Yale University Library 39002016205271 fir" _ ui {we fWt'£U7" •iradLE-waiivEiasjnnf- ILIIBiaaiSF - HISTORY OF Northern Wisconsin / containing AN ACCOUNT OF ITS SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES; AN EXTENSIVE SKETCH OF ITS Counties, Cities, Towns and Villages, THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS; VIEWS OF COU? W SEATS, KTC. ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO: THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. A, T. ANDREAS, Proprietor. 1881. COPYRIGHT, THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY Donnelley. Gassette & Loyd, printers. A. J. Cox & Company. binders. PREFACE In presenting the History of Northern Wisconsin to the public, the publisher feels that he has accomplished a work of great value to the present, and of inestimable impor tance to the coming generations. While yet those men whose energy, perseverance and intelligence created this region are living, the record of the founding of a mighty domain is placed in abiding form. Much of the informa tion herein contained was derived from the lips of partici pants in the scenes described. Still other portions were obtained by patient research among obscure volumes and documents, which are perishable, and which a few years hence may be inaccessible to the historian. In this work are gathered the scattered threads of incidents and events, which are woven into a consecutive fabric, and given as the basis of of future history. The earlier pages form one of the most interesting chapters in the history of the Nation. On the shores of Green Bay and Lake Superior, were planted the seeds of the empire of the Northwest. Two and a half centuries have passed since the subject of France trod the wilderness of the West and the soldier of the Cross implored divine mercy on the heathen tribes of the trackless waste. To day the forest, which then echoed only with the defiant war- cry of the Indian, now throbs with the peaceful pulse of commerce, and trade, "the calm health of nations," pene trates to the remotest borders of the once savage realm. Had Jean Nicolet been gifted with superhuman powers of divination, what marvels he would have foreseen. Braving dangers by lake and land, he sought to establish traffic with Wisconsin — then a region of myth and legend. Now that section contributes its store of wealth to the world, and wins success through the mediumship of intelligent in dustry. Of. such a section does this volume treat — rich in his toric importance, but richer still in the record of its phenomenal development. The manner in which the task has been performed is easily comprehended by the reader : First, the far-distant events, then the intermediate era, and lastly, by counties, the history of each locality since the existing generation stamped it with the unmistakable seal of American enterprise. As we have published most of the counties in Wiscon sin, known as agricultural counties, we thought best to include in one large volume those in what is known as the lumber and mining districts, and add the counties and cities having large interests in that section. Some parts have long been settled ; others, only a short time. We have endeavored to gather all important facts accessible, and treat all sections impartially. With the number of men employed, it has been impossible to have that similarity of style and subjects treated, as we would wish ; but we think the ground has been pretty generally covered. The constant rains during the season retarded our work more than can be imagined by those not acquainted with the facts. For weeks and weeks, little could be done ; but our men struggled against the obstacles, and did the best they could. As there is more type work in this volume than in any other ever issued in the West, and in order to complete it before the severe Winter weather set in, it was necessary to give it to two of the largest printing offices in the city, which accounts for a slight dissimilarity in type and a skip in folios where they will join. Cordially expressing a sense of obligation for assistance rendered by the press, the pioneers, the clergy and the busi ness men of every portion of the territory herein described, the publisher places his work before the people, conscious of having endeavored to perform well the labor undertaken by him. Western Historical Co. Chicago, December, 1881. CONTENTS HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN General History. page The Mound Builders 33 The Indian Tribes 34 The First Map _. 37 Nicolet's Explorations 37 Early Jesuit Missions -]S Under French Dominion _ 42 Discovery of the Upper Mississippi 43 Tolietls and Marquette's Maps 43 Explorations Subsequent to Joliet 44 English Supremacy in Wisconsin 47 Explorations of Northwestern Wis consin 51 The Territorial Period 55 The Public Domain. 56 Furs _ _ . 58 Adams County. Natural Features 59 Settlement _ 59 Organization 60 Friendship 60 Ashland County. The Jesuit Fathers 61 Apostle Islands.. 63 The Mainland 64 Ashland 66 Butternut 74 Glidden 75 Protestant Missions 75 Barron County. Natural Features 77 Settlement .. 77 Organization 78 Barron 78 Bayfield County. Natural Advantages 78 Indians 78 Early History 78 Bs-yPc': 79 Exp'o'-tii. nf Green Bay — 86 Earl v Ind ,-ir. Movements 87 L he First Fur Traders.. - 87 The Catholic Missions 87 Daumont de St. Lusson 88 Marquette and Joliet — 88 La Salle r 89 Louis Hennepin , 89 Henri De Tonty 90 Subsequent Visitors 90 British Rule 92 Beginning of Actual Settlement.. .. 93 Building of Fort Howard 94 Under Michigan Territory 95 The Present 99 Lake and River Communication 100 Roadsand Railroads 101 Political Organization - 102 Location of the County Seat 103 Judicial Organization 104 The Bar Association _ 104 Attorneys — 1818 to 1848 104 Land Office 104 The Old Settlers' Club 105 County Organization Under State Rule.. - -- 105 Legislative Representation 105 The Arndt-Viney ard Tragedy 1 06 Military History 107 Brown County — continued. page Town History IO8 District Schools ... 109 Green Bay - - io9 Fort Howard.. 134 The De Peres 14° West De Pere .'- 143 Wrighlstown 147 Other Towns 147-151 Buffalo County. Locationand Natural Resources 152 Early History 153 Official 156 County Seat Troubles 157 Agricultural Society __ 158 The Press " 158 Beef Slough 158 Alma _ 159 Fountain City 164 Buffalo City 168 Mondovi 168 Gilmanton 169 Burnett County. Natural Feacures 170 Organization _ 171 Grantsburg. r7l Calumet County. Location and Natural Features 172 Early Occupants 172 Settlement 172 Political and Judicial 174 A Marked Assimilation 174 The War _ 175 Chilton __ 176 New Holstein 181 Hayton _ _ 183 Gravesville 183 Hilbert Junction 184 Brillidn 185 Sherwood 186 Clifton 187 Stockbridge ... 187 Brothertown 188 Chippewa County. Physical Features _ _. 189 The Chippewas 189 Organization _ 191 War Record 192 The Settlement 192 ChippewaFalls J98 Bloomer _ 221 Chippewa City 223 Auburn _ - 224 Cadott __ _ 225 Cartwright's Mill 226 Badger Mills 226 Clark County. Location and Natural Features 227 Settlement 228 The Press 232 Pineries and Logging __ 233 Neillsville 233 Humbird. _ __ 244 Greenwood 246 Hemlock _ 248 Colby (See Marathon County) 248 Dorchester 250 Unity (See Marathon County) 251 Abbotsford 252 Door County. page Natural Advantages.. 253 Lumber Interests 253 Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal 253 The War Quota 255 Traditional and Early History 255 Political 1 255 Sturgeon Bay 256 Bay View.. . 262 Nasewaupee -- 263 Foreslville 263 Gibralter. ._ 264 Liberty Grove. - 265 Clay Banks 265 Sevastopol 265 Egg Harbor- 266 Bailey's Harbor 266 Jack son port.... 267 Douglas County. Superior 269 Dunn County. Location and Resources.. 272 Settlement and Growth 273 The Old Settlers 276 Menomonie 279 Knapp 288 Rusk. 289 Downsville .- 289 Dunnville 290 Cedar Falls 290 Eau Galle .- 291 Rock Falls-.- 291 Maridean 292 Other Towns and Villages.... 292-293 Eau Claire County. Geology ._ 293 Early Visitors __ 293 Organization 295 Eau Claire '.. 297 Union 338 Augusta _" 338 Fall Creek 342 Porterville 343 Other Towns and Villages. _ . 344 Green Lake County. Natural Advantages __ 346 Antiquities 347 Settlement 347 Organization 348 War Record 348 Legislative 349 Summer Attractions. 349 Berlin __ __ 350 Princeton 359 Markesan 361 Dartford _. _T 363 Kingston 364 Green Lake and Manchester 365 Juneau County. Physical Features 366 Settlement 366 Press __ 368 Mauston _ _ 368 New Lisbon 378 Necedah .' 383 Elroy 387 Wonewoc _. 388 Union Center 393 Germantown 394 Werner _ 394 CONTENTS. Jackson County. page Physical Features 395 Indian Occupation 396 Settlement 396 Logging and Lumbering 403 Black River Falls 403 Merrillan 414 Alma Center- _ 419 Hexton - 420 Sechlersville _ 421 Melrose 422 North Bend... _. 424 Millston _ 425 Other Towns 425-426 Kewaunee County. Natural Advantages -- 426 War Record 426 Political ._. 426 Kewaunee 427 Ahnapee 432 Other Settlements 436 La> glade County. 438 Lincoln County. Physical Features 438 Political 439 The Wisconsin River 439 Merrell. - 44° Other Towns- 449-450 La Crosse County. The Winnebago Confederacy and In dian Occupation 450 O-Chunk-O-Raw 457 Preliminary 454 The Beginning 454 Origin of the name La Crosse. ..... 455 The Game of La Crosse. 456 Beginning of Settlement 456 Mining Settlements and Military Posts 458 Nathan Myrick's Arrival _ 459 The Settlement on the Mainland 459 The First Survey. 460 The Mormon Invasion 460 TheFirstRaft _ 461 The First Death 462 The First Birth 462 First Land Sales. _ _. 463 Removal of the Indians 463 Organization 465 County Seat 467 United States Land Office 467 Northwestern HorticulturalSociety.. 46S Reminiscences 468 LaCrosse 482 West Salem 513 Manitowoc County. Natural Advantages 514 General History __ 514 Political 515 Enrly History 516 The War Period 517 Means of Communication 517 Manitowoc 519 Manitowoc Rapids _ 535 Two Rivers _. 536 Centerville 1 539 Keil '. 540 Other Settlements 541 Marathon County. Physical Features. 542 Settlement 543 Wausau '- — 544 Marathon City 569 Mosinee - 569 Knowlton 570 Springbrook 571 Hutchinson 571 Spencer 572 Colby (See Clark County) 575 Unity (See Clark County) 576 Marinette County. General Features. Early History The First Mill _ The Great Fires of Oct. 8, 1871 After the Fire — Relief Marinette Menekaunee Peshtigo Menominee, Mich. - Marquette County. Physical Features .- Pre-Historic and Aboriginal Settlement _ _. Organization Montello Westfield _. Other Settlements Monroe County, Geographical Position _ Indians Settlement Organization. Railroads The Press _ Monroe County Agricultural Society. Cranberry Culture Sparta Angelo __ Lafayette _ Cataract Leon. Cashton Melvina _ _. Tomah Greenfield Norwalk _ Wilton _"_ Glendale Kendall Adrian _ Oconto County. General History.. ._-__ Early History Fur Trade _ The War... __ Oconto Villages Outagamie County. Natural Features - _ Political _ County Organization _ _ War Items Appleton .--.- - Town of Grand Chute Kaukauna and Ledyard Seymour Hortonville Other Settlements Pepin County. Physical Features Fort Beauharnais Early History .' V _. Official _. Press _ Coleman Brothers Murder _. Durand Pepin Arkansaw." Stockholm Pierce County. Location and Natural Features Early History Official ._ _. Ellsworth _ .. Maiden Rock Prescott .. River Falls Diamond Bluff _ Esdaile page Polk County. 578 578579 579 582 583595 595601 611611611612612 614615616616 616 618620 621 622 623624639640640640641642643651651652653653653 654654 655 655656665667667667 668669685 686 687 688688 690691692(.93694 695698 703705 706 707 708710712 7147157'7 720720 Physical Features 721 Settlement 722 Organization 722 Osceola 723 St. Croix Falls- 724 Portage County. Physical Features 725 The Indians 726 Early History 728 The White Pine 730 Political History 732 The War Record 734 Stevens Point 735 Plover 766 Springville _ 762 McDillville 762 Amherst 762 Junction City 762 Meehan _ 763 Price County. Lumbering _ 764 Settlement 764 Organization ._ 765 Phillips - 766 Worcester __ 767 Fifield 767 Ogema 768 Shawano County. General History __ 768 The Reservations 768 Settlement 769 Organization .' 769 Shawano 769 Other Settlements 772 St. Croix County. Physical Features .. 945 The Indians 945 Early History 946 Organization 947 Hudson 949 New Richmond. 952 Hammond 957 Town ofSomerset ... 959 Baldwin go I Hersey 962 Nelson 963 Star Prairie _ 964 Erin 965 Other Villages 966 Sheboygan County. Physical Features 967 Prehistoric Remains 967 The Name ._ 967 The Indians . .». 968 Settlement ...» 968 Organizatkm 969 Means onfemmunication _ 970 Legislative .... 971 Schools 972 Agricultural Growth 973 The War Period 974 Tornadoof 1873 975 Sheboygan 975 Sheboygan Falls 999 Plymouth 1006 Greenbush 1011 Glenbeulah 101 1 Town of Mosel 1014 Town of Herman 1014 Howard's Grove _. 1014 Franklin _ 1015 Town of Rhine 1015 Town of Russell 1015 Town of Lima 1015 Town of Holland 1016 Cedar Grove 1016 Oostberg 1017 Amsterdam .. 10 17 Town of Wilson 1017 CONTENTS. Sheboygan County — continued. page Town of Lynden.. 1018 Cascade 1018 Waldo 1019 Onion River 1019 Winooski 1020 Town of Sherman _. 1020 Random Lake _ 1020 Sherman Station 1021 Silver Creek _ 1021 Town of Mitchell.. 102 1 Town of Scott 1021 Taylor County. Early History 1022 The Centennial Year 1023 County Officers 1023 Medford __ 1024 Chelsea 1030 Westboro 1032 Stetsonville 1032 Trempealeau County. Natural Features 1033 Settlement 1033 Organization _ 1035 The Press 1037 Whitehall 1037 Trempealeau 1042 Town of Caledonia 1051 Arcadia 1052 Galesville 1058 Independence 1065 Blair 1070 Ettrick 1071 Waupaca County. page Geological 1072 Lumber Interests 1072 Agricultural 1073 Property and Taxation 1073 Population 1073 The Schools 1073 Prehistoric and Historic 1073 First Settlers 1074 The Fight for a Child 1074 Organization 1075 First Things - 1075 Old Settlers' Society 1076 County Buildings 1077 Waupaca 1077 New London 1088 Noithport 1095 Weyauwega 1 096 Little Wolf.. 1 100 Royalton _ 1100 Lind 1101 Farmington 1103 Scandinavia 1105 St. Lawrence 1 106 Iola 1 106 Dayton 1 107 Helvetia 1109 Bear Creek _ 1109 Lebanon 1110 Caledonia mo Union 1110 Matteson 1110 Larrabee nil Fremont 1112 Dupont _ 1113 Waushara County. page Physical Characteristics 1 1 14 Early History 1114 Organization. II 14 Wautoma 1 1 1 5 Plainfield II 16 Hancock — 1118 Other Villages 11 19 Winnebago County, Natural Features 11 20 General History 1120 Indian History 1120 Early History 1121 " City of Athens" 1121 Oshkosh 1124 Neenah and Menasha 1167 Omro 1 183 Winneconne 1187 Waukau 1188 Eureka 1189 Butte Des Morts 1191 General Town History 1192 Wood County. Physical Features 1193 Settlement 1194 Organization __ 1195 The Press 1196 Cranberry Culture 1 197 Grand Rapids 1197 Port Edwards' 1207 Centralia 1207 Marshfield 1209 Auburndale 1213 Dexterville 1215 Scranton . 1215 Other Towns 1216 121 7 CONTENTS. ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. PAGE George W. Adams, Medford 1027 W. J. Abrams, Green Bay. 122 A. C. Brown, Marinette 588 F. J. Bartels, Peshtigo 596 George Beyer, Oconto 659 Berthin N. Benson, Dorchester 251 Edwin O. Baker, Menominee 283 George A. Buffington, Eau Claire 317 Luther Beckwith, Mauston 374 Mrs. E. M. Beckwith, Mauston 374 S. C. Blake, Manitowoc 525 J. M. Bingham, Chippewa Falls 205 John C. Clarke, Wausau 558 Augustus Cole, Oconto 660 William Carson, Eau Claire 318 James Chapman, Bayfield , 83 William Chipman, Green Bay 123 C.E.Crane, Green Bay 124 E. W. Culver, Chippewa Falls. 207 Alfred Dodge, Medford 1028 A. G. Ellis, StevensPoint 751 C.F. Eldred, Wausau 559 Charles J. Ellis, Marinette 588 W. A. Ellis, Peshtigo 597 E. J. Farr, Eau Claire 321 John Franz, Manitowoc 527 M. D. L. Fuller, Plymouth 1009 Sam O. Fifield, Ashland 71 J. H. Farnham, Wausau. - -- 560 A. M. Fairchild, Marinette 589 A. M. Gibbons, Eau Claire 322 George C. Ginty, Chippewa Falls 209 George Grimmer, Kewaunee 430 Timothy Howe, Green Bay 127 Sam'l D. Hastings, Jr., Green Bay 125 William Hoffman, Green Bay 120 James Hewett, Neillsville 241 Jeff T. Heath, Wonewoc 392 M. H. Hurley, Wausau 561 E. R. Herren, Stevens Point 752 G. L. Holmes, Sheboygan 990 F. A. Healy, Medford 1028 O. H. Ingram, Eau Claire 325 D. M. Kelly, Green Bay 128 John H. Knight, Bayfield 84 F. W. Kickbusch, Wausau 562 C. A. Murch, Green Bay 121 L. M. Marshal, Green Bay 129 H. E. Macomber, New Lisbon 380 M. H. McCord, Merrill 447 H. E. Mann, Marinette 590 A. C. Merryman, Marinette 591 T. B. McCourt, Medford 1029 T. H. McDill, Stevens Point 754 D. E. Miles, Chippewa Falls 32 J. H. Nourse, Bayfield 85 PAGE Luther B. Noyes, Marinette 591 A. W. Newman, Trempealeau 1050 Thad. C. Pound, Chippewa Falls 215 Horace Palmer, Sparta - 638 John Phillips, Stevens Point 755 W. H. Packard, Stevens Point 755 Charles D. Robinson, Green Bay 131 S. S. Riddell, Chippewa Falls 216 William Rahr, Manitowoc 531 A. Reinhart, Oconto 663 C. E. Rogers, Chippewa Falls 32 H. M. Royce, Oconto 663 Myron Reed, Waupaca 1086 J. O. Raymond, Stevens Point 756 J. M. Smith, Green Bay ...'... 132 N. Shaw, Eau Claire -- 332 Daniel Shaw, Eau Claire 333 G. A. Sinclair, New Lisbon 382 John Schuette, Manitowoc 532 F. Simon, Manitowoc 533 William Scholfield, Wausau 567 C. A. Single, Wausau 555 Isaac Stephenson, Marinette 593 S. M. Stephenson, Marinette 594 F. P. Stiles, Sparta 639 P. H. Swift, Oconto 664 S. A. Sherman, Stevens Pont. 757 George C. Teall, Eau Claire 334 O. Torrison, Manitowoc - 533 F. R, Townsend, Sheboygan 997 J. A. Templeton, Neillsville 31 Louis Vincent, Chippewa Falls 219 Daniel Whitney, Green Bay '. . 133 N. W. Wheeler, Chippewa Falls 220 A. Wilson, New Lisbon .. 380 E. Wagner, Manitowoc 534 W. H. Webster, Oconto 665 W. H. Young, Oconto .'. . 665 VIEWS. Ashland 66 Alma... 159 Appleton 671 Bayfield 80 Berlin 353 Black River Falls 404 Chilton 177 Chippewa Falls 199 Durand 699 Eau Claire.. 301 Eagle Brewery 29 Crescent Mills and Elevator 31 Kaufmann & Bachrach, store 31 Grand Rapids 1199 Green Bay m Joannes Bros., store 120 PAGE Green Bay — Business College 121 St. Patrick's Church, Ft. Howard 135 D. M. Burns Boiler Works, Ft. How ard 137 Hudson 949 Kewaunee , 427 La Crosse 483 Menominee — 279 Mauston 37' Bank of New Lisbon 380 A. Wilson, residence, New Lisbon 383 Case Wagon Co., Wonewoc 389 Merrill 441 Manitowoc 519 Marinette 585 Menominee, Mich 602 Medford 1024 Menasha ..¦_ 1169 Neenah , 1168 Neillsville 235 Oshkosh 1125 Oconto 657 Sturgeon Bay 257 Sparta 625 Court-House 625 James Davidson, residence 625 Thos. B. Tyler, residence 624 Alfred W. Wilson, residence 624 Opera House, Tomah 646 Drake House, Tomah 647 E. W. Beebee, residence, Tomah . 648 T. S. Powers, residence, Tomah 650 Stevens Point _ 737 Bosworth & Reilly's mills 742 Herren & Wadleigh, planing mill 743 Sheboygan 976 Shawano 770 Wausau 545 Whitehall 1038 Waupaca _ _ 1077 Greenwood Park _ 107S Hotel and Terrace 1079 View from Seven Pines 1079 Masonic Block. 1081 J. W. Evans, residence 1082 J. W. & C. Evans, woolen mills. . 1082 H. Harrington, residence , Town of Lind 1102 Wm. Springer, residence, Town of Fre mont __ 1112 MAPS. Wisconsin 32 Champlain's Map of Wisconsin, 1632 48 Joliet's Map " New France " 49 Father Marquette's Map of the Mississippi or Conception River 49 3° RECEIVED TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN PROPER PLACE. Big Bend, Chippewa County, GUS. NATER, farmer, proprietor of Summer Resort Hotel, and Justice of the Peace, was born in Switzerland, July 28, 1846 ; came to America in 1861 ; resided in Chicago until January, 1871 ; then he vis ited Europe, where he remained until the Summer of 1872, when he re turned to Chicago. Soon afterward he went to Menominee, Mich., and was there employed as cook for the Kirby House ; (during his residence in Chicago he had been engaged as cook in some of the leading hotels of that city ; ) he remained at Menominee one year ; then he came to Eau Claire, Wis., and was for sixteen months cook in the well-known restaurant of M. Fox. When he left that place he purchased a farm on Sec. 2I; Town 33, Range 8 west, situated in Big Bend. He has held of fice of Town Treasurer one year, and is now Justice of the Peace, hav ing held that office for the last three years. He also holds the office of School District Clerk. Mr. Nater was married in Eau Claire. Aug. I, 1873, to Louise Hillmer, a native of London, Eng. They have three children living— William Tell, Lidea and Ella Albertina. They have lost two children. Victor died in Eau Claire when about one year old, and an infant daughter died in Chicago. Mrs. Nater's parents are resi dents of Chicago. Fox Lake, Dodge County. JOEL A. GLEASON, lumberman and farmer, resides three miles east of Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis. Mr. Gleason first settled at LaCrosse, Wis., in 1856, and followed the lumber business there one year. Then he moved to Tomah and followed the same business until 1878. Then he sold out at Tomah, and moved on his farm, as above stated, three miles east of Fox Lake, which he had purchased fifteen years previous. Mr. Gleason was born in Franklin Co., Mass., July 29, 1827. He was married at La Crosse, Wis., May 2, 1859. His wife's maiden name was Martha J. Braman ; she was born in Northampton, Miss., Sept. 25, 1833. They have four children, two boys and two girls, named — Chester W., Minnie L., Leslie J. and Josie J. Gleason. Chester W. was married, Oct. 25, 1880. His wife's maiden name was Nellie Culver. They live at Sheffield, Iowa. Chippewa County. FRANK G. SMITH, farmer, Sees. 10 and 11, in the town of Wheaton Chippewa Co., was born in Warren, Warren Co., Pa., Dec. 15, 1849. Was removed to Michigan in 1854, and from there to Jackson Co., Wis., in 1858. Remained in that county until the Spring of 1S64, when he came to Chippewa County. For a period of about five years he carried on a logging business, in partnership with his brother Sidney. They also conducted the Juneau House, in Chippewa Falls, for one Summer. Since that time, Frank has given most of his attention to his farming interests. He was married in Chippewa Falls, in August, 1869, to Alice Rogers, a native of Columbia Co., Wis. They have three children — Charlotte, Dean and Ray. Mr. Smith is a member ot the I. O. O. F. Waupaca County. R. SWAN, of the firm of J. Towle & Co., manufacturers of tight barrel staves and shingles, Waupaca County. Mr. Swan was born in Renssellaer Co., N. Y., where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty-three, he went to Buffalo, and engaged in the business of gen eral cooperage, which he followed from 1851 to 1862. He then went to Cleveland and conducted the same business until the close of the war. In 1872, he engaged with the Standard Oil Company, of Cleveland, for whom he traveled for over eight years, engaged in the purchase and shipment of staves ; during which time he engaged in the present busi ness. The firm gives employment to ten men, and has a capacity of 1,000,000 staves annually. EAGLE BREWERY, EAU CLAIRE. RECEIVED TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN PROPER PLACE. 3i See page 244. I II II Ml I ¦ ii mmmxmiBwm Wf&wilMfBttm, llflli mmfpsmn Kaufmann & Bachrach's Store, Eau Claire. Crescent Mills and Elevator, Eau Claire. Interior View of Kaufmann & Bachrach's Store, Eau Claire. 32 RECEIVED TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN PROPER PLACE. CLAYTON E. ROGERS, superintendent Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co.'s mill, was born in Mt. Pleasant, Wayne Co., Pa., April 4, 1832. Lived there until he came to Madison, Wis., in 1848. After re maining there three years he removed to what is now Ontario, on the Kickapoo River, in Vernon County, where he engaged in lumbering operations. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, 6th Wis. V. I. In the Fall of the same year he was promoted to second lieutenant, and the following Spring to first lieutenant. Afterwards did staff-duty with General Doubleday ; later, with General Wadsworth. After the battle of Gettysburg he resigned and returned to Vernon County, where he was elected Sheriff in 1863. In the Winter of 1863-64 he raised Co. B, 50th Wis. V. I, and went to St. Louis, having command of five companies of that regiment. Soon after he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, district of Central Missouri, being stationed at Kansas City, Lexington and Warrensburg until June, 1864 when he was ordered to St. Louis and was appointed a member of the Military Court-martial. Was a member of that commission until July 5. 1866. When he left the service he returned to Wisconsin ; for a short time was at Virginia ; then went to Menomonee, Wis., where he had charge of Knapp, Stout & Co.'s saw mill until about seven years ago, when he went to Wilson's Station, and, with Capt. Wilson, built a saw-mill, which was operated under the firm name of Wilson, Van Vliet & Co. (he being a member of this firm) for two years. He then went with Jacob Humbird, at Clayton, Wis., and they run it together for two years, when Mr. Rogers disposed of his in terest, but continued to operate the mill until Dec. 15, 1879. Jan- r> 1S80, he became connected with the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., having charge of their manufacturing business. He was married in On tario, March 13, 1856, to Emily Tuttle. She died July 12, 186S. leaving three children — Eva, Earl M. and Chester H. Mr. Rogers' present wife was Sylvia A. Sherbern, a native of the State of New York. They were married in November, 1869. They have six children — Wilshier S., Guy, Lute T., Dana, Jay H. and Clayton. JOHN C. GINTY was born in Toronto, Feb. 14, 1840. En tered a printing office in 1852, and has been connected with that branch of industry ever since. Has been publishing a paper for twenty-one years, and is now editor of the Chippewa Herald. In 1861, was an Al derman ; and in 1863, a member of the Legislature ; and has been President of the Board of Education for several years. During the war, served as assistant provost marshal for over a year. Was then appointed major of infantry, then colonel, and breveted brigadier-general at the close. (For portrait see page 209.) DAVID E. MILES, dealer in pine lands, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1863.' Located at Chippewa Falls; worked first two or three years in the woods, and then was engaged in mercan tile business for about five years, here and in New York City, also inter ested in lumbering during this period. In the Summer of 1869 he built the first brick store in the place (which was the first brick structure of any kind erected here). One year afterwards it was destroyed by fire and he went to New York City, where he remained until 1875, when he returned to Chippewa Falls, since then dealing in real estate, pine lands principally, having bought and sold over 500,000 acres in the last two years. He was born near Galesburg, 111., March 27, 1848. Lived there until December, 1861, when he enlisted in Co. E, 57th 111. V. I., being then under fourteen years of age, but weighed at that time 168 pounds, and succeeded in passing muster. In March, 1863, he was discharged or. account of disability, caused by wounds received at the battle of Corinth, Oct. 4. 1862. He was married in the city of New York, June 8, 1875, to Ella Palmer, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, but reared in New York City. She died April 26, 1881, leaving one child, James Palmer, who was born Oct. 31, 1880. WILLIAM CARSON, president and treasurer of the Valley Lum ber Co., was born in Inverness, Canada. In his youth, went to Massa chusetts; lived there until 1837, when he removed to Southern Illinois, and remained there and in St. Louis until June, 1838, when he came to Wisconsin, locating at Badger Mills, a few miles from the present city of Eau Claire. When he came, there was no house between this point and Prairie du Chien. He made claim to the ground where North Eau Claire is now located, which he sold to Stephen McCann the following year. For about two years after coming here, he worked by the month, doing some lumbering for himself, soon after coming to this region. He spent one Summer in Dubuque, Iowa, and in 1840 went to Eau Galle, thirty miles from Eau Claire, where he commenced the manufacture of shingles, etc., and running the same to market. In 1844, he purchased an interest in the mill at Eau Galle, and is still one of the proprietors of it. He continued to reside there until the Fall of 1874, when he became one of the principal owners of the Valley Lumber Co. He then came to Eau Claire. Mr. Carson is also one of the proprietors of the Rand Lumber Co. and Keokuk Lumber Co., and is also one of the owners of several lumber yards in Iowa. He was married by Rev. Mr. Thomas, a Methodist clergyman, at Prairie du Chien, Wis., in 1847, to Mary E. Smith, a native of Rutland, Vt. They have six children— Jessie, Mary, Belle, Kate, William, Jr., and Fannie. (For portrait see page 318.) ¦¦¦¦ "S-. History of Northern Wisconsin. GENERAL HISTORY. THE MOUND BUILDERS. There are singular remains of antiquity throughout America, universally conceded to be the work of a pre historic race, commonly called the Mound Builders. That these works owe their origin to a people more intimately acquainted with the arts of life than the aboriginal tribes which inhabited this continent upon its discovery, is abundantly proved by these records which are found scattered throughout the entire length and breadth of our land. The attention of archaeolo gists is being more and more directed to a study of these peculiar evidences of a vanished half-civilization, but as yet neither their origin nor the date of their inhab- itance has been determined. Such traces as are left, though abundant in quantity, are vague as to charac ter, no written memoranda having come to light, nor hieroglyph whose key can unlock the mystery. The remains consist chiefly of mounds of earth, which not withstanding the leveling and wearing action of the elements, have kept the form into which those mythical hands molded them. Hence the name cf Mound Build ers. In these mounds are found the traces of such use ful arts as place beyond peradventure the users of them higher in the scale of progression than the savages who succeeded them. These mounds and enclosures are various in form, and it is supposed that they were dedi cated to uses as various. Some are believed to have been fortifications; others, places of sepulcher and of sacrifice; while some were the sites of ¦temples, and others observatories. The ground selected for their erection seems generally to have been an elevated plateau on the banks of either lake or river, and the builders were apparently influenced by the same con siderations as govern men in modern times in the choice of places for settlement. It is a fact that many of our most opulent cities are built upon the sites of these ancient works, proving that those by -gone races availed themselves of the same natural advantages as we do of to-day. These earth-works are by no means of uniform shape or size. Some are regularly arranged, forming squares, circles, octagons; others are like walls or for tifications ; while others (and these are more numer ous in Wisconsin than elsewhere, and first noticed in this State) are in imitation of the shapes of animals — birds, beasts and fishes — and in the forms of trees, war-clubs, tobacco-pipes, and other significant imple ments of race. It is not an improbable supposition that these curious figures were intended to represent a badge of tribe — a- sort of gigantic armorial device on a scale commensurate with the vastness of the territory inhab ited. In all existing nations symbols are employed as an expression of national individuality, and are deeply cherished by the people. England has her lion, France her eagles and her fleur-de-lis, Scotland her thistle, and amongst our present North American tribes we have such titles as Sitting Bull, Driving Cloud and Black Hawk. So these mounds may have been shaped to represent tribal or family insignia, and were possibly dedicated to the burial of members of the special clans who reared them. These animal-shaped mounds, equally with the round tumuli, contain human bones. These bones are in a very brittle and decomposed state, having roots and fibers growing through them, and are distributed equally through all parts of the mounds. In the construction of these monuments it is evident that the bodies were laid upon the surface of the ground and the earth heaped upon them. No appear ances are to be found of graves having been dug below the surface. In many cases later burials have been made upon these mounds, where possibly some nomadic tribe made a grave for its dead above the long-buried and almost forgotten race. This surface burial, in which earth was brought and heaped above the dead, was not the custom among the North American Indians, their mode being a shallow grave, or suspension on plat forms, or in trees, and this is counted another proof of the non-identity of the Mound Builders with the people that followed them. In some parts of the State are found earth-works of a different character from the mound proper, which from their supposed use, are styled " garden beds." These beds are methodically arranged in parallel rows, much as a gardener would lay out his ground for flower culture, and are of a variety of sizes and shapes, some times occupying acres in extent. These mounds are not the only traces of the lost inhabitants. The copper mines of Northern Michigan afford ample proofs of their having been worked at some previous period, and as implements of this metal are abundant among other vestiges of the Mound Builders, they were, without doubt, the pre-historic miners. Prof. Irving believes that, as the Michigan copper belt extends across Wisconsin to Minnesota, copper must have also been mined in this State. The Jesuit fathers frequently mention the existence of cop per, and even use the term mines, though there is no evidence that they either saw or heard of actual min ing in the technical sense of that word. As early as 1636, which was prior to the time when they them- 34 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. selves had visited the Great Lake, they speak of the presence of native copper, and of its having been taken from the mines. In the " Relations " for 1659-60, after missions had been established in this region, they re ported it to be " enriched in all its borders by mines of lead, almost pure, and of copper all refined in pieces as large as the fist, and great rocks which have whole veins of turquoise." Prof. Whittlesey says, in a paper to the Smithsonian Institute, that there are evidences that these ancient mines were abandoned several hun dred years before the advent of the French into that region, and their acquaintance with the Northern tribes. As there isno legend among the Indians of their an cestors having worked the mines, nor any implements in their possession that could have been used for that purpose, it is highly improbable that they could have been the original workers. In ancient mining pits have been found wooden shovels, fragments of wooden bowls and broken stone mauls. The effects of blows from these stone mauls are visible upon the rocks. In other places are the distinct marks of picks and drills, as fresh and perfect as if they had been recently made. Coals and ashes are also found in the old excavations, along with the remnants of tools used, and in some cases the scales^ of fishes, evidently the remains of miners' meals. It appears that these people were supplied only with very simple mechanical contrivances, and that they penetrated the earth only to a short distance, their deepest works being only about the same as those of the old tin mines of Cornwall, England, which were wrought before the conquest of Britain by the Romans. Dr. Hoy, President of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, finds upon ^examination of the implements made out of copper by these people, that they were beaten or hammered into the required shape, not melted and molded. In a large majority of cases he found specks of pure silver scattered over their surfaces, which he counted as evidence positive that the specimen was never melted. Their fibrous texture was another proof that they were hammered or beaten out. Prof. James D. Butler, however, ap peals from this conclusion, and believes the people knew the art of smelting, " though the manner may be past finding out." He claims that as a rule the articles they manufactured were of utility rather than of ornament, and that he has found evidences of melted metal in their construction. The discussion is of in terest only as going to prove a greater or less degree of advancement among these workers in the appliances of labor. If smelting was practiced, more complicated ingenuity was evinced than if only the rude hammer was used. We have scarcely learned the alphabet of this strange language written all over the surface of our country. Thus far in the study of the subject of the Mound Builders little more seems demonstrated than the ancient occupation of the territory by a semi-sav age race. No trace of high art, or of refined civiliza tion piques the antiquarian or stimulates the imagina tion of the student with visions of valuable discoveries yet to be made. The chief interest lies in solving the mystery of the utter disappearance of a race, which has so entirely dropped out of human annals as scarcely to live even in legend. We only know that a people lived, were numerous, industrious and widely-estab lished, but from whence they came or whither they vanished is mere conjecture. Their names were not " writ in water," but in the earth. The turf of the prairie, the margin of the river, the cleft in the rock testify to their having been. But whether definite history can be written from such memoranda, must rest with the skill of the future archeeologist. THE INDIAN TRIBES OP WISCONSIN. The obscurity which enshrouds the history of the aborigines of the Northwest prior to 1634, continues the gradation of human occupation of the soil, from the impenetrable mystery of the Mound Builders to the era of letters. But little is known of the lives and habits of the savage nations inhabiting what is now Wisconsin, before their discovery by civilized man. The sparse knowledge which has come down to us, of those years of warfare, during which the untutored brave contested with his brother for the right of ex istence, or of the milder and infrequent periods of peace, wherein were enjoyed rude arts and tender pas sions, have but a basis of tradition on which to stand ; and as a subject invested with romantic hues, because so far removed from the stern glade of historic fact, form a gracious topic for the pen of fiction rather than the pen of history. It is the purpose of this work to treat but briefly of those divisions of the Indian nations which fill merely an auxiliary or preliminary station in the record of Wisconsin tribes. The country bounded on the north by Lake Supe rior, on the east by Lake Michigan, on the south by wide-spreading prairies, and on the west by the Mis sissippi, was first seen by an European in the year 1634. Jean Nicolet then discovered that upon this wide area met and, with measurable peacefulness, mingled two far-branching families — the Algonquins and Dakotas. The exception to the rule of hostility was the Winnebago tribe, which, although belonging to the Dakotas or Sioux, were peaceful towards the Algonquins. Parkman says : "A detached branch of the Dakota stock, the Winnebago, was established south of Green Bay, on Lake Michigan, in the midst of the Algonquins." Tradition points to the former as having, at some, distant period of the past, migrated from the East — and this has been confirmed by a study of their language ; to the latter as coming from the West or Southwest, fighting their way as they came. As yet there were no representatives of the Huron-Iroquois seen west of Lake Michigan, that great family then dwelling northward and southward of Erie and Ontario lakes. Of the Algonquins, the principal branches were the Chippeways, Menomonees, Pottawatomies, Mascoutins, Miamis, Kickapoos and Illinois (the latter to the southward) ; of the Dakotas, but two divisions were in Wisconsin, the Winnebagoes and a few bands of chance Sioux. Already had the French secured a foothold in the valley of the St. Lawrence ; and, naturally enough, the broad expanse of water to the westward offered an irresistible inducement to the explorer. Thus it was HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. that the shores of Green Bay were visited in 1634, by Jean Nicolet, who beheld, upon the right in ascending the bay, a tribe of Indians, lighter in complexion than their neighbors, remarkably well formed and active. These were what are now known as the Menomonees. Although of the Algonquin stock, their dialect dif fered so much from the surrounding tribes that for a long time they were accredited with a distinct lan guage. Their homes and hunting grounds were on the Menomonee River, though within the period of a cen tury they shifted somewhat, and without infringing upon the territory of other tribes, spread out to the westward and southward, their principal village at that time being at the head- of Green Bay. In 1634, they took part in a treaty with some representatives of the French, who at this time were intent upon the occupation of this wild region. After this, twenty years elapsed before there is any record that they were again visited by white men. Early in December, 1669, Father Claudius Alloiiez visited the mouth of Green Bay, and on the third of that month celebrated Holy Mass for the first time in his new field of labor. In May of the following year, he reached the Menomonees, who were then a feeble tribe, suffering from disasters in war, and nearly ex terminated. He did not remain long with them, and was succeeded by Father Louis Andre, who built a cabin upon the Menomonee River. This hut the savages burned, and he was afterwards obliged to live in his canoe. He was not wholly unsuccessful in his missionary work, for, in 1673, Father Marquette found good Christians among this tribe. By degrees they extended their intercourse with the white fur traders, and gradually were drawn under the banner of France. They joined that government in its war with the Iro quois, and subsequently in its conflict with the En glish. In 1760, the French post at Green Bay was surren dered to the British, though the latter did not take possession until the Autumn of the following year. The land upon which the fort stood was claimed by the Menomonees. Their principal village was located there, though a lesser one "was at the mouth of the Menomonee River. They did not rebel at the occu pancy of the British, possibly for the reason that they were in a reduced state, having lost three hundred of their warriors by small-pox, and many of their chiefs in the late war in which the French commander had engaged them against the British. Moreover, they found an advantage in dealing with'British fur traders, as they could purchase supplies of them for half the prices they had paid to the French. Their good faith to their new allegiance was soon put to the test, as Pontiac's War broke out in 1763, and the post of Mackinaw was captured. This, instead of inciting them to a revolt against their new rulers, gave them the opportunity to prove their integrity, for they, with other tribes, escorted the garrison at Green Bay across Lake Michigan to the village of L'Arbre Croche, on their way to Montreal. Their alliance with the British continued through their first war with the American colonies, and through the later contest of 1812-15. But, as they had yielded peaceably to the British after their conquest over the French, so when the American force arrived at Green Bay to take possession of the country, they greeted the commander as " my brother." At this time their territory had become greatly ex tended. It was bounded on the north by the dividing ridge between the waters flowing into Lake Superior and those flowing south into Green Bay and the Mis sissippi ; on the east by Lake Michigan ; on the south by the Milwaukee River, and on the west by the Mis sissippi and Black rivers. This was their territory, though they were practically restricted to the occupa tion of the western shore of Lake Michigan, lying be tween the mouth of Green Bay on the north and the Milwaukee River on the south, and to a somewhat in definite area west. Their general claim, as late as 1825, was north to the Chippewa country ; east to Green Bay and Lake Michigan ; south to the Milwau kee River, and west to Black River. This tribe, which, in 1761, had been feeble and depleted, had now, in less than three-quarters of a century, become a pow erful nation, numbering between three and four thou sand. As late as 1831 the Menomonee territory pre served its large proportions; but in that year it was shorn of a great and valuable part by the tribe ceding to the United States all the eastern division, estimated at two and a half million acres. The following year they aided the General Government in the Black Hawk War. In order that the Menomonees might become more established, they were assigned as a permanent home a large tract of land lying north of Fox River and east of Wolf River, with a reservation of their territory west for hunting grounds, until such time as the General Government should desire to purchase it. In 1836, another portion, amounting to four million acres, lying between Green Bay on the east and Wolf River on the west, was disposed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north, on each side of the Wisconsin River, and forty-eight miles long — still leaving them in peace ful possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long and eighty broad. Finally, in 1848, the Government purchased all the remaining lands of the Menomonees, preparatory to their migration to a reservation beyond the Mississippi of six hundred thousand acres. This latter tract, how ever, was re-ceded to the United States, for notwith standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were such obstacles in the way that they were finally permitted to remain in Wisconsin. Lands to the amount of twelve townships were granted them for permanent homes on the Upper Wolf River, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties— a very small portion only of their once vast possessions. They removed to this reservation in 1852. Thus are the Menomonees the only one of the original tribes,, which, as a whole, has a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in their outbreak in 1861, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army in the late civil war. The Winnebagoes, or " Men of the Sea," as the name signifies, were first visited in 1634, at which period their villages were upon the head waters of Green Bay. They were one of the tribes belonging to the family of the Dakotas, and had come hither 36 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. from the westward, but whether from the Pacific, as their name might indicate, is not known. Their ancient seat was Winnebago Lake, whither they afterward removed up the Fox River. Their country included not only this lake, but all the streams flowing into it, especially the Fox River, and was subsequently ex tended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They were brought under the influence of the Jesuit missionaries, who, in 1670, found them worshiping idols. At the commencement of the eighteenth century the Winne bagoes were firmly allied to the French and in peace with the dreaded Iroquois. In 1718, the nation num bered six hundred. They subsequently joined the French against the Iroquois, and also aided them in their conflict with the British. But with the British possession of the post at Green Bay they allied them selves with their conquerors, and kept up this friendship through the Revolution and the war of 1812. At this period they were estimated to number 4,500, and were counted a bold and warlike people. When the United States took possession of the post of Green Bay, in 1816, they apprehended trouble with the Winnebagoes, but after a single remonstrance with the commandant, they submitted to the new order of things, and after ward made a treaty of peace. In 1820 they had five villages on Winnebago Lake and fourteen on Rock River. Five years later their claim to territory was an extensive one. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock River to within forty miles of its mouth, in the State of Illinois, where they had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward it reached Black River and the Upper Wisconsin, but did not cross Fox River, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago Lake. In 1829, a large part of their territory, in what is now South western Wisconsin, was sold to the United States. In 1837, they ceded to the General Government all their lands east of the Mississippi. Considerable difficulty was experienced in removing them beyond the Missis sippi, and they have several times changed their place of abode. Their numbers have greatly diminished. The Chippeways, by reason of their numerousness and the immensity of the area embraced within the limits of their recognized territory, as well as by the continuance of their distinctive tribal relations, form one of the leading divisions of Wisconsin. Their coun try included all now known as Northern Wisconsin, excepting the Menomonee country on the west of Green Bay and the Winnebago country on the east, or the present counties of Door, Kewaunee and a por tion of Brown. Besides this vast region, the tribe was accorded the lands north of Lake Superior. The name is commonly written and spoken " Chippeway," but the best authorities now agree that the correct spelling is Otchipwe. The name is employed inter changeably with Ojibway. The French also spoke of them as Sauteux, from the fact that the earliest en counter with them was at Sault Ste. Marie. This name is still applied to them by the Canadians. In 1642 Fathers Jogues and Raymbaut began a mission at Sault Ste. Marie, where there were 2,000 Chippeways. In character this tribe is described brave in war, expert in hunting, fond of adventure, and averse to agricul tural labor. From remote times their contests -with rival tribes are noted. They warred with the Foxes, the Sioux and the Iroquois, driving the Sioux from the upper regions of the Mississippi and the Red River of the North. Their style of fighting shows that they were more used to wooded countries than to the plains, as they were oftener victorious when forcing their foes to battle among forests, than when meeting them on prairies. Their numbers were greatly reduced by war, during the half century succeeding the establishment of missions in 1642. They were devoted to the French down to the time of the end of French domination. During the American war for independence, they were under British influence, but made peace by the treaties of Fort Mcintosh, in 1785, and Fort Harmar in 17S9. So far as their policies affect the history of Northern Wisconsin, the reader is referred to the article entitled " The Public Domain," given later on in this work. Therein will be found mention of such treaties with the Chippeways and other tribes as are required to complete the chain of title in the Government to the lands of the State. The Sacs and Foxes are one of the tribes of the Algonquin family. Father Alloiiez found a village of them, in 1665, upon the shores of Green Bay, and early in 1670 he visited a village of them located upon the Fox River about four leagues from its mouth. Upon his first visit he described them as of wandering habit, great in numbers and fierce and savage bej^ond all other tribes. Polygamy was common amongst them, and the women and children were very numerous. The Foxes were of two stocks — the Outagamies or Foxes, and the Musquakink, or men of red clay. They were supposed to have come from as far east as the St. Law rence, and to have been driven from time to time, first to near Detroit, then to Saginaw (a name derived from the Sacs) and then by the Iroquois to Green Bay, and from thence up the Fox River. Alloiiez established among these his mission of St. Mark, and in two years rejoiced in the baptism of " sixty children and some adults." In 1684 the Sacs sent out warriors against the Five Nations, but they soon became hostile to the French. They afterward became reconciled, but this reconciliation was of short duration, and their ill will toward the French continued. The consequence of this spirit of enmity was, that in 1716 their territory was invaded, and they were forced to sue for peace. This compulsory friendship was of short duration. The Foxes numbered five hundred men, with an abund ance of women and children. They were industrious, and raised large crops of Indian corn. In 1728, the French sent a second expedition against them and the Menomonees and Winnebagoes, destroying wigwams and fields. They were attacked for a third time in 1730, and defeated, and again, 1734, by the same foe, against whom in this last attack they were more suc cessful than formerly. In 1736, the Sacs were "con nected with the government of Canada," though at heart far from brotherly in feeling to the French. In 1754 came the struggle between France and Great Britain, and the Sacs and Foxes allied themselves with their former foe and conqueror against the English, but were forced into subjection to the new victor. In 1761 the two nations, about equally divided, numbered HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 37 ab^ut seven hundred warriors. The Sacs migrated to the westward, but the Foxes, or a portion of them, still remained upon the waters of the Fox River. Dur ing the Revolutionary War the Sacs and Foxes adhered to the English. At the commencement of this cen tury what territory remained to them in Wisconsin was in the extreme southwestern part of the State. This they ceded to the United States in 1804. From that date these allied tribes can not be considered as belonging to the State of Wisconsin. An episode in their subsequent history comes in, however, incident ally in the annals of the State, and that is the Black Hawk War. The Pottawatomies were neighbors to the Winne bagoes upon Green Bay in 1639. Thirty years later they were still upon its southern shore in two villages, and ten years subsequent to that they occupied at least one village in the same region. Upon the expiration of the first quarter of the eighteenth century a part only of this nation was in that vicinity, upon the islands at the mouth of the bay. These islands were then known as the Pottawatomie Islands, and considered as the ancient abode of these Indians. This tribe had scattered to the southward, one band on the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, and the other near Detroit. The Pottawatomies did not keep themselves distinct as a tribe but fraternized with various other tribes. These " united tribes" as they were called, claimed all the lands of their respective tribes and of other nations, and gave the United States no little trouble when possession was taken by the General Government. Finally, by a treaty in 1833, their claims, such as they were, to lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, within the present State of Wisconsin, extending westward to Rock River, were purchased by the United States, with permission to retain possession of their ceded lands for three years longer, after which time this " united nation of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawat omies " began to disappear, and soon were no longer seen in the State. Besides the five tribes — Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes and Pottawatomies — many others, whole or in part, have, since the territory now constituting the State was first visited by white men, been occupants of its territory. Of these some are only known as having once lived in what is now Wis consin ; others, such as the Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Mascoutins, Miamis, Noquets. Ottawas and Sioux are recognized as Indians once dwelling in this region ; yet so transitory was their occupation, or so little is known of them, that they can scarcely be claimed as belong ing in the State. Commencing in 1822, and continu ing at intervals through some of the following years, was the migration to Wisconsin from the State of New York of the remains of portions of four tribes : the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Oneidas finally located west of Green Bay, where they still reside. Their reservation contains over sixty thousand acres, and lies wholly within the present coun ties of Brown and Outagamie. The Stockbridges and Munsees, who first located above Green Bay, on the east side of Fox River, afterward moved to the east side of Winnebago Lake. They now occupy a reserva tion joining the southwest township of the Menomo nee reservation, in Shawano County. The Brother- towns first located on the east side of Fox River, but subsequently moved to the east side of Winnebago Lake, where, in 1839, they broke up their tribal rela tions and became citizens of Wisconsin Territory. THE FIRST MAP. During the early years of Champlain's government of New France, the region west of Lake Michigan was entirely unknown to white men. From Indian sources vague rumors of a fertile country, abounding in lakes and rivers, and in which game, fish, and min erals were inexhaustible, passed from tribe to tribe, until they reached the ears of the Governor, himself a practical draughtsman. It is known that from those reports a diagram of the western country was made. This first attempt at delineating the region o£ the Great Lakes is preserved in Samuel Champlain's work entitled " Les Voyages de la Novvelle France," pub lished in Paris in 1632. So much of this map as in cludes the lands lying southwest, west and northwest of Lake Huron, is based wholly on Indian reports. The portion designed to comprehend what is now Wis consin is reproduced for this work. The explanatory words in brackets to be seen therein, do not, of course, appear in the original publication. They are given from a description printed in Champlain,'s work ; from contemporaneous as well as somewhat later authorities ; and from a careful study of the map itself. For this we are indebted to Mr. C. W. Butterfield, of Madison, a reliable authority on the early history of Wiscon sin. NICOLET'S EXPLORATIONS. To Jean Nicolet belongs the honor of the first place in the history of Wisconsin. Nor is that honor due from mere accidental events, as is so often the case in discovery of new countries ; for it was now by the deliberate accomplishment of a laborious and danger ous undertaking', whose purpose was, so far as evidence can now be adduced, substantially achieved. The sparse records of the life of this man contain but the barest outlines of his earlier days, though future re search among original documents, it is to be hoped, will shed more light on the obscured details. It is known that he was of French nativity, born in Nor mandy, and that he emigrated to Canada in the year 1618, being a prote'g^ of Champlain. The date of his birth is not preserved in any document extant. Upon his arrival in New France, he at once took up his resi dence at Allumettes Island, on the Ottawa, that he might the better study the Indian tongue, and thereby fit himself for the office of interpreter. In 1622, but four years after his arrival, he is mentioned as having acquired an extensive influence over the Algonquin tribes. From 1623 to 1631, Nicolet lived with the tribes of the Nipissing. This is stated on the authority of his friend Father Le Jeune ; although other of the "Jesuit Relations" record that the period of his resi dence with the Nipissing tribes was from 1629 to 1632. It is determined, by those who have made a special study of the subject, that Nicolet came to Green Bay in the Summer of 1634, and returned to Quebec in 3* HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1635.