Eqf.S]6

The United STATES:

HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, AND STATISTICAL ;

"WITH AN

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Counties, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, &c.

TO ACCOMPANT

CASE'S MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.

HARTFORD :
Published by 0. D. Case and Company.
CHICAGO :
A. H. Anpkews & Go.
1877.

Copyrighted,
0. D. Case & Co.
1876.
Eaf. ^;6

THE CASE, LOCKWOOD & BRArNARD COMPANY, PRINTERS,
HARTrOKD, CONN.

PUBLISHEE'S ITOTE.

The following pages have been prepared to accompany Case's
Map of the United States, with a two-fold object. First, to greatly
facilitate the labor of searching for details, by reference to an Alpha
betical Index to Counties, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, etc. ; Second,
to furnish in a condensed form a collection of important historical
and geographical facts, pertaining to the United States, which can
only be fotmd widely scattered elsewhere. In the brief synopsis of
facts given relative to the acquisition of territory, surface, early his
tory, and climate, it is beheved that much of the information will be
found very convenient and valuable tor reference, not only by those
who have frequent occasion to consult maps, but by others also.
Extracts from the Government Reports of Dr. F. V. Hayden, Dr.
J. S. Newberry, and Major J. W. Powell, descriptive of the Yellow
stone Park, the Cafions of the Colorado River, and of Ancient Lake
Basins, have also been iatroduced, and will be found to contain
much that is interestiag upon that portion of our country west of
the Mississippi.
Hartford, August, 1876.

TABLE OF OOI^TENTS.

PublisliGr's N"ot6 -¦ . - _ -
I. POSITION AND EXTENT OF THE UNITED
STATES, - . - - - . 7
II. TERRITORY, WHEN, HOW, AND OF WHAT
POWERS ACQUIRED, - 8
Territory ceded by England, 8
do. do. do. France, - - 9
do. do. do. Spain, - - 10
Texas as annexed, - - - 10
Territory ceded by Mexico in 1848, - 10
do. do. do. do. do. 1853, - - - 10
in. SURFACE, - - - 11
1. The Eastern Portion,
The Atlantic Highland, - - - 11
The Atlantic Plain, - - - 13
Basin of the Great Lakes, - - 13
2. The Western Portion,
The Pacific Highland, 13
The Rocky Mountains, - - - - 14
The Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, 16
The Great Basin, 17
The Basin of the Columbia River, 17
The Central Basin, - 17
The Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley, 17
The Willamette Valley, - - 18
Deserts of California, - 18
The Basin of the Colorado River of the West, - 19
3. The Middle Portion,
The Mississippi Basin, 21
Height of Land, - 32
IV. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 33
The Yellowstone Lake, - - - 24
Palls and Grand Cafion of the Yellowstone River, - 24
Erosive Forces, - - . - 24
Hot Springs, - - - 25
Fire Hole Valley, . 37
Mud Springs, ¦ 27
Geysers, 38

TABLE OP CONTENTS. T
V. CANONS OF THE COLORADO RIVER OP THE *^^'
WEST, - - 31
Sources of the Colorado River, - - - 38
A Labyrinth of River Gorges, - - . 33
Flaming Gorge, - - 34
A Landscape of Naked Rook, - 35
Grand Cafion, a mile deep, - 36
Appearance of the Gorge from Below, 37
VI. ANCIENT LAICE BASINS, - 38
VH. EARLY STATE HISTORY, - - - 53
1. Alabama, - - - 53
2. Alaska, - . - . . 53
3. Aiizona, - - - - - - 53
4. Arkansas, ----- 53
5. California, - - - - - - 53
6. Colorado, - - - - - - 53
7. Connecticut, - - - - - 53
8. Dakota, - - - - - - 54
9. Delaware, - - - - 54
10. Florida,  64
11. Georgia, - - - - - - 54
13. Idaho,  54
13. Illinois, - - - . - 65
14. Indiana, - - - ... 55
15. Indian Territory, - - •- - - 56
16. Iowa, - - - - 56
17. Kansas, - - - - - 56
18. Kentucky, ----- 56
19. Louisiana, - . - ... 66
20. Maine, ------ 67
21. Maryland, - - - - - - 57
23. Massachusetts, - - - - - 57
23. Michigan, - - - - - - 57
24. Minnesota, - - - - - -58
25. Mississippi, - - - - 58
26. Missouri, - - - - - - 58
27. Montana, - - - - - 58
28. Nebraska, - - - - - - 59
39. Nevada, ------ 59
30. New Hampshire, - - - - - 59
81. New Jersey, - - - - - 69
33. New Mexico, - - - - - 59
83. NewYork,  60
34. North Carolina, - - - - - 60
35. Ohio,  60
86. Oregon, - . - - 60
37. Pennsylvania, - - - 61
38. Rhode Island, - - 61

Tl TABLE OF CONTENTS.

39. South Carolina, » - . - . 61
40. Tennessee, - . - - . . - 63
41. Texas, ----.. 63
43. Utah, ------ 62
43. Vermont, - - - - - - 63
44. Virginia, ------ 63
45. Washington, - - - - - 63
46. West Virginia, - - - - - 63
47. Wisconsin, -...-- 63
48. Wyoming, - - - - - - 64
Vin. CLIMATE, Table of Places having a Mean Summer Temperature
of about 60° P., . - 68
Table of Places having a Mean Summer Temperatm-e
of about 65° F., _ - 68
Table of Places having a Mean Summer Temperature
of about 70° P., - .- - 68
Table of Places having a Mean Summer Temperature
of about 75° P., - - - - 69
Table of Places having a Mean Summer Temperature
of about 80° P., - - - - 69
Table showing Mean Temperatures in Tropical Amer
ica, - - 69
Table showing Mean Temperature in Europe and
Asia, - » - - ¦ 69
Table showing Mean Annual Amount of Moisture Pre
cipitated in rain and melted snow, - - - 7(y
IX. LIST OP THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN STATES, 74
X. TABLE GIVING THE AREA OF EACH STATE
AND TERRITORY, - - 75
XI. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, - 75
Alphabetical List of Counties, by States and Territories, 75
Alphabetical List of Mountains, 93
Alphabetical List of Valleys, - - 95
Alphabetical List of Lakes, - 96
Alphabetical List of Rivers, - - - - 98
Alphabetical List of Capes, - - - 108
Alphabetical List of Bays, - - - . 109
Alphabetical List of Islands, - - . - no

THE UNITED STATES.

I.. POSITION AND EXTENT.
The United States of America, exclusive of Alaska,
occupies the central portion of North America, extending
from British America on the north to Mexico and the
Gulf of Mexico on the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean
on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It lies
between 24° 30' and 49° north latitude, and between
66° 45' and 124° 45' longitude west from Greenwich.
It has a shore line, including indentations and projec
tions, of about 6,860 miles on the Atlantic, 3,460 miles
on the Gulf of Mexico, 2,280 miles on the Pacific, and
3,620 miles on the northern lakes. Its Mexican frontier,
following the general course of the Rio Grande River,
but not its windings, is about 1,600 miles in extent, and
its northern boundary, passing through the middle of
the Great Lakes, is about 3,650 miles.
Its greatest breadth from north to south, between the
forty-ninth parallel and the most southern point of Texas,
is 1,595 miles, and its greatest length from east to west,
between .the most eastern point of Maine and Cape Flat
tery, in Washington Territory, is 2,766 miles. Its short
est length from east to west, between the coast of Georgia
and the coast of southern California, is 2,077 miles.
New York is distant from San Francisco 2,600 miles.

8 ACQUISITION OF TEERI?:0RY.
The total area of the United States and Territories,
including Alaska, is 3,608,884 square miles, or about four-
ninths of North America, and more than one-fifteenth of
the entire land surface of the globe. It is surpassed in
extent only by three of the great empires of the world —
the British Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Chinese
Empire. This area was acquired as follows :
II. TERRITORY-WHEN, HOW, AND FROM
WHAT POWERS ACQUIRED.
?Scpare miles.
1. The Original Thirteen States and other territoiy, from Eng
land, by treaty, in 1783, 827,844
2. Louisiana, from France, by treaty, in 1803, for S15,000,000, 1,162,287
3. Florida, from Spain, by treaty, in 1819, for 55,000,000, 68,912
4. Texas, by annexation, in 1845 — Texas debt assumed by the
United St.<ites, $7,500,000, 376,163
5. California, New Mexico, etc., from Mexico, by " Treaty of
Gaudalupe Hidalgo," in 1848, for 815,000,(100, 545,753
6. The "Gadsden Purchase" from Mexico, in 1853, for
$10,000,000, 45,535
Total area exclusive of Alaska, 3,026,494
7. Alaska, from Russia, by treaty in 1867, for $7,200,000, 577,390
Total area including Alaska, 3,603,884
Territory ceded by England.— The territory ceded
by England, comprised the Original Thirteen States, and
all east of the Mississippi River, except that portion em
braced within the limits of Florida, as ceded by Spain,

*The areas given in this. table are from data obtained from the Census Re
ports for 1870. The total area of the United States, as here given, is 7,965
square miles less than the total area of the several states and territories as
given separately in another place, from figures furnished by the Commis
sioner of the General Land Office at Washington. This discrepancy arises
from an unsettled question of boundary between Nevada and California, the
Act of Congress defining the boundaries of Nevada having included within
the limits of that state a narrow strip (7,965 square miles) of California, on
condition that the latter state should assent to such change of boundary.
It appears that California has never given the necessary assent, and that
both states claiming the disputed strip, the Commissioner of the Land Office
includes it within the area of each.

ACQUISITION OP TERRITORY. 9
which included all within the present limits of Florida, and
such portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana as
are situated south of the 31st parallel.
. Territory ceded l)y France.— Louisiana, as ceded by
France, extended from the Gulf of Mexico northward,
along the west bank of the Mississippi River to British
America, and westward, north of the 42d parallel, to the
Pacific Ocean. Its western and southern boundary was
up the Sabine River to the 94th meridian, along the 94th
meridian to the Red River, up the Red River to the 100th
meridian, along the lOOtli meridian to the Arkansas River,
up the Arkansas River to the Rocky Mountains, along the
Rocky Mountains to the 42d parallel, along the 42d par
allel to the Pacific Ocean. A small area (3,744 square
miles) lying east of the Mississippi River, south and west
of Lake Ponchartrain, was also included in this purchase.
Other claims to the title of this territory, besides that
conveyed by France, also existed. (1.) The United States
claimed all west of the Rocky Mountains, and as far north
as 54° 40', on the ground of discovery and exploration,
— Capt. Robert Grey, of Boston, having discovered the
Columbia River in 1792, and named it after one of his
vessels, the " Columbia ;" and the " Lewis and Clark Expe
dition " having in 1804-5 first explored the country from
the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. (2.) France
having ceded this territory to Spain in 1762, and again ob
tained possession of it from Spain in 1800, three years pre
vious to its purchase by the United States, the latter gov
ernment, in consequence of an imperfect description of its
boundaries in previous transfers, obtained from Spain, six
teen years later, a release of her claims to it, which re
lease was incorporated into the treaty ceding Florida to
the United States. (3.) Great Britain also claimed that

10 ACQUISITION OP TERRITORY.
part west of the Rocky Mountains, until the present bound
ary between the United States and the British Possessions
was settled by treaty in 1846.
Territory ceded by Spain.— Florida, as ceded by Spain,
embraced the territory within the present limits of that
state, and all westward to the Mississippi River south of
the 31st parallel, except the. small area included within
the Louisiana Purchase. Of this territory 2,300 square
miles are now included within the State of Alabama, and
3,600 square miles within the State of Mississippi. By
the same treaty Spain also ceded to the United States all
claiin to the territory embraced within the former Province
of Louisiana.
Texas as Annexed. — The western boundary of Texas
had not been settled at the time of her annexation, but
she claimed as far westward as the Rio Grande, and north
ward to the Arkansas River. In 1850 her territory was
reduced to its present limits by Congress, and in consider
ation of 110,000,000 she ceded to the United States all
other territory to which she had any claim.
Territory ceded by Mexico in 1848. — The territory
acquired from Mexico in 1848, by the " Treaty of Guada
lupe Hidalgo," comprised all within the present limits of
California, Nevada, and Utah, that part of Wyoming south
of the 42d parallel and west of the Rocky Mountains, all
of Colorado west of the dividing ridge of the Rocky Moun
tains and south of the Arkansas River, that part of New
Mexico west of the Rio Grande and north of the Gila
River, and all of Arizona north of the Gila River. Mex
ico also claimed the whole of Texas.
Territory ceded by Mexico in 1853.— Mexico ceded
to the United States in 1853, by the " Gadsden Treaty,"
all that part of Arizona south of the Gila River, and that

SURFACE. — THE ATLANTIC HIGHLAND. 11
part of New Mexico west of the Rio Grande and south of
the Gila River, and south of a direct line extending due
west from the Rio • Grande to the nearest branch of the
Gila River.
3. SURFACE.
THE EASTERN PORTION.
The Atlantic Highland.— The Atlantic Highland is a
broad but somewhat irregular belt of elevated country,
1,500 miles long, extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence
to Central Alabama, and conforming to the Atlantic coast
in its general direction. It is surmounted by the Appa
lachian System of Mountains, consisting chiefly of a large
number of narrow and nearly parallel ranges, with nar
row valleys between them, known as the White Mountains
in New Hampshire, the Green Mountains in Vermont, the
Adirondac Mountains in northern New York, and by nu
merous local names further south, as the Alleghany Moun
tains in Virginia and North Carolina, and the Cumberland
Mountains in Kentucky and Tennessee. These ranges
have a general elevation of 2,000 to 3,000 feet. They are
lowest in the central portion, and highest near their south
ern terminus, while some of their peaks are more than
6,000 feet high. Mt. Washington in New Hampshire, is
the highest peak in the northern portion, having an eleva
tion of 6,288 feet; and the Black Dome in North Carolina,
is the highest in the southern portion, having an elevation
of 6,707 feet.
A beautiful central valley extends through this system
of mountains longitudinally, bordering Lake Champlain
and the Hudson River in the north, and known as the
Cumberland Valley in Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah Val
ley in Virginia, aud further south as the Valley of East

12 SURFACE.  THE ATLANTIC PLAIN.
Tennessee. In Pennsylvania this valley is hemmed in by
mountains only in the west, the eastern ranges there disap
pearing below the surface.
The Appalachian Mountains have an average breadth of
about 100 miles. They are bordered on the east by a sec
tion of hilly or rolling country, 20 to 100 miles in breadth,
descending to the low plain of the Atlantic coast, and on
the west by an undulating table-land, gently descending to
the Mississippi Valley. They have three separate water
sheds, or systems of drainage; (1.) bythe streams flowing
eastward and southward into the Atlantic ; (2.) by those
flowing westward into the Mississippi Basin; (3.) by those
flowing westward and- northward, into Lake Erie, Lake
Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River. Their numerous
streams furnish vast water-power facilities, which are ex
tensively employed for manufacturing purposes. The Del
aware, Susquehanna, and Potomac Rivers, have their
sources in or near the western range and cut nearly
through the entire belt, crossing its principal ranges trans
versely, while the Hudson River and its chief tributary,
the Mohawk, cut entirely through.
The Atlantic Plain.— The Atlantic Plain, or Tide Wa
ter section, is a low flat belt, 20 to 100 miles in breadth,
bordering the Atlantic coast, corresponding to the Cane-
Brake section of the Gulf states. Its inland border is
marked by a line of terraces, from which an intermediate
belt rises to the foot of the mountains. Along the South
Atlantic states this line also marks the navigable limits of
the large streams, and the site of the chief inland cities.
These cities, having tide-water connection, are favorably
situated for utilizing the valuable water-power which the
rivers everywhere afford at this line of terraces.
Basin of the Great Lakes.— This basin, while having

SURFACE. — THE PACIFIC HIGHLAND. 13
an outlet through the St. Lawrence River for a large accu
mulation of waters, receives the drainage of a compara
tively small area on the south. The elevation of its south
ern rim, which separates it from the Mississippi Basin, is
so slight that a canal, with no cutting more than 100 feet
deep, would open an outlet to the waters of Lakes Supe
rior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, and change their course
into the Mississippi River.
THE WESTERN PORTION.
The Pacific Highland. — The Pacific Highland, ex
tending from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the Isth
mus of Panama, consists of a vast plateau, or succession
of table-lands, surmounted by a great number of moun
tain ranges and lofty peaks, whose summits, in the more -
elevated regions, are covered with perpetual snow. The
Rocky Mountains form its eastern limit, and the lofty Cas
cade and Sierra Nevada Range its western.
This plateau has a gradual but quite irregular increase
in elevation from north to south, its general elevation
being about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea in the
Great Plains of the Columbia River, 3,000 to 4,000 feet
in the valley of the Snake River, 4,250 feet in the Great
Salt Lake Basin, Utah, 4,000 to 6,000 feet in Nevada,
5,000 to 7,000 feet in the basin drained by the Colorado
River, and 8,000 feet at the base of the volcano Popocata-
petl, in Mexico, where it attains its greatest altitude. Its
general elevation and irregularities from east to west, in
its broadest part, where it is crossed by the Pacific Rail
road, will be seen from the altitude of some of the stations
on the line of that road, showing the extremes of eleva
tion and depression.
The altitude of Cheyenne is 6,041 feet ; Sherman, 8,242

14 SURFACE. — THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
feet; Laramie, 7,123 feet; Fort Steele, 6,840 feet; Green
River, 6,140 feet ; Wahsatch, 6,879 feet ; Ogden, 4,300
feet ; Corinne, 4,229 feet ; Promontory, 4,905 feet ; Kel-
ton, 4,222 feet; Pequop, 6,183 feet; Elko, 5,065 feet ;
Humboldt, 4,233 feet ; White Plains, 3,893 feet ; Reno,
. 4,507 feet ; Truckee, 5,845 feet ; Summit, 7,017 feet ; Cis
co, 5,939 feet; Blue Canyon, 4,677 feet; Colfax, 2,421
feet; Auburn, 1,362 feet; Sacramento, 30 feet. Thus it
will be seen that from Cheyenne to Sherman there is an
increase in elevation of 2,200 feet in a distance of 33
miles ; while the descent from Summit to Sacramento, on
the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Range, is almost
7,000 feet in a distance of 105 miles, — a change of cli
mate from that of winter to summer, at certain seasons of
•the year, in less than half a day's travel.
The Rocky Mountains.— The Rocky Mountain System
comprises a broad, irregular belt, having a breadth in some
parts of 200 to 300 miles, extending from the Rio Grande
River northward through western Texas, New Mexico,
Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and beyond to the
Arctic Ocean. Its main ranges are intersected by numer
ous cross-ranges, branches, and outlying spurs, and its
culminating ridge forms the great water divide of the
continent. The Wind River Range, in the western part of Wyoming,
is the most remarkable portion of this divide, sending its
waters from nearly the same locality into three great rivers,
which are the outlets of three widely separated and exten
sive systems of drainage. Dr. F. V. Hayden, United
States Geologist, in his Report of 1873, referring to this
locality, says : " There is perhaps no more unknown, nor
more interesting geographical region in America than this
great water divide of our continent. * * * Within a

SURFACE. — THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 15
radius of ten miles may be found the sources of the three
largest rivers in America. The general elevation is from
7,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea, while the mountains
whose eternal snows form the sources of these great rivers,
rise to a height of 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Flowing north
ward are the numerous branches of the Missouri, Yellow
stone, and Wind Rivers, which all eventually unite into
one mighty' stream, the Missouri ! To the south are the
branches of the Green River, which unites with the Col
orado, and finally empties into the Gulf of California ;
while south and west flow the branches of the Snake River,
which, uniting with the Columbia, pour their vast volume
of water into the Pacific."
Within the United States, the principal ranges of the
Rocky Mountains have a mean elevation of about 10,000
feet, attaining their greatest altitude in Colorado, where
the highest peaks are more than 14,000 feet above the
level of the sea, and 6,000 to 8,000 feet higher than the
surrounding country. Here the cross-ranges, which are
chiefly of volcanic origin, cut up the longitudinal valleys
into a succession of beautiful " parks," hemming them in
on all sides by high mountain walls. The surrounding
scenery is grand and delightful, while the parks are gen
erally fertile, and many of them are already under culti-
Tation. The streams, everywhere throughout this vast mountain
region, have cut out deep and almost impenetrable gorges
or caiions, to the depth of hundreds, and often thousands
of feet. In many places the erosive action has been enor
mous, disintegrating and carrying away immense masses
of the mountains, leaving the harder portions standing up
in lofty peaks, while the most wonderful columns, pinna
cles, domes, castles, ampitheatres and other monumental

16 SURFACE.  THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS.
and architectural forms, carved out by the same agents,
are of frequent occurrence.
The mountain region of Colorado alone has an extent
of nearly 70,000 square miles, or more than four times
the entire area of Switzerland.
The Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains. — The
Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory and Oregon,
and the Sierra Nevada or " Snowy Range " in California,
consist mainly of a continuous range, equal to the Rocky
Mountains in height, and conforming in general direction
to the Pacific coast, 120 to 180 miles distant. Between
35° and 40° north latitude its general elevation is 6,000 to
8,000 feet above the surrounding country, and it attains
its greatest altitude in a cluster of lofty peaks, a few miles
south of 37°. Mt. Whitney, in this cluster, is 15,000 feet
high, and so far as known is the highest mountain in the
United States. Mt. Shasta, near the north boundary of
California, is 14,444 feet high, rising 7,000 feet higher
than any other mountain within fifty miles ; many other
peaks in this range are 10,000 to 14,000 feet high.
These mountains have a narrow, abrupt slope to the
plateaus on the east, and a broad slope, 50 to 70 miles in
breadth, to the low valleys on the west. In the southern
portion, near Mt. Whitney, the Sierra branches out into
three separate ranges, between which lie the valleys of the
two branches of Kern River. In the central portion it
expands into a broad volcanic plateau, 200 miles long by
50 to 70 miles wide, extending from Warner's Range on
the east to Mt. Shasta on the west.
From Mt. Shasta, branch ranges again lead away, unit
ing the Sierra with the comparatively low belt of moun
tains, 2,000 to 6,000 feet in height, and 20 to 50 miles
in breadth, extending along the coast of California,

SURFACE. — THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY. 17
Oregon, and Washington Territory, known by the general
name of " Coast Ranges."
The famous Yosemite Valley is situated in the western
slope of the Sierra Nevada, in Mariposa County. It is a
deep chasm, 8 miles long by half a inile to one mile wide,
enclosed by granite walls, 3,000 to 5,000 feet high, over
which the Merced River pours in beautiful cascades. One
of these is an unbroken fall of more than 2,500 feet.
The Sacramento and San Joaquin Valley. — This val
ley, lying between the Sierra Nevada on the east, and the
Coast Ranges on the west, is 400 miles long by about 50
miles broad. The northern portion is drained by the Sac
ramento, and the southern portion by the San Joaquin
Rivers, which unite midway and break through the Coast
Range to the Pacific. The surface is nearly level, having
an elevation of 30 feet above the sea at the junction of
these two rivers, and about 250 feet where they issue from
the mountains. In the summer season most of the streams
flowing eastward from the Coast Range are swallowed up
in the sands before reaching their outlet into the Sacra
mento and San Joaquin Rivers, and the outlet to the Kern
and Tulare Lakes also dries up.
The Willamette Valley. — A similar valley to that in
California extends through the northern part of Oregon,
and Washington Territory. In Oregon it is known as the
Willamette Valley. It is separated from the Sacramento
Valley of California by more than two hundred miles of
mountainous country, in the northern portion of which is
the comparatively small valley of the Umpaqua River,
extending westward to the Pacific. The estimated area
of this valley is 2,000 square miles, while the Willamette
Valley has 8,000.
Deserts of California. — In the southeastern part of the
2

18 SURFACE. — THE GREAT BASIN.
state is a large area of loose, shifting sand, about 140
miles long, by 50 to 70 miles wide, which is an arid des
ert, destitute of vegetation. Seventy-five miles north
ward, near the eastern boundary of the state, and within
the Central Basin, is Death Valley, the sink of the Arma-
gosa River. It is 30 miles long, 8 miles wide, and 150
feet below the level of the sea, and is totally dry except
in the rainy season. It is one of the most desolate por
tions of that basin of deserts.
The Great Basin. — The vast region lying between the
Wahsatch and Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Cas
cade and Sierra Nevada Mountains on the west, known as
the "Great Basin," has an extent of nearly 1,000 miles
from north to south, and 200 to 500 from east to west.
It is much diversified by mountain ranges, intersperse^
with valleys, which sometimes expand into broad plains.
It is naturally divided into two separate basins, by an
elevation extending along near the 42d parallel, forming
the southern rim of the Basin of the Columbia River, and
the northern rim of the Central Basin. On the southeast
it is separated from the Basin of the Colorado River by
the Wahsatch Mountains, a massive range nearly as liigli
as the Rocky Mountains.
Basin of the Columbia River. — The mountain ranges
in this basin generally lie in groups, each group connected
together and radiating from a common nucleus, like the
Salmon River Mountains, in Idaho, and the Blue Moun
tains, in Oregon. It is drained by the Columbia River and
its tributaries. This basin contains extensive plains and
valleys, among which are the Great Plains of the Colum
bia River, having an area of more than 20,000 square
miles. The Central Basin.- The Central Basin, embracing

SURFACE. — THE CENTRAL BASIN. 19
western Utah, nearly all Nevada, and a small portion of
California, is occupied by a large number of comparatively
low, narrow, and mostly isolated ranges of mountains,
having a general and very uniform north and south trend,
with narrow valleys intervening. These mountains vary
in elevation above the general surface of the plateau, from ?
. 1,000 to 6,000 feet.
There is no outlet for the drainage of this basin, nor is
there any accumulation of waters within it, in excess of
the annual amount carried off by evaporation. Many of
its streams, fed by the melting snows in the mountains,
dry up in the summer, and none add anything permanently
to the volume of the lakes into which they flow. Nearly
all of the lakes are salt or alkaline.
Great Salt Lake, which is 75 miles long, and covers an
area of about 1,900 square miles, is much the largest salt
lake in America, and the only lake of any considerable
size within this basin. Its waters contain a fraction more
than 20 per cent, of common salt, while their entire solid
contents amount to less than 22^ per cent. No fish is
known to inhabit this lake, although Utah Lake, which is
fresh, and has its outlet through the Jordan River into it,
is well stocked with fish. Its elevation above the level of
the sea is about 4,200 feet, and its principal sources of
supply are the Bear, Weber, and Jordan Rivers, the first
of which is more than 200 miles in length.
Basin of the Colorado River of the West. — The
Colorado River of the West drains a large area, embracing
within its limits the southwestern part of Wyoming, the
eastern part of Utah, the western part of Colorado, and all
of Arizona. In its lower portion, extending north from
the head of the Gulf of California for a distance of nearly
300 miles, the general surface is low, nowhere rising more

20 SURFACE. — THE COLORADO BASIN.
than a few hundred feet above the level of the sea, though
here and there isolated ranges of mountains occur 2,000
to 6,000 feet high. This low part is hemmed in on the
north by a line of bold and often nearly vertical cliffs, that
rise hundreds or thousands of feet, to the table-lands, or
plateaus above, 4,000 to 7,000 feet high, through which
the river flows for many hundred miles.
These plateaus have a. very uneven surface, and are dry
and nearly destitute of vegetation at all seasons of the
year, as is also the low portion of the basin. Maj. J. W.
Powell says of this region :
" The principal condensation of moisture occurs on and
about the mountains standing on the rim of the basin, the
region within being arid. Bad-lands, alcove lands, plains
of naked rock, plains of drifting sands, mesas, plateaus,
buttes, hog-backs, cliffs, volcanic cones, volcanic moun
tains, canons, canon valleys, and valleys, are all found in
this region and make up its topographical features. Moun
tains, hills, and small elevated valleys are features of the
irregular boundary belt. * * *
" The Uinta Mountains were not thrust up as peaks, but
were carved from a vast, rounded block, left by a retiring
sea, or uplifted from the depths of the ocean, and its
present forms are due to erosion. * * * The beds
of sedimentary rocks on which these mountains stand,
* * * at one time extended far away to the south,
over this country and beyond the Grand Caiion. Shales,
sandstones, and limestones, several thousand feet in thick
ness, have been washed away from the summit of all these
benches. * * *
" All the mountain forms of this region are due to ero
sion ; all the canons, channels of living rivers and inter
mittent streams, were carved by the running waters, and

SURFACE. — THE MISSISSIPPI BASIN. 21
they represent an amount of corrosion difficult to compre
hend. But the carving of the caiions and mountains is
insignificant, when compared with the denudation of the
whole area, as evidenced in the cliffs of erosion. Beds,
hundreds of feet in thickness, and hundreds of thousands
of square miles in extent, beds of granite and beds of
schist, beds of marble and beds of sandstone, crumbling
shales and adamantine lavas, have slowly yielded to the
silent and unseen powers of the air, and crumbled into
dust, and been washed away by the rains and carried into
the seas by the rivers." THE MIDDLE PORTION.
The Mississippi Basin. — The Mississippi Basin, or Great
Central Plain, as it is sometimes called, is a wide depres
sion between the Appalachian Mountains on the east, and
the Rocky Mountains on the west, drained by the Missis
sippi River and its vast number of tributaries.
This great basin consists of three principal slopes, — (1.)
eastward, from the Rocky Mountains ; (2.) westward, from
the Appalachian Mountains ; (3.) southward, from the
Height of Land, — all leading to the central depression
through which the Mississippi finds its way to the Gulf.
These slopes are all gentle, as is shown by the small aver
age descent of the principal streams that drain them ; the
descent of the Mississippi is less than eight inches per
mile from its source to its mouth ; that of the Ohio is five
inches per mile from Pittsburgh to its mouth ; that of the
Missouri, from Fort Benton to its junction with the Missis
sippi, 381 feet above the level of the sea, is ten inches per
mile. While at the base of the Rocky Mountains the gen
eral elevation is 5,000 to 6,000 above the sea, the descent
of the Arkansas is but two feet per mile, and of the Red
River but little more than one foot per mile.

