
Slinkard's Mills, and p-o, Greene co,, Ind.,
by p-r. 88 ras. s. w, Indianopolis.
Slippery Rook, cr,, the northern branch of
Conequenessing river. It rises in Mercer and
Butler counties, and flowing s. s. w, about 35
.railes joins the Conequenessing about 3 or 4
ms. above the influx of the latter into Big Bea
ver. {See Conequenessing.)
Slippery Rock, tsp. and p-o. northwestern
part of Butler county. Pa. 'The p-o. is 18 ms,
N, w, the borough of Butler, and by p-r, 254
ms, K. w. W, C.
Sloanesville, p-v, Schoharie, Schoharie co.
New York, 4 ms. w. Esperance.
Sloanesville, p-o, Mecklenburg co, N. C,
146 ras, B. w, by w, W. C.
Smelsor's Mills, and p-o. Rush co. Ind., by
p r. 46 ms. b, e, by e. Indianopolis.
Smethport, Pa. {See Smithport.)
Smicksburg, p-v. Indiana co., Pa., by p-r. 212
ms. N. w. W. C.
Smith, co. Ten,, bndd. by Jackson e,, White
s. E., Warren south, WUson southwest, Sumner
west, Allen co. Kentucky, northwest, and Mon
roe CO., Ky,, N. E. Length from s. to n. 40 ras,,
raean breadth 16, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat.
36° 25', and long, W. C, 9° w, intersect in this
CO. The extrerae border on Ky. slopes north
ward, and is drained by small confluents of Big
Beaver river. The much greater part is in fhe
valley of Cumberland r., and the main volurae
of that stream traverses it frora e, to w. Cf. t.
Carthage. Pop, 1820, 17,580, 1830, 19,906.
Smithborough, p-v. Tioga co,, N. Y., 10 ms.
w. Owego.
Smithdale, p-o. Amite co. Misp., about 30
ms. s. E. by e. Natchez.
Smithfield, p-t. Providence co. R. I., 9 ms.
N, w. Providence, has Blackstone r. n. e. and
Mass. N, ; has a varied surface, and limestone
rocks below, which are quarried for the exten
sive manufacture of lime. Whet stones are
found in large quantities. The soil is general
ly good. Blackstone r,, one of its branchea,
and several amaller strearas, supply .mill sites.
The manufactures of this t, are very iraportant,
Woonsocket falls, on the Blackstone, is also a
large raanufacturing place. Pop, 6,857,
Smithfield, p-t. Madison co. N. Y., 108 ms.

w. N. w. Albany, 6 n. Morrisville, and has Onei.
da CO. E. Has excellent soil, and is well wa.
tered by the head streams of Oneida creek,
with other streams of Oneida lake, and Che
nango r,, and was settled from New England.
New Stockbridge, a tract of land given to the
remains of eastern tribes by the Oneidas, is in
this t. Pop. 2,636.
Smithfield, p-v. s. w. part. Fayette co. Pa.,
by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. by vr. W. C.
Smithfield, p-v. nrthrn. part Isle of Wight
CO. Va., by p-r. 80 ms. s. E. by E. Richmond.
It is situated on a small cr. or bay of James r.,
15 ras. above Harapton Roads.
Smithfield, p.v. and st. jus. Johnson co. N.
C, by p-r. 29 ms. s. e, Raleigh, on the left
bank of Neuse r. Lat. 35° 31', long. W. C. 1°
20' w.
Smithfield, p-v. Hamilton co. Ten., by p-r.
135 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville.
Smithfield, p-v. and incorported borough,
Jefferson co. O., by p-r. 136 ms. k. e. by e. Co
lumbus. I
Smithfield, p-v. Delaware co. Ind., by p-r.
66 ras. rt. E. Indianopolis.
Smithfield, p-v, on the Ohio r, immediately
below the raouth of Cumberland r., Livingston
CO. Ky., by p-r. 260 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort.
Pop, 388,
Smithland, p-v, Livingston co, Ky., near the
junction of Cumberland and Ohio rivers. Pop.
388. Smithport, as in p-o. list, though usually
Sraethpori, p-v. and st. jus, MacKean co. Pa,,
by p-r. 900 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. It is situ
ated on one of the highest branches of Allegha
ny r., 25 ms. s. Harailton, Cattaraugus co. N.
Y. Lat. 41° 50', long. W. C. 1° 39' w.
Smith's, r. Grafton co. N. H., rises in seve.
ral ponds, flows about 15 miles, and enters the
Pemigewasset between New CheBter and
Bristol. Smith's cr. and p-o. northern part Rocking
ham CO. Va. The p-o. is by p-r. 130 miles a
littie s. of w. W. C. The cr. is the extreme
southern branch of the West fork of Shenan
doah. Smithsburgh, p-v. wstrn. part Washington co.
Md.,by p-r. 76 ms, «. vr. W. C, and 12 miles
wstrd. Hagerstown.
Smith's Cross Roads, and p-o. Rhea coun
ty. Term., by p-r. )26 mUes s. e. by e. Nash
ville. Smith's Farm, and p-o. Alleghany co. Md,,
by p-r, 160 ms. tt. w, W. C,
Smith's Ford, and p-o. York dist. S. C, by
p-r. 99 ras. n, Colurabia.
Smith's Grove, and p-v. Warren co. Ky,, by
p-r. 133 ms. b. w. Frankfort.
Smith's Islapto, raouth of Cape Fear river,
Brunswick co. N. C, is a long narrow sandy
slip which divides the river into two channels.
The light house standss. e. from SmithviUe, on
the western side of the isl., and on the main
channel. Cape Fear, the extrerae salient point
of the isl,, is at lat 33° 54J', long, W. C. 1°
or w.
Smith's Mills, and p.o. Clearfield co. Pa,,
by p-r, 178 ms. tt. vr. W. C.
Smith's Mills, and p-o. Henderson county,

SMY 495
, 191 miles a Httie s. of w. Frank-

SOM

Ky., by p-r
fort. Smtth's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania co, Va,,
by p-r. 244 ms. s, w, W. C.
Smith's Store, and p-o. Montgomery coun
ty, N. C, by p-r. 159 miles s. w. by w. Ra.
leigh. Smith's Store, and p.o. Spartenburgh dist.
S. C, by p-r. 104 ms. s. w. Columbia.
Smith's Store, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala., by
p-r. 141 ms. ft. E. Tuscaloosa.
Smithsville, p-v, Powhatan co. Va., by p-r.
38 ms. wstrd. Richmond.
Smithsville, p-v. Dickson co. Ten., by p-r.
57 ms. wstrd. Nash-ville.
Smithtown, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. 53 ms. e.
N. Y., and s. of Long Island sound ; contains
several small vs., with a pond s. which flows
into the sound. It has some coasting trade.
Pop. 1,686.
Smithville, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 13 ms.
B. w. Norwich, and e. of Broome co. It is
suppHed with raill seats by Chet^ango river and
branches. This town includes some rich mead.
ows, the principal of which is called the Big
Flats. Pop, 1,839.
Smithville, p-v. and st. jus. Brunswick co,
N. C, by p-r, 178 ms. s. b. e, Raleigh. It is a
seaport of sorae importance, situated on the
right side of the western channel of Cape
Fear river, one or two miles above its mouth
mto the Atlantic, and almost exactiy on lat, 34°.
Smockville, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind., by p-r,
94 ms, B. B. E. IndianopoUs.
Smyrna, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y,, 13 ras, n.
H. w. Norwich, 105 w. Albany, and s. Madison
CO. It is hilly n. e., where waters of Chenan
go r. afford raany raill seats. The surface is
generally uneven, but the valHes are large and
fertile, and favorable to herap. First settled
1792. Pop. 1,839.
Smyrna, forraerly Duck cr. cross roads, p-v.
on Duck cr,, Kent co, Del, 12 ms. a Httle w. of
n Dover, and by p-r. 102' miles n. e. by e.
W.C.
Smyrna, p-v. Harrison co. 0,, by p-r. 106 ms,
a little tt. of E, Columbus.
Smyth co. Va. recently forraed from the
southwestern part of Wythe and northeastern
of Washington cos. Srayth is bndd. s. w. by
Washington, Russell w., 'ifazewell n. w., Giles
N., Montgoraery n. e,, and by Iron Mtn, separa
ting it frora Grayson s, e. It lies in form of a
rhomb 25 ms. each side ; diagonal 40 miles,
mean width 13, and area 520 sq. ms. Lat, 36°
50', and long. W. C. 4J° w. intersect near, its
centre. The northeastern boundary of this co.
passes very nearly along the line of division
between the sources of Holston, and some
tributaries of New River. Consequently it oc
cupies a part of one ofthe moat elevated ofthe
Appalachian vallies. If we advert to the fact
that the mouth of Greenbrier r. is from actual
measurement 1333 feet above the Atlantic, and
to the great intervening descent of New r., we
may safely assume from 1800 to 2000 feet, as
the mean of the farms in Srayth co. Being
drained by the higher constituent creeks or
rivers of Holston, the slope is sthwstrd. Cf t.
Mount Airy.

Sneedsboro', p.v. on Yadkin r,, and in the s
E. angle of Aii«on co, N, C, by p-r. 14 ms, s, a.
Wadesboro', the co. St. and 134 ras. s, w.
by w. Raleigh.
Snickersville, p-v. wstrn. part Loudon co.
Va,, by p-r. 49 ras. wstrd. W. C. and 91 miles
estrd. Winchester.
Snoddyville, p-o, Jefferson co. Ten,, about
240 ms. e. NashviUe.
Snow Camp, p-v. Orange co. N. C, by p-r.
53 raa, tt. -vr. Raleigh.
Snow Hill, p-v. and St. jus. Worcester co,,
Md., on Pocomoke r., 164 ms. a. e. W, C. Lat.
38° 19', long. W, C, 1° 36' e.
Snow Hill, p-v, estrn. part of Clinton co.O.,
by p-r. 7 1 ms. s. w. Columbus, and about an
equal distance n. e, by e. Cincinnati.
Snydersville, p-v. Northampton co. Pa.,
about 90 ms. nrthi-d. Easton.
Social Circle, p-o, Walton co, Geo., byp-r.
71 ms.N, w, MUledgeviUe,
Society Hill, p-o. on Great Pedee river,
and in the extrerae n, e. angle of Darlington
district. South CaroUna, 14 miles N. Darling
ton, the st.jus. and 101 miles tt. E. by E. Co.
lurabia. Society Land, t. HiUsboro' co. N, H,, 17 ms.
from Araherst, and 33 ras. fronj Concord, has
Contoocook r, w,, and a surface generaUy une.
ven. Crotched mtn. is an eminence s. It is
destitute of mill sites. Pop, 164,
SoDDY, p-v, Hamilton co. Ten., by p-r. 144
ras. s. E. by e. NashvUle.
Sodus, bay, Wayne co. N. Y., a bay of lalce
Ontario, and the beat harbor on this shore, is
about 6 ras. long, and frora 2 to 4 ms. wide,
with good depth of water.
SoDus, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y,, 208 ms, w. by
N. Albany, 30 raa. n, Geneva, lies s, lake Onta
rio, and has a surface varied by N, and s, ridges,
with good soil, well watered and timbered.
Great Sodus bay is n. e,, and Sodus village
stands on a pouit projecting into it ; 2 ms, from
this is the raouth pf Sodus cr,, which affords
raill seats. Iron ore is found in the town. Pop.
3,598, Solon, p-t. Somerset co. Maine, 44 railes n.
Augusta, 18 ras, n, Norridgewock, 44 w. by n.
Hallowell, e. Kennebec r., and has a pond e.
with small strearas emptying into that river.
Pop. 768.
Solon, p-t. Cortiand co. N. Y., 132 ms. w.
Albany, 10 e. Cortiand, 31 s. Salina, has
Tioughnioga cr. n. w,, Otselic cr, s. e., and
other sraaller strearas with mill sites. The
soil is good for farms, and the tiraber, raaple,
beech, elra, ash, ifec. Pop. 9,033.
SoMERFiELD, p-v. Somersot CO. Pa., by p-r.
170ras. N.w. W. C.
Somers, p-t, Tolland co. Conn., 22 ms. n. e.
Hartford, 12 ms. s. e. Springfield, 56 ms, w.
Providence, s. Mass,, and E. Hartford co. It
is nearly level w. with few stones, but hilly e.,
with some erainences which coraraand a view
of Hartford and the valley of Comi. r. Or
chard grass flourishes well, and it is crossed by
Sciantic r. and other strearas. Pop. 1,429.
Somers, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 50 ms.
N.E. N.y., 120 ms. s. Albany, Hes s, Putaam
co, with Croton r. for the n. boundary, whoe

SOM

496

SOM

branches afford mill seats. The soU is good,
and the viUage, 1^ ras, from the n. line, is a
great raai-ket for lean cattle and sheep to sup
ply the places of the fat taken for N.Y. raarket.
Pop, 1,997.
Somerset, co. Me., bndd. by Lower Canada
N, and N, vr., Penobscot co, e,, a corner of Wal
do CO, s, E., Kennebec co, s,, and Oxford co, vv,,
is the second co, in respect to size in the state.
Its N. boundary is the range ofhigh land divi
ding the waters of the St. Lawrence from those
of the Atlantic, and it gives rise to the princi
pal rs. ofthe state, the St, ,Iohn's, the Penob
scot and the Kennebec almost interlocking
their head strearas near the middle of the w,
boundary line. The two first raentioned afford
a connected boat navigatioia, interrupted only
by a portage of 2 ras,, and between a branch of
the Penobscot and the AUagash, a branch of St.
John's, there is a portage of similar length,
Moosehead lake, the source of Kennebec r,,
and which receives Moose r. from the w., is
long, irregular, and contains several considera
ble isls, Sebasticook lake, through which
flows the Penobscot, is nearly of equal length,
and extending nearly n, w, and s, e. ends on the
line of Penobscot co. There are several lakes
also on the course of the AUagash, chiefly in
thisco.; a large part of the surface is uneven
and even mountainous ; several considerable
^cluatera and ridges of mountains breaking the
surface, especially s, and w. There are Mount
Abrahani, Mount Bigelow, Bald Mountain
ridge, &c, n, and n, w, the surface ia more uni
form, but the land very high. The b, half of
the CO. is indeed much varied by eminences,
lakes, ponds, and strearas, and there are col
lected alraost all the inhabitants ; the upper half
being Uttie known. The new road to Quebec
crosses this co,, following the course of the
Kennebec a considerable distance and passing
through a wilderneaa across the height of land
to the sources of the Chaudiere in Lower Ca
nada, then pursuing the course of that stream
towards the St, Lawrence, The Kennebec and
its branches watering a large part of this co,,
and that part which embraces nearly the whole
population, is an important channel of trade,
and has offered a route for tite transportation of
vast quantities of luraber. It contains 52 tsps.
(some of which are only laid out and not
named,) besides a number of plantations, pur
chases, (fee. The CO, t, is Norridgewock,
Pop. 1890, 91,787 ; 1830, 35,787.
Somerset, t. Windham co. Vt,, 14 ms, n, e,
Bennington, 16 n, w, Brattleborough, is very
mountainous, and crossed by Deerfield r, n,
and s. and the Moose branch in the w. Mount
Pisgah, the highest range in the t, is in the e.
Pop. 945.
Somerset, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 13 ms. s.
Taunton, 42 s, Boston,on Taunton r. Pop, 1,023,
Somerset, p-t, Niagara co. N. Y., 15 ms. tt.
E. Lockport, s, lake Ontario, w, Genesee co, is
watered by Golden HiU cr, and Keg harbor and
Fish ers, Pop.,,871.
Somerset, co. N. J. bndd. by Morris co. n,,
Essex and Middlesex cos, e,, Middlesex and
Hunterdon cos. a, and w, Raritan r, runs
through it from w, to e,, part of it and one of its

branches plso forraing rauch of the e. bound.
The N. and s. branches and Millstone r. another
branch, are partly in this co. There ia a hand
sorae variety of surface, with much good land,
particularly on the level borders of Raritan r.
Agriculture is more flourishing than in many
other parts of N, J. Among the eminences iu
different parts are Rock mtn., Rocky hill. Stone
mtn,, Basking ridge, (fee. In the revolutionary
war the battle of Princeton was fought near the
s. w. boimdary of this co,, and Gen, Charles
Lee was captured by a small party of British
dragoons at Basking Ridge, Cf t. Somerville,
Pop, 1820, 16,506 1830, 17,689,
Scvierset CO, Pa,, bndd. w. by Fayette,
Westmoreland n, w,, n, by Cambria, e, bs^Bed-
ford, and s. by Allegany co, Md. Length 38
ms., mean breadth 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms.
Lat. 40°, and long. W. C, 9° w,, intersect near
its centre, Somerset is ,a real ratn, valley, be
tvveen Alleghany mtn, and Laurel hill. The
sthrn. part slopes wstrd. and is traversed by
Cassellman's r., a branch of Youghioghany r.
The nthrn, section slopes' to the nthrd., and in
that direction is drained by the higher sources
ofthe Kiskiminitas r. The surface of Somer
set is rauch less hilly and the soil better than
could be generally expected amid mtn. chains.
The raean elevation above the Atlantic tides
must exceed 1,500 ft., as Sraithfield on Yough
ioghany r. near its s. wstrn. angle exceeds
1,400 ft. above the ocean tides. It is a grain
and pasture region. Cf, t. Somerset. Pop.
1890, 13,374, 1830, 17,762.
SopjERSET, borough, p-v. and st.jus. Soraerset
CO, Pa., is situated on a small brtmch of Cassell
man's r,, by p-r, 58 ras, a, e, by e, Pittsburg,
143 ms. a little s. of w. Harrisburg, and 165
ms, K, wstrd. W. C, Pop, 1820, 442, 1830,
649, Somerset, co. Md., bndd. s. by Pocomoke
bay, s, w. Chesapeake bay, ft. -vr. Fishing bay
and Nanticoke r,, the latter separating it frpra
Dorchester co,, n, Sussex co,, Del., Worcester
CO. Md. £., and the mouth of Pocoraoke r. se
parating it frora Accomac co. Va. s. e. Great
est length 40 ras,, raean breadth 13 ms,, and
area 540 sq, ms, Lat, 38° 16', long. W. C. 1°
20' E, Slope s, wstrd. Beside the mouth of
Pocomoke and Nanticoke rs,, which form part
of ita boundaries, this co, is comparatively
deeply penetrated by Manokin and Wicomico
rs, Cf t. Princess Ann. Pop. 1820, 19,579 ;
1830, 20,168.
Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. Ky,,
by p-r, 85 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. It is situated
about 5 ms. n. Cumberland r. between Fighting
and Pitman's ers, n. lat. 37° 03', long. W. C. 7°
30' vr. Pop. 231.
Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Ky,, by
p-r, 46 ms. e. Columbus, and 18 s. w. Zanes
vUle. Lat. 39° 59', long. W. C. 5° 20' w. Pop.
576. Somerset, p-v. in the s. wstrn. part of Frank
lin CO, Indiana, by p-r. 15 ms. N. w. by w.
BrookviUe, the co. St., and 55 s. e. by e. Indian.
opolis. Somersworth. p-t. Strafford co. N. H,, 11
ms. from Portsraouth, 45 Concord, has Salmon
Falls r. N, E,, wliich separates it from Berwick;

SOM

497

SOU

Me., Fresh cr, and Cocheco rs. Otis' hill cora
mands a view of the White nitns. and Ports
mouth. The soil bears oak, pine, walnut, (fee,
and is favorable to grain and grass. The river
has water for vessels of 950 tons to within 1 ni,
of Quaraphegan Falls, where are several large
factories. Iron ore and ochre are found. First
settled 1750, and suffered in the French war.
The village of Great Falls has been formed out
of a wilderness within 8 years. It had then
one house and a stiw mill. It now contains five
large factory mills, two large hotels, ten blocks
(three stories high) of brick; and about one
hundred frame dweUing houses, three church
es, and eight or ten stores, and about two thou
saud inhabitants. There are four cotton and
one woollen raills. The cotton raills contain
thity-one thousand spindles, with preparations
sufiicient to supply nine hundred looras, which
produce si.x millions of yards of cotton cloth
per annura. These mills consume annually,
above 3,000 bales of cotton, weighing 1,950,000
lbs. The largest raill is 400 ft, long and 6 sto
ries high, and contains 99,000 spindles and 650
looms. The cotton mills alone give employ
ment to 90 men, over 100 boys, and 600 fe.
males. They use from 7 to 8,000 gaUons of
oil, 900 tons of anthracite coal, 500 bbls, of flour
for sizing, and 300 sides of leather. The mUls,
which are of brick, are arranged along a fine
canal, 30 ft. wide, and frora 6 to 7 ft. deep, ex.
tending from the dam at the north of the village
to the southern extremity of it. The wooUen
raill is a fine 6 story brick building, 920 feet in
length, containing machinery for the manufac
ture of from 190 to 130,000 yards of fine broad
cloth yearly. This is said to be the largest
woollen manufactory in Araerica, The con
sumption of the raw material, and various arti
cles of coraraerce, is immense. Upwards of
200,000 pounds ot wool, 5,000 gaUons of oU, 150
tons of anthracite coal, annuaUy giving employ
ment within the establishment to 300 individu
als. Connected with the tvooUen, is a carpet
manufactory, where the best description of in
grain carpeting is made. This factory is ca
pable of producing 150,000 yards annually.
This company, " The Great Falls Manufac
tory," have a capital one miUion of doUars, and
own most of the property in and around the vil
lage. The churches are on rising ground south
of the village, one each for Congregationalists,
Methodists, and Baptists. The cotton mills
give eraploy to 90 raen, 100 boys, and 600 fe
males. The capital of the company ovraing
these establishments is one million of dollars.
Pop. 3,090.
Somerton, p-v. nthrn. part of Phil. co. Pa,,
15 ma. nthrd. PhU.
Somerton, or Somertown, p-v. near the sthrn.
side of Nansemond co. Va,, following the road
about 40 ms. s. w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 120 ms.
s. e, Richmond.
Somerton, p-v. Belmont, co. 0., by p-r. 139
ms, E. Columbus. i
Somerville, p.v. and st. jus. Somerset co,,
N, J. in the town of Bridgewater, 38 ms. n.
Trenton, 1 n. Raritan r., 11 N. n. vr. New Bruns.
wick, contains a church, court house, and
academy, and is a thriving and populous village.

So.viERVii.LE, p-V, Fauquier co. Va., byp-r, 73
ms, wstrd. W, C,
Somerville, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r, 66
ms. ft. w, Raleigh,
Somerville, p-v, and st. jus. Lafayette co.
Ten., by p-r. 184 ras. s. vv, by w. Nashville. N.
lat. 35° 12', long. W. C. 12° 25' w. It is
situated on one of the head branches of Loosa-
hatchie r.
Souhegan, r. HiUsboro' co, N, H,, which, af
ter receiving numerous tributaries, falls into the
IVlerrimack r, in Merrimack,
South _Amboy, p-t, Middlesex co, N, J,, is of
an irregular oblong shape, with the lower part
of Raritiin r, and Raritan bay n, and ft. e,. South
r, -N, w,, and Monraouth co, s, w. It has the
advantage of navigation, and is crossed by se
veral streams of Raritan r. The N, Y, and
New Brunswick steamboats touch at the land
ing daily. The Amboy and Camden r-r, com-
raertces there, at the landing, and will render
the town a great thoroughfare. Pop, 3,782,
Southampton, p-t, Harapshire ccMass,, UO
ras. w, Boston, 9 s, vr. Northampton, is twice
crossed by Manhan r,, which affords good
mill sites. There is a lead mine n, where a
variety of interesting minerals' are found. The
E, part of this town is crossed by the Hamp
shire and Hampden canal. There are living 21
rainisters of the gospel who are natives of this
town. Pop, 1,244,
Southampton, p-t, Suffolk co, N.Y., onLong
Island, 98 ras, e. New York, Hes n, of the At
lantic, with Peconet r. and bayN. Sag Har
bor is in the n. e. corner, the capital of Suffolk
CO, It is about 4 1-9 ras, by 23, The soil is
light, but improved by manure, for which fish
are used. First settled about 1639, chiefly
from Lynn, Mass,, aa a aeparate colony. In
1644 it came under the juriadiction ol Connect
icut. Deer are found in the unsettled tracts of
this extensive tsp. There are 4 principal set
tlements. Pop, 4,850.
Southampton, p-v. Soraerset co. Pa.
Southampton, co. Va, bndd, s, w, by Sussex,
Surry n,, Blackwater r,, separating it from Isle
of Wight CO, E,, and Nanseraond co, s. e., Hert
ford and Northarapton COS. N, C. s,, and Mehe
rin r. separating it from GreenviUe s.w. Length
40, mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq, ras. N.
lat. 36° 40', and the meridian of W. C. inter
sect in this CO. Slope s. estrd. and in that di
rection it is traversed by the Nottaway r. Cf.
t, Jerusalem. Pop, 1820, 14,170, 1830, 16,074.
South Bay, Brookhaven, .Suffolk co. N. Y.,
on Long Island.
South Bay, Dresden, Washington co. N. Y,,
sets up frora lake Champlain, between the s.
partof the latter and lake George.
South Bend, p-v. AUen co. Ind,, by p-r.
about 200 ms. n. e. Indianopolis.
South Berwick, p-t. York co. Me,, 91 ms.
s. w. Augusta, is of an irregular triangular form,
bordered a. w. by Salmon Falls r,, and is cross
ed by a small stream flowing into it. Pop, 1,577.
South Bloomfield, p.v. Pickaway co. O., by
p-r. 17 ms. s. Columbus.
Southborough, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 30
ms. w. Boston, 15 e. Worcester, formerly a
part of Marlboro', contains 8,350 acres of good

sou

498

sou

soil, with a small stream of Concord r. Pop.
1,080, Southbridge, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 65
ms. B. w, Boston, n, Woodstock, Conn., has
several manufactories on Quinebaug r., as the
Southbridge wooUen manufac, the Wolcott do.
Pop. 1,444.
Southbridge, p-v. Southbridge, Worcester
CO. Mass,, 61 ras, s, w. Boston, is a flourishing
raanufacturing place, deriving water power frora
Quinebaug r. There are 5 cotton and 3 wool
len factories, and 2 raore are nearly corapleted.
South Brunswick, t. Middlesex co. N. J.,
has Somerset co, n, w,. Sandhills n,, on MUl
stone r,, with small streams of the Raritan, and
is crossed in the n, by the South Amboy and
Camden rail road. Pop. 2,557.
Southbury, p-t. New Haven co. Conn., 40
ras. s. w, Hartford, on the n, side Housatonic r,
and s. of Litchfield co. H. r. separates it frora
Fairfield co. The surface ia gently varied,
and the soil pretty good. Shad are caught in
the Housatonic, and Shepaug and Pomperaug
rivers its branches, afford mill sites. Pop.
1,557. South Canaan, p-v. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r.
248 ms. N. N. E, W, C,
South Carolina, one of the U. S,, bndd. by
the Savannah r. separating it from Geo., s. w.,
N. C. on the n. w., n. and n. e,, and the Atlan
tic ocean s, E, The ocean border reaches 185
ms, frora Littie Inlet on the n, e. to the raouth
of Savannah r. s, w. Along «the Savannah,
Tugaloo, and Chatuga rs. it is bounded in cora
raon with Geo. 270 ms. ; and it has a comraon
btjundary with N. C, of 300 ms. Entire outHne
755 ms. The longest line that can be drawn
over S, C, is frora Little r, inlet, to the wstrn,
angle of Pickens district, 275 ras. The area of
S, C, has been hitherto underrated. Measured
carefully on the recent state raap of that state,
it comes out so near 33,000 sq, ras, as to justify
the adoption of that superfices. The mean
width is 120 ms. The state extends in lat.
from 32° 01' to 35° 10' n., and in long, from W,
C. 1° 44' to 6° 20' w. To the s, w, of the Sus
quehannah r, and Chesapeake bay, the Atlantic
slope of the U, S. is divided into three zones,
which at their margins raingle their respective
features, but at or near their individual central
lines, are very distinct in soil and natural vege-
table production. These zones, raerely percep.
tible in Va. are bold and prorainent inthe Caro
linas and Geo. The first bordering on the Atlan
tic, is that of sea sand alluvion, below the lower
falls of the rs, about 60 ras. wide in S. C, and in
most part penetrated by the tide. The second
coraraences along, or near the lower falls, and
priraitive ledge. The sea-sand zone is very near
ly a dead plain, but at its interior margin hUls
begin to appear, springs of water becorae plenti
ful, the soil meliorates, and the whole face of
nature assumes an agreeable diversity of sur
face. The third, or what may be called the
mountainous zone, though but little of it is re
ally mountainous, comprises the n. wstrn. part
ofthe state, and lies based on the Blue Ridge
chain. The Atlantic zone, comprising the dis
tricts of Beaufort, Colleton, Charleston, George
town, Marlborough, Horry, and Marion, is near

the ocean, cut by innumerable interlocking wa
ter courses ; in considerable part it is marshy.
The entrances are numerous, but in no one, how
ever, admit large vessels. Beside raany of lesser
note, this coast is accessible, advancing ftom s.
-vr. to N, E, into the Savannah, by Port Royal en
trance, St. Helena sound, South and North Edis
tos, Stono, Charleston, Santee river by two
mouths, and the Georgetown entrance, or es
tuary of Pedee and Waccamaw rs. The insu
lar character of the coast, and interlocking of
the strearas, cease before reaching the raiddle
zone. In a state of nature, the sea-sand alluvial
coast of S. C. was covered with a dense forest,
araongst which rose the gigantic palm or cab
bage tree. Great part of the middle zone is
composed of what is called " the sand hills,"
Here the arable land, or at least the best and
most exten,'-ive part of it, skirts the streams ;
pine tiraber abounds. It contains the dists. of
Barnwell, Orangeburg, Lexington, Surapter,
Darlington, Marlborough, with partof Richland,
Kershaw, and Chesterfield, 'The great prirai
tive ledge, so remarkable in the states to the
nthestrd. crosses the middle zone of S. C, pass
ing the Wateree near Caraden, the Congaree
at Colurabia, and the Savannah near Haraburg,
and Augusta. Above this ledge and the river
falls, the face ofthe country changes to hill and
dale, a characteristic whicli distinguishes the
whole zone of the U. S,, to the sthestrd, ofthe
Appalachian chains. The eye now every where
meets the hiUs, bold, sweUing, and varied in
forra. The rs. wind their way araid vaUeys,
and by their rapid and rippling currents, show
the descent of the plain down which they flow.
Here we discover, in rapid succession, the
meadow, orchard, and field of small grain.
There is no straining to suit a theory in stating,
that S. C. has its temperate and torrid zone.
The extreraes of lat. exceed 3°, and 2 more
may be added for difference of level, giving to
the whole state, extremes of .5° of Fahrenheit,
in temperature. Objects of agriculture, are
controlled in quantity and position; cotton and
rice are staples near the ocean ; cotton, with
sraall grain, in the raiddle zone ; and the latter
and the apple in the raountainous region. In
dian corn succeeds well over all sections of the
state. In Beaufort, or the extreme b., sugar
cane has been cultivated with success. Taken
under one view, S. C. is a fine physical and po
litical section, and a prosperous state. The in
digenous vegetation combines the oaks and
palras ; the pines and hickory's ; and in exotic
plants, nearly every species cultivated in the U.
S. The sea coast offers no deep harbor, of
course excludes heavy ships of war ; but it is
open at nuraerous points to an active coasting
coramerce. Similar to every section of the
Atlantic slope s. w. of the Susquehannah and
Chesapeak'e, the rivera of S. C. are more navi
gable at the centre of the state, than near the
sea or ocean coast. Under the article roads
and canals, the reader will be able to see what
has been effected in water and rail.road im
provement in S. C. History and progressive
pop. — The name of both Carolinas is derived
from that of Charles IX, kmg of France, and
was imposed by a colony of Frenchmen, who

SOU

499

SOU

made an abortive attempt to forra a settlement
on the coast. As early as 1670, a century,
however, after the reign of Charles IX., settle
ments of English began to be formed, and about
1680, a few settlers fixed themselves between
Ashley and Cooper rs., and foimded Charles
ton, In 1662, Charles II, granted the whole of
what now constitutes the two Carolinas, to Lord
Clarendon and others, which with Locke's im
perfect plan of govemment, retarded the settle
ment and distracted the country, until 1719,
when they were finally separated. Araid po
litical contests, a raost salutary revolution was
effected by the introduction of rice in 1695. In
digo and cotton were introduced subsequently,
and laid the foundation of great wealth and in
dependence. Though her frontier felt the fre
quent and severe wounds inflicted by savage
war, her advance was steady, to the coramence.
raent ofthe war ofthe revolution. In that con-
teat, this state was an illustrious actor and suf
ferer. Perhaps no other section of the U, S,
felt the evils of that struggle so long and bitter
ly. Many of her most distinguished sons fell
martyrs to the cause, and till its consuraraation,
their survivors met the storra with unbending
courage. A halo of glory was indeed thrown
round the state, by such raen as Hayne, Marion,
Lee and Sumpter. It is only this year (1832)
that Sumpter went to rest with 97 years of hon
or pressing on his head. The character of
Marion is that of history and romance commin
gled ; he was a hero worthy of the richest pa
ges of either.
In 1790, S. C, contained 240,073 inhabitants ;
in 1800 they araounted to 345,591; in l8l0,
415,115; in 1820, 501,154; and in 1830, they
had augraented to 581,185, or at the ratio of 242
per cent, in 40 years. The state is subdivided
into the following districts, the population of
which for 1890 aud 1830 is annexed.

Anderson,Abbeville,Barnwell,Beaufort,Cliarleston,Chester,Chesterfield,Colleton,
Darlington,Edgefleld,Fairfleid,Georgetown,Greenville,Horry, Kershaw
Lancaster,Laurens,Lexington,Marion,
Marlborough, Newbury,
Orangeburg,
Pickens, Richland,Spartanburg,
Sumpter, Uuiun,
Williamsburg,York,

Pop. 1830.
18,00033,189 14,75033,199 80,31314,379 6,ti45
36,373 10,949
24,309 17,174
17,603 14,530 5,035
13,443 8,746
17,682 8,083
10,301 6,425
16,10415,655 9,032
13,331 16,989
25,369 14,126 8,716
14,936

Pop. 1830.
17,16928,149 19,236
37,033 86,338 17,183 8,472
37,356 13,728
30,509 21,54619,94316,476 5,345
13,.545 10,361
30,363 9,065
11,008 8,583
17,441
18,453 14,473
14,77231,150
38,37717,906 9,018
17,790

Total, 501,154 581,185
Of the Pop. of 1830, were white persons —
Moles. Females.
Under 5 years of age 35,133 33,691
5 to 10 30,359 19,043
10 to 15 16,497 15,632
15 to 20 13,961 15,132

Males.

Females

20 to 30 >

33,164

21,866

30 to 40

13,969

13,438

40 to 50

8,334

8,468

50 to 60

5,644

5,455

60 to 70

3,042

2,9:i9

70 to 80

1,310

1,181

80 to 99

298

361

90 to 100

66

80

100 and upwards

14

17

Total 130,590 127,373
Of which were deaf and durab under 14 years
of age, 60 ; 14 to 25, 52 ; 25 and upwards, 62.
Blind 102. Ofthe colored population were —

FR

SE.

SLAVES.

Males.

Females.

Males.

Fem.

Under 10 years of age 1,314

1,378

51,820

51,524

From 10 to 24 958

1,175

44,600

4,5,517

24 to 36 (fii

740

29,710

32,689

36 to 55 m

545 '

21,674

32,006

55 to 100 335

399

7,507

8,112

100 and upwards 19

6

98

84

Total 3,673 4,249 155,469 159,932
Free colored persons deaf and dumb under
14 years of age, 9 ; 14 to 25, 27 ; 95 and up
wards 23, Blind, 136.
Recapitulation. Whites, Free col'd. Slaves, Total,
357,803 7,921 315,401 581,185
It may be noticed, that S, C, is the only state
in the Union, in which the slave population ex
ceeds in nuraber the free.
Constitution. — Government. — Education 
The constitution of S. C. was adopted the 3d of
June, 1790, and was amended the 17th Dec.
1808, and again on the 19th Dec. 1816. The
legislative body under tbe name of general as
sembly, is composed of two houses. The sena
tors are chosen for four years ; and to be eligi
ble to a seat in the senate, deraands the candi
date to be 30 years of age, resident in the state
5 years previous to election ; he maybe elected
whether resident in or out of the district for
which he is elected ; but if a resident, he raust
be possessed in the district of a settied freehold
estate of X'300 sterling, clear of debt ; and if
non-resident, he must with similar other requi
sites, possess an estate of £1000 sterling.
Members of the house of representatives raust
be 21 years of age, resident in the state 3 years
iraraediately before the election ; raust, if resi
dent in the district from which elected, possess
a freehold of 500 acres of land, or 10 negroes, or
a real estate of £150 sterling, clear of debt ;'or,
if non-resident, aU other requisites, and a clear
freehold estate of £500 steriing, clear of
debt. The governor is chosen for 2 years by
joint ballot of both houses of the legislature ;
and is ineligible for the next 4 years succeed
ing his term. He raust be a citizen 30 years of
age, and have been a resident ih the state 10
years next preceding his election. When elect
ed, he raust possess a settled estate within the
state, mhis own right, of £1,500 steriing, clear
of debt. The Ueutenant governor is chosen at
the same time, for a like term of office, and
must be rendered eligible by similar qualifica.
tions as the governor. To exercise the right
of suffrage, the person must be 21 years of
age ; paupers, and non-commissioned officers,
and privates of the U. S. arm'y excepted ; must
have resided in the state 2 years, iraraediately
before the day of election, have a freehold of

sou

500

sou

50 acres of land, or a town lot, of which prop
erty he raust be seized and possessed 6 months
before the day of election ; or, not having such
freehold property, he must have been a resi
dent of the election district at least 6 raonths
immediately before the day of election, at which
he gives his vote. The constitution provides
that no convention of the people shall be called,
unless by the concurrence of two thirds of both
branches of the whble representation ; that no
part ofthis constitution shaU be altered, unless
a bill to alter the same shall have been read
three times in the house of representatives, and
three times in the senate, and agreed to by two
thirds of both branches of the wholo represen
tation ; neither ahall any alteration take place
until the bill sp agreed to, be published three
months previous to a new election for merabers
to the house of representatives ; and if the al
teration proposed by the legislature shall be
agreed to in their first session, by two thirds of
the whole representation in both branches of
the legislature, after the sarae shall have been
read three tiraes, on three several days in each
house: then, and not otherwise, the sarae shall
become part of the constitution. The receipts
into the State treasury from the ordinary sources,
during 1839, amounted to $468,712,52 and from
the U, S,, for advances made during the war,
$157,259,16; the expenditures were $351,-
466,94, leaving a balance in the treasury of
nearly $275,000. The interests of education
have not been neglected in S. C, " The col
lege of South Cartjlina," located at Columbia,
waa eatablished in 1801 by the legislature of
the state, and has been supported in great part
by legislative bounty. The edifices, libraries,
phUosophical apparatus, with some other con-
tingences, have subjected the state to an expen
diture of over $400,000. Of this amount, more
than $150,000 has been expended in the build
ings, the library and the cabinets. . Since 1824
the legislature has appropriated $120,000 to
this institution. The Ubrary consists of about
8,000 volumes, and there are about 100 stu
dents. The Charleston college at Charleston,
was established in 1785, and of consequence is
more ancient thau the state seminary. This in
stitution (1839,) has 111 students, and a libra
ry of 3,000 vols. ; and the Charleston seminary
61 students, and a Ubrary of 3,000 vols. The
Medical coUege of S. C, which is located in
Charleston, is well patronised. Free schools
have been established, and are supported at the
expense of the state, or raore correctly by the
petJple. In 1898, by a report of the corarais
sioners of free schools, there were 840 schools
then estabUshed, in which 9,03fi pupils were
taught, at an annual expense of $39,716. In
1829, the appropriation for free schools was
$37,200. By reference to the tables in this ar
ticle, the reader may see that in 1830, there
were in S. C. 100,614 white persons, from 5 to
20 years of age inclusive ; inthe pre-vious year,
about 37 2-10 cents were appropriated for their
instruction, admitting all to have claimed a
share. In this unequal and inadequate provi
sion for the greatest of all huraan interests, S.
C, is far from being alone, and very far from
deserving censure not applicable alike to a great
majority of the states ofthe Union.

South Charleston, p-v. in the s. estrn. part
of Clarke co. 0., by p-r. 40 ms. s, w, by w. Co
lumbus. South East, p-t, Putnam co. N. Y., 18 ms. e.
West Point, has Connecticut e., Westchester
CO. s., with a hilly surface and pretty good soil
for grain, &c., well watered, abounding in iron
ore, and crossed by Croton r,, which furnishes
mill sites, Joe's hill, a mountainous ridge, ex
tends from the centre into Connecticut, There
are 5 ponds in this t. Pop. 2,036.
South Farms, p-v. and pariah, Litchfield,
Litchfield co. Conn,, 36 ms. w. Hartford, Part
of Great lake, or Litchfield pond, lies in the
parish, which gives rise to Bantam r., a. branch
of the Housatonic.
Southfield, parish of Sandisfield, Berkshire
CO, Mass., has the boundary of Conn. s.
Southfield, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 9 ms. s.
N. Y. on Staten isl., hasthe narrows e., Rari
tan bay s., with a coast on those sides of about
10 ms. It is level s,, with good soil. Clams
are caught at the Great Kills, and shad and
other fish at the narrows. At Old Town was
forraerly a defensive work, erected for protec
tion against Indians ; Richmond v. vv. contains
the CO. buildings, and sloops come up the Fresh
Kills to within 3-4 of a mile of the village. On
the E. side, opposite Long isl. are erected forts
Richmond, Tompkins, and Hudson. On the
heights, near the latter forts, are also the tele
graphs erected to communicate with'N. Y. and
vessels in the offing. Pop. 971.
South Florence, p-v. on the left bank of Ten.
r. Franklin co. Ala,, nearly opposite Florence
in Lauderdale co,, and by p-r. 145 ras. n. Tus-
caloosa. South Hadley, p-t, Hampshire co. Mass, 90
ms, w, Boston, on the e. bank of Conn, r.,
where is a fall of 40 feet in about 80 yards.
There are several manufactories at the falls,
and it ia a place of conaiderable business. Here
also great quantities of shad are caught, the
falls generally causing those fish to stop here
in great numbers in the spring. There is a
canal round the faUs here, 2 ms. long, 300 feet
distance of which is cut to the depth of 40 feet
through solid rock. It was the first canal con.
structed on this r. Pop. 1,185.
South Hampstead, p-t. Queens co. N. Y., on
the s. side Long Island, 22 ms. a Httie s, of e.
New York. Hampstead plains lie principaUy
in this town, and are 15 ms. long by 4 broad.
There are 14 school dists., in which schools
are kept 10 months annually. Pop. 6,215.
South Hampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H.,
50 ms. from Concord, 18 ms. from Portsmouth,
45 from Boston, has Amesbury, Mass. s,, with
a surface nearly level, good soU, and exceUent
miU seats on Powow r. which crosses it. Pop.
487. ^
South Hanover, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind. by
p-r. 90 ms. s, e. IndianopoUs. Here is located
the South Hanover college and Indiana theolo
gical seminary, a Catholic institution, founded
in 1825. The edifice is 3 stories high, 100 ft.
long and 40 wide. It is estabUshed on the
manual labor system, and has a cooler's, car-
penter's and waggon maker's shop. Including
the president, there are 6 professors in this in-

sou 501
stitution, and the number of students is about
40. South Hero, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt. 12 ms.
N. w. Burlington, 16 s.w. St. Albans, has lake
Charaplain on all sides except the n , and con
tains 9,065 acres. First settled 1784. A sand
bar extending to Chittenden, renders the lake
in that place fordable a part of the year. The
rocks are limestone, as well as those of the
neighboring isls. The soil is very good, and
the surface nearly level. Marl, with shells, is
found even on the higher parts ; and the lime
stone is sometimes burnt, and sometimes used
for building. These islands were forraerly a
favorite resort of Indians ; and they made imple
ments of quartz, &c. on the shore, bringing the
stcsie from a distance. Pop. 717.
Southington, p-t, Hartford co. Conn. 18 ras,
s. w, Hartford, 21 n. New Haven, lies in the s.
w. corner of the co., with New Haven co.
s. and w,, about 6 ms. square, with an uneven
surface, agreeably varied, except the Green
stone range in the e,, and some considerable
eminences w. The soil is various, but gener
ally good lor rye, raaize, &c. It is crossed by
2 branches of Quinipiack r,, which supply mill
seats. The Farraington canal crosses the town
N. and s., and affords a convenient channel of
transportation. Pop. 1,844.
Southington, p-v. 'TrumbuU co. 0. by p-r.
]66 ms. N. E. Colurabus.
South Killingly, v. Killingly, Windham co.
Conn. 44 ms. e. by n. Hartford, and 9 n, Plam-
field ; is a flourishing manufacturing place, at
the confluence of Five Mile and Quinebaug rs.
Here, at the falls at the mouth of Five MUe r,,
the Danielson manufacturing company have a
mill of 1,840 spindles, 44 looms, employ 65
hands, consume 90,000 lbs. of cotton, and raake
350,000 yards of 4-4 sheetings. There is also
a sraall factory of broadcloths, connected with
a dressing and fulling mill, where 4,500 yards
of broadcloths are made, and on the Quine
baug, about 100 yards below, there is a cotton
mill of 1,000 spindles, and 24 looras, raaking
150,000 yards of 7-8 shirtings annually. At
Chesnut Hill, 5 ms, n. e, of South Killingly, on
Whitestone brook, is a stone raill, in which are
run 2,100 spindles, and 36 looras, consuming
100,000 lbs, of cotton annuaUy.
South Kingston, p-t. and st. jus. Washington
CO. R. I., 30 ras. s. w. Providence, has the At
lantic and Narraganset bay e., and the Atlantic
a. It has an uneven surface, with primitive
rocks, and a soil generally rich and strong, fa
vorable to grass and grain. There are several
small streams, many fresh water ponds, (one
of 3,000 or 4,000 acres,) and one salt water
pond, called Point Judith pond. Northeast on
Narraganset bay is a good harbor ; and con
siderable coasting trade is carried on, as well
as much fresh and salt water fishing. The first
settlement was made about 1670, when the
town was connected with N. Kingston. Pop.
3,663. South Landing, p.v. Cabell co. Va,, by p-r.
349 ras. wstrd. W. C.
Southold, p-t. Suffolk county, N. York, 103
ms. e. New York, embraces the n. e. corner
of Long Island, which extends in a long neck, 64

SPA

bounding the sound on the s.'s. On the s. w
aide of the point are several bays, channels, and
islands, and Plumb island Hes off the extremity
of the cape, in a Hne with the Gull islands, the
Race and Fisher's isl. These islands belong to
the town with Ram and Robin's island. Ths
soil ia various, with few stones and rauch sand.
The coast is generally a sand bank. Fish are
taken in great nurabers. There are several
villages, Mattatuc, Cutchogue, Southold town,
&c. The two GuU islands are sraall, 3 ras. e.
by N. of Plurab island. Great GuU contains 14
acres, and Littie GuU 1, chiefly rocks, on which
are erected a Hght house of the United States,
with a houso fbr the keeper. These, with walls
for protection against the sea, were built at the
expense of ,1524,000, of stone brought from the
Connecticut shore. The dashing bf the waves
in an e. storm shakes the very foundation of this
fabric. The Ught being in the entrance of Long
Island sound, is a. very iraportant one. Pop.
2,900. South Ply'.iiouth, p-v. northwestern part of
Wayne co., Mich,, by p-r, 22 railes n, w, Detroit.
Southport, t,, 'Tioga co, N. Y., 5 ras. b. w;
Elmira, is in the s. w, corner of the co,, with
Pennsylvania s, and Steuben cO. w. Chemung
r. which flows through it, has a large quantity
of excellent raeadow land on its banks. Pop.
1,454. South Quay, p-v. Nanseraond co. Va,, 95 ras.
s, s. E. Richmond.
South Reading, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 10
ms. N. E, Boston, contains a pleasant viUage aud
a pond near it. Pop. 1,311.
South River, r., Middlesex co. N. J., forraed
by the Manalapan and Matcheponix which rise
in Monmouth co,, and unite at Spotswood. It
enters the Raritan 5 miles below New Bruns
wick, andis navigable for sloops 6 milea.
South Salem, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 50
ras. N. New York, 6 n, Bediord, and has Conn.
on the E, It is of irregular forra, with seve.
ral ponds, and is bordered w, by Croton r. Pop.
1,537, South Union, p-v, Jasper co. Ga,, by p-r. 24
ras, tt. vr. MilledgevUle.
South Union, p-v, Logan co. Ky,, by p-r. 157
ras. s. w, by w. Frankfort.
South Warren, p-v, Bradford co. Pa,, by p-r.
270 ms northward W. C.
South White Hall, p-v, Lehigh co. Pa., by
p-r. 179 ms, n, n, e. W. C.
Southwick, p-t. Harapden co. Mass., 110 ms.
s. by w. Boston, and n. of Connecticut line, and
contains several large ponds, that serve 'as a
part ofthe route ofthe Hampshire and Hamp
den canal, which passes through the town. It
is crossed by a considerable stream. Popula
tion, 1,355.
Spafford, p.t, Onondaga co. N. Y., 18 ms.
s. s. vr. Onondaga, 14 N, Homer, Hes n. of Cort.
landt CO., and e. Cayuga co, or Skaneateles
lake. The surface is varied, with a rich soil,
bearing raaple, beech, bass, &c. Slopes rapid.
ly E, to Otisco r. the valley of which lies partly
in this town. The inlet of Otisco lake forms
part of the e, line, and there are several smaller
streams. First settled about 1806 from the b,
states. Pop, 2,647.

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509

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Spanish Grove, p-v. Mecklenburg county,
Va., by p-r. 116 ms. s, w. Richmond.
Sparta, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 25 ms. o.
w. Canandaigua, 13 s. Geneseo, has Steuben
CO. E., Steuben and Alleghany cos. s, and Alle
ghany CO. w., is watered by a branch of Hem
lock lake and Canaseraga cr. ; has generally a
poor soil. Pop, 3,777.
Sparta, p-v. Washington co.Pa., by p-r. 10
ms. wstrd. the borough of Washington, and 299
ms, N, w, by w. W. C.
Sparta, p-v, Caroline co, Va,, by p-r, 89 ms.
a littie w. of s. W. C.
Sparta, p-v. Edgecombe co. N. C, by p-r.
81 ras. N. E. by E. Raleigh.
Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. Conecuh co. Ala.
on Murder cr. another branch of Conecuh r.
about 85 ras. n. e. Mobile, and by p.r. 205 ms.
a little E, of s, Tuscaloosa. Lat. 3l° 20', long.
W. C. 10° 10' w.
Spakta, p-v. and st. jus. White co. Ten. by
p-r. 92 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville.
Spartanburg, dist. S.C, bndd, n. e. by Broad
i. separating it from York district. Union E.
and s, E., Ennoree r, separating it from Laurens
s,, Greenville s, w, and w,, and Rutherford co.
N. C. N. Length from s. to tt. 40 ms., raean
breadth 28, and area 1,190 sq, ras, Lat. 35°
and long. 5° w. intersect near the centre of this
dist. Slope s, e, and in that direction advan
cing frora s, to N. it is drained by the rivers En
noree, Tyger, Forest, and Pacolet, Cf t, Spar
tanburg. Pop. 1820, 16,989, 1830, 21,150.
Spartanburg, p-v. and st, jus. Spartanburg
district, S, C, by p-r, 104 ras, n. w. Columbia,
Lat, 34° 56' long. W. C, 5° w.
Speckled mtn, Oxford co. Me., n. of An
droscoggin I. on the N. line of Riley, is one of
the highest eminences in the state, and sup
posed to be about 4,000 ft. above the sea.
Speedwell, p-v. Barnwell dist, S. C, by p-r.
Ill ras. s, wstrd, Colurabia.
Speedwell, p-v. wstm, part of Claiborne co.
Ten,, by p-r, 238 ms, a little n, ofE, Nashville.
Speight's Bridge, and p-o. Greene co. N, C,
by p-r. 74 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh.
Spencer, p-t, Worceater co. Mass., 51 ms,
W.Boston, 11 s. w, Worcester, has a pleasant
variety of surface, and a good soil. It is wa.
teredby branches of Chicopee r which furnish
raill sites. The land is elevated 880 ft. above
Connecticut i. at Springfield, and 950 above
Boston harbor. On a route surveyed for a ca
nal between those two points, this was the sura-
raU level. Pop. 1,618.
Spencer, p-t. and st. jus. Tioga co. N. Y.,
190 ms. w. by s. Albany, and 18 n. w. Owego,
has Cayuta on the w. line, and a pond n. which
gives rise to Catetant creek, with Cayuga inlet.
The surface and soil are various. Pop. 1,278.
Spencer, p-v, Davidson co. N. C, by p-r. 92
ms. westward Raleigh.
Spencer, co,, Ky., bndd, s, by Nelson, BuUitt
w,, Jefferson N. w,, Shelby n,, and Anderson e.
Length 22 ms,, mean breadth 12, and area 264
sq. ms. Lat. 38°, and long. W. C. 8° 14' vr.,
interaect in this co. Slope westward, and in
that direction drained by Salt river, Cf t, Tay.
lorsviUe. ^ Pop, 6,S12.
Spencer, co., Ind., bndd. w, by Littie Pigeon

r. aeparating it from Warrick, Dubois n., An
derson's cr. E., separating it from Perry, and the
Ohio r. separating it from Hancock co. Ky„ s.
E., Daviess co, Ky., s., and Henderson co. Ky.,
s. w. Length from s. to N. 39 ms., mean width
14, and area 448 sq. ms. Lat. 38° and long.
10° w. intersect in the southeastern part ofthis
CO., general slope is southward towards Ohio r.
Cf t. Rockport, no unapt name, aa the whole
county is hilly, and in part rocky. Pop. 1890,
1,889, 1830, 3,196.
Spencer, p-v. and st. jus. Owen co. Indiana,
by p-r. 52 ms, b, w. Indianopolis. It is situated
on Kaskaskias r. Lat. 39° 17', long. W. C. 9°
48' w.
Spencertown, p-v. Austerlitz, Columbia co.
New York, 30 ras, e. w. Albany.
Spermaceti Cove, Monmouth co. N. J., a
safe and convenient harbor, for vessels of light
draught of water, at the s. w. part of Sandy
Hook, E. of the Highlands.
Spesutia, p-v. Harford co, Md., by p-r. 65 ms.
N. E, W. C.
Spinneestown, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p.r. 171
ms, N, E, W. C.
Spirit, Lake. This comparatively large sheet
of water forras the reservoir frora which flows
sthrdly. IVI ississagaigon, or Rura r. It appears
to be supplied by immense swamps, or over.
flown ground, between St. Louis r. of lake Su
perior and Mississippi r. The centre of Spirit
Lake is at lat. 46° 30', and long. W. C. 16° 40'
w. and about 75 ms. direct course a littie s. of
w. the mouth of St. Louis r.
Split Rock, p-v. Essex, Essex co. N. Y., 2
ms. s. Essex v, on the w. side of L, Charaplain.
Spoon isl,, Hancock co, Maine,
Spoon, r, of II. has its sources in Putnara and
Henry cos. ; by a sthwstrn. course of 50 miles,
it reaches tbe nrthrn. border of Fulton co., and
incHning to s. b. w. 20 ras. and afterwards to s.
E. 20 ms. more it falls into Illinois river. The
higher part of the vaUey of Spoon river lies be
tween those ofthe Illinois and Mississippi, but
in the lower part of its course it is bndd. s. w.
by the valley of Crooked cr. This r. drains a
fine section of 11. and its valley, in lat. stretch
ing from 39° 55' to 41° 20'.
Spotswood, p-v, Middlesex co. New Jersey,
9 ras. s. E. New Brimswick, 10 w. by s. Mid
dletown Point, on the n, side of South river, a
branch of the Raritan. Snuff and powder are
manufactured here.
SpoTTEDviLLE, p-v. Stafford co. Va,, by p-r. 88
ms. B. s. w. W. C.
Spottsylvania, co. Va,, bndd. by Caroline s.
E., North Anna r. separating it from Hanover s.
and Louisa s, w,. Orange n, w., Rapid Ann r.
separating it from Culpepper ft., and Rappahan
noc r. separating it frora Stafford n, is. Length
from s, w, to n. e. 24 ms,, mean breadth 17 ms.
and area 408 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 12', long. W. C.
0° 40' w. The extreme sources of Matapony
r. rise mostly in this co., and flow to the south
eastward as do the two bounding streams North
Anna and Rappahannoc rs., the slope of the co.
is of course in the direction of its waters. Sur.
face though hilly, is pleasantly and in many
places finely diversified. Cf. t. Fredericksburg.
Pop. 1820, 14,254, 1830, 15,134.

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503

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Spread Eagle, p.v.northwesternpart of Del.
CO. Pa., by p-r. 136 ras. n. e. W. C.
Spring Bank, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. by p-r. 51
ms. s. fi. Raleigh.
Springboro', p-v. Warren co. 0., by p-r. 88
ras. N. w, by w. Colurabus.
Spring Cottage, p-v. near the southwstrn.
angle of Hancock co. Misp. about 120 ms. s, e,
by E, Natchez.
Spring Creek, p-v. 'Warren co. Pa., by p-r.
335 ras. N. w. W. C.
Spring Creek, p-o. Greenbrier co. Va., by
p-r. 254 ras. s. w. by w. W. C.
Spring Creek, p-o. Madison co. Ten. by p-r.
132 ras. B, w. by w. Nashville.
Spring Dale, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa,, by p-r.
235 ras. N. w. W. C.
Spring Dale, p-v. Hamilton co. 0,, by p-r,
111 ms. s. w, by w, Columbus,
Spring Farm and p-o, Augusta co. Va., by
p-r. 151 ms. B. w. by w. W. C.
Springfield, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 35 ms.
from Concord, 90 from Boston, lies in the n. e.
corner ofthe co. with Grafton co. n., and Mer
rimack CO. E., and contains 28,330 acres. It
gives rise to a branch of Sugar r,, and one of
the streams of Blackwater r,, thus dividing the
waters of Connecticut and Merrimack rs. It
contains several small ponds, and has a rough
surface, but a pretty good soil. There is a
quarry of valuable stone e. First settled, 1772.
Pop. 1,192,
Springfield, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 13 ms, b.
Windsor, 68 from Montpelier, 30 tt. Brattle
boro', w. Conn, r,, and is crossed s. e, by Black
r. There are fine meadows on Conn, river ; a
viUage at the falls of Black r., and another in
the N, w, part. Pop. 2,749.
Springfield, p-t. and st. jus, Harapden co.
Mass,, lies on the e, side of Conn. r. 87 miles
vr. Boston, 26 n. Hartford, 47 w. s, w. Wor
cester, and 20 s, Northampton. It is one of
the -most thriving towns in the state, containing
a court-house, jail, bank, 2 insurance offices,
besides other public buildings ; araong theae
are 4 churches, 1 each for Congregationalists,
Unitarians, Baptists and Methodists. It also
contains the largest arraory of the U. S,, and
many elegant private edifices, highly credita-
to the taste of its inhabitants. In this town is
Chickapee, an iraportant raanufacturing village,
which contains about 1,300 inhabitants, a Con
gregational &. Methodist church, p-o., and about
100 houses or brick, belonging to the manufac
turers. In 1831 there were in the town 1,453
polls, 722 dwelling houses, 118 stores, warehou
ses & mechanic shops, 580 barns &. other build
ings, 3 cotton factories, 370 looras, and 13,824
spindles, 1 bleachery, 3 paper raills, 5 printing
offices, 5 grist mills, 7 saw raills, 2 card fac
tories, 1 carding machine, 1 fulling miU, 2 brew
eries, 2 distilleries, 3 tan-houses, 5,301 acres
of tillage land, 1,807 acres of mowing
land, 389 horses, 321 oxen, 474 cows, 237
steers and heifers, and 954 sheep. A bridge,
1,234 ft. long, crosses the Connecticut to
'West Springfield. Stage coaches run daUy
to Boston, Albany, Northampton and Hart.
ford; and small steamboats also to Hart.
ford, carrying passengers, &c. &e. The ar.

mory of the U. S. was estabUshed in 1795, at
an expense, with additions from tirae to tirae
sinoe, of $251,857, Frora that tirae up to 1821,
there were expended in work and materials
$9,553,359. The annual expense ia $180,000.
The present production is 16,500 muskets a
year, and there are on hand, prepared for dis.
tribution, more than one hundred thousand
stand. The nuraber of workmen is nearly ,300.
According to the statement of the superinten.
dent, about two.thirds of the amount appropria
ted to this establishment is paid for labor, and
one-third for stock and raaterials. Of the latter
the follovving comprise the most important
items, viz:— 165 tons of iron, $93,100 ; 49,500
lbs. of steel, $7,820; 16,500 files, $3,300;
140,000 bushels charcoal, $9,100; 10,000 bush.
els pit coal, $3,500 ; 100 tons Lehigh coal,
|1,000. 'Total $47,820, There are employed
in the estimate 275 men, whose pay amounts
for the year to $120,000, leaving for stock and
raaterials $60,000, Total $180,000. The
nuraber of arms manufactured per year, with all
appendages, is 16,500. Araount of perraanent
improveraents, raiscellaneous expenses, &c.
say ^12,000; leaving for the manufacture of
arras, gun boxes, screwdrivers, wipers, ball
screws, spring vices, and all the appendages,
say $168,000, The greater part of the buildings
belonging to the arraory are situated on the
hill nearly a mile e. of the river ; the vvater-shops
connected with the arsenal lying one raile s. on
MiU r. Chickapee v., which has been men
tioned, is situated on a river, from which it de
rives its narae, and which affords abundant wa
ter power for its manufactures. It is about
4 ms. N.of the viUage of Springfield, and con.
tains 4 large cotton factories and a bleaching
establishment. Three of the manufactories em.
ploy 600 persons, using 900,000 Iba. of cotton
annually, and raaking 3,300,000 yds. of printing
cottons, fine sheetings and shirtings. The
other factory is 254 ft. long, and 4 stories high.
There are also iron works in the village. Pop.
1890, 3,970, 1830, 6,784.
Springfield, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 58 ras. w.
Albany, 12 n, Cooperstown, in the n. w. corner
ofthe CO,, has Otsego lake and co, vr., andis of
a varied surface, with a soil generally rich.
There are several sraall mill strearas. The
to'wn was settled and deserted before the revo
lution, and has since been settled by English,
Scotch and Irish. Pop. 9,816.
Springfield, t. Burlington co. N. J., 18 ms. s.
Trenton, and 18 from Burlington ; has Assis.
cunk cr. n., and is crossed by a small branch.
The soil is good and very well cultivated. Pop.
1,534. Springfield, p.t. Essex co. N. J., 7 ms. w.
Newark, 15 w. N. Y., 6n. w. Elizabethtown;
has a pleasant village on Rahway r. which flows
through it, and affords several miU sites. The
Short hiUs cross the n. part s. e, and tt. vr. The
surface is varied, the soil gM>d, and the inhab.
itants farmers, A large BriHsh foraging party
was resisted and stopped at the river duringthe
war ; but on another occasion the village was
occupied by the eneray one night, and burnt af.
ter the battle of Springfield, -which was severely
contested, and was continued, aa the Americans

SPR

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SQU

retreated, E. of the village to the Short hiUs,
where the British received a check. This place
the enemy were unable to retain possession of,
and they retreated the next day. Pop. 1,656.
Springfield, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r.
255 ms, N. W. C.
Springfield, p-v. Harapshire co. Va., by p-r.
118 ms. K. vr. by vr. W. C.
Springfield, p-v. Greene co. Ala., by p-r. 61
ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa.
Springfield, p-v. sthestrn, part of St. Helena
parish. La., byp-r. 11 ms, b. e, St, Helena, the
st.jus, of the parish, and via Madisonville about
80 ras. N. w. New Orleana.
Springfield, p-v. and st. jus, Robertson co.
Ten,, by p-r, 25 ms, a Httle w. ofN, Nashville.
Lat, 36° 30', long. 9° 54' w, W C,
SpifiNQFiELD, p-V, and st, jus, Wajhington co,
Ky., by p-r, 50 ms, s, vr. Frankfort, Lat. 37°
42', long. 8° 16' w. W. C. Pop, 618,
Springfield, p-v. and st, jus, Clarke co. O,,
43 ms. almost due w, Columbus, and 25 tt. e.
by E. Dayton. Lat. 39° 54', long, 6° 48' w, W.
C. It is situated on a small branch of Mad r.,
and contains the ordinary co. buildings, with
several manufactories. In the n. w. part ofthis
village is a beautiful cascade, in the vicinity of
which the scenery is very fine. It is in Mill cr.,
which, passing over a bed of liraestone, has a
perpendicular fall of 20 ft. In the vicinity of
this are two springs, one chalybeate, the other
sulphur, both possessing considerable raedicinal
properties. Pop. 1,080.
Springfield, p-v, Franklin co. Ind., by p-r,
77 ras. B. E. by e. IndianopoUs.
Springfield, p-v. and st. jus., Sangamon co.
Ik, by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. VandaUa, and as laid
down by Tanner, about 5 ras. wstrd. of the
junction of Sangamon proper with the Mowa
wequa. Lat. 39° 48', long, 12° 40' w, W, C.
It is one of the new towns rising as if by mira
cle from the wilds of the west.
Springfield, Cross Roads and p-o. Erio co.
Pa., by p-r. 330 ms. n. w. W. C.
Springfield Furnace, and p-o, Huntingdon
CO. Pa. by p-r. 150 ras. n, n. w, W, C.
Spring Four Corners, p-v. srthrn. part Sus
quehannah co. Pa,, about 6 ras. sthrd. Montrose,
the CO. St. In directing letters it ought to be
observed that though in the sarae tsp., Spring
ville and Springville Four Corners are different
offices. Spring Garden, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., by
p-r. 250ms. s, w. W.C.
Spring Garden, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C,
by p-r. 124 ms. ft. vr. by w. Raleigh.
Spring Grove, p.o. Lancaster co. Pa., byp.r.
N, estrd. W. C.
Spring Grove, p-o. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r.
137 ms. wstrd, Raleigh.
Spring Grove, p-o. Laurens dist, S. C. by
p-r. 69 ms, n. w. Columbia.
Spring Gkove, p-o. Alachua co. Florida, by
p-r. 193 ras. s. e. TaUahassee.
Spring Hill, p.o. Fayette co. Pa., by p-r. 221
ms. N. w. W. C,
Spring Hill, p-o, Lewis co. N. C, by p-r. 67
ms. B. B. by E. Raleigh.
Sprinu Hill, p.o. York dist. S. C, by p-r, 97
ms, M. Columbia,

lr pring Hill, p-v. Monroe co. Geo., by p-r, 7
ms. w. MiUedgeville.
Spring Hill, p-v. Maury co. Ten., 30 ms. s.
s, vr. Nashville.
Spring Hill, p-o. Decatur co. Ten., 53 ms.
s, E, IndianopoUs.
Spring House, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa,, 19
ras. N, PhU.
Spring Mill, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by p.r.
82 ras. s. s, w. Indianopolis. This is the same
place forraerly caUed Arcole.
Spring Mills, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r.
187 ms, N, N, vv, W. C,
Spring Mount, p-o. estrn, part Dyer co. Ten,,
by p-r. 1-60 ms. w. Nashville, and 8 ms. e. Dy
ersburg, the CO. St.
Spring Place, p-o. Cherokee Nation, by p-r.
219 ms. N. w. MiUedgeviUe, and 693 ras, s. w.
by w. W. C.
Springport, t. Cayuga co. N. Y,, 10 ras.
s, w. Auburn ; has Cayuga lake and Seneca
CO. w, ; contains the vil. of Union Springs. Pop.
1,528. Spring Rock, p-o. York dist. S. C, by p-r.
80 ms, N, Columbia,
Spring's Mills, p-o. Lincoln co. N, C, by
p-r, 172 ms. wstrd. Raleigh.
Springtown, vil. Morris co. N. J,, 18 ras, w,
Morristown, on the acclivity of Schooley's
ratn. Springtown, p-v. near the n. wstrn. border of
Bucks CO. Pa,, 7 ms. is, e, Betblehera, and 43
ras. N. Phil.
Springville, p-v, Susquehannah co. Pa. by
p-r. 261 ms. n. n. e. W. C.
Springville, p-v. Darlington dist. S. C, by
p-r. 91 ms. estrd. Columbia.
Springville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by p-r.
69 ms, s, B, w. Indianopolis,
Springwater, p-t, Livingston co. N. Y., 18
ms, s. E, Geneseo ; has Ontario co. n, and e,,
and Steuben co. w. ; a pretty good soil, though
a rough surface, and is watered by several
small streams. Pop, 2,253,
Spring Wells p-v, Wayne co. Mich., by p.r.
10 ras. nthrd. Detroit.
SauAM, lake, Grafton and Coos cos. N. H,, 3
ms, by 6 ; is a beautiful sheet of water, almost
surrounde^d by high iJiUls, and diversified wilh
coves, capes and isls., and affording fine trout.
It extends over about 6,000 acres. A canal
from this to Winnipiseogee lake 9 ms. distant,
has been proposed.
SaiiAM, r. Grafton co. N. H,, the outlet of
Squam lake, crosses part of Holderness, and
falls into Pemigewasset r.
Squam, bay, Essex co. Mass., on the north
shore of Cape Ann, opposite Gloucester harbor,
with which it is connected by a short canal',
which crosses the isthmus of that cape or
peninsula. This bay is also called Squam har.
bor. Squam, vil. Gloucester, Essex co. Mass., qn
the tt. shore of Cape Ann ; has an excellent and
convenient harbor, and a population devoted to
fishing and commerce.
Squamanagonick, vil. Rochester, Strafford
CO. N. H., at the falls of Cocheco r.
Squam Beach, Morris co, N. J., on the sea
coast, s. of Manasquam r.

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Squamscot, or Exeter r,, N. H.
Stafford, p.t. Tolland co. Conn. 96 ms. n, e,
Hartford, and 74 vr. s. w. Boston ; is an elevated
tract, with Mass, line tt. The surface is rough,
with some pleasant vallies, and much wild see.
nery. The rocks are priraitive, and the soil
generally favorable to grass. Iron ore, (chiefly
bog ore,) is found in raany places, and there
are several raines and forges. Willimantic r.
and Roaring brook afford mill seats ; and there
are several manufactories. Straw braiding, is
carried on to some extent by feraales. The
vU, is on a pleasant elevated plain, with a large
open square in the centre, affording an exten
sive view over a varied country. "The springs
are situated in a narrow valley, 1 mile w, ofthe
vil,, on the bank of tbe WiUimantic, and in the
midst of picturesque scenery, about 100 yards
s, of the tumpike road frora Boston to Hart
ford. Near at hand is a large house for the ac
commodation of visiters. One of the springs
is a feeble chalybeate, and the other is impreg
nated with sulphuretted hydrogen. First set
tled about 1718. The Indians were acquainted
with the valuable properties of the springs
which they made known to tho settlers. Pop,
2,515. Stafford, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 6 ms, e,
Batavia, has a slightly varied surface, with
pretty good soil, watered by Black cr. Pop.
2,368, .,
Stafford, t. Monmoutlf co. N, J,, forms the
s, angle of the co., and is nearly in the form of
a triangle. The w. part comprehends a great
part of Little Egg Harbor, with several isls ,
and much of Long Beach, which shuts it in
frora the ocean. There is also a considerable
extent of swaraps on the borders ofthe harbor,
through which Manahocking r,, and other sraall
strearas discharge. Pop. 9,059.
Stafford, co. Va. bndd. by King George s. E.,
Rappahannoc r. separating it frora Caroline s,,
Spottsylvania co s. w., and Culpepper w,, on the
N, w. it has Fauquier, King Willfem n., and the
Potomac r. separating it from Charles co. Md,
E, Lat. 38° 25', long. W. C. 0° 29' w. Length
20 ms., raean breadth 12, and area 240 sq. ras,,
surface hilly. Cf t. Falmouth. Pop. 1820,
9,517 ; 1830, 9,362, »
Stafford, c. h. p-o. and st. jus. Stafford co.
Va,, by p.r. '76 ras. a little e. ofN. Richmond, and
46 s. w. W. C.
Stafford, spruigs and p.o. wstrn. part Staf
ford CO. Va.
Stagville, p-v. Orange co. N. C.
Stahler's, p.o. Lehigh co. Pa., 10 ms, nrthrd.
Allentown, the co. st.
Stalling's, store and p.o. Monroe co. Geo.,
49 ms. w. Milledgeville.
Stamford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 9 raa. s. e.
Bennington, 21 s. Brattleborougli, n, Mass., is
uneven, and has rauch waste land. Some ofthe
head streams of Hoosao r. rise in the s., and in
the N. part are Moose, Fish, and other ponds,
from which waters run into Walloomsac r.
Pop. 563.
Stamford, p.t. Fairfield co. Conn., 76 ms. s.
vr. Hartford, 42 s. a. w. New Haven, 43 n. x.
New York, has N. Y. n. w. and Long Island
sound B. w,, is erossed by two or three mill

strearas, and is penetrated by a bay from the
aound. The aurface is agreeably varied, the
soil is fertile and favorable to cultivation. At
the mouth of Mill r. is a harbor, wifh 8^ feet of
water at common tides, and a place of some
coasting trade. There are two smaller harbors
in the t,, and here are two large flour mills.
Pop. 3,712,
Stamford, p-t. Delaware co, N. Y,, 12 ras.
E. Delhi, 50 w. Catskill, 60 w. b. w. Albany, has
the head streara of Del. r. n., and Schoharie
CO. E. The surface is broken, the mill sites
good, and it contains two or three small villa
ges. Pop. 1,597.
Standing Peach Tree, and p-o, Dekalb co,
Geo,, byp-r, 127 ras. n, w. MiUedgeville.
Standing stone, p-o. Bradford co. Pa,, on the
Susquehannah r,, 6 ms, n, Towanda, the co. st,,
and by p-r. 245 ms. n, W. C,
Standisu, p-t, Curaberland CO, Me., 6 ras. s.
w. Augusta, 21 N, w, Portland, has Saco r. and
York COS. s. w,, and Sebago pond n, e,, ,ind con
tains several ponds, connected by a streara flow
ing into it. Pop. 9,023,
Stanford, p-t, Dutchess co, N. Y,, 18 ms, n,
E. Poughkeepsie, has a surface a Httle varied,
with pretty good soil, and is well watered by a
branch of Wappinger's cr. Pop, 9,52 1 ,
Stanford, p.v, and st. jus. Lincoln co. Ky,,
situated on a small branch of Dick's r,, by p-r.
51 ms. a littie e. of s. Frankfort. Lat 37° 39',
long. W, C, 7° 32' w. Pop. 363.
Stanford's Cross Roads, and p-o, Putnam co.
Geo,, 21 ms. n. MUledgeviUe.
Stanhope, p-v. Sussex co. N. J., on the Mus-
konetcong cr. and Morris canal, 16 ms. n, w.
Morristown and 12 a. Newton, is the seat of
extensive iron works.
Stanhope, p-v. nrthrn. part Northarapton co.
Pa,, by p-r. 32 ras. nrthrd. Easton, the oo. st.,
and 222 ms. n. n. e. W. C.
Stannardsville, p-v. in the extrerae wstrn.
part Orange co. Va,, by p-r. 114 ras, o, w. by vr.
W. C, and 92 ras, n. w. by w. Richraond.
Stantonburgh, p-v. sthrn. part Edgecomb co.
N. C, by p-r. 66 ma. a littie s, ofE, Raleigh.
Stantonville, p-v. in the nthrn, part of An-
deraon dist. S. C, by p.r. 113 ms. n, w, Colum
bia. Star, p-v. Hocking co. 0., by p-r. 57 ms. s.e.
Columbus. Stark, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y., 69 ms. n. w.
Albany. Pop. 1,781.
Stark, co. 0., bndd. by Jefferson s. e., Tus
carawas s,. Holmes s. w., Wayne w., Medina
N. w., Portage n,, and Columbiana e. Length
along the estrn. border 33 ms., mean breadth
25, and area 825 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 30', long.
W. C. 4° 26' w. The extreme source of Big
Beaver rises in the n. e. angle of this eo,, but
the far greater part ofthe surface is drained by
the Tuscarawas and its branches ; general slope
sthrd. The main volume of Tuscaraw as cross.
es the CO. from n, to s. nearly, along the valley
of which the Ohio and Erie canal has been con.
structed. The level bf the canal at Massillon,
near the middle of the co. is 949 ft. above tide
water ; the whole arable surface no doubt ex.
ceeding a mean of 1,000 ft. of similar compara-.
tive height. The soil is fertile in grain, pas.

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turage and fruit. Cf t. Canton. Pop, 1820,
14,506 ; 1830, 26,588,
Starkey, p-t, Yates co, N. Y,, 10 ras. s, e.
Vena Yan. Pop, 2,285,
Starks, p-t. Soraerset co. Me,, 7 raa. w. Nor
ridgewock, and 37 N. n. w. Augusta, forras
nearly a coraplete square, the s. w. corner of
which alraost touches the co, of Kennebec, and
the N. E, boundary is formed by Kennebec r.
Pop. 1,471.
Starksborough, p-t, Addison co. Vt., 22 ma.
s. w. Montpelier, and 20 s. e. BurUngton, first
settled 1788, frora Conn, and N. Y, Lewis cr,
and Huntington r, are the principal strearas, and
mill seats are abundant, especially on the for
mer where are several factories. Hogback
mtn. lies on the w. boundary, and East ratn.
crosses the raiddle. The soil is loani, and the
tiraber chiefiy hard wood. Pop. 1,342.
Starucca, p-v, Wayne co. Pa,, by p-r. 19 ms,
nthrd. Bethany, the co. St., and 284 ms. tt. n. e.
W. C,
State-line, p-v. sthrn, part of Franklin co.
Pa., by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. 'W. C.
Staten isl. N. Y., forms the co. of Rich
mond, 9 ras. s, w. N. Y,, is 14 ras, long, and 8
wide, bndd. by New York bay n., the Narrows
E, which separate it from Long Island south,
by Raritan bay w,, and by the Kills lying
opposite New Jersey on the two last men.
tioned sides. (See Richmond co., and Rich
mond.) Statesburgh, p.v. N. wstm, part of Sumpter
dist. S, C, 10 ms. n. w. by w. Sumpterville,
the st, jus,, and by p-r. 32 ms. a little s. of E.
Columbia. Statesville, p-v. and st. jus. Iredell co. N.
C, by p.r. 40 ms. s. s. E. Wilkesville, and 146
ms, w, Raleigh, Lat, 35° 13', long. W. C. 3°
54' w.
Statesville, p-v, estrn, part Wilson co. Ten,,
by p-r. 48 ms. estrd. Nashville.
Station Camp, p-v. Estill co, Ky,, by p-r. 6
ms. sthrd. Irvine, the st. jus., and by p-r. 75 ms.
B. E, by E. Frankfort.
Staunton, p-v. New Castle co. Del,, situated
at the junction of Red Clay and White Clay
ers,, 6 ras. s. w. by w, Wilraington and by p-r.
51 ms, N, E. W. C.
Staunton, p-v. and St. jus.. Augusta co. Va.,
on one of the extrerae head branches ofthe e.
fork of Shenandoah r. 36 ms, a little n, of w.
of Charlotteville, and by p-r. 163 ms. s, w. by
w. W. C, and 121 ras. n, w, by w. Richraond.
Lat. 38° 09', long. W. C. 2° 03' w. It stands
on the fine valley between the Blue Ridge and
Kittatiimy, or as there expressed between Blue
Ridge and North mtn. chains, a little north
Madison's Cave. It contains 3 or 4 places of
public worship, numerous stores, taverns and
mechanics' shops. It is a corporate town, and
contains houses for the chancery, circuit and
corporation courts. The population is not given
inthe census tables, but is probably about 1,000.
It is on the whole one of the most flourishing
interior towns of Va.
Steele Creek, p-o. Mecklenburg, co. N. C,
8 ms. sthrd. Charlotte, the co. at., and by p-r.
158 ma. s. w. by w. Raleigh.
Steel's Milla and p-o. sthrn. part Richmond

CO. N. C, 19 ma. sthrd. Rockingham, the co.
St., and by p-r. 195 s. w. Raleigh.
Steele's MUls and p-o, sthrn, part Randolph
CO. II., by p-r. 111 ms, s. w. Vandalia.
Steele's Tavern and p-o. Augusta co, Va,,
by p-r, 160 ms, s. w. byw, W, C,
Steen's cr. and p-o. Rankin co. Misp., by
p.r. 196 ras. n. e. Natchez.
Stephensport, p.v, Ky, on Ohio r., just be.
low the raouth of Sinking creek and in the ex.
treme nrthrn. angle of Breckenridge co,, 16
ms, N, N, w. Hardinsburg, the co. st,, and by
p.r, 118 ms, a Uttie s, of w, Frankfort. Pop. 64.
Stephentown, p.t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 20
ms. s. E. Albany, has the boundary of Mass. on
the E. line, and Columbia co. s., with a very
hilly surface e., and various soils. There is a
broad valley in the middle, in which rises a
branch of Lebanon cr. w, ; the soil is poor,
and occupied by the green woods. Limestone
abounds and is wrought. Pop, 2,716.
Sterling, t. Franklin co. Vt,, 24 ras, n. e.
Burlington, and 24 n. w. Montpelier, first set.
tied 1799, has no large strearas. Sterling peak,
s. e,, is one of the highest eminences of the
Green ratns,, and the surface is generally very
rough. Pop. 183.
Sterling, p.t. Worcester co. Mass,, 46 ms.
w, Boston and 12 n. Worcester, was chiefly
purchased of the Indians in 1701, and is cross
ed by StUl r. a brancb of Nashua r. It has a
surface generally Tiilly, with a pine plain s. w.
Chairs and hats have been raade here in great
nurabers for some years. A battle was fought
here in 1707, between some troops from Lan
caster and Marlborough, and a party of Indians,
in which the latter were defeated. A variety
of minerals are found in the rocks. First set.
tied, 1720. Pop. 1,794.
Sterling, p-t, Windham co. Conn., 44 ms. e.
Hartford, has the boundary of R. I. e., an un
even surface, with some pine plains, and a light
soil, best appropriate to grain. Quanduck r.
is a small streara, but th^re are several manu
factories in the to-wn. Near the centre is the
Devil's Den, a reraarkable cavern in a ledge of
rocks. Pop. 1,240.
Sterling, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y,, 28 ras. n.
Auburn, has lake Ontario ft., and Oswego co.
E,, with Little Sodus bay N, w., into which flows
Nine-mile cr. Pop. 1,436.
Sterling, p-v. sthrn. part Wayne co. Pa., by
p-r. 237 ms. n. n. e. W. C.
Sterrett's Gap, and p-o. nrthrn. part Cum
berland CO. Pa., by p-r. 95 ms,, but by direct
distance 18 ms, almost due w. Harrisburg, and
8 ras. a little E. of n. CarUsle. This is one of
those reraarkable depressions in the Appalachi
an chains called " Gaps." The particular gap
here described is highly worthy a visit from the
the traveller. From it the whole of Cumber.
land CO. seems to spread an iraraense map, and
in a clear day the cupola of the state house in
Harrisburg is distinctly to be seen. On the
contrary side, or to the n. and w. the congeries
of mm. chains seem to extend in endless varie
ty. It ia anlongat the finest positions in the U.
S. in regard to perspective, havmg 2 immense
landscapes connected in the eye of the apecta.
tor.

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Stetson, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 114.
Steuben, p-t. Washington co. Me., 35 ms.
w. Machias, has Narragaugus r. on the n. e.
line, and Hancock w., with the Atlantic s,, frora
which 3 long bays extend far n. into this town.
Dyer's bay in the middle, and Goldsboro' har
bor w. Pop. 695.
Steuben, co. N, Y., bndd. by Livingston and
Ontario cos. n., Seneca lake e. which separates
it from Seneca and Tompkins cos., Tioga co.
Pa. s., and Alleghany co. w. Several streams
of the Tioga or Chemung cr. (which is a branch
ofthe Susquehannah) spread over this co, and
afford a navigation for boats. Conhocton, Ca
nisteo and Tioga are the principal of these, and
afford boat navigation to Bath, Hornellsville
and Tyrone. The route ofthe Cheraung canal
extends 18 ms. from Elmira, on the Chemung
river to the head waters of Seneca lake, and a
navigable feeder is brought from the Chemung
at Painted Post, 13 miles to the summit level.
The land in this co. is very uneven, and often
mountainous, with sorae large and fertile raead
ows. The banks of the streams are generally
steep and covered with evergreen forests. It
is a remarkable fact that at some of the fords
the ice forras in winter on the bottom of swift
streams, in such a degree as to render the pas
sage diflacult and even dangerous. This coun
ty contains 24 towns, of which Bath is the st.
jus. Pop. in 1820, 21,989 ;' 1830, 33,851.
Steuben, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ras, n,
Utica, and 110 w. Albany, was nearly all grant
ed to Frederick Williara, Baron de Steuben, an
officer of the revolutionary array, and naraed
after him, and was for some years his residence.
The surface is varied, the land high, and the
soil moist and favorable for grass, Steuben and
Cincinnati ers. are the principal strearas, but
there are few miU seats. Baron Steuben died
here in 1796. Pop. 2,094.
Steuben, p-v. estrn. part Huron co. 0,, by p-r.
100 ras. N, N. E, Colurabus.
Steubenville, p-t. and st, juSJ Jefferson co,
0., situated on the vr. bank of Ohio r,, 147 ms,
IS, by N. Columbus, 38 ins. by land nearly w.
and 70 by water from Pittsburg, and by p-r. 260
s. w. by w. W. C, in lat, 40° 21', and long. 3°
45' w. W. C. The site ofthis flne town is pe
culiar amongst those along the Ohio. GeneraUy,
after the first rise of that stream, is a depression
beyond, towards the hills, of considerable
depth ; whilst at Steubenville, the acclivity from
the river ascends, with very little depression in
the rear. Along this slope the town was laid
out in 1798, in streets running at right angles,
and in 1805 it was incorporated. Though re.
mote from the great western thoroughfare,
Steubenville has become a flourishing place,
with an enUghtened society. According to
Flint, it contained early in 1832,2 printing offices,
an acaderay, market house, woollen factory, cot
ton factory, paper and flour mill ; 27 mercantile
stores, an air foundry and other mechanical es
tablishments. There are alao 3 churches, 2
banks and several private schools ; 9 weekly
papers are published here. Above the market,
is a story occupied as a town house. The man
ufactories ofthis place are generally operated
by steam. The surrounding country, on both

sides of the Ohio, is rich, and quite populous ;
the banks opposite are abrupt, and even pre
cipitous, rising from 400 to 460 ft, above the
river. Pop. 1890, 9,539, 1830, 9,937.
Steven's r. Caledonia co. Vt,, a raill stream
which falls into Con. r. at Barnet,
Stevensburg, p-v, sthrn. part Culpepper co.
Va., 30 ms. N, wstrd. Fredericksburg, and by
p-r. 83 ms, s, w. W. C.
Stevensburg, p-v, Hardin co. Ky., by p-r.
90 ras. watrd. Frankfort,
SiEVENaBURG, p-v. Harailton co. Ind,, by p-r.
31 ras. nthrd. Indianopolis.
Stevensville, p-v. King and Queen co. Va,,
byp.r. 30 ms, a little n, of e, Richmond, and
130 ms, S.W, C,
Stewart co. Ten,, bndd. by Montgoraery N.
E., Dickson s, e,. Huraphries s.. Ten. r. sepa
rating it frora Henry s, w. and w,, and from
Calloway co. Ky. n, w,, on the n. it has Trigg
CO. Ky. Length from s. to n. 98 ms., mean
breadth 20, and area 560 sq, ms, Lat. 36° 25',
and long. W. C. 11° w, intersect near its cen
tre. Cumberland r. enters the extreme estrn.
angle, and flowing to the n. w. traverses the
CO. in nearly its greatest length. Tennessee r.
where forraing part of its boundary, also flows
to the N. w. ; the general slope is of course in
the direction of its two large rivers. Cf t. Do.
ver. Pop, 6,9*^8,
Stewart's Mills, and p-o. GuUford co. N. C,
by p-r, 99 ras, n, w. by w. Raleigh,
Stewartstown, p-t. Coos CO. N. H,, 150 ras.
from Concord, 170 from Portsmouth, and 150
from Portiand, with 27,000 acres ; has Conn. r.
w., here about 80 yards wide. LitUe and Great
Diamond ponds discharge into a branch of An.
droscoggin r,, where several brooks flow into
Conn, r. There are some hiUs, the soil is
rich on the raeadows, and pretty good on the
uplands. Pop. 529,
Stewartsville, p-v, near the western border
of Westraoreland co. Pa., 13 ras. n. w. by w.
Greensburg, 19 s. e. Pittsburg, and byp-r. 204
ras, N, vv, by w, W, C,
Stewartsville, p-v, Richraond co. N. C,
by p-r, 112 ras, b. w, Raleigh.
Stillwater, p-t, Saratoga co. N. Y. 22 ms,
N, Albany, and 10 s, E, Ballston Spa, on the w.
side of Hudson r., has Round lake and its outiet
on the s, line, is generally level, and traversed
by Champlain canal parallel to the r. Here is
Bemis Heights, where the battie of Saratoga
was fought in 1777. Anthony's kill, the outlet
of Round lake, is led off to the Hudson by a
short canal, which affords mill seats. At Me.
chanicville, in the s. E. corner, are a manufac
tory and several mills. The scenery in the n.
is very pleasant, beautifully swelling m fine
ridges, the highest of which, and those nearest
the Hudson, are Bemis' Heights. Pop. 2,601.
Stillwater, p.t. Sussex co. N. J,, 78 ms. n.
Trenton, has Warren co. s. w., the Blue Hills
w., and is crossed in the e. by Pawling's kill,
into which flows Swartwout's pond, which lies
in this t. Pop. 1,381.
Stillwater, p.v. Stillwater, Sussex co. N.
J , 76 ms. N. Trenton, and 6 s. w. Newton, on
Pawling's kill.
Still Water, r. or creek of 0,, is the a. w.

STO

508

STO

branch of Great Miarai, rising in Randolph co.
Ind., and Dark co. O., and flowing estrd. over
the latter, enters Miami co. O. ; inflects to s. s.
E, over Miami and Montgomery, and falls into
Great Miami a short distance above Dayton,
after a comparative course of 50 ms.
Still Water, p.v. on the preceding cr.j and
in the nrthwatrn. angle of Miami co. 0,, about
15 ms. N. w. Troy, the co. St., and by p-r. 86, ms.
a littie N, of w. Columbus. >'
Stillwell, p-v. Perry co. Ten,, hy p.r. 112
ms, B, w, by w. Nashville,
Stockbridge, p-t, Windsor co. Vt., 2b ms. N.
w. Windsor, and 36 s. w. MontpeUer ; first set
tled 1784, has White r. N. w., which here flows
in a very narrow channel;- and there are but few
mill seats. Pop. 1,333.
Stockbridge, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130
ras. w. Boston, 5 s. Lenox, is divided by Housa
tonic 1., on the banks of which are fine mea
dows ; and the scenery is various and beauti
ful, while the soil is generally very productive.
Marble and limestone for burning, are quarried
li?i:e ; and there are several manufactories on
the Housatonic, which affords much water pow
er. The V. is beautifully situated, on the n. side
ofthe r. A tract of land 6 ms. sq. was forraer
ly reserved by the state for a tribe of Indians,
araongst whora a mission was established in
1734. They afterwards removed to New Stock-
bridge, Oneida co. N. Y,, where land was given
thera by the Oneida Indians; and some ofthe
few survivors have since eraigrated to Green
Bay and other places. In the last French war,
the settleraent here was twice attacked by In
dians. Pop. 1,580.
Stockbridge Indians, originally a tribe of
the Moheekanuk, or Indians ofthe race gener.
ally spread over New England, and residing at
Stockbridge, Mass., afterwards reraoved to
New Stockbridge, Oneida co,, and since have
nearly all eraigrated to Green Bay. They
have had missionaries among them raany years,
and have been in a considerable degree civil.
ized. Stockertown, p.v. Northarapton co. Pa,, 7
ras. above Easton.
Stockholm, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y,, 30
miles E, Ogdensburg, is watei»3d by several
branches of St, Regis r,, has a rich soil, and
was settled in 1803, from Mass, Pop. 1,944.
Stockholm, p-v. Jefferson, Morris oo. N. J.,
83 ras. N. by e. Trenton, on Pequannock r., at
the foot of the Wallkill mms., and on the bor-
ders of Bergen co.
Stockport, p-v. situated on the right bank
of Del. 1., about 3 ms. below the junction of
the Coquago and Popachton branches, 90 ms.
N. Bethany, the co, st., and by p-r. 291 ms. n.
N.E. W.C.
Stockton, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 6 ms. e.
Mayville, has Cosdaga lake E., and part of the
outlet, and an undulated surface, with rich val.
lies. Pop. 1,605.
Stock, tsp. and p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r.
110 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. In the direction
of letters, care must be taken to write this name.
Stock Township ; such is the titie inthe p-o. list.
Stoddard, p.t, Cheshire co, N, H., 14 miles
frora Keene, 42 s. s. w. Concord, 20 from

Charlestown,' and w. HiUsboro' co., with 35,925
acres, is elevated, rocky, and mountainous, with
a deep end cold clayey soil, unfavorable to In.
dian corn, but good for grazing. Streams rise
here, flowing into Conn, and Merrimack rivers.
Here are 14 ponds, some ofthem largis. First
settied 1769. Pop. 1,159.
Stoddard, co. Mo. bndd. by New Madrid co.
s., Wayne w., Cape Girardeau n,, and Scott
«. E. Length 50 ms., mean breadth 20, and
area 1,000 sq, ms. Lat. 36° 30' to 37° 12',
long. W. C. 12° 45' to 14° 20' w. This co. lies
principally between the two main branches of
St. Francis r., and is in part subject to annual
submersion. Stoddartsville, p-v. on a branch of Lehigh
1-., on the extrerae s. estrn. border of Luzerne
CO. Pa., on the direct road from Easton on Del.
r., to Wilkes-Barre on Susquehannah r., 39 ms.
N. w. the former, and 90 s. e. by e. the latter
borough. This vil. is situated in a region com
paratively alpine, being elevated 1,384 ft. above
the mean level ofthe Atlantic tides, at lat. 41°
8', long. 1° 14' e. W. C. In regard to relative
climate, the elevation of Stoddartsville is equi
valent to at least 3^ degrees of lat., placing it
above 44° 30' when compared with places on
the sea coast.
Stokeley, p-v, s, wstrn. part Rutherford co.
Ten- by p-r. 45 ms.s. e. Nashville.
Stokes, co. N. C. bndd. by Rockingham tt.
E,, Guilford ». e., Davidson s., Yadkin r. se
parating it frown Rowan s. w,, and from the
sthrn. part of Surry w,, by the nthm. part of
Surry tt. -vr., and by Patrick co. Va. n. Length
from s, to ft. 38 ms,, mean width 22, and area
836 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 02' to
36° 33', and in long, from 3° 2' to 3 ' 32' w. W.
C. Stokes CO. comprises part of a table land,
frora which the strearas are discharged like
radii from the centre of a circle. Bndd. on the
s. w. by Yadkin, that river receives in that di
rection a nuraber of creeks from the s. estrn.
angle ; the extrerae wstrn. sources of Haw r.
flow to the s. estrd. Dan r. rising in Patrick
CO. Va. sweeps an eUiptic curve over the nthrn.
part of Stokes and Rockinghara, and again into
Va. in Pittsylvania co. Surface rather hilly,
but soil fertile in grain, pasturage and fruit.
Cf t. Gerraantown. Pop. 1820, 14,033 ; 1830,
16,196. Stone Church and p-o. Northarapton co. Pa.',
by p-r. 205 ms. N, E. W. C.
Stone Fort, p-v. on one of the extreme
higher branches of Duck r. in the northern
part of Franklin co. Ten., 10 ms. n. Winchea.
ter, the co. seat, and by p.r. 65 ms. s. e. Nash.
ville. Stoneham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 ms.
N. Boston, is uneven, rocky, with some good
BoU. Pop. 732.
Stonerstown, p-v. on Raystown branch of
Juniata r. n. estm. part of Bedford co. Pa., by
p.r. 124 ms. n. w. W. C.
Stonesville, p.v. GreenviUe dist. S. C. by
p-r. 198 ms. n. w. Colurabia.
Stones, r. of Ten. faUs into the left side of
Cumberland r,, a short distance above Nash-
ville. Rutherford co. is nearly commensurate
with the valley of this streara.