* The nature of this work precludes the possi bility of arguing this question, but as several hitherto accepted theories are controverted, the authorities gov erning this deduction are named. f Parkman observes that "Nicolet was a remarkable man," and so he must have been, to win the confidence of the savage tribes to that degree which enabled him to penetrate into the remote regions of their homes, and there conduct a peaceful enterprise with the warlike Winnebagoes, for the advancement of commerce in fur and peltry. The long journeying from Quebec was undertaken at the suggestion of Champlain, and in the official capacity of interpreter of the Company of One Hun dred Associates of New France, which was formed in 1627, with a view to the development of the immense resources of the Western Wilderness in furs. The mission of Nicolet was not to establish peace, as dis tinguished from warfare, between, the Hurons and Winnebagoes ; but was, rather, a mission of peace, to cement the friendly relations of these tribes, as well as the Nez Perce's or Ottawas, and other tribes, in the gen eral interest of the French. Nicolet visited the Hurons while on his westward journey, at their home on the eastern side of the lake which bears their name, and negotiated with them. It is recorded by Parkman that, upon his arrival in Green Bay, at " Winnebago Town, he sent some of his Indian attendants to announce his coming, put on a robe of damask, and advanced to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children fled, screaming that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and lightning ; but the chiefs and warriors regaled him with so bountiful a hospitality, that one hundred and twenty beavers were devoured at a single feast." With such a dramatic display was the white man introduced upon the soil of the great commonwealth of Wisconsin. The Jesuit Paul le Jeune, writing in 1640, said : " Upon the borders of Green Bay are the Menomonees ; still further on, the Winnebagoes, a sedentary people and very numerous. Some Frenchmen call them the ' Nation of the Stinkards,' because the Winnebago word ' winipeg ' signifies ' stinking water.' Now thejT thus call the water of the sea ; therefore, these people call themselves Winnebagoes, because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge. Consequently we must not call them the 'Nation of the Stinkards/ but the 'Nation of the Sea.' " It is asserted by several writers that Nicolet con tinued his journey down the Wisconsin River unto a point " within three days' journey of the Mississippi ;" but this statement is shown, by the monograph referred to, to be an impossibility. It is therein given as his toric fact that the renewed journey extended up the Fox River, to within three days' voyage of, the Wis consin, where it is supposed he found the Mascoutins. This correction is one of the most valuable that has been made by Prof. Butterfield. After returning to *An exhaustive monograph on NicoleVs Discovery of the Northwest is now in press and will soon be given to the public. In this work the author, Prof. C. W. But terfield, has covered the ground thoroughly, and not only confirms Mr. Benjamin Suite's theory that Nicolet visited Wisconsin in 1634, but adds such conclusive proof thereto that no further question can be raised on that point. ^NicoleVs Discovery of the Northwest, by C. W. Butterfield. Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati. Jesuit Relations. Melanges D'Hi&toirc et de Litterateur, 1876. Benjamin Suite. Notes on Jean Nicolet, in Wis. Hist. Col., Vol. 8, p. 188. Green Bay, Nicolet visited many of the surrounding nations. He retraced his way to the St. Lawrence in the Summer of 1635, reaching Quebec in safety. The parish records of that city furnish the information that this brave man was occupied with various duties from 1635 to the date of his death, and show conclusively that his journey must have been made at the date given, since he was not absent from Quebec long enough at any one time to have performed the feat subsequent to 1635. Nicolet married Marguerite Couillard, at Quebec, October 7, 1637. He lost his life, while on a mission to save a poor Abenaqui from the Algonquins, by the capsizing of his boat, October 31, 1642. To this bold adventurer, whose knowledge of the western tribes was gained by actual experience, must all praise be given for having opened to the devoted followers of the Cross the way to new fields of usefulness. EARLY JESUIT MISSIONS. The pipe of peace which Nicolet smoked with the western tribes was not productive of immediate good returns. The death of Champlain and the change in purposes and ambitions among the Canadian settlers, produced in the east an almost total forgetfulness of the upper-lake country. For at least two decades of years after the discovery of Wisconsin by Nicolet, very dim and shadowy is its history. Here and there refer ences to Green Bay and the Indians inhabiting its shores, are made by Jesuit missionaries in their Rela tions. These "Relations" were the records kept by- priests of their experiences in their arduous calling. For many years, beginning in 1632, the Superior of the Jesuit Mission in Canada — then New France — sent every Summer to Paris his reports which embodied or were accompanied by those of his subordinates. For forty years these reports were annually published in Paris,-and were known as the" Jesuit Relations." Those which are of interest to the student of Wisconsin his tory begin with the year 1639-40 and extend to 1672. Says one of these records, "of date 1648, "This Supe rior Lake extends to the northwest, that is to say, be tween the west and the north. A peninsula, or strip of land quite small, separates this Superior Lake from another third lake, called by us the 'Lake of the Puants ' (Green Bay) which also discharges itself into our fresh-water sea, through a mouth which is on the other side of the peninsula, about ten leagues more to the west than the Sault. This third lake extends be tween the west and the southwest, more toward the west, and is almost equal in size to our fresh-water sea. On its shores dwell a different people, of an unknown language, that is to say, a language that is neither Algonquin nor Huron. These people (the Winneba goes) are called the Puants, not on account of any un pleasant odor that is peculiar to them, buthecause they say they came from the shores of the sea far distant toward the west, the waters of which, being salt, they call themselves ' the people of the Stinking Water.'" Another account written in 1651, after giving the arrival at Montreal of a fleet of canoes loaded with furs, belonging to friendly Indians, who came from the upper country a distance of four hundred leagues, speaks of a part of these Indians being the Tobacco HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 39 nations of the Hurons, and a portion Ottawas, and adds: "These tribes have abandoned their ancient country, and have retired toward the more distant nation in the vicinity of the great lake, whom we call Puants, in consequence of their having dwelt near the sea, which is salt, and which our savages call 'stinking water.' ' The Hurons had been entirely overthrown by the Iroquois in 1649 and 1650, and had abandoned their country. A division of this nation, called the Tobacco Indians, with such other Hurons as had taken refuge with them, settled on Mackinac Island, where they were joined by a branch of the Ottawas, nick named by the French, Cheveuz re'leves, or Standing Hair; hence this statement in the "Relations" that these nations had " retired toward the more distant " Winnebagoes. Again, in the same year, this is recorded : " In the islands of the 'lake of the people of the sea,' whom some persons wrongly call the ' Puants,' there are many tribes whose language closely resembles the Algonquins." In 1656, one of the Jesuits writes: " Our attention has been directed toward a number of nations in the neighborhood of the ' Nation of the Sea,' whom some persons have called the 'Puants,' in con sequence of their having formerly dwelt on the shores of the sea, which they call ' Winipeg,' that is to say, " stinking water.' " Then follows an enumeration of the villages of Illinois and Sioux Indians, and of two other nations, the " Ponarak " and " Kiristinous." Such are the meager records of Wisconsin after its visita tion by Nicolet, down to the year 1658. In August, 1656, a band of the Ottawas, or other Algonquins, numbering three hundred, and in fifty birch-bark canoes, appeared upon the St. Lawrence. These savages demanded commerce with the French, and missionaries for the boundless West. This was the beginning of the commerce of the Northwest. But for the greed of the fur trader and the zeal of the Jesuit, the story of Nicolet would soon have passed from the minds of the Frenchmen inhabiting the St. Lawrence ; and the discovery of Wisconsin, like the discovery of the Mississippi, by De Soto, would soon have faded from the memory of man. But a missionary, whose name is not appended to the " Relation," and it is, consequently, uncertain who the reverend father was, took from the lips of an In dian captive, named Asatanik, and a man of consider able importance, an account of his having, in the month of June, 1658, set out from Green Bay for the north, passing the rest of the Summer and the follow ing Winter near Lake Superior — so called because of its being above Lake Huron. This Indian informed the Jesuit of the havoc and desolation of the Iroquois war in the west ; how it had reduced the Algonquin nations about Lake Superior and Green Bay. The same missionary saw at Quebec two Frenchmen, who had just arrived from the upper countries with three hundred Algonquins in sixty canoes, laden with peltries. These fur traders had passed the Winter of 1659 on the shores of Lake Superior, during which time they made several trips among the surrounding tribes. In their wanderings they probably visited some of the northern parts of what is now Wisconsin. They saw, at six days' journey beyond the lake toward the southwest, a tribe composed of the remainder of Hurons of the Tobacco nation, compelled by the Iro quois to abandon Mackinac, and to bury themselves thus deep in the forests, that they might not be found by their enemies. The two traders told the tales they had heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great river upon which they dwelt — the "great water " of Nico- let's guides. Thus a knowledge of the Mississippi began to dawn again upon the civilized world. It may be well to remember, in this connection, that the fur traders came to what is now Wisconsin in advance generally of the missionaries. They led the way for the Jesuit fathers ; but as trade was their object, and they left no record of their visits, only vague knowledge is had of what they really saw or did. But slight men tion is made of them in the Relations, where, as much as possible, their presence and doings are kept in the background. The narratives of the Indian captive and of the two Frenchmen were not lost upon the zealous Jesuits ; for, two years later, Rene^ Me"nard attempted to plant a mission on the southern shore of Lake Superior, but perished in the forest by starvation or the tomahawk. Thoroughly inured to Indian life, with many a dialect of Huron and Algonquin at his command, this mis sionary, in endeavoring to establish the Cross so far to the westward, went, with eight Frenchmen and a number of Ottawas, starting from Three Rivers, Canada, August 28, 1660. He made his way to " a large bay " upon the southern shore of the lake — in all probability, what is now- known as Keweenaw, Michigan. Here, however, he met with little success in founding a mission. He subsequently determined to visit some Hurons, who were then located upon, or near, the Noquet Islands in the mouth of Green Bay, and who had sent to implore the missionary to come amongst them, as they had long been destitute of a pastor, and many of them were fast relapsing into pagan habits. It should be remembered that the Hurons proper, and their allies and kindred of the Tobacco nation, had, many years before, while living near the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, Canada, re ceived the Jesuit missionaries at their villages, and numbers had professed Christianity. Three of Men ard's companions were sent to explore the way. De scending the Menomonee River, they finally reached the Huron village, where they found a few wretched Indians — mere living skeletons. On their way they encountered great hardships, owing to the rapid cur rent of the stream, its portages and precipices. Con vinced of the impossibility of Menard's reaching the Hurons, or remaining with them, if he did, they re turned, encountering still greater difficulties in ascend ing the river. These Frenchmen were, doubtless, in their perilous journey, many times upon what is now territory of Wisconsin — the Menomonee forming the northeastern boundary of the State. On their arrival at the lake they implored the aged missionary rot to attempt a journey evidently beyond his strength. But to their remonstrance he interposed, " I must go, if it cost me my life." He set out with one Frenchman and some Hurons. His seventeen other companions returned to the St. Lawrence. Menard was soon left by the Hurons, and was afterward lost from 4o HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. his companion, who sought for him, but in vain. It seems that, while his attendant was employed in transporting a canoe, Father Me'nard accidentally be came separated from him. This was probably at the first rapids in the Menomonee River as we ascend that stream. It is possible, therefore, that the father may have perished upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin. This was about the tenth of August, 1661. With him perished the first mission — if, indeed, it can be called one — upon the shores of Lake Superior. His faithful companion, Donne John Guerin, reached the Huron village in safety. There was not, at that time, another missionary station nearer than Montreal. But the failure of this first attempt did not discourage the Jesuits, or quench their enthusiasm. BuJ; who was the man to cope with the thousand difficulties surrounding the establishment of a mission so far in western wilds? With better hopes, undismayed by the sad fate of Menard, indifferent to hunger, nakedness and cold ; to the wreck of their ships of bark ; and to fatigue and privations by night and by day — in August, 1665, Father Claude Alloiiez embarked on a mission, by way of the Ottawa, to the far West. Early in September he reached the rapids through which the waters of Lake Superior rush to Lake Huron, and admired the beautiful river, with its woody isles and inviting bays. On the second of that month, he entered the great lake, which the savages reverenced as a divinity, and of which the entrance presents a spectacle of magnifi cence rarely excelled in the rugged scenery of the North. He passed the lofty ridge of naked sand which stretches along the shore its drifting heaps of barrenness ; he urged his canoe by the cliffs of pictorial sandstone, which for twelve miles rise three hundred feet in height, fretted by the chafing waves into arches and bastions, caverns and towering walls, heaps of prostrate ruins, and erect columns crowned with fan tastic entablatures. Landing on the south shore, he said Mass, thus consecrating the forests which he claimed for a Christian king. Sailing beyond the bay of St. Theresa (so named by Menard, now Keweenaw Bay), and having vainly sought for a mass of fine cop per, of which he had heard rumors (this being the first known of that metal by the whites), on the first day of October he arrived at the great village of the Chip pewas, on the west shore of the bay of Chagouami- gong or Chegoimegon (now Chequamegon or Ashland bay, in Ashland and Bayfield counties). It was at a mo ment when the young warriors were bent on a strife with the warlike Sioux. A grand council of ten or twelve neighboring nations was held, to wrest the hatchet from the hands of the rash braves ; and Alloiiez was admitted to an audience before the vast assembly. In the name of Louis XIV., and his vice roy, he commanded peace, and offered commerce and an alliance against the Iroquois ; the soldiers of France would smooth the path between the Chippewas and Quebec ; would brush the pirate canoes from the would leave to the Five Nations no choice rivers : between tranquility and destruction. On the shores of the bay, to which the abundant fisheries attracted crowds, a chapel soon rose, and the Mission of the Holy Spirit was founded. As this chapel was the first house erected by civilized man upon territory now con stituting the State of Wisconsin, some interest is attached to the place where it was built. The exact spot is not known. The fact that it was not on the Madaline, one of the Apostle Islands, tradition and the tenor of the Relations seem conclusively to establish. It was probably built upon section twenty-two, in township fifty, of range four west, of the Government survey, at a place now known as Pike's Bay, in Bay field County, on the main-land, west of La Pointe. The claim is also made that the site is the section south of the one here named — twenty-seven; but the spot is a matter of speculation, merely. He afterward removed near the present site of the last mentioned place on Madaline Island, where a second chapel was raised. To the new chapel in the forest admiring throngs, who had never seen an European, came to gaze on the white man, and on the pictures which he displayed of the realms of hell and of the last judgment ; there a choir of Chippewas was taught to chant the pater noster and the Ave Marie. During his sojourn here he lighted the torch of faith for more than twenty dif ferent nations. The dwellers round the Sault, a band of the Chippewas, pitched their tents near his cabin for a month, and received his instructions. The scat tered Hurons and Ottawas, that roamed the deserts north of Lake Superior, appealed to his compassion and, before his return, secured his presence among themselves. From Lake Michigan came the Pottawat- tomies, and these worshippers of the sun invited him to their homes. The Sacs and Foxes traveled on foot from their country, which abounded in deer and beaver and buffalo. The Illinois, a hospitable race, unaccus tomed to canoes, having no weapon but the bow and arrow, came to rehearse their sorrows. Their ancient glory and their numbers had been diminished by the Sioux on one side, and by the Iroquois, armed with muskets, on the other. Curiosity was aroused by their tale of the noble river (the Mississippi) on which they dwelt, and which flowed toward the south. " They had no forests, but instead of them, vast prairies, where herds of deer and buffalo and other animals grazed on the tall grasses." They explained, also, the wonders of the peace-pipe, and declared it their custom to wel come the friendly stranger with shouts of joy. "Their country," said Alloiiez, " is the best field for the gos pel. Had I had leisure I would have gone to their dwellings to see with my own eyes all the ¦ good that was told of them." Then, too, at the very extremity of the lake, the missionary met the wild impassive Sioux, who dwelt to the west of Lake Superior, in a land of prairies, with wild rice for food, and skins of beasts, instead of bark, for roofs to their cabins, on the banks of the great river, of which Alloiiez reported the name to be " Messipi." After two years of labor, Alloiiez, having founded the missions of the Ottawas and Chippewas, and revived those of the Hurons and Nipissings, returned to Quebec, to lay before his supe rior a full account of the West and of his doings there ; and then, two days later, set out again for Chegoime gon, having with him a companion, Father Louis Nich olas. They reached the mission in safety. Nicholas soon left, but his place was afterward supplied in the person of Father James Marquette, who left Quebec HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 4< in April, 1668, for the upper country, stopping with his superior, Father Claudius Coblon, at Sault St. Marie. Here a station, was begun at the foot of the rapids, on the soutnern side, by them called the Mis sion of St. Mary. From this Marquette made his way to the Mission of the Holy Spirit, at Chegoimegon, which he reached in September, 1669, and found there five villages of Indians — four Algonquin and one Hu ron. Alloiiez, meantime, planned a new mission on the waters of the lake of the Puants ; that is, among the tribes inhabiting "the country of Green Bay and vicinity. However, before following the missionary to this interesting field of labor, let us return to the Mis sion of the Holy Spirit, where was left Father James Marquette. This missionary, anxious to extend the faith, had sent an interpreter to the Sioux, bearing a present to the tribe to obtain protection and safe con duct for the European heralds of the Cross. After ward the Ottawas and Hurons of Chegoimegon pro voked a war with the Sioux which compelled the tribes first mentioned to flee the country. The Sioux, how ever, returned the missionary his pictures and other presents before they declared war. The Ottawas fled to the Great Manitoulin Island. The Hurons remained for a time with Marquette, but finally embarked on Lake Superior, and, descending the rapids, doubled the cape, and landed at Mackinaw, where they had dwelt some years previous. Marquette followed these tribes in 1671, raising a new chapel on the main-land, on the north shore of the straits, opposite the island of Mackinaw, calling his mission St. Ignatius. The chapel at Chegoimegon was, of course, deserted. It was the end, for one hundred and seventy years, of a mission upon that bay. On the third of November, 1669, two canoes set out from the Mission of Sault St. Marie for Green Bay. They contained some Pottawatomies, returning to their homes, and were accompanied by Father Claude Alloiiez. They had requested him to visit their country for the purpose of restraining some traders who had ill-treated them there. He was very willing to under take the journey, as it was taking him to the field he had chosen for the founding of his new mission. A month was consumed in the passage. November clouds hung heavily overhead, and broke in storms that came near drowning the party in the lake. Floating pieces of ice opposed their progress. On the twenty-fifth they reached a cabin of the Pottawatomies, where they were supplied with a limited amount of beech nuts. Two days later, they visited some lodges of the Menomonees. These Indians they found pressed with hunger, and being themselves at the end of their pro visions, they pushed forward. Eight leagues from the river of the Menomonees they arrived at the vil lage- which was the home of the companions of Alloiiez. This was on the 2d of December, the eve of St. Francis Xavier. This saint, Alloiiez chose as the patron of his mission, giving it his name. He -found here eight Frenchmen, whom he assembled to join with him in thanksgiving for his preservation in his perilous journey from the Sault. The village was the Winter quarters of about six hundred Pottawato mies, Winnebagoes and Sacs and Foxes. Alloiiez passed the chief part of the Winter here, giving relig ious instruction. Thus was founded by him the mis sion of St. Francis Xavier, the second mission within the present bounds of Wisconsin. In February, 1670, he crossed the bay upon the ice to a Pottawatomie village of about three hundred peo ple, where he labored for a few days. He was able to visit only one or two of the smaller villages. With the thaws of March the Indians began to disperse for better means of subsistence. The ice broke up on the 12th of April. By the 16th, Alloiiez had reached the entrance to Fox River, at the head of Green Bay. Passing a village of the Sacs, a place now known as Depere, Brown County, he afterward reached the mouth of Wolf River, up which stream he turned his canoe, to a large village of the Foxes, probably within the present county of Outagamie. Here the missionary founded another mission, which he called St. Mark, the third one in Wisconsin. Alloiiez afterward ascended Fox River of Green Bay to the homes of the Miamis and Mascoutins, returning subsequently to the place where he had passed the Winter. Thence he proceeded to the Menomonees ; also to the Winnebagoes upon the opposite side of the bay ; and to the Pottawatomies. On the 20th of May, 1670, he started on his return to Sault St. Marie. In September he again visited Green Bay, accompanied by the Superior of the Ottawa missions, Claude Dablon. At the previous Winter quarters of Alloiiez, they quieted a disturbance betwcon the In dians and some fur traders. " We found affairs," says Dablon, " in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading ; ill-treating them in deeds and words, pillaging and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable insolences and indignities." The sol diers in particular were complained of; for thus early had the arms of France been carried to the waters of Green Bay. The missionaries held here a council with the congregated tribes, where, as they harangued their unbred audience their gravity was often put to a sore test ; for a band of warriors, anxious to do them honor, walked incessantly up and down, aping the movements of the soldiers on guard before the Governor's tent at Montreal. " We could hardly keep from laughing." writes Dablon, " though we were discoursing on very important subjects, namely: the mysteries of our relig ion, and the things necessary to escaping eternal fire." The fathers were delighted with the country, which Dablon calls an earthly paradise ; but he adds that the way to it is as hard as the path to heaven. From here they proceeded up Fox River to the towns of the Mas coutins, and the Miamis, which they reached on the 15th of September. In passing the lower rapids of that stream, they observed a stone image that the savages honored, "never failing in passing to make some sacrifice of tobacco, or arrows, or paintings, or other things, to thank him that, by his assistance, they had, in ascending the river, avoided the dangers of the water-falls which are in this stream ; or else, if they had to descend to pray him to aid them in this perilous nav igation." These missionaries caused this idol, as they termed it, " to be lifted up by the strength of arm and cast into the depths of the river to appear no more " 4^ HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to the idolatrous people. Crossing Winnebago Lake, the two priests followed the river to the village of the two tribes. This village wTas enclosed with palisades. The missionaries, who had brought a highly- colored picture of the Last Judgment, called the Indians to gether in council and displayed it before them, while Alloiiez, who spoke Algonquin, harangued them on hell, demons and eternal flames. They listened with open ears, beset him night and day with questions and invited him and his companions to unceasing feasts. Dablon returned to the Sault, and Alloiiez, during the Winter, made his way to his mission of St. Mark, though not without danger, as the Foxes were in ex treme ill humor. They were incensed against the French by the wrong usage which some of their tribes had lately met when on a trading visit to Montreal. In the Summer of 1671, Father Louis Andre was sent to the Green Bay region as a co-worker. The Sac village, at the lower falls of the Fox River, was ob served to be a great resort for all the surrounding tribes, whose numbers were estimated at fifteen thou sand. They were drawn here for the purpose of traffic ; also by the abundance of water-fowl, and by its some what remarkable fishery, prepared by means of stakes set in the water across the river. The fish in ascend ing congregated at this barrier, where they were taken in great numbers by means of dip nets. Here, at what is now the village of Depere, was located the central station of St. Francis Xavier ; which mission included all the bay tribes. A rude chapel, the first upon these waters, was erected, the third one within the present limits of the State. It has been frequently published that the mission of St. Francis Xavier was founded at Depere, in 1669. This, however, is a misapprehension, as, until 1671, the mission was a roving one, though confined to the bay tribes. Alloiiez, leaving his companion in charge, employed himself among the Foxes and Miamis. He continued his missionary work, extending his labors to other tribes, until 1676, when, on the 6th of April, he was joined by Father Anthony Siloy. In October follow ing, he succeeded Marquette in the Illinois mission. About 1679 Siloy was recalled and his place filled by Father Peter A. Bormeault. Alloiiez, driven from the Illinois, soon after returned to the Mascoutins and Miamis, but went again to the Illinois in 1684, where he probably remained some time. He was there in 1687, and died about the year 1689. Andre worked with zeal in the mission of St. Francis Xavier. His rude chapel was hung with pict ures calculated to strike the imaginations of the sav ages with powerful force. One represented the twelve apostles; another showed Jesus dying on the cross; while a third portrayed the general judgment. At the top of this last one parents could not help but observe the contrast between the places occupied by the bap tized children, and the one where Satan endured horri ble torments. During Andre's temporary absence, his chapel was burned, with all his household goods and Winter's pro visions, by savages opposed to his labors. He reared a cabin upon the ruins of the former one, and continued to teach the gospel to the benighted heathen. His dwelling was next burned, but he built another on the Menomonee, which shared the same . fate. Still he kept on with his labors, living in his canoe, and going from place to place among the six tribes of his mission. In 1676, Father Charles Abanel, Superior of the Ottawa Mission, was stationed at what is now Depere, where a new and better chapel was built, partly by the aid of fur traders. But the prosperous days for the mission were well nigh ended. In 1680, Father John Enjalran was alone at this mission. At this date the Winnebagoes were hostile to the efforts of the mis sionary. Enjalran was recalled in 1687. Upon his departure his house and chapel were burned. He returned no further than Mackinaw, and the mission of St. Francis Xavier was ended. UNDER FRENCH DOMINION. The Governor of Canada, John Talon, was an able, vigorous and patrotic Frenchman. He cherished high hopes for the future of New France. He not only labored strenuously to develop the industrial resources of the colony, but addressed himself to discovering and occupying the interior of the continent; "con trolling the rivers, which were its only highways ; and securing it for France against every other nation." But the region was still, to a very great extent, an unknown world ; yet sufficient knowledge had he of the Upper Lakes and circumjacent regions to resolve that possession must be taken at once of the country, to secure it to France ; meanwhile, an active search was to be carried on for mines of copper. The agent employed by Talon for the work of securing the Great West to the King of France, was Daumont de St. Lusson. The latter set out in 1670, from the St. Lawrence, accompanied by a small party of men. With him was Nicholas Perrot, a Canadian voyageur, who was to act as interpreter. Perrot spoke Algonquin fluently, and was favorably known to many of the tribes of that family. He was a man of enter prise, courage and address. His influence with many of the western nations was great. It was arranged that St. Lusson should winter at the Manitoulin Islands, while Perrot, having first sent messages to the tribes of the North, inviting them to meet the deputy of the Governor at the Sault Ste. Marie, in what is now the State of Michigan, not far from the foot of Lake Superior, in the following Spring, should proceed to Green Bay to urge the nations seated upon its waters to the meeting. Perrot wintered among the tribes at the Bay, and was industrious in making preparations for the journey of the principal chiefs of surrounding nations to the Sault, where they were to meet the representatives of many other tribes gathered for the conference with St. Lusson. Sachems of the Pottawatomies who also represented the Miamis ; chiefs of the Sacs ; head men of the Winnebagoes and Menomonees ; all embarked for the place of rendezvous, along with the indomit able interpreter, where they arrived May 5, 1671, finding that St. Lusson with his men, fifteen in num ber, had preceded them more than a month. Indians came from other directions — among them were Creez, Monsonis, Amikoues, Nipissings and others. When all had reached the rapids, the Governor's deputy pre pared to execute the commission with which he was HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 43 charged — the taking possession of the country in the name of the French king, with the full consent of all the assembled chiefs deputed to give acquiescence for the surrounding nations. The ceremony was to be an imposing one. To this end a large cross of wood had been prepared. It was now reared, and planted in the ground. Then a post of cedar was raised beside it, with a metal plate at tached, engraven with the royal arms. " In the name," said St. Lusson, " of the most high, mighty and re doubtable monarch, Louis, fourteenth of that name, most Christian King of France and of Navarre, I take possession of this place, Sainte Marie du Sault, as also of Lakes Huron and Superior, the island of Manitou- lin, and all countries, rivers, lakes and streams con tiguous and adjacent thereunto ; both those which have been discovered, and those which may be discov ered hereafter, in all their length and breadth, bounded on the one side by the seas of the North, and of the West, and on the other by the South Sea ; declaring to the nations thereof, that from this time forth they are vassals of his majesty, bound to obey his laws and fol low his customs ; promising them on his part all succor and protection against the incursions and invasions of their enemies ; declaring to all other potentates, princes, sovereigns, states and republics — to them and their subjects — that they can not and are not to seize or settle upon any parts of the aforesaid countries, save only under the good pleasure of his most Chris tian majesty, and of him who will govern in his be half; and this on pain of incurring his resentment and the efforts of his arms." This was followed by a great shout of assent on part of the assembled savages, and of " Vive le Hoi" by the Frenchmen. Thus it was that the great Northwest was not only placed under the protection of France, but became a part of her American possessions. And why not ? She had dis covered it — had, to a certain extent, explored it — had, to a limited extent, established commerce with it — and her missionaries had proclaimed the faith to the red men of its forests. The act of St. Lusson in establishing French suprem acy in the country beyond Lake Michigan not being regarded as sufficiently definite, Perrot, in 1689, at the head of Green Bay, again took possession of this region, extending the dominion of New France not only over the territory of the Upper Mississippi, but "to other places more remote." This completed the work so auspiciously carried forward in 1671, by this intrepid voyageur. DISCOVERY OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. The gathering of the nations at the Sault Ste. Marie by St. Lusson, was followed by an event of the utmost importance to French interest in the West. This was the discovery, if such it can be called, of the Upper Mississippi. Now, for the first time, the upper half of that river was, to a- certain extent, explored. For the first time, white men beheld its vast tribute, in this upper country, rolling onward toward the Mexi can gulf. The discoverer was Louis Joliet. He had visited the upper lakes in previous years ; knew well of the existence of the great river through Indian re ports ; was a man of close and intelligent observation, possessing considerable mathematical acquirements. He was born at Quebec in 1645 ; was educated by the Jesuits — resolving at first to be a priest but afterward turned fur trader. In 1673, he was a merchant, cour ageous, hardy, enterprising. He was just the man for the French authorities to entrust with the proposed discovery and exploration of the Upper Mississippi. This was in 1672. Said the Governor of Canada, on the 2d of November of that year : "It has been judged expedient to send Sieur Joliet to the Mascoutins (then located in what is now Green Lake County, Wiscon sin), to discover the South Sea, and the great river they call the Mississippi, which is supposed to dis charge itself into the Sea of California." " He is a man," continued Frontenac, "of great experience in these sorts of discoveries, and has already been almost at the great river, the mouth of which he promises to see." Joliet reached the mission of St. Ignatius, a point north of the island of Mackinaw, in the Spring of 1673, finding there Father James Marquette, missionary, whom he invited to join the expedition. The invita tion was gladly accepted. On the 17th of May, Joliet, having with him Marquette and five other Frenchmen, left the mission on his voyage of exploration. He had two bark canoes. Every possible precaution was taken that, should the undertaking prove hazardous, it should not be foolhardy; so, whatever of information could be gathered from the Indians who had frequented those parts, was laid under contribution, as he paddled mer rily up the waters of Green Bay. The first Indian nation met by him was the Menomonee. He was dis suaded by these savages from venturing so far to the westward, assured that he would meet tribes which never spared strangers, but tomahawked them without provocation ; that a war which had broken out among various nations on his route, exposed him and his men to another evident danger — that of being killed by war parties constantly in his path. He was told that the great river was very dangerous unless the difficult parts were known ; that it was full of frightful mon sters who swallowed men and canoes together; that there was even a demon there, who could be heard from afar, who stopped the passage and engulfed all who dared approach ; and lastly that the heat was so excessive in those countries, that it would infallibly cause their death. Nevertheless Joliet determined to go forward. joliet's and marquette's maps. The Relations of Joliet and Marquette contain the statement that maps were prepared by them, for their guidance, from the reports of friendly Indians. Two of Joliet's charts have never been published, but a third (and probably the earliest) has recently been given to the world by M. Gabriel Gravier, President of the Norman Geographical Society, who is an authority on the subject of early explorations in America. The map, reproduced in this volume, is full of errors, which must have been known to Joliet as such at the time. Its value consists chiefly in the fact that it is the only specimen of Joliet's cartography thus far made public. Unlike Marquette's map, this one contains a crude representation of the stopping-place at Chicago, which 44 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. is vaguely designated as Mont Joliet. (See Revue de Geographie, Fevier, 1880. Hist. Society, Madison.) A fae simile is also herewith given of Marquette's chart, prepared at the same time. (See Shea's " Dis covery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley.") Joliet found the Fox River very beautiful at its mouth, having a gentle curent. It was full of bustards, duck, teal and other birds, attracted by wild oats, which were plentiful and of which they were very fond. As the party advanced up the river a little dis tance, it was found to be difficult of ascent, both on account of the currents and of the sharp rocks which cut their canoes. But the rapids in the -stream were passed in safety. The Mascoutins were reached at length, and in their village was gathered also the Mi amis and Kickapoos. Bark for cabins was found to be rare in the Mascoutin village, the Indians using rushes, which served them for walls and roof, but which were no great shelter against the wind and still less against the rain when it fell in torrents. The view from the Indian village was beautiful and very picturesque ; for, from the eminence on which it was perched, the eye discovered on every side, delightful prairies, spreading out beyond its reach, interspersed with thickets or groves of lofty trees. The soil was found to be very good, producing much corn. Plums also and grapes were gathered in the Autumn in quantities by the In dians. Joliet and his party arrived at the Mascoutins on the 7th of June; their departure was on the 10th. "We knew," afterward wrote Marquette, " that there was, three [thirty] leagues from Maskoutens [Mascoutins], a river [the Wisconsin] entering into the Missippi; we knew, too, that the point of the compass we were to hold to reach it was west, southwest, but the way is so cut up by marshes and little lakes that it is easy to go estray, especially as the river leading to it is so covered with wild oats that you can hardly discover the channel. Hence we had good need of our two [Miami] guides, who led us safely to a portage of twenty-seven hundred paces [the site of the present city of Portage, Columbia County, Wisconsin], and helped us to transport our canoes to enter this river [the Wisconsin], after which they returned, leaving us alone in an unknown country in the hands of Prov idence." " We now leave," continues Marquette, "the waters which flow to Quebec, a distance of four or five hun dred leagues, to follow those which will henceforth lead us into strange lands. * * * The river on which we embarked is called Meskousing [Wisconsin] ; it is very broad, with a sandy bottom, forming many shallows, which render navigation very difficult. It is full of vine-clad islets. On the banks appear fertile lands diversified with wood, prairie and hill. Here you find oaks, walnut, w.hitewood and another kind of tree armed with thorns. We saw no small game or fish, but deer and moose in considerable numbers." On the 17th of June, with a joy inexpressible, Joliet and his party reached and entered the Mississippi. After dropping down the river many miles they re turned by the Illinois River and Lake Michigan to Green Bay. Here Marquette remained to recruit his wasted energies, while Joliet proceeded on to Quebec, where he reported his discoveries and explorations to the Governor of New France. EXPLORATIONS SUBSEQUENT TO JOLIET. Explorations begun by Joliet were continued. La Salle, in 1679, with Father Louis Hennepin, coasted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, landing frequently. The return of Henri de Tonty, one of La Salle's party, down the same coast to Green Bay from the Illinois, followed in 1680. The same year, Father Hennepin, from the Upper Mississippi, whither he had gone from the Illinois, made his way across what is now Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, to Green Bay. He was accompanied by Daniel Graysolon Du Lhut (synonomous with Duluth), who on his way down the " great river " from Lake Supe rior had met Hennepin. "As we went up the river Wisconsin," says the latter, " we found it was as large as that of the Illinois, which is navigable for large vessels above an hundred leagues. We could not sufficiently admire the extent of those vast countries, and the charming lands through which we passed, which lie all untilled. The cruel wars which these nations have one with another are the cause that they have not people enough to cultivate them. And the more bloody wars which have raged so long in all parts of Europe, have hindered the sending Christian colo nies to settle them. However, I must needs say that the poorer sort of our countrymen would do well to think of it, and go and plant themselves in this fine country, where, for a little pains in cultivating the earth, they would live happier and subsist much better than they do here." Following the voyage of Hennepin, was the one of Le Sueur, in 1683, from Lake Michigan to the Missis sippi, ascending that river to the Sioux country in the region about St. Anthony, and his subsequent estab lishment, said to have been in 1693, at La Pointe, in the present Ashland County, Wisconsin. He was, at least, " a voyageur stationed at Chegoimegon " during that year. He continued to trade with the Sioux at intervals to the year 1702. Nicholas Perrot, who, as the agent of St. Lusson, had collected the Green Bay tribes in 1671, to assem ble at the congress holden at the Sault Ste. Marie. again made his appearance in the Winnebago country, this time in the year 1684. He was commissioned by the Government of New France to manage the fur trade from Green Bay westward. " I was sent to this bay," he writes, " charged with the commission to have chief command there, and to the most distant coun tries on the side of the west." He passed the Winter of 1685 and 1686 at a post erected by him on the east side of the Mississippi, at the foot of Lake Pepin, this being the first post on the Upper Mississippi. Thence he proceeded overland to Green Bay. Meanwhile, he had been ordered by Denouville, the new Governor, who did not approve of such distant enterprises, to re turn with all the Frenchmen in this region ; which order he now obeyed. In 1687, he was again at Green Bay, being engaged to bring the Indians inhabiting its shores to the assistance of Denouville against the Iro quois. In 1690, Perrot set out from Montreal with presents and messages to the Indians of the upper HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 45 country, for the purpose of thwarting the English, who had opened negotiations with several nations. Two years subsequent, he was sent to Green Bay, chiefly to guard against and frustrate the English overtures to the Miamis und their allies, and in August, 1693, he conducted ten or twelve chiefs of the different tribes to Montreal. He visited the Miamis again, 1697, by whom he was captured. He was, however, set at lib erty through the intercession of the Foxes. The voy age of St. Cosme,in 1699, when he and his companions frequently landed on the west coast of Lake Michigan, was followed by that of Le Sueur up the Mississippi, in 1700. But far more important was that of Father Charlevoix, in 1721 , to the waters of Green Bay from Mackinaw, because of his valuable record of what he saw in that part of the country.. Other explorations followed, notably that of Father Guignas, in 1727, and of the Sieur de Laperrier, in the same year, so that, by the end of the first hundred years after the discovery of Wisconsin by Nicolet, considerable knowledge of its territory was brought home to the civilized world. Fur traders, or at least their employes, were the first explorers, after Nicolet, of Wisconsin. They pre ceded the Jesuit missionaries. These traders sent from the St. Lawrence hatchets, knives, blankets and other articles coveted by the savage, to exchange with him for furs. Their employes, the voyageurs, made their journeys into the far-off regions in hirch-bark canoes, of the lightest possible construction ; for they had fre quently to be carried by hand around rapids, and from one stream to another along carrying places, called portages. They usually made up their outfit at Que bec or Montreal, and ascending the Ottawa during the Summer and subsequently that river and the lower lakes, proceeded to the various tribes inhabiting the region of the upper lakes, either wintering at Indian villages, or at stations which had been established by them in their neighborhood. With their peltries gathered during the Winter and early Spring they re turned usually the next Summer; but sometimes they were required to make longer voyages. The fur traders were, as a class, men of some wealth, of respectable families and of considerable intelligence, and were possessed of enterprising and adventurous habits. They found the fur trade more profitable, or more con genial to their dispositions than agricultural pursuits. Their menials, the voyageurs, penetrated the fastnesses of the western wilderness with a perseverance and courage almost without a parallel in the history of ex plorations of savage countries. Indeed, they out- savaged the savage in that respect. The French Government early manifested a disposi tion to extend her dominions in America. At the very commencement of the seventeenth century, she had colonized Acadia. In 1608, Quebec was founded. In 1663, New France (Canada) was made a royal col ony. The reports circulated in France of the advan tages of the fur trade were such as to induce many of the nobility and gentry to invest their fortunes in the New World. With this patronage and the constantly increasing number of colonists, New France grew rap idly in commerce, the most lucrative branch of which was dealing in furs. The voyageurs were the usual agents employed by the French Government to extend and uphold its dominion in the Northwest. The traf fic in furs maintained with the Indians constituted the only value of this region in the eyes of Frenchmen, so long as France continued her dominion over it. The regular fur trader was licensed by the Government, this license generally stipulating the territory in which they were permitted to operate. It was drawn in the nature of a colonial commission, conferring upon the licensed trader the authority of a military officer over the voyageurs in his employ. It also made him a com mercial agent of the Government among the Indians. He was frequently employed as special agent of the colony to make treaties. Sometimes he was required to lead his voyageurs upon war expeditions in return for his fur-trading privileges. His employes, therefore, were always around, equiped and familiarized with military duties, partly from necessity of defending themselves from attacks of hostile Indians, and partly to be enabled to carry out any requisition made by the Government. The dominion of France over the west ern country was thus made self-sustaining. But the -Government found some trouble in controlling the traffic in furs. There grew up an illicit trade, main tained by couriers de bois, in contradistinction to the reg ular traders, or voyageurs. They followed the Indians in their wanderings, and sometimes became as barbarous as the red men. A few years of forest life seemed to wean them from all thought or desire for civilization. They spread over the Northwest, the outlaws of the forest. Although rendering essential aid at times to the Government, the King of France, in 1699, launched a royal declaration against them. When French dom ination ceased in the Northwest there was an essential change in the fur trade. The military occupation of the country of the upper lakes by the French — including, of course, what is now Wisconsin — was, after all, only a nominal posses sion, intended as a protection to the fur trade. Posts, which were mere stockades without cannon, built by fur traders