22 SURFACE. — HEIGHT OP LAND.
Height of Land. — A broad swell of ground, called the
" Height of Land," separates the Mississippi Basin from
the basin of the Red River of the North. This elevation
is 1,500 to 1,800 feet above the sea, abounding with lakes.
Among them is Lake Itaska, the source of the Mississippi,
at an elevation of 1,680 feet. The streams that rise here
have their outlets in three separate and Avidely divergent
systems of drainage : (1.) those flowing south into the
Mississippi, having their outlet in the Gulf of Mexico ;
(2.) those flowing north into the Red River, having their
outlet in Hudson's Bay ; (3.) those flowing east into Lake
Superior, having their outlet through the St. Lawrence
River. The lowest portion of the Mississippi Valley is a flat
alluvial plain, 20 to 65 miles in breadth, through which
the river flows from the mouth of the Ohio to the Gulf of
Mexico. A nearly continuous line of bluffs extends along
its border on either side, which frequently rise 150 to 200
feet high, forming an immense trough for the mighty
stream, and setting bounds beyond which it cannot en
croach. That this channel was excavated by the river, is
evident from the corresponding layers of the stratified
rocks, seen in the opposite bluffs. At one time it also
formed an arm of the sea, through which the waters of the
Gulf extended to the mouth of the Ohio. It has been
filled up to its present level by sediment brought down by
the river, the annual amount of which is estimated at more
than forty million tons, or enough to build a pyramid a
mile square at its base, 700 feet high.
This low country is sometimes called the " bottom lands,"
and portions of it are a nearly impenetrable swamjj. Much
of it is lower than the level of the river in time of high
water, and is subject to frequent and wide-spread inunda-

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 23
tions. Extensive banks, or " levees," have been con
structed to protect the surrounding country, but the water
frequently breaks through and spreads over large districts.
It is traversed by numerous "bayous " or lateral outlets,
which are remnants of its main channel at some former
time, or important divisions of it.
The amount of rainfall and moisture diminishes from
the Mississippi River westward, until the well watered
prairies gradually merge into a broad, arid belt, called the
" Great Plains," totally unfit for tillage without irrigation.
This dry belt is fully reached at about the one-hundredth
meridian, extending westward to the Rocky Mountains,
and from Mexico northward, along their eastern base to
Arctic America.
IV. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
This tract was set apart by an Act of Congress, approved
March 1, 1872, to be for ever reserved as a Public Park, or
pleasure ground, Ijills with the necessary provisions hav
ing been introduced into both Houses of Congress in De
cember, 1871, — in the Senate by Hon. S. C. Pomcroy, and
in the House of Representatives by Hon. Wm. H. Claggett,
delegate from Montana. The reservation comprises an
area of 3,575 square miles, every part of which has an
altitude of more than 6,000 feet, while its wonderful val
leys are hemmed in on every side by lofty mountains,
10,000 to 12,000 feet high, covered with snow all the year
round. During the summer months it has a pure and
most invigorating atmosphere, and is nearly free from rain
or storms of any kind ; but no month is exempt from
frosts. Within its limits are the Yellowstone Lake, Sho
shone Lake, Madison Lake, the Upper and Lower Falls and
the Grand Caiion of the Yellowstone River, hot springs

24 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL. PARK  YELLOWSTONE LAKE.
without number, and the most wonderful geysers in the
world. Yellowstone Lake is situated at an altitude of 7,788
feet, and covers an area of 330 square miles. Dr. F. V.
Hayden, United States Geologist, in his Report of 1872,
describes it as " the most beautiful lake in the world, set
like a gem among the mountains."
Falls and Grand Canon of the Yellowstone. — Of the
Falls and the Grand Caiion Dr. Hayden says : " It is only
through the eye that the mind can gather anything like
an adequate conception of them. As we approached the
margin of the Caiion, we could hear the suppressed roar
of the falls, resembling distant thunder. * * * Above
the Upper Falls the Yellowstone flows through a grassy,
meadow-like valley, in a calm, steady current, giving no
warning until very near the falls that it is about to rush
over a precipice 140 feet, and then within a quarter of a
mil(j again to leap down a distance of 350 feet."
The river is 100 feet wide, and 30 feet deep, and in going
over the falls it presents in the distance the appearance of
a mass of snow-white foam. It is described as " a sight
far more beautiful, though not so grand or impressive,
as tliat of Niagara Falls." Dr. Hayden continues :
Standing near the Lower Falls and looking down the
caiion, * * * with its sides 1,200 to 1,500 feet high,
and decorated with the most brilliant colors that the
liuman eye ever saw, the rocks weathered into an almost
unlimited variety of forms, with here and there a pine
sending its roots into the clefts on the sides as if strug
gling with a sort of uncertain success to maintain an
existence, — the whole presents a picture that it would be
difficult to surpass in nature."
Erosive Forces.— In his report of 1873, Dr. Hayden

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — HOT SPRINGS. 25
uses the following language respecting the erosion that
has taken place here, and the beautiful scenery of these
mountains :
" The erosive forces have cut deep canons into the sides
of the mountains, 2,500 to 3,000 feet through the con
glomerates, and have worn the portions remaining into
the most wonderful architectural forms. Domes, pyra
mids, pinnacles, palaces, indeed almost any form Avliich
one could conceive, can be seen here. One gorge was
called the ' Palace Canon,' on account of the symmetrical,
palace-like forms which could be seen everywhere. The
sides of these gorges are vertical walls, inaccessible, ex
cept in a few localities, to man or beast. One can stand
in the bed of a little stream and look up the vertical
walls on either side 2,500 or 3,000 feet. Such gorges as
these, extending from five to twenty miles, oftentimes,
are very numerous. Literally, hundreds of them may
be found in these ranges, extending up to the very crest
or water divide, carved out of the solid mass of conglom
erate or trachyte. There is certainly no limit to the
remarkable scenery which an artist could select in this
prolific field."
Hot Springs. — The hot springs and geysers within the
limits of the Yellowstone Park are said to number not less
than ten thousand ; yet, vast numbers that were once in
an active state have since become extinct. ¦ In tempera
ture many closely approach the boiling point, which at the
various altitudes of these springs ranges from about 198°
to 200° Fahrenheit. This region was formerly the center
of great volcanic activity, the rocks being largely of vol
canic origin, and these hot springs and geysers are the dy
ing remnants of former volcanoes. The mineral deposits
from the waters of these springs form around them in cLr-

26 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — HOT SPRINGS.
ciilar basins, which are frequently ornamented with the
most beautiful bead-like incrustations, in great variety, and
of the most exquisite colors. Some of them are thus de
scribed by the same writer : " We suddenly came in full
view of one of the finest displays of nature's architectural
skill the world can produce. * * * Before us was a
hill 200 feet high, composed of the calcareous deposit of
the hot springs, with a system of step-like terraces, which
would defy any description by words. The eye alone can
convey any adequate conception to the mind. The steep
sides of the hill were ornamented with a series of semi
circular basins, with margins varying in height from a few
inches to 6 or 8 feet, and so beautifully scalloped and
adorned with a kind of bead-work that the beholder stands
amazed at this marvel of nature's handiwork. Add to
this a snow-white ground, with every variety of shade of
scarlet, green, and yellow, as brilliant as the brightest of
our aniline dyes. The pools or basins are of all sizes,
from a few inches to 0 or 8 feet in diameter, and 2 inches
to 2 feet deep. * * * The largest spring is very near
the outer margin of the terraces, aiid is 25 by 40 feet in
diameter, tlie water so perfectly transparent that one can
look down into the ultramarine depth to the bottom of the
basm. The sides of the basin are ornamented with coral
like forms, with a great variety of shades, from pure white
to a bright cream yellow."
" On the north side of these hills, close to the foot, is a
magnificent sulphur spring. The deposits around it are
silica ; but some places are white, and enameled like the
finest porcelain. The thin edges of the nearly circular
rim extend over the waters of tlie basin several feet, yet
the open portion is 15 feet in diameter. The water is in
a constant state of agitation. The stream that issues from

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — MUD SPRINGS. 27
this spring is so strong and hot that it was only on the
windward side that I could approach it and ascertain its
temperature, 197°. The agitation seemed to affect the en
tire mass, carrying it up impulsively to the height of 4
feet. It may be compared to a huge cauldron of perfectly
clear water somewhat superheated. But it is the decora
tions about this spring that lent the charm, after our
astonishment at the seething mass before us — the most
beautiful scalloping around the rim, and the inner and
outer surface covered with a pearl-like bead-work. * * *
No kind of embroidering that human art can conceive or
fashion could equal this specimen of the cunning skill of
nature." Fire Hole Valley. — This valley, in which most of these
springs are situated, is about 20 miles long by 5 miles
wide, and its appearance is thus described : " Early in the
morning of August 30, the valley was literally filled with
columns of steam, ascending from more than a thousand
vents. I can compare the view to nothing but that of
some manufacturing city, like Pittsburgh, as seen from a
high point, except that instead of the black coal smoke,
there are here the white delicate clouds of steam."
Mud Springs. — There are also hundreds of mud
springs, or "mud volcanoes," as they are sometimes called,
having basins varying from a few feet to seventy-five feet,
or more, in diameter, and their contents are of all degrees
of consistency, from mere turbid water to thick mortar.
Some of these springs on Cascade Creek, are thus de
scribed :
" The first one is a remarkable mud spring, with a well-
defined circular rim, composed of fine clay, and raised
about 4 feet above the surface around, and about 6 feet
above the mud in the basin. The diameter of the basin

28 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — GEYSERS.
is about 8 feet. The mud is so fine as to be impalpable,
and the whole may be compared to a caldron of boiling
mush. * * * This mud, which has been wrought in
these caldrons for perhaps hundreds of years, is so fine and
pure that the manufacturer of porcelain ware would go
into ecstacy at the sight. The contents of many of the
springs are of such a snowy whiteness that when dried in
cakes in the sun or by a fire, they resemble the finest
meerschaum. « * * Not far from the grotto, is the
most remarkable mud spring we have ever seen in the West.
The rim of the basin is formed of the loose mud or clay
thrown out of the orifice. It is about 40 feet in diameter
at the top, but tapering down to half the size, and is about
30 feet deep. It may not improperly be called the 'Giants'
Caldron.' It does not boil with an impulse like most of
the mud springs, but with a constant roar, which shakes
the ground for a considerable distance, and may be heard
for half a mile. A dense column of steam is ever rising,
filling the crater, but now and then a passing breeze will
remove it for a moment, revealing one of the most terrific
sights one could well imagine."
Geysers. — Great numbers , of geysers exist, varying in
size from small jets to huge columns of water many feet
in diameter, thrown out with an immense force, at fre
quent, but generally quite irregular intervals. One, not
less than 20 feet in diameter, has been observed to throw
a column of water 60 feet high. Another throws a column
6 feet in diameter 140 to 200 feet high. Another throws
a column 5 or 6 feet in diameter 200 feet high, while
smaller streams are sometimes thrown as high as 250 feet.
Very interesting descriptions of many of these remark
able geysers are also given by Dr. Hayden, from which
the following brief extracts are taken.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — GEYSERS. 29
"We camped on the evening of August 5th, in the mid
dle of the Upper Geyser Basin, in the midst of some of
the grandest geysers in the world. Col. Barlow and Capt.
Heap, of the United States Engineers, were camped on the
opposite side of the Fire Hole. Soon after reaching camp
a tremendous rumbling was heard, shaking the ground in
every direction, and soon a column of steam burst forth
from a crater near the edge of the east side of the river.
Following the steam, arose, by a succession of impulses,
a column of water apparently 6 feet in diameter, to the
height of two hundred feet, while the steam ascended a
thousand feet or more. * * * 'We called this Grand
Geyser. * * * It is a very modest looking spring in
a state of quiescence, and no one would for a moment
suspect the power that was temporarily slumbering below.
* * * Within 20 feet of this orifice is a second one,
of irregular, quadrangular form, 15 by 25 feet. * * *
The large orifice seems to be in a state of violent agita
tion as often as once in 20 minutes, raising up the entire
mass of water 10 or 15 feet. It is never altogether quiet.
Although these two orifices are within the same rim, I
could not ascertain that there is the slightest connection
between them. * * * The Grand Geyser operated
twice while we were in the basin, with an interval of about
32 hours."
" Just east of the Grand Geyser is a moderate sized geyser,
with three smaller ones along side of it, all playing at the
same time. From the large one a column of water is con
stantly shot up 15 or 20 feet, with much the sound of
the escape of steam from a pipe. The orifice is not more
than 6 inches in diameter, but with the three smaller
ones playing at the same time a great commotion is
excited."

30 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — GEYSERS.
"The Giant has a crater like a broken horn, 5 or 6 feet
in diameter, and while my party were in the basin, played
at one time one hour and twenty minutes, throwing the
water up to the height of 140 feet."
" Our search for new wonders leading us across the
Fire Hole River, we ascended a gentle incrusted slope,
and came suddenly upon a large oval aperture with
scalloped edges, the diameters of which were 18 and 25
feet, the sides corrugated and covered with a grayish-
white siliceous deposit, which was distinctly visible at the
depth of 100 feet below the surface. No water could be
discovered, but we could distinctly hear it gurgling and
boiling at a great distance below. Suddenly it began to
rise, boiling and spluttering, and sending out huge masses
of steam, causing a general stampede of our company,
driving us to some distance from our point of observa
tion. When within about 40 feet ofthe surface it became
stationary, and we returned to look down upon it. All
at once it seemed seized with a fearful spasm and rose
with incredible rapidity, hardly affording us time to flee
to a safe distance, when it burst from the orifice with
terrible momentum, rising in a column the full size of
this immense aperture to the height of 60 feet; and
through and out of the apex of this vast aqueous mass,
five or six lesser jets or round columns of water, varying
from 6 to 15 inches in diameter, were projected to the
marvelous height of 250 feet. * * * This grand erup
tion continued for twenty minutes, and was the most mag
nificent sight we ever witnessed. Two of these Avonder-
fiil eruptions occurred during the twenty-two hours we re
mained in the valley. This geyser we named ' The Gi
antess.' "A hundred yards distant from the Giantess was a sili-

CANONS OP THE COLORADO RIVER. 31
ceous cone, very symmetrical, * * three feet in height
and 5 feet in diameter at its base, having an oval orifice
24 by 36 inches in diameter, with scalloped edges. Not
one of our company supposed that it was a geyser ; and
among so many wonders it had almost escaped notice.
While we were at breakfast upon the morning of our de
parture, a colmnn of water entirely filling the crater shot
from it, which, by accurate triangular measurement we
found to be 219 feet in height. * * We named it the
' Beehive.' The Fan Geyser consists of a group of five
geysers which play at one time, throwing the water in
every direction."
" As we were leaving the valley, the grand old geyser
which stands sentinel at the head of the valley gave us a
magnificent parting display, and with little or no prelimin
ary warning it shot up a column of water about six feet in
diameter to the height of 100 to 150 feet, and by a succes
sion of impulses seemed to hold it up steadily for the space
of fifteen minutes. * * * On account of its apparent
regularity, and its position overlooking the valley, it was
called by Messrs. Langford and Doane 'Old Faithful.'
" We left this valley with its beautiful scenery, its hot
springs and geysers, with great regret."
Y. CANONS OF THE COLORADO RIVER OF
THE WEST.
The Colorado River of the West, for more than a thou
sand miles, flows through an immense gorge, or a succes
sion of vast caiions, cut down through the solid rocks to a
surprising depth by the action of its waters. These rocks
stand up on either side in grand and awful precipices, —
sometimes in nearly vertical walls, or overhanging cliffs,

32 SOURCES OF THE COLORADO RIVER.
thousands of feet high. The depth of the gorge is seldom
less than 2,000 feet, often increasing to 3,000, or more,
and sometimes to 5,000 or 6,000 feet, the river, in the
deepest caiion being more than one mile below the surface
of the surrounding country.
Major J. W. Powell, who has spent several years in ex
ploring the canons of this remarkable river and its tribu
taries, uses the following language in speaking of its
sources and the region through which it flows :
" The Colorado River is formed by the junction of the
Grand and Green. The Grand river has its source in
the Rocky Mountains, five or six miles west of Long's
Peak. * * * The Green River heads near Fremont's
Peak, in the Wind River Mountains. * * * This river,
like the last, has its sources in alpine lakes, fed by ever
lasting snows."
" The Green River is larger than the Grand, and is the
upper continuation of the Colorado. Including this river,
the whole length of the stream is about 2,000 miles. The
region of country drained by the Colorado and its tributa
ries is about 800 miles in length, and varies from 300 to
500 in width, containing about 300,000 square miles."
" The upper two-thirds of the basin rises from four to
eight thousand feet above the level of the sea. This high
region, on the east, north, and west, is set with ranges of
snow-clad mountains, attaining an altitude above the sea
varying from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. All winter long, on its
mountain-crested rim, snow falls, filling the gorges, half
burying the forests, and covering the crags and peaks with
a mantle woven by the winds from the waves of the sea —
a mantle of snow. When the summer-sun comes, this
snow melts and tumbles down the mountain sides in mil
lions of cascades. Ten million cascade brooks unite to

A LABYRINTH OF RIVER GORGES. 33
form ten thousand torrent creeks ; ten thousand torrent
creeks unite to form a hundred rivers beset with cataracts ;
a hundred roaring rivers unite to form the Colorado, which
rolls, a mad, turbid stream, into the Gulf of California."
" Now, if at the river's flood, storms were falling on
the plains, its channel would be cut but little faster
than the adjacent country would be washed, and the gen
eral level would thus be preserved ; but under the condi
tions here mentioned the river deepens its bed, as there is
much through corrosion and but little lateral degradation.
So all the streams cut deeper and still deeper until their
banks are towering cliffs of solid rock. These deep, nar
row gorges are called caiions. For more than a thousand
miles along its course, the Colorado has cut for itself such
a canon; but at some few points, where lateral streams
join it, the canon is bi"oken, and narrow, transverse valleys
divide it properly into a series of canons."
" Every river entering these has cut another canon ;
every lateral creek has cut a canon ; every brook runs in a
caiion ; every rill born of a shower, and born again of a
shower, and living only during these showers, has cut for
itself a canon; so that the whole upper portion of the
basin of the Colorado is traversed by a labyrinth of these
deep gorges."
Major Powell, starting from Green River City with ten
men in boats, descended the Green River to its junction
with the Grand, and the Colorado to the mouth of the
Virgin River, passing through the most stupendous series
of river caiions on the face of the globe. A few extracts
from that gentleman's very interesting and graphic report
of his perilous voyage, will convey some idea of the mag
nitude and grandeur of those caiions.
"May 26. We pass down to the foot of the Uinta Moun-

34 FLAMING GORGE.
tains, and in a cold storm go into camp. The river is run
ning to the south ; the mountains have an easterly and
westerly trend directly athwart its course, yet it glides on
in a quiet way, as if it thought a mountain range no for
midable obstruction to its course. It enters the range by
a flaming, brilliant, red gorge, that may be seen from the
north a score of miles away. The great mass of the
mountain-ridge through which the gorge is cut, is com
posed of bright vermilion rocks. * * * This is the
head of the first caiion we are about to explore — an intro
ductory one to a series made by the river through this
range. We name it Flaming Gorge. The cliffs or walls
we find, on measurement, to be about one thousand two
hundred feet high. * * * The distance from Green
River City to Flaming Gorge is sixty-two miles."
" Entering Flaming Gorge we quickly run through it on
a swift current, and emerge into a little park. Half a
mile below, the river wheels sharply to the left, and we
turn into another caiion cut into the mountain. We enter
the narrow passage. On either side the walls rapidly in
crease in altitude. On the left are overhanging cliffs five
hundred — a thousand — fifteen hundred feet high. On the
right the rocks are broken and ragged, and the water fills
the channel from cliff to cliff. Now the river turns ab
ruptly around a point to the right, and the waters plunge
swiftly down among great rocks ; and here we have our
first experience with caiion rajjids. * « * Soon our
boats reach the swift current ; a stroke or two, now on
this side, now on that, and we thread the narrow passage
with exhilarating velocity, mounting the high waves, whose
foaming crests dash over us, and plunging into the troughs,
until we reach the quiet water below ; and then comes a
feeling of great relief. Our first rapid is run."

A LANDSCAPE OF NAKED ROCK. 35
" July 8. This morning Bradley and I go out to climb,
and gain an altitude of more than 2,000 feet above the
river, but still do not reach the summit of the wall. After
dinner we pass through a regio'n of the wildest desolation.
The caiion is very tortuous, the river very I'apid, and many
lateral canons enter on either side. In several places these
lateral caiions are only separated from each other by nar
row walls, often hundreds of feet high, but so narrow in
places that where softer rocks are found below they have
crumbled away, and left holes in the wall, forming pas
sages from one canon into another."
" In many places the walls, which rise from the water's
edge, are overhanging on either side. The stream is still
quiet, and we glide along through a strange, weird, grand
region. The landscape everywhere, away from the river,
is of rock — cliffs of rock, tables of rock, plateaus of rock,
crags of rock — ten thousand strangely carved forms. Rocks
everywhere, and no vegetation, no soil, no sand. In long,
gentle curves, the river winds about these rocks."
" When speaking of these rocks we must not conceive
of piles of boulders, or heaps of fragments, but a whole
land of naked rock, with giant forms carved on it ; cathe
dral shaped buttes, towering hundreds . or thousands of
feet ; cliffs that cannot be scaled, and canon walls that
shrink the river into insignificance, with vast, hollow
domes, and tall pinnacles, and shafts set on the verge
overhead, and all highly colored — buff, gray, red, brown,
and chocolate — never lichened, never moss-covered, but
bare, and often polished. * * * Late in the afternoon
the water becomes swift, .and our boats make great speed.
An hour of this rapid running brings us to the junction of
the Grand and Green, the foot of Stillwater Canon, as we
have named it."

36 GRAND CANON A MILE DEEP.
" The Canon of Desolation is 97 miles long : Gray Canon,
36 ; Labyrinth Canon, 62^ miles. In the Canon of Deso
lation the . highest rocks immediately over the river are
about 2,400 feet. * * * Climbing the walls of the
Cafion and passing back to the canon terrace and climbing
that, we find the altitude above the river to be 3,300 feet.
The lower end of Gray Caiion is about 2,000 feet high, and
the lower end of Labyrinth Canon 1,300 feet. Stillwater
Canon is 42f miles long; the highest walls 1,300 feet."
" July 21. We start this morning on the Colorado.
The river is rough, and bad rapids, in close succession are
found. Two very hard portages are made during the fore
noon. After dinner, in running a rapid, the ' Emma
Dean ' is swamped, and we are thrown into the river ; we
cling to her, and in the first quiet water below she is
righted and bailed out, but three oars are lost."
" Aug. 9. Now the scenery is on a grand scale. The
walls of the canon, 2,500 feet high, are of marble, of many
beautiful colors, and often polished below by the waves, or
far up the sides, where showers have washed the sands
over the cliff. At one place I have a walk for more than
a mile on a marble pavement, all polished and fretted with
strange devices, and embossed in a thousand fantastic pat
terns." "Aug. 13. We are three-quarters of a mile in the
depths of the earth, and the great river shrinks into insig
nificance as it dashes its angry waves against the walls
and cliffs that rise to the world above ; they are but puny
ripples, aud we but pigmies, running up and down the
sands." " Aug. 14. The walls now are more than a mile in
height — a vertical distance difficult to appreciate. * * *
A thousand feet of this is up through granite crags, then

APPEARANCE OF THE GORGE FROM BELOW. 37
steep slopes and perpendicular cliffs rise, one above another
to tlie summit. The gorge is black and narrow below, red
and gray and flaring above, with crags and angular pro
jections on the walls, which, cut in many places by side
caiions seem to be a wilderness of rocks. Down in these
grand, gloomy depths we glide, ever listening, for the mad
waters keep up their roar ; ever watching, ever peering
ahead, for the narrow caiion is winding, and the river is
closed in so that we can see but a few hundred yards, and
what there may be below we know not ; but we listen for
falls, and watch for rocks, or stop now and then in a bay
or recess, to admire the gigantic scenery."
"Aug. 25. Great quantities of cooled lava, and many
cinder cones are seen on either side. '* * * On the
right wall, a cinder cone,- or extinct volcano, with a well-
defined crater, stands on the very brink of the caiion.
From this volcano vast floods of lava have been poured
down into the river, and a stream of molten rock has run
up the canon three or four miles, and down, we know not
how far. * * * The canon was doubtless filled to a
height of twelve or fifteen hundred feet, perhaps by more
than one flood. This would dam the water back ; and in
cutting through this great lava bed a new channel has
been formed, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the
other. * * * What a conflict of water and fire there
must have been here ! Just imagine a river of molten
rock, running down into a river of melted snow. What a
seething and boiling of the waters; what clouds of steam
rolled into the heavens! "
"Aug. 29. We start very early this morning. The
river still continues swift, but we have no serious difficulty,
and at 12 o'clock emerge from the Grand Canon of the
Colorado."

38 ANCIENT LAKE BASINS.
On the following day the expedition arrived at the
mouth of the Virgin River, 60 or 70 miles below the
Grand Canon. The Grand Canon is 217 miles long, and
its greatest depth is 6,200 feet. Major Powell, referring
to some of the impressions which these great depths pro
duced, and the appearance of this wonderful chasm, says :
" The varying depths of this canon, due to the varying
altitudes, of the plateaus through which it runs, can only
be seen from above. As we wind about in the gloomy
depths below, the difference between 4,000 and 6,000 feet
is not discerned. * * In the very depths of the canon
we have black granite, with a narrow cleft, through which
a great river plunges. This granite portion of the walls
is carved with deep gulches, and embossed with pinnacles
and towers. Above, are broken, ragged, non-conformable
rocks, in many jilaccs sloping back- at a low angle. Clam
bering over these, we reach rocks lying in horizontal beds.
Some are soft, many very hard ; the softer strata are
washed out ; the harder remain as shelves. Everywhere
there are side gulches and caiions, so that these gulches
are set above with ten thousand dark, gloomy alcoves.
One might imagine that this was intended for the library
of the gods — and it was. The shelves are not for books,
but form the stony leaves of one great book. He who
would read the language of the universe, may dig out let
ters here and there, and with them spell the words, /ind
read, in a slow and imperfect way, but so as to understand
a little, the story of creation."
V. ANCIENT LAKE BASINS.
Ample evidences exist, that large portions of the vast
area, extending from western Nebraska to the Pacific
Ocean, were once occupied by great fresh-water lakes ;

ancient' lake BASINS. 39
and no more interesting evidence of the wonderful changes
that have taken place on this continent, as regards botli
surface and climate, can be found, than the records which
these old lake basins furnish. Dr. F. V. Hayden, United
States Geologist, uses the following language respecting
one of these basins, principally occupying western Utah
and Nevada:
• " It is most probable that at a comparatively modern
period the vast area between the Wahsatch Mountains on
the east, and the Sierra Nevada on the west, was one great
lake, the mountains rising up like islands in this vast in
land sea. The lakes, large and small, which we find scat
tered over the basin at the present time, arc only remnants
of this former sea. The modern deposits which cover the
low lands are mostly calcareous and arenaceous beds, and
sometimes reach a thickness of 800 to 1,200 feet, often
filled with fresh water or land shells, indicating a very
modern origin."
Among many other old lake basins referred to by Dr.
Hayden, are two important ones in western Nebraska and
southern Dakota :
" We now pass the eastern shore of one of the most in
teresting and most wonderful of those great lake basins
which are found all over the west, from the Missouri River
to the Pacific coast. There is no water in it at the present
time, and its existence is only known to the student of ge
ology. During the tertiary period it occupied an area of
at least one hundred thousand, and very possibly of one
hundred and fifty thousand, square miles. It will thus be
seen that our greatest northern lakes, of which we so
proudly boast, are but ponds in comparison with some
that existed in this mountain region."
"The valleys of Loup Fork and the Niobrara Rivers,

40 ancient lake basins.
although largely uninhabitable, are full of interest to the
geologist. Located along these rivers is one of those
grand cemeteries of extinct animals, which have excited
the wonder of intelligent men all over the world. Further
to the northwest, on White Earth River, is another of these
far-famed bone deposits. These two interesting localities
bear such a relation to each other in the order of time, and
the relationship of the animals preserved in them, that
they should be described in the same connection. I will
therefore take the reader at once to the valley of White
Earth River, near the south-western base of the Black
Hills, and there we shall behold one of the wildest regions
on this continent. It has always gone by the name of
' bad lands ;' by the Canadian French, ' Mauvaises Terres ;'
in the Dakota tongue, ' Ma-Kod-si-tcha.' These words
signify a very difficult country to travel through, not only
from the ruggedness of the surface, but also from the ab
sence of any good water, and the small supply of wood
and game. * * It is only to the geologist that this
place can have any permanent attractions. He can wind
his way through the wonderful canons among some of the
grandest ruins in the world. Indeed, it resembles a gigan
tic city fallen to decay. Domes, towers, minarets, and
spires may be seen on every side, which assume a great
variety of shapes when viewed in the distance. Not uii-
frequently the rising or setting sun will light up these
grand old ruins with a wild, strange beauty, reminding
one of a city illuminated in the night from some high
P9int. The harder layers project from the sides of tlie
valley or canon with such regularity that they appear like
seats, one above the other, of some vast ampitheater. It
is at the foot of these apparent architectural ruins that
the curious fossil treasures are found. In the oldest beds

ancient lake basins. 41
we find the teeth and jaws of a Hyopotamus, a river liorse
much like the Hippopotamus, which must have sported in
his pride in the marshes that bordered this lake. So, too,
the Titanotherium, a gigantic pachyderm, was associated
with a species of hornless Rhinoceros. These huge rhi-
noceroid animals appear at first to have monopolized this
entire region, and the plastic, sticky clay of the lowest
bed of this basin, in which the remains were found, seems
to have formed a suitable bottom of the lake in which
these thick-skinned monsters could wallow at pleasure.
As we pass higher up in the sediments we find the remains
of a great variety of land animals, mingled with those that
were aquatic in their nature. In a bed of flesh-colored
marl, which is visible for a great distance, like a broad
band in the sides of these washed hills, thousands of tur
tles were imbedded, and are preserved to the present time
with surprising perfection, the hard portions being as com
plete as when they were swimming about in these tertiary
waters hundreds of thousands of years ago. They vary
in size from an inch or two in length across the back, to
three or four feet."
" If we pass for a moment southward into the valleys
of the Niobrara and Loup Fork, we shall find a fauna
closely allied, yet entirely distinct from the one on White
River, and plainly intermediate between that of the latter
and of the present period ; one appears to have lived dur
ing the middle or miocene tertiary period, and the other at
a later time, in what is called the pliocene. In the later
fauna were the remains of a number of species of extinct
camels, one of which was of the size of the Arabian
camel, a second about two-thirds as large, also a smaller
one. The only animals akin to the camels at the present
time in the western hemisphere, are the Llama and its

42 ancient lake basins.
allies in South Ainerica. Not less interesting are the re
mains of a great variety of forms of the horse family, one of
which was about as large as the ordinary domestic animal,
and the smallest not more than two or two and a half
feet in height, with every intermediate grade in size."
" There was still another animal allied to the horse,
about the size of a Newfoundland dog, which was provided
with three hoofs to each foot, though the lateral hoofs
were rudimental. Although no horses were known to ex
ist on this continent prior to its discovery by Europeans,
yet Dr. Leidy has shown that before the age of man, this
was emphatically the country of horses. Dr. Leidy has
reported twenty-seven species of the horse family which
are known to have lived on this continent prior to the ad
vent of man — about three times as many as are now
found living throughout the world."
" Five species of the Rhinoceros roamed through these
marshes, ranging from a small, hornless species, about the
size of our black bear, to the largest, which was about the
size of the existing unicorn of India. No animals of the
kind now inhabit the western hemisphere. Among the
thick-skinned animals were the remains of a mastodon,
and a large elephant, distinct from any others heretofore
discovered in any part of the world. During the tertiary
period Nebraska and Dakota were the homes of a race of
animals closely allied to those inhabiting Asia and Africa
now, and from their character we may suppose that during
that period the climate was considerably warmer than it
is at present. The inference is also drawn that our world,
which is usually called the new, is in reality the old world,
older than the eastern hemisphere."
The following extracts are from an interesting chapter

ancient lake basins. 43
on " The Ancient Lakes of Western America," by Dr. J.
S. Newberry :
" The wonderful collections of fossil plants and animal
remains brought by Di;. Hayden from the country border
ing the Upper Missouri have been shown, by his observa
tions and the researches of Mr. Meek, to have been de
rived from deposits made in extensive fresh-water lakes —
lakes which once occupied much of the region lying imme
diately east of the Rocky Mountains, but which have now
totally disappeared. The sediments that accumulated in
the bottoms of these old lakes show that in the earliest
periods of their history they contained salt water, at least
that the sea had access to them, and their waters were
more or less impregnated with salt, so as to be inhabited
by oyster and other marine or estuary moUusks. In due
time the continental elevation which brought all the coun
try west of the Mississippi up out of the wide-spread cre
taceous sea, raised these lake basins altogether above the
sea level, and surrounded them with a broad expanse of
dry land. Then ensued one of the most interesting chap
ters in the geological history of our continent, and one
that, if fairly written out, could not fail to be read with
pleasure by all intelligent persons."
" It has happened to me to be connected with three of
the Government surveys to which I have referred, and to
spend several years in traversing the great area lying be
tween the Columbia River and the Gulf of Mexico. The
observations which I have made on the geological struc
ture of our western territories supplement, in a somewhat
remarkable way, those made by Dr. Hayden, so that, taken
together, our reports embody the results of a rcconnois-
sance stretching over nearly the whole of our vast posses
sions west of the Mississippi."