. STO

509

STB.

¦ Stoney cr,, a cbnsiderable nthrn. branch of
Nottaway r., rising in Dinwiddie co.' .and falling
into the Nottaway Sussex.
Stoney Ciieek or Shryock, p-v. on Stoney
creek, the North fork of Shenandoah r.,' and
in Shenandoah co. Va., about 8 ms. s, s, vv,
Woodstqtik, the co. St., 35 ms. in a similar
direction.from Winchester, and 105 a Uttle s.
ofwi'W.C. '.'•Stoney Creek, p-o. ona cr. of that name,
a branch of Shenandoah r., s. w. angle of She
nandoah CO. Va., by p-r. 105 ms.s. w.by w.
W.C
¦ Stoney Creek, p-o. on a cr. of the same name
in the n. wstrn. part of Orange co. N. C. by p-r.
81 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. , : .
Stoney Creek, p-o. n, wstru.part of Oakland
CO. Mich,, by p-r. 44 ms. ft. vr. Detroit.
- ' Stone Wall Mills and p-O. s. wstrn. part
'Buckingham co. Va,, by p-r. 108 ms. a Httle s.
of w. Richmond.
.• Stoney Battery, plv. s. estrn. part New-
-bury dist, S.C, 10 ms, s. E. ^Newbury i;. h.,
andby P-r, 36 ms, N, w, by^w, Colurabia.
Stoney Fork, p-o. sthrni: part Mohtgoriiery
CO. Va. 25 -ms. sthrd.. Christiansburg,-by p-r. 307
ms, s. w, by w. W. C, and 229 a Httie s. of w.
Richmond. i-
Stoney Point, Haverstraw, Orange co. N.
Y., is a high and rocky peninsula, stretching
into Hudson r., the channel of which it com
mands, near the head of Hatferstraw bay, on
which, a, fort was erected in the revolutionary
^var, which was taken by storm from the Bri
tish in 1779, iu the night, by Gen. Wayne, at
the head pf Americantroops. There is now a
light-house on its sumrait, on the site of the old
fort. • -. - - ,, - .,
Stoney Point, p-v. northestm. part Albe
marle CO, Va, 71 ms. n, w, by vr. Richmond.
Stoney Poi.\T, p-v. wstrn. part.-Iredell co. N,
C'. 14 ms. westerly Statesville, the co. St., and
by p-r. 160 ms. in a siraUar direction from Ra
leigh. Stoney Point,. p.v, Abbeville dist. S. C by
p.'r.rlOO ras. westerly Colurabia. ,
¦ Stoney Point, MiUs and p-o. sthwstrn. part
Cumberiand co. Va, by p-r. 61 ms. s, w. by w,
Richmond.
' JSTfoNiNGTON, p-t, uud' botough, Now Londou
c(). Conn. 12 ms. E, New London, 55 s. E. Hart
ford, and 69 e. New Haven ; ft has Pawcatuck
river E,, whioh is the bouridary of Rhode IsU
and, Fisher's island sound, and PawcatuckjbaJ
s. and Mystic r. w. The surface is uneven, liut
the soil, though rough and stoney,- is fa-jorable
to grazing, &c. It has a harbor; whence a con
siderable amount of business is carried oh, par-,
.ticularly seaUhg in the Pacific ocean, and fish
ing onthe coast. Ten scaling vessels, wholly
. or partly owned here, brought in, in 1831, skins
worth $100,000. It was first settled in 1658,
from Rehoboth, Mass. , On the Oth of Aug.,
.¦.18l4, the borough was bravely defended by the
'iribaljitants, against an attack Sfripn, a British
squadron of one 74, a frigate, an 18 gun ship,
anda bomb vessel. Pop. 3,397.
•-'Storey's Mills .and p^o. wstrn., part Jackson
cd. Geo. by p-r. 114 ms. n. n. w. MUledgeviUe.
" Stoughstown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 13 ras.-
¦ 65

s. vv. by, w, Carlisle, and 3i,in a sirailar direc
tion fra^ Harrisburg. .• .¦
Stoughton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass, "17 ms, s., .-
Boston, gives rise fb the head waters of Ne.poh.
set r., and- was forraerly the residence d'f sorae
Christiari Indian^ who, removed, from Dorches
ter. ' There-is some ''rftan'ufjKMritfg .carried on
here. Pop. 1,591. *'; rf ' '-a.'iJR'*'--':*?'',,, ,
Stow, p-t. Waaliington co. Vt, 15 ras. N. w.
¦MontpeUer. Pop, 1,570, '
Stow, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass,-' 30 ras, n. w.
Boston, has'a surface but little elevated, wilh
sandy pliSinSj' and veryordinary soil on 'the up
lands. "Pop','] ,920.
Stow, p-v. Portage cp, O, by p-r. 120 ms, n.
E. Columbua, ' '
Stow Creek, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 55 ms.
s, s, w. frenton, is 'ii small t. with Stow cr. N.
yr., whicli divides it froin Salem co, and New
port cr,, its tributary,' s. There is a swampy
tract along the" streams. Pop, 79 1.
Stowesville, p-v, Lincoln co. N, C. by p-r.
165' raa, a little s. of w, Raleigh. "' '
Stoystown, p-vti on the great wstrn. road from
PhU. to Pitit^Tg;28 ras. westerly Bedford, 11
N, E, the,bo^SMi'"of Somerset, and by p;r. 155
ras, N, w, by°w. W. C, and 133 w, Harrisburg,
Strabana, p.y, estrn, pa-rt Leuoirico'." N. C,
byp-r, 92 ras, s, e, by e. Rtileigh. ' ''-
Strafford tio. N, H,, bndd, by Coos co, n,,
the state of Mairie e., Rockingham co, s,_ani| s,
W,, and Pemigewasset r, w,, wdiich|feejrf^^K;it
from Grafton and HUlsboro' cos,,1^^^^^on
CO. N. w., 33 ms. by 63 greatest diraensions,
•Willi's',; 3.4&|"s'ti, ms. The ratns. are Chocorua,
'Sa)ttdvyjoh;>Osipee, Effinghara,Gunstock,Moose,
&c. ''* Red-htU, between Winnipiseogee aiid
Squam lakes, commands one ofthe finest views
in the country. There are' several ; smaller
lakes, and Merrymeeting, Long and Great
bays eonriected, with Winnipiseogee lake. The
principal rivers aTe Piscataqua,' Salrnoh Falls,
Saco, Cocheco and Swift rs. The soil; as well
asthe surface, is very varions, but: generaUy
good, and productive when well cultivated.
There - are many raanufactories of 'cotton and
wooUen. Dover is a considerable manufactur
ing tovvn. There are several incsrportited
acaderaies in'^J^nt towns. The first settle-
.¦raftnt was raade inthe co. in 1623 at Dover, and
tihe" second at Portsmouth in the same year.
The CO. was formed in 1771. Dover and Guil
ford are shire towns'. - P,opa820, 51,|17, 1830,
58,910. '¦' •''';; ' ' ¦ '
Strafford, p-t, Strafford cb. N, H,, 25 ms.
.WJR Opg?^ 15 from Dover, and. 56 from
BoSftqn, has Bow pond s, whicli flows into Isin-
glass'ri; and_se*-eSial.: other small ponds. The
Blue hills cross the n. w, part. The soil is gen.
erally good'. Pop, 2,901. ^tS
1 Strafford, p-t. Orange co. Vt,,l^^ms. s. e.
]V|oii|^Eer, 30 n, Windsor, stands on a branch
of ©ffiji^mpanoosuc r,, affords 'afetmi^ce of dis
integrated pyrites, from which large quantities
of copperas are manufactured. Pop, 1,935.
,; Strasburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa,, on a
branch of Pecquea cr,, 8 iris, s,' e, by e, the city
of Lancaster, and 55 ms, w. Phil.
Strasburg, p-v. nthrn. part Shenandoah co.
Va,, ort the road from Woodstock to Winches-;

STR

510

SUF

ter, 15 ms.N. e. the former, 99 s. vv, th.e, latter
place, and by p-r. 89 w. W. C. ,,
Strasburg, p.v. sthrn. part Fairfield co. O., by
p.r. 37 ms. s. s. e. Columbps.
Stratford, r. or Housatonic r. rises in Berk
shire CO. Mass,, crosses Conn, and empties into
Long Island soundjhetween-Milford and Strat
ford. ' ¦ , •-¦-
Stratford, p-t. Coos co. N. H., 133 ms, n.
Concord, has a broad and valuable tract of
meadows on the e.. bank of .Conn. r. Thes.
and N. parts are mountainous, with cold and
rocky or gra-velly soil. The peaks in this
town are conspicuous from a distance. Nash's
stream. Bog brook, &c. water the town. Pop.
443. Stratford, p-t. Fairfield cp. Conn. 13 ms. s.
vv.. New Haven,,,Has Housatonic r.E,, and Long
Island- sound s,, with a level surface,, few
stones, and'a very rich alluvial tract of raead.
ows on the river anti harbor.^ Shad and shell
fish are taken in abimdance, and there is coast.
ing trade. The borough of Bridgeport is, on the
w. si;de'of a sraall, arra of the sound, forming a
harbor. A draw bridge crosses, it, through
which sloops can pass. A natural canal con.
' nects this harbor with, Housatonic, river which
might be made more useful to navigation. Pop.
1,814. Stratford, t, Montgomery co. N, Y- 15 ms.
N, w. Johnstown, occupies the n, w. corner of
the CO. having Hamilton co. n., and Herkimer
CO. w. It has much marshy ground and raany
hills, with a poor soil, bearing evergreens.
Pop. 559.
Stratham, p-t. Rockinghara co. N. H. 39 ras.
frora Concord, 3 from Exeter, 51 from Boston,
ori the E. side of ihe W. branch of Piscataqua
r., N. , of Piscataqua bay, andis about8m,s, from
the ocean. The soil is good. There is a large
peat swamp e. Pop, 939.
Strather's Mills and p-p, nthrn, part Fayette
CO. Geo,, by p-r. 119 ms, N, w. by w. MiUedge.
viUe. ,
Stratton, t. Windhara ,co, Vt,, 18 ras. n. e.
Bennington. 99 n. w. Brattleboro' ; was settled
frora M ass. It gives rise to Bald ratn., a branch
of West r, E,, which furnishes_miU sites, and to
Deerfieldr. w. Holman's J*iid^ Jones's ponds,
each, of about 100 acres, discharge in different
directions. Pop. 319,
Stbattonsville, p.v. Armstrong co. Pa,, by
p-r, 949 ms, n. w. W. C
Strawntown, p-v. oH Tohiccon cr,, nthwstrn.
part Bucks co. Pa, 40 ras. a little w. of k. Phil.
and 20 s. Easton.
Steeetsboro', p-v. Portage CO. 0., by p-r. 134
*ms. N, E. Columbus,
Strickersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa., by p-r,
99 ms, H. E. W. C. , , ;
Strong, t. Soraerset co. Me., 24 ms. n. w.
.Norridgewock, has Keimebec co. on tlie s.
line, is crossed by Sandy r., arid has a pond on
the E, boim.dary, which flows into Seven-Mile
brook. This town is quite hiUy. on tlie s. Pop.
985,- ,_;.- ,
SiRONtife'viLpE, p-v, Cuyahoga qo. 0,, by p-r.
193 ms. Ni e! -Columbus. 1
Stroudsburg, p-v. in the forka of Broadhead's
cr., arid in the northestm, part Northampton co.

Pa., 3 ins. w. Del. Water gap, arid ^3 ms.'ij. •
Easton. litis built on one longstreet, andis
the third village in size in theco. : ..\
Strykersville. {See Strickersville, -CJies- - '
ter CO. Pa.) ,,''''-',',
Stumpstown, p-v. nthrn. part , Lebanon co.
Pa., 8 ms. N. Lebanon borough, and by p-r. 29
ms. N. E. by E, Harrisburg.
Sturbridge, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 70 ra^..
s. w. Boston, 22 s. w. Worcester, in the s. w.
comer of the co., having Hampden co, , w,, and <
Conn, s., is crossed by Quinnebaug r, and oth
er streams, and has several manufactoriea, ¦witji 'fi
a large supply of water power. The surface "
is rough, the soil rocky and hard to cultivate. ¦
Pop. 1,685.
Sturgeon Bay. This sheet of water extends
from the sthestrn. part of Green Bay, Brown
CO. Mich, and in a sthestm. direction, about 20 '
ms. reaching within 1 mile of lake Mich, and ',
nearly insulating a point of 50 miles in length,
which extending thence tt. ti. e. separates, thfe
body of Green Bay from lake Michigan. {See
cape Townsend^ . ;
Sturgeonville, p-v. nthestm, part Brunswick' ,:
CO. Va., by p-r. 60 ras. s. s. w. Richmond.
Stuyvesant, t, Columbia co. N.Y.,- 1.2 -vaa..-^.
ft. Hudson, has Hudson r. w. ; contains Kinder-"
hook landing, and is crossed s. e. by Kinder
hook cr., which. fgims the boundary in the s.
w. Pop. 2,33L-=fn ,.
. SuBLETT's Tavern knd p-o. eastern part Pow.
hatan co. Va., 23 ms. s. w. Richmond.-
SuccEss, t. Coos CO. N. H,, 143 iias. frora ¦*
Concord, w. Maine ; contains 2 or 3 ponds, and;|
several ratns., and gives rise to Narnaarcunga.
wack and Live rs. Pop. 14,
- Suckasunny, p.v. Morris co. N. J., 63 ras. m. .
by E. Trenton, 10 N. w. Morristown, pnSjicka. .
sunny plain, has sorae large iron mine^^n the -.
vicinity, particularly Dickersori',s, which .yields.!??
excellent ore in great quantities. The opening'C
of the Morris canal offers great advantages for--^
transportation, ' ¦ ., , '-.t
Sudbury,, p-t. Rutiand co. Vt., 47 mUes!s.
Burlington, 65 n. Bennington, and 43 . s. w.", ,,
MontpeUer ; was settled from Connecticut. Ot- ,,*
ter cr. touches it e. There are several ponds-j;
and small streams ; the surface is uneven, with -'^
a rich soU. It is crossed by a ridge ofhigh"
land. In the w. is a small y. Pop. 819. ' • .-
Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex' co.^ Mass., 20 ,ms.§
w. Boston, has Concord r, onthe e, boundary,*
and is crossed by one of its branches. FirstS-
settled 1635. In 1676 a party of 70 raen under
Captain, Wadsworth, were ambushed^here by" .
500 Indians, who killed 96 of them, and,.took
raost of the others. A monument of thi3.,event •>
is 1 mile s. ofthe church. Pop. 1,423. , ¦>"
Shdler's Cross Roads, and?p-o. northern part
Queen Ann co. Md., on the road froriLCentre-
viUe to Elkton, 45 ms. a little s. of e. Balti- ¦
raore, and by p.r. 47 N. ,e, by e.: Annapolis. ,-
Suffield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., if.ms.-N.;^
Hartfprd, and 10 .s. Springfield'; has the b.qu^^
.ary of Mass. on the.N. line, and. Conn, river «.';«
about 5 ms. by 8 ; has a variety of soil arii^sun- j
face, and a beautiful yUlage, the principal skeet
of which is. long, broad and straight, runiiing.N.
and 5. on the ridge of a fine hill, which scopes/

SUG

511

SUL

.gradually e. towards the riyer, which is 9 ms,
distant, arid commands a vie w over a di-versifi-
ed country. The sum of $10,000 has recently
been raised, half of the amount in this town, for
the purpose of establishing a high school here
upon the manual labor system ; to be called,
the Conn. Baptist Literary Institution. In the
N. w. are part of the Greenstone mountainous
range, and part of two Southwick ponds. There
is a spring, called Suffield pool, near the s.
luie, impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen
gas, where a house of entertainment has been
erected. There are several raanufactories in
this t. Pop. 2,690.
Suffolk, co. Mass., bndd. by Middlesex co.
N. and w., Massachusetts and' Boston bays e.,
and Boston bay and a sraall part of Norfolk co.
s. It is the smallest cbunty in the §l^te,'but the
most important, erabracing Boston*Siiid 'Chelsea.''
It was incorporated in 1643. {See Boston and
Chelsea, Mass.) Pop. 1890, 43,940, 1830, 62,.
'163. Suffolk., co., N. Y. comprises about 2-3ds of
Long Island, and is bndd. by Long Island sound
tt., the AtlanticE. and s., and w. by Queens co. ;
is 83 ms. by 20 J, greatest dimensions, contains
about 798 sq. ras., and includes several islands,
the most remote of which is Fisher's isl. onthe
Conn, coast, It contains 9 tsps. and Great,
South, and Dro'wned Meadq^v bays, and seve
ral smaller ones on the south side. Suffolk is
the St. jus. The points,, coves, &o. are nurae.
rous. The principalisls. are Long, Gai-diner's,
Shelter, Plumb, G'reat-Hog.Neck, Robins','&c.
^'The surface is broken n., and more level in the
middle and s,, where are extensive, and almost
barren plains, and much salt marsh, with abun-
'¦dance'of pine, which is sent in great quantities
"to New York. Salt is made by evaporation on
the Atlantic shore, and there is a considerable
'¦number of coasting vessels employed. At Sag
'Harbor is a port of entry, a considerable village,
and foreign trade and whaHng. A Hght house
was erected On Montauk point, the e. extremity
of Long Island, in 179,6. There are light
houses also on ifeton's neck. Old Field point,
and Little Gull isl. The first settlement was
•itiade- in 1640 at Southold. Most of the first
inhabitants came from New England. Pop.
^1820, 24,756, 1830, 26,780.
* Suffolk, p-v: andst. jus. Nanseraond co. Va.,
*fan the right bank df Nansemond r., 98 ms. n. -w.
hy'vr. Norfolk, and byp-r. 109 ms. s. E. by e.
.Richmond, and 224 a little E. of s. W. C. Lat,
36»43.t, long. 8° 27' e. W. C.
Sugar Creek, p-v. Crawford co. Pa., 12' ms.
s, E,-by E. MeadviUe, and by p-r. 291 ms. N. w.
W, C
,;,, Sugar dr. This name is applied to several
creeks of the U. S., and beside' others'of lesser
note, one of Boone, Montgomery and Park cos.
Ind. This stream by A s. yr. by vv. course of 60
ms. falls into Wabash r. in the wstrn. part of
Parke co. Sugar creek is also the name of a
small nthrn. branch of Sangam'pnr. 11; This
'(Stream rises in McLean and TazeweU cos., and'
thence entering Sangamon co. loses its name in
ithat of Salt cr.', {See arts. Salt cr. and S'a-n-
•gamon ir.. Sugar cr, Huron, and also Peektano
and Rock rs.) -,--'- I

' Sugar qr,, stream' in the state-of Illinois and
of Huron territory, the main nthrn. confluent of
Peektano, branch of Rock r. Sugar cr, or
raore coVrectiy river, rises in Huron near the
sthrn. side bf Ouisconsin r. flows in -2 branches
by a general sthm, course about 45 ras. to their
junction, 2 or 3 ras. above Hhe nthrn. boundary
of II., bending thence s, E. enters II., and unites
with the Peektano, after an entire coraparative
course of 60 ras. It drains the space^between
Gooskehawn and Peektano rs.
Sugar Creek, p-v, on a cr. of the same.naine ,
^ksieocR^o. Ind., 15 ras. s. IndiifOpoiisSJ'
'" Sugar Creek, p-v, nthrn. part' Sangamon co.
II., 23 ms. N. of Springfield, the co. seat, andby
p-r, 65 ms. N. N. w. VandaUa. , ,j
Sugar Grove, p-v. nthrn. part Warrert co.
Pa., 14 ras, N, w, Warren, the oo. seat, and by
p.r. 327'ras. N. w, W. C. , •'
Sugar Grove, p-v, Putnam' co. Ohio, by p-r.
148 ms. N. w. Columbus. ,'¦
StiGAR Lake, and p-o; Crawford co. Pa., by
p-r, 307 ms. n. w, W. C.
Sugar Loaf, p-v. nthrn. part Columbia co.
Pa,, 9 1 ms. ft. Harrisburg,
Sugar Tree, p-v, Pittsylvania co, Va., 20 ms.^
s. wstrd. Competition or Pittsylvania c. h., and
byp-r, 280 ms, s,'s. w. W.C, and 187 s.w-by
w. Richraond,
Sugar Valley, p-v. Centre co.' Pa., by p-r.
910 ras. N. w. W. C.
SuGGSviLLE, p-V. Clark co. Ala., by p-r. 159
ms. s. Tuscaloosa. • ,
SuLLFVAN, p-t, Hancock CO, Me., 30 ras. e.
Castine, 93 e. Augusta ; has Hog and Taunton
bays, and an arra of FreUchraan's bay s. w. and
w. A. bridge, 1,400 ft. long, crosses Hog bay
to Hancock. Pop. 538.
Sullivan, co. N. H., bndd. by^jafton co. n.,
Merriraack co. e., Cheshire co. s., and Conn. r.
Vf. which separates it from Verraont. rSugar r. .
which rises partiy in Sunapee lake, on'lhe bor.j
ders of Merrimack co., flows w. into Conn, r.,
and there are several other streams. It was
incorporated in 189,7. Pop. 19,669,
Sullivan, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 42 miles
frora Concord, and 6 from Keene ; has Ashue
lot r. s., but no very striking natural features.
Pop. 557. • *
Sullivan, co. N. Y., bndd. by Delaware, co.
N., Ulster CO. e,. Orange co. s,, and Delaware r.
w., which ¦s"eparates it from Pennsylvania ; has
a broken surface, with fertile vallies,. several
ponds or small lakes, and Navesink, Mongaup,
Cdllakoony-jBeaver, "Willivemock, and Ten Mile
'crs^In .the! t, of "Thorapson are 3 large tanne.
ries ;•- this iaj;he cf t. and St. jus. Pop. 1820,
8,900 ; 1830, 12,364.
Sullivan, p-t.,JV[adisonco,N. Y,, 199 ms. n.
w. Albany, has Oneida lake n.'; and Onondaga
CO. w. ; first settied about 1798.. It is hilly s.
and level n, ; watered by Canasaraga and Chit-
teningo -ers.; which furnish good mill seats.
Much gypsum is found here, as well as iron
ore, limestone arid water lime, - Pop. 4,077.
Sullivan, p.-v'/vftiaga' oo. Pa., by p.r. 142 ms.
a littie w,' of N.|H&rrisbu:rg.,
Sullivan, one of the n. cstm. cos. - of Ten.,
bndd. by Carter E.^and s. e,, Washington a.,
Hawkins w., Scott co. of Va, n.w.-, and Wash-

SUM

512

SUP

in^on CO, of Va. n, e. Length 43 ms,, mean
wfdth 12, and area, 516 sq, ms. Extending in
lat. frora 36° 22' to'36° 35', and in long, frora
4° 48'., to 5° 30' w.W, C. The declivity is
wstrd,, and traversed, by the raairi or raiddle
branch of Holston. This stream enters the n
estm. angle of the co., flows s. w. 95 ms,, re
ceives the Watauga from ihe e., and inflecting
to the N. w., unites with the' North fork of Hol
ston on the border between SuUivan and Haw
kins cos. It is a -mountainous tract. Cf. t.
Blouritsvill-e.i Pop. 1820, 7,015; 1830, 10,073.
Sullivan, p-v. Iredell co. N. C., by p.r. 160
ms, a little s, of w,'Ila;leigh,
SuLLrvAN, p-v. Lorain co. O,, by p-r, 101 ms.
N, ft, E, Colurabus.
Sulphur Springs, p-o. Union co.Ky., by p-r.
210 ras. a little.s. ofw. Frankfort.
Summerfield, p-v, Monroe co, 0,, by p-r. 112
ms. estrd, Columbus.
Summerfield, p.y. Guilford co. N.C.
Sumhervilhs. {See Somerville, seat jus,,
Fayette co. Ten.-)
SuMMERSviLLE, P-V. uud St, jus. Nicholas co.
Va,, on a branch of Gauley r., by p-r,. 310 ms.
s, w, by w, W, C, and 268 ms, s, w. by, w.
Richmond. Lat. 38° 19', long, 3° 47' w, W, C,
Summit, p-t. Schoharie co', N, Y,, 16 ms. w.
Schoharie, has Otsego and Delavvare cos. vr.,
and is elevated, with a few streams which flow
into the Susquehannah, Pop. 1,733.
, Summit, Bridge, and p^d-iNew Castle co.
Del. 17 ms. s. w, 'tVilrairi'gtori, 33 a littie w. of
N. Dover, and by p-r. 112 ms. n, e, W. C Tbe
bridge which heads this article extends over the
Chesapeake and Delaware canal, at the Deep
Cut through the sumrait level, between the wa
ters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays.
Sumner, p-t. Oxford co. Me,, 6,ms. tt. e. Pa.
ris, 44 w. Augusta; has several ponds, and is
I'-crbssed by a Sraall tributary of Androscoggin r.
"Pop. 1,098. '
(c. Sumner, co. Ten. bndd. by Smith e.. Cum.
berland r. separating it from Wilson s,, Mans.
cqes cr., separating it from Davidson s. w., by
' Robertson w., Sirapson co. of Ky. n., w., andby
Allen CO. of Ky. n. e. Length diagonally frora
s. w. to N. E. 40 ms,, nie.,an iv.idtk -1 6, and' area
640 sq, ms. Extending in lat. "from 36° 12' to
36° 37', and. in long, from 9° 08' to 9° 42' w. W.
C. Sumner occiipies a part of the table land
between.Cumberland and Big Barren, branch
of Green river, the two decHvities falling from
each other in a northern and southern direction.
Surface waving rather, than hilly. Boil excel.<
lent. Cft. GaUatin. Pop. 1820, 19,211, 1830,,
;20',569:_ '
' SuMNERsviLLE, p-v. Gatcs CO. N, C, by p-r.
152 ras. N. E. by i?, Raleigh.
SumNeytown, p-v. Mohtgoftjery' co. Pa,, by
p-r, 30' ms, northwestward Thii.
Sumpter, diat,, S, C, bndd. e. and s.e. by
i Williamsburg,is. by Santee r,, separating it from
Charlestouc^^antee r. s, w., separating it from
Orangeburg;' Wateree .river w, separating it;
frorii Richland, Kersha-w district n, w., and'
Lynches cr. separating it frora Darlington n. e.
Leijgth northwardly frora Santee r. to the north
ern angle 62 ms,, mean width 20, and area 1,940
sq! ms. Extending in lat, from 33° 23' to 34°

',17', and in long, from 2° 51' to 3° 38' w. W. C.
The central part is drained by Black r., flowing
similar to Santee and Lynches rs., in a south.
eastwardly direction. Cf, t. Sumpterville. Pop.
1820, 25,369, 1830, 28,277.
Sumpterville, p-v. and st. jus. Sumpfer dis- ¦
trict, S. C, situated .between the branches of .
Black river, 44 ms. a little S, of e. Columbia, .
and by p-r. 481 ms. s. s. w. W. C. ft. lat;j'33°
53', long, 3° 22' w, W. C . , ,,. '
Sumhall's Church, and p-o. Perry oqS'-Mis.
sissippi, about 140 ras. s. e. by e. Natchez.' ;
Sunepee, lake, HiUsborough and SulUvan coa.
N. H. ; 1 J ms. by 9 ; discharges vr. by Sugar r.
The centre is in lat. 43° 22'. The level'is
more than 820 ft. above Connecticut and Mer-
rimack rs. »ji
Sunbury, p-v., borough, and st, jus. North.-'
uraberland co. Pa., on the left bank of Susque.
hannah r., on the point above the mouth or
Shamokin cr., 2 ms. below the borough of
Northumberland, and the junction of the two
raain branches of Susquehannah r. Lat. 40°
53', long. 0° 10' E. W. C. It is distant 52 ms.
N. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 169 ms. a very Httle
E, ofN. W. C.
Sunbury, p-v. and seaport, on Medway river,
Liberty co. Geo,, 10 ras. e. Riceboro', the co.
seat, and by p-r.. 212 ms, s, e. by e. MUledge.
viUe. Lat. 31° 45', long. 4° 99' w. W. C. It
stands about 8 ms. above the open ocean. The
h.arbor is wide, but is defended on the sea side
by the northern point of Saint Catharine's ^isl.
It is the seat bf an academy. , , ''.:
Sunbury, p-v. Gates co. N. C.,- by p.r. 160
ras. N. E. by E, Raleigh. V ,,
. Sunbury, p-v. southeastern part Delaware co.
Ohio, by p-r. 29 ras. n. n, e. Colurabii^k
,, Suncook, r. N. H,, rises in a pond near the .
top of one of the Suncook mtns. 900 ft. high.
After receiving sevteral branches, it enters the
Merriraack between Allenstown and Pem.
broke. ' " ' , '
Sunderland, p-t. Bennington co.Vt,, 15 ms..
li, E, Bennington, 87 s. w. Montpelier ; first set
tled 1765 ; has Battenkill river n. w,, on which
are -fine meadows, and Roaring brook e'. . Lead
ore is found here. Pop. 463.
Sunderland, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 90 ms:
w. Boston, has Connecticut r, on the w. botin..
dary, parallel to which lies the principal street'
of the V. Alarge tract of , meadows borders
that stream. Mount Toby is near 'the Hue of
this t,, and Leverett. The- minerals are varLI
ous. Pop. 666. , -'i ' -
Sunfish, p-o. on a cr. of thesarae nafife, fall
ing into Ohio r., northeastem, part. Monroe co.
Ohio. -'• '--. ,-„.-.,, -,,
SuNKHASE, plantation, Penobscot co. Me. —
a p-o. in the vil. Pop. 950. -"*
SupERiioR, Lake, the largest unbroken aggre.'.,'
gate of fresh water on the .e8rill,'^,'and the most
extensive and most elevated of those lakes iSlU:,
ed by pre-eminence " The Five Great Lakes^of^
Canada." It raay indeed be regarded aa the|
immense fountain reservoir of St. Lawrence r.!
Before proceeding to a' notice of 'its'" features,!
we observe, that a very erroneous and exa"^-*
gerated idea of this lake prevails, in regard -to
its extent; relatively to that -of-the Caspi^.-,

SUR

513

"t

US

^tj'airefuUy measured on several maps, English,
,; French and American, the Caspian is found to
iti'be, 700 nis. in length, from the coast of Mazan-
, derin in Persia, to that between the mouths of
the Wolga, and Ural rivera, in Russia ; and
with, all its bays included, it will fully average
200 ms. wide, thus showing an area of 140,000
sq. ms. This superficies is equal to a square
of^early 375 ras. each side. The longest line
that can be dra\vn over Lake Superior, is frora
Montreal Point on the e,, to the bottora of Ford
.^duLac.on the w,, nearly along n, lat. 47°,
te«h'g'th 380 ras. The widest part is about along
*4lfeline of long, frora W, C, 10° w., 165 ms. ;
. but the raean width is fully estimated at 80 ms, ;
, and consequently, the area comes out 30,400 sq,
-ma. Lake Superior ia, from theae comparative
elements, aa 3 to 14 when contrasted with the
Caapjan. It is^ however, probable, that froih
the shallowness ofthe Caspian, and great depth
,1 of Lake Superior, that the latter contains as
fj much, if nofmore water than the forraer, Ex.
tending frora lat. 46° 30' to 49° n, and being
- elevated 640 feet above the raean level of the
Atlantic ocean,- the winter . cliraate over Lake
Superior is very severe ; 'and the shores being
- in many places rock bound, and in others shoal-
fy, the navigation at all seasons dangerous,^is
. suspended by frost fuUy half the year. Beside
the sea-like surface of Lake Superior, a land
- area of about 60,000 sq.ms. is drained into it
by innumerable rs. That part of tiiis inlantl
'- basin. comprised in the. U. S., curving front the
straits of St. Mary to Grand Portage r., 600 ms,,
, with a raean width- of -70 ms,, comprises an
¦.- area of 49,000 sq, ras. The great raass of wa
ter flowing from this vast reservoir, is, poured
down t^ atraits of St. Mary into Lake Huron.
if.,rrom'tHe aspect of its shores; it is evident that
,-. 'the mean surface pf Lake Superior is depress.
ing;, though it is irapo'ssible it, can ever drain
?..out, as a very large part of, its extent has
a depth below the surface of the Atlantic
- ocean. Surgoissville, p.v. on Holston r., Hawkins
CO. Ten., 76 ras. above,,and n. e. by e, Knox
ville, 11 ms. N. E. Rogers'ville, the co. St., and
j;by p-r. 974 a Httle tt. ofE. Nashville.
^% StiRRY, p-t. Hancock , co. Me., 18 ms, n, e,
iJ. Castine, 87 w. by n, Augusta ; has Union r. e.,
^•Newbury neck s. e. stretching into it, and 2 or
((3 large ponds which are connected, and divide
..the tovm nearthe middlei Pop. 561.
S*;. Surry, t., Cheshire co. N. H,, ,54,ms. frora
i' Cqncerd ; is crossed by Ashuelijt r., which has
.' valurfble .raeadows on its banksl East of this
^stream is a pond of three acres, 25 ft, deep, on
the sumiriit of a mtn. First settled 1764. Pop.
"539., Surry, CO. Va,, bndd. by. Isle of Wight oo.
;-E.,aud s. E., Southampton s., Blackwater river,
s separating 'it. from Sussex s, w.," Prince George
w.i'and.N."w., and Jairira r. separating it froin
Charles City N. -vy,, and James City h. and n. e.
Length and breadth nearly equal, or 18 ms,,
-area 394 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36°
•50' to 37° 1 1', and in long, from 0° ,19' e. to 0°
I^PS' w. W. C The sthm. and western part of
Surry slopes to the southeastward, andis drain.
ths northeaatern part

-ed.into Blackwater, r.
J*'

declines in that direction towards Jamqs r.
Cf t. Surry c. h. Pop. 1820, 6,594, 1830, 7,'109.
Surry, co. N, C, bndd, by Stoke n, e,, Yad
kin, separating it from the, sthrn, part of Stokes
s. E,, Rowan s., Iredell s. vv,, Wilkes w,, the
Blue Ridge, separating it frora Ashe n,'w. and
Grayson arid Patrick, Cos. of Va. n. ' Lerigth
frora s. to N. 33 ms,, mean width 22, and area
796 sq, ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 04' to
36° 33', and, in lon§. frora 3° 96' to 3° 58' w.
W. C. This CO. is divided into two very nearly
equal sections by Yadkin r, whiqii traverses it
in a direction a little ft. of e. Both sections
are drained by ers. falling into Yadkin, The
general declivity estrd, ; surface broken, and in
part mountainous, with rauch excellent soU.
Cf, ts, Rockford and HuntsviUe. Pop. 1890,
12,390 ; 1830, 14,501.
Surry, c. h., p-y. and st. jus. Surry ,co. Va.,
by p-r, 60 ms. s, e, by e. Richraond, and 183 a
very little e, of s. "W, C. ^ ,,
Surveyorsville, 'p-v, Mecklenburg co, N. C,
by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh,
Susquehannah, r. of N. Y., Pa,, and Md.
Obeying the correct principles of physical ge
ography, Chesapeake bay ought to be regarded
as the continuation of Susquehannah river, but
custora, has restricted the narae to that part of
the r. above tide water. Under the articles
Chesapeake, Jaraes r., Potoraac, &c.:the lower
part of the basin will be, found, noticed in this
treatise ; the present article will be restricted
tp. a survey of Susquehannah proper. Mea
sured by the rhorabs on Tanner's United States,
-the valley of Susquehannah above the head of
Chesapeake bay coraes out ,28,600 sq. ms.
Extending in lat, frora 59° 33' to 49° 55Tand
in long, frora 9° 25' E, to 1° 50' w. W. C A
small fraction of about 350 sq. ms. conipris'ing
the lower part of this valley is in Md. Above
lat. 42°, and in the st9.te of N, Y, spreads 7,600
sq, ras, drained by the two nthrn; branches arid: .
their nuraerous confluents. ,, Bm the main part,
of the valley, comprising 20,650 sq, ma,, lies
within and formsjrthe central and upwarda of
four tenths of the whole state of Pa, The Sus.
quehannah is .formed by two raain branches '
called, with some inconsistency, the nthrn. and
wstrn, branches. The nthrn. and principal
brarich rises in Otsego co. N. Y., in two con.
fluents,. the Unadilla and Chenango. ,The ex.
treme nthrn. sources ofthe UnadiUa ri^e with.
in less than '5 ras. of.the Mohawk r.' at the
Little Falls, but other sources ris.e frora ttie
Catsberg ratns, opposite _ .those of the Scho.
harie, flow generally to the' sputhvyestward,
unite between Delaware and^henango cos,,
and, turning southward approacKto within 12
railes of the Coquago branch of Del., enters
Pa., and curving to the yv.' and Ihence n. w.
over Susquehannah county, e'nters N. "york,
receiving "the ; Chenango at' feinghampton in
Broorae eounty, and winding over Broorae
and Tioga by an elHptic curve, gradually as.
sumes a sthwstrn. course and, agairi 'returns into
Pa., about 3 ras. within which, it receives, the,
Tioga branch from the N. w. The Tioga or
Chemung is composed of 3 branches, the "Tioga
proper, Canisteo, and Conhocton. "The Tioga
r. rises in and drains the nrthrn. part of Tioea

sus

514

SUS

CO,, Pa,, and flowing northward entera Steuben
CO. N, Y,, withiii,which it firstreceives the Ca
nisteo from the westward, and next the Conljoo-"
ton from the n,-sv.-,, Tke two latter drain the
larger part of St%l,en co,, on the eastern side
of which,- as has-been stated, they unite with
tbe "Tioga, The river thus formed, assuming
the name of Tioga, flows a little, e. of s, e., en
ters Pa., and joining the Susquehannah at Ath
ens, or Tioga Point, the now large stream turns
to nearly due s. In the latter directiou it flows
about 5, ras., gradually inclining eastward to
the mouth of Towanda cr., 10 jus, farther to
the nrthwstrn. limit of the ^ppal^'fchiari system.
This higher section of the Suscjuehannah val
ley presents' some very remarkable features.
The sources interlock on the w. with those of
AUeghany branch of 0.,', on the N, w. with those
of Genesee, on the w. '.vith those of Seneca, n,
E, with those of Moha-wk and Schoharie, and e.
wif.h;those of the^Delaware, Spreading like
the .head of a- tree along a line of. 170 ms. on
the secondary, formation, the decUvity of the
plain not from,, biiti directiy towards, an exten-i
sive system qimtns,, affording a decisive proof
that the AppalacKian'system does not forra the
dividing ridge ofthe water courses of theiUni-
ted States. When the Susquehannah has reach
ed the niountain base, it has drained upwards
of 8,000 sq.ms. and is a large navigable river.
The country above the ratns. is in general cora
posed of high but, rounded hills, and deep fer
tile valley^; The rivers are rapid in their cour
ses, but without direct falls. There is another
circurastance in the natural features and rela,-
tiyoi connection ofthe upper Susquehannah val
ley, which deserves particular notice. The
mean water level at Tioga Point is 723 ft. above
the Atlantic ocean, apd frqm the latter point to
Newton,, or Elmira on Tioga r,, the rise is 103,
t giving to the- water level at Newton a corapara-
|,tive elevation of 826 ft. Though the hills are
fvery high inthe vicinity of Newton, there is a
natural valley -stretching from the Tioga north
wards to the head of SenecaHake. - 'Theraiddle
ground, or summit level of this va.Uey isj only
59 ft, above the Tioga r., btit falls so rapidly
toward Serieca as to have a descent into that
lake of 445 ft, in 10 or 11 ras. The suriimit
levelis 885 ft. above the ocean^ but is the low
est gap in the Appalachian system, adraitting a
canal to be forraed southward from the valley
of the Mohawk to lower Georgia. A single
glance at a raap of this physical region will
serve to exhibit the„.singular natural navigable
facilities afforded by the depression ofthe sum
mit level :of the vallies between them, and the
approximation of tlie lakes of the St. Lawrence
basin, to the nthm. streams of that of Susque.
hannah. ,; Aftei; its entrance into the mtns. the
Susquehannah flows.about 50 ras. to the s. e. by
a direct coraparative course, but with a very
sinuous an4 obstructed channel, to its entrance
into Wyoming valley, at the mouth of Lacka.
wanno/fk r. ...Here this stream bends nearly at;
right angles, and again, by a channel of about'
70 ms. comparative course s. w., winds its way
do«f;n the mountain valliiss to the entrance ofthe
West branch at the borough of Northumberland.
The Wpst branch is entirely a river of Pa.,

having its raost reraote western fountain in In.
diana, hut deriving sources in a line of 80
ras. frora Cambria, Clearfield, arid McKean
COS. The general course of the confluents is
estrd. by comparative courses 150 ttis. on the
western s'e.oondary formation, to vvhere it passes
the main Appalachian chain betweeh Williams.,
^'o|t,f and Pe.nnsboro', thence Bends to nearly'
due.j's. 95 ms, to its junction wilh the nthrnjy
branch, as already stated. Canals have been
designed along both branches, and th.eir routes -
partially designated. The raain "trunk is to
leave the traverse division of the Pa. canal at
Duncan's isl. near the mouth of the Juniata;"
and follow the Susquehannah valley to the Nl .
Y. line, distance 204 ras. with a rise of 423 ft.
The West branch trunlt commences at North
umberland, and follows the valley of the latter.',
streara 70 ras. to Dunstown, at the raouth of Ea.
gle cr., rise 109 ft. Entire elevation of wateti'
level at Dunstown 540 ft. The two principal.-
branches having united betweeii the boroughs
of. Northumberland, and Sunhury, assumes a
course of a littie w. ofs. 40 ms. to the influx of
Juniata, frora the wstrd. {See Juniata.) Aug- -,
raented by the last of its large tributaries, the
Susquehannah inflects to s. e. 80 ras., receiving
from the right Sherman's, Conedogwinet, Yel-
low-Brefeches, Conewago, Codorus, and Deer
ers,, and frora the left Swatara, Conestoga, Pe
quea, and Octoraro, -with numerous smaller
strearas, finally is lost in Chesapeake bay, after
falling over the lower priraitive ledge of the
Appalachian system. Viewing the entire valley
of Susquehannah, we have before us some
very remarkable features of the physical geol
graphy of the U. S. This great stream, deriv.
ing its most remote sources from the wstrn.
secondary, both in N. Y. and Pa,, and in the
coarse of its gre.at confluents the _main volume
traversing obUquely the whole 'Appalachian
systera at the widest part, presents no one di.
rect fall of sufiicient pitch to prevent navigation.
In reality the raountain chains stretch along
the declivity of the Susquehannah valley. '^Vith
innuraerable partial windings, the lai-ge, and
even many of the sraaller strearas, flow in chan.
nels which pursue the raountain valleys inthe
general direction ofthe chains, or traverse the ,
latter at right angles. This gives a-, striking '•;
physiognomy to the courses of the rivers which
can only.be understood by a view of a good',
map. In its course the Susquehannah tra
verses also all the gireat forraations'of theearth.!!
Rising on the hbrizontal,or as technically denom
inated, the secondary or floetz, and breaking im.
mense gaps through the mtns. of transifibn and
primitive rocks, makes its final exit on the inner
raargin of seaaand alluyibriS' The relative height ,
of the extj-emes of this valley deserve particular ¦
notice, aa element in a theory of its cliraate^ Re.
jecting the'rritn. ridges.the arable sM'beyond the}-,;
principal spine of thd'^toalachia^system, is
from 600 to perhapa l,^^tir*h(^Aean height
rather less than a meantermdf the extremes of ,
elevation, affording as has been however shown,-tp
a valley from the .Atlantic to the St. Lawr^ce
lakes, in its highest part falling below 900 fi. ''
The mineral productiona of the Susquehannah
valley yet explored, have amongst numerous^

SUT

515

SUW

other;; apecimens, presented iraraense raasses
of ii;pn:ore^nd fossil poal.. The forraer even
more widely disserainated than the latter. {See
articles Juniata and Pennsylvania.)
SusauEHANNAU, CO, Pa,, bpdilvby Wayne co.
E,, Ljjzeme s., Bradford w,.,*^| Broorae co. of
N. 'f. N, Leng'tli 35 ms. 'frora e. to w., width
95,. and area 875. sq. ms. Extending in lat.
from 41° 40' t.o, 4,2'', and in long, frora 0° 50' to
1° 32',E. W. C, The nthrn. branch of Susque-
hannah-lr. enters and again retires from the
nthrn. border of this eo., and hence by a curve
of 80 ras. agaui approaches the s. w, angle to
witljin one mile. "Thus encircling the co. ori
, three sides and receiving its numerous ers. like
radii from a common centre. The surface is
V hilly and broken, but soil excellent. Cf. t.
Montrose. Pop. 1890, 996, 1830, 16,677.
Sussex, co.N. J.,, the N. co. ofthe state, bndd'.
by N. Y. state n. e,, Bergen and Morris cos
a. E., "Warren co. s. w., and Delaware r. n. w., is
hilly-and raountainous, with many, good dairy
farms, and well tilled land near Del. r., abounds
in valuable iron |nines. , It is the highest land'
inthe state ,and gives rise to Wallkill cr. of Hud.
son r., Pequannock r., Pequest cr,, and Paulius
kill of tlie Del,, and has the vVhole course of
Flatt kill. Hopatung pond, which supplies the
summit level of Morria canal, is on the s. E.
bound., The Blue mtns. cross the n. w. part
parallel to Del. r., between it and whieh floVvs
F;at kill. Cf t. Newton. Pop. 1890, 39,759,
1830, 20,346.
; .Sussex, southernmost co. of .the state of Del.,
bndd, N. by Kent co, Del., N. E. by Del, bay, e.
by the Atlantic, s. by Worcester co. ,lV[d,, s. w,
by Someiset Md., w, by Dorchester, Md,, and
N. w.by CaroHne, Md. Length from w. to
35 ras., mean width 25, and area 875 sq. ms.
s^Extending in lat. from;J8° 27' to 38° 58', and in
"long, frora J°Jl4' to 1° 58' e. W. C. Tl'™
jthesurface of this CO. is level and inpart rat
^it is nevertheless a table land, frora which flow
s. westvvardly the sources of Nantikoke r.,
southwardly those of Pocomoke, eastwardly the
various confluents of Rehoboth bay, and n
• estrd. creeks faUing into Del. bay. Cf ts.
Georgetown and Lewis. Pop. 1820, 24,057,
'.1830, 97,115.
*" ;,.,SussEx,'co. of Va., bndd. by Sputhariipton s.
E, and s,, by Greensville s, w., Dinwiddie w,,
, Prince George n. w., Blackwater ,r., separating
itfrom a part of Surry N., and bythe sthm, angle
. of Sjirry n. e. .Length froiri s.w. to n. e. 37
ms,, ijjeau width 16, and area 592 sq, ms. , Ex.
, terfdiBg in lat. from 36° 49' to 37° 07',' and in
- long, frpm 0° 02' E. to 0° 46' w.W. 6. The
st.hm. and central parts are drained by the Not
taway,. and the nthrn. by Blackwater r. , Cf t.
Sussex c. h. : Pop. 1830, 11,884, 1830, 12,720.
Sussex, c. {i,, p-vi and st, jus. Sussex co. Va.,
by iJ-r, 50 rjisfs. s. e, Richmond, and 172 a little
,w. ofs. "W.'C. X. . -,
Sutherland, p-v. ,Trurahul.l co. Ohio, by p-r,
157 ms. N. e. Columbus.
[i^ft. Sutherland's,, p-o. Edgar co; II.-, by p.r. 97
.' jpfS-N. e. •'Vandalia.
S uT-i-oN, p-t. Merrimack co.,N . H,, 25 ms. from
1 Gpncord,, 17 from Hopk,mton, 65 frora Porlsu
vBiouth, and j85 from Boston, has the S. branch

of Wamer r. s., and is crossed by the n. branch
nearly in the centre. On these streamsfare
good mill sites, and valuable meadtiws ;''fhete ,
are several other streams, and a few ponds.
Kearsearge is a lofty ratn. in the'E, part, which
gives rise to several streams. King's hill w.,
also affords an extensive view. - Valuable stone
quarries and clay beds ejtistin this town. The
surface is rough and the soil various. The
forest trees were of raany dift'erent kinds. First
settled 1769. Pop. 1,424,
Sutton, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 54 ms. frora
Montpelier. Pop. 1,005.
Sutton, p-t. 'Worcester co. .Mass;, 46 ms. s.
w. Boston, was .purphased of.the Indians 1704',
and included Millburg, There are many good
mill sites, and many manufactories. The towri
is crossed by Blackstone river and canal. Wil.
kinsonville, n. w. contains manufactories
which derive water power from the ri Granite
is quarried in the town in great quantities ; s. e.
is alarge and curious chasm in ihe rocks, sorae
times caUed purgatory. Pop. 2,186. •
SuTTONSViLLE, p-V. sthru. part Nicholas co.
Va., by p-r. 312 ras. s, w. by w. W, C, and 300
ras. ft. -vr. by w.. Richmond.
StiWANNEE r. of Geo., and Flor., has itsraost re-
raote sources in Dooley co. of the forraer, at
lat. 32. Flowing thence a littie s. of e. by cora
parative courses, it enters Flor., and continuing
its original. , course 20 ms.between Hamilton
and Madison cos. receives from the left a
large tributary branch, the Alapapaha. Alapa-
paha has its remote sources -between those of
SantiUa and Suwannee rs. in Irwin co. Geo.
Flowing thence verynearly due s. 70 ms, it en-
.ters Hamilton co. Flor;,' and inflecting to s. w.
90 ".ms. unites with. .Suwannee. Below the
junction of the two main branches, Suwannee,
by a rather circuitous channel of 100 ras., pur.
sues its original course to its final efflux into . -,
Vacasausa bay. The following notes on ihisM.
T. and its tributariea, are extracted from the

Report ofthe U. S. Engineers. "The distance
frora the, Geo. Hneto the mouth ofthe r. is about
155 ras,, following the streara. At about 55
ras. above its raouth, it receives 'Santa Fe r.
Frora the upper Fork to the , mouth of Santa
Fe r,, the Suwannee flows through a stratum
of rotten limestone. 'On, the margins of the
stream are occasionally narrow strips of swamp,
affording a growth of live oak, Water oak, ¦ cy.
press, magnoUa, and laurel bushes. 'The'' ad
jacent country is a sandy, pine forest. The
width of the river, averages about 110 yards,
and- .the depth, at the lowest stage of water,
raight be raade.S ft. by reraoving sorae ledges
of rock. . At the mouth of SantaiFe tlie 'depth
is 12 ft. '' From the mouth of Santa Fe to the
sea, the Suwannee -presents an 'liriinte-rtupted
navigation, except atits entrance into Vassaousa
{Vaceasausa) bay, where it is closed by shift
ing, sand ,bars. The banks average 5 ft. in„;
height; Near the gulf this river flowathrough -<
a raarshy delta, with numerous outlets)».whiCh
tare subject to, frequent change. Rise of tide
from 18 to 36iiiches, but tides much govemed
by the winds. The Suwannee is subject to
freshets. In June and July the river is at its
lowest stage." Santa Fer., though ttOt the

SWA

516

SYR

largest, ia the most important confluent of.the
Suwannee. The entire length ofthe SattttiFe
is driftifebqut 60 ras; frora its source in St John's
cp/*??^^ 20 ms. of the main channel of St.
.John's r. to its entrance into the Suwannee.
The Santa Fe.. has gained importance from
forming a part^ffia proposed canal route. The,
mean height of Its sources above the Gulf of
Mexico, is about 125 ft. as represented by the
U. S. Engineers, By the same a'uthority, the
country it waters is sandy, barren, and in raany
places liable to subraersion. The relative^wa.
ter level above the Gulf at the junction of Su.
wannee an4 Santa Fe, is 10 ft. , ''"'':-
SwAiNStjORO', p-v, £tnd st, jus. Eraanuel 'co,
Geo., by p-r. 79 ras. s. e, by e. Milledgeville,
Lat, 32° 40', long. 5° ,28 w. W. C
SwAHANO, p-V. estm.-part Buncombe co, N,C.,
22 ms. N. E. AsheviUe, the co. st,, and 247 w.
Raleigh. *
SwANKEsviLLE, p-v. Putuam CO. II,, by p-r,
57 ms. w. Indianopolis.
SvvANSBORO', p-v. and -sea port of Onslow cO.
N. C, situated at the mouth of Whittock r. op.,'
posite Boyne inlet, by p-r. 160 ras. s. E. Raleigh,
and 377 a little w. ofs. W, C . ,
SwANSEY, p.t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. s.
w. Concord, 6 from .Keene, and 68 from Bos
ton, is crossed by Ssfiu'elql' r. and its A. branch.
Nearly one third of the town is level, and free
from stones. There is sorae iron ore, and a
miijeral spring, several manufactories and
iriills. ' Between 1741 and 1747, this town suf
fered much from Indian attacks. The settle
ment was on this accourit.abandbned for 3 years,
and the dwellings btirnt by the savages. Pop.
1,816. Swansey, p-t, Bristol co, Maas. 47 miles s.
Boston, has .Rhode Island s. and w., and enjoys
a pleasant situation on Cole's r. which flows in
to Taunton r. and iS navigable for small ves-
¦ sels. It was early settled by a nuraber of Bap.
'tists from Rehoboth, under a grant from Ply-
mouth colbnyi and was the first town ' attacked
by the Indians in Philip's "Wia^, 1675. Hfere are
several nianufactories. Pop. 1,678,
SwANToiS, p-t. Franklin co. Vt., 28 ms, n,
Burlington, 50 ras. n. w. Montpelier, e. lake
Champlain, opposite North. Hero, was first set.
tied 1787, when it was occupied by St, Frariois
Indians, Missisque cr, crosses this town ahd
has, meadows on its banks, while. a fall of 20
feet supplies mill sites, Frora this fall to the
lake the r, is navigable for vessels of 50 tons.
Mc Quam cr. and several smaller streams also
water this t. There are marshes ft. vv, much
resorted to by wild fowl. Iron and marble are
fotrad here, 'The marble is cut at the falls, and
transported to N. Y, &,c. The v. of Missisque
stands on both. sides of the river 6 ms. from its,
mouth, and I mile in a straight li-ne.-from the
lake.. Boats which navigate the'lake, Champ
lain canal and Hudson river, come up to the v.
Pop, 2,158 J.
SwjiNViLLE, t. Waldo CO. Me,, 15 ras. n. w;
Castift^; and n. .Belfast, is of irregular form,

bounded by straight lines, and' crossed by a
small streara flowing into Belfast bay. Pop,
633. Swatara, r. Pa, rises by numerous branches
from the mountain vallies in the sthm. part of.
Schuylkill co; It thence traverses the vvesterp .
part of Le'banonfel the sth^ra. of D.at^in, -,
falling into Susquehannah 8 Bis. beloVHarris-"
btlrg, after a sthwstm. com^rj^^ course of
40 ms. For neariy ohe.half of the courseojf.
this stream the Union canal follows the chan.' ¦
nel. This artificial navigation is iri full opera.
tion.' Sweden, t, Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. s. w. Paris,
has the boundary of Curaberland uo. on the s.
w. line, and contains several ponds which dis
charge, by an outlet into Loud pond. A tributa- ¦
ry of Sunapee lake crosses the w. part. Pop.
487. ¦
Sweden, p-t. Monroe co. N; Y. 16 ms. w.
Rochester, lies n. and w. of .Genesee co,, and'
is on elevated land, crossed by the Mountain
ridge and Erie canal. It gives rise to Salraon
er. Brockport vil. on the canal, is in the N.
Pop. 2,938.
Sweden, p-v., N. w. part Potter co.Pa., by
p-r. 290 ras. N. N, vf.W.C. .
Sweedsbukgh. p-v. Woolwich, Gloucester co.
N. J., 20 ras. s. 'P|iil. on Raccoon cr.
Sweetzer's Bridge and p-o. Ann Arundel
CO. Md., by p-r; 42 ms. from W. C. arid 26 from
Annapolis. _ ,, ,
Sweet Springs, p-v, and watering place, n.
estrn. part Monroe co.^^ These'springs are
situated in one of.the mountain vallies, frorii <.
whioh'flowthe wstrn. sources of James r. atan
elevation of about 2,400 ft. above the . Atlantic^;,
tides, 84 ms. n.w. by w. Lynchburg, 263, s. vv.
by w. W. p., atid 204 w, Richmond. ¦
Swift, r. N. H, a branch of SaqoTJver, falls
into that stream in Co;iway, after a'rM^icdttrse.
Swift Creek Bridge and p-d. ritlirn. part Cra. .
ven CO. N. C, 17 ras, n. Newbern, and by p-r.
137 ms. N, E. by e. Raleigh. '
Swindell, p-o. Hyde co. N. C, by p-r. 195
ms. E. Raleigh. t -,.,..
Sycamore Alley and ji-o'.' sthrn. part Halifax
CO. N. C, 22 ras. s. Halifax, the cO. st., and 84
N. E. by E. Raleigh. . ,
Sycamore, cr. and p-o. nthrn part Crawford -
CO. 0., by p.r. 74ms. w. Columbus.-
' Sylvan Hill and p-o. sthm. part Hancock co.
Geo,, by p-r, 16 ms. e. Milledgeville.
Sylvania, p-v. nthm. part Bradford co. Pa., by
p-r. 147 ms. ft. Harrisburg. "' '
Sylvanus, p-v. ' HiUsdale co. Mich., by p-r.
108 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit.
Syracuse, p.v. Salina, st." jus, Onondaga co.
N. Y., 4 ms. ft. Qnondaga, 133 w. Albany, is
situated on the Erie canal, adjoining a yast col
lection of salt pans, and at the junction of the
canal with the branch to Salina vil. and the Os
wego canal. It is a large, handsome, and
flourishing -vil., arid has attained a 'most rapid
growth, having been of insignificant size before
the opening of Erie canal. (.See Salina.)

TAL

517

TAM

fBl

Taberg, p-v. AnnsviUe, Oneida co. N. Y.,
1 19 ms. w. Albany, 7 n. Erie canal, U w. Rorae,
97 N. w. Utica, is the seat of extensive iron
worka. Tabor Church and p-o. in the wstm. part Ire
dell CO. N. C, by p-r. 159 ras. wstrd. Raleigh,
Tafton, P-v, in the nthrn, part Pike co. Pa,,
by p-r. 271 ms. n. n. e. W. C.
"Taghkanic, p-t. Columbia co, N, Y, w. Mass,,
is watered by Claverack, Ancram, Rocleff and
Jansen's ers,, which supply many raill aeats.
The Taghkanic mtns, rise here, but their great
eat elevations are in Masa. The land is held on
lease. Iron ore is found in plenty. Pop.
1,654. Talbot, one of the Eastem Shore cos, of
Md,, bndd. s. and s. E. by Choptank r. separating
it from Dorchester, e. by Choptank and Tuck
ahoe rs., separating it from Caroline, w. by St.
Michael's bay, separating it from Queen Anne,
and w, and s. w. by Chesapeake bay. Length
frora s, to N, 25 ras,, raean width 10, and area
250 sq, ras. Extending in lat. frora 38° 34' to
38° 56' K., and in long, from 0° 42' to 1° 10' e,
W. C. This CO. is a real peninsula between
Choptank r. and Chesapeake bay ; and is again
cut into three rainor peninsulas by Treadhaven
and St. Michael's bays. What little declivity
exists is to the sthrd, Cf. t. Easton. Pop. 1820,
14,389; 1830,12,947.
Talbot, co, Geo, bndd, s. by Marion, s, w, by
Muscogee, w. by Harris, n, w.by Merriwether,
and by Flint r., separating it frora Upson ft. E,,
and Crawford E. Length along the southern
boundary 40 ms,, mean width 16, and area 600
sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 32° 35' to 32°
54' N,, and in long, from 7° 10' to 7° 54' w, W,
C. The wstrn. part gives source to sorae ers,
which flow B. wstrd. towards the Chattahoo
chee ; but the greatest part of the co. slopes
estrdly. toward Flint r. Cf. t. Talbotton. Pop.
5,940. Talbotton, p-v. and st. jus. Talbot co. Geo.,
situated on a small cr. of Flint r., by p-r, 112
ras, s,w, by w, Milledgeville. Lat. 39° 43',
long. 7° 36' w. W. C.
'Talcott mtn. Hartford co. Conn, a part of
the ridge which extends many ras. on the w, of
' Conn, r., dividmg its waters from those of Far
mington r,
Taliaferro, co. Geo., bndd, n. by Oglethorpe
CO., N. li. and e. by Wilkes, s. e, and s. by Han
cock and w. by Greene. Length from s. to n.
17 ms., mean width 8, and area 136 sq. ms.
Extending in lat. from 33° 98' to 33° 43' n. In
long, it is traversed by 6° w. W. C Declivity
s. estrd,, and traversed in that direction by the
higher branches of Little r., and those of Great
Ogeechee. Cf. t. Crawfords'viUe. Pop. 4,934.
Tallahassee, city, and at. jus. Leon co,, and
seat of the government of Flor. is situated about
30 ras. inland and nthrds. frora Ocklockonne
bay, 9 ras, frora the sea-port of St. Mark's,
about 200 N. w. St. Augustine, a similar dis-
, tance a littlp n. of e. Pensacola, and by p-r, 896
' s. s. w. W. C. Lat, 30° 27', long, 7° 3ti' w,
66

W. C, The city is recent ; the buildings were
coramenced in the suraraer of 1824, and in 1825
it was divided into lots, and sold, reserving 5
for pubHc buildings. The site is coraparatively
elevated, affording a good view of the vicinity.
The adjacent country is rolling rather than
hiUy; the soil exceUent. A pleasant mill
stream forraed by fine springs, winds along the
eastern border of the town, frora whence it is
precipitated over a faU of 15 ft,, and disappears
in the calcareous strata. Springs of good wa.
ter abound, and well water is obtained by dig
ging frora 6 or 10 to 30 ft. The city was in
corporated in 1826, and the first legislature sat
there the foUowing winter. When Mr. John
Lee Williams published his View of West Flo.
rida, in 1827, he estimated the population at
800, He observes, " few towns in America
have increased more rapidly ; and population
,and improvement continue without any abate.
raent. It raust in a few years becorae a charm
ing place of residence, though it will probably
never be a place of great coraraercial impor
tance." Tallapoosa, r, of Geo, and Ala. rises in the
Cherokee territory, and in the northwestem
part of the former, lat. 34°, between the Eto
wah and Chattahoochee rs. Flowing s, s. w, it
enters Ala,, and continuing that course 130 ms.,
turns abruptly to the w, 25 ms,, and falls into
the Coosa, or rather, from the great difference
of volume, joins the Coosa to form Ala. The
junction is made between Montgomery and Au
tauga COS. The valley of the Tallapoosa lies
entirely between those of Coosa and Chatta
hoochee. It is about 150 ms. in length, with a
mean width of 25, area 3,750 sq, ras. Lying
between latitudes 32° and 34°, and long. 8°
and 9° 20' w. W. C
Tallmansville, p-o. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r.
278 ms, N, E. W. C
Tallyho, p-v, northern part of Granville co,
N, C, by p-r, 57 ras, n. n. e. Raleigh.
Talmadge, p-v. Portage co. 0., by p-r. 115
ras, N, E, Columbus,
TAMAauA, p-o, northern part of Schuylkill co.
Pa,, by p-r, 191 ms, n, n, e, W. C, and 83 ms.
N. E. Harrisburg.
Tamaqua, the Indian name of Little Schuyl.
kill, and on which the p-o. of the same name is
situated. Tampa. This narae is frequently applied to
the whole bay of Espiritu Santo, and it proba
bly was the original narae of all that sheet ot
water ; it is now confined to the northem covo
or minor bay of Espiritu Santo, w. of the mouth
of Hillsboro r. Tarapa, as now restricted, pro
jects nrthrdly. frora the raain body ofthe sheet
of water of which it is a part, and is separated
from the Gulf of Mexico by sandy islands and
a peninsulat point. The shores are low and
sandy, or swampy. The bay is shallow. {See
Espiritu Santo.)
Tamworth, p-t, Strafford co, N, H,, 58 ms.
from Concord, 58 from Portland, 30 from Gil
ford, 120 from Boston ; has part of the Burton

TAR

518

TAU

ratns,, and south part of the Ossipee. Bear-
carap r. runs through it e. into Ossipee lake,
after receiving 2 branches which rise here, and
afford many raiU sites. First setried 1771. Pop.
1,554. Taneytown, p.v. in the northeastern part of
Frederick co. Md., 22 ras. n. n. e. the city .of
Frederick, and 68 ras. a Uttle w. of n, W. C.
Tangier, isls. and sound. The Tangier isls.
is a' group of sraall isls, in Chesapeake bay,
evidently an extension of the peninsula between
Choptank and Nantikoke rs. They follow each
other from n. to s., and are partly in Somerset
CO. Md., and Accomac co. Va. The sound
spreads between the islands and main shore.
This' group lies opposite the mouth of Poto
mac r.
Tangipao, r. of La. and Misp,, has its most
reraote sources in Amite and Pike cos, of the
latter, and flowing s, s, e. enters La., separa
ting the parish of Saint Helena frora 'Washing.
ton and Saint Taramany, and falls into the
northwestern part of lake Pontchartrain, after
a comparative course of hetween 70 and 80;
ms. The vaUey of Tangipao Ues between those
of Amite and Bogue Chito, inthe higher part
of its course, but in La, between the Tchefonte
and Tickfah,
Tanner's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg co.
Va., by p-r. 215 ms. s. s. w. W. C.
Tan 'Y'ard, and p-o. Northuraberland co. Va.,
by p-r. B. s, E. W, C.
'Tappahannoc, p-v, and st, jus, Essex co, Va.,
situated on the right bank of Rappahannock r.,
by p-r. 109 ras. a littie e, of s, W. C, and 50
N, E, Richraond, N, lat 37° 58', long, 0° 10' e.
W. C, The site is low and flat, and in suraraer
the inhabitants are liable to fevers and agues ;
it is however a place of considerable trade, as
even large raerehant vessels can ascend far
above, and here find a safe harbor, which is
about 50 ras. frora the open Chesapeake bay.
Tappan, p-v. Orangetown, Rockland co. N.
Y,, 28 ms. N. New York, is on the w, side of
Hudson r,, which is there 4 ms, across.
Tar, or in the lower part of its course, Pam
lico, r. of N. C, has its extrerae higher foun
tain in Person co., interlocking sources with
Neuse and the lower ers. of Dan r. Flowing
thence by a general course s, E, by e, over Gran
ville, Franklin, Nash, Edgecorab, and Pitt cos.,
and receiving large accessions frora Warren
and Halifax, it opens into a wide bay, below
the harbor of Washington, in Beaufort co. {See
Pamlico hay.) The valley of Tar r., including
ParaUco bay, is 160 ras. in length,* with a mean
width of 30 ms., area 4,800 sq. ms. ; and lying
between Neuse and Roanoke rs. Extending in
lat. frora 35° 15' to 36° 25' n,, and in long.
from 0° 95' e. to 9° 15' w, W, C, It is naviga
ble for vessels of nine ft, draught to Washing
ton, and for river boats to Tarboro', at the con
fluence of the two raain branches,
Tarboro', p-v. and st. of jus. Edgecorab co.
N, C, aituated on the right bank of Tar r,, be
low the influx of Fishing cr,, by p-r. 72 ms. a
little N. of E. Raleigh, and 252 a little w. of s.
W. C. Lat. 35° 53', long. 0° 36' w. W. C
Tarentum, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., by p.r.
231 ms. K. VI. W. C.

Tariff, p.v. Butier co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ms.
s. w. by w. Columbus.
Tariffville, p-v. Simsbury, Hartford co.
Conn., is a manufacturing village, pleasantly
situated at the falls of Farraington r., at the w.
base ofthe hilly range which crosses that part
ofthe state, and at the spot where the r. bursts
through it, between two precipitous banks. The
carpet manufactory here employs 95 male weav.
ers, and 367 persons were immediately depend
ant on it in 1831. The capital invested is
$123,000 ; 237,000 pounds of wool, and 24,000
pounds of yarn are manufactured, producing
about 114,000 yards of Ingram or Kiddermin
ster carpeting. Above $30,000 is paid for labor
annually. Tarlton, p-v, sthestm. part of Pickaway co.
0., by p-r. 36 ms. b, s, e, Columbus.
Tarpaulin Cove, Martha's Vineyard, Mass.,
is a convenient little harbor for vessels bndd.
w. in contrary winds. It ia 9 ms. n. n. w.
Holmes' Hole.
Tarrytown, p-v, Greensburgh, Westchester
CO. N. Y., 30 ras. n. New York, on the e. side
Hudson r., has a landing in a cove between two
points, where a steamboat touches daily from
and for New York.
Tarver's Store and p-o., in the sthrn. part
of Twiggs CO. Geo., 10 ras. from Marion, the
CO. St., and 47 ms. s. w. Milledgeville.
Tatnall, co. of Geo., bndd. by Montgomery
w., Eraanuel n., Cannouchee r. separating it
from Bullock, n. e. and e,. Liberty s. e., and
Altamaha r,, separating it frora Appling s. and
s, w. Length 52 ras., mean width 24, and area
1,248 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 48'
to 32° 26' N., and in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 38'
w. W. C The westem part is drauied into the
Altamaha by the Great Ohoopee and other
strearas, whilst the estrn. section is in the val-
ley of Cannouchee. "The Altaraaha is forraed
by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rs.,
at the extrerae western angle of Tatnall. Gen.
eral declivity s. e. c. h. at Percy's mills. Pop.
1820, 2,644, 1830, 2,039.
Taughkannuo, a branch of the Green mts.
which commences near Middlebury, Vt., and
extends across the lower part of that state, and
the w. parts of Mass., and Conn., to the shore of
L. I. sound, gradually diminishing in elevation
towards the south. The highest eminences are
Taughkannuo and Saddle raountains in Mass.,
the former of which is about 3,000 feet.
Taunton r. Mass., navigable 90 ms, from
Narraganset bay to Taunton, in sloops. It has
its rise in Plyraouth co,, and its course is about
s. w. Taunton, p-t. and one of the sts. jus, Bristol
CO, Mass., is pleasantly situated on Taunton r.,
which is navigable to this place for sloops. It
was first settled in 1637, and was called Co-
hannet by the Indians ; within the present Um-
its of the town was the Indian v. Teticut. Taun
ton is .39 ms. s, Boston, and 20 n. of e, Provi.
dence. It contains a bank, several churches,
an acaderay, and one or two county buUdmgs.
Canoe, Rumford, and Taunton rs, unite here,
and furnish excellent water privileges. The
first extensive iron works in Araerica were
erected in this town, in 1652, and at present it

TAZ

519

TEL

is famous for its manufactures. The nail fac
tories make from 8 to 10 tons daily. It has 7
cotton factories — 1 rolling and slitting mill —
1 forge — 1 shovel factory — 1 copper and lead
roUing mill — 1 paper mill — 1 carding and full
ing miU — 1 calico printing establishment, which
furnishes frora 4 to 6,000 pieces a week — 2
breweries — 1 large factory of britannia ware,
and many other establishments of different
kinds ; besides 8 or 9,000,000 of brick are man-
uiactured annually. Itis expected that a rail
road will soon be constructed from this place to
Boston. Pop. 6,042.
Taxahaw, p-o; Lancaster dist. S. C, 19 ms.
N, w. Lancaster, and by p-r, 91 ms. n. n. e. Co
lumbia. Taylor's Store and p.o. Franklin co. Va.,
12 ms, estrd. Rocky Mount, the co. st,, and by
p.r. 173 ras. s. w. by w. Richraond,
Taylor's Store and p-o., Anson co. N. C,
by p.r. 160 ras. b. w. by w. Raleigh.
¦Taylorsville, p.o, Bucks co. Pa,, by p-r. 36
ms, nrthrd. Philadelphia.
Taylorsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va., 28 ras.
nrthrd, Richraond.
Taylorsville, or Patrick c. h., p.o. and st.
jus. Patrick co. Va., situated on Mays r., 90
ms. s. w. Lynchburg, 35 a little e. of s, Chris
tiansburg, and by p-r, 241 ms, s, w. by w, Rich
mond, and 333 s. w. W. C, «, lat, 36° 38', long,
3° 14' w. W. C.
Taylorsville, p-v. and st, jus, Spencer co,
Ky., situated on Salt r., 35 ms. s, E, Louisville,
by p-r, 35 ms. s, w, by w. Fraqkfort, and 586 a
httie s. of w. W. C. ; n, lat, 38°, long. 8° 20'
w. W. C Pop. 248.
Tazewell, co. Va., bndd. N. w. by Pike and
Floyd COS. Ky., n. by Tug Fork of Sandy r,,
separating it from Logan co, Va,, n. e. by
Giles, E. and s. e. by Walker's mtns., separa
ting itfrom Wythe co., b. by Clinch ram., sepa
rating it from Smith co,, s. w. by Russel, and
w. by Floyd co. Ky. Length from w. to e. 80
ms., raean width 20, and area 1,600 sq. ras.
Extending in lat. frora 36° 54' to 37° 32' N,,
and in long, from 4° to 5° 12' w. W. C The
central part of this co. is a very elevated mtn.
table land. The estrn. part declining nrthestrd,,
and drained by the confluents of Great Kenha
wa; the southem gives source to Clinch and
Holston rs., the extrerae northern constituents
of Tennessee r. ; whilst the western and raost
extensive section has a nrthwstrn, declivity,
and gives source to the highest branches of
Sandy r. Corapared with the ascertained ele.
vation of the Great Kenhawa at the influx of
Greenbrier, 1,333 ft., the lowest elevation that
can be given to the central mtn. valHes of Taze
well, raust be 1,500 ft. ; and the raean relative
height of the arable soil of the co,, raust be, at
the lowest estimate, 1,200 ft, Cf t. Jefferson
ville. Pop. 1820, including a part of what now
constitutes Logan, 3,916 ; that of Tazewell
proper in 1830, 5,749.
Tazewell, p.v. and St. jus. Claiborne co.
Ten,, situated between the rs. Clinch and Pow.
ell's Valley r., by p-r. 248 ms. a little n. of e.
Nashville, and 63 ms. n. e. Knoxville. Lat.
36° 31', long, W.C. 6° 20'w.
Tazewell, co, II., bndd. by MacLean e.

Sangamo s., the Illinois r,, separating it from
Fulton' w., and Peoria n. w, ; onthe n, it has
the sthestrn, angle of Putnam, As laid down
by Tanner, in his improved raap of the U, S.,
it lies nearly in form of a right angled triangle,
hypothenuse parallel to the general course of II.
r., 66 ms., base along Sangamo, and perpendicu.
lar along MacLean equal, or 50 ms, each ; area
1,250 sq. ras, ; n, lat, 40° 40',, long. W, C 19°
30' w. The general course of II, r, along this
CO, is about s, w, dilating into Peoria and
Mackinaw lakes. The slope of the co. is near
ly to the w. {See Mackinaw r.) The general
surface is level, and part liable to annual sub
mersion, though it contains much good soil. Cf
t. Mackinaw. Pop. 4,716.
Tazewell, c, h. {See Jeffersonville, Taze
well CO. Va.)
Teaze's Valley, p-o. in che western part of
Kenhawa co. Va,, 20 ms. westward Charles
ton, the CO. at., and by p-r. 376 ras. a littie s. of
w. W. C
Teche, r. of La., rises frora the northern
prairies of Opelousas, lat. 30° 40'. The drains
of those savannahs, after flowing 7 or 8 ras.,
divide into 2 channels ; one flows northwardly
into Courtableau, and the other pursues a south
eastern course. This separation of currents is
the head of the streara called Teche, or the
sthestrn, branch. Flowing between the waters
of the Courtableau and Verraillion 10 ms., it
receives an inlet from the latter, and enters At
takapas. The residue of the course of Teche,
presents a stream with great specific resera
blance to the Misp. in the delta. Though on a
very reduced scale, the Teche, similar to its
iraraense prototype, fiows in long sweeping
bends, with banks above any other part of the
adjacent country. From this feature the streams
flow from the very margin, and in a channel of
upwards of 180 ms,, no water course is dis.
charged into the Teche. With slight edges of
wood, prairies extend along the entire right,
and, for more than half the higher part of its
course, along the left bank of this interesting
river. The channel is coraparatively very deep,
and the tide rises to New Iberia, lat. 30° 02',
upwards of 100 ms. above the mouth, affording
one very remarkable contrast to the Mississip.
pi. New Iberia, at the head of tide water in
Teche, is a port of entry, and vessels of 7 feet
draught can ascend there in safety. The Te.
che falls into Atchafalaya, after a comparative
course of 120, but falling littie, if any, short of
200 ms. by the bends. The banks present two
continuous zonea of the very first rate soil, be.
tween latitudes 29° 44' and 30° 40';
Tekatoko, p-o. Crawford co. Ark., situated
near the Dardanelles mtns., by p-r. 76 ms. n. w.
by w. Little Rock.
Telfair, co. Geo., bndd. n. e. by Montgome.
ry, E. 3. E. and s. by Appling, a. w. by Ocmul.
gee r., separating it from Irwin, w. by Dooley,
and N. w. by Pulaski. Length from s. to n. 28
ms., raean width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. frora 31° 39' to 32° 12' n., and in
long, from 5° 46' to 6° 20' w. W. C. The
southem part of this co. slopes to the sthestrd.
giving source to many of the higher branches
of Santilla, which rise almost on the margin of

TEN

520

TEN

Ocmulgee. The latter stream, forming the
sthwstm. border, thence traverses the co. in a
nrthestrn. direction, serving as a coraraon re
cipient for the confluents which drain the nrthrn,
aection towards Pulaski, Cf t. Jacksonville,
Pop. 1890, 2,104, 1830, 9,146
'Tellico, p-v. iVlonroe co. Ten. {See Mad
isonville, Monroe co. Ten.)
Tellico Plains, p-o. Monroe co. Ten., 15
ms. southward Madisonville, the st. of jus. of
the CO., and by p-r, 183 ms, a, e, by e, Nashville,
Tellico, (Mouth of,) p-o, at the raouth of
Tellico cr., 12 ma. «. E, Madisonville, the co,
st,, and by p-r, 180 ms, s, e, by e, NashviUe.
Temperance, p-v, Greene co. Geo,, by p-r.
53 ms nrthrd. MUledgeviUe.
Temperance Ridge, p-o. Yazoo co. Misp., by
p-r. about 120 ras, h, n. e, Natchez,
> Temple, p-t. Kennebec co. Me,, 40 ms. N. w.
Augusta, in the tt. vr. corner of the co,, has Ox
ford CO. w., and Soraerset co. n., and is moun
tainous, having part of Blue mtn, w. Pop, 795,
Temple, p-t. HiUsborough co. N. H,, 40 ras.
Concord, 12 Amherst, gives riae to several
branches of Souhegan r. The situation is high,
with a fine and extensive v'levr e, and s., a rocky
surface, and pretty good soil. Here is a social
Hbrary. Pop. 648.
Templeton, p-t, Worcester co. Mass., 60 ms.
w. Boston, has an uneven surface, with rich
vallies, and a soil generally good, watered by
several strearas, which flow partly into the
Chickapee, and partly into Miller's r., and af
ford raill seats. The vil. ia neat and pleasant.
It waa granted to aoldiers who had served in
Philip's war, under the name of Narragansett,
No. 6. Pop, 1,552,
Temple of Health, p-o, in the wstrn. part of
AbbeviUe dist. S, C, by p-r, 114 ms, w, Co
lumbia. Templeto.n, p-v. Prince George's co, Va,, 36
ms, southeastward Richmond.
Ten Mile Stand, and p-o. Rhea co, Tenn,,
by p-r. 171 ms. s, e, by e, NashvUle.
"Tennessee, r, of the states of Tenn,, N. C,
and Geo., though a very minor branch, is the
streara from which the general narae has been,
by custom, arising from the route of original
discovery, coraraunicated to the great recipient.
Tenn. proper rises in Raban co, Geo., by its
extreme sthestrn, source, quickly entering Ma.
con, and receiving numerous creeks from Hay
wood CO, N, C, and flowing rt. vr. passes the
Unika mtn, into Tenn. Within the latter state
it continues n. w, 40 ms., between Blount and
Monroe, joins the Holston on the southeastern
border of Roan co., after a coraparative course
of about 85 ms,, of which 5 are in Geo,, and 40
in each of the other two states. Though so
much inferior in volume and length of course to
the Holston, the narae of Tenn, is perpetuated
below their union,
Tennessee, r, of the state of the sarae narae,
and of the states of Ky., Misp,, Ala., Geo,, N.
C, and Va., is the great sthestern. constituent of
the Ohio. TJnder the respective heads of Clinch,
Holston, French Broad, Tennessee proper, and
Duck rivers, the constitutents of "Tenn, river
will be found described. The very pecuUar
features of the valley of the Tenn,, demand a

particular notice. This valley is divided into
two physical sections ; the higher or mountain
ous, and the lower or hilly. The most remote
sources ofthe Tenn, are found near those of
Clirich river in Tazewell co,, and those of Hoi.
ston river, in Smyth co, Va. ; and interlocking
sources with those of Sandy, and Great Ken.
hawa. From this elevated origin, the main
confluents pursue a southwestern course be.
tween the two parallel chains of the Appalachi.
an system Cumberland, and the main spine,
both stretching in a similar direction with
the rivers, at a mean diatance of about seventy
railes asunder. Besides this principal val.
ley, another of less width between the main
chain and Blue Ridge, is also drained by the
constituents of the "Tenn.; but this more east
ern and more elevated valley slopes to the n.
w,, at right angles to the mtn, chains. The lat.
ter mtn, valley coraprises the N, C and Geo.
part of the vaUey of Tenn., and wUl be found no
ticed under the heads of Macon, Haywood, and
Buncombe cos. of the forraer state, and under
the heads of Tenn. proper, and French Broad
rs. Including both minor vallies, upper Tenn.
drains an elongated ellipse of 350 ras. longer
axis; shorter axis 190 ras., frora the Blue
Ridge atthe sources of French Broad, to Cum.
berland mtn., where it separates the sources of
Powell's river from those of Curaberland : raean
breadth 80 ras., and area 24,000 sq. ras. De.
scending frora the extrerae fountains in Va., the
valley widens as the mountain chains recede
from each other, and again contracts as the
same chains gradually re-approach, at the north
western angle of Geo., and nrthestrn. of Ala.
At the latter point, weU known by the name of
Nickajack, all the large confluents have united,
and the Blue Ridge and Curaberland chains
have approached within less than 40 ms. of
each other. Below Nickajack, the now large
volume of Tenn, continues s, w, 60 ms,, without
receiving a single stream of 20 ms. course, the
two bounding mountain chains still incUning
upon each other, till their approaching bases
force the river through the Curaberland chain.
To one whose eye first glances on the volurae
ofthe Tern., below its passage through Cura
berland ratn., without a previous knowledge of
the valley above, the idea would not occur, that
before it flowed the accumulated waters of a
mountainous region of 24,000 sq, ms, extent.
In fact, to an observer thus placed, the Tenn.
would appear as one of the constituents of a
river valley below the Cumberland chain. About
20 ms. below the passage of Tenn. r. through
it, the Cumberland raountain receives the Blue
Ridge, if stich a term can be correctly applied
to the merging of two ratn. chains. Here, along
tho nrthrn, sources of Mobile basin, the Appa
lachian systera changes its distinctive charac
ter, and the confused masses of hiUs follow each
other wstrdly. towards the Misp. The Tenn.
deflects rather more than does the mtns., and
fiows N. w, by w, 190 ms,, to the nrthwstrn, an
gle of Ala,, and the nrthestrn. of Misp., where
tills large stream again bends at nearly right
angles, and pursues a course very littie w. of
N. 150 ras,, to its entrance into the Ohio, after
an entire course of 680 ras. The second great

TEN

591

TEN

however, having a raean fall exceeding 9 ft. to
the raile, is only favorable to down streara navi
gation, which it adraits in most of its branches
nearly to their sources. ^
Tennessee, one of the U, S,, is bndd, by N.
J. E,, Geo. s. E,, Ala. s,, Misp, s, w,, river
Misp,, separating it from Ark. w.. Mo. n. vr.,
Ky. N., and Va. n, e. If we commence the out
Hne ofthis state on the southern boundary of
Va. it will thence have a boundary in coraraon
with N, C, along the raain spine of the Appa
lachian ratns. ' to the northwestern angle of
Macon CO. 168 ms. ; due s, along the western
boundary of Macon co, to the northern bound
ary of Geo., 20 ms. ; due w. along the nrthm.
boundary of Geo. and n. lat. 35°, to the north
westem angle of Ala,, 90 ms, ; continuing the
last line along the northern boundary of Ala, to
Tenn, r,, and to the northeastern angle of the.
atate of Miap, 145 ms, ; continuing due w, along
the northern boundary of the state of Miap. to
the Misp. river, 110 ras,, thence up the latter
streara opposite the Ark. Ter., and sthestrn.
angle ofthe state of Mo. 100 ms,, continuing up
the Misp, r. to the northwestern angle of Tenn.
and to the southwestem of Ky,, 70 ms,, thence
due E, along the southern boundary of Ky. to
Tenn. r., 80 ms,, thence up Tenn, r, 12 ms,,
thence by a line a little s. of e. along the sthrn.
boundary of Ky, to Cumberland rams, and to the
s. w. angle of Va, 268 ras,, thence along the
southern boundary of Va, to place of beginning,
108 ras, ; having an entire outiine 'of 1,171 ms.
Lying between 1st. 35° and 36° 37', and lono-
4° 39' and 13° 14' w. W, C The longest Hn°e
that can be drawn on any state ofthe U, S, is a
diagonal over Tenn,, from the nrthestrn, to the
sthwstrn, angle, by calculation, s, 77°, w. or n.
77°, E. -within a fraction of 500 ms. The raean
length is about 400 ras,, and the raean width
being 114, the area of the atate coraes out 45,-
600 sq, ras,, equal to 29,184,000 statute acres.
This area exceeds what is commonly assigned
to Tenn., but following the raost recent and ac
curate delineations on Tanner's map, is very
near the real superficies of that state. By re
ference to our notice of Tenn. r, and valley, it
wUl be seen how much the physiognomy ofthis
state is influenced by the pecuUar course of its
rivers. Dividing it into sections, and taking
the mtns. as lines of deraarcation, it presents
two unequal sections ; the sraaller above, and
the second and larger below, the Curaberland
chain. The higher and inferior section is en
tirely in the valley of Tenn,, and in length diacr.
onally from s, w. to n. e. is 280 ms,, with "a
raean width of 57, and area of 15,960, or very
nearly one third of the state. This compara.
tively elevated and diversified region, is, in
air, water, and surface, amongst the most de
lightful portions of the United States. The soil
is also much ofit excellent, but the relative
elevation gives to vegetable Hfe a more north
ern effect than that found in sirailar latitudes,
either on the Atiantic coast, or on the western
section of Tennessee, near the Mississippi. On
lower Ten,, cotton is a staple production, whilst
the cliraate of the upper section is raore conge.
niai to grasses, including the bread grain, or cer.
ealia. The declivity of upper Ten, is to the a.

section of the Tenn., and the lower part of the
first, below Nickajack, are comprised in the
fine northern valley of Ala. The main volurae
flowing through a region extending frora the
Ohio valley, in the vicinity of Pittsburg, to the
nrthrn. part of the basin of Mobile. The very
striking coincidence ofthe river inflections be.
tween the extreraes of this region, must ap.
pear to the raost inattentive observer of a good
map of that part of the U. S. This regularity
of structure is evinced by the great inflections
of the Ohio, Kenhawa, Kentucky, Green, Cura
berland, and Tennessee rs. The Tenn. itself
literally occupies the base of the physical re
gion indicated, as in all its coraparative course
below Nickajack, or its entrance into Ala., of
330 ras., it does not receive a single confluent
above the size of a large creek, nor does the
outer edge of its valley on the left, in Ala,,
Misp., Tenn., and Ky., exceed a raean breadth
of 20 ras. On the right, embosomed between
Tenn. and Cumberland rivers, and comprising
central Tenn., and northern Ala., spreads a
physical region, extending frora Cumberland
mtn, to the lower reach of Teim, r., 130 ms.,
with a mean breadth of 80 ms., and an area of
10,400 sq. ms. This beautiful tract is seraicir-
cled by the main volume of Tenn., and drained
by Elk r,. Duck r., and innumerable era. Be
low Duck r., however, the Tenn, receives no
confluent from either side of any magnitude
worthy of notice. Including all its sections,
the lower valley of the Tenn. comprises an
area of 17,600 sq. ms. ; and the whole valley
embraces a superficies of 41,600 sq, ras. The
extent of this valley, if compared with the
whole valley of Ohio, spreads over nearly l-5th
part, and gives to Tenn. the first rank among
the confluents of the Ohio. Araongst the pe
culiar features of the course of the "Tenn., the
most reraarkable is, that rising as far n. as lat.
37° 10', and curving thence southward to lat,
34° 23', it again retums, to its original lat,, and
falls into the Ohio nearly due vr. frora its prirai
tive springs in Tazewell co, ; thus erabosoming
nearly all the large valley of Cumberland, and
part of that of Green river. Geographically,
the Tenn. valley lies between n. lat. 34° 10' and
37° 10', and in long, between 4° 15' and 11°
40' w. "W. C. It is the first and largest, ad
vancing frora the s,, of those strearas gushing
frora the elevated slopes of the Appalachian
ridges, and vvhich flow wstrd. into the great
basin of the Misp. In relative height, there
is above 1,700 feet difi'erence between the high,
est and lovyest extreraes of this valley. "Tht
arable surface of Tazewell and Wythe cos.,
frora where the fountains of Kenhawa and Hoi
ston have their origin, raust be at least 9,000 foet
above the Atlantic tides ; whUstthat of Ohio r,,
atthe influx ofthe Tenn,, but little exceeds 30O
ft. This difference is to 4° of lat,, and accounts
for the rapid changes of climate experienced
ou lines of lat, in "Tenn. The current of every
branch of the Tenn. is very rapid, though di
rect falls are rare, and even dangerous shoals
are not common. Of the latter, those particu,
larly called Muscle Shoals, between Lauder,
dale and Lawrence cos. Al., are most reraarka.
ble, and difficult to navigate^. The whole i.,

TEN

599

TEN

w., and a^ already shown, by a rather rapid de
scent. Lower or Western Ten. is subdivided
by its rivers into two sections. That part com
prised in the valley of Ten. r. has been noticed
'under the head of that stream, but to the nthrd.
of Ten. valley, the state embraces a large and
very important section ofthe valley of Cumber
land r. The latter tract is 950 ms. in length,
along the line of deraarcation between the states
of Ky. and Ten., with a raean width of 40 ras.,
or 10,000 sq. ms. The area comprised in the
valley of Ten. is about 170 ms. long, with a
mean breadth of 70, or embracing an area of
11,900 sq. ras. Including the part of Ten.
coraprised in both the valleys of Ten. and Cura
berland, below Curaberland mtn., we have an
area of 91,900 sq. ms., which added to 15,960
coraprised in upper Ten. yield 37,860 sq. ras. in
the estm. and raiddle sections of the state.
The general declivity of central or middle Ten,
is wstrd,, though the course of Ten r. is here
almost due n. Advancing still wstrd. of the
valley of Ten, we arrive on a slope drained by
numerous small streams into the Misp, This
western portion, comprising 7,740 sq, ras. may
be denorainated wstrn. Ten. It is drained by
Obion, Forked Deer", Big Hatchee, and Wolf
rs. 'These strearas have corresponding curves,
first flowing n. wstrdly., thence w. and s. w. a
general wstrn. declivity, coraraencing about 95
ras, frora the main channel of the Ten., and
falHng gently toward the Mississippi. In its
natural state Ten. was covered with a dense
forest. The great features along its very elon
gated declivity of 500 ras., are varied and
strongly contrasted. East Ten., raountainous
or very hUly, with excellent river soil, presents
a raost seductive region to the eye : middle, or
central Ten. less bold in its physiognomy, but
with a rauch larger proportion of productive
soil, is followed by the wstrn. section ; the fea
tures of nature frora the Curaberland chain, im
perceptibly softening, until finaUy sunk into the
annually inundated banks of the Misp. The
whole state has a sufficient soil to admit a dense
population. Agreeable to the returns of 1830,
Middle and Western Ten,, containing, as stated
in this article, 99,640 sq. ms., has a pop. of
488,448, having had in 1890 only 987,501, ex
hibiting a gain in the 10 years, frora 1890 to
1830, of alraost 70 per cent. The capacity for
sustaining an increase may be estimated bythe
fact that the existing pop. ofthe two lower sec
tions of Ten, is distributively only 16 to the sq.
mile ; and this on a region, over which 10 fold
more on an equal surface, would be far from
too great a density of population forthe soil.
Political subdivisions and population. — Ten.
nessee is divided into the counties of:

Counties.

Pop. 182 ,

Pop. 1830.