and held by them in the name of the king, though at their own expense, were erected on the waters of the Mississippi, at least at two points within what are now the boundaries of the State : one upon the north side of Lake Pepin, another on an eastern tributary of the Mississippi, some distance inland. No post was established at, or in the vicinity of, the mouth of the Wisconsin River, prior to English domination, as has been supposed. There was a stockade at La Pointe, in 1726, but how long it was occupied, is not now known. On the west side of Fox River, not far above the mouth of that stream, there was erected somewhere between 1718 and 1721, a post having a commandant. It was afterward destroyed, then re built, but deserted by the French before the occupation of the vicinity by the British. It was the only fort regularly occupied by B'rench soldiers within what is now Wisconsin. It was called " Fort St. Francis," and was in 1721 under the authority of Captain de Montigny. In 1726, it was commanded by Sieur Ameritan, and in 1754 by Sieur Marin, soon after which it was abandoned. During the continuance of French supremacy in the Northwest, there were no permanent civilized set tlements in Wisconsin. There was no immigration 46 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. hither for the purpose of tilling the soil, or engaging in the other useful vocations of life. The posts of fur traders, and the few log huts erected in their vicin ity were only temporary residences. The white popu lation was " like drift-wood from the current of a stream, only to be swept away again upon the next eddy." The Fox Indians are supposed to have migrated from the banks of the river St. Lawrence, at a remote period, being driven West, and settling upon the waters of Saginaw, Michigan. Thence they were forced by the Iroquois to Green Bay, but were com pelled to move subsequently to Fox River. The perse cutions of the Five Nations continuing, they retreated to Wolf River, where, in 1670, they were visited by Father Alloiiez. The next year they stood aloof from the congress held by Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Sault. French fur traders had, thus early, aroused their animosity by their ill treatment; and when, sub sequently, the nation returned to the Fox River, they held this thoroughfare securely against the voyageurs from Green Bay to the Mississippi ; not, however, un til, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, they had sent warriors against the Iroquois ; and not until they had taken part, on the side of the French in Denou- ville's more serious campaign. As earhy as 1693, several fur traders had been plundered by them, while on their way to the Sioux, the Foxes alleging that they were carrying arms to their ancient enemies. Their hostility continuing, the Fox River was completely blockaded. Early in the Spring of 1712, a number of Foxes and Mascoutins encamped -close to the fort at Detroit. This post was commanded by M. Dubuisson. His garrison numbered only thirty French soldiers. The Foxes and their allies, the Mascoutins, soon becams insolent, calling themselves the owners of all the country. It seems to have been a plan laid by them to burn the fort, but their purpose was communicated to the commandant by a friendly Fox. An express was immediately sent to the hunting grounds of the Ottawas and Hurons by Dubuisson for aid. The Chippewas and another tribe, upon the other side of the lake, were invited to join with him in defending his post. The commandant took such measures of defense as his limited force would permit. On the 13th of May, he was re-enforced by seven or eight Frenchmen. Happily other aid arrived — quite a number of Indians from various nations around, who, joining the Hurons, entered the fort to assist in de fending it. This brought matters to a crisis, and firing commenced between the besiegers and the besieged. With undaunted courage, Dubuisson for nineteen days continued to defend his post. The assailants were finally obliged to retreat, their provisions becoming exhausted. Some of the Frenchman, with the Indians, soon started in pursuit, overtaking the enemy near Lake St! Clair, where they had erected entrenchments. They held their position for four days, fighting with much courage, when they were forced to surrender, receiving no quarter fromuthe victors. All were killed except the women and children, whose lives were spared, and one hundred men who had been tied, but who escaped. There were a few Sacs engaged in this attack on the fort, but more, perhaps, were fighting upon the other side. The Foxes were incensed rather than weakened by the severe loss they sustained near Detroit; and, their hostility continuing, not only against the French but the Indian tribes in alliance with them, caused a proposition to be brought forward by the Marquis de Vaudreuil to commence a war of extermination against the Foxes. To this most of the friendly nations readily assented. A party of French troops was raised and put under the command of De Louvigny, a lieutenant, who left Quebec in March, 1J16, returning to that place in October of the same year. He ascended to Detroit in canoes, with all possible despatch ; there he received re-enforce ments, and thence urged his way to Mackinaw, where " his presence inspired in all the Frenchmen and. Indians a confidence which was a presage of victory." With a respectable force — said to have been eight hundred strong — De Louvigny entered Green Bay and ascended Fox River, to what point is now uncer tain, when he encountered the enemy in a palisaded fort. William R. Smith, in his History of Wisconsin says: "The Foxes had selected a stronghold on the Fox River, now known as the ' Butte des Morts,' or ' Hill of the Dead,' " but he does not designate the exact locality. "After three days of open trenches," says the commander, " sustained by a continuous fire of fusileers, with two pieces of cannon and a grenade mortar, they were reduced to ask for peace, notwith standing they had five hundred warriors in the fort, who fired briskly, and more than three thousand women ; they also expected shortly a re-enforcement of three hundred men. But the promptitude with which the officers who were in this action pushed for ward the trenches that I had opened only seventy yards from their fort, made the enemy fear, the third night, that they would be taken. As I was only twenty-four yards from their fort, my design was to reach their triple oak stakes by a ditch of a foot and a half in the rear. Perceiving very well that my balls had not the effect I anticipated, I decided to take the place at the first onset, and to explode two mines under their cur tains. The boxes being properly placed for the pur pose, I did not listen to the enemy's first proposition ; but they, having made a second one, I submitted it to my allies, who consented to it on the following condi tions : That the Foxes and their allies would make peace with all the Indians who are submissive to the king, and with whom the French are engaged in trade and commerce ; and that they would return to me all the French prisoners that they have, and those captured during the war from all our allies (this was complied with immediately) ; that they would take slaves from distant nations and deliver them to our allies to re place their dead ; that they would hunt to pay the ex penses of the war ; and, as a surety of their" keeping their word, that they should deliver me six chiefs, or the children of chiefs, to take with me to M. La Marquis de Vaudreuil as hostages, until the entire execution of our treaty, which they did, and I took them with me to Quebec. Besides I have re-united the other nations at variance among themselves, and have left that country enjoying universal peace." But the Foxes proved irreconcilable. War was re- HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 47 newed at Detroit in 1721 ; and in 1728, another ex pedition was organized, " to go and destroy " that nation. It was commanded by Marchand de Lignery, who had, two years before, held a council at Green Bay with the Foxes, Sacs and Winnebagoes, when these tribes promised to maintain peace. But the Foxes paid no regard to their plighted faith, and con tinued their hostility; and joined with them were the Sacs and Winnebagoes. De Lignery left Montreal in June, 1728, proceeding by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron to Mackinaw, thence to Green Bay, upon the northern shore of which the Menomonees, who had also made common cause with the Foxes, were at-. tacked and defeated. This was on the 15th of August. On the evening of the seventeenth, the mouth of the Fox River was reached, when it became evident that the savages had knowledge of the expedi tion. It had been the intention of De Lignery to at tack a Sac village, just above Fort St. Francis — the French post, where he wished to surprise the enemy, who were staying .with their allies, the Sacs. He ar rived at the French fort at midnight, and immediately sent word to the commandant of his presence, and asked for information, as to whether the Foxes were still in the Sac village. The reply was that they ought to be found there; but, upon moving foward, De Lignery discovered that both Sacs and Foxes had all escaped, except four, who were captured and soon put to death by the Indians accompanying the expedi tion. On the 24th of August, the army, consisting of not less than four hundred French, and seven hundred and fifty Indians, consisting of Hurons, Iroquois, Ottawas and others, reached a Winnebago village on Fox River, which was deserted, and which, with the crops in the vicinity, was destroyed by the invaders. -Thence they proceeded to the home of the Foxes farther up that stream. Four of their villages were found but all were deserted. They secured four prisoners : two squaws and a girl, who were reduced to slavery, and an old man, who was " burnt to death at a slow fire," After destroying , the villages and fields of the Foxes, the army returned, having, in reality, accomplished little, save the destruction of the crops and empty huts of the enemy. "After this ex pedition," says its historian, Emanuel Crespel, " if such a useless march deserves that name, we prepared to return to Montreal." On their return, the French post near the mouth of the Fox River was destroyed, "because, being so near the enemy, it would not afford a secure retreat to the French, who must be left as a garrison." When the army arrived at Mackinaw, the " commander gave permission to every one to go where he pleased." Another expedition against the Foxes, led by Neyon de 'Villiers in September, 1730, was more successful. His forces, including Indians, numbered not less than twelve hundred. It resulted in the almost total defeat of the Foxes. Two hundred of their warriors were " killed on the spot, or burned, after having been taken as slaves, and six hundred women and children were absolutely destroyed." Such only are the facts known of this successful enterprise of the French and their allies. But the Foxes were not humbled. They drew the Sacs into a firmer alliance, and soon became so troublesome, that another expedition was planned against them — this time under the command of Cap tain de Nayelle. Preparations began near the close of 1734, and it was carried on the following year with sixty soldiers and probably a number of Indian allies. The Foxes were attacked in their own country, where they had suffered defeat at the hands of De Villiers. This was the last enterprise of the French against that troublesome nation. Many places have been desig nated, upon Fox River, as the points of conflict in these expeditions, but all such designations are tradi tionary ; nothing is known with certainty concerning them. In 1736, the Sacs and Foxes were " connected with the Government of Canada," nevertheless they were far from being friendly to the French. However, in 1754, they arrayed themselves with the French against the English, and so continued, until the close of the contest so disastrous to France in America. ENGLISH SUPREMACY IN WISCONSIN. When France yielded her inchoate rights in the West to England — where all the territory now included in the State of Wisconsin was by right of conquest delivered oyer as a part of Canada to the English — French trading-posts, French forts and French mis sionary establishments had all disappeared. The forti fication at the head of Green Bay had been vacated for some years. It was "rotten, the stockade ready to fall and the houses without cover." It was a fit emblem of the decay — of the fast-crumbling and per ishing state — of French domination in North America. Governor Vaudreuil surrendered Canada to General Amherst, of the British army, on the 9th of Septem ber, 1760, and immediately notified the commandant of the fort at Mackinaw, for the information of the people of the Northwest, that thereafter they would be amenable to England's authority, under stipulations which guaranteed to them the undisturbed possession of their goods- and peltries, and full liberty to continue their trade in the same manner as though they were subjects of Great Britain. But Wisconsin was, at this, date, a howling wilder ness. There was not a single white settler within what are now its limits. The fur trader, however, was still upon the ground. The fur trade of the North west, long coveted by England, was now to be firmly established with the various tribes under the new order of things. To do this required a military occupation of the country, among other places at " the Bay " — as the post for some time previous to its evacuation by the French was called; for this was the point that commanded the Fox River country and the trade be yond. There were, however, no English residents to be protected by English bayonets — no settlers on Wis consin's soil to need the shielding presence of the red coats. Military possession signified only protection to English traders. Detroit was the first of the French posts in the West to surrender; then Mackinaw; and finally, in 1761, a small squad of English soldiers were despatched to the head of Green Bay to garrison the deserted post in that vicinity. A captain of the eighteenth English regiment was ordered to march 48 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. from Detroit with a detachment from that and the sixtieth regiment, to take possession of and to leave garrison at the posts on lakes Huron and Michigan. These were Mackinaw, " the Bay" (afterward Fort Edward Augustus) and St. Joseph (upon the river of that name in the present states of Michigan and Indi ana). The detachment arrived at Mackinaw on the 28th of September, 1761, where a lieutenant of the sixtieth regiment, one sergeant, one corporal, one drum mer and twenty-five privates were left to garrison that post, the residue sailing, with a fair wind, for " the Bay," where they arrived, on the 12th of October, at the tumble-down post, now the city of Fort Howard, Brown County. The captain departed on the four teenth, leaving at " the Bay," Lieut. James Gorrell, of the Royal American, or Sixtieth Regiment, and one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates, together with a French interpreter and two English traders. " There were several Frenchmen," says Gorrell, " who had gone up the river that forms the bay which comes fron Lake Winnebago, about fourteen leagues up. These traders have gone up as far as the Sioux country, near two hundred leagues from the bay. As they went past this post, notwithstanding these very Frenchmen were employed by the English traders from Montreal, that come to Mackinaw by virtue of General Gage's license, they did all that laid in their power to persuade the Bay Indians to fall on the En glish on their way ; as they heard of our coming, — they telling the Indians that the English were weak and that it could be done very readily." But the savages proved too wary, and remained at peace with the conquerors. The garrison in Fort Edward Augustus (the new name of " the Bay "), busied themselves during the ensuing Winter in repairing the fort, houses and grounds, for the reason that reports were rife of in tended Indian attacks upon the fort ; but happily they proved groundless. Some few young men of the different tribes in the vicinity came at various tinfes to know how they would be treated by Gorrell and his men ; and they were agreeably surprised to find themselves received with civility, so contrary to the accounts given them by the French, who were still smarting under English chas tisement, and anxious for a rupture between the sav ages and their new masters, which, indeed, was not long postponed. They asked for ammunition, which was given them at different times. Flour was also sent to some of their old men, who, they said, were sick in the woods. Finally a council was held with the Menomonees, the Winnebagoes, the Ottawas, and the Sacs and Foxes, during the last of May and first of June, 1762, when Lieut. Gorrell presented to the Menomonees and Winnebagoes belts of wampum and strings of the same for the return of prisoners. He made at the same time a conciliatory speech, which had a most happy effect. The Menomonees, upon whose lands Fort Edward Augustus stood, an swered in the same spirit. They said they were very poor, having lost three hundred warriors lately with small-pox, as well as most of their chiefs by the late war, in which they had been engaged by the then French commander at "the Bay," against the English. They expressed themselves glad to find that the En glish were pleased to pardon them, as they did not expect it ; they were conscious they did not merit it. They assured Lieut. Gorrell that he might depend they would adhere to whatever instructions the com manding English officers might give them for the future, as they had always done with regard to the French. They begged that Gorrell would send for a gunsmith to mend their guns as they were poor and out of order ; the French, they said, had always done this for them ; and their neighbors at Mackinaw had had this favor granted them. They said, also, that the French commandant always gave them rum as a true token of friendship. Lieut. Gorrell had much the same understanding with the Winnebagoes, Ottawas and Sacs and Foxes. From this time until March 1, 1763, nothing of mo ment happened at Fc-rt Edward Augustus, except the arrival of several English and French traders, some of whom went up the country and also sent up a large part of their goods. On the clay mentioned twelve Sioux warriors came to the post. They seemed very friendly to the English. " This nation," says Gorrell, " is always at war with the Chippewas. They told me with warmth that if ever the Chippewas or any other Indians wished to obstruct the passage of the traders coming up, to send them a belt and they would come and cut them off the face of the earth." The Sioux then gave the commandant a letter written in French, and two belts of wampum from their head chief, in which he expressed great joy on hearing of the English at the Bay, and a desire to make peace with them, and to have English traders sent among them. In June some Ottawas and Frenchmen came to the post and delivered to Gorrell instructions from Capt. Etherington, commanding at Mackinaw, informing him that Mackinaw had been surprised by the Chip pewas, and taken, one lieutenant and twenty privates having been killed, and all the rest of the garrison taken prisoners, but that friendly Ottawas had taken Capt. Etherington, Lieut. Leslie and eleven men out of their hands with the promise to re-instate them. Gorrell was ordered to set out with all his garrison and traders to Etherington's relief. It was thus that they first got word of the, beginning of Pontiac's War and of the fall of Mackinaw. Gorrell complied with the orders from his superior officer. He set off on the 17th of June, 1763, but was hindered by contrary winds. He did not get off until the 21st, when he set sail with a part of the four tribes — Menomonees, Sacs, Winne bagoes and Foxes. They found Etherington held a prisoner about thirty miles above Mackinaw, and they all, in due time, reached Montreal in safety. Thus actual occupation of Wisconsin by an English armed force was at an end. By the treaty of peace between England and France, in 1763, that part of French territory lying west of Lake Michigan, was ceded, along with the residue of Canada, to the English. It was thus that Wisconsin, although no longer under direct military control of the conquerors, became actual British soil, with no counter claimants, save the savages who re sided within its limits. The expectation of Capt. Etherington that Fort Edward Augustus would soon o. ts a Sfc. Sw See Page 37. iuMcurs^dmh JUS«****' JL} * * # $ *Vr^ $ $ 4 jW*** uM cantt h*rna. ALaSp h*g*j ftUmiy jtUatrr.cuJ- ou est jCX>— Calif our nit pa) ou on petit oiler \ t* «w Jcerou aa Japon^. ^J^ it ajUx CnirvL — ' • \! -3 c cy <== ^ # '^/P«''"-r 4 - «5SS5^^)flw* ^Vf.srf"' * ¦i*' J7 ^ ^^ / d tfSrtr(OnJ ^ i ^ cg2s^£ G0£3^ — . i ¥ 4 * ¥4 * &kh i n r a >^^ 3, fewer \_,J v V> a, - a n " r .x«$$j&$##ft$/ , W^- »~ 9 rI a_*^ ' v *l ---i, q A ft ^ ^ '* Xa ' ft » * h\%"' ,i ^ | @C6JL 9 $ & *5' 4- + ,4-0 JO 4fr FAC SIMILE of the Autograph *Alctp of the. «> MISSISSIPPI ¥ 46 44 p 1* (Boitception fRioer. rATHER M/l/tQUETrE ou the t/mt tf his yoyt/ye From the Original presetted at St Haiys College 5;> 35 *7 3f V 3f- 33 ?< 3o S. o ?AH#T&7 m PANA WdHA H HCMCJJifA'T i /in m A-;X>TCHASJ. MAVOM. JO AKSiXOA. PAftXAHA. AH. KAKWUNH TAnmHA fJ48 AKtuSCA ArlSrortlfi * > BASJlN DE LA FLDR.IDE FLDKIDE z < 33 3*~ "JL > See "Page 43. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 49 be re-occupied was not realized. Instead thereof, the Indians were placed under control of the post at Mackinaw, which was soon re-garrisoned. No sooner, however, had the soldiers under Gorrell left "the Bay," than French traders seized upon the occasion to again make it head-quarters for traffic in furs to the westward of Lake Michigan. Not that alone, for a few determined to make it their permanent home. By the year 1766, there were some families living in the decayed Fort Edward Augustus, as well as opposite thereto, on the east side of Fox River, where they cultivated the soil in a small way and in an extremely primitive manner. Of these French Canadians no one can be exactly considered the pioneer — no individual one is entitled to the renown of having first led the way, becoming thus the first settler of the State, much less the father and founder of Wisconsin. It was simply that "the Bay," being, after Pontiac's War, oc cupied by Canadian French fur traders, their station finally ripened into a permanent settlement — the first in Wisconsin, and the leading spirits of which were the two Langlades, Augustin and Charles, father and son. It had all the characteristics of a French settle ment. Its growth was very slow ; its industries were few and simple. Besides the employments of trading and transporting goods and peltries, the inhabitants engaged in hunting and trapping. The cultivation of the soil was only an incidental matter, though gradu ally a few persons turned their chief attention to agriculture. At length wheat enough was raised to supply the community with bread, while other grains were cultivated to some extent, and a few domestic animals were raised. Mechanical trades were almost unknown ; a smith to mend fire-arms and to make and repair traps was all that was necessary. The imple ments of husbandry were rude and few. If a respect able house was to be erected, workmen were sent for to Canada. The people had the free exercise of their religious belief, which was Catholic. There were no schools nearer than Mackinaw for many years, though private instruction was occasionally given in families ; nor were there any physicians or lawyers. The settlers were allowed to govern themselves by custom and the " Laws of Paris." Many of them formed matrimonial alliances with the Indians, in consequence of which a mixed lineage became so prevalent that the commun ity, in the course of years, numbered but few persons of pure white blood. Such was the settlement at the head of Green Bay, and so it continued until Ameri can influence became paramount, every thing, even the occupation of the land, being subordinate to the Indian trade, which, directly or indirectly, furnished employment for every member of the community, and in which all its interests centered. When the settlers, who- at first held the soil in common, began to estab lish individual rights, they did so by apportioning to each a tract abutting upon Fox River, extending inland a considerable distance ; so, when these were sub divided, the result was, long, narrow strips, each with a water-front. Nearly twenty years subsequent to the time when the Green Bay settlement began to assume a permanency, some French Canadians located on the east shore of the Mississippi, within what are now the boundaries of Wisconsin. There is no positive evi dence of any permanent settlers being there before the year 1783. It was in that year that four men perman ently occupied the open tract upon which is now situated the city of Prairie du Chien. Quite a num ber soon after followed and located there. Here, as at the settlement, at the Bay, no one could claim prece dence, as being the first to "settle" on the prairie. Those who remained were first traders, then settlers ; or, rather, they became permanent traders. They usually passed the Winter months at the Indian vil lages, and, during the Summer, transported their furs to Mackinaw, returning with their canoes laden with goods for the next season's trade, and with a supply of provisions. In the Winter, Prairie du Chien was half deserted, while in Summer its numbers were swelled, not only by the return of its own people, but also by traders from other quarters, and by throngs of Indian visitors. Little value was placed upon the soil by the inhabitants, though they found leisure to cultivate small portions of the prairie in a rude way ; and occa sionally a voyageur, weary of his roving life, or unable longer to endure its hardships, settled there, and de voted himself exclusively to farming. The traders located there were generally men of considerable wealth, for it required means to carry on their business, provide stocks of goods and provisions for long periods, and transport them hundreds of miles by oarsmen con stantly employed for that purpose. The voyageurs constituted a different class. They were generally very poor and dependent on their small Wciges, which barely sufficed to supply them with the simplest necessaries of life. Although there was no administration of law, the will of their emploj'ers, en forced by possession of their subsistence was very nearly absolute over them, and the distinctions of mas ter and servant were strongly marked. The houses of the wealthy, though constructed of logs, sometimes clapboarded, yet rude and unattractive in external appearance, were comfortably, neatly, and even ele gantly furnished. Those of the poorer classes were very inferior structures, often without floors, and with straw for a covering, while the furniture consisted of a few rude kitchen utensils, benches and other domestic articles equally meager. A sort of middle class event ually sprang up in the small farmers scattered about the prairie, who were somewhat less dependent upon the will and caprice of the traders. They were enabled to live better than the voyageurs, whose diet consisted chiefly of corn soup ; but their implements for work were very primitive, their carts and plows being made of wood, to which the oxen were attached by rawhide "thongs. Coffee-mills were at first used for grinding grain. These were superseded by mills turned by hand-power — the buhrs being cut from native granite boulders. Amid these conditions, apparently favorable to the development of lawlessness and violence, these people, surrounded by savage life, were remarkably docile, having a disposition submissive to any authority as sumed over them. Violent crimes were extremely rare, even when drinking and carousing were indulged in. Upon their wintering grounds the traders prac ticed many devices to overreach one another, but on their return they met and settled all difficulties over 5° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the " flowing bowl." Beyond these tricks of trade they generally manifested a commendable spirit of honor ; and when their word was pledged it might be safely relied upon. Morality was at rather low ebb, as they were destitute of both schools and spiritual teachers. Their amusements were limited to rude dances, foot and horse racing and other similar sports, aided with a free use of intoxicating liquors. What ever semblance of law was adhered to, was derived from the " Laws of Paris," which England permitted Canada to be governed by. They were without admin istrative officers, or other constitutional authorities, but permitted the most learned man among them to exer cise the powers of civil magistrate. Affairs thus con tinued, until finally, as adopted citizens of the United States, they were brought within its jurisdiction. The settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were the only ones in Wisconsin, so long as English suprem acy lasted. A number of French Canadian traders, it is true, located at the mouth of Milwaukee in 1795 ; but their establishments were not of that permanent character to entitle them to be designated a settlement. So, too, the location at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, in 1793, of Lawrence Barth, who was engaged in the carrying trade. After Pontiac's War, the Hudson's Bay Company, which had been chartered by Parliament, as early as 1670, began to exercise exclusive privileges in the fur trade, in this region, continuing in full sway until 1783, when the Northwest Fur Company was organized at Quebec, and established its posts at different points on the upper lakes, and throughout the interior. The result of this was a relentless feud between the two companies, which lasted many years. The fur trade, before Canada was wrested from France, had long been coveted by the English. Many years prior to that event the Iroquois had been encouraged by them to cut off communication with the Northwest. When that failed, they endeavored, through the intermediate tribes to persuade the Indians to carry their peltries to the British frontier; and the disorders that at times confronted the French in this region were in some de gree due to their overtures. The French, after Canada had surrendered, while outwardly preserving an ap pearance of submission to the conquerors, regarded them with hatred, and readily employed every possi ble means to hinder the Indians from entering into friendly relations with them. Some of them, gener ally traders or voyageurs, preceded the English soldiery on their way to the West, endeavoring to persuade the savages to waylay and cut off the feeble detachments. They endeavored also to prevent English traders from venturing beyond Mackinaw, circulating tales among them of meditated attacks on part of the Indians. But the judicious and friendly conduct of Gorrell and his little garrison at Fort Edward Augustus soon brought about a friendly alliance with all the bay tribes, and several beyond that vicinity. They were the more readily disposed to receive the English trad ers, as they gave them much better terms than the French. The difficulties and dangers in the way of the new fur traders were, however, by no means over come by the removal of their apprehensions of Indian hostility. Their lack of acquaintance with the lan guage and manners of the western tribes was a serious impediment; yet, upon the whole, the English made substantial progress in establishing their trade with the western Indians. The influx of English traders before Pontiac's War threatened to destroy the princi pal means of subsistence of the Canadian French, and when Gorrell evacuated his post at the head of Green Bay, some of the more enterprising of the last-men tioned seated themselves promptly in and around the deserted fort. Immediately after the return of peace, no traders were permitted to visit Wisconsin from Mackinaw. The traffic at the Bay was in the hands of local traders, who avoided British posts with the de sign of transferring their trade to the French province of Louisiana. As soon as this policy became manifest, communication was at once opened, and as early as 1766, both English and French traders were permitted to traffic at the Bay, and farther west. The expected re-occupation of Wisconsin by the military under a British command was indefinitely postponed, as Mackinaw had been garrisoned, and was found sufficient to regulate the fur trade. The En glish, although commanding the market for furs, found the French voyageurs, clerks and interpreters indis pensably necessary to their trade. This brought about a reconciliation. The English carried their operations no further than the frontier posts ; the French retain ing their favorite field — the Indian country. In this way all jealousy was overcome, the tranquility of the Indian was assured, and the necessity of a garrison at the Bay avoided. |Vague and conflicting claims of some of the British colonies in North America, to the Northwest, including what is now Wisconsin, under their charters from the British Crown, were all set at rest, so far as the mother country was concerned, before the declaration of American independence, by the passage, by the British Parliament, in 1774, of the " Quebec act," by which the whole region northwest of the Ohio River, and extending to the westward so as to include the whole country lying to the westward of Lake Michi gan, was made a part of the province of Quebec. Under French domination no grants of lands in Wisconsin were made to any one by the Government, except that in October, 1759, the Marquis of Vaud reuil bestowed upon M. Rigaud an extensive territory, including the fort at the head of Green Bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges. This grant was sold to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the French king in January, 1760, at a very critical period when Quebec had been taken by the British, and Montreal only was wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. The English Government wisely refused to perfect the title of the claimants, and they lost their lands and privileges. By the terms of the treaty of Paris of February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to "the Northwest, were ceded to Great Britain.. Among the first acts of the new masters of the country was one to protect the eminent domain of the Government, and the restric tions of all attempts on the part of individuals to ac quire Indian titles to land. Nor does it appear that any such effort had been made by any one while the HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 5i country constituted a part of New France. By a pro clamation of the King of England in 1763, all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands of the Indians. In face of this proclamation, and within three years after its promulgation, under a purchase, as claimed, of the Indians, Jonathan Carver, laid claim to nearly one hundred square miles of land, situated in what is now Northern Wisconsin, and in the present State of Minnesota. A ratification of his title was actually solicited from the king and council, but was not conceded. The representatives of Carver, after a change of government had bought these lands within the jurisdiction of the United States, asked Congress for a confirmation of this title, which was refused. Many of the early maps of the country con tain delineations of the so-called " Carver's Grant." By the treaty of 1783, with Great Britain, the country east of the Mississippi, including all within the boundaries of the present State of Wisconsin, be came territory of the United States. Possession, however, was arbitrarily continued by the British, of all the Northwest, until after the treaty of 1795. During the next Summer, the ports in the West, none of which were in what is now Wisconsin, were deliv ered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy over this region, both military and civil, of Great Britain, was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, brought to an end. But the au thority of the United States over the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, was, for several years after, only constructive. The people remained a law unto themselves. EXPLORATIONS OF NORTHWESTERN "WISCONSIN. It was nearly seven years after Joliet and his com panions had floated down the Mississippi below the mouth of the Wisconsin, as is related in the foregoing pages, before the great river was explored above that point. In the early part of 1680, La Salle was upon the Illinois, and being anxious to have the last men tioned stream examined to its confluence with the parent river, and also desirous of having the Upper Mississsippi explored above the point where Joliet first floated out upon its broad surface, — one Michel Accau was sent on the expedition. With him was also sent Antoine Auguel. The Rev. Father Louis Hennepin a Recollect friar, volunteered to go with the party, and he became its historian, arrogating to himself, however, the chief honors of the enterprise. Accau left La Salle on the 11th of April, 1680, " at two o'clock in the afternoon," says Hennepin. Proceeding down the Illinois and up the Mississippi, we let the Recollect missionary give a description of the great river, begin ning just before reaching the mouth of the Wisconsin. " On the eastern side you meet first an inconsiderable river, and then further on another, called by the Indians Ouisconsin, or Wisconsin, which comes from the east and east-northeast. Sixty leagues up you leave it (the Wiscon sin), and make a portage of half a league to reach the Bay of the Puants (Green Bay) by another river (the Fox), which, near its source, meanders most curiously. It (the Wisconsin) is almost as broad as the river Seignelay, or Islinois (Illinois), and empties into the river Colbert (Mis sissippi), a hundred leagues above the river Seignelay. " Twenty-four leagues above, you come to the Black River called by the Nadouessious, or Islati, Chabadeba, or Chabaoudeba, it seems inconsiderable. Thirty leagues higher up, you find the lake of Tears (Lake Pepin), which we so named, because the Indians who had taken us, wish ing to kill us, some of them wept the whole night, to induce the others to consent to our death. This lake which is formed by the river Colbert, is seven leagues long, and- about four wide ; there is no considerable current in the middle that we could perceive, but only at its entrance and exit. Half a league below the lake of Tears, on the south side, is Buffalo River (the Chippewa), full of turtles. It is so called by the Indians on account of the numbers of buffalo found there. We followed it for ten or twelve leagues ; it empties with rapidity into the river Colbert, but as you ascend it, it is always gentle and free from rapids. It is skirted by mountains, far enough off in some places to form prairies. The mouth is wooded on both sides, ,and is full as wide as that of the Seignelay (Illinois). " Forty leagues above is a river full of rapids, by which, striking northwest, you can proceed to Lake Conde (Lake Superior), as far as Minissakouat River (the St. Louis), which empties into that lake. This first river is called Tomb River (the St. Croix), because the Issati left there the body of one of their warriors, killed by a rattle snake, on whom according to their custom, I put a blanket. This act of humanity gained me much importance by the gratitude displayed by the men of the deceased's tribe, in a great banquet which they gave me in their country, and to which more than a hundred Indians were invited." This account, written in 1682 and given to the world the next year, is the first description ever printed of the western part of what is now'Wisconsin, extend ing from the southwest corner of the State to the mouth of the St. Croix, and up that river and down the St. Louis to Lake Superior — the whole, it will be seen, of the west side of the State ; though mere men tion is made of the part beyond the mouth of the St. Croix. Hennepin's account of the voyage is very full. He gives a narrative of his party being taken prisoners by the Sioux and of the journey to the villages of these savages ; how he and his companions were treated by them; and how, finally, he was rescued from captivity by Du Luth. The narrative of the last mentioned (Daniel Grey- solon Du Lhut was his real name) is of interest as it mentions the descent of the St. Croix River — the first time a white man ever floated upon that stream. He and his companions were the first civilized men who traveled in canoes (by making a short portage) from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. Their route was, it is supposed, up what is now known as the Bryle River in Douglas County, Wisconsin, to its head ; thence across a very short portage to a small stream emptying into the head of what is now known as the Upper St. Croix Lake ; thence across this lake to its foot, whence issues the St. Croix River ; thence down that stream to the Mississippi. " In June, 1680, not being satisfied with having made my [previous] discovery by land [of the country of the Sioux], I took two canoes with an Indian who was my in terpreter and four Frenchmen, to seek means to make it by water. With this view I entered a river [the Bois Brule River, in Douglas County, Wisconsin] which empties eight leagues from the extremity of Lake Superior on the south side, where after having cut some trees and broken about a 52 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. hundred beaver dams, I reached the upper waters of the said river, and then I made a portage of half a league to reach a lake [the Upper St. Croix Lake], the outlet of which fell into a very fine river [St. Croix], which took me down into the Mississippi. Being there I learned from eight cabins of Nadouecioux [Sioux] whom I met, that the Reverend Father Louis Henpin [Hennepin], Recollect, now at the convent of St. Germain, with two other French men, had been robbed and carried off as slaves for more than three hundred leagues by the Nadouecioux themselves. "This intelligence surprised me so much, that without hesitating, I left two Frenchmen with these said eight cab ins of Indians, as well as the goods which I had to make presents, and took one of the said Indians to whom I made a present to guide me with my interpreter and two French men to where the said Reverend Father Louis was, and as it was a good eighty leagues I proceeded in canoe two days and two nights, and the next day at ten o'clock in the morning I found him with about one thousand or eleven hundred souls. The want of respect which they showed to the said Reverend Father provoked me, and this I showed them, telling them that he was my brother, and I had him placed in my canoe to come with me into the villages of the Nadouecioux [Sioux], whither I took him, and in which, a week after our arrival there, I caused a council to be convened, exposing the ill treatment which they had been guilty of, both to the said Reverend Father and to the other two Frenchmen who were with him, having robbed them and carried them off as slaves, and even taken the priestly vestments of the said Reverend Father. I had two calumets which they had danced to them, returned to them, on account of the insult which they had offered them, being what they hold most in esteem among them to appease matters, telling them that I did not take calumets from people who after they had seen me and received my peace presents, and been for a year always with Frenchmen, robbed them when they went to visit them. " Each one in the council endeavored to throw the blame from himself, but their excuses did not prevent my telling the Reverend Father Louis that he would have to come with me towards the Outagamys [Foxes], as he did, show ing him that it would be to strike a blow at the French nation in a new discovery, to suffer an insult of this nature without manifesting resentment, although my design was to push on to the sea in a west north westerly direction, which is that which is believed to be the Red Sea [Gulf of Cali fornia] when the Indians who had gone warring on that side gave salt to three Frenchmen whom I had sent exploring, and who brought me said salt, having reported to me that the Indians had told them that it was only twenty days' journey from where they were to find the great lake of which the waters were worthless to drink. This has made me believe that it would not be absolutely difficult to find it, if permission would be given to go there. However, I pre ferred to retrace my steps, manifesting to them the just indignation which I felt against them, rather than to remain after the violence which they had done to the Reverend Father and the two other Frenchmen who were with him, whom I put in my canoes and brought them back to Mich- elimakinak [Mackinaw]." In 1684, Nicholas Perrot was appointed by De la Barre, the Governor of Canada, as Commandant for the West, and left Montreal with twenty men. Arriving at Green Bay in Wisconsin, some Indians told him that they had visited countries toward the setting sun, where they obtained the blue and green stones sus pended from their ears and noses, and that they saw horses and men Jike Frenchmen, probably the Spaniards of New Mexico ; and others said that they had obtained hatchets from persons who lived in a house that walked on the water, near the mouth of the river of the Assin- iboines, alluding to the English established at Hudson's Bay. Proceeding to the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin, thirteen Hurons were met, who were bit terly opposed to the establishment of a post near the Sioux. After the Mississippi was reached, a party of Winnebagoes was employed to notify the tribes of northern Iowa that the French had ascended the liver, and wished to meet them. It was further agreed that prairie fires would be kindled from time to time, so that the Indians could follow the French. After entering Lake Pepin, near its mouth on the east side Perrot found a place suitable for a post, where there was wood. The stockade was built &t the foot of a bluff, beyond which was a large prairie. A writer in 1700, who writes of Lake Pepin, makes the follow ing statement : " To the right and left of its shores, there are also prairies. In that on the right on the bank of the lake, there is a fort which was built by Nicholas Perrot, whose name it yet bears." This was the first French post upon the Mississippi. Perrot, in 1685, prevented with much difficulty the capture of his post by an expedition of Foxes and their allies. He passed the Winter of 1885-6 there, and then proceeded to Green Bay. A memento of his interest in the mission of St. Francis Xavier is to be seen in the shape of a silver " ostensorium," found not long ago in digging for laying the foundation of a house at Depere, Brown County. In 1688, he again ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the Wisconsin to the mouth of the St. Peter's, returning to Green Bay by the route pursued on the outward journey. He was never again upon the Mississippi. In the year 1700, Le Sueur went up the Mississippi River to explore some mines said to exist in what is now Minnesota. " On the first of September be passed the Wisconsin River. It runs into the Mississippi from the northeast. It is nearly one and a half miles wide. At about seventy-five leagues up this river, on the right, ascending, there is a portage of more than a league. The half of this portage is shaking ground, and at the end of it is a small river [the Fox] which descends into a bay called Winnebago Bay. It is inhabited by a great number of nations who carry their furs to Canada." Monsieur Le Sueur came by the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi, for the first time in 1683, on his way to the Sioux country, where he had already passed seven years at different periods. The Mississippi, op posite the mouth of the Wisconsin, is less than half a mile wide. From the 1st of September to the 5th, our voyageur advanced fourteen leagues. He passed the river "Aux Canots," which comes from the north east, and then the Quincapous, named from a nation which once dwelt-upon its banks. From the 5th to the 9th he made ten and a half leagues, and passed the rivers Cachee and Aux Ailes. The same day he perceived canoes filled with savages, descending the river. Monsieur Le S ueur made, the same day, three leagues, passed a stream on the west, and afterward another HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. S3 river on the east, which is navigable at all times, and which the Indians call Red River. From the 10th to the 14th M. Le Sueur made seventeen and a half leagues, passing the rivers Raisin and Paquilenettes. The same day he left on the east side of the Mississippi a beautiful and large river, which descends from the very far north, and called Bon Lecours [Chippeway], on account of the great quantity of buffalo, elk, bears and deer which are found there. Three leagues up this river there was " a mine of lead," and seven leagues above, on the same side, they found another long river, in the vicinity of which there " was a copper mine," from which he had taken a lump of sixty pounds in a former voyage. " In order to make these mines of any account, peace must be obtained between the Sioux and Outagamies [Foxes], because the latter, who dwell on the east side of the Mississippi, pass this road continually when going to war against the Sioux." " In this region, at one and a half leagues on the northwest side, commenced a lake, which is six leagues long and more than one broad, called Lake Pepin." Le Sueur made on this clay seven and a half leagues, and passed another river, called Hiambouxecate Ou- taba, or the River of Flat Rock. On the 15th be crossed a small river, and saw in the neighborhood several canoes, filled with Indians, descending the Mississippi. He supposed they were Sioux, but he could not distinguish whether the canoes were large or small. The party was composed of forty-seven men of dif ferent nations, who dwell far to the east, about the forty-fourth degree of latitude. Le Sueur, discovering who the chiefs were, said the king whom they had spoken of in Canada, had sent him to take possession of the north of the river ; and that he wished the na tions who dwell on it, as well as those under his pro tection, to dwell in peace. ' He made this day three and three-fourths leagues ; and on the 16th of September he " left a large river on the east side, named St. Croix, because a Frenchman of that name was shipwrecked at its mouth. It comes from the north-northwest." After Le Sueur no attempt was made to visit the Upper Mississippi for over a quarter of a century for the reason that the Governor of Canada had resolved to abandon the country west of Mackinaw, so far as trade was concerned. The first attempt at renewal of the fur trade with the Sioux was in 1727, by the Sieur de Laperriere, who erected on the north side of Lake Pepin a post called Fort Beauharnais. Rev. Father Louis Ignatius Guignas, missionary of the Society of Jesus, left Montreal on the 16th of June, 1727, to found a mission among the Sioux on the Mis sissippi. He reached Green Bay on the 8th of August. The record of his journey to and his voyage up the Mississippi as given below, is very brief. It is an ex tract from a letter to the Marquis de Beauharnais, for whom the fort on the Mississippi, where the mission was located, was named. After describing his journey by lakes and streams, the missionary says : "Forty-eight leagues from the mouth of the Ouisconsin, according to my calculation, ascending the Mississippi, is Lake Pepin, which is nothing else but the river itself, desti tute of islands at that point, where it may be half a league wide. The river, in what I traversed of it, is shallow, and has shoals in several places, because its bed is a moving sand, like that of the Ouisconsin. On the 7th of Sep tember, 1727, at noon, we reached this lake, which had been chosen as the bourne of our voyage. We planted ourselves on the shore, about the middle of the north side, on a low point where the soil is excellent. The wood is very dense there [as Perrot also reported], but it is already thinned in consequence of the rigor and length of the Winter, which has been severe for the climate, for we are here on the par allel of 430, 41'.* It is true that the difference of the Winter is great compared to that at Quebec and Montreal, for all that some poor judges say. " From the day after our landing, we put our axes to the wood ; on the fourth day following, the fort was entirely finished. It is a square plat of one hundred feet, sur rounded by pickets twelve feet long, with two good bas tions. For so small a space, there are large buildings, quite distant and not huddled together, each thirty, thirty-eight and twenty-five feet long by sixteen feet wide. All would go well there if the spot were not inundated; but this year [1728], on the fifteenth of the month of April, we were obliged to camp out, and the water ascended to the height of two feet eight inches in the houses, and it was idle to say that it was the quantity of snow that fell this year. The snow in the vicinity had melted long before, and there was absolutely only a foot and a half from the 8th of February to the 15 th of March ; all the rest of the Winter you could not use snow-shoes. I have great reason to think that this spot is inundated more or less every year; I have always thought so ; but they were not obliged to believe me, as old people, who said they had lived fifteen or twenty years, declared that it was never overflowed. We could not enter our much- devastated houses till the thirtieth of the same month of April, and the disorder is scarcely repaired even now. Before the end of October, all the houses were finished and fur nished, and each one found himself tranquilly lodged at home. They then thought only of going out to explore the neighboring hills and rivers, to see those herds of all kinds of deer, of which they tell such stories in Canada. They must have retired or diminished greatly since the time that the old voyageurs left the country ; they are no longer in such great numbers, and are killed with diffi culty. "After beating the field for some time, all re-assembled at the fort, and thought only of enjoying the fruits of their labors. On the fourth of the month of November, we did not forget that it was the General's birthday. Mass was said for him in the morning, and they were well-disposed to celebrate the day in the evening, but the tardiness of the pyrotechnists and the inconstancy of the weather, caused them to postpone the celebration to the fourteenth of the same month, when they let off some very fine rockets, and made the air ring with a hundred shouts of Vive le Hoi, and Vive Charles de Beauharnais. It was on this occasion that wine of the Sioux was broached ; it was par excellence, although there are no vines here finer than in Canada. What contributed much to the amusement was the terror of some cabins of Indians, who were, at the time, around the fort. When these poor people saw the fire-works in the air, and the stars fall from heaven, the women and children began to take flight, and the most courageous of the men to cry mercy, and implore us very earnestly to stop the sur- ¦ prising play of the wonderful medicine. "As soon as we arrived among them, they assembled in a few days around the French fort to the number of ninety- •TJndouotedly an error in translation or printing. It should read, 44°, 41'. 