44 ancient lake basins.
" Parallel with the Coast Mountains lies a narrow
trough, which, in California is traversed by the Sacramento
and San Joaquin Rivers, and portions of, it have received
their names. Further north this trough is partially filled,
and for some distance nearly obliterated by encroachment
of the neighboring mountain ranges, but in Oregon and
Washington it reappears essentially the same in structure
as further south, and is here traversed by the Willamette
and Cowlitz Rivers."
" These two sections of this great valley have now free
drainage to the Pacific, through the Golden Gate and the
trough of the Columbia, both of which are channels cut
by the drainage water through mountain barriers that for
merly obstructed its flow, and produced an accumulation
behind them that made these valleys inland lakes — the
first of the series I am to describe of extensive fresh-water
basins that formerly gave character to the surface of our
Western Territory, and that have now almost all been
drained away and disappeared."
" East of the California Valley, the Sierra Nevada lies,
like a lofty mountain chain, reaching all the way from our
northern to our southern boundary."
" The crest of the Sierra Nevada is so high and continu
ous that for one thousand miles it shows no passes less
than five thousand feet above the sea, and yet at three
points there are gateways opened in this wall, by which it
may be passed but little above the sea level. These are
the canons of the Sacramento, (Pit River,) the Klamath,
and the Columbia. All these are gorges cut through this
great dam by the drainage of the continent. In the lapse
of ages the cutting down of this barrier has progressed to
such an extent as almost completely to empty the great

ancient lake basins. 45
water - basins that once existed behind it, and leave the
interior the arid waste that it is."
" The northern part of this area is drained by the Colum
bia ; the southern by the Colorado. Of these the Colum
bia makes its way into the ocean by the gorge it has cut
in the Cascade Mountains, through which it flows nearly
at the sea level ; while the Colorado flows to the Gulf of
California through a series of caiions, of which the most
important is nearly one thousand miles in length, and from
three thousand to six thousand feet in depth. In volume
6 of the Pacific Railroad Reports, I have described a por
tion of the country drained by the Columbia, and have
given the facts that lead me to assert that the gorge through
which it passes the Cascade Mountains has been excavated
by its waters ; and that previous to the cutting down of
this barrier these waters accumulated to form great fresh
water lakes, which left deposits at an elevation of more
than two thousand feet above the present bed of the
Columbia. Similar facts were observed in the country
drained by the Klamath and Pit Rivers."
" The animal remains contained in these fresh-water
deposits * * consist of bones of the mastodon, rhinoc
eros, horse, elk, and other large mammals, which the spe
cies are probably in some cases new, in others identical
with those obtained from the fresh-water tertiaries of the
' bad lands' by Dr. Hayden. With these mammalian re
mains are a few bones of birds and great numbers of the
bones and teeth of fishes. * * There are also in this
collection large numbers of fresh-water shells."
"All these fossils show that at one period in the history
of our continent, and that, geologically speaking, quite
recent, the region under consideration was thickly set with
lakes, some of which were of larger size and greater depth

46 ancient lake basins.
than the great fresh-watpr lakes which now lie upon our
northern frontier. Between these lakes were areas of dry
land covered with a luxuriant and beautiful vegetation,
aud inhabited by herds of elephants and other great mam
mals, such as could only inhabit a well-watered and fertile
country. In the streams flowing into these lakes, and in
the lakes themselves, were great numbers of fishes and
mollusks of species which, like the others I have enumer
ated, have now disappeared. At that time, as now, the
great lakes formed evaporating surfaces, which produced
showers that vivified all their shores. Every year, how
ever, saw something removed from the barriers over which
their surplus waters flowed to the sea, and, in the lapse of
time they were drained to the dregs. In the Klamath
Lakes, and in San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun Bays,
we have the last remnants of these great bodies of water ;
while the drainage of the Columbia lakes has been so
complete, that in some instances the streams which trav
erse their old basins have cut two thousand feet into the
sediments which accumulated beneath their waters."
" The history of this old lake country, as it is recorded
in the alternations of strata which accumulated at the bot
toms of its water basins, will be found to be full of inter
est. For while these strata furnish evidence that there
were long intervals when peace and quiet prevailed over
this region, and animal and vegetable life flourished as
they now do nowhere on the continent, they also prove
that this quiet was at times disturbed by the most violent
volcanic eruptions from a number of distinct centers of
action, but especially from the great craters which crowned
the summit of the Sierra Nevada. From these came
showers of ashes which must have covered the land and
filled the water so as to destroy immense numbers of the

ancient lakj! basins. -» 47
inhabitants of both. These ashes formed strata which
were in some instances ten or twenty feet in thickness.
" At other times the volcanic action was still more in
tense, and floods of lava were poured out, which formed
continuous sheets hundreds of miles in extent, penetrat
ing far into the lake basins, and giving to their bottoms
floors of solid basalt. When these cataclysms had passed,
quiet was again restored, forests again covered the land,
herds dotted its pastures, fishes peopled the waters, and
fine sediments abounding in forms of life accumulated in
new sheets above the strata of cooled lava. The banks of
the Des Chutes and Columbia Rivers afford splendid sec
tions of these lava deposits, where the history I have so
hastily sketched may be read as from an open book."
" But it will be said that there are portions of the great
central plateau which have not been drained in the manner
I have described. For here are basins which have no out
lets, and which still hold sheets of water of greater or
less area, such as those of Pyramid Lake, Salt Lake, &c.
The history of these basins is very different from that of
those already mentioned, and not less interesting or easily
read. By the complete drainage of the nortliern and
southern thirds of the plateau through the channels of the
Columbia and Colorado, the water surface of this great
area was reduced to the tenth or hundredth part of the
space it previously occupied. Hence the moisture sus
pended in the atmosphere was diminished in like degree,
and the dry, hot air, sweeping over the plains, licked up
the water from the undrained lakes until they were re
duced to their present dimensions. Now, as formerly,
they receive the constant flow of the streams that drain
into them from the mountains on the east and west. But
the evaporation is so rapid that their dimensions are not

48 Ancient lake basins.
only not increased thereby, but are steadily diminishing
from year to year."
"On the east of the Rocky Mountains lies the country
of the '.Plains,' a region not unlike in its topography to
the great plateau of the West, but differing in this, that it
is not bordered on the east by a continuous mountain
chain ; that it slopes gently downward to the Mississippi,
and that its eastern half has been so well watered that its
valleys have been made broad, and all its topographical
features softened, down. In former times, however, the
topographical unity now conspicuous on the Plains did not
exist, and the surface was marked by a series of great
basins, which received the flow of water from the Rocky
Mountains and formed lakes, less numerous, it is true, but
of greater extent than those of the far West."
"The number of fossil plants and animals is much
greater there than further west ; and we have in these de
posits proof that during unnumbered ages, this portion
of the continent exhibited a diversified and beautiful sur
face, which sustained a luxuriant growth of vegetation
and an amount of animal life, far in excess of what it has
done in modern times. This condition of things existed
long enough for hundreds and even thousands of feet • of
sediments to accumulate in the bottoms of these fresh
water lakes, which were gradually and slowly diminished
in area by the filling up of their basins and by the wear
ing away of the barriers over which passed their gently
flowing, draining streams."
" In the beginning of the cretaceous age. North Amer
ica presented a broad land surface,' having a climate simi
lar to the present, and covered with forests, consisting for
the most part of trees belonging to the same genera with
those that now flourish upon it. In the progress of the

ancient lake basins. 49
cretaceous age, the greater part of the continent west of
the Mississippi sank beneath the ocean, and the deposits
made during the later portions of the cretaceous age con
tain a vegetation more tropical in character than that
which had preceded it. It seems probable that at this
time the lands which existed as such west of the Missis
sippi were islands of limited extent, washed by the Gulf
Stream, which apparently had then a course north and
west from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Sea. The
earlier tertiary epochs werO, however, marked by an
emergence of the continent, and a gradual approach to
previous and present conditions."
" The climate of the continent in the miocene age was
much milder than now. Fan-palms then grew as far north
as the Yellowstone River, and a flora flourished in Alaska
and Greenland as varied and as luxuriant as now grows
along the fortieth parallel. * * This state of things
seems to have continued through the pliocene age, and up
to the time when the climate of the continent was com
pletely revolutionized by the advent of the ice period. The
change which took place at that time was such as taxes
the imagination to conceive of as much as it taxes the
reasoning powers to account for."
" We have seen that in the middle tertiary age the cli
mate of Alaska and Greenland was that of New York and
St. Louis at present. In the next succeeding period, the i
glacial epoch, the present climate of Greenland was brought
down to New York, and all the northern portion of the
continent wrapped in ice and snow. This change was un
doubtedly gradual, (for nature does not often ' turn a cor
ner,' ) but it is plain that it must have resulted in the
gradual driving southward of all the varied forms of ani
mal and vegetable life that spread over the continent to

60 ancient lake basins.
the Arctic Sea. When glaciers reached as far south as the
fortieth parallel it is evident that a cold, temperate cli
mate prevailed in Mexico, and that only in the south of
Mexico would the average annual temperature have been
what it was previously in the latitude of New York. We
must conclude, therefore, that the herds of mammals which
once covered the plains of the interior of North America
were forced by the advancing cold into such narrow limits
in Southern Mexico that nearly all were exterminated."
" The pictures which geology holds up to our view of
North America during the tertiary ages, are in all respects,
but one, more attractive and interesting than could be
drawn from its present aspects. Then a warm and genial
climate prevailed from the Gulf to the Arctic Sea ; the
Canadian highlands were higher, but the Rocky Mountains
lower and less broad. Most of the continent exhibited an
undulating surface, rounded hills and broad valleys covered
with forests grander than any of the present day, or wide
expanses of rich savannah, over which roamed countless
herds of animals, many of gigantic size, of which our
present meager fauna retains but a few dwarfed represen
tatives. Noble rivers flowed through plains and valleys,
and sea-like lakes, broader and more numerous than those
the continent now bears, diversified the scenery. Through
unnumbered ages the seasons ran their ceaseless course,
the sun rose and set, moons waxed and waned over this
fair land, but no human eye was there to mark its beauty,
nor human intellect to control and use its exuberant fer
tility. Flowers opened their many-colored petals on
meadow and hillside, and filled the air with their per
fumes, but only for the delectation of the wandering bee.
Fruits ripened in the sun, but there was no hand to pluck,
nor any speaking tongue to taste. Birds sang in the trees.

ancient lake basins. 61
but for no ears but their own. The surface of lake or
river was whitened by no sail, or furrowed by no prow
but the breast of the water-fowl ; and the far-reaching
shores echoed no sound but the dash of the waves and the
lowing of the herds that slaked their thirst in the crystal
waters." " Life and beauty were everywhere, and man, the great
destroyer, had not yet come ; but not all was peace and
harmony in this Arcadia. The forces of nature are always
at war, and redundant life compels abundant death. The
innumerable species of animals and plants had each its
hereditary enemy, and the struggle of life was so sharp
and bitter that in the lapse of ages many genera and spe
cies were blotted out forever. * * Yielding to the slow-
acting but irresistible forces of nature, each in succession
of these various animal forms has disappeared, till all
have passed away or been changed to their modern repre
sentatives, while the country they inhabited, by the up
heaval of its mountains, the deepening of its valleys, the
filling and draining of its great lakes, has become what
it is." " These changes, which I have reviewed in an hour,
seem like the swiftly-consecutive pictures of the phantas
magoria, or the shifting scenes of the drama, but the aeons
of time in which they were effected are simply infinite and
incomprehensible to us. We have no reason to suppose
that terra firma was less firm, or that the order of nature,
in which no change is recorded within the historic period,
was less constant then than now. At the present rate of
change — ^throwing out man's influence — a period infinite
to us would be required to revolutionize the climate, flora,
and fauna ; but there is no evidence that changes were
more rapid during the tertiary ages. "

52 early state history.
" Every day sees something taken from the rocky barrier
of Niagara ; and, geologically speaking, at no remote time
our great lakes will have shared the fate of those that
once existed at the far west. Already they have been re
duced to less than half their former area, and the water
level has been depressed three hundred feet or more.
This process is pretty sure to go on until they are com
pletely emptied. The cities that now stand upon their
banks will, ere that time, have grown colossal in size, then
gray with age, then have fallen into decadence and their
sites been long forgotten ; but in the sediments that are
now accumulating in these lake basins will lie many a
wreck and skeleton, tree trunk and floated leaf. Near the
city sites and old river mouths, these sediments will be
full of relics that will illustrate and explain the mingled
comedy and tragedy of human life. These relics the ge
ologist of the future will doubtless gather and study and
moralize over, as we do the records of the tertiary ages."
VI. EARLY STATE HISTORY.
1. Alabama.— Capital, Montgomery; Area, 50,722
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 996,992. Alabama was
settled by the French at Mobile in 1713. It was a part of
Georgia until 1802, and then included in Mississippi until
March 3, 1817. It was admitted into the Union as a
state, by act of Congress, December 19, 1819.
2. Alaska.— Capital, Sitka ; Area, 577,390 square miles ;
Population, (1870,) 70,461. Alaska comprises that por
tion of North America which is situated north of the par
allel of 54° 40' north latitude, and west of the meridian
of 141° west longitude. It embraces numerous islands
lying along the coast and extending west from the princi
pal peninsula. It was ceded to the United States by the

EARLY STATE HISTORY. 63
Emperor of Russia, for the sum of $7,200,000, by a treaty
concluded at Washington, March 30, 1867, and ratified
by the Senate, May 28 of the same year.
3. Arizona. — Capital, Phoenix ; Area, 113,916 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 9,658. Arizona was organized
as a territory February 24, 1863, from the western part
of New Mexico.
4. Arkansas. — Capital, Little Rock; Area, 52,198
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 484,471. Arkansas
was settled by the French at Arkansas Post in 1685, was
formed into a territory from a part of Missouri, March 2,
1819, and admitted into the Union as a State, June 15,
1836. 5. California. — Capital, Sacramento; Area, 188,981
square miles; Population, (1870,) 560,247. California
was settled by the Spaniards at San Diego in 1769, and at
San Francisco in 1776. It was ceded to the United States
by Mexico in 1848, and admitted to the Union as a State
in 1850.
6. Colorado- — Capital, Denver ; Area, 104,500 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 39,864. Colorado was organ
ized as a territory February 28, 1861, and admitted as a
State August 1, 1876.
7. Connecticut. — Capital, Hartford; Area, 4,750
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 537,454. This state
includes the original colonies of Connecticut and New Ha
ven. The Connecticut Colony was settled in 1633, at
Windsor, and in 1635, at Hartford and Wethersfield, by
persons from Massachusetts ; and the New Haven Colony
in 1638, by a company from England. Separate govern
ments were maintained until the colonies were united by
the charter of Charles II, in 1662.

54 EARLY STATE HISTORY.
8- Bakota. — Capital, Yankton ; Area, 150,932 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 14,181. Dakota was organ
ized as a territory, by an act of Congress passed March 2,
1861. The western portion was set off in 1868, to con
stitute the territory of Wyoming.
9. Belaware. — Capital, Dover; Area, 2,120 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 125,015. Delaware was settled
by the Swedes and Finns at Wilmington, in 1627 ; it was
subjected by the Dutch of New York in 1655, but fell into
the hands of the English in 1664. It was included in the
grant to William Penn in 1662, remained a part of Penn
sylvania until 1703, and was afterwards under the same
government until the adoption of a state constitution, Sep
tember 20, 1776. It was one of the original thirteen
states, and ratified the United States Constitution, Decem
ber 7, 1787.
10. Florida.— Capital, Tallahassee ; Area, 69,268
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 187,748. Florida was
settled in 1565, by the Spaniards, at St. Augustine, was
organized as a territory, March 3, 1823, and admitted into
the Union as a State, March 3, 1845.
11. Georgia. — Capital, Atlanta; Area, 58,000 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 1,184,189. Georgia was set
tled at Savannah in 1733, by the English, under General
Oglethorpe. It received its charter, June 9, 1732, from
George II, from whom it was named. It was the last set
tled of the original thirteen states, formed its constitution
in 1777, and ratified the Constitution of the United States,
January 2, 1788.
13. Idaho. — Capital, Bois^ City ; Area, 86,294 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 14,999. Idaho was organized
as a territory by Congress, March 3, 1863. It was formed

EARLY STATE HISTORY. 66
from portions of Nebraska, Oregon, Utah, and Washington
territories, but its boundaries were changed at the follow
ing session of Congress, and a portion of the original ter
ritory was included in Montana.
13. Illinois. — Capital, Springfield; Area, 65,410
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 2,539,891. Illinois was
settled at Kaskaskia, by the French in 1683, and was
claimed by France until the treaty of Paris, in 1763, when
it fell into the hands of the English. Soon after, settlers
from Virginia located in the territory, which came under
the government of the United States by the war of Ihe
revolution. It formed a part of the North-western Terri
tory ceded by Virginia to the United States in 1783, was
a part of Indiana as organized in 1800, from which it was
separated, and made into a distinct territory in 1809. Its
state constitution was framed in 1818, and it was admitted
into the Union, December 23, of that year.
14. Indiana. — Capital, Indianapolis ; Area, 33,809
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 1,080,637. Indiana
was settled at Vincennes, by French emigrants from Can
ada, about 1730. It was organized into a territory. May
7, 1800, from which Michigan was set off in 1805, and
Illinois in 1809. Its constitution was adopted June 29,
1816, and the State was admitted into the Union Decem
ber 11, of the same year.
15. Indian Territory. — Capital, Tahlequah ; Area,
68,991 square miles ; Population, (1870,) 68,152. The
Indian Territory has been set apart by the Government of
the United States as a permanent home for the aboriginal
tribes removed thither from east of the Mississippi River,
as well as those native to the territory. The United States
exercise no authority over them excepting in certain crimes

56 EARLY STATE HISTORY.
perpetrated by them against the whites. They are allowed
to live under their own laws, follow their own customs,
and indulge in their own modes of life. The land has
been ceded to the Indians, each tribe owning the portion
allotted to it. by the United States.
16. Iowa. — Capital, Des Moines ; Area, 56,045 square
miles ; Population, (1875,) 1,360,544. Iowa was settled
at Dubuque in 1778, by a colony from Prairie Du Chien,
which remained over twenty years. Permanent settle
ments were commenced about 1830, at Burlington and
DuBuque, by emigrants from Michigan and Illinois. It
was separated from Wisconsin and organized as a territory
by act of Congress in June, 1838, and was admitted into
the Union as a State, December 25, 1846.
17. Kansas. — Capital, Topeka; Area, 81,318 square
miles ; Population, (1875,) 528,349. Kansas formed at
different times part of the Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian
Territories, from which last it was erected into a separate
territory in May, 1854, and admitted into the Union as a
State, January 29, 1861. ¦ For several years a fierce con
test raged in the territory on the subject of slavery, but
the strife was finally adjusted by its being admitted as a
free State.
18. Kentucky.— Capital, Frankfort-; Area, 37,680
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 1,321,011. Kentucky
was formerly included in the territory of Virginia, was
settled in 1774 at Harrodsburg, and was formed into a
territory by the Virginia Legislature in 1789. It was ad
mitted into the Union as a State in 1792.
19. Louisiana. — Capital, New Orleans ; Area, 41,346
square miles ; Population, (1875,) 867,039. Louisiana
was first settled by the French at Iberville, in 1699. In

EARLY STATE HISTORY. 57
1762, it was ceded by France to Spain, and in 1800, was
ceded back by Spain to France.
In 1803, the whole territory included within the " Louis
iana Purchase" was ceded by France to the United States.
Louisiana was organized as a distinct territory in 1804,
and admitted into the Union as a State in 1812.
20. Maine. — Capital, Augusta ; Area, 35,000 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 626,916. Maine was settled
at York in 1623 by the English ; it was a part of Massa
chusetts until 1820, when it became an independent State
and was admitted into the Union.
21. Maryland. — Capital, Annapolis ; Area, 11,124
square miles; Population, (1870,) 780,894. Maryland
was settled at St. Mary, in 1634, by Roman Catholics,
under Cecil and Leonard Calvert. It was one of the orig
inal thirteen states, formed a constitution August 14, 1776,
and ratified the Constitution of the United States, April
28, 1788.
22. Massachusetts. — Capital, Boston; Area, 7,800
square miles ; Population, (1876,) 1,651,912. Massachu
setts includes the original colonies of Plymouth and Mas
sachusetts Bay ; the former was settled at Plymouth, in
1620, and the latter at Salem, in 1628. The colonies re
mained under separate governments until united by the
charter of 1688. Massachusetts was one of the original
thirteen states, adopted a constitution in 1780, and ratified
the Constitution of the United States in 1788.
23. Michigan. — Capital, Lansing ; Area, 56,451 square
miles ; Population, (1874,) 1,334,300. Michigan was set
tled in 1670, by the French, at Detroit. At the peace of
1763, it came under the dominion of Great Britain. It
was a part of the territory ceded to the United States by

58 EARLY STATE HISTORY.
Virginia ; was set off from Indiana, and erected into a
separate territory in 1805, and admitted into the Union as
a State, January 26, 1837.
24. Minnesota. — Capital, St. Paul; Area, 83,531
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 439,706. Minnesota
was visited by traders, trappers, and Jesuit Missionaries
from Montreal, about 1654. The Upper Mississippi was
explored by Louis Hennepin, in 1680. In 1689, a fort
was erected by Perrot, Le Sueur, and others, on Lake
Pepin, and in 1695 a second fort was established in Min
nesota by Le Sueur. In 1812 a settlement was formed in
the Red River country, principally by Scotchmen. Fort
Snelling was settled by emigrants from the northern and
western States about 1845. Minnesota was organized as
a territory, March 31, 1849, and admitted into the Union
as a State, February 26, 1867.
25. Mississippi. — Capital, Jackson; Area, 47,156
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 827,922. Mississippi
was settled by the Spaniards about the year 1540, and at
Natchez by the French in 1716. It. was organized as a
territory, April 7, 1789, and admitted into the Union as a
State, December 10, 1817.
26. Missouri.— Capital, Jefferson City ; Area, 66,350
square miles; Population, (1870,) 1,721,296. Missouri
was settled at St. Genevieve in 1763 by the French. It
was organized into a territory, June 4, 1812, and admitted
into the union as a State, Dec. 14, 1821.
27. Montana.— Capital, Virginia City ; Area, 143,776
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 20,595. Montana was
settled by emigrants from other states, and organized as a
territory under an act of Congress approved May 26, 1864.
It was formed principally from the northeastern part of
Idaho as organized in 1863.

EARLY STATE HISTORY. 59
28. Nebraska. — Capital, Omaha ; Area, 76,995 square
miles ; Population, (1875,) 246,280. Nebraska was set
tled by emigrants from the Northern and Western States,
and was organized as a territory in May, 1864, and ad
mitted into the Union as a State, March 1, 1867.
29. Nevada. — Capital, Carson City; Area, 112,090
square miles ; Population, (1876,) 62,640. Nevada was
organized as a territory, March 2, 1861, and admitted into
the Union as a State, October 31, 1864.
30. New Hampshire. — Capital, Concord; Area, 9,280
square miles ; Papulation, (1870,) 318,300. New Hamp
shire was settled at Dover and Portsmouth in 1623, by the
English. The settlements were annexed to Massachusetts
in 1641, and continued until 1679, when N^ew Hampshire
received a separate charter. It was again connected with
Massachusetts in 1689, but in 1741 it became a separate
province. It was one of the original thirteen states,
framed a constitution in 1776, and ratified the United
States Constitjition, June 21, 1788.
31. New Jersey. — Capital, Trenton; Area, 8,320
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 906,096. New Jersey
was settled at Bergen by the Dutch and Danes in 1624,
but it fell into the hands of the English in 1664. In 1674
it was divided into East and West Jersey, and soon after
became the exclusive property of the Quakers of Pennsyl
vania. The two provinces were united in 1702, and the
colony was dependent on New York until 1738, when it
was erected into a separate royal province. It was one of
the original thirteen states, adopted a state constitution
July 2, 1776, and ratified the United States Constitution
December 18, 1787.
32. New Mexico.— Capital, Santa Fe; Area, 121,201

60 EARLY STATE HISTORY.
squaremiles; Population, (1870,) 91,874. New Mexicowas
early settled by the Spaniards. It remained a Mexican prov
ince until conquered from Mexico and ceded to the United
States by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, February 2,
1848. It was constituted a territory, with portions of Up
per California and Texas, September 9, 1850.
33. New York.— Capital, Albany; Area, 47,000 square
miles; Population, (1876,) 4,705,208. New York was
settled at New York and Albany in 1613 and 1614 by the
Dutch, was- ceded to the English in 1664, retaken by the
Dutch in 1673, and restored to the English at the treaty
of Westminister in 1674. It was one of the original
thirteen states, framed a constitution in 1777, and ratified
tiie United States Constitution, July 26, 1788.
34. North Carolina.— Capital, Raleigh ; Area, 50,704
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 1,071,361. North Car
olina was settled at Albemarle by the English, (emigrants
from Virginia,) in 1660, and was chartered, March 20,
1668. It was one of the original thirteen states, adopted
a state constitution, December 18, 1776, and ratified the
United States Constitution, November 21, 1789.
35. Ohio.— Capital, Columbus; Area, 39,964 square
miles ; Population, (1870,) 2,665,260. Ohio was formed
from the North- Western territory, ceded to the United
States by Virginia, in 1783. It was settled at Marietta in
1788, by emigrants from New England, and admitted into
the Union as a State, April 30, 1802.
36. Oregon.- Capital, Salem ; Area, 95,274 square
miles; Population, (1870,) 90,923. Oregon was first vis
ited by Europeans about 1775. Capt. Robert Gray took
possession of it in 1792, naming its principal river after his
vessel, the " Columbia," of Boston. The northern bound-

EARLY STATE HISTORY. 61
ary line remained unsettled until the treaty with Great
Britain in 1846, when the 49tli parallel was adopted. It
was organized as a territory, August 4, 1848, was divided
March 2, 1852, the northern portion being called Wash
ington, and the southern Oregon. A state constitution
was adopted, November 9, 1867, and it was admitted into
the Union, February 14, 1869.
37. Pennsylvania. — Capital, Harrisburg; Area, 46,-
000 square miles; Population, (1870,) 3,621,961. The
territory embraced within the present limits of Pennsylva
nia was granted to William Penn in payment of a debt
due his father. Admiral Penn, by the government of Great
Britain. In addition to this grant from Charles II, Penn
became, by purchase and grant from the Duke of York,
the proprietor of the territory now constituting the state
of Delaware, and for many years all was united under one
government. Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia in 1681, by
English Quakers under William Penn. It adopted a state
constitution, September 28, 1776, and ratified the Consti
tution of the United States, December 12, 1787.
38. Rhode Island. — Capitals, Providence, Newport;
Area, 1,306 square miles ; Population, (1875,) 268,239.
This state was settled at Providence in 1636, by the Eng
lish from Massachusetts under Roger Williams. It was
under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until 1662, when
a separate charter was granted, which continued to be the
basis of the government until the formation of the state
constitution in September, 1743. It was one of the orig
inal thirteen states, and ratified the United States Consti
tution, May 29, 1790.
39. South Carolina.— Capital, Columbia ; Area, 34,-

62 EARLY STATE HISTORY.
000 square miles. Population, (1875,) 926,146. South
Carolina was settled by the English at Port Royal in 1670,
a grant of the territory having been made in 1662, by
Charles II to Lord Clarendon and others.
This is one of the original thirteen states ; it established
a state constitution March 26, 1776, and ratified the Con
stitution of the United States, May 23, 1788.
40. Tennessee. — Capital, Nashville; Area, 46,600
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 1,258,620. Tennessee
was first settled at Fort Donelson, in 1756, by emigrants
from Virginia and North Carolina ; it originally formed a
part of the latter state, but was ceded to the United States
in 1784. A constitution was adopted February 6, 1796,
and the state admitted into the Union June 1 , of the same
year. 41. Texas. — Capital, Austin; Area, 274,356 square
miles. Population, (1870,) 818,579. Texas was settled
at Bexar, now San Antonio, in 1694, by Spaniards; it
formed a part of Mexico until 1836, when it declared its
independence, and instituted a separate government. It
was admitted into the Union as a State, by joint resolutions,
approved March 1, and December 29, 1845.
42. Utah.-rCapital, Salt Lake City; Area, 84,476
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 86,786. Utah was
erected into a territory, September 9, 1860. It was occu
pied mostly by wandering tribes until settled by the Mor
mons in 1847. After their expulsion from their settlement
of Nauvoo, in Illinois, they emigrated to this territory,
and having located on the borders of Great Salt Lake, as
sumed a provisional form of government, and gave to
their territory the name of the State of Deseret. In 1850,
this form of government was surrendered, and the name
of the territory changed to Utah.

EARLY STATE HISTORY. 63
43. Vermont. — Capital, Montpelier ; Area, 10,212
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 330,551. Vermont was
settled at Brattleboro, in 1724, by emigrants from Massa
chusetts and Connecticut, under grants from New Hamp
shire. It was claimed by both New Hampshire and New
York, and was for a time under the government of the
latter, but at a convention held in Westminister, January
16, 1777, it was declared a free and independent state.
It was admitted into the Union in 1791.
44. Virginia. — Capital, Richmond; Area, 38,352
¦square miles; Population, (1870,) 1,226,163. Virginia
was settled at Jamestown in 1607 bythe English. It was
one of the original thirteen states, framed a state consti
tution July 5, 1776, and ratified the United States Consti
tution June 26, 1788.
45. Washington. — Capital, Olympia; Area, 69,994
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 23,956. Washington
Territory was settled by emigrants from the Northern and
Western states. It was organized as a territory from the
northern part of Oregon, March 2, 1863.
46. West Virginia.— Capital, Wheeling; Area, 23,000
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 442,014. West Vir
ginia formed a part of Virginia until 1861, when it sepa
rated and framed a constitution for a new state, and was
admitted to the Union June 20, 1863.
47. Wisconsin. — Capital, Madison ; Area, 53,924
square miles ; Population, (1875,) 1,236,729. Wisconsin
was settled at Green Bay in 1669, by the French ; it was
a part of the territory ceded by Virginia to the United
States, was set off from Michigan, December 23, 1834, or
ganized as a territory, April 30, 1836, and admitted into
the Union as a State, May 29, 1848.