Amoi,

Anderson,

4,fi68

5,312

Bedford,

10,012

30,444

Bledsoe,

4,005

6,446

Blount,

11,258

11,027

Campbell,

4,244

5,110

Carroll,

9,378

Carter

4,835

6,418

Cherokee Nation,

Claiborne,
5,508
8,47C
Cocke,
4,392
6,04f
Davidson,
20,154
S8,122
Dickson,
5,190
7,261
Co-unties. Pop. 1820.
Pop. 1830.
Dyer,
1,904
Fayette,
8,6.54
Fentress,
2,760
Franklin,
lO,,^]
15,644
Gibson,
5,801
Giles,
12,558
18,920
Grainger,
7,651
10,066
Greene,
11,221
14,410
Hardiman,
11,628
Hamilton,
821
3,274
Hardin,
1,462
4 867
Hawkins,
10,!I49
13,683
Haywood,
5,356
Henderson,
8,741
Henry,
12,230
Hickman,
6,080
8,132
Humphries,
4,067
6,189
Jackson,
7,593
9,902
JefJ-erson,
8,953
11,799
Knox,
13,034
14,498
Lawrence,
3,371
5,412
Lincoln,
14,761
22,086
McMinn,
0,623
14,497
McNairy,
5,697
Madison,
11,750
Marion,
3,888
5,516
Maury,
22,141
28,153
Monroe,
2,,529
13,709
Montgomery,
12,219
14,365
Morgan,
1,676
2,582
Obion,
2.099
Overton,
7,188
8,246
Perry,
2,384
7,038
Rhea,
4,215
8,182
Rhoan,
7,895
11,340
Robertson,
7,270
13,802
Rutherford,
19,552
26,133
Sevier,
4,772
5,117
Shelby,
354
5,6,52
Smith,
]7,,580
21,492
Stewart,
8,397
6,988
Sullivan,
7,015
10,073
Sumner,
19,211
30,606
Tipton,
5,317
yVarren,
10,348
15,351
Washington,
9,557
10,995
'Wayne,
2,459
6,013
Weakly,
4,796
White
8,701
9,967
Williamson,
20,640
26,608
Wilson,
18,730
,25,477
Of whora in 1830,
there were white
persons :
males.
FEMALES.
tinder 5 years of age
59,576
55,399
From 5 to 10
45,356
42,975
10 to 15
36.044
33,556
15 to 20
29,247
30,616
20 to 30
44,982
42,970
30 to 40
25
111
23,545
40 lo 50
15,110
15,264
50 to 60
11,188
9,279
eo to 70
t^
543
4,541
70 to 80
o
102
1,855
80 lo 90
657
542
90 to 100
105
114
100 and upwards
32
28
Total 276,068 260,680
Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 years
of age 199 ; 14 to 95, 59 ; 95 and upwards 54,
Blind 176. Of the colored population were :
FREE,
slaves.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Fem.
Under 10 years of age
812
272
27,713
26,568
From 10 to 24
583
626
23,431
24,145
24 to 36
361
359
11,260
12,223
36 to 55
321
286
6,020
6,519
55 to 100
216
187
1,729
1,891
100 and upwards
7
6
63
41
Total 2,330
2,225
70,216
71,387
TEN

523

TEN

Of the colored pop, were deaf and durab un
der 14 years of age, 13 ; from 14 to 25, 9 ; 25
and upwards 6. Blind, 37.
Recapitulation. Whites Free col'd. Slaves, Total.
535,748 4,555 141,603 681,916
History. — The territory now comprised in
Ten. was included in the 2d charter of N. C,
granted by Charles II. ui 1664; but no settle
ment of whites was made so far wstrd, until
1754, when a few families fixed theraselves on
Curaberland r. but were driven away by the
aavagea. The first perraanent settleraent in
Ten,, was made by the founding of fort London
in 1757. According to Flint, fort London stood
on Little Ten., a mile above the raouth of Tel-
Hco. This place is now included in Blount co.
On Pownall's raap, founded on Evan's, (the lat.
ter published in 1755,) it is noted that the far
thest settleraents of Va. wstrd, in 1755, were
on the heads of Blue Stone branch of the Great
Kenhawa, and those of CUnch and Holston rs.
Ten, was then one wide wilderness. The
course of original settieraent was frora N, C
into the valley of the Ten. proper, and fort Lon
don was the cradle. This fort was attacked,
however, and taken by the Indians in 1760,
when upwards of 200 men, women and chil
dren were massacred. In 1761, the iraportant
campaign under Col. Grant broke the power of
the savages, and a treaty was made which en
couraged emigrants. About 1765, settlements
began on Holston r,, and gradually increased.
Though harrassed by Indian warfare, the hardy
frontier raen penetrated deeper and deeper into
the forest, and at the opening of the revolution
ary war, were sufBciently strong to meet their
savage enemies. Col, John Sevier was the
Tenneseean hero of that period. In June, 1776,
the inhabitants, aided by a few Virginia sol
diers, defeated the Indians. HostUities contin
ued, nevertheless, between the parties through
the revolutionary war. As early as 1776,
when the first republican constitutitm of N. C
was framed and went into operation, deputies
from Ten. appeared in the first state assembly.
Though raany previoua but abortive atterapts
had been raade to settle w. Ten,, the country
around where Nashville now stands, was a wil
derness in 1779. The miUtia of Ten. gave
themselves consequence in the eyes of their
countryraen, by the aid they afforded in de
feating the British and tories, at King's moun
tain, Oct. 7, 1780. In 1783, a land office was
opened; courts of justice had been established
and opened the previous year. In 1784, by a
law of N. C, a provisional cession of what now
constitutes Ten. was made to the U, S, This
act was repealed, but had perraanent effect, as
under its influence the people comraenced an
independent state governraent under the name
of Frankland. These steps led to anarchy.
N. C. claimed jurisdiction, as did also the con.
stituted authorities of the state of Frankland,
In the contest, power prevailed, and the state
of Frankland disappeared. The struggle led
to many acts of civil commotion, which were
not terminated until after 1790, when Ten. was
finaUy ceded to the U. S. In May, 1790, by a

law of congress, the country was made a terri
tory by the name of " the Territory s. of the
river Ohio.'" In Nov, 1791, the first printing
press was estabUshed at Rogersville, and on
the 5th ofthe same month was issued the first
newspaper, the KnoxviUe Gazette, On June
1st, 1796, "Ten. was formaUy adraitted into the
Union as a state of the confederacy. Since its
introduction into the faraily of repubhcs, the
advance of this state, in population and wealth,
has been constant and peaceable. In tbe late
war, her troops acted a most honorable part,
as they have since the original settlement in the
raiddle of the last century. Government. —
This is vested in a biennially chosen general
asserably, composed of senators and merabers
of asserably ; who to be eligible rauat have re
sided in the state three yeara, and in the co.
whence aelected one year next before their
election ; and must possess in full right, 200
acres of land. The nuraber of representatives
never to exceed 40, and the. senators never to
be raore than one half, or less than one third of
the representatives. The executive power is
vested in a. governor biennially elected, and
eligible 6 years in 8 ; and to be eligible must
possess, in full right, a freehold of 500 acres
of land, have arrived at ihe age of 35 years,
and have been a resident in the state 4
years next preceding his election. The ju
diciary is vested in such superior and infe.
rior courts as the legislature may from time
to time appoint. Judges are appointed by
joint ballot of both houses of the general
assembly, hold their offices during good be.
havior, and removable by irapeachment. The
right of suffrage is secured to every free
white citizen of 21 years of age and upwards,
who either possesses a freehold in the county
where he offers to vote, or who has resided
there six months previous to the election day.
Staple productions. — To enumerate the staples
of this state would be to give a list of nearly
every vegetable and metallic substance produ
ced inthe U. S, The higher part ofthe state
is raost favorable to grain ; the lower to cotton.
Iron ia found in several places. The Curaber
land river is navigated by stearaboats to Nash
ville, and all the large rs. of the state, for down
boats to near their sources, (See these under
their proper heads,) Education. — For the ad
vanceraent ofthe higherbranches of education,
the principal serainaries in Ten. are the Nash
ville university, at Nashville ; East Ten. college
at Knoxville ; Greenville college, at Greenville,
Green co. ; and at Maryville, the st.jus. Blount
CO., the sthrn, and wstrn. Theological seminary.
A more particular description of these wUl be
found under the heads of places where they are
located. Tennessee kiveh, p-o. Haywood co. N. C,
situated in the nrthrn. part of the co., by p-r.
343 ras. w. Raleigh.
Tennessee iron works, and p-o. Dickson
CO. Ten., 50 ras. wstrd. NashvUle.
Tensaw, r, of Ala. The Tensaw is an out-
let frora Mobile river, about 8 ms. below the
junction of Ala. and Tombigbee rs. Itis about
35.ms. comparativer length, winds along, or near
the eastern margin of the inundated tract above

TEW

524

THO

Mobile bay ; is navigable, passes Blakeley, and
is lost in Mobile bay 4 or 5 ms. e. the town of
MobUe. Tensaw, r. of La,, has its extreme source
" from Grand lake, and in the sthestrn. angle of
Chicot CO., and of the territory of Ark., but ira.
mediately enters Ouachita parish. La,, and flow.
ing a little s. ofs. w, and nearly parallel to the
general course of the Misp., by comparative
courses about 110 ms. to its junction with Oua.
chila to form Black river. The Tensaw is the
dAin of the inundated tract w. the Misp. in the
parishes of Ouachita and Concordia.
Tensaw, p-o. onthe last noted river, Baldwin
CO. Ala., by p-r. 32 ras. n. Blakeley, and 196 a
little w. of s. Tuscaloosa.
Teokonto, bay, Penfield, Monroe co. N. Y.,
raStesup from lake Ontario, 1 m, by 5.
Terre Bonne, {good or fertile land,) parish
of La,, bndd. by Atchafalaya bay, and parish of
St. Mary's w,. La Fourche Interior (Interior La
Fourche) n. n, e. and e., and by the Gulf of
Me-xico s. E., s. and s. w. Greatest length from
the mouth of La Fourche r. to Point au Fer, at
the sthrn, entrance of Atchafalaya bay 90 ms.,
mean breadth 20, and area 1,800 sq. ms. Ex
tending in lat. from n. lat, 29° to 29° 42', and in
long. W, C, 13° 08' to 14° 35'. The surface very
near that of a dead plain, the slight elevation of
the alluvial banks of some ofthe streams except.
«d ; and with the sarae partial exception devoid
of timber. What very slight slope exists is sthrd.
and in that direction it is traversed by Terre
Bonne, Grande and Petite Cailloux, and Bayou
Bceuf Where the soil is arable, it is of exuber
ant fertility, and the climate completely within
the range of sugar cane. Except the sraall
islets at the s. w. Pass of the Mississippi, the
cape of Terre Bonne is the most sthrn. part of
La, Cf t. Williamsburgh. Pop. 2,121.
Terre Coupee, p-v. St. Joseph's co. Ind. In
the p-o. Ust it is stated at 245 ras. frora Indian
opolis by the p-r,,' though the actual distance
between the two places falls short of 150 ms,,
direction very nearly n, and s.
Terre Haute, p-v. and st, jus, Vigo co. Ind.,
by p-r. 83 ras. s, w. by w. Indianopolis, and 60
ms. by the land road above and n. Vincennes.
Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 10° 27' w,
Terrysville, p-v, Abbeville dist. S. C, by
p-r, 1 16 ms, wstrd, Colurabia,
Terrytown, p-v. Bradford co. Pa.., by p-r.
142 ras. nrthrd. Harrisburg,
Tewksbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass,, 20 ras,
N, w. Boston, has Merriraack i. n., and Con-
cord r. w,, which flows into it, and separates
the town from Chelrasford and Lowell. N. it
is hilly, and stony, with pretty good soil ; in
other parts nearly level and poor. The Merri
mack, at Himt's falls, descends 40 ft. in one-
fourth mile, and this is the head of navigation
cn that stream. When the water is high, rafts
easily descend. Above this fall the r. is joined
by the Middlesex canal.- Belvidere v. is in the
n. w. comer.of the t, at the junction of Concord
and Merrimack rs. It is connected with the great
and flourishing manufacturing vil. of LoweU by
a bridge across the forraer streara. Pop. 1,527.
Tewksbury, p-t. Hunterdon co, N. J,, 45 ms.
w, Trenton, has Morris co. n., Somerset co. e..

with a range of bills crossing it, and its eastem
boundary line formed by AUaraatong river, a
branch of the Raritan. It contains the village
of New Germantown. Pop, 1,659.
Thames, r,. Conn., is formed by the conflu
ence of the Quinnebaug and Shetucket rivers,
and at Norwich takes the name of Thames. It
flows thence to New London harbor 14 raUes,
and affords sloop navigation from Norwich
Landing to Long Island sound. A steamboat
pUes between New York and Norwich. The
banks ofthis stream are pleasant and variega
ted. It flows through the old Mohegan country,
and the reserved lands of that tribe lie on its w.
banks, a little below Norwich. At the w. point
of New London harbor is a light house, and in
its vicinity are 2 forts, one of which, in Groton,
was the scene of British cruelty in the revolu
tionary war, and is now marked by an obelisk,
erected to the raeraory ofthe defenders.
The Pocket, p-v. Moore co. N. C, by p-r,
82 ms. o. w. by w. Raleigh. Uncouth as this
name may sound, it is that given in the p-o. list,
thus "(The) Pocket."
Thetford, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 34 ms. s. E.
Montpelier, 28 N. E. Windsor ; first setded
about 1764 ; is crossed by Ompompanoosuc r.,
which here receives a branch, and both th^se
streams afford mill sites. North is one half of
Fairlee lake. There are other ponds, one of
which, containing nine acres, is only about 25
ft, from the bank of Conn, r,, which is 100 ft,
below. It has neither inlet nor outlet, falls two
or three ft. in sumraer, and abounds in fish. Be
tween the pond and the river passes a road.
Galena is found here, which yield 75 per cent
of lead. Tbe surface is uneven, and somewhat
rocky. An academy was established here 1819.
There are several villages. Pop, 2,113.
Thibadeauxville, p-v. and st, of jus, parish
of La Fourche, interior La, ; situated on the
left bank of La Fourche r., about 35 ras, s, e.
and below Donaldsonville ; n. lat. 29° 48', long.
13° 48' w. W. C
Thickety Fork, and p-o, northeast part of
Spartanburg dist, S. C, by p-r. 115 ras, n, n. w.
Colurabia, Thomas, co. of Geo., bndd. w, by Decatur,
N, w, by Baker, n, by Irwin, e. by Lowndes, s.
by Jefferson co. Flor., and s. w. by Leon co.
Flor. Length frora s. to n. 50 ras,, mean breadth
30, and area 1,500 sq, ms. N. lat. 31° and
long, 7° w, W, C, intersect very near the cen
tre of this CO, The declivity southward ; the
western part drained by Ocklockonnee, and the
eastern by Suwanee r. Cf t. Thomasville. Pop.
3,299. Thomaston, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 49 ms. s. e.
Augusta, 85 e. n. e. Portland, 36 e. Wiscasset;
is of irregular form, with Waldo co. n,, Penob
scot bay E., and Saint George's r. on part ofthe
w. line; isof irregular forra. It contains abund
ant quarries of lirae stone, which is burnt in
great quantities, and known in the ports ofthe
United States for its good quality. About 150,-
000 casks have been sent out of Thoraaston for
20 years past. The Saint George is navigable
to this town in large ships, 12 railes from the
ocean. The state prison is situated on the bank
of this stream, in a tract of 10 acres, including

THO

525

TIC

a raarble quarry. Excellent bluish granite is
brought up frora quarries below, on the river,
which the convicts are employed in cutting.
The plan of the building, and the system of
discipline, are conformed to those of Auburn,
Sing Sing, &c. The keeper's house is 30 ft.
by 40, the hospital 23 by 48, and there are 50
cells in the prison, all of stone, surrounded by
a stone wall. A considerable number of ves
sels are owned here, and there is an active
coasting trade to different parts ofthe country,
chiefly for the transportation of lime ; a bank,
&c. The seat of the late Gen. Knox, is one
of the finest in this part of the country. Pop,
4,214. Thomaston, late Upson c, h,, p-v. and st, jus,
Upson CO. Geo., by p-r. 87 ms, a little s, ofw.
MiUedgevUle ; lat, 32° 52', long, W. C. 7° 27' w.
Thcuasville, p-v. and st, of jiis, Thoraas co,
Geo,, situated in the forks of Ocklockonnee r,,
about 160 ms, in a direct line, but by p-r, 935
ms. s. s, w, MiUedgevUle ; n, lat, 30° 58', long,
7° 04' w, W. C.
Tho.mpson, p-t, Windham co. Conn,, 46 ms.
E. N. e, Hartford, 96 n, w. Providence ; has
Massachusetts n., and Rhode Island e,, anjl is
crossed by Quinebaug r,, and French and Five
Mile rs,, its branches ; on which strearas are
excellent mill seats, and which afford fish. The
surface is hilly. On French r. is a sattinet
factory, with 14 looms, raaking 65,000 yards
annually ; then, 3 raa, below is a stone factory,
100 ft, long, with 2,200 spindles, and 52 looras,
raaking 350,000 yards of printing cloths for cal
ico. MaconviUe, 1 raile below, contains anoth
er factory,, with 2,436 spindles, and 60 looras,
making 250,000 yards of shirtings. Near the
junction of French r, and the Quinebaug is also
another factory, with 900 spindles, and 18
looras. Pop. 3,383.
'Thompson, p-t. and st.jus, Sullivan co. N. Y,,
113ms, s. s. w. Albany, 34 frora Newburgh;
hna Or.ange co, s, ; watered by Navesink, Mon
gaup, Sheldrake and other era,, with a variety
of surface, soil, and timber. Monticello viUage
contains the co. buildings, and is UO ms. from
Albany. Pop, 2,457.
Thompson, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, by p-r, 184
ms, I'l, E. Columbus,
Thompson's p-o. wstrn, part of Fairfield dist,
S, C, by p-r, 24 ras, n, n, w, Columbia.
Thompson's Cross Roaus, and p-o. Louisa co,
Va,, by p-r, 45 ras. n. w. Richmond.
Thompson's Store, and p-o, in the northern
part of Hanover co, Va,, by p-r, 46 ms. nrthrd.
Richraond, Thompson's Store, and p-o, sthern. part of
Anderson dist. S. C, by p-r. 121 ras, n. w. by
w. Columbia.
Thompsontown, and p-o. Mifilin co. Pa,, by
p-r, 34 ras. n, im. w, Harrisburg.
Thompsonsville, p-o, Culpepper co, Va,, by
p-r, 75 ms,-s, w. by w, W. ( ',
Thornburgh, p-v. Spotsylvania co. Va., by
p.r, 70 ras, ». w, W, C,
Thorndike, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 40 ms.N.E.
Augusta; is bndd. by right lines, crossed by
the°branches of a stream flowing n. w. into Se
basticook r,, and approaches nearly to Penob.
scot CO, N, E. Pop. 6.52. 67

Thornbury, p-v. eastern part of Chester co •
Pa,, by p-r. 119 ma, n, e. W. C, and 18 ms-
sthwstrd, Phil.
Thorn Hill, p-v. Orange co. N, C. by p-r.
92 ras, IV, w, by w, Raleigh,
Thornton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H,, 58 ms.
from Concord, 12 from Plymouth, 190 from Bos.
ton; is crossed by Pemigewasset r. n, and ».,
and has Mad r. and aeveral other amall atrearas.
There are valuable raeadows, md no-high hiUs.
First settied 1770. Pop. 1,049,
Thornton, p-v. Delaware co. Pa,, by p-r. 119
ins. n. e. W. C,
Thornton's Gap, and p-o, in the Blue Ridge,
western part of Culpepper co. Va,, by p-r. 109
ma. tt. vr. by w, W, C, and 190 n. w. Richmond,
Thorntown, p-v, Boone co. Ind., by p-r. 62
ms, N, w, Indianopolis,
Thornville, p-v, in the tt. vr. angle of Perry
CO, 0,, by p.r, 37 ms,E, Colurabus,
Thoroughfare, p o. Prince WiUiara co, Va,,
by p-r, 47 ras. a. w, W, C
"Three Forges, and p-o. Bedford co. Pa., by
p-r. 140 ras, n, w, W, C,
Three Forks, p-o. Barren co, Ky., by p-r.
199 ras. s. s, w, Frankfort.
Thke -: Springs, and p-o, southeastern part of
Huntingdon co. Pa,, by p-r, 73 ms. westward
Harrisburg, Throg's Neck, or Point, Westchester, West
chester so, N, Y,, the N, point of Ea'st r. and
marks the w, termination of Long island sound.
It presents a low, broken, sandy bank e., on
which the U, S, government have erected a Ught
house. It forms a sraall peninsula.
Throopsville, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y.,
3 ms, K, Auburn, on Owasco inlet.
Thousand Isles, in the r, St, Lawrence, ex
tend frora the e, end of lake Ontario 30 miles
down that streara, and are of various size and
forra. The principal are Carlton and Welles
isls. in N, Y., and Grand isl, U, Canada,
Thunder Bay, isls, and r, nrthestrn. coast of
the peninsula of Mich. Thunder bay is a cove
making to the n, w. from the nrthrn. side of Sag
inaw bay ; and the isls, eo called, extend estrd.
from the raain shore into lake Huron, and to
the nrthestrd. frora the cove. Thunder r. rises
in the interior of the peninsula, interlocking
aources with Ottawa river, and flowing thence
eastwardly, falls into the head of Thunder bay.
The distance is 35 ms,, course tt. N. w. from
Transit Point, on the s. side of Saginaw bay, to
Ihe confluence of Thunder bay and r.
Tick or., and p-o, sthrn. part Chatham co.
N. C, 44 ms, sthwstrd, Raleigh.
Ticonderoga, p-t. Easex co. N. Y,, 96 ms, N.
Albany, 3 s. Elizabethtown, has lake Cham.
plain and Vt. e., Warren co. s., and includes
the lower partof lake George. Fine levels ex
tend near the lake, with fine swells rising be
hind, and several high ratns. rise in different
parts of the town, sorae of which, as well as
several spots on the lower ground, have been
rendered interesting by historical events of im
portance. The ruins of fort Ticonderoga oc.
cupy the s. point of a promontory, below which
bends lake Champlain, just before it spreads n.
to a greater breadth than before, and opposite
are raounts Defiance and Independence, with

TIO

596

TIP

the narrow part of the lake between thera, the
former an abrupt elevation, 790 ft, high, cover
ed with forests, in this town, and the latter of
inferior height and in Vt, The outlet of lake
George, 3 ms, long, flows in the s, part of Ti
conderoga, and enters the lake between raount
Defiance, and fort Ticonderoga at Sword's
point, between a tract of beautiful meadows.
It has 3 faUs, in all 157 ft,, and turns some mills.
The promontory is now overgrown by young
tiraber, whioh has grown since the desertion of
the fortress, Abotit 500 acres were inclosed
by a breastwork across the isthmus, by the
French, who defended it against Gen, Aber.
crombie in 1748. Gen. Amherst took the for
tress the following year. It was taken by sur
prise in 1775, by a small party of raen from Vt,,
coramanded by Ethan Alien, but evacuated in
1777, bythe Araerican troops, on the approach
of Gen, Burgoyne, who took his cannon to the
top of raount Defiance, and thus secured the
command of the place, from a position before
considered inaccessible, A ferry crosses the
lake to Shoreham, Vt, Pop, 1830, 1,996.
Tiffin, p-v. and st. jus. Seneca co. O,, by
p-r, 85 ras, n, Columbus, It is situated on the
right bank of Sandusky r, Lat, 41° 08', long,
W. C, 4° 10' w. Pop, 948,
TiFEiNs, 1, of Mich, and 0, rising in the for
raer, interlocking sources with those of r. Raisin
of lake Erie, and St, Joseph of Maumee, Forra
ed by ers, issuing from Lenawee and Hillsdale
COS. Mich,, Tiffins r, flows o,, enters 0, tra
versing Henry and Williams cos,, and falHng
into Maumee r, at fort Defiance just above, but
onthe contrary side from the influ.x of au Glaize
r. Coraparative length 50 ras,
TiMBALLiER, bay of La, extends westward
frora the mouth of La Fourche r, about 30 ras,
with a width of frora 3 to 6 ras. It h'as the
same raouth with La Fourche, and is separated
from the gulf of Mexico by a long low peninsu
la or island. It is shallow, with a sandy or
muddy bottom,
Timberlaee's p-o, CampbeU co. Ky,, by p-r,
71 ms, N. N. E. Frankfort.
Timpson's cr., and p-o, sthrn. part Rabun co.
Geo. by p-r. 9 ms, s, Clayton, the co. st., and
165 ras, ft. Milledgeville,
TiNicuM, isl, and cr,, and also tsp, Bucks co.
Pa, The cr, falls into Del, r, opposite the isl,,
and the tsp. lies along both sides of the cr. and
on the Del. river, between the tsps. of Noxa-
mixon and Plurapstead, about 38 ms. north
ward Phila.
TiNicuM, isl, and tsp, Del, co. Pa, The isl
and lies in Del, r, below the mouth of Darley
creek, ' Both the isl. and the adjacent shores
are flat, and employed principaUy as grazing
farms. Tinmouth, p-t, Rutland co, Vt,, 41 ms,iv, Ben
nington, 8 s. Rutland, 81 frora Montpelier, first
settled 1770, is crossed by furnace brook ; n.
Little West r,, a branch of Otter cr,, which
flows between two ranges of mtns. There are
several quarries of raarble, and plenty of iron
ore, which suppHes several furnaces and forges
in this town. Pop. 1,049.
Tioga, r. or Chemung, a w. branch of Sus
quehannah r. rises in Pa,, runs n, into Steuben

CO, N, 'Y',, which it crosses to Painted Post,
where it meets Conhocton r., and then turning
back into Pa., raeets the e. branch at Tioga
point. It flows about 50 ras. in N. Y., and with
its branches, is navigable in boats. The Che.
raung canal connects this streara with Seneca
lake, {See Susquehannah r.)
Tioga, co, N. Y,, bndd. by Torapkins co;
and parts of Steuben and Cortland cos. n,,
Broome co, E., Pa, s,, the boundary being the
49d degree of lat,, and Steuben co. w,, about
180 railes w, Albany, contains 18 tsps,, is cross
ed in the s, e, by Susquehannah r, and Chemung
or 'Tioga river, s, w,, which raeet 3 ras, s, of
the Penn, Hne. Owego cr. on the E, line, and
Catetant and Cayuta ers, which cross this'co.
afford boat and raft navigation. There are few
manufactories, 9 of woollen, and 1 furnace.
The surface is hiUy, Elmira and Owego, are
the sts, jus, ofthe co. Pop, 1890, 14,716, 1830,
97,690, Tioga, p-t, Tioga co, N, Y. 10 ms, w. Owe
go, 180 frora Albany, has Pa. s,, is crossed by
the E, branch of Susquehannah, and has Cayuta
cr, w. The surface is generaUy broken, and
ihe soil poor, with sorae rich but narrow vallies.
Pop,-l,4l], 'TiOGA, CO, Pa,, bndd, e, by Bradford, s, e.
and s, by Lycoraing, w. by Potter, and n, by
Steuben co, N, Y. Length 36 ras., mean width
39, and area 1,159 square railes. Extending in
lat. frora 41° 32' to 42° and in long, frora 0°
04' E,, to 0° 40' w. W, C, Surface coraposed
of two decHvities; that coraprising the central
and northern sections, and drained by the Tio-,
ga r,, falls to the N, E. The opposite declivity
slopes to the s. w,. and is drained by the sources
of Pine cr, Tbe raean arable surface of Tioga,
exceeds 1,000 ft, above the Atlantic level, Cf
t, Wellsboro. Pop. 1 890, 4,091, 1830, 9,071 .
Tionesta, P-v. Armstrong co. Pa. New
narae, without relative distances on the general
p-o, Hst,
Tioughnioga, cr,, N, Y., rises in Onondaga
CO,, and flows through parts of Cortlandt and
Broome cos, to Chenango r, after a course of
about 55 ras,
Tippecanoe, i, of Ind, rises about lat, 41° 30',
in the sthrn, part of Elkhart co, and flows
thence s. s, w, 80 ras,, traversing the Indian
country, and thence over Carroll falls into Wa
bash r, in Wabash co. This r, has interlocking
sources with those of the Elkhart branch of St,
Joseph r, of lake Michigan, and with the extrerae
estrn, fountains of Kankakee branch of Illinois r.
Tippecanoe, co, Ind, bndd, n, e, by Carroll,,
Clinton e,, iMontgomery s,, Fountain o. w,,
Warren w,, and n, w, ; n. boundaries uncertain.
Length from s. to N. 24 ; breadth 21, and area
504 sq. ras. Central lat, 40° 24', long, W, C,
9° 50' w. The raain stream of the Wabash in
a s, w. direction traverses this co. leaving about
one third of the surface on the n. w. or right
side. The residue, on the left side of Wabash,
slopes nrthwstrd, towards that r, Cf t. La
Fayette. Pop. 7,187,
"Tipton, co. Ten, bndd, by Dyer, k., Hay
wood E,, Lafayette f. n,, Shelby s. and s, w,,
and the Mississippi r,, separating it from Crit
tenden CO, Ark, w. Length 30 ms., raean width

TOL

597

TOM

23, and area 600 square miles. Extending in
lat. frora 35° 23' to 35° 48', and in long, from
12° 32' to 13° w. W, C. The decHvity is west
ward toward the Miss, r, the northern part tra.
versed by Forked Deer, and the southern by
Big Hatchee rs. Cf t. Covington. Pop, 5,317.
Tiptonsport, p-v. and st. jus, Carroll co,
Indiana, on Wabash r, by p-r, 94 ms, a little w,
ofN. Indianopolis. Lat, 40° 31', long. 9° 40'
w, W, C,
"Tico, p-v, Richland co. 0,, by p-r, 20 ras, n,
N, w, Mansfield, the co, st,, and 83 ras. tt. Co
lurabus. Tisbury, p-t. Duke's co. Mass, 85 ras, s. e.,
Boston, on Martha's Vineyard, has the Vine
yard sound on the n, w, with the harbor of
Holme's Hole n,, where vessels often enter
which are prevented frora proceeding round
Cape Cod shoal by contrary winds. This har
bor is safe, and frequently affords protection to
foreign ships as well as coasters. Near the
harbor is a sinall village. Pop, 1,317,
Titus's Store, and p-o, Harrison co, 0,, by
p-r, 116 ras, a little n, of e, Colunibut<,
Tiverton, p-t, Newport co, R, I,, 24 ras, s, e.
Providence, 13 n, is, Newport, has the e, pas
sage and Mount Hope bay w,, and Mass, iv, and
E, It is generally pleasantly varied, with sorae
rocky parts, enjoys considerable advantages in
fisheries and navigation, aud was connected
with Rhode Island, soirie years since, by a stone
bridge about 1,000 ft, long. Pop, 2,905.
Toby, p-v, nrthwstrn, angle of Arrastrong co.
Pa,, about 55 ms, a littie e, ot n. Pittsburg, and
by p-r. 236 ras. n, w, W, C,
"Toby's cr, {See Clarion river.)
Todd, co, Ky,, bndd, w, by Christiana, n, by
Muhlenburg, e, by Logan, aud s, by Montgom
ery CO. Ten, Length from s. to n, 36 ras,, menu
width 17, and area 612 sq. ma. Extending in
lat, frora 36° 37' to 37° 06', and in long, from
10° 04' to 10° 22' w, W, C. Todd Occupies a
part ofthe sumrait ground frora which the wa.
ters flow northwardly into Green r,, and south
wardly into Cumberland. Cf t, Elkton, Pop,
1820, 5,089 ; 1830, 8,683.
Tolland, p-t, Hampden co. Mass,, 125 ras,
s, w, Boston, has the line of Conn, s. The sur
face ia varied by large awells, and ia crossed by
Farmington r. Pop, 723,
"Tolland, co. Conn, bndd. hy Mass, n., Wind
ham co,E,, New London co, a,, Hartford co. w.,
about 15 ms, by 22, with 337 'square ms, and 12
townships. The w, partis nearly level, with a
Hght but good soil, and few stones ; in the e, is
the granite range, which is raountainous, and
but partially cultivated. Scantic, Salraon, and
Hockanura rs. and their branches, water the w,
and s,, and Williraantic and Hop rs. the e. Tol
land is the cf t. and st.jus. Pop. 1820, 14,330 ;
1830, 18,702.
Tolland, p-t. and St. jus. Tolland co. Conn,,
17 ras, N, E. Hartford, 52 N, E, New Haven, 42
N, w. New London, bas Willimantic r, on the
E, line, and is generally rough and stony, with
good grazing land. Oak and chestnut prevail
in the forests. The earth affords granite, and
iron ore, Snipsic pond is 2 railes, but narrow.
The village is in the centre, on a plain, with the
CO. buildings, bank, &,c. Pop. 1,698.

Tombigbee, r, of Misp. and Ala,, the great
wstrn. constituent of Mobile, is formed by 2
branches, Torabigbee proper, and Black War.
rior, {See article Black Warrior.) Tombig
bee has its highest source in the territory ofthe
Chickasaw Indians, nrthrn, part of the state of
Misp,, interlocking aourcea with those of Bear
cr, branch of Ten,, Big Hatchee, and Yazoo rs.
Augmented by numerous ers, from both sides,
this r, pursues a course of s, s. e, 110 iniles,
leaves the state of Misp,, and enters that of
Ala, Preserving the original course 60 miles
farther, it receives the Black Warrior frora the
nrthestrd, Thia higher valley of Torabigbee ia
in length 160 ms,, -vvith a mean width of 60, and
comprises an area of 9,600 sq, ms. ; or if added
to that of the Black Warrior, the entire surface
drained by the two confluents above their junc
tion, is 14,859 sq, ras. Below the union of the
two great branches, the now considerable
stream, retaining the name of Torabigbee, as
sumes a sthrn, aud. very tortuous course, about
100 nis,, toils junction with Ala. to form the
Mobile. The entire length ofthe Torabigbee
by the main stream is 270, and by the Black
Warrior 240 ms. Below the mouth of Black
Warrior r. the volume is but slightly augment
ed, as it receives only creeks of moderate size.
The valley does not exceed 40 ms, in width, and
its entire area contains about 18,850 sq. ms.
It extends from lat. 31° 06' to 34° 45', and in
long, from 9° 21' to 19° 24' w, W, C, It has
the vaUies of Yazoo, and Big Hatchee rs, n, w,.
Ten, N,, Coosa, Cahawba, and Ala, rs,i\. E., e.
and s, e., and those of Pearl and Pascagoula rs,
s, w,
Tomlinson's P-o, on the U, S, road, Allegha
ny CO, Md,, 90 ms, wstrd, Cumberland, and by
p-r, 152 ms, n, w, by w, W, C,
To,\ioKA, st, of jus. Mosquito CO, Flor. Situ
ation uncertain.
'Tompkins, co, N, Y,, bndd, by Seneca and
Cayuga cos, n,, CorUandt co, e,, Tioga co. ».,
,Steuben co, w,, on the line of which lies Sene
ca lake, 170 ms, w, Albany. It contains 10
tsps, 2 miles of the head of Cayuga lake,
which also forms the w. line for 6 ras. Fall cr,,
Cayuga inlet, ,Six Miles cr,, and Cascadilla,
Halsey's and Salraon era,, &c, afford water
power to a great araount. The land rises grad
uaUy near Cayuga lake 400 or 500 ft, and the
soil is generally favorable to cultivation. There
are 2 woollen factories at Ithaca, and 1 cotton
factory, besides large flour raills, &c, Beaidea
theae there are in other parts of the county 1
cotton and 1 wooUen factory, 2 oil raills, 1 pow
der mill, 2 rifle manufactoriea, 3 furnaces, &c.
Ithaca is the cf t. and st. jus. ofthe co. Pop.
1890, 39,747, 1830, 36,545.
Tompkins, p-t. Delaware co. N, Y,, 100 ms,
from Albany, 30 s, w,, Delhi, has Broome co,
and a corner of Pa, w,, and is crossed by Dela
ware r, which afterwards forms a part ofthe w,
line, and receives several branches. The sur
face is hiUy and broken. The village of De
posit, at the bend in the r, and on the w. bor
ders ofthe CO, is a spot of importance in the
luraber trade of the r. Pop. 1,77-1,
"Tompkinsville, incorporated v,, Richraond,
Richmond co. N. Y., near the n, e, extremity

TOR

598

TRA

of Staten isl,, oppoaite the quarantine ground
of New York harbor, at the U. pan ofthe nar
rows, occupies the shore and the acclivity of a
hill, and has rapidly increased within a few
years. It contains the quarantine buildings of
the atate, and hoapitals belonging to the United
States. The hospitals are 3 in number, each
about 100 ft. in length, and all surrounded by
a wall, enclosing 30 acres. A Presbyterian
church has recently been erected. The pavil
ion, on an eminence half a raile in the rear of
the V. commands an extensive, varied and beau
tiful panoraraic view over the New York bays,
the city, the narrows, forts and part of Long
and Staten isls, and out upon the Atlantic, The
Seamen's Retreat has been recentiy erected
about 1 mile below this village in Southamp
ton near the shore, and affords accommoda
tions for IOO or 150 invalid seamen. The
Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the n. shore of Staten
island in the town of Richmond, and not far
from this vUlage, is a charitable institution long
established, in New York. Steamboats ply
between 'Tompkinsville and New York city al.
most every hour. The shore is lined with good
wharves, and the ground rises in bold and hand
sorae swells from the water,
Tompkinsville, p-v, and st, jus. Monroe co.
Ky,, situated on the extrerae head of Big Bar
ren r,, 87 ms, N, estrd, Nashville, and by p-r,
144 ma, a little w. of s. Frankfort, Lat, 36°
43', long. 8° 36' w, W, C, Pop, 990,
"Tonawanta, cr, N, Y, rises in Genesee co,,
and flowing between Niagara and Erie cos, falls
into Niagara, r, opposite the raiddle of Grand
island, 12 ras. n. Buffalo. It is about 90 ras,
long, and has a sluggish current in the lower
part of its course, so that it is raade to serve
as part ofthe Erie canal, which enters it 1 1
ras, frora the lake, and leaves it at Green Ha
ven, near the shore, passing thence along the
bank to Buffalo,
Tonawanta, isl. N. Y., in Niagara r. Hes be
tween the raouth ofthe river of that narae, and
Grand isl. Itis 3-4 m, long,
Tonawanta, reservation, N. Y., is chiefly in
Genesee co. and partly in Erie co,, on Tona
wanta cr,, and is a rich iract of low land be
longing to the Seneca Indians, who have a vil
lage on the cr,
Topsfield, p-t, Essex co, Mass., 21 ms. n, e,
Boston, has a varied surface, and is crossed by
Ipswich r, on whose banks are fine meadows.
First settied 1638, Pop, 1,010,
Topsham, p-t, and st, jus, Lincoln co. Me,,
31 ras, from Augusta, 27 w. Wiscasset, Hes in
the bend of Androscoggin r., which bounds it
E., s. and w,, separating it from Bath e,, and
Brunswick s. It is the seat of several raills
and factories, contains the court house, &c.
Pop. 1,567.
"Topsham, p-t. Orange co, Vt., 19 ras, s, e,
Montpelier, 47 n, Windsor, first settled about
1781, is suppHed with mill streams by head
waters of 'Wait's r. The surface is uneven,
with granite rocks. Pop. 1,384.
ToRBERTViLLE, p-0. wstrn. part Upson co.
Geo,, by p-r, 92 me, wstrd. Milledgeville, and
5 ras. wstrd. Thomaston, the co. st.
Torrington, p.t. Litchfield co. Conn., 23 ms.

n, w. Hartford, 7 n. e. Litchfield ; is uneven,
generally with good soil, favorable to grazing ;
crossed by the E. and w. branches of Waterbu
ry r. WolcottvUle is a manufacturing vUlage.
Pop. 1,654.
Totten's Wells, and p. o. estrn, part Obion
CO. Ten., byp.r. 11 ms. E. Troy, the county
seat, and 161 ras. wstrd. Nashvjfle.
Towamensing, p-v, wstrn. part Northarapton
CO. Pa., byp-r, 194 ras, n, n. e. W. C
Towanda, p-v, and st. jus. Bradford co. Pa,,
situated on the right bank of Susquehannah r,,
above the entrance of Towanda cr. 65 ras.
above and N. w, Wilkesbarre, and 15 below Ti
oga point, and by p-r. 939 ms, a little e. of n.
W. C ; lat, 41° 47', long. 0° 30' E. W. C. The
vUlage is small and composed of one street
along the main road. In 1890, the tsp. con
tained a population of 1,024. The adjacent
country is in a high degree varied and roman
tic. Town Creek Mills, Lawrence co. Ala. (See
Brickville, same co. and state.)
Townsend, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 45 ms.
N, w, Boston ; has the line of New Harapshire
N,, has rauch of its surface varied by gentle
hills, with sorae pine plains. The soil is of
secondary quality ; fruit flourishes. , Townsend
Harbor is a pleasant vUlage. Pop, 1,506.
Townsend, p-v. Sandusky co. Ohio, by p-r.
119 ms, nthrd, Colurabus.
Townsend, cape, Brown co. Mich, is the ex
trerae nthrn. and salient point of the peninsula,
which stretching frora Sturgeon bay in a n. n. e.
direction 50 ras,, separating Green Bay frora
lake Michigan, is terminated to the nthrd. by
fhe inlet called Petit Detroit (Little Straits).
Grand Traverse Islands, foUowing in a chain
on the same general course, is a continuation,
though broken, of Townsend peninsula. {See
Sturgeon bay.)
Townsend, p-t. Windham co, Vt,, 28 ms.
N. E, Bennington, 12 n, w. Brattleboro'; first
settled 1761 ; is uneven, with many steep hills,
and is crossed by West r., whioh has good
raeadows on its course. Other strearas afford
raill sites. Pop, 1,386.
Tracy's Landing, and p-o. Ann Arundel co.
Md. Transit point, or cape raore correctly, is the
nthrn, extension of that part of the peninsula
of Mich, which juts northwardly between lake
Huron and Saginaw bay. N. lat. 44° and long.
W, C 6° w, intersect about 2 ms, n, of Transit
Point, The Point, following the intervening
curve of lake Huron coaat, is about 80 ma, ft.
N, w, frora the outiet of lake Huron, or head of
St, Clair r,
Transylvania, v, on the Ohio, in the extreme
nthrn. angle of Jefferson co, Ky.
Transylvania, p-v. wstm. part of Greene co.
Ohio, by p-r, 7 ms, wstrd, Xenia, the co. seat,
and 64 ma, s. w, by w, Colurabua.
Trap, p-v. sthm, part Talbot co. Md,, 9 ras,
s, Easton the co. seat, and 93 ras, a Httie s. ofE.
W.C.
Trap, p-v. Montgoraery co. Pa., 9 ras, n, w,
by w. Norristown, the St. jus., and by p-r. 152
raa, n. e. W. C
Traveller's Repose, -p.,iO., estrn. part Po-

TRE

529

TRE

cahontas co. Va,, by p-r. 221 ms. s. vv. by w.
W.C, Traveller's Rest, and p-o, Shelby co. Ky,,
20 ms, wstrd, Frankfort,
Traverse 1., extrerae sthrn. reservoir or head.
of Red r. br. of Assiniboin. As laid down by
Tanner, this lake affords a striking illustration
of the features of that iraraense raarshy and al
most level table land, whioh spreads frora the
vaUey of Missouri to that of lake Superior.
Only about 2 ras. intervene between lake Tra
verse, with a slope towards Hudson's bay, and
Bigstone lake, discharging ita water on the side
ofthe gulf of Mexico. From the portage be
tween Big-Stone, and Traverse lakes ina rt.ft.
e. direction, in a distance of 200 ms,, the water
slowly recedes on one side to s, e. and forras
the higher sources of Mississippi, and on the
otht-r side falls n. w, into Red r.
Traylorsville, p-o. Henry co. Va,, 6 ras.
from MartinsviUe, the co, seat, and byp-r. 305
ms, s, vr. W. C
Trent, sinall r. ofN. C, rises in Lenoir, and
traversing Jones into Craven co,, falls into
Neuse r. at and below Newbern,
Trent Bridge, and p-o, on Trent r. Jones co,
N, C, 7 ms. wstrd. Trenton, the co. seat, and
133 s. E. by E. Raleigh.
Trenton, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 87 ms, e,
Augusta, 30 N, E. Castine ; has SkiUing's r. e,.
Union r, w,, with the strait »,, which separates
Mount Desert isl. frora the main land. Pop,
794. Trenton, p-t, Oneida co, N. Y., 13 ras. n.
Utica; has West Canada cr, e., which divides
it frora Herkiraer co, ; has pretty good soil, and
raany sraall strearas. West Canada cr, presents
many romantic scenes along its course, having
its bed deep into the rocks of dark colored
lime-rock, which underlays the soil. In one
place the banks are about 140 ft, perpendicular,
and for a distance of 2 or 3 ms, there is a sue.
cession of gulfs, rapids, and cascades, frequent
ly narrowed by rocky precipices, and overhung
by forest trees, which render this part of the
course of the stream one of the raost pictur
esque regions in the country, and one of the
favorite objects among travellers in this state.
The rocks abound in curious vegetable and ani
mal remains, and the streara with fine trout,
Steuben and Cincinnati creeks unite at the vil.
Pop, 3,221,
Trenton, city and p-t, Hunterdon co, Ne*
Jersey, the capital of the state, is situated on
the E, bank of the Delaware r., at the head of
steamboat and sloop navigation, Itis in lat, 40°
14', and in long, 2° 16' e, W, C,, 11 ras, s. w,
of Princeton, 27 s, w, of New Brunswick, 60
s, w, of New York, 30 n. of Philadelphia, and
166 N. E. of W. C. The navigation of the r,
beyond this place by sloops, Sr-c, is liraited by
the rapids, and by a fine wooden bridge of 5
arches, and more than 1,000 ft, in length, which
is the first above its mouth. The town is of
considerable size and importance ; it is in the
B. w. corner of the county, near the Assanpink
cr. The principal streets are regularly laid
out, and contain many good dwelling houses
and numerous stores. Among the public build-
uigs are tbe state bouse, 2 bardis, and 6 church

es in the city and town. The ground on which
the city is situated, as well as the surface of
the town in general, is considerably varied.
The Delaware and Raritan canal, extending
frora Trenton to New Brunswick, crosses tiie
city, and is here joined by the feeder which en
ters the river above the falls. These falls af
ford water power for extensive raanufacturing
privileges ; and in the city and its neighborhood
are 10 nuinufactories and mills, several of
which are of cotton goods. These are all sup
plied with water, either from the Delaware r.,
or the Assanpink creek. In 1831, a company
was incorporated with a capital of $60,000 to
construct a dam on the Delaware r, near Wells'
falls, and a race way on the e, side, to any point
not more than 1^ ms, below Trenton falls, with
authority to sell the waler, cStc, for manufac
turing purposes. The expense is estimated at
,1100,000, and the water power to be obtained
equal to that of 529 horses ; another dam, cost
ing but $5,000, would increase the power to tbat
of 1,170 horses. The Delaware r, is naviga.
ble by boats far up into the state of N. Y,, and
affords communication with an exterisive and
fertile country, yielding grain, lumber, anthra
cite coal, &c. Large steamboats corae up from
PhUadelphia as far as this place, except when
the water is very low. The bed of the river
here is covered with round stones, which are
taken in great quantities to Philadelphia for
paving, and supplied by the spring floods yearly.
The feeder of the Delaware and Raritan canal
enters the city frora 20 ras, above, aud is 40 ft,
wide, and 6 ft, deep. The canal itself, which
will be corapleted in 1833, will afford sloop na
vigation across the state from New York to
Philadelphia. This place is raeraorable from
its being captured from the British and Hes.
sians by surprise, on the evening of the 25th
Dec, 1776, by Gen. Washington. It was oc
cupied by the British in Jan, 1777, when the
American array under Washington, effected
their celebrated retreat from Laraberton, on the
opposite side of Assanpink cr,, and gained the
N, part of the state. Pop. in 1820, 3,925.
'Trenton, p-v. and st. jus, Jones co. N. C,
situated on the small river Trent, 21 ras, a Ht.
tie s, ofw, Newbern, and by p-r, 140 ms. s. e.
by E. Raleigh ; lat. 35° 02' long. 0° 26' w.
Trento.n, p-v, and st, of jus, Gibson co. Ten,,
situated on the North fork of Forked Deer r,,
by p-r, 139 raa, w. NashviUe. Lat. 35° 57',
long, 12 w, W, C,
Trenton, p-v, extrerae athrn, part Todd co,
Ky,, by p-r, 200 raa, a, w, by w, Frankfort. Pop.
178. Trenton, p-v. n. estm. part Butier co. Ohio,
by p-r. 39 ras, N. n. e. Cincinnati, and 93 s. w.
by w. Colurabus.
Trescot, t. Washington co. Me., E. by n.
Augusta ; is the last town on the coast, in the
state, except Lubec, which is on the e. boun.
dary of the U. S. It has the Atiantic, or rather
the strait between Grand Menan isl. and the
main, south ; contains Haycock's harbor, and
Moose cove, and has a cove called Bailey's
Mistake, on the e. line. There are no consid
erable streams. Pop. 480.
Tbexlertown, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., on Littie

TRO

530

TRO

Lehigh, 8 ras. s, w, Allentown or Northamp
ton, the CO st,, and by p-r, 170 ms. tt. e, W, C,
Triadelphia, p-V, and cotton factory, on Pa
tuxent r,, northeastem part Montgomery co.
Md,, 26 ras, n, W, C, and about an equal dis
tance s, w. by w, Baltiraore, This place is
worthy of a visit for the richness and variety of
its scenery.
Triana, p-v. situated on the right bank of
Tenn, r,, and in the southem part of Ala,, 15
ms, s, w, Huntsville, and by p-r. 145 ms. n, n.
e, Tuscaloosa,
Triangle, p-t, Broorae co, N, Y., 132 ms,
Albany, 7 Lisle village, between Onondaga and
Chenango ra. ; was formed in 1831.
Trigg, co. Ky., bndd, by Tenn, r, separating
it from Calloway s. w,, Caldwell n. w. and n,,
Christian e,, and Montgomery and Stewart cos,
'Tenn, s. It is very nearly a right angled tri
angle, perpendicular n, from the Tenn, line, 32
ms,, mean width 16, and area 512 sq, ma. Ex
tending in lat. frora 35° 37' to 36° 04', and in
long, frora 10° 42" to 11° 13' w. W. C, The
weatern part is traversed in a northerly direc
tion by Cumberland river, and the eastem part
drained into the latter streara by Little r, Cf,
t. Cadiz, Pop, 1820, 3,874, 1830, 5,916,
Trimble's Iron Works, . and p-o, Greenup
CO. Ky,, by p-r, 142 ras, a Uttle n, of e, Frank
fort, Triplett, p-v, Fleraing co. Ky,, by p-r. 97
ras. eastward Frankfort.
Troublesome Iron Works, - and p-o,, on
Troublesorae ers., southern part of Rocking
ham CO. N. C, by p-r. 100 ms. sthwslrd. Ra
leigh. "Trough, cr. and p-o. nearthe centre of Hun
tingdon CO. Pa,, about 9 ras, s, s. e. the borough
of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 133 ms, iv, n, vr.
W.C.
Troup, co. Geo,, bndd, n, by CarroU, e, by
Merriwether, s, by Harris, and vr. by the Creek
territory in Ala, Length 24 ms,, raean width
18, and area 432 sq, ras. Extending in lat,
frora 32° 55' to 33° 15', and in long, frora 8°
02' to 8° 24' w. W, C, The declivity is to the
s, s, w., traversed in that direction bythe raain
volurae of Chattahoochee r,, which, entering on
the northern border, leaves the co, near the s,
vv, angle. Cf t. La Grange. Pop, 5,799,
Troup, c. h, {See La Grange.)
Troupseurgh, P-t, Steuben co, N, Y,, 20 ras.
B, w, Bath, has Pennsylvania on the south Hne,
and Alleghany co, west. First settled, 1805 ;
is supplied with raill sites by Tuscarora and
Troup's cr. The soil is favorable to grazing,
and iron ore is found. Pop. 666,
Trousdale, p-v. northwestern part Stewart
CO. Tenn., by p-r. 97 ras. n, w, by w, Nashville,
Trout Run, p-o, near the northem border of
Lycoraing co. Pa,, 14 ras, n, vv, WilUarasport,
and by p-r. 101 ms, tt. tt. w, Harrisburg. Trout
run is a branch of Lycoming cr.
Trout Run, p-o, eastern part Hardy co, Va,,
by p-r, 101 ms, w. W. C
"Troy, p-t. Waldo co. Me,, 39 ras, n. e, Au
gusta ; borders on Penobscot co. e, and n, e,,
and its streams, which are small, flow from the
t, in different directions, but erapty into the Se
basticook. Pop. 803.

Troy, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ras. from
Concord ; has but few mill sites. Pop. 676.
Troy, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 47 ms. n. e, Mont
pelier, 51 from Burlington ; first settled 1800,
from Conn, ; was almost deserted in the late
war with Great Britain. Missisque crosses w.
and falls 70 ft. in a rocky and romantic pass.
The soil is good for both grain and grass, the
surface generally level, particularly on the r.
meadows. Pop. 608.
Troy, p-t, Bristol co. Mass., 48 ms, s, Bos
ton, is situated on tbe e, side Taunton r,, and
is nearly equally divided by Wahupper pond.
This is a place of very extensive manufactures.
These are located at Fall River-village, vvhere
is a bank, 6 or 7 churches, a printing oflice,
several manufactories of nails and machinery,
and shingle, saw, and grist mUls, The falls in
the river are 1 40 feet in a distance of 80 rods,
and at these are 9 daras, with a fall of about 15
leet each. These supply a water power for
13 cotton factories, 1 of satinet, and for other
branches of manufacture also. The buildings
are generally of brick, or stone. At the cot
ton raanufactories are made about 9, ' 60,000
yards annuaUy, The largest (Massasoit) runs
10,000 spindles, 350 looms, employs 400 hands,
and conaumea annually 810,000 lbs. cotton.
The whole run upwards of 31,500 spindles, and
1,050 looms, eraploy 1,276 hands, and raanu
facture 2,290,000 lbs. of cotton annually. Here
is also a satinet factory, employing 150 persons,
and a print factory eraploying 260, and iron
works raanufacturing 1,009 tons annually. The
amount of shipping owned in this town, chiefly
at Fall River village, is about 3,500 tons, 'The
arrivals in 1832 were 384, among which were
2 ships, 9 brigs, and 6 schooners from foreign
ports, 2,000 tons of Nova Scotia coal, and 21,000
from other places ; 6,000 bales (2,100,000 lbs.)
of cotton, 200,000 lbs. wool, 1,000 tons of iron,
aud 3,826,000 ft. of lumber, were imported to
this place during 1839. The village now (1833)
contains about 5,000 inhabitants. Pop, of the
town, including the village of Fall River, 1830,
4,159, that ofthe latter, 3,431,
Troy, city and st, jus. Rensselaer co. N. Y,,
on the E, bank of the Hudson r,, 6 ras. n, of
Albany, 156 n, ofN, York, and 383 n, e, ofW,
C, is in lat, 49° 43', and in 3° 15' e, long. W.
C. It is built on a handsorae and somewhat
elevated plain, extending from the shore of the
river to the foot of a range of hills, about 1 in.
E., down which flow several mill streams. The
city is regularly laid out, the principal streets
running parallel with the Hudson ; these, as
well as raany ofthe cross streets, are corapact.
ly and handsomely buUt, chiefly with brick.
Most of tbe business is transacted near the
river, where the stores are mostly located, —
raany of the private dwelling houses are com
raodious and elegant. Many of the streets are
adorned with fine shade trees ; and strangers
generally are struck with the neatness and ele.
gance of the city, Araong the public buildings
are, the court house, which is of stone and in
the Grecian style of architecture ; the jail, the
house of industry, the Episcopal church, which
is an elegant Gothic edifice, and 6 other hand
some churches, the market house, 3 baiUts, the

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TUL

lyceura of natural histo'ry, connected with which
is a mineralogical cabinet, &,o. The Rensse
laer school, a Hterary institution for the practi
cal instruction of young men, established by
the Hon, S, Van Rensselaer, haa been for aorae
yeara in this city, but is to be removed to some
other part of the county. The Hbrary, appara
tus, &c, ofthis institution cost $5,000 or $6,0U0,
A classical department is to be added to it, and
the "raanual labor systera" tobe introduced.
Another institution is the Troy Feraale Semina
ry, vvhich has acquired a high reputation. The
buUding is large and well situated in an eligi
ble part of the city. The number of its pupils
is usuaUy about ^00. There are also other good
schools and academies. Troy enjoys a very
fine situation for trade and manufactures. Its
communications with the interior are nuraer
ous and good. The river is navigable to this
place by stearaboajs and large sloops ; and a
water communication is opened with the Erie
and Charaplain canals by a dara across the Hud
son, a branch canal, locks, a basin, &c, A rail
road is proposed frora Troy to Whitehall ; and
another frora the opposite side of the Hudson to
Saratoga ; the latter is soon to be coraraenced.
Daily lines of stearaboats run to New York ;
and trade with Boston, and other eastern towna
is kept up by sloopa, and regular packeta, as
well as across the country. There is a macada
mized road coraraencing opposite to the city
and extending to Albany, upon wbich hourly
stages run to that city. The water povver af
forded by the Poestenkill, and Wynautskill rs,,
— sraall strearas which take their rise on the
erainences near the city — is profitably employ
ed, and nuraerous raanufactories of iron, cotton,
&c. are carried on in the vicinity. The scene
ry in the neighborhood of Troy is interesting ;
and the erainence in the rear of the city, called
raount Ida, is a beautiful and roraantic spot.
The view of the neighboring cities, of the Hud
son r. stretching to the south, and generally of
the country for miles around, is very fine. Pop.
11,405. Trov, p-v, Bradford co. Pa,, 20 ms, nrthrdly,
from Towanda, and by p-r. 148 ms. above and
northward Harrisburg,
Troy, p-v, and st, jus, Obion co, Tenn,, sit
uated near the centre of the co,, by p-r, 161 ms,
a Httie N. of vv, Nashville, Lat, 36° 16', long,
12° 17' w. W, C, Troy in Obion is the most
northwesterly st. jus. in the state of Tenn.
Troy, p-v. and st. jus, Miarai co. 0,, on StUl-
water branch of Great Miarai, 21 ras. n, Day
ton, and by p-r. 78 ras. w. Colurabus. Lat. 40°
03', long, W. C. 7° 14' w. Pop. 504.
"Troy, p-v. Oakland co, Mich,, by p-r. 36 ms.
nrthwstrd. Detroit.
Troy, p-v. on Ohio i,, at the mouth of An
derson's cr,, sthwstrn, angle of Perry co, Ind,,
by p-r. 148 ms, a little w, of s. Indianopolis.
"Troy, p-v. and st, jus. Lincoln co. Mo., sit
uated towards the sthrn. side of the co,, 53 ms.
N. w. St. Louis. Lat. 38° 53', long. W. C 13°
56' w.
Troy's Store, and p-o. wstrn. part Randolph
CO. N. C, 65 ms, w. Raleigh.
Trucksville, p-v, Luzerne co. Pa,, by p-r. 6
ms. from Wilkes-Barre and 120 n. e. Harrisburg.

Trumansborg, p-v. Torapkins co. N. Y,, 1 1
ras, N. w, Ithaca,
Tru.vibaubsville, p-v, wstrn, part Bucks co.
Pa,, 24 ras, nrthwrdly, Phil,
Trumbull, p-t, Fairfield co. Conn,, 17 ras, w.
New Haven, 44 frora Bridgeport, 55 from Hart
ford, about 4 ms, by 5^, is uneven, with good
soil, and primitive rocks, watered by Pequan
nock r. Pop. 1,242.
Trumbull, co. of 0,, bndd, s, by Colurabiana,
s. vv. and w. Portage, n, w, Geauga, n, Ashta
bula, n, e, Crawford, Pa., and e. and s. e. Mer
cer CO. Pa, Length 36 ras,, breadth 95, and
area 930 sq, ras. Lat. 41° 15', long. W. C. 3°
45' w. Slope sthestrd. and drained by the Ma
honing or western constituent of Big Beaver,
and its branches. The soil is generally good.
Cf t, Warren, Pop, 1820, 15,546 ; 1830, 26,-
153, Tru-mbull, p-v, nrthrn, part Ashtabula co,
0,, 182 ms, N, E, Colurabus,
TuuxviLLE, p-v, nrthrn, part Richland co, 0,, ¦
by p-r, 83 ras, n. Columbus,
"Tockasaga, p-v. sthrn. part Mecklenburg co.
N, C, by p-r, 160 ms, s. w, by w, Raleigh,
Truro, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass,, 65 ms, s,
E, Boston by water, 107 by land. It is sur
rounded by water except on the n, w., being on
a peninsula connected on that side with Truro,
by a narrow isthraus. Cape Cod bay and Pro-
vincetovvn harbor are w, of this town; and the
Atlantic E. The surface is uneven and the soil
sandy, Paraet r, is an inlet 3 ras, long and from
1-4 to 3-4 m, wide. This inlet or bay almost
insulates the t. There are 2 sraall vs. The
inhabUants depend principally on fishing. The
Indian narae was Peoshawn ; and it wasvisited
by some ofthe Plymouth pilgrims before they
went up Cape Cod bay. They had landed at
Provincetown barbor, and here obtained some
corn, which they planted the next season. Set..
ded in 1700, Pop, 1,547,
Truxton, p-t, Cortiand co, N, Y., 142 ms.
w. Albany, 14 ^. e. Homer, has good soil, well
watered and supplied with mill seats, vvith a
pleasant viUage, Pop, 3,885,
Tucker's Hole, or Robinson's hole, Barn
stable CO, Mass,, the passage between Na
shawn and Presque isls, into Buzzard's bay,
TucKERSviLLE, V, Wayne co, Geo. ; on "Tan
ner's map this place is raarked as the st, jus, of
Wayne co, Geo,, but in the post oflice Hst of
1831 there is only one p-o. named in that co,,
and that Waynesville, marked as the c. h, also.
{See Waynesville, Wayne co. Geo.)
TucKERSviLLE, p-v. Crawford co. Ind., by p-r.
108 ras. a, Indianopolis,
TuFTONBOROUGH, p-t. Strafford co. N. H,, 50
ras. from Concord, n. e. Winnipiseogee lake, hae
aaveral ponds and brooks, with a varying sur.
face and soil, and scenery enriched by several
bays and coves of the lake. First settled about
1780, Pop, 1,375.
TuLL's CR. and p-o. Currituck co, N, C, by
p-r. 221 ms. n. e, by e. Raleigh,
Tully, p-t, Onondaga co, N. Y., 14 ms. s.
Onondaga, 50 Utica, n. Cortiand co., contains
some of the head strearas of Onondaga, Tiough.
nioga and Chenango ers, and Susquehannah r.
It is diversified with hilly ridgea and broad and

TUR

532

TUj

fertile vallies. Tioughnioga creek has its
source.in two ponds of 100 and 400 acres. Pop,
1,640, Tullyton, p-v. GreenviUe dist, S. C, by p-r,
1 13 ms, N, w, Columbia,
TuLLYTowN, p-v. Bucks CO. Pu., by p-r, about
25 ras, nrthrd, PhUa.
Tumbling Shoals, and p-o. Laurens dist. S
C, by p.r. 92 ras. r. w. Columbia,
Tunbridge, p-t. Orange co, Vt,, 30 ras. n
Windsor, 26 s. E, Montpelier, first settled about
1776, is crossed by a branch of White r, N, and
B., on which are raill sites, and has a good soil
especially on the r,, but the surface is uneven.
There is a raineral spring west. Pop, 1,920,
Tunkhannock, ratn, of Pa, and N. Y, The
mtn. chains of Pu. are delineated on our raaps
in masses of confusion. On ranny raaps, the
very distinctive chain of Tunkhannock is omit
ted. It is traversed by the estrn, branch of
Siisquehannah, below the raouths of Bowraan's
and 'Tunkhannock ers,; and is known in Lu
zerne CO, as Bowman's mtn, to the right, and
Tunkhannock to the left ofthe r. It leaves the
w, border of Luzerne, and in a s. vv, by w, di
rection separates Lycoming from Columbia and
Northumberland cos,, and is traversed by the
west branch of Susquehannah below Pennsbo
ro', It thence inflects to the w, s, w, ands, s,
w. with the other Appalachian chains and is
known locally in Pa, as the White Deer mtn,,
Nittany mtn,, Tussey's ratn, and Evil's ratn,,
and again traverses Md, Va, and "I'en, as a dis
tinctive chain. Towards the state of New York,
though bearing no distinctive name, the contin
uation of Tunkhannock, passes between the
two upper branches of Delaware r., turns tothe
nrthrd,, is traversed by the Mohawk at Littie
Falls, and bears there the local name of Sacan
daga ratn,
Tunkhannock, r, of Pa., rising in Susquehan
nah 00., and flowing s, w. along the northwest
ern base of Tunkhannock mtn,, enters Luzerne
co, and faUs into Susquehannah r, at the village
of Tunkhannock, alter an entire comparative
course of 30 ras,
Tunkhannock, p-v, situated on a beautiful
site above the raouth of Tunkhannock cr, and
on the bank of Susquehannah r„ 28 ms, bythe
p-r, above Wilkes-Barre, and 142 n, n, k, Har
risburg. Topper's Plains, p-o. Meigs co. 0., by p-r.
102 ms.s, E, Columbus.
TuREOTViLLE, p-v, Northumberland co. Pa,
Turman's cr., p-o. Sullivan co. Ind,, by p-r,
103 ras, s, w. by w. Indianopolis.
Turin, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y., 145 ras, n. w.
Albany, 15 ft. Rorae, 46 n. w. Utica, has Black
1. E., Oneida co. s. and Oswego co, w. Boat
navigation frora the high falls, near the south
line to Wilna, 45 ms. Fish creek has its source
in this t. At High falls, Black r, descends 63
ft. The inhabitants corae principally from the
E. states. Pop. 1,561.
Turkey r, a western confluent of the Misp.
r., deriving its most reraote sources, and inter
locking with those of Blue Earth r. the sthrn.
branch of St. Peter's r., and with those of the
r. Des Moines. Flowing thence s. e, by e, 200
ms. it falls into the right side of Misp. r. oppo-

[ site Cassville, Iowa co. Huron, In the higher
part the long and narrow valley of Turkey r.
lies between those of Upper loway, and Des
Moines rs,, but near the Misp. and between the
two loway vallies. With short interraediate
portages, a canoe navigation exists by the
Channels of Turkey r,, St. Peter's r. and Red
r, from the Misp. into the Assiniboin. The
sources of Turkey i, are about lat, 44°, long,
W. C 17° 30' w, and the portage between it
and Blue Earth br. of St. Peter's r, is about
200 ms. in a direct line n. w. by vr. Prairie du
Chien. Turkey, cr. and p-o, wstrn. part of Buncombe
CO. N, C, 14 ras. wstrd, Ashville, the co. st.,
and by p-r, 273 ras. a Httie s. of vv. Raleigh.
Turkey Foot, p-v. between Laurel Hill cr. '
and Castleraan's r. in the sthwstrn. angle of
Somerset co. Pa,, 22 ms, s, w, from the borough
of Somerset, and by p-r, 185 ma,; but by the
comraon travelled direct road 160 ms, n. w, by
w, W, C,
Turkey Foot, p-v, Scott co,Ky., 16 ms. from
Georgetown, the st. jus., and 27 ms. n. e.
Frankfort. Turner, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 98 ras. w. Au
gusta, 18 e, Paris, 155 n, n, e. Boston, has An
droscoggin r, on the e, border, which separates
it frora Kennebec co. and Curaberland co, s.
It is crosaed by a sraall tributary of Androscog
gin, Pop. 9,920.
Turner's Cross Roads, and p-o, Bertie co,
N, C,, 16 ras, a. E.Windsor, the co. st. and by
p-r. 114 ras, estrd. Raleigh.
Turner's Store, and p-o. Caroline co. Va,,
37 ms, nrthrd, Richmond,
Turnersville, p-v, nrthwstrn. part Robertson
CO, Ten,, 35ms, n, w, Nashville,
Turtle Lake, This mere pond gains a very
interesting importance frora being supposed to
be, perhaps correctly, the extreme fountain of
the Mississippi, As laid down by Tanner, this
Httle reservoir lies at lat, 47° 50', and long, W,
('. 18° w. Turtle Lake is about 15 ms, n, of
Cassina Lake, {See Cassina, Leech, and Lit
tle Winnipec Lakes.)
Tuscaloosa, r, of Ala. {See articles Black
Warrior and. Tombigbee.)
Tuscaloosa, co. Ala,, bndd, w, by Pickens, n,
by Lafayette, n, e. by Jefl'erson, e. by Bibb, s, ,
E, by Perry and s. w. by Greene, -Greatest
length diagonally frora s, w, to n, e, 58 ms,,
mean width 24, area 1,392 sq, ras. Extending
in lat. frora 39° 53' to 33° 98', and in long, from
10° 10' to 11° 03' vr. W, C This very large
CO, is divided into two not very unequal sec
tions by the Black Warrior r, which entering
on the northem border, winds over it by a very
circuitous channel in a general s. s, w. direc
tion. The wstrn, part is drained by the Sipsey,
which traverses the co. in a direction nearly
parallel to the Black Warrior. The estm. bor
der is the dividing ridge between the vallies of
Cahawba and Black Warrior; two thirds of
the whole surface being in the latter vaUey and
general slo|)e s. s. w. This co. contains large
tracts of excellent river soil. Cf t. Tuscaloosa.
Pop. 1820, 8,299; 1830, 13,646.
TussALoosA, p-t. St. jus, Tuscalooss CO. Ala.
and seat of government for that state, is aituated

.TUS

533

TYL

on the left bank of Black Warrior river, at the
head of steam boat navigation, and at the falls,
near the centre of Tuscaloosa co. Lat. 33° 12',
long. 10° 43' w. W. C, by p-r, 155 ras, s, s. w.
Huntsville, 226 a Httie n, of e, MobUe ; and by
the p-o, list 858 ras, s. w. W. C. The location
of Tuscaloosa is very healthy, and its site is a
plain, elevated, and extending several railes.
Among its public buildings are a very handsorae
state house, 4 churches, a court house, state
bank, and jail ; the streets are wide and are re
gularly laid out. The business of this place is
considerable, and a good deal of cotton is an
nuaUy exported. Coal is found in the vicinity,
adjacent to the river. Here is located the uni
versity of Alabama, founded in 18'',!8, aad which
went into operation in 1831. The buildings are
located li ras. from the state house; of these
there are 5, beside houses for the professors.
In the centre is a rotunda, a large circular
building, 3 stories high, the first of which is a
large room for public occasions ; the second is
a circular gaUery for spectators, and the third
is occupied for the Hbrary. The other build
ings are 3 for students, 3 stories high ; and an
other for a laboratory, and recitation rooms.
Beside a president, who is also a professor,
there are 5 professors, an assistant, one or two
tutors, and a librarian. The number of stu
dents is about 100, and the library contains 3,000
volumes. Pop. Tuscaloosa, 1830, 1,600, 1833,
nearly 2,500.
Tuscarawas, r. of O. {See Muskingum r.)
Tuscarawas, co. 0., bndd, by Harrison e, and
a, E., Guernsey s,, Coshocton s, w,. Holmes n,
w,, and Stark n. Length from s, to n, 30 ms,,
mean breadth 23 and area 690 sq, ras, Lat.
40° 30', and long. W. C, 4° 30' w, intersect in
thia CO. The slope of the nrthrn, part is fo the
s,, but inflects with the course of Tuscarawas r,,
which in the sthrn, part of the co, bends to the
s, vr. by w. 'Tuscarawas r. enters at the ex
treme northem angle, and flowing s. and thence
inflecting gradually to the s. s, w, divides it into
two nearly equal sections, and has along its en
tire course the Ohio and Erie canal. 'The level
of the canal near the centre of this co, is 874 ft,
above the ocean level ; the arable soil avortiges
from about 850 to above 1,000 ft. of similar re
lative height, Cf t, Nevv PhUadelphia, Pop,
J 820, 8,328, 1830, 14,298,
Tuscarora, cr, Niagara co. N. Y,, riaes in
the Tuscarora reservation, flows n, and n, e, 15
ms, to Lake Ontario,
Tuscarora, Indian v, Lewiston, Niagara co.
N. Y., is the residence ofthe Tuscarora tribe,
whioh formed the 6th ofthe Six Nations of In
dians in N. York. They came from the s. and
speak a language very unlike those ofthe other
nations. There is a church in the v., and a
successful mission araong them. The lands re
served for them by the state are 1 m. by 3 in
extent. Tuscarora, mtns. of Pa. Similar reraarks
made on Tunkhannock ratn., raight be repeated
of the Tuscarora chain. It is known distinct
ively as the Tuscarora ratn,, between Hunting
don and Franklin, and between Perry and Mif
flin, on both sides of Juniata. East of the Sus
quehannah r. it ia the Mahantango, between the
68

cos. of Dauphin and Northumberland ; and to
wards the Potoraac, it is the Cone ratn., between
Franklin and Bedford cos. In the lattei- region
it touches almost, but do^s not merge in ths
Kittatinny, and aftor being traversed by the Po
tomac, is evidentiy perpetuated in the Sideling
hill of Morgan, Hampshire, and Hardy cos,,
Va, ; if carefully and scientifically examined,
it would, in all probability, fully sustain, in both
directions, that identity which constitutes the
most remarkable characteristic of the Appa
lachian chains.
Tuscarora, cr. and valley. This valley, wa
tered by a cr. of the same narae, lies between
Tuscarora and Shade mtns., and constitutes
the southwestern part pf MifHin co.. Pa. The
Tuscarora cr. however, rises in the sthestrn.
part of Huntingdon, but quickly entering Mif
flin, flows down the benutiful vale to which it
gives narae, and falls into Juniata i. below
Mifflintown. Tuscarora Valley, p-o. is situated in the s.
w. part of iVlitflin co. 53 ras. wstrd. Harris.
burg. "Tuscawilla, p-v. Leon co. Florida, 10 ms.
sthrd. 'Tallahassee.
Tuscumbia, p-v, near the left bank of Ten. i.,
nrthrn. part Franklin co. Ala., by p-r, 3 ras. s.
Florence, in Lauderdale co., and 141 ras. n.
Tuscaloosa. TuTHiLLTowN, p-V. Ulster co. N. Y,, 22 ras.
s. Kingston, on Sawangunk cr.
Twenty Mile Stand, p-v, Warren Co. O,,
by P-r, 91 ras, b, w, by w, Columbus.
"Twiggs, co. Geo, bndd. by Jones n., Wilkin
son N. E. and E,, Pulaski s, e. and s., Ocraulgee
r, separating it from Houston s, w,, and Bibb
vv. Length 26, raean width 16, and area 416
sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 32° 30' to 32° '
56', and in lorn;, from 6° 18' to 6° 41' w. W, C
Narrow as is this co,, it is a table land, aa frora
the estrn, border the water courses flow sth
estrd,, towards the Oconee, while the body of
the CO, has a a, w, declivity, towards Ocraulgee
r, Cf t, Marion. Pop. L-'20, 10,447, 1830,
8,031, Twin Bluffs, p-v, on the left bank uf the
Misp, r,, Warren co, Misp,, about 80 ras, ."i, n,
E. Natchez.
Tvvinsburg p-v. Portage co. O,, by p-r. 142
ras. N, E, Colurabus,
TwiNTOWN, p-v. Rosa co, O,, by p-r. 56 ras.
sthrd. Columbus.
TwircnELi.'s, Mills and p-o. Pope co. II., by
p-r, 149 ma,s, a, e. VandaUa,
TwvMAN's, Store and p-o, Spottsylvania co.
Va., by p.r. 89 ms, s, w. W, C.
Tye r., sraall river of Va., rising in the Blue
Ridge, and flowing sthestrd. into Jaraes r., after
draining part of Nelson and Amherst cos,, and
by one of its constituents, Piney r,, forraing for
some few ras. the boundary between those cos.
Tye r. mills and p-o,, nrthwstrn. part of Nel
son CO. Va,, by p-r. 1 31 ras, a little n. ofw. Rich.
mond. Tye r. warehouse and p-o, sthrn, part Nel.
son CO. Va,, by p-r. 108 ms, w, Richmond.
Tyler, co. Va., bndd. by Ohio co. Va. n.,
Greene co. Pa. and Monongalia co. Va. tt. e.,
Harrison e. and a. e,, Wood b. w. and Ohio r.

UNA

534

UNI

separating it from Washington co, 0. w., and
Munroe co. O. n, vv. Length 45 ms. diagonal.
ly from s. w. to n. e., mean width 18, and area
810 aq, ms. Extending in lat, from 39° 13' to
39° 49', and in long, from 3° 95' to 4° 19' w, W,
C. This CO. haa a wstrn. declivity, drained in
to 0. r. by Middle laland and Fishing era. The
surface is excessively hilly, but soU excellent.
Cf t. Middleboume. Pop. 1890, 2,314; 1830,
4,104. Tymochtee, cr, and p-o. Crawford co. Ohio.
The Tyiuochtee cr. is the sthwstrn. branch of
Sandusky r., rises in Marion co,, and flowing
northwards, enters and traverses Crawford, to
near its nrthrn. border, where it falls into the
raain Sandusky at the v. of Tymochtee, which
latter is by p-r. 73 ras. a Httle w, ofN, Colurabus.
Tyngsborough, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 30
ms. n. w. Boston, has the New Hampshire line
N„ is divided by Merrimack r. n, and s,, on the
w, side of which is a v. The r. is navigated
with boats and rafts, and is here a broad streara.
Pop. 822.
Tyre, p-t. °eneca co. N. Y,, 171 ras. w. Al
bany. Pop, 1,482.
Tyree, Springs and p-o,, wstrn. part Suraner
CO. Tenn,, 19 ras, n, Nashville.

Tyringham, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms.
vr. Boston, contains 2 ponds, which give rise
to Conkepot river, a branch of the Housatonic.
Pop. 1,350.
"Tyrone, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 16 ms. n. e.
Bath, 194 Albany, is hilly, but favorable bolh
to grass and grain. Little lake, i ra, by 3, has
beauriful shores, cultivated to the water's edge.
Its outlet runs i m. to Mud lake, from which
flows Mud cr., navigable in boats frora the falls
to Conhocton cr., and the Susquehannah. The
cr. affords mill sites, and the lakes are stocked
with fish. Pop. 1,880.
Tyrrel, co, N, C, bndd. by Hyde s., Wash.
ington w., Albemarle sound N., and the Atlantic
ocean e. Length from e. lo w. including the
islands along the Atlantic coast, 52 ms., mean
width 20, and area of land surface about 750
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 34' to 35°
57' N., and in long, frora 0° 36' to 1° 30'. Sur.
face a level, and in part inundated, plain, deep
ly indented frora Albemarle sound by Alligator
river, and by the strait between Pamlico and
Albemarle sounds. Cf. t. Columbia. Pop.
4,732. Tyson's, Store and p-o. Moore co. N. C, by
p-r. 55 ms. s. w. Raleigh.

u.

Ulster, co. N. Y,, bndd. by Delaware and
Greene cos. n., Duchess co. b,, from whioh it is
separated by Hudson r,. Orange co. b. and Sui.
livan CO. w., contains about 966 sq. ms., and 14
tsps. Kingston is the st.jus. Itis broken by
the Kaatsbergs, called also the Blue and Sha
wangunk mtns. 'The rocks are transition, and
the soil various. Wallkill cr, crosses the co,,
receiving the Shawangunk, Rondout, Esopus,
Plattekill, SawkiU, &,c. TheVe are extensive
tracts of raeadows, and other rich levels, and
the uplands are often good. Marble, of re.
markable hardness, is found in the co. ; mill
stones, limestone, &.c. are also obtained in con
siderable quantities. Mammoth bones have
been found in this CO. First settied 1616. The
early inhabitants were Dutch and Gerraans.
Pop. 1820, 30,934 ; 1830, 36,550.
'Ulster, p-v. Bradford co. Pa,, 7 ms. above
Towanda, aud by p-r, 246 ras. nrthrd. W. C,
Ulysses, t. Torapkins co. N, Y,, 174 railes
w. Albany, 6 n, vv. Ithaca, has Cayuga lake e,,
and Seneca co. «,, has a fertile soil, and plenty
of mill seats on Halsey's cr., which has a fall
in one place of 210 ft. This t, contains a wool
len factory, nuraerous raills, &c. Trum ans.
burgh is a v. on the Ithaca and Geneva tumpike
road. Jacksonville, a v, on the Newberg and
Geneva turnpike. Pop, 3,130,
Umbagog, lake, in Maine and N. H,, about 10
ms, by 18, flows w, into Androscoggin river,
through Errol. It lies partly in Oxford co.'Me.,
and Coos co. N. H.
Unadilla, p t. Otsego co. N, Y,, 100 ms, w.
Albany, 36 s. w. Cooperstown, has Susquehan
nah r. s. E., which separates it from Delaware
CO. The surface is hilly, but the soil of the
uplands good, as well as along sorae of the
streams. Grindstones are quarried in the town.

The vil. is on the Susquehannah, in a pleaaant
situation. Pop. 2,313.
Unoasville, p-v. Montville, New London co.
Conn., 40 ms. s, w. Hartford, 7 s. Norwich, 6
N, New London, is a raanufacturing village on
a sraall tributary of the Thames ; it has a cot.
ton factory of stone, 4 stories high, with 2,200
spindles and 56 looras ; it employs 60 persons,
making 450,000 yards of sheetings annually. 7
ms. above another ia erecting, to contain l,OiiO
spindles. Underhill, t. Chittenden co. Vt., 15 ms. n.
E. Burlington, 26 n. w. MontpeUer, first settled
about 1 786, has several small streams, and gen.
erally an uneven surface. Pop. 1,051.
Underwood, Store and p.o., Chatham co. N,
C, 54 ms. watrd. Raleigh.
Unika ratn,, local narae given to that aection
of the central Appalachitm chain, which aepa-
rates N. C. from Tenn., which lies s. vr. from
Tenn. ,., and between Haywood co. of N. C,
and Monroe co, of Tenn.
Union, p-t, Lincoln co. Me., 40 ras. e. b. e.
Augusti, has Waldo co. n. e,, Muscongus r, n.
w., crossed by St, George r., which connects
several ponds in thia t., and has its surface va.
ried by hUls. Pop. 1,612.
Union, p-t. Tolland co. Conn,, 33 ms. n. e.
Hartford, 67 frora N. Haven, occupies elevated
ground, with Mass. n., has an uneven surface,
with granite rocks, and affords iron ore. Break
neck and Mashapaug ponds, are the chief sour
ces of Quinebaug r,, and abound in fish. Pop.
711. Union, p-t, Broorae co, N, Y., 140 ms, w.
Ca'tskill, 6 w. Binghampton, 150 from Albany, is
crossed by Susquehannah r,, which here re
ceives Nanticoke creek. Other streams afford
mill seats. The soil is favorable to grain, bear.

UNI

535

UNI

ing white pine, some oak, &.c. Maple and beech
grow at sorae distance from the r. Pop. 2,121.
Union, p-t. Essex co. N. J., 47 ras. n. e, Tren
ton, has Rahway r, w,, and a small stream on
the E. boundary. It reaches tt. to the Shott
hills, and lies n, w. and N. of Elizabethtown,
and s. w. Newark. Pop. 1,405.
Union, tsp. and p-o. Luzerne co. Pa. The
tsp. extenda frora Suaquehannah r., to the estrn.
boundary of Lycoraing. The p-o. is 14 ms. s.
w. Wilkes-Barre, and 88 n. n. e. Harrisburg.
Union, co. Pa,, bndd. s. and s. w. by Mifflin,
N. w, by Centre, n, by Lycoming, «. E. by the
w. branch of Susquehannah r., separating it
from the nrthrn. part of Northuraberland, and
E. and s. E, by the main volurae of Susquehan
nah, separating it frora Dauphin. The great
eat length ia frora a. to tt. 30 ras. parallel to the
general course of Suaquehannah r., and nearly
on the raeridian of W. C, raean width 20 ras,
and area 520 sq, ras. Extending in lat, frora 40°
40' to 41° 06', and in long, frora 0° 10' E, to 0°
22' vr. W. C. Declivity estrd., and drained by
Buffalo, Penn's, Middle, and western Mahan
tango ers. Surface hilly, or rather raountain
ous, but soil excellent. Cf town, New Berlin,
Pop, 1820, 18,619, 1830, 20,749.
Union, p-v. and st. jua, Monroe co, Va,, sit.
uated to the nrthestrd. from Peter's ratn, in
Green Brier valley, about 4l) ras. a little w. ofN.
from Christianburg, and by p.r. 208 ras. w.
Richmond, and 267 ms. s. vr. by w. W, ('. Lat.
37° 34', and long. 3° 39' w. W, C.
Union, dist. S. C, bndd. by Spartanburg dist.
w. and N, w,. Broad r. separating it from York
on the N. E., Chester e,, and Fairfield s. e., by
Newberry s., and by Ennoree r, separating it
from Laurens s. w. The greatest length, par
allel to the general course of Broad r., 49 ms,,
mean width 15, and area 630 sq, ras. Extend
ing in lat. frora 34° 98' to 35° 03', and in long.
from 4° 97' to 4° 59' w. W, C DecHvity to
the sthestrd, and traversed by Pacolet, and Ty
ger rs. The outline indeed approaches a trian
gle, longest side on Broad r,, and base on Enno
ree r. Cft. Unionville. Pop. 1890, 14,126;
1830, 17,906.
Un'on, CO. Ark,, not laid down on Tanner's
U. States ; situation and boundaries uncertain,
Cf t, Ecora Fabra.
Union, p-v. Humphries co. Ten., by p-r. 91
ma. w. Nashville.
Union, p-v. Boone co. Ky.
Union, co. Ky., bndd, by Hopkins s, e.. Trade-
water r,, separating it from Livingston s., Ohio
r. separating it from Gallatin co, II. w., the O,
r. separating it from Posey co, Ind. n., and on
the N, E, and e. it has Henderson co, Ky.
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., raean breadth 18,
and area 540 sq. ras, Lat. 37° 35', and long.
W. C. 11° w. intersect near the centre ofthis
CO. Slope wstrd. towards Ohio r. The body
ofthe CO. lies opposite to, and sthrd. from the
mouth of the 'Wabash r. Cf t. Morganfield.
Pop. 1820, 3,470 ; 1830, 4,764.
Union, p-v. nrthm. part Montgomery co. 0.,
by p-r. 78 ras. w. Columbus.
Union, co. 0., bndd. by Franklin s. e., Mad
ison s.. Champaign s. w., Logan w., Hardin n,
w., Marion n, e., and Delaware E. Length 27

ins,, breadth 17, and area 460 sq. ras. Lat.
40° 20', long. 6° 30' w. W, C Slope slhestrd,,
and drained by numerous confluent ers. of the
Sciota r. Cl. t. MarysviUe. Pop. 1820, 1,996 ;
1830, 3,192.
Union, one ofthe estrn, coa. of Ind., bndd. by
Franklin s., Fayette w., Wayne n., Prebble co.
0. N, E. and E,, and Butler co. 0, s. Length 14
ras., breadth 11, and area 154 sq. ma. Slope
athrd., and traversed and drained by White Wa
ter r. Cf t. Liberty. Pop. 7,944.
Union, p-v. Hendricka co, Ind., wstrd. from
IndianopoUs, Union, co, II,, bndd. by Jackson n., Franklin
N, £., Johnson e., Alexanders,, and Misp r, sep
arating it frotn Cape Girardeau co. Mo. w.
Length 22 ms., breadth 20, and area 440 sq.ras.
Lat. 37° 30', long. 12° 20' W. O. General
slope sthwstrd. tovvards the Misp. r., but the
ers. flow frora its nrthm. side Hke radii from a
comraon centre. Cf t. Jonesboro'. Pop. 1820,
2,362 ; 1830, 3,239.
Union, p-v, VerraiUion co. II., by p-r. 170 ms.
N. E. Vandalia.
Union, p-v. and st, jus. FrankUn co. Mo,, by
p-r. 54 ras. w. St. Louis.
Union, co. Ark,, bndd. s. vr. by La Fayette,
Hempstead vv., Clark n,, Chicot E., and the Par-
ish of Ouachitta La. s. Length from s. to n, 60
ms. ; raean breadth 42, and area 95'20 sq. ma.
Central lat. 33° 30', long. W. C. 15° 30'. Slope
s, B. E, and in that direction it is traversed by
the main volurae of Ouachitta r , which enter
ing at the N, w. angle traverses the co. in near
ly its greatest length, receiving the Saline
branch about 19 ms. above the egress of the
united streams into La. {See Saline rivr of
Ark.) Union co. contains that section of Oua
chitta r, where the banks to a great distance
are liable to annual submersion. The soil in
general sterile. The central part is about 100
ms. a Uttie w. ofs. Littie Rock.
Union Bridge and p-o. northeastem part Fred
erick CO. Md., by p-r. 70 ms. a Uttle w. of n.
W. C.
Union Furnace and p-o'. Huntingdon co. Pa,,
by p-r, 160 ms, n. w. 'W. C
Union Hall, p-v. Franklin co. Va., by p-r. 276
ms, s. w, W, C
Union Hill, p-o. Upson co. Geo., by p.r. 79
ms. wstrd. MUledgeviUe.
Union Iron Works and p.o. Berks co. Pa., by
p-r. 60 ras. estrd. Harrisburg.
Union Meeting House and p-o. northwestern
part Baltiraore co. Md. 30 ras. tt. vr. Baltiraore,
Union MUls and p-o, southestrn. part Erie co.
Pa. 6 ras. a. E. by e. Waterford, and bv p.r.
319 ras, N, w. W. C
Union MUls and p-o. on Littie Pipe creek,
northestm. part Frederick co. Md. 18 ms. ft. e.
from the city of Frederick, and by p-r. 73 ma.
a littie w. of n. W. C
Union Mills and p-o. Fluvanna co. Va., by
p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond.
Union Square and p.o. Montgomery co. Pa.,
by p-r. 25 ms. rt. Phil.
Uniontown, p-v., borough, and st. jus. Fay
ette CO. Pa. situated on Red Stone cr. 4 ms.
wstrd. Laurel Hill chain of mtns., 186 ms. a Ut.
tie s. of w. Harrisburg, and 193 ms. n. w. by w.

' iftiT

536

UNI

' W, C Lat.', 39° 54', long, 2° 45' w, W. C,
"This bor.oiig'h was %unded ih 1775,' by Jacob
and Henry Beeson, It is chiefly composed of
one street extending-along the Uj States -road.
There are, however, ''houses on other streets,
particularly on "thai towards Morgantown in
Virginia. . U,NI0NT0WN, p-v. nvihestrn.,part Frederick co.
Md., 35 ras.. N, w. Baltimore, and by p-r-. 73 ras,
N. ¦yv. C, • ¦'
Uniontown, p-t. Belmont co;0,,-by p.r. 126
ms. e, C.olumbus. • ..
Union Vale, t." Dutchess co.^, Y., 105 ras,
B. Albany, 'h'as the'N. end "of ihe Matteawan
mtns, on the e. bVundar5',-and gives rise to Fish-
IdUcr. Pop. 1,833.' ^ ." ' ¦'
.Unionville, p.v. Chester -co. Pa., 8 or 9 ras.
s. w. frora West Chester, and by p-r. 107 ras.
N. E. W,C.
UnionviiiLE, p-v.,'Fi-ederick oo, Md,, by p-r,
58 ras', N, tt. vr. W..C.
Unionville, p-v. and st, jus. Union dist., S.
C, on a sraaU. branch of Tyger r., by p-r. 27
ms. fi. E. Spartanburgh, and 77 n, w. Columbia.
Lat, 34° 42', long. 4° 39' vr. W. C.
Unionville, p-v. Geauga co, O,, by p-r, 176
ms. N, E, Columbus.
Unison, p-v. sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa., by
p-r. 98 ras. n. e, Harrisburg.
Unison, p-v. nthrn, angle Loudon co. Va., by
p-r. 51 ras. above and tt. vv, W, C,
Unison, p-v, nrthrn, part Delaware co, O,, by
p-r. 33 ras. nthrd. Colurabus,
Unitia, p-o, Blount co. Tenn,, by p-r. 194 ms.
s, E, by E. Nashville.
United States, of North Araerica. The
United States.are bndd. n, by the British and
Russian dominions; e. by the Atiantic ocean;
». by the Gulf of Mexico ; and w. by the Mexi
can territory and the Pacific ocean. The coun
try extends from 2 ,° to 54° n. lat., and frora
(j&° 50' to 125° long, vv, from Greenwich, or
from 9° 35' e, to 48° 20' w, W. C, containing
within its territory an area of more than 2,000,-
000 sq, ms. This extensive country has out
lines in common with Cabotia, or British North
Araerica, frora the raouth of the Saint Croix r,,
to the Rocky, or Chippewayan ratns,, 3,000 ms,;
with Russian N, America from the Rocky
mtns. to the Pacific ocean, 1,100 miles along
the Pacific Ocean from Dixon's entrance, or
Vancouvre's sound, about 880 miles ; in com
mon with the republic of Mexico, from lat.
49° N. on the Pacific ocean, along that curve
of lat, tothe Rocky mtns,, and thence tothe
mouth ofthe Sabine r, into the Gulf of Mexico,
9,300 ras. ; along the Gulf of Mexico to Florida
point, 1,000 ras, ; along the Atiantic oce.tn to
the raouth ofthe Saint Croix r,, 1,850 ms, ; so
that the entire outiine is not far from 10,130
ms. This territory extends in one immense
zone from ocean to ocean. The longest line
which can be drawn over land, and without
traversing the sea, stretches from Cape Canave
ral, in Florida, to the northern end of Queen
Charlotte's isl,, a distance of 3,214 statute ras.
This line being assuraed as a base, the mean
breadth wUl be about 700 ms, ; so that the
whole area would equal a square, each side of
which should exceed 1,490 ms. This is near

ly one twentieth part of the land surface ofthe
earth, and is capable of subsisting at least one
Tlfteenth of its population. If the whole earth
therefore sustain 1,000 millions, the United
States would sustain 66,666,666 ; a nuraber
which at the present rate of increase of popu
lation it will contain within the current century.
Subdivisions', and Population. The original
nuraber of states was 13 ; the present number is
24, with 3 organized territories, each of which
are represented in congress by a delegate. The
extensive tract between the- Mississippi r. and
lake \ ¦ ichigan, will probably soon be organized,
and called Ouisconsin, or Huron territory. The
subjoined table exhibits the sectional and ag.
gregate extent, of that portion already divided
into states and territories, with their aggregate
population according to the census of 1830.
State, &c. Area in Free Aggregate FedTal or
pq, ms. pop. ))op, piht, jioji.
New England, or Eastern States.
Maine, 33,2-23 399,431 399,437 399,434
N.H, 9,491 269,323 269,328 269,326
Vt. 8,000 280,657 280,657 280,657
Mass, 7,800 610,404 610,408 610,406
R 1, 1,200 97,185 97,199 97,193
Conn, 4,764 297,650 297,675 297,665
Middle States.
N. Y. 46,085 1,918,532 1,918,608 1,918,577
N. J, 8,320 318,569 320,823 319,922
Ponn, 47,000 1,347,830 1,348,230 1,348,072
Del, 2,100 73,456 76,148 75,431
JId, 9,356 344,046 447,040 505,842
Southern States.
Va, 68,600 741,648 1,2)1,405 1,023,502
N. C. 51,000 492,386 737,987 639,747
S. C, 33,000 265,784 581,185 455,025
Goo. 62,083 299,292 516,823 429,810
South Western States.
Ton, 45,600 540,300 681,903 625,263
Ala, 51,770 191,978 309,627 262,508
Miss, 45,760 70,962 136,621 110,358
Ia 48,320 106,151 215,739 171,904
Western States.
Ky, 40j50.0' 52-2,704 687,917 621,832
Ohio, '44,000 935,878 935,884 935,882
Ind, 36,670 343,028 343,031 343,030
11 53,480 156,698 167,445 167,147
Mo, 64,000 115,364 140,455 130,419
Territories, ^c.
.Mich, 34,000 31,607 31,639 31,625
Ark, 50,000 25,S12 30,388 28,557
Flor, 55,000 19,229 34,730 28,529
D. C, 100 33,715 39,834 37,389
Huron, 100,000

Totiil, 1,061.223 !0.?49,020 1-2,.'?5S,6?0 12,05,5,060
From this table we find thatthe people ofthe
United States, have, with raore or leas of com
pactness, extended their settiements evermore
than 1,000,000 sq. raa., or over a surface ex-
ueeding that of aU Europe w. of the rivers Vis.
tula and Bog, and s. oi the Baltic ; a surface on
which now exist upward of 150,000,iB0O of in
habitants. With all this density, the people of
that part of Europe raore than double in .50
years. If the people of the U. S. double in 30
years, their number wiU exceed 100,000,000,
during the current century. The various classes
ofthe population, by the census of 1830, are aa
follows :

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Whiles,

Males;

Females

Under 5 years of age,

972,980

921,93-1-

Prom 5 to 10

782,075

750,741

" 10 to 15

669,734

638,856

" 15 to 20

673,196

596,264

" 20 to 30

9,56,487

918,411

" 30 to 40

592,835

555,531

" 40 to 50

367,840

356,046

" 50 to 60

229,284

223,504

" 60 to 70

135,082

131,307

" 70 to 80

57,772

58,336

" 80 to 90

15,806

17,431

" 90 lo too

2,041

2,523

" 100 and upwards

301

23S

Of the foregoing, were deaf and dumb, under
14 years of age, 1,652 ; of 14 and under 95,
1,905 ; of 25 and upwards, 1,806, Blind, 3,974,
Aliens, or foreigners not naturalized, 107,832.
Of the colored pop. of the United States,
there were : —

Of Free persons.