54 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. five cabins, which might make, in all, one hundred and fifty men ; for there are at most two men in their portable cabins of dressed skins, and in many there is only one. This is all that we have seen, except a band of about sixty men, who came on the twenty- sixth of the month of February, who were of those nations called Sioux of the Prairies. "At the end of November the Indians set out for their Winter quarters; they do not, indeed, go far, and we saw some of them all through the Winter ; but from the second of the month of April last, when some cabins re-passed here to go in search of them, we sought them in vain, during a week, for more than sixty leagues up the Mississippi. We arrived yesterday without any tidings of them. Although I said above, that the Sioux were alarmed at the rockets, which they took for new phenomena, it must not be sup posed from that they are less intelligent than other Indians we know. They seem to me more so, at least they are much gayer and open, apparently, and far more dexterous thieves, great dancers and great medicine men. The men are almost all large and well made ; but the women are very ugly and disgusting, which, however, does not check debauchery among them, and is, perhaps, an effect of it." The subsequent events of this region are of great interest, but we are especially in the dark as to the movements of the party at Fort Beauharnais. In spite of Guignas's opinion of the Foxes, they continued to be hostile, and in 1728, the year of this letter, De Ligneris marched against them. The traders had pre viously withdrawn, to a great extent, from Fort Beau harnais, and Father Guignas, in attempting to reach the Illinois country, fell into the hands of the Mascou tins and Kickapoos, who sided with the Foxes, and remained a prisoner for five months, narrowly escaping a death by torture at the stake. His captors then took him to the Illinois country, and left him there on parole till November, 1729, when they led him back to their town. Nothing has yet appeared to show whether he then returned to the fort, or whether he made his way to some other French post. In 1786, he again appears on Lake Pepin, with M. de St. Pierre, perhaps the same to whom Washington, at a later date, presented Dinwiddie's letter. Nothing is known of his later history. French traders reached this point at intervals, for a number of years thereafter — probably until near the commencement of the war between France and Great Britain in 1755 ; after which the Mississippi seems to have been virtually abandoned by the French. Jona than Carver was the first to ascend the Mississippi after the country had passed under the control of the English. He visited this region with a view of ascer taining favorable situations for new settlements. He left Mackinaw in 1766, pursuing his journey by way of. Green Bay and the Fox and Wisconsin rivers to the mouth of the last named, where near by he found the Indian village called by the French "La Prairies les Chiens," signifying " Dog Plains," now written Prairie du Chien. " On the tst of November, I arrived at Lake Pepin, which is rather an extended part of the river Mississippi, that the French have thus denominated, about two hun dred miles from the Ouisconsin. The Mississippi below this lake flows with a gentle current, but the breadth of it is very uncertain, in some places it being upwards of a mile, in others not more than a quarter. This river has a range of mountains on each side throughout the whole of the way ; which in particular parts approach near to it ; in others, lie at greater distance. " About sixty miles below this lake is a mountain re markably situated ; for it stands by itself exactly in the middle of the river, and looks as if it had slidden from the adjacent shore into the stream. It can not be termed an island, as it rises immediately from the brink of the water to a considerable height. Both the Indians and the French call it, the Mountain in the River [Trempealeau], " One day I walked some miles below Lake Pepin, to take a view of the adjacent country. I had not proceeded far, before I came to a fine, level, open plain, on which I perceived, at a little distance, a partial elevation that had the appearance of an intrenchment. On a nearer inspec tion I had greater reason to suppose that it had really been intended for this many centuries ago. Notwithstanding it was now covered with grass, I could plainly discern that it had once been a breastwork of about four feet in height, extending the best part of a mile and sufficiently capacious to cover five thousand men. Its form was somewhat circu lar, and its flanks reached to the river. Though much de faced by time, every angle was distinguishable and appeared as regular, and fashioned with as much military skill, as if planned by Vauban himself. The ditch was not visible, but I thought on examining more curiously, that I could perceive there certainly had been one. From its situation, also, I am convinced that it must have been designed for this purpose. It fronted the country, and the rear was covered by the river; nor was there any rising ground for a considerable way that commanded it; a few straggling oaks were alone to be seen near it. In many places small tracks were worn across it by the feet of the elks and deer, and from the depth of the bed of earth by which it was covered, I was able to draw certain conclusions of its great antiquity. I examined all the angles and every part with great attention, and have often blamed myself since, for not encamping on the spot, and drawing an exact plan of it. To show that this description is not the offspring of a heated imagination, or the chimerical tale of a mistaken traveler, I find on inquiry since my return, that Mons. St. Pierre and several traders have, at different times, taken notice of similar appearances, on which they have formed the same conjectures, but without examining them so mi nutely as I did." No other explorer has given an account of the Mis sissippi River above the Wisconsin in the years which follow Carver's visit down to the time of the taking possession of the. country by the United States ; but the General Government soon determined to be placed in possession of facts concerning the Upper Mississippi compatible with exercising jurisdiction over it. In the year 1805, Major Z. M. Pike, of the Sixth Infantry, U. S. A., was delegated by his official superi ors to " trace the Mississippi to its source." He set out from St. Louis in August of that year, with a party consisting of three officers and seventeen men. He was accompanied by Lieutenant James Wilkinson and Dr. John H. Robinson. The record left by this officer is so circumstantial and so easy of access withal, that the account of the exploration of the Mississippi in this volume may properly end here with a reference to that journal. Since the beginning of the present century, the student of history will find few obstacles in the prosecution of his work. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 55 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. The nature and especial purpose of this work pre cludes the elaboration of Territorial and State history. The greater portion of the region herein described was in a state of wildness when Wisconsin was created a Territory, and therefore little of the business trans acted by the earlier sessions of the legislatures applied to the northern portion of the present State. Green Bay was included, but that section, like all others treated of herein, receives detailed attention in the fol lowing portions of the work. It is the design of this record to omit those generalizations which are easy of access, and devote the entire space to the elaboration of county or local histories. Therefore the period of time embraced within the years 1787-1848, the end of Territorial Government, is dismissed with few words, and the subsequent era of State existence is not taken up at all. Unless full and accurate work is done, the time devoted to an historical record is valueless ; and since the history of the counties includes a history of northern Wisconsin as a vast section of an immense commonwealth, it would be but a vague iteration of facts to attempt here to give an outline sketch of the State. The political epochs of Wisconsin, being those peri ods of distinct jurisdiction over this region from the passage of the Ordinance of 1787 to the time of the erection of a State, are as follows : The Northwest Territory proper (1787-1800), hav ing jurisdiction over all the lands referred to in the Ordinance of 1787. In this tract Wisconsin was included. Ohio was set out as a State in 1802. Indiana Territory was formed July 4, 1800, with Vincennes as its capital, and Wisconsin was under that political division. Michigan Territory was formed June 30, 1805. It was bounded on the south by a line drawn east from the south bend of Lake Michigan, on the west by the center of Lake Michigan. It did not include Wiscon sin. The upper peninsula was annexed in 1836. The State of Michigan was formed January 26, 1837, with its present boundaries. Illinois Territory was formed March 2, 1810. It included all of the Indiana Territory west of the Wa bash River and Vincennes and a line running due north to the Territorial line. All of Wisconsin was included therein, except what lay east of the line drawn north from Vincennes. Indiana was admitted as a State April 19, 1816, in cluding all of the territory of Indiana Territory, except a narrow strip east of the line of Vincennes, and west of Michigan Territory, her western boundary. Illinois was admitted as a State April 11, 1818. All of Wisconsin was added to Michigan Territory, Illinois extending northward only to 42° 30'. The counties of Michiiimackinac, in the present State of Michigan, and Brown and Crawford — being all of now Wisconsin — were formed in October, 1818. Iowa — as much as was then ceded to the United States — was attached, for judicial and political purposes, June 30, 1834. Wisconsin Territory was formed April 20, 1836. The State of Wisconsin was created May 29, 1848. Wisconsin Territory originally embraced the area of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and a part of Dakota. The counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michiiimackinac. The jurisdiction of Michigan Territory over the new Territory ceased on July 4, 1836. April 30, 1836, President Jackson commissioned Henry Dodge, Governor of Wisconsin. The remaining officers were: John.S. Horner, Secretary; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, Associate Judges ; W. W. Chapman, Attorney ; Francis Gehon, Marshal. The census taken in 1836 gave Des Moines County 6,257; Iowa County 5,234; Dubuque County 4,274; Milwaukee County 2,893 ; Brown County 2,706 ; Craw ford County 850 ; making a total in Wisconsin proper, 11,683, and in the entire region, 22,214. Under this appointment Brown and Milwaukee counties each received two Councilmen and three Representatives ; Iowa County three Councilmen and six Representa tives, while Crawford two Representatives, but no Councilmen. The members chosen were : to the Coun cil, Henry S. Baird and John Arndt, from Brown; Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet from Milwaukee ; E. Brigham, J. B. Terry and J. R. Vineyard from Iowa ; to the House, Ebenezer Childs, A. G. Ellis and A. J. Irwin from Brown \ W. B. Sheldon, M. W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee from Milwaukee ; James H. Lock- wood and James B. Dallam from Crawford ; William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, T. MeKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox from Iowa County. Bel mont, in the present La Fayette County, was chosen as the seat of government. October 26, 1836, was the time of the first session. Henry S. Baird was elected President of the Council. The judicial districts were: First, Crawford and Iowa, Chief Justice Dunn ; Second, west of the Mis sissippi, Judge Irvin ; Third, Brown and Milwaukee, Judge Frazer. Madison was chosen as the permanent capital — the seat being temporarily removed to Burlington, Iowa. At the first session the counties of Walworth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboy gan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Green and Grant were defined and established. George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, was elected Delegate to Congress. The first session of the Supreme Court was held at Belmont, December 8, 1836. Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irvin, Associate ; John Catlin, Clerk ; Henry S. Baird, Attorney General. The second session of the first Legislature was held at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines County, Iowa. Among the resolutions passed was one asking Congress to appropriate twenty thousand dol lars and two townships of land for a " University of Wisconsin." The land — forty-six thousand and eighty acres — was subsequently granted, but the money was not. The State buildings were put under contract in April, 1838. The only change thus far in Territorial officers was that of William B. Slaughter, for J. S. Horner, Secretary, which was made February 16, 1837. June 19, 1838, Edward James was commissioned Mar- 56 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. shal, and July 5, Moses M. Strong was appointed United States Attorney. July 3, 1838, the region west of the Mississippi was set off as a separate Territory, and named Iowa. The population of the eastern or Wisconsin counties at that time was 18,149. The first session of the Supreme Court at Madison after the re-organization of the Territory was held on the third Monday of July, 1838. In September of that year, James Duane Doty was elected Delegate to Con gress from Wisconsiiii On the 8th of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, to succeed Judge Frazer who died at Milwaukee, October 18. On the 2Jth of November, 1838, the Legislature met for the first time in Madison — being the first session under the re-organized condition of affairs, but the second Legislature in reality. On March 8, 1839, Henry Dodge was re-commis sioned Governor by the President of the United States. James Duane Doty re-elected Delegate to Congress, taking his seat December 8, 1840. Francis J. Dunn succeeded Mr. Slaughter as Secretary of the Territory January 25, 1841, but was himself succeeded, April 23, following, by A. P. Field. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned Marshal, and April 27, T. W. Sutherland was appointed Attorney. Sep tember 13, Governor Dodge was removed by President Tyler, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. Henry Dodge was thereupon elected to Congress to fill that vacancy, taking his seat December 7, 1841. Oc tober 30, 1813, George Floyd was appointed Secretary of the Territory. On the 21st of June, 1844, N. P. Tallmadge received the appointment of Governor, and August 31, Charles M. Prevost that of Marshal. April 8, 1845, President Polk re-instated Henry Dodge in the gubernatorial office. The official changes this year were: March 14, John B. Rockwell as Marshal; July 14, W. P. Lynde as Attorney; Morgan L. Martin as Delegate to Congress, to succeed Henry Dodge. On January 22, 1846, A. Hyatt Smith became Attorney, and John Catlin was named as Secretary, February 24. John H. Tweedy was elected Delegate,September6, 1847. On the 27th of September, 1847, Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the Legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concerning the admis sion of Wisconsin to the Union as a State. The Con stitutional Convention met at Madison, December 15, 1847. The Constitution then provided was ratified by the people on the second Monday of Maroh, 1848. On the 29th of May, 1848, Wisconsin became a State. THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. The arbitrary assumption of authority over the region now known as the State of Wisconsin, and the several peaceful treaties by which governmental title was gained, as well as the changes in national domina tion by purchase or warfare, are briefly given in the following paragraphs. The year 1634 witnessed the arrival of the first •European at a point west of Lake Michigan. Jean Nicolet came hither to confirm a state of peace be tween the French and the Winnebago Indians. This overture was made at Green Bay. In furtherance of the plan, the Jesuits attempted to found a mission at La Pointe, in the present county of Ashland, on Lake Superior, in 1660. The French Government realized the importance of possessing formal rights over the new Northwest, and so, in 1670, Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicholas Perrot as interpreter, started from Quebec for the purpose of inviting all tribes within a circuit of a hundred leagues of Sault Ste. Marie, to meet him in council at that place the follow ing Spring. This invitation included the Indians of Wisconsin. In accordance with this request, fourteen tribes, including the Winnebagoes and Menomonees, assembled at the Sault Ste. Marie, in May, 1671. There St. Lusson planted a cedar post on the top of the hill, and loudly proclaimed the entire Northwest under the protecting aegis, of his royal master, Louis XIV. This act not appearing sufficiently definite, oh the 8th of May, 1689, Perrot, then commanding at the post of Nadousioux, near Lake Pepin, west of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denou ville to conduct the interests of commerce west of Green Bay, took possession of the counties west of Lake Michigan, as far as the St. Peter River, in the name of France. For ninety years the ownership and dominion over these lauds remained unquestioned. The white men who knew by personal experience of this country were few in numbers and devoted to fur trading or commerce with the Indians. No attention was paid to agriculture, nor did the Government offer a suggestion to induce settlement by men of humble birth. A few grants of land were made to French governors, or commanders. Within the limits of this State an extensive grant was made, including the fort at Green Bay, with exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil to M. Rigaud, in October, 1759. It was sold by the lat ter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom the King of France confirmed it in January, 1760, at a time when Quebec had been taken by the British, and only Montreal was wanting to complete the con quest of Canada. The grant was not confirmed by the British Government. The victory of English arms in Canada, in 1760, terminated French rule in the valley of the St. Law rence ; and the consequent treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, transferred the mastership of the vast Northwest to the Government of Great Britain. The first acts of the new possessors were to protect the eminent domain from those ambitious men who sought to acquire wide estates through manipulation of Indian titles. A royal proclamation was made in 1763, interdicting direct transfer of lands by Indians. This wise policy has since been substantially adhered to by the Government of the United States. For many years maps of the Northwest contained what purported to be the boundaries of a grant from the natives to Jonathan Carver, covering a tract nearly one hundred miles square, and extending over portions of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. The history of this grant forms one of the most noted pages in an nals of congressional legislation. In the face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, Jonathan Carver made claim to owner- HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 57 ship of this immense tract, through purchase or volun tary grant of the aborigines. He solicited a confirma tion of his title at the hands of the king and his council. This was, of course, denied. After the establishment of American independence the represen tatives of Carver made application to Congress for approval of the claim. This has been repeatedly de nied. The terms of peace between France and England provided for the security of the French settlers then upon the soil. Subsequent Indian outbreaks occurred in the eastern and more southerly sections of the new Territory, but Wisconsin was not involved in any of those bloody massacres. The expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, in 1778-79, opened the way for the tide of Anglo- American emigration to the Mississippi. At the term ination of the Revolutionary War, Great Britain re nounced all claim to the lands lying east of the Mis sissippi River. As Clark's expedition was undertaken under the auspices of Virginia, that commonwealth laid claim to the so-called " Illinois country." It is a popular statement with some writers that Wisconsin was included in this general term, and was therefore once under the government of Virginia ; but better authorities maintain that such is not the fact. There were but two settlements then existing in Wisconsin : Green Ba}- and Prairie du Chien. These places were in the hands of French residents, and, being undis turbed, were really under the authority of Great Britain. They so remained, with the territory now composing this State, under the terms of the definite treaty of peace of 1783, between the English Govern ment and the United States, until 1796, at which date Great Britain yielded her domination over the Western posts. The several claiming States of the American Union ceded their individual rights to the General Government, at different periods, ranging from 1783 to 1785, thereby vesting complete title in the United States, so far as they could. A period is now reached where the public domain is held by the United States save only those claims pos sessed by right of occupation by the Indians, and which could not be gainsaid or ignored by any nomi nal assumption of rights by the Government.. First after the Revolutionary War came the Indian War, wherein General Wayne distinguished himself. Then followed the treaty of August 3, 1795. One of the terms of this treaty was the relinquishment of title by the Government to all Indian lands northward of the Ohio River, eastward of the Mississippi, west ward and southward of the great lakes and the waters united by them, excepting certain reservations. The title to the whole of what is now Wisconsin, subject to certain restrictions, became absolute in the Indian tribes inhabiting it. The Indians acknowledged them selves under the dominion of the United States, and pledged themselves to sell their lands only to the United States. Settlement on their lands was prohib ited white men. The several treaties with the Indians, by which the domain of Wisconsin was transferred to the Goverment are cited here : The treaty made at St. Louis, Novem ber 3, 1804, between the Sacs and Foxes and the Uniled States, — William Henry Harrison, Commissioner — ceded a large tract both east and west of the Missis sippi, and included the Lead Region of Wisconsin. The validity of this treaty was questioned by certain Sac bands, and became the cause of the Black Hawk War, in 1832. The treaty at Portage des -Sioux, now St. Charles, Missouri, between certain Sacs and the Government, September 13, 1815 ; that of September 14, 1815, by certain Foxes ; and that of May 13, 1816, at St. Louis, were pledges of peace, not affecting land titles, excepting those involved in the treaty of 1804. The Winnebagoes of the Wisconsin River signed a treaty at St. Louis, June 3, 1816, confirming all previous Indian cessions, and affirming their own independence. This act was followed by the Menomonees, March 30, 1817. August 19, 1825, the severnl tribes in Wiscon sin defined the boundaries of their respective lands, by council at Prairie du Chien. The Chippewas held a meeting on the St. Louis River, Minnesota, August 5, 1826, and specified their boundaries and also ratified previous treaties. The Chippewas, Menom onees and Winnebagoes again defined their bounda ries by council at Butte des Morts, August 1, 1827. The treaties of August 25, 1828, at Green Bay, and July 29, 1829, at Prairie du Chien, determined disputed points in the lead-mine cession. An important treaty was made at Green Bay, Feb ruary 8, 1831, between the Menomonees and the United States. The vast territory, the eastern divi sion of which was bounded by the Milwaukee River, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Fox River and Lake Winnebago ; the western division by the Wisconsin and Chippeway rivers on the west, on the north by the Fox River, on the east by Green Bay, and on the north by the highlands which flow the streams into Lake Superior, all came within the range of this treaty. The eastern division, estimated at two and a half mill ions of acres, was ceded to the United States. The tribe was to occupy a large tract lying north of Fox River, and east of Wolf River. Their territory further west was reserved for their hunting grounds, until such time as the Government should desire to purchase it. Another portion, amounting to four millions of acres, lying between Green Bay on the east and Wolf River on the west, was also ceded to the United States, besides a strip of country three miles wide, from near the portage of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers north, on each side of the Wisconsin River, and forty-eight miles long — still leaving the tribe in possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long and eighty broad. The treaty provided for two New York tribes, granting them two townships on the east side of Lake Winnebago. The treaty of September 15, 1832, at Fort Armstrong, ceded all the Winnebago territory lying south and east of the Wisconsin, and Fox River of Green Bay. The Indians were excluded from that tract after June 1, 1833. The treaty of October 27, 1832, at Green Bay, ceded to the. New York Indians certain lands on Fox River. The treaty at Chicago, September 26, 1833, by the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies, completed the United States' title to the lands in southern Wisconsin. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. On the 3d of September, 1836, the Menomonees ceded lands lying west of Green Bay, and a strip on the Upper Wisconsin ; the quantity being estimated at four millions of acres in the Green Bay tract, and nearly one hundred and eighty-five thousand acres on the Wiscon sin. July 29, 1837, at Fort Snelling, the Chippewas ceded- all their lands lying south of the divide between the waters of Lake Superior and those of the Missis sippi. The Sioux nation of the Mississippi, relinquished their claim to all their lands east of the Mississippi and the islands in that river, while on a visit to Wash ington, September 29, 1837. The Winnebagoes gave up their rights, November 1, 1837, at Washington, and agreed to leave the lands east of the Mississippi within eight months, retiring to their reservation west of the great river. The Oneidas, or New York Indians, at Green Bay, ceded their lands granted them in 1831 and 1832, excepting sixty-two thousand acres, Feb ruary 3, 1838, at Washington. The Stockbridge and Munsee tribes of New York Indians, ceded the east half of the tract of forty thousand and eighty acres which had been laid off for their use on the east side of Lake Winnebago, September 3, 1839. The Chippewas, by treaty at La Pointe, October 4, 1842, ceded all their lands in northern and northwestern Wisconsin. The Menomonees ceded all lands in the State, wherever situated, October 18, 1848. A supplementary treaty was made, November 24, 1848, with the Stockbridges, — the tribe to sell the town of land of the east side of Lake Winnebago. Another supple mentary treaty,- May 12, 1854, the tribe receiving a tract lying on Wolf River, being townships 28, 29 and 30, of ranges 13, 14, 15 and 16. The Chippewas of Lake Superior ceded their joint interest with the Chip pewas of the Mississippi in lands lying in Wisconsin and Minnesota, September 30, 1854. On the 5th of February, 1856, certain small grants were made by the Stockbridge and Munsee tribes, at Stockbridge, for which they received a-tract near the southern boundary of the Menomonee River, the Menomonees ceding two townships for them. Thus ended the Indian title to all lands in Wisconsin, excepting some minor local grants, and the title to the vast domain became vested in the General Government. The original settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were made on lands part of which were granted by the paternal Governments to the first settlers. The question of title based on these claims came before Congress, in 1820, by the revival of a similar case raised to cover claims at Detroit, in 1805, and resulted in the establishment of some seventy-five titles at Prairie du Chien and Green Bay. The ordinance of 1787 provided that Congress might establish one or two States of that territory lying north of a line drawn east and west through the southerly bend of Lake Michigan. In spite of this plain fact, Illinois was defined in its present northern line, and the Lake Superior region was added to Michigan, as the " Upper Peninsula." Efforts were made by Wis consin, at an early date, to recover what was justly her right, but those efforts proved unavailing. The first survey of lands northwest of the Ohio River was made pursuant to act of Congress approved May 20, 1785. The survey of lands in Wisconsin fol lowed immediately after the cession of territory by the Indians. The first Government land offices were located at Green Bay and Mineral Point, and the first sales took place in 1835. There are at present six land offices in the State. They are located at Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield and Eau Claire. FURS. Incidental to the history of the entire Northwest is the record of the traders in furs, although the region covered by this volume does not contain the site made noted by the location of the chief trading post. Many sub-posts were established throughout this State and the adjoining States, especially where streams and lakes made the points easy of access to the dealers. There is required here, however, only a general sketch of this earliest of commercial undertakings. The Northwest was visited and explored by French' voyageurs and mis sionaries from Canada during the seventeenth century. The object of the former was gain ; the purpose of the Jesuit Fathers was the conversion of the savages. As early as 1624 the traders were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Previous to 1679 a consider able traffic in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the region of " Ouisconsin." That year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw bound for Montreal. The commerce of the lakes was then carried on solely in birch bark canoes. The lightness and strength of the little craft enabled the French explorers to make portages or navigate large bodies of waters with comparative safety. When the military possession of the Northwestern domain passed from France to Great Britain, in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the Government changed. France, as is mentioned elsewhere in these pages, used the license of traders as a bond of fealty to the king. The policy of England was to grant exclusive charters to particular companies. The Hudson's Bay Company had grown rich and powerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success excited the envy of other capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The original company purchased their furs at certain trading stations. The newer firms sent out their voyageurs into every nook of the land to buy up the furs, or indeed to catch the fur-bearing animals themselves. This competition diminished the profits of the business. In 1815, Con gress prohibited foreigners dealing in furs in the United States or Territories. This action founded John Jacob Astor's colossal fortune. Mr. Astor organized the " American Fur Company," he being the sole owner, in 1809. In connection with the Northwest Company he bought out the Mackinaw Company, and formed the Southwest Company. The War of 1812 interrupted the existence of that organization, but it was revived in 1816, as an American institution. Considerable trade is still carried on in Northern Wisconsin, but mainly by individuals. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 59 ADAMS COUNTY. NATURAL FEATURES. The region organized under the name of Adams County lies in nearly the center of the State, is bounded north by Wood and Portage counties, east by Wau shara and Marquette, south by Columbia, and west by Juneau, from which it is separated by the Wisconsin River. The general surface of the county may be designated rolling. As the Wisconsin River is approached, how ever, the country becomes broken, offering to the artist fine opportunities for the display of taste and skill in rugged studies. The famous " Dells" are partly within the limits of this county, in the southwestern portion, and several of the grandest glimpses of scenery are here obtained. Among these are "Cold Water Canon" and " Witches' Gulch," which extend back into the county a mile or more from the river. There are also "The Devil's Jug," "Ruffle Rocks," " Steam -boat Rock" " Rood's Glen" and other exceedingly curious and picturesque localities, celebrated not only in the immediate region, but known to tourists from all parts of the Union. In the northern towns the view along the river is less grand, though the bluffs are always bold, and the scene ever varied. This is due to the action of the water on the soft sandstone, which forms the banks, and which, by constant erosion, has been fashioned into an endless variety of forms. The bluffs vary in height, from a gentle ascent from the water's edge to ragged precipitous walls that rise abruptly 200 feet or more. The county has but few streams, the principal being the Big and Little Roche- a-Cri, White and Qrignon's creeks. All these afford water-power, and abound in the common kinds of fish. The soil of the county is below the average .for culti vation, being quite sandy ; however in the southern part, there is considerable good land ; and this region is the home of many thrifty and well-to-do farmers. About 50,000 acres in the county are under cultivation — the crops being corn, wheat, rye and hops, in the order of enumeration. The county suffered greatly by depression in hops in 1868, and has never fully rallied from the financial losses. Considerable attention is being paid to fruit raising, but it has been attended with only medium success. The greater part of the county is covered with an inferior class of timber, such as the oak, ash and basswood, there being only a little pine toward the northern end. About twenty per cent, is marsh, some of which is adapted to cranberry culture, while other parts make valuable meadows. Sandstone is quarried at different places in the county, but is used only for local purposes. The population in 1880 was 6,741, of which more than 5,000 were Americans ; the rest being Swedes, Germans, Danes, and immigrants from other European countries. The county is traversed by no railroad as yet, al though future internal improvements may bring that section of the State into closer communication with other counties. At present Kilbourn City is the chief depot of supplies, and is the outer terminus of a daily stage line. SETTLEMENT. The necessity which induced white settlement in Adams County was the supplying of food to lumbermen going to the pineries of the upper Wisconsin. A post was established in the county as early as 1838, in what is now New Haven Town, less than two miles from Big Springs Post-office. The> pioneer who thereby won for himself a place in history was Jared Walsworth, a man of no slight experience in frontier ways, and who had served as engineer on a Mississippi steamer. The sup ply post kept by Walsworth was not only the first mer cantile venture, but it was also the home of the first white woman to settle here ; as Mrs. Walsworth and her family came at the same time as the trader. He died some years since. The Walsworth "tavern," as it was called, witnessed the birth of the first white child born in the territory named. The name of this noteworthy child is J. S. W. Pardee, son of George Pardee ; and the year of the event was 1843. George Stowell, in the employ of Walsworth origin ally, claims the honor of having first settled upon land in the county in 1844. His frame " shanty" was put up in the town of New Haven, and there he began the cultivation of a small tract of land. In 1845 Amos Landt, Judge Smith, Robert Ramsey and his three sons, " Uncle" Ward and a man named Winchell be came "squatters" in the same town, near what is now Big Springs Post-office. They tilled the soil and erected log cabins. The Territorial road from Milwaukee to Stevens Point passed through Adams County, and upon this highway, in 1845, William Sylvester opened a supply post combined with a " tavern," at what is now Grand Marsh Post-office. Soon afterwards one Strong began a similar enterprise on the Big Roche-a-Cri, not far from Cotton's, about eight miles north of Friendship. Among the settlers in what is now Dell Prairie in 1849-50, were Thomas Rich, William Davis, Holland Carter, George Knox, Cotterel and Mathews. Wells Tyler and William Armstrong located on the banks of the Wisconsin in 1851. From the year 1850 to 1853 immigration poured into Adams County. In 1850 the first school-house in the county was built. The site of this building was what is now known as Dell Prairie Post-office. It was built by Thomas Rich, who hired Lewis Carter as teacher at $12 and board per month, and invited the neighbors to send in their children. Rev. Anderson preached the first sermon in the county, in 1852, at the house of Mr. Rich, who .paid him one dollar a visit. He afterward grumbled at 6o HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the salary, and thought they ought to furnish him a conveyance. Mr. Rich thereupon bought him a horse for $65, and told him to wear his legs out in the good cause. A church was erected in 1854, at the "Dell Prairie Post-office, and Rev. C. L. Fisher, a Baptist minister, was employed to regularly supply the pulpit. The first white settler who died was one Horton, who was killed in the Summer of 1850, while digging a well. The two towns, Dell Prairie and New Haven, are the best settled, and the richest in the county. There are still tracts of land in the northern part of the county owned bj^ the State and General Govern ment, for sale at a low figure. In these northern towns there are found deposits of bog iron ore, and also some beds of kaolin. The first newspaper in the county was the Adams County Independent, issued in May, 1858, by Julius C. Chandler, in the interest of removing the county seat to Friendship. The paper was discontinued in 1862. In 1860 the Adams County Press was started by the "Press Publishing Co.," under the direction of S. W. Pierce. ORGANIZATION. The act creating the county of Adams was approved March 11, 1848. The new county was created from territory hitherto belonging to Portage, and embraced a region defined by a line commencing at the " north west corner of Sauk County, and running due north to the middle of the Lemonwier River ; thence down the main channel of that river to its mouth ; thence down the Wisconsin River to the point where it crosses the north line of Township 13 ; and thence clue west to the point of beginning." The new county was at tached to Sauk for legal purposes. This boundary was of short duration, however, for by an act of the Legis lature, approved March 8, 1879, the county was greatly enlarged in area. By this act, it included all north of the middle of Township 15 north, in Ranges 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 east, to the north line of Township 20 north. At this time the county contained about 1,435 square miles, or about 919,006 acres. By an act of March 14, 1853, it was again enlarged, and made to include Townships 14 to 20 north, inclusive, lying in Ranges 2 to 7 east, inclusive. By another act of the same date, it was organized for county and judicial purposes from and after the first Tuesday in April. By this act, also, it was organized into the five towns of Jackson, polls to be open at the house of Thomas Ritchie ; Grand Marsh, voting to occur at the house of Mr. Peck ; Quincy, first election to be held at the house of H. W. Kingsbury ; Necedah, first election at the house of Thomas Weston & Co. ; Lemonwier, voting to occur at the house of Mr. Findlay. Town elections were ordered by the act, and such political machinery as was indispensable to the complete formation of a county was provided for and set in motion. An elec tion was ordered in these several towns for such officers as they were allowed by virtue of the organization. The county seat was fixed, for a term of five years, on the southwest quarter of Section 7, Township 16 north, of Range 5 east — the village of Quincy. The county was, by the same act, made part of the third judicial district. The election, Avhich occurred on the first Tuesday of April, resulted in the selection of E. S. Miner, County Judge ; W. J. Sayers, Sheriff ; S. G. Holbrook, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and also County Treasurer; W. H. Spain, Clerk of the Board of Super visors ; William H. Palmer, Register of Deeds ; D. A. Bigelow, District Attorney ; Caleb McArthur, County Surveyor; and W. I. Webster, Coroner. The Board of Canvassers, which was composed of the Chairman of the County Board, assisted by two Justices of the Peace. decided that H. G. Holbrook could not legally hold two offices, and accordingly declared the office of treasurer vacant, and appointed to that position Daniel Young. At a special meeting of the board in August, 1853, Stillman Niles gave bond to furnish a court-room and three office rooms for the county. The Legislature passed an act, approved March 8, 1855, authorizing the people to submit the question of still another division of the county to a popular vote. The measure created an intense feeling, and the question was fought with considerable bitterness. Those in favor of division pre vailed in the contest, and the Wisconsin River became the western boundary of Adams, and the new county of Juneau was formed. The latter county remained attached, to Adams for judicial purposes. By this di vision the county seat was left on the western boun dary of the county, and was distasteful to a large num ber of the citizens. As an outgrowth of this feeling, the Legislature, by an act approved March 24, 1858, allowed the people to vote on the removal of the capital from Quincy to the village of Friendship. The vote resulted in a majority of 155 for removal, and in January fol lowing, the books and records were taken to Friend ship, where they have since remained. Adams County was named in honor of President John Adams, second President of the United States. The present subdi vision comprises the organized towns of Adams, Big Flats, Dell Prairie, Easton, Jackson, Leola, Lincoln, Monroe, New Chester, New Haven, Preston, Quincy, Richfield, Rome, Springville, Strong's Prairie. FRIENDSHIP. The county seat is Friendship, situated on Sections, in the town of Adams. This point was first settled in 1856, by people from Friendship, Allegany Co., N. Y. The vil lage has a population of about 400, who are engaged in the various industries tributary to an agricultural region. The public buildings are the court-house, a frame building, thirty-two by forty-six feet, two stories high, having a stone fire-proof vault; a fine two-story school-house, thirty by forty-six feet ; and a good church building, erected by the Congregational society, and jointly occupied by that and the Methodist society. Friendship is the largest village in the county. A daily stage runs between this place and Kilbourn City, on the St. Paul Railway, in Columbia County. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 61 ASHLAND COUNTY. Ashland County, like Douglas and Bayfield, has been a part of Michiiimackinac, Chippewa, Crawford, St. Croix and La Pointe counties, being set off from the latter March 27, 1860. Its coast line on Lake Michigan extends from Range 5 west, to Range 1 east, including the Apostle Islands, the boundary extending from thence south on the township line between Ranges 1 and 2 east, to the township line between Townships 40 and 41 north, thence west to the range line between Ranges 9 and 10 west ; thence north to the range line between Townships 42 and 3; thence east to the range line between Ranges 4 and 5 west ; thence north to the head of Ashland Bay in Township 47 west, including forty-eight townships. The surface of the county is generally level, though it is broken by the iron and copper ranges, which at tain an elevation of nearly 1,000 feet above the level of the lake. The timber consists of pine and many other varieties of trees. The soil is varied, marl and sandy loam in the interior, and red clay on the lake shore. The Montreal, White and Bad, are the principal rivers. There are also many spring brooks and several lovely inland lakes. The Penoka iron range runs southwesterly through the county a distance of over twenty miles — the cop per range is north of it — in which geologists are of the opinion that iron and copper exist in large quanti ties. The name Penoka was originally Pewabic, Chip pewa for iron, but through the poor penmanship of a professor, writing of the range, it was deciphered Pen oka. The Apostle Islands forming a part of Ashland County, have a heavy growth of pine, hemlock and hardwood timber. The group includes Madeline Island, on which is situated La Pointe, the oldest known European settlement in the State of Wisconsin. The early history of Ashland County is the same as that of the Lake Superior region. It was visited in the early days by Jesuits, traders, trappers and hunters. THE JESUIT FATHERS. "On the eighth day of August, of the year 1665, I embarked at Three Rivers [Canada], with' six French men, in company with more than 400 savages of divers nations, who were returning to their homes, after having finished their traffic, for which they had come here." Such is the announcement of Claude Alloiiez, Jesuit missionary, of his starting for the wilds of the distant West, which resulted in his estab lishing the first Catholic mission within what is now the State of Wisconsin — "the Mission of the Holy Ghost." It is unnecessary to follow Alloiiez in his journey from the St. Lawrence up the Ottawa River. He took the usual course of that river to Lake Nipissing ; thence down French River to Lake Huron ; on Lake Huron to the strait or outlet of Lake Superior. But, from the time he reached Lake Huron until his arrival within the present limits of Wisconsin, we will let him describe his journey; we will say, however, that his voyage up the Ottawa was made with great toil and suffering, aggravated by the brutality of his conduct ors : " Toward the beginning of September, after having coasted along the shores of Lake Huron, we arrived at the Sault ; it is thus that they call half a league of rapids in a beautiful river that forms the junction of the two great lakes, Huron and Superior. It was, therefore, on the 2d of September, after having surmounted this Sault, which is not a water-fall, but only a very violent current obstructed by numerous rocks, that we entered into the upper lake, which will hereafter bear the name of Monsieur Tracy, in acknowledgement of the obligation under which the people of this country are to him. The form of this lake is almost that of a bow, the southern coast being very much curved, and that of the north almost a straight line. The fisheries are abundant, the fish excellent, and the water so clear and transparent that one can see, to the depth of six fathoms, what lies at the bottom. The savages respect this lake as a divinity, and sacrifice to it, either on account of its mag nitude, for it is 200 leagues in length, by eighty its greatest width, or because of its bounty in supplying the fish that nourish all these people, in the absence of game, which, in this vicinity, is very rare. They often find at the bottom of the water, pieces of pure copper, weighing from ten to twenty pounds. I have often seen them in the hands of the savages, and as they are superstitious, they look up on them as so many divinities, or as presents made to them by the gods, who are at the bottom of the lake, to be the cause of their good fortune; for this reason they pre serve these pieces of copper, wrapped up among their most precious movables ; there are some who have preserved them for more than fifty years, others have had them in their families from time immemorial, and cherish them as household gods. For some time there was visible a great rock entirely of copper, the top of which projected above the surface of the water. This gave occasion to by-passers to go and cut off pieces from it. Nevertheless, when I passed by that place, nothing could be seen of it. I believe that the storms, which here are very frequent, and similar to those on the sea, have covered this rock with sand ; our savages wanted to persuade me that it was a divinity, and had disappeared for some reason which they did not state. As for the rest, this lake is the abode of twelve or fifteen different Nations, some coming from the north, some from the south, and others from the west, and all repajring to the shores most appropriate for fishing, or to the islands, which are very numerous in all parts of this lake. The in tention of these people in repairing to this place is partly to seek a livelihood by fishing, and partly to carry on their little commerce with each other, when they meet together. But the design of God has been to facilitate the publica tion of the gospel to a wandering and vagrant people. Having then entered into Lake Tracy, we employed the 62 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. whole month of September in coasting along the southern shores, where I had the consolation of saying the holy mass, having found myself alone with our Frenchmen, which I had not been able to do since my departure from Three Rivers. After having consecrated these forests by this holy action, to complete my happiness, God conducted me to the borders of the lake, and put me in the way of two children whom they were embarking to go into the interior. I felt strongly inspired to baptize them, and after all neces sary precautions, I did so, considering the danger they were in of dying during the Winter. All past fatigues were no longer regarded by me; I was inured to hunger, which always closely followed us, having nothing to eat but that which our fishermen (who were not always successful), supplied us with from day to day. We afterward passed the bay, named by the late Father Menard "St. Theresa." It was here that this generous missionary wintered ; here laboring with the same zeal which caused him afterward to yield up his life, searching after souls. "After having gone 180 leagues along that coast of Lake Tracy which looks toward the south, where it has pleased our Lord to put our patience to the proof, through tempests, famine and 'fatigues by day and night, finally we arrived, on the first day of October, at Chagouamigong, for which we have for so long a time looked forward. It is a beautiful bay, at the bottom of which is situated the great village of the savages, who there plant their fields of Indian corn, and lead a stationary life. They are there to the number of 800 men bearing afms, but collected from seven different nations, who dwell in peace with each other, thus mingled together. This great collection of people has caused us to prefer this place be fore all others, at which to fix our ordinary residence, that we might with greater convenience attend to the instruc tion of these infidels ¦ — erect a chapel there — and com mence the functions of Christianity. This quarter of the lake where we have stopped, is between two large villages, and as it were, the center of all the nations of these coun tries, because fish are abundant there, which form the principal subsistence of these people. We have erected there a small chapel of bark, where my sole occupation is to receive the Algonquin and Huron Christians, instruct them, baptize, and catechise the children." Alloiiez found at Ashland Bay (as we now shall call it) the people formerly called the " Hurons of the Tobacco nation," from the region south of the Georg ian Bay of Lake Huron. "They have been con strained," says the missionary, " as well as the others [that is, other nations, then at the bay] to quit their country to avoid the Iroquois, and to retire toward the extremity of this great lake [Superior], where the distance and the lack of the chase secures to them an asylum from their enemies. Formerly they formed a part of the flourishing church of the Hurons and had the late Father Gamier for pastor. They have their village quite near our residence [at thebayof Chegoime gon or Ashland Bay] which has afforded me the means of undertaking this mission with more assiduity than the others more distant." The name of the bay is variously spelled : Chagouamigong, Chequamegan and Chegoimegan. The exact location of the chapel is in obscurity ; one tradition claiming Section 27, and another point ing to Section 22, Township 50 north, Range 4 west, as the site. The range was unquestionably somewhere within those sections, on the shore of Pike's Bay. The mission was afterward removed to Madeline Island, near the present hamlet of La Pointe. Ten or twelve petty Algonquin tribes soon assem bled at the bay, to hang on the war kettle and prepare for a general invasion of the land of the Sioux, which lay to the westward, " toward the great river called Messipi," as the missionary declared. These Sioux were first seen by Alloiiez at the extremity of Lake Superior — Fond du Lac — :whither the father had trav eled. He declared " they were almost at the end of the earth, according as their say." The expedition organizing by the Algonquins at Chegoimegon against this tribe was given up at the solicitation of Alloiiez. Tranquility being thus insured, the missionary adorned his chapel of the Holy Ghost at the spot henceforth called " La Pointe du Saint Esprit " or, simply, " La Pointe" in the course of time, and began to gather his Indian Church. His chapel was soon an object of wonder, and wandering hunters of many a tribe came to the spot; among whom were Chippewas, Potta watomies, Sacs and Foxes, Kikapoos, Miamis and Illi nois. His mission comprised two towns, — one inhab ited by Ottawas the other by Hurons. He visited the Chippewas at the Sault Ste. Marie and the Nipissings at Lake Alempegon. It was thus that in two years he founded the missions of the Ottawas and Chippewas and revived those of the Hurons and Nipissings. The Relation of 1667, says : " During the two years that Father Alloiiez has remained among the Ontaouacs, he has observed the customs of all the nations that he has seen, and has carefully studied the means that may facilitate their conversion. There is em ployment for a good number of missionaries, but there is nothing for them to subsist upon; one part of the year they live upon the bark of trees, another part on pulverized fish bones, and the balance of the time on fish, or on Indian corn, which sometimes is very scarce, and sometimes