64 CLIMATE.
48. Wyoming.— Capital, Cheyenne; Area, 97,883
square miles ; Population, (1870,) 9,118. On the organi
zation of Montana Territory, and the limitation of Idaho
to the districts west of the Rocky Mountains, a tract re
mained south of Montana, wliich, for want of public or
ganization, was annexed to Dakota. This region, with
small portions of Idaho and Utah was constituted the ter
ritory of Wyoming, by an act of Congress, approved July
25, 1868.
VII. CLIMATE.
The United States, extending through more than fifty-
seven degrees of longitude and twenty-six of latitude, has
a great variety of climate, ranging from cool temperate in
the north to semi-tropical in the south, — the conditions for
different localities always depending upon the influences
of latitude, altitude, topographical features, prevailing
winds, warm or cold ocean currents, etc. In order to in
dicate the results of these diverse influences, and, so far
as our limits will permit, present such facts as will lead to
a correct estimate of the principal conditions of climate,
comparisons will be required between different localities,
and to some extent with other countries.
The mean annual temperature of the United States is
considerably lower, generally, than that for the same lati
tudes of Europe, the contrast being greatest in the north
ern part, and decreasing gradually toward the south ; but
it does not materially differ from that of Asia. The dis
tribution of heat for the different seasons of the year,
however, is of so much greater importance that compari
sons between yearly measures have little value. For in
stance, the mean annual temperature of New York is
nearly the same as that of Paris, while for the winter
months it corresponds to that of Iceland, and for the sum-

CLIMATE. 65
mer months it closely approaches that of the region of
olive groves and orange groves in southern Europe. The
daily extremes of temperature, or alternations between
day and night, whether excessive or moderate, also consti
tute important characteristics of climate.
The climate of the United States is highly favorable to
a wide range of vegetation, and to the development and
growth of civilized communities. Besides a great variety
of forest trees and indigenous shrubs and plants, the
orange, lemon, fig, olive, sugar-cane, cotton, rice, tobacco,
sweet potatoes, Indian corn, and many other tropical and
semi-tropical fruits and vegetable productions of great
value, have their favored localities ; while wheat and otl^er
grains, and all the fruits and vegetables of the temperate
latitudes are produced in great abundance and perfection.
Population has also increased during the last century with
a rapidity that has no parallel in modern times.
In the eastern portion the climate presents very great
and important contrasts to that of the western portion,
and the leading features of each of these divisions require
separate notice.
The comparatively equal distribution of moisture through
the year, over the vast area east of the 100th meridian, is
a distinguishing feature of that division. This moisture
comes principally from the tropics, where the intense heat
produces a constant and enormous evaporation, and the
winds, sweeping up from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of
Mexico, being an abundant supply, distributing it with
great uniformity over this entire area, where it is again
precipitated in the form of rain and snow.
The heat that produces this evaporation also causes the
atmospheric circulation, which carries to the temperate
latitudes a very important portion of their supply of
5

Q6 CLIMATE.
warmth. The heated air of the tropics becomes rarefied
and rises, and cooler currents flow in from toward the poles
to supply its place, while this lighter air flows back in re
turning currents, and a constant circulation is thus main
tained. Another important agency by which a portion of the
excessive heat of the tropics is carried to the cooler lati
tudes, is that of ocean currents. The Gulf Stream, for
example, is an enormous river of warm tropical waters
flowing northward, on the surface of the ocean, diffusing
its warm and humid influences over the islands of west
ern Europe, and far inland over the coast, imparting to
the climate there an exceptionally high temperature, ex
empt alike from violent extremes of both heat and cold,
and making that the most fertile and habitable portion of
the eastern continent. But after leaving the Gulf its in
fluences are not felt on the Atlantic coast to any apprecia
ble extent, owing to the easterly course of the atmospheric
currents. Western Europe has therefore a much warmer
climate than the United States for corresponding latitudes,
except for very limited areas.
A narrow belt bordering the Pacific coast, extending
from California northward along the coast of Alaska, has
a climate similar to that of western Europe, owing to the
modifying infiuences of the Japan current, which carries
the warm waters of the China Sea to the eastern coast of
the Pacific, and corresponds to the Gulf Stream of the
Atlantic. But the warm breezes coming from the Pacific
are soon arrested by mountains or abrupt slopes, and do
not extend inland as those from the Gulf Stream do over
western Europe, the western slopes there being long and
gradual like the eastern slopes of our own continent, of
fering but slight obstruction to the atmospheric currents.

CLIMATE. 67
while our western slopes are all abrupt, and generally form
the base of high mountain ranges.
The topograpliical features of the eastern portion of the
United States are extremely favorable to the prevailing
abundance and uniform distribution of its rain-fall. As a
whole its surface is remarkably symmetrical and level, the
principal elevation occurring in the Appalachian Moun
tains ; but the course of the storms of this section is gener
ally in a direction nearly parallel to these ranges, and their
influence in controlling the amount of precipitation on
either side is very slight. The entire absence of mountain
barriers on the south, and of all obstruction to the winds
that sweep up from the Gulf, is a feature of the highest
importance. Add to these favorable conditions of surface
the close proximity of the warm waters of the Gulf, and
the wid*e expanse of more tropical waters beyond it, and
all the needful conditions of supply and distribution are
brought together in a remarkable degree ; the result of
which is, that east of about the 100th meridian we have a
vast, well-watered area, greatly exceeding in extent any
similar area equally as well watered on the face of the
globe. The amount of moisture precipitated annually in rain
and melted snow, varies considerably between different lo
calities, even for that portion lying east of the 100th me
ridian ; but this inequality in amount is largely compen
sated for in the general absence of excessive quantjties
falling at one time over the less bountifully supplied sec
tions, and in the more nearly equal, and sometimes
greater, number of days on which rain falls in such local
ities, as compared with those more profusely supplied.
The distribution of heat and moisture are the principal
conditions of climate upon which vegetation depends, and

68

CLIMATE.

their overshadowing impsrtance will justify a brief exhibit
of statistical observations, from a sufficient number of
points to indicate the general condition for every part of
the country.
The following tables show the mean temperature of the
places given for each of the seasons, spring, summer, au
tumn, winter, and for the year ; also for January and July
in contrast, and the difference between these months, —
the mean summer temperatures of all the places in each
table being approximately the same.
PLACES HAVING A MEAN SIMMER TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 60° F.

Spr.

Sum.

Aut.

Wint.

Year.

¦Jan.

July.

Dif.

40.2 30.0
88.551.157.0

60. B
61. «
60.861.660.1

47.541.64.3.0B3.760.1

2.3.916.421.8
42.4 51.5

43.0 39.4
41.0 52.2
57.2

22.4
15.523.4
43.0 50.1

62.3
64.063.559.557.9

39.9

Williamstown, Vt., 
Copper Harbor, Mich.,..

48.5
40.1 16.5

San Francisco, Cal., 

7.8

PLACES HAVING A MEAN SUMMER TEMPERATURE OP ABOUT 05° F.

Portland, Me., 
Buflalo, N. Y 
Detroit, Mich 
Chicas^o, 111., 
MilwaiilvCo, Wis., 
Fort Ripley, Minn.,. . .,
Fort Vancouver, W. T.,
Benicia, Cal., 

42.8

65.2

48.1

24.7

45.2

22.8

68.2

42.7

66.9

47.9

27.4

46.2

45.9
67.6
48.7
26.8
47.2
27.0
67.7
44.8
C7.3
43.8
25.9
46.7
23.6
70.8
42.3
07. 3
51.1
26.0
46.4
25.2
69.8
39.3
64.9
42. 9
10.0
30.3
7.9
67.3
51.9
65.6
53.5
39.5
52.7
40.5
68.7
56.5
67.0
60.6
49.0
58.8
47.0
67.3
45.4 40.7
47.244.6 59.428.220.3
PLACES HAVING A MEAN SUMMER TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 70° F.
BoBton, MaE=s.,.. ,
New York City,..
Albany, N. Y.,.,.
Trenton, N. J., ..
Philadelphia, Pa.,
Pittsl)urgh, Pa.,..
Obeifin, Ohio,
Ann Arbor, Mich., 
Beloit, Wis 
Prairie Du Chien, Wis.,
Muscatine, Iowa 
Fort'Snelling, Minn., . ..
Fort Benton, Montana,. .
Oregon City, Oregon, . . .
Sacramento. Cal., 
San Diego, Cal 
Santa Fe,N. M., 
46.3
69.1
51.6
28.9
48.9
27 8
71.6
46.7
71.3
55.8
32.3
51.6
81.6
73.3
40.7
70.0
50.0
26.0
48.2
24.8
73.1
49.4
70.7
52.1
32.0
51.1
80.9
73.8
50.3
72.4
54.2
34.1
52.7
32.1
74.7
50.0
71. t
61.4
80.6
50.8
29.1
73.0
46. G
70.2
51.2
29.2
49.8
28.2
75.5
46.8
69.9
51.3
23,3
47.8
23.6
73.0
45.0
70.9
50.1
24.2
47.7
23.7
73.9
48. 7
72.3
43.3
21.2
47.6
19.4
75.3
46.4
68.6
48.9
22.8
46.7
20.2
70.5
45.6
70.6
45.9
16.1
44.6
13.7
73.4
49.9
72.8
44.5
25.4
48.2
16.5
78.6
54.0
70.2
54.7
40.3
54.8
89.6
72.3
50.2
73.8
61.3
46.3
59.9
45.3
73.9
60.0
71.2
64.4
52.3
62.0
51.9
72.7
49.7
70.4
50.6
31.6
50.6
31.4
73.6
43.841.647.841.942.643.947.349.4 51.255.9
50.3 59.757.133.7 28.6
20.841.3
¦ CLIMATE. 09
PLACES HAVING A MEAN SUMMER TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 75° F.

Spr.

Sum.

Aut.

Wint.

Year.

Jan.

July.

Dif.

Annapolis, Md.,

53.8 55.8
59.362.753.756.453.8
51.755.9

75.376.377.9
76.574.076.374.175.974.9

57.8
56.4 60.4
61.453.955.0
53.757 '.3

34.836.141.447.633.733.829.6
32.137.1

55.456.159.7
62.153.855.452.8
56!3

.32.334.188.745.5
33 1
33.9 38.0
37.135.8

77.278.2
79.276.876.578.5
76.7 81.577.3

44.9
44.1 40.581.3
43.445.648.764.441."=

Washington, D. C, 

Athens, Ga., 

St. Louis, Mo.. . .

Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.,.
Salt Lake City, Utah, . . .
Albuquerque, N. M., 

PLACES HAVING A MEAN SUMMER TEMPERATURE OP ABOUT 1
Charleston, S. C, .
Savannah, Ga., 
St. Augustine, Fla.
Key West, Fla., . .
Pensacola, Ft. Barrancas,
Fla 
New Orleans, La., . .
Baton Rouge, La., . ,
Austin, Texas, 
Ft. Gibson, Ind. Tei-.

65.9

79. S

66.5

51.4

65.9

48.1

80.1

67,6

80.9

67.6

53.7

67.3

53.2

81.9

68.5

80.3

71.5

58.1

69.6

57.0

80.0

75.8

82.5

78.3

69.5

76.5

66.7

83.0

68.6

81.6

69.8

54.9

68.7

53.6

82.3

70.0

83.8

70.7

56.5

69.9

55.8

82.9

63.9

81.2

68.3

54.2

68.1

53.5

81.8

68.0

80.7

68.3

49.0

66.7

46.4

80.7

61.0

79.4

61.7

41.1

60.8

40.1

SO. 7

MEAN TEIVIPERATUEES IN TROPICAL AMERICA.

Vera Cruz, Mexico, ,
City of Mexico, 
Havana, Cuba 
Matanzae, Cuba, 
Bermuda, 

78.0

81.5

78.7

71.9

77.5

71.1

81.5

63.4

65.2

60.1

53.0

60.4

53 5

65.2

75.7

84.2

75.5

68.4

75.9

65.4

85.2

78.9

81.4

79.5

73.4

78.3

78.5

81.5

63.7

75.2

71.9

68.8

67.4

58.6

75.7

MEAN TEMPERATURES IN EUROPE AND ASIA.

London, Eng^land, 
Liverpool, England 
Edinburgh, Scotland, . . .
Dublin, Ireland, 
Paris, France, 
Berlin, Prussia,  
St. Petersburg, Russia, .
Vienna, Austria, 
Madrid, Spain, 
Lisbon, Portugal, 
Rome, Italy, 
Palermo, Sicily, 
Constantinople, Turkey,
Jerusalem, Syria, 
Alexandria, Egypt, 
Pekin, China, 
Canton, China, 
Nagasaki, Japan, 

47.6

61.0

50.7

39.2

49.7

32.2

62.4

46.2

57.6

49.1

40.5

48.4

38 7

58.6

45.0

57.1

47.9

38.4

47.1

37.4

58.7

47.2

59.6

53.0

33.8

49.7

35.5

60.7

50.6

64.5

52.2

37.8

51.3

35.4

65.6

47.4

64.5

49.3

81.4

48.1

27.7

65,8

35.9

60.6

40.8

18.1

38.7

15.7

63.7

51.6

69.4

51.2

31.9

51.0

29.3

70.7

55.7

74.3

57.5

44.4

58.0

44.7

76.3

59.6

70.9

62.5

52.5

61.4

53.5

72.1

67.2

74.2

62.7

46.7

60.5

45.0

76.0

59.1

74.4

66.4

52.5

63.1

51.4

75.7

52.1

73.3

62.3

41.8

57.4

41.7

76.2

60.5

73.9

66.5

49.6

62.6

47.7

77.8

66.5

78.3

73.8

58.5

66.8

57.3

78.5

56.6

77.8

54.9

29.0

52.6

28.0

79.3

69.8

83.0

72.8

54.9

69.9

52.5

83.0

60.1

80.2

65.9

44.9

62.8

43.4

80.2

70

CLIMATE.

MEAN ANNUAL AMOUNT OP MOISTURE PRECIPITATED IN RAIN AND
MELTED SNOW.

Inches.

Inches.
Chicago, HI., - - - 40
Milwaukee, Wis., - - - 29
Green Bay, Wis., - - 34
Muscatine, lo-wa, - - - 44
St. Paul, Minn., - - - 25
Fort Kipley, Minn., - - 29
Corpus Christi, Texas, - 41
San Antonio, Texas, - - 31
Fort McKavett, Texas, - 23
Albuquerque, N. M., - - • 9
Fort Selden, N. M., - - 7
Fort Craig, N. M., - - 11
Fort Sill, Indian Ter., - - 30
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, - 15
Fort Dodge, Kansas, - - 1 1
Fort Russell, Wyoming, - 7
Fort Randall, Dakota, - - 18
Fort Buford, Dakota, - - 9
Fort Benton, Montana, - - 7
Salt Lake City, Utah, - - 18
FortLapwai, Idaho, - - 15
Fort Colville, Washington, - 26
Fort Vancouver, Washingt'n, 45
Fort Stevens, Oregon, - - 80
Camp Warner, Oregon, - 8
Fort Bidwell, Cal., - - 10
San Francisco, Cal., - - 23
Sacramento, Cal., - - - 22
San Diego, Cal,, . - - 10
Fort Yuma, Cal., - - 4

It will be seen from the foregoing tables that the sum
mers, nearly everywhere, have high temperatures, closely
approaching those of the tropics. They partake largely
of a semi-tropical character, while alternating with low
winter temperatures, and having other features peculiar to
temperate climates. The extreme heat, except in the
more elevated portions, closely approaches to or exceeds
100° Fahrenheit, and in some localities it frequently
reaches 115° or 120°.
But the effect of the high temperatures, which if con
tinuous would render the summers thoroughly tropical, is
greatly modified east of the 100th meridian by the fre-

Eastport, Me.,

- 39

Concord, N. H.,

.

42

Burlington, Vt.,

-

34

Boston, Mass.,

-

- 43

New York City, -

43

Albany, N. Y., -

-

- 40

Bufealo, N. Y.,

-

36

Ithaca, N. Y.,

- 30

Philadelphia, Pa.,

-

- 43

Pittsburgh, Pa., -

-

- 34

Washington, D. C,

-

41

Norfolk, Va.,

.

45

Charleston, S. C,

48
Savannah, Ga.,
.
- 49
Augusta, Ga.,
¦
41
Jacksonville, Fla., -
.
50
Tampa, Fla.,
.
- 55
Southern Florida, -
-
- 63
Key West, Fla.,
.
- 48
Mobile, Ala., -
-
- 66
Huntsville, Ala , -
- 54
Plaquemine, La.,
.
- 66
Baton Kouge, La.,
-
- 62
Jackson, Miss.,
.
- 53
Memphis, Tenn., -
.
- 42
Louisville, Ky.,
.
48
Cincinnati, Ohio,
-
- 47
Marietta, Ohio,
.
- 41
Detroit, Mich.,
- 30
St. Louis, Mo.,
-
42
CLIMATE. 71
quent rains that occur, and by other influences that pro
duce intervening periods of lower temperature, so that
not more than three or four successive days of extreme
heat is usual, especially in the more northern portions.
But the nights are generally warm, and the more decidedly
tropic's! characteristics of the southern portion extend
over the greater part of this area, though in a more mod
ified form, and for briefer intervals.
The semi-tropical character of its summers is very
clearly seen in a wide range of tropical and semi-tropical
productions. While the orange, and other tropical fruits
are confined to a limited area in the southern portion, ow
ing to the low winter temperatures, the sugar-cane, cotton
and rice flourish five to eight degrees further north, and
Indian corn, which in Europe is limited to a small area in
the southern part, flourishes here over this entire region,
except in the more elevated portions, and 'is cultivated
much more extensively than in any other part of the
world. A brief period, at least, of hot nights is indispen
sable, to the maturity of this plant, especially in the more
northern portions ; and this is an important characteristic
of the climate east of the dry plains, and one which is
found in but limited areas elsewhere.
Over the arid portions west of the 100th meridian, the
day temperatures, while fully as high as for the same lat
itudes on the Atlantic coast, are followed by decidedly
cooler nights, the daily range there seldom amounting to
less than 20° or 30°, while it sometimes reaches more
than 50" in the higher altitudes, where currents of cool
air, descending from the snowy regions in the mountains,
may cause a day temperature of 80° or 90° to sink to the
freezing point during the night. The great daily range
of temperature over this part of the continent is owing

72 CLIMATE.
chiefly to the conditions of altitude, proximity to moun
tains, and to the great radiation of heat during the night,
peculiar to all arid climates. In consequence of the very
cool nights, comparatively small areas west of the Rocky
Mountains are well adapted to the cultivation of Indian
corn, even with the aid of irrigation, though wheat, barley,
and oats flourish well where the soil is suitable.
In California, where the seasons are for the most part
divided into wet and dry, wheat is produced in great
abundance without the aid of irrigation. The wet season
commences early in November and continues for a period
of about six months, followed by a dry and nearly rain
less season for the other half of the year. The wet sea
son is not one of constant rains, but of rains occurring at
intervals more or less frequent, similar to the summers of
the Atlantic coast. Wheat sown after the early November
rains set in, — which are usually followed by two or three
weeks of fair weather, — continues to grow all winter, and
reaches such a state of maturity during the early spring
that it only requires the hot, dry weather of summer to
ripen it. The dry summer climate of California is admir
ably suited to the cultivation of the grape, and in the
southern part the almond, fig, orange, and lemon, as well
as the more delicate varieties of the grape, are success
fully cultivated.
The tables of mean temperature, in connection with
that giving the precipitation of moisture, at various points,
furnish a condensed exhibit of both of these conditions of
climate for nearly every part of the country. These sta
tistics are taken in most instances from observations ex
tending through long periods of years, and will be found
to correspond very closely with any extended series of
observations for the same localities.

CLIMATE. ( 6
The distribution of moisture over the western plateau,
from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, a large
areaj from which statistics for but a few points are attain
able, is very unequal. Not only do the heaviest of the
winter snows fall in the mountains, but the summer show
ers, which are quite frequent in some localities, are con
fined almost entirely to the mountains, so that cultivation
without irrigation is impossible over nearly the whole of
this wide extent. In New Mexico and Arizona the sum
mer rains are mostly periodic, partaking somewhat of a
tropical character, but are entirely inadequate for purposes
of cultivation. In southwestern Texas, while the summer
rains are frequently very profuse, causing the streams to
overflow their banks, periods of severe drouth are so com
mon as to render success in agriculture nearly impossible.
Very heavy rains are characteristic of the Gulf states,
but occur with lees frequency with the increase of latitude,
though extending even beyond our northern boundary.
They are so powerful and so frequent in nearly all of the
southern states as to render it difficult, in many places, to
utilize with safety the water power of the streams for man
ufacturing purposes.
The remarkably low summer temperature of San Fran
cisco and adjacent portions of the Pacific coast, is owing
to a cold, submerged ocean current coming down from the
Arctic sea, and rising to the surface near the coast in that
locality. The effect of this cold stream, in modifying the
summer temperature in this vicinity, though comparatively
limited in extent, is as marked as that of the warm Japan
current in modifying the winter temperature along the en
tire Pacific coast of North America.

74

CLIMATE.

NAMES OF THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN STATES.

1 NeAV Hampshire,
2 Massachusetts,
3 Rhode Island,
4 Connecticut,
5 New York,
6 New Jersey,
7 Pennsylvania,

8 Delaware,
9 Maryland,
10 Virginia,
11 North Carolina,
12 South Carolina,
13 Georgia.

AREA OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES, AS FURNISHED BT THE GEN
ERAL LAND OFFICE AT WASmNGTON.

States and Territories.

Square Miles.

Alabama,

50,722

Alaska, -

577,390

Arizona, . . -

- 113,916

Arkansas, , -

52,198

California,

- 188,981

Colorado,

- 104,500

Connecticut, -

4,750

Dakota,

- 150,932

Delaware,

2,120

District of Columbia,

60

Florida,

59,268

Georgia, -

58,000

Idaho,

86,294

Illinois, -

55,410

Indiana,

33,809

New Hampshire,

9,280

New Jersey, -

8,320

New Mexico, -

121,201

New York,

47,000

North Carolina,

50,704

Ohio,

39,964

Oregon,

95,274

Pennsylvania,

46,000

Rhode Island,

1,306

South Carolina,

34,000

Tennessee,

45,600

States and Territories.

Square Miles.

Indian Territory, -

68,991

Iowa,

55,045

Kansas, - - -

81,318

Kentucky,

37,680
Louisiana,
41,346
Maine, ...
35,000
Maryland,
11,124
Massachusetts,
7,800
Michigan,
56,451
Minnesota, '-
83,531
Mississippi,
47,156
Missouri,
65,350
Montana,
143,776
Nebraska,
75,995
Nevada, - . -
112,090
Texas, -
274,356
Utah, -
.
84,476
Vermont,
.
10,212
Virginia,
.
38,352
Washington,
69,994
West Virginia,
.
23,000
Wisconsin,
.
53,924
Wyoming,
-
97,883
Total,
3,611,849
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUSTIES BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
NUMBERED IN ORDER OF LOCALITY.

ALABAMA.

ALABAMA— Contin'd.

ARKANSAS.

Counties.Autauga,Baker,Baldwin, -
Barbour, -
Bibb, Blount,Bullock,Butler, Calhoun,Chambers,
Clierokee, Choctaw, -
Clarke,Clay,Cleburne, -
Coffee,Colbert,Conecuh, Coosa,Covington, ¦
Crenshaw,
Dale,Dallas,De Kalb, -
I'^lmore, Escambia,Etowah, -
Fayette,
Franklin, Geneva, -
Greene,Hale, -
Henry, -
Jackson,Jefferson, Lauderdale,

No. Counties.
- 35 Lawrence,
34 Lee,
59 Limestone, -
57 Lowndes,
32 Macon,
- 13 Madison, -• -
- 56 Marengo,
- 53 Marion,
- 21 Marshall,
- 39 Mobile, -
1 5 Monroe,
40 Montgomery,
49 Morgan,
27 Perry, -
22 Pickens,
62 Pike, -
5 Randolph,
52 Russell,
36 St. Clair, -
61 Sanford,
- 54 Shelby,
64 Sumter,
- 42 Talladega,
1 0 Tallapoosa,
- 37 Tuscaloosa,
- 60 Walker, -
14 Washington,
17 Wilcox,
6 Winston, -
63
30 ARIZONA.
31 Maricopa,
65 Mohave, -
4 Pima,
19 Yavapai,
1 Yuma, . . . -

No. Counties. No,
7 Arkansas, - 52
- 46 Ashley, - 71
2 Baxter, 5
43 Benton, 1
- 45 Boone, 3
3 Bradley, - 66
- 41 Calhoun, - 65
- 11 Carroll, 2
9 Chicot, - 72
- 58 Clarke, 56
- 51 Clayton, - 11
- 44 Columbia, - 69
8 Conway, - - 28
- 33 Craighead, 20
- 23 Crawford, 23
- 55 Crittenden, - 34
- 28 Cross, 32
- 47 Dallas, 57
20 Desha, 60
16 Dorsey, - 58
- 25 Drew, - 67
29 Faulkner, 29
26 Franklin, - 24
- 38 Fulton, 6
24 Grant,- - 50
18 Greene, • - 12
- 48 Hempstead, - 62
50 Hot Springs, - 49
12 Howard, - - - 54
Independence, IS
Izard, 7
4 Jackson, 1 9
1 Jefferson, - - - 51
5 Johnson, ¦ - 25
2 Lafayette, - 68
- 3 Lawrence, 9

VB

ALPH

ABETICAL INDEJ

C — COUNTIES.

ARKANSAS-

-Contin'd.

CALIPOENIA-

Cont'd.

COLORADO-Contin'd.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Lee, -

- 44

Lake,

- 11

Lake,

13

Lincoln,

59

Lassen, -

7

Larimer,

2

Little River,

61

Los Angeles,

49

Las Animas,

- 21

Lonoke,

- 41

Marin,

20

Park,

10

Jladison, -

14

Mariposa,

39

Pueblo,

16

Marion, -

4

Mendocino,

10

Saguache,

14

Mississippi,

- 22

Jlerced,

- 38

Summit,

1

Monroe, -

- 43

Mono, -

- 42

Weld,

4

Montgomery,

47

Monterey,

- 40

Nevada,

- 63

Napa, - -

- 21

CONNECTICUT.

Newton,

15

Nevada,

17

Fairfield, -

5

Quachita,

- 64

Placer,

18

Hartford, -

2

Perrv, - -

39

Plumas,

9

Litchfield,

I

Phillips,

45

Sacramento,

- 24

Middlesex,

7

Pike, -

55

San Bernardino,

- 50

New Haven, -

6

Poinsett,

21

San Diego,

- 51

New London, -

8

Polk,

- 46

San Francisco, -

27

Tolland,

3

Pope,

- 26

San Joaquin,

29

Windham,

4

Prairie,

- 42

San Luis Obispo,

- 44

Pulaski,
- 40
San Jlateo, - -
- 32
DAKOTA.
Randolph,
10
Santa Barbarj,
- 47
Armstrong,
75
St. Francis, -
- 33
Santa Clara,
- 35
Ashmore,
- 39
Saline,
- 48
Santa Cruz, -
- 34
Beadle,
- 34
Sarber,
- 37
Shasta,
6
Bonhomme, -
- fO
Scott,
- 36
Sierra,
16
Boreman, ^
- 29
Searcy,
16
Siskij-ou, -
3
Bottineau,
4
Sebastian,
35
Solano,
- 23
Bramble, -
- 57
Sevier,
53
Sonoma,
19
Brookings,
- 60
Sharp,
8
Stanislaus,
- 36
Buffalo, -
52
Stone, -
17
Sutter, ¦
- 14
Burbank, -
- 25
Union,
70
Tehama, -
8
Burchard,
53
Van Buren, -
27
Triuitv,
5
Burleigh, -
- 20
Washington,
13
Tulare,
- 43
Campbell,
- 30
White, - -
30-
Tuolumne,
37
Cass,
- 27
Woodruff,
- 31
Ventura, -
- 48
Cavileer, -
6
Yen,
- 38
Yolo,
22
Charles Mix,
73
Yuba, -
15
Clark, -
- 45
CALIFORNIA.
Clay,
82
Alameda,
- 33
COLORADO.
Cragin,
65
Alpine, -
- 31
Arapahoe,
8
Davison,
66
Amador, -
- 26
Bent,
17
Douglas, -
74
Butte, -
13
Boulder,
3
Duel, -
- 48
Calaveras,
- 30
Clear Creek,
6
Edmunds,
- 33
Colusa, ¦
12
Conejos,
- 18
Faulk,- -
- 41
Contra Costa,
- 28
Costilla,
19
Foster,
17
Del Norte,
1
Douglas, - - -
9
French,
14
El Dorado,
- 25
El Paso,
- 11
Gingras, .
15
Fresno, -
41
Fremont, -
- 15
Grand Forks,
18
Humboldt,
4
Gilpin, -
5
Grant, -
47
Inyo,
46
Greenwood, - -
12
Greeleyi
37
Kern, -
45
Huerfano, - -
- 20
Gregory,
72
Klamath, -
2
Jefferson, - -
- 7
Hamlin, . .
- 46
DAKOTA— Contin'd.
Counties.
Hand, -
Hanson,Howard,
Hughes,Hutchinson, -
Hyde, -
Kidder,
¦ Kingsbury,Lake,La Moure,
Lincoln, -
Logan,Lyman,McCook,McHenry,McPherson,Mercer,Meyer,Mills,Miner, -
Minnehaha, -.
Montraille,
Moody,Morton,Pembina, -
Pratt,Presho, Ramsey,Ransom,Renville,Richland, -
Rollette,Rush,Sheridan, -
Spink, -
Stanley,Stevens, Stone, -
Stutsman,Sully,
Thompson,Todd, -
Tripp, -
Turner,Union,
Wallette, -
Walworth, -
Wetraore,Williams, Wood, -
Yankton, -

:.phj

IBETICAL INDEX-

-COUNTIES.

77

d.

DELAWARE.

GEORGIA— Continued.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

• 42

Kent,

2

Bibb,- - -

78

¦ 67

New Castle,

1

Brooks,

130

8

Sussex,

3

Bryan, -

106

• 50

Bullock, -

96

¦ 76

¦ FLORIDA.

Burke,
73
¦ 51
Alachua,
23
Butts,
56
¦ 21
Baker, -
20
Calhoun,
122
55
Bradford,
24
Camden,
136
59
Brevard,
36
Campbell,
39
- 24
Calhoun,
7
Carroll, -
37
78
Clay, -
25
Catoosa, -
3
- 22
Columbia,
19
Charlton,
135
64
Dade, ¦
39
Chatham, -
107
68
Duval,
22
Chattahoochie,
85
12
Escambia,
1
Chattooga, - -
11
32
Franklin,
9
Cherokee,
20
11
Gadsden,
10
Clarke, -
46
70
Hamilton,
16
Clay, -
- 109
• 35
Hernando, -
31
Clayton,
40
56
Hillsboro,
34
Clinch,
- 134
69
Holmes, -
4
Cobb,
- ,- 29
2
Jackson,
6
Coffee,
- 115
61
Jefferson,
13
Colqxiitt,
129
19
La Fayette,
IS
Columbia,
63
7
Leon, -
11
Coweta, -
53
62
Levy, -
28
Crawford,
77
63
Liberty, -
8
Dade,
1
16
Madison,
14
Dawson,
14
• 26
Manatee,
37
Decatur,
127
3
Marion, -
. 29
De Kalb,
31
¦ 28
Monroe, -
38
Dodge,
92
5
Nassau,
21
Dooly, -
- 101
¦ 38
Orange, -
33
Dougherty,
- 123
13
Polk, -
35
Douglas,
38
44
Putnam,
26
Early,
- 121
49
St. John's,
27
Echols,
133
10
Santa Rosa,
2
Effingham, -
97
36
Sumter, - -
32
Elbert, -
35
23
Suwannee, -
17
Emanuel,
82
40
Taylor,
15
Fannin, -
7
¦ 43
Volusia, -
30
Fayette, -
54
79
Wakulla,
12
Floyd,
18
71
Walton, -
3
Forsyth, -
22
77
Washington,
5
Franklin,
25
83
Fulton,
30
1
GEORGIA.
Gilmer,
6
¦ 31
Appling,Baker,
104
Glascock,
61
¦ 54
124
Glynn,
119
9,
Baldwin,
. 70
Gordon, -
12
• 58
Banks, -
54
Greene,
48
• 81
Bartow, -
.19
Gwinnett,
32
Berrien, - - -
131
Habersham, -
- 17
78

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

GEOEGLi-Continued GEORGLA-Coutinued. ILLINOIS-Continued.

Counties.

No.