Slaves,

Males, Females.

Males. Females.

Under 10 yrs.

of age
48,675 47,329
353,498 347,66S
From 10 to 24
43,079 48,138
312,567 308,770
" 24 to 36
27,650 32 541
186,585 185,786
" 36 to 55
22,271 24,327
118,880 111,887
•' 65 to 100
11,509 13,425
41,545 41,430
100 and over
269 386
748 670
Included in the colored pop. are, de&f and
dumb under 14 years of age, 273 ; 14 and un,
der 25, 246; 25 and upwards, 224. Blind 1,470
Recapitulation. Whites. Free colored. Slaves, Total.
Males 5,355,133 153,453 1,012,823 6,,521,40t.
-.Females 5,171,115 166,146 996,220 6,333,481
Total 10,526,248 319,599 2,009,043 12,854,890
Add errors in returns of the state of N. Y. 5,602
Do. La. 210
Persons employed in U. S, navy June 1, 1830 5,318
Grand total pop, U, S, 12,866 020
Progressive population from 1790, to 1830,
inclusive. 1790, 3,929,827 Increase par cent,
1800, 5,305,941 ¦ ", " " 35
1810, 7,239,814 " " " 36
1830, 9,638,191 " " " 33
1830, 12,866,020 " " " 33
From the best data, we raay regard the reg
ular increase as nearly one third, decennially.
The greater increraent per cent, which appears
in the two first periods, is satisfactorily account.
ed for by the fact, that each succeeding enu
meration has been more correctly made ; of
course the actual population has been more ful
ly represented in the retums. We find from
the above table, that white males under 5 years
of age, exceeded feraales of like age in 1830,
51,046, an excess of about 5 per cent. Of white
persons above the age of 70, we find 75,920
males, and 78,531 females, or of persons who
have passed the ordinary limits of human life,
there are 2,611 more females than males. Of
the aggregate white population, of the whole
U, S., the majority of the male population over
that of the female is 184,018 ; whilst in the
states comprised in New England, there is an
excess of females, of 23,516. In the class of
free colored persons we again discover very
nearly similar results ; whUst the number of
aged raale slaves exceeds by a sraall fraction •
the number of agedTeraale slaves' .-Uniting all'
classes, vVe discover that the common law of
birth- is rigidly obeyed bynature, inthe.U, S.,
there being an excess of-'raales,.butthe chances
of protracted life being decidedly- in favor of
feiuales, 'Mountains, ^.he face of the country js of
course 'very much varied. For detaUs in this
particular, we refer tb-artides on the different
states. Besides the minor rangea of ratna., the
.country is traversed by tjvo great chains which
are nearly parallel withthe coasts of the oceans
which they respectively appi>oae'h'. The Ap
palachian or Atl'amic- chain extends frora s. vv,
to N, E,, vvhilst' -the '.Chifipewayan or Pacifip
range runs frOiu s, s, e, tb n. n, w. -By these
ratns., the United States territory is divided in
to two great ocean slopes'; tind an iratpense in
terior valley. By another physical division it
raay be regarded as separated into 4 great in
clined planes ; the eastern falling from the Ap
palachian chain, to the Atlantic ocean ; the
western frora the Chippewayan, to the Pacific
ocean, andthe tvvo central planes having a cora
mon line of the deepest depression along the
lower part of the channel of the Missiaaippi
river, the llliuoia river and lakea of Canada.
The southwestern Appalachian chains rise ab
ruptly from the Hudson valley, near lat. 41°
30' N. where the Hudson passes between enor
raous walls of priraitive rock. These preci
pices rise almost perpendicularly from 1,200
to 1,500 feet, their bases being washed by the
tides. From hence, with a breadih from 80
to 100 ras,, the range passes southwestward
through the United States, until graduaUy lost
araong the hills between the southern sources
of Tennessee river and Appalachicola and
Mobile, Tbe intervening vallies rise from
500 to 9,000 feet, discharging on one side the
numerous streams which traverse and adorn
the Atlantic slope, and from the other supply
innumerable fountains to the great central riv
er ; a reraarkable feature of tbe Appalachian
chain ia the fact, that very fevv falls are found
in its rs. In a state of nature, the Atlantic sys
tera rose as the central and most elevated sec
tion, of perhaps the raost extended continuous
forest that ever existed on the earth. Frora the
Atlantic border far beyond the Ohio, (with few
exceptions) spread countless raillions of trees,
araongst which the oak, pine and hickory, pre-
dorainated ; but interraixed with nuraerous oth
er varieties, winding amongst these primeval
woods, rose and flowed those strearas now deck
ed with farras, studded with cities, or rivalled
by canals fed from their own bosoms. The St,
Lawrence basin, a part of the sarae physical
section, also sustained its share of this vast for
est, stretching alraost uninterruptedly frora the
sources of Ottawa and Saguenai, to the gulf of
Mexico. Passing wstrd. from the Appalachian
towards the Chippewayan range, tiraber gradu-
ally ceases, and many hundred railes before
reaching the sources of the raighty Missouri,
its banks are entirely destitute of trees. Here
are extensive level prairies, where, far as the
eye beholds, nothing Uke forest trees are visi.
ble, and as on the ocean, earth and heaven seem
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to meet in the distance. In sthwstrn. Louisi.
ana, the extremes meet, and in a few hours the
traveUer may pass from the deep gloom of for
ests untouched by the axe, into plains unbroken
by the plough. Contrasts like these, though ou
a larger scale, strongly mark the two great
mtn, systems of the U. States. Towards the
Atiantic, spots of grassy glades are intersper
sed araong the mtn. chains. Amid the Chippe
wayan ridges, forest trees are seen in strips or
cluraps. Bays, Gulfs, Capes, and Rivers. — All these
subjects are raentioned particularly in the arti.
cles on the states where they are found, or un-
der their respective heads. It will be sufficient
here to say, that no country in the world is in
tersected by as many navigable rivers as the U.
Statea ; that the longeat river is the Missouri,
which, including the Mississippi, is the longest
in the world, being 4,490 ras. in length ; that
the gulf of Mexico, on the s. boundary, is the
largest in the U, States territory, and that the
bays of the coast are nuraerous, and several of
thera navigable by vessels of the largest size.
In the northern part, the Atiantic coast, which
is bold and rocky, is indented by numerous in
lets, and broken into headlands. Towards the
s, the shore is raore level, and generally alluvial.
Lakes. — North America, beyond every other
country, is distinguished for the iraraense extent
and nuraber of its fresh water lakes. Several of
these are, on the n, boundary of the U, S, Lake
Superior is the largest body of fresh water on
the globe, its surface containing 35,000 sq, ras.
Lake Huron contains 90,000 sq. ras., lake Erie
10,350, and lake Ontario, 7,900 sq. ras. Sorae
of these have been the scenes of important na
val engagements.
Soil. The soil of a district so extensive as
the United States, is of course marked by al
most every variety. Under the great Appa
lachian forest on both sides of the raain chain,
aud also in its raost elevated vaUies, or table
lands, the soil offers a full reward for its culti-
v.'ition, and allows the choice of objects of cul
ture. The western slope of the Appalachian
cliain exceeds the eastern in fertility, thom'h
this disparity is corapensated by the numerous
rivers on the e, slope opemng channels of direct
intercommunication with the Atiantic, and by
the more diligent cultivation of the soil. In
point of extent, the two mtn. systeras of the
United States are as two to one, very nearly;
the Appalachian having about 700,000 and the
Chippewayan upwards of 1,400,000 sq. ras.
With but partial exceptions the inhabited parts
are as yet on the Appalachian section.
Climate. The cliraate of the United States
is reraarkable for its variety and its sudden
changes frora extrerae heat to cold, and the con.
trary. In the northern part is the cold and drea.
ry winter of Canada, and in the extrerae south
ern parts, the suramer is alraost uninterrupted
from one end of the year to the other. The
climate differs from that of Europe, in the same
latitudes. The level portions of the southern
states have more moisture, and a less salubri.
ous atmosphere ; their noxious effluvia are
more constantly formed and their marshes more
numerous. Those parts however which are

elevated, raore commonly enjoy a teraperate
and delightful cUraate. The raean annual tem
perature ofthe middle states is the sarae as in
the corresponding European region, though it
is differently distributed. In the Atlantic states
the cHmate is raarked by extreraes, the sura
raers being usually very hot, and the winters
though often short, are rauch colder than Eu
ropean winters in the sarae latitude. Deep and
abiding snows are usual in the winter on the At
lantic coast, and on the Mississippi, and if we ad.
vance to lat, 38° n,, or attain an elevation where
the teraperature is the same as there, there
are very few winters, in the course of which,
from Deceraber to February inclusive, the earth
is not covered with ice or snow, and the raean
teraperature ofthe nights being below the freez
ing point. With the tt. vr. winds the snows are
most abundant, and often much drifted. In the
winter of 1831, and 1839, the Mississippi river
was frozen and passable on the ice aa low as
lat, 35° N,, and the spring floods of 1832, were
very great. The sumraers of the U. States,
though often excessively warm, are as agree
able, if not more so, than those of southern
Europe, and in autumn no part of ihe globe pos.
sesses a season raore congenial to huraan life,
or raore charraing to the senses. In general
the weather is variable, and subject to sudden
changes. The cUmate throughout the country
is greatiy raodified by the mountains, lakes, &c.
Facts which our limits forbid us to insert, sus.
tain us in the following general conclusions
respecting the cUmate. These are, that aU pia.
ces of sirailar latitude and elevation, have like
cliraates, and that the United States territory
has generally along its coasts sirailar cliraates
to those prevailing on the opposing zone ofthe
eastem continent. Along the Pacific coast, even
beyond Bhering's strait, a raild and raoist cli
raate prevails, whilst along the Atlantic, the
winters are intensely cold, and sumraers as in
tensely warra ; advancing frura the Atlantic
coast inland, the therraoraeter indicates a de
pression of teraperature, according to relative
height and exposure ; faUing occasionally, even
at lat. 35°, and e, of the Mississippi river, to
18° below zero of Fahrenheit, — about 400 ft,
elevation being equivalent to a degree of lat. on
Fahrenheit's therraoraeter. As far southward
as lat. 35°, and with no allowance for any dif.
ference of elevation, the winters present a sea.
son of frora 60 to 120 days, say 90 days in
which the rivers are frozen. This excess of
course increases with the elevation, as we pro.
gress northward. The prevailing winds which
have been mentioned are in frequency about as
7 in 10, and in intensity, at least as 8 in 10, of
all aerial currents over the United Statea and
western Europe; and consequently this 'great
current, which carries the moist and uniform
air of the Atlantic on Europe, at the same time
bears the frozen air of an iraraense continent
over the eastern part ofthe United States. Con-
stant observations of prevaUing rains show that
the mean aimual amount of rain in the United
States is about 37 1-2 inches, whilst those of
the N. w. of Europe amount to but 31 1.3 inch
es. In the United States, rain falls from 140
to 150 days, including snow, sleet, &c. leaving

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about 990 fair days, annually, while in n. w,
Europe, the days of rain, or rather of heavy
mist, are on an average 990 days annually ;
lastiy, the cliraate of the United States appears
to be nearly stationary, or if subject to any
changes, they are sniall. Clearing of land, if
it produces any effect, will probably, as in Scot
land, lower the teraperature. For raore rainute
pecuharities of cliraa'e, the reader is referred
to articles on the states, individuaUy.
Winds. The winds which prevail about 7-10
ofthe time throughout the whole n, temperate
zone, are, as we have stated, from the n. w,,
vr., and s, w. This prevalence is said to be so
great as to bend the forests on both sides of the
Atiantic toward the e. or s. e. Not only are
these winds raost frequent, but also most vio
lent ; and the effects of their constancy and
violence may be generaUy traced by this incli
nation of the trees of the country, frora New
England to the mouth ofthe Oregon, and even
into the Arctic ocean, to MelviUe island. These
winds are however very much raodified, by the
elevated lands in the raountainous parts, and by
the sea breezes, &c, on the coast.
Minerals: — Most kinds of minerals have been
discovered more or less extensively, in the U.
States. Gold bas been found in Virginia, North
and South CaroHna, Georgia, and other states.
Silver in sniall quantities in several places ; iron
in nuraerous and inexhaustible beds, especially
along the Appalachian range of ratns., from N.
Hampshire to Georgia ; copper on lake Superi
or, in pure metallic masses, and in the ore in
several places. Lead is found in many places,
but the mines in Missouri, near Fever river, are
far the most productive. The average annual
product of these mines hasbeen 5,690,000 lbs,,
during 10 years ending 1839, These are among
the richest in the world. Mercury, or quick
sUver, though a rare raetal, had been found in
small quanttties on the borders of 4 ofthe great
lakes, and other raetals, as cobalt, bisrauth, and
antimony. Liraestone in all its varieties, slate,
sandstone, and building stone of various kinds
are abundant. Coal has been discovered, the
anthracite in exhaustless quantities, and bitu
minous in abundance. Salt springs are found
in several of the states, sorae of which are
profitably worked, and salt is also manufactur
ed from sea water. Within a few years, gyp
sum, or plaster of Paris, has been extensively
quarried in the state of New York. Mineral
springs are found in most of the states ; some
ofthem highly valuable.
Productions and Internal Improvements. —
On these subjects, see articles on the respec-
tive states, and on rail-roads and canals.
Agriculture. — Nearly one fifth of all the in
habitants in the United States are engaged in
agricultural pursuits. The annual cotton crop
is estiraated frora 300 to 350 raillions of pounds.
The flour and raeal actually inspected at II dif
ferent places in 1830, amounted to 2,851,876
bbls. of wheat flour, 41,351 of rye flour, 18,379
hhds, and 35,070 barrels of corn meal. The
eastem states are mostly devoted to grazing
and the dairy ; the middle and western, to the
production of various kinds of grain ; the south
em to raising rice, sugar, tobacco, cotton, &e.

Manufactures. — The manufactures of the U.
States are considerable, and gradually increas-
ing, to a great extent; they have been noticed
in the articles on the different sttites, though
some statements still reraain to be made. The
eastem and middle states, which are raost
abundantly suppHed wiih water power, are most
extensively engaged in manufactures, especial.
Iy of cotton, woollen, iron, glass, paper, wood,
&c. In 1810, the value of actual manufac
tures in the United States, vvas estiraated at
^179,762,676; the present annual value is cora
puted at g500, 000,000. It was recentiy stated
by a raember of congress, and before that body,
that a capital of $-167,000,000 was employed iu
1831, in the growth and manufacture of wool,
in the U. S,, 40,000,000 of which was invested
in sheep : that the capital eraployed in the raan.
ufacture of cotton was $45,00u,00 ', and that
62,000 persons were eraployed in the last branch
of raanufactures. In this estimate are inclu.
ded 12 slates, viz, those of New England, the
Middle Mates, and Virginia ; the number of
manufactories amounted lo 755. In Massachu.
setts, the largest manufacturing state, it was
estiraated that in the sarae year, $12,390,000
were invested in Ihe cotton raanufacture ; nura
ber of factories 950, cotton used per annura,
24,000,000 lbs. In Rhode Island, the next lar
gest, there were 116 raills, using 10,000,000
Ibs. cotton, with a capital of ^6,000,000, Anoth.
er estiraate states the whole number of cotton
manufactories in the U, S. in 1831, to be 795,
the quantity of cotton consumed, 77,757,316
lbs,, and the capital invested, $40,714,984.
Most of the American raanufactures are de
signed for home consumption, yet, in 831, there
were exported to the amount of $7,861,740.
More than tvvo thirds ofthe clothing used by
those engaged in agricultural pursuits, are of
doraestic production.
Commerce. — The United States are araong
the raost commercial countries in the world.
The amount of iraports for the vear ending Sept.
30, 1832, is estiraated at $100,'652,677 ; the ex
ports duringthe sarae period were $87,037,943,
of which $63,074,815 were domestic, and
$23,963,128 foreign articles. Inthe year end
ing Sept. 1831, the iraports araounted to $103,
191,124, of which $93,969,110, were iraported
in Araerican, and $9,229,014 in foreign ves
sels. The exports ofthe sarae year, araounted
to §81,310,583, of which f 61,277,057 were do.
raesttc, and $20,033,526 foreign articles. Of
the domestic exports, $1,889,472 were the
product of the sea ; $4,263,477 of tiie forest ;
$48,261,233 of agriculture ; and $7,862,675 of
manufactures. Of domestic articles, $49,671,.
239 vyere exported in American, and $11,605,-
818, in foreign vessels. Of the foreign articles
$15,874,942 were exported in American, and
^4, 158,584 in foreign vessels. In the sarae
year 922,952 tons of American, and 281,948
tons of foreign shipping were entered ; and
972,504 tons of American, and 271,994 tons of
foreign shipping cleared from the ports of the
United States, The average aggregate value
of imports from 1827 to 1832, was $86,000,000;
and during the 6 years preceding, it amounted
to an average of $80,000,000 per ann. The

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whole amount of the registered, enrolled, and
Ucensed tonnage, ipcluding fishing vessels, in
theUnited States in 1830, waa 1,191,776 tons ;
of which 38,911 were engaged inthe whale fish
ery. The aggregate tonnage in 1832 was esti.
mated at 1,200,000, of which 300,000 belonged
to the state of Maine. The amount of tonnage
built in 1830, was more than 58,000 tons. The
raost iraportant article of export in 1831, was
cotton, which araounted to $95,989,499 ; the
exports of tobacco, were $5,969,960 ; of rice,
$9,690,696; of flour, biscuit, &c. $4,464,774;
of swme and their products, $1,495,830; of
corn and rye meal, ^881,894 ; of cattle and their
products, including butter and cheese, $896,-
.'!I6; ofthe imports, $13,456,695 were free of
duty; ^61 534,965 were subjectio duties " ad
,ilorera" ; and $98,199,533 were subject to
specific duties, 'The nuraber of seamen in the
Qnited States is about 50,000, exclusive of the
lavy, and of those engaged in internal naviga
tion. The greatest export trade is from New
ilrleans; the greatest iraport to New York. A
great proportion of the shipping of the United
otates, is owned in New England and N. York.
For additional details, see tables in the appen
dix. Fisheries. — Most of the fisheries are carried
on from the New England states, and by N, E,
ships. The cod fishery is the raost iraportant,
that of the whale next. The annual value of
fish exported is ijj 1,889,479. The number of
ships engaged in the whale fishery, in 1831, is
estiraated at 300 ; and the number of hands era
ployed at 6,500. The average annual product
of this fishery in sperra oil, for 10 years ending
1831, was 78,000 barrels. That of 1830 was
106,899, and that of 183 1 , 1 10,00. i barrels. The
whale oil of 1830 araounted to 1 18,000 barrels ;
that of 1831 to 188,000. The average quantity
of whale bone returned by these ships, is about
1,000 lbs. to 100 barrels of oil. The whole
amount of tonnage engaged in the fisheries in
1831, was 98,322 tons.
Public Lands. — These lands consist of the
territory belonging to the United ^-tates at the
time of their independence, of tracts ceded to
the general government by individual states,
and of tracts acquired by treaty or purchase.
They are mostly within the liraits of the West
ern states, and are to a great extent occupied
by Indians, who are regarded as the owners,
until their title shall have been extinguished
by purchase. The aggregate amount of all
these lands, is 1,090,871,753 acres, the value
of which, at the fixed minimura price of sale,
a dollar and a quarter per acre, araounts to
the enorraous sura of $,1,363,589,691. For
the title to these lands the United States have
paid on the Louisiana purchase, principal and
interest, $23,514,995 ; on the Florida purchase,
$6,251,016; on the Georgia, Yazoo, and other
contracts, $18,312,2 1 9 :— total, ^48,077,551.
The araount of all their sales up to Septeraber
1831, has been $37,272,713. The amount of
sales is gradually on the increase ; in 1831, it
was $3,000,000. AU sales are for cash. Salt
springs and lead raines are reserved by govern.
ment; and one thirty.sixth part of all public
lands, are reserved and applied for the per.

petual support of coramon schools. Three.
fifths ofthe value of aU sales is appHed by con.
gress, for internal improvements in the states
where the lands are located, and the remaimng
two-fifths is applied by the states for the pro.
motion of learning. Up to the present time, ra.
ther raore than 150,000,000 of acres have been
surveyed, about 20,000,000 of acres have been
sold, and the saiue quantity granted by congress
for the purposes of education, internal iraprove
raent, &.C. and there are now about 110,000,000
of acres surveyed and unsold, of which 80,000,-
000 are in market. Of unsold lands, 340,871,.
753 acres are within the limits of the new states
and territories, and 750,000,000 acres beyond
these limits.
Revenue, expenditure, and national debt. —
As there is at present no direct taxation by the
general government, the revenue is chiefly de.
rived, 1, from duties on imports; 2, from the
public lands ; 3, from its bank stock ; 4, from
post offices, lead mines, &c. Of these, the
duties on imports are by. far the largest. The
estiraated revenue for 1832, is stated at $31,.
752,629 51, raaking, with the balance in the
treasury, January 1, 1832, an aggregate of
$36,255,573 96. The expenditures for the
sarae year are estiraated at 34,611,466 50,
which, being deducted frora the estiraated re.
ceipts, leave a balance in the treasury, Jan. 1,
1833, of $1,644,107 73. This araount includes
the Danish indemnity, and unavailable funds in
the treasury, estimated at $1,400,000. From
the treasury report, Dec. 1832, it appears that
the national debt would be reduced to g7,000,.
698 83, on the 1st Jan. 1 833, against which
raight be set off $7,000,000 of governraent
stock, in the bank of the U. S. The whole
araount of the disbursements of governraent
made in all the states between 1789 and 1831,
for fortifications, light houses, pubUc debt, in
ternal improvements, and revolutionary pen
sions, is $222,876,821. The annual revenue
for a series of years, under the revenue laws of
the session of 1832-3, is estimated at $91,000,-
000; and the expenditures at $15,000,000.
These however will vary by any modification
ofthe existing laws.
Banks. — The present bank of the U, S. was
chartered by congress -in 1816, for 20 years,
with a capital stock of ,$35,000,000, of which
government owns one-fifth. The debts of the
bank may in no case exceed its deposites by
more than $35,000,000. The actual circulation
is about $42,000,000 ; and the average dividends
6 or 7 per cent. The bank is located at Phila.
delphia, and it has 25 branches in the principal
cities of the Union. Besides the U. S. bank,
there are in the different states, nearly 40O
banks, with capitals of frora $12,000,000 down.
wards, araounting in all to about $200,000,000,
including the U. S. bank.
Mint. — The raint was established at Philadel
phia in 1792, and the araount of its coinage has
been constantly on the increase. During the
first ten years of its establishment, ending in
1801, the amount of silver coinage alone was
$1,574,000 ; from 1801 to 1811, it was $4,858,-
000 ; from 1811 to 1821, $6,180,000 ; and frora
1821 to 1831, $18,325,000. The whole coin.

UNI

541

UNI

age of 1831, amounted to $3,993,473, of which
,^714,970 were of gold, $3,175,600 of sUver,
and $35,603 of copper. The expense of the
mint for the same year was ^98,000, Of the
gold coined, Jlj518,000 were from the gold
regions of the U. S, The coinage of 18,39
amo-onted to «3, 400,935 ; of which 4798,435
were of gold, |9,579,000 of silver, andj593,500
in cents. Ot the gold, jj590,000 were from
Mexico, S, America, and the West Indies ;
iJ28,000 frora Africa, $12,000 frora other
sources, and ,15678,000 from gold of the U, S,,
viz,, from N, Carolina $458,000, Georgia $1-40,-
UOO, S, Carolina $45,000, Virginia $31,000,
and $1,000 from Tennessee, Gold and silver
are coined without expense to the owners.
The probable supply of bullion for the next
period of 10 years, is estimated at $6,000,0110
annually. The raetalUc currency of the U. S,
is estiraated at $30,000,000,
Post-off,ce. — The first post in Araerica was
established in New York in 1710, under the
old colonial governraent. In 1789, the ex
clusive direction of posts, &c, was conferred by
the constitution on congress. At that tirae
there were but 75 post-offices in the country.
In July 1831, the nuraber of post-ofBces was
8,686; the extent of post-roads 115,176 raUes ;
and the yearly transportation of raails equal to
15,468,692 railes. 'The expenses of the post-
office department, for the year 1830, w'ere
$1,959,109; the receipts, $1,919,300; balance
against the departraent, ,^39,809, On the 1st
July, 1832, the number of post-offices in the U.
S. was 9,205; extent of poat-roada, exclusive
of those established by the previous aesaion of
congress, 104,467 ms, ; and the transportation
ofthe mails over these, equal to 23,625,021 ms,
yearly. The revenue ofthe department forthe
year ending as above was $2,258,570 17 ; ex
penditures, $2,266,100 35; excess of expendi
tures over the revenue, $7,530 18,
Army and Navy. — The standing army of the
U, S, is limited by law to 6,442 raen ; it con
sists of 7 regiraents of infantry, and 4 of caval
ry, commanded by one raajor general and two
brigadier generals, beside inferior officers.
The estiraated expense of the array for 1832,
including fortifications, armories, arsenals, &c.
is $6,648,099, Beside the standing army, the
militia of the country in 1830 araounted to
1,262,315. The navy consists of 12 ships ofthe
Hne, 17 frigates, 16 sloops, and 7 schooners;
total 52, including those which are building, of
which 20 are in coraraission. The total num
ber of officers and men is 6,345. The estimated
expenses of the navy for 1832, including the
sum for gradual improveraent, are $3,907,618,
Ordnance department — The araount " ex
pended and accounted for" in this department,
during the year 1831, araounted to ^7,52,458;
and during the three first quarters of 1839, it
was $602,881. Araong the nuraerous articles
made at the arsenals and armories ofthe U. S.,
or procured frora other sources during the year
ending Sept. 1832, were 1 forty-two pound can
non of iron, 11 twenty-four pound do,, 133 thirty.
two pound do,, 27,453 rauskets, 3,490 Hall's ri.
fles, 93 field carriages, 3,000 sets accoutre.
ments for infantry, 4,000 do. for riflemen, 1,000
' 69

do. for cavalry, 5,914 lbs, canister shot, 384,395
rausket ball andbuck shot cartridges, 11,322 lbs.
musket bullets, 13 fire engines, &,c. &c. During
the same period thei-e havo been distributed to
the raiUtia of the different states and territories,
17 pieces of artillery, 23 field carriages and
equipments, 21,070 rauskets, rifles, carbines,
and pistols, 2,739 artillery and cavalry swords,
5,767 aets of accoutrements, for small arms, and
1,100 sets cavalry accoutreraents, beside other
articles. Salaries, pensions, ij-c, — The largest ^salary
is that of the president, vvhich is ^25,000 an
nually ; rainisters plenipotentiary, SJ9,000 a
year, with the same sum for an outfit ; the at-
cretaries of state, the navy, treasury and vyi;
and the poat-maater general, $6,000 ; the vie ^
president and the chief justice, $5,000; associ.'
ate judges of ihe suprerae court, and charge
d' affairs, $4,500 ; and raembers of congress $8
per day. The annual revolutionary and other
pensions amount to $1,363,296. The number
of revolutionary pensioners on the 5th Nov.
1832, waa 11,326 ; and of invaUd pensioners,
3,806. During the year ending Sept. 1832, the
nuraber of the former which died, as far as
known, was 408 ; of the latter, 56. There are
no sinecures in the U, S.
Newspa-pers. — No country inthe world equals
the United States in the nuraber of its news-
papers. The first newspaper in Araerica was
printed at Boaton in 1704, by the narae of the
Boston News Letter. In 1720, there were but
7 newapapera in all the North Araerican colo
nies; in 1810 there were 359 inthe U. S. ; in
1826, 640 ; in 1828, 802 ; and at the present
tirae there are raore than 1,000, of which be
tween 50 and 60 are issued daily. Ofthe 802
newspapers issued in 1898, 192 were in New
England, 409 in the middle, 88 in the southern,
115 in the western, and 33 in the southwestern
states ; 5 were in the territories, 9 in the diat.
of Columbia, and 1 in the Cherokee nation and
language. The whole number of periodical
sheets annually issued is estimated at 64 million.
Slavery. — Slavery exists in 12 states, Dela.
ware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee, Ken.
tucky, Mississippi and Missouri; also iu the
territories of Arkansas, Florida and Michigan.
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu
setts, Ohio, and Indiana, have no slaves. In
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, there are a
few; but as slavery ia aboliahed in all ofthem,
it wUl cease with the death or exportation of
the slaves now in them. Whole number of
slaves in the U, S, 2,009,043.
Indians.— The whole nuraber of Indians in
the U, S, and their territories, is 129,266. The
whole nuraber of tribes is 58. In New Eng
land the nuraber of Indians is 2,526 ; in New
York, 5,143 ; in Virginia and S, Carolina, 497 ;
in Ohio, 2,350 ; in Indiana, Illinois, Georgia,
Alabama, 'Tennessee and Missis.sippi, 66,004 ;
in Michigan territory, 28,316; in Louisiana and
.Vlissouri, 7,1 13 ; and in the Florida and Arkan.
sas territories, 17,107,
Education. — As a general government, the
U. S. have done littie for the interests of pub-

UNI

542

UNI

lie instruction, except that they reserve for thia
purpoae one section in every township of their
new lands, besides other reservations for col
leges. '! his highly important subject has, how.
cver, probably been much better attended to by
being leit to the individual states, and to private
citizens. The chief details of what has been
done, will be found in the articles on the re.
spective states. In general it may be remarked
that the colonisls of New England adopted a
most admirable system of common school in
struction. As early as 1628, a law was passed
for the education of every child in the colonies ;
tind in 1 647, a school was established by law in
every town or neighborhood of 50 famUies. and
a school for the higher branches ior every 100
faniiUes. But for more particular accounts,
see articles on New England, Massachusetts,
and the other states. There are in the United
States, {as will be seen from the tables in the ap
pendix,) 66 colleges, the whole number of
whose alumni, previous to 1831, was 29,653 ;
of these about one quarter were graduates of
Harvard, and nearly the sarae number, of
Yale college, I'he whole number of instruc
tors at that date was about 450 ; volumes in
coUege Hbraries, 190,056, and in the students'
society Hbraries, 87,190, Yale has a greater
number of students than any other college :
Harvard is most richly endowed. Thirty-nine
of the sixty-six colleges havo risen during the
present century ; though many of the founda
tions, now entitled colleges, were respectable
acaderaies before the change of their naraes,
with which change in sorae cases, there has
been no corresponding change of studiea.
From the table of students, it appears, that
(exclusive of the West Point mUitary academy,)
there vvere in 1831, nearly 6,000 young men of
the U. S, receiving a liberal classical educa
tion. Beside the coUeges, there are in the
U, S, i7 theological seminaries, {see appendix,)
the number of whose graduates araount to
nearly 1,900. Beside tbose included in the ta
ble, there are in the U. S. 5 Roman Catholic
seminaries. Thereare also 18 medical schools,
and 10 law schools, for the names, locations,
&c. &c., of which, see appendix. Most of the
states ofthe union have raade sorae legislative
provision for coraraon school instruction ; and
in sorae of them large suras are set apart for
this purpose. Private schools and acaderaies
of the higher order, are quite nuraerous, espe
cially in New England, so that few persons
grow up without enjoying the raeans of ele
mentary instruction, or if they desire it, of a
more extended liberal education. In the Sab
bath schools of the U. S,, which are doing
much for the intellectual as well as moral ira
proveraent ofthe young, about 600,000 children
are weekly instructed, by raore than 80,000
teachers. Religion — There is no established church
in the U. S., but all secta are alike aUowed free
toleration ; nor is any legislative provision raade
for the support of religion in any of the states,
except that in Massachusetts every citizen is
obliged to be connected with, or pay taxes to
sorae religious denoraination. In the articles
on the several states, raay be found the detaUs

of the different denorainations within their lira-
its. For the different denorainations, their
churches, raintaters, communicants, &c. as
theywere in 1 830 in the U. S,, see table in ap
pendix. Their numbers since that date are
much increased, though their relative numbers
are not materially changed. The number of
churches in the U. S., at the present time, is
not far from 12,000.
Constitution nnd government. — The present
constitution ofthe U. S. was adopted in 1787,
though it has since been amended. The form
of govemraent which it establishes is a con
federated republic, composed of all the states.
The legislative branch consists of a senate
and house of representatives. The senate is
coraposed of two senators from each state,
chosen every tvvo years, for a period of six
years, so that one-third of the senate is re.
newed biennially. Every senator must have
been 9 years a citizen, and 30 years of age.
The vice-president is president of the senate ;
and all trials for impeachment are conducted
before that body. "The number of senators is
at present 49. The merabers of the house of
representatives are chosen evei-y two years ;
they are proportioned to the population of the
states frora which they corae, 5 slaves being
counted as 3 freemen in the slave states. The
rate of apportionment after Blarch 1833, is one
to every 47,700 inhabitants. The quaUfications
are, that a representative shall have been 7
years a citizen, and be at least 95 years of age.
All bills for raising revenue must originate in
the house of representatives ; and any bill ve
toed hy the president, will, notwit'istanding, be.
come a law, if afterward approved by two.thirds
of both houses. The number of representatives
in 1833, will be 240. Congress has the power
to iiupose taxes, both direct and indirect, regu
late coraraerce, and the coining of raoney, make
bankrupt laws, provide for coraraon defence,
borrow money, establish post-offices and post-
roads, punish felonies, piracies and counterfeit-
era, secure copy and patent rights, declare war,
borrow money on public credit, raise and pro
vide for an array and navy, call out the militia,
execute the laws of the U. S., &c. &c. The
judiciary is coraposed of a suprerae court of 1
chief and 6 associate judges ; of 31 district
courts of a single judge each, except that 6 of
the states are each divided into 2 districts ; and
of 7 circuit courts, coraposed of the judge of
the district, and one of the judges of the su.
preme court. The judges are appointed by the
president with the consent of the senate, and
are reraoveable only by impeachment. The ex.
ecutive power is vested in a president, chosen
for 4 years, and eligible for a second terra. He
must be a native citizen, or have been a citizen
at the adoption of the constitution, 35 years of
age, and have resided in the U. States 14 years.
He exercises a qualified negative ; by consent
of the senate malies treaties, appoints ambas
sadors and public officers, and exercises the.
pardoning power. In case of his death he is
succeeded by the vice president ; both these
officers are removeable only on conviction of
bribery, treason, or other high crimes, &c. The
cabinet of the president consists of the secre-

UPP

543

URB

taries of state, treasury, war, navy, post mas
ter general, and attorney general. 'The elect
ors of the president and vice president, are, in
each state, equal to the number of both its sen
ators and representatives in congress. The
whole number of electors is 288, of which New
York has the largest number, 42, and Delaware
the smallest, 3, {See appendix.) If no choice is
made by a majority of the votes ofthe electors,
the house of representatives, voting by states,
choose a president frora the three candidates
having the greatest nuraber of votes. If no
president is chosen, the vice president perforras
the duties of the office. If a vice president be
not chosen, the senate choose one from the
two highest candidates.
History. — For the settleraent and early his
tory of the different states, see articles on them.
From the first English settlement in 1607, until
1775, the present U. S, vvere under the coloni
al government of Great Britain. On July 4th,
1776, independence was declared by a con
gress of delegates from 13 states, met at Phil
adelphia. A confederation of the states took
place Nov. 15, 1777. In 1783, a treaty ofpeace
was signed, and Grqat Britain acknowledged
the independence ofthe U. S. The present con
stitution, (excepting some sUght araendraents)
was forraed in 1787, and adopted in 1789, The
13 states which adopted it were, New Harap
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Car
olina and Georgia. Verraont was admitted to
the union in 1791, Kentucky in 1799, Tennes
see in 1796, Ohio in 1809, Louisiana in 1819,
Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1821, IlUnois in
1818, Alabama and Maine in 1820, and Mis
souri in 1821. The presidents ofthe U, States
have been as follows : George Washington,
frora 1789 to 1797 ; John Adaras, 1797 to 1801 ;
Thoraas Jefferson, 1801 to 1809; Janies Madi.
son, 1809 to 1817 ; James Monroe, 1817 to
1825 ; John Quincy Adams, 1825 to 1829 ; An
drew Jackson, elected 1829.
Unity, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 30 ms, rt. e, Au
gusta, has Kennebec co, w., and is crossed by
a small branch of Sebasticook r. which is part
ly supplied by a large pond which encroaches
on the N. boundary. Pop, 1,199,
Unity, p-t, Sullivan co. N. H,, 43 ms, frora
Concord, 88 frora Portsraouth, and 90 from
Boston, has Whortleberry pond n,, which gives
rise to Little Sugar r,, a small branch of Con
necticut which crosses this town and Charles
town, The surface is uneven and rocky, the
soil good for grazing and flax, A bed of cop
per ore has been discovered in a ledge of rocks.
First settied, 1769. Pop. 1,258.
Unity, p-v. northeastern part Montgoraery
CO. Md. 27 ms. n. W. C.
Upatoie, cr. and p-v. Muscogee co. Geo. The
Upatoie cr. rises in Talbot and Marion, and
flowing wstrd. enters and traverses Muscogee
CO., the far greater part of which it drains, and
is finally lost in Chattahooche r. The p-v. of
Upatoie is on the creek of same name, by p-r.
140 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville.
Upper Black Eddy, p-v. on Delaware river,
Bucks CO. Pa. by p.r. 191 ms. N. E. W, C.

Upper Blue Lick and p-o. sthrn. part Flem
ing CO. Ky.
IJpper Dublin, tsp. and p-o. Montgomery co.
Pa, between While Marsh and Horsham, 17
ms, tt. ft. vv, PhU.
Upper Flat Lick and p-o, Knox co, Ky., by
p.r. 1'29 ms, s, e, Frankfort,
Upper Hanover, tsp. and p-v, Montgomery
CO, Pa,, situated on the Perkiomen cr, in the
N, w, angle ofthe co,, 37 ms, n.w, Phil.
Upper Hunting, cr. and p-o. southern part
Caroline co. Md., by p-r. 95 ms. a little s. ofE,
W, C,
Upper Marlboro', p-v. and st, jus. Prince
George's CO, ^'d,, situated on a cr. called the
Westem Branch of Patuxent, 18 ms. s. e. by E.
W. C, 23 s, vr. Annapolis, and 36 a little w, of
s. Baltiraore. Lat. 38° 49', andlong. 0° 15' e,
W.C. Upper Merion, tsp. and p-o. '\'ontgomery co.
Pa., 1 1 ras. rt. -vr. by w. Phil. The tsp. is the
higher ofthe tvvo tsps. of Montgomery co. on
the right bank of Schuylkill r.
Upper Middletown, tsp. and p-o. Fayeite
CO. Pa, on Red Stone cr,, 10 ms, e, Browns
ville, and by p-r. 13 ms. northwards Union-
town. Upper Peach Tree, p-v. southwstrn. part
Wilcox CO. Ala,, by p-r, 1 1 7 ms, b. Tusca.
loosa. Upper Sandusky, p-v. wstrn. part Crawford
CO. 0,, by p-r, 64 ras, a littie w, ofN, Columbua.
The tsp. of Sandusky contains two p-vs,, called
relatively Upper and Lower Sandusky. Pop.
ofthe tsp. 579.
Upper Strasburg, p-v. Franklin co. Pa,, 9
ms. northwards Charabersburg, and by p-r. 99
ms. N, N. w, W. C. This place was from its
relative situation in the co, forraerly called Up-
perville, Upperville, p-v. in the extreme tt. wstrn.
angle of Fauquier co. Va,, by p-r, 54 ras. w.
W.C. Upson, co. Geo, bndd. by Pike n,, Monroe e.,
Crawford s. e., and Flint r., separating it from
Talbot s. and s. w. Length 25 ms., mean
width 12, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending
in lat. irora 32° 45' to 33°, and in long, from
7° 14' to 7° 39' w, W.C. Declivity s.s. w.
towards FUnt r. Cf t. Thomaston. Pop.
7,013, Upson, c. h. {See Thomaston.)
Upton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 38 ms. s. a.
w. Boston, lO S.E, Worcester, is partly hilly
and partly level, with soil favorable to grass,
and gives rise to West r,, a branch of the
Blackstone. Pop. 1,167,
Urbana, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 207 ras. frora
Albany, 7 n, n. e. Bath ; contains 5 or 6 ms.
of Crooked lake, has a rough surface, with
the principal part of its soil inferior. Pop.
1,288. Urbanna, p-v. and st. jus. Middlesex co, Va.
situated on the right bank of Rappahannoc r,,
by p-r. 83 ms. a little tt. of e. Richraond, and
142 a littie e. of s. W. C It is a seaport 18
ras, above the mouth of the r.
Urbanna, p-v. and st. jus. Champaign co. 0.,
by p-r. 50 ms. a little n. of w. Columbus, and
42 ms. «. N. E. Dayton. Lat. 40° 05', long. 6°

VAC

544

VAN

44' w. W, C It is situated on a small branch
of Mad r,, and contains a printing office, a Me
thodist and Presbyterian church, raarket house,
9 or 10 stores, and the coranion co. buildings.
Pop. 1,10-2,
URauHART'sSTOKE and P-0. Southarapton co.
Va. byp-r, 79 ras, e, s, k. Richmond.
Utica, city, Oneida co, N, Y,, is situated in
]at. 43° 10', and 2° 42' long, e, W, C ; 96 ras,
N, H, vv, Albany, 15 s. fi, Rorae, 246 N, w. New
\ork, and 383 a litde e, of n, W, C bythe
canal 953 e, Buffalo. It is pleasantly situ
ated on the s. side of the Mohawk r,, where
forraerly stood Old Fort Schuyler, at the
point where the Erie canal, the great western
road, and the r, raeet. This situation gives it
unusual facilities for intercourse with the large
cities, and with the interior, in consequence of
which its increase has been remarkably rapid.
The t. and v, are of the sarae extent, tbe tsp,
being sraall. The soil is alluvial, of good qual
ity, with a gradual ascent from the river, and
formerly was covered with maple, beech, elra,
and heralock forests. These within less than
40 years have given way to the flourishing town
which now occupies their place. The city is
large, regularly and well built, wealthy and ac
tive. The streets are straight, sorae of thera
broad, neatiy and elegantly buUt, and adorned
with shade trees. In 1794, there were on this
spot only a log tavern, and two or three other
buildings. Now, araong its public buildings
are 3 banks, several handsorae churches, a
courthouse, an acaderay, and a museum. The
principal street (Genessee) is crossed at right
angles by the Erie canal over which are several
very handsome bridges. The bridge over the
Mohawk r. is also worthy of notice. The cen
tral situation of Utica gives it superior advan
tages fbr business, and its already flourishing
trade is graduaUy increasing. Several packet

boats pass to and from the city daily ; and stage
coaches and freight boats, constantly arriving
and departing, give tothe city the air of great
enterprize and activity. Numerous manufacto
ries are in operation in the neighborhood of
Utica, as of cotton, wool, glass, iron, &c. In
Oneida co, are 21 manufactories of cotton
goods, which are chiefly owned in this city,
'fhe country about Utica is fertile, and the
scenery delightful. Trenton ftills, within 14
railes, are yearly visited by nurabers of travel
lers, attracted thither by its scenery, which in
romantic beauty and sublimity are alraost unri
valled. The West Canada creek, on which
these falls are situated, here pasaea through a
deep channel of liraestone, where the chasra is
150 ft. deep, Thereare 4 principal cataracts,
the highest of which is 48 feet high. In another
part of the streara is a succes,sive series of beau
tiful cascades, Otber curiosities in tbe vicinity
often engage the notice of travellers, Utica
was incorporated as a village in 1798, anda
city in 1832, Pop. 8,323.
Utica, p-v. northem part Licking co. Ohio,
by P-r. 47 ms.N. e, byE, Colurabus.
Utica. p.v, Clark co. Ind,, by p-r. 113 ras. s.
s, e, Indianopolis.
Uwchland, p-o. Chester co. Pa,, 13 ms. n,
vv. West Chester, and 35 n. w. by w. Philadel.
phin. Uxbridge, p-t. Worcester co.' Mass,, 38 ras.
w, Boston ; contains raany raanufactories. It is
crossed near the raiddle by Blackstone river
and canal, and has the Une of R. Island s.
Blackstone r. here receives West and Mum
ford rs., both which streams afford numerous
mill sites. Iron and granite are found in the
town. The surface in the centre is nearly level,
but hilly in other parts. There was forraerly
an Indian viUage here called Wacuntug. Pop.
2,086.

T.

Vacasausa, bay of Florida, spreading in a
circular forra about 20 ras. in diaraeter, to the s,
E. of the mouth of Suwannee r. To the s. it
opens into the Gulf of Mexico, having Cedar
Keys vv,, and Saint Martin's or Pagoi Keys s,
E, Oyster banks obstruct the bay of Vacasausa,
and the Suwannee r. cannot be entered with
any vessel above 53 ft, water, and with so much
only at high tide. The tides are more de
pendent onthe winds than onthe moon, and vary
along this coast from 18 to 36 inches, and reach
4 ft. only after long and high s, w, winds.
The distance frora the bay of Espiritu Santo
to the raouth of Suwannee r., is 135 ras. ; and
the wide and shoaly bank which obstructs the
coast frora Espiritu Santo to Vacasausa bay,
continues uninterrupted to the bay of Appa
lachie, where its breadth ia reduced to about 3
ras,, and a channel found to enter the r. Saint
Mark. This channel is accessible to vessels
drawing 10 tt. and affords good anchorage 8
ms, from.the t, of Saint Mark, and vesaela
drawing 8 ft. can reach the t, itself The dis
tance along the coast frora Vacasausa bay, or
mouth Suwannee river, ia about 95 ms, to the

raouth of Saint Mark r,, and the chaiinel to the
latter is the only good entrance to be found
frora the bay of Espiritu Santo, or an extent of
230 ras,
Vallie's Mines, and p-o. Jefferson co. Mo.,
by p-r. 1 45 ms. s. e, by e. Jefl'erson City.
'Vadensburg, p-o. Chesterfield co. Va., by p-r.
20 ms, southward Richraond,
Valley, p.o. northern part of Mifflin co. Pa.
by p-r. 64 ms. tt. n, w. Harrisburg,
Valley Forge, p-o, northeastem part Chester
CO, Pa,, about 90 ras. n. w. Phil. It is situated
on the Schuylkill, near the raouth of Valley cr.
Valley Hill, p-v. Chester co. Pa.
Valleys, of rivers and mtns, {See Basin.)
Valleytown, and p.o, in Amoi dist., or the
Cherokee territory in Ten,, by p-r, 691 ms. s.
vv, by w, W, C, and 928 s. e, byE. Nashville.
Vallona, p-v. Jackson co. Ind,, 4 ms. s. of
Brownstown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 73 ms. s.
Indianopolis. Van Buren, p.t. Onondaga co, N. Y,, by p-r.
145 ms. w, Albany. Pop, 2,890.
Van Buren, co, Mich,, bndd. n, by AUegan
CO,, Kalaraazoo co, e,, Cass co, Mich, »,, Ber-

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545

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winding in a northwestwardly course receives
French cr. at FrankHn. The united stream
thence flows s, s. E., by a very tortuous channel,
to its egress from the co., where it receives
Clarion r, from the eastward. The general de
clivity of the eastern and central parts is to the
s, w, by w., hSving the channel ofthe AUegha.
ny and French cr. as base. A triangle of about
150 sq. ms, lies to the right ofthe Alleghany,
and slopes eastward towards that stream, Cf,
t. Franklin. Pop, 1890, 4,915, 1830, 9,469.
Venango Furnace, and p-o. Venango co. Pa,,
by p-r, 975 ms, northwestward W, C.
Venice, p-t, Cayuga co. N. Y., 90 ms. s. Au
burn, Pop, 9,445.
Venus, p-v. on the left bank of Misp, r,, north
western part Hancock co. II. by p-r. 133 ras, n.
vr. hy vr. Vandalia.
Verdierville, p-0. Orange co. Va., by p-r.
81 ras. s. vr. W. C
Verdon, p-v. Hanover co, Va,, 33 mUes north
wards Richraond,
Vergennes, cit)', Addison co. Vt,, Hes on Ot
ter cr,, at the head of navigation, and erabraces
an area of 400 rods by 480, It was incorporated
1788, The first settier within the liraits carae
in 1766 ; the others were frora Mass, and Conn.
The cr. falls 37 ft,, and affords raany good raill
sites, some of which are occupied. Above the
faUs, the streara is about 500 ft. wide, and at
the descent is divided into 3 parts by 9 isls.
The largest vessels on lake Champlain come
up 7 ms,, and the shores are very bold, butthe
channel is very crooked. Coraraodore Mac
Donough's flotilla was fitted out here in 1814;
and the large lake steamboats havo wintered
here. Considerable trade is carried on, the
surrounding country being fertile, and the place
advantageous for ship building. The city has
2 school dists. Pop, 999,
Vermillion, bay, or more correctiy, lake, as
it differs in no essential respect from siraUar
sheets of water on the La, coast, at the mouth
of Sabine, Merraentou, Calcasiu, Atchafalaya,
and La Fourche, spreads frora the Verraillion
sthestrd., enclosed on the gulf side by a chain
of low, long and narrow raarshy isls,, terrainated
towards, and separated frora Atchafalaya bay,
by Point Chevreuil, The eastern part of Veri
raillion bay is caUed locally Cote Blanche bay,
but it is only the same sheet of water, with its
northem shore indented by Point Cypriere
Mort. This bay is in depth about frora 10 to 12
ft., but as in respect to the r., the bars admit no
vessels with a draught above 5 ft.
Vermillion, r. of La,, has its source in the
vicinity ofthe vil. of Saint Landre, in Opelou
sas. Known there as bayou Bourbee, it flows
s. s, E. about 12 ms., where it connects with
the Teche by bayou Fusilier, and thence as-
summg the name of Vermillion, is gradually
augraented by the drain of the prairiea on each
side, pursuing a general southern course of 60
ras. to its efflux into the Gulf of Mexico. In
the superior part of its course, the banks of the
VermiUion are clothed with forest timber, which
gradually becoraes scarcer advancing towards
the Gulf, and before reaching the lake or bay,
ceases, if we except small detached clumps of
live oak, and some other trees. The elevated

rien s. w., and lake Michigan n. w. Except an
elongation containing about 40 square miles, on
the northwestern part, which reaches lake
Michigan, the body of the co. is a square of 24
ras, each way ; area 616 sq, rau. Lat. 42° 15'
and long. W. C 9° w, intersect in this co. The
slope is westward, and chiefly drained by the
Papau, branch of Saint Joseph's r. of lake Michi
gan. Frora the northern border, however,
streams flow northwardly into Kalaraazoo r.
It is naraed in the census retums of 1830, but
then contained only 5 inhabitants. The central
part is about 160 ras, nearly due w, frora De
troit, Van Bure.n, p-v. VermiUion co. IL, by p-r.
185 ms, N, e, VandaUa.
Van Buren, p-v. Crawford co. Ark.
Vanceburg, p v. on the left bank of 0. r., in
the northern part of Lewis co. Ky,, by p-r. 99
ms. n, p;. by E. Frankfort,
Vance's Ferry, and p-o. Orangeburg dist.
S. C, 68 ms. by p-r. frora Colurabia.
Vandaua, p-v. Wayne co. Ind,, by p-r. 53 ras,
E. Indianopolis.
V.\NDALiA, p-v, st, jus. Fayette co,, and seat
of government, state of Illinois, is situated on
the right bank of Kaskaskias r,, 80 ras. n. e.
by E. Saint Louis, in Mn., about 200 ms. a, w.
by w. Indianopolia, and by p-r, 781 raa. w. W.
C, and 127 ras, n. n. w, Shawneetown on Ohio
r. Lat. 38° 56', long. W. C, 12° 08' vr. It is
of recent foundation, but contains a population
of about 500. The buildings, public and pri
vate, are respectable, if we regard the few
years which have elapsed since the site was a
wilderness, Vanderburg, co, Ind,, bndd. w. by Posey,
Gibson n., Warwick e,, and the 0, river s, sepa
rating it frora Henderson co. Ky. n. lat. 38° and
long. W. C. 10° 40', w. intersect in the southern
part of this co. Slope southwestward, and
drained into the Ohio and Wabash rs. The
surface very hilly, and pretty rocky, but soil
fertUe, Cf t. EvansvUle. Pop. 1820, 1,798,
1830, 2,611.
Van Hook's Store, and p-o. Person co. N.
C, by p-r. 56 ms. n. n, w. Raleigh.
Vansville, p-o. nrthrn. part Prince George's
CO. Md. 14 ras. N. e, W, C.
Varick, p-t, Seneca co. N. Y. Pop. 1,890.
Varrennes, p-v. western part Anderson dist,,
S. C, about 20 ras, s, Pendleton, and by p-r. 123
ms, N. w, by w, Colurabia.
Variety Mills, and p-o. eastern part Nelson
CO. Va., by p-r, 119 ras. a little N. of w. Rich
mond. Vassalbokough, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 8
ms, N. Augusta ; has Kennebec r. on its w. line,
and contains part of a large pond, and several
small ones, whose waters are discharged into
that r. Pop. 2,761.
Vassadsa Bay. {See Vacasausa bay.)
Venango, co. Pa., bndd. n. w. by Crawford,
N, and N. E. by Warren, E. by Jefferson, s. e. by
Clarion r., separating it frora Arrastrong, s. w.
by Butler, and w. by Mercer. Length from E.
to w. 40 ms., mean width 28, and area 1,190
sq. ras. Extending in lat. Crora 40° 10' to 41°
37', and in long, from 2° 16' to 3° 04' w, ^W. C,
Alleghany r. enters this co. from the N., and

VER

546

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land along the VermUUon ia highly productive,
and towards the niouth, the cliraate below lat.
30° admits the growth of sugar. The tide
rises in this r. upwarda of 50 ras,, but the bars
and lake adrait only vessels of 5 ft, draught,
"Vermillion, sraall r. of Ohio, rising in Lorain
and Huron cos., and flowing nrthrdly. nearly
^long the dividing line of theae two cos.,' falls
into lake Erie, after a course of about 30 ras,
Vermillion, r, of II. and Ind., rising in the
forraer, interlocking sources with those of Kas-
kaakiaa, Sangamon, and Pickrainkrs. and flow
ing thence s, e. 60 miles over Vermillion co.
of II., and VerraiUion of Ind., falls into Wa
bash r, at lat. 40°.
Vermillion, p-v. Huron co. 0., by p-r. 130
ras, N, N, E. Columbus.
Vermillion, co. Ind. bndd. by Warren co. N,,
Wabash r., separating it frora Fountain co. n, e.,
and Parke s. e, ; it has Vigo co. s,, Edgar co,
II. s. w., and Vermillion co, II. rt. w. N. lat,
4a°, long, 10° 30' w. W, C Slope estrd. to.
wards "Wabash r. , and in tbat direction it ia
drained by Vermillion r., and nuraerous other
streams. Length frora s. to ft. 38 ras,, raean
breadth 8, and area 304 sq. ms. Cf t. Newport.
Pop, 5,692,
Vermillion, co, II,, bndd. by Warren N. e.,
Vermillion co. Ind, s, e,, Edgar II, s, and Cole
8, w. On tho other sides it is bounded by un
appropriated territory. Length from s. to n, 38
ms,, breadth 32, and area 1,216 sq, ms, Lat,
40° and long. W. C. 11° w,, intersect in this
CO. It is nearly coraraensurate with the higher
part of the valley of Vermillion r. Slope s. e.
by e. Cf t. Danville. Pop. 5,836.
Vermillionville, p-v. on the right bank of
VermiUion r., Lafayette parish, La., about 30 ma.
s. w.by w. New Iberia, and 48 ma, a, St. Landre.
Vermont, one of the United States of Ameri
ca, bndd. N. by Lower Canada, e. by the Conn,
r, which separates it from New Harapshire, a,
by Massachusetts, and vv. by New York, and
lake Charaplain, It Hes between 42° 44' and
45° lat,, and 3° 31' and 5° e, long, frora W, C
Ita greateat length n, and ». is 157^ ms., and
greateat breadth 90 ms. ; raedial breadth 57
ms., and area 10,200 sq. raa. It ia divided into
13 countiea, and 245 tovvns, generally about 6
ms. sq., and contains 2,000 school dists.
Population. — In 1790, Verraont contained
85,539 inhabitants ; in 1800, 154,465 ; in 1810,
217,865; in 1890, 955,764, andin 1830, 280,-
657, the latter in detail as follows :

Counties,

Pop, 1830,

Counties,

Pop, 1830.

Addison,

24,940

Orleans,

13,985

Bennington,

17,468

Orange,

27,285

Caledonia,

20,967

Rntland,

31,294

Chittenden,

-21,765

Washington,

21,378

Essex,

3,981

Windham,

28,748

Franklin,

24,625

Windsor,

40,625

Grand Isle,

21,765

Of the foregoing wer

3 white persons —

Males,
Females.
Under 5 years
of age
21,700
21,338
From 5 to 15
37,00,'^
35,513
15 to 30
39,989
40,933
30 lo 50
26,168
27,298
60 to 70
12,254
11,879
70 to 90
2,821
2,728
90 and upwards
51
91
Total 139,986 139,790
Of which were deaf and durab, 153; blind,
51 ; aliens, 3,364 ; colored population (there
are no slaves) as follows — Males. Females.
Under 10 years of age 12k! 121
Pi-om 10 to 24 113 131
24 to 36 8U 74
30 to 5.^ 61 71
100 and upwards 47 66
55 to 100 3 2
426 455
Recapitulation. Whites, Colored pensons. Tut,-!!,
279,776 881 280,607
The Green mtns,, from which the state de
rives its narae, on account of the evergreens
with which they are covered, occupy a large
part of the atate, and raost ofthe surface- is very
uneven. The range passes through its whole
length, about half way between the Connecticut
and lake Champlain. It divides the cos. of
Windhara, Windsor and Orange, frora Benning
ton, Rutland and Addison, with one lofty ridge,
through which there is no opening, and no
channel of a streara ; so that 5 tumpike roads
cross over considerable elevations. The range
is divided in the s, part of Washington co. The
loftier ridge runs along the eaat line of Chitten
den and Franklin cos,, and the other, " the
height of lands," runs N. e. into Caledonia co.
This ridge is of nearly uniform elevation, and
divides the strearas of lakes Charaplain and
Meraphreraagog, from the tributaries of the
Connecticut. The w. ridge presents a more
broken outline, and is cut through by Onion and
Laraoille rs. In this range are the loftiest peaks
in the state. 12 rivers flow frora Vt, into the
Connecticut, and 9 into lakes Champlain and
Memphremagog, all of which arg sraall. The
springs and brooks are so numerous, that every
spot in the state appears to be supplied with
pure running water. There are mineral springs
in different parts of the state, impregnated eith
er with sulphuric acid gas, or iron, sorae of
which are resorted to by invalids. A small
part of Memphremagog lake lies in Vt. and the
remainder in Lower Canada. North Hero,
South Hero and Lamotte are three large isls.
in lake Charaplain, belonging in this state ; and
there are several others of sraaUer size. The
rocks are generally primitive, but there is a
transition range, 10 or 15 ms. wide along lake
Champlain. The soU on the borders of the
streams is chiefly alluvial, and is the richest in
the state ; but sorae of the uplands are almost
equal to it in fertility. A large part ofthe use
ful soil is uneven or stony, and better fitted for
grazing than tillage. The cHmate of Vermont
is variable and cold, but heahhful. The ex.
tremes are between 27° below 0, and 100°
above, of Fahrenheit. From Dec. 1st till April,
the ground is usually covered with snow. The
principal indigenous forest trees, are the hem
lock, spruce and fir, which are found upon the
mountains, the oak, elm, pine, nut, sugar-maple,
beech and birch, which occupy the raeadows
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547

VER

and raore cultivated tracts ; and the cedar which
abounds in the swaraps. Moose of very large
size, deer, bears, cataraounts and wolves were
formerly very comraon in Verraont, but have
now alraost entirely disappeared. Agriculture
and grazing forra the chief eraployraent of the
people. Wheat is raost cultivated w. of the
mountains, but fruit trees, especially apples,
are raised and flourish in all parts. Great nura
bers ol cattle, horses and sheep are annually
sent out of the state. Pot and pearl ashes, bar
and cast iron, and raaple sugar, are iraportant
articles of export. Water power is abundant
in most parts of the state, and is applied to some
extent to the raanufacture of woollen, cotton
and iron. There are several quarries of dura
ble and handsorae marble. Great quantities of
timber were formerly floated down the Conn.
r. in the spring floods, until the legislature re.
quired that it should be sawn in the state. Lake
Champlain on the w. affords great advantages
for navigation, especiaUy since the construction
ofthe Champlain canal, wbich opens a naviga
ble route to New York city. A company has
been recently incorporated for constructing a
rail-road from Bennington to Troy, N. Y. On
the E. boundary Connecticut river is navigable
with rafts, and sraall stearaboats have lately as
cended as far as Windsor.
History.— hake Charaplain was discovered
by a Frenchman in 1609, but no settleraent was
made in the state until 1724, when fort Dummer
in Windham co, was built by the colony of
Mass. In 1731, the FrenchbuiUafort at Crown
Point, and made a settlement on the Vt. shore,
at Chimney Point. The Indian and revolution
ary wars retarded the population very much.
The territory of Vermont was clairaed by New
Hampshire and New York ; and the disputes
which this occasioned alao impeded the pro
gress of improvement. These contests respect
ing the territory of Vt. continued for years, be
tvveen many of the first grantees, and others
who purchased the land of New York. The
sheriffs both of N. H, and N. Y. were resisted,
and at length a systera of opposition was cora
menced under Col, Ethan Allen, Seth Warner,
&c. In 1774, New York passed very severe
laws on the subject ; but the commenceraent of
the revolution suspended the contest, and on the
16th of Jan. 177'7, a convention frora raany of
its towns declared the tract of country usuaUy
called " the New Hampshire grant" a separate
state, by the narae of 'Vermont. In July 1777,
a constitution was adopted by another conven
tion at Windsor, and the governraent was or
ganized, March 13th, 1778, A party of Ver-
monters, under the- coramand of Ethan Allen,
surprised fort Ticonderoga, in 1775, at the same
time Crown Point -was taken by Seth Warner,
and Sheensboro', (now Whitehall,) by another
body ofthem. The people ofthe state render
ed iraportant services to the country during the
revolutionary war. In 1786 the constitution of
the state was revised. In 1790 the controversy
with New York was terrainated, by paying her
$30,000, and in Feb. 1791, Vt. was admitted
into the Union. In 1793 the constitution of Vt.
was again revised.
Government. — The legislative power is ves-

ted in a house of representatives, called the
general asserably. "VVith the council they ap
point the judges of the courts aimually, and the
higher railitary officers when required. The
executive power is vested in a governor, deputy
governor and council of 12, annu.iUy chosen by
the people. The governor and council have
no negative on bills passed by the house, hut
may postpone thera one session. 13 censors
are chosen annually by the people, to see that
the constitution is not infringed, &c. The su
prerae court has three judges ; each county al-
so has a court of three judges, sitting twice a
year ; and each probate district has a court cora
posed of 1 judge and justices of the peace. The
suprerae court sits annually in each county ex-
cept Grand Isle ; and the judges of it forra the
court uf chancery. The state prison is at Wind
sor. Education  The higher institutions of learn
ing and science are, the Vt, university, Middle
bury coUege, andthe Vt. academy of medicine.
Most of the cos, have acaderaies, and every
town is divided into school districts, in which
schools for all cHisses are kept, usually but
part of the year. The university was founded
at Burlington, 1791, by the legislature. The
governor, speaker of the house of representa
tives, and president of the university, are ex-
officio members of the corporation ; and 28
others are appointed by the legislature. Mid
dlebury college was founded in 1800. The
academy of medicine in 1818, at Castlgton.
Religio-us denominations. — The Congrega
tionalists have 13 associations, 203 churches,
155 ministera and 17,236 communicants ; Bap
tists 105 churches, 64 rainisters, and 8,478
communicants; Methodists, 44 ministers and
8,577 comraunicants ; Episcopalians, 15 rainis
ters ; Unitarians, 3 souietifes and 1 rainister ;
there are sorae Freewill Baptists, Christ-ians,
and Universalists.
Vernon, p-t. Windham co, Vt,, 35 mUes e.
Bennington, 50 s. Windsor, ia in the s, e. cor.
ner of the state, with Connecticut r. on its e.
boundary. It was one of the firat aettlements
in Vt,, the settlers coraing from Northfield and
Northarapton, Mass,, and suffering rauch from
Indian attacka and raurders, Startwell's fort
was buUt in 1740. White LiUy pond covers
100 acres. The strearas are sraall, the soil is
thin and stony, rauch of the surface raountain.
ous, with. sraaU raeadows on Conn. r. There
are pitch-pine plains e., and slate is quarried w.
Pop. 681.
"Veknon, p-t. Tolland co. Conn., 12 ms. n. e.
Hartford, about 3i ms, by 5, is generaUy un
even, lying on the high lands between the wa
ters of Conn, and Thames rs. Quarries of mi.
caceous schistus are wrought in the s, vv. part,
which forms an excellent pavement for side
walks, and is extensively used. Hockanum
and Tankerooson are good mill streams, and
supply water to several raills and factories.
Pop, 1,164.
Vernon, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 17 ms. w.
Utica, 119 ms. w. by n, Albany, has Oneida cr.
w. which separates it from Madison co. ' It is
of irregular form, and comprehends the princi.
pal Oneida settlement in the state. About one-

VEV

548

VIG

third of the town belongs to the Oneida and
Tuscarora reservations. First settled, 1797,
The surface is pleasantiy varied, the soil good
and watered by Skanando cr. and its branches.
It contains the villages of Vernon, Oneida and
Castleton, Pop, 3,045,
Vernon, incorporated v, Vernon, Oneida co,
N, Y,, 110 ms, w. by n. Albany, 13 from Uti
ca, on Skanando creek, has several manufac
tories. Vernon, p-t. Sussex co. N, J,, 91 ms, n, e,
Newton, 88 n, by e, Trenton, has the state of
N, Y. on the tt. E., Wawayanda ratn. e., Po-
chuck ratn. w., and other erainences of the
Wallkill range ; is crossed by WallkiU creek
w,in the upper part of its course. Pop. 9,377,
Vernon, p-v. in the s. wstrn, part of Kent co,
Del,, 22 ras, s, s. w. Dover, and by p-r, 96 E.
W, C,
Vernon, p-v, on the right bank of Ala, r., in
the sthrn, part of Autauga co, Ala., 10 ras, vr.
Washington, the co, St., and by p-r. 124 ras. s,
E, Tuscaloosa.
Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Hickraan co. Ten.,
situated in the nthrn. part of the co., in direct
distance 40 ras., hut by p-r. 66 ms, s, w, by
w. NashvUle. N. lat. 35° 48', long. 10° 3l' vr.
W.C.
Vernon, p-v. Madison co. Misp., by p-r. 38
ms. nthrd. Jackson.
Vernov, p-v. N. estrn. part Trumbull co. 0.,
by p-r, 180 ms, n, e, Colurabus.
Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Jennings co. Ind,,
by p-r, 64 ms, s, s, e, Indianopolis. Lat. 39°,
long, W, C 8° 36' w.
Verona, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 113 ras. w.
by N, Albany, 12 w, Rorae, has Wood cr. rt.,
and Oneida cr., separating it frora Madison co,
and Oneida lake. It was jiurchased from the
Oneida Indians in 1796. The surface is nearly
level, with much swampy land and good soil.
Erie canal crosses it n. near the cr. Forts
Bull and Rickey were on that streara. Pop,
3,739. Versailles, p-v. and st. jus. Woodford co.
Ky., 12 ras. w, Lexington, and 13 s. e. Frank
fort. N. lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 7° 40' w.
Pop. 904.
"Versailles, p-v. and st. jus. Ripley co. Ind,,
by p-r. 79 ras, a, e, Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 05',
long. W. C, 8° 36' w.
Vershire, p-t. Orange co, Vt., 25 ras. s. e.
Montpelier, 35 N, Windsor, first settied 1780;
is uneven and often stony, and watered by the
head streams of the Omporapanoosuc. Pop.
1,260, Vestal, t. Broorae co, N. Y., 150 ras. frora
Albany, 8 ms, a, Bingharapton, has Pennsylva
nia on the s., and Tioga co. w., has Susquehan
nah r. N,, and includes several isls. in that
stream, Chocunut cr, flows N., nearly across
the whole town. Pop. 946.
Veteran, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y,, 12 ms. N.
Elmira, Pop. 1,6 1 6,
Vevay, p-v. and st. jus. Switzerland eo, Ind.,
by p-r. 105 ras. s. e. Indianopolis, and 45 miles
below Cincinnati. It is situated on the Ohio r.,
and contains about 1,500 inhabitants. It was
founded in 1804, by a sraall Swiss colony, and
now contains the common co, buildings, a print.

ing oflSce, a branch ofthe bank of Ind,, sorae
other public buildings, and in the vicinity, the
raost extensive vineyard in the U, S. Mr. Flint
speaks in high terms of the inhabitants of Ve
vay, and says, " They are every year improv
ing on the vintage ofthe past. They are the
aimple and intereating inhabitants that we raight
expect, (fromthe prepossessions of early read
ing,) lo find from the vine clad hills of Switzer.
land." There are in Vevay a Hterary society,
and public library. The situation is fine, lo
cally, and also coramercially with the r. Ohio
and interior country.
Vicksburg, p-v, andst, jus, Warren co, Misp.,
by p-r. 54 ras. frora Jackson. It lies on the
Misp. r. 100 ras. above Natchez, on the Wal
nut HiUs. There is much trade here in cotton,
the great staple ofthe vicinity, and the place is
rapidly increasing. Pop. 1,300.
Victor, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 10 ms. n.w.
Canandaigua, 203 vr. Albany, has Monroe co.
N, and w,, supplied with raill sites by Mud and
Toronto ers. ; tt. w. is a large cedar swarap,
and plains bearing oak timber. Pop. 2,270.
Victory, t, Essex co. Vt., in the s. w. part of
the CO., is crossed by Moose r. from w. w. to
s. E. Pop. 53.
Victory, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 167 ms. w.
Albany, 24 N.Auburn, 10 n. Erie canal, has Se
neca CO. w., has small streams, but good mill
seats. Pop. 1,819,
Viellebobo', p-v. in the nthrn. part of Caro
line CO, Va,, 8 ms, tt. Bowling Green, the st.
jua, ofthe co,, and 70 ms, s. s. w. W. C.
Vienna, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 26 ms. n, w.
Augusta, has on its w. boundary a small stream
running N, into Sandy r. Pop, 722.
Vienva, p-t, Oneida co. N. Y„ 125 ms. w.
by N, Albany, 12 w. Rome, haa Oneida lake a.,
and Oswego co. w,, haa good land on the
courses of Fish and Wood ers,, but inferior in
other parts. First settled 1802. Erie canal is
from 5 to 10 ras, distant s. Pop. 1,766,
Vienna, v, Phelps, Ontario co. N. Y., 12 ms.
E. Canandaigua, stands at the junction of Flint
cr, and the Canandaigua outlet, and contains
several mills, with large gypsum beda,
Vienna, p-v, and sea port, on the right bank
of Nantikoke r,, and in the estrn. part of Dor
chester CO, Md,, about 17 ras. s.e, by £, Cam
bridge, the CO. St., and by pr. 118 ms. in the
sarae direction frora W. C.
Vienna, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of Pickens
CO. Ala., by p-r. 18 ras. n, w, Piekensville, the
CO. seat, and 66 in the sarae direction frora Tus.
caloosa. Vienna, p-t. TrurabuU co. 0., by p-r. 170 ms.
N. E. Colurabus. Pop. 910,
t^iENNA, p-v. and St. jus. Johnson co. II., by
p-r. 1 67 ras. s. Vandalia. N. lat. 37 ° 27', long.
W. C. 12° w.
Vigo, co. Ind., bounded by Vermillion co. Ind.
N., Parke tt. e,. Clay e., Sullivan s., Wabash r.,
separating it in part from Clarke co. II. s.w.
Length from s. to tt. 26, breadth 18, and area
468 sq. ms. N. lat. 39° 30', long. W. C, 10°
30', w. The N. wstrn. part is traversed by the
Wabash r. The general slope s, s. w. Cf
t. Terre Haute. Pop. 1820, 3,390; 1830,
5,766.

Vlli

549

VIR

Village Green, p-v, Delavvare co. Pa,, 4 raa.
wstrd. Chester, the co, St., 16 ras, a, vv, Phil.,
and by p-r. 126 n, e, W, C.
Village Sprinss and p.o. in the athrn. part
of Blount CO. Ala,, by p-r, 81 ras, n. e. Tusca
loosa, and about 70 s, HuntsviUe, in Madison
CO, Villanova, p-t. Chatauque co, N, Y,, 3l8
ms, vv, Albany, 20 tt. e, Maysville, haa a lew
strearas running into Walnut and Canandaway
ers. Pop, 1,196,
Villa Ricca, p-v, Carroll co, Geo,, by p-r,
178 ms.N, w, by w, -MiUedgeville.
Villemont, p-v. and st, jus, Chicot co. Ark,,
situated on the rig'-t bank of Misp, r,, about 30
ms. in a direct Hne below the raouth of Ark. r.,
andby p-r. 184 ras. s.e. Little Rock, N. lat.
33° 23', and long, 14° 07' vv. W. C,
ViNALHAVEN, p-t, Hancock CO, Me,, 73 ms, s,
E. Augusta, 13 s, Castine ; erabraces the Fox
isls. in Penobacot bay. Pop, 1,794,
Vincennes, p-v, and st, jus Knox co, Ind.,
situated on the e. side of the Wabash r,, by p-r.
126 ras, s, w. Indianopolis, and about 110 ms. a
Httie s. of E. from Vandalia, Lat, 38° 49' n,,
long, W. C, 10° 35' w. This is aniong the
early settleraents of the French frora Canada,
and was founded in 1690. It is rapidly iraprov
ing, anil contains a bank, academy, a Roraan
Catholic and Presbyterian church, two printing
offices, land office, and sorae other public
buildings. Vincennes is pleasantiy situated, and
has considerable trade. Pop. 1,500,
Vincent, p-v,, tsp. of Chester co. Pa,, on the
Schuylkill, betvveen East Nantmill and Pike-
land, 26 ms. N. w. Phil.
Vlseyard, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt,, 28 ms, n.
w, Burlington, 13 w. Saint Albans, 85 from
Montpelier ; is an island in lake Champlain,
containing 4,620 acres. It was first seitled
about 1785, The rocks are good building
limestone ; a marsh which crosses it is over
grown vvith cedar. There are 2 school dists.
Pop, 459.
Vineyard, p-v. Washington co. Ark,, by p-r.
187 ras. N.w. Littie Ruck,
ViROiL, p-t. Cortland co, N, Y,, 148 ms, vv,
by s, Albany, 10 s, Horaer ; has Broorae and
Tioga cos, s,, and Cayuga co. vr. ; has Tiough
nioga cr. N,-E,, and sorae streams of FaU cr, w.
w,, which flow into Cayuga lake. These, with
a branch of Owego cr, s, supply raill seats ; and
there ia boat navigation on the Tioughnioga to
the Susquehannah, This town has a good soil.
Pop, 3,912.
"Virginia, one of the U. S,, bndd. a. e, by the
Atiantic ocean, », by North Carolina, s. w, by
Tennessee, vv, by Kentucky, n. w, by the O, r,,
separating it from the state of Ohio, n, by the s,
wstrn, part of Pa,, and the Potomac separating
it frora the wstrn, part of Maryland, and n, e,
also by fhe Potomac, and a part of Chesapeake
bay, separating it from central and estrn. Mary
land. This state has an outline along the At
lantic ocean from the s. estm. angle of Md, to
the N, estrn. of N. C. 112 ms. ; wstrd. in, cora
mon with N. C 340 ms, ; along the Iron mtns.
from the extreme n, wstrn, angle of N, C to
the extrerae n. estm, angle of Ten. 4 ras.;
wstrd." in comraon with 'Ten. to Cumberland 70

mtns,, and the extrerae s. wstrn. angle 110
ras. ; along Cuiuberland ratns. in common with
Ky, to Tug Fork r, 110 ms, ; down Tug Fork
and Sandy r, in coramon with Ky,, to Ohio r.,
70 ms, ; up Ohio r, opposite the state of Ohio,
to the wstrn, boundary of Pa,, 355 ms, ; s, along
w, boundary of Pa,, and to the s, wstrn. angle
0* that stale, 64 ras, ; E, along Pa, to the n,
wstrn, angle of Md,, 58 ms, ; s. to the head of
the North Branch of Potoraac, and s, wstrn, an
gle of Md, 36 ras, ; down Potomac r, opposite
MJ. to the outiet of that siream into Chesa
peake bay, 3-20 ras, ; thence over Chesapeake
bay, and along the s, estrn, boundary of Md,
to the Atlantic ocean, and place of beginning,
60 ras, ; having an entire outline of 1,639 ras.
Extending in lat. from 36° 32' to 40° 38' N., and
in long, from 1° 46' E. to 6° 33' w. W, C,
The sthrn, boundary of Va. is nearly cora
mensurate with its greatest length, 450 ms.
The area of this state is usually underrated ;.
its by a careful measurement by the rhombs,
the superficies are within a fraction of 70,000
sq. ms,, which, divided by 450, yields 155J
very nearly, as the mean width, A geographi
cal error exists as respects the southern boun-
dary of Va, That boundary on most maps is
laid down as a line along lat, 36J ; but it leaves
the Atiantic ocean on 36° 32' nearly, and gra
dually inclining to the northwards, when it
strikes the Iron mountains it is above lat, 36°
33'. The northern boundary of Ten,, between
the two states, leaves the Iron mtns, lat 36° 05'
nearly, and maintains that curve to the Cumber.
land ratns. From these elements we see, that
the southern boundary of Va. lies at a mean of
about 36° 33i' n,, and that it is not even a con.
tinued line between the extreraes.
Natural Sections. — Virginia ia the raost ex.
tensive state of the union, and perhaps the
raost strongly contrasted in its physical features.
Sirailar to Md, and N, C, Va, is sub-divided
inio three distinct section. Sea and alluvial
section below the head of tide water ; the raid-
die and hilly section, and the central or raoun
tainous ; but in the case of Va,, a fourth and
very important natural section may be super.
added. This latter section may be very proper
ly called the western or Ohio section, as it is
drained into that stream, as a common recipient.
These four natural sections are in their respec
tive features and outUnes, so distinct as to be
recognized in the legislation of the state, and
indeed must ever have poHtical and moral of
fsets. The following is a sumraary'of 4 tables
forraed by a member of the corivention, recentiy
held to forra a constitution for the state, and
deserves some attention, as upon them in sorae
degree depended the apportionraent of repre
sentation as it now stands, under the present
constitution of the atate.
Summary, Supposed pop. 1820. in eaoli
Whites, Slaves. Total, division,
1, Below head of
tidewater 165,227 175,847 341,074 11,805
2, Between that, &
the Blue Eidgo 201,219 225,991 .r27,S10 15,380
3,HiMween the Blue
Rid(;e,indthe Al-
, legliany 160,994 37,857 303,871 13,072

sq, ms,
a eaoh

VIR

550

VIR

12,831 166,353 38,337

4, Westward of the
Alleghany to the
Ohio river 153,522 
Total, 685,962 452,526 1,138,508 68,6l10
The population of Virginia, at aeveral pe
riods, has been as follows: 1790, 747,610;
1800,880,200; 1810,974,622; in 1820, 1,065,.
366; and ih 1830, 1,211,375; at the lafter pe.
riod the pop. by cos. was as follows : —

Counties.
AccomacAlbemarleAmeliaAmherst
Bedford
f'.y©runswicfc"'-(Btickingham¦^/Vannpheliffi C.arolineiUharles City
«^Charlotte ChesterfieldCulpepper
CumberlandDinwiddieElizabeth City
Essex
Fairfax
FauquierFluvanna
Franklin GloucesterGoochland
GreensvilleHalifaxHanoverHenrico
HenryIsle of Wight
Jaines City
King and Clueen
King Geori'e
King William
Population ofthe

Eastern Pop.
16,656
22,618 11,036
12,071
20,3-16 15,76718,351
20,350
17,760 5,500
15,25218,627
24,027 11,690 21901 5,053
10,521 9.-204
26,086 8,221
14,911
10,60810,369 7,117
23,034 16,253
2.-',797 7,100
10,517 3,838
11,644 6.397 9,812

District. Counties.
LancasterLoudonLouisaLunenburg ivad ison
Matthews
MecklenburgMiddlesex
N ansemond
Nelson
New Kent
Norfolk
NorthamptonNorthumberlandNottawayOrange
Patrick
PittsylvaniaPowhatanPrince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Princess Anne
liichmond f- outhampton
^SpottsylvaniaSlalfoidflurrySussexWarwick Westmoreland
York

Eastern Dist. 832,980.

Western District.

Cou-nties.
Alleghany
AugustaBath Berkeley
Bottetourt BrookeCabell
Frederick Giles
GraysonGreenbrierHarrisonHampshireHardy
JeffersonKenhawa LeeLewis
Logan MonongaliaMason

Pop.
2,816
19,936 4,002
10,518 16,354 7,041
5,884
25,(146 5,274
7,675 9,006
14,7-2-'
11,279 6,798
12,927 9,326 6,4016,241
3,68'l
14,056 6,534

Counties.
MonroeMontgomeryMorgan
Nicholas Ohio
Fage (formerly E.
,-^henandoaii)
Pendleton
Pocahontas Preston
Ban dolph
Rockbridge
RockinghamRussellScottShenandoahTazewellTyler
Washington WoodWythe

Population of the Western District, 378,425,
Ofthe preceding were white persons.
Males.

Pop.
4,801
21,939 16,151
11,957 9,3367,664
20,477 4,122
11,78411,2,54 6,458
24,806 8,641
7,953
111,13014,637 7,395
26,034 8,,517
14,107 8,367
9,3309,1036,055
16,074 15,134 9,3627,109
12,729 1,,570
8,396 5,354

7,798
12,306 2,694
,3,.346
15,584 8,3376,2712,,'542 5,144
5,000
14,244
20,683 6,7145,724
11,423 5,749 4,104
15,614 6,429
12,163

Under 5 years of age
5 to 10
10 to 15
15 to 30
20 to 30
30 to 40
40 to 50
50 to 60
60 to 70
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100
100 and upwards
Total

65,793
51,805 43,28730,947 60,91136,,53923,38115,261 8,97) 3,674 1,108 184 20
347,887

Females. 62,411
49,964 41,936
40,479 62,04436,450
33,750 15,447 8,765 3,857 1,098 158 98
346,383

Of the coloured population, were
FREE,

Under 10 years of age 8,236
From 10 to 24 6,126
24 to, 36 
36 to 55
55 to 100 1,731
100 and upwards 27

Males. Females. Males. Fem.