suffi ciently abundant. The father has learned by experience, that, the fatigues being great, the labors continual and the nourishment light, a body even of bronze could not withstand it, consequently it is necessary to have at the missions, men of courage and piety, to labor for the sub sistence of the missionaries, either by cultivating the earth, by fishing, or in following the chase; who would construct lodgings and erect some chapels to excite the veneration of these people, who have never seen anything finer than their birch bark cabins. With these views, the father re solved to come to Quebec himself, and labor to carry these designs into execution. He arrived there on the third day of August, of this year 1667, and after remaining two days only, his diligence was so great that he was pre pared to set out from Montreal with a score of canoes of savages, with whom he had come down, and who awaited him at that island with a great deal of impatience. His equipage was composed of seven persons : Father Louis Nicholas, to labor, conjointly with him. for the conversion of these people, and one of our brothers, with four men, to be employed at the stations in securing a subsistence for them. But it has pleased God that the success of this en terprise should not correspond with their good intentions, for when there was question of entering the canoes, the sav ages became so ill humored that the two fathers only, with one of their men could obtain places in them." Though forced to leave their French companions at Montreal, the two missionaries reached their mission HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 63 in safety. Nicholas, however, soon left La Pointe ; fol lowed in September, 1669. b}7 Alloiiez, who was suc ceeded by Father James Marquette. "Divine Providence," says the last named mission ary, " having destined me to continue the Mission of the Holy Ghost, which Father I Uoiiez had commenced, and where he had baptized the principal personages of the Kiskakonk nation [Ottawas], I arrived there the thir teenth day of September [1669], and I went to visit trie savages who belonged to the parish, which is, as it were, divided into five villages." A war between the Sioux on the one side and the Ottawas and Hurons on the other, in 1671, induced Marquette to break up his es tablishment at the Pointe. He went thence to Mack inaw and the Jesuit Fathers were never again seen at La Pointe. APOSTLE ISLANDS. Madeline Island, on which is located the village of La Pointe, contains the oldest settlement in northern Wisconsin ; and, if we include the primitive races, goes back to the remotest ages. The Jesuits, includ ing Father Marquette, located on this island in the latter part of the seventeenth century. After living here several years, they finally abandoned the place. In 1800, M. Cadotte, an old French trader, settled on the island, and erected fortified dwellings, the" location now being known as the "old Fort." Here he lived the remainder of his life, and died July 8, 1837. At the commencement of the present century, the Ameri can Fur Company established its head-quarters here, on the south side of the island ; but the harbor being a poor one, they removed across the island to the present village of La Pointe, in 1835. Warehouses and docks were built. Here poured in the trade of the surrounding country, and La Pointe saw its palmiest days. The company's buildings were afterwards burned, and the place abandoned. Indistinct traces of these ruins can yet be found near the Catholic cemetery. In 1830 the Rev. Sherman Hall established a mission here. It was afterward removed to Bad River. On July 28, 1835, the Rt. Rev. Frederick Baraga arrived on the island. He says: "I found some Canadians and Catholics who were in the service of the American Fur Company; also some half-breeds, who were civilized and had been baptized." Bishop Baraga partially completed a church by August 29. He then celebrated his first mass in the imperfect church. In order to secure funds for the completion of the edifice, he left for Europe September 29,1836,and returned Octo ber 8, 1837, having received by contributions enough to finish the church, which was effected in August, 1838, and called St. Joseph's. It was dedicated September 27 of the same year. This building was demolished, and a new church built and dedicated, August 1, 1841. Au gust 14, 1844, Bishop Henni arrived, and confirmed 122 Indians. Bishop Baraga continued here many years, going finally to Marquette, where he died. He was succeeded by Father Chebul, who remained for several years. . Since his departure, services have been held mostly by missionaries. Built into the wall of the present Catholic Church is an old structure supposed to have been erected 200 years ago. This supposition is erroneous, as the church dates but half a century back. In the present church is a painting, which is known to be 200 years old, but if one should judge by the canvas and nails, it might date back several hundred years. On March 28, 1843, the first treaty on this island was made at La Pointe by Robert Stuart, United States Commissioner, with the Chippewa Indians, whereby they ceded all their lands in Michigan and Wisconsin to the Government, the Indians stipulating the right to hunt on these lands. By this treaty $75,000 were allowed them by the Government for the satisfaction of debts to the white men. One of the largest items was some $27,000 to the Astors, then connected with the American Fur Company. In 1 854, another treaty was made by Commissioners Gilbert and Harriman, when the Indian reservations were defined. At this time La Pointe Indian Agency was established. La Pointe, in its early clays, was mostly governed by the American Fur Company. John W. Bell came here in 1835. The population at that time was about 2,000, composed of In dians, voyageurs, traders and half-breeds. The only persons known to be living now, who were there at that time, are : John W. Bell, Theophilus Remilliard, Ignace Roberdoux and Matilda Perinier. A dock was built in an early day, but is now in ruins. The village has a good school-house : but where once was a pros perous, busy little city, now only a few fishermen remain. The area of the island is 14,804 acres. La Pointe for a long time was the county seat of Ashland County, and the head center of the town of La Pointe, Ashland County. This town was vacated on June 17, 1879, and the territory added to the towns of Ashland and Butternut. Basswood Island has an area of 1,980 acres, and is noted for its brown stone quarries, from which the stone was taken for the Milwaukee Court-house. Michigan Island, with an area of 1,556 acres, has a few farmers ; a Government light-house stands on this island. Presque Isle, area 10,054 acres, has good stone quarries ; Outer Island, area 7,999 acres, has a Govern ment light-house ; Hemlock Island, area 1,340 acres ; Oak Island, area 5,077 acres; Raspberry Island, area 224 acres, has a Government light-house ; Willey's Island, area 350 acres, the fishermen have made some improvements ; Rice Island, area 1,100 acres ; Bear Island, area 1,824 acres ; York Island, area 104 acres; Sand Island, area 2,868 acres ; Steam-boat Island, area 24 acres. The other islands are named Little Steam boat, Ironwood, Devil's, Wilson's, Gull, and Long Island, upon which is a light-house. These islands, twenty-two in number, contain good soil for all kinds of vegetables. Grain and fruits grow well. The islands are heavily wooded with almost every kind of timber natural to this latitude. Being surrounded by water, the soil is protected from early frosts. The Winters are somewhat warmer than on the mainland. The majority contain five undeveloped stone quarries. The greatest length of the islands is thirty-five miles, and the greatest breadth twenty miles. HON. JOHN W. BELL, retired, Madeline Island, P. O. La Pointe, was born in New York City, May 3, 1805, where he remained till he was eight years of age. His parents then took him to Canada, where his father died. He had gotten his education from his father, and served an apprenticeship at three trades — watchmaking, ship-building and coopering. He then moved to Ft. La Prairie, and started a cooper 64 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. shop, where he remained till 1835, when he came to La Pointe, on the brig ''Astor," in the employ of the American Fur Company as cooper, for whom he worked six months, when he took the business into his own hands, and continued to make barrels as late as 1S70. It was in 1S46 or 1847 that Robert Stewart, then Commissioner, granted him a license, and he opened a trading post at Island River, and became interested in the mines. He explored and struck a lead in the Porcupine Range, on Onion River, which lie sold to the Boston Company, and then came back to La Pointe. In 1S54 he was at the treaty between the Chippewas of Lake Superior and the Mississippi River, and was appointed Enrolling Ajr.ent on their new reservation, on the St. Louis River, where he went, but soon came back, as the Indians weie not willing to stay there. He was then appointed by the Indians to lookup their arreai ages, and while at this work visited the national capital. He was appointed County Judge for La Pointe County, and held till 187S. He was elected on the town board in 1SS0. Has been Register of Deeds a great many years. Has held most all the different counly and town offices, and at one time held or did principally the business for the whole county. He. has seen La Pointe in all of its glory dwindle down to a little fishing hamlet ; is now Postmaster at his island home, where he occupies a house put up by the old fur company. He was married in 1S37 to Miss Margaret Brebant, in the old Catholic Church, by Rev. Bishop Baraga. They had seven children"— John (deceased), Ilarriette (now Mrs. La Pointe), Thomas (deceased), Alfred (now Town Clerk), Sarah E., Mar garet (deceased), and Mary (now Mrs. Denome). THE MAINLAND. At the period of first settlement of Ashland, La Pointe County had but one town, which was called La Pointe ; but outside of Madeline Island there was no real estate on the tax roll, except perhaps a few sec tions around Bayfield. On March 12, 1856, a petition was presented and the town of Bayport was set off. This included all the mainland. Election was held on the first Tuesday of April of the same year. Schuyler Goff was elected Chairman, J. T. Welton and Asaph Whit tlesey, Supervisors. The annual statement made in 1857 showed the indebtedness of the town to be $25 ; in 1858 it was $22.75 ; and at that election $195.50 was levied. The first bills allowed in 1857 were : Ed win Ellis, $9.25; J. T. Welton, $9; A. J. Barkley, $5.50. At the town meeting in 1858, the first bill act ed upon was that of Asaph Whittlesey, Superintendent of Schools, amounting to 75 cents. The town of Bayport organization was kept up about ten years, when the settlers became reduced in num bers, and the town was vacated. The first United States survey around the head of the bay was made in 1848 by S. C. Morris, Deputy United States Surveyor. George and Albert Stuntz survey ed around Bark Point and Ashland in 1854-5, though it was several years before the survey was completed. It was while on one of these expeditions that young Barber, son of Hon. J. Allen Barber, deceased, of Lan caster, was drowned in the Montreal River, at the foot of the falls, by being sucked into a whirlpool. In 1860 the county was constructed from a portion of the territory of La Pointe County in pursuance of an act of the Legislature. The first election was held in June, 1860, and resulted in choice of the following of ficers : Martin Beaser, Clerk of the Board of Super visors, Clerk of the Circuit Court and District Attor ney ; J. O. Smith, Sheriff; Junius T. Welton, Coroner; Andrew Cramer, County Treasurer ; John W. Bell, Register of Deeds ; Albert C. Stuntz, Surveyor. The first meeting of the County Board, which was a special meeting, was held May 10, 1860. John W. Bell was elected Chairman. The first annual meeting was held November 13, 1860. A petition praying for thevacation of the village of Bay City was granted. The County Treasurer's report showed : State tax collected, $5.93 ; county tax, $35.58 ; town tax, $6.27 ; school tax, $3.96 ; highway tax, $7.06. Bills amounting to $314.70 were reported and allowed. At this time the assessed valu ation of lots in Bay City was $1.04; Ashland, 2.08 ; Houghton, $1.56; La Pointe, $2.33. In 1867 the county was divided as follows: Dis trict No. 1, comprising all of the mainland of the county ; district No. 2, the island of LaPointe or Mad eline Island ; district No. 3, comprising the whole group of the Apostle Islands, with the exception of Madeline Island. This year the town of Bayport was declared vacated, and made a part of the town of La Pointe. July 3, 1867, the County Board ordered a "good Winter road" cut through from some point on the lake shore between Ashland and Fish Creek to Long Lake ; from there to Packwayuwang Indian vil lage. At this time the County Clerk's salary was $100. The County Superintendent of Schools received $25. October 17, 1871, the village of Ashland was made an election precinct. In 1872, $3,000 were appropriated to build a turnpike road from Moffett's Bridge to Goose berry River, and for the grading of Main and Front streets, Ashland, and sidewalks for same. In 1872 the town of Ashland was set off from La Pointe. That year $1,000 were appropriated to the town of Ashland for building bridges across Fish Creek and for work on Moose Lake road. Ashland for several years was the county seat, until the waning population of the village caused the records to be removed to La Pointe, where the seat was located till 1^73, when it was removed back to Ashland. July 19, 1876, the Board of Supervisors voted $3,500 for the purchase of lots in Block 72, Vaughn's addi tion, for a court-house site. In April, 1877, the Board adopted the plans of S. V. Shipman, of Chicago ; and proposals for the construction were advertised. In September the contract Avas let to B. F. Bicksler, of Ashland. The corner-stone was laid October 3, 1877, with great ceremony by the Masons and other societies. Addresses were made by Hon. Sam S. Fifield and Asaph Whittlesey, of Bayfield. The building is now occupied by the county officers, but some parts remain unfinished. The edifice stands in the center of a block, affording a fine view of the ba}r. It is a two story frame, brown stone basement, with dome on roof, fronting eastward. The basement is used for county jail, the first floor for the county offices, and the second story for court and jury rooms. It is nicety furnished, and contains the latest improved vaults. When com pleted it will be the finest court-house in Northern Wisconsin. In 1878 the town of Juniper was organized from territory in La Pointe and Ashland towns ; but by ac tion of the County Board was vacated March 6, 1879, and made a part of the town of Butternut. April 9, 1878, two Supervisors, John W. Bell and A. W. O'Malley, appeared at a meeting of the County Board, both claiming to be Chairman of the town of La Pointe. The Chairman of the town of Ashland rec ognized Mr. Bell, and the County Clerk, Mr. O'Malley. Supervisors AVilson and Bell proceeded to organize with Mr. Wilson as Chairman; but the County Clerk refused to record the minutes of this Board, HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 65 whereupon John McCarty was appointed clerk pro tern. At a subsequent meeting charges were preferred against the County Clerk, and he was cited to appear before them. Failing to do so, he was removed, and E. F. Prince appointed to fill the vacancy. After Mr. Prince had qualified for office he demanded the records of Mr. Willis, the County Clerk, but the latter refused to turn them over. Action was commenced in the lower courts by Mr. Prince. Considerable excitement and feeling were displayed at this time. The county business was blocked, both clerks had different offices for business, the books being divided between them ; the safe was carted back and forth, once in the night time. Finally the case was taken into the Circuit Court and very able legal talent of the State was en gaged. In this court it was decided in favor of Mr. Willis. Mr. Prince took an appeal to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the Circuit Court was reversed, and Mr. Prince took possession. The county has furnished the following members to the Legislature : Assembly — Asaph Whittlesey, 1860 ; Samuel S. Vaughn, 1871; Sam S. Fifield, 1874-5-6. Sen ate — Sam S. Fifield, elected to fill vacancy 1876, and re-elected in 1880. The first County Judge was John W. Bell, who held office till 1877, when Edwin Ellis was elected, and has held it to the present time. The present county officers are : Board of Supervisors, James A. Wilson, Chairman, Ashland; John Boch, of Butternut. Sheriff, John Maertz; County Treasurer, W.R.Sutherland; County Clerk, M. J. Hart ; Clerk of Circuit Court, John Eisner ; District Attorney, J. J. Miles ; Register of Deeds, Ernest H. Nelson ; Superintendent of Schools, E. C. Smith ; Sur veyor, George Parker ; Coroner, Ira Eble. The population of the county -in 1860 was 513 ; in 1865, 256 ; in 1870, 221 ; and in 1880, 1,559. The town of Ashland was organized in 1863, being erected from territory once known as the town of Bay- port. Ashland has received several additions, at dif ferent dates, and in 1876 some of the area was detached from its jurisdiction. As is incidental to new county governments, changes are made in town lines, for pur poses of convenience. In 1863 the county seat was removed from Ashland to La Pointe ; but in 1872 Ashland County was re-or ganized, and in 1873 the county seat was returned to the original place. At the first town election after the re-organization ninety-three votes were polled, and the result showed the following officers elected : Board of Supervisors, Sam S. Fifield, Chairman; Antoine Perinier, Benjamin Armstrong. Clerk, N. W. Goodwin ; Treasurer, James A. Wilson ; Assessor, Charles H. Pratt ; Justices of the Peace, Benjamin Armstrong, James M. Davis, James A. Wilson ; Con stables, James McGuire, George Fleming, Edwin Snow, Napoleon La Rock ; Overseer of Highways, Conrad Goeltz ; Sealer Weights and Measures, R. W. French. The first meeting of the Town Board of Ashland was held July 17, 1872, at which meeting committees were appointed "for jail building," "office furniture," the building of bridges, grading of streets, etc. Licenses 5 were established for the sale of beer and ale at $50, and $50 more were added for wines and other liquors ; bonds required in the sum of $2,000 under the State law, and $500 under the town license law. July 24, same year, school district No. 1 was organized. August 7, $620 were appropriated for a town jail. In 1871 a special election was held in town of La Pointe, which then included all the territory in Ash land County, and at which it was decided to issue $200,000 in bonds to the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company, running thirty years at seven per cent., in consideration of $200,000 of the company's stock and the building of the road through Ashland County. The road was finished and cars running in June, 1877. In 1880, the county up to this time failing to meet the interest on the bonds, propositions for a compromise were made by the bond-holders, represented by E. H. Abbott. Prior to this time the railroad stock had no market value. Several different propositions having been made ; and, finally, in January, 1881, the rail road stock having gone up to twenty-five cents on the dollar, an agreement was entered into, whereby the whole amount of the bonds was to be returned by the issue of new bonds, called " county of Ashland fund ing bonds," amounting to $100,000, running twenty years, at five per cent., and the turning over of the railroad stock, $13,000 in cash, and all the tax certifi cates and deeds held by the county. At this writing $168,000 of the old bonds have been taken up and canceled. Wisconsin Central Railroad. — During the Spring of 1870, a preliminary survey was run from Ashland to the southeast corner of the county. Capt. Rich ran a second line from Penoka Gap to Ashland ; upon this second survey the location was made the following year. In March, 1872, the contractors, Messrs Stoughton Bros., began the labor of construction be tween Ashland and Penoka. The work was under the supervision of Capt. Rich, and was carried on in the face of many disadvantages. Some of the subcon tractors were obliged to give up their share and turn it over to the Phillips-Colby Construction Company, who were the builders of the road, but who finally had to suspend work on account of financial embarrassments. In 1873 construction was continued and the road com pleted from Ashland to Penoka. Nothing was done in 1874 and 1875. In the Winter of 1875-6 a new survey was run from Penoka south, and on Saturday, June 2, 1877, five years from the day the first blow was struck at Menasha, the last spike was driven. Hon. Asaph Whittlesey, in his " Recollections of Ashland," said : "On the second day of June, 1877, I had the honor of driving the last spike, which took place at Chippewa Station, amid the shoutings of a large assemblage of people, including laborers upon the road, and in a few moments thereafter, the first train from Milwaukee passed over the road on its way to Ashland, amid great rejoicing and demonstrations of joy over the victory won. At Ashland, also, the ex citement became intense, and though it was late on a Saturday evening when our train reached the town, the illumination of the place brought to view a field of faces crazy with excitement over the event they were celebrating. As for myself, I confess I felt very much 66 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. like saying, ' Now, let thy servant depart in peace.' '"_ The country through which it runs in Ashland County is very rough. Some of the best engineering skill has been displayed, the road being a difficult one to build. This is notably the case between Penoka Iron Range and Ashland. The elevation at the " Gap," where the road crosses, is about 800 feet above the level of the lake. Bad River, with its wild, weird scenery, is a crooked stream. It is full of rapids, deep and dangerous whirlpools, and subject to sudden over flows. The road follows this stream for seventeen miles, crossing it seventeen times in nine miles, requir ing expensive bridges. The largest one — White River bridge — is the largest of the kind in the world, the Wisconsin & Lake Superior Mining and Smelting Co., commenced work on " Penoka Range," with head-quarters at Ironton. Other prospectors came in soon after. Docks and warehouses were built at Iron- ton, but the company afterwards moved its head-quar ters to Ashland ; a road had been cut by the company from the "range" to Ironton and one to Ashland. The cost of getting provisions to the "range" was enor mous. The company invested some $25,000. Mr. Herbert was first put in charge, but was removed shortly after, and Gen. L. Cutler given control. Some twenty log cabins were built ; three towns were platted, one at Penoka, one at Lockwood, and one at the Gorge. Surveys for a railroad from the "range" north and ASHLAND. with one exception. It is 1,560 feet long, 103 feet high, and cost $140,000. The river is a small stream, with its banks only a few rods apart, but it runs through a wide bottom valley, which made the bridge a necessity. At Silver Creek is another structure 650 feet long, 92 feet high, costing $60,000. There is now in course of construction the North Wisconsin running from St. Paul and Hudson north toward Chequamegon Bay, and the extension of the Northern Pacific from Duluth east. Penoka Iron Range is a fine undeveloped vein of iron ore. It runs east and west across the county, through Townships 44 and 45. It is about twenty miles in length. The range has been explored by eminent geologists and experts, and valuable veins of iron and copper discovered. Samples taken at random have yielded 62£ per cent, of iron. The facilities for manufacturing are excellent. The immense forests of hard maples on and about the range will furnish the necessary charcoal for smelting. It is within easy access, Lake Superior being only twenty-nine miles distant. In May, 1857, a company of capitalists, called south were made. Other surveys and explorations were commenced ; a block-house was built at Penoka and also at the Gorge. The men who had charge of the eompanjr's interest returned to Milwaukee in December, 1857. The panic, striking the company, left it in bad shape financially, but more stock was sold, and the work went on. At first the company had some difficulty in getting possession of the land. They finally came into full ownership in 1858, but the range was abandoned July 1, 1858. Since then very little has been done. Ironton, which was settled at the time of the iron excitement, was situated on the south shore of the lake, one-half mile west of the Montreal River. The village was platted in 1856-7, by McEwan, Herbert, Mandle- baum, and others. Warehouses and docks were built, and the place thrived for about four years, when it was abandoned. ASHLAND. Ashland is situated on a plateau, about thirty feet above the level of the lake, on the south shore of the Che quamegon Bay. The village stretches along the shore for HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 67 two miles. It has a fine harbor, large enough to float the heaviest fleets. The village is beautifully located, is well drained, and is healthful. It is one of the prominent Sum mer resorts of the State, about 1,500 arrivals being reported in 1881. The weather is always cool and the air good. Those persons who suffer from hay fever find relief in this region. On the fifth day of July, 1854, Asaph Whittlesey and George Kilborn left La Pointe, in a row boat, with the de sign of finding a " town site" on some available point near the " head of the bay." At 5 o'clock, P. m., of the same day, they landed at the westerly limit of the present town site of Ashland. Mr. Whittlesey gives the following ac count of the landing: "As I stepped ashore, Mr. Kilborn exclaimed, ' Here is the place for the big city ! ' and (hand ing me his ax) added, ' I want you to have the honor of cut ting the first tree in the way of settlement upon the town site;' and the tree which I then felled, formed one of the foundation logs in the first building erected upon what is now known as Lot 2, Block 105. This building was 14x10 feet square; had but one door, which faced the south, and but one window, which was upon the north side, fur nishing a full view of the bay." Mrs. Whittlesey and her little daughter arrived on the 16th of August. Capt. Moses Easterbrook, of the steamer " Sam Ward," invited a number of the La Pointe people to join him in an excursion, September 7, 1854, and in the after noon landed at Ashland. The "Sam Ward," therefore, was the first steamer to land at the new city. On September 12, 1854, the second house built on the town site was completed. It stood upon Lot 5, in Block 6, and was 13x15 feet, one story. In this building Mr. and Mrs. Whittlesey found a temporary home, until the completion of the third cabin, which was built upon the town site in 1854. Mr. Whittlesey prepared the logs for this building himself, with but the help of a yoke of oxen. Mrs. Whittlesey as sisted him in raising the logs to the chamber floor and ad justing the joist for the second story. It was built upon Lot 6, Block 6, and was 20x30 feet in size. It had "floors of lumber," a " front stoop," " back kitchen," " mud oven " and " mud chimney." This house has quite a history, be sides being the residence of the first settlers. The Whit- tleseys moved into it in November, 1854, and the same month the first dancing on the town site was done there. In this house, during the following Winter, the Rev. L. H. Wheeler, of the Odanah Mission, preached the first sermon. In March, 1855, the first post-office was established there, and there the Fourth of July celebration for 1855 was held. It was the birth-place of the second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Whittlesey, in May, 1856,* she being the first American child born on the town site. The first election of Ashland county officers was held in November, 1856. Within its walls the first Sabbath school was organized by Ingraham Fletcher in 1858, and the same year it was the scene of a tragedy, in which Robert D. Boyd was shot and killed by Henry Cross, which occurred January 10, 1858. While in a fit of intoxica tion, Boyd approached Cross with a drawn butcher knife, in a threatening manner, as if about to strike, when Cross drew a revolver and fired two shots, one entering Boyd's heart. Cross was arrested and acquitted. Of their first celebration of Fourth of July (1855), Mr. Whittlesey gives the follow ing description : "On the day referred to, the Declaration of Independence was read by Asaph Whittlesey, and this, with the delivery of an oration by A. W. Burt, with singing and amusements, constituted the first public Fourth of July cele bration in the history of Ashland. The exercises were had at Whittlesey's house, in the after part of the day, and ex tended late in the evening, when music and dancing were •A diary of that flare in the possession of Jas. A. Wilson gives the daughter of Conrad Goeitz, born November 7, 1855, as the first birth. added to the festivities of the day. The ladies present were Mrs. Haskell, Mrs. Whittlesey, the two Mrs. Corser and Mrs. Farley. The gentlemen present were J. T. Haskell, George Kilborn, Lawrence Farley, Austin and John Corser, Asaph Whittlesey, A. W. Burt, A. J. Barkley, Adam Goeltz, John Donaldson, Conrad Goeltz, Andrew Scobie and Dun can Sinclaire. The children present were Eugenia E. Whittlesey (less than three years old), George, son of Mr. and Mrs. Austin Corser, also a child of Mr. and Mrs. John Corser, and William, John, Joseph and Hattie Has kell, children of Mr. and Mrs. J. P. T. Haskell." Ashland was given its name by Martin Beaser, who was an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, and gave the new town the name of Clay's homestead. Mr. Whittlesey was the first Postmaster, appointed in 1855. The amount of post office money he returned to the Government at the close of his term of service was $8.53. When the petition was sent to Washington asking for the establishment of a post-office at Ashland, La Pointe Co. Wis., there was another office by the name of Ashland in the State and it was therefore given the name of Whittlesey, which it retained until July 30, i860, when the obstacle to a change being removed, it was given the name of Ashland, and was designated as being in Ashland County. G. L. Brunschweiler surveyed ahd platted the town site of Ashland, embracing Lots 1, 2 and 3, and the north half of the southwest quarter, northwest quarter of southeast quarter and northeast quarter, Section 5, Town 47, Range 4, in 1854. Schuyler Goff, County Judge, entered the same at the-' United States Land-office at Superior, under the laws then governing the location of town sites on Lake Superior,. December 11, 1856, for the benefit of the owners and occu pants. "Asaph Whittlesey owned one eighth, George Kil born one eighth, and Martin Beaser three fourths." The second family was Mr. and Mrs. John. P. T. Haskell, who came November 2, 1854. They left about a year after. Many new comers arrived during the first few years after the settlement, among them Martin Beaser, who located permanently in Ashland in 1856, and was one of its founders. He was born in Erie Co., N. Y., October 27, 1822. He left Bufalo when fourteen years of age ; went to New Bedford, Mass., and engaged in whaling for seven years; then returned to Buffalo for a short period ; went to Lake Superior, via Mackinaw, by steamer, and from there to Ontonagon in a small sailing vessel ; resided in that place and was in the mercantile business ; had made several trips to the vicinity of Ashland ; finally, in February, 1856, he with Dr. G. L. Brunschweiler and two Indians, with a dog-train, came over on the ice to Ashland, and, with others, laid out the village plat. His family came in September, 1856. He engaged in the mercantile business until the war broke out, and was drowned in the bay while attempting to come from Bay field to Ashland, in an open boat, during a storm, Novem ber 4, 1866. He is buried on the island, at La Pointe. Mr. Beaser was ranked among the first settlers of Ashland. He was closely identified with enterprises tending to open up the country ; was wealthy and expended freely ; was a man of fine discretion and good common sense; when others were discouraged at Ashland's future, he was full of hope, and stuck to it till his death. Among others who came during 1855 or a few years later,. were Austin Corser, John Corser, Conrad and Adam Goeltz, A. J. Barclay, G. L. Brunschweiler, M. H. Man- dlebaum, George R. and Albert C. Stuntz, Martin Roehm, Dr. Edwin Ellis, Henry Drixler, Capt. J. D. Angus and wife, Mrs. Beaser, Mrs. Conrad Goeltz, and John Beck and family. The first cabin was begun by Kilborn & Whittlesey, July 5, 1854, and was twelve by fourteen feet in size; the second cabin was built by Kilborn & Whittlesey, September 68 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 9, 1854 ; the third by Asaph Whittlesey ; the fourth by Conrad Goeltz ; the fifth by Martin Beaser; the sixth by Myron Tompkins; the seventh by Lawrence Farley; the eighth by Charles Halmet ; the ninth by Anthony Fisher ; the tenth by Frederick Bauman. Martin Beaser bought the first yoke of oxen. Two hundred bushels of potatoes were raised on the town site in 1855. On December 3. same year, the steamer "Algonquin " arrived and left 225 barrels of freight and 70,000 feet of lumber. The first saloon was opened by Jonas Whitney, in 1856, and about the same time Martin Beaser opened the first store. Martin Beaser built a dock in the Fall of 1855. In May, 1856, this dock was carried away The steamer " Su perior" came into the bay, saw the fragments of the dock, and instead of landing, put back to La Pointe. In those days the steamers " Lady Elgin "and " Superior " landed freight. The imports in 1854 amounted to $981 ; in 1855 to $4,256. "Vaughn's division of Ashland " was pre-empted by S. S. Vaughn, October 25, 1856. Bay City was surveyed and platted the same year, a stock company, of which Dr. Edwin Ellis was the agent, owned the town site. A store, hotel and several other buildings were erected. Bay City was vacated in i860 and part of the original plat restored in 1872. It was called " Ellis's division of Ashland." In the early days of Bay City a dock was built about 100 yards east of White's factory, about 500 feet into the lake. It was made of cribs of logs pinned together with wooden pins. These cribs had no piling; they were fastened together by stringers. On the morning of April 1, 1855, the people awoke to find the ice and dock had disappeared. In December, 1855, two docks were built ; one, the Bay City dock, near the sash factory, and the other at the foot of Main street. These docks were carried away May 1, 18156; the Bay City dock was rebuilt, but during the Winter of 1856- 7 the ice was too much for it, and at the opening of navi gation it had disappeared, except the sunken cribs, which are still visible. Mineral excitement and the prospect of a railroad brought many new-comers during 1856-7 ; but the gloomy days of 1858-9 were exceedingly dark for Ashland ; and one after another of her citizens became discouraged and de parted — many going to Ontonagon, Bayfield and La Pointe. Martin Roehm and wife (who were the first couple married in the town) alone remained, and were the sole in habitants of the place for a number of years. In 187 1 many old settlers returned. The Ashland post-office was again •established, with James A. Wilson as Postmaster. In 1872 the Wisconsin Central Railroad began work at the bay, and at the same time many people arrived : houses were erected and the re-construction of the city progressed rapidly. The improvements in Ashland for the year 1872, not taking into consideration the cost of the railroad or the iron bridge at White River, amounted to $244,800. Post-office. — Asaph Whittlesey was the first Postmaster. Martin Beaser was appointed his successor. The office was discontinued in 1863 ; was again established in 1872, and James A. Wilson commissioned Postmaster. He has continued in that position ever since. During the time Mr. Whittlesey was Postmaster mail was received via Chippewa Falls once a week. In i860 the route was from Superior City to Ontonagon semi- weekly. In 1872, when the office was re-established, mail was received tri-weekly via Lake Superior and Bayfield by "packers," but the Postmaster and citizens of Ashland were obliged to arrange for private service from Bayfield by subscription. In 1873 this route was continued to Ashland. At that time the Government was paying contractors $41.25 a trip from Superior City to Ashland, which was expensive, considering the amount of mail received sometimes. The Postmaster's salary was small; no allowance was made for transportation, and the people suffered continuously from vexatious delays until the railroad facilities obviated the difficulties. A daily mail is now received. Schools. — The first school was taught in 1859, Miss Julia Wheeler being the teacher. School was kept in a house of Duncan Sinclair, which is now occupied by Charles L. Judd. September 30, 1872, the School Board appropriated $3,000 for two school-houses, one for Bay City and one for Ash land, the latter to be situated on the corner of Illinois and Third streets. The buildings were finished by the end of the year. Owing to the long distance between them, another school was started in the middle of the village in 1875, in a building on Second street. The average attend ance is about 115 scholars. Religious. — The Methodist Episcopals organized the first Protestant society, and built their first church in 1872, hav ing at that time about a dozen members. The first pastor was Rev. W. D. Bennett. He was succeeded in turn by W. G. Bancroft, who officiated until 1876, when Rev. John T. Cheynoeth was located here and remained until 1879, at which date Rev. Mr. Howes, the last clergyman appointed to the charge, entered upon his pastorate. The Congregationalists organized in 1872, with but a half- dozen members, and chose W. E. Safford pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. W. E. Driemer. As there was not strength enough to maintain two church societies, the fore going organizations were abandoned, and a new society, under the forms of Presbyterianism, was created, with Rev. Angus McKinnon pastor. St. Agnes on the Lake Catholic Church was established by Rev. Father Quigley from Bayfield. Work was begun on the new church in 1873, but it remains unfinished, though services have been held therein since 1877. Father Quig ley left in 1874, and was succeeded by Father Chebul, who remained till 1875. After this date missionary services were held occasionally by Fathers Geuin and Bull up to 1877. Prior to that time services were observed in private residences. Father Bull was the first priest to hold serv ices in the new church in 1877. He left in the Fall of the same year, when Father Schuttlehofer, who has charge of the missions from Stevens Point to Bayfield, took charge, and held services regularly at short periods till 1879. The mission work was then resumed by the Franciscan Brothers, who have charge of it still, in connection with this church. A Sisters' school will be opened in October. Societies. — Ancient Land Mark Lodge, A. F. & A. M., No. 210, was organized in 1877, with the following charter mem bers : Edwin Ellis, Sam S. Fifield, Geo. White, James A. Wil son, E. C. Smith, T. D. Green, R. W. French, W. W. Rich, B. F. Bicksler, James T. Kent, J. J. Miles. At the first election the following officers were elected : Edwin Ellis, W. M.; Sam S. Fifield, S. W. ; George White, J. W. ; James A. Wilson, treasurer; J. J. Miles, secretary; R. W. French, S. D. ; B. F. Bicksler, J. D. ; E. C. Smith and T. H. Green, S. ; James T. Kent, tyler. Present officers are: Sam S. Fifield, W. M. ; W. M. Tomkins, S. W. ; M. J. Hart, J. W. ; E. H. Wilson, secretary ; R. W. French, treas urer. Present membership about 30. Ashland Lodge, No. 263, 1. 0. O. F., was instituted Au gust 8, 1 88 1, with the following charter members : Michael J. Hart, J. M. Davis, David Powers, S. Osiander, A. H. Brooks, John Young, Jacob Beck. The following officers were elected : Angus McKinnon, N. G.; Michael J. Hart, V. G.; David Powers, secretary; J. M. Davis, treasurer; A. H. Brooks, permanent secretary. In August, 1876, a Good Templars' lodge, called Polar Star lodge, No. 217, was organized with thirty-five charter members. The following officers were installed for the first HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 69 term : T. W. Peck, W. C. T.; Mrs. M. J. Hasey, W. V. T.; B. F. Bicksler, W. Chap.; W. M. Tomkins, W. R. S.; Miss Ella Peckham, W. A. S.; P. M. Beaser, W. F. S.; Miss Ida White, W. T.; C. M. Moore, W. M.; Miss H. M. Tomkins, W. D. M.; Miss Clara French, W. I. G.; H. D. Thompson, W. O. G.; Miss Kate Hayes, W. R. H. S.; Miss Anna Til den, W. L. H. S.; Edwin Ellis, P. W. C. T. The lodge flourished for two years, at one time having a mem bership of seventy-five, and was a power in the community. In the Summer of 1878 some of its active members re moved, and it ceased to exist. A Library Association was organized in November, 1872. The first officers were : Sam S. Fifield, president ; Jas. A. Wilson, treasurer; C. H. Pratt, secretary. The society prospered for several years. Meetings were held often, and debates and reading of essays were a feature of the pro gramme. The association kept up until the town library was started, when this organization was discontinued. The Press. — The first paper published in this locality was the Bayfield Mercury, by Hamilton Hatch. Its initial number was issued June 20,. 1857, at Bayfield, in the building now owned and occupied by James Chapman. It was printed, with an occasional omission, until October of the same year, when it was discontinued. The office materials, press, etc., were put in charge of S. S. Vaughn, who sold them to pay the debts incurred in the original purchase. A part of the type was sent to Detroit. In October, 1859, Joe H. Campbell purchased the press and started the Bayfield Press, with a part of the Mercury's material. The Press was issued irregularly until some time in the Spring of 1861, when it " starved out," and the material was shipped down the lake. The papers were the same size as the present Press; both were Democratic, and regular Simon-pure Breckenridge- Bourbon at that, though Joe Campbell himself was an Abo litionist. On the 13th of October, 1870, the Bayfield Press was established and issued by Sam S. and H. O. Fifield, edited by the latter. Its publication was discontinued June 1, 1872, the Ashland Press succeeding it the week following at Ashland, being printed with the same material, and pub lished and edited by Sam S. and H. O. Fifield, Sam S. having joined H. O. in the Ashland enterprise and assumed the editorial and business management, with H. O. as local editor. The Press was continued under this management until June 1, 1874, when Sam S. purchased H. O.'s inter est, enlarged the paper, and has since published it. The Chronicle made its first appearance, April 3, 1880, edited by W. M. Tomkins. It received a liberal support from the people of Ashland County; but, being run as a branch of an Oshkosh publication, upon the latter failing, the Chronicle suspended, about three months after its in troduction here. The Hotel Chequamegon was erected by the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company in 1877, under contract of Perinier & White, of Ashland. It was opened, under the manage ment of Pratt & Andress, August 1, 1877. In 1878, Pratt was succeeded by Stephen Knowlton, and the firm became An dress & Knowlton. In 1879, Sam S. Fifield was the lessee, with Charles L. Andress as assistant manager, who ran it till May 1, 1880, when Abner Ross superintended it till August 1 . He was succeeded by Samuel H. Brown, who now man ages it for the railroad company. The hotel is situated on an elevated plateau, about 300 feet from the lake. It is built in the shape of the letter L, 120 feet front by 80 deep ; has a wing back, for kitchen and laundry; is three stories in height, affording 400 feet of verandahs; contains sixty guest rooms; large dining-room, with seatings for 100 people; large office and parlors on ground-floor; is fitted with electric bells, and furnished nicely throughout; has a bowling-alley and billiard room attached. Its supply of 5* water is pumped from the lake to reservoirs to an elevation, so as to give force at the hydrants; and has large grounds surrounding it, with a park in front. Colby House, the first hotel and third frame building erected in Ashland, was built by J. M. Davis, the present proprietor, in the Spring of 1871, and was rebuilt in 1881. It is situated on Second and Vaughn streets, and has a capacity for forty people. There are numerous other hotels in the place, among which should be mentioned the Lindell Hotel, Hopkins House, Central House, Penoka House, Scandinavian Hotel, Peterson's Hotel, and White River House. Several private boarding-houses receive guests during the Summer season. The Lumber interest of Ashland is assuming consider able proportions. There are three large mills located here, and the promise of two more to be built before another year passes by. It is estimated that the cut for the season of 1881, will amount to 20,000,000 feet, most of which is shipped east by the lakes. There are probably 2,000,000,000 feet tributary to Ashland. Ashland Lumber Company erected the first mill on Chequamegon Bay in 1872. The company was organized at the same time, with the following officers : C. A. Sheffield, president ; E. H. Moore, secretary and treasurer. The same officers hold now with the exception of Mr. Moore, who was succeeded by W. R. Sutherland in 1874. The mill has a capacity of 50,000 feet in eleven hours. The company ships a large portion of its lumber west, via Duluth, for the Northern Pacific trade, but the better grades go east to Chicago, and have shipped considerable as far east as Burlington, Vt. Union Mill Company. — This company was organized April, 1878. The mill was built the same year. The first officers were : H. J. James, president ; S. Blake, vice-presi dent ; W. R. Durfee, secretary; George Remington, treasurer. The present officers are: H. J. James, presi dent and manager; J. H. James, vice-president; W. R. ' Durfee, secretary and treasurer. The company owns a fine dock. The mill has a capacity of 55,000 feet per day. The estimated manufacture for season 1881, is 7,000,000 feet. Their shipment goes mostly to Chicago, with some to Duluth and the Canada trade. Mueller & Ritchie built their mill at Bay City in 1881. It has a capacity of 60,000 feet per day. There is also a planing mill, sash and door factory, George White, proprietor. The usual trades are represented here by shops and work men. Ashland Boom and Canal Co. was organized in 1881. The officers are : R. F. Sprague, president ; H. M. Fuller, vice-president ; T. J. Potter, treasurer; John H. Knight, secretary. The first brewery was built in Bay City, but was discon tinued after a short time. The Ashland Brewery was built in 1872, by Frank Schottmuller. Additions were made in 1878. The products are disposed of locally. The steam boats of the Lake Superior Transit Company for Buffalo and Duluth, connect with this point at Bayfield. The Lake Michigan & Lake Superior Transportation Com pany's boats touch at this place, en routeto Duluth and Chi cago. The steamer " Manistee," belonging to this company, plys between Hancock and Duluth, touching at this point. The little steamers " Favorite " and " Eva Wadsworth," carry freight and passengers between Ashland and Bayfield. The first dock built in new Ashland was constructed by S. S. Vaughn, in 1872, at the foot of Lake street into the lake about 1,000 feet. In 1881, during the storm, the drifting logs lifted off a part of the upper covering of the dock for about 250 feet. The Wisconsin Central Railroad 7° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. dock was built in 1873 ; runs into the lake 1,500 feet ; cost $30,000, and is one of the finest in the country. In 1872, E. F. Prince established an express line, be tween Ashland and Duluth in connection with the Lake Superior Express, connecting at Duluth with the United States Express Company, in Summer by the lake and Winter by stage, this continued to the time when the rail road was completed, when it was discontinued, and the business is now done by the American Express Company. In December, 1872, the panic striking the country dis organized the plans of the railroad company to such an extent that the Phillips-Colby Construction Company was obliged to suspend work on the Lake Superior Division. This suspension threw out of employment 800 men, who were located in various camps along the line between Ash land and Penoka. Orders were received by Capt. W. W. Rich, superintendent, to notify the men to quit work and to remain in camp till the paymaster came. Some two weeks elapsed before he arrived with the funds, during which time many of the gangs mutinied, and, in attempting to pay off, the paymaster and his assistants were driven from the line back to town by a mob at Kelley's camp. On arriving in town, Capt. Rich demanded protection for him self and assistants and the property of the company. The town authorities, being helpless, called upon Nelson Boutin, Sheriff of Ashland and Bayfield counties, residing at Bay field (united at that time for judicial purposes), who, on the night of January 1, 1873, arrived with forty-two men armed, equipped with muskets, under command of Capt. Pike, of Bayfield. The Sheriff and posse remained in Ash land two weeks and preserved order until the men were paid off and safely transported out of the country. Subse quently the State Legislature passed a bill paying Sheriff Boutin and men for their services. In 1873 the Town Board purchased ten acres for a cem etery, situated about one and a half miles south of the vil lage, on a high range overlooking the bay. The first man buried there was John Maituguin, who jvas killed October 24, 1873. In July, 1874, an attempt was made to blow up the county jail, but without any effect. None of the five boys were ever caught. January 1, 1878, will long be remembered by the citi zens of Ashland and Bayfield as being the scene of one of the most extraordinary occurrences ever recorded in the history of the Lake Superior region, viz. : an excursion from Ashland to Bayfield and return on New-year's-day by the steamer " Eva Wadsworth," Capt. Patrick. October 15, 1880, witnessed one of the worst storms on Lake Superior ; considerable damage was done about the harbor, a number of small boats were demolished, the dock at the hotel was badly wrecked, and about 150 feet of Vaughn's dock was washed away. Other docks and boat- houses were more or less damaged. The Government established a Signal Service station at this point in June, 1881, under charge of M. J. Hart, who is also State Treasury Agent. John Maher is the lumber inspector. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. B. F. BICKSLER, furniture, Ashland, was born in Fairfax Co., Va., Jan. 19, 1834. He was raised on the farm, but learned the car penter's trade, and came to Bayfield, Wis., where he worked at this business. In 1856 he went to Michigan, but returned to Bayfield, where he began the manufacture of shingles. In 1872, came to Ashland, where he worked at his trade, aiding in the building of the court-house and the Chequamegon Hotel. In 1874 he opened a furniture store, under the name of Bicksler & Co. He bought the other interest, and now conducts the business himself, also working at his trade. He car ries a stock of $2,000, and does a business of $4,000. In 1859 he mar ried Miss N. A. Pike, of Bayfield. They have had seven children— Burd, Lizzie and Frank, living; Rosa, Walter, Eddie and Flora, de ceased. Mr. Bicksler is a Mason, and belongs to the Methodist Episco pal Church. THOMAS BARDEN, real estate, Ashland, was born in Maysville, Mason Co., Ky., Oct. 22, 1848. and came to Superior City in 1857, with his parents, who live there now. In 1871 he was engaged as one of the engineer corps on the survey of the North Pacific Railroad from Lake Superior to Red River, under Gen. Spaulding. At about the same time he became interested in the local department of the Superior Times. In 1872 he moved to Ashland, and opened a real estate office ; also taught school, the first in what is called new Ash land. He bought the Superior Times in 1876, and is now its proprietor. He is also interested in lumbering. He has been on the Democratic Central Committee, and held the position of Deputy United States Marshal. CHARLES A. CAMPBELL, saloon, Ashland, was born in Roch ester, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1845. In 1861 he enlisted in the 13th N. Y. V. I.; re-enlisted in the 3d Mich. Cav., and, in 1865, was mustered out; He went to Missouri, and traveled generally through the South, and then, having contracted a fever in Texas, went to Montana and Dakota. He stopped for awhile in Bismarck, and then came to Ashland County, and kept a hotel in Chippewa until the Spring of 1881, when he came to Ashland and opened a saloon. He was married Nov. 3, 1880, to Hattie Tyler, of Bayfield. They have one child, Lewis Ellis. J. M. DAVIS, hotel, Ashland, was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, 1826. He came to Minnesota, and located near St. Paul on a home stead farm of 160 acres, having been a soldier in the Mexican war, un der Gen. Taylor. He remained on his farm for two years, when he went to steamboating, as clerk and bar-keeper, which business he continued till 1864, when he opened a hotel at Lake Como, Minn.; from there he moved to St. Paul, and thence to Ashland in 1871, and built the first hotel there, called the Colby House, which he rebuilt in 1881, the build ing costing some $6,000. In 1862 he married Miss Sophia Johnson, of St. Paul. They have two boys — Geoige and Charlie. W. R. DURFEE, lumberman, Ashland, came to the shores of Lake Superior in 1856, and engaged in trading in furs on Vermillion Bay and Rainy Lakes. In the Summer of 1865, when the gold excitement occurred, he was estimating and locating claims on Superior River and near Fond du Lac. In 1872, came to Ashland, and helped to organize the Union Mill Company, of which Jie is a partner, and in Spring, 1881, was appointed Indian Agent. EDWIN ELLIS, M. D., Ashland, was born in Oxford Co., Me., May 24, 1824; commenced his education at Farmington Academy, after ward attending Colby University, in Waterville, about 1841 and 1842; went to Bowdoin College, taking final course of iectures in the Univer sity of the city of New York. He then returned to Farmington, Me., where he entered on his practice, remaining there till 1854, when he moved to St. Paul, Minn., and in February, 1855, moved to Ashland and squatted on his present location. He went to Dubuque, and getting the survey ordered, came back and took up his land, and proceeded to settle the' section, and had some thirty families here when the panic of 1857 came. One after the other left, until, 1861, he, too, went away, and took the Indian boarding school on Bad River, where he staid till 1866. He then went to Ontonagon, Mich., and opened a drug store, and practiced till 1873, when he returned to Ashland, having granted half of his property to the railroad company, the other part being what now constitutes Ellis's Addition to Ashland. He is engaged in his profes sion, and has a drug store. . He erected his dwelling in 1873. In 1878 he was appointed County Judge, and now holds the office. He was married in 1850 to Miss Martha B. Baker, of New Sharon, Me. They have four children — Augusta S., Danielia, Edwin H. and J. Scott. Dr. Ellis was first master of the Masonic Lodge, which was organized in 1877. SAM S. FIFIELD, editor and proprietor of the Ashland Press, is prominently identified with the history of Northern Wisconsin. He was born in Corinna, Penobscot Co., Maine, June 24, 1839; trie second son of Samuel S. and Naomi Fifield. The_ name is one noted for its pioneer experiences ; both the father and mother springing from old and well-known families. The early years of the subject of this sketch were spent in the city of Bangor, where his parents located when he was but three years of age. He attended the city schools, until the death of his mother caused the breaking up of the family, and sent him, a lad of ten years, to seek his fortune. For four years he was employed as chore boy and clerk in a store ; but at the expiration of that time, his father concluded to remove West, taking the two sons, H. O. and Sam S., with him, to Rock Island, 111., arriving there Oct. 2, 1853. The older son is now a well-known editor in northern Michigan. In the Spring of 1854, the family removed to Prescott, Pierce Co., Wis., landing in the State on the 17th of April. Three days later, Sam ob tained employment as clerk in the store of John R. Freeman, where he remained about one year ; then became clerk and steward of the Pres cott Hotel, owned by C. P. Barnard, now of St. Paul ; remained until HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 7i Oct. 20. 