Hall, -

23

Hancock,

59

Haralson,

36

Hart, -

26

Harris,

74

Heard,

52

Henry,

41

Houston,

90

Irwin,

- 114

Jackson,

33

Jasper,Jefferson,

57

72

Johnson,

81

Jones,

69

Laurent,

93

Lee,

112

Liberty, -

105

Lincoln, -

51

Lowndes,

132

Lumpkin,

15

McDuffie,

62

Mcintosh,

120

Macon,

89

Madison,

34

Marion, -

85

Meriwether,

66

Miller,

- 125

Milton,

21

Mitchell,

126

Monroe, -

68

Montgomery, -

94

Morgan,

45

Murray, -

5

Muscogee,

84

Newton, -

43

Oglethorpe,

47

Paulding,

28

Pickens, -

13

Pierce, -

117

Pike,- -

67

Polk, -

27

Pulaski, -

91

Putnam,

58

Quitman,

108

Rabun, -

10

Randolph,

110

Richmond, -

64

Rockdale,

42

Schley,

- 88

Scriven, -

- - 83 1

Spalding,
Stewart, -

- 55 1
- - 98 I

Counties. Sumter, -
Talbot, - -
Taliaferro, -
Tatnall, - - -
Taylor, - -
Telfair, -
Terrell, - -
Thomas, - -
Towns, - . . .
Troup,
Twiggs,- -
Union, - - - .
Upson, - .
Walker, - .
Walton, -
Ware,
Warren,
Washington,
Wayne, -
Webster, - . .
White, -
Whitfield,Wilcox, - - - .
Wilkes, - . .
Wilkinson, - . .
Worth, . .
IDAHO.
Ada, -
Alturas, -
Boise, - -
Idaho, -
Kootenai,
Lemhi, - .
Nez Perce, - -
Oneida, - -
Owyhee,-Shoshone, ILLINOIS.
Adams, -
Alexander,
Bond, - .
Boone,
Brown,
Bureau, -
Calhoun, -
CarroU, -
Cass, - -
Champaign, - -
Christian, -
Clarke, ....

No.
¦ 100 75
¦ 49 95
¦ 87
103111
128 9
6579

76 2
44
116 6071
• 116
• 9916 4
102 50
80
113

6
87
5 1
43
10 9
2

42
100 70 4
43 18
58 7
44
48 63

Counties.Clay,
Clinton, - -
Coles, - -
Cook, -
Crawford, -
Cumberland,
De Kalb,
De Witt, -
Douglas, -
Du Page, -
Edgar, -
Edwards, -
Effingham, -
Fayette, - -
Ford,Franklin, -
Fulton, - -
Gallatin,Greene, -
Grundy,
Hamilton,
Hancock,
Hardin, - -
Henderson,Henry, - -
Iroquois,
Jackson,
Jasper, -
Jefferson, -
Jersey, - -
Jo Daviess,
Johnson, -
Kane, -
Kankakee, - -
Kendall,
Knox,
Lake,
La Salle, - .
Lawrence, - .
Lee, . . . .
Livingston,
Logan, - -
Macon, -
Macoupin, -
Madison, - -
Marion, -
Marshall, - -
Mason, - . -
Massac, - - .
McDonough, -
McHenry, ¦ -
McLean,

No.
- - 78
- - 76
- - 6614
- - 74
67 11
- - 47
- - 56 13
- - 57
- 85
- 72
71
4189
3795
- 59
22 90
34
- 99
25
- 17
- 339273
- 83
- 60
- 1
97
- 12
- 2421
27 6
- 20
- 80
- 10
32
4a
- 5461
- 69
- 77
- 30
- 38
- 102
- 35
- 5
- 40

ALPHABETICAL^ INDEX — COUNTIES.

79

ILLINOIS-Continued. INDIANA— Continued. INDIANA— Continued.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Menard, - . -

45

Crawford,

90

Posey, ...

. . 85

Mercer, - . . .

16

Daviess, - - -

- 70

Pulaski, ...

U

Monroe, - -

81

Dearborn,

68

Putnam, -

. . 45

Montgomery, - -

62

Decatur,

66

Randolph,

- - 42

Morgan,

- 52

DeKalb,- - -

17

Ripley, . -

- - 67

Moultrie, - -

- 65

Delaware,

. - 41

Rush, - . -

. - 57

Ogle, - - -

9

Dubois, -

80

St. Joseph,

- ¦ 4

Peoria, - - -

29

Elkhart,

- 5

Scott, - . .

- - 83

Perry, - - -

88

Fayette, - -

- 58

Shelby,

- 56

Piatt,

- 55

Floyd,- - -

- - 92

Spencer, - -

- 88

Pike,- - - -

- 50

Fountain,

36

Starke, . .

- - 10

Pope,Pulaski, -

. 98

Franklin, -

60

Steuben,

7

- 101

Fulton, -

- - 13

Sullivan, - .

- 61

Putnam, - .

- 19

Gibson, - -

- - 78

Switzerland, -

77

Randolph, -

- 87

Grant,- . . .

- 33

Tippecanoe, - -

- 29

Richland, - -

. 79

Greene,

. 62

Tipton,

- 32

Rock Island, - -

15

Hamilton,

- 39

Union,

- - 59

Saline, ¦ -

. 94

Hancock, . .

- 48

Vanderburg,

- 86

Sangamon,

. 53

Harrison, - -

- - 91

Vermillion,

- 43

Schuyler, - -

36

Hendricks,

- 46

Vigo, -

- - 51

Scott,

51

Henry, -

- 49

Wabash, -

- - 24

Shelby, -

- 64

Howard,

- - 31

Warren,

- 28

Stark,

. 28

Huntington, - -

25

Warrick, - -

- 87

St. Clair, . -

75

Jackson,

- - 73

Washington, -

- - 82

Stephenson, - .

- 2

Jasper, - -

- 9

Wayne,

- - 50

Tazewell, -

39

Jay, -

35

Wells,- -

- - 26

Union, - -

- 96

Jefferson,

75

Wliite,

- 20

Vermillion, - -

- 49

Jennings,

. 74

Wliitley, -

16

Wabash, - - -

86

Johnson, ...

- . 55

Warren, ...

- 26

Knox, - -

. . 69

IOWA.

Washington, - .

. 82

Kosciusko, - -

. . 14

Adair, -

- - 72

Wayne, ....

84

La Grange, -

6

Adams, - - -

- - 82

White, - - -

91

Lake, - -

. 1

Allamakee,

11

Whitesides, - -

- 8

Laporte, - -

3

Appanoose,

- 97

Will,- - - -

- 23

Lawrence, - -

- 72

Audubon,

- - 59

Williamson,

93

Madison, -

- 40

Benton, -

- 52

Winnebago, -

3

Marion,

- 47

Black Hawk, -

- 40

Woodford, -

- 31

Marshall,

12

Boone,

- 48

Martin, - -
- 71
Bremer, - -
- 29
INDIANA.
Miami, - -
- - 23
Buchanan,
. 41
Adains, -
- 27
Monroe, -
63
Buena Vista,
- - 23
Allen, - -
18
Montgomery,
- 37
Butler, - - -
- 28
Bartholomew, -
65
Morgan,
54
Calhoun, - -
- 35
Benton, ....
19
Newton,
. . 8
Carroll, . . .
- 46
Blackford, . - .
34
Noble,- - -
15
Cass, .
- - 71
Booue, . .
33
Ohio, - -
76
Cedar, -
- 67
Brown, - - -
- 64
Orange, - .
81
Cerro Gordo, -
- 18
Carroll, - -
- 21
Owen, - - .
. - 53
Cherokee, . -
- - 22
Cass,- - - .
- 22
Parke,
- - 44
Chickasaw,
20
Clarke, ....
- 84
Perry, . - -
- - 89
Clarke, ¦
84
Clay,- - . .
- 52
Pike, - - -
. - 79
Clay, -
- 14
Clinton, ....
- 30
Porter, . . .
- - 2
Clayton, -
- . 31
80

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

IOWA— Continued.

IOWA— Continued.

KANSAS-Contlnued.

Counties. Clinton, -
Crawford,Crocker,
Dallas, -
Davis, Decatur,
Delaware, Des Moines,
Dickinson, -
Dubuque,Emmett,Fayette, -
Floyd, -
Franklin,Fremont, Greene, -
Grundy,Guthrie,
Hamilton, Hancock,Hardin, -
Harrison, -
Henry,Howard,Humboldt, - ¦
Ida, -
Iowa,Jackson,Jasper,Jefferson,Johnson,Jones, - -
Keokuk,Kossuth,Lee,Linn,Louisa,Lucas,Lyon, - -
Madison, Mahaska,Marion, - -
Marshall, Mills, - -
Mitchell, -
Monona,Monroe, - -
Montgomery,Muscatine, -
O'Brien,Osceola, -
Page,

No. 56
45 5
619895
42 90 3
43 4
30 19
27 91
47 39 6037 17
38 57 89 9
2533 65
556388665477 16
100 537985 1
7376 755080 8
44 868168 13 2
92

Counties.
Palo Alto,
Plymouth,Pocahontas,
Polk,- - -
Pottawattamie,Poweshiek, -
Ringgold, Sac, -
Scott, -
Shelby, -
Sioux,Story,
Tama, - -
Taylor, -
Union, -
Van Buren,
Wapello, -
Warren, TVashington,Wayne, - -
Webster, Winnebago,Winneshiek,Woodbury,Worth,
Wright, - -
KANSAS.
Allen, - - -
Anderson, - -
Arrapahoe,
Atchison, - -
Barbour,Barton, - -
Billings,Bourbon,Brown, - . . -
Buffalo, -
Butler, Chase,Cherokee,Cheyenne,Clark, -
Clay,-Cloud,Coffey, - - -
Comanche, -
Cowley, -
Crawford,
Davis, -
Decatur,
Dickinson, -

No. 15
212402 706494
34 695812
49 5193839987747896
36 6
10
32 7
26

77 6183
2692 51 4
78 12
677456
103 1
882221 599096
102 39 3
38

Counties.

Ko.

Doniphan, -

13

Douglas,

43

EIli.s,- -

- S3

Ellsworth,

52

Foote, -

C5

Ford,

87

Franklin,

CO

Gove,

31

Graham,

17

Grant, -

81

Greeley, . .

45

Greenwood,

75

Hamilton,

64

Harper, -

94

Harvey, - -

72

Hodgeman,

68

lioward.

97

Jackson,

- 25

Jefferson,

27

Jewell, - -

- 7

Johnson, -

- 44

Kansas, -

80

Kearney,

- 65

Kingman, - ¦

93

Kiowa, .

- 89

Labette, - -

101

Lane, - -

. - 48

Leavenworth, - .

28

Lincoln, - - .

35

Linn, - - -

63

Lyon,McPlierson, -

57

54

Marion, -

55

Marshall,

- - 10

Meade,

. - 86

Miami,

62

Mitchell,

20

Montgomery, - •

¦ - 99

Morris, - ' -

. - 40

Nemaha, - •

11

Neosho, - - -

- 100

Ness, -

- 49

Osage,

- - 58

Osborne,

19

Ottawa, -

36

Pawnee,

69

Phillips, - . .

5

Pottawattamie,

- 24

Pratt, . .

- - 91

Rawlins,

2

Reno,

- 71

Republic, . - •

- - 8

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

81

KANSAS— Continued. KENTUCKY-Conti'ed. KENTUCKY-Conti'ed.

Coimties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Rice, -

- 53

Clay,- -

87

Martin,

40

Riley, ....

. 23

Clinton, - -

111

Mason,

8

Rooks, - - -

18

Crittenden,

64

Meade, -

46

Rush,

. 50

Cumberland, -

- 103

Menifee,

37

BusseU, - -

34

Daviess, - •

- - 43

Mercer, -

51

Saline, - -

- 37

Edmonson, -- -

- 73

Metcalfe,

- 107

Scott, ¦ -

47

Elliott, - -

- 23

Monroe, -

106

Sedgwick, - - -

- 73

Estill, . .

- - 55

Montgomery, -

35

Seward, - - .

84

Fayette, - - -

- 32

Morgan,

. 38

Sequoyah, - . .

66

Fleming,

20

Muhlenburgh,

69

Shawnee, . .

42

Floyd, - - - .

61

Nelson,

. 49

Sheridan,

- 16

Franklin,

29

Nicliolas,

19

Sherman, - -

14

Fulton, - -

93

Ohio,

- 70

Smith, - . -

¦ 6

Gallatin, - -

4

Oldham,

12

Stafford,

70

Garrard,

- 53

Owen,

- 16

Stanton,

79

Grant, . . - .

. - 5

Owsley, -. -

¦ 86

Stevens,

82

Graves, . -

94

Pendleton, - - -

- 6

Sumner, - - ¦

- 95

Grayson,

. 72

Perry,

88

Thomas,

- 15

Green, -

76

Pike,- - -

- 62-

Trego, - -

32

Greenup,

10

Powell, -

56

Wabaunsee, -

¦ 41

Hancock,

44

Pulaski, -

- 82

Wallace, -

. 30

Hardin, -

. 47

Robertson, -

18

Washington, -

9

Harlan, -

. 116

Rock Castle,

- 84

Wichita, . ¦

46

Harrison, - -

17

Rowan, - -

21

Wilson, - - -

98

Hart,-

¦ - 74

Russell, - -

- 110

Woodson, - - .

76

Henderson, - .

42

Scott, -.

31

Wyandotte, - -

29

Henry, - . . .

. . 15

Shelby, -

26

Hickman,

¦ - 92

Simpson,

103

KENTUCKY.

Hopkins,

. 66

Spencer,

27

Adair,

109

Jackson, . -

85

Taylor, -

77

AUen,

104

Jefferson,

25

Todd,

100

Anderson, - - •

• 28

Jessamine, - -

52

Trigg,

- 98

Ballard,- - - •

¦ 90

Johnson,

39

Trimble,

13

Barren, - - . .

¦ 105

Josh Bell, -

115

Union, -

- 41

Bath, -

• 36

Kenton, - -

2

Warren,

- 102

Boone, - - -

1

Knox,

114

Washington,

- 50

Bourbon, - - . .

- 33

La Rue, - -

75

Wayne,

112

Boyd, - -

11

Laurel, - -

83

Webster, - -

67

Boyle, -

80

Lawrence, - -

. 24

Whitley, -

113

Bracken, - -

7

Lee,

. 57

Wolfe, --

58

Breathitt,

59

Letcher, - - •

. . " 89

Woodford, -

30

Breckinridge, - -

45

Lewi,s,- - -

9

Bullitt, - - -
48
Lincoln, - -
81
LOUISIANA
¦•
Butler, - -
71
Livingston, - -
. . 63
A,scension, -, -
46
Caldwell,
. 65
Logan,
101
Assumption, - -
- 48
Calloway,
96
Lyon, -
97
Avoyelles, -
27
Campbell, . . . .
. 3
McCracken,
91
Bienville, - -
- 11
Carroll, - -
14
McLean, - - -
68
Bossier, -
. 2
Carter,
22
Madison, -
. - 54
Caddo, - .
1
Casey, - -
79
Magoffin, .
, . 60
Calcasieu, - -
- 28
Christian,
99
?>Iarion, - . . -
78
Caldwell,
- 21
Clarke, ¦ - -
- 34
Marshall, - ¦
95
Cameron, . .
- 37
ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

LOUISIANA-Conti'd.. MAINE-Continued.

MASS.— Continued.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Carroll, -

- 8

Cumberland, . .

12

Plymouth, .

. 11

Catahoula,

22

Franklin, - -

. 6

Suffolk, - - .

8

Clailiorne,

4

Hancock, - - -

- 9

Worcester, .

5

Concordia,

24

Kennebec,

- 7

De Soto, - -

9

Knox, - -

- 16

MICHIGAN.

East Baton Rouge,

- 44

Lincoln,

- 15

Alcona, ....

25

East Feliciana, -

- 32

Oxford,

5

Allegan, - - .

58

Franklin,

- 15

Penobscot,

4

Alpena, ....

19

Grant,- - -

20

I'iscataquis, -

3

Antrim,

16

Iberia, -

- 40

Sagadalioc,

14

Barry, - -

59

Iberville, - - -

- 42

Somerset,

2

Bay, -

- 42

Jackson,

12

Waldo,

- 8

Benzie,

20

Jefferson, - -

. 62

Washington,

10

Berrien,

- 71

La Fayette, - - .

- 39

York, - - -

- 11

Branch,

- 74

La Fourche,

- 55

Calhoun, -
- 67
Lincoln,
- 5
MARYLAND.
Cass, - .
- 72
Livingston, - .
- 45
Allegany,
- 2
Charlevoix, -
12
Madison, ....
. 16
Anne Arundel,
- 12
Cheboygan, -
13
Morehouse, .
7
Baltimore, - -
- 6
Chippewa,
6
Natchitoches, . -
18
Calvert, -
16
Clare, - - -
- 35
Orleans, ....
- 53
Caroline, -
18
Clinton, - -
53
Ouachita,
13
Carroll, -
. 5
Crawford,
- 23
Plaquemines,
- 56
Cecil, -
- 8
Delta,- - .
9
Point Coupee, . .
. 30
Charles, -
- 15
Eaton,
- 60
Rapides, -
- 26
Dorchester, - -
- 20
Emmet,
- 11
Red River, -
10
Frederick, -
- 4
Genesee, .
- 55
Richland,
- 14
Garrett,
1
Gladwin, - -
- 36
Sabine, - -
- 17
Harford, - - -
- 7
Grand Traverse, -
- 21
St. Bernard,
57
Howard,
- 10
Gratiot, . -
- 46
St. Charles, - - -
- 51
Kent, - - -
- 13
Hillsdale,
- 75
St. Helena,
- 33
Montgomery,
- 9
Houghton, -
2
St. James,
- 49
Prince George's,
- 11
Huron, - . . -
- 43
St. John Baptist, -
. 50
Queen Anne's, - -
14
Ingham, ...
- 61
St. Landry, - -
- 29
St. Mary's, - - -
19
Ionia, .....
- 52
St. Martin's, - -
. 41
Somerset,
- 22
Iosco, - - .
- 31
St. Mary's, - -
- 47
Talbot, -
- 17
Isaliella,
- 40
St. Tammany, -
36
Washington, -
- 3
Jackson,
68
Tangipahoa,
- 34
Wicomico,
21
Kalamazoo, - -
66
Tensas,
23
Worcester,
23
Kalcaska, - -
- 22
Terrebonne,
54
Kent,
- 51
Union,
- 6
MASSACHUSETTS.
Keweenaw,
3
Vermillion, - -
38
Barnstable,
- 12
Lake, - - -
- 33
Vernon, - . .
- 25
Berkshire,
1
Lapeer, - - -
- 56
Waslnngton,
- 35
Bristol, -
- 10
Leelenaw, -
. 15
Webster, - -
3
Duke's, - -
13
Lenawee, - - -
. 76
West Baton Rouge,
- 43
Essex, -
- 7
Livingston, - - -
- 62
West Feliciana, .
- 31
Franklin, - -
- 2
Mackinac, - - -
- 7
Winn,- - -
- 19
Hampden,
- 4
Macomb, - - -
- 64
Hampshire,
3
Manistee,
- 26
MAINE.
Middlesex, ...
6
Manitou, ....
10
Androscoggin, - -
- 13
Nantucket, -
- 14
Jlarquette, - -
4
-Aroostook, ...
1
Norfolk, ....
. 9
Mason, ....
- 32
ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

83

MICHIGAN-Contin'd. MINNESOTA-Cont'd. MINNBSOTA-Cont'd.

Counties. No.
Mecosta, .... 39
Menominee, - . - - 8
Midland, - - - 41
Jlissaukee, - 23
Monroe, - 77
Montcalm, - 45
Montmorency, - 18
Muskegon, - - 44
Newavgo,- - 38
Oakland, - - 63
Oceana, - - 37
Ogemaw, - 30
Ontonagon, - - 1
Osceola, - - 34
Oscoda, - - 24
Otsego, . - 17
Ottawa, - - 50
Presque Isle, 14
Roscommon, - 29
Saginaw, - - 47
St. Clair, - - 57
St. Joseph, - 73
Sanilac, - - 49
Schoolcraft, - - 5
Shiawasse, - 54
Tuscola, - - 48
Van Buren, - 65
Washtenaw, 69
Wayne, - - - 70
Wexford, - - 27
MINNESOTA.
Aiken,Anoka,Becker, ...
Beltrami, Benton,Big Stone,
Blue Earth, -
Browu, Carlton,Carver,Cass, -
Chippewa,Chisago, -
Clay, -
Cottonwood, -
Crow Wing, -
Dakota, -
Dodge,Douglas,Fairbault, - -

10
39 8
3
29 33 65
53 11
49 9
4432 7
63 18
51 682575

Counties.Fillmore, - -
Franklin,Freeborn, .
Goodhue, Grant, - .
Hennepin, .
Holcombe, .
Houston, - .
Isanti, . -
Itasca, - -
Jackson, -
Kanabec, - -
Kandiyohi, -
Lac qui Parle,
Lake, -
Le Sueur, -
Lincoln, . .
Lyon, -
McLeod, - -
Martin, - -
Meeker, - -
Mille Lacs, -
Monongalia, Morrison,
Mower, - -
Murray, - -
Nicollet, -
Nobles, - .
Olmsted, . .
Otter Tail, -
Pembina,Pine, . - -
Pipe Stone, -
Polk, Pope, ...
Ramsey, -
Redwood, Renville, - -
Rice, - -
Rock, - -
St. Louis, -
S30tt, -
Sherburne, -
Sibley, - -
Stearns, - -
Steele, - -
Stevens, - -
Swift, - - -
Todd, - . .
Traverse,
Wabasha, .
Wadena, . -

No. Counties.
. 78 Waseca, . -
- 27 Washington, - -
- 76 Watonwan, -
. 59 Wilkin,
- 23 Winona, - -
- 38 Wright, -
- 13 Yellow Medicine, ~
- 79
- 31 MISSISSIPPI.
- 4 Adams,
- 73 Alcorn,
- 20 Amite,
- 45 Attala,
- 42 Benton, -
- 6 Bolivar, -
57 Calhoun, -
- 52 Carroll, -
. 53 Chickasaw, -
- 48 Choctaw,- - -
74 Claiborne, -
- 36 Clarke, -
- 19 Coahoma, - -
35 Colfax, -
- 17 Copiah, -
- 77 Covington,
- 62 De Soto, -
- 56 Franklin,
- 72 Greene, - . .
. 69 Grenada, . . . -
- 16 Hancock, -
. 1 Harrison, . -
- 21 Hinds,- -
- 61 Holmes, - -
2 Issaquena, - - -
26 Itawamba, ...
- 40 Jackson, ....
. 54 Jasper, - -
. 46 Jefferson,
- 58 Jones, - ...
- 71 Kemper, - - -
5 La Fayette, - -
- 50 Lauderdale, - - .
- 30 Lawrence,
. 47 Leake, ....
- 28 Lee, 
- 67 Lincoln, - - - -
- 24 Lowndes,- - -
. 34 Leflore, ....
16 Madison, ....
- 22 Marion, - . - .
- 60 Marshall, . - .
15 Monroe. .

No.
- 66
- 41
- 64 1270
- 37
- 43

- 56 5
- 64
- 34 3
- 22
- 19
- 26
- 20
- 28
- 49
- 54
- 16
- 30
- 50
- 60
- 1
- 57
- 68
- 25 70
- 71
- 44
- 33
- 37 15
72
- 5355
- 61
42
- 11
- 48
- 59
- 40
. 14
- 58
- 31
- 24
- 39
- 66
. 2
- 21

»4,

ALPHj

i.BETICAL INDEX-

-COUNTIES. -

MISSISSIPPI— Cont'd.

MISSOURI— Contin'ed.

MISSOURI-

-Coutin'ed.

Counties.

No.
Counties.
No.
Couhties.
No.
Montgomery,
- 27
Christian, - -
100
Nodaway, ¦ - -
- - -
2
Neshoba, -
-
41
Clarlc, - -
10
Oregon, -
- _
105
Newton, - -
-
47
Cl.-iy, -
-• 2,S
Osage, - -
60
Noxubee,
. . -
36
Clinton, -
27
Ozark, - -
-
103
Oktibbeha, -
- -
29
Cole,- - -
48
Pemiscot, -
_ _
114
Panola, - -
. . .
10
Cooper, - - -
46
Perrv, - -
_ _
iO
Pearl,
- -
69
Crawford,
76
Pettis, - - -
-
43
Perry,
-
67
Dade,
83
Plielps, - -
74
Pike, - -
- -
65 12-
Dallas,  -
Davies, -
70 14
Pike, - - -
42
Pontotoc, -
Platte,
26
Prentiss,
--
6
De Kalb, - - -
13
Polk,-- -
-
69
Rankin, -
45
Dent,- -
75
Pulaski,- -
- -
73
Scott, - -
-
46
Douglas,
102
Putnam,
7
Simpson, -
-
51
Dunklin,
113
Ralls, - -
35
Smith,- 
-
52
Franklin, - - -
63
Randolph, -
-
- 33
Sunflower, -
.
23
Gasconade, - ¦
62
Ray, - ¦
_
30
Tallahatchie,
.
- 17
Gentry, -
4
Reynolds, - -
_
90
Tate, -
- -
9
Greene, - -
85
Ripley, -
107
Tinnah - - - ¦
4
Grundy, - - - -
15
St. Charles,
.
53
Tishomingo,
-
- 7
Harrison, - -
5
St. Clair, -
66
Tunica, - -
-
8
Henry,- - -
56
St. Francois,
--
78
Union, - -
-
- 13
Hickory,
68
St. Genevieve
, r
79
Warren,
-
- 43
Holt, -
11
St. Louis, -
54
Wasliington,
.. .
32
Howard,
39
Saline, - -
-
38
Wayne, - -
62
Howell, -------
104
Schuyler, -
8
Wilkinson, -
--
63
Iron, - - -
91
Scotland, -
9
Winston, -
35
Jackson, - - ¦
36
Scott, -
110
Yallobusha,
-
- 18
Jas))er, - - -
82
Shannon,
89
Yazoo, - -
- -
38
Jefferson, - -
64
Shelby,- -
.-
- 22
Johnson,
44
Stoddard,- -
,
109
MISSOUEI.
Knox,
21
Stone,
99
Adair, - -
- 19
Laclede, - - - - - - -
-¦ 72
Sullivan,
_ .
- 17
Andrew,
-.
- 12
La Fayette,
37
Taney,- -
-
,-:101.
Atchison, - •
. .
- 1
Lawrence, - -
- 84
Texas, -
.. _
- ¦¦ 88,
Audrain, -
-
41
Lewis, -
23
Vernon, - - -
- . - ¦
- 65
Barry, - -
- .
98
Lincoln, 
52
Warren,
.
- 51
Barton,
-.
81
Linn, --
- 18
Wasliington,
77
Bates, -. -
55
Livingston, - - -
- 16
Wayne, - - .
_
93
Benton, - . - ¦
.
57
McDonald, - -
97
Webster, . -
86
Bollinger, -•
-
94
Macon, -. .. - -
20
Worth, - -
- -
- 3
Boone,- -
-
- 40
Madison,
92
Wright, -
87
Buchanan, -
.
- 25
Maries, -- --
61
Butler, -. -.
108
Marion, - --
24
MONTANA
Caldwell, -
-
29
Mercer, - - -
6
Beaver Head
_
- 8
Callaway, -.
- .
49
Miller, -
59
Big Horn, -
11
Camden, - -
71
Mississippi,
112
Chouteau,
.
- 5
Cape Girardeau, -
95
Moniteau,
47
Dawson,
.
6
Carroll, -
31
Monroe, -
34
Deer Lodge,
2
Carter, - -
.
- 106
Montgomery, --
50
G.iUatin, -
10
43
IVl rtTO'Q n
53
111
Jefferson,
¦ Lewis & Clar
43
Cedar, -
67
New Madrid,
ke, -
Charlton,
-
32
Newton, -- -
96
Madison, -
-
9
ALPHABETICAL INDEX-

-COUNTIES.

85

MONTANA-

-Contln'd.

NEBRASKA-Contin'd.

NEW JERSEY- Con'd.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Meagher, -

7

Red Willow,

- 51

Hudson, - - -

7

Missoula,-

1

Saline,

46

Hunterdon,

8

Sarpy, -

27

Mercer, .

11

NEBRASKA.

Saunders,

25

Middlesex,

12

Adams,

- 43

Seward, -

- 36

Monmouth,

13

Antelope,

6

Slierman,

- 20

Morris,

5

Boone,

15

Stanton, -

10

Ocean,

15

Buffalo,

- 32

Thayer,

- 57

Passaic,

2

Burt,

12

Valley, -

13

Salem,

19

Butler,

- - 24

Washington,

19

Somerset,

9

Cass, - -

- 38

Wayne,

9

Sussex, -

1

Cedar, -

3

Welister, -

- 55

Union, -

10

Chase, -

- 40

York,

- 35

Warren,

4

Chevenne,

- 28

Clav,
- 44
¦NhlVADA.
NEW MEXICO.
Colfax,
- 17
Churchill,
8
Bernalillo,
8
Cuming,
11
Douglas, -
- 12
Colfax,
2
Dakota,
- 5
Elko,
3
Dona Ana,
l;!
Dawson, -
- 31
Esmeralda,
13
Grant, -
12
Dixon,
4
Eureka, -
10
Lincoln,
11
Dodge,
18
Humboldt,
2
Mora, - -
4
Douglas, -
26
Lander, -
9
Rio Arriba, . -
3
Dundy,
- 49
Lincoln,
15
Santa Ana,
5
Fillmore, -
- 45
Lyon, -
7
Santa Fe,
6
Franklin, - -
54
Nye,
14
San Miguel, -
7
Frontier, - -
- 41
Ormsby,
6
Socorro, ¦
10
Furnas,
- 52
Eoop, -
1
Taos, -
1
Gage, -
- . - 59
Storey,
5
Valencia, -
y
Greeley,
14
Washoe,
4
Hall, -
33
White Pine, - -
11
NEW YORK.
Hamilton, -
34
Albany, -
- 35
Harlan, -
53
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Allegany, -
¦ 39
Hitchcock,
- 50
Belknap, -
6
Broome, -
4.")
Holt, - - -
1
Carroll, -
- 3
Cattaraugus,
¦ 38
Howard,
- 21
Cheshire, -
8
Cayuga, - -
15
Jefferson,
58
Coos, - -
1
Chautauqua,
37
.lohnson.
- - 47
Grafton, - -
2
Chemung, -
• 42
Kearney, - -
- - 42
Hillsl)orough,
9
Chenango,
¦ 30
Knox, -
2
Merrimack, -
5
Clinton,
,'j
Lancaster, -
- 37
Rockingham,
10
Columbia,
- 43
Lincoln,
- 30
Strafford, - -
7
Cortland, -
29
Madison, -
8
Sullivan,
4
Dela\vare,
46
Merrick,
- - 22
Dutchess, -
51
Monroe,
29
NEW JERSEY.
Erie,
22
Nemaha, -
- - - 48
Atlantic, - -
18
Essex, - - -
9
Nuckolls,- ¦
- - 56
Bergen, - - -
- 3
Franklin,- -
2
Otoe,
- 39
Burlington,
14
Fulton, . . . -
19
Pawnee, - -
60
Camden, -
17
Genesee, - -
'>,'J
Pierce,
- - - 7
Cape May, -
- 21
Greene, - - -
47
Platte, - - -
16
Cumberland, ¦'
- 20
Hamilton, -
8
Polk, -
- 23
Essex, - - -
6
Herkimer,
7
Richardson, -
- 61
Gloucester, - -
- 16
Jefferson,
4
86

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

NEWYORK-Oontin'd. N. CAROLINA-Con'd. N. CAROLINA-Con'd.

Counties.

No.