8,002 7,031
3,"546 4,,501
2,721 3,379 3,024 24

84,000 83,270
08,917 66,821
43, 189 40,927
30,683 27,306
12,155 12,275

133

144

Total, 23,387 24,981 239,077 230,680
Recapitulation. Whites, Free col'd. Slaves. Total,
694,270 47,348 469,757 1,211,375
Features. — Comparatively there is little of
Virginia actually level. Such character is
only found in the counties of Accomac and
Northarapton, e. of Chesapeake bay, and Prin.
cess Anne, Norfolk and Nansemond, with an
aggregate area of 2,200 sq. ms. West of
Chesapeake bay, the country gradually rises
into hill and dale, though much marshy and flat
land skirts the wide mouths of the rivers. Vir
ginia and Maryland occupy the central part of
that section of the Atlantic coast, so remark
able for deep and wide rivers. Except in ex.
tent, and position, Chesapeake bay differs in
nothing essential, besides its greater depth,
frotn Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, on the s.,
and Del. to the n. In Virginia and Maryland,
the confluents of the Chesapeake seem to imi.
tate that great reservoir ; and Pocomoke, Nan
tikoke, Choptank, and Chester rivers on the
E,, and Jaraes, York, Rappahannoc, Potomac,
Patuxent, and Patapsco on the w,, widen into
expansive bays before their final discharge.
These rainor bays become gradually raore shal
low, and raore confined in width, approaching
the head of tide water ; but they all retain the
distinctive character ofbays as far as the ocean
tides penetrate inland. The 1st section in the
foregoing suraraary exhibits the counties which
raay be strictly designated alluvial. Though
where approaching the primitive ledge which
terminates the tides, the face of the country is
diversified by waving hills, still in their struc.
ture they are alluvial, of tnat species called an
cient. The far greater part of the substrata
are composed of sand and pebbles. Large
masses of rock in its original position are rare,
except at great depths. The Blue Ridge tra.
verses Va. 260 ras., in a direction frora s. w, to
n. e,, and except where traversed by Roanoke
and James rs,, it is a continuous ridge, and a
county limit in all its range in that state. Fall.
ing from this finely delineated chain, is an in.
clined plain, containing 15,386 sq. ms,, ter.
minating at the head of the Atlantic tides.
This truly beautiful section, if we merely re.
gard the fall of water, has a declivity of about
300 to 500 ft, ; the descent of the water gives
but a defective idea of the slope in the arable
soil, which, towards the Blue Ridge, rises in
many places to at least 1,000 ft, in the inter.
mediate spaces between the rivers. The face
of nature, though exhibiting little of gtandeur,
is rich, and pleasing in the endless outlme of
hill, valley, and river scenery. In the higher
part, beside the elegantback grouud ofthe Blue
Ridge, other detached mountain chains rise
and give intimation that the solid structure of
the country is Appalachian, and that the outer
ridges of that system influence the great bends

VIR

551

VIR

of the rivers. This mountain influence is seen
in the courses of Roanoke, James, Rappahan.
noe, and Potoraac rivers. Sectioned, contains
the 29 cos. erabraced by what raight be with
propriety called the Blue R'dge section of Vir
ginia. The 3d aud Great Valley section is, in
sorae respects, the raost reraarkable of the na
tural sections of Virginia. Extending frora the
Iron raountain at the nrthestrn. angle of Ten.,
to the northern bend of the Potomac at Han
cock's town, the mean length is nearly 300 ms. ;
the mean distance between the Blue Ridge and
Alleghany mountain is about 43 ms. This val
ley is the continuation of the Kittatinny of Pa,,
and is a true table land, or raountain plateau.
The rise is abrupt, as there is a difference of
frora 200 to 300 ft. in the raean' level, on the two
sides of the Blue Ridge.- The elevation of
Lynchburg is about 500 ft., whilst that of ,'^taun-
ton at the sources of Shenandoah is 1,152 ft. ;
Lexington in Rockbridge county, 902 ft, ; Salera
on the Roanoke in Botetourt co,, 1,002 ; the
Warra Springs in Bath county, 1,782 ft.; and
the mean elevation of the farms on the whole
extent no doubt exceed 1,000 ft. The Blue
Ridge is, in Virginia as in Nevv Jersey, Penn
sylvania, and Maryland, bounded on the north
western side by a calcareous band, of raore or
less breadth. The surface of the Great Vir.
ginia valley is in an especial raanner broken
and diversified, but every where contains zones
of highly productive soil, abounding, with some
exceptions, in good water, rich in scenery, and
affording an endless variety of delightful land.
scape. In regard to declivity, the Great Valley
presents some curious phenoraena. The north
ern, and nearly one half of the whole surface
declines to the n, e,, towards the Potoraac, and
is drained by the Shenandoah, Cacapon, and
South branch of Potoraac river. Southward
frora the sources of Potoraac and Shenandoah
is a raiddle valley, drained eastwardly through
the Blue Ridge, by Jaraes and Roanoke rivers.
The extrerae sthrn. part falls to the N. w., and
gives descent to New, or Great Kenhawa river.
We thus perceive that this table land is partly
on the Atlantic slope, and partly in the Ohio
vaUey ; and that the infiected Hne, that sepa
rates the sources of the James and Roanoke
rivers of the former from those of the Great
Kenhawa of the latter, passes the raountain
valley obliquely. Passing the table land be
tween Blue Ridge and Alleghany ratns. on the
tffird natural section, brings us on the fourth or
Ohio section of Va, The extrerae length of this
wstm. slope is within a sraall fraction of 300 ms.
extending frora the nrthrn. boundary of Ten., to
the extrerae northern angle of Brooke county.
The greatest breadth is nearly along the gener
al course of the Great Kenhawa, 135 ms. ; but
both extremes are narrow, and the raean width
is about 94, and the area 28,337 sq, ms. This
great space is politically subdivided into 23 cos.
The surface is in the far greater part mountain
ous, and in all parts very broken. The ridges
or chains of. the Appalachian systera stretch
over it very nearly parallel to the Ohio, in that
part of the course of that stream which bounds
Virginia. The soil is as various as the sur
face, or even more so, as every grade of fertili.

ty and of steriUty may be found. The elevation
ofthe water al the junction of Ohio and Great
Kenhawa rs. being 533 ft,, and that point behig
only about 40 direct ms, frora the e-xlreme low
est point of Western Virginia at the moulh of
Great Sandy river, we may regard all land sur
face of the Ohio section as rising ajjove 500 ft.
The oceanic elevation of Wheeling'is 634 feet,
and the Ohio, aa a base to the great inclined
plain, and a recipient for the waters ofthe West
ern section of Virginia, rises above 560 ft., or
very nearly on a level with lake Erie. The di
viding ridge ol the waters of the Ohio and the
Atlantic, is the apex ofthe plain before us, and
has its highest elevation in the mountain val^
lies, frora which rise on one side the source/^
of Roanoke and Jaraes rs,, and on the qthi,
those of the Great Kenhawa, Under the head
of Giles, Pocahontas, and Monroe cos. of Vir
ginia, which occupy the highest part ofthe plain
we are surveying, it raay be seen that the raean
elevation ofthe arable soil exceeda one thoua-
and six hundred ft. A similar, if not a higher
mean height, might be assigned to the sources
of the Great Kenhawa, from those of Green
brier to those of New river. From these ele
vated vaUies the sources of the Ohio flow, Hke
radii frora a coraraon centre. The different
branches of tho Monongahela rise in Lewis
and Randolph cos., and flowing nrthrdly, over
Harrison, Monongalia, and Preston cos,, enter
Pa,, and there uniting, the raingled waters con
tinue northward to meet those of the AUegha.
ny, and form the Ohio at Pittsburg. The Ohio
frora Pittsburg first sweeps a curve to the north.
westward, thence westward, and finally south.
ward, upwards of one hundred raa. ; in a re.
raarkable raanner parallel to the general course
of the Monongahela, the two strearas flowing
in opposite directions. Frora the large curve
ofthe Ohio below Pittsburg to the influx of Lit.
tie Kenhawa, there is only a narrow inclined
plain of about 30 ras. width between Ohio river,
andthe sources of ers. flowing estrd. into Mo.
nongahela. Down this confined slope flow Har.
raan's Cross, Buffalo, Wheeling, Fish, Fiahing,
Middle laland, and aorae other era. of lesser
note. Witb Little Kenhawa the plain widens ;
and the declivity inclines frora w. to n, w. This
declination is raaintained, beside in Littie Ken
hawa r., in the vaUies of Great Kenhawa, Great
and Sandy rs. The streams rising in the ex.
treme southern part ofthe Ohio section of Vir.
ginia, though drained into the Ohio r., are borne
from the elevated plateau between the sourcea
of the Great Kenhawa and Ten. rs., and before
their discharge, make the iraraense semicircu.
lar curve of the latter. From this rapid outline
of the Ohio section of Virginia, it must be evi
dent, that the climate ofthe whole varies mate.
rially from that of simUar latitudes on the At.
lantic coast, and from difference of relative lev.
el, the cliraate along the high vallies of the Ap.
palachian chains are very different from that on
the greatiy lower and deep ravine of the Ohio.
This is so obviously the case, that early vege
tation is often far advanced at Wheeling, at the
same time when littie or no appearance of spring
is perceptible along the dividing ridge of the
waters of Ohio and Monongahela. The differ-

„}riR

552

VIR

en,c«M)f level betWeey the Jiigh water raark
Ofiio rlvtjr, and the'rid^'we have, notiqed, is
aljouta mea'u-of 85"i9,ft. ; but this ridge iaorj^''
the,^fii-st, in -a series, of plaips which rise one
abpve another, tiJitil a-,mean -height 'of between
1,800, and '^J'ii^ ft-.'is atttiiried'in eentral Virgin
ia. Ifw^iiiif--ume-^t, 38.° Tu' as thecentre, it
will, on yl|. 3° vv:i.JY-"C,', correspond nearly
witli the ,,4:catest eteyiition ; and allowing 400
ft, as.fi-; Cquivaterit.'to avdegreeof latitude, it
willt ,* to the cos? alojig'yiie njountainous sec
tion ii^Kf-ginia*. vyyjter cliniate, sirailar intera-
per^re tol3int,of lat.-43"°'6Vi th* Atlaift'ic coast.
. Itlyopi the fore'g'oing"eleraerits we erabrace the
Kl'ole of Virginfij, we' have before us a large
sjlj»(ijpt^e "United States, extending a frac-
iJpve5-_4° of lat., and„^'° of long., differing
^-elativ'e^fevel upwards' of 2,000 ft., vvithout
V-e.timating' mountain" peaks oi: ridges.-' If we
^euppdse the" actualljj settled parts ofthe United
States tobe 630(0011 sq, ras,, Virginia vifiU era-
brace a? nvilh part. ..It is traversed, as -we have
shewn, hSjsn s'-w. to i». e, by the Appalachian
systera of mountains, in laterar <:haina. Of
these the. Blue Ridge is th'e most distinctly de
fined, ahd is one of six or seven chains whii^
can -be traced, and identified over the.,state-.
One of .these ^cbajns, though' omitted ojJ S'Orae;
maps, and brot^riinijO J«-aj;ments on others, is.
really very littie-less obvious- than- the Blue
Ridge, and is. distinct over Virginia. ^ This ne'g-,
lected Appalachian chain stretches ^t a distance
of from 15 to 30 ms. ,soirtheastwj|T'd' from the
Blue Ridge. "It is-'known in New Jersey '-as
Schooley's mtn,, and though.perfectiy projriirrent'
over that state, has received- no distinctive
name in Pd. In %i d, it is called the Parr Spring
Ridge, and is rendered very 'fctjnspicuous atthe
fine conical peak, known as the Sugar Loaf, ,
where itis traversed by the Potoraac. In Vir
ginia it traverses Loudon, Fauquier, Culpepper,
Orange, Alberaarle, Nelson, Araherst, Bedford,
.Franklin and Henry cos. West df the Blue
Ridge, the mtn. chains are also very confused
ly delineated on our maps, though they are far
frora" being so in reality. Even on Tanner's
map, the continuous chains are terminated by
the AUeghany, vvhilst in fact,,,Western Virginia
is traversed by three distinctive chains, extend
ing w. from the raain spine of the Blue -Ridge.
In fact, the whole state, frora the head of tide
water to Ohio river, is formed of a series of
mtn. chains, and -intervening vallies. This
structure is obvious to any person who exaraipes
its raap, with a due study of fhe influence of the-
ratn, system on the inflections of the streams.
Amongst the. raountain chains, however, the
Blue Ridgte raust always reraain the raost im
portant, physicaUy and politically. This chain
stands in a remarkable raanner detached ; in
the peaks of Otter, Botetourt co,, it presents the
highest land in the Appalachian system s, w. of
; the Delaware, and in all its length it is a coun
ty line. When discovered "and colonized by
Europeans, the region now coiijpriscdinJ'"irgin-
ia, was a continued, dense, and very partially
broken forest. 'A few savage ti-ibe.4 were found
along the tide waters, but tiie interior was
scarcely inhabited; even by savages. It raay be
remarked, though the soil increases- in fertility

advancing from the sea board, ahat density of
population is in a near ratio tp proximity to the
place of original settieni^it on .lames r. If we
make eviry just aUowarrd-e fortlie space actual
ly occupied by raountains, and other unproduc
tive tracts, thore w'ould yet remain 50,000 sq.
ms., capable of sustaining a population equal to
either of the rao^t popiilaiis cos. of the state,
say Henrico, includin'g the city of Richraond.
Such a? ratio would, jgiye Virginia upwards of
five millions gf inhabitants, a nuniber far be
low the nunrtii.-r whichit could support.
H. story. f— The first tcharter of "Virginia was
granted by.-'Queen Elizabeth, in 1583, to Sir
'Humphrey Gilbert,- who perished at sea in an
atteraptto avail himself of his patent. By this
original gi-ant, tbe'iiamis of Virginia was irapo.
sedon the'whole Alluiuic coast of North Araer
ica, clairaed by the' EngHsh. ' In future time tbe
gehef'til name beoarne restricte.d to whatis now
Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh, maternal broth
er ,of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, obtained a renew.
.al 'of the first charter.'Mciy 25th, 1584. Under
Raleigh's patent a colon-y was planted on Roan
oke, but aftbr repeated atteiupts and disasters,
the enterprise -Entirely failed. In Aug, 1587,
the governor sailed to England, in quest of sup
pHes.; the fow persphS left, were never again
heaxi of, and" the patent of Raleigh was vaca
ted nytiis attainder. In the early part of the
reign of*James I,, Mr, Hackluyt revived the in
tention of settleraent on the coaat ofN. Ameri.
ca, and himaelf aifd others obtained by petition
a patent dated April 10th, 1606,- for that part of
the coast extending from ft. lat. 31° to 45°.
This great -zone of 14° of lat. was granted to 2
companies, under the relative narae .of North,
arid South Virginia. South Virginia was given
to the London corapany. North Virginia to the
Plymouth companj^- The I^ondon corapany ef
fected a settlemCm April, 1607, at Jamestown,
on -Powhatan, or as- since called, JameS 'r., and
'here commenced the settlement., not only of Vir
ginia, but also of the U. S. So vagqe were the
views of the company, orthe ativenturers un.
d'er thE patent, that diacord and wretchedness
compelled the colonists to break up their estab
lishment in 1610, and an entire abandonment
waa only prevented by the timely arrival of Lord
Delaware, In 1 6 12, a second charter was grant.
ed, and in 1619, the first legislative assembly
raet. The foUowing year negroes were intro.
duced as slaves, which were brought in by a
Dutch ship. A state of natural distrust had #s.
isted against the colonists, on the part of the
natives, since their first arrival ; this in 1622,
eventuated in a raassacre, in which 347 whites
perished, To the horrors of Indian warfare,
was added the arbitrary and vexatious regula.
tions ofthe London company. Royal power in
terposed, and in 1624 the government of the
colony was seized by the king, and administer.
ed- by 'comraission. The royal governors were
as unsteady in their- raeasures as those of the
forraer coinpany, but to the number of the.se -'
ignorant tyrants Sit WilUam Berkeley was an
exception. This noblenian'ruled-with modera
tion, and in 1639l!restored the legislatute, -by
assembling the Burgesses. As an English col-
ony, Virginia was royal in its political feature^

VIR

553

Viii

and feelings. .Kthe.long revolutionary- ,,§^)jg-
gle in England, frbra' 1642 to 1660, the Vyf-^im-
ans sided with the royal party. Co{iipelle.d by
force to submit to tb^^'parljament, they seized
the first moraent to exhibit their real saptiments,
and Charles II. was acknowledged in Virginia,
before he was in Eliigland, "The restoration
was alike a faUure in bath couiitvies, bi*t, weak
and distant, the colony, of yivginia suffered
most, and the monopolizyig-spirit.of the gov
ernment of the raother coumijr'was felt for up
wards of a century, or to the revolutidn in 1775.
I'he church of England vvas established by law
in 1662, which, added to exactions in" tra^
large grants of I.and to royal favoriteSj'-and 1^4.
caprice of royal governors, kept up a spirit of
• resistance, and state "of irritatioij, wliich prepar-.
edthe pubHc mind to throw off' the yoke,, and
meet the rainions of -power in arras. "Virginia
was the birth place of Washington, . H.e vftis
born in 1732, and had becorae mature in yearsJ.
when his services vvere demanded to teachjhe
kings, and people ofthe .earth, tht; most saluta--
ry lesson either ever received. In the colonial
war, which coramenced in 1755, George "VVash-
ington and the Virginians^ vvere truly distin
guished. In the-war ofthe revolution, Va.was,
in many respects, the leading "state' ; and her il-.
lustrious.spn was one only of mahy of her citi
zens, who shone in that day of events. Since
the revolution, no great event particular to Vir.'
ginia occurred, untU October, 1829, wTien a
convention met to revise her constitution. "..
Government. — The first constitution of Vir
ginia was adopted July Sth, 1776, but as settle
ments extended westward, certain provisions
. were regarded as partial atid oppresaive, and,
after many a'bortive atterapts; tiiese eveijfuated
in a convention, which, on the 14th qf J'anuary,
1830, reported the existing'constitution, and
which was ratified by-a majority of 10,492, citi
zens. The right of suffrage, by this constitu
tion, is secured under very complex provisions.
The right of Votin'g is extended i;o every white
male citizen of the comrao'nwealth, who has at
tained the age of 21 years, and- who wouldhave
been entitled to vote under the former constitu
tion ; or vvho has a freehold of $25 value ; or
who is the holder of a joint ipterest in a free
hold to the amount of ,^25 ; or who has a, life
estate in, or title in reversion to, land of $50
value, and has been in full possession of such
an estate, or reversionary titie, six months be
fore the election at which he offers to vote ; or
who shall own, and be in the actual occupation
of a leasehold estate, have put auch title on
record two montha before he ahall offer to vofe —
original term at least 5 years, and rent value
$200 ; or who has been a housekeeper and
head of a'family, 12 months before offering to
vote, and shall have paid a tax within the pre
ceding year. The legislative power is vested
in a, senate and house of delegates, which to
gether are styled the general assembly of Vir-
-.gihfa. The house of delegates consists of 134
raembers, chosen annually,, and apportioned in
the 4 districts as fallows : — ^36 frora the Tide
water district, 42 from that above Tide water
'and below Blue Ridge, 25 from the Third, or
mountain district, and 31 from that of Ohio, or.

the Westem district, 'The S-euafe ^^pil^ists pf
33.raerabei'a — 1'9 frora the .eajt, aftS 1-3'vyest.
froiij Blue Ridge... Thesa '.are elected- for- 4
years, -pne fourth going out of^ office aftntially. •
A re-election of all members composing bpth '_
bodies, is to take place, in. 1841, and afterwards
decennially ; biit the' nuhnbcr of Senators cap .
never exceed- 36, and th'at of tiie'housg bf dele
gates 150. -'The exe'cu'tiye^gpwer is vested in
a governor, elected for.^4 yj^at^' by a joint vote
of ijoth houses of.the general -^Jsembly, and in-
el^ible.for the nc-it th^pe yeart-after the expi-
ra^rsi of his. terra of.office, J^cou.ncilof state
is elected by* joint ballo't of the twp hjpuses ; it
consists of 3 raember's, term' 3 y64rs, 1 raera
ber vacating his seat annually.' .TJie, senior
'counsellor is lieutenaat govemo'f. ''The'judi.
ciary is vested in a svpttaie"coujt.*of ji^ppealsj
aad sttp.erior and inferior coilrts ;. the j^j^lgQS of'
tlie court of appeals,* arid superior -coufts,-; are
elected by joint ballot of both Kouses ; ter^n iSi-
ririi; good behavior, or until retrioved by a c6n.
curMit vote of both houses, two third^of-'- the .
memb'ers present yoting for removal. ,,¦' , .•
Judiciary, Taxes,' I^enitentiaries, ^c. The
coui'f of apiieala conaists of 5 judges, wh.o hold,
two sessions, ^pually, one al Lewisburg,-west
pf the -Blup l^iilge, and one at Richraond, east ;
theafe Sl:'90 atii'Ji,J|'tifil,6s^,the bysinesS is previ-
bubly cojapletf'J. '?»l^fe_-.oirc«it superior court
of law and cllaace^y, cbnsi-sts of 20 judges.
There.are lO. 'districts, 'Bach district being di
vided into two circuits, and fw^icW a year a
cPurt, which 'sits, until fhe business before itis
completed, is hel'd, ii^&very-cotinty and corpora.
tion, 'The taxe^ ofLthe-, sfate in 1831 araounted
Jo $336,734; of tins amount about $275,000
was dn real and peraonal' estate, andthe balance
on licenses. In tjie penitentiaries Sept, 1831
were" l67 convicts, pf which were 123 white,
and 44 colored persons. Of these 53 were
added'the previous year. During 12- years
'ending 1831, $124,775 were paid by tbe state
for slaves, either transported, escaped, or exe
cuted. Religion. The raost nuraerous sect in Vir
ginia are Baptists ; these have 337 churches,
and 192 ministers. The Presbyterians have 104
churches, and 75 ..ministers ; the Baptists 77
preachers, the, EpiscopaUans 45 ministers. The
Friends are soraewhat nuraerous, and beside
these are some Lutherans, Catholics, and Jews.
Staple Productions. Frora vvhat has beon
.stated under the section of natural features,
and.extent, the great "variety of soil apd cli.
iaate over Va., will at once suggest a cqrres.
ponding variety in the staple productions.
This is. so far correct, that every- vegetable,
frpm cotton to wheat, and frora the ,fig to the
apple, can be produced in abundance. The
lower tide water counties, frora depression of
siirface, and frora proxiraity to large raasses of
water, enjoy coraparatively a tropical terapera
ture. This high teraperature abates, rising to
wards, and on the central table. lands. On the
latter, t^e" grasses, iijcluding bread grains, flour
ish. Falli-iig frora the raountain vaUies to that
of Ohio river, the teriiperature 'again rises, but
as already shown, oH the two extreraes of Va.,
though.in similar latitudes, a greater degree of

WAB

554

WAB

"cold prevails on the westem side. Of minerals,
the atate producea gold, {see Mint, in art. U.
S.) limestone, gypsum, iron ore, and raurjate
of soda, or coraraon salt. The liraestone exists
in imluense masses or zones, in different parts
ofthe stale. Iron ore is also found widely dis-
sera.ina'tedi Water, holding in solution cora
raon salt, is found by digging, in the lower part
of the valley of the Great Kenhawa, and in less
er quantity in some other places.
Internal Improvement. — In. works of internal
improvement, Va. has fallen behind either Pa.
or N. Y., even vyhen relative population is made
the basis of calculation. A Board of public
works, 6'ousisting of I.i members, and w.hich
meets annually, on the first Monday in Jan. has
the raanageraent of funds devoted to internal
improveraent, to an araount exceeding 2,000, t
000 of doUars. The following incorporated
corapanies had received aid frora it in 1831 .
. Capitah
Upper Appomatox corapany, $61,100
Lower Apporaattox cora. 40,000
Ashby's Gap cora  130,050
Fairfax com, . -  13,750
Lynchburg and Salem com. . . . 103,900
Leesburg com  84,000
Little River com. . . . ..-•:. 
Manchester and Petersburg com; 
Rappahannoc Navigation com. . . 50,000
Richmond Dock cora. ..... 250,000
Roanoke Navigation com  412,000
Staunton and James river cora. . . 50,000
Sheppardstown and Sraithfield cora. 46,000
Snicker's Gap cora  85,000
Swift Run com  119,800
Tye River com  6,000
Wellsburg and Washington com, . 16,650
The raost iraportant chain of internal ira
proveraent yet atterapted in Va. is that under
taken by the Jaraes River navigation company,
on the line of James and Kenhawa rivers, and
the intervening space. On this route has been
expended (1831) 1,274,583 dollars ; of which
were laid out on lower Jaraes river canal,
$638,883 86 ; raountain section of the' canal,
$365,207 02 ; Kenhawa river, $87,389 81 ; on
turnpike roads and bridges, frora Covington to
the Kenhawa, $171,982 49. By a recent act
of the legislature, extending the Kenhawa road,
loans were authorized for $50,000. Balancing
the interest on the suras borrowed-and expend
ed, it appears that the disburseraents exceed
the receipts by $37,727 26 ; and that the gen
eral income ofthe fund for internal iraprove
raent, is taxed with the deficiency. The whole
capital invested by Va., exclusive of that be
longing to tbe Manchester and Petersburg turn
pike cora., and Little River Turnpike cora.,
amounts to $3,263,811. In aid of improve

ments in Va., the Disraal Swarap canal corapa
ny raceived frora the United States $200,000
and the Roanoke navigation company received
from N, C. $50,000. For greater detaU in in.
temal improvements, see article Rail Roads
and Canals.
Education. — The venerable college of Wil.
Ham and Mary was founded at Williarasburg in
1693, and, next to Harvard, is the most ancient
literary institution in the United States ; Hamp.
den .gidney college, in Prince Edward co, was
foqnded in 1774; Washington, at Lexington,
Rockbridge co., in 1812 ; and the University
of Virginia, at Charlotteville, Albemarle co., in
1519, By the statutes of Va., all property aris.
ing from escheats, confiacationa, lands forfeited
for non-payment of taxes, and sums refunded
by the national governraent for services render.
ed by Va. in the war of 1812, revert to the lit
erary fund. This fund was created in 1809,
and possessed, in 18.32 a capital of $1,510,689.
The proceeds ofthis, in 1 831 araounted to $71,.
887, of which $61,385 was expended, and
$10,502 added to the capital. Of the avails of
tins fund, the University of Va. receivea an an
nual appropriation $15,000. See a more par.
ticular account of these institutions, under the
head of places where they are located. To
the education of the poor of each co,, an ap
propriation of $45,000 is annually appHed, and
divided araongst the counties in the ratio of
white population, and under the raanageraent of
commissioners appointed by the court of each
county, VisALiA, p-v. Campbell co. Ky., by p-r, 97
ms, northward Frankfort.
Volney, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y,, 159 ms, n, n.
vv. Albany, 15 s, e, Oswego, 50 w, Rome ; has
Oneida and Oswego rs, s,, which separate it from
Onondaga co., and Oswego co, w. ; has a sur.
face nearly level ; good soil. Scotts, ( atfish
and Black ers., as well as the strearas afore.
said, afford mill sites. The falls of the Oswe
go, particularly, offer abundant water power.
At the p-v. of Oswego Falls are several mills
and factories, as well as a quarry of freestone.
Pop. 3,629.
Voldntown, p-t. Windhara co. Conn., 54 ms.
s, s, E. Hartford, has Rhode Island on the e.
line ; about 4 ma, by 9 ; haa aome pine plains,
but is generally hilly, with a light and poor soil.
Paucamack pond, parUy in R. I., givea riae to
Pochaug r., which crosses this town, generally
with a slow current, yet affording some mill
sites, and empties into Quinebaug r. First set
tled 1696, It has its name from having been
granted to volunteers in the Narraganset war.
Pop. 1,304.
"Vulcan, p-v. Randolph co. II., by p-r. 81 ms.
s. w. Vandalia.

w.

Waeash, r. ofthe U. S, in O., Ind. and II.,
and the great northwestern constituent of the
Ohio river. Besides many rainor strearas, the
Wabash is coraposed of three raain branches,
Littie Wabash on the a. w.. Wabash proper in
the centre, and White r. on the eastern side of

the vaUey. Littie Wabash rises in Shelby co.
II., interlocking sources with those of Kaskas
kia r,, and flowing thence in a s. s. e. direction
over Fayette, Clay, Wayne, and White cos. II.,
falls into the main channel of the Wabash, be
tween White and Gallatin cos., about 10 ms.

WAB

555

WAB

direct course above the influx of Wabash into
Ohio r. The entire course of Little Wabash is
about no ras., raean breadth of itsivalley 25,
and, area 2,750 sq. ras. ; between lat. 37° 50',
and 40° 30'. Erabarras river is another branch
of the Wabash, the whole valley of which Ues
in the state of Illinois. The Erabarras has its
extrenie source in Verraillion co. II., interlock.
ing sources with those of Vermillion, Kaskaskia
and Littie Wabash rivers. Flowing nearly
parallel U the latter, over Edgar, Clark, ,and
Crawford cos,, it falls into the Wabash 10 ms,
below Vincennes, after a course of about 100
ms. Mean width ofthe valley 20 ras,, and area
2,000 sq, ras. The vaUey of the Embarras
occupies the space between the higher sources
of Kaskaskia, and the main Wabash. In the
distance of 100 ms., air measure, from the in
flux of Embarras to that of Verraillion, the Wa
bash does not receive a streara frora the right,
or from the state of II,, above the size of a
large cr. Vermillion r. rises in the state of II.,
to the nrthrds. of VermUUon co,, interlocking
sources with the Embarras and Kaskaskia, and
with those of the Sangaraon and Pickraink
branches of II, r. Flowing 60 raa, tothe ath-
eatrd,, it falls into the main channel ofthe Wa.
bash, after having traversed Verraillion co. of
II., and VermUlionco, of Ind. Tippecanoe, as
laid down by Tanner, is the e.xtrerae northem
source of the Wabash, rising at lat. 41° 30',
and long. 9° w. W. C, interlocking sources
with those of Kankakee branch of II, r,, and
with the Elkhart, or southern branch of the St,
Joseph's r., of lake Michigan. Flowing 70 ms.,
first to the e. vr., and thenoe curving s., it
traverses Carroll co,, and falls into the Wa
bash in the nrthrn, margin of La Fayette co.
The left inclined plane of the Wabash valley,
is in length about 330 ms,, the breadth in no
place extends to 60, and averaging about 35 ms,
from the main channel; area 11,550 sq, ms,
Wabash proper rises on the great plateau, or
table land between the Ohio r, and lakes Erie
and Blichigan, and within 5 ms, of the junction
of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rs. The country
from which the Wabash rises, is amongst the
must reraarkable on the earth. The two raain
constituents of the Mauraee, the St, Joseph ri
sing in Michigan, and St. Mary's rising in the
state of Ohio, each flow a distance of 70 ras,,
in complete accordance with the confluents of
Wabash ; but uniting at Fort Wayne, Allen co.
Ind., the united waters, in place of continumg
what would be apparently the natural course,
down the channel of the "Wabash, tum in a di
rectly opposite direction, and form the Mau
mee ; this flowing nrthestrdly. 110 ms,, is lost
in the sthwstm, bay of lake Erie, The central
plain is indeed so nearly a dead level, as to ad
mit but littie current in the strearas. That which
is laid down by Tanner aa the main source of
Wabash, rises in Mercer and Darke cos. 0., flow.
ing thence n, w, by w,, it enters Ind., and after
a course of 60 ras,, receives Little r,, frora the
central table land in Allen co. Itis the sources
ofthe latter stream, which so nearly approach
the junction of St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rs.,
and it is along its channel, that a canal has been
proposed to unite the Wabash and Maumee rs.

The Wabash, iilready a navigable stream atthe
influx of Little r., inflects a Httle s. of w, 50 ms.,
receiving the Salamanic and Misaisinewa frora,
the s. e., and Eel r. frora the n,.vv, .Below the
influx of Eel r,, the raain channel inflects to s.- .
w. 70 ms., receiving the Tippecanoe 30 nis, be- -
low the mouth of Eel r. At the lower end of
the last- mentioned course, according to -Tan.
ner's U, S,, the channel of Wabash is only about
10 ms, frora the estrn, boundary of II, ; but de
flecting a very little w, of s., it continues 60 ras.
entirely in Ind,, to a point between Vigo co. of
the latter, and Clarke co, of II. Frora hence
the raain channel continues a general course
120 .ras,, forraing a boundary between the two
states, and receiving tbe Little Wabash from
the N, w., and the "White r. from the nrthestrd.
White r. is the most considerable branch of
Wabaah, draining the large space between the
raain streara above their confluence, and that
part of Oliio r. between the mouths of Miarai
and, Wabash. Ths valley of White r,, cora
prising an area of 11,000 sq, ras., ia drained by
innuraerable amaller strearas, which first unite
in two branches, vvhich again by their union
forra White r, Vv'iiite r. proper, orthe nrthrn.
branch, has its extrerae source in Randolph co.
Ind., but alraost on the wstrn. border of Darke
co.O, Flowing thence wstrd. 70 ms., over
Randolph, Delaware and Madison cos, into
Hamilton co,, it inflects to s, vv,, and traverses
Hamilton, Marion, Morgan, Owen, and Greene
cos,, thence, separating Daviess from Knox co.,
it receives the East Fork, after an entire course
of upwards of 200 ms. The East Fork, though
not hiiving an equal length of course, drains very
little, if any less surffce, than the main branch.
The forraer riaea in Henry and Hancock cos.,
and flowing a southwestern course, drains the
COS. of Henry, Hancock, Rush, Shelby, Deca
tur, Btirtholoinew, Jennings, Scott, Jackson,
Monroe, Lawrence, Martin, Orange, and part
of Jefferson, Dubois, and Daviess. It raay be
noticed, as a reraarkable peculiarity of "White
r,, that its extrerae estrn, source rises within
less than 1 m, of the bank of Ohio r. ; and flow
ing directly frora that great stream, thus singu
larly turned by the features of the country, its
waters unite with the Wabash, and finally with
the Ohio, 160 ms, in a direct line from its
source in .leff'erson co. A ridge of hiUs extends
entirely over Ind,, frora the raouth of Great
Miarai to that of Wabash, across the counties
of Dearborn, Switzerland, Jefferson, Scott,
Washington, Orange, Crawford, Dubois, Spen
cer, Warrick, Gibson, Vanderburg, and Posey.
Frora this ridge creeks are discharged on each
side, into the Ohio and White rs. respectively,
the two strearas flowing very nearly parallel in
a direction s. w. hy w. The entire valley of
Wabash approaches the forra of an ellipsis, the
longer axis 300 ras. from the extreme s. wstrn.
sourcea of Little Wabash, to the nthrn. foun
tains of Eel r. Its greatest breadth is 200 ms.,
from the sources of Graham's Fork, near Madi
son in Jefferson co. Ind., to the n. western
fountains of VermiUion r,, in the state of II.
The whole area of the valley contains about
40,000 sq. ms., exceeding by a small fraction a
fifth part of the superficies of the whole Ohio

WAC

556

WAK

valley. In fixing the relative extent of the con
fluents of Ohio, Wabash is the Jhird in the
length of its course, and second in regard to
area drained ; being in the forraer case ex
ceeded by Tenn. and Curaberland rs., but in
the latter by the Tenn. only. As a navigable
channel, Wabash is a very iraportant streara.
It is but sHghtiy irapeded by falls and rapids,
and its course seeras to be alraost artificially
drawn, to form a part ofthe line of commercial
connexion between the Misp. r. and lake Erie,
by the raost direct route. As an agricultural
section, it raay be doubted whether any other
of equal continuous extent on earth exceeds
the Wabash valley. The surface is in part
hilly, in no part raountainous, nor in any part,
to a conaiderable extent, a dead level. The
nthrn, extreme approachoa, and mingles with
the prairie section of N, America, but the
prairies of lud. are of raoderate extent when
compared with those raore wstrd,, even those
of the contiguous state of II. If peopled only
equal to some of the eastern cos. ofthe U. S,,
of far inferior soil, and without any town of
note, the valley of Wabash would sustain a
population of 4,000,000, This fine portion of
the U, S, extends from lat, 37° 47' to 41° 30',
and in long, from 7° 35' to 11° 55' w. The dit
ference of level between the arable extremes,
ia not far above or below 1,000 ft, or an equi
valent to about 2i degrees of lat, ; or adding
the result of the tlifference of height to that of
the lat., the real difference of temperature will
be about 6 degrees of Fahrenheit.
Waeash, co. Ind, bndd, by Carroll n, w.,
Miarai nation n. e., HamUton e., Hendricka a,,
Montgomery a, vv,, and Tippecanoe w. Length
38 raa,, raean width 25, and area 950 sq, ras.
Extending in lat, frora 39° 57' to 40° 28' n,, and
in long, frora' 9° to 9° 40' w. W. C, The estrn,
border ofthis co, is on thejable land between
the raain or western branch of White r, andthe
Wabash, but slopes wstrd,, and is drained by
ers, flowing in that direction, towards the latter
r. On the p-o, Hst of 1831, the cf t, is called
Elk Heart Plain ; on Tanner's U, S. is a v.
naraed Thorntown, 40 ras, tt. vr. Indianopolis,
Pop, uncertain,
Wabash, one ofthe s, estrn. cos. of II. bndd.
\v, by Edwards, n, by Lawrence, N, E. by Wa
bash r,, separating it from Knox co, in Ind, , and
by the Wabash r, s, e,, separating it from Gib
son CO, Ind, E.xtending in lat. from 38° 17' to
38° 36', and in long, frora 10° 44' to 11° 04' w.
W, C, Length 24 ras., raean width 12, and
area 288 sq. ma. This co. liea along the Wa.
bash, opposite the mouth of White r,, general
slope to the sthrd. Mount Carrael, the co, St.,
is situated on the Wabash, directly opposite
the raoutb of White r,, 30 ras, below Vin.
cennes in Ind., and by p-r, 109 a, e. Vandalia.
Lat. 38° 28', long. 10° 48' w. W. C. Pop,
2,710, W"achovia, narae forraerly given to a tract of
country in N. C, now included in Surry and
Stokes coa. It was purchased in 1751, by the
Moravians, settled by that society, and naraed
from an estate of Count Zinzendorf in Austria,
In 1755, by an act of the assembly of N, C, it
was named Dobb's parish. The names are now

obsolete, and the tract only known from the vs.
of Salem, Bethabara, &c.
Wachusett, ratn. Princeton, Worcester co.
.Mass., more than 2,000 ft. higher than the
ocean, affords a fine and extensive view, and is
a favorite resort, not being difficult of ascent.
WaddingtO-»j, p-v, Madrid, St, Lawrence co,
N, Y., 222 ms. n. w. Albany, 18 frora Ogdens
burgh, on the shore of the St, Lawrence, op.
posite Ogden's isl,, is situated just above the
Long Falls in that streara, A dara extends to
the isl,, which supplies several raills with water.
Waddle's Ferry, and p-o. Moore co. N. C.,
by p-r. 75 ms. s. wstrd. Raleigh,
Wadesborough, p-v, and st. jus, Anaon co.
N. C, near the centre of the co,, by p-r. 134
ma. a. w. by vv. Raleigh, and by the coraraon
road 80 raa. w. FayetteviUe. Lat. 35° 03',
long. 3° 12' vr. W. C.
Wadesboko', p-v, and st, jus. Calloway co.
Ky., situated on Clark's r,, about 120 ras. n, w.
by w. Nashville in Ten,, and by p-r. 262 ras. s.
w, by w, Frankfort, about 35 ms, s, e, the junc
tion of Ten, and Ohio rs. Lat. 36° 43', long.
11° 28' w. W, C,
Wadsworth, p-v. Medina co, O,, by p.r. 108
ms. N. E. Columbus.
Wait's r. Vt., rises in aeveral heads, affords
many good mill seats, and enters the Counecti.
cut in Bradford,
Waitsfield, p-t. Washington co.Vt,, 11ms,
s, w, Montpelier, 30 s, e. Burlington, first set
tled 1789, has generally an excellent soil,
yielding a variety of crops, particularly grass.
Mad r. pursues a serpentine course through the
s, part, between extensive and fertile meadows.
Iron ore and clay are found in this t. Pop, 957.
Wakatomica, p-v. Coshocton co. O. by p-r.
73 ras. N. E. Columbus.
Wake, co. N, C, bndd. ft. by Granville co.,
N. E.by Franklin, s, e, by Johnson, s, by Cura
berland, s, w, and w. by Chathara, and n. w. by
Orange, Length 38 ras., raean width 30, and
area 1,140 sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 35°
30' to 36° 07', and in long, from 1° 14' to 2° 02'
w, W, C, A small angle along the wstrn. part
is drained sthrdly. into cape Fear r., but the
body ofthe co. is contained in the valley ofthe
Neuse, with a declivity to the s, e. The Neuse,
deriving its sources from Person, Granville,
and Orange cos,, is forraed into a r, on the
nrthwstrn, angle of Wake, and winding thence
sthestrdly,, crosaea the co, into Johnaon. Cf t.
Raleigh, the capital of the slate. Pop. 1820,
20,102 ; 1830, 20,398.
Wakefield, p-t. Strafford co. N. H,, 50 ms,
frora Concord, 30 frora Dover, and 100 frora
Bostdn, lies w, Maine, and contains several
ponds, Lovewell's pond, is in the s, part of the
town. It was on one ofthe sides of this pond
that Capt. LoveweU surprised a party of Pe
quawkett Indians, who were encamped there in
1725. A more desperate engagement took
place during the sarae year, at Pequawkett,
which see. This sheet of water is about 2 ras.
long ; Wakefield pond about 1 m. ; East pond
is the source of Piacataqua r. The aoil of this
town is generally good, but raost favorable to
grass. There are a few mUls and factories.
Pop. 1,470.

WAL

557

WAL

Wake Forest, p-v. Wake co, N, C, 14 ms,
from Raleigh,
Walden, p-t, Caledonia co, Vt,, 22 raa, n, e.
Montpelier. First settled, 1789, Ues between
the head watera of Onion and Lamoille rs. The
surface is agreeably varied rt. and good soil,
other parts are little cultivated. Cole's pond is
N. E, and Lifford's s, e. Pop, 827,
Walden, p-v. Orange eo, N, Y, 90 ras, s. by
w, Albany, 11 ras, w. Newburgh, is a flourish
ing manufacturing village, comraenced in 1823,
It stands on the WallkiU, where the streara
raakes a.descent of 32 ft. The Fr,anklin cora
pany have here the largest manufactory of flan
nel in New York, consuming 65,000 or 70,000
lbs. of wool in a year, and producing about 2-40,-
000 yards of flannel, white and colored. Capi
tal, $100,000, The WaUkiU cotton corapany,
consume about 120,000 lbs,, and make 360,00(1
yards of sheeting. The Orange company raake
30,000 yards of low priced broadcloth. There
are also 1 flour and 1 saw mill. There is a
wire bridge of 150 ft, across the cr,, just below
the fall. The village contains an Episcopal
church, a library, and schools. The surround
ing scenery is varied and picturesque. Pop,
about 800.
Waldo, co. Me,, bndd. by Somerset and Pe
nobscot cos. ft., Hancock e,, separated from it
by Penobacot r, and bay, Lincoln co. a. and s,
w,, and Kennebec oo. w., contains 26 towna,
and enjoys great comraercial advantages, Bel
fast is the cf, t. It has a number of ponds,
one considerable isl. in the Penobscot, aud a
number of small streams, some faUing into that
r,, and others into Sebasticook r. It has been
recently forraed. Pop, 29,788.
Waldo, p-t. Waldo co. Me,, 44 ms, e, Au
gusta, adjoins Belfast on the N, w. side, and is
crossed by a sraall stream flowing into Belfast
bay. It is of amall size. Pop. 534,
Waldoborough, p-t, and port of entry, Lin
coln CO, Me,, 37 ms. s, e. Augusta, 22 n, e,
Wiscasset, 180 n, e. Boston, at the head of
Muscongus bay, is crossed n, and b. by Mus
congus r,, has a considerable araount of ship
ping, and enjoys an active coasting trade. Pop,
3,113, Wales, p-t. Lincoln, co. Me,, 20 raa, s, w,
Augusta, 26 n, w. Wiscasset, has Kennebec
CO, N, and w,, and part of a large pond a. w,,
which diachargea s, through an outlet extend
ing to the bend of Penobacot r. Pop, 612,
"Wales, p-t. (forraerly South Brimfield,) Hamp
den CO. Maas., 68 ras. w, Boston, Pop, 665.
Wales, p-t. Erie co. N. Y,, 268 ms. vr. Alba
ny, 22 E. s. E. Buffalo, has (Jenesee co. e. ; it
contains a part of the Seneca reservation ; has
a gentiy varied surface, and is crossed N. E, by
Buffalo cr. Pop, 1,470,
Walker, p-o, Nittany valley, centre co. Pa,,
5 ms, N, E, BeUefonte, and by p-r. 93 ras. n, w,
Harrisburg, and 200 -v, W. C,
Wai-per, CO, Ala,, bndd. by Blount e., Jef-
-fcrson a. e., Lafayette s, w., Marion w,, Frank
lin N, w,, and Lawrence n. Length from s. to
.^, 50 ms., raean width 30, and area 1,500 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, from 33° 35' to 34° 17',
andin long, from 9° 56' to 10° 43' w, W. C.
DecHvity southeastward and drained by the nu.
71

merous western branches of Mulberry r. The
latter stream, forraed in this co, by two main
branches, Sipsey and Blackwater, flows a Httie
w, of s, along the southeastern border, receiv
ing the drain of the western part of Mulberry
r, valley. Cf t. Walker c, h.
Walker, c. h,, p-o, and st, jus. Walker co.
Ala,, by p-r, 47 ras, northward Tuacalooaa,
Walicer Chuech, and p-o, southern part of
Prince Edward co, "Va,, by p-r. 88 ras, a, w, by
vv, Richraond,
Walker's, p-o, Colleton dist,, S, C, by p-r,
92 ms, a little E. of s, Columbia, and 4 ms, frora
Walterboro', the st, jus, for the dist,
Walkersville, p-v, Frederick co, Md. byp-r.
49 ms. rt. a. vr. W. C. i
Walkersville, p-o, Mecklenburg co. N. C,
byp-r. 109 ms, s. w. by vv, Raleigh.
"Walkerto.v, p-v, on the left bank of Mattapo
ny r,. King and Queen co, Va, 19 ms, below
and s, e, Dunkirk, the co, St., ahd by p-r, 30 ms.
N, E, Richraond, 123 s, W, C,
Wallingford, p-t. Rutland co. Vt,, 42 ms, n,
E, Bennington, 10 b, Rutland, First settled
1773, frora Conn,, is crossed from s, to n. by
Otter cr,, and has sevoral small streams, and
many mill sites. Lake Hirara, or Spectacle
pond, 350 acres, is on a mountain in the s, e,,
and there are 2 others of 50 and 100 acres. The
Green mtns, are E,, and the highest surarait is
called the White Rocks, There is a liraestone
range vv, vvith raarble quarries, and Green hiU,
in the centre, consists chiefly of quartz. There
are several natural and perennial ice houses in
caves, at the foot of the White Rocks, Near
the N, line is a handsome village near Otter cr.
Pop, 1,741,
Wallingford, p-t. Nevv Haven co. Conn,, 13
ins, N, E, New Haven, 23 s, w, Hartford, has
Middlesex co, e,, 6 ms. by 7, is crossed by a
branch of (Quinipiack r,, on which are extensive
meadows, and lias the raain streara on the n, w.
boundary. The e. part Is raountainous, but the
soil is generaUy rich, except the plain, vvhich is
about 4 ras, long, and so sandy aa often to fill
the air with clouds of dust in dry seasons.
There are several mills and manufactories on
the Quinipiack, and shad are taken in this
stream. 'Thev. hos a pleasant situation on a
hill, and is of conaiderable size ; contains an
acaderay, &c. Pop. 2,418,
Wallkill, r. or cr, N. Y,, rises in Sussex
CO, N. J,, flows n, e, through Orange into Ul.
ster CO. N. Y., to Rondout cr, vvhich it enters
near Esopua, It is about 80 ras. long, 65 of
which it runs in N. Y. It affords very good
raill aeats.
Wallioll, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 101 ms, s,
Albany, 20 w, Newburgh, 6 n. Goshen, is of a
triangular form, with SuUivan co, vv,, and is
crossed in the e. part by the WallkiU, whose
streama supply miU seats. The soil is various,
and favorable to agriculture. It contains two
woollen factories, and several villages ; Scotch-
town, Middletown, Mount Hope, and Median.
ictown. Pop, 4,056,
Walesville, p-o. in the nrthrn, part of Lu
zerne CO, Pa„ by p-r. 114 ras, N, e, Harrisburg.
Walnut, large cr, of 0,, rises in and drains
the northern part of Fairfield co„ from which.

WAL

558

WAN

flowing westward, traverses the s'. e. angle of
Franklin, and inflecting to s. «,,, faUs into Scio
to in Pickaway co.
Walnut, p-v, Fairfield co, Ohio, by p-r, 38
ms, s. e. by e, Colurabus,
Walnut Branch, and p-o. Fauquier co. Va.,
by p-r. 55 raa, a littie a. of w. W. C.
Walnut Farm, and p-o, also st. jus. Saline
CO. Mo., by p-r, 85 ras. w. Jefferson.
Walnut Flat, and p-v. Lincoln co. Ky., by
p-r. 5 ras. sthrd. Stanford, the co. st,, and 56 a
littie E. of s, Frankfort.
Walnut Grove, p-o. in the westward part of
Kenhawa co. Va., 23 raa. wstrd. Charieston, the
CO, st,, and by p-r. 379 ras. s. w. by w, W. C.
Walnut Gkove, p-o. in the watrn, part of Ca
barras CO. N. C, 11 raa. from Concord, the co.
St., and by p-r. 152 ms, a littie s, of w. Raleigb,
Walnut Gkove, p-o, in tiie southern part of
Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p-r. 92 ms, ft. vr. Co
lumbia. Walnut Grove, v. in the tt. e, angle of Mer
cer CO. Ky., 20 ras, s. Frankfort.
Walnut Hill, and p-o. Marion co. II,, by p-r,
55 ms, s, », E, Vandalia,
Waloomscoic, or Waloorasac, r, Vt,, a branch
of Hoosic r,, forraed in Bennington by several
branches, was rendered famous in the revolu
tion, by the victory gained on its banks, by the
militia of Vermont and Mass,, in a battie with
the Hessian troops, sent by Gen, Burgoyne to
seize the public stores at Bennington, 1777.
Walpack, p-t. Sussex co, N, J., 82 miles n.
Trenton, 50 n. w. Nevv Brunswick, is of a long
and narrow shape, with Delaware r. on the n, w,
boundary, the Blue mtns. onthe s. E,, and Flat-
kill running through the town, between thera.
Pop, 660,
Wai,pole, p-t. Cheshire co, N, H,, 60 ms, vr.
by s. Concord, 48 s. by w. Dartmouth college,
90 ms, N, w. Boston, with Connecticut r. and
Vt, on tbe w,Hne ; it is rauch varied by hills and
vales, with a good soil, especially on the raead
ows, and devoted to agriculture. Cold r. in the
N. part flows into Conn r, FaU mtn, belonging
tothe Mt, Toby range, is here 7 or 800 f', above
the r. Near its foot is the village, on land suf
ficiently elevated to command an extensive
view upon the neighboring country, especially
the meadows of Westminster, opposite. There
are 2 toll bridges across the r, in the t,, which
is a great thoroughfare for travelling n. and s,.
andE, and w BeUows Falls are within the lira
its of this t,, as New Harapshire extends to the
w, shore of Conn, r. The town was first set
tled 1749 by Col Bellows, vvho built a frontier
fort, which was taken by Indians from St. Fran
cis, in 1755, and retaken by him in a few hours.
Pop. 1,979,
Walpole, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass,, 18 ms, s.
' by w, Boston. Three branches of Neponset r.
unite in this t,, through which also passes the
road from Boston to Providence, one of the
principal thoroughfares in the state. Pop, 1,442.
Walterboro', p-v. and st. jus, Colleton diat,
S, C, 47 ras. w. Charleston, and by p.r, 93 ras,
a littie e. of s, Columbia. Lat. 32° 53', long,
3° 43' w, W, C,
' Waltham, t, Addison co, Vt,, 24 ras. s, Bur
lington, 9 N. w. Middlebury, 3 ms, sq. It was

first settled just before the revolution ; abandon
ed, and settled again about the close of the war.
It has Otter cr. on the w. line, and Buck mtn,
in the centre, which commands a fine view.
The soil is generally good, with excellent mead
ows on the cr. Pop, 330.
Waltham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., II mg,
w. N. w. Boston, is bndd. s. by Charles .r. The
Plain, 1 raile by 2 1-2 in the s. e. has a good,
well cultivated soU, and is thickly peopled. The
Walthara factories are on the s. part of the
Plain, and form one of the prinoipal manufac
turing villages in the United Statea. The sur
face in the w, part is hilly, and most of the soil
in the town, poor. Prospect HiU ia 470 ft, in
height, and coraraands a view of Boston. Pop
1,857, Walton, p-*. Delaware co. N. Y., 85 ms, s.
w. Albany, is hilly or raountainous, with rich
vallies on the strearas, and good grazing on the
uplands. It is crossed by the w. branch of
Delaware r. or the Cooquago, which affords a
channel for transporting great quantities of lum
ber. Pop, 1,663,
Walton, co, Geo,, bndd. by Morgan s, e,,
Newton a, w,, Gwinnett n, w., and Appalachee
branch of Oconee, separating it from Jackson
ft. E,, and Clark e. Length from s, e, to n, w.
20 ms,, raean width 16, and area 320 sq, ms.
Central lat. 33° 50', and long. W. C, 6° 50' w.
Frora it issue some of the higher branches of
both Oconee and Ocmulgee' rs. General slope
southward. Cf t, Monroe. Pop, 10,929,
Walton, co, Florida, bndd. by Choctaw.
hatchee bay, or Gulf of Mexico s,, Escambia
CO, Florida w,, Covinton and Dale cos, Ala, «,,
and Choctawhatchee r. separating it from Jack
son e. Length along the Ala, line 52 ms,, mean
width 30, and area 1,560 sq, ms. Extendingin
lat. from 30° 22' to 31°. Long, from 9° to 9°
52' w, W. C. The general declivity is to the
southward, and drained by Yellow Water and
Choctawhatchee rs. Cf. t, Allaqua. Pop, un
certain, " The YeUow Water setUement is in
the N. w, part ofthe co. on the banks ofthe r.
of that name. Here is a small body of excellent
land, very well iraproved for a new country.
Cotton and corn are their principal crops, the
pine lands for 6 ras. frora the r., produce equal
ly well with the r, bottoms. 12 ms, s. there is
another settleraent, commencing on Shoal r.
There they have a similar tract of land, found
ed on the same kind of soap stone as on the
Allaqua, {See Allaqua river.) Nearly one
third of Walton co, is good tillable upland ; the
rest is pine barren," — Williamson's Florida.'
Wai.tonham, p-o. St. Louis CO, Mo,
Walworth, p-t. Wayne co, N. Y. Pop,
1,753, Wanboeo,' p-v, Edwards co. II., by p-r. 94
ras, s. E, by e, Vandalia,
Wantage, p-t. Sussex co. N, J., 83 ms, N.by
E. Trenton, 15 n. Newton, haa N, Y. state line
on the n. boundary, the Blue ratns, on the w,,
the upper part of Wallkill cr, e.; and is travers
ed by Pappakating cr,, one of its branches.
Deckertown is a v, near its ceAtre, on that cr.
Pop, 4,034,
Wanton, p-v. Alachua co. Flor., by p-r. 212
ms, sthestrd. TaUahassee.

WAR

559

WAR

Wapahkonetta, p-v. sthrn. part Allen co. O,,
on au Glaize r., and signifies in the Shawnee
language, " Kingstown." By p-r. it stands 1 10
ms, tt. Vf. Coliimbus, and 65 ras. above and s,
fort Defiance,
Wappinger's cr,, Duchess co, N. Y,, has a
course of 33 ms, through several rich agricultu
ral tsps,, to which it supplies raill seats, and
enters the Hudson 8 ras, s, Poughkeepsie v.
WAauoiT, bay, Bamstable co. Mass., on the
N. side of Cape Cod, between Marshpee and
Falmouth, ia several ras, long. It is connected
with a large pond, w. of which are several otiier
ponds adjacent to each other, but communicating
only with the ocean.
"Ward, p.t. Worcester co. Mass., 50 ms. s.
w, Boston, 7 s. Worcester, has an uneven sur
face, rich soil, and is crossed by French r,
which has a serpentine course, and here re
ceives several branches, furnishing mill seals.
Pop, 690.
Ward's, p-o. Holmes co. O., by p-r. 95 ms.
N, E, Columbus.
Wardsboroogh, p-t. Windhara co. Vt., 20
ms, N, E, Bennington, 15 n, w, Brattleboro', set
tled 1780, has a range of hills on the south line,
with a good soil for grass, and sorae raill sites
on a branch of West r, Sorae rare minerals
are found here. Pop, 1,148,
Ware, r, Mass., a branch of Chicapee r,,
rises in Worcester co. and raeets Swift and
Chicapee near the line of Harapshire and Hamp
den cos. It is a good mill stream, and affords
water power to the manufacturing v, of Ware.
At the junction of these 3 streams is a sraall
p-v. called Three Rivers, where is a large
stone manufactory.
Ware, p-t. N. H. {See Weare.)
Ware, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 70 ms, w.
Boston, has a hUly surface, and soil of second
ary quality. Swift i. forms its vr. boundary.
On the E. is Ware r., on which is a large raan
ufacturing vUlage, contains about 50 tene
menta, the value of which, with that of the raa
nufacturing buildings, is about $300,000. Other
capital employed in raanufacturing araounts to
$140,000, About 330 persons are employed
in the factories. 120,000 lbs. of wool, and
1,100 bales of cotton are annually manufactur
ed; the woollens estiraated at $120,000, and
the cottons at $180,000 per ann. The raa
chinery used in these factories is estiraated to
be worth about $20,000, .Much attention is
paid to the instruction of children in the village ;
there are several day schools, an infant school,
and one for the older children under the care
of a raale teacher. The Sabbath schools are
well organized ; interapcrate persons are not
employed in the factories, and the temperance
society consists of 416 members. There are
5 stores, a large and weU kept hotel and stage
house. Pop. 2,045.
Ware, co. of Geo,, as laid down on Tanner's
U, S,, is bndd. by Lowndes w,, Appling n,,
Wayne n. e,, Camden e, and s. E., and Hamil
ton eo, in Flor, s. Greatest length from s. to
N. 80 ms,, mean breadth 43, and area 3,440
sq. ma. Extending in lat. from 30° 20' to 31°
30' N,, and in long, from 5° 09' to 6° 06' w. De
clivity 8, estrd. The N. side is drained by the
numerous sources of the SantiUa r. The cen.

tral and sthrn. sections are drained by the tri.
butoriea of St, .Vlary's r. The latter siream has
Us higher sources in that tj-act vaguely called
the Okefinoke swamp, which occupies the
sthrn, part of Ware co. The various branches
oozing from this extended flat unite on, or very
near, the Hne between Geo, and Flor,, flowa
thence athrd. about 20 raa., curves rapidly e,,
and thence n, e. and still winding, assuraes
nearly a nthrn, course of 40 ras. The point
on the Florida boundary which separates Ware
frora Caraden co,, is at the head of the great
bend of St. Mary's r. The surface of Ware
CO, is flat in the vaUey of St, Mary's, and level
in that of St, Ilia. Much of the soil is produc
tive, but exposed to submersion in spring and
early summer. Cf t. Waresboro'. Pop.
1,205. Wareham, p-t, Plyraouth co. Mass., 39 ras.
s, E, Boston, has Plymouth and Buttermilk bays
E, and Buzzard's bay s. It is crossed by two
small streams from Plyraouth, Agawam and
Wankinquog rs,, which flow into Buzzard's
bay, and afford some mill sites. The soil is
generally thin on sand, but is better near the
strearas andthe coast. Pop. 1,885.
Waresboro', p-v. and st. jus. Ware co. Geo,,
is situated on the left bank of Santilla r,, very
nearly raid-distance between Savannah and
TaUahassee, and about 140 ms. frora each, 75
ras, N, vr. St, Mary's, and by p-r. 161 ras, s. s. e.
Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 18', long. 5° 41' w.-
W. C.
Warmin-stek, p-v, on the left bank of James
r, estrn, part of Nelson co, Va,, by p-r, 160 ms.
s. w. W, C, and IOO w. Richraond.
Warm Springs and p-o, near the French
Rroad r,, n, estrn, part of Buncombe co, N, C,
34 ras, N, K, w, AsheviUe, the co. St., and by
p-r. 220 ras. w, Raleigh.
Warm Springs, new co. of Ark., embracing
the country round the Warra Springs on the
higher part of theWashitau valley, and lies about
60 ras. a Httie s. of w. Littie Rock. Bounda
ries uncertain. Cf t. Warra Springs. Pop.
unknown. Warm Springs, p-v. and at. jua. Warra
Sprino-a co. Ark,, 60 ras, s, w. by w. Little
Rock! Lat, 34° 32', long. 16° w. VV'. C, This
V, has risen frora the celebrity of its springs,
and is now a place of rauch resort,
Warner, p-t. Merriraack co. N. H,, 15 ras.
frora Concord, 4 from Hopkinton, and 72 from
Boston, is supplied with miU sites by Warner
r. which runs through the raiddle of it, and a
branch of Contoocook r. The surface is bro
ken, the soil good for grass and grain. Mink
hills are w. and abound in orchards and pastu
rage. There are 4 ponds, one of which. Plea.
sant pond, haa no known inlet or outiet, yet
overflowa in the driest seasons. First settled
1762, Pop, 2,222.
Warnersville, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten,, 12
ms, nthrdly. BoHvar, the co. st.
Warren, p-t. Lincoln co. Me,, 44 ms. b. e.
Augusta, 30 e. Wiscasset, has Waldo co, n. b,,
and is crossed by St. George i. with several
ponds flowing into it. Sloops navigate the r.
to this town. There is an academy in the v.
Pop. 2,030. .
Warren, p.t. Grafton co. N. H„ 63 ms. frora

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Concord, and 10 from Haverhill ; a comer is
croased by Baker's r. which furnishes mill seats
s,, where arc Clement's mills. It is moutain-
ous s,E,, a great part of Carr's ratn, being on
that boundary. Pop, 702,
Warren, p-t, Washington co, Vt,, 31 ms,
S.E, Burlington, and 16 s. vv, Montpelier, set
tled 1797, lies between the two ranges of the
Green mtns,, and is crossed by Mad r. Pop.
765. Warren, p-t, Bristol co, R, I,, 11 ms, s, E,
Providence, 19 frora Newport, has Palmer's r.
n, and w,, Maas, e,, is a small town containing
only about 4 sq, ras,, but has a rich soil, a hand.
soraely varied surface, and an active coraraerce,
coasting and foreign. The v, is pleasantly
situated on the s, e. aide of Warren r, with a
harbor for vessels bf 300 tons ; contains a
bank, academy, insurance oflSce, &c. Pop.
1,800. WarPlEN, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn,, 38 ras, w,
Hartford, and 45 frora N, Haven, is raountain
ous and hilly, with granite rocks, and quarries
of micaceous schistus. It is crossed in the e,
by Shepaug r,, a branch of Housatonic, and has
other small strearas. Pop, 966,
Warren, co. N,Y,, bndd. by Essex co. n.,
Washington co, n,, Saratoga co, s,, and Hamil
ton CO, w,, occupies elevated land, near the
head springs of Hudson i,, and haa a surface
generaUy very irregular, and rauch covered'
with forests. It contains about half of lake
George, and part of Scaroon lake. Sever.-il
other lakes and ponds are wholly within thisco.
On the shores of lake George the eminences
are from 500 to 1,200 ft, high ; and the co,
crossed n, and s, by the Kayderosseras range,
CaldweU is the st, jus,, and the co, contains 9
towna. Pop. 1820, 9,453 ; 1830, 11,796.
Warren, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y,, 68 ras. w,
Albany, 15 N, Otsego, and 10 s, Herkiraer, haa
Otaego CO. s., and is an elevated tract of
ground, at the head of the lakes whicb forra
the sources of Suaquehannah. The surface is
agreably varied, with fertile vaUies, sraall cedar
swamps, and Ume rocks. Pop, 2,084.
Warren, co, N. J,, bndd. by Sussex co. n. e,,
Morris co. e., Hunterdon co. s, e,, and Dela
ware r. w. which aeparatea it frora Pa, The
Blue ratna. rise tt. w. near the Delaware, and
paraUel to ita course ; while several ridgea,
following the same direction, cross the s, e.
part frora Pa, to Sussex co, Musconetcong cr,
forms the whole vv, and s, w, boundary, just w.
of which is the line of Morris canal, which en
ters the valley of Pohatcong cr,, and pursues it
to the Del, at Philipsburgh. There are 7 ts.
Pop, 18,627,
"Warren, p-t. Somerset co, N, J. 41 railes
frora Trenton ; haa Dead or Paasaic r, n, sepa.
rating it frora Morris co., &c.. Green brook s,
on the line of Middlesex co,, and Essex co, e. It
is rendered hilly by Rocky Hill ridge ; has cop.
per raines, and the v. of Bound Brook s. Pop,
1,561, Warren, co. Pa,, bndd, e, by MacKean, s, e,
by Jefferaon, s, by Venango, vv, by Crawford,
n. w, by Erie, n, by Chatauque co, N. Y,, and
N, E, by Cattaraugus co, N, "F. It lies in form
of a parallelograra, 32 ms, frora e, to vv,, and
28 from s. to n, ; area 896 sq, ras. Extending

in lat, 41° 37' to 42°, and in long, frora 2'^ 03'
to 2° i3' vr. W. C. Declivity to the sthWrd. Al
leghany r, forras for a few ms. the northeastem
boundary, and thence entering, winds over this
CO. into Venango, in a southwestern direction,
receiving at the borough of Warren, the Cone
wango, a considerable tributary from the north.
wards, and at the Great Bend 5 ma. below
Warren, Brokenatraw, a large cr., comes in
from the westward. Surface broken, and
though yet thinly populated, rauch of its soil is
excellent, Cf t, Warren. Pop. 1820, 1,976 ;
1830, 4,766,
Waeken, p-V, and st. jus. Warren co. Pa., is
situated on the right bank of Alleghany r,, on
the point below the raouth of Conewango creek,
ahout 120 ras, n, n. e, Pittsburg, and by p-r. 240
ma. northwestward Harriaburg, and 213 N. vr.
VV. C. Lat. 41° 50', long. 2° 17' vr.
Warren, p-v. on the left bank of James r.,
at the mouth of Eattinger's cr., and in the
alhrn. angle Albemarle co. Va., 25 ms. s. s. w.
Charlott'eviUe, and 89 n. w, by w, Richraond.
Warren, co. N. C, bndd. n, e, by Roanoke
r, separating it frora Northampton, e, by Hali
fax, 3, and s, w, by Franklin, w, by Granville,
and N. by Mecklenburg co, Va, Length 23 ras,,
raean width 17, and area 391 sq, ms. Extend
ing in lat, from 36° 07' to 36° 32', and in long.
from 0° 56' to 1° 21' w. W. C. This co. is
a table land. A little raore than one-lhird de
clines to the nrthrd,, and is drained into the
Roanoke ; the sthrn. slope of the valley of
which, is here only about 8 ms. wide. Beyond
this narrow inclined plane rise the extreme
sources of Fishing cr,, and a branch of Tar r.
draining the central and southern part of War
ren, flowing southeastward, and uniting be
tween Halifax and Nash cos. The soil is
generally good. Cf. t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820,
11,158; 1830, 11,877.
Warren, co. of Geo., bndd, tt. e, and e, by Co
lurabia, s, e, and s. by Jefferson, by Great Ogee
chee r, separating it from Washington s, vv.,
Hancock w,, and by Wilkes n. Extending in
lat, from 33° 07' to 33° 34', and in long, f'rom
5° 26' to 5° 52' w. W. C, Length 28 miles,
mean width 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Declivity
of the southern and westei-n parts to the soutb
estrd,, and drained by Great Ogeechee and Brier
cr, ; the northern part slopes tovvard the n, e,,
and is drained by some branches of Little r,
into Savannah r, Cf t. Wurrenton. Pop. 1820,
10,630 ; 1830, 10,946.
Warren, co, Misp,, bndd, h. by Washington,
n, e, by Yazoo co,, e. by Big Black river sepa.
rating it from Hinds, s, e, and s. by Big Black
river separating it from Claiborne, and w, by
the Miap. river separating it frora Concordia
parish in La, Length 40 ms., raean width 15,
and area 600 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from
32° 03' to 32° 35', and in long, from 13° 42' to
14° 13' w. W.C. The Misp. river bounding
this CO. on the westward, receives the Yazoo
and Big Black rs. from the n. e. ; the general
declivity is therefore to the s. w. The eastern
part is broken into hills, which in one or two
places reach the Misp,, forraing clay bluffs.
Along that great river, however, the bottoms
are liable to subraersion; but over the whole
CO, where the soil is sufficiently elevated to ad-

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mit the cultivation, it is highly fertile. Princi
pal staple, cotton. Cf ts. Vicksburg and War
renton. Pop, 1820, 2,693 ; 1830,7,861,
Warren, co. Ten,, bndd. by FrankHn a,,
Bedford s, vr., Rutherford w,, WUson n w,.
Smith N,, White N. i, and e,, and Cumberland
mountain separating it from Bledsoe s. b.
Greatest length from the southern to the north
ern angle 48 ras,, raean breadth 20, and area
960 sq, ms. Extending in lat. frora 35° 28' to
3C° 00', and in long, frora 8° 19' to 9° 04' w.W,
C. Declivity n. e, and coramensurate vvith the
western and larger section of the valley of
Ctney Fork river. Cf t., McMinnviUe. Pop,
1820, 111,348; 1830, 15,210,
Warren, co. Ky,, bndd. by Edmondson r...
Barren e,, Allen a, e,, Simpson s,, Logan vv,,
and BuUer ft. vr. Length from e. to w. 36 ms,,
mean width 17, and area 612 sq.ras. Extending
in lat, frora 36° 50' to 37° 1 1', and in long, from
9" 02' to 9° 38' vv. W.C. Decliviiy n. n, w„ and
traversed in that direction by Big Barren r,,
which unites with Green r. at the extrerae n.
vv. angle of the co, Cf t. Bowling Green.
Pop. 1820, 11,776; 1830, 10,949.
Warren, co. Ohio, bndd, s, by Clerraont, s.
vv. by Hamilton, Buller vv., Montgomery tt. -vr.,
Greene n, e,, and Clinton e. Length 24 ras.,
mean width 20, and area 480 sq. ras. Extend
ing in hit. frora 39° 14' lo "3° 37', and in long.
from 6° 55' to 7° 22' w. W. C. The Miarai r.
and canal cross the n. w. angle of this co. ;
whilat the central parts are traversed by Little
Miami, The course of both rs., and the slope
of the CO, to the s. e. Surface roUing and soil
exceUent. Besides at Lebanon, the co. seat,
there were in 1830, post offices at Deerfield
ville, Edwardsville, FrankHn, Hopkinsville,
Kirkwood, Red Lion, Ridgeville, Rochester,
Springboro', Twenty Mile Stand, and Waynes
ville, Lebanon p-v. and St. jus. for this co,, is
situated near the centre of the co. 31 ras. n, e,
Cinciimati, and by p-r. 83 ms. s, w, by vr. Co
lumbus, Lat, 39° 25', long. 7° 12' w. W. C,
Pop. 21,468.
Warren, p-v, and at. jus. TrurabuU co. O,,
situated on the Mahoning branch of Big Beaver
river, 77 ms. north west Pittsburg, T'O milea
north Steubenville, and by poat road 157 ma, n,
E, by E, Columbus, and 297 n, w. by vr. W, C,
It is a thriving village, with a population of
about 500. Lat. 41° 17', long. 3° 50' w. W. C.
Warren, co, Indiana, bndd, by the Indian
country n, w,, Tippecanoe co. n. e,, Wabash
river separating it from Fountain b, e., Ver
million CO. B. w., and Verraillion co. of II. w.
Greatest length as laid down by Tanner, 26 ms.,
mean breadth 18, and area 468 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat. from 40° 10' to 40° 30', and in
long, from 10° 06' to 10° 40' w. W. C. The
slope ofthis co. ia to the s. e. toward the Wa
bash. WiUiamsport, the co. seat, lies about
80 ras.'N, w. byw. Columbus. Pop. 2,861.
Warren, co. II,, bndd. by Mercer n,, Knox
E., Fulton s. E., Macdonough s., Hancock s. w.,
and Misp. r. w. It was formed out of a part of
the Bounty Lands between "the II. and Misp. rs,,
and similar to the adjacent cos., is laid out
agreeably to the cardinal points. Breadth from
s. to N. 33 ms, mean breadth from e. to w. 30,
and areift960 aq, ms. Extending in lat. from

40° 37' to 41° 04', and in long, frora 13° 26' to
14° 06' vv. This county coraprises a part of the
table land between the valUes of II. and Mi,sp.
rs, Frora the southeastern angle issues Swan
creek, branch of Spoon r,, a confluent of II.
river. The central, and rauch the larger part
ofthe surface, is drained by the confluents of
Henderson's r,, and other strearas flowing weat.
ward into the Misp. By a note inserted after
the name Warren, II. , in the post office list, it
contained no office on Oct. lat, 1830. The
centre ofthis nevv co. is about 160 ras, north
westward VandaUa, Pop, 308.
Warren, c, h,, p-v. and st, jus, Warren co.
II,, about 160 ms. n. w. Vandalia,
Warren Ferry, and p-o, wstrn, part Buck
inghara CO, Va,, 10 ms. westward Buckinghara
c. h,, and by p-r, 87 ras. wstrd. Richraond.
Warrensburg, t. Warren co. N. Y,, 7 ras. n.
vv. Caldwell ; is watered by the north branch
of Hudson 1. and Scaroon cr. ; has sorae good
soil, and iron ore. Pop. 1,191.
Warrensburg, p-v, western part Greene co.
Ten,, 12 ms, s, vv, GreensvUle, the co, seat,
and by p-r, 256 ma. e, NaahvUle,
Warren's Store, and p-o, northeastern part
Halifax CO, Va,, by p-r. 115 ms, s. vv, by vv.
Richmond. Warren Tavern, and p-o, nrthestrn, part
Cheater co. Pa,, 20 ms, n, w, by w. Phil., and
by p-r, 131 ms. n, e, W, C,
Warrenton, p-v, and st. jua. Fauquier co.
Va., by p-r. 51 ma. s. vv. by w, W, C. Lat. 38°
41', long, 0O46' w, W, C.
Waere.nton, p-V, and St. jus, Warren co. N.
C, aituated near the centre ofthe co., 57 ras.
N. E, Raleigh, and about 115 ras. s.w. Rich.
raond, Va. Lat, 36° 21', long, 1° 10' w, W, C.
Warrenton, p-v, Abbeville dist,, S, C, 6 ms.
frora Abbeville, the co, seat, and by p-r. 106 ras.
westward Columbia.
W.VRRENTON, p-V. aud st. jus. Warreu co,,
Geo., 50 ms. n, e, by e, MilledgevUle, and 42
ras, w. Augusta. Lat, 33° 23', long, 5° 40' vv.
W.C. WaeeeNtox, P-v. and formerly st. justice
Warren co, Misp,, situated on the left bank of
the Misp. 1,, 60 ras, by land above Natchez,
and by p-r, 54 ms. w. Jackson. Lat. 32° 17',
long. 14° 2' w, W, C.
"Warrick, co, Ind,, bndd, by Vanderburg vv,,
Gibson N, w,. Pike n,, Dubois tt. e,, Spencer e,
and s, E,, and Ohio r. separating it frora Hen
derson CO. Ky. s. Length 25 ras., raean width
13, and area 325 sq. ms. Extending in lat. frora
37° 54' to 38° 15', and in long, from 10° 04' to
10° 33' w. The northern boundary ofthis co. is
on the table land between the vallies of 0. r. and
the Patoka, a branch ofthe Wabash ; but near
ly the whole of its surface slopes sthrdly. to
wards the forraer river. Surface hilly, but soil
productive. Cf t, Boonsville, by p-r, 187 ras.
3. s. w. Indianopolis. Pop. 2,877.
Warrior's Mark, p-o, western part Hun
tingdon CO, Pa,, by p-r, 20 raa. frora Huntingdon
borough, and 168 ma. n, n, w, W, C.
Warsaw, p-t. Genesee co, N, Y., 20 mUes N.
Batavia ; is supplied with mill aeata by AUen's
cr., on which is the v. The surface is varied,
and the soil generally free from stone. Pop.
3,474.

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Warson's, p-v. Morgan co. IL, by p-r. 123
ms, N, w, Vandalia,
Warthen's Stoke, and p-o, northern part
Washington co, Geo., by p-r. 27 ms. e. Mil
ledgeville. "Warwarsing, p-t, Ulster co, N. Y., 25 ms.
s, w, Kingston, in the s, w. comer of the co.;
Hes vr. Shawangunk ratn., at the base of which
flows Rondout cr., receiving several branches.
Pop, 2,738,
"Warwick, p-t. Franklin co. Mass,, 80 ras,w,
by N, Boston ; has the line of N. H, n. It has
an uneven surface, good soil, and no large
strearas. Pop. 1,150,
Warwick, p-t. and st. jus. Kent co. R. I,, 10
ms, s, s, w. Providence ; has Narragansett bay
K, ; is hilly s,, and level e. The brancbes of
Pawtucket river unite in this t., whicn enters the
bay at Pawtucket viUage. Apponang harbor, 1
mile distant, is the principal one in this town,
and vessels of 50 ions corae up to the v. This
is one of the principal manufacturing ts. in the
country; the fisheries are also iraportant. Pop,
5,529. Warwick, p-t. Orange co, N, Y,, 116 ras,
from Albany, 10 s, Goshen, 54 n. New York;
has N, J, s. w,, and is of triangular form, " On
the s, boundary are many ratns,, frora which
several large ponds pour their waters s. into
the Passaic. The "WallkiU flows n, e. The
soil is favorable to fruit, and generally good,
I'he Sterling iron works, and others, raanufac
ture a large amount of iron annually. Pop,
5,009, Warwick, p-v. near the southeastern angle
of Cecil CO. Md,, 15 ras, s, Elkton, the co. seat,
and by p-r. 82 ras. n. e, W, C,
Warwick, co, Va,, bndd, by Jaraes City co,
N, w,, York N, and n, e,, Elizabeth City co, £,,
and Jaraes r, separating it from Isle of Wight
CO, s. Length diagonally from s, e, to n. w.
18 ras., mean width 5, and area 90 sq. ras.
Extending in lat. frora 37° 03' to 37° 13 , and
in long, frora 0° 22' to 0° 38' e. W, C. It occu
pies a' part of the narrow peninsula buiween
James and York rs, and slopes southward to
ward the forraer, Cf t. Warwick c, h. Pop.
1820, 1,608; 1830,1,570,
Warwick c. h,, and p-o. Warwick co,, Va,,
by p-r, 184 ms, a Httle e, of s. W. C, and 81
ms, south east by east Richmond,
Washington, co. Me,, bndd. by Lower Cana
da N,, New Brunswick e,, the Atlantic ocean s,,
and Hancock and Penobscot counties w. It
presents a most singular figure on the map, as
drawn according to the east boundary as claira
ed by the United States, bearing a reserablance
to a rudely hewn gun stock. It is crossed in
its upper part by the Saint John's and Aroostic
rs. ; has the St, Croix on the e. boimdary, with
the lakes and bays connected with it ; and has
several streams running into bays which make
up from the ocean. There are 32 named tsps.,
many others numbered, besides plantations,
. isls,, &c. Cf t. and st. jus., Machias. Pop.
1820, 12,744; 1830, 21,294.
Washington, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 35 ms.
from Augusta; has Waldo co. e. Pup. 1,135.
Washington, p-t, SuUivan co. N. H,, 35 ms,
from Concord, 22 from Keene, 20 frora Charles
town, and 80 from Boston; is hilly, abounding

in springs, brooks and ponds, and contains
Lovewell's mtn,, which is small and of a coni
cal forra. Island pond, 1^ ms, by 3, is fiUed
with islands. Ashuelot pond, 1 raile by li,
gives rise to one of the chief branches of
Ashuelot r. Long pond is 5 ms. in length, and
like the others, contains fish. Several ponds
E. give rise to Contoocook i. The soil is
deep and moist, favorable to grass, and bearing
white raaple, black ash, birch, beech, elra, &c.
&c. Clay and peat abound, and here is sorae
iron ore. The v. is in a pleasant situation, and
there are good raill sites in the tovvn. First
settled 1768, Pop. 1, 1 35.
Washington, co. 'Vt,, bndd. by Orleans co.
N,, Caledonia co, e,. Orange co. s. e., Addison
CO. s, w,, and Chittenden co, vr. ; lies chiefly
between the 3 ranges of Green mtns,, and
nearly in the centre of the state. The surface
is very uneven ; there is rauch good granite e,,
but w, the rocks are argiUaceous, mica and
chlorite slate. Onion r. and its branches spread
over the irregular surface There are 18 ts.
Montpelier, the seatof government of the state,
is also the cf t, and st, jus. of the co. Pop.
1820, 14,725; 1830, 21,378.
Washington, p-t. Orange co, Vt,, 15 ms, s. E,
Montpelier, 43 ft. Windsor ; is watered by a
small branch of Onion, one of Wait's, and one
of White r,, and the trees are principally raa
ple. Pop. 1,374.
Washington, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 120
ms. w. Boston ; has Housatonic r, on the w.
line, and 2 small branches rise in the t. Pop.
701. Washington, co. R, I, bndd. by Kent co, n.,
Narragansett bay E,, the Atlantic s,. Conn, w, ;
about 18 by 20 ms, ; has a slightly varied sur
face, vvith priraitive rocks. Sorae hills ft. and
plains s., witb rauch good grazing land, as well
as soil in many parts favorable to different
branches ol agriculture. Wickford and Paw
tucket are the principal harbors. The coast on
the ocean and the bay extends about 50 ms .
There ate valuable fisheries. The co. con.
tains several ponds, fresh and salt, with many
sraall strearas, forraing Charles and Wood rs,,
branches of the Pawcatuck, which forras a part
of the west boundary of the state. The Narra
gansett country, forraerly the seatof a powerful
Indian nation, and since celebrated for a sraall
race of pacing horses, said to have been deriv.
ed frora France, is included within the bounds
of this CO. as also the Shannock country, which
had a superior kind of horned cattle. South
Kingston is the st, jus. Pop. 1820, 15,687,
1830, 15,411.
Washington, p.t. Litchfield co. Conn. 40 ma.
s. w. Hartford ; is crossed by several ranges of
priraitive ratns,, or lofty hills, and limestone is
found in the vallies, frora which marble is ob
tained. Aspetuck and Bantam rs. water dif
ferent parts of the town. There are several
iron forges, &c. Pop. 986.
Washington, co. N. Y,, bndd, by Esaex eo.
N., Vermont e., from which it ia aeparated n. e.
by lake Champlain, Rensselaer co. s., Hudson
r. and lake George w. which separate it frora
Saratoga and Warren cos. Wood cr. rises and
terminates in this co,, and in the e. Hotisac and
BatenkiU rs. which rise in Vt. fiow intMThis co.

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and into lake Champlain. Poultney r. from Vt.
forms a part of the n. boundary. Numerous
mUl sites are supplied by these streams. The
surface and soil are very various. The lower
parts of the co. are pretty well cultivated, but
the N. parts are very raountainous and abound
with tiraber, which affords much lumber. Iron,
marble, and slate are found in different places.
The Charaplain canal extends frora Hudson r.
to Wood cr., and along its bed to lake Chara
plain. This line was formerly an important
military route, and here are found remains of
forts erected and garrisoned at different peri
ods from the early French wars to the revolu.
tion ; and iraportant military events have occur
red here, on the land carriage between the
navigable waters of the n. and the s. which ap
proach so nearly. There are eeveral cotton,
woollen, and iron factories ; and at Sandy HiU,
a cotton bagging factory. The co, contains ij
towns, Salem, and Sandy Hill are the sts, jus.
Pop, 1820, 38,831, 1830, 42,635. ,
Washington, p-t. Ducheaa co. N. Y,, 80 ms.
s. Albany, 15 e. n, e. Poughkeepsie, has Wap
pinger's cr. &c. N. vv., with mill seats, has an
irregular surface, with Tower hUl e. and Ches
nut ridge s, e,, and good soil. Mechanic v, is
near the centre, with a Friends' boarding school,
&c. Pop, 3(036.
Washington, v. Watervleit, Albany co. N.
Y., 5 ms. tt. Albany, on the w, side of Hudson r,
Washington, p-t. Morris co. N. J,, has the
s. branch of Raritan r. on the e. line, Musconet
cong r. w., and Schooley's ratn. between thera.
It borders s. on Hunterdon co,, and w, on War
ren CO. It has the villages of Pleasant Grove
and Spring t. with Schooley's mtn. springs.
Pop, 2,188.
WASHfOTON, t. Burlington co. N. J., 30 ms,
s. byE, Trenton, is of an irregular forra, with
Gloucester co, s. w,, frora which it is divided by
the main branch of Little Egg Harbor cr,, and
ia watered in different parts by several of its
branches, the principal of which is Wading r.
Pop, 1,315.
Washington, V, Middlesex co. N. J., on South
r., 5 ms. B. E. New Brunswick.
Washington, co. Pa. bndd. N. w. by Beaver
CO., rt. and n, e. by Alleghany, is, by Mononga
hela r. separating it from "Westmoreland and
Fayette, s. by Greene co,, s, vr. by Ohio co. Va.,
and w. by Brooke co. Va. The longest line
that can be drawn in this co. is diagonal in a
N. w, direction from the mouth of Ten Mile cr,
to the N, vr. angle on Va, 45 ms., mean breadth
in a simUar direction 22 ras,, and area 1,000
aq, ms. Extending in lat, frora 39° 58' to 40°
36' N„ and in long, frora 2° 52' to 3° 35' w. W,
C, The central part of this co, 3 or 4 ms,
southwardly frora the. borough of Washington,
is an elevated, and raight be called a mountain
ous region, from which the waters flow like
radii froth a coraraon centre. From hence issue
the sources of Ten Mile, Pigeon, Chartier's,
Buffalo, and Wheeling ers. The borough of
Washington, situated in a valley, is by actual
measurement, 1,406 ft. above tide water ; and
the mean elevation of the farms raight be safe
ly assumed at 1,400 ft. though no doubt many
are moraelevatedby a difference of 300 or 400
ft. HUltiBlitrough on the U. S. road, stands on a

height of 1,750 ft. Indeed the lowest point in
the CO., onthe Monongahela between WiUiams
port and Elizabethtown, is elevated at least 900
ft. above tide water. The face of the co. is
very broken, but soU alraost uniforraly produc
tive. Liraestone and sandstone are the pre
vailing rocks in situ. Mineral coal of the bi
tuminous species abounds, and of very fine
quality. It is found near Washington and Can
nonaburg, at an elevation of at leaat 1,200 ft.
The difference of climate between the central
parta of thia co. and that on either the Monon
gahela or Ohio r. is very perceptible, particu
larly in spring at opening leaf, and in the sea
son of reaping sraall grain. The wool crop of
this CO. is estiraated at about $200,000 per ann.
The first civilized settleraent was raade about
1770; in 1800 it contained 28,298 inhabUants;
in 181 0, 36,289 ; in 1820, 40,038 ; and in 1830,
42,909. Washington borough, p-t. and st.jus. Wash.
ington CO. Pa., situated near the centre of the
CO,, on one of the head branches of Chartier's
cr., and on the U. S. road, 26 ras, b, w. Pitts.
burg, 22 N. w. by w. BrownsviUe, and by p-r.
212 ms, s, of w, Harrisburg,, and 239 n, w, by
w. W. C„ lat, 40° 11', long, 3° 19' w, W, C.
Though elevated as stated in the previous arti
cle, 1,4-06 ft, above the Atlantic ocean, the site
of this fine viUage ia in a coraparative valley,
and the ground is beautifully rolling. The town
extends up a gentle acclivity, and the raain
street is rather closely built. It contains the
CO. buildings, 5 places of public worship, a
raarket, and nuraerous stores, taverns, and rae
chanics' shops. Washington college, which is
located a Uttle e, of the borough, was founded
in 1806, For a tirae its operations were sus
pended, but in 1830 (Nov,) it was reorga-nized,
and it is now a very flourishing iuBtitution, The
buildings are of brick, and sufficiently large to
accoramodate the present number of students.
The faculty consists of a president and 4 profes
sors, and 2 assistant teachers in the classical
and English departments, and preparatory
school. The number of alurani is 146, In
Nov, 1830, the nuraber of students was about
35; of these there are now (1833) 160, Com
menceraent is onthe last Thursday in Septem
ber, The U. S, road enters Washington from
the E,, turns up the raain street, and passes out
of the upper end of the village. Pop, 1,816,
Washington, co, Md,, bndd, by AUeghany
CO. in the sarae state w,, Bedford co. Pa. n, w,,
Franklin co. Pa, n,, Frederick co, Md. E, and
s, E,, and by the Potoraac r, separating it from
Jefferson, Berkley, and Morgan cos, Va, a. w.
Length along the athrn. boundary of Pa. 44 ms. ;
the breadth differa greatly, aa along the South
mtn, in common with Frederick, it is upwards
of 30 ms. in width, whilst near Hancock'stown,
the width falls short of 3 ms. The winding
course of the Potoraac renders the outline very
irregular along that streara, but the raean
breadth is very nearly 10 ras., and area 440 sq.
ras. Extending in lat. from 39° 19' to 39° 42'
N,, and in long, frora 0° 26' to 1° 18' w, W, C.
The declivity is very nearly due s,, and tra.
versed by tho Antietara, Conecocheague, and
nuraerous lesser strearas. The surface is
broken, and in part raountainous, with much ex-

WAS

564

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cellent river and valley soil, Cf, t, Hagers
town, Pop, 1820, 23,075 ; 1830, 25,263,
Washlngton, city, capital of the U. S,, and
seat of the general government, is situated in
the district of Colurabia, on the left, or Mary
land side of the Potomac, near the head of tide
wbter, and by the river and Chesapeake bay,
290 ms, from the Atlantic. It is 38 ras. s. w.
frora Baltiraore', 136 frora Phila,, 225 frora New
York,*432 frora Boston, 595 froiu Augusta, Me,,
526 frora Detroit, Mich,, 1,068 frora Littie
Rock", Ark,, 856 frora St, Louis, 1,203 from
New Orleans, 662 frora Savannah, Geo,, and
544 from Charleston, S. C. The Capitol stands
in lat, 38° 52' 45", long, w, from the observato
ry at Greenwich 76° 55' 30". The site of
'Washington is a basin, environed by gently
sweUing hills, and it is crossed in the centre,
nearly, by a small stream called the Tiber ; the
soil is generally sterile, raixed with pebbles
and sand. The Anacostia, or Eastem Branch
ia ita eatrn. boundary. "This stream is con
nected with the Potomac by a spacious canal.
The navy yard is on the Anacosta, which ia of
sufficient depth to admit the paaaage of frigates
ofthe largest class. The city is separated from
'Alexandria by the Potomac, and by Rock creek
frora Georgetown, A pile bridge, over a raile
!ong,extends over the forraer to Georgetown, and
there are several others vvhich cross the latter,
and the Anacostia, Another bridge over the
Potoraac, of stone, is conteraplated. It is to be
a mile in length, and will consist of 40 arches,
and 42 piers ; the estimated cost ia .$1,400,000,
The length of the city, from s, e, to n, w. is 4i
ms.', its mean width 2J ; containing about 8J
sq, ms. It was laid out under the supervision
of Washington, (then president of the U, S,,) in
1791, The principal atreeta, called avenues,
are named after different states of the Union.
These diverge like rays, from the capitol, and
also frora the President's house ; and a direct
line of coramunication between these two edifi
ces is forraed by Pennsylvania avenue, theprin
cipal and finest street ofthe city. The avenues
are crosaed by streets running «. and b. and
others running e. and vv. Many of these are
shaded, and all of thera are very broad ; the
former are from 120 to 160 ft. in width, and the
latter frora 70 to 1 10, The buildings are much
scattered, and but a small part of the city is yet
compactly built. The greater part of these are
on, or contiguous to, Pennsylvania avenue, in
cluding Capitol hill. The number of buUdings
erected in the city in 1830, was 178, 86 of which
were of brick and 92 of wood. The total num
ber of buildings in 1831, was 3,560 ; of these
there were, public, 65 ; dwellings, 3,233, and
262 shops and warehouses. The value of the
real and personal estate in the city, Dec, 31,
1830, was, buUdings, $3,125,038 ;lots, $3,488,-
033 ; personal property, $600,200 ; total,
$7,213,350. The population of Washington
has increased rapidly, and from its being the
seat of the governraent of the country, and its
salubrious and healthy location, it raust con
tinue to augraent in numbers. In 1800, its
population was 3,210 ; in 1803, 4,352 ; in 1807,
5,652 ; in 1810, 8,208; in 1817, 11,299 ; in 1820,
13,247 ; and in 1830, 18,237. Of the latter
there were in 1830 —

White persons.

Free col'd.

Slaves,

Total,

Males 6,581

1,342

1,010

8,933

Females 6,798

1,787

1,309

9,894

Total 13,379

3,129

2,319

18,837

The congress ofthe U. S. convenes here an
nually, on the first Monday of December ; and
an annual session of the supreme court of the
U. S, is also held here, coraraencing on the se
cond Monday of January. The public buildings
in Washington are nuraerous, and raany of them
are elegant ; among these the first in rank is the
capitol, the most elegant edifice in the U. S.
It is built of free stone, after the Corinthian or-
der, and cost rising of $-2,000,000 ; it is alto.
gether imposing in appearance. It stands on a
comraanding eminence, and has a front of 350
ft,, including the wings. The rotunda in the
centre, has a diameter of 90 ft. ; its height, to
the top of the dorae is the same. In this are
four splendid historical paintings, executed by
Col.JrurabuU. The senate chamber and rep
resentatives hall are semi-circular in forra ; the
forraer is 74 feet in length, and 42 high, and
the latter is 95 feet in length, and 60 in
height. The dorae and galleries ofthe hall
are supported by pillars of variegated m-ar-
ble, from the banks of the Potomac : this apart
ment is truly magnificent. The library of con.
gress occupies an apartment in this building,
and contains 16,000 voluraes. The President's
house, which is built of white free stone, has a
lofty baseraent, and is 2 stories high, 180 feet
long, and 85 in width. It is an elegant edifice,
and coraraands a fine view, particularly to the
3. : it stands about IJ ras. from the capitol, Oth.
er government buildings, are the general post
office, on Pa. avenue, in which is the patent of.
fice ; 4 brick buildings, with Ionic porticos, and
baseraents of free stone, 2 stories high, 2 to the
eastward, and 2 to the westward of the presi.
dent's house, in which are the principal offices
of the governraent ; a magazine, arsenal and
work shops, raarine barracks, navy yard, navy
hospital, and a penitentiary. Other public build
ings are the city haU, a fine building 250 ft. by
50 ; 20 churches, 4 raarket houses, an infirmary,
female orphan asylum, jail, theatre, alraa house,
&c. There are also 4 banks, a foundry,
breweries, museum, u city library, &c. &c.
Colurabian CoUege was incorporated by Con
gress in 1821, and partially endowed by an ap
propriation of $35,000. 'The buildings are lo
cated 34 ms. N. of the capitol, on ground con.
siderably elevated, and consist of a building con.
taining a chapel, and 48 rooras for students ; 4
stories high, and 117 ft. long by 46 deep, a re.
fectory 80 ft. by 40, a philosophical hall, and 2
dwelling houses. A classical and preparatory
school is connected with the institution. The
faculty consists of a preaident, 5 profeaaora, a
French teacher, and 2 tutors. The number of
students is about 50, and of alumni 300. The
library consists of about 3,500 vols. Cora
raenceraent is on the 4th Wedneaday m Dec.
A medical department is connected with this
college, in which are 6 professors, and to which
a student from each state and territory is ad
mitted without expense, except matriculation
and graduating fees, $30. Regular lines of
steamboats ply from Washington to Afexandria,

WAS

565

Was

Baltimore, Norfolk, and other places ; and nu
merous stages run in various directions, among
which are 8 daily coaches to Baltimore alone.
The territory novv Washington was forraerly a
part of Prince George co. Md., and was ceded
to the U, S, in 1790. In 1800 it became the
aeat ofthe U. S. governraent, and in 1802 was
incorporated as a city. In 1812 it was remod
elled, and finally chartered in 1815. The city
governraent is composed of a mayor, 12 alder
men, and a coramon council of 18 raembers;
these are elecied by tho citizens, tbe latter for
one, and the raayor and alderraen for 3 years.
During the last war with Great Britain, Wash
ington was taken by an army under Gen. Ross,
Aug. 24th, 1814, and the ctipitol, president's
houae, and other public buUdinga were burnt,
Theae have since been rebuilt. A very valua
ble library belonging to Congreaa was at that
time destroyed, which haa been replaced by
that of Mr. Jefferson, subsequently purchased,
Washington, co, Dist. Columbia, bndd, n. vv,
and N, by Montgomery co, Md,, n, e, by Prince
George's co, Md,, s, E, by the estm, branch of
Potomac, and s. w. by the main streara of Po
tomac, In forra it approaches near a parallelo
gram, 8 ras, in length frora s, t, to n. vr., raean
breadth 5j ras,, area 43 sq. ms., or 42-lOOths of
the whole dist. Extending in lat. frora 38° 51 '
to 38° 58' nearly, and in long, frora 0° 6' 6" e,
to 0° 3' w, the capitol. The surface of this co.
is very finely diversified by hill and dale. Rock
cr. enters near the nrthrn. angle, and meander
ing in a general direction from n, to s, enters
Potomac between the city of Washington and
Georgetown. The slope of the whole co. is
indeed from n. to s., and the descent very rap
id. The soil is generally thin, though some
very favorable exceptions exist. Exclusive of
the city of Washington, and Georgetown, it con.
tained in 1830, a population of 2,994 ; including
these, 30,262.
Washington, p-v. at the s. estrn, foot of Blue
Ridge, and at the head of Thornton's r. wstrn,
part of Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 81 ras. a little
s, ofw. W.C.
Washington, co. Va. bndd, by Scott w,.
Clinch mtn., separating it frora Russell n. w.,
Smyth CO. n.e. and e,. Carter co. Ten. s,, and
Sullivan co. Ten. s, w. Length frora s, w. to n.
E, 38 ms,, raean breadth 16, and area 600 sq,
ms, Lat. 36° 40', and long. 5° w, of W, C, in
tersect nearthe centre of thisco. It is liraited
N. wstrd. and s. estrd. by ratn, chains, and tra
versed near mid-breadth by Walker's mtn. ; it is
consequently coraposed of two ratn. vallies,
down which flow to the s. vv. the North and
Middle Forks of Holston r. When the census
of 1830 was taken, it contained an aggregate
pop. of 15,614, but subsequently the area and
pop. were abridged by the creation of Smyth
CO, into which about 150 sq. ms. of Washington
wero incorporated. It occupies part of an ele
vated region, exceeding a mean heighth of
1,200 ft. above the level of the ocean. Cf t
Abingdon. Washington, co. N. C. bndd. by TyrreU e,..
Hyde s., Martin w., and Albermarle sound n.
It hes in form of a paraUelogram, 20 ras. by 18,
area 360 sq, ms. Extending in lat. 35° 40' to
35° 5&, and in long, from 0° 12' to 0° 38' e. W.
C. What very little decHvity this co. presents

is from s, to n, tovvards Albermarle sound, but
the surface is nearly a dead, and in good part, a
swampy level. Cf. t. Plymouth. Pop, 1830,
3,986 ; 1830, 4,553.
Washingto.n, seaport, p-v. and st. jus. Beau.
fort CO. N, C, situated on the left bank of Tar
r., at or near the point where that stream as
sumes the name of ParaUco sound, by p-r, 122
ms. a Uttie a, ofE. Rale^igh, and 302 ms. almost
directly s, W. C. Lat, 35° 3i', long, 0° 03' w.
W, C, Washington is at the head of such ship
navigation as Pamlico aound wUI admit, and
having the fine valley of Tar r. in the rear,
is a place of considerable note. {See Beau
fort.) Washlsgton, CO. Geo., bndd, n, w, by Bald
win CO., N. by Hancock, tt. e, and e, by Jeffer
son, s, E, by Eraanuel, s, w. by Laurens, and w.
by Oconee r, seiiarating it frora Wilkinson,
Extending in lat, frora 32° 42' to 33° 13', and in
long, from 5° 36' to 6° 11' w, W, C, Though
bndd, on the w, by Ocot^e, this co, is a table
land. It is bndd, on the n, e. by the main streara
and gives source to several confluents of Great
Ogeechee ; this section falHng to the s, estrd. The
general declivity is nevertheless to the sthrd.
discharging ers. into Oconee. Much of the soil
is good, sorae excellent, but in general thin.
The greatest length is frora the sthrn. angle on
Oconee to the nthm, on Great Ogeechee 38 ras.,
raean breadth 20, and area 760 sq. raa. Pop.
1820, 10,627 ; 1830, 9,820.
WAaHiNGTON, p-V. and St. jus. Wilkea co.
Geo., 51 ms, w, n. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 64
ms, N, E, MiUedgeville. Lat. 33° 42', long 5°
45' w. W. C, This place contains an acaderay,
and about 800 inhabitants.
Washington, co, Flor. is bndd, w. by Choc
tawhatchee bay and r, separating it from Wal.
ton CO,, on the n, by Jackson co,, li, by Appa.
lachiola r,, separating it from Gadsden co,, and
s, E,, s, and s. w, by the Gulf of Mexico, Length
from the entrance of Choctawhatchee bay to the
mouth of Appalachicola r, lio ms,, raean breadth
22, and area 2,420 sq, ma. Extending in lat.
frora cape St, George 29° 2 )' to 3 ¦° 40', and in
long, frora 8° to 9° 36' w. W, C. WiUiaras in
his View of West Florida, says — " It is a mis.
shapen tract of worthless land in general ; a
few hammocks on St. Andrew's bay, the south
hedges of Oak and Hickory hills, a part of
Holme's valley, and the borders of Econfina r.
are valuable exceptions." St, Andrew's bay
opens into and occupies the central parts of this
CO,, and is a fine sheet of water, which accord.
ing to WiUiaras' raap has 1 8 ft, water on its
shallowest bar. Cf, t. Holraes VaUey. Pop.
tmcertain. Washington, co. Ala. bndd. by Chickasaw.
hay r. separating it from Wayne co. Misp, vv.,
by the Choctaw territory, Ala, n,, by Torabig.
bee r,, separating it from Clark co,, Ala, £,,
and by Mobile co, s. The greatest length is
along the estrn, border, 42 ms, by the general
course of Tombigbee r,, mean breadth about 20
ras,, area 840 aq, ma. Extending in lat. from
31° 23' to 32°, and in long, frora 11° 03' to 11°
37' w, W, C. The mere wstrn, border of this
CO, is in the valley of Chickaaawhay r,, but the
far greater part slopes to the estrd, toward Tom.
bigbeo r, Cf ts. "Washington and St, Stephens.
Pop. 3,474.