1856, when he entered the store of Wells & Stillman, gen eral merchants, and served until the firm closed their business in the Fall of 1858. During the Winter of that year, Sam clerked for J. M. McKee, dealer in books and stationery ; and in the Spring of 1859, not being able to obtain employment to his liking, he shipped as night watch with Capt. A. B. Green on the steamer "Equator," plying between Prescott and Taylor's Falls. He was soon promoted to steward and second clerk, which position he held when the steamer was wrecked, near Hudson, in May. After completing the season on the "Kate Castle," he returned to his former place with J. M. McKee, where he remained until Feb. 16, i860, when, having formed the acquaintance of Capt. Frank H. Pratt, now a merchant of Rush City, Minn., then foreman of the Prescott Transcript, published by Charles E. Young, he accompanied that gentleman to Taylor's Falls, as an apprentice and business assistant in the publication of the Taylor's Falls Reporter, the first paper worthy of note established in the upper St. Croix Valley. Mr. Pratt, accom panied by his family and young Firield, arrived at the Falls on the 19th of February, i860. The press and materials for the office were taken there at the same time, and the paper was issued a few days later ; the proprietor setting the first stick of type, and his apprentice pulling the press that printed the first sheet. Soon after the office received Ed. Folsom, present editor of the Journal, as " devil," and the subject of our sketch was promoted to the foremanship. He remained with Mr. Pratt until January, 186 1, when ill health compelled him to give up the business. After a short visit to his friends at Prescott, he re turned and accepted the position of toll-keeper on the bridge between Taylor and St. Croix Falls. Here he remained until Nov. 1, 1861, when, a situation being offered him as foreman of the St. Croixan, a paper that had but a few months previous been established at St. Croix Falls by J. D. Reymert and Junius A. Bartlett, he accepted it. On the 1st of December, the press and material were taken to Osceola Mills, the county seat of Polk County, and the Polk County Press was issued, the entire type-setting and press-work being done by him. On the 2d of April, 1862, he purchased the newspaper from Mr. Reymert, and became its editor and proprietor. From that day the Polk County Press and its editor were recognized institutions of the upper valley, the paper increasing rapidly in influence and circulation, and its editor gaining a wide-spread acquaintance throughout Wisconsin and the Northwest. It was in stirring times that the Press was first issued. The dark clouds of war and treason overshadowed the Republic. The Press was im mediately enlisted on the side of loyalty and the Union, and was earnest in support of the Government and its flag. The St. Croixan under Rey- mert's control was Democratic, Cut under the new management it threw party to the winds, and supported the policy that Lincoln inaugurated to crush treason and save the Union. Its columns, during the long years that saw the beginning and the end of the great rebellion, teemed with earnest, patriotic editorials, and contained a history of the defeats and victories that followed the trail of its glorious armies. After peace, the Press became the earnest advocate and representative of Northern Wisconsin, and did much to attract attention to the varied resources of Polk County, and the country generally, inducing immigration and capital into the val ley. In the busy and toilsome life that had so far followed his fortunes, Mr. Fifield had found time to study and gain a good practical business education, which adverse circumstances had deprived him of acquiring in the usual course of school training. After he had fully established him self in business, he took to himself a partner, in the person of Miss Stella A. Grines, niece of Silas Humphrey, then a merchant of Taylor's Falls. They were married at Prescott, Sept. 20, 1863, and since with her husband, she has become well known and highly esteemed by- a large circle of friends and acquaintances. The times that had witnessed the establishment of the Press had also drawn together the kindred souls of the earnest and patriotic men of .the frontier, and its editor soon became intimately associated with the leaders and politicians of that day. The Press became the leading advocate of Republicanism for the northern tier of counties forming the frontier district of Wisconsin, which began to attain political importance and return large Republican majorities. Meantime, the northern counties, owing to the building of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, from Milwaukee to Ashland, assumed importance, and the development there presenting a favorable opportunity for business enterprise, Mr. Fifield decided to remove to Ashland and join his brother, whom he had already established at Bayfield in the printing busi ness, in starting a newspaper at the terminus of that road. The ma terial, good will and patronage of the Polk County Press were quickly transferred to Charles E. Mears, who had served with the proprietor as devil, journeyman and partner, and in the Spring of 1872, after twelve years of constant and active labor, he removed to Ashland, and estab lished, with his brother as partner, the Ashland Press, of which he is now editor and sole proprietor, He was elected chairman of the first Board of Supervisors of the new town, and has since been prominent in many of its business enterprises and as one of its foremost citizens. During his residence in the St. Croix Valley, he held several offices of honor and trust in his town and in the State Legislature. In 1870, he was assistant Sergeant-at-Arms of the Assembly, to which position he was promoted by the unanimous vote of his party in 1871 and 1872. In 1874, he was elected to the Assembly, receiving a majority of 1,326 votes over his Democratic opponent, Amos Gray. He was returned by largely increased majorities in 1875 and 1876. He was chosen Speaker of the Assembly of 1876, .receiving the unanimous nomination of his party caucus. In the Fall of 1876, he was elected State Senator to fill the un expired term of Hon. Henry D. Barron, who had resigned to accept the judgeship of the nth judicial circuit. In the Fall of 1879, he was again elected Senator for the term of two years, viz.: 1880 and 1881, his term expiring Jan, 1, 1882. While in the Legislature he has served on many important committees. Of Mr. Fifield it can be truly said that he is a self-made man. By his industry and business integrity he rap idly gained warm personal friends, who have never had occasion to re gret his acquaintance or their fellowship with him. He has served his constituency with ability, fidelity, and with an earnestness that has been successful in gaining for his section of the State both favor and prominence. As his history shows, he commenced as a poor boy, and worked his way up the ladder by his own exertions, and his record is one that is certainly creditable to himself and his many friends. CHARLES FISHER, merchant, Ashland, was born in Detroit, Mich., Nov. 6, 1827. He lived at home until 1849, and received his education in Detroit. In 1849 a"d 1850 he entered the service of S. McKnight, at Plymouth, and soon after went to Eagle River as a clerk. He was engaged in this business for years, and lived somewhere on the shores of Lake Michigan up to 1871, when he came to Ashland, and with S. S. Vaughn put up Vaughn's Dock, and engaged in a forwarding and commission business. In 1873 they met a loss in a railroad tie con tract, and in 1875 dissolved partnership, but continued in the store until 1878, when he commenced taking contracts for building and merchandis ing. He owns or has an interest in considerable real estate. In i860 he married Miss Anna McGlancey, of Ireland. They have had eight children — Thomas Mary, James, Anita, Willard, Max, Ellis and Ada, the latter not living. Mr. Fisher was Deputy County Treasurer in 1877 and 1878, and has held town and school offices. R. W. FRENCH, hardware, Ashland, was born in Dummerston, Windham Co., Vt., March 20, 1830. He went to live in Erie Co., N. Y., where he learned the tinner's trade. He worked in Buffalo and from there went to Racine, Wis., back to Pennsyl vania, then to Ohio, and finally went to LaCrosse, Wis., and bought a shop and built a dwelling ; but, thinking to do better, he went to St. Paul for a short time, and then returning to LaCrosse, sold out and moved at once to Superior City, Wis. In 1872 moved to Ashland and opened! store to a good business in hardware and stoves. 'He now carries a stock of $2,500 and does a business of $4,000 a year. In 1853 he mar ried Miss Rosetta Marr, of Ohio. She died, leaving eight children — Ellen (now Mrs. Tanner), Emma, Eva, Fred, Clara, Mary, Frank and Rosa. In 1873 he married Miss Mary Vosburg, who died in 1874 ; he then married his present wife, Miss M. J. Hasey, of Maine. He belongs to the Masonic lodge, and is deacon in the Presbyterian Church. EMIL GARNICH, hardware, Ashland, was born in Prussia, Ger many, Dec. 10, 1843. His mother died when he was three years old, and his father came to America in 1849, locating at Egg Harbor, N. 72 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. J. Emil came in 1863, having learned the tinsmith's trade in Ger many. He at once went to Philadelphia and worked at his trade, then going to Michigan, on Lake Superior, he stopped at Eagle Harbor, where he worked for wages, finally buying his employer out and establishing himself in business. In 1872 he came to Ashland and went into the hardware line under the firm name of Leihy & Garnich, and now carries a stock of $5,000 and business of $10,000. He married Miss Isabella Bolls, of Michigan, in 1863. They have four children— Hattie, Annie, William and Erwin ; Carl deceased. Mr. Garnich was Supervisor in 1874 and 1875 ; belongs to the Masonic order and the I. O. O. F. ADAM GOELTZ, saloon, Ashland, was born in Wurtemburg, Ger many, and emigrated to America in 1847 with his brother Conrad. They came to Wisconsin in 1849, nrst to Sheboygan then to Green Bay, and then went to the copper mines of Eagle River and the Cliff mines. In 1854 they took claims in Ashland County. When all the inhabitants of the village left in 1863, they went to Marquette County, and worked in the iron mines near Negaunee. In 1875 they came back to Ashland and worked at the mason's trade and built a brewery. In 1879 Adam Goeltz built his present saloon and boarding-house. In 1861 he married Miss Christina Brenkeg, of Ohio. _ They have six children, William, Louis, Edward, Charlie, Annie and Otto. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. GEORGE W. HARRISON, physician and surgeon, Ashland, was born in Oldham, Lancashire, England, Jan. 5, 1850. He moved to Bradford, Yorkshire ; attended Wadson Academy, and after living at Apperly Bridge, he and his mother came to America and to Colum bus, Columbia Co., Wis., locating on a farm, where she died in 1866. While there he attended Columbia High School, and graduated in 1869. He farmed and taught school till 1873, and in 1876 commenced study ing medicine. Read with Robert W. Earll, and went to Rush College, Chicago, 1878 and 1879, graduating in 1880 and 1881. On the 19th of March of that year he came to Ashland and commenced practice. In 1871 he married Miss Ida Woodhead, of Columbia Co., Wis. They have three boys — Bruce, born July 6, 1872 ; David, Dec. 21, 1876 ; Earll W., May 4, 1879. in addition to Mr. Harrison's regular certificate he re ceived an honorary diploma from Rush. M. J. HART, County Clerk, Ashland, was borfr'in the west of Ire land, April 8, 1847. Came to America in 1862, and landed in Canada, at Quebec. He staid there until 1S64, and then went to Washington, D. C., where he went into a china and queensware store with his brother, T. J. Hart. He returned to Quebec in 1867, and went into a book and stationery business, but was burned out, after which disaster he came to Ashland, where he arrived in May, 1872. He contracted on the Wis consin Central R. R. and boarded the railroad men, moving down the line as the road was laid. He is now proprietor of the Campbell House, at Chippewa, and built the Butternut House, of Butternut. He was elected chairman of town of Butternut in 1878, and County Clerk in 1879 ; re-elected in 1880. He is Postmaster of Butternut and Signal Service, officer in Ashland for this part of the lake. He was married Feb. 5, 1879. Ue belongs to the Masonic lodge, of which he is junior warden. MICHAEL J. HART, meat market, Ashland, was born in Mayo Co., Ireland, Aug. 13, 1849. He came to America in J862, and landed at Quebec, where he remained till 1864; then went to Washington, D. C, and entered the queensware store of his brother, Thomas J. In 1878 he came to Wisconsin and stopped at Butternut, in Ashland County, and went into the Butternut House run by his brother Mat. J., who had come out before. He staid there till 1879, when he went to Chippewa Crossing and opened the new hotel called the Campbell House, but rented it to C. A. Campbell ; he then came to Ashland and entered upon his present business. He was Justice while in Butternut, and is one of the charter members of the I. O. O. F. WILLIAM HASSARD, miner, Ashland, was born in New Orleans, La., Aug. 15, 1848 ; came North to Ontario Province, Canada, where he remained till 1870, when he came to the mining district of Michigan. In 1871 he came to Ashland and began prospecting for iron. He found gold and silver ore that assayed $140 to the ton. He is still prospect ing in Penoka Range, and has a farm of 160 acres in Bayfield County, on which he lives when not mining. T. V. HOLSTON, agent for the Wisconsin Central Railroad, Ash land, was born in Milwaukee, Wis., Aug. I, 1847. While there he at tended the Ward schools and afterwards the Lawrence University, at Appleton. He taught school in Bailey Harbor and in Oakfield, and then moved to Fond du Lac County and went to farming. He learned telegraphy at Delavan, and then took the Saukville Station, on the Milwaukee and Northwestern Railroad, removing first to Hilbert and then to Stevens Point. In 1879 came to Ashland and conducted the station as well as the telegraph business. In 1871 he married Miss Leila A. Maxson, of Waupun. He is a member of the Masonic frater nity, and belongs to the Baptist Church, as does also his wife. H. J. JAMES, lumberman, Ashland, was born in Portage Co., Ohio, Oct. 23, 1830. He lived at home until 1849, having learned the carpenter's trade of his father. He then came West and located at Neenah. He first worked at his trade, and then went into lumbering and saw-milling. In 1878 he came here and bought a share in the saw mill now owned by the Union Mill Company, of which he is president. The mill has a capacity of 60,000 feet of lumber and 30,000 shingles a day. In 1855 he was married to Miss Mary Scanlon, of Ireland. They have five children — Joseph H., Edmund (now in Waco, Texas, farm ing), Jennie, Helen and Alice. C. L. JUDD, contractor and builder, Ashland, was born, in Cape Vincent, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Aug. 16, 1836. He went to common school till 1854, and then attended Fulton Seminary, in Oswe go County. Finally, in 1857 he went to Theresa Institute. In 1862 he enlisted in the 10th N. Y. Artillery, Co. M. In April, 1864, he was transferred to the navy, where he was at the capture of Mobile. He was mustered out in Boston, 1865, returning to Cape Vincent and resumed his trade of carpenter. In 1872 he came to Ashland and selected a place for himself and moved his family out in October, 1873. The house he lives in is one of the first in the village, and was used as the first school-house. In the Spring of 1858 he married Evaline Lee, of Essex Co., N. Y. They have had six children — Etta (now Mrs. Page), Willie, Benjamin and Myrtle ; Emma and Seth are not living. Mr. Judd has been Justice since 1878. WILLIAM KELLOGG, clerk, Ashland, was born in Oshkosh, Wis., June 23, 1856. He lived there, and went to school till 1868, when he moved to Wrightstown with his parents, where they still live. Here he entered his uncle's store, in the Fall of 1872, where he remained till 1881, when he came to Ashland and went into the general store of C. G. Mueller. He was married in 1879 to Miss May Higgins, of Wrightstown. A. J. McDOUGAL, saloon, Ashland, was born in Glengarie Co., Canada, Aug. 20, 1855. He went to New York in 1863 to attend school, returning in 1869 to Cornwall, Guelph Co., Canada. He took agencies for sewing-machines, and continued in that business until 1872, when he went to Stillwater, Minn., where he remained till 1874. He is interested in some mining property on the north shore of Lake Supe rior, and also owns forty acres of good iron land m Brunsduoeiller, Sec. 23, Town 45. In 1875, he mirried Miss Isabella McDougal, of Canada. They have one child living — Allen John. They attend the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHN E. MAERTZ, saloon, Ashland, was born in Crawford Co., Ohio, Nov. 9, 1850. In 1853. with his parents, he moved to Hennepin Co., Minn., where they settled on a farm where he lived until 1869, when he started for himself. In 1872 he went to Duluth, and then to Ashland, where he worked on the Wisconsin Central Rail road. In 1873 he opened a meat market, and in 1874 sailed and fished on the lake. In 1878, worked at lumbering. In 1881 he began his present business. In 1880, he was elected Sheriff of Ashland County. U. T. MARCHESSAULT, M.D., Ashland, was born in Montreal, Canada, March 3, 1847. In 1865 he graduated in the classical college of Santa Hyacinthe, about forty miles from Montreal. He traveled rather generally, and was finally induced to study medicine by his brother. He took preparatory study under Dr. Pregg, and graduated in Victoria University. In 1872 he opened practice in Minneapolis, and came to . Ashland in 1873. In 1881 built residence and office on Second street. He was railroad physician in 1878-79; is now examining physician for Union Mutual Life Insurance Company of Maine. In 1879 he married Miss Lydia Boutin, of Bayfield, Wis. JERRY MARCOTT, saloon, Ashland, was born in Province of Que bec, Canada, April 22, 1839. He was raised on a farm, and when twenty- three years of age left Canada and went to Michigan. In 1872 he came to Ashland and opened his present business. In 1865 he married, but in 1867 his wife died, leaving one daughter, Georgiana. He was married again in 187 1,, to Margaret Sir, of Canada. He belongs to the Catholic Church. JOHN MARSHALL, saloon, Ashland, was born in Montreal, Can ada, April, 1841. In 1855 he went to Detroit, Mich., and in 1859 to the copper mines on Lake Superior. In 1871 he opened a shoe shop in Ashland, and in 1877 began in his present business. In 1870 he married Miss Jennie Hockridge, of St. Paul, formerly of Hoboken, N. J. They have had four children — Marie B., John F. and Joe U. and Will iam H., deceased. Mr. Marshall and wife belong to the Catholic Church. JOHN MONTAGUE, hotel, Ashland, was born in Wellington, Canada, Nov. 14, 1838. He went to Negaunee, Mich,, in 1864, and began mining for iron. In 1881 he came to Ashland and is now engaged as foreman in the mines of the- Black River Company. In July of the same year he opened the Lindell House. In 1859 he was mar ried to Johanna O'Donnell, formerly from Ireland. They have nine living children — Ellen (now Mrs. Moore), Mary, Sarah J., John, Johanna, Margaret, Catherine, Jeremiah and Elizabeth. One, Michael, is not living. M. E. MONSELL, merchant, Ashland, was born in New Haven, Conn., April 19, 1850. When seven years of age he went to Wisconsin with his parents and located in Fond du Lac. He moved to Waushara HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 73 County, but returned to Fond du Lac and attended the high school of Mrs. Palmers, afterwards Spifford's H; then moved to Adams County, where he was engaged in lumbering. In 1873 he went into a hotel at Auburn- dale, and came to Ashland in 1879, and went into mercantile business, being connected with the Ashland Lumber Co.'s store as manager. In 1879 he married Miss Pagi, of Stevens Point. They have one child, Libbie. Mr. Monsell is a member of the Misonic lodge of Ashland. NAT. D. MOORE, miner, Ashland, was born in North of Ireland, Oct. 27, 1847. He came 1.0 New York and went into the Rose lead mines of St. Lawrence County, and from there, to Lanark Co., Canada, town of Perth, where he had charge of three mines, the Mississippi iron mine, the Victoria lead mine and the Oliver copper mine. He was cap tain till 186S, when he went to Marquette, Mich., and began the mer cantile business at Negaunee. In 1872 he came to Ashland as captain of the La Pointe Iron Co. In November of that year he left and went to Ontonagon, but again returned to Ashland as superintendent of the La Pointe Iron Co. After this he explored various iron regions, and has located over 3,000 acres of iron land. He again went into active mining for the Cambrian Mining Co., where he remained until it went into the hands of the Cliff Mining Co. In 1880 he organized a com pany, called the Union Mining and Exploring Co., of which Samuel Hibbard is president, Nat. D. Moore, secretary, and James Brown, treasurer. They secured two options of William Brighton and started on an exploration which resulted in nothing, and, in paying up, the com pany disagreed, when Capt. Hibbard and himself withdrew, making up what was called the Black River Mining Co., which organized under the laws of Michigan : A. W. Maitland, president ; Nathaniel Hibbard, secretary and treasurer, and N. D. Moore, general superintendent. They went to exploring on Felch Mountain Range in Menomonee County, Mich., where they struck the Northwestern mine, the largest out-cropping of ore in the county. The option was one belonging to Pittzen Land & Iron Co., and they had privilege to keep it up to June 1, but they, failing to locate, Mr. Moore on the 22d of May secured the option and disposed of the last of the shares in June, 1881. The Black River Min ing Co. has now in Range 45-6-7, Town 47, Michigan, a vein of clear ore forty feet wide. Mr. Moore has bought Green's Hall and a dwell ing in Ashland, and will go into business. In 1877 he married Miss Ella Montague, of Negaunee. They have had two children — Elizabeth Jane, who died June 13, 1881, and Nathaniel D. JAMES E. PAGE, jeweler, Ashland, was born in Racine Co., Wis., Jan. 14, 1855. Moved to Portage County when he was four years. old, and lived on a farm in the vicinity of Stevens Point. Here he attended school and afterward went into the woods and traded with the Indians. In 1873 he learned the jeweler's trade, and in 1877, came to Ashland and established himself in business ; in the same year he married Miss Etta Judd, of Ashland. They have one child, Claude E. He belongs to the Masonic lodge of Ashland. GEORGE O. PECK HAM, grocery and provisions, Ashland, was born in Chatauqua Co., N. Y., Jan. 4, 1829. Until he was sixteen years of age, he remained in his native State. With his father, came to Green Co., Wis., and went to farming. In 1856, he went to High Forest. Minn., and in 1861 enlisted in the 1st Iowa Inf., Co. A. He re-enlisted in the nth Iowa Inf., Co. H. In 1863, he enlisted as a veteran till the war was over. He was mustered out in Davenport, Iowa, July 18, 1865, and from there went to Winona, Minn. In 1872, came to Ashland, and in the Fall bought the hotel called Ashland House, but was burned out in 1873. He then rented the Adams House and managed that for two years, working meantime at his trade of mason. In 1880, he opened a grocery store. In 1866, he married Mrs. Keith, of Minnesota, and has two daughters, Etta M. and Ella M. These young ladies graduated in the Spring of 1881, from the State Normal School at Winona, Minn. E. F. PRINCE, American express agent, Ashland, was born in Maine, 1832. In 1857, he came to Ashland, but in 1859 went upon the lakes. He returned, however, and settled here. He has four children — Eugenia V. F., John R , Roy B. and Faith W. MARTIN ROEHM, boarding-house, Ashland, was born in Wurtem- burg, Germany, jn 1821, where he learned to be a baker and miller. He came to New York in 1851, and went to Buffalo, where he stopped one year, and then moved to Michigan. From there he went to La Pointe. and thence to Ashland in 1854, and pre-empted his farm of 160 acres. When the panic reached this section, and the people began to leave, he was the only one left in the village of Ashland. This was in 1865. In 1871, fishermen came up the coast, and he nowhas several hundred neigh bors. He is engaged in raising stock and keeping boarders. He was married in 1859, and has two children. He belongs to the Lutheran Church. JOSEPH ROUTIER, saloon, Ashland, was born in Montreal, Can ada, March 15, 1850. He came to Grand Rapids, Wis., in 1867, and went to lumbering, where he staid until 1873, when he came to Wausau. He came to Ashland in August, 1880. In 1881 he opened his present business. In 1867, he married Miss Roy, of Wausau. They have two children, Nellie and Willie. FRANZ XAVIER SCHOTTSMUELLER, brewery, Ashland, was born in Baden, Germany, 1835, emigrated to America in 185 1, going from New York to Pennsylvania, and from there to Cincinnati, where he went into the cigar business. In 1852 he went to New Orleans and from there to Missouri and Illinois, stopping a while in Peoria. He came to Ashland in 1872, putting up a brewery and a saloon here. In 1869 he married Miss Annie J Dohm, of Wisconsin. They have a son, Martin Otto. JACOB SCOTT, retired, Ashland, was born in Little Falls, Her kimer Co., N. Y., June 18, 1804. In 1816 he moved to Gene see Co., town of Shelby, living on the farm there till 1823, when he went to work at carpentering in Black Rock. In 1843, marrying, he went to Put-in-Bay Islands and had the agency of wood and stone sup plies there. He staid until 1846, when he took a farm on Scott's Point, named after him, and famous for the great amount of fish caught in its surrounding waters. He lived here until he exchanged for a farm ad joining Ft. Clinton, and then exchanged- this one for saw and grist-mill, at the mouth of Portage River. These mills burned in 1855. He then worked for George Reynold, of Lockport, taking the superintendency of F. K. Barney's farm of 300 acres. In i860 he went to Sandusky City and opened grocery, and later, bought what is now called Scott's American Hotel, kept by his son. He came to Ashland in 1876, and bought the Central House, also pine lands on Sec. 15, Town 44, Range 2. In 1831 he was married to Miss Margaret Harr. They had three children — Voltaire ; and Adelaide and Winfield, not living. Mr. Scott belongs to the Masons, having been a member for twenty-seven years. E. C. S VIITH, manufacturer, Ashland, was born in Worchester Co., Mass., Jan. 23, 1835 ; came westward in 1856, and settled at St. Cloud, Minn., where he went into mercantile business, in which he was engaged until 1873. He then moved to Ashland, Wis., and began the manufac ture of boots and shoes. In 1879 he was elected Town Treasurer, and still holds that office. He married, in 1858, Miss Mary E. Mattoon. They have one son, Benjamin S. Mr. Smith belongs to the Masonic fraternity. PETER STEFAN, general merchandise, Ashland, was born in Bavaria, Germany, Aug. 15, 1838 ; came to America in 1846 ; stopped at Buffalo, N. Y., where he learned the butcher's trade, which, not suit ing him, he worked in a saw-mill, afterward learning the carpenter's trade , and, in West Seneca, went to day and night school till 1852, when he went to Chicago and worked at his trade. He then returned to Buffalo, N. Y., and went into a saw-mill for himself; but the dam was washed out and he then took a saw-mill in Hamburg. In 1863 he re cruited for the service and enlisted in the 98th N. Y. militia, and was mustered out in 1864. In 1867 he went to Chicago and from there to Duluth, Minn., where he put up the first-wagon and blacksmith shop, staying till 1872, when he and Wilhelm came to Ashland and went into the liquor business. In 1876 they dissolved, and Mr. Stefen built on Vaughn's Division. He has been Assessor and Justice, and in 1874 he married Miss Catherine Lenhard, of New York. They have two chil dren, Charles and Catherine. W. R. SUTHERLAND, lumberman, Ashland, was born in Glen- garie Co., Canada, Nov. 17, 1841. He lived on a farm until coming to Wisconsin, when he went to the woods and lumbered in Juneau County. In 1867 he went to Dubuque in the lumber business, where he remained till 1874 ; then came to Ashland and entered the Ashland Lumber Company as secretary. He was married in 1873 to Miss Jane Ross, of Montreal. They have five children — Edward R., Grace, Walter A., Margaret and Joseph. He is now County Treasurer of Ashland, also contractor for Northern Pacific Railroad. W. M. TOMKINS, lawyer, Ashland, was born in England, near London Feb. 24, 1845. He came to America in 1850, and moved to southwest Wisconsin, where his father was a Methodist preacher, and moved from place to place. He died in 1870 Mr. Tomkins took three terms at Bronson Institute, and was in the junior course of the State University, when he was compelled to leave in order to support the family. In 1870, he entered mercantile life in Adamsville, in'Iowa County, and afterward went into a grist-mill, but sold out to his partner, and in April, 1873, came to Lake Superior. He came on foot from Duluth to Ashland, and on arriving went to work with ax and shovel to clear the town site. He was appointed Town Clerk in 1873, and also filled the offices of Deputy County Clerk and Justice, at the. same time commencing the study of law. He was elected Town Clerk in 1874—5, and was admitted to the bar. He was elected District Attorney in the Fall of 1875, and Superintendent of Schools in 1878. He is now Dep uty County Treasurer, practicing attorney and real estate and abstract broker. He married, in 1872, Miss Elizabeth A. Pierce, of Iowa County. They have three children — A. Pierce, G. Webb and W. Clark. Mr. Tomkins belongs to the Masonic order. SAMUEL STUART VAUGHN, merchant, Ashland, was born in Bereir, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, Sept. 2, 1830. He went to Eagle River, Mich., in 1849, and worked in the mining district. Leaving there with his brother they went to La Pointe, Aug. 4, 1852, where he engaged in fishing and fur trading with the Indians till 1855, when he went to 74 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Cleveland, Ohio, and attended commercial college. He returned to La Pointe and resumed his trading, which he carried on till 1856, when, in the Fall, he came to Ashland and took a claim, or pre-empted 160 acres, and then opened a store in Bayfield, one of the first there, which he carried on till 1S72. In 1869 and 1870 he was elected and served in the Assembly, representing Burnett, Polk, Barron, Douglas, Ashland and Bayfield; was Postmaster at Bayfield eight years ; Chairman County Board Ashland and Bayfield counties several terms. In 1870 he was appointed director of the Central Railroad, but when the company re-organized he retired. On coming to Ashland he built docks, warehouses and a store. In 1871 laid out Vaughn's division of Ashland, and at present is some what interested in lumber, putting in 10,000,000 of logs in the Winter, 1880-81. In 1864 he married Miss E. Patrick, of Ohio. William S. is the only son. H. D. WEED, druggist, Ashland, was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Sept. 9, 1829. At four years of age he was taken to Pontiac, Livingston Co., 111., where his father took a claim. In 1840 his father took some heavy contracts on the old Illinois Central Railroad and was ruined ; he died in 1842. H. D. Weed attended school in Pontiac, and in 1839 went to Binghampton, N. Y., attending school there and at the Ithaca Academy. In 1844 he entered his uncle's drug store in Utica, N. Y. In 1850 he went to California, via Isthmus of Panama. On arrivinghe engaged in mining and came back in 1851 with $5,000. He engaged in the drug business in Milwaukee and moved from there to Chicago, where he re mained three years. He then went to Rock Island, and from thereto Minneapolis, where he opened a grocery. In 1859 he started for Pike's Peak, going on to California, where he stayed till 1863, when he returned to Minnesota. He then went to Montana, and while there was elected in 1865, to the Territorial Legislature. In 1866 returned home on a flat boat, down the Yellow Stone and Missouri rivers. He opened a drug store in Rushford, Minn., and moved to Winona in 1870, and thence to Ashland in the Spring of 1872, and opened a drug store. In 1854 he married Miss Cole, of Waukegan, 111.; lost wife and child in 1856. He married Miss Benjamin in ,1868, of Prophetstown, 111. They have a daughter, Fannie H. Mr. Weed was elected Town Treasurer for Ash land in 1876, and was United States Enumerator in 1880. R. D. WERNER, restaurant, Ashland, was born in New York City, Aug. 30, 1851. His parents moved to Lake Superior shores of Mich igan, and at nine years of age he went to work in the copper mines ; he then learned the barber's trade, and followed that and work on the canal until 1866, when he went sailing and cooking on the lakes. He cooked in various places, until 1880, when he began his present busi ness — barber shop, restaurant and bakery — and is doing about $3 000 per annum. In 1871 he married Miss Murray, of Marquette, Mich. They have three children — Emma D., Ameil and Mary. JACOB WILHELM, saloon, Ashland, was born in Rhine, Bavaria, Germany, Feb. 4, 1845. He learned carriage and wagon making in Germany, and emigrated to America, landing in May. 1865. He came to Duluth, Minn., and opened the first shop in the village. He came to Ashland, May 6, 1872, and opened a liquor store. In 1870 he married, but lost his wife six months afterward. In 1874 he again married. His present wife was Miss S. Albert, of Buffalo, N. Y. Mr. Wilhelm is a member of the I. O. O. F. He is also a Mason, and belongs to " Deutscher Harugari," of Buffalo, N. Y., and '' Ordens der Freiheit." He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He was Supervisor in 1876 and 1880. ERNEST H. WILSON, stationery, Ashland, was bom in Roscoe, 111., Sept. 27, 1857 ; remained there till 1878, attending high school and afterward acting clerk in a general store. He came to Ashland in 1878, and entered Wilmarth's bank ; served as Deputy Register of Deeds in 1879-80; was elected Register of Deeds in 1880, and now holds that office ; he is also Deputy Clerk of Court, and Assistant Postmaster. Mr. "Wilson is secretary of the Masonic lodge of Ashland, and presi dent of the cornet band. BUTTERNUT. July 8, 1878, the following townships were set off: Town ship 41, Range 1 east, and Township 41, Ranges 1, 2, 3, and the east half of Township 41, Range 4 west, from towns of La Pointe and Ashland, and a new town organized called Butternut. In 1879 it received additional territory by the vacation of town of Juniper, and some more de tached from towns of La Pointe and Ashland ; and June 17, 1879, the town received additional territory by vacation of the town of La Pointe. The first election was held at the house of M. J. Hart, August 13, 1878, and the following town officers were elected: M. J. Hart, Chairman; Henry Spille and Robert Rom, Supervisors ; S. P. Hogan, Clerk ; H. Besse, Treasurer. In 1875 the village of Butternut was made the terminus of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. At this time there was a boarding-house kept by Hart & Bar- nidge and a store by Parker & Stubblefield. In the Fall of 1877 the spot was visited by Henry Spille and H. Besse from Cedarburg, Wis., looking for a place to locate. They were so pleased with the country that they induced by their representations quite a number of Germans from the vicin ity of Milwaukee to settle in this neighborhood. These people formed what is known as the " Butternut Colony," which now comprises about 120 families. It was platted in 1878. The first school was taught in 1878 by Miss Hannah Tomkins in a log cabin, formerly used as an ice-house. She had fourteen scholars. A school- house was built the following year. A Lutheran minister visits Butternut occasionally, which is all the religiousjserv- ices they have. A saw-mill was built in 1879 by Karpe, Russell & Aldrich, of Plymouth, Wis. Butternut is now a thri ving place of 300 people, and is the center of the best agri cultural district in the Superior region. The lumber in terest is large, being at the head waters of the Chippewa, and near the Bad River. Butternut Lake, about a mile from the village, abounds with large-sized muskallonge and black bass. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIAM BAATZ, farmer, Sec. 24, P. O. Butternut, was born in Prussia, July 19, 1840. He emigrated to America in 1857, and came at once to Milwaukee, Wis. In 1862 he enlisted in the 26th Wis. V. I., Co. I ; was mustered out in June, 1865, when he went to Cedarburg, and was married to Miss M. Seidel, of that place. He remained there till 1878, when he came to Butternut, having taken a homestead of 160 acres, where he now lives, on Sec. 24, Town 41, Range 2 west. They have had seven children — William (deceased), Albert, August, Hugo, Augusta, Amanda, and a babe not yet named. Mr. Baatz is a member of the I. O. O. F., and also of the G. A. R. HENRY BESSE, general store, Butternut, was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 4, 1823. He came to America in 1848. In 1855 he came west to Chicago and Milwaukee, going into the general merchan dise business, and carrying that on until 1878. In the Spring of that year he moved to Butternut, and opened a general store, carrying a stock of $2,700, and a business of $8,000 per annum. He was married in 1849, but his first wife died, leaving seven children : Louisa (now Mrs. Hart), Henry, Ida, Herman, Arthur, Edward and Elsie. In 1869 he married Miss Anna Spille, of Cedarburg, and has three children by her — Anna, Frederick and Martha. Mr. Besse was elected, by special elec tion, in 1878, as Town Treasurer, and re-elected in 1879. IRA A. EBLE, farmer, resident of Butternut, was born in Milwau kee Co., Wis., Feb. I, 1848. He was raised on a farm in that county, and remained till 1864, when he enlisted in the 4th U. S. Reg. Inf., Co. K ; was mustered out in 1867, and went back to Milwaukee County, where he remained till 1876. He then went to Ohio, staying there till 1878, when he came to Butternut and took a homestead of 160 acres, on northeast quarter of Sec. 28, Town 41, Range I west. In 1880, was elected Justice, and has held two terms ; was Town Clerk in 1879, and is now Deputy Town Clerk, and a member of the G. A. R. organiz ation. G. A. GRANT, farmer, Sec. 32, P. O. Butternut, was born in Waldo Co., Me., town of Prospect, Feb. 7, 1841. He came with his father to Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1847, and worked on the farm and at his trade. In 1879 he came to Butternut and bought 220 acres in Town 41, Range l west, Sees. 28, 29, 32 and 33. He married in 1866, Miss Margaret L. Steele, of New Jersey. She died in 1873, as did also the two children, John L. and Margaret L. He married again, in 1874, Miss Josephine Shellinger, of Wisconsin. They have one child, Maggie. FERDINAND H. HOTH, farmer, Sec. 20, P. O. Butternut, was born in Prussia, Germany, July 7, 1837. Emigrated to America in 1875, having followed the life of a sailor. He came direct to Caledonia, Waupaca Co., Wis., where he remained till 1877. In 1878 he took a homestead in Butternut, Sec. 20 Town 41, Range 1, west, upon which he lives. In 1 861 he married Miss Augusta Traap, of Prussia. They have had eleven children — Johanna, William, Fred., Mina, Mary and Charles are living ; Henrietta, Albertina, Frank, Rudolph and Albert are not living. Mr. Hoth belongs to the Lutheran Church. ALEXANDER McQUILLAN, saloon and farmer, Butternut, was born in Tyrone Co., Ireland, in 1844. He came to America in 1865, and went to Baltimore, Maryland, and from there to La Porte, Indiana, where he remained until 1874. In 1878 he came to Butternut and took a homestead of eighty acres, and now works it, but lives in the village. HISTORY OF ASHLAND COUNTY. 75 He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1878. In 1867 he married Miss Martha Lee, of Ireland, in La Porte, Indiana. They have had three chil dren — Jemima, Haywood A. and Thomas, deceased. CAPTAIN JOHN J. METZGAR, farmer, Sec. 5, P. O. Butternut, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 20, 1828. Until 1837 he remained there, and his parents moved to Mercer County where they settled on a farm. In 1839 they moved to Licking Co., Ohio, which place was his home till 1854, when he went to Fond du Lac, Wis. He moved to Waupaca County and built the first frame house in Manawa. In 1861 he enlisted in the 76th Ohio V. I., Co. B. He began as a quartermaster sergeant ; was promoted to second lieutenant Sept. 30, 1862 ; to first, March 12, 1864; to captain, Feb. 18, 1865, and served on the Staff of General C. R. Wood. He was mustered out in 1865, and entered mercantile life at Newark, Ohio. In 1870 he received the appointment of Assistant As sessor of Internal Revenue, for the Thirteenth Congressional District. In 1880, he came to Price County, and took a homestead in Fifield of 113 acres, in Town 40, Range 2, west, where he lives. In 1855 he mar ried Miss C. E. Prichard, of Granville, Ohio. They have six children — Anna, John, Caroline, Mary, Frances and Catherine. J. W. PAINE, railroad agent, Butternut, was born in Lind, Waupaca Co., Oct. 21, 1856. In 1861 he was sent to school in Waupaca City, continuing there until 1875, where he learned telegraphy. In 1878 he was operator at Chilton, Calumet Co., Wis., where he remained till he returned to Waupaca County and began book-keeping. In 1880 he took the station at Butternut, where he now is. JOHN RUSSELL, saw-mill, Butternut, was born in Buffalo Co., N. Y., March 22, 1848. He remained in his native county till 1851, when he came with his parents to Sheboygan Co., Wis., where they went to farming. In 1878, he came to Butternut and bought a share in a saw mill. In 1872 he married Miss Catherine Mahlock, of Sheboygan County. They have four children — Clara, Minnie, Bertha and Henry. He has 180 acres of land. He was Town Treasurer in 1880, and has served on the School Board. J. H. SMART, farmer, Sec. 4, P. O. Butternut, was born in Pros pect Co., Me., Sept. 14, 1833. When fifteen years of age he came to Sheboygan Co., Wis., where he lived until 1878, when he came to But ternut and took up a homestead of 160 acres on Sec. 4, Town 41, Range I east. In 1857 he married Miss Steele, of New Jersey. They have six children living, having lost four. In 1881 was appointed to fill vacancy as Justice, and is a member of the G. A. R. organization. HENRY SPILLE, farmer. Sec. 20, P. O. Butternut, born in Olden burg, Germany, Nov. 17, 1833; emigrated with his parents in 1848 to Amer ica, and came to Wisconsin and began farming in what is now Ozaukee County. He lived there till 1857, when he moved to Manitowoc County, where he lived until 1865, when he enlisted in the 44th Wis. V. I., Co. C. He was mustered out in 1875, and went to Cedar burg. He came to Butternut, Sept. 3, 1877, and took a homestead of 160 acres. His was the first family of homesteaders in Butternut. He was appointed Chairman of the Town Board in 1878, to fill a va cancy, and was elected to the office in 1879 ; was elected Town Treas urer in 1881. He is general agent for railroad, State and Government lands. His wife was Miss Catherine Lubbering, of Oldenburg, who died in 1878. They had four children — Alfred H., Anna C, and Ber tha W., deceased ; and Henrietta Eleanora. Mr. Spille is a member of the G. A. R. G. W. STUBBLEFIELD, farmer, on Eagle Island, P. O. Butter nut, was born in Kalloway Co., Ky., Dec. 11, 1849. In 1862 he went to Rock Co., Wis., where he was engaged in farming and going to school. He enlisted in the 10th Wis. V. I. for frontier service, and was located at Ft. Rice, D. T. He was mustered out in 1867, and re turned to Rock County, where he remained till 1873, when he came to Butternut and located on the Flambeau River, where he kept a stopping place for travelers and trading post. In 1876 he built the first building in the town of Butternut, for a store. In 1877 he gave his full time to locating and exploring lands. In 1878 he opened a store again. In the Spring of 1879 he closed his store, and is now living on his island home in Lake Butternut, which he has made a resort for Summer trav elers. GLIDDEN. The place of many names was first called Chippewa Crossing, then Juniper, then Chippewa Crossing, then Glid- den. It was platted in 1878. The first men to locate here were Charles B. McLean, the present Postmaster, and John Fraser, in 1873. The place began to settle up at the time the railroad was completed in 1877. It has two hotels kept by M. J. Hart and Mrs. Mary Fox, and one store by J. A. King. The population is about seventy. The place is sit uated in the lumber district, and is head-quarters for the camps on the Chippewa. A school-house was built here in 1877. White River, Marengo, Silver Creek, Winnebosho and Penoka are small railroad stations along the line of the Central. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. MRS. MARY FOX, Glidden, was born in Brooklyn, L. I. Her maiden name was Moore, and she married a Mr. Tyler, by whom she had three boys — Thomas, Daniel and William. In 1866 she married Mr. Fox, in Janesville, Wis. They moved to what was then called Chippewa Crossing and built a hotel, which she keeps with her boys. She also owns forty acres of farm land, which the sons work. J. A. KING, merchant, Glidden, was born in Providence, R. I., July II, 1817. In 1842 he moved to Herkimer Co., N. Y., remaining there until 1845, when he came to Wisconsin and settled in Fond du Lac County. He located on a farm in Forest Town, being the second settler there. In 1865 he moved to Fond du Lac and went into the flour and feed business. In 1873 he went to Medford, where he built the first store building in the village. In 1879 he opened a store in Chippewa Crossing, now called Glidden. In i860 he married Miss Mary J. Jen nings. She died, leaving one son, J. A. King, Jr. Mr. King has always been a pioneer, keeping in advance of civilization, and is well known as one of the early settlers of this section. CHARLES B. McLEAN, Postmaster, Glidden, was born in town of Perth, Province of Ontario, April 28, 1839. His first business was clerk ing, after which he studied law. He went to Buffalo, where he enlisted in the 8th N. Y. C, Co. A ; served his time out, and returned to Can ada and opened a law office, but soon after began farming with his brother, Archibald. In 1872, he moved to Ashland, Wis., and worked on the Wisconsin Central Railroad. In 1874, he opened a restaurant and bakery there. He came to Glidden in 1874, and located on a farm of 130 acres, on Sec. 2, Town 42, Range 2 west. Here he lived till 1879, when he bought a property in the village where he now lives. In 1872 he married Miss Annie Riley, of Ashland. They have three chil dren—Mary, Archie and Charles E. E. Mr. McLean was Town Clerk when the town of Juniper existed — since done away with. R. M. WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 12, P. O. Glidden, was born in Columbia Co., Wis., about five miles from Ft. Winnebago, Sept. 16, 1850. Here he lived till 1869, when he moved to Pardeeville, where he learned blacksmithing and afterward telegraphy. In Summer of 1874 he moved to Medford, and afterwards took a homestead and located on Sec. 12, Town 42, Range 2 west, which he is now clearing and improv ing. In 1868 he married Miss America A. Smith, of Wyocena. They have four children — Angy, Maurice L., Daisy and Robert A. Mr. Williams joined the I. O. O. F. in 1871. PROTESTANT MISSIONS. A brief sketch of Protestant mission work among the Indians in northern Wisconsin is here given. Prior to the year 1830, the Rev. Mr. Coe missionated among the Indian tribes around the southern borders of Lake Superior, but nothing permanent was undertaken until the year above named, when Mr. Ayer, a Christian teacher from Mackinaw, came up the lake and settled at La Pointe, on Madeline Island. The year following he was succeeded by Rev. Messrs. Hall and Boutwell, who also lo cated at La Pointe. In the course of the ensuing fifteen years, other missionaries came, and a series of stations were occupied, extending west to the Mississippi. Only one of these stations fell a victim to Indian rapacity and revenge. About the year 1845, a band of the Sioux, the old and in veterate enemy of the Chippewas, made a descent upon the mission station of Pokeguma, and swept it out of exist ence, murdering, scalping, burning and destroying. Shortly after this, all points to the west of the great lake were abandoned, and work for the Chippewas centered in the two villages of La Pointe and Odanah. About the year 1850, Mr. Hall, who had been for nineteen years at La Pointe, and most, if not all, the time in charge of the work there, quit ted the field, and La Pointe was practically abandoned. Before Mr. Hall retired from this field, however, he was the honored instrument, with the aid of Henry Blatchford, native licentiate, of getting out a revised translation of the "Ojibwe" Testament, which is to the present day, and will continue to be as long as Chippewa is spoken, the one stand ard book of the language. Though the mortal body of the Rev. Sherman Hall now sleeps in the dust, his indefatigable HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and faithful labors in bringing out so grand a translation of the New Testament Scriptures in the vernacular of the people, is a monument to his memory that will ever abide. Though a school was in operation during most of Mr. Hall's sojourn at La Pointe, there is no authentic data at hand from which to give statistics. The Rev. Leonard H. Wheeler, Rev. Isaac Baird's honored predecessor at Odanah, joined the mission at La Pointe in 1841. In 1845 that point was permanently occupied as a mission station, and for twenty long years Mr. Wheeler was the inspiring genius and controlling spirit of the field. Under his supervision a large mission farm was pre-empted ; a school-house, capa ble of accommodating eighty children, erected; a church, that will comfortably seat 150 people, built ; and a manual labor boarding-school for Indian youth, with a capacity for twenty-five children, with their teachers and helps, was constructed ; all being undertaken and accomplished at the expense of the Mission Board alone, the Government making at rare intervals such small donations as it saw fit. During Mr. Wheeler's regime a mighty work was accom plished. The entering wedge to sever heathenism was in troduced, a Christian church was established, the day school and the manual labor boarding-school were both doing good service, and there were times when even he hoped in his day to see the desired accomplishments. The church reached a membership of twenty-two, and the schools were at times well attended. But now ten years have passed away since that faithful toiler died, and much remains to be done. Mr. Wheeler was a man of commanding appearance, of strong intellect, of clear and decided views. His toils were liter ally incessant to improve and benefit this people, who to day are reaping the harvest which has sprung from his faithful sowing. In 1859, or thereabouts, he experienced the first break in his health, but for six years more continued to labor on with his remaining strength, until the year 1865, when it became imperative for him to quit the field in which he had so nobly spent the strength and best of his working days. With the retirement of Mr. Wheeler, the A. B. C. F. M., under whose care the mission had hitherto been, decided to abandon the field entirely. For some five or six years thereafter, H. Blatchford, the native licentiate named above, continued, without fee or earthly reward, to keep up the regular services of the church, and labored hard to hold together the little band of disciples so unhappily left orphans here in the wilderness. The weariness and disappointment of those long waiting years, as they kept calling and calling, and yet only calling in vain, for another missionary to come to their aid, can not be written with ink and pen. In 1870, this Chippewa mission was transferred from the A. B. C. F. M. to the Presb. B. Foreign Missions. In 1871, the station was re-opened under the Rev. S. J. Mills, but insufficient health for the hardships and ex posures of the field led him to soon quit it. Before leaving, however, he saw the day school occupied by a mis sionary lady teacher, Miss S. Verbeck ; the boarding-school re-opened under the management of Miss H. N. Phillips, and the few native Christians partially revived. Mr. A. W. Williamson, son of the now sainted Decotah missionary, was the next superintendent of this mission. Being a lay man, his duties were confined more exclusively to the over sight of the farm and the educational work, though his influence was felt decidedly for good in the church work. But the situation was found to be a trying one for his health, and after some nine months' experier.ce of it, he was re luctantly constrained to retire and give it up entirely. Rev. Isaac Baird was the next superintendent in the order of succession. He reached the field on the fifteenth day of March, 1873, at 12:45 o'clock, p. m. From that time to the present the day school has been constantly running, Miss S. A. Dougherty being the teacher in charge. The bcard- ing-school has also been kept up until the 30th of June last, when it was closed, whether finally time must decide. The church has been reorganized, a native pastor called and ordained over it, in the person of the Rev. Henry Blatch ford (formerly licentiate and interpreter), and about eighty Indians added to the roll of its membership. The actual communicants are now scarcely seventy, a number having been lost by death and a few by excommunication and sus pension. The church has been for five years under the care of the pastor and the elders, of whom there are usually four. Sunday services are well attended, and a good Sun day-school and weekly prayer-meeting are very well sus tained. The people have made rapid improvement during the past six years in material prosperity, thrift, general in telligence, and morality. Still nearly one half of the popu lation of 460 souls is outside the church pale.. Those who have embraced the Christian faith are civilized and anxious to have patents for their land in severalty, and to go for ward in the white man's road. There is as yet only one out-station to this mission, and that is at a place called Puhquauhwong, on the Lac Courte Oreille reserve, in Chippewa County. The teacher and licentiate at that point is Louis Manypenny, who received his training for the work at this mission. For nearly three years now he has taught a day school four hours per day, and kept up regular Sunday services with the people. At present Mr. Baird is training others to go forth as evangel ists among their own people. By natives, trained as teach ers and preachers, an effort is being made to gather in these wandering children of the forest to the fold of Christ the great Shepherd. Odanah and the Bad River Indian Reservation is situated in the northern part of the county. Odanah, the Chippewa name for town, is a settlement and head-quarters of the Indian Agency, in about the center of the reservation, at. the junction of Bad and White rivers, about five miles from Lake Superior. The village now is what is left of a once flourishing town, though it yet contains quite a number of buildings. The country around is suitable for agriculture. The Government improvements and buildings have cost $30,000. The reservation contains 140,000 acres of land, with several hundred under cultivation. Population mostly Chippewa Indians. The Bad River is navigable ten miles from its mouth. July 24, 1876, a dwelling owned by the Government was burned. The village contains a trading post, a Catholic and a Presbyterian Church. HISTORY OF BARRON COUNTY. 