Counties

Kings, -

58

Caldwell, -

Lewis, -

6

Camden,

Livingston,

- 25

Carteret, -

Madison, -

17

Caswell,

Monroe,

13

Catawba, -

Montgomery,

- 32

Chatham,

New York,

56

Cherokee,

Niagara,

11

Chowan,

Oneida,

18

Clay, -

Onondaga,

- 16

Cleveland,

Ontario,

- 26

Columbus,

Orange,

- 52

Craven,

Orleans, -

12

Cumberland,

Oswego, -

5

Currituck, -

Otsego,

- 31

Dare,

Putnam, -

- 53

Davidson,

Queens,

- 59

Davie, - -

Rensselaer,

- 36

Duplin, -

Richmond,

- 57

Edgecombe, -

Rockland,

- 34

Forsyth,

St. Lawrence,

1

Franklin,

Saratoga,

- 20

Gaston,

Schenectady,

- 34

Gates, -

Schoharie, -

- 33

Graham,

Schuyler, -

- 41

Granville,

Seneca, -

28

Greene, -

Steuben, .

- 40

Guilford, -

Suffolk,

60

Halifax,

Sullivan,

- 49

Harnett,

Tioga, -

- 44

Haywood,

Tompkins,

- 43

Henderson,

Ulster, -

50

Hertford, - -

Warren,

10

Hyde, -

Washington,

- . 21

Iredell,

Wayne,

- 14

Jackson,

Westchester,

. . 55

Johnston, -

Wyoming,

24

Jones,

Yates, - .

27

Lenoir, Lincoln, -

NORTH CAROLINA.

McDowell,

Alamance,

24

Macon, -

Alexander,

- 41

Madison,

Alleghany,

2

Martin,

Anson,

- 85

Mecklenburg,

Ashe, - -

1

Mitchell,

Beaufort, -

- 53

Montgomery,

Bertie, -

- 31

Moore,

Bladen,_ -

- 88

Nash, -

Brunswick,

- 93

New Hanover,

Buncombe,

- 62

Northampton,

Burke,

- 38

Onslow, - -

Cabarrus,

"72

Orange,

No.

Counties.

No.

- 39

Pamlico, - -

83

17

Pasquotank, -

16

91

Perquimans, -

15

6

Person,

7

- 40

Pitt, -

52

- 47

Polk, -

65

55

Randolph,

- 46

14

Richmond,

86

57

Robeson, -

87

- 68

Rockingham, -

5

- 92

Rowan, - -

- 44

- 82

Rutherford, -

66

- 77

Sampson,

78

- 18

Stanly, -

73

- 34

Stokes, ...

4

- 45

Surry, -

- 3

- 43

Swain,

- 59

79

Transylvania, -

- 63

- 29

TyrreU, ....

- 33

- 22

Union, . -

- 84

- 27

Wake,- - .

- 26

- 70

Warren, ...

- 9

13

Washington,

32

- 56

Watauga, - - -

. 19

8

Wayne, -

. 50

- 51

Wilkes, - - - .

- 20

- 23

Wilson, . . .

49

10

Yadkin, . .

. 21

76

Yancey, ...

36

61

64

OHIO.

12

Adams, . .

. 82

54

Allen,- . . .

. 26

- 42

Ashland, ....

. 31

60

Ashtabula, . .

- 14

48

Athens, ....

- 77

- 81

Auglaize,

- 36

80

Belmont, - - .

- 59

69

Brown, ...

- 81

67

Butler, - . .

- 70

58

CarroU, - . .

- 47

- 35

Champaign, -

- f2

- 30

Clark, 

53

- 71

Clermont, - . .

- eo

- 37

Clinton, . .

72

- 74

Columbiana, . .

- 34

- 75

Coshocton, . -

- 45

- 28

Crawford, - - -

- 29

- 89

Cuyahoga, - - -

- 11

11

Darke, -

- 50

- 90

Defiance, -

- 4

- 25

Delaware, - - -

- 11

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

87

OHIO— Continued.

OHIO— Continued

Counties.Erie, - '- -
Fairfield, - -
Fayette, -
Franklin, - -
Fulton, ...
Gallia, ...
Geauga,Greene, . .
Guernsey,Hamilton, . .
Hancock, - . .
Hardin, ...
Harrison, . .
Henry, ...
Highland, . .
Hocking, - . -
Holmes, . .
Huron, . -
Jackson, . -
Jefferson, . .
ICnox, ....
Lake, ...
Lawrence, . -
Licking, - . .
Logan, - .
Lorain, . .
Lucas, - .
Madison, ...
Mahoning, . .
Marion, - . -
Medina, ...
Meigs, - . . -
Mercer, - -
Miami, ...
Monroe, . .
Montgomery, -
Morgan, - -
Morrow, - -
Muskingum,Noble,- . .
Ottawa, . .
Paulding,Perry, ....
Pickaway, . .
Pike, . . .
Portage, . -
I'reble, - - -
Putnam, ...
Richland, . .
Ross, ....
Sandusky, . -
Sciota, - . -

No. Counties.
9
. 65
- 63
- 55
- 2
. 87
. 13
- 62
. 58
. 79
. 17
. 27
. 48
. 5
. 73
. 75
. 44
. 19
. 85
- 49
. 43
- 12
. 86
- 56
- 38
- 10
. 3
. 54
. 24
. 40
. 20
- 88
. 35
- 51
- 69
- 61
- 67
- 42
- 57
- 68
- 7
15
. 6664
. 83
. 22 60
- 16
. .3074 8
. 84

Seneca, . -
Shelby, - . . .
Stark, - - - .
Summit, - - .
Trumbull, - - ¦
Tuscarawas,Union,Van Wert,
Vinton, - - .
Warren, -
Washington, - .
Wayne, Williams,
Wood,- -
Wyandot, OREGON.
Baker, - -
Benton, -
Clackamas, -
Clatsop, -
Columbia, Coos,Curry,
Douglas, -
Grant, - - -
Jackson, - - ¦
Josephine,Lane, - - -
Linn,Marion, -
Multnomah, - -
Polk, 
Tillamook,Umatilla, -
Union,Wasco, -
Washington, Yam Hill, -

No.
- 18
- 37
. 33
. 21
- 23
- 46
- 39
- 25
- 7671
. 78
- 32
- 1
6
28

22 10 8 1
- 2
1718
- 16
- 21
- 20 1912
- 11 9 7
- 63
14 15
13 4
- 5

PENNSYLVANIA.

A dams,
Allegheny, Armstrong,
Beaver, -
Bedford, -
Berks, - -
Blair,Bradford,Bucks,- -
Butler, -
Cambria, -

- 59
- 34
- 22
- 33
- 55
- 47
- 38 7
- 66
- 20
- 37

PENN'IA-Continued.
Counties. No.
Cameron, 14
Carbon, - 48
Centre, - 25
Chester, - 62
Clarion, - - 21
Clearfield, - 24
Clinton, 1 5
Columbia, - 29
Crawford, 2
Cumberland, - 58
Dauphin, - - - 44
Delaware, - - 63
Elk, - - 13
Erie, 1
Fayette, - - 53
Forest, . 12
Franklin, - - 57
Fulton, - 56
Greene, - - 52
Huntington, - - 39
Indiana, - 36
Jefferson, - 23
Juniata, - - 42
Lancaster, - 61
Lawrence, - 19
Lebanon, - - 45
Lehigh, - 49
Luzerne, - 30
Lycoming, 1 6
McKean, - 4
Mercer, 10
Mifflin, - - 40
Monroe, - - 31
Montgomery, 64
Montour, - ¦- - 28
Northampton, - 50
Northumberland, - - 27
Perry, - - - 43
Philadelphia, - 65
Pike, - - 32
Potter, - 5
Schuylkill, - 46
Snyder, - 41
Somerset, 54
Sullivan, - 17
Susquehanna, 8
Tioga, - 6
Union, - - 26
Venango, 1 1
Warren, ¦ ,- 3
Washington, - 51
Wayne, - - 9

88

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

PENN'IA-Continued. TENNESSEE— Cont'ed. TENNESSEE- Cout'ed.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

Westmoreland,

- 35

Bradley, - -

Wyoming, - -

18

Campbell,

York, - - -

60

Cannon, -
Carroll,

RHODE ISLAND.

Carter, -

Bristol, - --

2

Cheatham,

Kent,

3

Claiborne,

Newport, -

5

Clay, .

Providence, -

1

Cocke,

Washington,

4

Coffee, - -
Crockett, -

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Cumberland

Abbeville, • -

- 18

Davidson,

Aiken, - - -

27

Decatur,

Anderson,

- 11

De Kalb,- -

Barnwell, - - -

- 28

Dickson, -

Beaufort,- - - -

- 32

Dyer,

Charleston,

- 30

Fayette, -

Chester, - -

7

Fentress, - -

Chesterfield, -

- 9

Franklin,

Clarendon, -

- 23

Gibson, - -

Colleton, - - -

- 31

Giles, -

Darlington, - -

16

Grainger,

Edgefield, - .

19

Greene, -

Fairfield, . -

14

Grundy,

Georgetown,- -

- 25

Hamblen,

Greenville, - -

3

Hamilton,

Horry, - - - -

- 26

Hancock, -

Kershaw,

- 15

Hardeman,

Lanca.ster, - -

8

Hardin, -

Laurens, - - -

- 12

Hawkins, -

Lexington,

- 20

Haywood,

Marion, -

- 17

Henderson,

Marlboro,

10

Henry, -

Newberry, ¦-

13

Hickman,

Oconee, - - .

1

Houston,-- •

Orangeburg, .

- 29

Humphreys,

Pickens, . - .

2

Jackson, - -

Richland,

- 21

James, - •

Spartanburg, -

4

Jefferson,

Sumter,

22

Johnson, -

Union,

- 5

Knox, - —

Williamsburg, -

24

Lake, - -

York, - -

6

Lauderdale,Lawrence,

TENNESSEE

Lewis,

Anderson,

- 41

Lincoln,

Bedford, - -

- 63

Loudon,

Bell,

- 79

McMinn, -

Benton,

- 29

McNairy ,

Bledsoe,

- 69

Macon, -

Blount,

74

Madison, -

No. Counties.
- 92 Marion, -
- 17 Marshall, -
- 64 Maury, -
- 28 Meigs,
- 49 Monroe, -
- 32 Montgomery,
19 Morgan, - -
- 12 Obion, -
- 46 Overton,-
- 65 Perry, -
- 52 Polk,
- 39 Putnam,-
- 33 Rhea,- - -
- 55 Roane,
- 36 Robertson, -
- 31 Rutherford,-
- 26 Scott,- -_ -
- 78 Sequatchie,-
- 15 Sevier, - -
- 87 Shelby, ^
- 27 Smith, - -
- 85 Stewart,
20 Sullivan,
- 47 Sumner,
. 67 Tipton, - -
- 22 Trousdale, -
- 90 Union, - -
. 21 Van Buren,
- 80 Warren, -
- 82 Washington,
- 23 Wayne, - ¦ -
- 51 Weakley, -
54 White, -
4 Williamson, .
57 Wilson, -
6
. 30 TEXAS.
13 Anderson,
91 Angelina, -
- 45 Aransas,-
25 Archer, - -
- 44 Atascosa,-
1 Austin, -
- 50 Bandera,
- 84 Bastrop, • -
- 58 Baylor,
- 86 Bee, -
- 43 Bell, -
- 72 Bexar, - ¦
- 81 Bexar Territory,
11 Blanco, -
- 53 Bosque, -

No. 8861597173 7
40 2
1456 93
37 70
42 8
6216
89 7577
35 5
24 9
761018

48 83 3
38 60
34

7187
158 8
144 123 118109 7
155 80
132 60
106 66

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

89

TEXAS-Continued.

¦ TEXAS— Continued.

TEXAS-Continued.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Bowie,

- . 16

Hardin, -

114

Orange, - . . .

115

Brazoria, -

. 139

Harris, -

. 125

Palo Pinto,

- 32

Brazos,

. 96

Harrison, .

44

Panola, - -

- 56

Brown,

63

Haskell, .

17

Parker, -

- 33

Burleson, -

110

Hays,- . . .

107

Pecos, - -

- 59

Burnet, - -

. 93

Henderson, . .

53

Polk,- . -

100

Caldwell, -

- 121

Hidalgo, . - ¦

167

Presidio,

53

Calhoun,

- 159

Hill, - -

67

Rains, - -

- 39

Callahan,

46

Hood,

49

Red River, -

15

Cameron, -

- 168

Hopkins, -

26

Refugio,

- 157

Cass,- ¦ .

28

Houston, -

85

Robertson, -

- 82

Chambers, - -

- 126

Hunt, - -

24

Rockwall,

36

Cherokee,

72

Jack, -

- 20

Runnells,

61

Clay,- .

- 9

Jackson,

149

Rusk, -

55

Coleman,

- 62

Jasper, - . . .
Jefferson, - - ¦

¦ - 102

Sabine, - - - .

89

Collin, -

23

127

San Augustine,

- 88

Colorado,

136

Johnson,

50

San Jacinto, .

99

Coma], - - .

120

Jones, - . - .

29

San Patricio, . .

- 164

Comanche, -

- 64

Karnes, - -

146

San Saba, - -

77

Concho, -

75

Kaufman, - .

37

Shackelford,

30

Cooke, -

11

Kendall,

- 119

Shelby, - - ¦

74

Coryell, -

79

Kerr,.

117

Smith,

54

Dallas, - -

35

Kimble, - -

104

Starr,

166

Dawson, - ¦

- - 129

Kinney, -

128

Stephens,

31

Delta, _ - - -

25

Knox,

6

Tarrant,

34

Dimmit, - . . .

. - 151

Lamar,

14

,Taylor,

- 45

Denton, -

- 22

Lampasas, - -

78

Throckmorton,

- 18

De Witt,

147-

La Salle,

152

Titus,- . -

27

Duval, -

162

Lavaca, -

135

Travis,

- 108

Eastland,

- 47

Leon,

83

Triaiity, - -

86

Edwards,

. - 116

Liberty, - -

. 113

Tyler,

- 101

Ellis, -

51

Limestone, -

69

Upshur, -

- 41

El Paso,

- 57

Live Oak,

. 154

Uvalde, - - .

- 130

Encinal, - - •

161

Llano, - -

92

Van Zandt,

38

Erath, - ¦

48

McCulloch,-

76

Victoria, -¦ -

148

Falls, - -

81

McLennan, - ¦

. . 68

Walker, -

98

Fannin, - - .

13

McMuUen, -

153

Waller, -

124

Fayette, - - -

- 122

Madison,

84

Washington, -

- Ill

Fort Bend, -• -

138

Marion, -

- . 43

Webb, -

160

Freestone,

- 70

Mason, -

91

Wegefarth,

2

Frio, - . . .

143

Matagorda,

• . 150

Wharton, ¦

- 137

Galveston, . .

140

Maverick,

141

Wichita - - .

5

Gillespie,

105

Medina, - - -

131

Wilbarger, .

- 4

Goliad, . .

156

Menard, - . •

- . 90

Williamson, -

- 94

Gonzales, .

- 134

Milam,

. . 95

Wilson, . - - .

145

Grayson, .

- 12

Montague, . . .

. . 10

Wise,

21

Gregg, . . . .

. - 42

Montgomery, . •

. . 112

Wood, - - . -

- 40

Grimes, - - ¦

97

Nacogdoches, . .

. . 73

Young, - , - .

19

Gaudalupe,

. - 133

Navarro, - . .

52

Young Territory,

1

Hamilton, - - •

65

Newton, . . •

. . 103

Zapata, . .

165

Hardeman, - ¦

. . 3

Nueces, - . . .

. . 163

Zavalla, - -

142

90

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — COUNTIES.

UTAH.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

Beaver,

16

Buckingham,

Box Elder,

1

Campbell,

Cache, -

2

Caroline, -

Davis, -

6

Carroll, -

Iron,

18

Charles City,

Juab,

12

Charlotte, -

Kane, -

- 20

Chesterfield,

Millard,

14

Clarke,

Morgan, -

5

Craig, -

Piute, -

17

Culpepper, ¦

Rich, ¦

- 3

Cumberland,

Salt Lake,

8

Dinwiddle, -

San Pete,

-.13

Elizabeth City, -

Sevier,

15

Essex, - . -

Summit,

9

Fairfax,

Tooele,

7

Fauquier,

Utah, -

10

Floyd, -

Wasatch, -

11

Fluvanna,

Washington,

19

Franklin,

Weber,

4

Frederick, -
Giles, - -

VERMONT.

Gloucester,

Addison,

8

Goochland,

Bennington, -

13

Grayson, -

Caledonia,

7

Greene,

Chittenden,

5

Greenville,

Essex, -

4

Halifax, -

Franklin, -

2

Hanover, -

Grand Isle,

1

Henrico,

Lamoille, -

6

Henry,

Orange,

10

Highland, -

Orleans,

3

Isle of Wight, -

Rutland,

- 11

James City, -

Washington,

9

King & Queen, -

Windham,

14

King George,

Windsor, -

12

King William, -
Lancaster,

VIRGINIA.

Lee,

Accomack,

- 39

Loudoun, -

Albemarle,

- 26

Louisa,

Ale-xandria, -

9

Lunenburg, -

Alleghany,

- 22

Madison, -

Amelia, -

- 66

Matthews,

Amherst, -

- 44

Mecklenburg,

Appomattox,

- 45

Middlesex, -

Augusta, - -

17

Montgomery,

Bath, - - -

- 23

Nansemond, -

Bedford, -

63

Nelson, -

Bland, -

59

New Kent,

Botetourt,

- 43

Norfolk,

Brunswick,

- 92

Northampton, -

Buchanan, - - -

- 57

Northumberland,

VIRGINIA-Contin'ed. VIRGINIA-Contin'ed. No.

No. Counties.
-46 Nottoway,
- 64 Orange, -
- 30 Page, -
82 Patrick, -
52 Pittsylvania, -
89 Powhatan, - -
50 Prince Edward,
2 Prince George, - - ¦
- 42 Princess Anne, -
14 Prince William,
- 47 Pulaski, • -
68 Rappahannock,
74 Richmond,
33 Roanoke, -
8 Rockbridge, -
- 6 Rockingham,
83 Russell,
- 27 Scott, -
85 Shenandoah,
1 Smythe, ¦ -
- 41 Southampton,
54 Spottsylvania,
- 49 Stafford, - - -
- 80 Surry, - -
-18 Sussex,
93 Tazewell,
88 Warren,
29 Warwick,
51 Washington,
86 Westmoreland, -
16 Wise,
96 Wythe,
71 York, - -
32
. 21 WASHINGTON.
- 31 Chehalis, -
- 37 Clallam,
- 75 Clarke,
3 Cowlitz,
- 28 Island,
- 90 Jefferson,
13 King, - -
55 Kitsap, - -
- 91 Klickitat,
36 Lewis,- -
- 61 Mason,
97 Pacific,
- 25 Pierce,
- 53 Skamania,
- 9^ Stevens, -
- 40 Snohomish,
- 38 Thurston, - -

67 1911
8487
4865 69
99 7
60 12
346224 10
77 76 4
7995
20 15
70
94
58 5
73
78
35 568172

4
1918 65
1211
21 1610 9
14
20 2 7
13

ALPHABETICAL INDEX—

-COUNTIES.

91

WASHING'N

—Cont'ed.

W. VIRGINIA-Cont'd.

WISCONSIN-Cont'ed.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Counties.

No.

Wahkiakum,

- - 17

Pocahontas, -

- 37

Jackson,

. 20

AYaUa Walla,

22

Preston,

8

Jefferson,-

- 50

Whatcom, -

. 1

Putnam, . - -

- 40

Juneau, - - -

- 29

Whitman, -

. 3

Raleigh,

49

Kenosha, - - -

- 58

Yakima, -

15

Randolph,

29

Kewaunee, -

- 26

Ritchie, -

23

La Crosse,

- 27

WEST VIEGINLA.

Roane,

34

La Fayette,

53

Barbour, -

14

Summers,

- 50

Manitowoc,

- 37

Berkeley, -

. . - 20

Taylor, - -

13

Marathon,

- 8

Boone, - -

... 47

Tucker,

15

Marquette,

- 32

Braxton, -

35

Tyler, - -

10

Milwaukee, - -

52

Brooke,

2

Upshur,
yvayne.

28

Monroe, ....

- 28

CabeU, -

39

38

Oconto, - -

- 9

Calhoun, - -

- - - 25

Webster, - - -

- 36

Outagamie,

- 24

Clay, - - -

- - - 43

Wetzel, - -

5

Ozaukee, - . . .

- 46

Doddridge,

11

Wirt,

- 24

Pepin, -

- 15

Fayette,

- - 48

Wood,_-

- 22

Pierce, ....

13

Gilmer,

- - 26

Wyoming, - -

- 52

Polk, - - - -

5

Grant, -

- - 16

Portage, - - - .
- 22
Greenbrier,
- - - 45
WISCONSIN.
Racine, . . -
57
Hampshire,
18
Adams,
- 30
Richland,
- 41
Hancock, - -
- 1
Ashland, - - -
- 3
Bock, - - -
- 55
Hardy,
- 31
Barron, - -
6
St. Croix, - - -
- 12
Harrison, -
12
Bayfield, - - -
- 2
Sauk, - - -
. 42
Jackson, - -
- 33
Brown,
- 25
Shawano, - -
- 10
Jefferson,
- - - 21
Buffalo, - - -
- 18
Sheboygan, -
- 38
Kanawha, -
- 42
Burnett, ....
4
Trempealeau, - -
19
Lewis, - -
- 27
Calumet, - . -
- 36
Vernon, - .
. 39
Lincoln,
- 41
Chippewa, . - -
- 7
Wabvorth,
. 56
Logan, - -
- 46
Clark,- - - - -
17
Washington, .
- 45
McDowell, -
- - 54
Columbia, - . -
- 43
Waukesha, -
. 51
Marion,
- - 6
Cra^vford, - -
- 40
Waupaca, . -
. 23
Marshall, -
... 4
Dane, ....
- 49
Waushara, - - -
. 31
Mason,
... 32
Dodge, -
44
Winnebago, - - -
- 34
Mercer,
- - - 53
Door,
- 11
Wood, - -
- 21
Mineral, - -
17
Douglas,
- 1
Monongalia, -
- - 7
Dunn, -
14
WYOMING.
Monroe, - -
- - 51
Eau Claire,
16
Albany, - -
. 4
Morgan, - -
- - 19
Fond du Lac,
- 35
Carbon, - -
. 3
Nicholas, - -
... 44
Grant, - - -
- 47
Laramie, - ¦ -
- 5
Ohio,
- 3
Green. - - -
54
Sweetwater, - - .
. 2
Pendleton, .
. . 30
Green Lake, -
- 33
Uinta, 
• I
Pleasants, .
... 9
Iowa, 
- 48
_
92

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — MOUNTAINS.

MOUNTAINS.

Co.

Adirondack, N. Y., • -

- 9

Ajo, Arizona,

- 5

Allc;;Iiany, Penn.,

- 25

Alleghany, W. Virginia,

- 30

Amargosu, California,

- 46

Antelope, Nevada,

2

Apache, Arizona,

2

Apache, Texas,

- 58

Aquaritus, Arizona, -

- 1

Bald Eagle, Penn.,

- 25

Bald, Montana, -

8

Bald, N. Carolina,

- 67

Battle, Nevada, -

2

Bear Butte, Dakota,

soutliwcbt part unorganized.

Bear Paw, Montana,

5

Bear River, Idaho,

10

Beaucliainp Peak, Arizona,

- 2

Belt, Montana, -

7

Big I'"lat Top, W. Virginia,

- 54

Big Hole, Montana, -

1

Big Horn, Wyoming, -

3

Big Seweil, W. Virginia,

- 48

Bill Williams, Arizona,

2

Bitter Root, Idaho,

0

Black Dome, N. Carolina, -

- 36

Black Hillrf, Washington, -

8

Black Hills, Wyoming,

- 3

Black Hills, Wyoming,

5

Black Lo2, Penn.,

. 39

Black, Arizona, - - .

1

Black Rock Range, Nevada,

2

Blue, N.J. ,

1

Blue, Oregon,

- 21

Blue, Penn., .

- 47

Blue Pjaks, Arizona, -

2

Blue Ridge, (Georgia, -

15

Bufl^alo Ridge, Virginia,

- 44

Bull Run, Virginia,

- 7

Burro, N. Mexico,

12

Bushy, N. Carolina, -

- 39

Cabeza Prieta, Arizona, . 3
Cabinet, Montana, . - 1
Cesar's Head, N. Carolina, - 63
Calabasa, Arizona, - . -2
Camel's Hump, Vt., . 9
Carson Sinlj, Nevada, 8
Cascade, Wash.,- . .15
Catskill, N. Y., . 47
Cedar, Utah, .... 7

Co.
Cerbat, Arizona, - . . 1
Chestnut Ridge, Penn., . - 53
Chiricahui, Arizona, - . -5
Chocolate, California, . . - 51
Clan Alpine, Nevada, - - S
Clinch, Viririnia,- . - -77
Cceur d' AUene, Idaho, - - 2
Copper Ridge, Virginia, - 76
Cortez, Nevada, ... lo
Cosco, California, - 46
Cove, Penn., . 56
Creek, Idaho, 9
Cross, Arizona, • 2
Cumberland, Ky., - 115
Dan's, Maryland, - - 1
Dead, Nevada, - - 15
Delaware Ridge, Indian Ter.,
Chickasaw Nation.
Desatoya, Nevada, 8
Diamond Peak, Oregon, - 13
Diamond Range, Nevada, - 10
Dome, Arizona, - - - 3
Double, Texas, - - 1
Dug Down, Georgia, . .27
Eagle, Texas, . - - 57
Eagle Tail, Arizona, - - - 3
Egan Range, Nevada, - - - 1 1
East River, Virginia, - - 58
Elkhead Range, Colorado, - 1
Elk, (Colorado, - - .10
Ely, Nevada, - . .15
Eugene, Nevada, . 2
Excelsior, Nevada, - . 13
Fisher's Peak, Colorado, . .21
Fork, W. Virginia, . - 30
Fortification, Arizona, - - 4
Fremont's Peak, Wyoming, - 2
Great Monadnock, N. H., - .8
Gaiiley, W. A''irginia, - - - 48
Gavillan, California, - - 40
Goose Creek, Idaho, - - 9
Goshute, Utah, . . 7
Grand Father, N. C, . .19
Granite, Arizona, - . - 3
Granite, Nevada, - 1
Granite, Utah, .... 7
Gray's Peak, Colorado, . 7
Great North, W. Virginia, - .31

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — MOUNTAINS.

93

Great Savage, W. Virginia,
Great Unaka, Tenn., -
Greenbrier, W. Virginia, '-
Green, Vermont,
Guadalupe, N. Mexico,
Guyot's Range, Utah, -
Heart, Wyoming,
Hiko Range, Nevada,
Hot Creek, Nevada, -
Hucco, N. Mexico,
Humboldt, Nevada,
Humboldt Range, Nevada, -
Iron, Virginia,
Inyo, California,
Judith, Blontana,
Killingtou Peak, Vt.,
Kingston, California, -
Lapway, Idaho, -
Laramie Peak, Wyoming, -
Lassens Peak, Cal.,
Laurel Hill, Penn.,
Litite, Utah,
Little Mis,>ouri Buttes, Wyom'g
Little Rocky, Montana,
Long's Peak, Colorado,
Lookout, Georgia,
Los Pinos, Colorado,
Luke Ridge, Nevada,
Mars Hill, Maine,
Mayacamas, California,
Medicine Bow, Wvoming,
Miembres, N. Mexico,
Mill, Virginia,
Mine Ridge, Penn.,
Mogee's Peak, California,
Mogoljon, Arizona,
Mojave Ridge, California,
Monitor, Nevada,
Monument, California,
Mormon Range, Nevada, -
Mt. Adams, Washington, -
Mt. Aik.s, Washin,gton,
Mt. Arlington, Oregon,
Mt. Baker, Washington,
Mt. Bullion, California,
Mt. Calapoova, Oregon,
Mt. Chuchehehum, Washington,

Co. Co.
15 Mt. Dana, California, - - -37
74 Mt. Diablo, California, . - 28
- 37 Mt. Fanin, Texas, . . . i
- 8 Mt. Gardner, California, - - 46
.13 Mt. Harvard, Colorado, . .10
7 Mt. Hayden, Idaho, . . .10
Mt. Iloifmann, California, . - 37
2 Mt. Hulyoke, Mass., . . 3
. 15 Mt. Ilood, Oregon, - - -13
. 14 Mt. Hope, Arizona, . 2
- 13 Mt. Jack.son, Virginia, . 4
2 Mt. Jeffiirson, Oregon, . .13
3 Mt. Katahdin, Maine, . - 3
Mt. Kearsarge, N. H., . . 5
. 78 Mt. Kendrick, Arizona, - 2
- 46 Mt. King, California, - - 46
Mt. Lyell, California, 42
- 7 Mt. Lynn, California, - -10
Mt. Madison, Montana, . 10
12 Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, 6
50 Mt. iMarcv, N. Y., . . - 9
Mt. Nebo; Utah, - .12
2 Mt. Newberry, Arizona, . 1
4 Mt. Olympus, Washington, - 4
9 Mt.- Pinos, California, - . 49
53 Mt. Pitt, Oregon, - . 20
13 Mt.- Rainier, Washington, - 14
;. 5 Mt. Ripley, Californi.a, 12
- 6 Mt.- St. Helens, California, - U
2 Jit. St. John, California, 12
1 Mt. St. Helena, Washington, - 20
14 Mt. Seward, New York, - 2
2 Sit. Shasta, California, - 3
Mt. Sheridan, Wyoming, 1
1 Mt.Silliman, -California, - -43
10 Mt. Sitgreaves, Arizona, - 2
3 Mt. Skomekan, Washington, - 1
12 Mt. Spruce, Nevada, - - 3
23 Mt. Stuart, Washington, - - 15
- 61 Mt. Sunapce, N. Hampshire, 5
6 Mt. Taylor, New Mexico, - 9
2 Mt. Tyndall, California, - 46
. 50 Mt. Union, Pennsylvania, . - 39
- 14 Mt. View, California, - - 32
50 Mt. Wachusett, Mass., 5
15 Mt. Washington, N. H., - -I
- 21 Mt. Whitney, California, - - 43
15 Mt.-Yale, Colorado, - - 10
.17 Muddy, Nevada, - - - -15
1
- 39 Nightingale, .... 2
- 12 Niltany, Pennsylvania, - - 25
1 North, Virginia, - - - - 24

94

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — MOUNTAINS.

Nuahum Peak, Oregon,
Ozark, Arkansas,

Co. Co.
.13 Sans Bois, Indian Ter., Choctaw Nation.