WAS

566

WAS

Washington, p-v. and st. jus, Washington
CO. Ala,, on the sraall r. or cr.' Sinla Bogue, 16
ras. N. w. St, Stephens, and by p-r, 146 miles
s,s,w,, Tuscaloosa, Lat. 31° 39', long. 11°
18' w. W. C.
Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Autauga co,
Ala,, on the right bank of Ala. r,, by p-r. 129
ms, s, E, by e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 23', long.
9° 35' w. W. C.
Washington, p-v. Adams co, Misp,, situated
on St, Catherine cr, 6 ms, e. Natchez. This
place was many yeara the aeat of government for
the Misp, ter,, and afterwards for the state of
Misp, The site of the town is elevated, dry,
and pleasant, Jefferson college, which was
founded in 1803, is located here. It was re
organized in 1839 under capt. Alden Partridge,
now president ofthe institution, and the instruc
tors consist of 3 professors, and 7 assistants.
The principal buUding will accoramodate 100
or more students, of which there are now
(1833,) about 90. It ']f now in part a railitary
institution. Washington, parish of La., boimded by Pike
county, Misp. n, w,, Marion county, Misp. n,.
Pearl r,, separating it frora Hancock co, Misp,
E,, St. Taramany pariah, La, s,, and Tangipao
r,, separating it from St. Helena, parish of La.
w. Greatest length a diagonal frora the s. e,
to the n, w, angle 66 ras,, raean breadth 15, and
area within a sraall fraction of 1,000 sq, ras.
Extending in lat, frora 30° 34' to 31°, and in
long, frora 13° 36' to 13° 34' w. W. C. The
declivity of this co. is to the s, b. js., and in that
direotion it is bndd, by the Pearl E,^ and Tangi
pao w. The Bogue Chito rising in Lawrence
and Pike cos, Misp,, traverses Washington pa
rish, which, also giving source to the Chifuncte
r,, discharges the former into Pearl r,, and the
latter, over St, Tamraany, into the n, side of
lake Pontchartrain, The far greater part of
the surface of Washington parish is coraposed
of open and sterile pine woods. Where the
land adraits cultivation, the staple is cofton,
Cf t. Franklinton. Pop. 1820, 2,517 ; 1830,
3,286. Washingti N, p-v, and st, jus, Rhea co. Ten,,
on the right bank of Ten. r,, about 70 ras. be
low, and s, vv. by w, Knoxville, and by p-r, 139
ras, s, E, by E, Nashville. Lat. 35° 38', long.
7° 48' w. W. C.
Washington, co. Ten., bndd. by Green w,,
SuUivan n.. Carter e,, and by Blue Ridge, sep.
arating it from Buncombe co, N, C, s. Length
frora s, to N, 30 ras,, mean width 20, and area
600 sq. ras. Extending in lat, from 35° 57' to
36° 24', and in long, frora 5° 1 0' to 5° 35' w, W,
C, A sraall section of this co, slopes to the
nrthrd,, and is drained by small ers, flowing in
to Watauga r. ; but the sthrn. central and rnuch
raost extensive sections are coraraensurate with
the higher valley of Nolechucky r, and south.
westwardly. Cf t, Jonesborough. Pop. 1820,
9,557 ; 1830, 10,995,
Washington, co, Ky,, bndd, w, by Hardin, n.
w, by Chaplin's fork of Salt river, separating it
from Nelson, n, e. and e, by Mercer, s. e. by
Casey, and s. by the s, fork of Salt r. Length
28 ms,, mean breadth 18, and area about 500.
sq. ras. Extending in lat, frora 36° 30' to 36°
52' N,, and in long, frora 7° 58' to 8° 32' w, W.
C. Comprised within the two main branches

and drained by numerous ers. of Salt r., the de.
clivity ofthis co. is to the wstrd. Cf t. Spring.
field. Pop. 1820, 15,947 ; 1830, 19,130.
Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Mason co. Ky.,
4 ms. frora O. r. at Maysville, and by p.r. 63
ms. N. E. by E. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 37', and
long. 6° 43' w. W. C. It contains beside the
CO. buildings, an acaderay, and three or four
places of public worship.
Washington, co. Ohio, bndd. by Athens a.
w. and w., Morgan n. w., Monroe N. E., Ohio r.
separating it frora Tyler co. Va. E,, and from
Wood CO. Va. s. Extending in lat. frora 39°
15' to 39° 40', and in long, from 4° to 4° 54' w.
W. C. Length on the nthm. border along Mon.
roe and Morgan cos,, 50 ras. It Hes in a wide
reserablance to a triangle, raean breadth 15, and
area 750 sq. ras. The slope is srthrd. towards
the Ohio r. The Muskingum enters the north
wstrn. angle, and winding thence estrd. to near
the centre of the co., inflects to the s. and falls
into the O. r. at Marietta. The surface of this
CO. is generally very hilly, but soil productive.
By the post list of 183] , beside at Marietta, the
CO. St., there were offices, at Belpre, Bent's,
Brown's MUls, Carroll, Fearing, Littie Hock.
hocking. Lower Salem, Newport, Point Har.
raar, Waterford, Watertown, and Wesley. Pop.
1820, 10,425; 1830, 11,731.
Washington, p-v. Guernsey co, Ohio, 10 ms.
E. Carabridge, the co. St., and 91 railes estrd.
Columbus. Pop, 372.
Washington, p-v. and st. jus., 'Fayette co. Ohio,
by p-r. 45 ms, s. vv. Columbus. Lat. 39° 30',
long, W, C, 6° 34' w'. Pop. 399, ,
Washington, co, Ind,, bndd. s. by Harrison,
s, w, by Crawford, w, by Orange, n, w. by Law
rence, N, by the E, Fork of White r. separating,
it from Jackson, n, e, by Scott, is. by Clark,
and s, E, by Floyd, Length frora e. to w, 36
ras,, raean breadth 20, and area 520 square ms.
Extending in lat. frora 38° 27' to 38° 47', and
in long, frora 8° 54' to 9° 30' w. W, C. This
CO, extends sthrdly, frora the bank of the K.
branch of White r,, over the tahle land between
that stream and Ohio r. Blue r,, a sraall con
fluent ofthe Ohio, rises in and drains the sthrn.
part, whilst frora the western flow sraall creeks
into the E. Fork of White river. Surface bro.
ken, hilly, and soU fertile. Cf t, Salera. By
the p-o. list of 1831, beside at Salera there were
offices in this co. at Claysville, Livonia, Mar
tinsburg, and Pleaaant Valley. Pop. 1820,
9,039, 1830, 13,064, Salera, the co, aeat, is
situated near the centre of the co. 91 ms. s, In
dianopolis, Lat. 38° 36', long. 9° 06' w. W. C.
Washington, p-v, and st, jus, Daviess co, In
diana, by p-r, 106 ms. s. vv. IndianopoUs, and
20 ras. a Httle s, of e, Vincennes. Itis situated
5 or 6 ms, n, i<, e. from the junction of the two
main branches of White r, Lat. 38° 40', long.
W. C. 10° 12' w.
Washington, co. Illinois, bndd, s. by Perry, -
s, vv, by Randolph, w. by St. Clair, n, by Clin.
ton, and e, by Jefferson, Length from e. to w,
30 ms,, raean breadth 18, and area 540 square
ras. Extending in lat, frora 38° 13' to 38° 30'
and in long, frora 12° 10' to 12° 44' w. W, C.
Kaskaskia r. forras a part of the n, w. bounda
ry of this CO. separating it frora CHnton, and the
slope of the contiguous part is nrthwstrd, to
wards that streara. The southern side decliive*

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567

WAS

to the southward, and gives source to the north
western branches of Muddy cr. In 1831, by
the post list there was no office at Nashville,
the CO. St., but there were at Beaucoup, Coving
ton, and Elkhorn. Covington is a p-v, on Kaskas
kia r. 47 ras, a little a. of e. St. Louis, in Mo,,
and by p-r. 40 ras. s. s. w. Vandalia. Pop. 1,675.
Washington, co. Mo,, bounded by Madi
son s. e., St. Francis co. e., Jefferson n, e.,
FrankUn w,, and as laid down by Tanner by
territory not laid out into counties on the s,
and vv. Length frora s. to tt. 40 lus,, mean
width 25, and area 1,000 square railes, Ex
tendmg in lat, from 37° 35' to 38° 10', and in
long, from 13° 36' to 14° 08' w. W. C. This
CO. has a natural boundary on the s. in tbe Iron
mtna., frora the southern slopes of which rise
the extrerae sources of St. Francis and Black
rs. The body of the co. however, declines al
most due ft. and is drained by the fountains of
both maiu branches of Maramec r. The tract
of country embraced by Washington co. is an
important section of the state of Mo. School
craft, vvho visited the lead mines at, and contig
uous to Potosi, apeaka thua of the country. —
"Washington co. although the aeat of tbe prin
cipal lead mines, is at the same tirae not defi.
cient in farraing land. Big r, (the estrn, branch
of Mararaec) in its whole course, which is long
and devious, and most corapletely subtends the
N, E. and s. boundaries of Washington co,, af
fords the finest of farraing lands. The princi
pal farming tracts of this co. although detached
with ridges of poor land intervening, taken in
the aggregate, bear a respectable proportion to
its whole number of square ras. and exalt its ag
ricultural character above that of the other rai
ning cos. of Mo., St, Genevieve excepted, Belle
vue abounds in granite and iron ore. The iron
of BeUevue is a subject of universal notoriety.
In the richness of the ore, and extent of the
beda or mines, it is no where paralleled. The
most noted place is called the Iron mountain,
where the ore is piled in such enormous raasses
aa to constitute the entire sthm, extremity of a
lofty ridge, which is elevated 5 or 600 ft, above
the plain," Mr. Schoolcraft denominates the
species of iron ore to be that called micaceous
oxyd of iron, and very rich in quality. Thia
author enuraerates zinc also as araongst the
minerals of Washington co., but lead was then,
February 1819, the only ore worked to any great
amount, if we except 3 salt petre caves. Poto.
si, the St. jus., is situated on a branch of Big r,
about 60 mdes s, w, St, Louis, 40 w, St, Gene
vieve, and by p-r, 127 ras. s, e, by e. Jefferson,
the seat of governraent of the state, Lat. 37°
56', long, 13° 48' w. W, C, Pop, 6,784.
Washington, co. Ark,, as laid down on Tan
ner's United States, is bndd, N, E. by the co. of
Izard, s. by Crawford, w. by the Osage territo
ries, and N. by the state of Mo. The extent
on the raap exceeds 3,000 eq. ras,, but the
country is too iraperfectly known to admit a de
taUed description. By the Hst of 1831, there
were three post offices, namely. Cane Hill,
Fayetteville, and Vineyard, neither of which
are, however, marked on the map. The ex
treme sources of White r, are delineated as ri
sing near the centre and flowing nrthestrdly. out
ofthis CO. mto Mo., and from the latter, curv
ing back into Ark. Pop. 2,182.

Washington, or Hempstead c. h. p-v. and st.
jus. Hempstead co. Ark., by p-r, 117 ras, s, vr-
Littie Rock. Lat. 33° 45', long. 16° 36' w.
W. C. ,
Washington, p-v. Macorab co. Mich., by p-r.
50 ras, N, .^. E. Detroit.
Washingtonville, p-v. Columbia co. Pa, 7
rns. It. Danville, the co. St.. and 72 ms. N. Har
risburg, Washitau, or according to French orthogra.
phy, Ouachitta r, of Ark, and La, The most
remote sources of this stream are in the Mas
serne raountain and in Pulaski co. Ark,, and
within 4 or 5 ras. frora the Ark. r. This nthrn.
confluent is the SaUne Fork. The raiddle
branches rise also frora the Masserne, but more
to the southwestward in Clark co,, and advan
cing still farther to s, w,, and frora the sarae
chain issues the Little Mo. The Ouachitta
proper and Littie Mo. flow each by coraparative
courses 70 ras. to their junction between Hemp
stead and Clark cos. Below their union, the
united waters continue to the s, e. 50 ms. to
the influx of Saline, or the nrthestrn. branch.
The general course of Saline is a Httle E. ofs.
120 ras. Now a fine navigable r, the,Washi-
tau assuraes a course of very little e, of n, which
it raaintains all the residue of its channel of 140
ras, to its union with Red r. The entire cora.
parative course of Washitau, is about 260 ras,,
but the channel being very tortuous the naviga.
ble length is usually estiraated at upwards of
400 ras. About 15 ras, below the influx of Sa.
line, Ouachitta enters La. within which it re
ceives from the westward Saluta, Terre Bonne,
and Little r,, and from the estwrd. Barthelen.
ny, Boeuf, and Tensaw rs. The greatest length
of the Washitau valley from the sources of Sa
line to Red r. is 260 ms,, the mean breadth at
least 80 ms,, and area 20,800 sq. ras. In lat.
it extends frora 31° 20' to 34° 45', and in long.
from 14° 18' to 16° 50' w. W, C,
Washitau, parish. La,, vv, Misp, r,, bndd, s.
E. by the parish of Concordia, a, by the parish
of Ocatahoola, s. w.by the parishes of Rapides
and Natchitoches, w, by the parish of Claiborne,
and N. by the cos. of Lafayette and Chicot in
.irk. Length from e, to w, 90 ms,, mean width
60, and area 5,400 sq, ras. Extending in lat,
frora 31° 48' to 33° and in long, from 14° 15'
to 15° 46' w, W, C, The surface of this ex
tensive region presents very striking varieties
of soil. The general declivity is to the south
ward, but the western part declines southeast
ward towards Washitau r, and is generally a
pine forest, drained by the branches of Terre
Bonne, Saluta, and Little r. A sirailar charac
ter is again prevalent e. of Washitau on that
part drained by Barthelenny. Advancing how.
ever to the eastward onthe valHes of Boeuf and
Tensaw, the inundated lands of the Misp. are
reached. Scattered over every part, corapara.
tively sraaU, but very productive zones of soil
are found. E, of Washitau, Ue scattered some
sraall detached prairies, with a soil varying in
quality sirailar to other parts of the parish.
Where the soU will adrait of cultivation, cotton
is the comraon staple. Cf t., Monroe. Pop.
1820, 2,896; 1830, 5,140.
Washtenaw, co. Mich,, bndd. n, w. by Ingham
CO,, N. by Shiawassee, n. e. by Oakland, e. by
Wayne, s. e. by Monroe, s. w. by Lenawee,

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568

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and w. by Jackson, Length f'rom s, to n. 36
ms,, raean breadth 30, and area 1,080 sq. ras.
Extending in lat, frora 42° 06' to 42° 39'. From
the northwestern border issue the extreme
sources of Shiawassee, one ofthe branches of
Saginaw r. flowing to the nrthrd. Huron of
lake Erie rising in Oakland co, flows s. w. into
Washtenaw, forras a sweeping curve towards
the centre and thence bends to s, e. into Wayne
county. The southern section is drained east
ward by the tt. brai.ch of the r. Raisin, The
surface of Washtenaw is level and rather flat,
general slope southeastward towarda lake
Erie, The westem border is, however, on the
table land between lakes Erie and Mich,, and
gives source to the extrerae fountains of (jrand
r, of the latter lake, Cf t, Ann Arbour. Pop.
4,042. Wasque Point, Dukea co. Mass., the N e,
extreraity of Martha's Vineyard, is forraed by
the raeeting of 2 beaches, nearly at right angles,
Watauga, r, of N, C. and Ten, rises in Ashe
CO. of the forraer state, frora the northwestern
vallies of Blue Ridge opposite the sources of
Catawba and Yadkin, and interlocking sources
with tliDse of New r, branch of Great Kenha
wa, These higher ers. of Watauga flowing to
the w, of N. w, traverse the Iron ratn. and unite
in Carter co,. Ten. Carter co, is indeed very
nearly commensurate with the lower valley of
Watauga, in the western angle of which the va
rious branchea unite, and entering Sullivan fall
into the s, e, branch of Holaton,
Waterborough, p-t, York co. Me,, 36 ms,
N, York, 81 ma, s. w, Augusta, has Little Qs-
sippee r. on the ft. line, and s. a head stream of
the Kennebunk, Pop, 1,814,
Waterbukt, 1 ., Washington co,, Vt,, a branch
of Onion r., 16 ms, long,
Waterburv, p-t, Washington co. Vt., 12 ms.
N. w. Montpelier, 24 s, e, Burlington, has Onion
river on the s, line. It was first settled 1784,
and has a surface generally level or gently va
ried, with good soil, especially on the rich
meadows of Onion river, bearing hard wood
with sorae spruce and heralock. Waterbury r.
and Thatcher's branch afford mill seats. In the
8. w. is a deep cut, about 100 ft. wide through
rocks, where Onion i, has forced its passage,
and the land above appears to have been tbe bed
of the lake. The rocks in the bed ofthe stream
forra in one place a natural bridge, and in an
other a cavern. Pop, 1,650,
Waterburv, p-t, and borough. New Haven
CO. Conn, 20 ras. n. by w. New Haven, 29 s. w.
Hartford, is a place of various and extensive
manufactures. The raostiraportant of these are,
3 extensive raanufactories of gilt buttons ; seve
ral others of fancy, bone, ivory and prunelle
buttons. 1 satinette and broadcloth manufacto-
»ry ; 2 miUs for roUing sheet brass, connected
with the button manufactories; 1 extensive rail
for the manufacture of sheet brass, plated raetal,
brass and copper wire, and brass and copper
tubes ; and a raanufactory of wooden clocks.
In the viUage of Salera, within the town, is also
another raanufactory of satinetts and broad
cloths, and 3 other extensive raanufactories, 1
of pitchforks, and 2 of hoes. Waterbury is a
very good agricultural town, has a varied sur
face, and is crossed by Naugatuck and other
Streams which afford good miU sites. Pop, 3,071,

Wateree, local narae given to the Catawba
r, in the lower part of its course in Kershaw,
Richland, and Sumpter dists. S. C. {See Ca
tawba and Congaree rivers.)
Waterford, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 57 ms. from
Augusta, 12 s, w. Paris, is square, with Cum.
berland co. on tbe b. e,, and has several ponds,
some of which flow into Crooked lake, and
others into Crooked r., a tributary of Sebago
pond. Pop, 1,133.
Waterford, p-t. Caledonia co, Vt., 33 ms. e-
Montpelier, 21 tt. Newbury, with Conn, r, s. e,,
first settied 1787, has Passumpsic r. n, w., and
is touched by Moose r, in one part. Fifteen ma.
Fall in the i onn, ia partiy opposite this t. The
meadows on the r. are not overflown by the
flood.^. The land is rough and stony. Pop. 1,538.
Waterford, v. Uxbridge, "VVorcester .co.
Mass., containa a cotton and a woollen factory ;
the latter with 1,600 spindles, and 68 loom?,
the former 2,000 spindles and 32 looms. Above,
the sarae company have a stone factory, 3l2 ft,
long, with 10,000 spindles and 300 looras, raak
ing 2,500,000 yards of printed goods annually ;
these besides other factories.
Waterford, p-t. New London co. Conn., 4
ras. frora N. London, 37 s. e. Hartford, lies on
the w. side of Thames r. and n. L, I, Sound,
is uneven, watered by Niantic and Jordan rs.,
&c. Many fiah of dift'erent aorts are caught
here. Pop, 2,463.
Waterford, p-t, Saratoga co. N. Y., 10 ms.
N, Albany, lies on the w. side of the Hudson,
and is aeparated frora Albany co, by the Mo
hawk, the banka of which frora the falls are
high, rocky, and nearly perpendicular to its
entrance into the Hudson. A view of these
falls (the Cohoes) frora the bridge which
crosses the r. below, is very fine. Near its
mouth ia a dara, above wbich the Champlain
canal crosses the stream. This canal crosses
the t. alao, descending to the level of the r. by
locks, and here forras a junction with the Erie
canal, — The soil of the low grounds is clay,
and the raore elevated parts are sandy. ' The
V. which is 20 ras, b. s. e. Balston Spa, and 26
s. by E. Saratoga Springs, is one of the neatest
in the state, and a great thoroughfare, being on
the canal, and on one of the great routes Irora
Albany to Whitehall, and also on the route
frora the forraer place to the Springs. It stands
on a fine alluvial level, has a good soil, is partly
surrounded by fine hills, and has some com-
merce, being situated at the head of sloop navi.
gation. A bridge across the Hudson connects
the town with Lansingburg. Pop. 1,473,
Waterford, t, Gloucester co. N. J., 30 ms.
s. s. w. Trenton, is of irregular elongated form,
with Burlington co. n. e,, Delaware r. n. w.,
and Cooper's cr, on part of the s, w, line. Pe-
ty's isl, Hes opposite, in the Del., just below
which is the city of Phil, Pop, 3,088.
Waterford, formerly Le Boeuf, situated on
Le Boeuf cr. Erie co. Pa, 15 ms. a little e. of
s, frora the borough of Erie, 100 ras, very near.
ly due N, Pittsburgh, and by p-r. 333 ras. n, w.
"W, C, At seasons of high water, a down
stream navigation is practicable from this place.
Pop. 1830,  . In 1820, 570.
"Waterfokd, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Loudon
CO, Va, 10 ms. n. Leesburgh, and by p-r. 37 ms.
N, w. W. C, A fine flourishing village.

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569

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Waterford, p-v. on the right bank of Mus-
kingum r, n, wstm, part of Wasbington co. 0,,
by p-r. 1 8 ms. n. w. Marietta, and 88 ms, s, e.
by E, Colurabus. Pop. tsp. 906,
Water Gap, Warren co, N, J,, the passage
of Del, r. through the Blue ratns. 20 ras. above
Easton. The scenery is quite romantic.
Waterloo, p-t. and half shire, Seneca co. N.
Y,, stands at a fall of Seneca r,, 7 ras, e,
Geneva, 4 w. Seneca Falls, and 173 w. Albany,
It contains the co. buildings, and sorae large
raills. Pop. 1,837.
Waterloo, p.v, in the extrerae s. wstrn, an
gle ot Mifflin CO. Pa,, by p-r. 70 ras. n. w. Har
risburg, Waterloo, tavern and p-o. Anne Arundel
CO, Mtl,, on the main road from VV, C, to Balti
more, 25 ms. from the forraer, and 13 frora the
latter city.
Waterloo, forraerly BuUock's, p-o. Gran
ville CO. N. C, by P-r. 63 ras. tt. Raleigh.
Waterloo, p-o. Laurens dist. S. C, by p-r.
11 ras, sthrd. Laurensville, and 75 n. vv, by w,
Columbia. Waterloo, p-o. Lauderdale co, Ala,, by p-r,
176 ms, N. Tuscaloosa.
Waterloo, p.v, Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 73
ms. s. E. by e. Indianopolis.
Waterloo, p-*'- and st. jus. Monroe co. I}.,
by p-r, 99 ms. s. w. Vandalia.
Water Street, p-v, Huntingdon co. Pa., 9
ms, wstrd. from the borough of Huntingdon, and
by p-r. 157 ms. tt. vr. W. C.
Watertown, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass,, 7 ms,
w.N, vr. Boston, is situated on Charles r,, onthe
N, side of which is the viUage, with a laiae cot-
ton factory, &c. Sloops corae up to thi?place,
to which there is 7 ft, of water at spring tides.
A bridge crosses the r. just above the v., li ras,
below ; on the n, bank is an arsenal of the U. S,
The surface is agreeably varied, the soil is dry
and good, and alraost entirely under cultivation.
Fresh pond, partiy in this t,, is rauch resorted
to. First settled 1630, by the sons of Sir Ri
chard Saltonstall and others. The provincial
congress sat here in 1 775, and were in session
during the battle of Bunker's HiU. Pop. 1,641.
Watertown, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn,, 30
ms, w. Hartford, 26 tt. -vr. New Haven, has
Naugatuck r. and West Branch e., about 4 ras,
by 6, is hilly, with sorae level tracts, generally
granite rocks, sorae liraestone, soil favorable to
grass, well watered. Pop. 1,500.
Watertown, p-t. and st. jus, Jefferson co. N,
Y,, lies 160 ras, tt. of w, Albany, and 8 railes
from the raouth of Black r,, which forras its n.
boundary. It has an uneven surface, and a soil
of brown loam raixed with pebbles, and Urae-
Btone beneath. The village is at the falls of
Black r., whence it derives an immense water
power. There are 2 cotton factories, one, the
Jefferson, is the largest in the state, being 250
ft, long, 50 wide, and 4 stories high. 120,000
to 130,000 lbs. of cotton are manufactured here,
about 4 1,000 lbs. at the Black r. factory, and
about 30,000. lbs. of wool at the Watertown
woollen factory, annually. For several ms, ex
tent there are favorable sites for factories, along
the banks of Black r. There are in the town
2 Presbyterian churches, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist,
and 1 UniveraaUat, a court house, a bank with
a capital of 400,000 dollars. 2 machine ahona.

a tannery, morocco manufactory, paper mill,
&c, &c. The viUage is very pleasanily lo
cated, and containa many handsome private edi
fices, sorae of them of stone, and very good
taste. The prosperity of the place will be
very greatiy promoted by the construction of
a proposed rail road to the Erie canal. Pop.
4,768, Watertown, p-v, Washington co, Ohio, by
p-r, 94 ms, s, e, by e. Columbus.
Waterville, p-t. Kennebec co. Me,, 18 ras,
tt. by E, Augusta, 20 n, HaUoweU, 15 s, e, Nor-
riilgewock ; haa Kennebec r, e,, Soraerset co.
N,, and contains part of two large ponds, which
flow into Kennebec r. Here is established the
Wesleyan serainary, the students of which con
tribute to their support by raanuiil labor. It pos
sesses a philosophical and cheraical apparatus,
with two buildings, each containing 32 rooras
for students; a chapel is soon to be erected.
The work-shops connected with this institution
are two in number, 1 of them 80 ft, by 24, and
2 stories high ; and the other 80 by 20 feet, of
one story. In these the students raay labor 3
hours a day. The faculty is coraposed uf a
president and 5 professors. Undergraduates,
1832-3, 82 ; in the Hbraries are about 2,600 vol
uraes. Coraraenceraent is on the last Wednes
day in July, Connected with Waterville college
is a Medical school located, at Woodstock, Vt.,
in which are 4 professors ; students 1832-3, 74.
The courae of lectures commence on the first
Thursdav in March, and continue 13 weeks.
Pop. 2,216.
Waterville, t, Grafton co, N. H, Pop, 69,
Waterville, p-t, FrankHn co, Vt,, 44 miles
from Montpelier, Pop, 488,
Waterville, p-v, Delaware co, N, Y,, 17
ras, N, E. Delhi, 56 ms, », w, Albany, and 51
from CatskiU, on Delaware r,
W.vTERviLLE, p-V, Wood CO. Ohio, by p.r, 142
ma, N. i\, w, Columbua,
Watervliet, p-t, Albany co, N, Y,. 6 ma, n.
Albany; has Hudson r. e, and n. Iu the n, e.
corner of the co,, on the Hudson, are extensive
meadows. Some of the hills have good soil,
but there are sandy tracts w. The land is prin
cipally leased, belonging to the Manor of Rena-
selaerwick. The Erie canal crosses the Mo
hawk in this t,, descends by double locks to the
level of the Charaplain canal, which crosses
the Mohawk near its raouth, joins the Erie ca
nal, 2i ras, above Gibbonsville, Frora Gibbons-
vUle a branch canal crosses above the dam, to
Troy. There is also the U. S, arsenal. The
main building faces Hudson r,, and the grounds
enclosed by the wall extend back to the canal,
which afforda a convenient channel of tranapor-
tation. In the w. part ia Niskayuna, a settiement
of Shakers, on a handsorae level. Pop, 4,963.
Watkin's Store and p.o. in the southwest
em angle of Pittsylvania co. Va,, by p-r, 192
ms, s, w. by w. Richmond.
Watkinsville, p-v. southwestem part of
Goochland co. Va,, 36 ms, westward Richmond.
Watkinsville, p-v. and st.jus, Clark co. Ga.,
situated between Oconee and Appalachee ra.,
bv p-r. 69 ma. a littie w. of n, MiUedgeviUe.
Lat, 33° 50', long, 6° 28' w. W . C.
Watson, t. Lewis co. N. Y., 128 ras. n, w.
Albany, m the ft. e. part of the co. ; has Black
I r. E.. and the falls are 63 ft. high. Pop. 909.

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.570

WAY

Watson's Store, and p-o. Columbia co. Geo,,
5 ms, westword Applingville, and by p-r. 88 ms,
N. e, by E, Milledgeville.
Watsontown, p-v. on the left bank of Sus
quehannah r,, northern part Northuraberland CO,
Pa,, 71 ms, northward Harrisburg,
Wattsboro', p-o, western part of Lunenburg
CO, Va,, by p-r, 97 ms, s, w, Richmond.
Wattsburg, or Wattsville, p-v. Erie co. Pa,,
18 ras, s. E, frora the borough of Erie, 10 n, e.
Waterford, and about 120 ras, a very little n, of
E. Pittsburg.
Waugh's Ferry, and p-o. Amherst co. Va,,
by p-r, 205 ms. s, w. W, C,
Waukbnah, p-v. Jefferson co, Florida, 22 ms,
E, Tuscaloosa.
Waverly, p-v. Pike co. Ohio, by p-r. 61 ms.
s, Colurabus,Waverly Hall, and p-o, Harris co. Geo,, by
p-r, 119 ms. w. MiUedgeviUe.
Waxhaw, large cr,, rising in the southern
part of Mecklenburg co, N, C, flows thence
southwestward into Lancaater dist, S, C, fall
ing into the right side of Catawba r,, opposite
Patton's isl.
Waxhaw, p-o. on Waxhaw cr,, Lancaater
diat. S, C, by p-r, 84 ms. a Uttie e, of n. Co
lurabia, andli ras, in, n, w, Lancaster c, h.
Waylandsburg, p-v. Culpepper co. Va,, by
p-r. 84 ras. a littie s, of vr. "W. C.
Wayne, p-t, Kennebec co. Me,, 20 ras. w.
Augusta ; has Androscoggin co. n. vr., and con
tains part of a large pond which flows into An
droscoggin r. Pop, 1,153.
Wayne, co, N, Y,, bndd. by lake Ontario n,,
Cayuga co, e,, Seneca and Ontario cos. s,, and
Monroe co, w, ; is bndd. by nearly straight lines
on the land sides ; has Sodus bay near the raid-
die of the lake shore, and Little Sodus, East
Bays, E, ofit. Mud cr, enters the co. frora the
s., near the s. w, angle, crosses five of the
south line of towns, and leaves it nearthe south
east angle, bearing the name of Clyde r,, from
where it receives the Canadagua outlet, Sal
mon cr,, and others, flow n, into the lake. The
soil is generally very good, Erie canal passes
through the a, part ofthis co,, and the Clyde ia
navigable in boats. In Ontario, in this co,, are
3 forges, and tvvo blast furnaces. It contains 15
towns, of which Lyons is the st, jus. Pop, 1830,
20,310, 18,30, 33,643,
Wayne, p-t, Steuben co. N, Y,, 14 ms. ft. e.
Bath ; has Crooked lake w,, with a nearly level
surface, and pretty good soil. Pop, 1,172,
Wayne, co. Pa., bndd, s, E, and s. by Pike
CO., s, w, by Luzerne, w, by Suaquehannah, n.
by Broorae co, N. Y,, by Delaware r, separa
ting it from Delaware co, N, Y, n, e,, and frora
Sullivan co, N, Y, e. Greatest length is along
its western border, 54 ms, in coraraon with Lu
zerne and Susquehannah cos,, raean breadth 12,
and area 648 sq, ras. Extending in lat. frora
41° 13' to 42°, and in long, frora 1° 30' to 1°
58' E, W, C, The general declivity is eastward,
towards Delaware r. The southern and cen
tral sections, erabracing full tvvo thirds of the
whole area, are drained by the various ers. of
Lackawaxen r. The western border along the
Lackawaxen mountain, gives source to the
higher sources of Lackawannoc river, flow
ing southwestwardly into Susquehannah riv-
?r, in Wyoming valley, and to the Starucca

creek, flowing northwestwardly into the Sus
quehannah r, at the head of the Great Bend.
"The northeastern part is drained into the Dela
ware, by numerous short ers. above the Lack
awaxen r. The surface is either mountainous
or hilly, with, however, much excellent soil.
Though bordering on the Delaware r., Wayne
CO. Pa. is comparatively a new settlement. In
1820 it contained but 4,127, but in 1830 the
population had risen to 7,674, having gained 86
per cent, in 10 years. For the causes of such
prosperity, see Lackawaxen, Honesdale, and
Carbondale. Cf ts, Bethany st. jus., Hones
dale, Damascus, and Stockport,
Wayne, co, N, C, bndd, e, by Pitt, s. e, by
Lenoir, s, by Duplin, s. vv. by Sampson, w. by
Johnson, n. by Nash, and n, e. by Contentny cr.
separating it frora Edgecombe. Length 36 ms,,
raean breadth 20, and area 720 sq, ras. Ex
tending in lat, frora :i5° 12' to 35° 41', and in
long, frora 0° 51' to 1° 21' w. W. C. It is en
tirely in the valley of Neuse river. Declivity
s, E, by E, The raain stream of Neuse enters
from Johnson co,, and passing Waynesboro',
divides Wayne co, into 2 unequal sections.
Pop, 1830,9,040; 1830, 10,331, Cf t. Waynes
boro', Wayne, co, Geo,, bndd, by Glynn e,, Cara
den s,. Ware s, w,, Appling n, w,, and Altama
ha r, separating it from Macintosh n. Length
45 ms,, raean breadth 16, and area 720 aq. ras.
Extending in lat. frora 31° 07' to 3l° 44', and in
louf. frora 4° 44' to 5° 18' w. W, C, Declivity
southeastward, in the direction of the couraes
of Altamaha and Santilla rivers. The latter
stream traverses the southwestern parts of the
CO, Surface generally low, flat, and in part
marshy. Chief t. "VVaynesville. Pop. 1820,
1,010; 1830, 963,
Wayne, co, Misp., bndd. by Greene s,. Perry
s, w,, Jones w,, the Choctaw country n,, and
Washington co. Ala. e, Lengtii 32 ms,, mean
breadth 28, and area 896 sq, ras. Extending in
lat, frora 31° 26' to 31° 53', and in long, from
1 1° 37' to 12° 05' vr. W, C, This co, declines
to the sthrd., and is drained in that direction by
the Chiokasawhay r. The general surface,
pine forest, moderately hilly, with sterile soil.
Cf t. Winchester. Pop. 1820, 3,333 ; 1830,
2,781. Wayne, co. Ten,, bndd, w, by Hardin, tt. by
Perry, n, e. by Hickman, e. by Lawrence, and
s. by Lauderdale co, Ala. Length 24 ras,,
breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending jn
lat, from 35° to 35° 20', and traversed by the
Ilth deg. of long, w, W. C. Tenn. r. sweeps
in a seraicircle round Wayne, and touching it
on the northwestern angle, receives from it
creeks like radii from a comraon centre. The
surface hilly, and aoil good. Pop, 1820, 2,459 ;
1830, 6,013. Cf t. Waynesboro.'
Wayne, co. Ky., bndd. by Curaberland co.
same state w., Cumberland r. separating it frora
Russell N, w,, Pulaski N,, Whitby e., and Mor
gan CO. in Ten. s. Length 40 ras,, raean breadth
22, and area 880 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from
36° 36' to 37°, aud in long, frora 7° 16' to 8° w.
W. C. Declivity a little w. of n. towards Cura.
berland r., and drained in that direction by the
South Fork of Cumberland and some other
strearas. Cf. t. Monticello. Pop. 1820, 7,951,
1830, 8,731.

WAY

571

WEL

Wayne, p-v. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 187 ras.
K, E, Columbus.
Wayne, co. Ohio, bndd. by Stark e,, Holraes
s., Richland w,, Lorain n, w,, and Medina n.
Length frora e. to w, 30 ms,, mean breadth 24,
and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 50' and long.
W, C. 5° w. intersect in this co. Slope sthrd.,
and drained by numerous branches of Tusca
rawas, Kilbuck, and Mohiccon rivers. The
northern border approaches very near the divi
ding summit level between the waters of Ohio
r. and lake Erie. It is coraparatively an eleva
ted tract, being upwards of 500 ft, above lake
Erie at a raean, and the arable surface exceed.
ing 1,000 ft. above the Atlantic tides. Cf. I,
Wooster, Pop, 23,333,
Wayne, co. Ind., bndd. s. by Union, Fayette
s, vv,, Henry vr., Randolph N,, Darke co. Ohio
N, E,, and Preble co. 0. s. e. It is very near a
square of 20 ras., area 400 sq. ras. Lat. 39°
50', long. W. C. 8° vr. Slope sthrd., and drain
ed by the higher branches of White Water r,,
a confluent' of Great Miami r. Cf t. Centre
ville. Pop, 18,571.
W.AYNE, CO. II,, bndd. e, by Edwards,' s, e.
White, s, Hamilton, s, w, Jefferson, n, w. Ma
rion, and i\. Clay. It is a square of 24 ms,, 576
sq, ms. in area. Central lat, 38° 25', long. W,
C. 11° 36' w. Slope s. E., and drained by dif
ferent branches of Little "Wabash. Cf t. Fair
field. Pop. 2,553.
Wayne, co. Mo., is bndd. by Ripley co. w,,
Madison n,. Cape Girardeau co. n. e,, St, Fran
cis r. separating it frora Stoddard e., on the s.
it has Lawrence co. Ark. Length from s. to
N. 54 ms,, raean breadth 30, and area 1,620 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, frora 36° 30' to 37° 13',
and in long, frora 13° 04' to 13° 48' w, of W. C.
Slope to the athrd,, and in that direction it is
drained by St, Francis, Black, and Currant rs,
Cf t, GreenvUle, Pop, 3,264,
Wayne, co. Mich,, bndd, by Monroe s,, Wash
tenaw w,, Oakland n,, Macorab n. e,, and lake
St, Clair and Detroit r, e. Breadth 24 ms, in
the wstrn, part, greatest length along the nrthrn,
border 38 ms., raean length 28, and area 672 aq,
ms. Central lat. 42° 30', long. 6° 15' vr. W,
C, Slope s. E., and in that direction drained
by the Huron river. Riviere Rouge, and several
lesser atrearas. The surface is generally level,
Cf t, Detroit, Pop. 1838, 3,574, 1830, 6,781.
Waynesboro', p-v. sthestm. angle of Franklin
CO. Pa,, 14 ms, s. e. Chambersburg, and 79 n,
n. vr. W. C,
Waynesboro', p-v. wstm. foot of Blue Ridge,
and on South r, Augusta co. Va,, 13 ms, e. s,
E, Staunton, and 30 ms. a little n. of w. Char
lotteville. Waynesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. N,
C, on the left bank of Neuse r,, iramediately
below the mouth of Little r,, by p-r, 51 ms. s.
E, Raleigh. Lat. 35° 31', long. 1° w, W. C.
Waynesboro', p-v. and St. jus. Burke co.,
Geo., situated on a branch of Brier cr., 30 ms.
a, Augusta, apd by p-r, 87 ms. E. Milledgeville.
It is the seat of an acaderay. Lat. 33° 05', long.
5° w, W. C.
Waynesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co.
Ten., situated on Ryan's cr., by p-r. 93 ms. s,
w, NashviUe. Lat. 3 5° 10', long, 11° w. W. C.
Waynesburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. Pa,,
by p-r. 229 ms. n. w. byw. W( C. It is situa.

ted on a branch of Ten Mile cr. Lat. 39°'54',
long. W. C. 3° 16' w. Pop. of the tsp. of
W.iyne, including the borough, 1,130.
"Waynesburg, p-v. sthrn, part Lincoln co, Ky.,
by p-r. 16 ms. southward Stanford, the co. seat,
and 67 a littie e, ofs, Frankfort,
Waynesbur5, p-v. Stark co. Ohio, by p-r. 135
ms. N. E, by E, Columbus, Pop, 98,
Waynesville, p-v, and st, jus, Haywood co,
N, C, on a branch of French Broad r,, about 70
ras, a littie n, of w, Rutherfordton, and by p-r.
395 ras. a littie s, ofw, Raleigh. Lat. 35° 33'
long, W. C. 5° 54' vr.
Way.-mesville, usually called TuckersvUle,
or Wayne c, h,, Wayne co, Geo,, about 70 ms.
s, w. Savannah, and by p-r. 190 ras, s, e, Mil
ledgeville, Waynesville, p-v, nrthestrn. part Warren co.
Ohio, 9 ras, n, e, Lebanon, the st. jus,, and by
p-r, 71 ms, s, w, by vv. Columbus. Pop, 439,
Weakly, co. Ten,, bndd. e, by Henry, a, e.
by CarroU, b. vv, by Gibaon, w, by Obion, by
Hickraan co, Ky. n. w., and Gravea co, Ky, n.
E, Length 30 ras,, breadth 38, and area 840
sq, ma. Extending in lat, from 36° 06' to 36°
30', and from long, i 1° 38' to 11° 04' w. W. C.
Thia CO. is entirely in the valley of Obion r.,
and the declivity wstrd, towardsthe Miap. Cf
t. Dresden, Pop. 4,797.
Weare, p-t. Hillsljorough co. N. H. ; is cross
ed in a winding course by the nrthwst. branch
of Piscataquog, which afforda mill aeata. There
are several raanufactories in the town, and se
veral sraall ponds. Mountains Misery and Wil
Ham are of no great elevation. Rattlesnake
hill is near the centre. The soil is various ;
that ofthe uplands good and well watered. The
surface is broken, and tbere are sraall swaraps
and sorae meadows. Pop, 3,432,
Weathersfield, p-t, "Windsor co, Vt,, 61 ms.
s. Montpelier, 50 n, e, Bennington; has Conn, r.
E,, on which is the Bow, an extensive and beau
tiful tract of fine meadows, where is situated
the large and valuable farra of Mr, William
Jarvis, These meadows were overgrown with
a heavy forest when the settlements began.
The people carae frora New Haven, Conn,, and
the t, was organized 1778, Black r. affords
mill sites, and there are other strearas. As-
cutney mtn, Hes partiy in the n, of thia t. There
are several araall vs. Pop, 2,213,
Weathersfield, Conn, {See Wethersfield.}
Weaver's Mill, and p-o, Fauquier co. Va,,
by p-r, 59 ms. s. w. by vr. W. C.
Webb's p-o. nthrn. part of Stokes co. N. C,
by p-r, 148 ras, n. w, by w, Raleigh.
'Webbville, p-v. Jackson co, Flor,, 9 ras. n.
N. w. Mariana, the co. seat, and by p-r. 86 ms.
N, vr. by w. Tallahassee.
Webster, (formerly South Oxford) Worces
ter CO. Mass., 55 ms. a, of w. Boaton, and
bounded a. on Conn, Incorporated since the
census of 1830.
Webster's p-o,, Richland co. 0,, by p-r, 11
ms, N. Mansfield, the co. aeat, and 82 ms. n. n.
E. Colurabus.
Webster's Store, and p-o, Lancaster co. Pa.,
by p-r. 54 ras. eastward Harrisburg.
'Weedsport, p-v. Cayuga co, N, Y., 7 ms. N.
Aubum, 87 w. Utica; on Erie canal; has a
basin, and is a place of considerable business.
Wex-d, p.t. Oxford co. Me., 53 ms. n. w.

WEL

572

WES

Augusta, 25 n, Paris ; has Soraerset and Ken.
nebec cos. E., with several high eminences,
particularly the Blue mtns, e,, and alarge pond
which empties into Androscoggin r. Pop. 765,
Weldon, p-v, on the right bank of Roanoke
river, at the lower end of its falla, Halifax co,
N. C, by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. Raleigh. The Roan
oke navigation by canals, sluices, and river
channel, is completed frora Weldon to Salera,
in Botetourt co, Va. Distance frora Weldon to
Salera 244 ms,, following Roanoke and Staun
ton rs. Below Weldon, the navigation ia again
open by Roanoke r. and Alberaarle sound, to
the Atlantic and Disraal Swamp canal.
Welfleet, p-t, Barnstable co. Mass., 97 ms.
s. by E. Boston ; haa the Atlantic e,, and Cape
Cod bay vv,, being situated on Cape Cod. Wel.
fleet bay s. w,, makes a good harbor, being
separated frora Cape Cod bay, by Beach hill.
Griffin's and Poundbrook islands.. The harbor
is almost encircled by rounded sand hills. The
inhabitanls live by fishing, the soil being almost
entirely waste. A cotton and woollen manufac
tory was established here in 1815. Pop. 2,046.
Wellington, t. Somerset co. Me, Pop, 639,
Wellington, p-v, Bristol co. Mass,, 37 ras,
s. Boston, on Taunton r, A cotton raanufactory
was established here in 1814.
Wellington, p.v. |Sthrn, part Lorain eo. 0.,
by p-r. Ill ras. n. n. e. Colurabus.
"Wells, r. Vt. a sraall tributary of Conn, r.,
rises in Kettle pond, in the s, part of Caledonia
CO., flows through Long pond, &c. ; and after
receiving two branches, terminates a little s.
of the line, in Newbury, Orange co. It has
several falls, affords very good mill sites, and
moves the machinery of several factories.
Wells, p-t. York co. Me, 32 ras, s. w. Port
land, 13 N, N. E. York, 85 s. w. Augusta ; has
the Atlantic on the e., Kennebunk r. ft.. Bald
Head s,, with a harbor. The v. was a very
early settleraent, and designed for a large city.
The ground was laid out with regularity, and
is a fine level on the borders of the sea. Pop.
2,978. Wells, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 40 raa. n, Ben
nington, 65 a. Vf. Montpelier, 13 a, w. Rutland,
is araall, rocky E., and level w., with one-third
of Wella pond, or St. Augustin, within its
liraits ; a sheet of water about 5 ras. long, and
in sorae parts li ras, wide. The soil is good,
but the surface is often too rough for cultiva
tion. First settied about 1768. Pop. 880.
Wells, t, Haraihon co, N. Y. 73 ms, N, n, w.
Albany, is mountainous, with swamps, and con
tains Pezeeco lake. Pop, 340.
Wellsboro', p-v, and st. jus. Tioga co. Pa.
situated near the centre of the co, on a sraall
creek flowing into Crooked cr,, branch of Tioga
r., about 45 ras, N, rt. w, WUUarasport on the
"West branch of Susquehannah r,, and by p-r,
147 ms, in a similar direction frora Harrisburg,
Lat, 41° 45', long, 0° 22' w. W. C.
Wellsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Brooke co. Va.
is situated on the e. aide of Ohio river, about 10
ms. below Steubenville, 16 above "Wheeling,
immediately above the raouth of Buffalo creek.
Lat. 40° 18', long. 3° 36' w. W. C. It is a con
siderable viUage, containing 5 streets running
parallel to the river, which are crossed by 8
others. The buildings are principally of stone
or brick. , It has the usual county buildings,

beside which are 2 churches, an acaderay, a
raarket, a cotton factory, and 2 glass factories.
The productions of one of the latter, that of
white flint glass, will vie with the best of simi.
lar raanufactures in Europe. Pop. 1,200.
Wellsville, p-v. on Ohio r. southetrstem
part Colurabiana co. 0. 16 ms. b. s, e. New
Lisbon, the co. St., and 186 ms. n. e. by e. Co
lurabus, Pop, 169,
Welch Run, p-o. sthm, part FrankUn co. Pa.
by p-r. 20 ras. s. w. Charabersburg, the co. St.,
and 82 N, w.W. C.
Wendell, p-t, SuUivan co. N. H. 35 railes
from Concord, 80 from Portsraouth, and w.
IVlerrimack co. ; contains 15,666 acres, of
which 3,000 are water. Sunapee lake lies part.
ly in this town and partly in Merriraack co.
Sugar r, rises frora its w, part, and flows across
this town. First settled 1772, from Rhode Isl
and, Pop, 637.
Wendell, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 85 ms, w.
Boston, has Miller's r. on the n. line, a good
soil and uneven surface, with flo considerable
viUage. Pop. 874.
Wenham, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 31 ms. n. e.
Boston, is nearly level, and has a good soil,
and no considerable village. There is a pond
on the s. line, and a large swamp n. w. It was
an early settlement. Pop. 611.
Wenlock, t. Essex co. Vt. 53 ras. N. e, Mont.
pelier, gives rise to the principal branch of Nul.
hegan r. Pop. 34.
Wentworth, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 53 ras.
frora Concord, and 15 from Plymouth. Ba.
ker's r. has a fall of about 30 ft., where is a v.,
a bridge, and various mills and factories.
Carr's ratn. e. affords valuable granite, lirae.
stone is obtained frora raount Cuba, and iron
ore is found in the t. The soil near the strearas
is excellent, and elsewhere generaUy good.
This t. was naraed after general Benning 'Went.
worth. First settled after the revolution. Pop.
924, Wentworth, p-v. and st. jus. Rockingham
CO. N. C, situated on the summit level between
the vallies of Haw and Dan r., by p-r. 292 ras
s. w, W,C,, and 108 ms, n, w, by w, Raleigh.
Lat, 36° 24', and long, 2° 46' w, W. C.
Wesley, p-v. Haywood co. Ten,, by p-r, 186
ms. s. w, by w. Nashville.
Wesley, p-v. Washington co. 0., by p-r. 99
ms, s, E, by e, Colurabus.
West, r. Windhara co. Vt,, rises in the ft. vr.
corner and flowing s. e. empties into Connecti
cut river in Brattleborough, receiving the wa
ters of about 440 sq. ms,, through Bald moun
tain, Meadow, South and Sraith's branches. It
affords few raill sites, but its branches are raany.
West r. Worcester co. Mass., is a raill
stream of th-e Blackstone, and has 2 cotton fac
tories, each with 500 spindles.
West r. a small bayof the main Chesapeake
bay, making into the s, estrn. shore of Ann
Arundel co. Md.
West Alexandria, p-v. on the wstrn. border
of Washington co. Pa., 16 ms. s. w. by w. from
the borough of Washington, and 14 e. Wheel
ing, Va.
West Alexandria, p,v. Preble co. 0., byp-r.
87 ms. a little s. of vr. Colurabus.
West Bedford, p-v. Coshocton co. 0., by p.r.
71 ms. N. E. by e, Columbus.

WES

573

WES

West Berlin, p-v, Frederick co, Md,, by p-r,
58 ms, N, wstrd, W, C.
Westborough, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 34
ms. w. s, w, Boston, 10 e, Worcester, is on high
ground, giving rise to Concord and Blackstone rs.
There is a large pond n. The soil is good, and
there are several sraall streams. It formerly
belonged to Marlborough. In 1704 several
persons were captured by Indians. Pop. 1,438,
West Boylston, p-t. Worcester co. Mass,,
42 ms, vv, Boston, n, Worcester, First settled,
1720, from Marlboro' ; is crossed by Nashua r.,
which is formed in the tt. vr. part by the union
of Quinepoxet and Still Water rs. Almost the
entire town lies in the valley of the Nashua,
and has a rich and well cultivated soil. The
raill seats are very good, and some ofthem oc
cupied by large manufactories. There is some
iron ore, and a raineral spring. Pop. 1,045.
West Bridgewater, p-t. Plyraouth co. Mass,,
24 ma. s. Boston, has a soil of inferior quaUty,
andis watered by a few small streams. Incor
porated 1822, Pop, 1,042,
Westbrook, t, Cumberland co. Me,, 3 ras,
vv, Portiand, is crossed n, vv, by Presurascot r.
Pop, 2,238,
West Brook, p-v. sthrn. part Bladen co. N.
C, 18 ms, from EUzabethtown, the co, st,, and
by p-r, 117 ms, s, Raleigh,
West Brunswick, p-t. Herkimer co, N, Y.,
22 ms, ft. Herkiraer, has rauch rough and infe
rior land. Pop, 713.
West Buckingham, p-o, Washington co. Pa,
West Cambridge, t, Middlesex co. Mass,, 5
ms. N. w, Boston, w, Charles r, bay, vvas for
merly a part of Carabridge. It has rocky and
broken land N,, low and some swampy land s,,
vvith good pasturage and tillage in the middle
part, Craigie's bridge connects this t, with
Boston, Pop, 1,230,
West Canaan, p-v, Madison co. O., by p-r,
26 ms, wstrd, Columbus,
West Carlisle, p-v, Coshocton co, O,, by
p-r, 68 ms, n, e, by e, Columbus,
West Charleston, p-v, Miarai co. O,, by p-r,
about 80 ras, w. Columbus,
West Castle, p-o, CasweU co. N. C, by p-r,
96 ms, N, w, Raleigh.
Westchester, co. N, Y., bndd, by Putnara co,
N,, Conn, r,.. Long Island sound and East r, s.,
Harlaera and Hudson rs, vv., is of irregular
form, something triangular, contains about 480
sq. ms., and is crossed s, westerly by Croton
and PeekskiU ers. ; Saw raUl, Bronx, and By
ram ers, are sraaller streams. The rocks are
generally priraitive ; there are raountains in the
N, w,, and a high ridge extends through the co,
N, and a. Marble is quarried at Mount Pleas
ant, by the convicts in the state prison, where
is also an old silver mine and a copper mine.
There are 3 cotton factories in this co,, 4 paper
mUls, 5 woollen factories, and 3 iron foundries.
There are 21 towns, of which Bedford and
White Plains are the sts, jus. Pop. 1820,
32,638, 1830, 43,594.
Westchester, p-t, Westchester co. N. Y,,
12 ms, N, by e. New York, 140 s, Albany, has
Long Island s, e,, with clay soil, generally sto
ny, watered by Bronx and Westchester ers.
The manufactures are various, but not very ex
tensive. The villages are "Westchester and
West Farms. Pop. 2,362.

West Chester, borough, p-v, tmd st. jus,,
Chester co. Pa,, situated 28 ms, almost exactly
due w. from the city of Philadelphia, 75 s, e, by
E, Harrisburg, and by p-r, 115 ms, n, e, W, C,
Lat, 39° 58', long, 1° 28' e, W, C, This is a
very fiourishing borough, in a well cultivated
coimtry. Pop, 1830, 1,258, Besides the usual
CO, buildings, "West Chester contains several
places of public worship, a bank, printing of
fice, well filled schoola, and numerous stores
and public houses.
West Chester, p-v, Butier co. 0,, by p-r, 87
ms, s. w, by w, Colurabus,
Westerlo, p-t, Alhany co, N, Y., 21 ms, s.
w. Albany, has Greene co, s., is crossed by
low ridges, with pretty good soil in the valUes,
The w, part belongs to ihe raanor of Renssel
aerwyck, First settied 1759, It is watered
by sraall strearas. Pop, 3,3'2l,
Westerly, p-t, Washington co, R, I,, 36 ms.
s. w. Providence, 35 w, by s, Newport, has
Pawcatuck r, n. and vr., the Atlantic s,, and
adjoins Conn, The surface is broken, the soil
various, generaUy favorable to grazing. Vessels
of 80 tons go 4 ms, up Pawcatuck r,, and the
v, of Pawcatuck is 6 ms. from the ocean. Pop,
1,904, Western, p-t, Worcester co. Mass,, 22 raa.
s, w. Worcester, Pop, 1,189,
WE.5TERN, p-t, Oneida co, N, Y„ 20 ras, n,
Utica, 8n, e, Rome, is vvell supplied with mill
seats by head streams of Mohawk r. Pop.
2,419, Western Star, p-o, Medina co, 0,, by p-r,
112 ms, N, E, Columbus,
Western Ford, and p-o, wstrn, part Ran
dolph CO, Va., by p:r. 240 ras, vv, W. C,
Western Port, p-v, on Potomac r, AUegha
ny CO, Md,, 24 ms, above, and a, w, Cumber
land, and_by p-r, 141 ms, n, vv, by vv, W, C,
West fAiRFiELD, p-o, Westmoreland co. Pa,,
by p-r. 184 ms, ,t. vv, W, C,
West Fairlee, t. Orange co, Vt,, 28 ras, s, E,
MontpeUer, 35 n. e, Windsor, is crossed in the
s, vv, by Ompompanoosuc r,, and part of West
Fairlee lake. The surface is uneven. Pop,
841, West Farmington, p-v, Oakland co, Mich,,
byp-r, 42 ras, rt. vr. Detroit,
West Farms, p-v, Westchester, Westchester
CO, N, Y,, 12 ms, IN, by E, Nevv York, 140 frora
_A.lbany, on Bronx cr,, at the head of navigation,
3 ras, from Long Island sound, has several
small manufactories,
Westfield, p-t, Orieans co, Vt,, 43 ms. N.
MontpeUer, 44 n, e. Burlington, has a smaU
part of Missisque r. s, E., into which flow 3 miU
streams frora this t. The land is good e,, but
mountainous vv., having the Green ratus, in that
part, through which Hazen's Notch affords a
passage. Few settlers came here before 1800.
Pop, 353,
Westfield, p-t, Harapden co. Mass,, ll)t>
ras, w, by s, Boston, 6 ras, vv. Springfield, is
crossed by Westfield r, wbich affords null sites ;
it is a furious stream when raised by floods.
The Harapshire and Hampden canal crosses
the t„ and is carried across this river oil an
aqueduct, being brought down to the. level ot
the meadows by locks, and up again to Hungry
plain. In the hollow is the v„ which is a plea.
sant and busy place, with a large aud flourishing

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academy, incojporated in 1793, In 1832 it
contained 375 pupils. The town was first set
tled 1667, being caUed Warranoake by the In
dians, and was attacked by savages in Philip's
war. It was long a frontier settlement. Pop.
2,940. Westfield, t. Richmond co, N. Y., 3J ras. a,
w. Richraond v,, has Raritan bay s., and Staten
isl. sound vv., which separates it frora N. Jer
sey. It occupies the s. w. part of the island,
and has Prince's bay s,, whence great quantities
of oysters are derived for the New York mar
ket. They are brought frora Virginia, and pla
ced here to grow. Many of the inhabitants are
eraployed in this business. The land is good,
and there are many good farras. There are
extensive raeadows at the head of the Fresh
Kills. Pop. 1,733,
Westfield, p-t. Chatauque co. N, Y,, 7 ras,
N. Mayville, 1 frora Portland harbor, 28 frora
Erie, Pa. Pop, 2,477,
Westfield, p-t. Essex co. N. J., 7 ras, w.
Elizabethtown, has Rahway r. e., Morris co.
N, vv,, Soraerset co. w. and Middlesex co, s.
It is crossed in the tt. pan by the Short hiUs,
Pop, 2,492.
Westfield, p-v, western part Tioga co. Pa.,
by p-r, 180 ras, n. n, w, Harrisburg.
Westfield, p-v, Delaware co, Ohio, by p-r,
32 ms. northward Columbus.
West Finley, or Findlay, p-v, northwestern
part of Washington co. Pa., by p-r. 248 ras. n,
w, W. C.
Westford, p-t. Chittenden co, Vt,, 13 ms.
northeast Burlington, 32 n. w. Montpelier, first
settled soon after the revolution, is crossed by
Brown's r. from s. to n. The surface is irreg
ular. Pop. 1,291,
Westford, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass., 28 ras.
tt. vr. Boston, and 8 frora Concord, is on high
ground, with a fertile soil, favorable to grass,
grain, and fruit. The v." occupies a fine eleva
tion, near the centre of the town, comraanding
a view of Monadnock, Kearsearge and Watchu-
sett ratns., and contains an academy, incorpo
rated in 1793, ' Pop, 1,329,
Westford, p-t, Otsego co. N. Y,, 9 ras, e, a,
E, Cooperatown, 11 a, (Sherry VaUey, and 56 vv,
Albany, is hilly, with rich vallies, and good gra
zing on the uplands, and watered by Elk r, and
olher streams. Pop, 1,645,
Vv'est Friendship, p-v, on the Frederick turn
pike, and in the northwestern part of Ann Arun
del CO, Md,, by p-r, 57 ras, n, W", C, and 49 n,
w, Annapolis,
West Greenville, p-v, northwestern part
Mercer co. Pa,, 14 ms, n, w. from the borough
of iVIercer, •
Wesit Greenwich, t.. Kent co, R, I., 18 ms,
s, w. Providence, has Washington co. b. and
Conn, w,, gives riae to the s, branch of Pawtux
et r,, and has Wood r, w, Hopkins' hUl is a
conspicuous eminence. Pop, 1,818.
West Grove, p-v. Chester co. Fa,, by p-r, 71
ms, estrd. Harrisburg,
West H,\,vipton, p-t, Hampshire co. Mass,,
100 ras, w, Boston; formerly a part of North
ampton ; gives riae to several streams of Man
han r,, a branch of the Conn,, and is devoted to
agriculture. Pop. 918.
West Hanover, p-o, Dauphin co. Pa,, 16 ms,
N, R. hy E, Iliu-risburg,

West Haven, p-t, Rutiand co. Vt,, 86 ms. from
Montpelier, has Poultney r, and N. Y, state s.,
and lake Champlain w. Hubbardton r. and Cog-
man's cr. afford mill seats. Pop. 722.
West Liberty, p-v. 0. co. "Va., by p-r. 276
ms, N, w. by w. W. C.
West Liberty, p-v. and St. jus. Morgan co.
Ky., by p-r. 107 ms. a little s, of E. Frankfort.
"West Middletown, p-v. wstm. part Wash
ington CO. Pa., 13 ms. n. w. the borough of
Washington. West Milton, p-v. Miami co. O,, by p-r. 84
ms. w. Colurabus.
Westminster, p-t. Windhara co. Vt., 37 ras.
N, E. Bennington, 82 ras. b, Montpelier, 27 ras.
frora Windsor, has Conn, r, e,, on the borders
of which is a tract of fine raeadows. The first
perraanent settleraents here, were raade from
Northfield, Mass,, and frora Conn, about 1741.
The V. ia conaiderably above the adjacent raead
ows, shut in at some distance by hiUs which
touch the r. bolh above and below. There are
no raill streams. The legislature of Vt, was
held here several times soon after the forma-
tion ofthe state. Pop, 1,737.
Westminster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass,, 54
ras, w. by n, Boston, Hes in the fork of Nashua
river and a westem branch, and is a pleasant
agricultural tovvn, yielding grass and fruit.
The land divides sorae of the waters of the
Connecticut and Merrimack ra. It waa granted
to soldiers of PhUip's war as " Naraganset No.
2." Pop. 1,696.
Westminster, p-v, on the very eastern bor
der of Frederick co, Md,, 29 ms, ft. vv, Balti
raore, 566 ras. N. W, C,
Westmore, t,, Orleans co, Vt., 43 ms, ?J. e,
Montpelier, is uneven, with rams. Hor, Pisgah
and Pico for the principal summits, and Wil
loughby's lake, about 1^ ms. by 6, vvithin its
boundaries. Willoughby's i, is the outlet of
this lake, and the head streams of Clyde and
Passumpsic r. rise in this t. Pop, 353.
Westmoreland, p-t. Cheshire co, N, H,, 65
ras, from Concord, and 100 frora Boston, Hes on
the e, side of Connecticut r, which separates it
from Vermont, and has several smaU strearas
running into thatr. One flows from Spafford's
lake, in Chesterfield, and affords mill sites.
Pop, 1,647,
Westmoreland, p-t, Oneida co, N, Y,, 9 ms.
w, Utica, 105 frora Albany, and 8 s. Rome, has
Oriskany creek a few ms, s., and a few smaU
mill strearas. The surface ia nearly level, the
soil very good, Erie canal is a'oout 6 ras. n. of
the centre. Pop. 3,303,
Westmoreland, co. Pa., bndd, by Laurel
Hill separating it frora Soraerset s, e,, by La
fayette s,, by Monongahela r, separating it Iroin
Washington co. s, w., by Youghioghany r.
separating it frora the extreme southern part of
Alleghany co. vv,, by the central part of Alle
ghany n, vv., by the Alleghany separating it from
the northern part of Alleghany co, n,, and by
Conemaugh r, separating it from Armstrong
and Indiana n, is. The longest line is a diago-
nal, 50 ras, frora the sthrn, angle on Laurel
Hill to the northern at the mouth of Cone.
maugh, mean breadth 21 ms,, and area 1,050
sq, ms. Extending hi lat. from 40° 03' to 40°
43', and in long, from 3° to 2° 56' w, W. C,
This CO. ia composed of two inclined plains e.

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of Monongahela. The northeastem declines
to the northward, and is drained by Loyalhan-
nah and other ers. into Coneraaugh r. The
second or central plain has a western decUvity
towards the Monongahela and AUeghany rs.
Beside these two sections, Westraoreland con
tains two turnpikes on the peninsula betvveen
the Youghiogany and Monongahela rs. The sur
face is every where broken by hiUs or raoun
tains, yet few cos. in the U, S,, even in propor
tion to surface, have raore good land. Fruits,
grasses, and indeed vegetables of every kind
suitable to the cliraate, grow abundantly, Cf,
t. Greensburg, Pop. 1820, 30,540, 1830, 38,-
400, having gained upwards of 25 percent, in
10 years.
"Westmoreland, co. Va., bndd, b, e, by North
umberland, s, by Richmond, s, vv, by Rappa
hannoc r. separating it frora Essex, n, w. by
King George, and by Potomac r, separating it
from Charles co, in Md, n,, and St. Mary's of
Md, N, E. Length along Potomac r. 30 ms,,
mean breadth 5, and area 150 sq, ras. Extend
ing in lat, from 38° to 38° 16' n,, and in long,
from the meridian of W, C, to 0° 30' e. Cf t.
Westmoreland c. h. Pop. 1820, 6,900, 1830,
8,411, Westmoreland, c, h,, and p-o, Westmore
land CO, Va., by p-r. 116 ras. s, s. e. W, C, and
70 N, E, Richraond.
West Newbury, p.t, Essex co. Mass,, 34 ras,
N, E, Boston, 6 w. Newburyport, haa Merri
mack r, on the n, line, with many hills and val
lies, and excellent soil. Although the in
habitants are generally farmers, carriages,
shoes, combs, &c. are manufactured in great
numbers. A bridge crosses the Merrimack, to
Rock's V. in Haverhill. Pop, 1,586,
Weston, t, Windsor co, Vt,, 66 ms, s. Mont
pelier, 22 s, W.Windsor, is crossed by West r,
which affords mill sites, and passes 2 villages.
Pop, 972.
Weston, p-t, Middlesex co. Mass., 15 ms.
w. Boston, Pop, 1,091,
Weston, p-t, Fairfield co,. Conn., 61 ms. s,
w, Hartford, 8 ms, frora Long Island sound, 6
ms, by 9, is hilly, with priraitive rocks, and is
suppUed with mill sites by Saugatuck r,. Mill
r, &.C. There is an acaderay well endowed.
Pop, 2,997,
Weston, p-v, and st, jus, Lewis co, Va,, situ
ated on the West fork of Monongahela r, about
70 ms, a little s, of e. Marietta, in the state of
Ohio, and by p-r. 249 ms, vv, W, C,
West Penn, p-v. SchuylkUl co. Pa., byp-r.
76 ms. N. E. Harrisburg.
West Philadelphia, p-o. weat aide Schuyl
kill, Phila, CO, Pa, 2 raa. frora the centre ol the
city. WissT Point, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y.,
the site ofthe mUitary acaderay of the United
States, 53 ma. by the river above New York,
and about 100 below Albany. It is a high and
rocky projection, turning the course ofthe Hud
son r, estrd, a Httie below the north entrance
ofthe Highlands, and occupies a coraraanding
point on that streara, on which account it be
came an iraportant position in tiie revolutionary
war, A fort was built on the brow of the hill,
and another on the oppoaite shore ; Mount In
dependence, afterwards called fort Putnam,
now in ruins, was erected on the top of a steep

eminence in the rear, its guns bearing upon the
river above and below, and upon the raouth of a
defile here opening through the raountains on
the w. Fort Putnam is elevated 598 ft, above
the level of the Hudson, and the plain below,
on which the academy buildings are erected, is
188 above the river, A chain was stretched
aeross the river to prevent the passage of ships,
but was tuken up by the British in 1777, when
they forced the pass of the highlands. The
miUtary academy of the U, S, was founded here
in 1803, and buildings have been constructed
under several appropriations, the first in 1813
of $12,00n, on 250 acresof land, ceded by the
state of N, Y,, for the use of the institution.
The course of instruction occupies 4 years ;
the 1st and 2d years are devoted lo mathemat
ics, French and drawing ; the 3d to philoaophy,
natural and experimental, chemistry, drawing
and artillery; andthe 4lh to engineering, civil
and raiUtary, ethics, belles lettres, and national
law, artillery and tactics. There are professors
and teachers in different departraents, with as-
siatants. The number of cadets is limited to
350, The location of this place ia dehghtful,
and the surrounding scenery is extremely fine.
It has recently become a place of considerable
resort for travellers, and a spacious and elegant
hotel, recentiy erected on a coramanding site,
adds much to the attractions and comfort of the
visiter. There are six large buildings, of atone,
belonging to the institution, beside several of
brick for its officers and professors, and many
others, for different purposes.
West Point, p-v, Hardin co, Ky,, by p-r, 73
ms, s, w, by w. Frankfort.
Westport, p-t. Lincoln co. Me,, 39 ms, s,
Augusta, occupies an isl, on Sheepscot r,, sep
arated fromthe ocean by one or two other isls.
Pop, 554.
Westport, p-t. Bristol co. Mass,, 60 ms. b.
Boston, 8 s, w. New Bedford, borders s, upon
the Atlantic, and w, on R, I,, and is crossed by
two branches of Acoacset r, which are naviga
ble for sorae distance. There are 3 vs. The
soil is good for grazing, and yields raany arti
cles for the New Bedford market. Pop, 2,779,
Westport, p-t, Essex co, N, Y,, 123 ras, K.
Albany, 5 e, Elizabethtown, has lake Champlain
E,, contains n, w. Bay, with good land, and
abounds in iron ore, of which much is obtained
fbr raanufacture. Pop. 1,513.
West Port, p-v. and st. jus, Oldhara co, Ky,,
situated on the left bank of 0, r, about 25 ms,
by the land road above Louisville, and by p-r.
44 ras, N. vv, by vv, Frankfort, Lat, 38° 27',
long, 39° 30' vr. W, C.
"West Quoddy Head, Lubec, Me,, is the s.
w. point of Passaraaquoddy Bay, and has a light
house. West Rtver, p-v. on the western bank of
West Bay, Ann Arundel co. Md,, 12 ms. s. s.
w. AnnapoUs, and 49 ms. E, W. C,
West Springfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass,,
100 ms, w, by s, Boston, is on the w. bank of
Conn, I', and crossed by Westfield r. The sur
face is irregular, but there is a fine and exten
sive meadow e„ with a beautiful level on which
the V. is situated. The streets are bordered
by noble elras, and sorae ofthe houses are very
fine. There are high hills or rams, n., and
sandy plains s. This town forraerly belonged

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to Springfield, which was one of the earliest
settleraents on the r, Sorae lead ore has been
found here. Pop, 3,270,
West Stockbridge, t, Berkshire co, Mass.,
130 ms, w. Boston, has the New York Hue for
its vv, boundary, and is crossed by Williams' r,,
(a branch of Housatonic,) on whose banks are
iine meadows. The soil is good for grazing,
but the Taughkannuck mtns, encroach upon the
vv, part ofthe t. Iron mines are wrought here,
as well as quarries of white and clouded nmr-
ble. A railroad is authorized to be extended
to the Hudson. Pop, 1,209.
West Tamliqua, p.v. on a branch of Little
Schuylkill r, Schuylkill co. Pa,, by p-r, 81 ms,
ft. E. Harrisburg,
West Turin, t. Lewis co. N. Y,, 120 mUes
frora Albany, Pop, 1,534,
WestUnio-n, p-V. and st. jus. Adams co, 0,,
by p-r. 101 ms, s. s, w, Colurabus, and 39 ms, a
little rt. of w, Portsraouth, atthe mouth ofthe
Scioto, Lat, 38° 48', long, W, C, 6° 27' w.
Pop, 429,
West Union, p-v, on Wheeling creek, Ohio
CO. Va., 5 ms, s, e, by e. Wheeling, and by p-r,
266 ras. B, w, by w, W, C,
Westville, p-t, Franklin co, N, Y,, 8 ras, n,
N, E, Owego, Pop. 619.
Westville, p-v. and st. jus. Sirapson co.
Misp,, situated ou Strong r, about 100 ras, n, e,
by e, Natchez, and by p-r, 56 ras, s, E, Jackson.
Lat, 31° 58', long, 13° 02' w, W, C, Pop. 200,
West Whiteland, tsp, and p-o, Chester co.
Pa,, 25 ras, w, Phila., and 5 e, Downingstown,
Wethered's, p-o, southwestern part Shelby
CO, Ten,, by p-r, 223 ms, s, w, by vv. Nashville,
Wethersfield, p-t, Hartford co. Conn,, 4
ms, s, Hartford, and 34 n. New Haven ; it Hes
on the vv, side ofthe Conn, river, and contains
much excellent and productive soU, Extensive
and fertile meadows border the streara, and
a broad and higher level tract, with light but
rich soil, lies w,, on which the principal village
is built, about 1 m, frora the river. On this
level great quantities of onions are raised,
which are sent to different parts of the United
States, and to sorae foreign countries. The
viUage is very pleasant, having broad streets
planted with elms. The tsp, has an agreeably
varied surface. Rocky Hill, or Stepney, the s,
parish, is a pleasant v, on an elevated situation,
with a landing at sorae distance, where con
siderable coramerce and ship building were
formerly carried on. The river at that place
leaves the fine meadows through which it has
flowed for many ras,, and enters anarrow chan
nel between hills and high sandy banks. The
first atterapt by Europeans, to form a settle
raent on the Conn,, was raade here in 1634,
when a fevv persons spent the winter. The
year following, Wethersfield, Hartford, and
Windsor, were occupied by colonists, but their
sufferings during the cold weather were so great,
that nurabers of thera travelled by land to Say
brook fort, then the nearest place of refuge.
The capture of two white woraen here by In
dians soon afterwards, was one ofthe arguraents
for the Pequod war. The first settieraents
were made at the Point. The state prison of
Connecticut has been erected iu Wethersfield
Vvithin a few years. It stands on the margin of
.'he co\'e, (a beautiful sheet of water formed

frora the Connecticut,) and is surrounded by a
stone wall. The building is on the plan ofthe
Auburn prison, and the discipline of the sarae
general description. Since its removal to its
present location, it has been a constant source
of revenue to the state. The nett proceeds
paid into the treasury, after defraying all ex
penses, was in 1831, $4,856 45 ; and in 1832
and 18,33, $5,000 per ann. The nuraber of
convicts being coraparatively sraall, the disci
pline is very perfect and effectual; the inmates
are instructed, and evident improveraent is pro
duced in their manners and character. Pop.
3,8,53, Wethersfield, p-t, Genesee co, N. Y., 2,58
ms, w, Albany, and 28 s, Batavia ; has Allegha
ny CO, on the s, line. Pop, 1,179,
Wethersfield, p-v, Trumbull co. Ohio, by
p-r. 169 ms, .^i, e, Colurabus,
Wexford, p-v, Alleghany co. Pa,, 14 railes
westward Pittsburg,
Weybridge, t, Addison co, Vt,, 80 ms, n. Ben
nington, 30 s, BurUngton ; has Otter cr, n. and
E., with several mill seats ; was first settied
about the beginning ofthe revolution, deserted,
and afterwards settied again from Mass. Lem
onfair r, w, is a slow streara. Snake ratn, is
also in the w. Pop, 850.
Weymouth, p-t, Norfolk co. Mass., 10 ms, k.
by s, Boston ; haa Boaton harbor on the N. ; has
a good soil, favorable to grass, a fnill streara,
and a point extending into the harbor. The In
dian narae of the place was Wessaguscus, and
it was one of the oldest settlements in New
Eagland, but vvas at first occupied by a set of
dissolute Englishmen, who were saved from
massacre by the Indians, only through timely
aid sent frotn Plyraouth, Pop, 2,837,
Weymouth, t, Gloucester co, N. J, ; has Lit
tle Egg Harbor r, on the n. e, line, and Tucka
hoe cr, w, aud s,, which divides it frora Curaber
land CO, The s, E, corner, which is formed by
the confluence of the tvvi^ strearas, is a large
swarap, connected with those in the neighbor
ing tsps., round the head of Little Egg Harbor.
Pop. 1,270.
Weymouth, p-v, Medina co, 0,, by p-r. 117
raa, N, E, Columbus,
WiiAiiTON's, p-o, Morgan co, O,, by p-r. 83
ms, s, E, by e, Columbus,
Wharton's Mills, and p-o, Bedford co. Va.,
by p-r, 154 ms, s. w, W, C,
"Wi-iateley, p-t, Franklin co. Mass,, 100 ms.
w, Boston, lies w. of Conn, r,, n, Hampshire co,,
and has some meadow land, but more raoun
tainous, and fine soil, though some of that in
the interior of the t, is go'od. It is crosaed by
two sraall streams, and contains Sugar Loaf
hill, at the foot of which a bloody battie was
foughtin Philip's war, between Capt, Lothrop's
corapany and several hundred Indians. This t.
first belonged to Hadley, and afterwards to Hat
field, Pop, 1,111,
Wheatland, t, Monroe co. N, Y,, 15 ras, s, s.
w, Rochester; has Genesee r, e,, Livingston
CO, s,, and Genesee co, w, ; has good land, an
undulated surface, and is crossed by AUan's cr.
a streara of the Genesee, On it atands the v, 1
mile from the mouth. Pop, 3,239,
Wheatly, p-v, Fauquier co. Va., by p-r, 64
ms, s, w, by w, W. C.
Wheeler, p-t, Steuben co, N, Y,, 10 ins, n.

WHI

577

WHI

Bath ; crossed by Five Mile creek, and other
streams of Conhocton cr, ; has an uneven sur
face. Pop, 1,389,
Wheeler's Springs, and p-o, 79 ms, s. w,
Richmond, Wheeling, large cr, of Pa. and Va,, rises in
Washington and Green cos, ofthe forraer state,
and flowing nrthvvestrd. enters Ohio co, of the
latter state, falls into Ohio i. immediately be
low the city of Wheeling,
Wheeling, a fiotuithii-g p-t, Ohio co, Va„
situated on the east b-ank of Ohio r,, 56 ras, a,
w, Pittsburg, 31 s, vv, by vv, Washington in Pa,,
and by p-r, 264 ras, .n, w, by vv. W. C, Lat, 40°
07', long, 4° 36' w, W, C. The narrowness of
the bottoms between the river and a high and
steep hill, confines the tovvn principally to a sin
gle street. This street ranges along on high
land, in the upper part ; and a second, 15 or 20
ft. lower, tovvards the mouth of Wheeling cr,
'Ihe origin of tbe place vvas Wheeling- lort,
built early in the revolutionary war, which stood
on the breast of a high bank. The national, or
Cumberland road, reaches the Ohio at Wheel
ing, and it is the great thoroughfare for travel
lers and transportation e, and vv. The land in
the vicinity, and that onthe cr, in particular, is
very fine. There is a great abundance of coal
in the vicinity, and the town is becoraing a place
of considerable manufactures. From its favor
able position on the Ohio, located as it is at
the highest point on that river, where embarka
tion on board of stearaboats may be calculated
upon with certainty, at low water, it possesses
great advantages. Wheeling advanced at first
but slowly. It was laid out as a v, early after
the peace of 1783, and in 1820 contained only
1,567 inhabitants ; in the last ten years the ad
vance has been rapid, andin 1830 the pop, vvas,
white males, 2,6(37 ; females do, 2,349 ; free
blacks, 94; slaves, 101 ; total, 5,211,
Wheelock, p-t, Caledonia co. Vt., 30 ras, n.
E, MontpeUer, first settled 1780 ; was granted
to Dartmouth college, and named after its prqs-
ident. Several small streams afford raUl seats,
"Wheelock rata, w, is a part of the e, range of
the Green ratns. The land is generally stony.
Pop. 834.
Wheelwright's Pond, Strafford co. N. H,,
in Lee, gives rise to Oyster r, A battle was
fought on its banks, 1690, between sorae In
dians and Americans,
Whetstone, i, Ohio, rising in Richland aud
Crawford cos,, and flowing thence s, w, about
20 ms,, inflects to the sthrd,, and raaintains the
latter course over Marion and Delaware cos,,
andto near the centre of Franklin co,, where it
unites with the Scioto r,, after a coraparative
course of 70 ras. It has interlocking sources
with thoae of Mohiccon, branch of Muakingura,
those of Sanduaky, and the Scioto.
Whetstone, p-v. estm. part Marion co. O,,
by p-r, 50 ma. n. Columbua.
Whippany, v. Morria co. N. J., 4 ms. E. Mor
ristown, on a streara of the same name, which
falls into Passaic r.
White, r. Vt,, rises in Rutland co. near the
division in the 2 branches of the Green mtns.,
flows s. E., crosses Windsor co., and joins the
Connecticut 5 ms. above.the mouth of Queechy
r. From the n. it receives 1st, 2d and 3d branch
es, each about 20 miles long, and supply mil)

sites. White r, is about 55 ms, long, watrrs
about 680 sq, ms. In one place it just crosses
a corner of Addison co.
White River, a large streara of the state
of Mo., and territory of Arkansas, formed by
the confluence of two streams, "VVhite r, prop
er, and Black r. The following description
is founded on the delineations on Tanner's U.
S. Whue r, proper, rises in Washington co.
Ark., about 30 ras, northeastward frora the
junction of Arkansas and Canadian rs. Flow
ing thence about 60 ms. lo the northeastward,
it enters the country of the Delaware Indians
in the souihwestern angle of Missouri. Curv
ing to E, and s. e, 40 ms,, it enters the territory
of Arkansas, within which it pursues a course
ofs. E. by E,, by comparative distance 120 ms,,
and joins Black river in Independence co. In
its entire comparative course of 220 mUes,
White r, receives few tributary streams of any
considerable length of volurae. The nthestrn.
confluent. Black r, rises in Wayne county. Mo,,
interlocking sources with those of .\iai-amec
and Saint Francis, Flowing thence by a gen
eral southern course, but an elliptical curve to
the E, about 100 ras,, it unites with an equal, if
not superiot- confluent, Currant r. The latter
rises also in Wayne co. Mo,, to the westward
of the sourcea of Black r,, and interlocking
aourcea with the Maramec and Gasconade rs.
The general course, curves, and length of Cur
rant river is reraarkably similar to similar phe
nomena in Black r. The novv navigable Black
r, assuming a southwestern course, 15 iniles,
receives at Davidsonville, st, jus, for Lawrence
CO,, from the n, w, a large accumulation, by the
united streams of Eleven Points and Spring rs.
Below Davidsonville, Black r, flows by cora-
p.irative courses 45 ras,, entering in tluit dis
tance Independence co,, and joining White r,
as already noted. The general course of
White r,, below the influx of Black r,, is a lit
tle E. ofs,, by comparative courses 120 ms, lo
its influx into the Mississippi, receiving in tiie
latter distance Red r, frora the vv., and Cache
r, frora the e. Taken as a whole, the valley
of the White i, lies between those of Ark, to
the s. w,, St, Francis to the e,, the southern
sources of Osage r, to the n, w., and those of
Maramec to the n. The forra of this fine vol
ley approaches that of a triangle, 270 ms, base,
frora the mouth of White r, to the sources of
Black 1,, 170 ras, perpendicular ; area 22,950
sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 33° 56' to 37°
40', and in long, frora 13° 20' to 17° 20' w, W,
C, Rising in a mountainous region, the valley
of White r, exhibits every variety of soil, from
the barren rock, and almost equaUy sterile
prairie, to the rich, but annually submerged
alluvion towards the Arkansas; have their
respective points of discharge within 10 or 12
ras, of each other, and are also connected by
an interlocking, and in seasons of high water,
navigable streara, raanyras, above their mouths..
White r. is navigable by both its great branch.
es far above their junction. It is, however, an.
exaraple of a streara greatiy overrated, by esti
raating its length frora the partial windings, in
place of by the general coraparative distances
along the valliea. By that of White r. proper,
the valley is 340, and by Black r. 28 ms. long,
purauins the great curves of the rs.