77 BARRON COUNTY. NATURAL FEATURES. This county lies in the northwestern portion of the State, and is comprised of thirty townships. The greater per cent, of the country is covered with heavy timber, such as pine, butternut and maple. Ten per cent, is marsh land. The surface is generally level or gently rolling. In the southern portion the soil is sandy loam, but in the northern towns clay predomi nates. The county does not rank high as an agricul tural region. Those settlers who do follow farming as a business find ready market for their produce. The county is well watered and drained by the Red Cedar (Menomonee) and Vermillion rivers in the eastern part, and Hay River in the western, the last two being the principal tributaries of the Red Cedar, which is the chief affluent of the Chippewa. Hundreds of other brooks and brooklets ramify this region, and all, running toward the south, seek outlet through the Red Cedar. The currents of the streams are usually rapid, and afford many admirable mill-sites and water-powers, only a few of which are yet utilized. It has been esti mated that the water-power of this county would drive the wheels of all the manufactories of Massachusetts. There are many lakes, varying from two to ten miles in length, in this county. Some are found reposing in the heart of the forest, coldly isolated from all other water; while others are found at frequent intervals along the water-courses tributary to the Red Cedar. Principal among these are Beaver, Little Chetac, Red Cedar, Rice, Bear and Long Lakes. Hundreds of small brooks fun from every point of the compass, finally emptying into the Red Cedar. The natural beauties of the woods and streams are enhanced in value, to the sportman's eye at least, by the numerous- ness and variety of large game to be found here. The eastern portions of the county contain large formations of cathinite, or pipestone, which will event ually prove a material source of revenue, when rail facilities enable shipment. Potsdam sandstone pro trudes in the southern towns, while in the northern the azoic granite outcrop forms a characteristic feature of the scenery. Granite boulders reveal their presence in all parts of the county. SETTLEMENT. The first settlement of this region is traditionary, strange as such a statement may appear in relation to the almost new districts of northern Wisconsin. It is said that more than a century ago, the grandfather of August Cadot — long a resident of the Chippewa Valley — came to the present county of Barron, in company with others, from Montreal, and established a trading post near Rice Lake. The story runs that the elder Cadot was killed by Indians, and that his grave is still discernable, near the dam erected across a stream flow ing into Rice Lake. This dam, it is asserted, was built by Cadot and his co-workers. It was over 300 feet in length and eight feet high. Why it was built is a mystery. The post became a noted one among the northern tribes. The next white men to arrive were probably fur traders and lumbermen ; the latter class in the employ of Knapp, Stout and Co. The first logging was done in 1848. A number of the employes of this Menom onee lumber firm naturally decided to make a home in the new and promising region. Among others may be named S. P. Barker, John Quaderer, James Brocklin, Hiram Storey, Henry Sawyer, C. P. Fuller, John Myers and Edward Delong. The first modern dam — after the alleged Cadot dam — was built by James Brocklin, for Knapp, Stout & Co., on the west fork of Yellow River, in 1863. The following year the same firm improved the Red Cedar for log-driving purposes. The first saw-'mill was built by F. H. and O. T. Perkins, in the southwestern part of the county, in 1862. They operated it until 1867, when the supply failed, and they were obliged to abandon it. It was but a small affair, using a circular saw. In 1868, the firm of Knapp, Stout & Co. began to realize the value of the water-power and timber in this section, and commenced numerous improvements, one of which was that of farming. They now own the " Prairie Farm," in the southern part of the county, where they have hundreds of acres under cultivation. By improving the power furnished by the waters of Hay River, this substantial firm now operate saw, grist, shingle, lath and planing mills. The village of Rice Lake has become quite a thriving business point under the firm's management., The principal industry is lumbering. Immense quantities of pine timber are cut and driven to a mar ket below on Red Cedar River. The first settler who came to the county solely with agricultural intentions was John Banks, who located in the southern part of the county in 1855. The North Wisconsin Railway, from Hudson to Lake Superior, passes through the northwestern towns of the county, and furnishes a means of communication that will eventually be of essential value to the people there. The first church erected in the county belonged to the Roman Catholics. The first Protestant services held were conducted by Rev. W. Bird, a Methodist Episcopal. In 1868, the first mail was carried from Menomonee by James Brocklin, to the post-office at old Barron. S. P. Baker was the Postmaster. Austin Skinner held the first Justice's Court, the case in dispute arising out of a transaction over a weasel skin. The first white child born here was a daughter of Michael Jones, in 1855. The first white person to die HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. was Miss Ball, whose death is said to have resulted from poison administered by jealous Indian maidens. The first school was taught by Margaret Clark. The population of the county in 1880 was 7,023. ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Legislature of Wisconsin, approved March 19, 1859, Townships 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 north, in Ranges 12, 13, 14 and 15 west, were set off from Polk County and made into a new county, under the name of Dallas, in honor of George M. Dallas, Vice- president of the United States, between the years 1845-9. The new county was attached to Polk, for all purposes, civil and judicial. The county seat was located at the village of Manhattan. In 1860, Townships 32 to 37, inclusive, in Ranges 10 and 11 west, were detached from Chippewa, and annexed to Dallas. In the same year, it was taken from Polk, and attached to Dunn for civil and judicial purposes. In 1863, in accordance with a vote had by the people of Dallas County, the Legislature attached Range 15 of Dallas to Polk County. By an act approved March 2, 1868, Dallas County was organized for county and judicial purposes from and after January 1, 1869. The county was continued as one town, under the name of Dallas, and an election for town officers fixed for the first Tuesday in Novem ber following. The county seat was, by the same act, located on Section 26 in Township 34, of Range 12 west, after ward known as the village of Barron. By the same act it was made the duty of the Governor to appoint the first county officers. He, accordingly, made Fran cis Finley, County Judge ; James G. Neville, Register of Deeds; James Brocklin, Treasurer; Alfred Finley, School Superintendent; and D. F. Boswell, Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, which was formed of Rose- man Kellogg, C. P. Fuller and S. P. Barker. In 1862, the fiist election was held for town officers. The voting occurred at the house of John Banks. Those elected, however, failed to qualify, and the organization was postponed until 1868, when S. P. Barker, James Vennette and John Banks were made Town Supervisors ; John Quaderer, Treasurer ; and James Neville, Town Clerk. Polls were open at Quad- erer's camp. By an act of the Legislature in 1869, the name of the county was changed, and called Barron, in honor of H. D. Barron, now serving as Circuit Judge of the eleventh circuit, of which Barron is a part. Two papers are published in this county. The Barron County Chronotype was started at Rice Lake, in 1874, by S. N. Carpenter. It was removed to Bar ron, under the charge of Fred Peachman ; but it is- now issued at Rice Lake, by C. F. Bone. The Barron County Shield was first issued October 6, 1876, by A. Dewey, at Barron. It is now in charge of Walter Speed & Co., at the same place. BARRON. The county seat bears a name similar to that of the- county. Its site was owned originally by John Quaderer, one of the pioneers. The village is situated on Section 28, Town 34 north, Range 12 west. It contains several hundred inhabitants. BAYFIELD COUNTY. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. Bayfield County has no prairie lands, most of the country being covered with growths of timber — chiefly hemlock, spruce, pine, sugar-maple, red oak, elm, pop lar and white and yellow birch. The numerous streams afford facilities for handling the lumber cheaply. The streams in the northern part of the county empty into Lake Superior, while those in the southern part flow toward the Mississippi. They are bordered by rich lands, easily cultivated and very pro ductive. There is a good supply of red and brown sandstone. Copper and iron have also been found. Bayfield County has a coast line on Lake Superior of over seventy-five miles, of which not less than fifty miles are a safe and secure harbor for vessels. This harbor is formed by the Apostle Islands, which shelter it from winds in every direction. There are a number of trout streams in the county. Among the most noted are the Sioux River, Onion River, Pike's Creek, Fish Creek, Raspberry and Sand livers. All manner of wild game abounds in the woods, especially deer and bear. INDIANS. The Chippewa Indians formerly occupied what is now Bayfield County, and many of their descendants still live there, engaging in the same occupations as> their white neighbors. The Indians have a reserva tion in this county, called the Red Cliff Reservation. Buffalo Bay, Indian village, contains a Government saw-mill. It is one of the most beautiful spots on the lake. Its population numbers 500, and is composed mostly of half-breeds and civilized Indians, who have all adopted the white man's dress. Robert Pew estab lished a school here in 1874. January 29, 1878, Red Cliff was visited by a destructive fire, which consumed property to the amount of $15,000. The Govern ment, Mr. Mahan and family and L. O. Clemens were the principal losers. EARLY HISTORY. This section is the scene of the first efforts by white men to introduce civilization into Wisconsin. The facts are detailed in the foregoing pages. October 1, 1665, Father Alloiiez, the first white man who came to the county, reached the bay. It is be lieved that for "a short time he was located at the place now known as Pike's Bay, the precise spot being un known. One tradition designates Section 22, and an other Section 27, in Township 50 north, Range 4 west,. the latter on the estate of Franklin Steele. The Jesuit HISTORY OF BAYFIELD COUNTY. 79 engaged in missionary duties amongst the Indians, as is related in the preceding pages of this work. Subsequently two other Jesuit missionaries, James Marquette and Louis Nicholas, attempted to perfect the work of Alloiiez. They were the next known white visitors to Bayfield. In 1693, Du Luth arrived, and traded with the Indians of " Chegoimegon." Mis sionaries, voyageurs, fur traders, were the visitors of what is now Bayfield County, at different periods from 1666 to the year 1854, at which date speculators pur chased lands of the United States, as preliminary steps to the modern settlement by whites. The first settler of Bayfield County was Elisha Pike, who, with his wife and two children, came from Toledo, Ohio, in 1855, and located on Section 21, Township 50, Range 4, in Bayfield County. He pur chased an old saw-mill of Julius. Austrian, who had bought of the American Fur Company. Mr. Pike also commenced farming. The territory of Bayfield County belonged to five different counties before it was set off with an indi vidual organization. In October, 1818, the county of Michiiimackinac, which included all of the present State of Wisconsin north of a line passing west from the head of De No- quet Bay, was created by Lewis Cass, then Governor of the Territory of Michigan. A new county, with the name of Chippewa, was created by the same au thority in 18.25. This county was formed of territory taken from the northern part of Michiiimackinac, and extended along the entire southern shore of Lake Superior. After the Territory of Wisconsin was separately organized, Crawford County embraced all of this re gion, the former two disappearing when the dominion of Michigan over them ceased. St. Croix County was created from Crawford, by an act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, in 1840, and included all that corner of the State. In 1845, La Pointe County, including in its area the present counties of Douglas, Bayfield and Ashland, was set off from St. Croix. In 1854, Douglas County was set off. Up to 1858, La Pointe had been the county seat of La Pointe County, but the seat was then removed to Bayfield, at which action the people of La Pointe united with Ash land in the effort to form a new county, comprising the Apostle Islands, which was done in 1860. The name of Bayfield was given to the remaining part of the old •county of La Pointe in I860. The county records were destroyed by fire in 1874, and the historian was unable to obtain a transcript of the first organization. The first election held in Bayfield was in November, 1857, when it was a town of La Pointe County. April 7, 1858, the first town election .was held there. Owing to absence of records of the town of Bay field the first complete list of officers that can be found is for the year 1859, though the town was set off two years before that. The officers for 1859 were : Andrew J. Day, Chairman; Linneus Matthews and William S. Warren, Supervisors ; J. Harvey Nourse, Benjamin F. Bicksler and George Clark, Assessors ; Peter H. Ley and Elisha Pike, Justices of Peace ; •Charles O. S ted well and Antoine Perinier, Constables ; T. L. Patterson, Treasurer ; J. Henry Feemeyer, Clerk ; Benjamin F. Davison, Overseer of Highways ; Paul Lanouette, Sealer of Weights and Measures; Andrew Tate, Superintendent of Schools. The first meeting of this Town Board was held April 5, 1859, at which meeting $600 were appropriated for a school building, and $500 for a cemetery ; $10 was made the license for selling spirituous liquors. In September, $1,000 were appropriated for building roads and bridges to the St. Croix River. An observatory has been built by the Government three miles from Bayfield, from which can be seen, with a good glass, a part of the north shore of Lake Superior and the eastern part of the Apostle Island group. A court-house was built under contract by B. F. Bicksler, of Ashland, in 1874, costing about $15,000. Prior to this time the county offices were located in private buildings. The population of the county (then La Pointe) in 1860 was 352 ; in 1870, 344 ; and in 1875 it was 1,032. The present county officers are : John McCloud, County Judge ; John Gonyon, Sheriff ; Louis J. Bach- and, Clerk ; Nelson Boutin, Treasurer ; J. D. Crutten- den, Register of Deeds ; W. J. Herbert, Clerk of Cir cuit Court; B. B. Wade, District Attorney: O. Flan ders, Superintendent of Schools ; E. Pike, Coroner. Town officers are : Frederick Fischer, Chairman ; A. Tate and Ervin Leihy, Supervisors; J. D. Crutten- den, Town Clerk ; J. H. Nourse, Town Treasurer ; O. Flanders and E. Pike, Justices of Peace ; Wm. Herbert, Street Commissioner. The Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Rail road is surveyed to Bayfield, and is finished to Long Lake. Most of the line is graded to Chequamegon Bay. It will probably be constructed through to Bay field in 1882. BAYFIELD. Bayfield is the county seat and the principal place in Bayfield County. It was named in honor of Lieut. Henry R. T. Bayfield, of the British navy, who made the first sur vey of Lake Superior, from 1823 to 1825. It is sometimes called " The Fountain City," from the fact that in front of many of the cottages are fountains, supplied with water from the hydraulic works. It is probable that missionaries and traders visited the present site of Bayfield at a very early date. The Bayfield Press gives the following account of the place in 1765 : "It seems that in August, 1765, Alexander Henry, a trader, landed at what is now Bayfield, and built a house just below Chapman & Co.'s store, and above Col. Banfill's house, occupied by F. Boutin, Esq. He called the place Chagawamig, and says he ' found fifty lodges of Indians there. These people are almost naked, their trade having been interrupted, first by the English invasion of Canada, and next by Pontiac's War. * * * Chagawamig, or Chagawamigon, might at this period be regarded as the metropolis of the Chippewas, of' whom the true name is Ojebway. * * * The chiefs informed me that they had frequently attacked the Sioux, with whom they are always at war, with 1,500 men, including in this number the fight ing men of Fond du Lac, on the head of Lake Superior. The cause of the perpetual war carried on between these two nations is this, that both claim, as their exclusive hunt ing ground, the tract of which lies between them. So HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. "'The Chippewas of Chagawamig are a handsome, well- made people, and much more cleanly, as well as much more regular in the government of their families, than the Chip pewas of Lake Huron. Adding the Indians of Chagawa mig to those I brought with me, I had now a hundred fam ilies, to all of whom I was required to advance goods on credit. At the expense of six days' labor, I was provided with a very comfortable house for my Winter's residence. My Winter's food was the next object ; and for this purpose, with the assistance of my men, I soon took 2,000 trout and white fish, the former frequently weighing fifty pounds each. We preserved them by suspending them by the tail in the open air. These, without bread or salt, were our food through all the Winter, the men being free to consume what quantity they pleased, and boiling and roasting them '"I found myself in possession of a 150 packs of bea ver, weighing 100 pounds each, besides twenty-five packs of otter and martin skins, and with this part of the fruits of my adventure, I embarked for Michiiimackinac, sailing in company with fifty canoes of Indians, who had^still 100 packs of beaver, which I was unable to purchase.' "M. Cadotte, who has many descendants living in this vicinity, was a partner of Mr. Henry. Vincent Roy, Sr., now nearly eighty years of age, a man of great integrity and of high standing, has often pointed out the site of Henry &Cadotte's buildings, and even now some of the places where they buried their goods can be seen.'' The first settlement was made by a party of nine men, under charge of John C. Henley, March 24, 1856, wno, landed on a point now occupied by the residence of Col. BAYFIELD. whenever they thought proper. After leaving Michiii mackinac, I saw no bread, and I found less difficulty in reconciling myself to the privation, than I could have anticipated. '"On the 15th of December the bay was frozen entirely over. After this, I resumed my former amusement of spearing trout, and sometimes caught a hundred of these in a day. " ' My house, which stood in the bay, was sheltered by an island of fifteen miles in length, and between which and the main shore the channel is four miles wide. On the island there was formerly a French trading post, much fre quented, and in its neighborhood a large Indian village. To the southeast is a lake, called Lake des Ontaonaies, from the Ottawas, its former possessors; but it is now the property of the Chippewas. [This is probably Ashland Bay. — Ed.] "'On the 20th of April, 1766, the ice broke up, and several canoes arrived filled with women and children, who reported that the men of their land were all gone out to war against the Nadowessies, or Sioux. On the 15th of May a part of the warriors, with some others, arrived in fifty canoes, almost every one of which had a cargo of furs.' " After giving an account of the doings and adventures of the war party, he says : John H. Knight. The first tree was felled, and the party erected a log cabin on the spot now occupied by the United States land-office. The cabin was finished March 26. On the twenty-seventh, John M. Free arrived, bringing Maj. Mc- Aboy, a civil engineer, and otheis, to lay out the town. They came overland from Superior. A dock was built. Hon. H. M. Rice, of St. Paul, had located the land and selected the site for Bayfield. The first family to arrive was John C. Hen ley's, on the schooner "Algonquin," May 8, 1856, this be ing the first vessel. Others who came about this time were Andrew Tate, Peter H. Ley, John Hamlin and S. S. Vaughn. Others soon followed. The first steamer to arrive was the " Lady Elgin," on June 16, 1856, and the propeller " Manhattan," July 7. The propeller "Mineral Rock " arrived July 27 with an engine and mill machinery with Mr. Kahoe. The first frame house was built by John C. Henley, July 16, 1856. The first hardware store was started by John and R. W. McCloud, of St. Paul, under charge of Joseph McCloud, in September, same year. S. S. Vaughn opened the first provision store in October. The building of a hotel by the Bayfield Land Company was commenced December 25, 1856, and was finished in June, 1857. It was opened by J. H. Nourse. This hotel was burned in i860, then kept by George D. Livingston. The first post-office was established in October, 1856 ; Jo seph McCloud, Postmaster. Mail service was carried on HISTORY OF BAYFIELD COUNTY. Si between Bayfield and St. Croix Falls semi-monthly. First mail was carried through by August La Rush. In 1856 a dock was built, and a steam saw-mill erected. At this time Congress had passed several magnificent land grants to aid in construction of railroads, one of them, called the St. Croix and Lake Superior land grant, ex tending from Madison and- Portage to Lake St. Croix, and from there to the west end of Lake Superior and to Bay field. In 1857 a dock was built by Charles E. Rittenhouse, which has since disappeared. Bayfield was made a port of entry, December, 1S58. In May, 1859, the revenue cutter "John B. Floyd" arrived for service on Lake Superior, with Bayfield as her station. H. C. Hayward is the present Postmaster and Port Col lector. The steamers of the Lake Michigan & Lake Superior Transit Company touch at this point regularly. Connec tion is made with Ashland by the little steamers " Favorite " and " Eva Wadsworth " daily. $500 were appropriated for a cemetery in 1859. It is located on Section 28, about three and one-half miles west of the village. The anticipated railroad from Bayfield to St. Croix [in aid of which a grant of land, now known as the "Bayfield and St. Croix land grant," had been bestowed by Congress, which, it was believed, would cause Bayfield to excel even Chicago in business enterprise] had induced many East ern people to purchase lots in Bayfield at enormous prices. In 1857, when all fictitious enterprises disappeared, the illusion was dispelled. In i860, Mr. McAboy's residence was burned. In Au gust, 1862, two buildings and a store belonging to Mr. Mc- Aboy and Mrs. Day were burned. The Bayfield House was destroyed by fire, March 10, 1863. The Herbert House was burned March-12, 1872, and in 1874, three buildings — one containing some of the county records, and another the Indian Agency offices — were burned. This was the largest fire Bayfield ever experienced. The village of Bayfield is well built; the land gradually rises at an easy grade until one gets back about two miles, where it is several hundred feet above the lake, giving all who build a fine view of the bay, The streets are lined with shade trees, its sidewalks kept in good repair, and the whole place has a neat and substantial look. A system of water-works supplies almost every house in the town with pure spring water. Large quantities of some of the finest building material in the West, are obtained from the red sandstone quarry in the harbor. The harbor at Bayfield is constantly dotted with sail boats and vessels, and upon the completion of a railroad, the village will, in all probability, become one of the finest Summer resorts in the country. The harbor is formed by islands which shelter it from the wind in every direction. It is magnificent in its sur roundings and perfect in all its details. It is the only har bor on Lake Superior that does not require engineering skill to complete and be made serviceable. It is large enough to accommodate any amount of shipping, no sunken rocks or dangerous reefs, and the largest "draught vessels float in its waters without grounding ; the largest steamers can land with safety in the most boisterous weather. It opens earlier and closes later than any other harbor, it be ing inside the currents of wind that drift the fie-ld-ice and icebergs across the face of, and into the bays. As a commercial point in the manufacture and shipment of lumber she has all the elements requisite to build up a heavy business, equal to any point on the lakes. The fish eries in this vicinity are unexcelled, the field being unlim- 6 ited and the markets good; in this branch a big business has been built up which is assuming immense proportions. The shipment of tan bark is carried on to quite an extent. As a Summer resort Bayfield comes in for a large share of the patronage. The town site includes almost every variety of surface, at some points forming beautiful terraces one above the other, and from all points a fine view of the lake is seen. Schools. — The first school was opened December 1, 1856, in the upper room of S. S. Vaughn's building; it was kept up by subscription ; was taught by Miss Rebecca Mc- Aboy ; it was closed in March 1857. Another school was opened October 1, 1857, by Rev. Joseph Peet; this was also kept up by subscription. This school was closed the follow ing Spring. At the first town meeting, held April 7, 1S58, Andrew Tate was elected Town Superintendent of Schools, who proceeded to organize the first school district. The first school meeting was held May 1, 1858 ; at this meeting the following officers were elected : John C. Henley, Director ; A. J. Day, Treasurer; W. S. Warren, Clerk. The first public school was opened July 19, 1858, Miss Sara Ma han, Teacher, who came from Cleveland, Ohio. The first school building was erected in the Summer of 1872. In 1876 another school was built on the bay about a mile and one-half above town, which has since been abandoned. The present attendance is about fifty: the school is first class in every respect, has good teachers and considered one of the best schools in northern Wisconsin. Religious. — The first religious services were held in 1856, in different houses, by William S. Warren, of the Metho dist Church. An organization was perfected in August, 1857, Rev. James Peet, as pastor. A Presbyterian Church was organized in the Fall of 1856 ; Rev. T. R. Elder was the pastor. Both these organ izations erected churches. Neither of these denominations now hold any services, and have passed out of existence ; both churches have been sold and are now used as private dwellings. Christ Church Episcopal Mission. — Lay readings were commenced in October, 1869, by Thomas Carrington. A mission was organized April 8, 1870, and church built and occupied the following' September. Bishop Wells preached the first sermon. In an early day Mr. Rittenhouse, of Washington, D. C, deeded in trust six lots for the benefit of an Episcopal Church at Bayfield, Wis. These lots are now held by the trustees of the church. The present mis sionary is the Rev. J. A. Davenport, who has officiated for several years. The present officers of the mission are, John McCloud, warden; J. H. Knight, secretary; J. D. Cruttenden, treasurer. St. Joseph's Catholic Church was built in 1859. In 1861 additions were made. Since then other improvements have been made, till now it is one of the most beautiful churches on the lake. It is situated on a high elevation overlook ing the harbor, at the north end of the village. The first pastor was Father Chebul, who remained till 187 1. From that time till 1878, no regular services were held, though missionary services were held often. Since 1878 Father Casimirus, of the Franciscans, has been in charge. In 1878 a convent was established, in connection with the church, under charge of Superior Sister Louise ; every new year a new sister takes charge. By the end of the year, (1881), a school-house will be finished and will be under charge of the sisters. The Catholic cemetery is near the church. This church has a large congregation, its seats are always full, people coming from aH the islands and sur rounding country to attend. They have also a school at Buffalo Bay Indian Reservation. S2 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Saw-Mills.— First saw-mill was built in 1856, by Mr. Ka- hoe, for the Bayfield Land Company. It was burned January, 1857. It was rebuilt by Mr. Kahoe in the Summer of 1858. After changing hands several times it was pulled down. Capt. R. D. Pike built a shingle mill in 1869 ; additions were made in 1870, and since then other improvements have been made, at different times, so that now it is one of the most complete saw-mills in northern Wisconsin; has the best of improved machinery, some of the machin ery being Mr. Pike's own patents. Manufactures some fish barrel staves. Capacity of mill 40,000 feet per day, for season 4,500,000 feet. Most of the logs come from Bay field County. Shipment goes mostly to Chicago and the Manitoba country. The mill has a dock up to which the largest boats on the lakes can float. Mr. Pike has his own water-works, having a reservoir on the hill above the mill getting a head of fifty-eight feet fall, enough to throw a large stream over the mill at its highest point. Pipes are run along over roof of the mill, and at the opening of a valve the whole roof can be flooded. Superior Lumber Company was organized in 1881 for the purpose of manufacturing lumber. The mill will probably be located at some point on Chequamegon Bay. The officers are A. C. Fuller, president; H. M. Fuller, vice-president; T. J. Potter, treasurer; J. H. Knight, sec retary. Fish Creek Booming- Company was organized in 18S1 for the improvement of Fish Creek. The officers are A. C. Fuller, president ; R. F. Sprague, vice-president ; I. H. Wing, treasurer; John H. Knight, secretary. Fishery.- — In 1871 the fish business began to assume large proportions, when N. & F. Boutin engaged in it. They have continued ever since. The catching and pack ing of fish is one of the great industries of Bayfield. It is estimated the business for 1881 will amount to $250,000, and is the largest shipping point on the lakes. White fish and trout are caught. Fishing is done with gill nets, trap nets, and seines, by white men and mixed bloods; in Winter by gill nets, and hooks through the ice. The " catch "in the Winter amounts to 150 tons. The fishing grounds are around the islands. Shipment goes mostly to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Chicago, Buffalo and Eastern trade. N. & F. Boutin employ about 150 men; ship about 12,000 barrels a season. Fred Fischer employs about thirty men ; puts up about 4,000 barrels. Other parties have been en gaged in this business but are now out of it. In 187 r, the fish business becoming so large, and the demand for fish barrels increasing, Louis Bachand started a factory for the manufacture of fish barrels, since which time others have gone into it. The timber for the barrels comes from the surrounding country. Louis Bachand em ploys about thirty men, and his manufacture for a season amounts to 12,000 barrels. Fred Fischer employs about twenty men, and manufactures about 10,000 barrels a season Boat Building. — This branch of business is carried on quite extensively, a large number of " Mackinaw " boats being built every year, mostly for fishing purposes. Antoine Lemorieux is the principal builder. Bayfield Press.— -The first paper published in. this place was the Mercury, in August, 1857, by Hamilton & Hatch, who received a bonus from the Bayfield Land Company composed of Hon. H. M. Rice, St. Paul, Minn.; H. B. Sweeny, B. F. and C. E. Ritterhouse, and Hamilton G Faut, banker at Washington, D. C. This paper was pub lished about one year. The next' newspaper enterprise was the Bayfield Press, which made its appearance October 1, 1859, by Joseph H. Campbell, of Ontonagon, with Rev Wm. B. McKee, editor, assisted by Joseph McCloud and Cyrus K. Drew, which was published about two years and a half, when it was suspended, and the material purchased by S. S. Vaughn. In the Summer of 1870, Sam S. and Hank O. Fifield revived the Press, and continued its publi cation about two years, when it was removed to Ashland, June 1, 1877. Sam S. Fifield moved the office back, and commenced the publication of the Bayfield Press again, with Morris Edwards as business manager. In the Spring of 1879, D. L. Stinchfield became editor, and conducted it until April 1, 1880, when the present proprietor, Isaac H. Wing, purchased the office of Sam S. Fifield. Mr. Stinchfield continued as editor till Spring of 1881, when D. H. Pulcifer came in. November 30, 1857, the Bayfield Lyceum was organized, with the following officers : J. Harvey Nourse, president ; William McAboy, vice-president; A.Tate, secretary; S. S. Vaughn, treasurer. The society used to meet every week, when debate and reading of essays would be the order of an evening. The society continued till it was merged into the Bayfield Library Association, March 9, 1875, with the following officers : J. H. Knight, president; B. B. Wade, secretary ; Andrew Tate, treasurer. This new Society flourished, till some of its members going away, it became reduced in membership so that now no meetings are held. Of the original members in the Lyceum only five remain- here — J. H. Nourse, R. D. Pike, Andrew Tate, George Stark and Joseph McCloud. Bayfield Lodge, A. F. & A. M., No. 2T5, was chartered June 14, 1881, with the following charter members : Robert Inglis, S. E. Mahan, O. Flanders, P. W. Smith, A. O. Hay wood, John Banfill, A. Tate The officers installed June 24 were : Robert Inglis, W. M.; S. E. Mahan, S. W.; O. Flan ders, J. W.; A. Tate, treasurer; N. J. Willey, secretary ; P. W. Smith, S. D.; F. W. Herrick, J. D.; Thomas Doherty, tyler. On January 1, 1873, Sheriff Nelson Boutin, Capt. R. D. Pike and a party of seventy-five chosen men went over to Ashland as a company to quell the railroad rioters. After stopping there ten days they returned. Having had this little of military life, they conceived the idea of forming a new'military company and joining the State militia. The company organized February 25, 1873, with the following officers : R. D. Pike, captain ; John Gonyon, first lieuten ant ; Duffy Boutin, second lieutenant. These officers have continued to date, with the exception of second lieutenant. Duffy Boutin resigned in 1878, and B. B. Wade was elected to fill the vacancy. He resigned in 1879, and F. M. Her rick was elected, who is the present second lieutenant. Bayfield Hydraulic Company was incorporated March 16, 1870. First officers were : S. S.Vaughn, president ; Asaph Whittlesey, secretary ; John Banfill, treasurer ; T. J. L. Tyler, superintendent. The company built a reservoir above the village, on a small stream that runs down a deep ravine through the village. This stream is supplied with springs that line the ravine for a long distance. The com pany have exclusive control of the water for ten miles. By damming at the reservoir they get ninety-eight feet head. Mains made of logwood pipes and other small pipes have been laid throughout the village, giving all an opportunity to have fountains and pure spring water at a moderate rate by a system of water tax. The whole is one of the finest natural water-works in the country. The present officers are : Andrew Tate, president ; B. B. Wade, secretary ; Isaac H. Wing, treasurer ; P. W. Smith, superintendent. Bayfield & Ashland Telegraph & Telephone Company was incorporated in 1880, with a paid up capital stock ot $1,500. The building of the line commenced in 1880, and was finished by October the same year. The line is about twenty-six miles long, and telephone connection is made between Ashland and Bayfield. The officers are : R. D. HISTORY OF BAYFIELD COUNTY. 33 Pike, president ; Frederick Fischer, vice-president; I. H. Wing, treasurer ; S. E. Mahan, secretary; J. H. Knight, superintendent. The La Pointe Indian Agency was located at Bayfield in May, i860, Col. Cyrus Drew, Indian Agent. Prior to re moval it was at Superior. Col. Drew was succeeded by Asaph Whittlesey, who was succeeded by Col. John H. Knight, when Gen. L. E. Webb came in. He was succeeded by S. M. Clark, who was succeeded by Dr. I. L. Mahan. He was succeeded by S. E. Mahan, who was succeeded by the present agent, W. R. Durfee. United States Land-office was established at Superior in 1853. It was removed to Bayfield in i860. The district was set off from the Willow River district in 1853, ar|d comprises all of that part of Wisconsin lying north of north line of Town 40 and west of the west line of Range 2 east. George Hyer was the first Register, followed by Daniel Shaw, who was succeeded by William McAboy. In June, 1861, F. W. Bartlelt came in, who held till April, 1867, when V. Smith succeeded, and in April, 1871, Col. John H. Knight came in, who has held it ever since. First Receiver was E. B. Dean, who was succeeded by T. Rush Spencer in 1858. He was succeeded by Benjamin Thompson, July 1, i860. In the Fall of the same year Asaph Whittlesey was appointed and held till the Fall of 1868, when Joseph H. Nourse was commissioned. He held till 1872, when the present Receiver, Isaac H. Wing, came in. Smith's Hotel was built by Resau & Bono in 1856 ; was opened by Mr. Bono. It was then called the Bayfield Ex change. It was bought in 1862 by P. W. Smith, the present proprietor. The building has been improved, and several additions made at different times. It has a capacity for sixty people ; has a large dining-room with a seating ca pacity of seventy. It is a two story frame, in the shape of a letter L, 90x75 feet, with a verandah running around in front. The Fountain House was built, not as a hotel, in 1856, by Antoine Bardon, who first occupied it. It was not opened as a hotel until 1877, which was by John B. Bono, the present proprietor. The Lake View House is a large boarding-house. There are numerous other boarding-houses, public and private. CABLE. This is a little place in the southern part of the county, below Long Lake, the present terminus of the northern di vision of the C, St. P., M. & D. R. R. The post-office is called Gunderson. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHAUNCEY T. ANDREAS, jeweler, Bayfield ; was born in Sparta, Wis., in 1859, son of Jere and Elizabeth Wise Andreas. He was brought up and educated in his native town ; learned the jeweler's trade of L. D. Merrill, of lhat place ; went to Mather, Wis., for two years ; went lo Bayfield, Wis., in January, 1881, and opened a jewelry store. HON. JOHN BANFILL, retired, Bayfield, was born in Topsham, Vt., Feb. 12, 1811. He remained at home till 1823, and then moved to Dover, N. H., and from there to Boston. In 1835 he went to New Orleans to work at his trade, the mason's, and while there vol unteered to go with the expedition that was to search for the body of Maj. Dade, who had been killed by the Indians. After returning to New Orleans he went north to New York, and then to Albany. In 1838 he went to Lancaster, Grant Co; moved to Prairie du Chien and kept the Grant House, and then took contract to build the court house in Clavton Co., Iowa. He' -returned to Praiiie du Chien and kept the Prairie House, but sold out and went to St. Paul and built the Rice House. He then built a saw-mill and bought a farm sixteen miles up the Mississippi River. While here he was sent to the State Senate ; was also Postmaster at Winona. In 1S61 he moved lo Ba) field, Wis., where he kept hotel. Since coming to Bayfield he has been. School Treasurer, Judge of Probate Court from 1S70 to 1878, Chaiiman of County Board, and has held other offices. In 1838 he married Miss Nancy Foster, of New York City. He is a member of the Mascnic fia- ternity. LOUIS J. BACHAND, County Cleik, Bayfield, was born in Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co., Wis., April 17, 1853, where he remained till 1S62, going thence to Chicago to attend schcol. In 1866 he came to Bayfield and in 1870 engaged in fishing, which he carried on till the Spring of 1878, when he was elected Assessor. In 1880 he was elected County Cleik for Bayfield. He is a member of the Catholic Church. HON. N. BOUTIN, of the firm of N. & F. Boutin, fish dealers, Bay field, was born in Canada East, Aug. 17, 1831. With the family he moved to Detroit in 1837, where he lived eleven years, and then moved to Mackinaw, and soon afterward to Manitowoc Co., Wis. While there he was in the mercantile business. Ke moved then to Kewaunee County, and while there was sent to the Legislature. He then returned to Mani towoc, where he engaged in fishing up to the year 1S70, when he moved to Bayfield and established the firm as it now stands. He has been a politician more or less, holding the position of Sheriff for years, and in ]88o was elected County Treasurer. In 1848 he married, then being only seventeen years of age, Miss Contuie, of Detroit. They have had four children, Mary, now Mrs. Mahan, being the only one living. FRANK EOUTIN, firm of N. & F. Boutin, fish dealers, Bayfield, was born in Canada East, September, 1S33. andfollowedthefortunesof the family till ccming to Bayfield, where he entered the fish trade and gen eral merchandise business with his brother Nelson. They have $200,000 in their business, handling 1,500 half barrels of fish in the Summer, and about 100 tons of fiesh fish in the Winter, employing about 100 men. In 1S53 Frank mariied Miss Mary Landre, of Canada. They have six children : James, Frank, Emil}-, Lucy, Mary and Aniia. Of his broth ers four were in the 27th Wis. V. I. — Joseph C, Duffey, Solomon and Felis. DUFFEY BOUTIN, saloon, Bayfield, was born in Detroit, Mich., Dec. 15, 1845. He moved ficm place to place engaged in fishing — Mackinaw, Whiskey Island, St. Helena Isle and Two Rivers, where he remained till 1850; then to Kewaunee and on to Bayfield, where there are now living several biothtis, Benoni, Edwaid, Felis F., Nelson, Frank, Joseph O, Duffey and Solomon D. In 1868 he married Miss Lawrence. They have three children — Walter, aged thirteen; Nettie, eleven; and Lafajelte, three. He has been Deputy Sheriff. His brother Joseph is also married ar.d has a family of seven children living. He has also three sisters, Emily Clara and Adeline. J. B. EONO, hotel, Bayfield, was born in Detroit, Mich., April 14, 1832. When five years of age, went with his parents to Sault St. Marie, where his father, John Bono, died in 1880, at the advanced age of 106 years and six months. J. B. left theiein 1854, and went to sailing and fishing. He came to La Pointe in 1855, and there kept a boarding- house; then coming to Bayfield, he kept the first hotel in the place ; in 1867 he sold out and went to his trade, shoe-making ; in 1870 he began his present business of hotel and a meat market with grocery store ; in 1853 he married Miss Ben on, of Michigan. They have five children — Alice (now Mrs. Welcome), Albert, Julia, Hattie and Henry. The fam ily attend the Catholic Chuich. JAMES CHAPMAN, merchant, Bayfield, was born in Sault St Marie, Mich., May 22, 1853. His parents moved from there to Mack inaw, and from there he attended Erie Academy in Erie, Pa. In the Summer time he engaged on a revenue cutter, and went to school in the Winter. He came to the iron region on Lake Superior in 1849, locating at Marquette. He was one of the first settlers Ihere. He took an iron claim for S. McKnight, and then worked at proving up. He was in Detroit in 1854, and had been at the treaty between the Chippewas on Lake Superior and Mississippi and the Government. He returned to Maiquetle and remained until 1S56, when he came to La Pointe. He came to Bayfield, and in 1861 was employed in the Indian Agency, and was Postmaster from 1856 to 1864. In 1871 he went into general mer chandise business. In 1858, was elected the first Register of Deeds for Bayfield, holding office till 1868 ; has been Supervisor of town and county, and Deputy Collector of Customs. He attends the Episcopal Church. §4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. COL. J. D. CRUTTENDEN, real estate, Bayfield, was born in Georgetown, D. C, March 2, 1822. He lived there till 1838, then moved to St. Louis, where he remained till 1846 ; then up the river to Prairie du Chien, Wis. ; in 1849, to St. Paul, in the Indian trade, and afterwards formed a partnership with R. P. Russell at St. Anthony. He then went to Little Crowing, where he stayed until 1855, in the meantime repre senting this section in the Territorial Legislature, and then in the State House in 1S57-8. He was appointed Register of United States Land- office in 1859, by President Buchanan. In February, iS6i,hewas made captain and assistant quartermaster ; was promoted to colonel and inspec tor of the quartermaster's department, and in 1865 was mustered out, and in 1869 came to Bayfield. He was elected Register of Deeds in 1872, which he has held since ; also Town Clerk since 1874 ; has held deputies in town and school offices. In 1861 he married Miss Lucy F. Green, of Granville, Ohio. They have one child, H. Rice. They attend the Epis copal Church. FRED. FISCHER, general store, Bayfield, was born in Hanover, Germany, Nov. 8, 1847; was brought an infant to America, landing in Baltimore in January of that year. He lived after that in St. Louis, and in 1867 went to Milwaukee, and afterward to Michigan. In 1869 he went to St. Paul ; in 1873 came to Bayfield and opened a saloon. In 1879 he went into the fishing business and general merchandise. He has been on the Town Board for four years, and is now Chairman of the Town and County Board, and is one of the Masonic fraternity. In 1873, he mar ried Miss Elvina Topel, of Sheboygan County. They have four children — Henry, Fred., Charlie and Alfena. J. PATRICK HOWLEY, boarding-house, Bayfield, was born m Kilkenny Co., Ireland, Nov. 1, 1823. He came to America in 1840, landed in New York, and went Irom there to Connecticut where he farmed and worked in a factory. In 1847 he took a trip to California, and stayed till 1861, when he enlisted in the 3d V. I., Co. I. He was mustered out in 1865, and from California he returned to Connecticut. In 1866 he went to Milwaukee, where he was until 1870. In 1874 he reached Bayfield, and opened the Lake View House. In 1857 he mar ried, but lost his wife, and in 1S74 married Miss Bridget Shildah, of Ireland. He has been Constable from 1874 to 1877. A. C. HAYWARD, Postmaster, Bayfield, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., March 8, 1828, where he lived until 1S57, when he removed to Supe rior City, Wis., where he remained seven years, engaged in house build ing and acting as Assistant Postmaster. Coming to Baj field in 1864, he engaged in the mercantile business. He was then appointed Postmaster and has held the position ever since. He has been Deputy Collector of Customs of the port of Bayfield, Clerk of Court, and has held position on the school board. In 1855 he married Miss Elizabeth Sutton, of New York. They have one child, a daughter, Matlie. Mr. Hayward is a member of the Masonic fraternity. ^^i^^C^t^c^ ) COL. JOHN H. KNIGHT, Bayfield. Was born near Dover in Kent Co., Del., on Feb. 3, 1836; was educated in New York at Char- lotteville, Schoharie Co., and at Fairfield, Heikimer Co. Studied law three years under Hon. N. B. Smithers, at Dover, Del. Graduated at the law school Albany, N. Y., in 1859, and in same year was admitted to practice in Delaware law courts, and formed a partnership with Hon. George P. Fisher at Dover. When the war broke out he responded to the call of President Lincoln lor the three months' troops and raised a company ; was mustered in as first lieutenant, preferring the captaincy to go to one having some knowledge of tactics ; served in his company until mustered out at the expiration of term of service ; was immedi ately appointed assistant adjutant-general of volunteers and tendered a commission of captain in the regular army — the latter was declined and the former accepted, and he was assigned to the staff of Brig.-Gen. H. H. Lockwood, where he served until the Spring of 1862 ; meantime having accepted a captaincy in the regular army he was in April on his own request ordered to his regiment (18th U. S. I.), then serving under Gen. George H. Thomas at the siege of Corinth. Served with his regi ment from that time in the Army of the Cumberland until January 1864, just after the battle of Mission Ridge, when he was ordered to Detroit, Mich., as mustering and disbursing officer. Shortly after entering upon this duty was appointed chief mustering officer and acting assistant pro vost marshal general of the State of Michigan, in which capacity super vised the re-organization of the Michigan regiments ; execution of the draft laws and finally the'disbandment of the Michigan regiments. He held the following commissions in addition to those above stated : Colonel of 1st Del. C; brevet major and lieutenant-colonel in the regu lar army. Participated in a number of engagements and battles during the war during the time of his field service, beginning with the first battle of Bull Run and ending with the battle ol Mission Ridge. He was detached from his regiment during his service in the Army of the Cumberland at a number of times by Gen. Thomas for important duties. His health was completely bioken down during the war, and has only recovered it during his residence in Wisconsin in the pure climate on the south shore of Lake Superior. He was relieved from duty at Detroit, Mich., in February, 1867, and remained on ieave of ab sence until in October, same year, when he received orders and joined his regiment at Ft. Sanders, Wyoming Ter. In the Spring of 1868, he commanded the troops assigned to protect locating and constiucting parties of the Union Pacific Railroad between Ft. Sanders and Ft. Bridger, and established his headquarters in the western end of Bridger's Pass ; was ordered to Camp Douglas, Salt Lake City, in November, 1868, and remained at that post until in April, 1869, commanding the post a portion of the time. In the Spring of 1869, he elected to be dis charged from the army under the Act of Congress reducing the regi ments in the regular army, and returned to his home at Wilmington, Del. Shortly afterwards, in May, 1869, was assigned by the President, agent for the Chippewa Indians of Lake Superior, and was ordered to Bayfield, Wis., whither he went and assumed the duties of Indian Agent, which he performed about one year and was relieved by the civil ap pointee. ]n the Fall of 1870, he resigned his commission in the regular army, and established his residence at Bajfield, Wis. In 1871, was ap pointed Register of the United States Land Office at Bayfield, and still retains that position. In 1863, was married to the eldest daughter of Levi G. Clark, of Wilmington. Del. She died on June 29, 1867, leaving one clild., Eugenia B., who is still living. In 1874. he married a sister of his first wife, from which union he has four children — Susan B., Clark M., Mary Emlen and Elizabeth K. He is a member of Oriental Lodge of Masons of Detroit, Mich., and of the Episcopal Church. ALONZO KNIGHT, book-keeper, Bayfield, was born in Kent Co., Del., April 13, 1854. He attended Mt. Vernon Grammar School in Philadelphia, then the High School, and finally went to Pierce's Busi ness College. On leaving school, began keeping books. In l878he cleiked in Philadelphia. In 1881 he came to Bayfield, arriving the 29th of May. He is engaged in keeping books for his brother, Col. John H. Knight. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and cor responds with his home paper, The Dozer State Sentinel. ERVIN LEIHY, general store, Bayfield, was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Oct. 12, 1822. His early life was passed on a faim, and at eighteen moved to Illinois. Later he bought a farm on Bad River and moved to it in 1846. In 1870 he moved to Bayfield, built his present residence and opened a store, and is engaged in clearing another farm on Sioux River, about eight miles from the village. In 1851 he married Miss Morrin, of La Pointe. Their children are — Hannah (now Mrs. Newland), Eunice (now Mrs. Inglis), Eliza, (now Mrs. Herbert), Charles, Charlotte (now Mrs. Boutin) and Phoebe. Mr. Leihy was member of Town and County Board for Ashland, while living on Bad River, and in 1871 and 1872 was Supervisor in Bayfield, and is now on the Board. He has held other offices. MRS. ANNA LEY, general store, Bayfield, widow of Peter II. Ley, one of the pioneers of Bayfield. He was a native of Prussia, and died June 16, 1876. Mrs. Ley was born in county Clare, Ireland. Her maiden name was Sexton. She was married to P. II. Ley in 1854, in Detroit, Mich. In the Spring of 1856 they came to Bayfield and opened a store, and since 1857 have been in the same building. They had one child, who died before its father. Mr. Ley during his life served as Supervisor, Register of Deeds, etc. They were both members of the Catholic Church. SAMUEL E. MAHAN, real estate, Bayfield, was born in Terre Haute, Ind.. Aug. 4, 1846 ; graduated in 1861 from the State University and began the study of medicine, taking one course of lectures at Ann Arbor, Mich. But his health not being favorable he went out to Kansas HISTORY OF BAYFIELD COUNTY. 