. 3

Pacheco Peak, California, . .38
Pahranagat Range, Nevada, . 15
Pah Ute, California, - - 50
Palisades, California, . .41
Panoche Peak, California, . 41
Panther, Montana, • 6
Peaks of Otter, Virginia, . - 43
Peloncillo, Arizona, - 5
Peters, W. Virginia, - - - 51
I'ike's Peak, Colorado, - - 12
Pinaleno, Arizona, - - 5
Pinal, Arizona, - - 4
Pine, Kentucky, - - - 116
Pine Nut, Nevada, - - 12
Piuvon Range, Nevada, - - 10
Porcupine Tail, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Posey Peak, California, - 45
Poteau, Indian Ter., Choctaw Nation.
Powell's, Tennessee, - - 21
Providence, California, 50
Pueblo, Oregon, - - - 21
Pumpkin Butte, Wyoming, - 4
Pyramid Penk, California, - - 25
Pyramid Range, N. Mexico, 12
Quien Horn, Wyoming, - - 2
Qtiijotoa, Arizona, - - -5
Quin's River, Nevada, . 2
Rabbit, Nevada, . . 2
Raft, Utah, - . 1
Raton, Colorado, .21
Resting Spring, California, . 50
Reveille, Nevada, . 14
Rich, W. Virginia, - . - 29
Roan or Book, Colorado, . - 1
Roberts Creek, Nevada, - 10
Rocky, Idaho, - ... 5
Rogue River, Oregon, . .16
Round, California, - - .6
Saddle, Massachusetts, - 1
St. Mary's Peak, Montana, . 1
Salmon River, Idaho, - - 8
San Bernardino Range, Cal., - 51
San (Jarlos Peak, - - - 41
San Francisco, Arizona, - 2
San Juan, Colorado, - - 14

Santa Anna Peak, Cal., - 40
Santa Inez, California, - - 47
Santa Lucia Range, Cal., - 40 & 44
t^anta Uosa, Nevada, - - - 2
Schooley, New Jersey, 8
Scott's Peak, Oregon, 16
Scotts, California, - 2
Shade, Pennsylvania, • - 40
Shasta, California, - . -5
Shawney Ridge, Penn., - - 30
Shell Creek Range, Nevada, - 1 1
Shoshone, Nevada, - - 9
Sidling Hill, Penn., . . - 39
Sierra Blanca, New Mexico, .11
Sierra Blanca, Texas, - . 57
Sierra Capitana, New Mexico, - 1 1
Sierra Carizo, New Mexico, 11 y
Sierra de Abo, New Mexico, - 10
Sierra de Chusca, N. Mexico, . 3
Sierra de Datili, N. Mexico, . 10
Sierra de La Plata, Colorado, - 10
Sierra del Caballo, N. Mexico, - 13
Sierra de Los Pinos, Colorado, - 1 8
Sierra do Snn Raphael, Cab, - 47
Sierra Diablo, Kew Mexico, - 12
Sierra Florida, N. Mexico, - 12
Sierra Madelena, N. Mexico, - 10
Sierra Kacimieiito, N. Jlexico, 5
Sierra Oscaro, New Mexico, - 10
Sierra Pajuna, New Mexico, -13
Sierra Sacramento, N. Mexico, 13
Sierra San Fernando, Cal., - 49
Sierra San Matea, N. Mexico, 10
Sierra San Miguel, Colorado, 10
Sierra Soledad, New Mexico, - 13
Silver, Nevada, - 12
Silver Peak, Nevada, - - 13
Sinkawala, Nevada, . .14
Siskiyou, California, . - .1
Snake Range, Nevada, . .14
Snow, Oregon, - - - - 21
Southwest, Virginia, - - - 18
Spanish Peaks, Colorado, - - 21
Spring Range, Nevada, 1 5
Stone, Pennsylvania, - - - 40
Stone, Virginia, - - . 75
Sunday Peak, California, . .43
Sweet Water, Wyoming, . 2
Table Hills, Wyoming, 2
Taylor's Ridge, Georgia, - - 11

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — yALLEYS.

95

Telescope, California, -

Co.
- 46

Walker's, Virginia, .

Co.
- 79

Thomas Ridge, Utah, -

7

Warm Spring, Virginia, -

- 23

Toano Range, Nevada,

- 3

Warner's Range, California,

- 3

Tollock, Nevada,

- 13

Wassuck, Nevada,

13

Toquima, Nevada,

- 14

West Gate, Nevada, .

- 8

Toyubee, Nevada,

14

White, Arizona, -

- 2

Trinity, Nevada,

2

White, California;

- 42

Tuscarora, }-'ennsylvania, -

- 57

White, New Hampshire,

- 1

Tussey's, I'ennsylvania,

- 39

White Pine Range, Nevada,

14

Tussey's, Pennsylvania,

. 55

AVichita, Indian Ter. , southwest

part.

Wind River, Wyoming,

_ 2

Uintah, Utah, -

. 11

Winter Ridge, Oregon,

20

Umpqua, Oregon,

. 17

AVolf Creek, Virginia,

59

Uucompahgre, Colorado, -

10

Wyoming, Pennsylvania, -

- 30

Vegas Range, Nevada,

. 15

Yallowballey, California, -

5

Virgin Range, Nevada,

. 15

Young Men's Buttes, Dakota,

- 9

Wahsatch, Utah,

18

Zuni, New Mexico,

- 9

Wahweah, Nevada,

9

VALLEYS.
Antelope, Nevada,
- 11
Gabbs, Nevada, -
- 13
Artemisia Barrens, Wyoming,
- 2
Garden, Nevada,
3
Gila Desert, Arizona,
- 3
Big Hole Prairie, Montana,
- 8
Glover, Nevada, ...
- 3
Big Meadows, Oregon,
21
Goshute Desert, Nevada, -
3
Big Smoke, Nevada, -
14
Grande Ronde, Oregon,
15
Black Rock Desert, Nevada,
2
Grass, Nevada, -
- 9
Brown, Alabama,
13
Great Plains, Columbia River,
Bud, Nevada,
14
AVashington,
2, 3
Hause, Utah,
1
Carnas Prairie, Idaho,
- 8
Homans Park,
14
Carico, Nevada,
9
Horse Plains,
1
Clover, Nevada, -
15
Huerfano Park, Colorado, -
- 20
Colorado Plateau, Arizona,
. 2
Huevis, Arizona,
- 1
Crescent, Nevada,
. 10
Laramie Plain, Wyoming,
- 3
Little Smoky, Nevada,
14
Death, California,
- 50
Long, Nevada,
- H
Deer Lodge Prairie, Montana,
2
Desert, California,
- 50
Malade, Utah,
- 1
Desert Plateau, Nevada,
- 15
Mauvaises Terres, Dakota,
Diamond, Nevada,
10
southwest part unorganized.
Duck, Nevada,
14
Meadow, Nevada,
- 15
Monitor, Nevada,
14
Edward Creek, Nevada,
- 8
Mountain Desert, Nevada, .
- 15
Elevated Plateau, Nevada, -
- 3
Elevated Plains, Utah,
11
National Park, Wyoming, .
- 1
North Park, Colorado,
. 1
Fair View, Nevada, -
8
Fish Lake, Nevada, -
- 13
Pahranagat, Nevada,
15. . . .
Fish Spring, Nevada, -
14
Painted Desert, Arizona, .
2
96

ALPHABETICAL INDEX— LAKES.

Co.
T'anamint, California, - 50
Paradise, Nevada, . . 2
Parter, Utah, - . . 7
Plains of San" Augusta, N. M., 10
Plateau du Coteau, Dakota, 45
Plateau du Coteau du Missouri,
Dakota, - 33
Prairies, Minnesota, - 61
Pueblo, Nevada, - - 2
Round, California, - 7
Sage Plain, Colorado, 18
Sage Plain, Oregon, - - 21
Salt, Nevada, - - - 8
San Francisco Plain, Arizona, 2
San Luis Park, Colorado, - 19

Co.
Smith's, Nevada, - - - 9
Snake, Nevada, - - - 14
South Park, Colorado, - 1 1
Spring, or Lone Rock, Utah, 7
Steptoe, Nevada, 11
Surprise, California, - - 3
Vegas, Nevada, - - - 15
Valley de Los Playas, N. M., - 12
AVallapi, Arizona, - - - 1
Walker Lake, Nevada, - 13
AYarner's, Oregon, - . 21
White Pine, Nevada, . . - 14
Yosemite, California, - - .39

Albert, Oregon,
Alkali, Nevada,
Antelope, Oregon,
Baskahegan, Maine, .
Bear River, Idaho,
Beaver, Indiana,
Bemidji, Minnesota, .
Big, Maine,
Big Stone, Dakota,
Black, New York,
Black, Louisiana,
Buena Vista, California,

LAKES.
20 Cooper's, Wyoming,
1 Crooked, New York,
21 Cross, Louisiana,

- 1010
. 8
. 3
10
- 47
- 1
¦ 18 45

Caddo, Louisiana, - 1
Canandaigua, N. Y., - 26
Canquomgomoc, Maine, 3
Car.5on, Nevada, - - 8
Ca;-ss, Minnesoia, - 9
Cayuga, New York, - . - 28
('edar, Minnesota, - 74
Chamberlain, Maine, - - 3
Chautauqua, New York, - - 37
Chazy, New York, - 3
Chesuncook, Maine, - - 3
Christmas, Oregon, - - 21
Clam, Michigan, - - 27
Clam, AViseonsin, . - i
Clear, California, . - 11
Cleveland, Maine, - - 1
Cold Spring, Dakota,
Sisseton and Warpeton Indian Res.
Conesus, New York, - - - 25

Dexter, Florida, -
Dry, California, -
Dry, California, -
Dunn's, Florida, -
Eagle, California,
Elbow, Minnesota,
Fall, California, -
Fish River, Maine,
Flat Head, Montana,
Fox, Wisconsin, -
iranklin, Nevada,
Goose, California,
Grand, Louisiana,
Grand, Maine,
Great Salt, Utah,
Green, Minnesota,

Higgins, Michigan, - -29
Honey, California, . -7
Horicon, Wisconsin, . .44
Houghton's, - - - 29
Humboldt, Nevada, - - - 2
Humboldt & Carson's Sink,Nevada, 8
Itasca, Minnesota, - - - 3

- 3
- 40
- 1
- 30
- 45
- 51
- 27

- 6
. 1
. 1
. 44

- 3
- 40
- 10
- 1
- 35

Kanicksu, Idaho,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — LAKES.

97

Co.
Kern, California, - - - 45
Klamath, Oregon, - - - 20
Lake Abert, Dakota, - - - 46
Lake Agogebic, Michigan, - 1
Lake .Aliapopka, Florida, - - 33
Lake Benton, Minnesota, 52
Lake Bistineau, Louisiana, - 11
Lake Bodeau, Louisiana, . 2
Lake Borgue, Louisiana, . 57
Lake Butler, Florida, - .24
Lake Calcasieu, Louisiana, - 37
Lake Catchess, Washington, - 15
Lake Charles, Louisiana, - 28
Lake Chelan, Washington, - 2
Lake Cceur d' AUene, Idaho, - 1
Lake Court Oreille, Wis., - 7
Lake Dora, Florida, - - - 32
Lake Erie, Ohio, Penn., & N. Y., —
Lake Eustis, Florida, - - .32
Lake Gauss, Minnesota, . .9
Lake George, Florida, . .30
Lake George, New York, . .10
Lake Grifiin, Florida, - - - 32
Lake Harney, Oregon, - - 21
Lake Huron, Michigan, - - —
Lake Heron, Minnesota, - - 73
Lake Istopoga, Florida, - 37
Lake Jesup, Florida, - - 33
Lake Kampeska, Dakota, - 45
Lake Kissimee, Florida, - 36
Lake Linne, Dakota, - - - 37
Lake Malhear, Oregon, - - 21
Lake Maurepas, Louisiana, - 50
Lake Mcintosh, Dakota, - - 6
Lake Menona, Wisconsin, - - 49
Lake Michigan, Michigan, 
Lake Monroe, Florida, - - 30
Lake Okabena, Minnesota, - 72
Lake Ossipee, New Hampshire, - 3
Lake Pend d'Oveille, Idaho, - 1
Lake Poinsett, Dakota, - - 46
Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, - 53
Lake Preble, Maine, . - - 1
Lake St. Clair, Michigan, - 64 & 70
Lake Shamano, Minnesota, - 17
Lake Sedowick, Maine, - 1
Lake Shetek, Minnesota, - - 62
Lake Sunapee, N. H., - 5
Lake Superior, Michigan, - —
Lake Thompson, Dakota, - - 58
Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, 33
Lake Ti-averse, Dakota,
Sisseton & Warpeton Indian Res.

Co.
Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, - 36
Lake Winnipiseogee, N. H., 3 & 6
Lake Winthrop, Maine, - - 1
Leech, Minnesota, - - 9
Long, Minnesota, - - - 38
Long, New York, . - .8
Lower Klamath, Oregon, . 20
Madison, Wyoming, - .1
Market, Idaho, . -8
Mendota, Wisconsin, - . - 49
Mermenton, Louisiana, 38
Micha, Minnesota, - . 3
Mille Lacs, Minnesota, . .10
Miniskaja, or Salt Lake, Dakota, 25
Mini Wakau, or Devil's Lake,
Dakota, - - 14 & 16
Mono Lake, California, - - 42
Moosehead, Maine, . - 3
Namekan, Minnesota, - - 5
Okeechobee, Florida, . . .36
Oneida, New York, . . .18
Orange, Florida, . - - 23
Otter Tail, Minnesota, . .14
Owasco, New York, . - - 15
Owen, California, . . - 46
Pamedecook, Maine, - - . 3
Pauwaicun, Wisconsin, . - 34
Peoria, Illinois, . . . - 31
Pyramid, Nevada, . .1
Quinaiutte, Washington, . - 8
Racket, New York, - - 8
Red, Minnesota, .... 3
Rhett, California, . - 3
Rice, Minnesota, - . - 3
Sabine, Texas, . . - 127
St. Croix, Wisconsin, - . - 1
Salt Lake, Washington, . - 2
Saranac Lake, New York, - 2
Sebago, Maine, - 12
Sebec, Maine, .... 3
Seneca, New York, - - - 27
Sevier, Utah, - - 14
Seven Beaver, Minnesota, - - 5
Shoshone, Wyoming, - - - 1
Silver, Oregon, - - - 20
Skaneateles, New York, - - 16
Squam, New Hampshire, - - 2
Squawpan, Maine, . - 1

98

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

Summer, Oregon,
Surprise Valley, California,
Swan, Minnesota,
Tchanchicahah, Dakota, -
Tchanrarahedan, Dakota, -
Tulave, California,
Tupper's, New York, -
Umbagog, Maine,
Upper Klamath, Oregon, -

Co. 3 Utah, Utah,
3
56 Vermillion, Minnesota,

3443
43 15
20

Walker, Nevada,
White Fish, Minnesota,
Winibigoshish, Minnesota,
Winnemucca, Nevada,
Wright, California, -
Yellow Stone, Wyoming, -

Co.
- 10
. 5
- 13
. 9
. 4
- 2
. 3

RIVERS.

Akanaquint Creek, Utah, . .15
Alabama, Alabama, . 59
Allaguash, Maine, - 1
AUapaha, Florida, -_ .16
Alleghany, Pennsylvania, - .34
Alseya, Oregon, - - 10
Altamaha, Georgia, - . 119
Altoinac, Texas, . 88
Amargosa, California, - 50
Amargosa, Nevada, - - .14
Ambroisa Creek, Texas, - 160
American Crow Creek, Dakota, - 64
American, California, - 24
Amite, Louisiana, - - 46
Androscoggin, Maine, - - 14
Angelina, Texas, . 101
Antelope Creek, Oregon, . - 22
Antietam Creek, West Va., - 21
Apishpa, Colorado, 17
Apalachicola, Florida, - .9
Apple Creek, Dakota, . - 20
Applegate Creek, Oregon, - - 19
Aransas, Texas, - - 164
Aravaypa, Arizona, - - '¦5
Arkansas, Arkansas, - . .60
Aroostooka, Maine, . .1
Arrow, Montana, . . - 5
Assiniboin ('reek, Dakota, - .39
Atahnara, Washington, . 15
Atascosa Creek, Texas, . 154
Atascaso, New Mexico, . 11
Atchafalaya, Louisiana, . .41
Au Sable, N. Y., . . 3
Bad Land Creek, Dakota, . . 62
Bad, Dakota, - - - - 63
Bad Water Creek, Wyoming, . 2
Baluarte Creek, Texas, - 167
Bannack, Idaho, - . - - 10

Baptism, Minnesota, - - - 6
Barrel Creek, Oregon, - - 13
Bartholomew, Louisiana, - - 7
Baudette, Minnesota, - - 4
Bayada, New Mexico, - - 4
Bayou Canes, Louisiana, - 29
Bayou d' Arbonne, Louisiana, - 6
Bayou Deview, Arkansas, - 43
Bayou Lafourche, Louisiana, 55
Bayou Lanacoco, Louisiana, 25
Bayou Nezpigue, Louisiana, -29
Bayou Teche; Louisiana, - - 47
Bayou Terribonne, Louisiana, - 54
Bear Creek, California, - - 38
Bear, Utah, - - 1
Beaver Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Beaver Creek, Colorado, - 4
Beaver Creek, Missouri, - 101
Beaver Creek, Nebraska, - - 52
Pawnee Indian Ees.
Beaver Creek, Texas, - - 5
Beaver, Dakota, - - .20
Beaver, Minnesota, . . - 6
Beaver, New York, . . - 6
Beaver, Oregon, - . - 13
Bees Scies, Michigan, . . - 20
Belle Fourche River, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Benito, California, - -40
B. Barren, Kentucky, - - - 71
Big Bear Creek, Alabama, - 6
Big Black, Mississippi, . - 49
Big Cedar, Iowa, . - .89
Big Creek, Indiana, - - - 85
Big Creek, Louisiana, - .14
Big Creek, Tennessee, - - 46
Big Dorcheat, Louisiana, . .3
Big Dry Creek, Montana, . .6

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

99

Co.
. 4
- 50 9
11
- 11

Big Fork, Minnesota,
Big Hatchie, Tennessee,
Big Hole, Montana,
Big Horn, Montana, -
Big Knife, Dakota,
Big Muddy, Montana,
Big Pigeon, Tennessee, - - 46
Big Salkehatchee, So. Carolina, 32
Big Sandy, Wyoming, - -2
Big Sioux, Iowa, - . .32
Big Tarkis, Missouri, - 11
Big Thompson Creek, Colorado, 4
Big White Face, Minnesota, . 5
Big AVichita, Texas, . 5
Bijou Creek, Colorado, - 4
Bill A^'illiams Fork, Arizona, 1
Biloxi, Mississippi, - - 71
Bitter Creek, Wyoming, . - 2
Bitter Creek, Wyoming, - 5
Bitter Root, Montana, 1
Black Earth Creek, Dakota, - 75
Black Fork, Texas, - - 27
Black Hawk Creek, Iowa, - - 40
Blackfoot Creek, Idaho, - .10
Blackfoot, Montana, - . . 1
Black, Arkansas, - - .60
Black, Maine, .... 1
Black, Michigan, • . - 13
Black, Michigan, - . 57
Black, New York, . - i
Black, Ohio, . . - 10
Black, South Carolina, . - 25
Black, Wisconsin, . - - 1
Black, AViseonsin, - . .27
Black Warrior Fork, Alabama, .18
Black Warrior River, Alabama, - 31
Blackwater, Florida, . 2
Blackwater, A'irginia, - - 85
Blanchard Fork, Ohio, 4
Blanco Creek, Texas, - - 157
Blue, Indian Ter., Choctaw Nation.
Blue, New Mexico, 13
Blue Stone, West Virginia, - 50
Boeuf, Louisiana, - - 15
Bogue Chitto, Louisiana, - 36
Bogue Homo Creek, Mississippi, 67
Boiling Creek, Colorado, - -16
Bois d' Arc Creek, Texas, - - 14
Bois des Sioux, Dakota, Indian Reservation.
Boise, Idaho, .... 6
Boise, Wyoming, . - - 5
Bonito, New Mexico, . . - 1 1

Co.
Booches Pool, Arizona, - - 2
Bosque, Texas, . .68
Bourbeuse, Dakota, - - - 30
Box Elder Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Boyer, Iowa, - . . 70
Brady's Creek, Texas, - .77
Branch Potomac, W. Virginia, . 1 8
Brazos, Texas, - - 139
Brier Creek, Georgia, - 83
Broad, South Carolina, - - 13
Bruneau, Idaho, - - - - 9
Brush Creek, Utah, . 11
Buffalo Fork, Arkansas, . 5
Bufl^alo, Minnesota, - - 2
Bufl^alo, Mississippi, . .63
Bufi'alo, Tennessee, 30
Bufl^alo, Wiscon.sin, . .18
Bull Run, Virginia, . 7
Burnt Mt. Creek, Idaho, 9
Burnt, Oregon, . - - 22
Butahatchee, Alabama, - 23
Butte Creek, California, - 14
Butte Creek, California, 3
Cache Creek, California, - 22
Cache Creek, Indian Ter.,
Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches.
Cache, Arkansas, - 43
Calaveras, California, - 29
Calamas, Nebraska,
i?awnee Indian Reservation.
Calcasieu, Louisiana, - - 28
Caloosahatchee, Florida, - - 37
Canada Creek, N. Y., 7
Canadian, Iijdian Ten, Choctaw Nation.
Caney, Texas, - 150
Canistes, New York, - - 40
Cannon Ball, Dakota, 19
Cannon Creek, Idaho, - 9
Cannoachee, Georgia, - 106
Canon, Minnesota, . - 59
Cape Fear, North Carolina, 93
Carson, Nevada, ... 8
Cass, Michigan, - - - 47
Catawba, North Carolina, - - 70
Catfi.sh Fork, Texas, - . . 1
Catskill Creek, New York, . - 47
Cedar Creek, Texas, . .53
Cedar Creek, AVashington, . - 2
Cedar, Washington, - - - 12
Chaco, New Mexico, - .1

100

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

Co.

Co.

Chahlat, Washington,

- 5
Cowhouse Creek, Texas, -
. 80
Chateaugay, New York,
2
Cow Pasture, Virginia,
. 22
Chattuga, Georgia,
- 10
Cowlitz, Washington,
- 18
Chariton, Missouri,
- 32
Crazy Woman Creek, Wyom
'g, - 3
Chenning, Pennsylvania,
- 7
Crooked Fork, Missouri,
- 16
Cherana, Washington,
3
Crooked, Minnesota, .
- 21
Cherry Creek, Dakota,
- 49
Crooked, Oregon,
. 13
Cherry Creek, Wyoming,
- 5
Cross, Minnesota,
. 6
Chickesawha, Mississippi,
- 68
Crow Creek, Colorado,
. 4
Chipala, Florida,
- 7
Crow Creek, Dakota, -
- 52
Chippewa, Michigan, -
-47
Crow, Minnesota,
- 38
Chitico, Oregon, -
- 18
Crow Wing, Minnesota,
9
Chippewa, Wisconsin,
15
Cumberland, Kentucky,
- 63
Choctawhatchee, Florida,
. 4
(yurrent Creek, Wyoming, -
- 2
Chowan, North Carolina,
. 14
Cuyahoga, Ohio,
- 11
Chowchilla, California,
- 38
Chiisea, New Mexico, -
- 3
Dan, Virginia, ...
- 91
Chuma, New Mexico, -
- 3
Deep, North Carolina,
- 47
Cibolo Creek, Texas, .
146
Deer Creek, California,
- 8
Clackamas, Oregon, .
. 8
Deer Creek, Maryland,
- 7
Clarion, Pennsylvania,
. 21
Deer Creek, Mississippi, -
. 43
Clarke Fork, Moutaua,
10
Deer Creek, Wyoming, . .
5
Clear Boggy, Indian "Ter.,
Deer, Tennessee,
. 50
Choctaw Nation.
Delaware, Del., Del. Bay, .
. —
Clear Creek, Texas,
- 22
Delaware, (W. Br.,) N. Y.,
. 46
Clear Fork, Wyoming,
. 3
Delaware, (E. Br.,) N. Y.,
- 46
Clearwater, Idaho,
.
3
Delaware Fork, Utah,
- 11
CHff Creek, Oregon,
. 15
Denton Fork, Texas, .
. 35
Clingwater Creek, Wyoming,
5
Des Arcs, Arkansas, .
- 42
Clinch, Tennessee,
. 42
Des Chutes, Oregon,
13
Coal, West Virginia, .
. 42
Des Chutes, AA'ashington,
- 13
Cloquet, Minnesota, -
¦ 11
Des Plaiues, Illinois, -
. 23
Cole to, Texas,
148
Dog Ears Creek, Dakota, -
- 64
Cold Water, Mississippi,
. 17
Double Mt, Fork, Texas,
. 17
Colorado, Texas,
150
Dry Creek, California,
- 51
Concho, Texas, -
- 60
Dry Creek, Wyoming,
. 5
Conecuh, Florida,
. 1
Duchesne, Utah,
. 11
Conewago Creek, Penn.,
- 60
Duck, Tennessee,
. 30
Congaree, South Carolina,
22
Conhocton, New York,
- 40
Eagles Nest Creek, Dakota,
. 62
Connecticut, Connecticut,
7
East Branch Feather, Cal.,
- 9
Coon, Iowa,
- 62
East Fork, San Carlos, Arizona, 2
Coos, Oregon,
- 17
East F'k, San Francisco, Arizona, 2
Coosa, Alabama,
14
East Medicine, Dakota,
- 50
Coquille, Oregon,
.
17
Econfeuce, Florida,
15
Corn Creek, Dakota,
Edisto, South Carolina,
31
southwestern part unorganized.
Eel, California,
. 4
Cosumnes, California,
29
Eel, Indiana, - - .
62
Cottonwood Creek, California,
- 41
Elder Creek, California,
. 8
Cottonwood Creek, Idaho,
-
. 3
Elk Creek, Dakota,
Cottonwood Fork, Col'o River,
southwest part unorganized.
Arizona,
.
. 2
Elk Creek, Indian Ter., Creek Co.
Coyote Creek, California,
-
. 35
Elkhorn, Nebraska, .
. 27
ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

101

Co.
Elk, West Virginia, . . 42
Elm Creek, Indian Ter.,
Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches.
Elm Creek, Texas, - - 142
Elm Fork, Texas, . . - 1 1
Elm, Minnesota, - .75
English, Iowa, - - - -78
Ennoree, South Carolina, . 13
Esopus Creek, N. Y., - - . 50

Fakanatchee, Florida, . .38
Felix, New Mexico, . .13
Fig, Virginia, - - 87
Fiuliolloway, Florida, - .15
Flambeux, Wisconsin, . 7
Flat Creek, California, - - 43
Flat Head, Montana, . .1
Flat, Missouri, - 64
Flint, Alabama, - . . 49
Floyds, Iowa, - - . 32
Fourche Caddo, Arkansas, - - 57
Fourche la Fave, Arkansas, - 39
Fossil F'k, San Fran., Arizona, . 2
Fox, Illinois, - 20
Franklin, Nevada, - . 3
French Broad, Tennessee, . .44
Fresno Creek, California, - 41
French Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Gallatin, Montana, . 10
Gasconade, Missouri, - - - 62
Gatas Creek, California, - 41
Ganley, West Virginia, - - 48
Genesee, New York, - 13
Gila, Arizona, ... - 3
Godin's, Idaho, . - 8
Goose Creek, Idaho, - - - 9
Goose Creek, Virginia, - 63
Goose, Dakota, . - - - 18
Grand, Louisiana, - - 48
Grand, Michigan, - 50
Grand, Missouri, - - - 31
Grand, Ohio, - - - - 12
Grand Ronde, Washington, - 22
Grass, New York, - - - 1
Gravel Bottom F'k, Montana, - 2
Great Auglaize, Missouri, . - 71
Great Blue, Indiana, . . .90
Great Falls, Montana, . - 5 ,
Great Kanawha, West Va., - 32 '
Great Pedee, South Carolina, - 25
Great Traverse, Michigan, - 21

Green, Illinois, . . .
Green, Kentucky,
Green, Utah, ...
Greenbriar, West Virginia,
Greenhorn, Colorado,
Grey Bull, Wyoming,
Gunnison, Colorado, -
Guyandotte, West Virgiuia,

Co.
. 17
. 42
. 17
. 50
. 16
. 2
10
- 39 4

Hassayampa, Arizona,
Hat Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Hawk Creek, Florida, - - 36
Plaw, North Carolina, - - 47
Heart, Dakota, - - - - 19
Hell Gate, Montana, - . .1
Henry's Fork, Idaho, - . - 10
Henry's Foi-k, Wyoming, . -2
Iliawassee, Tennessee, . - 93
Hicpotee, Virginia, - . - 88
Hillsboro, Florida, . • 34
Honda Creek, Texas, . 131
Homochitto, Mississippi, - 56
Horse Creek, Wyoming, - - 5
Horsehead Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Horse Prairie Creek, Montana, - 8
Horse Shoe Creek, Wyoming, - 5
Hot Spring Creek, Montana, 1
Housatonic, Conn., - • - 5
Hudson, New A'ork, - - .56
Huerfano, Colorado, . - 16
Humboldt, Nevada, . - .8
Huron, Ohio, . - . - 9
Hy-os-kwa-ha-loos, Washington, 2
Illinois, Illinois, ... 58
Illiuois, Oregon, - - - 18
Independence Creek, Texas, - 60
Indian Creek, Oregon, - - 21
Indian, Florida, - - - - 30
Indian, New York, - - 1
Iowa, Iowa, - - 79
Iron, Wisconsin, - - - 2
Island Creek, West Virginia, . 9
Jaboncilles Creek, Texas, - 163
Jacks Fork, Missouri, 89
James, or Dakota, Dakota, 81
James, Missouri, . - .99
James, Virginia, - . .73
Jefferson, Montana, . . - 10
Jocko, Montana, . . .1

102

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

John Days, Oregon, -
Johns Creek, Virginia,
Jordan, Oregon, ...
Judith, Montana,
Kalamazoo, Michigan,
Kankakee, Illinois,
Kaskaskia, Illinois,
Kaweah Creek, California, -
Keg Creek, Iowa,
Kelseys, California,
Kentucky, Kentucky, -
Kennebec, Maine,
Kern, California,
Kettle Creek, Pennsylvania,
Kettle, Minnesota,
Keya IPaha, Nebraska,
Kianashi, Indian Ter., ,
Choctaw Nation.
Kickapoo, Wisconsin,
Kings, California, - - - 41
Kiowa Creek, Colorado, - 4
Kissinee, Florida, - 36
Klamath, California, - - 1
Klikitat, Washington, - 21
Lacqui Parle, Minnesota, - - 44
Lake Fork, Texas, - 40
Lake Fork, Utah, - - 1 1
Lampasas, Texas, - - - 80
Lates Lengua Creek, Texas, - 58
Lava Creek, Arizona, - . - 2
Lavaca, Texas, 159
Leaf, Minnesota, - - - 15
Leon Creek, Texas, - 132
Leon, Texas, ... 95
Lewis, Washington, - .19
Little, Arkansas, - - - 21
Little, South Carolina, .18
Little Arkansas, Kansas, . 73
Little Black, Maine, . 1
Little Calcasieu, Louisiana, 28
Little Colorado.or Flax, Arizona, 2
Little Eau Plein, Wisconsin, . 22
Little Fork, Minnesota, - . 4
Little Humboldt, Nevada, . 2
Little Miami, Ohio, 79
Little Missouri, Arkansas, . - 64
Little Missouri, Dakota, - 9
Little Muddy Creek, Dakota, 1
little Pedee, South Carolina, - 25
Little Pi,geon Creek, Indiana, - 87
Little Porcupine, Montana, - 1 1

Co.

Co.

13

Little Red, Arkansas,

- 30

- 43

Little Salmon, Idaho,

. 5

- 22

Little Shyenne, Dakota,

- 39

- 5

Little Sioux, Iowa,

. 44

Little Tennessee, Tenn., -

- 43

. 58

Little Wabash, Illinois,

- 80

23

Little Wichita, Texas,

9

. 87

Lizard, Iowa,

- 36

. 43

Llano, Texas,

- 92

- 80

Locust Fork, Alabama,

19

4

Lodge Pole Creek, Nebraska,

28

- 14

Logan Creek, Nebraska,

. 4

- 14

Long Lake Creek, Dakota,

- 20

- 45

Long Prairie, Minnesota, -

16

- 15

Loop Fork, Nebraska,

- 20

- 21

Lost, Oregon,

- 20

- 2

Lost, West Virginia, -

- 19

Lumber, North Carolina,

- 87

tion.