WHI

578

WHI

White, i, Ind,, the great eatrn. branch of
Wabash r,, which aee.
White, ratns, of N, II. in Coos co., forra a
group of the loftiest suramits in North Araerica,
N. and E. of the Rocky ratns, and Mexico, and
are faraous for the wildness and subliraity of
their scenery. They are about 70 ras. n. Con
cord, 25 a, E, Lancaster, and extend 8 or 10 ms.
in breadth, and 20 or 25 lUS, from s. w. to n, e.
The highest suramits are covered with snow
during the whole year, except about 2 months,
and are visible from a great distance when the
air is clear. They are often seen from sea, and
soraetiraea before any interraediate land, al
though they are about 60 ras, from the coaat.
The Indians, who called them Agiocochook,
regarded thera with superstitious reverence,
and believed that no person could ever ascend
thera and return in safety. It is supposed that
Neal, Jocelin, and Field, who visited them in
1632, were the first white men who entered
those wild and roraantic regions. They called
them the Crystal hiUs. It vvas longbefore any
settlement was atterapted, though Indians and
white hunters often ranged ihrough the forests
in pursuit ofthe raoose, fallow deer, bears, &c,,
which abounded. Until within about 40 years,
moose were killed there, in great numbers, for
their hides and tallow only. Bears, wild cats,
fallow deer, &c., are still common; and within
a fewyears, the cariboo, or rein deer, has made
its appearance here, from the north. The soil
is alraost all incapable of iraproveraent. There
are a few small raeadows, which have been
cleared and subjected to culture ; but the short
ness of the suraraer, and the variations of the
climate, render raost crops very uncertain. Ve
getation, as in the boreal zones, is very rapid
and luxuriant in the apring ; and the Httle patch
es here and there cultivated generally, present
a cheering contrast tothe surrounding wildness,
during the months of July and August, Apple
trees flourish well as high up as the elder
" Crawford':!, 12 ms, o, of the Notch, and grain
sometimes ripens weil. At the Notch House,
however, 8 ms, N, of that place, the soil, thougn
good, is not worth cultivating. The timber n,
of the Notch is generally very different frora
that s, of it, in species ; the forraer being such
as is usually found in much colder climates.
There are seven principal eminences in the
While ratns., collected in one raajestic group,
generaUy of a steep but uniforra ascent, but
most of thera presenting, towards the n. e, a
frightful precipice. They are formed of gran
ite, and scattered with loose fragraents of that
stone to their peaks, as if theyhad once been
of greater height. The seven erainences are
of the following heights. Mount Adaras,
5,385 ft. above the level of Connecticut,
at Lancaster ; Jefferson, 5,281 ; Madison,
5,039 ; Monroe, 4,932 ; FrankUn, 4,470 ; Plea
sant, 4,339. Proceeding frora the reraarka
ble pass called the Notch, in the ratns., the
traveUer may enjoy a fine display of natural
scenery, by passing in succession over the sum
mits, or along the sides of the 3 fiest erainences,
and thence ascending Mount Washington. The
following is the order in which the peaks rise,
generally 1 mile apart ; the first s. is Mount
Pleasant, then Franklin, Monroe, Washington,
Jefferson and i!^ams ; Mount Madison being

more e. Mount Washington is the highest in
the group ; being 5,850 ft, above Conn, river at
Lancaster, and 6,428 ft. above the level of the
sea. The sumrait, of Mount Washington being
the highest land in the United States, and com
manding an extensive and most sublirae view,
is annually sought by travellers, though the as
cent is attended with rauch fatigue. It has
been surmounted in a few instances, by ladies.
The sides ofthe mtns,, except where they are
too precipitous, are overgrown with a thick
forest'of different trees, to which succeeds a
belt of firs, which forras a well defined Hne round
these erainences, at the same elevation. The
size of these trees diminishes as the visiter ad
vances, until they are very rauch stunted, and
finally disappear. The surface is then covered
with short shrubs, which gradually give place
to mosses and lichens ; and finally the loose
rocks are quite bare, Nuraerous ratns,, hills
and vallies, are seen on all sides, with raany
lakes, and the vales, through which wind nu
raerous streams of water. The works and the
habitations of man are generally so far reraov
ed, as to forra but an insignificant feature in this
scene, which abounds with the magnificent fea
tures of nature. North are Mounts Adams and
Jefferson, l. Mount Madison, s, and s, is, a plain
of raore than 40 acres extends on the side of
the mountain, from which a ridge of erainences
reaches along the course of Saco river, whose
head spring is on the e, side of Mt, Washing
ton. The highest source of Araonoosuc r, is
at no great distance, but the streams approach
each other much nearer, 3 or 4 miles below.
Among the White ratns,, rise also the Andros
coggin and the Pemigewasset rivers, so that
within a sraall circuit, rise four considerable
strearas, one of which flows into Connecticut
r, two into the Atiantic ocean, and one into the
Merriraac. The Notch in the White mtns,, is
sometimes understood as applying to a narrow
pass about 2 ms, long, beginning at the Notch
meadow, and following the course ofthe Saco
-s,, dovvn a rapid descent ; and sometiraes a re
raarkable narrow chasm in the rocks, apparent
ly cut through by a powerful current of water.
It barely affords room for the diminutive chan
nel of the Saco, about 4 ft. wide, and a road 12
ft. This is the only practicable passage through
this mountainous region, nearer than Adaras
N,, and Franconia a, w. The pass haa been
conaiderably improved by the artificial reraoval
of rocka. In 1826, there was a sudden fall of
rain at night, which produced treraendous ef
fects, the evidence of which raust reraain for
ages, Iraraense masses of earth and rocks,
with acres of forests which covered them, were
torn from the mountain sides, and heaped in
confusion in the valleys, while the strearas rose
to rivers ; ponds, and lakes were forraed, and
the banks of the Saco were strewn with heaps
of tiraber as far dovvn as Conway, while its
channel was ploughed out in some places to a
great depth by the force of the current. The
Amonoosuc presented similar effects. A family
of 11 persons inhabiting the Notch House, 4
ras. a. ofthe Notch, having fled in the night to
seek safety out of doors, all lost their Uvea,
The Flume ia a littie stream which flows from
an erainence 250 or 300 ft. high, and crosses
the road about J m. s. of the Notch ; and the

WHI

579

WHI

Silver Cascade, about IJ milea below, comes
down a precipitous descent about 800 feet high.
The tumpike road frora Portland, Me, to Lan
caster, N, H,, passes through this long and ro-
mtintic valley, through which the Saco flows,
from the Notch to Conway. It haa often been
injured by the falling of rocka and the washing
of torrents ; but was long rendered useless by
the devastating flood just raentioned.
White, co. Tenn., bndd, by Jackson n. w.,
Overton n., Morgan e,, Bledsoe s. e,, and War
ren s, and s, w. Length 42 ms,, raean breadth
16, and area 673 sq, ms. Extending in lat. frora
35° 40' to 36° 17', and in long, from 8° 10' to
8° 50' vv. W, C, The slope of this co. is wstrd,
and entirely drained by different branches of
Caney Fork r. Cf t. Sparta. Pop, 9,967,
White, co. II., bndd. by Gallatin s,, Harail
ton w,, Wayne n, vv,, Edwards n., and Wabash
r, separating it frora Gibson co, Ind. i\, e,, and
Posey CO. Ind. e. Lat. 38° 08', long, W. C.
11° 15' w. Slope sthrd., and in that direction
traversed by Little Wabash. Greatest length
from the junction of Wabash and Little Wabaah
28 ms,, mean breadth 18, and area 504 sq, ms,
Cft, Carrai. Pop, 6,091,
White Chimneys, p-v, Caroline co, Va,, by
p-r, 30 ms, nthrd, Richmond,
White Creek, p-t, Washington co. N. Y,,
42 ms. from Albany, on a smaU branch of Wal-
loomacoic cr., has a diversified surface, with
Hoosac r, on the s. w. Hne, and Little White
cr, and Walloomscoic cr, s. It touches Vt, e,
where it is hilly. The v, contains an academy,
and there are several mills and factories. Pop,
2,446. White Day, p-o, estrn, part Monongalia co,
Va,, 10 ms, estrd, Morgantown, and by p-r, 205
ms, a. vv, by w, W, C,
White Deer ratn,, one of the Appalachian
chains, extending frora tbe right bank of Sus
quehannah r. between Union and Lycoraing cos,
about 10 ma., and thence along the sthrn. side
of the latter, and finally merging into other
chains in Centre co.
White Deek, There are two tsps. of that
name, one the extreme sthestrn. of Lycoming
vv, Susquehannah r,, and another the nthestm,
of Union co,, with White Deer ratn, intervening.
White Deer, p-o, in White Deer tsp, Lycora
ing CO, Pa,, by p-r. 74 ras. a Httle w. of n. Har
risburg. White Eyes Plains, and p-o. estm. part Cos
hocton CO. 0., by p-r. 93 ras. n. e. by is. Co
lumbus. White FIELD, p-t, Lincoln co. Me,, 16 ms. from
Augusta, 15 N. Wiscasset, has Sheepscot r, e.,
and small strearas w, flowing s, w. into the Ken.
nebec. It has Kennebec co. rt. and w. Pop.
2,020. Whitefield, p-t. Coos co. N. H., 130 ms. from
Concord, has alight soU, of pretty good quality,
with spruce swamps n. It is crossed by John's
r,, down which the pine timber which here
abounds, has been sent in great quantities to
, the Connecticut, It contains several ponds,
and was settled about 1774. Pop. 684.
Whitehall, p-t, Washington co. N. Y,, 71
UIS, N, Albany, 21 N. Sandy Hill, has N. and s.
bays and Verraont n., and lake George on part
ofthe w. line. Poultney r. is on the line be-
'"•c.en this t. and Vt, The rni-ku m. w n„<, o.:

raitive, and in the e, transition; here are miir-
ble and limestone for burning. The soil is ge-
neraUy clayey. Wood cr, and Pawlet r. join
in this t,, and afford mill sites, Skeene's ratn.
on the E. side ofthe lake, is high and routih.
The former narae vvas Skeenesboro' ; and it
was important as embracing the landing place
at the mouth of Wood cr. at the s. end of lake
Charaplain, on the route between Canada and
Hudson r. It was the scene of military raove.
ments in the French and revolutionary wars.
In 1777, Gen, Burgoyne pursued the retreating
American army this way, after dislodging it
frora Ticonderoga, but remained here ao long
to forra a log road, &c,, that the Araericana
found time to rally and prepare to oppose hira,
as they eft'ectually did at Berais' heights, in
Stillwater, There is an extensive level tract
along Wood cr. The v, is now an important
place, as the Charaplain canal comniences there,
and the stearaboats which navigate the lake to
St, John's, in Lower Canada, come up to the
wharf. Pop, 2,889,
Whitehall, p-v, Whitehall, Washington co.
N. Y., at the s, end of lake Charaplain, at the
mouth of Wood cr, and the n, end of the Cham
plain canal, is a place of considerable irapor
tance and active business. The surrounding
country presents rough eminences, with an ex
tensive, open and marly tract along the course
of Wood cr,, whose bed serves for some ras, aa
the route of the canal. There is a fall over the
rocks at its mouths, where raills and factories
are erected, and 3 locks are constructed which
raise boats 31 ft. to the level of the canal.
There is also an acaderay, church, bridge, ho
tels, &c,, and the place is a great thoroughfare
during the warm seasons.
White Hall, p-v, Colurabia co. Pa,, by p-r.
81 ms. ct. Harrisburg, and 1-2 in a similar direc
tion from Danville, the co, st.
White Hall, p-o, Frederick co, Va,, byp-r,
79 ma, a Httie n, of w, W, C.
White Hall, p-v, Mecklenburg co, N. C, by
p-r, 160 ms, tt. vr. by vv, Raleigh.
White Hall, p-o. Abbeville dist, S, C, about
5 ms, sthrd, Abbeville, the st, jus. fbr the dist.
and by p-r, 95 ms, from Columbia,
White Hall, p-v, Marengo co, Ala,, by p.r.
13 ma. sthrd. Linden the co. St., and 9 1 ms. a. ^.
w, Tuscaloosa,
White Hall, p-v, rt. wstrn, part Green co.
II,, 10 ma, nthrd, Carrollton, the co. st,, and 116
ms, N, vv, by vr. VandaUa,
Whitehaven, p-v, on Wicomico r,, wstrn,
part Somerset co, Md,, 10 ms, n, n. w. Prii.-jess
Ann, the co, st,, and 106 miles b. e. by e.
W, C.
White Horse, tavern and p-o, estrn, part
Soraerset co. Pa., by p-r. 149 ras. n. wstrd.
W.C,
White House, p-o. s, wstrn, part Mecklen
burg CO, Va., by p-r, 137 ras, s, w, Richraond.
Whitely co. Ky. {See Whitly.)
Whiteley, cr. and p-o. a, e, part Greene co.
Pa., by- p-r, 225 ras, b, w. by w W, C,
Whiteley, c, h. and p-o, Whitely or Whitiy
CO, Ky,, by p-r. 130 ms. s. s, E, Frankfort,
Wuiteleysburg, p-v, wstrn, part Kent co.
Del,, about 20 ras, s. w. Dover.
White Marsh, p-v, Montgoraery co. Pa., 12
„„ „,i,-,i Phila. It has beea long famed for

WHI 580
the beauty and abundance of its variegated
marbles. White Oak, p-v. wstrn. part Rutherford co.
N. C, lO ras. wstrd. from Rutherfordton, the
CO. St., and by p-r. 233 ras. a Uttie s, ofw, Ra-
leii-'h. White Oak, p-v. estrn. part Humphries co.
Ten,, 03 ms, vv. Nashville,
White Oak, p-o, Colurabia co. Geo,, by p-r.
88 ms, N, E, by e, -MiUedgeville,
White Oak Grove, and p-o, Bedford co, Va,,
by p-r, 227 ras, s, w, W, C,
White Pigeon Prairie, p-v, and st, jus, St, ,Io-
seph CO, Mich,, about 150 ms, a Uttle s, of w,
Detroit. Position in the co, uncertain.
White Plains, p-t, and halfshire, Weatchea.
ter CO,, N, Y., 30 ras, frora N. Y., 140 s, Albany,
6 e. Hudson r., and 14 s. Bedford, with 8i sq,
ms,, has Bronx cr, on the w, line, Mamaroneck
cr, E,, and raUl sites on both. The soil is good,
and the surface varied by a range of hiUs, run
ning N. and s,, some of which were rendered
interesting in the revolution by the battie fought
hete, Oct, 28th, 1776, Pop, 759,
White Plains, v. White Plains, Westchester
CO, N, "y,, 28 ms, n. New York, 7 from Sawpits,
7 E, Hudson r,, | e, Bronx cr.
White Plains, p-v, Brunswick co. Va,, by
p-r, 94 ms, a, ». w, Richmond,
White PLAiNa, p-v, Jackson co. Ten,, by p-r,
llO ms. N, e, byE. NashviUe,
White Plains, and p-o, Greene co. Geo., by
p -r, 48 ras, nthrd, Milledgeville,
White Plains, and p-o, Lawrence co. Misp,,
by p-r, about 75 ms, e. Natchez,
White Post, p-v, in Frederick co. Va., 8 ms.
a, E, Winchester, and byp-r. 71 ras. a litfle n.
of w. W, C.
White River, p-v, estm, part Arkansas co.
Ark,, byp-r, 136 ms, below and s.e. byE. Lit
tle Rock,
White's, p-o, Elbert co, Geo,, by p-r. 108
ms, a littie e, of n, MiUedgeville,
White Sand, p-v, Lawrence co, Misp,, by
p-r, 100 ras, s. Jackson,
Wuitesborough, p-v, half cap, Whitestown,
Oneida co, N, Y,, 4 ras. n. w. Utica, 100 w, n,
w, Albany, is pleasantand well built, on Erie
canal. It has an acaderay.
Whitesburg, p-v, wstrn, part Madison co,
Ala., 10 ms, wstrd, HuntsviUe, and by p-r, 115
ms, tt. rt. E, Tuscaloosa,
White's Mills, and p-o. n. wstrn. part Ches
ter dist. S. C, by p-r, 70 ras. n, n, w. Columbia.
White Stone, p-o, Lancaster co, Va,, 167
ms, s. s. E, W, C,
White's Store, and p-o. nthrn. part York
dist, S, C, by p-r, 85 ras. n. n. w, Colurabia,
Whitestown, p-t. Oneida co, N, Y„ 98 ms,
w. N, w, Albany, 5 w, Utica, 16 s. e, Rome,
has Mohawk r, n, e,, and Herkimer co, e,, vvith
very good soil, swelling surface, and fertUe
meadows along Mohawk r,, Oriskany and Sada
quada ers. The Erie canal passes along the
Mohawk n. e. The town contains the vs, of
Whitestown and Oriskany, and its settlement
was comraenced in 1784, by Canvass White,
the first settier in the w, part of the state of
N. Y. On Lanaquoit, a small stream uniting
with the Mohawk in this t,, are found the prin
cipal raanufactories of Oneida co. The Oris
kany wooUen factory is on acr nfthe snmp

Win
name, 4 ms. from Whitestown — spindles, 1,510
— looras, 40 — hands, 1?5 — using annuaUy 120,-
000 Ibs, wool, and raanufacturing goods to the
araount of $155,000, On the Lanaquoit, the
Oneida cotton factory, running 2,500 spindles
and 84 looras, work 300 bales cotton and raake
780,000 yds. annually ; — at the York raills, two
stone edifices, 150 and 130 ft. long, are run
8,328 spindles, and 260 looras, employing .350
hands, and making 900,000 yards sheeting an
nually ; at the Whitestown cotton factory are
run 2,900 spindles, 70 looms, 85 hands are em
ployed and 3u0 bales cotton per annura used ;
at the Utica cotton factory 2,600 spindles and 60
looras are run, (thirty of the latter on ticking,)
112 hands are eraployed and 450 bales cotton
consurned; a woollen factory makes 3,500 yds.
broadcloth, and there is a callico printing estab
lishment ; — the New Hartford manufacturing co.
run 2,500 spindles, 64 looms, eraploy 80 hands,
and work ami, 300 bales cotton ; — the Eagle
cotton factory run 1,600 spindles, 40 looms,
employ 75 hands, and use 300 bales ; the Frank
lin cora, run 3,000 spindles, 76 looras, eraploy
130 hands, and use 30O bales cotton ; — and the
Paris cotton man, com, run 1,500 spindles, 60
looras, and employ 70 hands. These, with ae
veral raachine ahops, are all on the Lanaquoit,
and ivithin 8 ms. of each other. Pop, 4,410.
Whitestown, p-v. Butler co. Pa,, 10 ras.
from the borough of Butler, and. about 60 ras.
n, Pittsburg.
Wiiitesville, p-v. and st. jus. Colurabus co.
N, C, situated near the extrerae head of Wac
caraaw r., about 40 ras. n, e, Conwaysborough,
and by p-r, 138 ms, s, Raleigh, Lat. 34° 13',
long, 1° 48' w, W, C,
"White Sulphur Springs, watering place and
p-o. estrn, part Greenbriar co. Va., 9 ms. s. e.
by E, Lewisbtirg, the co. St., and by p-r. 254
ras. s. w.W. C, and 212 vv, Richmond,
Whitesville, p-v, Wilkinson co. Misp.
about 35 ras », Natchez,
White Water r. See Miarai r.
White Wojian's r. See Muskingum r,
WHITI^G, p-t, Waahington co. Me,, containa
several ponds, sorae of which flow w, into Ma
chias bay, and others e, into Cobscook bay.
The t, is separated from the sea coast by the
t. of Cutler. Pop, 309,
Whiting, p-t, Addison co, Vt,, 40 ras. a. w.
Montpelier, 42 s, Burlington, 70 n, Bennington,
has Otter cr, e,, and was first settied 1772, but
deserted in the revolutionary war. In 1819,
pickerel were placed in Otter cr, above Mid
dlebury falls, which rapidly increased, so that
500 lbs, ofthis kind offish, (before unknown in
this stream,) were caught in this t, in li;23.
The soil is good both for grass and grain. Pop.
653, Whitingham, p-t, Windham co, Vt,, 18 ras,
s. E,^ Bennington, 20 n, w, Greenfield, has the
Mass, line on the s. boundary, and was first set
tled in 1770, Deerfield r. flows through the w.
part, vvith neh raeadows on its course. Saw-
dawda pond has land gradually forraing on the
surface, and 70 or 80 acres now rise and fall
with the water. The soil is good. Good Ume
stone abounds w. which is bumt. Pop, 1,477.
Whitley, co. Ky,, bndd. w. by Wayne co, of
the sarae state, n. w. by Rock Castle cr, sepa-
totinor it from Pulaski, n. bv Laurel, e, by Knox,

WIL

581

WIL

and s. by CarapbeU co. in Ten. Length from
K. to 3. 30 ms,, mean breadth 20, area 600 sq,
ms. Extending in lat, from 36° 35' to 37° 01',
and in long, frora 6° 48' to 7° 14' w, W. c!
The main volurae of Curaberland r, winds, by a
very circuitous channel over Whidey frora s. e,
to N, vr. Cf t. Whitiey c. h. Pop, 3,806.
Whittles', Mills and p-o. Mecklenburg co.
Va., byp-r. 105 ras. s. w, Richraond.
Whitley's, p-v. Johnson co, N. C, by p-r, 39
ms, s, E, by e, Raleigh.
Whitlbyville, p-v. Jacksonco. Tenn,, by p-r.
87 ms. N, E, by e, Nashville,
Whitney's Grove, and p-o. Hancock co. II,,
by p-r. 158 ras. n. w, Vandalia,
Wickford, p-v. North Kingston, Washington
CO. R, I., 22 ras. s, vv. Providence, 15 n, vv.
Newport, ia on a peninsula on w. side of Narra
gansett bay. Here ia Washington academy, 30
ft, by 60, with a Hbrary; and there is conside
rable commerce.
Wicomico, small r, which rises in the south
western angle of Sussex co. Del,, flows thence
a, weateriy between Manikin and Nantikoke
rs,, and in Soraerset co, Md,, falling into Fish
ing bay, 10 ms, w. Princess Anne.
Wicomico, or Great Wicoraico, sraall r, of
Northuraberland co, Va,, falling into Chesa
peake bay l2 ms, a, s, Bridgetown, the ccseat,
Wicomico, church and p-o. Northuraberland
CO, Va,, about 6 ms. wstrd, Sraith's point, and 9
ms, estrd. Bridgetown, by p-r. 160 ras. s. s. e,
W, C,
Wiesesborgh, p-v, Baltiraore co. Md., 24 ms,
n, w, Baltimore,
W1LBRAHA.V1, p-t. Harapden co. Mass,, 89 ras,
w, Boston, has the Conn, line for its s botinda-
¦ ry, and Chickapee r. for its n. The surface is
agreeably varied, and the soil is generally very
good. It contains a Wesleyan acaderay, oa the
manual labor systera, for the education of indi
gent children of the Methodists. The Chicka
pee ia a very rapid streara, and raakes conside
rable descent at the rapids in this place. Chick
apee was a word used by Indian mothers to cry
ing children, meaning "be still," Thev, has a
pleasant situation near the e, borders of the ele
vated plain which extends w, to the armory at
Springfield, It haa a hilly and pictureaque
country e, and n, ofit. Pop, 2,034,
WiLCo.x, CO, Ala,, bndd, s, by Monroe, s, w.
by Clarke, n, w. by Marengo, n. and n. e, by
DaUas, e, by Montgoraery, and s, e, by Butier,
Length from e, to w, 60 ras,, raean breadth 20,
and area 1,200 sq, ras. Extending in lat. frora
31° 49' to 32° 15', and in long. 9° 56' to 10° 56'
vv, W, C, Declivity s, vv,, and traversed in that
direction by Alabaraa r, Cf t. Canton. Pop.
1820,2,917, 1830,9,548,
Wilder.ness, p-0, on the n, wstrn. border of
Spottsylvania co, Va,, 15 ms, w, Fredericks
burg, and 71 s. s, w, W, C.
Wilsong's, raill and p-o. Lincoln co, N, C,
byp-r, 182 raa, s, vv, by w. Raleigh,
Wilkes co, N, C. bndd, n, e, and e, by Surry,
s, E, by Iredell, s, vv, by Burke, and w, n, vv,
and N, by Blue Ridge separating it from Ashe,
Length from s, w. to n, e. 48 ms,, mean breadth
18, and area 864 sq, ms. Extending in lat,
from 35° 56' to 36° 24', and in long, frora 3° 5 1 '
to 4° 35' w. W, C. This co. is a real ratn. val
ley, environed on every side but the n. e, by the

Blue ridge and adjacent chains. It is comraen
surate with the streams of the higher vaUeyof
Yadkin r, by which it is entirely drained. De
clivity N, estrd, Cf t, WilkesvUle, Pop, 1830,
9,967, 1830, 11,968,
"VVilkes, CO, Geo,, bndd, by Warren s,, Ta.
Uaferro s, vv,, Oglethorpe w, and s, w.. Broad r.
separating it from Elbert n,, Lincoln co, e,, and
Little r, separating it from Columbia s, e.
Length 32, mean breadth 19, and area about
600 sq, ras. Lat. 34° 40', long, W, C. 5° 46' w.
General slope estrd, towards Savannah r,, frora
which it is separated only bythe narrow co, of
Lincoln, Cf t, Washington, Pop. 1820, 16,912,
1830, 14,237; at the forraer epoch Wilkes con.
tained whatis now Taliaferro co., andin 1830,
the aggregate of both coa, araounted to 19,171.
Wilkesbarre, boro', p-t, and st, jus, Luzerne
CO. Pa,, standa on a high bank, on the right side
of Susquehannah 1,, about 120 ras, tt. ft. vr.
Phila,, by p-r, 222 n, n, e, W, C, and 114n, k.
Harrisburg, Lat, 41° 13', and long. 1° 07' e.
VV, C, "VVilkesban-e waa laid out about the
year 1775, by Col, John Durkee, who iraposed
the compound narae as a grateful tribute to two
erainent raembers of the British parliament, for
their exertions in favor ofthe North Araerican
colonies. The plan is perhaps entirely singu
lar. The streets form a parallelograra, extend.
ing along or at right angle to the river. In the
centre is a public square containing the co, build
ings, but this square stands at an angle of 45°
lo the streets, the latter extending f'rom each
corner of the forraer. The wstrn, angle of the
square is opposite a bridge over the Susqehan-
nah, with a portion of the raain street interven
ing. This connects U'ilkesbarre with the v. of
Kingston, Pop, 2,233,
WiLKEaBARRE, Valley, uaually called the val
ley of Wyoming, among the natural scenery of
the U. S, richly deserves a visit. The Susque.
hannah r, raay be said to rush into, and break
through the Appalachian systera of ratns. Pass.
ing the firat great chain at Towanda, the large
volurae of water in its rocky bed rolls through
several other chains in quick succession, and
at length reaches Wyoming valley at the mouth
of Lackawannoc r, by a very striking mountain
gorge. Inflecting at right angles, and turning
frora a. e, to a, w,, the streara with very gentle
windings flows dowu the Wyoraing valley 9
ras,, passes Wilkesbarre and Kingston, and 6
ms, farther leaves the valley by another raoun
tain pasa. The Suaquehannah raerely touchea
the watrn. verge of this fine vale, which is in
deed extended up the Lackawannoc, and to the
sthwstrd, sorae ras, below where it is abandon
ed by the river. The valley ia distinct there
fore 25 ras, above and 7 or 8 below the borough
of Wilkesbarre, exceeding 30 ras, in length, but
with a width that does not at the utmost exceed
a raean of 2| ms. Enclosed betvveen mtns.
every where steep and rugged, in raany places
precipimus, and in sorae rising into naked suin-
mita, spread alluvial flats of exuberant fertUity.
Here, as along the Susquehannah generally,
thero are tvvo stages of bottoms. The lower,
and of course raost recent, are iiitich the most
productive, and leaat adrai-ved vvith rounded
pebblea, but are still subject to casual submer
sion. The higher stagea, on one of which atands
Wilkesbarre, are above aU floods, but both have

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evidently once been under water. This con
clusion Is alraost irresistible, in the vicinity of
Wilkesbarre. In brief, it raay be asserted that
many admirers of natural scenery know the beau
ties of the Alps among such objecls, infinitely
belter than regions almost at their door. The
Wyoming is only one of innuraerable pictures
along the Appalachian systera, where are cora
bined every feature, frora the most stern to the
raost soft and seducing. In the vicinity of
Wilkesbarre and Kingston, mineral curiosities
are not the least attractive. The forraation is
transUion or leaning ; the incUnation s, e. Era-
bedded in strata, frora one to twenty or raore
ft, in thickness, lie masses of anthracite coal,
which appear more aud more vast as they are
better explored,
Wilkesboro', or WUkesviUe, p-v. and st, jus,
Wilkea co, N. C, situated on the right bank
of Yadkin r, 51 ras, n, e, Morgantown in
Burke co,, and by p-r, 175 ras, a littie n, ofw,
Raleigh, Lat, 36° 10', long, 4° 08' w, W, C,
Wilkesville, p-v. Gallia co, 0,, by p-r, 87
ma, s. B. E, Columbus,
WiLKiNso.N', CO, Geo, bndd, s, e, by Laurens,
s, w, by Twiggs, k, w, by Jones, n, by Bald
win, and E, by Oconee r, separating it from
Washington, Length frora tt. vr. to s, e, 24 ras,
mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq, ms. Ex
tending in lat. frora 32° 37' to 33° 02' and in
long, from 6° 02' to 6° 30' w. W. C, Declivity
sthestrd, towards the Oconee, Cf, t, Irwing-
ton. Pop, 1820, 6,992 ; 1830, 14,237,
Wilkinson, co, Misp,, bndd. by the Horaochit
to r. separating it frora Adaras co, on the n., and
Franklin tt. is,, by Araite co, e,, by the parish of
E, Feliciana, La, s. e,, by W.Feliciana, La, s,,
and bythe Misp. r, separating il frora the parish
of Avoyelles, La, w,, andthe parish of Concordia
La, N, w. Greatest length from e, to w, 30 ms,,
mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq, ras. Ex
tending in lat. frora 31° to 31° 14', and in long.
frora 14° 12' to 14° 46' w, W, C, The general
declivity of this co, is wstrd,, but the extrerae
sthrn, border declines in a southern direction
giving source to Thompson's cr, aud Bayou
Sarah, Buffaloe cr, rises on the estrn, side
and flowing wstrd, divides the co. into two
nearly equal sections. The surface is very
rauch broken by hills, however, of no great
elevation. Soil exceUent, Principal staple,
cotton, Cf t,, Woodville. Pop, 1820, 9,718;
1830, 11,686.
Wilkinsonville, p-v, Chesterfield co. Va.
Willet, p-t, Cortiand co. N, Y,, 139 ras,
frora Albany, 19 s, e, Cortiand v, ; it has Che
nango CO, E,, Broorae co, s,, and is crossed by
Otselic cr, with few raUl seats. Pop, 840.
Williams' r, Windhara co, Vt,, flows s, e,
15 ras, into Connecticut r, in Rockinghara. At
its raouth the Rev, Mr, Williams, in 1704, on
his way from Deerfield, Mass,, to Canada.
whUe a captive in the power of the Indians,
preached to his fellow prisoners.
WiLLiAMB, p-V. Montgomery co. Tenn. 30
ms, N. w. by w. Nashville.
Williams, p-v, sthrn, part of Christian co
Ky,, by p-r. 216 ras, s. w, by w, Frankfort,
Williams, nrthwstrn. co. of Ohio, bounded
by Henry e,, Paulding s,, the state of Ind, vv,,
Hillsdale co, Mich, w., and Lenawee co, Mich,
N. e. Length from s. to N. 27 ms,, breadth 24,

and area 648, Lat. 4 1 ° 38', long. W. C. 7° 36'
w. Slope sthrd,, and in that direction tra
versed by St, Joseph's and Tiffin's rs., branch
es of Mauraee. Cf t,. Defiance. Population
387. WiLLiAMSBOHouGH, p-V, urthestm. part Gran.
ville CO. N, C, 12 ras, n, e, by E, Oxford, the
CO, st,, and 59 n, e, Raleigh.
Williamsburg, p-t. Penobscot co. Me,, 94
ms, from Augusta, 40 n.w. Bangor, has several
small atrearas flowing into Pleasant and Lubec
rs,, branches of the Penobscot, and has a quar
ry of raarble. Pop. 227.
Williamsburg, v. Bushwick, King's co. N.
Y. on the E. end of Long Island, opposite N. Y.,
has a steara ferry to that city.
Williamsburg, p-v. situated on Franktown
branch of Juniata r. 9 ms. w. from the borough
of Huntingdon co. Pa.
Williamsburg, p-t. and st. jus, James City
CO. Va,, situated on the surarait level between
York and Jaraes rs., by p-r. 60 ras, b, e. by e.
Richmond. Lat. 37° 16', and long. 0° 20' E.
W. C, The p-r, distance from VV, C, 163 ma.
Thia Httle city, though it has not advanced much
in wealth or population, haa many very inter.
eating claims on the student of U. S, geography.
It was the cradle of our political existence, and
for a long period, the seat of government of
Infant Virginia," The college of William
and Mary, in Williamsburg, was founded in
1693, and with varioua fortunes of advance and
receaaion, haa continued to exiat as a respect.
able literary institution. By the original char.
ter, this college waa endowed with a revenue
of £3000 per annum. Its property amounts to
about $150,01)0, but is not aU productive. The
president is also a professor, besides whom
there are 5 others. The number of students is
about 80, and the libraries contain about 4,000
volumes Coraraencement is on the 4th July.
Williamsburg, dist. S. C, bndd. rt. vr. by
Surapter, n, e, by Lynches cr, separating it from
Marion, e, and s, e, by Georgetown dist,, and s.
w, by Santee r,, separating it frora Charleston
diat. Length between Santee r. and Lynches
cr, 40 ras,, raean breadth 30, and area i,200 sq.
ras. Extending in lat. from 33° 15' to 34° 02',
and in long, frora 2° 24' to 3° 12'. The de
clivity is southeastward, in the direction of
Lynches cr,, Santee r, and Black r. The latter
streara rising in Surapter, traverses Williaras
burg at a mean distance of 16 or 17 ms, from
Santee r, Cf t. Kingtree. Pop. 1820, 8,716 ;
1830, 9,018.
W illiamsburg, p-v. and st, jus, Covington
CO, Misp,, situated on a branchof Leaf r,, about
120 ms, E, Natches, and by p-r, 83 railes s. e.
.lackson, Lat. 31° 40', long. 12° 38' w. W. C.
Pop. 300,
Williamsburg, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 75
ms. N, E, Frankfort.
WiLLiAMSBUKG, p-v. cstru. part of Clerraont
CO. 0. by p-r, 102 ras, s, w. Colurabus.
Williamsburg, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r.
57 ms. E. IndianopoUs.
Williamsburgh, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass.
100 mUes vv. Boston, 9 tt. w. Northampton, is
crossed n, vv, ands, E,by a tributary ofthe Con
necticut, which affords miU sites. Pop. 1,236.
Williamsburgh, p-v. Groveland, Livingston
CO. N. Y. 3 J ras. fm. Genessee v. on Genessee r.

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Williamsfield, p-v, sthesrn, angle of Ashta
bula CO. 0., by p.r. 189 ms. n. e, Columbus,
Fop, tsp, 1830, 528,
'Williamson, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 206 ms.
from Albany, 20 n. by e. Canandaigua, croaaed
by the Ridge road, haa a descent n,, whither
flow some small streams to lake Ontario.
Pop. 1,806.
Williamson, co. Ten,, bounded by Bedford,
s, E,, Maury s,, Hickraan s, w,, Dickson n. w,,
Davidson n,, and Rutherford e. Length along
the sthrn, border 40 ras., mean breadth 12, and
area 480 sq, ms. Lat. 36° and long, 10° vr. W,
C, intersect in the southwestern part ofthis co.
The sthrn. border follows the dividing ridge
between the valleys of Duck and Harpeth rs,,
and the co, sloping to the ft. vr., is alraost en
tirely drained by the confluent creeks of the
latter r, Cf t,, Franklin. Pop. 1820, 30,640 ;
1830, 26,638.
Williamson's Mills and p.o. Lexiugton dist.
S. C.
Williamsport, borough and st. jus. Lyco
ming CO. Pa., situated on the left bank of the
west branch of Susquehannah r,, by the p-r, 87
ms, above Harrisburg, and 196 ras. a very littie
w. ofs. W. C. N. lat. 41° 15', long. \V. C, 0°
07' w. Pop, 800.
WiLUAHSPORT, flourishing p-v. of Washing
ton CO. Md,, aituated on the left bank of Poto
mac r. on tbe point, below the raouth of Cone
cocheague r., 8 ras. a. vr. Hagerstown, and by
p-r, 74 ms, n, w, W. C. Pop, 500.
Williamsport, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co.
Ind., situated on the right bank of Wabash r,,
at the mouth of Pine cr,, by p-r, about 80 ms,
N, w, by w, Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 20', long.
W, G,10° 16' w,
Williamsport, p-v. sthrn. part Maury co.
Ten, 54 ras, s. b, w, Nashville.
Williamsport, p-v. Pickaway co. 0,, 36 ras,
». Colurabua.
William's S-pore and p-o. Butler co. 0,, by
p-r. 104 ms. s. s. w. Colurabus.
Williamsto.n, p-v. and st. jus, Martin co, N,
C, situated on the right bank of Roanoke r, 23
ms, N, Washington on Pamlico r,, and by p-r,
106 ras, E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 49', and long. 0°
06' w. W.C,
WiLLiAMSTON, p-V. Pikc CO. Ala., by p-r. 210
ms. s, e, Tuscaloosa.
Williamstown, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 11 ms, a,
w, Montpelier, 45 n, w, Windaor ; first settled,
1784, occupies the high ground between Onion
and White ra,, to each of which it sends a brook.
Along the couraes of these small branches
passes the Gulf road from Royalton to Mont
pelier, through remarkably wild scenes, and
often a very narrow passage. In some places
the road is supported by artificial walls of stone,
where there is barely room enough for it and
the stream. Pop, 1,487,
Williamstown, p-t, Berkshire co, Mass. 130
ma. N, by w. Boston, is in the tt. vr. corner ofthe
state, with Verraont n, and N. Y, w,, and occu
pies a fine valley, through which flowa Hoosic
r, into Vt, The land bordering on the valley is
mountainous, and sorae of the peaks are very
high. The t. was named after colonel Ephraim
Williams, who was comraander of the line of
forts w. of Conn, r. during the old French war, .
from 1740 till 1748, and resided for some time |

at Hoosic fort. He was killed at the battle of
fort George, 1755, and left by vvill, his property
for the foundation of a grammar achool in Wil
liarastown. WiUiaras college, in this t, was
comraenced as a school in 1791, and was incor
porated as a college in 1793, Tvvo townships
of land in Maine were afterwards granted it by
Mass,, one of which was sold for ,$10,000,
There are two buildings of brick, 100 ft, long,
40 wide, and 4 stories high, containing a chapel,
Hbrary, philosophical chamber, and 60 students'
rooms. The faculty is coraposed of a presi
dent who is a professor, 4 other professors, and
2 tutors. Alumni, 759 ; students, 1832—3, 133,
of which about 80 are assisted by the college
fund, or bythe education society. The college
library contains about 3,000 vols, and that of
the students about 2,500, Coramenceraent is
on the 3d Wednesday in Aug, The necessary
expenses are frora $60 to ,$105 per annum.
An academy vvas incorporated here in 1828.
Pop. 2,134.
Williamstown, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y, 137
ms, from Albany, 31 e. Oswego, has Oneida co.
E,, has a soil good for grass, and pretty good
for grain, watered by streams of Fish creek,
which furnish mill sites. The surface is near
ly level, wilh rauch raoist land. Pop, 606,
Williamstown, p-v, northestm, part Lancas
ter CO. Pa, 13 ras, n. e, frora the city of Lan
caster, WiLLiAMSTOw.v, OU the p-o, list, but Wil-
liara.<!ville on Tanner's U. S., p-v. and st. jus.
Grant co, Ky,, situated on the right bank of
Eagle cr,, about 40 ras, s, w, Cincinnati, and
44 a little e, of n, Frankfort, Lat. 38° 41',
long, 7° 42' w, W. C,
Williamsville, p-v, Erie co. N. Y. 11 ms. w.
E, Buffalo, is ou Ellicott's cr, at the faUs,
WiLLiAiMsviLLE, p-V, Kent CO, Del, 25 ms, b,
Dover. Williamsville, p-v. nrthrn, part Person oo.
N, C, by p-r, 68 ras, n, w, by n, Raleigh,
WiLLLviiNTic, r, rising in Tolland co. Conn,,
a stream of sraall size, flows through Stafford,
and falling into Natchaug r. forms the She.
tucket. On it are many good mill sites,
Willimantic, p-v, Windhara co. Conn, 3 ras,
from Windham v,, 24 e, Hartford, on WiUi
mantic r, ; contains 5 large manufactories, a
paper mill, 3 churches, several schools, &c,
Willinborough, t, Burlington co, N, J, 14
ms, n. E, Phil,, has the Del, r, N, vv,, Rancocus
cr, s. w., and Burlington n. A small branch of
Rancocus cr. crosses the t. Pop. 782,
WiLLiNGTON, p-t. Tolland co. Conn, 26 ma.
N, E, Hartford, 26 n, Norwich; about 4 ms, by
8, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and containa
some iron ore. It has Willimantic r, e,, and
some raanufactories. Pop, 1,305,
Willington, p-v, sthrn, part Abbeville dist.
S. C, 17 ras, s, s, vv, Abbeville, and by p-r, 97
ms, a little n, of vv, Colurabia,
Williston, p-t, Chittenden co, Vt,, 27 ras. n.
vv, MontpeUer, has Onion r. n, and Muddy brook
w,, and was first settied 1774, but soon desert
ed until the close of the war. The surface is
uneven, but generally favorable to agriculture,
with a good soil Pop, 1,606,
WiLLiaioN, p-o, Callaway co, Ky„ by p-r. 277
ma, s, w, by w. Frankfort.
Willoughby, p-v. and st. jus. Effingham co.

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Geo,, by p-r, 181 ras. s, e, by E, Milledgeville.
Willow Grove, p-v, Montgomery co. Pa,, 14
ms, N. Phil,
Willow Grove, p-o, Lincoln co, N, C, by
p-r, 164 ms, s, w, by vv, Raleigh,
Willow Grove, p-o, nthestrn, part Surapter
dist, S, C, about 20 raa, n, e, ^urapterville, aud
by p-r, 64 ma. a littie n, of e, Colurabia,
"Willsborough, p-t, Esaex co, N, Y,, 157 ma,
N. Albany, 13 n. e. Elizabethtown, haa lake
Charaplain or Vt. e., towarda which the land is
level, Peru bay extends s, into this town from
the lake 5 or 6 ras, ; and there are in it Bou
quet's and Gilliland's ers,, on whose falls are
very good mill sites. Pop, 1,316,
WiLLSTowN, Indian v,, on acr, of the sarae
narae, a branch of Coosa r. This place, as lo
cated by Tanner, is situated in the Cherokee
territory 50 ras, s, e, by e, Huntsville, and about
150 ms, N, E, Tuscaloosa, Lat. 34° 26', long,
8° 55' w. W. C.
Wilmington, p-t. Windhara co, Vt,, 17 ms,
E, Bennington, 46 s, w, Windsor, 138 from
MontpeUer; was first settied just before the
revolution. The e, and w, branches of Green
field r. unite here. Pop, 1,034,
Wilmington, t. Middlesex co. Mass,, 16 ras,
N, Boston, has a light soil, but has produced
great quantities of hops. The Middlesex canal
crosses the t. through the middle ; and Ipswich
r. rises here. Pop. 731.
Wilmington, p-t, Essex co, N, Y,, 17 ms. n.
w. Elizabethtown, has Franklin and Clinton cos.
E., and Franklin co, vv., and contains Sable and
White Face ratns,, and parts of Palraer and
Haralin ratns. ; White Face ratn, is about 2,600
ft. high, and coramands a view of Montreal, 80
ms, distant. The t, is crossed by the w, branch
of Sable r,, &c. which furnishes mill seats.
Pop. 695.
Wilmington, borough, and port of entry. New
Castle CO, Del, situated on the point above the
junction of Brandywine and Christiana ers, 28
ms. s, w, Phila,, 47 n, Dover, and by p-r, 108
ms, N, E, W, C, The site is sirailar to those
of Phila,, Baltiraore, Georgetown and Rich
mond, on the outer edge ofthe priraitive rock,
and on the inner of the sea sand alluvion. The
site of Wilraington is less variegated than eith
er of the above named cities. In its vicinity,
the falls of Brandywine afford a water povver
which has been rendered available to a great
extent, by the erection of machinery applied to
grist mills, saw mills, powder and paper mills,
cloth factories, both of cotton and woollen,
and other manufactories of different kinds.
Among these the Brandywine flour, and paper
mills are faraous throughout the country, 'The
town is regularly laid out ; the buildings are
chiefly of brick, and its sito, boing on gentiy
rising ground, is agreeable, airy, and healthy.
The shipping of the place amounts to about 10,-
000 tons, and its trade is considerable. The
Christiana ia navigable to it for veaaels of 14 ft,
draught. Many of the buildings are elegant.
Among the public edifices are 10 or 11 church
es, a hospital, a spacious structure, a poor
house, an arsenal of the U, S,, &c. &c. The
borough is governed by two burgesses and aix
assistants, annuaUy elected, Wilmington ia
much the largest town ofthe state, and next to
Phila,, is the raost extensive mart in the basin of

Delaware river. Pop, 1 820, 5,268, 18.30, 6,628.
Wilmington, p-v. situatedon Fluvanna r. Flu.
vanna co. Va,, 14 ms, above the mouth of the
streara on which it stands, 55 ras. n. w. by w.
Richraond. Wilmington, p-t, seaport, and st. jus. New
Hanover co, N, C, situated on the e, bank of
Cape Fear r, 88 ms, below and along the land
route below Fayetteville, and by p-r, 149 ms, s.
s, E. Raleigh, Lat, 34° 20', and long, almost
on the meridian of W. C, This is much the
moat coraraercial town in the state, and being
within 35 ras, frora the sea, and accessible to ves.
sels, the business of the place is quite extensive.
The entrance to the harbor, which adraita ves.
sels of 250 or 300 tons burthen, is difficult; a
considerable amount of shipping, however, is
owned here. The river is navigable ordinarily
for veaaela of 200 tons. Beside other public
buildings, it has those ofthe county, 2 banks,
and several churchea. A destructive fire, in
1819, destroyed about 200 buildings, and the
estimated loss waa $1,000,000, Pop, 3,000,
Wilmington, p.v, and at, jus, MacCracken co.
Ky., aituated 25 ras. a little n, of e, frora the
raouth of Ohio r,, and by p-r, 289 ras. s. w. by
w. Frankfort. Lat, 37° 02', and long, 11° 52'
vr. W, C,
Wilmington, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind., by p.r.
105 ras. B, E, Indianopolis.
Wilmington, p-v. and st. jus, Clinton co. O.,
by p-r, 67 ras, s, w, Colurabus. Lat. 39° 24',
long, W. C. 6° 46' w. Pop. 616.
Wilmot, p-t, Merriraack co, N. H,, 30 ms, from
Concord, 87 frora Boston, Some of tbe streams
of Blackwater r, afford mill seats. The surface
is rough, with Kearsearge ratn, on the s. boun-
dary. It has 3 post offices, and contains one
ofthe largest tanneries inthe State. Pop. 835.
Wilna, p-t. Jefferson co N, Y,, 151 ms, n.
w, Albany, 57 s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has a light
soil, well watered by Indian r, a few railes in
the n. is,, and by Black r. for a short distance
s, vv, including the rapids or Long falls. Above
this spot the r, is navigable 45 ms. Here is
the V, of Carthage, where are several iron
works, ore being found in the t. Pop. 1,603.
WiLLSHiRE, p-v, on St. Mary's i.and inthe
sthwstrn. angle of Van Wert co, 0,, by p-r. 146
ras, N. vv, by w, Columbus. This place was
naraed in honor of tbe benevolent British con
sul who ransoraed Captain Jaraes Riley and his
companions at Mogadore, in Africa.
Wilson, p-t, Niagara co. N. Y., 394 raa. w.
Albany, ia nearly square, with lake Ontario n.
and watered byHowel's and Tuscarora cr,, the
former joining the latter in this town, and flow
ing into the lake. Pop, 913,
Wilson, co. Ten,, bndd. by .'^mith e,, Warren
s, E., Rutherford s,, Davidson w,, and Curaber
land r, N,, separating it frora Suraner, Length
38 ras,, raean breadth 14, and area 432 aq. ras.
Extending in lat, frora 35° 58' to 36° 20', and
in long, 9° to 9° 44' w, W, C, Declivity a Httie
w, of N. towarda Curaberland r, Cf t. Leba.
non. Pop, 1820, 18,730, 1830, 25,473,
Wilbon's, p-v, Anderson co. Ten., by p-r.
301 ms, E, NashvUle.
Wilson's cr, and p-o, Gravea co. Ky., 14 ma.
southwestwardly frora Mayfield.
Wilson's, p-o. Anderson co. Ten,, by p-r. 201
ras. E. Nashville.

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WiLSONViLLE, p-V, southwstrn. part Bath co,
Va,, by p-r, 178 ras. tt. vr. by vv, Richraond,
and 220 ras, b, vv. by w, W, C,
WiLSo WILLE, p-V, Shelby co, Ky,, by p-r, 33
ms, w, Frankfort,
WiLSONViLLE, p-v. Liucoln CO. N, C, by p-r,
182 ras, s, vv, by vv, Raleigh.
Wilton, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 38 ms. frora
Augusta. Pop. 1,640.
"Wilton, p-t. HUlsborough co, N, H,, 37 ras,
from Concord, 9 frora Araherst, and 58 frora Bos
ton, is crossed by Souhegan r,, whose branches
afford mUl sites, Tbe soil is rocky, but fertile,
bearing oak, pine, beech, birch, hemlock and
chestnut. Clay and building stone are found in
different places. First settied 1738, Pop. 1,039,
Wilton, p-t, Fairfield co. Conn,, 34 ms. s, w.
New Haven, 6 n. Norwalk, has the boundary
ofN, York on the vr. line, it is 4 ras. by 6, is
crossed by 2 ridges n. and s., with soil favora
ble to grain, and has 2 sraall streams frora Nor
walk r, near the centre. Pop, 2,095,
Wiltov, p t, Saratoga co, N. Y, 42 ras, n.
Albany, lies n, of Saratoga, and near the v. of
Saratoga Springs, There is an extensive sandy
plain in the t,, and the strearas of a sraall tribu
tary of the Hudson, Pop, 1,373,
"Wilton, p-v. in the sthm. part of Granville
CO, N, C, 14 ras. sthrd. Oxford,
WiNCHENDON, p-t, Worccster co, Mass., 60
ms, vv, rt. vr. Boston, 30 n, by w, Worcester,
has an uneven surface, a rough and stony, but
strong soil, and affords some building granite.
There is a chalybeate spring in the n, part. Mil
ler's r, affords valuable mUl seats, 'There are
2 vfllages. Pop. 1,463.
Winchester, p-t. Cheshire co. N, H,, 70 ras,
from Concord,15 frora Keene, is crossed by Ash
uelot r., which receives Muddy, Broad, and sev
eral other brooks. The s, e, part is very level,
elsewhere uneven, with a good soil, bearing pine,
chestnut, oak, hard raaple, &-c. Great quanti
ties of shingles, staves, &c, have been made
here. There are 3 vs, on Ashuelot r,, that in
the w, contains several manufactories. First
setUed 1732; it vvas burnt in the French war,
by the Indians, Pop, 3,052.
Winchester, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn,, 27 ms.
N, w, Hartford, about 5 ras, by 64, raountainous
in some parts, with primitive rocks ; it has a
soil favorable to grazing, bearing maple, beech,
oak and birch ; it is supplied with mill sites by
Mad and Still rs,, which unite in the e, part, A
lake I m, by 3i, is situated on the top of one
of the ratns,, and sends an outlet about i m,
down a steep descent into Mad r. The scene
ry in this t, is in raany places quite wild and ro
mantic. There are raany factories, forges,
raills, &c. Iron frora Salisbury is sraelted and
wrought here. Pop. 1,766.
Winchester, a flourishing p-t, and st. jus. Fre
derick CO. Va., situated on Opequan cr., a branch
of the Potoraac, 34 ras, s. w. Harper's Ferry, 71
ms, n, w, by w, W, C, and 150 ras, n, n, w,
Richmond, Lat, 39° 10', and long, 1° 10' w. W.
C, It is a very flourishing inland town, and
contains raany public buildings, some of thera
very fine. Inl826, Winchester containeda white
population of 2,575, free colored 270, slaves
644, total 3,489 ; 35 mercantile stores, 3 iron
stores, 2 book stores, 2 printing offices, 4 tan-
nsries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 1 clock and mathe

matical instrument maker, 1 rope maker, with
nuraerous weavers, saddlers, shoemakers, &c, ;
7 houses oi public worship, (and one raore in
progress of erection,) for Episcopalians, Presby
terians, Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists, Ro
raan Catholics, and Quakers, Also a law
school of eminence, under chancellor Tucker;
an incorporated medical school, an incorpora
ted academy, two female seminaries, vvith nu
merous private schools, and two banks. Pop.
1830, not in the census.
Winchester, p-v, and St. jus. Wayne co.
Misp,, situated on the Cbickasawhay r,, about
90 ms, N, ft. Vf. Mobile, 180 e, Natchez, and
by p-r, s, E, by E, Jackson, Lat. 31° 40', long.
ll°48'w, W, C, Pop, 300,
Winchester, p-v. and st, jus,, FrankHn co.
Tenn,, situated on or near the left bank of Elk
r,, 50 ms, iv, e. Huntsville in Ala,, and by p-r.
§2 ms, s, E, NashviUe, Lat, 35° 14', long, 9°
02' w, W, C,
Winchester, p-v, and st. jus, Clark co. Ky,,
45 ms, rt. e, by e, Frankfort, and 20 in a simi
lar direction frora Lexington, Lat, 37° 58', and
long, 7° 07' w, W, C,
Wi.NCHEsTER, p-V, nthcstm, part of Guernsey
CO, O,, by p-r, 14 ras, N, e, by e, Cambridge.
Wi.NCHESTER, p-V. aud St, jus, Randolph co.
Ind,, situated on Wabash r,, by p-r, 97 ras. n, e.
by E, IndianopoUs, Lat, 40° 11', long, W, C.
7° 04' vr.
Wind Gap, p-o, Northampton co. Pa,, by p-r.
19 ms. a little e, of n, Bethlehera, This place
is designated Williarasburg on Tanner's raap.
The Gap is one of the passes in the Kittatinny
ratns. Windham, p-t, Cumberland co. Me,, 67 ras.
s, w, Augusta, 16 n, w, Portland, borders on
the s, IS, side of Sebago pond, and bas its out
let, Presurascot r, on its w, line. It has 2 or
3 ponds on its boundaries, and is crossed by a
branch of the stream above mentioned. Pop.
2,182, Windham, p-t, Rockinghara co, N, H,, 34
raa, from Concord, and 45 frora Portamouth,
contains part of Policy pond, with Golden pond
a., and Mitchell's n, e. On Beaver cr,, the w.
boundary, ia excellent land ; and the t. is gen
erally vvell watered. Pop. 998,
Windham, co, Vt,, bndd, by Windsor co, tt..
Conn, 1, £,, which separates it from N, H,,
Mass, s,, Bennington co, vv., is 28 ms, by 36,
with 780 sq, ras. It has an irregular aurface.
Williaras'a and Saxton's rs. are in the n. e, part,
West r, in the raiddle, and Deerfield r, s, w.
There are ratns, w. The rocks are all prirai
tive, Manicnung is the highest eminence.
Limestone is found and quarried in several ts.
On tbe Conn, are some rich meadows, Cf t,
Brattleborough. Pop, 1820, 38,457 ; 1830, 38,-
748, Windham, p-t, Windhara co, Vt,, 31 ras, n, e.
Bennington, 25 a, w, Windsor, has small
streams, a large pond, and varioua minerals.
Pop, 847.
Windham, co. Conn,, bndd, by Worcester co.
Mass, rt., Rhode Island e,. New London co. s.
and s. w,. and Tolland co, vv. It is about 21
ms, by 29, with about 620 aq, ms,, and contains
13 ts. The surface is varied, hilly w, and s,,
with rauch atony land, good fbr grazing, gener
aUy a gravelly soil forraed frora priraitive rocks.

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It is crossed by Quinebaug r, e,, and Shetucket
r, w,, with several of their branches, which run
southerly, and unite in N, London co, to forra
the Tharaes, These strearas afford raany good
mill seats, and supply shad and other fish. On
the alluvial raeadows on their shores, ia rauch
excellent land, favorable to grain, &c. Surveys
have been made for a canal, to extend frora
tide water at Norwich, N, London co,, into
Maas,, across this co. Extensive manufacto
ries have been erected, and Windhara co,is now
far more extensively engaged in raanufactures,
than any other in the state. By a recent esti
mate, it was computed that there were inthe co,
47 cotton factories, running 63,550 spindles,
and 1,462 looras, raanufacturing per ann. 37,500
lbs. of yarn, (sold in that state,) and 11,000,000
yards of cotton goods, consuming 1,537,500
lbs, of cotton, and employing a capital of J?l,537,-
500, At the sarae tirae other factories were
erecting, which were to run raore than 12,500
spindles. The woollen factories, by the sarae
estimate, manufactured goods valued at ^133,-
600 ; the sum invested in them stated at
,5137,550, A carpet factory, at Moosup, was
also raanufacturing that article at the rate of
25,000 yds, per ann. Other very considerable
manufactures are carried on in the co, Brook
lyn is the st, jus, ofthe co. Pop, 1820, 25,331 ;
1830,27,082, Windham, p-t, Windham co. Conn,, 14 ms, n,
Norwich, 30 e. Hartford, 44 w. Providence, n,
Shetucket r,, has an irregular form, with about
46 sq, ms,, and contains tnuch good land, gen
erally hilly, particularly E,,with priraitive rocks;
a sandy soil prevails in the w, part. The tim
ber is oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. Willimantic
and Nachaug rs,, after flowing some distance in
the t,, unite and form the Shetucket, Each of
these strearas afford raill sites, and several kinds
offish, particularly shad. The v, coraposing the
1st society, is large, and contains some public
buildings, besides anumber of stores, &c. The
land was given by a son ofthe Mohegan sachem,
Uncas, to John Mason and 13 others, in 1676,
when it was surveyed, but it was not settled till
1686. Incorporated 1692, The t, contains sev
eral considerable vs, beside the above ; Willi
mantic, Scotland, &c. There are 6 churches, 3
of which are Congregational, 1 Methodist, andl
Baptist, The surface is undulated ; stone walls
are generally used for the division of fields,
WiUimantic is a very flourishing v,, 3 luiles w,
of the 1st society, iu which are several valu
able raUl sites on the river, which has a con
siderable descent for about a mile. Here are
7 cotton factories, 5 of stone, and some ofthem
quite extensive. In them all, 13,150 apindlea
are run, and 288 looras. There is also a satin
et factory, with 200 spindles and 8 looms, and
an extensive paper raill. Pop, 2,812,
Windham, p-t, Greene co, N. Y,, 44 ras, s.
w. Albany, 26 w. Catskill, has the CatskUl
mtns. N,, the s, ridge of which is on the line,
and Del. co, w. The surface ia generally raoun
tainoua, with beech, raaple, heralock, bass, and
other timber, and is watered by Schoharie cr.
Pop, 3,471,
Windham, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Brad
ford CO, Pa,, byp-r, 153 ms, nrthrd, Harrisburg,
Windham, p-v, nrthestm, part of Portage co.
O. by p-r. 150 ms, N. E. Columbus,

Windsor, t, Kennebec co. Me,, 6 ras, e, Au
gusta, which adjoins it on the w,, and has Lin
coln CO. E. and s. It is crossed by a branch of
Sheepscot r., which touches it on thes. e. Pop.
1,485. Windsor, t. Hillsborough co. N. H,, ia of a
triangular form, and haa a good aoil, favorable
to paaturage and grain, wilh an agreeably varied
surface. Pop, 226,
WiNDaoR, CO, Vt,, bndd, by Orange co. n..
Conn, r, e,, which separates it from N. Hamp
shire, Windhara co. s,, Rutland co. w. It is
crossed in the n, by White r., and has Queechy
r, inthe raiddle, and Black r, b., with sorae of
the sources of West and Williams' rs, s. vv. It
lies on the e, decUvity of the Green mtns,, and
has a rough surface, but a soil very favorable to
grass. In the w. part are several quarries of
soap stone, in Plymouth, Bridgewater, and
Bethel ; good granite is found in the a, e, part,
and much lirae ia raade frora priraitive lime
stone in the s, w. It contains 34 taps. Wind
aor and Woodstock are the sts, jus, of the co.
Pop. 1820, 38,333 ; 1830, 40,625.
Windsor, p-t. and half ahire, Windsor co.
Vt,, 55 ms, s, Montpelier, 55 tt. e. Bennington,
95 N, w, Boston, 420 n, Washington, first set
tled 1764, It is hilly, fertile, and well watered,
having Conn, r, on the E. line, and mill r, a.,
which auppliea raill sitea. Ascutney mm,,
partly in this t,, is one ofthe most conspicuous
erainences in this part ofthe state. It is about
3,330 ft, above tide water, and its suramit,
(which divides this t, frora Weathersfield,) has
tvvo peaks, from which it is said to have de
rived its name : a word of this sound, in the In
dian language, raeaning the Two Brothers.
Thia ratn. is alraost clothed in evergreens, ex.
cept on its a, side, which is bare. It is cora
posed of granite. The v. is handsome, and is
very pleasantiy situated on the w, bank of Conn.
r., surrounded by rich and picturesque scenery,
in vvhich mt. Ascutney forms a striking feature.
Pulk Hole brook empties into Conn. r. n., and
Mill brook s, ofthe v. There are several hand.
some streets, the principal of which runs n, and
s,, in an irregular line, with many good dwel
lings, stores, churches, bank, court house, &c.
The opposite shore of the Conn, is high and al
most mountainous ; there is a beautiful meadow
near the v. At the mouth of MUl brook ia a
fall, which is dararaed, and raade to supply wa
ter to several factories ; and near the sarae
spot is a bridge vvhich crosaea the Conn, The
state prison is in the b, w, part of the v. Pop.
3,134, Windsor, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass,, 130 ras.
w. Boston, is on high ground, separating the
waters of the Westfield, Deerfield, Hoosic and
Housatonic rs. A swamp of 500 acres gives
rise to a stream flowing into Westfield r., and
another near by sends a streara to Deerfield r.
Pop, 1,043.
"Windsor, p-t, Hartford co. Conn,, 6 ms, n.
Hartford, 41 n. n. e. Nevv Haven, about 64 ms.
by 8, vvith 50 sq. ms., was one of the first set.
tleraents raade by white men in Conn, (1636,)
For many years it erabraced East Windsor. It
lies on the w. bank of the Connecticut, and is
crossed by Farraington or Tunxis r, 'There ia
a very extensive tract of fertile and beautiful
raeadows in this t., which afford a wide and de-

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lightful view from the numerous hills which
riae in other parts. There is a higher plain, of
light sand, much of which is waste. Farming-
ton r, is navigable in sloops to the v. bridge,
during the spring floods, and for fiat bottoraed
boats at all seasons. Fish are caught in con
siderable quantities. Agriculture is here very
flourishing. The principal v. extends for 3 or
3 ms. along a broad and level street, rauch sha
ded by elras, and contains the raansion of, the
late chief justice Oliver Ellsworth, Pop, 3,2'JO,
Windsor, p-t, Broorae co, N, Y,, 128 ras, s,
s. w. Albany, 15 e. Chenango point, has Penn
sylvania s,, andis watered by Susquehannah r,
and other strearas, flowing through meadows.
The uplands afford very good sheep pasture.
Valuable locust timber is cut near Oquago, and
sent down the r. to Philadelphia and Baltimore,
for ship buUding. Pop, 2,180.
Windsor, p-v, York co. Pa,, byp-r, 10 raa, e.
York, and 36 a, e, Harriaburg,
Windsor, p-v. in the athwstrn. angle of Ash
tabula CO. 0. 17 ras. s. s. w, Jefferson, the co,
st, and by p-r, 174 ms. n, e, Colurabus,
Winfield, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y,, 75 raa.
vt. N, w, Albany, 15 a, vv. Herkiraer, 10 s, Uti
ca, has Otsego co, e, and s,, and Oneida co. vv,,
and is supplied with mill seats by the Unadilla
&c. Pop. 1,778,
Winhall, p-t, Bennington co, Vt,, 25 ras, n,
E, Bennington, 33 s, w. Windsor, 102 Montpe
lier, was first settled during the revolution,
and is supplied vvith raill sites by Winhall r.
Pop, 571.
Winnebago, {See Fort Winnebago.)
Wlnnebago, lake, is an expansion of Fox r,
of lake Michigan, spreading over a surface of
30 ms, in length, with a mean breadth of 8
ms. Greatest length very nearly frora s, to n.
It receives sorae sraall tributaries frora the
ethrd,, none worth notice from the estrd,, but
about midway of the wstrn. side enters the
comparatively large volurae of Fox r, whioh is
again discharged at the nrthwstrn, angle of the
lake. See Fox r, of lake Michigan, Lat, 44°
traverses the sthrn, end of Winnebago lake,
Winnicut, or Winniconett r, Merriraac co,
N, H,, is a sraall atream running N, into Great
Bayof the Piacataqua r,
Winnipiseogee, lake, Coos co, N, H,, is one
of the raost picturesque sheets of water in
the eastern states, and forms an interesting
feature in the fine natural scenery usually
embraced in a tour to the White mtns. It is
about 22 ras, long from n. w. to s. e,, and va
ries in breadth frora 1 to 10 ras. Several long
capes stretch far into its bosora frora different
sides, almost dividing it into several parts.
Three beautiful bays are thus forraed on the
w, side, 3 e, and I n, Merry-raeeting bay,
which forras the s, e, extreraity, may be almost
regarded as a separate lake. The fine shores
ofthe Winnipiseogee present a charraing vari
ety of surface, rendered still raore attractive by
a ride over the undulating country through
which the roads pass on both sides, and the in
numerable isls. scattered over the surface. A
company has been incorporated, who design to
place a stearaboat on the lake, to ply between
Alton, at the s, e, extremity, and Centre harbor
in the n. w,, in connection with lines of stage
eoaches, to form a regular channelof traveUmg

between Boston and Lancaster, The sumrait
of Vit, Washington is visible on that route, until
intercepted by the land vvhen within 5 ras, of
Centre harbor. Some of the isls, are large, and
contain several farms. One of them has about
500 acres. They are, however, of almost ev
ery size and form, down to raere rocks. The
water of this lake is remarkably pure, and
abounds in fish, whichare often caught through
the ice in the vvinter, and sometimes sent to
Boston market. Red mtn, near Centre harbor,
coramands a delightful view upon the lake ;
Squam lake, and raany of the mtns, n. The
lake is navigated by a few sail boats. It re.
ceives a few small streams, and discharges b.
w. by Winnipiseogee r-,
Winnipisiogee, r, Coos co, N, H,, the outiet
of Winnipiseogee lake, after a short course en
ters Great bay, and afterwards flows through 2
sraaller lakes, making a part of the boundary
between Merrimack and Coos cos,, and falls in
to Pemigewasset r, below Webster's falls. Its
whole descent is 232 ft,, and there are many
good mill sites on its banks,
WiN.N'S, p-o, Hull CO, Geo,, by p-r, 10 miles
sthrd, GainesviUe, the st, jus,, and 133 a Httle
w, of N, Milledgeville.
Winnsborough, p-v. and st.jus, Fairfield dist.
S. C, situated 29 ras, alraost due n, Colurabia,
and 25 ms, a little E, of s, Chesterfield. Lat.
34° 24', and long, 4° 07' w, W, C,
Winn's Tavern, and p-o, in the wstrn, part of
Fluvanna co, Va,, 68 ras, n, vv, by w, Richmond.
Winslow, p-t, Kennebec co. Me,, 16 ras, tt.
E, Augusta, has Sebasticook and Kennebec rs.
on the vv, boundary, vvith 2 or 3 ponds and
strearas flowing into them. Pop, 1,263,
Wintersville, p-o, Lincoln co, N, C,
Winthrop, p-t, Kennebec co. Me,, 12 ras, s.
vr. Augusta, It is crossed >-. and b, by 2 large
ponds, connected and discharging into a third
on the s, E, boundary, which forms the Cobbos-
seconte, a tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. 1 ,888.
Winton, p-v, and st, jus, Hertford co, N, C,
is situated on the right bank of Chowan r,, about
2 ras, below the junction of Meherrin and Not
taway rs,, about 60 ms, s, w, by vv, Norfolk in
Va,, and by p-r, 129 ras, n, e. by E, Raleigh,
Lat, 36° 24', and almost on the meridian of
W. C.
Winyaw, bay, estuary of Black river. Great
Pedee, and Waccaraaw rs,, Georgetown dist,
S, C, This sheet of water opens into the At
lantic ocean from Georgetown entrance, Lal,
33° 10', long, 2° 14' vv. W. C. If we consider
the head to be the junction of Black river and
Great Pedee at or near Georgetown, the length
of Winyaw bay thence to Georgetown entrance,
will be 14 ms., the raean breadth about 2 ms.,
aud depth of water sufficient to admit large
merchant vessels to Georgetown.
Wiscasset, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus.
Lincoln co, l\le,, 24 ms, s, Augusta, 14 n, e.
Bath, 49 n, e, Portland, 167 n, rt. e, Boston, on
the vv, side of Sheepscot r,, has a large and safe
harbor, always open at some distance from the
sea, with a considerable amount of shipping.
Pop, 2,255,
WiSENBURG, p-v, Lehigh co. Pa,, by p-r. 180
ms, N, IS, W, C,
Withamsville, p-v, Clermont co, O,, by p-r.
116 ms. s. -yv. Colurabus.

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588

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Woburn, p-t. Middleaex co. Mass,, 10 ms. n,
vr. Boston, has generally a good soil, with sorae
hiUs, and is crossed by Middlesex canal, Horn
pond affords a natural route for the canal for
sorae distance, and is a favorite resort on ac
count of the beauty of its scenery. First set
tled 1641. Pop, 1,977,
Wolcott, p-t, Orleans co, Vt,, 22 railes n,
MontpeUer, 37 n, e, Burlington, It is crossed
by Lamoille r,, which receives Green r, and
"VVildbranch. Fish pond is in the n, e. Pop.
492. Wolcott, p-t. New Haven co. Conn,, 23 ms.
s. w, Hartford, Pop, 844.
Wolcott, p-t, Wayne co. N, Y., 184 ms, w.
Albany, 22 n, Waterloo, 9 n, Erie canal, has
lake Ontario n,, Cayuga co, is,, and contains the
greater part of Great Sodus bay and its isls.
with East and Port bays. The surface is vari
ed, the streams supplying mill seats. Fish and
water fow! abound in Sodus bay, which forms
a good harbor at Port Glasgow, Pop, 1,085,
Wolcottville, p-v, Torrington, Litchfield co.
Conn,, 24 ras, w. by n, Hartford, has a cotton
factory, &c.
Wolf r. the nrthrn, constituent of Fox r, of
lake Michigan, The most remote sources of
Wolf r. rise estrd, of Tomahawk lake, or estrn,
source of Chippeway river, and interlocking
sources with those of Menoraonies r, of Green
Bay ; Montreal, of Lake Superior ; and with
those of Ouisconsin, Wilh partial bends, the
general course of Wolf r, is sthestrd, 120 ras,,
whilst Fox r., above their junction, is only about
80 ras, in length. Wolf r, valley lies between
those of Ouisconsin, and Menoraonies rs,, and
is traversed a little above raidway by lat, 45°.
Wolf r, and p-o, Hardin co. Tenn,, about
120 ras. s, w, by w, Nashville,
Wolfborough, p-t Strafford co, N, H., 45
ms, frora Concord, 45 from Portsmouth, and
105 from Boston, and n,k, Winnipiseogee lake,
has a level surface, a rocky but valuable soil,
bearing oak, &c. Smith's r, a small stream,
rises in a pond, and erapties into the lake near
the V, which contains an academy, with a fund
of $5,000, First setded 1770, Gov, Went
worth had once a splendid suraraer residence 5
ms, E, of the v. There is a raineral spring in
the t. Pop, 1,928,
Wolf Ceeek, p-o. wstrn, part of Morgan co.
0,, by p-r, 67 ras, n, is, by e, Columbus,
WoLFsviLLE, p-v, nrthrn. part Frederick co.
Md,, by p-r, 54 ras. n. rt. vr. W. C,
Womack's, p.v. estrn, part Wilcox co. Ala,,
by p-r, s, s, e, Tuscaloosa,
Womelsdorf, p-v, and flourishing borough,
Berks co. Pa,, on the Utuon canal, 38 ms, a lit
tle N, of e. Harrisburg, 15 miles n. w. by w.
Reading. WoNAsauATooKET, r. Providence co, R, I,,
a smaU stream which suppHes a remarkable
number of manufactories with water power.
There are 25 factories and raills of different
kinds and dimensions, which employ about
1,300 persons. The first power looras ever
used in R, I, were placed onthe banks of this
streara. There are 2 reservoirs of water owned
by the raill corapanies, 8 ft, deep, and together
extending over 200 acres, which supply manu
factories at all seasons. Eight cotton factories
itis estimated run 17,900 spindles, 590 looms.

eraploy 650 hands, and raanufacture of sheet
ings, shirtings, (some of very fine quality) and
of goods for printing, more than 3,000,000 of
yards annually, A woollen factory, with build
ings for dyeing, &c, runs 600 spindles, and 21
broadcloth looms, and manufactures 2,225 yds.
per ann. There ia alao an oil, and a brown pa
per manufactory, and a raanufactory of hat bo-
diea, where 200 Iba. of wool are used per day,
and 300,000 hat bodies are raade annually.
Wood cr,, Washington co, N, Y., runs N. 23
ras, by the v, of Fort Ann, to the s, end of lake
Charaplain, terminating at the village of White.
hall. It receives Pawlet r, frora Vt,, and now
serves as the channel ofthe Champlain canal for
some miles, the water being set-back by dam.
ming. It was forraerly used for batteaux and
canoe navigation on the route between the lake
and Hudson r. It is locked at its raouth by 3
large locks, by which boats are raised from the
lake. Wood cr,, Oneida co, N. Y., receives Fish
cr,, and flows into Oneida lake. It has long
served as part of the route for boat navigation
between Mohawk r, and lake Ontario, there be
ing a carrying place from its banks to that
stream. A canal has since been dug across.
Wood, co. Va„ bndd, n. e, by Tyler and Har.
rison cos,, e. by Lewis, s, e. by Kenhawa, a. w.
by Mason, and by the 0, r, which separates it
from Meigs and Athens cos. O. on the vv,, and
frora Washington co, 0, n. Length frora s, w.
to n, e, 36 ras,, mean breadth 30, and area 1,080
sq, ras. Extending in lat, frora 38° 50' to 39°
22', and in long, frora 3° 52' to 4° 10' w, W. C.
The far greater part of Wood is included in
the valley of Little Kenhawa, with a nrthwstrn.
declivity. Surface excessively broken, with
rauch good soil, Cf t. Parkersburgh, Pop.
1820,5,860; 1830, 6,429,
Wood, co, O,, bndd, by Sanduaky co, e,. Sen.
eea a, E,, Hancock s,, Henry w,, Lenawee co.
Mich, N, w., and Monroe co. Mich, n. It is a
parallellograra of the sarae length and breadth
aa the adjacent co, of Henry, 32 ras. frora b. to
N,, with a breadth of 27 ms,, area 864 sq, ras.
Lat, 41° 26', long, W, C, 6° 38' w. Slope south.
estrd., and traversed in that direction by Port
age r, to the s, e,, and Mauraee tt. vr. Cf. t.
Perrysburgh. Pop, 1,102.
Woodbridge, t. New Haven, co. Conn,, 7 ms.
N. w. New Haven, 40 s. w. Hartford, about 4
ms, by 5, is hilly and rough, with much good
timber, and watered by West and Wapawaug
rs. Pop, 2,049,
Woodbridge, p-t, Middlesex co, N, J,, 42 ras.
N, E, Trenton, 3 w, n, w, Araboy, has Sussex
CO. N., Rahway r. and the Kills e., and Raritan
r, s. Pop, 3,969.
Woodbury, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt,, 15 ms, n.
E, Montpelier, first settled about 18 ;0, containa
more ponds than any other t, in the state, and is
watered by strearas of Laraoille and Onion rs.
Pop. 824,
Woodbury, p-t, Litchfield co. Conn., 36 ms.
s, w, Hartford, 25 n. vv, N, Haven, 15 frora Litch
field. Il has about 41 sq. ras,, an irregular sur
face, with a rich soil, favorable to grain, fruit,
&c,, with a variety of tiraber. The branches
of Pomperaug r. afford mill seats, and unite in
this t. Pop. 2,049.
Woodbury, st. jus. and p-v. Deptfort, Glou-

woo

589

woo

cester co. N, J,, 39 ms, s, by w, Trenton, 9 s.
PhUadelphia, is on Wondury r. near the Dela
ware. Woodbury, p-v. in the nrthrn, part of Bed
ford co. Pa,, 17 ras, N. n, e. Bedford, and by p-r,
136 ms, N, w. W, C,
Woodcock, p-v, in the sthestrn. part of Craw
ford CO. Pa,, by p-r. 305 ma. h. w. "VV. C. •
Woodcock, valley and p-o. Huntingdon co.
Pa, Woodford, t, Bennington co. Vt., 6 miles E,
Bennington, 24 w. Brattleborough, 50 s, Rut
land, first settled after the revolution, has a pond
of 100 acres near the centre, which givea rise
to a branch of Walloomscoic r. Other streams
water different parts. The surface is moun
tainous, and much ofit is useless. Pop, 3'JJ,
Woodford, co, Ky,, bndd, by Franklin n, vv,,
Scott N, E,, Lafayette E,, ,Tessaniine s. e,, Ky,
r, separating it frora fiercer s. vv., and Ander
son w. Length frora s, to n, 22, raean breadth
7, and area 154 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from
38° 53' to 39° 1 1', and in long, ftuin 7° 36' to
7° 50' vv. .W. C, "The decHvity of this narrow
co, is wstrd, towards Ky. i. 'The soil is gene
rally excellent, Cf t. VersaiUes. Pop, 182J,
12,207; 1830, 12.294,
Wood Grove, and p-o, in the nrthrn, part of
Loudon CO, Va,, by p-r. 44 ras. n. w, W, C,
Wood Grove, and p-o, N, C, 13 ms, from Sa
Hsbury, and by p-r. 131 ms. a little s, of vv, Ra
leigh. Woodhull, t, Steuben co, N. Y., 336 ms. s.
s.w, Albany. Pop, 501,
Woodland's, p-o, in the nrthrn, part of O, co,
Va,, 271 ms, n, w, by vr. W, C,
Woodlaw.x, p-o. inthe nrthrn, part of Hano
ver CO, Va,, 30 ras, nrthrd, Richmond, and by
p-r, 105 ms. w, of x, W. C.
Woodlawn, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Edge
field dist, 3, C, by p-r, 123 ras, wstrd, Colura
bia, and 45 ras, wstrd, Edgefield c. h.
Woodpecker's Level, and p-o, in the wstrn,
part of Franklin co, Va,, 33 ms, wstrdly, frgnj
Rocky Mount, the co, st,, and by p-r, 286 nl.ii
s, w.W.C. Woodruff's, p-o. near Bethel raeeting house,
in the sthrn. part of Spartanburg dist. S. C, 18
ma, a Httie w, of s, Spartanburg c, h,, and by
P-T. 92 ms. N. vv, Columbia,
Wood's, p-o. Knox cor Ten,, by p-r. i;13 ms.
B. Nashville.
Woodsborough, p-v. Frederick co. Md., 10
ma, N, N, E. Frederick, and by p-r, 54 ras. N. n.
w. W. C,
Wood's Ferry, and p-o, in the sthm. part of
Green CO, Ten,, 10 ms. from Greenville, andby
p-r, 262 ma, e, NashvUle.
Woodsfield, p-v, and st, jua, Monroe co. 0,
It is aituated on Sunfiah cr., 26 ms, s, s, w, St,
Clairsville, and by p-r, IJO ms, estrd, Colura
bua, Lat. 39° 48', long, W, C. 4° 04' w. Pop,
157, WooD'a Hill, p-o, Roane co. Ten,
Wood's MUla and p-o, GaUa co, O., by p-r,
94 ma. b, o, js, Columbus,
Woodstock, p-t. Oxford co. Me,, -10 ms, vv,
Augusta, 6 N, Paris, contains mountainous hills,
with several ponds emptying s. iuto littie An.
droscoggin r. Pop. 573, I
Woodstock, p-t, and st, jus, Windsor oo, Vt
11 ms w. -"' -Winrl".-.!-, 4fi s, lVf,,ritnelif:i-- fir-

settled 1768, was .exposed to Indian incursions
in the revolutionary war, and often to wild
beasts. The surface is varied, the soil good,
and agriculture flourishing. Here is a bank.
Apples thrive remarkably well. Queechy r, and
two of its branches afford mill sites. Thero
are 2 villages. Pop, 3,044.
Woodstock, p-t, Windham co. Conn,, 45 ms.
a littie N. of E. Hartford, 33 n, w. Providence,
66 s, w, Boston, and has the Mass. line on the
N, boundary. ' It is about 7 by 8 ms,, has an ir
regular surface, a soil good for grazing, &c,, is
watered by Muddy brook and other strearas,
and has several factories. Pop. 2,915.
Woodstock, p.t, Ulster co. N, Y,, 57 ms. -s.
Albany, 14 n. vr. Kingston, has Greene co, n,,
is mountainous. There is a good fishpond. The
N. Y. crown and cylinder glass co. here manu
facture 1,500 boxes of window-glass monthly,
eraploj'ing 50 persons. Pop, 1,375, '
Woodstock, p-v, and st, jus, Shenandoah co.
Va,, situated wstrd. of the north fork of She.
nandoah r,, 32 ms, s, s, w, Winchester, and by
p-r, 100 ras, a littie s, of w, W, C. Lat. 38°
51', and long. 1° 34' w. W, C. *
Wood's Store and p-o, Coweta co, Geo,, by
p-r, 145 ms, n, vv, by w, MilledgevUle,
Wood's Store and p-o, Carroll co. Tenn., by
P-r. 136 ms. w. Nashville,
Woodstown, p-v, Pilesgrove, Salera co, N.
J,, 55 ms, s, vv, "Trenton, 12 n, e. Salem, 26 s,
a, vv, Philadelphia.
Woodville, p-v, in the wstrn. angle of Cul
pepper CO, Va,, by p-r. 97 ras. s, w, by w, W.
C, and 115 n, vv, Richraond,
Woodville, p-v. in the nrthrn, part of Per
quimans CO. N. C, by p-r. 271 ms, a little E. of
s. W, C, and 177 N, E, by e, Raleigh.
Woodville, p-v, and st, jus, Jackson co, Ala.,
185 ras, K, E, Tuscaloosa,
Woodville, p-v, and st, jus, Wilkinson co.
Misp,, 38 ras, a Httie e, ofs, Natchez, and 180
ms, N, w. New Orleans. Lat, 31° 07', long.
14° 27' vr. W.C, This village is situated in
a fine rolling country, which is one of the raost
productive cotton districts in the U. S. Pop.
900. Woodward's Store and p-o. in the estrn. part
ofthe parish of East Feliciana, La,, by p-r. 118
ms. N, w, by w. New Orleans.
Woolwich, p-t, Lincoln co. Me., 32 ms, s.
Augusta, 7 vv, Wiscasset v,, has Kennebec r.
w,, and a strait connected with it on the s,, with
one or tvvo small streams. Pop, 1,495,
Woolwich, t. Gloucester co. N. J., 55 ms.
a. w. Trenton, has Oldman's cr. b.. Raccoon
cr, N., and Del, i, w- in which are several iala.
It is opposite Marcus Hook, Pa, Pop, 3,033.
Woonsocket Falls, v, in the ts, of Smith-
field and Curaberland, Providence co, R, I,, 17
ras. rt. Providence, is a flourishing raanufac
turing viUage, on Blackstone r,, near the Hne
of Mass, I'here are 2 cotton factories, one of
them of atone, with 4,000 apindlea ; another of
2,500 spindles; another of stone with 4,000;
another with 2,500 spindles, &c. &c. The
whole number of spindles in this place, is
abqut 20,000, 2,617,000 yards of cotton goods
are annually manufactured, besides 30,000 yartls
of satinet in a single establishment. There is
also a furnace, where castings are annually
de amounting -to $35,000 ; a whetstone man-

WOR

690

WOR

ufactory, and 4 raachine shops. There is also
a bank in the village. Pop, about 3,000.
Wooster, p-v, and st. jus, Wayne co. 0., on
Killbuck branch of White Woraan's r., 86 ras.
N, E. Columbus, Lat. 40° 48', long. W. C, 5<»
w. Pop, i,noo,
Worcester, t. ^^ <> sliington co. Vt., 10 ras, tt.
Montpelier, 31 e. BurUngton ; first settled 1797,
watered by the tt. branch of Onion r, which af
fords raill sites, and along its course is a road
through the mountains. It is raountainous w,,
and rough in other parts. Pop. 433.
Worcester, co. Mass., bndd. by N. Hamp
shire N,, Middlesex and Norfolk cos, e,, Con.
necticut s,, Harapden, Harapshire and Franklin
cos, w. It is the largest in the atate, with a
varied surface, a soil generally good, and many
flourishing agricultural townships and manufac
turing villages. Its Hmits comprehend sorae of
the places first settled after the early colonists
ofN, England began to leave the sea coast, and
several of these were scenes of blood in Philip's
war. Il is watered by numerous streams, some
of which form Nashua r,N, e,, others Pawtuck
et r, s, E., Quinebaug s,, Chickopee r, s. w., and
MUler's r, n, w. The raill sites are nuiuerous,
many of which are occupied by large manufac
tories, particularly pt Ware, along the Black
stone, &.C, Worcester is the cf t, and st. jus.
The trade of this co. is chiefly carried on
with Boston, sorae with Providence, and is
soraewhat diverted in other directions. It con
tains 55 towns. Pop. 1830, 73,635, 1830,
84,365. Worcester, p-t. and st, jus, Worcester co.
Mass,, is situated 40 ms, w, b/ s, Boston, 40 n,
N, w. Providence, and 60 e, n. e', Hartford, 'I'he
soil ofthe town is generally fertile, is well cul
tivated, and its surface is pleasant and finely
varied, Itwas first settled in 1685, and suffer
ed rauch in its earlier history, frora the attacks
ofthe natives; it was finally permanently set
tled in 1713, and incorporated in 1723, Tat-
muck and BogachoakhiUs were once the sites of
Indian vUlages, The head waters of Blackstone
river unite in this town. The v, of Worcester
is one of the most flourishing and beautiful
in New England, and is a great thoroughfare
for travellers, sorae iraportant roads passing
throiigh it. It Ues principally on one street,
about a raile in length, broad, lined with trees,
and nearly on a level. Other streets diverge,
sorae of thera at right angles, frora it. The vil
lage contains several pubUc buUdings, a court
house, which cost $20,000 ; 4 handsorae church
es, 3 for Congregationalists, and 1 for Baptists ;
a county penitentiary, or house of correction, a
spacious building ; the Mass. lunatic hospital, a
town hall, and a jail 32 ft, by 64, and 3 stories
high. Many ofthe dwellings are elegant, and
display rauch taste in their exterior. There
are also several fine country seats in the irame
diate vicinity of the vUlage. The lunatic hos
pital is located a little out, on a comraanding
eminence, and is a spacious and handsome
structure of brick, 256 feet in length, consisting
of a centre and wings. Its interior arrange
ment is admirable, and it is calculated for the
accoraraodation of UO to 120 patients. This
institution isliberally.endowedby the State, and
in July, 18,33, it 'contained 109 patients. The
American Antiquarian Society have a fino hall.

in which is a library of about 8,000 vols., among
which are many rare and ancient books, many
on Araerican history; it has also a valuable cab.
inet. To this institution, which was founded
by the late Isaiah Thoraas, strangers have free
access. Four weekly newspapers are publish
ed here. The printing of books was extensive.
ly carried on here after the revolution, by Mr.
'Thomas, who published in 1791, the first foUo
Bible printed in the U. S. The Blackstone ca.
nal, 45 ms. in length, extending to Providence,
terminates here, and affords boat navigation to
that place ; this canal, with a rail-road to Bos
ton, which will be completed early in 1834,
raust prove of great advantage to Worcester.
Another rail-road, to extend from Norwich,
Conn,, to Worcester, 60 ms., has also been in
corporated, surveyed, and the stock subscribed
for. In the village, and town, are many and
various manufactories, and a quarry of soap
stone has recently been found in the vicinity.
Pop, 4,173.
Worcester, p-t, Otsego co. N. Y., 59 ms. b.
w. Albany, 16 s, e, Cooperstown. It has Scho
harie CO, s, IS,, Delaware co. s., and is crossed
by Shenevas cr.,- which flows through rich
meadows. It has good soil and miU sites. Pop.
2,093, Worcester, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., about
31 ras. N. w. Philadelphia. The tsp. ofWor-
cester lies on the e, side of Skippack cr,, be.
tween Gwynned and Norriston.
Worcester, co- Md., the extrerae sthestrn.
CO. of that state, bndd, by Accom.ac co. Va, s,,
Soraerset co. Md,, w,, Sussex co. Del., ft., and
by the Atlantic e. Length from s. to tt. 30 ras.,
raean width, including its ialanda, 35, excluding
these, 30, the area with that of the isls, about
700 sq, raa. Moat map8 extend thia co., and
of course the state of Md. to lat. 58° ; this is a
raistake ; the sthrn. boundary is not along a
curve of lat. but is on the Atlantic ocean about
3 minutes, and on Pocomoke bay upwards of 1
rainute'N, of lat. 38. The nrthrn. boundary is
?'- lat, 38° 28', and the co, lies between long.
?° 24' and 1° 55' e. W. C. The decHvity is to
the a. w,, and it ia drained in that direction by
Pocomoke r. which is discharged into Chesa.
peake bay. The surface is level and soil san-
dv. Cf t. Snow HUI. Pop, 1820, 17,421, 1830,
18,271, Workman, p-o. Morgan co. II., by p-r. 132
ms. N, w, Vandalia.
Worthington, p-t. Harapshire co. Mass., 110
ms. w. Boston. It is situated on the e. decHvi
ty ofthe Green ratn. range, has Westfield r. on
the s. w. line, into vvhich sraaller strearas flow.
The surface is agreeably diversified, and the
soil good. Several kinds of minerals are found
in this t,, titanium, &c. Pop. 1,179,
Worthington, p-o. Muhlenburg co. Ky., by
p-r, 177 ras, s, vv. by w. Frankfort.
Worthington, p-t. Sharon tsp. Franklin co.
0,, 9 ms. N. Columbus, and 58 w, Zanesville.
The village is finely situated on the e. side Whet.
stone r. There is a public square in the cen
tre ofthe town. It contains 3 churches, one of
which is a very handsome edifice, of brick, and
a ' reforraed medical college ;' the buildings of
the town are many of them neat, and brick is
much used in building. Three professorships
are attached to tha college, which are now ably

YAN

591

YAR

filled, and it has a medical and atudenta' library,
chemical apparatua, botanical garden, &c.
Number of students about 30. Pop, 314,
Wrentham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 24 ras,
w, s. w. Boston, has the R. I. Hne s,, with sev.
eral ponds and strearas, sorae of which flow into
Charles, and others into Taunton and Neponset
rs. There are several raanufactories in this t.,
an academy, &c. Pop, 3,698.
Wrightsboro', p-v. in the wstrn. part of Co
lumbia CO. Geo,, by p-r. 78 ms. n. e. by e. Mil
ledgeville. Wright's MiUs, and p-o. Mason co. Va., by
p-r. 315 ms, s, vv. by w. W. C, and 315 ras. n.
w. by w. Richmond.
Wrightsville, p-v. on Susquehannah r, York
co.Pa,, II ms, N. E. by e. from York, and 11 a
littie s. of w. from the city of Lancaster. It
stands directly opposite Columbia in Lancaster
CO, Wrightsville, p-v. Duplin co. N, C, by p-r.
113 ms. s. E, Raleigh.
Wyalusing, large cr. of Pa., rising in the
westem part of Susquehannah co., from which
flowing southwestward falls into Susquehannah
r. in Bradford.
Wyalusing, tsp. lies along and contiguous to
the Susquehannah r. above and belowthe raouth
of Wyalusing cr. In this tsp. there are two
post offices, Wyalusing, and Wyalusing centre,
the former near the mouth of the cr., and the
latter 6 ms. above, on the cr. Wyalusing is
distant from W. C, 354 ms., and from Harris
burg 143 ms.
Wyatt's Ferry, and p-o, Randolph co. Va,,
by p-r. 229 ms. w, W. C.
'Wye, t. or rather cr. separating Talbot from
Queen Anne co. Maryland.
Wye r. inills and p-o. in the tt. wstrn. part of

Talbot CO, Md,, 12 ras, n, Easton, the co. st
and 30 ms, a littie s, of e, Annapolis.
Wye Mills and p-o. nthrn, part of Talbot co.
Md,, by p-r, 17 ms. n. Easton, the co. St., and
67ms.E, W, C,
Wylliesburgh, p-v, Charlotte co, Va,, byp-r.
107 ms, B. vv, Richmond,
Wynant's Kill, cr, Rensselaer co, N. Y,,
enters Hudson r, at Troy, after supplying valua
ble mill seats, 2 ras, s, Poesten kiU. It is about
15 ras, long.
Wyoming, valley. Pa. {See Wilkesbarre.)
Wyoming, p-v. in the sthrn, part of Dinwiddie
CO, Va,, by p-r, 54 ras, sthrd, Richmond,
Wysox, sraall cr. of Bradford co. Pa.
Wysox, p-o, is on the Wysox cr, E. of the
Susquehannah r,, 5 raa, N, E, Towanda, and by
p-r, 130 raa, ii, Harrisburg.
Wythe, co. Va,, bndd, by Srayth s, w,. Wal
ker's ratn, dividing it frora TazeweU, tt. vr. and
GUes tt. ; on the N, e. it bounds on Montgomery,
and on the s. E, Iron ratn. separates it from
Grayson. Length frora s. w, to N. E, 30 ms,,
mean breadth 32, and area 660 sq, ms, Lat.
37° and long, W, C, 4° w, intersect near its
centre. Since the formation of Srayth co,, the
N. estrn, part of which was taken from Wythe,
the latter is entirely within the vaUey of Nevv
River, and slopes to the N, e. New river tra
verses Iron ratn,, flowing from Grayson into
Wythe, winding over the N, estm. section ofthe
latter, and receiving Reed cr. frora the w.
Comparing the elevation of Wythe with that of
Giles, Monroe and Greenbrier, the mean ocean
ic elevation ofthe forraer must exceed 1600 ft.
above tide water. Cf t. Evansham. Pop.
12,163, but including part of what is now com.
prised in Srayth co.
Wythe, c. h. {See Evansham.)

X.

Xenia, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. 0., by p-r,
57 ms. s. w. by w. Colurabus, and 55 ms. n. n,
E, Cincinnati. It ia situated on a branch of Lit
tie Miami. Lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 6° 53' vr.

It containa the co. buUdings, 2 printing offices,
3 churchea, 10 or 12 mercantUe atores, aud
917 inhabitants.

Y.

Yadkin r. {See Great Pedee r.)
Yadleyville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 29
ms. northwardly Phila.
Yancey's Mills, and p-o. Albemarle co. Va,,
by p-r, 97 ms. s, vr. by w. W. C.
Yantic, r. New London co. Conn,, is a sraall
branch ofthe Tharaes, falling into the head of
the cove, in Norwich, which communicates with
the main stream at the landing. At ita raouth
it descends an abrupt ledge of solid granite, in
to which it has worn deep holes. The water
is received into a deep and still pool at the foot
of the falls, which is overshadowed by a rocky
bank 60 or 80 ft. high, frora which a body of
Mohegan Indians once precipitated themselves,
when pursued by their eneraies, the Narragan
setts. This fall has been dararaed, and a canal
on the N. bank leads the water to several large
Manufactories, around which has recently been
built a large and flourishing v., chiefly situated
under the steep bank at the head of the cove.
The Thames manufacturuxer co. on yaauc r.

have a brick cotton factory 47 ft. by 130, 5 sto.
ries with 3,300 spindles, 130 looras, and 15tJ
hands, using 750 bales of cotton annually, and
making a million of yards of shirting and sheet
ing. They have an iron foundry, a rolhng and
sUtting raUl, and a naU factory, and use 7oO
tons of iron annually. Near thera the WiUiaras
manufacturing company run 1,800 spindles, and
a paper mill makes 60 reams a day, on 4 i ou-
dieneir machines. Another factory raakes 50,-
000 yards of flannel per annura. At an upper
fall the Norwich raanufacturing corapany raake
18,000 yards" of carpet per annum. Another
cotton factory is to be built at the falls of She-
tucket r, for 2,000 spindles. There is alao a
comb, button, and oil miU.
Yarmouth, p-t, Barnatable co. Mass,, 70 ma.
s. E, Boston, occupies the breadtbof Cape Cod,
at a narrow part, with Cape Cod bay n„ and
the Atlantic s. It .has a- very poor soU, con.
sisting of loose sand, and the town is very poor ;
a considerable quantity of salt, and glauber

YEL

592

YOR

salts are made here annuaUy from sea water.
At the s. w. corner is Lewis' bay, on which is
Hyannis harbor, a place of sorae coasting trade.
Pop, 2,251.
Yates, co. N. Y., bndd, by Ontario co, n,
and w,, Seneca lake or Seneca co. e., and
Steuben co, s. The ft. ends of Crooked lake
penetrate the co, frora the s,, and Canandaigua
lies on the tt. vr. corner. The surface and soil
are varioua. Bluff point ia a tongue of land ex
tending a, betvveen the n. arms of Crooked lake.
The outlet of that lake, Flint cr,, &c. water
different parts ofthis co. It contains 7 ts. and
Penn-Yan, 191 ms. w, Albany, is the st, jus.
It was forraed in 1823, out of Ontario co. Pop.
19,009. Yates, p-t. Orleans co. N, Y,, 30 ras. N, w,
Batavia, has lake Ontario n,, and Niagara co,
w. The surface is slightly varied, is crossed
by the Ridge road, and is watered by Johnson's
creek, &c. Pop, 1,538.
Yazoo, r, of the state of Misp,, having its re
mote sources in the northern part of the state,
lat. 34° 45', interlocking sources with those of
Torabigbee branch of Ala,, Silver cr, flowing
into Ten, r., and Wolf r, flowing into Misp, r,
in the state of Ten, Winding frora this ele
vated tract the Yazoo r, winds to the s. w. en
tering the Misp. at lat. 32° 22', after a course
of about 200 ras. As laid down on Tanner's
U. S., there ia an outlet repreaented aa leaving
the left bank of the Misp. 25 or 30 ras, above
the raouth of St, Francis r. Thia outlet, after
flowing to B. E, 10 or 12 ras,, separates into tvvo
channels. The left or estrn. is continued to s.
B. E. 70 ras. to its union with the Yazoo, about
125 ms. above the mouth of the latter. The
right or westem channel after a comparative
course of 150 ras. is also united to the Yazoo,
atthe northeastern angle of Warren co. 25 ras.
above the mouth. If these delineations are cor
rect, there is included in the state of Misp,, an
elliptical annually inundated tract of 170 ras,
long, between the Yazoo and Misp, rs,, with a
breadth where widest, of 70 ms,, and a raean
breadth of at least 40, with an area of 6,800
sq. raa,
Yelloiv Branch, p-o, in the western part of
Carapbell co, Va,, byp-r, 135 ms, a Httle a, of
w. Richraond,
Yellow Creek, Furnace, and p-o,, Mont
goraery CO. Ten,, 16 raa. wstrd, Clarksville,
the CO. St., and by p-r, 64 ras, tt. w, by w. Naah
vUle. Yellow Stone, r. {See Missouri.)
Yellow Springs, and p-o, in the northern
part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 raa, n, w, Hun
tingdon, and by p-r, 163 ms, tt. n. w. W, C.
"Yellow Springs, p-o. Claiborne co. Ten., by
p-r, 255 ma. a littie n. ofc, NaahvUle.
Yellow Springs, p-v, nrthm, part of Green
CO. O,, 9 ms. nrthrd. Xenia, and by p-r. 52 ms.
a little s, of w, Colurabua,
Yellow Water, r, of Ala, and Flor., rises
in Covington co, of the former, between Choc
taw, and Cunecuh ra,, and flowing thence to
the a. w., enters Walton co. of Flor,, vvhich it
traverses, and incHning more to the watrd, en.
tera Escarabia co,, there receiving Shoal river
frora the e, it is finally lost in the estrn, arm of
Pensacola bay, after a course of 80 ms. {See
Escambia, Conecuh, ^c.)

Yocom's p-o. in the northern part of Wash.
ington CO. Ky,, 38 ms. s. w. Frankfort.
Yonguesville, p-o. nrthrn. part of Fairfield
dist. S. C, 12 ras. northward Winnsboro', the
st, jus,, and by p-r, 41 ms. in a sirailar direction
frora Colurabia,
Yonkers, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 18
ras. N, N, Y., 10 s, w. Whiteplains, 131 s. Al.
bany, has Hudson r. vv,, Bronx cr. e,, and N.
York CO. s. It extends about 8 ms. on the
Hudson, and 3 ras. is its average width ; it is
crossed by Saw raill cr. with a branch of the
Bronx N, e., on which are raill seats. The
ground is uneven, and there are several erai.
nonces in the t. celebrated for events in the
revolution ; part of Valentine's hiU, Boar hUl,
Tetard's hUl, and the heights of Fordhara, with
the site of fort Independence. Philipsburg,
now called Yonker's, is a sraall v., with a land.
ing at the raouth of Bronx cr, where a steam-
boat touches daily. Pop, 1,761.
York r,, York co. Me. ia a sraall stream
eraptying into the Atiantic, vvith a broad raouth,
and depth of water for vessels of 200 tons,
forraing a good harbor,
York, r. Va,, formed by two raain branches,
Paraunkey and Mattapony. {See Pamunkey
and Mattapony.) Below the union of its con.
stituent strearas, York r, is rather a bay, vary.
ing from 2 to 3 ms, in width, extending to the
s, E, 27 ms,, and thence e. 12 ras. into Chesa.
peake, between York and Gloucester cos.
Below the junction of Pamunkey and Matta.
poney rivers, York bay does not receive a tribu.
tary above the size of a sraall cr. It admits
ships of any size to or near the Great Bend at
Yorktown, but above adraits only coasting ves
sels. Including all its confluents the valley of
York r, lies between those of Jaraes and Rap.
pahannoc. The greatest length 120 raa. from
the mouth of York r. to the extreme aource of
North Anna r. in South West Mtn, ; but, if
taken with thia extent, the raean width would
not exceed 20 ms,, and at the utmost breadth,
only about 45 mUes, The area 2,600 sq, ms.
Extending in lat, from 37° 15' to 38° 16', and
long, 0° 41' E, to 1° 22' w, W, C,
York, co. Me., bndd. by Oxford co. w.,
Cumberland co, h, e,, the Atlantic e., and N.
Hampshire w. and s, w. It has Ossipee r. on
the N, line, Saco r, on partof the n, e, line, and
Salmon falls r, and Piscataqua r, w, ands, w,
Saco r, crosses the n. e. part and entera the aea
at Saco. Below this are Kennebunk and York
rs. besides several smaller atrearas flowing into
the ocean. The coast is generally rocky and
waste, with cape Porpoise, Fletcher's Neck,
Bald Head, cape Neddock, and Kittery Point,
and several harbors at Saco, Kennebunk, WeUs
and York. Portsmouth harbor is near the
south boundary ofthis co. Some ofthe early
settiements in New England were made at
York, WeUs, &c,, and suffered greatly frora
the fear and violence of savages. Considerable
foreign trade has long been carried on, chiefly
with the West Indies ; and the coasting trade
and fisheries are valuable. There is a great
diversity of soil, and a considerable variety of
surface ; but there is no very elevated land in
this CO. It contains 24 tsps,, and its capitals
are York and Alfred. Pop. 1830, 46,383;
1830, 51,722.

YOR

593

YOU

York, p-t. port of entry and one of the seats
jus, York CO. Me,, 99 ms, s, w, Augusta, 42 a.
w, Portiand, 9 n, n, e, Portsraouth, 67 n, e, Bos
ton, is a place of considerable trade, York r,
crosses it and erapties into the ocean, afl'ording
a good harbor for vessels of 200 tons. The
Agamenticus hiUs are in the tt. w. part, and
much ofthe sea coast is rocky, barren, and in
capable of cultivation. Cape Neddock, about
on the E. Une, is an iron bound proraontory.
Near the v, the soU is very good and the land
level. 'This place was laid out for a large city
by its early inhabitants, and the lines run at
right angles. Pop. 3,485,
York, p-t, Livingston co, N, Y,, 337 ras, frora
Albany, 7 -n-, n, w, Geneseo, has Genesee co, in,
and w,, Genesee r. e,, on which is the Conewa
go Reservation. The streams are sraall and
mill sites few, but the soil is generally good,
especially on the G-enesee. Pop. 2,636.
York, one ofthe southern cos. of" Pa,, bndd,
by Adams co, w,, Curaberland ^', vv,, Susque
hannah r. separating it frora Dauphin n, and
Lancaster n, e, and e,, by Hartford co, in Md,
s, E., Baltiraore co, in Md, s,, and Frederick
CO, Md, s, w, York co. bounds on Md, 4-2 ms,,
but the longest part is a line parallel to the
general course of Susquehannah r, 48 miles,
mean width 18, and area 864 sq. ras. Extend
ing in lat, frora 39° 42' to 40° 43', and in long.
from 0° 04' vr. to 0° 46' e, \V. C. The nrthrn.
and central sections comprising the rauch larger
part of this co,, decline to the nrthestrd, and
are drained into the Susquehannah, in that di
rection by Codorus, Conewago, and YeUow
Breeches ers. The extreme sthestm. angle
has an estrn. decHvity. The face of the co,,
though broken by hills and decorated by some
minor rata, ridges, has rauch sameness of cha
racter. The soil is generally good, and much
of it exceUent, Staples, grain, livestock, &c,
Cf t, the borough of York. Pop. 1820, 38,759 ;
1830, 42,8.58,
^ York, p-t, borough and st, jus, York co. Pa,
situated on Codorus cr„ 41 ras, a little a, of w.
Lancaster, and by p-r, 87 ms, a little e, of n,
W, C, and 24 s s, e. Harrisburg, Lat, 39°
57', and long, 0° 17' e, \V. C. The site of
York is a plain, and the streets cross each
other at right angles. York is a wealthy and
thriving town, and contains many fine buildings.
Ambng the public edifices are a court house
and other county buildings, of brick ; an aca
demy ; a jail, built of stone, an alms house,
and 9 churches, all of different denominations,
eight of which are also built of brick, A slack
waternavigation along the Codorus creek, date-
ly completed, affords a communication with the
Susquehannah, Pop, 1820,3,545 ; 1830,4,216,
York, co, Va,, bndd, by EUzabeth City co.
s, E,, Warwick s,, James City vv. and n. w,,
York r, separating it from Gloucester n, and
Chesapeake bay e. Greatest length along York
bay 34 ma,, raean width 6 and area 2i)4 sq. raa.
Extending in lat. from 37° 08' to 37-' 23', and
in long, from 0° 12' to 0° 46'e, W, C. Narrow
as is this comparatively lengthened cp,, it oc
cupies nearly one half of the width of the pe.
ninsula between James and York rs. Declivi
ty nrthrd, towards the latter. The soil is gene
rally good. Cf t. Yorktown. Pop. 1820,1
14,384 ; 1830, 5,334. I

York, dist, S, C, bndd, by Lancaster dist.
E,, Chester dist, s,, on the w. by Broad r, sepa.
rating it frora Union and Spartanburg dist., on
the N, by Lincoln co. N, C„ and n, e, by Ca
tawba r, separating it frora Mecklenburg eo, N.
C, Length frora e, to w, 35, breadth 23, and
area about 800 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from
34° 48' to 3 1° 07', and in long, frora 3° 55' to
4° 40' vv. W, C, This dist, occupying the whole
space between Catawba and Broad rs, contains
part of two inclined plains. The Broad r, plain,
or that on the wstrd,, decUnes a littie vv, ofs,,
and is drained by Turkey, BuUock's, Kings,
and Buffaloe ers. The opposing or estrn, plain
clecUnes sthestrd. and discharges in that direc
tion Fishing, Alison's, and Crowder's era. Sur
face hUly, Cf t, YorkviUe, Pop, 1820, 14,-
936, 1830, 17,790,
York, {See Yorkville, York dist. S. C.)
York, p-v, Sanduaky co. O. by p-r. 114 ms.
N, Columbus.
York, p-v. on Wabash r, extreme n, e, angle
of Crawford co, 11, by p-r. 133 ms. a Httie n. of
E, Vandalia,
York Cross Roads and p-o. Sandusky co. O.
by p-r. 101 ras, x, Colurabus. ^
"York Haven, p-v. on the Susquehannah r. op.
posite Eaat Conewago, and in the nrthestrn.
part of York co. Pa,, by p-r, 10 ras, n. frora the
borough of York, and 14 ras. below and s. e.
Harriaburg. Yorkshire, p-t, Cataraugus co, N, Y,, 274
ms, w, by s, Albany, 14 n, n, is, ElHcottville, it
has Cataraugus cr, n, which separates it from
Erie co,, vvith a slightly uneven surface. Lime
stone lake, 1 lu, by 2, in the e, gives rise to a
tributary of Cataraugus cr. Pop. 823.
York, Sulphur springs and p-o, in the nrthrn.
part of Adams co. Pa,, by p-r, 30 ms. s. o. w.
Harrisburg, and 14 n.n, e, Gettysburg,
Yorktown, p-t, Westchester co, N, Y,, 116
ms, s, Albany, 45 n. New York, 8 n. w. Bed
ford, it has Putnam co, n, and is generally hilly,
with a pretty good soU, often stony, and much
iraproved by the use of gypsura. Pop, 2,141.
Yorktown, p-v. port of entry and st, jus, for
York CO, Va,, situated on the right bank of
York r,, 11 ras, above the raouth, 33 tt. vr. Nor.
folk, by p-r, 175 ras, s, s, e. W, C, and 73 s.
e, by e, Richraond, Lat, 37° 14', long. 0° 30'
E. W.C,
Yorkville, p-v, and st, jus, York dist, S. C,
22 ras, N, Chesterville, and by p-r, 78 ras, a lit
tle w, of N, Columbia, Lat, 34° 58', long, 4°
18' w. W. C.
Yough Glades, p-o. in the wstrn. partof Al
leghany CO, Md,, 33 ras, wstrd, Cumberland
andby p-r, 165 ms. k, w, by w, W, C,
Youghioghany, r, of Pa,, Md, and Va,, hav.
ing its raost remote source in Preston co. of
the latter state, but deriving its most nuraer.
ous sthrn, tributaries frora the valley between
the Back Bone and Laurel mtns,, AUeghany co.
Md. From this elevated tract the raain streara
flows nearly due ft. 35 ma,, enters Pa, between
Fayette and Somerset cos,, within which it
thence flows about 8 ms, direct courae to where
it iajoined byCastieman's r,, an equal orproba-
bly a superior stream, entering from the n, e.
Some of the southern fountains of Castleraan's
r, rise in AUeghany co, Md,, but the greater
part of its tributaries flow from Somerset co.