Lycoming Creek, Penn.,

16

- 40

Lynches Creek, S. Carolina,

- 24

Mable, Montana, - 1
McArthur, Idaho, - 8
McCloud, California, - 6
Machias, Maine, - - 10
Mackenzie's Fork, Oregon, - 12
Mad, California, - - .4
Madison, Montana, . - 10
Magalloway, Maine, 5
Mahoming Creek, Penn., . 22
Malade, Idaho, - - - 8
Malade, Utah, . . . . i
Malheur, Oregon, . . .22
Manatee, Florida, . . .37
Manedowish, Wisconsin, . 7
Manistee, Michigan, - 26
Maple, Iowa, - . . - 44
Maple, Dakota, . . . - 27
Maple, Michigan, - 52
Maqnoketa, Iowa, - 55
Marais des Cyanes, Missouri, - 66
Marias, Montana, - - 5
Mariposa, California, . - 38
Marquette, Michigan, . 32
Marsh, Minnesota, - -2
Matapony, Virginia, . .32
Mattawamkeag, Maine, . 4
Maumee, Ohio, . - • - 3
Mayo, North (Carolina, - 5
Meadow, AVest A-'irginia, . - 44
Medicine Bow Creek, AVyoming, 3
Medina, Texas, - ' 146
Medicine, Dakota, - - 64

ALPHABETICAL INDEX  RIVERS.

103

Co.
Meherrin, North Carolina, - 13
Menomonee, Michigan, 8
Meramec, Missouri, . - - 63
Merced, California, - - - 38
Merrimac, Massachusetts, - 7
Methow, Washington, - -2
Miami, Ohio, - - 79
Michigamme, Michigan, - - 8
Middle Fork, Oregon, - - 12
Middle, Indian Ter., N. W. part.
Middle, Iowa, - 74
Middle, A^irginia, . 10
Middle Boggy, Indian Ter.,
Choctaw Nation.
Middle Branch, Kansas, . - 19
Middle Coon, Iowa, - 61
Middle Fork, Deer, Tenn., - 27
Miembres, New Mexico, - 12
Milk, Montana, - 6
Mill Creek, California, - 8
Minnesota, Minnesota, . - 51
Miry Fork, Montana, - 2
Mission, Texas, - 157
Missisquoi, Vermont, - - 2
Mississippi, Louisiana, - - 56
Mizpah Creek, Montana, - 11
Mobile, Alabama, . . - 58
Mohave, California, . - 50
Mohawk, New York, - - - 20
Mohican, Ohio, - - - 45
Mokelumne, California, - 29,
Molalle, Oregon, - 8
Monocacy, Maryland, - 4
Monongahela, Penn., - - 34
Montreal, Wisconsin, - - 3
Moose, INlaine, - - - 2
Moose, New York, . 6
Mormon, Idaho, . . 5
Moro, Arkansas, . . - 65
Mora, New Mexico, . -7
Mofeau, Dakota, - - 38
Morse's Creek, Dakota, - 56
Muddy Creek, Indian T'er.,
Chickasaw Nation.
Muddy, Dakota, - 43
Muskegon, Michigan, - - 44
Muskingum, Ohio, - - - 78
Mussel Shell, Montana, - 6
Nacimiento Creek, Cal., - - 40
Nachess, AVashington, - 15
Namikagon, Wisconsin, 4
Napa, California, - - - 21

Co.
¦ 10
96
149127 3
19

Navarro, California,
Navasota, Texas,
Navidad, Texas,
'Nechez, Texas, -
Nehalem, Oregon,
Nenelaw, Michigan, -
Neosho, Indian Ter.,
Cherokee Reservation.
Nense, North Carolina, - - 83
Neversink, New York, - 52
New, California, . . 51
New, Virginia, - - - - 60
Niagara, New York, 1 1
Niobrara, Nebraska, - 2
Nisanally, Washington, - 13
Nodaway, Missouri, - 11
Nokay, Minnesota, - 18
Noksahk, AVashington, - - 1
Nolechucky, Tennessee, - - 46
North, Iowa, - 74
North Anna, Virginia, - 29
North Branch, Nebraska, - - 21
North Branch, Bitter Creek,
Wyoming, - 2
North Branch, Shyenne,
Wyoming, . - 5
North Tabins, Missouri, - - 24
North Fork, S. Carohna, - - 28
North Fork Canadian, Indian Ter.,
Creek Country.
North F'k Cannon Ball, Dakota, 19
North Fork Clearwater, Idaho, - 3
North Fork Deer, Tenn., - - 27
North Fork Green, Utah, - 1 1
North Fork, Indian Ter.,
Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches.
North Fork Kern, California, - 45
North Fork Platte, Nebraska, - 30
North Nishuabatony, Iowa, - 91
North Fork Santiam, Oregon, - 11
North Fork Shenandoah, \'a., 5
North Umpqua, Oregon, - 16
Nottoway, North Carolina, - - 13
Nueces, TTexas, - - 163
Oak Creek, Dakota, - 63
Oak Creek, Texas, - - 61
Obion, Tennessee, - - 26
Ocate, New Mexico, - - - 4
Ocilla, Florida, - - 13
OcWockonee, Florida, - 12
Ocmulgee, Georgia, - - 115
Ocoee, Tennessee, - - - 93

104 ALPHABETICAL

INDEX — RIVERS.

Oconee, Georgia,

Co.
104

Petit Jean, Arkansas,

Co.
. 28

Oconto, Wisconsin,

- 9

Pey, or Elm, Dakota,

- 34

Ocoqua, Virginia,

7

Piedernales, Texas,

108

Octawaha, I'lorida,

. 26

Pinal Creek, Arizona,

. 2

Ogeechee, Georgia,

106

Pierres Creek, Idaho,

10

Ohio, Kentucky,

- 63

Pine Creek, Pennsylvania, -

16

Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, -

- 11

Piny Creek, Missouri,

. 73

Okinakane, Washington, -

2

Piscataquis, Maine, -

- 4

Okobaja Creek, Dakota, -

- 40

Pisco, Washington, .

- 21

Olmos Creek, 'Texas, -

168

Platte, Nebra:^ka,

27

Orange Creek, Florida,

- 26

Pocotaligo, W. A'irginia,

- 42

Oraytayous, Washington,

- 3

Poison Spring Creek, Wyom'g

3

Oro Fino Creek, Idaho,

- 4

Pomme de Terre, Minnesota,

- 34

Osa Creek, Arizona,

- 2

Pommes des Terres, Missouri,

57

Osage, Missouri,

- 60

Ponka Creek, Dakota,

62

Oswegatchie, New York, -

. 1

Ponka, Dakota,

- 79

Oswego, New York,

5

Porcupine, Montana, -

11

OttaAva, Ohio,

. 3

Porcupine Tail Creek, Dakota,

Otter Creek, Vermont,

. 8

southwest part unorganized.

Owens, California,

46

Portage, Ohio,

- 7

Owhyhee, Oregon,

- 22

Porte Neuf, Idaho,

10

Owl Creek, Wyoming,

- 2

Posey Creek, California, -
Poteau, Indian Ter.,

- 45

Pah Ute Creek, California,

. 50

Choctaw Nation.

Pajaro, California,

- 40

Potomac, Maryland, -

- 19

Palo Blanco Creek, Texas,

167

Powder, Montana,

11

Paloose, Washington,

- 3

Powder, Oregon,

- 15

Pamunkey, Virginia, -

. 53

Prieto Creek, Texas, -

152

Papo Aigre, Wyoming,

2

Puerco, New Mexico, -

- 10

Panoche Creek, California,

. 41

Purgatory, Colorado, -

. 17

Panther Creek, Ky.,

- 43

Putah Creek, California, -

. 22

Parke Creek, Arizona,

2

Park, Dakota, -
- 7
Quarrel Creek, Montana, -
. 6
Pascagoula, Mississippi;
- 72
Quillehyats, AVashington,
- 4
Pashamaran, Idaho, -
8
Quinai n I te, Washington,
- 8
Passadumkeag, Maine,
- 4
Quins, Nevada,
- 2
Pass Creek, Dakota, -
- 62
Pass d' Aro Fork, Texas, -
- 37
Racket, New York, -
- 1
Patsaliga, Alabama, -
- 61
Raft Creek, Idaho, -
- 9
Patterson's Creek, W. Va.,
- 18
Rapid Creek, Dakota,
Patuxent, Maryland, -
- 19
southwest part unorganized.
Pawnee Fork, Kansas,
- 69
Rapid Ann, Virginia,
- 15
'Paw Paw, Michigan, -
- 71
Rappahannock, Virginia, .
- 37
Payette Creek, Idaho,
- 6
Raw Hide Creek, Wyoming,
5
Pearl, Mississippi,
- 70
Ready Fork, N. Carolina, -
- 24
Pea River, Alabama, -
63
Red Creek, Indian Ter., Osage
Res.
Pease Creek, Florida,
- 37
Red, Louisiana, - - -
27
Pembina, Dakota,
- 7
Red of the North, West Minn.
Penasco, New Mexico,
13
empties into Lake^Winuepcg,
B.C.
Pennigenassett, N. H.,
. 2
Red, Minnesota,
- 12
P«nobscot, Maine,
' 8
Red, AViseonsin,
- 3
Penobscot, (W. Br.,) Maine,
- 2
Red Cedar, Iowa,
- 79
.Peshtigo, AViseonsin, -
. 9
Red Cedar, Wisconsin,
- 14
ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

105

Co.
Red Fork, Texas, - - 60
Red Lake, Minnesota, . -2
Redwood Creek, California, - 2
Red Wood, Minnesota, - 54
Reed Creek, California, 8
Ree, or Grande, Dakota, - - 29
Eeelfoot, Tennessee, - 26
Reese, Nevada, - 9
Republican, Kansas, - . - 39
Reynolds Creek, Idaho, . 9
Rifle, Michigan, - - - 42
Rio Bonita, Arizona, - - 2
Rio de Chelle, Arizona, - 2
Rio de Chelle, Utah, - - - 20
Rio de los Dolores, Colorado, 10
Rio Frio, Texas, 154
Rio Leona, Texas, 143
Rio AVutroso, Arizona, - 5
Rio Pecos, Texas, - - 60
Rio Prieto, Arizona, - - - 2
Rio Puerco of the West, Arizona, 2
Rio Salado, or Salt, Arizona, 4
Rio San Domingo, Arizona, 5
Rio San Pedro, Arizona, 5
Rio San Pedro, Texas, 60
Rio Santa Cruz, Arizona, 5
Rivanna, Virginia, - - - 27
River Au Sable, Michigan, - 31
Riviere des Lacs, Dakota, - - 3
Roanoke, North Carolina, - - 31
Rock Creek, Idaho, - - - 5
Rock, Illinois, ... 15
Rock, Ohio, - - 1 1
Rocky, North Carolina, - - 85
Rogue, Oregon, - - 18
Rondout Creek, New York, 50
Rosebud, Montana, - - - 11
Rough Creek, Kentucky, - - 78
Rum, Minnesota, - 39
Rush Creek, Colorado, - 13
Rush, Dakota, - - 27
Russian, California, - - 19
Sabinal Creek, Texas, - 131
Sabine, Louisiana, - - - 37
Sac, Missouri, - - 66
Saco, Maine, - - - 1 1
Sacramento, California, - - 24
San Antonio, Texas, 157
St. Bernard, Texas, 139
St. CroiXj Wisconsin, - 13
St. Croix^ Maine, - 10
St. Felipe Creek, Cal., 51

Co.
San Jacinto, Texas, . . 125
St. Fernando Creek, Texjs, 163
St. Francis, Arkansas, . 45
St. Francis, Maine, . 1
St. Johns, Florida, . . 22
St. Johns, (W. Br.,) Maine, 1
St. Josephs, Idaho, . 1
St. Josephs, Michigan, - 71
St. Louis, AViseonsin, . .1
St. Marys, Georgia, . - 136
St. Peters, Dakota, Indian Res.
St. Regis, New York, - - 2
St. Regis, Montana, - - - 1
St. Vrains Fork, Wyoming, 2
Sage Creek, Wyoming, - 2
Saginaw, Michigan, - - 42
Salado, New Mexico, - - 1 1
Salinas, California, . - 40
Saline Bayou, Louisiana, - 18
Saline Creek, Illinois, - - 99
Saline Creek, Indian Ter.,
Cherokee ReseiTation.
Saline, Arkansas, - . 65
Saline, Kansas, - . . .36
Saline, Louisiana, . . - 22
Salitz, Oregon, - ... 3
Salmon, Idaho, - . .3
Salmon, Maine, - - 11
Salmon, New York, - - - 2
Salmon Fall, Idaho, - - -9
Salt Creek, Indiana, - . .72
Salt Fork, Indian Ter.,
Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches.
Salt Fork, Texas, - - - 17
Salt, Dakota, . 7
Salt, Missouri, - - 42
Salt, Wyoming, - - - 3
SaJuda, South Carolina, . - 20
Samish, Washington, - - 1
San Carlos, Arizona, - - 2
Sand, Minnesota, - - - 21
Sanders Creek, Texas, - - 1 4
Sandies Creek, Texas, - 147
Sandusky, Ohio, -* - - - 8
Sandy Creek, Colorado, - 17
Sandy Lick Creek, Penn., - - 22
Sandy, Maine, - - ¦ 2
San Francisco, Arizona, - 2
San Francisco, Texas, - - 58
San Gabriel, Texas, - - - 95
Sangamon, Illinois, - - - 45
San Jose, New Mexico, - - 9
San Joaquin, California, - - 29

106

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

Co.
San Marcos, Texas, 134
San Miguei Creek, Texas, - 153
San Saba, Texas, - - - 77
Sans Bois Creek, Indian Ter.,
Choctaw Nation.
Santa Anna, California, - - 49
Santa Clara, California, - - 48
Santa Fe, Florida, - 1 7
Santa Inez, California, - 47
Santa Maria, Arizona, - 1
Santa Maria, California, - 47
Santa Petronala, Texas, - 163
Sappa Creek, Nebraska, 53
Saranac, New York, - - - 3
Satilla, Georgia, . 118
Sauk, Minnesota, . - 28
Savannah, Georgia, - - 107
Schoharia, New York, - 32
Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, - - 65
Scioto, Ohio, ... 84
Sevier, Utah, - . H
Sheboygan, Michigan, . - 13
Shell, Wyoming, - - 2
Shell Rock, Iowa, - - 29
Sherlon's Fork, Arizona, . 2
Shiawasee, Michigan, . .47
Shiloh, Louisiana, - - 6
Shyenne, Dakota, - - 27
Simmons Fork, North Carolina, 74
Skunk, Iowa, - - 100
Shokomish, Washington, - - 10
Skagit, Washington, . . - 1
Sipsey, Alabama, - 23
Sipsey Fork, Alabama, 18
Slate, Virginia, - - - 46
Slippery Rock Creek, Penn., 19
Smith, North California, - 5
Smith's Fork, Nebraska, - - 28
Smith, California, - - 1
Smith's, Montana, - - - 7
Smith's, OrcLion, - 16
Smoke, Washington, - - - 3
Smoky Hill Fork, Kansas, - 29
Snake, Idaho, - - 10
Snake, Minnesota, - - 21
Snake, Nebraska, west of, 1
Snohomish, Washington, - 7
Soasahatchie, Tennessee, - 77
Soldier, Iowa, - - - 57
Solomons Fork, Kansas, - 19
Soath, Iowa, - - 74
South, North Carolina, 93
South, Virginia, . .10

Co.
South Anna, Virginia, - 29
South Branch, Nebraska, - 20
South Br. Shenandoah, W. Va., 21
South Coon, Iowa, - - 61
South Fabins, Missouri, . - 24
South Fork White, Dakota, - 63
South Fork, Oregon, - - - 13
South Fork, South Carolina, 28
South Fork, Texas, - 1
South Fork, Texas, . - 27
South Fork Deer, 'Tennessee, 50
South Fork Eel, California, 10
South Fork Humboldt, Nevada, - 3
South Fork Malheur, Oregon, - 22
South Fork Pease, Texas, - 5
South Fork Platte, Nebraska, - 30
S. F. Santiam, Oregon, - 11
South Umpqua, Oregon, - - 16
South Yadkin, North Carolina, - 43
Spavina Creek, Indian Ter.,
Choctaw Reservation.
Spanish, Utah, - - 10
Spokane, Washington, - - 2
Spoon, Illinois, - . - jg
Sprague, Oregon, . . .20
Spring Creek, Arkansas, - 9
Spring Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
Spring Creek, Texas, - - 125
Squirrel Creek, Colorado, . 16
Staluk Whamish, AA''ashington, 7
Stanislaus, California, - - 36
Staunton, Virginia, - - - 91
Steinhatchee, Florida, - 18
Stevens Creek, South Carolina, - 19
Stinking, Wyoming, - - 2
Stony Creek, California, 12
Strong, Mississippi, - - - 51
Sugar Creek, Indiana, . .44
Sugar Creek, Ohio, . . 46
Sulphur Spring Creek, Wyom'g, 2
Sun Flower, Mississippi, - - 38
Susan, California, - - - 7
Susquehanna, Maryland, - - 7
Susquehanna, (W. Br.,) Penn., - 26
Susquehanna, (E. Br.,) Penn., - 27
Suwanee, Florida, - - .28
Swan, Missouri, ... loi
Sweet Water, AVyoming, . . .3
Swift Creek, Virginia, - .50
Swift, North Carolina, . . 29
Swoolamish, Washington, - .1
Sybilles Fork, Wyoming, - - 5

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — RIVERS.

107

Tallapoosa, Alabama,
Tallahala Creek, Mississippi,
Tallala, Georgia,
Tallahatchie, Mississippi,
Tamarac, Minnesota, -
Tanawha, AVest A'irginia,
Tangipahoa, Louisiana,
Tar, North Carolina, -
Taylor's Bayou, Texas,
Temperance, Minn., -
Tennessee, Kentucky,
Tensas, Louisiana,
Terrapin Creek, Colorado, -
Teton, Montana,
Thief, Minnesota,
Thunder Bay, Michigan, -
Tia Juana, California,
Tickfaw, Louisiana, .
Tide Creek, Dakota, .
Tifiin, Ohio,
Trinoanogos, Utah, -
Timpas Creek, Colorado,
Tippecanoe, Indiana, -
Tobacco, Montana,
Tombigby, Alabama,
Tongue, Montana,
Toreau, Louisiana,
Toyah Creek, Texas, -
Tradewater, Kentucky,
Trempealeau, Wisconsin, .
Trent, North Carolina,
Trinity, California,
Trinity, Texas,
Truckee, Nevada,
Tugaloo, South Carolina,
Tug Fork Sandy, Ky.,
Tulare, Califoruia,
Tuniche, New Mexico,
Tuolumne, California,
Turkey Creek, Arizona,
Turkey, Iowa,
Turtle, Dakota, .
Turtle, Dakota, -
Tuscarawas, Ohio,
Two Battle Creek, Kansas,
Tygarts Valley, West Va.,
Umatilla, Oregon,
Umpqua, Oregon,
Union, Maine,
Upper Iowa, Iowa,
Upper Knife, Dakota,
Upper Yakima, Washington,

Co.

Co.

- 44
- 67 10

Ushkabwaka, Minnesota, -

5

Vermillion Creek, Dakota,

- 82

8

Vermillion River, Minnesota,

5

- 1

Vernon Fork, Indiana,

73

- 22

Virgin, Nevada,

15

- 34

53

Wabash, Illinois,

- 95

127

AVaccamaw, South Carolina,

- 25

. 6

Walker, Nevada,

13

- 90

AVallahalla, California,

19

22

AVallkill Creek, New York,

- 50

- 4

AYalnut Creek, Indian Ter.,

. 5
Chickasaw Nation.
2
AValnut Creek, Iowa,
- 91
19
AValnut Creek, Kansas,
- 51
51
Wandushkaw, or Snake, Dakota, 43
- 45
Wapsipinicon, Iowa,
- 69
9
AVashita, Indian Ter.,
4
Chickasaw Nation.
- 10
Washita, Louisiana, -
- 22
17
Wateree, South Carolina,
- 22
29
Waterhole Creek, Dakcti, .
- 64
1
Weber, Utah, -
- 4
- 49
Wenatshapan, Washington,
- 15
11
West, Vermont, -
- 14
17
West Branch White, Ind.,
- 69
59
West Fork, Louisiana,
- 28
- 41
West Fork, Indian Ter.,
18
Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches.
82
West Fork, Texas, -
- 35
¦ 2
West Fork Cedar, Iowa, .
- 29
126
West Fork Little Sioux, Ky.,
44
- 5
AVest Fork Sandy, Ky., -
11
18
West Fork Shyenne, Wyoming, 5
- 24
AVhetstone, Ohio,
- 55
- 43
White, Arkansas,
- 19
- 3
White, Dakota, -
- 64
36
White, Indiana, -
69
- 4
AVhite, Utah,
11
- 31
White, AVashington, -
- 12
- 18
AVhite, Wisconsin,
- 3
- 44
White Earth Creek, Dakota,
- 46
southwest part unorganized.
65
White Earth, Dakota,
. 2
. 6
Wild Rice, Minnesota,
- 2
Willamette, Oregon, -
7
- 14
AVillis, Virginia,
- 47
16
AVillopah, Washington,
- 9
9
Willow Creek, Oregon,
- 13
11
Willow, Minnesota,
- 10
- 2
Wind, Wyoming,
. 2
15
Winooski, Vermont, -
. 5
108

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — CAPES.

Co.
Winter Road, Minnesota, - .1
AViseonsin, AViseonsin, . - 40
Wiser Creek, Idaho, - - 6
Withlacochee, Florida, - - 16
AA'ithlockoochee, Florida, - 28
Wolf Creek, Nebraska, - 53
Wolf, Mississippi, - 71
AVolf, ^yVisconsin, - - - 34
Wounded Knee Creek, Dakota,
southwest part unorganized.
AVhisky Creek, Wyoming, - 4
Yadkin, North Carolina, - 43
Yakima, Washington, - - 21
YalUbusha, Mississippi, - 24
Yamhill Fork, Oregon, , . 5
Yampa Creek, Arizona, - - 1

Co.
Yazoo, Mississippi, - - - 43
Yegua Creek, Texas, - - 111
Yellow, Alabama, - - 61
Yellow, Florida, - - - 2
Yellow, Wisconsin, - -4
Yellow, Wisconsin, . .29
Yellow Medicine, Minn., - 43
Yellow Stone, Montana, /- .6
Yellow Water Creek, Montana, - 6
Yockanockany's Creek, Miss., - 40
Yoconey, Misssssippi, - - 17
Yough6gheny, Penn., - - - 34
Yuba, California, - - 15
Zumbro, Minnesota, . - 60
Zuni, AiiZona, - - -2

CAPES.

CapeCape CapeCapeCapeCapeCapeCape
Cape CapeCapeCape Cape
CapeCape CapeCapeCapeCapeCapeCapeCapeCape Cape

Ann, Mass., . - -7
Arago, Oregon, . - 17
Blanco, Oregon, - 18
Canaveral, Florida, . 30
Charles, Maryland, - 40
Cod, Massachusetts, - 12
Disappointment, Wash'n, -, 9

Little Point Ausable, Mich., - 37

Elizabeth, Maine,
Fear, North Carolina,
Flattery, Washington,
Florida, Florida,
Foulweather, Oregon,
Hatteras, N. C,
Henlopen, Delaware, -
Henry, Virginia,
Lookout, N. Carolina,
Lookout, Oregon,
May, New Jersey,
Mendocino, California,
Perpetua, Oregon,
Romano, Florida,
Remain, S. Carolina,
Sable, Florida, -
San Bias, Florida,

False Cape, California,
False Fillamook, Oregon,
Fletcher Neck, Maine,
Gravelly Point, Michigan, -
Great Point Ausable, Mich.,
Heweena Point, Mich.,

12
93 4
39 3
54 3
9991 3
21 4
1238 30
39 7

Montauk Point, L. I.,
North Point, Michigan,
Pemmaquid Point, Maine, -
Point Adams, Oregon,
Point. Arena, California,
Point Arquilla, California, -
Point aux Bees Scies, Mich.,
Point Bonita, Califoruia, -
Point Brown, AVashington,
Point Conception, Cal.,
Point De Los Reyes, Cal.,
Point Gordo, Cal., -
Point Lobos, Cal.,
Point Pinos, Cal.,
Point Sur, California,
Point Vincent, Cal., -
Racoon Point, Lousiana, -
Southwest Cape, Florida, .

. 4 Tawas Point, Michigan,
. 1 Tillamook Head, Oregon,
- 1 1 Toke Point, Washington,
- 42 Umpqua Head, Oregon,
- 32 White Fish Point, Mich.,

- 6019
- 15
- 1
- 10
- 47
- 20
- 20
- 8
- 47
- 20
- 40
- 27
- 40
- 40
. 49
. 54
- 12
- 31
. 1
. 9

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — BAYS.

109

BAYS.

Co.
Admiralty Inlet, Washington, . 5
Albemarle Sound,
northeast coast North Carolina.
Appalachee, Florida, 13
Atchafalaya, Louisiana, - - 47
Barataria, Louisiana, - 55
Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey, 15
Barnegat, New Jersey, - - 15
Barnes Sound, Florida, -, - 39
Bay Ronde, Louisiana, - .56
Bear Harbor, California, . 10
Bellingham, Washington, . 1
Biscayne, Florida, - .20
Bodega, California, . . 39
Boundary, Washington, . 1
Bulls, South Carolina, . .30
Buzzards, Mass., - 12
Camels, California, . .40
Cote Blanche, Louisiana, - .47
Chaudeleur Sound, S. E. La.,  •
Charlotte Harbor, Florida, . . 37
Chatham, Florida, - - - 39
Chesapeake, Maryland, 
Chincoteague, Maryland, . - 23
Cove Sound, North Carolina, - 91
Corpus'Christi, Texas, - 163
Crystal, Florida, - -31
Delaware, east of Delaware, - —
East, Texas, - - - 126
Estero, California, - .44
Florida, Florida,
Florida Strait, Florida, south,
Fon du Lac, AViseonsin, . 1
Frenchman, Maine, . . .9
Galveston, Texas, 140
Green, W isconsin, - 11
Half Moon, California, - - 32
Hatteras Inlet, E. Pamlico Sound,
North Carolina Coast.
Hood's Canal, Washington, 5
Humboldt, California, - - 4
Indian Inlet, Florida, - - 36
Isle au Breton Sound, S. E. La., —

Juan de Fuca Strait, Wash'n,
Jupiter Inlet, Florida,

Co.
. 4
- 36

Laguna Madre, Texas, - 168
Lampa, Florida, - - - - 34
Little Egg Harbor, N. J., - . 14
L. I. Sound, south of Conn., . —
Massachusetts, Mass., . .8
Matanzas Inlet, Florida, . .27
Matagorda, Texas, - 150
Mississijjpi Sound, Miss., . 71
Mobile, Alabama, - 59
Monterey, California, . .40
Musquito Inlet, Florida, - 30
Narraguagus, Maine, - - 10
Narragansett, R. I., - 5
Nekas, Oregon, - - . 3
New River Inlet, Florida, - 39
Ocracoke Inlet, E. Pamlico Sound,
North Carolina coast.
Oregon Inlet, B. coast N. Carolina.
Oyster, Louisiana, - - 56
Oyster, Florida, - - - - 33

Pamlico, North Carolina, -
Pamlico Sound, N. Carolina,
Peconic, Long Island,
Pelican, California,
Penobscot, Maine,
Pensacola, Florida,
Pugets Sound, Washington,

39 Rosario Strait, Washington,

St. Andre, Florida,
San Antonio, Texas,
San Luis, California, -
San Pablo, California,
Saginaw, Michigan, -
Sarasota, Florida,
Shoalwater, Washington, .
South, Long Island, -
Strait of Mackinaw, Michigan,
Suisun, California,
Teaqumenen, Michigan,
Terrebonne, Louisiana,
Thunder, Michigan,

- 53
- 54
- 60
. 1
8 2
. 14
. 1
. 5
158
- 44
. 20
. 43
. 37
. 9
. 6011
23
. 6
. 54
. 19

no

ALPHABETICAL INDEX — ISLANDS.

Co.

Co.

Tillamook, Oregon, .

. 3

West, Texas,

140

West, Louisiana,
. 56
Vermillion, Louisiana,
. 38
White Water, Florida,
. 39
Vineyard Sound, Mass., -
- 13
Winyah, South Carolina, .
. 25
ISLANDS.
Amelia, Florida,
- 21
Kiawah, South Carolina, .
- 30
Anastasia, Florida,
27
Apostle, Wisconsin, .
- 2
Lacosta, Florida,
- 37
Long, New York, . 58, .
59&60
Big Beaver, Michigan,
10
Long, Texas,
168
Block, Rhode Island,- -
4
Long Key, Florida, ¦
- 37
Bois Blanc, Michigan,
- 13
Lopez, AVashington, -
- 1
Breton, Louisiana,
56
Machias Seal, Maine, -
- 10
Caman's, AVashington,
- 6
Madeleine, Wisconsin,
. 2
CampobelTs, Maine,
10
Manitou, Michigan, -
- 10
Captive, Florida,
- 37
Marquesas Key, Florida, -
- 39
Cat, Mississippi,
- 71
Marsh Island, Louisiana, -
- 47
Cedar, North Carolina,
- 91
Martha's Vineyard, Mass.,
- 13
Chaudeleur, Miss., south of.
71
Matagorda, Texas, .
159
Charity, Michigan, -
- 43
Matinicus, Maine,
16
Cooper's, South Carolina,
- 30
Merritt's, Florida,
- 30
Cumberland, Georgia,
136
Michigan, Wisconsin,
- 2
Middle, Michigan,
. 14
Dauphin, Alabama, -
- 58
Mt. Desert, Maine,
. 9
Deer, Maine,
10
Derniere, Louisiana, -
54
Nantucket, Mass.,
. 14
Dry Tortugas, Florida,
- 39
Orcas, Washington, -
. 1
Edisto, South Carolina,
- 31
Ossahaw, Georgia,
106
Elizabeth, Mass.,
. 10
Outer, AViseonsin,
. 2
Farallone's, California,
- 20
Palm Key, Florida, -
. 37
Fisher's, Connecticut,
- 8
Petit Bois, Alabama, -
. 58
Florida Keys, Florida,
- 39
Pine Key, Florida,
. 34
Fox, Michigan,
- 10
Presqu Isle, Wisconsin,
. 2
Pte Pel(5e, Ohio,
- 9
Galveston, Texas,
140
Gardiner's, New York,
60
Roanoke, North Carolina, .
. 34
Gasparilla, Florida, -
. 37
Ross, Maine,
. 10
Grand Crozier, La., east of.
. 56
Grand Menan, Maine,
. 10
St. George's, Florida,
• 9
St. Simon's, Georgia,
119
Haut Isle, Maine,
. 9
Sanibal, Florida,
- 37
Hilton Head, South Carolina
, 32
San Miguel, California,
. 48
Horn, Mississippi,
72
Santa Barbara, California, -
. 49
Santa Cruz, California,
- 48
Jekyl, Georgia, ...
119
Santa Catalina, California,
. 49
San Clemente, California, .
. 51
Kelley's, Ohio, .
. 9
San Juan, Washington,
1
Key West, Florida, -
. 39
San Nicholas, California, .
- 49
ALPHABETICAL INDEX — ISLANDS.

Ill

Santa Rosa, California,
Santa Rosa, Florida,
Sapelo, Georgia,
Ship Island, Mississippi,
South Anclote, Florida,
Swan's Island, Maine,

Co. 48 2
120
- 71
- 31
- 9

Tatoosh, Washington,
Tybee, Georgia,
Whidhey's, Washington, -
Whitehead, Maine,
Wolfe, New York, -

Co.
- 4
107

10 4

n I

CO
00