594

BEE

APPENDIX.

BUN

Pa., and lise in the sarae valley with the conflu
ents of Youghioghany. Below the union of the
2 main branches, the Youghioghany assuraing
UN, wstrn, course, continues in that direction 60
ras, to its junction with the Monongahela at Mac
Kees port, in Alleghany co. Where Youghio
ghany is traversed by the U. S, road at Smith-
field, the water level is 1,405 ft, above that of
the Atlantic, The extreme heads of this stream
have an elevation exceeding 2,500 ft, ; the raouth
being elevated about 700 ft., the entire faU raust
be 1,800 ft. The whole vaUey of Youghioghany
is either raountainous or very hilly and broken.
Young's Cross Roads and p-o, in the wstrn.
part of Lauderdale co. Ala,, 14 ras. westerly
Florence, the CO. seat, and 160 a little w. of n,
Tuscaloosa. Young's Store and p-o. in the wstrn, part of
Laurens dist. S. C, by p-r, 88 ras, n. westerly
Columbia. Young's Mills and p-o, Knox co. 0,, 9 ras,N,
Mount Vernon, the co, at,, and 54 n. e, Colura
bus.

Youngstown, p-v. Niagara co. N. Y., 304
ms. vr. Albany, 6 N. Lewistown, is situated on
Niagara r.
Youngstown, p-v. (on the great westem road
from Philadelphia to Pittsburg) Westmoreland
00. Pa., 10 ras. E. Greensburg, the co. St., and
by p-r, 182 ras. N. w. W. C. It is a smaU v., of
a single street along the road.
Youngstown, p-v. on the Mahoning branch
of Big Beaver r,, and in the s. estm. part of
TrumbuU co. 0,, 18 ms. below Warren the co.
St., and by p-r. 168 ms. n. e. by E. Colum
bus. YouNGsviLLE, p-V. in the n, wstm. part of
Warren co. Pa,, 17 ms, N. w. Warren, and by
p.r, 330 ras. n, w. W. C.
Young Womanstown, p-v. on Young Wo
raan's cr,, and in the n. watrn. part of Lycoming
CO, Pa,, by p-r. 50 ma. n. w. 'Williamsport, the
CO. St., and 138 n. n. w. Harrisburg.
Ypsilanti, p-v. Washtenaw CO. Mich,, by p-r.
32 ms. w. Detroit.

Zanesfield, or Zanestown, p-v. in the estrn.
part of Logan CO, 0., byp-r. 57 ms. n.w. Co
lumbus. Zanesville, a flourishing p.t. and st. jus,,
Muskingum co. 0,, 60 ras, tt. vr. Marietta, 58
E. Columbus, 74 nearly w, WheeUng, Va,, and
336 N, w, by w, W, C, in lat, 40°, long, 5° 2' w,
W. C. It is situated on the e, side of Muskin
gum river, at the falla, and around which ia a
canal, connecting the boat navigation above and
below. The t. containa a court house and oth
er CO. buUdings, several churches for Presbyte-
* rians. Baptists, Methodists, Catholics, &c,, and
many neat dwellings. The r. connects to the
tt. w. with the Ohio canal, and below with the
Ohio, at Marietta,. Zanesville is becoming an
extensive manufacturing t. ; atthe falls, which
afford great water power, are a nuraber of flour,
saw, rolling, and oil raills, and a nail and wool
len factory. There are also 2 glass factories,
a paper miU raoved by steam, and 2 printing of
fices in the t, ZanesviUe ia very limited in
size, containing but Httle more than a aq. mile.

Two bridgea, oHe extending to Weat Zanes
ville, and the other to Putnam, cross the Mus.
kingura, both of which are handsorae struc.
tures. These places are so near, as to be al.
raost considered a part of Zanesville. The
population ofthe forraer is 278 ; that of the lat.
ter 758. Pop. of ZanesvUle, 3,094.
Zebulon, p-v. and st, jus,. Pike co. Geo., by
p-r, 86 ms, alraost due w, MUledgeviUe. N.
lat, 33° 04', long, 7° 26' w. W. C.
Zidon, p.v, Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p.r.
116 ms, N, vv, Columbia,
Zion, p-v. Iredell co, N. C, by p-r. 16 ms. w.
Raleigh. Zoar, t. Berkshire co. Mass., is one of the
smallest ta, in the atate, and waa incorporated
in 1822, Itis crossed by Deerfieldr, Pop. 129.
Zoar, p-t, Tuscarawas co, 0,, 9 ms. n. New
Phila,, and 110 n. e. Columbus, on the e. side
of Tuscarawas river. It was settled by Ger.
mans, and is fast becoming a raanufacturing v.
The houses, of which there are 50 or 60, are
chiefly covered with tile.

APPENDIX,

containing seveeal new counties, omissions either of towns or their
POPULATION, &C. tc.

A.
Albion, N. Y. {See Newport, Orleans co.,
the name of which is changed.)
Austerlitz, N.^Y. not 130, but 30 ms, e, s.
E. frora Albany. B.
Beekmantown, Clinton, (not Chiston) co. N.Y.

Berkshire, Tioga co. N. Y., 14 ms. n. Owe.
.go, not Oswego ; the sarae error occurs in the
creek mentioned.
Bethany, Conn,, contains 30 sq. ms. Pop.
1,049. ^ ^
Brooklyn, Conn,, is 46 ms. E. Hartford, and
29 w. Providence ; it is divided by Quinebaug
river frora KiUingly.
Buncombe', co. N. C, bndd. by Cocke and
Green coa. Tenn. n. w., WaBhington co. Tenn.
N., Nolichucky r. separating it from Burke co.

CAR

APPENDIX,

ELI

595

N. 0. N. E., Blue Ridge separating it frora
Burke e,, and Rutherford s, e., and again from
Greenville district S, C, s. ; on the extrerae s.
w. it joins Macon co. Length frora a, w. to N,
e. 74 ras,, raean breadth 30, and area 3230 sq,
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 03' to 35° 53',
and in long. W. C. frora 5° 13' to 5° 55' w.
With a small section on the n. e, part the body
ofthis CO. is coramensurate with the higher val
ley of French Broad r. and slopes to n, tt. vr.
Surface excessively broken by hill and mtn.
ridges, with a raean elevation of the cultivated
vallies of at least 1500 feet above the Atlantic
ocean. Cf t. AshvUle. Pop. 1820, 10,542 ;
1830, 16,381.
BcRKE, CO. N. C, bndd. by Rutherford s„
Buncombe w,. Iron mtn. separating it from Car
ter CO. Tenn, n, w,, Ashe co, N, C. i-j,, WUkes
N, E„ Iredell e, and Lincoln b, e. Greatest
Wngth from the wstrn. border of IredeU' to the
Iron ratn. 65 ras,, raean breadth 32, and area
2,080 sq,ras. N. lat, 36° and long. W, C, 5°
w, intersect in this co. The above outlines are
taken from Tanner's Atlas and give Burke co,
an extent very different from any former au
thority. As now delineated it coraprises east
ofthe Blue Ridge the higher valley of Catawba
r. or about 1600 sq. ms, with a slope to the estrd.
The residue of the co. lies between Blue Ridge
and Iron mtns, and comprises the higher val
ley of NoHchucky r. That part of Burke co.
bordering on Blue Ridge, is, independent of
mtn, chains, araongst the raost elevated cultiva
ted tracts in the U. S. The nthestrn, angle is
indeed a very remarkable point in physical
Geography ; as from it flow sthrd, the extreme
sources of Catawba r., wstrd, those of Noli
chucky and Watauga rs,, nthrd, the extreme
sources of Great Kenhawa, and nthestrd, those
ofthe Yadkin, At an elevation of above 2000
feet the cultivated ground is here drained by
streams flowing like radii from a common cen
tre, Cf t, Morganton, Pop. 1830, 13,411
1830, 17,888. C.

Cass, new co, Geo,, bndd. by Cobb s.e,,
Paulding s, w,, Floyd, w,, Murray n,, and Cher-
rokee e. Length from s, to n, 27, breadth 24,
and area 648 sq, ms, N, lat, 34° 15', and long.
8° w, of W. C, intersect near the centre ofthis
CO. It comprises part of tvvo inclined plains.
The nthrn. section slopes to n, w, and in that
direction ia drained by creeks flowing into
Oosfanalau r. The sthrn, and raost extenaive
section ia traversed frora e. to w, by the Etowah
r, which is here a navigable stream. The cen
tral part about 130 raa, a little w. of n. w. Mil
ledgeville. Cherokee, new co, Geo,, bndd. by Lumpkin
N. E, ; Forsyth a. e, ; Cobb s, ; Caas w, ; and
Gilmer tt. Length frora s. to tt. 27 ms,, breadth
24, and area 648 sq, ms, N, lat, 34°, 15' and
long. Vv'', C, 7°, 33' w, intersect near its centre.
The extreme sthestrn. angle is drained into
Chattahooche r. and the extreme nrthwstrn. into
the Cooaawtee branch of Ooatanalau r. ; but
the main body of the co, ia traversed frora n, e.
by E. to s, vv. by w. by the Etowah r, Chero
kee CO, Ues N, w, about 100 raa. frora Milledge
ville, and embraces part of the gold region of
Georgia. Cobb, new co, Geo,, bndd, by Campbell s, ;
Carroll s, vv, ; Paulding w. ; Cass n, vv, ; Cher.
okee N, ; Forsyth N, e, ; and Chattahooche r,
separating it from De Kalb co. e. Greatest
length frora e, to vr. 33 ras, mean breadth 15,
and area 480 sq, ms, N. lat. 34° and long. W.
C. 7° 40' vv. "W. C, intersect in the northern
part ofthis co. It embraces part of the divi.
ding ground between the Chattahooche and Eto.
wah rs, whioh separating ridge traverses the
the CO, frora n, e, to s. w. The nthwstrn, angle
drained into Etowah i,, but the sthestrn, and
considerably most extensive section slopes s. e.
and in that direction drained into Chattahooche
r. The central part is about 100 ms, n, w. by
vr. Milledgeville. Cobb co, coraprises part of
the Gold region of Geo,
Connecticut, Only 78 towns send two rep
resentatives to the legislature.

Cache', (pronounced Ca-shay,) r. of Ark,,
rising in Lawrence co,, between Saint Francis
and White rs,, at about n, lat. 36° 30', Flow
ing thence in a s, s, w. direction, by compara
tive distances about 110 ms,, having traversed
part of Lawrence, Jackson, and St, Francis cos,
falls into White r. in the n. wstrn, angle of
Monroe co. The channel of Cache' r, is no
where 30 ms, distant frora that of White r, ; the
two strearas flowing reraarkably parallel to
each other and generally about 10 ras, asunder,
Canestola, p-v. N, Y. Should be Canastola,
Carroll, co. Geo,, bndd. by Paulding rt.,
Cobb N, e,, Carapbell e., Chatahooche r, sepa
rating it frora Coweta s, e,. Heard s,, and by the
Creek territory in Ala. w. Length from e, to
w. 35 ras,, raean breadth 24, and area 840 sq,
ms. Lat, 33° 26' to 33° 42', long, W. C. 7° 47'
to 8° 32' w. Though bndd, on the s, e. hy
Chattahooche r,, the wstrn. and largest fraction
ofthis CO. slopes s. ,w,, and in that direction is
drained by the higher constituents of Tallapoosa
r. It of course occupies part of the surarait
level between the basins of Appalachicola and
Mobile. Cf t. Carrolton. Pop. 3,419.

'Et.

East Boston, an island in Boston harbor,
Mass. containing about 600 acres. It was for.
merly known as Noddle's, or WUUams' isl, and
was first occupied in 1629. It has recently been
purchased by an incorporated corapany, under
the titie of the East Boston Co., for about 90,-
000 ; and has been laid out into streets, and
will furnish delightful situations for dweUings,
as it is sufficiently elevated to command a view
of the city, harbor, and adjacent tovvns. The
distance from Battery wharf to the isl. is but
120 rods, A suspension rail-way across the
island is in progress, which will be continued
to Salem,
Elizabethtown and Somerville, and Dela.
WARE and .SusauEIIA^NAH rail, road. Some un
accountable errors occur in this article, under
the head of RaU Roads and Canals. The whole
length of the proposed route is 192^ ms, ; ex.
tending from Jersey City, or Hoboken, oppo.
site the city of New York, to the Great Bend
of the Susquehannah, and the N. Y, state line.
The rnntc, as survcycd, passes through New-

596

HAM

APPENDIX.

NOR

ark, Elizabethtown, Soraerville, and Belvidere
in N. J., where it vvill probably- cross the Dela.
ware ; and thence, in Pa,, to Stroudsburg, pass
ing through the Lackavvanna coal region to, oi
near Pittston, on the Susquehannah, and hence
through Carbondale to its northern terraination.
The distance frora the Hudson to Pittston, the
first point on the Susquehannah, is about 146
ins. At Elizabethtown this road will be inter
sected by the New Jersey rail road. The stock
for the whole route has been subscribed.
F.
Floyd, nevv co. Geo. bndd. by Murray n,, Cass
E,, and Paulding a, ; on the w, it is liraited by
the Cherokee territory in Ala, Length frora
B, to N. 27 ma, ; raean breadth 24, and area 648
sq, ras. Extending in lat, from 34° 04' to 34°
27' N,, andin long, froiu8° 10' to 8° 40' vv, W, C.
The general slope is wstrd. The Oostanalau
r, enters at the nrthestrn, angle and flowing s.
s. w, receiives the Etowah from the r,. 4 ot 5
ms, s, E. ofthe centre of the co. The Etowah
issuing from Cass co. enters Floyd near the
middle of its estrn. border, and uniting vvith the
Oostanalau forras Coosa r. The junction of
the Etowah and Oostanalau rivers is about 150
ms, N, w, by w, MiUedgeville,
Forsyth, new co, Geo, bndd, by Cobb s, w,,
Cherokee w,, Luiupkin n,, Hall ft. e,, and Chat
tahooche r, separating it from Gwinnett co, s,
E, and s. Length frora s, to n. 21 ; raean breadth
15, and area 360 sq, ras. E.xtending in lat, from
34° 0' to 34° 20', Forsyth spreads nrthwstrdly,
from the Chattahooche i, to 103 ms, over the
Etowah ; consequently embraces the entire
width betvveen that part of the summit ground
between the vaUies of Coosa and Chattahooche
rs. The larger section is drained to the s, e.
and s. into Chattahooche r. The' central part
is about 90 ms, n, a. vv, MUledgeviUe. It era-
braces part of the gold region.
Gilmer, one of the extrerae nrthrn. counties,
recently incorporated, of Geo. bndd. vv, by Mur
ray, s, Cherokee, Lumpkin b. e.. Union n, e,,
and by the Cherokee terrftory in 'Tennessee,
Length frora s, to n, 37 ras,, breadth 22, and
area 814 sq, ras. Extending in lat. from 34°
27' to 35° N., and in long, from 7° 20' to 7° 48'
w. W. C. Gilmer is a mtn, region and com
prises part ofthe table land between the vallies
of Tennessee aud Coosa rs. The sthestrn. an
gle slopes sthrd. and is drained into Etowah r, ;
the nrthestrn, angle slopes to the n, and dis
charges into the state of Ten, the Aquokee cr,
of Hiwassee r,, and also the extrerae higher
sources of Conessauga br. of Oostanalau r.
The latter stream, however, winds to the wstrd,
in Ten, and curving sthrd. re-enters Geo, and
faUs into its recipient in Murray co. The cen
tral part of Gilraet gives source to Coosawatee
r.the estrn, constituent of Oostanalau r. The
central part is about 100 ins, sthwstrd, of Kno.x-
vUle in 'Ten. and 135 ms, .\, vv, MiUedgeviUe. Cf
t. Carrael. M.
Hampden, p-t. .Delaware co. N. Y,, 85 ms.
s.w. Albany, Pop. 1,230,

Hamptonburg, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 100 ms.'
s. Albany. Pop, 1,365.
Hastings, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y., 150 ms, rt.
by w, 'Albany. Pop, 1,494,
Hornby, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y'., 199 ms. w.
by 3. Albany. Pop. 1,572.
Hakcock, p-t. Addison co. Vt,, 30 ms. s. w.
Montpelier. The tsp. is high and broken, and
lies entirely upon the Green mtns. Pop. 472.
Hancock, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 85 ms. from
Augusta. Pop. 653.
Hartford, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 14 ras. n.
Windsor, 43 s. e, Montpelier, first settied in
1764, It Hes on the w, side of Conn, i ,, is well
watered by White and Queechy rivers, which
afford valuable raUl privileges. The surface of
the town, though broken, is rich and produc.
tive. There are two villages, White and Quee
chy, situated on the two strearas after which
they are naraed, and in them are several manu-
ufactories of cotton, woollen, &c. Pop, 2,044*
Harrington, p-t, Washington co. Me., 118
ras. from Augusta. Pop. 1,118.

Jerusalem, p-t. Yates co. N. Y., stated to be
on the s. line Ontario co., is in Yates co. Pop.
2,783, M.
Kirkland, p-t, Oneida co. N. Y., 130 ras, vr.
by N, Albany. Pop, 3,505,
Kennebunk Port, p-t,, York co. Me., 25 ms.
s, vv, Portiand, tiU from Augusta, A place of
considerable business, and some commerce.
Pop. 3,763. w.
Norwich, city, and p-t. Nevv London co.
Conn, The city embraces that portion of the
tovvn formerly known as Chelsea landing. Be
side the city, there are 4 viUages iu the to-wn,.
viz, YanticvUle, Westville, the Town (so call
ed,) and Greenville, At the falls on the Yantic
are 2 cotton raills, a woollen factory, an iron
foundry, nail factory, roUing, bleaching, and 2
c-xtensive paper raills. At Greenville, which is"
of recent growth, is a water povver sufficient to
carry 40 or 50,000 spindles. Here are 2 cot
ton mills, 1 paper and 1 button raill, and flannel,
carpet, and rug raanufactories. Besides these
raanufactories, are others in the town, of cord
age, marble paper, morocco, bobbins, silver
plate, suspenders, and webbing ; the aggregate
amount of manufactures is estimated at $1,. ¦ .
000,000 per ann. At YanticvUle and Westville
are large manufacturing establishraents. Con.
siderable capital is employed in the whale and
seal fisheries, and in the coasting trade. In the
town are 4 banks, aggregate capital $1,300,.
000 ; a savings bank with deposits amounting
to >J;] 30,000; 3 insurance offices, and 3 print
ing offices. The rail-road from this place to
Worcester, will pass near 100 or more man
ufactories, and its route is through the vallies
of Quinebaug and French rivers. {See Nor
wich.) .-¦ -'¦' .

APPENDIX.

597

STATISTICAL VIEW of the Commerce of the United States, exliibiting the value of every description of
Imports from, and the value of articles of eveiy description of Exports to, eacli Foreign country ; also, the ton
nage of American and Foreign vessels arriving from, and departing to, each Foreign country during the year
ending on the 30th day of Septemher, 1831/

COUNTRIES.

COMMERCE.

Value of im
ports.

Value of exports.

NAVIGATION.

¦\mern. tonnage.

Domestic produce.

Foreign produce.

Entered into
U.S.

Depart
ed frora
U.S.

Foreign tonn.

Entered into
U.S,

Departed from
U.S,

Tons.

Prussia, Sweden and Norway,
Swedish Weat Indies,
Denmark,
Danish West Indies,
Netherlands, Dutch West Indies,
Dutch East Indies,
England, Scotland,Ireland, Gibraltar,British African ports,
British East Indies,
British West Indies,
Newfoundland, &:c.
British Am. Colonies,
Other British Colonies,
Hanse towns,
France on the Atlantic,
France on the Mediter.
French West Indies,
Spain on the Atlantic,
Spain on the Mediter.
Teneriffe and other Canaries,
Manilla and Philippine Isls.
Cuba,
. Olher Spanish W. L
Portugal, Madeira, Fayal and other Azores,
Cape Dti Verd Isls.
Italy,Sicily,Trieste, &c.
Xutkey, Hayti,Mexico,
.Centra) Repuli, of Am.
Colombia,Honduras,
3razU,
.Argentine Republic,
Ciaplatine Republic,
Peru,
;Cbili,
iJSoutli America, generally,
,4'apc of Good Hope,
f(£hina,
%na, generally,
^ast Indies, generally,
JlTeBt Indies, generaUy,
urope, generally,
frica, generally,
Soutti Seas,
N,W, Coast of Am,
Uncertain, Toml,

1,603,328 50,970
901,812218,918 575
1,651,641 989,837 343,799 319,395
41,854,323 1,977,830 261,5()4 150,517
1,544,2731,303,301 864,909
3,493,301
12,876,977 1,188,766 671,84-1 566,072
709,023 125,159
348,995
8,371,797 1,580,156 124,446177,369 32,092 63,643
1,704,264 144,047 161,062
521,598
1,580,578
5,166,745 198,504
1,207,154 44,463
2,375,829 928,103917,788 413,758 4,924
3,083,205 77,86110,691
148,932 51,186
67,635 11,168

114,852 27,043
190,511
251,937178,333
1,421,075 1,707,292 370,857128,884
28,841,430 1,185,142 589,941429,087 6,064
132,442
1,417;291
4,026,392 1,812,241
4,903,557 671,867704,833235,584 75,12134,931 15,994
3,634,144 261,801 39,149
171,503 10,54945,432
371,515 2,369
276,561 38,,503
1,126,6981,091,489 141,179
375,319 46,233
1,652,193 415,489 8,560
849,493 19,922
244,790 48,268
628,153 25,702
175,166 16,910
27,206

347,914 86,519 11,111
176,883
224,502212,860 45,274
631,442
2,337,439 5,567
165,786
675,390 33,962 35,446
779,031
3,228,452 300, &
13,044 63,428 7,1983,440
16,830
1,259,698 53,245 2,35C5,728
6,049
13,557
323,010 262,808 298,304 191,677
5,086,729 165,318282,830 13,732
423,902
244,290 7,616
518,662 15,731
1,046,045 251,120 7,474 15
69,891 8,963
51,420

462,766 27,043
277,030 263,048 3.55,216
1,645,5771,920,152 416,131760,-326
31,208,869 1,190,709 589,941
594,873 6,064
807,832
1,441,253
4,061,838 2,593,172 8,102,009 972,793
717,877299,013 82,319
38,377 32,824
4,893,842 315,046 41,505
177,291 16,598 58,989
694,525 2,369
539,369 336,807
l,318,3f5 6,178,218 306,497
658,149 59,965
2,076,095 659,779 16,176
1,368,155 35,653
1,290,835 299,394635,627 25,717
245,057 25,873 78,626

8,931 700
11,346 4,793
27,501 24,076 11,296 2,5,33
223,345 5,674
4,388 3,5995,,342
38,046 275
92,072 248
15,934
40,849 13,774
26,704 6,7609,583 1,963
2,938
132,830 24,060 5,0432,514 660 875
10,683 2,080 1 ,920
3,918
36,446 22,377 2,831 9,174 1,456
29,855 9,652 274
2,577 3,739 703
929
4,316 1,1712,903 4,169
2,511
29,581 375 80

Ito,191,124 61,277,057 20,033,526 81,310,583 922,952 972,504 281,948

4,310 387
3,2327,1993,060
41,730 23,168 11,430 6,498
235,345 6,312 7,838
11,703 121
6,481
40,922 277
79,364 434
17,14748,0-i2 15,459
35,334 4,598 1,905
1,418 249
132,222 8,37i1,598 5,363 475
1,3009,120 378
4,215 2,935
27,807 22,303 3,315 1,449
36,892 8,169 356 523
11,145 1,018 891
5,0612,447 669
17,839 560
5,098
39,470 783

2,999 262
2,827 349312
84,324 11,008 7,020

23,760 736
82,557 12,175 8,666 493
2,793

19,639 3,117 1,451

699
11,498 56
COO
1,360

94

2,020

2,708 1,994 194
83,461 9,102
2,306 256

17,90394,776 17,487 3,722 1,477
2,254 1,068 536

17,816 1,051 131
251 236

1,006
10,019

223203

400 148

271,994

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, FROM 1823 TO 1832 INCLUSrVE,*

Year,

tlS23 1824 lte5
1823 1827

Imports,

877,579,267 80,549,007 96,340,075
84,974,477 79 484 06S

Exports ,

Domes, Expts,

S74,699,030 75,986,657 99,535,388 77,595,322
82,324,827

847,000,000 50,000,00066,00p-,00053,000,000 58,000,000

Year,

1828182918301831 18-J2

Imports,

$88,509,824 74,492,,'-.27 70,876,920
103,191,1-Jl100,65-2,677

Exports,

Domes, Expls,

S7a,-J64,e'5B 72,3.^8,671 73,8 49,508
81,310,.W387,037,9-13

8,50,000,000 5.-1,000,00059,000,000 61,000,00063,000,000

• The column exhibiting the amount of Domestic Exports, i., of course, included in the preceding one, under
the h^fld of Exports. ^

598

APPENDIX.

CO.MMBRCE AND NAVIG VTION.
Statement of tlie Commerce and Navijiation of each
jSt.'iiie and Ten-itory, cuiiimenciii^ on tlie Jst day tjf
Oct, 18J0, and eiidini; on the 3Ulh day of Se|)t. 183 1.

Val

ue of E.Kports.

Value of
imports

Domestic
Foreign
Total.
piod.
prod.
Maine,
941,407
799,748
5,83.5
805,573
N, H,
140,';;i.'5
109,456
1,766
111,223
Vt,
11)0,206
'.;-2.J,l27
_
9-35,127
Mass,
14,21,9,0.-11;
4,0-J7,-201
3,700,562
7,73:l,76.i
R. r.
562,161
348,2.1!)
19,-3I5
307,405
Conn,
405,061
482,07,1
810
48-J,.-<83
N, Y,
57,077,417
15,7211,118
9,809,026
25,535,144
N,J,
-
ll,43il
-
11,430
Penn.
12,124,083
3,591,3112
1,9I9,'411
5,513,713
Del,
2I,65S
34,514
-
34,514
Md,
4,826,577
3,73(),.50lj
578,141
4,308,647
Dist, fftsl.
193,555
1,207, .517
13,438
1,220,975
Vir,
488,522
4,lJ9,!i86
489
4,150,475
N.C.
196,356
340,973
167
341,140
S, C,
1,238,163
6,528,605
46,-596
6,575,201
Geo,
399,940
3,957,245
2,568
3,1,59,813
Ala,
224,435
2,412,862
1,033
2,413,894
Miss.
La,
9,766,693
12,835,,531
3,926,458
16,761,989
Ohio,
617
14,7-:;3
14,728
Flor,
115,710
23,493
2,002
30,495
Mich,
27,299
12,392
-
12,392
Total,
103,191,124
61,277,057
20,033,520
81,310,583
NAVIGATION.
Maine,
N.H.Vt,Mass,
E,I. Conn,
N, Y,
N, J.
Penn, Del.
Md,Dist, Col,
Vir, N. C.
S, C.
Geo,Ala, Miss.La.Ohio, Flor.
Mich. Total,
Amt, Amn,
tonnage.
Enter ed,
51635 7198
20201
182459 23845 1775D
315972 369
71232 1550
55371 4796
22933 16773
24379 1,55431012676331 91
4455 43
923952
Depar ted.
61582 4362
30201
157530 K78-20139
254331 709
65149 799
653701936243719 30450
48426 357471470-96753 91
5163 43
972504
Amt, Foreign Total Am, and
For, tonnage.
Enter ed.
9780 100
77719
2186
10455 872
9985 1729
29011 13491
11840
55541 138
476
Depar ted.
72444 7596 965
10276 878
11879 31
29045 14307
10953
53558 138
610
Enter ed,
101454 7198
20201
192219 23945 17750
393691 369
80058 3730
65826 5668
32918 18502
53390290,3429166
131772 229
4931 43
1204900
Depart ed,
1114.54 4362
20201
165013 227^^7 2U139
326775 703
72745 1764
756411
20240 605983253077471500.54
25660
150311 229
5773 43
12-14498
TONNAGE,
A condensed view of the registered, enrolled, and li
censed -fonnage of the si^vcral districts of the United
States, on the last day of DecembQi:, 1830,
DISTRICTS.
Passamaquoddy, Me,
Machias,
Frenchman's Bay,
Penobscot,Belfast, Waldoborough,
Wiscasset,Bath,
Portland, Saco,
Regis
Enr, &
tered,
lie.
7,636
2,850
195
3,a043,-?rti
2,612
3,575
15,601
2,053
\kM.
2,802
2,232
5,^(T
16,311
10,355
29,317
13,400
953
2,387
Total.
10,486 4,0996,090
19,177 13,245
21,789 7,949
26,668
42,717 3,340
DISTRICTS,
Kennebunk,York,
Portsraouth, N.H.
Newburyport, Mass,
Ipsvyich,Ginii cester,
Salem, Marblehead,Boston, Plyirioiilh,
Dighton,A'ew Bedford,
Barnstable,Edgartown,Nantucket,Providence, R, I,
Bristol,
Newport, Middletown, Conn.
Nevv London,
New Haven,
Fairfield, Vermont, Vt.
Champlain, N, Y.
Sacket's Harbor,
Oiwego,
Niagara,Genesee,Oswegatchie, Butfalo Creek,
Sag Harbor,
New York,
Cape Vincent,
Perth Amboy, N. J,
Bridgetown, Burlington,
Littlrf Egg Harbor,
Great Egg Harbor,
Philadelphia, Pa,
Presque Isle,
Wilmington, Del,
Ballimore, Md,
Oxford,Vienna,Snow Hill,
Annapolis,
St. Mary's
Georgetown, D, C.
Alexandria,
Norfolk, Virginia,
Petersburg,Richmond,Yorktown,
Tappahannock,Folly Landing,
Cherry Stone,
East River,
-Wilmington, N, C.
Newbern,Washington,
Edenton,Camden,Beaufort, Plymouth,
Ocracoke,Charleston, S. C.
Georgetown, Beaufort,
Savannah, Georgia,
Sunbury, Hardwick,
Brunswick, St, Mary's,
Miami, Ohio,
Cuyahoga,
Sandusky,Detroit, Midi.
Michilimackinac,
Mobile, Ala,
Blakely, Pearl Ri-i>er, Miss,
New Orleans, La,
Teche,Pensacola, Flor,
Si, Augustine,
St, Mark's,
Key West, Total,
Regis tered,
2,789 103
9,7539,714 140
2,058
21,510 1,196
100,214 11,090 301
46,086 2,4092,013
18,854 9,876
6,654
4,879 1,604
10,004 3,954 425877
2,417 505585128 28
4,465
101,946 85
458 115
47,935 44
143
23,941
Enr, &
lie.
345 143
1,760
4,4623,937 1,600
1,904 1,1 79
154
487
8,309 1,357
1,067 993
2,261 530
240 516
6,659 383
3,849
1,585
13,234 243450 151
1,094
576,475
1,999
4,789
8,53
957
8,490
18,243
6,862
16,577
2,191
2,331
9,642
11,741
6,684
28,195
5,742
6,049
34,794
135,009
8,386
19,476
3,30f
3,661
9,169
55,256
22,775
25,184
780
2,792
3,473
22,3-37
4,523
14,400
1,431
8,086
3,543
8,423
7,429
9,033
6,'208
16,213
4,174
7,128
8,462
8,887
_
877
2,417
942
942
612
1,118
1,082
1,668
17
145
2,272
2,300
2,808
7,274
154,710
256,557
187
273
7,746
8,205
10,169
10,284
2,393
2,393
2,619
2,619
9,481
9,481
23,754
71,689
481
525
12,326
12,469
11,678
35,621
9,135
9,135
10,340
10,685
3,996
4,140
3,091
3,111
1,672
1,673
3,564
5,324
3,937
8,400
6,364
10,301
1,604
3,205
1,105
3,009
4,407
4,407
3,700
5,599
2,558
2,637
1,946
2,100
2,119
2,606
414
8,724
1,986
3,343
1,618
2,685
2,730
3,724
2,575
4,837
847
1,377
263
503
1,172
1,688
6,695
13,354
1,447
1,831
2,280
6,130
280
789
450
450
1,029
1,029
868
963
1,233
1,331
114
114
3,778
5,364
870
870
31,793
45,037
1,037
1,281
155
606
70
222
1,094
615,301
1,191,776
APPENDIX.

599

VESSELS, TONNAGE AND

SEAMEN, 1

Statemknt ofthe number of Vessels, with tlie amount

of Tonnage, and the number of Seamen employed in

navigating the same

(including their repeated voya- 1

ges) which entered

into.

and departed from, each [

State and Territory,

in the

year ending on

he 30th

September, 1830.

Araount of
No, of
tonnage.
No, of
ves
f
Seamen
State or Territory,
sels.
employ
Entered,
Depart ed,
ed.
Maine,
535
69,303
91,829
2,949
New Hampshire,
38
9,416
4,632
284
Vermont,
121
29,741
19,290
871
Massachusetts,
912
168,243
148,124
9,118
Rhodelsland,
87
16,676
14,094
836
Connecticut,
93
16,171
18,285
1,103
New York,
1,382
298,434
229,341
14,298
New Jersey,
3
586
627
23
Pennsylvania,
365
72,009
63,022
3,907
Delaware,
9
1,691
962
81
Maryland,
90
55,317
55,020
908
Dist, of Columbia,
54
10,458
13,803
448
Virginia,
93
25,997
43,715
843
North Carolina,
235
27,757
30,592
1,482
South Carolina,
115
50,859
52,464
927
Georgia,
79
19,249
.50,394
772
Alabama,
66
10,490
22 277
484
Louisiana,
451
83,270
106,017
4,323
Florida,
15
1,444
1,366
93
Ohio,
1
56
56
3
Michigan,
1
50
3
Total,
4,745
907,227
971,760
43,758
MILITIA OP THB UNITED STATES.
Table, showing the number of the Militia of each State
and Territory ofthe U.S., with the date of the retum
made to government.
A CoMPARATm View of t
licensed Tonnage of the t_
elusive.
re^ristered,' nrolled, and
S., Irom lc~u to 1830 in-
Yrs,
Registered,
Enr, and lie.
Total,
1820
619,047
661,118
1,280,166
1821
619,096
679,063
1,298,958
1822
628,150
696,548
1,324,699
1823
039,920
696,644
1,336,565
1824
669,972
719,190
1,389,163
1825
700,787
732,323
1,423,111
1826
737,978
796,212
1,534,190
1827
747,170
873,437
1,620,607
1828
813,619
928,772
1,741,391
1829
650,142
610,654
1,260,977
1830*
576,475
615,301
1,191,776
Registered vessels employed in the foreign
trade at the close ofthe year 1830,
Enrolled vessels in the coasting trade.
Licensed vessels under 20 tons.
Enrolled vessels employed in the cod fishery.
do. mackerel fishery, 35,973
do. whale fishery, 793
Licensed vessels under 20 tons, employed
in the cod fishery, 3,515
Tons,
576,475
496,639 20,339 69,042
Total,
Registered tonnage employed other than in
the whale fishery, 1830,
Employed in the whale fishery.
Total,
1,191,776
537,563 38,912
576,475
* 89,307 tona cancelled, sold or lost, 1830 ; making
sn actual increase that year of 20,286 tons.
Me,
1831
41,136
N, H,
1831
38,992
Mass,
1831
48,319
Conn,
1831
24,518
R, I,
1831
9,600
Vt,
1824
27,053
N,Y,
1830
188,615
N, J,
1829
39,171
Penn,
1831
182,285
Del,
1827
9,2-29
Md,
1831
46,259
Va,
1831
101,488
.\.C,
1831
66,552
S.C,
1830
49,512
Geo.
1830
42,832
Ky,
1831
70,590
Ten,
1830
60,982
Ohio,
1831
126,471
La,
1829
14,808
Ind,
1829
40,000
Misp,
1830
13,724
11,
1831
37,386
Ala,
1829
30,000
Mo,
1830
" 7,838
Mich,
1831
5,476
Ark,
1825
2,028
Flor,
1831
827
Dist, Col,
1829
1,756
Total, 1,308,047
AR.MY OP THE REVOLUTION.
Table, showing the number of Soldiers furnished to the
regular army of the Revolution, by each State of the
Union, with the population of 1790,
States,
Free population, 1790,
i,
a .
£¦3 OJ
= l|
I'll
New Hampshire,
Massachusetts,
Rhode Island,
Connecticut,
141,000475,000 68,000
235,000
12,497
67,907 5,098
31,939
8,86
14.29 7,49
13.59
11,28 6.99
13,33 7,45
Tot, New England,
919,000
117,441
12,77 5.56
6,20 5.95
4.67
7,82
New York,
New Jer&ey,
Pennsylvania,
Delaware,
319,000173,000
431,000 51,000
17,78110,726
25,078 2,386
17,9316.1216,78
21,37
Tot, Middle States,
974,000
56,571
5,88
17.21
Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina,
Georgia,
210,000 501,000393,000 133,000 51,000
13,913
36,678 7,2630,447
2,097
6,44
4,75 1,84
4.845,28
15,67
21.0254.10
20,63 18,81
Total, Sthrn, States,
1,354,000
56,997
4,21
23,75
Total of 13 States,
3,247,000
230,909
7,11
14,00
PENSIONERS.
Revolutionary and InvaliiJ Pensioners on the Rolls
ofthe ditferent States and lerritories, Noveraber
6, 1832,
Rev,
Inv,
Rev,
Inv,
Pen,
Pen,
Pen,
Pen,
Me,
912
147
Geo,
83
23
N.H,
694
183
Ky,
463
171
1,380
332
Ten,
377
143
Conn,
660
132
Ohio*
740
226
R.L
148
15
Ind,
138
84
Vt.
924
178
La,
9
30
N. Y,*
2,444
914
Misp,
14
7
N, J,
373
6"
Mich,
14
39
804
393
11,
38
31
Del,
17
19
Ala,
36
31
Md,
131
229
Mo,
16
68
Va,
648
311
Dist, Col,
19
58
N, C,
S5I
60
S,0.
1?1
23
* And a
Total,
gencies.
11,326
3,806
600

APPENDIX.

MILITARY POSTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Posts.
Fort Winnebago
Fort Brady
Fort Mackinac
Fort Howard
Fort Dearborn .
Fort Gratiot
Fort Niagara
Hancock Barracks
Fort Sullivan
Fort Preble
Fort (^institution
Fort bidependence
Fort Wolcott
Fort Trumbull,
MiUtary Academy
New York harbor
Fort McHenry .
Fort Seve.rn
Fort Washington
Fort Monroe
Bellona Arsenal
Fort Johnson

Where Situated.
Portage, Fox, and Ouiscon
sin rivers .
Sault St. Marie, Mich.
Michilimackinac, Mich.
Green Bay, Mich.
Head of Lake Mich., do.
Outlet of Lake Huron, do.
New York,
Holton Plantation, Me.
Eastport, Me.
Portland Me.
Portsmouth, N.H.
Boston, Mass.
Newport, R. I.
New London, Conn.
West Point, N. Y.
New York, N. Y.
Baltimore, Md.
Annapolis, Md.
On the Potomac, Md.
Old Point Comfort, Va.
Near Richraond, Va.
Near Smithville, N. C.

Posts.
Beaufort
Charleston harbor .
Augusta Arsenal
Oglethorpe barracks
Fort Marion.
Camp Armistead
Fprt Snelling
Fort Crawford .
Fort Armstrong -.
Fort Leavenworth
Jefferson Barracks
Fort Gibson
Fort Jessup
Fort Towson
Baton Rouge
New Orleans
Fort Wood
Fort Pike .
Fort Jackson
Fort Mitchell
Fort King
Key West

Where Situated.
. Beaufort, N. C.
. Charleston, S. C.
. Augusta, Geo.
. Savannah, Geo.
, St. Augustine, Flor.
. Near Tellico Plains, Tenn.
. Upper Mississippi
. Prairie du Chien, Mich.
. Rock Island, II.
. Right Bank of the Misp.
near the Little Platte.
. Near St. Lquis, M6. .
. Arkansas Territory.
, Near Natchitoches, La.
. On the Kiamichi, Ark.
, Baton Rouge, La.
. New Orleans, do. ,
. Chef Menteur, do.
. Petite Coquille, do-
. Near N. Orleans, do.
.;-, Near Creek Agency ^ Ala.
. Alachua, Florida.
. Key West, do.

ARMY AND NAVY OF THE U.

S.

General Staff
Medical Staff
Pay Department , .
Purchasing Department ' .
Corps of Engineers
Topographical Engineers
¦ Ordnance Department
1st Reeiment of Artillery .
2d Regiment of Artillery .
3d Regiment of Artillery .
4th Regiment of Artillery
Aggregate of Artillery
1st Regiment of Infantry
9d Regiment of Infantry
3d Regiment of Infantry
4th Regiment of Infantry
Sth Regiment of Infantry
6th Regiment of Infantry
7th Regiment of Infantry
Aggregate of Infantry
Battalion of Mounted Rangers
Recruits of unattached Soldiers

Grand aggregate SHIPS
J^ame and Rate.
Columbus
Independence Ohio Washington
Franklin
North Carolina
Delaware
AlabamaVermontVirginiaPennsylvania New York.

1464 15 3
22 10
79
4644^i 454408

505439
398416 549
3,187 685

6,102

OF THE LINE.
Inhere and when built.

WashingtonBoston New York
Portsmouth Philadelphia
PhiladelphiaNorfolkPortsmouth

1819
181418201814 18151820 1820

74 Boston

Boston
PhiladelphiaNorfolk

FRIGATES OF THE FIRST CLASS.

United Statea
BrandywinePotomac ConstitutionHudson
Java Guerriere
Santee Cumberland
Sabine
SavannahRaritanColumbiaSt. Lawrence

PhiladelphiaWashington WashingtonBostonPurchasedBaltimore Philadelphia
Portsmouth
BostonNew York
New York
PhiladelphiaWashingtonNoifolk

17971825 1821
1797 18261814 1814

FRIGATES OF THE SECOND CLASS.

Constellation

36 Baltimore

1797

Congress

36 Portsmouth

1799

Macedonian

36 Captured

1812

SLOOPS OF WAR/

John Adams

24

Charleston

1799

Cyane

24

C!aptured

1815

Concord

18

Portsraouth

1828

Boston

18

Boston

1825

Vandalia

18

Philadelphia

1828

St. Louis

18

Washington

1828

Falmouth

18

Boston

1827

Warren

18

Boston

1826

Peacock

18

New York

1813

Lexington

18

New York

1825

Erie

18

B,-i]timore

1813

Natchez

18

Norfolk

1827

Fairfield

18

New York

1828

Ontario

18

Baltimore

1813

Vincennes

18

New York

1826

SCHOONERS OF WAR.

Porpoise

12

Portsmouth

1820

Grampus

12

Washington

1821

Shark

12

Washington

1821

Enterprise

12

New York

1831

Boxer

12

Boston

1831

Dolphin

12

Philadelphia

1821

Experiraent

13

Washington

1832

RECAPITULATION.

Ships ofthe Line

13X74

888

Frigates of the First Class 14 X 44

fil6

Frigates of the Second Clasa 3 X 36

108

Sloops of 24 guns

2X24

48

Sloops of 18 guns

13X18

134

Schooners

7^12

84

Total numher of

ships 51 guns

1978

ARMORIES, ARSENALS, AND DEPOTS

OF ARMS, OF THE U. S.

Armoriics,
Arsenals,
Springfield, Mass,
Pikesville, Md,
Harper's Ferry, Va,
Washington City.
Bellona, Va,
Arsenals.
Augusta, Geo,
Mount Vernon
Ala,
Kennehec, Me,
Baton Rouge, La.
Watertown, Mass,
St, Louis, Missouri,
Champlain, Vt.
Watervliet, N, Y,
Depots,
Rome, do.
Detroit, M, T,
Alleghany, Penn,
New York
Frankford, do.
Charleston, S,
C,
APPENDIX,

601

UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES."

State.

Name.

Place.

ii'ounded.

1 i

H
Vsl
¦If
Maine,
WaterviUe,
Waterville,
1820
5
82
74
156
2000
600
Bowdoin,
Brunswick,
1794
6
157
100
257
8000
6000
N.H.
Dartmouth,
Hanover,'
1770
10
181
94
275
4500
8500
Vermont,
University ofVt.
Burlington,
1791
4
29
14
43
1000
500
Middlebury,
Middlebury,
1800
5
128
62
190
2230
3110
Mass.
Harvard University,
Cambridge,
1638
24
227
82
309
40,000
4000
Williams,
Williamstown,
1793
7
133
103
236
3000
2325
Amherst,
Amherst,
1821
9
227
227
4300
,6250
Boston,!
Boston,
1833
R. Island,
Brown University,
Providence,
1704
8
133
133
6000
5600
Conn.
Yale,
Ncw Haven,
1700
16
354
73
427
8500
10500
Washington
Hanford,
1826
9
60
60
5000
2500
Wesleyan University,
Middletown,
1831
5
60
60
3000
N. York,
Union,
Schenectady,
1795
9
205
205
5150
8450
Geneva,
Geneva,
1823
7
44
44
820
1150
Columbia,
New York city,
1754
13
100
100
8O0O
6000
New York University,
New York ""
1831
16
93
Hamilton,
Clinton,
1812
C
77
77
2900
3000
Nyack, t
Nyack,
1833
N. Jersey,
College of New Jersey,
Princeton,
1746
11
133
133
7000
4000
Rutgers,
Ncw Brunswick,
1770
6
70
70
3750
2500
Penn.
University of Penn.
Philadelphia,
1755
6
106
367
473
1200
Jefferson,
Canonsburg,
1803
7
155
121
276
1200
1800
Western University,
Pittsburg,
1820
4
100
100
1500
Madison,
Uniontown,
1829
5
70
70
Alleghatiy,
Meadville,
1815
3
50
50
8000
Franklin,
Lancaster,
1787
Lqfayette,
Easton,
1826
Girard,
Penn tsp. near Phil.
1831
Washington,
Washington,
1806
5
157
157
400
525
Peimsylvania Col.
Gettysburg,
1833
Maryland,
St. Mary's,!
University of Md.
Baltimore, Baltimore,
1799 1812
18 11
147
147
10000
St. John's,-
Annapolis,
1784
5
32
32
2700
300
Mount St. Mary's,!
Near Emmitsburg,
1830
25
130
130
7000
Dist. Col.
Columbian,
Washington,
1831
9
50
50
5300
Georgetown,!
Georgetown,
1799
19
140
140
7000
Virginia,
William and Mary,
Williamsburg,
1692
4
78
78
5300
600
Hampden Sidney,
Prince Edward Co.
1774
6
60
60
Washington,
Lexington,
1812
4
46
46
1500
University of Va.
Charlottesville,
1819
9
152
152
8000
Randolph Macon,
Boydton,
1831
4
N.C.
University of N.C.
Chapel Hill,
1791
9
69
69
1800
3000
S.C.
Charleston,
Charleston,
1785
7
59
59
3000
1000
College of S. C.
Columbia,
1801
6
93
93
8000
St. John Bap-T
Charleston,
€reorgia,
Univ. of Georgia,
Athens,
1785
9
97
97
3200
3000
Alabaina,
Univ. of Alabama,
Spring Hill,!
Tuscaloosa,Near ISlobile,
1828
6
100
100
1000
Misp.
Jefferson,
Washington,
1802
12
98
98
La.
College of Louisiana,
Louisiana,!
Jackson, New Orleans,
1825
3
55
55
350
72
Ten.
Greenville,
GreenviUe,
1794
32
32
3500
Univ. of Nashville,
Nashville,
1806
5
160
160
2000
1200
East Tennessee,
Knoxville,
2
30
30
340
200
Kentucky,
Transylvania Univ.
Lexington,
1798
4
141
311
352
2350
1500
Centre,
Danville,
1822
6
70
70
1600
700
Augusta, '
Augusta,
1822
7
75
75
2000
500
Cumberland,
Princeton,
1825
3
57
57
1000
600
St. Joseph's,!
Bardstown,
1819
15
150
150
1300
St. Thomas,!
Near Bardstown,
1811
Georgetown,
Georgetown,
1830
7
75
75
500
1000
Ohio,
University of Ohio,
Athens,
1803
4
80
80
1000
Miami University,
Western Reserve,
Oxford,Hudson,
1834 1826
95
170 46
170 46
2000 1600
2000 300
Kenyon,
Gambier,
1828
4
80
80
Franklin,
New Athens,
1823
3
40
40
Indiana,
Atheneum,!
Indiana,
Cincinnati,Bloomington,
1831
1829
4
34
34
400
200
South Hanover,
South Hanover,
1827
6
35
35
Illinois,
Illinois,
Jacksonville,
1830
4
50
50
1000
Missouri,
St. Louis.!
St. Louis,
1829
6
125
125
1200
1 St. Mary's,!
Perrysville,
'
Marion,
Marion co.
1831
* For Commencement, in these institutions, see places where
t-Catholic Colleges ; a large portion of the students belong to '
. they are located, in the foregoing work.
ihe preparatory departments.
eos

APPENDIX.

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES IN THE UNITED STATES,

Name,

Place,

Denomination,

Found ed,

Stu
dents, 1833,

Vols, in
Libra ries,

No, of
Profes sors,

Bangor Theol, Seminary,
Theol, Seminary,
Theol, School,
Mass, Epis. Theol, School,
Theol, Institution,
Theol. School, Yale Col,
Theol, Inst, Epis. Church,
Theol. Sem. of Auburn,
Hamilton Theol. Instit.
Hanover Acad., Lit. and Theol.
Hartwiek Seminary,
Theol, Sem, Dutch Eef, Church,
Theol, Sem, Pres, Church, U, S,
Sem. Lutheran Chtirch, U, S,
German Reformed Sem,
Western Theol, Sem,
Theological School,
Seminary,
Epis, Theol, School, Va,
Union Theol, Sem, ,
Southern Theol, Sem,
Furman Theol, Sem,
Theological Sem,
South and Western Theol, Sem,
Lane Sem,
Rock Spring Sem,

Bangor, Me,
Andover, Mass,
Cambridge, do,
do, do,
Newton, do.
Hew Haven, Conn,
New York, N, Y,
Auburn, do,
Hamilton, do,
Hanover, Ind,
Hartwick, N, Y.
New Brunswick, N, J,
Princeton, do,
Gettysburg, Pa,
York, do.
Pittsburg, do.
Near Alexandria, D, C,
Richmond, Va,
Fairfax co, Va.
Prince Edward eo,, do.
Columbia, S. C,
High Hills, Santee, S,C.
Lexington, S. C,
Maryville, Ten,
Cincinnati, Ohio,
Rock Spriuj

Congregational,
Congregational,
Cong, Unit,
Episcopal,
Baptist,Congregational, Episcopal,
Presbyterian,
Baptist,Baptist,
Lutheran, Dutch Reformed,
Presbyterian, Evang, Luth,
German Ref,
Presbyterian,
Episcopal,Baptist,Episcopal,
Presbyterian,Presbyterian,Baptist,
Lutheran,
Presbyterian,
Presbyterian,Baptist,

18161808
18191831
18251822
1819
1821
182018271815
1812
182618251839

1824
1829
1833 1831
1839
1827

6
145 38
40495054
129 96 9
24
136 20
202730 14
19
3221
30 9
52
87 5

12000
13000

3000
45002250

65007000
400020001500
3000 1800

55001200

343
4
43G
2 3
3
22
22 1
33
2
2 1
351

,11.
Beside those included in the table, there are in the U, S, 5 Roman Cathohc Theological Seminaries, 2 in Mary
land, 1 in South Carolina, 2 in Kentucky, and 1 in Missouri,

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES,

Communi

Churches or

Denominations,
Population,
cants,
Congregations,
Ministers,
Calvinistic Baptist
2,743,453
304,827
4384
2914
Methodist Episcopal Church
2,600,000
476,000
—
1777
Presbyterian, General Assembly .
1,800,000
182,017
2253
1801
Congregationalist, Orthodox
1,260,000
140,000
1270
1000
Protestant Episcopal Church
600,000
—
700
558
Universalists
500,000
—
300
150
Roman Cathohcs ,
500,000
—
—
Lutherans
400,000
44,000
1200
205
Christ-ians , , , ,
275,000
25,000
800
200
German Reformed , . , ,
260,000
17,000
400
84
Friends or Quakers
200,000
—
400
Unitarians, Congregational .
176,000
—
193
160
Associate and other Methodists
175,000
35,000
. —
350
Free-will Baptists
150,000
16,000
400
300
Dutch Reformed
125,000
17,888
194
159
Mennonites
120,000
30,000
200
Associate Presbyterians
100,000
15,000
144
74
Cumberland do, , . ,
100,000
8,000
75
50
Tankers 
30,000
3,000
40
40
Free Communion Baptists
30,000
3,500
—
30
Seventh Day Baptists
20,000
2,000
40
30
Six Principle Baptists
20,000
1,800
30
25
United Brethren, or Moravians
7,000
2,000
23
23
Millennial Church or Shakers
6,000

15
45
New Jerusalem Church
5,000

28
30
Emancipators, Baptists
4,500
600
—
15
Jews and others
50,000
—
150
MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES,
Name,
Maine Med, Schoo],
Waterville Clinical School,
New Harapshire Med, School,
Med, School, Univ,Vt,
Vt, Acad, of Med, Mid, Col.
Mass. Med. Col. Harv. Univ.
Berkshire Med. Inst, Wms, Col,
Medical Inst, Yale Col.
Col, Phys, and Surg, N, Y,
Col, Phys, and Surg, Western Dist, N, Y,
Med, Dep, Univ. Pen.
Med. Dep, Jef, Col,
Med, Dep, Univ. Md.
Med, Dep, Columbian Col,
Med, Dep. Univ. Va,
Med. Col. Charleston, S. C,
Med, Col, Transylvania Univ,
Med, Col, of Ohio,
Ref Med, Col. Ohio,
Place.
Brunswick, Waterville,
Hanover,
Burlington, Castleton,Boston,
Pittsfield,New Haven,
New York,
Fairfield,Philadelphia,PI'riladelphia,Baltimore,Washington, D, C,
Charlottesville, Charleston,
Lexington, Cincinnati,Worthington,
Com. of Lectures.
Mid, of Feb,
First Thurs, March,
First Wed, Sept,
Second Wed, Sept.
Aug, 15th,
Third Wed, Oct,
First Wed, Sept,
Second Thurs, Nov,
First Mon. Nov,
First Mon, Nov,
First Mon, Nov,
Last Mon, Oct,
First Mon, Nov.
Septeraber, .
Second Mon, Nov,
First Mou, Nov,
Professors,
Students,
103 74
82 8573
188190
368 121
150
300 110 ,30
APPENDIX.

603

REVENUE AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
Ofthe United States, from 1791 to 1831, inclusive, compiled from the Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury.

Vears,

Annual reve

Civil list.

Foreign inter

Military ser

Revolutionary

Pay of collec

nue.*

course.

vices,!

pensions.

tors, &c.t

1791

4,418,913

757,154

14,733

632,804

239,541

1792

3,669,960

380,917

78,760

1,100,702

161,754
1793
4,652 923
358,241
89,,500
1,130,249
188,362
1794
5,431,904
440,946
146,403
2,639,097
321,090
1795
6,114,534
361,633
912,685
480,910
260,359
1796
8,377,539
447,139
84,859
1,260,203
291,206
1797
8,688,780
483,232
609,788
1,039,402
343,434
1798
7,900,495
504,605
457,428
2,009,,522
375,879
1799
7,546,813
592,905
274,374
2,466,056
412,183
1800
10,848,749
748,688
395,288
2,560,878
440,373
1801
12,935,330
49,288
205,676
1,672,944
482,772
1802
14,995,793
596,981
550,935
1,179,148
492,205
1803
11,064,097
526,583
1,119,834
822,055
405,536
1804
11,826,307
624,695
1,186,655
875,423
493,171
1805
13,560,683
585,849
3,698,038
712,781
557,541
1806
15,553,931
684,330
1,760,421
1,224,355
613,882
1807
16,098,019
655,524
577,068
1,288,685
621,227
1808
17,060,721
691,167
704,993
2,900,834
565,235
1809
7,773,473
712,565
106,306
3,335,772
498,130
1810
9,384,214
783,994
81,367
2,224,333
437,208
1811
14,423,529
644,407
2t;4,904
3,033,838
441,129
1812
9,801,132
826,271
347,603
11,817,798
477,726
1813
14,340,409
780,545
209,641
19,052,913
414,171
1814
11,181,625
827,424
177,179
20,330,806
352,561
1815
15,096,916
852,247
290,883
14,794,804
476,007
1816
47,676,985
1,208,125
364,620
16,013,096
819,038
1817
33,099,049
994,556
281,994
8,004,235
782,308
1818
21,585,171
1,109,559
420,429
5,633,115
300,000
769,206
1819
24,603,374
1,142,180
284,113
6,506,800
1,847,900 -
810,220
1820
17,840,669
1,248,310
253,370
2,630,482
2,766,440
777,764
1821
14,573,379
1,112,292
207,110
4,461,391
-
700,528
1822
20,232,427
1,158,131
164,879
3,111,931
1,653,590
728,804
1823
20,540,666
1,058,911
292,118
3,096,024
1,449,697
766,699
18J4
19,381,212
1,336,266
5,140,099
3,340,959
1,367,600
779,739
1825
21,840,858
1,330,757
371,666
3,659,914
1,368,810
889,303
1826
25,260,434
1,256,745
232,819
3,943,194
1,305,194
886,999
1827
22,966,363
1,228,141
659,211
3,938,977
796,013
889,818
1828
24,793,629
1,455,490
1,001,193
4,145,544
733,134
932,093
1829
24,827,627
1,327,066
207,765
424,291
764,492
1,013,667
1830
24,844,116
1,,579,724
294,067
4,767,128
1,007,947
1,055,115
1831
28,536,820
1,373,755
298,555
4,841,858
1,001 938
1,216,009
* Exclusive of loans.
! Including fortifications, arsenals, armories, ordnance, and internal improvements.
t Includingthatof surveyors, naval officers, inspectors, appraisers, and other revenue officers,
the haiidd of collwctors, previous to retums made to the treasury.
out of moneys in
POST OFFICE ESTABLISHMENT,
ARRANGED FROM THE REFORTS OF THE POST MASTER GENERAL.
Over this 104,407 miles of post-road, the annual transportation
Postage recei
The length of post
roads in the U. S.
ofthe mail on the 1st of July, 1832, was as follows :
ved in each
on the first of July, 1833, was
104,467 miles, exclusive of those
State and
Territory for
established by
1831-2, viz.
the Congress of
III steam
On horse-hack
the year end
In stages.
boats.
and in sulkies.
Total.
ing March 31,
1832,
miles.
miles.
miles.
miles.
miles.
Maine,
3,170
527,017
3,328
211,06g
741,413
$34,233.63
New Hampshire,
3,270
524,352
-
96,774
621,126
18.845.29
Vermont,
2,337
596,538
-
82,160
678,698
20.295,16
Massachusetts,
4,657
1,387,780
23,712
137,958
1,549,445
129,712,20
Ehode Island,
448
108,212
-
13,,572
121 ,784
15,772,51
Connecticut,
2,500
507,075
_
154,416
661,491
39.430.07
New York,
12,306
2,889,124
96,733
681,495
3,667,354
344.206.73
New Jersey,
1,883
494,482
_
96,368
590,850
25.652.18
Pennsylvania,
9,783
2,351,184
000,891
2,952,075
206.408.24
Delaware,
424
92,674
_
11,024
103,698
6,005.20
Maryland,
1,953
579,448
53,380
151,588
789,416
76.766,00
Michigan,
940
108,136
_
43,912
152,048
7.137.28
Ohio,
8,060
1,181,909
47,150
510,926
1,739,985
65.400.42
Kentucky,
5,639
575,604
45,000
510,496
1,131,100
42,979.30
Virginia,
9,043
1,130,250
88,500
706,782
1,931,532
93.757.36
North Carolina,
6,465
786,775
15,288
386,308
1,188,371
31.830.91
South CaroUna,
3,948
613,882
-
246,064
859,946
52,755.87
4,171
282,598
374,236
656,834
61.786.06
FlSa^'
731
14,560
-
48,808
63,368
6.733.31
Louiaiana,
1,076
48,516
3,848
121,313
173,576
48.128,98
Mississippi,
2,074
78,002
_
211,496
289,498
17,528.81
Alabaina,
3,430
412,090
96,300
255,580
764,030
32.546,76
Tennessee,
5,478 1,939
440,445
_
365,144
805,,W9
35.544.19
Arkansas,
193,076
193,076
3.726,13
Missouri,
1,522
79,508
116,792
196,300
15,756,67
Illinois,
3,276
210,314
-
183,170
393,484
9,704,17
Indiana,
4,445
196,268
21,000
391,666
608,934
14,460.35
902,977
23,625,021
$1,471,371,04
604

APPENDIX.

On the 1st of July, 1829, the annual transportation ofthe U. S, mail amounted to 13,700,000 miles ; at the same
period, in 1830, to 14,500,000 ; in 1831, to 15,468,693, and in 1832, as in the foregoing lable, to 23,625,021,
The following is compiled from a ' Table of the post-office establishment,' published by direction ofthe post
master-general, in 1831 , and exhibits the number of post-ofBces at difierent periods, with the receipts and expendi-
ures ofthe department, &c. &c.

Balance
Year,
Number of
post-offices.
Amountof post
age received.
Total expendi
tures.
Extent of
post-roads.
.
in favor
or against.
1790
75
37,935
32,140
5,795
1,875
1795
453
160,630
117,893
42,737
13,307
1800
903
380,804
213,994
06,810
30,817
1805
1,558
431,373
377,367
44,006
31,076
1810
2,300
551,684
495,969
55,715
36,406
1815
3,000
1,043,065
748,121
294,944
-
43,748
1830
4,500
1,111,937
1,160,926
-
48,999
72,492
1825
5,677
1,306,525
1,229,043
77,482
_
94,0.53
1826
6,150
1,447,703
1,366,712
80,991
94,052
1827
7,003
1,534,633
1,468,959
55,574
-
105,336
1828
7,651
1,664,759
1,691,044
-
36,385
114,536
1829
8,050
1,773,990
1,879,307
105,317
114,780
1830
8,450
1,919,300
1,959,109
39,809
115,176
See article Li nited States, under the head ' Post-Office.'
RAIL-ROADS, COMPLETED, COMMENCED,
OR INCORPORATED.*
Names.
g|
Altamaha & Brunswick, 1831
Albion & Tonawanda, 1832
AUeghany Portage, 1830
Amsterdam & Fish-house 1832
Auburn & Erie, 1832
Aurora & Bufi'alo, 1832
Au Sable &. Lake Cham
plain, 1832
Baltimore-& Ohio, 1827
Baltimore & Port Deposit 1832
Baltimore & Susquehan
na, 1829
Baltimore & Washington,
Black River, 1832
Boston & Lowell, 1830
Boston & Providence, 1831
Boston & Taunton, 1831
Boston & Worcester, 1831
Brooklyn & Jamaica, 1832
Bufialo Sl Erie, 1832
Camden (Sc Amboy, 1829
Cape Fearfe Yadkin, 1832
Carbondale & Honesdale, 1826
Cattskill & Canajoharie, 1830
Central, (Pa.)
Central, (N, C) 1832
Chesterfield,Dansville &; Rochester,
Danville & Pottsville, &
branches,
Detroit &: Pontiac,
Dutchess CO.,
Elizabethtown St. Somer
viUe,
Elmira and Williamsport,
Fayetteville, Haerlem,Hudson & Berkshire,
Hudson & Delaware,
lUinois & Michigan,
Ithaca & Catskill,
Ithaca & Geneva, 1832
Ithaca & Owego, 1S28
Lackawaxen & Susque
hanna, 1826
Lafayette & Michigan 1832
Lake Champlain & Og
densburg, 1832
Lake Pontchartrain, 1830
Lexington & Ohio, 1830
Little Schuylkill, 1830
Lykins Valley, 1830
Mad Biver & Lake Erie,
Ohio, 1832
Manchester,Mauch Chunk, & Room
Kun Sl branches, 1836
15
3353776333543 33
43 1-4
13
61240 1670
1826 54 ]
1832 23
1832 25
1831 1832 1830
1830 lii-J-18,30
200,000
1,270,000 250,000 150,000
300,000
5,000,0001,000,0001,500,000 900,000
1,000,000 1,000,000 884,000 300,000650,000480,000
2,000,000 300,000600,000
3,000,000 140,000 300,000840,000 600,000
200,000 75,000
20,000
350,000
350,000
Begun In prog.
Present state.
In prog.
Begun
In prog.
In prog.
In prog.
Begun
Finish'd
jBegun Finish'd
Finish'd
Begun
In prog.
&
1826
1829
1827
18321832 1832 183:
1832 1832
183118321830 1828 1838
1833
15
16 7 1-3
16 1-2
30160400
1832182518321831183218311832 182-18301832 1832
1833 831
18321832 1832183218321828 1831
60161086031 1-4
81 1-2
19
27 5
48 3
181,000
650,000 100,000
400,000750,000
3,000,000
10,000,000 2,000,0001,000,000 200,000
416,000
1,600,000 400,000 395,000
2,297,000
30,000
14
21 13
23 13570
270
60
55
5196 1-2
107
4 1-2
06
33 16 1-3
].'J3 15
800,000 300,000 105,000
500,000
3,000,000 70,000
1,000,000 385,000
In prog,
Finish'd
1,6,50,000 140,000
Finish'd In prog.
Finish'd Finish'd
1831 -
1832,27
150,000 33,000
Finish'd Finish'd
Finish'dFinish'dFinish'd In prog.
I Mayville & Portland,
Mill Creek Sl branches,
Mine Hill & SchuylkiU
Haven,
Mohawk & Hudson,
Mount Carbon,
New Castle & French-
town,
New Jersey,
New York & Albany,
New York & :5rie,
N. Carolina, central,
Norwich & Worccster,
Otsego,
Patterson & Hudson,
Penn,& Ohio,
Petersburg & Roanoke,
Phila, & Baltimore,
Phila, Sl Columbia,
PhUa., Gerraantown
Norristown,
Phila. & Trenton,
Pine Grove,
Portsmouth & Roanoke,
Providence Sc Stonington, 1
Ciuincy,
Renssalaer & Saratoga,
Rochester,Saratoga &l Fort Edward, 1
Saratoga & Schenectady, 1
Scoharrie & Otsego,
SchuylkiU,Schuylkill val, & br.,
South CaroUna,
Susquehanna & Del.,
Tennessee &l Ala.
Tonawanda,Tuscumbia, Courtland &
Decatur,
Utica Sl Schenectady,
Utica & Susquehanna,
Vicksburg & Clinton,
Warren County,
Watertown & Rome,
West Branch & branches
West Chester,
West Jersey,
Wilmington Sl Downing
ton,
Wi nchester & Potomac,
Wocd\ ille & tt, Francis
ville, Il833i28 170,000
* See article " Rail Roads," commencing at page 434,
In arrangiiis the above table, which has been prepared
from various sources expressly for this work, it has been
the aim of the compiler to complete it as far as practica
ble, thatsome estimate mightbe made of Ujc extent ofthe
Rail Road interest in the United States, This has been
done, yet the table is necessarily very imperfect ; butin
genera'l, so far as we have been able to flll it up it will be
found correct, or nearly so, although it is not doubted
that sonic errors, which the compiler had not the nieans
of detecting, "ill he discovered. When the estimated
cost of these roads could not be obtained, the capital in
corporated has in most cases been inserted. In the table
will be found the titles of many incorporated roads,
which have not been commenced ; numerous others of
300,000
200,000 180,000300,000 90,000
100,000904,500625,000
3000,000 500,000
In prog.
In prog.
In prog,
Finish'dIn prog,
Finish'd In prog.
Begun
Finish'd Begun
Finish'dFinish'd Finish'dFinish'dFinish'd
2,000,000 1,000,000 250,000
1,000,000 160,000 90,000
3,000,000 100,000 300,000
Tn prog.
Finish'dFinish'd
In prog.
18 3-4|
APPENDIX.

605

CANALS, COMPLETED, OR IN PROGRESS.*

Name.

Length.

Beaver, Penn.
Black River, N. Y.
Blackstone, R. I. and Mass.
Carondelet, La.
Cayuga and Seneca, N. Y.
Champlain, N. Y.
Chemung, N. Y.
Chenango, N. Y. ahout
Chesapeake and Del., Del. and Md.
Chesapeake & Ohio, Md., Va. &Pa.
Conestoga, Pa.,improvementin nav.
Crooked Lake, N, Y.
Cumberland and Oxford, Me.
Delaware, Pa.
Delaware and Hudson, N. Y. & Pa.
Delaware and Raritan, N. J.
Dismal Swamp, Va. and N. C.
Enfield, Conn.
Erie, N. Y.
Farmington, Conn, and Mass.
Franklin, Pa.
Frankstown, Pa.
Hampshire and Hampden, Mass.
Harlaem, N. Y.
James and Jackson River, Va.
Lackawaxen, Pa.
Lehigh, Pa.
Little Schuylkill, Pa.
Louisville and Portland, Ky.
Lycoming, Pa.

t35 36
45 6i
21 73 18 60
14
341 18 7
t50 55
*135 38
23 6
363 58
t33lt30i 30 3
30i 36
t47 37 2
t41

600,000
600,000 214,000
1,180,000 300,000 950,000
2,200,000
20,000,000 75,000
120,0 0
211,000
1,500,000 1,438,000 360,000200,000
9,027,000 600,000

550,000623,000
575,000
1,558,000

Name,

Length.

Cost.

Miami, 0,

67

1850,000

Middlesex, Mass,

27

,528,000

Morris, N, J,

101

1,100,000

New Orleans and Teche, La,

100

North Branch, Va.

7

340,000

Ohio,

310

t4,150,000

Oswego, N, Y.

38

525,000

Pennsylvania,

5320

Port Deposit, Md,

10

Santee, S, C,

22

650,000

Savannah and Ogeechee, Geo,

16

621,000

Schuylkill, Pa,

110

2,336,000

Sodus, N, Y.

24

300,000

Union, Pa,

80

2,000,000

Wabash and Erie, Ind, and Pa,

200

Weldon, N, C.
12
Winyaw, S, C,
10
Wyoming, Pa,
16
* See article Canals, commencing at page 423 of this
work, for more full accounts of these canals, and several
smaller ones not noticed above,
t Supposed cost; the Ohio and Miami canals are
estimated to have cost over $5,000,000.
t Including slack water navigation,
§ Including rail-road. The araount expended in Penn
sylvania on canals and rail-roads, undertaken by that
state, amounted, Dec, 31, 1831, to $12,126,961 ; the sum
at that time requisite to the completion of improvements
then in progress, amounted to $3,803,939,
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES,
ACCORDING TO FIVE OFFICIAL ENUMERATIONS.
States and Territories.
Pop, 1700,
Pop, 1800.
Pop, 1810,
Pop, 1820,
Pop, 1830,
Maine, 96.540 151,719 328,705
New Hampshire, 141,885 183,858 314,460
Vermont, 85,539 154,465 317,895
Massachusetts, 378,787 422,845 473,040
Rhodelsland, 68,835 69,133 76,931
Connecticut, 237,946 351,002 261,942
New York, 340,120 586,050 959,049
New Jersey, 184,139 211,149 245,562
Pennsylvania, 434,373 602,545 810,091
Delaware, 59,096 64,373 72,674
Maryland 319,728 345,824 380,546
Virginia, 747,610 880,200 979,622
NorthCarolina, 393,951 478,103 555,500
South Carolina, 249,073 345,591 415,115
Georgia, 82,548 162,686 253,433
Alabama, ( _ g 050 4'>,352
Mississippi, \
Louisiana, — ¦ — 7b,.ibb
Tennessee, - 105,602 361,737
Kentucky, 73,677 220,959 406,511
Ohio — 45,365 230,760
Indiana, - 4,651 24,520
Illinois,' - 215 3,282
Missouri, — — „ '™
Dist. of Columbia, - 15,093 24,023
Michigan Ter. — 551 4,762
Arkansas Ter, — — l.Tfl
Florida Ter. — ^—  ^^^ 
Total, 3,939,338 5^309,758 ' 7,339,903 9,638,166 12,860,702*
* A dd to this amount 5,318 persons employed in the vessels of the United States, making the totalof the popula
tion of 1830, 12,866,020. 
208,335244,161 235,764 523,287 83,059
275,348
1,373,813 377,575
1,049,313 72,749
407,350
1,065,366 638,839
502,741340,989
) 137,901
) 75,448
153,407
430,813 564,317 581,434 147,178 55,311 66,53633,039 8,896
14,373
399,455
369,338380,653 610,408 97,199
297,675
1,918,608 320,823
1,348,233 76,748
447,040
1,211,405 737,987581,185 516,823 309,527136,621
215,739 081,904 687,917 937,903343,031 157,445 140,455 31,63930,38839,834 34,730
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES,
North and South of the Potomac and Ohio, according to five Enumerations,
North
of Potomac
and Ohio,
o White 3,1.55,835
g; Slaves 147,393 ) jgg 344
" Free colored 39,051 P*''"'
South
of Potomac
and Ohio,
Total, 3,343,179
1,016,639 550,604 (
20,415 i
1,587,648
571,019
VVhite
Slavi
Fre»
T(
2,877,643
1,426,846
WhiteSlaves
3,977,023
^ Free colored »1 ^^'^ ''"^S i ^'097,815
1,884,981
- ,039,769 j
58,046 j
Total, 4,257,018
2,983,796
White 5,436,737 3,439,833
S Slaves, , Isefsl ! 205,301 ^'^^^jgjj 1,476,261
Free colored 156,484 i
Total, 5,732,038
3,906,093
7,349,334 3,188,044
134,945 I ,w, ROO 1,874,098 I . noBSOO
red 206;891 J ^''^^'' 112,708 i I'^a"."""
7,691,170
112,708 i
5,174,850
606

APPENDIX.

TERM;3 OF GOVERNORS, SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES.
Table exhibiting the Governor's Term and Salary, the number of Senators .and Representatives, wilh their re
apective Terms and Pay, and the Mode of choosing Electors of President and Vice-President, in the several slates.

States.

g

to

1 Gj
fi

S ft-OJ

H
CM

Electors of President and
Vice- President chosen'
by

Maine,

1

1500

25

186
211
$2.00
General Ticket
N. Hampshire,
1
1200
13
230
242
2.00
do.
Vermont,*
I
750
none
230
230
1.50
do.
Massachusetts,!
1
366S 3-3
40
479
519
2.00
do.
Rhode Island,
1
400
10
72
82
1.50
do.
Connecticut,!
1
1100
31
208
229
2,00
do.
New York,
2
4000
32
128
160
3,00
do.
New Jersey,^
1
2000
14
50
64
3.00
do.
Pennsylvania,
3
4000
33
100
133
3,00
do.
Delaware,
3
1333 1-3
9
21
30
2,50
Legislature
Maryland,
1
3500
15
80
95
4,00
Districts
Virginia,
3
3333 1-3
32
134
166
4,00
General Ticket
N. Carolina,
1
2000
64
134
198
3,00
do.
S. Carolina,
2
3500
45
124
169
4,00
Legislature
Georgia,
2
3000
78
185
263
4,00
General Ticket
Alabama,
2
2000
22
72
94
4,00
do.
Mississippi,
2
2500
11
36
47
3,00
do.
Louisiana,
4
7500
17
50
67
4,00
Legislature
Tennessee,
2
3000
20
2
60
80
4,00
General Ticket
Kentucky,
4
2000
38
4
Ido
138
2,00
do.
Ohio,
2
1200
36
2
72
108
3.00
do.
Indiana,
3
1000
30
3
63
93
2.00
do.
IlUnois,
4
1000
26
4
55
2
81
3:00
do.
Missouri,
4
1500
18
4
49
3
67
3,00
do.
* The executive council of Vt. consists of a governor, lieut. governor-and 12' counseUors. There is no senate
in the legisMure.
t The number of representatives is variablfi. In 1832 it was 47!>.
t Pay of senators, 3^2 per day ; representatives, $1 50.
^ The upper house is styled the " legislative councU," and is an independent branch of the legislature.
There are three modes of choosing electors of president and i£ice-president, viz : by districts, by a general ticket,
and by the legislatures of the states. The mode may be varied at will.
SEATS OF GOVERNMENT OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Maine,
Augusta,
Pop. 3,980
South Carolina,
Columbia,
Pop. 3,500
New Hampshire,
Concord,
3,727
Georgia,
Milledgeville,
1,599
Massachusetts, t
Boston,
61,392
Alabama,
Tuscaloo&a,
1,600
Vermont,
Montyelier,
1,193
Mississippi,
New Orleans,
46,082
)- Newport,
8,010
Tennessee,
Nashville,
5,566
; Providence,
16,833
Kentucky,
Frankfort,
3,680
Connecticut,
\ Hartfirid,
9,789
Ohio,
Columbus,
2,435
) New Haven,
10,678
[ndiana,
Indianapolis,
1,200
New-York,
Albany,
' 24,238
Illinois,
VandaUa,
500
New- Jersey,
Trenton,
3,925
Missouri,
Jefferson,
1,200
Pennsylvania,
Harrisburgh,
4,312
Territories.
Delaware,
Do\'er,
4,306
Florida,
Tallahassee,
1,500
Maryland,
Annapolis,
2,623
Michigan,
Detroit,
2,222
Virginia,
Richmond,
16,060
/Vrkansas,
Little Rock,
1,000
North Carolina,
Raleigh,
1,700
District of Columbia,
Washington,
38,827
CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN THE UNITED STATES.
Compact settlements, the population.of which exceeds 5,000.
1830,
18,30,
1820,
1830,
New York,
N.Y,
13:1,706
202,589
Portsmouth,
N,H,
7,327
8,082
Philadelphia,
Penn,
108,116
167,811
Newport,
E, L
7,319
8,010
Balthnore,
Md,
62,738
,'':!,623
New Brunswick,
N, J.
6,764
7,831
Boston,
Mass,
43,298
1-1,392
Paterson,
N, J.
1,578
7,731
New Orleans,
Lou,
27,176
46,082
Lancaster,
Penn,
6,663
7,704
Charleston,
S,C,
34,780
30,289
New Bedford,
Mass,
3,947
7,592
Cincinnati,
0,
9,643
24,8;J1
Savannah,
Geo,
7,520
7,303
Albany,
N,Y,
13,830
24,238
Poughkeepsie,
N,Y.
3,401
7,222
Washington,
D, 0,
13,247
18,827
Nantucket,
¦ Mass,
7,266
7,202
Providence,
E,I,
11,767
16,833
Middletown,
Conn,
6,479
6,892
Richmond,
Va,
13,046
16,060
Springfield,
Mass.
3,914
6,784
Salem,
Mass,
12,731
13,895
Augusta,
Geo,
4,000
0,696
Portland,
Mu.
8,581
12,601
St, Louis,
Mo,
4,598
6,694
Pilbburg,
Penn,
7,248
12,508
'Wilmington,
Del,
5,268
0,628
Brooklyn,
N, Y,
7,175
13,403
Lowell,
Mass.
6,474
Troy,
N, Y.
5,261
11,405
Newburyport,
Mass,
6,852
6,3'.5
Newark,
N. J,
6,507
10,!!53
Lynn, •
Mass,
4,515
6,138
New Haven,
Conn.
7,147
10,678
Lexington,
Ky,
5,267
6,187
Louisville,
If en.
4,1112
10,341
Cambridge,
Mass,
3,295
6,072
Norfolk,
Va,
8,478
9,816
Taunton,
Mass,
4,520
6,042
Hartford,
Conn,
6,001
9,789
Reading,
Penn,
4,332
5,853
Eochester,
N,Y,
" 1,,502
9,307
Nashville,
Tenn,
3,500
5,566
Oharlestdn,
Mass,
6,591
8,783
Dover,
N, H.
2,871
5,449
Buffalo,
N,Y,
1,100
8,608
Hudson,
N.Y,
5,310
5,392
Georgetown,
D,C,
7,360
8,441
Wheehng,
Va,
1,500
5,211
Utica,
N, Y,
8,323
Norwich, *"
Conn,
3,634
5,161
Petersburg,
Va,
6;690
8,322
Marblehead,
Mass,
5.630
5,149
Alexandria,
D,C,
8,218
APPENDIX.

607

STATES, SEATS OF GOVERNMENT, &c.
Tablb exhibiting the Seats of Government, the Times of holding the Election of State Officers, and the Time of
the meeting of the Legislature of the several States,

States.

Time of holding Elections.

Seats of Government.

Time of the Meeting of the Legis
lature.

Maine,

2d Monday in September,

Augusta,

1st Wednesday in January.

New Hampshire,

2d Tuesday in March,

Concord,

1st Wednesday in June.

Vermont,

1st Tuesday in September,

Montpelier,

2d Thursday in October.

Massachusetts,

2d Monday in November,

Boston,

1st Wednesday in January.

Phode Island,

I Gov. and Sen. in April,

\ Providence,

1st Wed. in May and in June.

( Rep. in April and August,

ii Newport, &c.

Last Wed. Oct. and in Jan.

Connecticut,

1st Monday in April,

Hartford and N. Haven,

1st Wednesday in May.

New York,

In October or November,

Albany,

1st Tuesday in January.

New Jersey,

2d Tuesday in October,

Trenton,

4th Tuesday in October.

Pennsylvama,

2d Tuesday in October,

Harrisburg,

1st Tuesday in December.

Delaware,

2d Tuesday in November,

Dover,

1st Tuesday in Jan. bienn.

Maryland,

1st Monday in October,

Annapolis,

Last Monday in December.

Virginia,

In the month o!" April,

Ricbmond,

1st Monday in December.

N.Carolina,

Commonly in August,

Raleigh,

2nd Monday in November.

S. Carolina,

2d Monday in October,

Columbia,

4th Monday in November.

Georgia,

1st Monday in October,

Milledgeville,

1st Monday in Noveraber.

Alabama,

1st Monday in August,

Tuscaloosa,

4th Monday in October.

Mississippi,

1st Monday in August,

Jackson,

1st Monday in November.

Louisiana,

1st Monday in July,

New Orleans,

1st Monday in January.

Tennessee,

1st Thursday in August,

Nashville,

3d Monday in Sept. bienn.

Kentucky,

1st Monday in August,

Frankfort,

1st Monday in Novem.

Ohio,

2d Tuesday in October,

Columbia,

1st Monday in December.

Indiana,

3st Monday in August,

Indianapolis,

1st Monday in December.

Illinois,

1st Monday in August,

Vandalia,

1st Monday in Dec. bie7in.

Missouri,

lat Monday in August,

Jefferson City,

1st Monday in Nov. bienn.

REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, AND!
ELECTORS.
Number of representatives of each state, with their
number of electors.

Elec,* 151111 7
45
ISIS
21 95
4

Total representatives 240 ; electors 288, Each state
sends Iwo senators to congress, and each territory also
sends a delegate.
* Those states marked thus t, .choose their elec
tors hy districts ; those thus t, by the legislature ; all
others are chosen by a general ticket

Reps,

Elec*

Reps

Maine,

8

10

N, C.

13

N.H,

S

7

S, CJ

9

Vt.

5

7

Geo,

9

Mass,

12

14

Ala,

5

R,I,

2

4

Misp,

2

Conn,

e

8

LaJ

3

N.Y,

40

42

Ten,

13

N,J,

6

8

Ken,

13

Penn.

28

30

Ohio,

19

Deit

1

3

Ind,

7

Md,t

8

10

11.

3

Vir,

21

23

Mo,

2

INDIANS IN THE U.VITED STATES
AND TERRITORIES,

TaiBtss, ^aine.
St, JoLi ' I Indians,
Passamtfiuoddies,

Massach-fieits.
Maishpee,
Herrim! Pond,
Martha's VmeiUd,
Troy,

800 379
277

320 40
340 50
7.50

Tribes.
Rt'-iode Island.
Nar igansett,
on-aecticut.
Mohegan,Stonington,Groton,

JVcw York.
Senr.,fti.iTrj-,arr ,,,.,
OmliJa.-(Jticiidiir "

No, 420

300 5050

2,325 253
1,096 446

Tribes,
Cayugas, Stockbridge,Brotherton,St. Regis Indians,

Ohio.
Wyandotts,Shawanees,Senecas,
Delawares, Ottowas,

Virginia.
Nottaways, South Carolina.
Cattawbas, Michigan Territory.
Wyandotts,

No. 90
273360 300
5,143 542 800
551 80
377
3,350 47

450

Pottawatamies, Chippewas and Otta
was, 18,473
Menomeenees, 3,900
Winnebagoes, 5,800
28,316
Indiana.
Miami and Eel River
Indians, 1,073

Illinois.
Menomeenees,Kaskaskias,¦¦'acks and Foxes,
Indiana ani Illinois.
Pottawatamies and
Chippewas,

270 36
6,400
6,706

3,900

Georgia and Alabama.
Creeks, 20,000
Georgia, Alabama,
and Tennessee.

Cherokees,

_a,ouo

Tribes.
, Mississippi a-nd
Alabama.
Choctaws,

No.

21, OOO'

Chickasaws, 3,625
Florida Territory.
Seminoles, &;c, 5,000

Louisiana.
Billoxie,Apolashe, Pascagoula,Addees,
Yaltasse,
Cosh.attees,Caddow, Delawares,Choctaws,Shawanees,
Natchitoches, Quapaws,
Piankeshaws,

Delawares,
Kickapoos,Shawanees, Weas,
loways,

55 46
111 27
36
180
450 51
178 110 25 8
27
1,313

1,8002,200
1,383 337
1,100
5,810

Missouri and Arkan
sas Territory.

Piankeshaws,

5,200 207
5,407
Arkansas Territory.
Cherokees, 5,000
Ciuapaws, 700
Choctaws,

Total,

6,700
129,266

608

APPENDIX.

- INDIAN SCHOOLS, 1832.
FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORT ON INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Statement showing the number of Indian Schools,
where established, by whom, the number of teachers,
and the number of pupils.

Site and station.

Spring Place, Cherokees,
Ala.
Brainard, E.Misp.
Carmel, do.
Creek Path, do.
High Tower, do.
Dwight, Cherokees, W.
Misp.
Tuscarora, N. Y.
Seneca, near Buffalo, N. Y.
Union, Osages, Arkansas,
Harmony, do. Mississippi,
Monroe, Chickasaws,
Cataraugus, Senecas, N. Y.
Goshen,
Ai-ik-hun-nah, Williams',
Tockshish, Col. Folsora's Choctaw nat.
Cane creek,
Martyn,Hebron,
Willstown, Chero., E. Misp.
New Echota,
Hawies, do.
Candy's creek, do.
Mulberry Set., Cher. W. M.
Michilimackinac,Ottawa^, Miamies,
Elliott,
Mayhew, Ju^an's
Emmau's,
Fairfield, Cherokees, West,
Buffalo, Senecas, N.Y.
Maumee, Ohio,
Ahmohee, Chero., E. Misp.
Wyandotts, Up. Sandusky,
Asbury, Creek nation,
Carey, Potawat., St. Joseph,
Thomas, Ottawas, Grand r.
Valleytowns, Cherokees, E.
Misp.
Withington, Creek nation.
Oneida, New York.
Tonnawanda, do.
Bingham, Saut St. Mairie,
Mich.
Tensewotta, E. Mississippi,
Oneida Castle, New York,
Green Bay,
Arbrie Crocke, Ottawa,
Green Bay, Monomenees,
St. Joseph's, Potawatamies,
Choctaw Academy, Ken.

By whom estab.

United Brethren
Am. Board Com,
do. do.do.do.do:
do.do.do.do.do.do.do.
do.do.do.do.
do.do.
do.do. do.do.do.
do. do.do.do.do. do. do.do.do.
do.
Methodist Soc.
do.
Baptist -J en. Con.
do.
do.do.do. do.
do do.
Prot. Epis. Ch.
do.
Catholic Bishop.
do.do.

4

65

3

82

R

45

1

,54

6

30

2

50

1

54

8

45

3

34

3

4

1 1865

The number of children in the schools in the Indian
Country, which received aid from the civilization fund is
1,865, add to which 114 at tlie Choctaw Academy, Ken
tucky, who are educated from funds set apart for that
purpose by the Indians, making a total of 1,979.
* Number of teachers.
t Nuraberof pupils.
j Boarders, beside day scholars.

SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES,
ACCORDING TO FIVE OFFICIAL ENUMERATIONS,

States,

Maine,
N: H,
Vt. Mass. ',
H,'I. .
Conn,N, Y,
N,J.
Penn, Del,
Md.Vir, N.C,
S, C,
Geo,
Ala, Miss,La,
Ten,Ky,Ohio,
Ind,II,Mo,Dist, Col,
Mich, Ter.
Ark, Ter,
Flor. Ter,
Total,

Slaves, 1790,

0
158 16 0
948
2,764
21,324 11,423 3,7378,887
103,036
293,637 100,573
107,094 39,364

13,430 3,417

Slaves. 1800.

. 0
0
380 951
30,613 12,432 1,706
6,153
108,554 346,968133,296146,151 59,699 3,489
13,581
40,343 0
135

Slaves, 1810,

00
00
108
310
15,01710,851 795
4,177
111,502
392,518168,824196,365105,218 17,08834,660 44,535 80,561 0
237 168
3,011
5,395 24

Slaves, 1830.

697,697 896,8491,191,364 1,538,064 3,010,436

0
000
48
97
10,088 7,557 211
4,,509
107,398
425,153205,017
258,475 149,656
1 41,87933,81469,06480,107
126,732 0
190917
10,222 6,377| 0
1,617

Slaves, 1830,

000
0
14
23
46
2,246 386
3,305
102,878
469,724346,463 315,665
317,470117,394 65,659
109,631
142,382
165,350 0
0
746
24,990 6,050 27
4,578
15,510

INDEX TO THE TABLES OF STATISTICS,
Commerce — Exports, Imports and Ton,, 1830-1 , 597
Imports and Exports for 10 years . , ,",.., 597
Imports & Exports of each State & Ter,, 1830-1 , 598
American and Foreign Tonnage, 1830-1 . , . 598
Registered, Enrolled & licensed Ton. ofthe U. S. , 698
Registered, Enrolled & licensed Ton, for 10 years , 599
Vessels, Tonnage and Seamen , . , . 599
Militiaofthe United States  699
Army ofthe Revolution , . ... ,599
Pensioners ofthe United States  699
Military Posts of the United States , . 600
Army and Navy of the United States , , , . 600
Armories, Arsenals and Depots ofthe United Strtr cij^)
Colleges in the United States , -,¦ • ^'"^
Law Schools in the United Slates , , -„.^ . ^ ,' ''0 1
Theological Seminaries in the Unit^ SraleS', . Co'i
Religious Denominations in the l^.ntcd :-'ui'^j . f,i\i
Medical Schools in the United .States . ;^t,ii'^
Revenue and Expenditures of the L" S. t jve iim^Qt POo '
Post-office departmentof the United S;att . . 603
Rail-roads in the United States . . f Ui '
Canals in the United States * - '-'JJ
Populationof the U, S. at .'i Knuuitrations 'Uto
Do. of the U.S , N. a: S. ,-.f the Potodidc & '-Hiio .' COn
States, Govfcvnor'e Term, S,'nator',=, tic. . . 306
Seats of govermueatof St,,L,'S ..-.-.d their f.'-T'thtj-m 60*i
Cities* TownsoftheV.S. ..nh^p.n.. , ver 6000. 6«6 '
States, Seats of Governmi r , blti'ion ,.&c. , ¦ CW ,
Re;'rcse ¦ ' tvesin Cnn;:r.' i, Q.'dt , tors . ','17
Indiana in the United Still - , . ., 607 «
Indian bc'ior,'.. in the Unite, iJ^tatiie . w^ -¦.
Slaves of tne United Slatef ii; ", E,i ' ,u , lions • ,, w

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