85 and entered mercantile life in Harvey County ; then he took a home stead in McPherson County, where he remained till 1873, when he came to Bayfield. In 1877-8 was County Clerk; is now secretary of the Telephone Company of Ashland and Bayfield, and secretary of the Hydraulic Company of Bayfield, and has just closed his term as Indian Agent. In 1878 he married Miss Mary J. Boutin, of Bayfield. They have had two children, Frances Edna and Lucille Eugenia, only one of whom is living. Mr. Mahan is a member of the Masonic fraternity. J. H. NOURSE, merchant, Bayfield, the oldest son of Rev. James Nourse, was born in Washington, D. C, July, 1830. In 1853, just a few months before marriage, he was appointed by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, a teacher to Spencer Academy, Choctaw Nation, In dian Territory. Failing in health, returned with his wife to Washing ton late in the Fall of 1854. Bleeding from the lungs, in August, 1856, he visited Bayfield, and early in the Spring of 1857 brought his family to that healthy spot. In the Fall of 1858 took charge of a large hotel be longing to the Bayfield Land Co., called the Bayfield House, and since burned. Taught the public school from October, 1861, to June, 1864; was County Treasurer during the same time and Town Clerk from April, i860, to 1864; Collector of the port in 1863 and .1864; Receiver of the U. S. Land-office from 1869 to March, 1872 ; taught the public school again from September, 1869, to March, 1871 ; has been in his present business since May, 1872 ; and from April of that year up to the present time (1881) annually elected Town Treasurer. His wife was Miss Isabel Rittenhouse, of Washington, D. C; they have had eleven children, four deceased. CAPT. R. D. PIKE, manufacturer, Bayfield, was born in Corcoran Co., Penn., April 13, 1838. He was taken to Toledo, Ohio, by his parents in 1845, and remained there, receiving the rudiments of an edu cation. He came to Bayfield in 1855, but not having finished his edu cation went to Detroit, Mich., and took a commercial course. In 1862 he enlisted in the 27th Mich. V. I.; was transferred to the 1st Cav., and at the battle of Appomattox he was promoted to captain, and after some service on the plains returned home in 1866 and commenced lumbering. At first he had a shingle mill, then a saw-mill, and finally has a mill that produces lumber, 40,000 of shingles, and 30,000 laths, and staves for fish barrels ; he is also engaged in the real estate business. Capt. Pike has been Chairman of the County Board, Clerk of County Court, and filled other public offices. He became a member of the Masonic lodge in 1863 at Fort Howard. RUSSELL ROBERTS, saloon, Bayfield was born in Canada West, Aug. 21, 1838. He was reared on a farm, and on leaving home in 1857, he engaged in the same business in Walworth Co., Wis. In i860 he moved to Grand Rapids, and began lumbering and working as pilot on the river. In 1872 he moved to the western part of the county upon a farm, where his family now is. He engaged in his present business in Bayfield in June, 1881. In 1861 he married Miss VanVaulkinburg, of Ohio. They have six children — Julia, Jane, Fred. W., Frank, Mary A., William and Edna. CAPT. P. W. SMITH, hotel, Bayfield, was born in Lowville, Lewis Co., N. Y., Aug. 24, 1827. When twenty years of age he went to sea in a whaler, and at Van Diemen's Land went on board of a merchant ship and returned to New York. In 1861 he raised Co. 9, N. Y.V.I. ; resigned in May, 1862, on account of bad health, and came to Bayfield in the same year and opened a. hotel, in which he has since continued. In the Fall of 1868, he went to Portage Lake; returned to Bayfield in 1869, and is now proprietor of the oldest hotel in the village. In 1856, he married Miss Sabina Sanders, of Toronto, Canada. They have two boys — Frederick W., aged twenty-four, and William J., twenty-one. Mr. Smith was appointed Sheriff in 1873, and elected in 1876; was Under-sheriff till January, 1880 ; has been Clerk of the Court, held town offices, and is now superintendent and director of the Hydraulic Co. of Bayfield, and a member of the Masonic lodge. ANDREW TATE was born in the city of Washington, D. C, Aug. 23, 1823, and left that city on the 25th of April, 1857, and arrived at Bayfield 25th of May following. Opened a store and commenced read ing law, and was admitted to practice in the County Court in 1858, and in the Circuit Court in 1861 ; was appointed County Judge in 1861 ; was elected District Attorney soon after ; was the first School Superin tendent in the county ; was elected Clerk of Circuit Court, then County Treasurer; also County Treasurer in 1880; was elected Supervisor in 1881 ; joined the Masonic lodge in Washington, D. C, in 1856, and is one of the charter members of Bayfield lodge, No. 215 ; joined the Odd Fellows in 1844 ; is president of the Bayfield Hydraulic Company. He married Miss Nellie G. Hall, of Biyfield, formerly of Ohio, in July, 1866. They have one child, Lilian. B. B. WADE, District Attorney, Bayfield, was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., May 21, 1841. He graduated from Hamilton College in i860, and was admitted to the bar in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1863. In 1864, he took a trip to Colorado, where he practiced and mined, returning to New York in 1868. His health was not good, and he was recommended to the climate of Lake Superior. He came to Bayfield in 1869, and has remained here since, engaged in real estate business. He was County Clerk, and elected District Attorney in Fall of 1880. Mr. Wade is lieu tenant of the Bayfield Rifles. MRS. L. M. WHITTLESEY, relict of Hon. A.Whittlesey, who was born in Ohio, is a native of Massachusetts. They were married in Peoria, 111., and came to La Pointe in 1854, and from there went to Ash land, and helped lay out the village, living there till 1861, when he was ap pointed to the land-office and moved to Bayfield, where they lived up to the time of his death, which occurred December, 1880. He had always endeav ored to develop the resources of his adopted home, in which he recog nized the capacity for a great and rich future. He held at one time a place in the Legislature of the State, traveling to Madison on snow-shoes. There is now in the capital a picture illustrating this incident. He was Indian Agent and Port Collector. He died, leaving a widow and one daughter. There were two children — Delia E., now Mrs. Green, and Jennie, deceased. Mrs. Whittlesey's mother, Harriette M., and her father, J. P. T. Haskell, moved to Ashland in 1855 ; the latter died in 1875, but the mother is living in Chicago at the advanced age of seventy-two. Mrs. Whittlesey now lives on the property left her by her husband in Biyfield. 6* 86 HISTORY OF NORTHERN AVISCONSIN. BROWN COUNTY, The region now known as Brown County is historic ground. Nearly two and a half centuries have elapsed since the first white man set foot upon its soil. It is necessary in this work to divide the record into two periods. We shall speak of the early history as an epoch ending in 1836, and of the recent history as dating from that year. EXPLORATION OP GREEN BAY. The first light thrown upon the history of the Green Bay region was an exceedingly faint gleam — indeed, scarcely perceptible. Upon the St. Lawrence, a small French settlement sprang into existence during the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the controlling spirit of which was Samuel Champlain. This intrepid Frenchman, at an early day, gained, through reports of the Indians, some idea of the location of the Mas coutins, who had, in fact, their homes upon the Fox River above Winnebago Lake, and of the Winnebagoes, whose ancient seat was around the head of Green Bay. They are mentioned, also, by one or two other writers cotemporaneous with Champlain, but in an exceedingly vague and unsatisfactory manner. All that was known of the Winnebagoes was, that they had, probably, at some remote period, come from a country bordering upon an ocean ; that the'y traded with tribes of the Ot tawa River, and sometimes made war upon the nations on the east side of Lake Huron ; and that in their own country they were visited by a people living still farther west, who were without hair or beard, and who came to trade with them in canoes from far-distant hunting grounds. So little had been heard of the country to the northward and westward of the eastern shore of Lake Huron before the Summer of 1634, that it was, to that date, virtually an unknown region. Late in that year, however, a daring Frenchman penetrated the country of the upper lakes, and soon after made known to the world the existence of many savage nations before unheard of. This explorer was Jean Nicolet, whose adventures have already been spoken of on previous pages of this book. He was the first white man who set foot upon any portion of what is now the county of Brown. But he left a very brief account of his visit, and no description whatever of this locality and its surroundings, except a mere mention of a river — the Fox — and of his having journeyed up it until within three days' sail of a great water — the Wisconsin. In other words, he visited not only the Winnebagoes, but also the Mascoutins, returning the next year to his home upon the St. Lawrence. Such is the commence ment of the history of Brown County. One of the objects of Nicolet's visit to the Green Bay country was to smoke the pipe of peace with its savage occupants, and to counsel harmony among all the tribes of the upper lakes visited by him, to the end that all might be visited by the French from the St. Lawrence for the purpose of trading for furs. Peace was promised ; but the Winnebagoes, immedi ately after lie left them, attacked the Nez Perces, lo cated upon the eastern waters of Lake Huron, captur ing and eating two of that nation. Five years subse quent to this, they were themselves attacked by the Illinois, from the widely extended prairies of the South, and nearly exterminated. In 1641, the Pottawatomies left their ancient homes on the islands at the mouth of Green Bay, seeking refuge among the Chippewas at the Sault Ste. Marie, near the foot of Lake Superior, returning, however, some years afterward. To quote from an authority : PLANTING THE CROSS AT THE BAY. " There was none to follow Nicolet to the wild West till 1641, when a great " feast of the dead" given by the Algon quins in Huronia [at the head of the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron], gathered there all the kindred tribes to take part in the funereal games, the dances, chants, and mournful pro cessions of those decennial rites. Among the rest came the Chippewas from the Rapids [of Ste. Marie] which close to the vessels of man the entrance of the vast upper lake. These deputies, like the rest, were visited by the Jesuit missionaries ; and so won were the good Chippe was by the gentle, self-devoting ways of those heralds of the Cross, that they earnestly invited them to their cabins at the Falls [of Ste. Marie, near the foot of Lake Superior], portraying with all the lively imagination of the child of the forests the riches and plenty that reigned in their sylvan abodes. Ever eager to extend their spiritual conquests, to enlarge the bounds of freedom in this western world (for there alone is liberty where dwells the Spirit of the Lord), the missionaries joyfully accepted the invitation of the Chippewas. " By command of their Superior, two missionaries, Father Charles Raymbaut, thoroughly versed in the Algonquin customs and language, with Father Isaac Jaques, no less complete a Huron, were detached to visit them. On the 17th of June they launched their canoes at the mission house of St. Mary's [in the country of the Huron Indians], and for seventeen days advanced over the crystal waters of the inland sea [Lake Huron], amid the beautiful islands which stretch across the lake, clustering around the lake- gemmed Manitoulin, so hallowed to the Indian's mind. When they reached the Falls [of Ste. Marie] they found two thousand Indians assembled there, and amid their joyful greetings the missionaries gazed with delight on the vast field which lay before them. They heard of tribe after tribe which lay around, and ever and anon of the terrible . Nadowessi [Sioux], who dwelt on the great river of the West [Mississippi]. Earnestly did the Chippewas press the two Fathers to stay in their midst. " We will embrace you," said they "as brothers; we shall derive profit from your words ;" but it could not be so. The paucity of missionaries in the Huron country did not yet permit the establishment of that distant mission. Raymbaut and Jaques could but plant the cross to mark the limit of their spiritual progress ; yet they turned it to the South, for HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 87 thither now their hopes began to tend. After a short stay they returned to St. Mary's, and hopes were entertained of soon establishing a mission on Lake Superior; but Raym baut shortly after fell a victim to the climate, while Jaques began in his own person a long career of martyrdom, pre luding the ruin of the Huron mission, the death of its apos tles, and the destruction of the tribe." The Jesuit missionaries, located in the country of the Huron Indians, always wide-awake to obtaining knowledge of the region lying to the westward and northward of Lake Huron, had, nevertheless, but mea ger accounts of the country even down to 1648. One of their number in that year, says : " A peninsula, or strip of land, quite small, separates this superior lake [Lake Superior] from another, third lake, called by us, " the Lake of the Puants" [Lake Michigan and Green Bay combined], which also discharges itself into our fresh water sea [Lake Huron] through a mouth which is on the other side of the peninsula, about ten leagues more toward the west than the Sault [Ste. Marie]. This third lake extends between the west and the southwest, that is to say, between the south and the west, more toward the west, and is almost equal in size to our fresh water sea. On its shores dwell a different people [Winnebagoes], of an unknown language; that is to say, a language that is neither Algonquin nor Huron [but Dakota]. These people are called the Puants, not on account of any unpleasant odor that is peculiar to them, but because they say they came from the shores of a sea far distant toward the west, the waters of which being salt, they called themselves the ' Peo ple of the Stinking Water.' " EARLY INDIAN MOVEMENTS. In 1654 is obtained, for the first time, some knowl edge of the movement of the Indians upon the eastern waters of Lake Huron, to the westward, from fear of the deadly inroads of the Iroquois — those arch enemies of the Algonquins and Hurons. One of the Jesuit missionaries writing from Quebec, September 21, of that year, says that a fleet of canoes loaded with furs reached Montreal, which came from the west a distance of four hundred leagues. In them came friendly In dians ; some were of the Tobacco nation and others of the Ottawa. "All these tribes," says the writer, " have abandoned their ancient country, and have retired toward the more distant nations, in the vicinity of the Great Lake [Lake Michigan and Green Bay combined], whom we call the Puants [Winnebagoes]." THE FIRST PUR TRADERS. The arrival of two Frenchmen — fur traders — upon the shores of Lake Superior in 1658, and their journeys to the westward and southwest, an account of which has already been given in this history, added to the stock of knowledge possessed by the civilized occu pants of the St. Lawrence, concerning the region of the upper lakes, but shed no light upon the country immediately surrounding Green Bay. Ten years sub sequent to this, Louis Joliet, whose name has been frequently given in a previous chapter, visited this region, reaching possibly the islands at the mouth of Green Bay ; but he has left no account of his explora tion. The next year — 1669— fur traders were here, and probably before that time; but they left no record of what they saw or of the tribes visited by them. THE CATHOLIC MISSIONS. The founding of the Mission of St. Francis Xavier upon the shores of Green Bay, on the 2d of December, 1669, by the Jesuit missionary, Father Claude Alloiiez, and its precarious existence until 1687, have already been mentioned; so, too, the transitory Mission of St. Mark upon the Wolf River, the northern affluent of the Fox, has been spoken of; but in this connection, before proceeding to give the arrival of French ex plorers at Green Bay, it will be proper to continue the recital of Catholic missionary effort in this vicinity to 1824. Now it was that England began to dispute with France about the possessions of the West. Mackinaw was abandoned as a missionary field, and a great num ber of Ottawas went to settle in the new port of De troit. A list of the missionaries of the year 1701 in forms us that there were two Fathers in the mission of the Ottawas, but as regards their labors and residences nothing particular is known. In the year 1704 the name of Father Nouvel disappeared from the list and the name of Father Jean Baptiste Chardon, was found for the first time. In the year 1711 Jacques Marert was Superior of the mission and the communications between the dif ferent stations were so seldom that fifteen years passed, during which time he did not see his brother Gabriel Marert, missionary among the Illinois. In 1721 the historian Charlevoix visited those places, and is said to have found at the Fort of the Bay des Puants the amiable Father Jean Baptiste Chardon, a Jesuit, who had his chapel about one and a half miles from the mouth of the river. He evangelized the Sacs, but not finding thSm docile, he studied diligently the Winnebago language, in order to apply his care to this tribe. Charlevoix, ambassador as he was of the King of France, engaged the Sacs to respect their mis- * sionaries and to listen to his voice, if they wished to retain the King's favor. His words had a good effect. R. T. Chardon was sent that same year to the Illinois, and was the last Jesuit residing at Green Bay. The wars of the Foxes greatly embarrassed for the future the efforts of the missionaries. In 1764 Rev. T. Marin Louis Lefrant and Pierre du Jaunay appeared in the catalogue of the Jesuits of the West ; they were both stationed at Mackinaw in 1765, and visited regularly the different stations established along the shores of Lake Michigan. They were kept for a long time in happy memory by the Indians, and in 1820, an old man of the tribe at Arbre Croche still pointed out the place where P. du Jaunay used to say his breviary. In 1765, two Jesuit missionaries, whose names tradi tion did not preserve, were killed on the banks of Fox River, near the place where, in 1676, the church and residence of their predecessors were erected. Although no work of that time mentions this fact, the old in habitants believe it to be certain, and show the ground that was soaked by the blood of the martyrs. Mar- geret O'Keewah, a one hundred-year-old Indian, who died February 13, 1868, ascertained the fact, saying that her parents often talked to her about two black gowns, whom the Indians had massacred, because they had HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. cast the lot on the children of the tribe, which made them all die. Their bodies, she says, were buried at the same place. Lastly the bull Dominy or Re- demptor issued by Clement (Jargauelli) dated Jan uary 21, 1776, suppressing the illustrious order of the Jesuits, came to deprive their rough but glorious field of labor, of the intrepid, wise and pious children of St. Ignatius. There was nothing left but one priest to guard the spiritual interest of the scattered faithful in Wiscon sin and Michigan. It was a transigrau, Father Recol lect, stationed at Fort Ponchartrain, at present Detroit, and who seems to have visited for the last time the Bay about 1793. The settlement of the whites at the Bay dates from about the middle of the eighteenth century. Between 1744 and 1746, Augustin de Langlade, Parisian by birth and merchant at Michiiimackinac, left that place with his family, composed of eight persons, to settle down in this part of the country. There had not been a priest residing at Green Bay since 1721, at which time Father Chardon left the place to go to Illinois. Aug. de Langlade was also obliged to send his wife and two of his children from Green Bay to Mackinaw, in a canoe, in order to have them baptized by the priest. In 1785, the new colony numbered fifty-six ; two families of which had settled down on the left bank of the river and were composed of fourteen souls ; whilst four other families erected their homesteads on the right bank and numbered forty-two souls. From the years 1792 to 1804, the colony of the Bay was aug mented by some families (Canadian) so that at the be ginning of the War of 1812 there were two hundred and fifty-two inhabitants. Michigan and all the North western Territory was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Quebec, of which the seat had been founded in 1660 ; the 19th of June, 1821, Pius VII. erected the Bishopric of Cincinnati, which was to comprise Ohio, Michigan and the Northwestern Territory. He appointed for this seat Rev. Father Edward Fenwick, of Maryland, of the order of the Dominique. The latter chose for his Vicar General, Rev. Gabriel Richard, a subjectian and priest of St. Anna in Detroit, Michigan, since 1799. Thirty years had elapsed, and not a priest had been seen at the Bay, until at last, Father Richard came to spend a few days here in 1822. He celebrated serv ice in the house (not yet finished) of P. Grignon, situated on Washington street, now the property of Dr. Crane. Father Richard gave only one communion ; this was to Madame Veaux. In 1824 they counted in Green Bay five hundred inhabitants. During the course of the following year, Father Vincent Baden, stationed at St. Joseph, with the Pottawatomies, came here regularly every year to give a mission of one month. Mr. Pierre Grignon had given, but without deed, six lots to build a church and a school ; this property, by the death of the donator, passed again to his heirs. A school-house, which was also to serve as a chapel, was built there (of wood), and Rev. Bodin appointed there a Frenchman, named Fauvrelle, to keep school therein, and permitted him to gather every Sunday the people, in order to read the gospel of the day, to sing hymns, and say prayers. But Fauvrelle soon transgressed from the orders which he had received; he allowed himself to sing mass, omitting every time the consecration, and to make pro cessions, accompanied by the soldiers of the fort. DATJMONT DE ST. LUSSON. Having thus traced the history of the Catholic mis sions to the year 1825, we return to the year following the founding of that of St. Francis Xavier, and resume the narrative of French discovery and exploration. It was, as has been stated in a previous chapter, in 1670, that Nicholas Perrot visited Green Bay, to urge the tribes to the meeting to take place at the Sault Ste. Marie, the next Spring, under the auspices of Daumont de St. Lusson. Among Canadian voyageurs few names are so conspicuous as that of Perrot ; not because there were not others who matched him in achievement, but because he could write, and left behind him a tolerable account of what he had seen. He was at this time twenty-six years old, and had formerly been an engage of the Jesuits. He was a man of enterprise, courage and address ; the last being especially shown in his dealings with Indians, over whom he had great influ ence. He spoke Algonquin fluently, and was favor ably known to many tribes of that family. Upon his arrival at Green Bay, he was greeted with clamors of welcome. The Miamis upon the Upper Fox River, it is said, received him with a sham battle, which was designed to do him honor, but by which, nerves more susceptible would have been severely shaken. They entertained him also with a grand game of la crosse, the Indian ball play. Perrot gives a marvelous account of the authority and state of the Miami chief, who, he says, was attended day and night by a guard of warriors ; an assertion which would be incredible, were it not sustained by the account of the same chief, given by the Jesuit Dablon, who, as previously ex plained, also visited this tribe. The result of Perrot's visit has already been given. MARQUETTE AND JOLIET. It has been claimed that La Salle, the renowned ex plorer of the West, in 1671, embarked on Lake Erie, ascended the Detroit to Lake Huron, coasted the un known shores of Michigan, passed the straits of Mack inaw, and, leaving Green Bay behind him, made his way into the southern portion of Lake Michigan, cross ing from its southern end to the Illinois River, and floating down the last mentioned stream to the Missis sippi, descending it to the thirty-sixth degree of lati tude, when he returned. But these statements have not, as yet, been so definitely proved as to warrant their acceptance as facts in this connection. But the account of the visit of Joliet in 1673, accompanied by Marquette (as in this narrative already described), to the waters of Green Bay, and of his journey thence to the Mississippi, rests upon no such unsubstantial foundation. Marquette gives a pretty full statement of what he saw in this vicinity. " The first nation [he writes] that we met [after entering Green Bay] was that of the Wild Oats [Menomonees]. I entered their river to visit them, as we have preached the gospel to these tribes for some years past, so that there are many good Christians among them. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 89 " The wild oats from which they take their name, as they are found in their country, are a kind of grass which grows spontaneously in little rivers with slimy bottoms, and in marshy places ; they are very like the wild oats that grow up among our wheat. The ears are on stalks knotted at intervals ; they rise above the water about the month of June, and keep rising till they float about two feet above it. The grain is not thicker than our oats, but it is as long again, so that the meal is much more abundant. " The following is the manner in which the Indians gather it and prepare it for eating: In the month of September, which is the proper time for this harvest, they go in canoes across these fields of wild oats, and shake the ears on their right and left into the canoe as they advance; the grain falls easily if it is ripe, and in a little while their provision is made. To clear it from the chaff, and strip it of a pellicle in which it is enclosed, they put it to dry in the smoke on a wooden lattice, under which they keep up a small fire for several days. When the oats are well dried, they put them in a skin of the form of a bag, which is then forced into a hole made on purpose in the ground ; they then tread it out so long and so well, that the grain being freed from the chaff is easily winnowed ; after which they pound it to reduce it to meal, or even, unpounded, boil it in water sea soned in grease, and in this way wild oats are almost as pal atable as rice would be when not better seasoned. " I informed these people of the Wild Oats of my design of going to discover distant nations to instruct them in the mysteries of our holy religion ; they were very much sur prised, and did their best to dissuade me. They told me that I would meet nations that never spare strangers, but tomahawk them without any provocation ; that the war which had broken out among various nations on our route, exposed us to another evident danger — that of being killed by the war parties which are constantly in the field ; that the Great River is very dangerous, unless the difficult parts are known ; that it was full of frightful monsters who swal lowed up men and canoes together; that there is even a demon there who can be heard from afar, who stops the passage and engulfs all who dare approach ; lastly, that the heat is so oppressive in those countries that it would infal libly cause our death. " I thanked them for their kind advice, but assured them that I could not follow it, as the salvation of souls was con cerned ; that for them I should be too happy to. lay down my life ; that I made light of their pretended demon ; that we would defend ourselves well enough against the river monsters ; and, besides, we should be on our guard to avoid the other dangers with which they threatened us. After having made them pray and given them some instruction, I left them, and embarking in our canoes, we soon after reached the extremity of the Bay of the Fetid [Green Bay], where our Fathers labor successfully in the conversion of these tribes, having baptized more than two thousand since they have been there. " This bay bears a name which has not so bad a meaning in the Indian language, for they call it rather Salt Bay than Fetid Bay, although among them it is almost the same, and this is also the name which they give to the sea. This in duced us to make very exact researches to discover whether there were not in these parts some salt springs, as there are among the Iroquois, but we could not find any. We ac cordingly concluded that the name has been given on ac count of the quantity of slime and mud there, constantly exhaling noisome vapors which cause the loudest and long est peals of thunder that I ever heard. "The bay is about thirty leagues long, and eight wide at its mouth ; it narrows gradually to the extremity, where it is easy to remark the tide which has its regular flow and ebb, almost like that of the sea. This is not the place to examine whether they are real tides, whether they are caused by the winds, or by some other agency ; whether they are winds, out-riders of the moon, or attached to her suite, who constantly agitate the lake and give it a kind of flow and ebb, whenever the moon rises above the horizon. What I can certainly aver is, that when the water is quite tran quil you can easily see it rise and fall with the course of the moon, although I do not deny that this movement may be caused by distant winds, which pressing on the center of the lake, make it rise and fall on the shore in the way that meets our eyes. " We left this bay to enter a river [the Fox] emptying into it. It is very beautiful at its mouth, and flows gently; it is full of bustards, duck, teal, and other birds, attracted by the wild oats, of which they are very fond. But when you have advanced a little up this river, it becomes very difficult, both on account of the currents, and of the sharp rocks which cut the canoes and the feet of those who are obliged to drag them, especially when the water is low. For all that, we passed the rapids safely, and as we ap proached Machkoutens, the Fire nation, I had the curiosity to drink the mineral waters of the river, which is not far from this town. I also took time to examine an herb, the virtue of which an Indian, who possessed the secret, had, with many ceremonies, made known to Father Alloiiez. Its root is useful against the bite of serpents, the Almighty having been pleased to give this remedy against a poison very common in the country. It is very hot, and has the taste of powder when crushed between the teeth. It must be chewed and put on the bite of the serpent. Snakes have such an antipathy to it, that they fly from one rubbed with it. It produces several stalks about a foot long, with pretty long leaves, and a white flower, much like the gillyflower. I put some into my canoe to examine it at leisure, while we kept on our way toward Maskoutens [Mascoutins], where we arrived on the 7th of June." LA SALLE. In the Autumn of 1678, La Salle, upon the St. Lawrence, in order to forward his designs of erecting a fort upon the river Illinois, sent fifteen men up the lakes to trade for him, with orders to go hence to that river and make preparations for his coming the next year. Some of these men went on as far as Green Bay, where they collected a large store of furs ; and here, on one of the islands at its mouth, La Salle, in the " Griffin," the first sailing craft that ever floated upon the upper lakes, found them in the month of September, 1679. La Salle resolved to send back his vessel, from this point, laden with these furs and others collected on the way. She fired a parting shot, and on the 18th of September set sail for Niagara, with orders to return to Mackinaw as soon as she had discharged her cargo. But the " Griffin " was never heard of from that time. She was engulfed in the wild waves, probably, of Lake Michigan soon after leaving the island. La Salle, with fourteen men, in four canoes, proceeded to the country of the Illinois. The fur traders, who, it will be remembered, pre ceded the Jesuit missionaries to this region, maintained their relations here with more or less regularity, for a great many years. LOUIS HENNEPIN. Following the visit to Green Bay of the fur traders under La Salle, in 1678, and of that famous explorer 9° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the year after, was that of Louis Hennepin, in 1680. He and his party, as a detail from La Salle's expedi tion to the Illinois, reached the mouth of the Wiscon sin in that year, on his way from the Upper Mississippi to the great lakes, passing up that river to the " portage," and crossing this carrying-place to the Fox River. "We entered a river [the Fox], |he says,] which winds wonderfully, for after six hours' sailing we found our selves opposite the place where we had embarked. One of our men, wishing to kill a swan, capsized his canoe ; for tunately he touched bottom. " We passed four lakes, two of them pretty large, on the banks of which the Miamis formerly lived. We found Maskoutens [Mascoutins], Kickapous and Outaougamy [Foxes] there, who plant Indian corn for their subsistence. All this country is as fine as the Islinois [Illinois]. " We made a portage at a rapid called the Cakalin, and after about four hundred leagues' sail from our leaving the country of the Issati and Nadonessious [Sioux], we arrived safely at the extremity of the Bay of Puants [Green Bay], where we found Frenchmen trading with the Indians con trary to orders. They had some little wine in a pewter flagon, which enabled me to say mass. I had then only a chalice and altar stone, but Providence supplied me with sacerdotal vestments, for some Islinois, flying from the tyranny of the Iroquois, who had destroyed a part of their nation, took the vestments of the chapel of Father Zeno- bius Membre, Recollect, who was with the Islinois in their flight. These savages gave me all, except the chalice, which they promised to restore in a few days for a present of tobacco. " I had not celebrated holy mass for over nine months for want of wine ; I had still some altar breads. We re mained two days to rest, sing the Te Deum, high mass and preach. All our Frenchmen went to confession and com munion, to thank God for having preserved us amid so many wanderings and perils. " One of our Frenchmen gave a gun for a canoe larger than ours, with which, after sailing a hundred leagues in the Bay of the Puants, we reached Missilimackinac, where we were obliged to winter." Hennepin was, in fact, at this time, at the station of the Jesuits at Green Bay ; but its existence was wholly ignored by him, being, as he was, a " Mission- naire Recollect." HENRI DE TONTY, One of LaSalle's men from the Illinois, late in 1680 arrived at Green Bay. It was his object to reach the Pottawatomies upon the islands at its mouth ; but, unhappily, he and his party passed down the lake when the cold was intense, and it was no easy task to grub up wild onions from the frozen ground to save themselves from starving. Tonty fell ill of a fever and a swelling of the limbs, which disabled him from travel ing, and hence ensued a long delay. At length they neared Green Bay, where they would have starved, had they not gleaned a few ears of corn and frozen squashes in the fields of an empty Indian town. This enabled them to reach the bay, and having patched an old canoe which they had the good luck to find, they em barked in it ; whereupon, says Tonty : "There arose a northwest wind which lasted five days, with driving snow. We consumed all our food, and not know ing what to do next, we resolved to go back to the deserted town, and die by a warm fire in one of the wigwams. On our way we saw a smoke, but our joy was short, for, when we reached the fire, we found nobody there. We spent the night by it, and before morning the bay froze. We tried to break a way for our canoe through the ice. but could not ; and therefore we determined to stay there another night, and make moccasins, in order to reach the town. We made some. * * * I was angry at Etienne Renault for not finishing his, but he excused himself on account of illness, because he had a great oppression of the stomach, caused by eating a piece of an Indian shield of rawhide, which he could not digest. His delay proved our salvation, for the next day, December 4, as I was urging him to finish the moccasins, and he was still excusing himself on the score of his malady, a party of Kiskanon Ottawas, who were on their way to the Pottawatomies, saw the smoke of our fire, and came to us. We gave them such a welcome as was never seen before. They took us into their canoes, and carried us to an Indian village only two leagues off. There we found five Frenchmen, who received us kindly, and all the Indians seemed to take pleasure in sending us food." SUBSEQUENT VISITORS. Le Sueur, a noted voyageur, was at the Bay, for the first time, in 1683, making his way up the Fox River and down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, thence to the Sioux country, where, at different periods, he spent seven years. In 1684, Nicholas Perrot, who had assisted St. Lusson in 1671, it will be remembered, again made his appearance at the Bay. Perrot is the most notable figure in the early history of Wisconsin. He employed a considerable number of men, and carried his operations as far as Lake Pepin. He was the trusted agent of the Government, and was in vested with more extensive authority than ordinary traders. He was commissioned to manage the interests of commerce from Green Bay westward, and was em ployed as Indian agent for many years. He procured a peace among the Sioux, Chippewas and Foxes, and so far put to sleep the animosity of the latter toward the French, that while he was their agent they re mained friendly. " I was sent to this Bay," he writes, " charged with the commission to have chief command there, and in the most distant countries on the side of the West." In 1685, Daniel Greysolon Du Lhut, better known as Du Luth, arrived at the Bay, and assumed military command under the superintendency of the command ant at Mackinaw. While making preparations to go to war against the Iroquois, he was assisted by Perrot in collecting Indian allies. The last mentioned voya geur was then trading among the Foxes, near the Bay. On the 8th of May, 1689, he (Perrot), then command ing a post among the Sioux, was commissioned by the Governor of Canada to manage the interests of com merce among the Indian tribes of the Bay, and he pro ceeded to make more certain the taking possession of the whole country in the name of the French king. In other words, he supplemented the work of St. Lus son done in 1671. During the same year the Baron Le Houtan visited Green Bay, and was entertained in a distinguished manner by the Sacs, Pottawatomies and Menomonees. " This is a place," are his words, " of great trade for HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 9i skins and Indian corn. These the savages sell to the courier de bois." A post was established at Green Bay (or, at least, it was found to be in existence there) some time between the years 1718 and 1721. It was not then called St. Anthony, but had taken the name of Fort St. Francis, the locality being known as La Baye, that is, the Bay. In July of the last mentioned year, Father Charlevoix, the distinguished historian of New France, was at Mackinaw, and being of an exploring turn of mind, visited this region. He says that he " made a voyage to the Bay eighty leagues distant " from Mackinaw, in company with M. de Montigny, " captain of a com pany of troops which the king maintains in Canada," who was going to the Bay to take command of the post. He gives an interesting account of his journey : "We embarked [he writes] the 2d of July [1721], in the afternoon; we coasted for thirty leagues a cape which separates Lake Michigan from the upper lake ; it is in some places only a few leagues wide, and it is scarce possible to see a worse country, but it is terminated by a pretty river called the Manistie, full of fish, and especially of sturgeons. A little further going to the southwest, we enter into a great gulf, the entrance of which is bordered with islands; they call it the Gulf, or the Bay of the Noquets. This is a very small nation which came from the borders of the upper lake, and of which there remains only a few families dis persed here and there without any fixed abode. " The Bay of the Noquets is separated from the Great Bay only by the isles of the Pouteouatamis [Pottawatomies], and I have already observed that they were the ancient abode of these savages. The greatest part of them are very well wooded ; but the only one which is still peopled is not the largest nor the best; there remains in it now only one indifferent village, where we were obliged to pass the night, though very much against our inclinations : we could not refuse the pressing entreaties of the inhabitants; and indeed there is no nation in Canada that has always been more sincerely attached to the French. " The sixth we were stopped almost the whole day by contrary winds; but it proving calm at night, we embarked a little after sunset by a fine moonlight, and we kept going forwards twenty-four hours together, making only a very short stop to say mass and to dine. The sun shone so hot, and the water of the bay was so warm that the gum of our canoe melted in several places. To complete our misfor tune, the place where we stopped to encamp was so full of gnats and mosquitoes, that we could not close our eyes, though we had not slept for two days before; and as the weather was fine, and we had moonlight, we embarked again on our route at three o'clock in the morning. "After we had gone five or six leagues, we found our selves over against a little isle, which is not far from the west side of the bay, and which hid from us the entrance of a river [Menomonee], upon which is the village of the Malhomines [Menomonees], which the French call folks avoines (wild oats), probably because they make their com mon food of this grain. The whole nation consists of no more than this village, which is not very populous. This is to be regretted, for they are very fine men, and the best shaped of all Canada. They are even taller than the Pouteouatamis. I am assured that they have the same origin and nearly the same language, as the Noquets and the Saulteurs [Chippewas] ; but they add that they have also a particular language which they keep to themselves. They have likewise told me some Odd stories of them, as of a serpent which goes every year into the village, and is received by them with great ceremonies, which makes me believe that they are inclined to sorcery. " A little beyond the island I just mentioned, the country changes its appearance all at once ; and from being wild enough, as it is to this place, it becomes the most charming in the world. It has even something more smiling than the strait; but though it is every-where covered with very fine trees, it is much more sandy, and not so fertile. The Otch- agras [Winnebagoes] who are commonly called the Puants, dwelt formerly on the borders of the bay, in a very delight ful situation. They were attacked here by the Illinois, who killed a great number of them. The remainder took ref uge in the river of the Outagamis [Foxes], which runs into the bottom of the bay. They seated themselves on the borders of a kind of lake [Winnebago], and I judge it was there, that living on fish which they got in the lake in great plenty, they gave them the name of Puants, because all along the shore where their cabins were built, one saw nothing but stinking fish, which infected the air. It appears at least that this is the origin of the name which the other savages had given them before us, aid which has communicated itself to the bay, far from which they never removed. Some time after they had quitted their ancient post, they endeavored to avenge the blow they had received from the Illinois ; but this enter prise caused them a new loss, which they never recovered. Six hundred of their best men were embarked to go in search of the enemy, but as they were crossing Lake Mich igan, they were surprised by a violent gust of wind, which drowned them all. We have in the bay a fort which stands on the west side of the river of the Outagamis, half a league from its mouth ; and before we arrive at it we leave on the left hand a village of Sakis [Sacs]. The Otchagras have lately come and seated themselves near us, and have built their cabins about the fort. The missionary who is lodged pretty near the commandant, hopes, when he has learned their language, to find them more docible than the Sakis, among whom he labors with very little success. Both of them appear to be a very good sort of people, especially the first, whose greatest fault is, that they are a little given to thieving. Their language is very different from all the others, which makes me believe that it is not derived from any of Canada; and indeed they have always had more intercourse with the people of the West, than with those we are acquainted with in this country. " The Sakis, though they are but a small number, are di vided into two factions, one of which side with the Outa gamis, and the other with the Pouteouatamis. Those who are settled in this post, are for the most part of the last party, and of consequence in our interest. They received the new commandant with great demonstrations of joy. As soon as they knew he was near arriving, they ranged them selves with their arms on the bank of the river ;. and the mo ment they saw him appear they saluted him with a discharge of their muskets, which they accompanied with great shouts of joy. Then four of the chief men went into the river, where they were soon up to their waist; but they waded quite to his canoe, and took him up in a great robe made of many roebuck skins, well sewed together, of which each of them held a corner. They carried him, thus to his apartment, where they complimented him and said many things to him which were extremely flattering. " The next day the chiefs of the two nations paid me a visit, and one of the Otchagras showed me a Catalan pistol, pair of Spanish shoes, and f know not what drug, which a seemed to be a sort of ointment." In 1726, the Green Bay post was under the author ity of Sieur Amoritan. The next year it was visited by the Sieur de Lapierriere, having charge of an expe- 92 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. dition bound for the Mississippi to establish a post in the country of the Sioux. With him was Father Guig- nas, who has left this account of his visit and passage through this region : " The Sioux convoy left the end of Montreal Island on the sixteenth of the month of June, last year, at n A. m. and reached Michiiimackinac the twenty-second of the month of July. This post is two hundred and fifty-one leagues from Montreal, almost due west, at 45° 46' north latitude. " We spent the rest of the month at this post in the hopes of receiving from day to day some news from Montreal, and in the design of strengthening ourselves against the alleged extreme difficulties of getting a free passage through the Foxes. At last, seeing nothing, we set out on our march the first of the month of August, and after seventy-three leagues' quite pleasant sail along the northerly side of Lake Mich igan, running lo the southeast, we reached the Bay on the eighth of the same month at 5% p- m. This post is at 440 43' north latitude. We stopped there two days, and on the eleventh in the morning, we embarked in a very great impa tience to reach the Foxes. " On the third day after our departure from the Bay, quite late in the afternoon, in fact somewhat in the night, the chiefs of the Puants come out three leagues from their vil lage to meet the French with their peace calumets, and some bear meat as a refreshment, and the next day we were received by that small nation amid Several discharges of a few guns and amid great demonstrations of joy. "They asked us with so good a grace to do them the honor to stay some time with them, that we granted them the rest of the day from noon and the following day. " There may be in all in this village sixty to eighty men ; but all men and women of very tall stature and well made. They are on the bank of a very pretty little lake, in a most agreeable spot for its situation and the goodness of the soil, nineteen leagues from the Bay and eight leagues from the Foxes." In 1728 the post at Green Bay was destroyed by De Lignery, and when it was rebuilt is undetermined, al though it is believed to have been re-established about 1730. It was located on the west side of Fox River, where the city of Fort Howard is now located ; but whether it was continuously occupied as a post or gar rison for the next twenty-five years, is uncertain. But this much is evident, that whenever so occupied, it was maintained by fur traders — not as a military establish ment of the Government. The commanders enjoyed the exclusive privileges of trade in return for main taining a garrison at their own expense. They were frequently gentlemen, in the sense of being men of good family, holding some subordinate military rank in the colonial service, who preferred employing traders for a share of the profits, while they busied themselves solely with the affairs of the post, or in executing some mandate of the Government. They were never officers of the regular army. The garrison consisted, not of enlisted men, but of engages, who preferred a half-set tled employment of that kind, under a sort of half-mil itary organization, to the purely roving occupation of the voyageur. Under such a system, it is probable that during periods of unusual disorder, the post was found unprofitable, and was therefore left occasionally vacant. There was no immigration to the Bay for the pur pose of occupying the soil — no settling there in the common acceptance of the term — while French domin ion lasted. The determination of the Government, near the close of the seventeenth century, to permit no further settlement of new colonies, was never changed ; for Canada could at no subsequent period, so long as French domination lasted, afford to be thus weakened. The post (and Green Bay was no exception) occupied by the trading classes, was merely in the nature of a temporary residence. Frequently, the Canadian French man resided among the Indians for an indefinite length of time. This practice began at a very early day, for it is thus recorded by Governor Vaudreuil, in 1718 : " From Saquinam [Saginaw] you go to Missilimackinac [Mackinaw], the residence of the Jesuit Fathers and of some Frenchmen. The Bay [Green Bay] is on the same side as Missilimackinac ; there are some French men there also." These men domesticated themselves after the manner of the savages during convenient seasons, resuming their roving employment whenever it suited their inclinations. And thus with fur traders, voyageurs and roving French Canadians continued affairs at Green Bay so long as the country belonged to France. A distinctive settlement was not developed until a later period — at least, none that was permanent. BRITISH RULE. Governor Vaudreuil surrendered Canada to General Amherst, of the British army, September 9, 1760, and immediately notified the commandant at Mackinaw, for the information of the people of that neighborhood, that thereafter the inhabitants would be amenable to British authority, under stipulations which guaranteed to them the undisturbed possession of their goods and peltries, and full liberty to continue their trade in the same manner as the proper subjects of Great Britain. The fur trade of the Northwest had long been coveted by the new masters of the country. Many years before, for that reason, they encouraged the Iroquois to cut off the French communication with this region. When that failed they endeavored, through the intermediate tribes, to persuade the Indians to carry their peltries to the British frontier, and the disorders that at times confronted the French at the Bay were in some degree due to their overtures. They now quickly prepared to garrison the principal trading stations, and an expedi tion for this purpose under Captain Balfour was sent forward in 1761. Arriving at the Bay on the 12th of October, Lieutenant James Gorrell, of the Sixtieth or Royal American Regiment, was there posted at the old French station with a garrison of seventeen men, with whom remained a French interpreter and two English traders — McKay from Albany, and Goddard from Montreal. The dominion of Great Britain thus estab lished was fully confirmed by the treaty of peace in 1763. The French, while outwardly preserving an appearance of submission to the conquerors, regarded them with hatred, and secretly employed every possi ble means to hinder the Indians from entering into friendly relations with them, until the last hope that France would recover possession was disappointed. Some of them preceded the English soldiery on their way, passing on to the west, and endeavored to per suade the natives to waylay and cut off the feeble detachment, but without success. They endeavored as well to prevent the English traders from venturing to the Bay by circulating tales of meditated attacks on HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 93 the part of the Indians. In consequence of these things, the garrison was employed during the Winter in making the place defensible, for the buildings were found quite rotten, and the stockade ready to fall. The fort was named Fort Edward Augustus. The land was at that time claimed by the Menomonees. The Indians for a time kept aloof from the post, partly in consequence of the reports spread among them by the French, and partly because at the time of its occupa tion they had betaken themselves to their Winter hunt ing grounds. A few young men, however, from the different tribes, made their appearances occasionally, and were agreeably surprised by being well received. Their distrust was thus dispelled, and the ice being broken, the chiefs of the Menomonees and Winneba goes assembled at the post in May, 1762, where they were met by the commandant in council, for the forma tion of a friendly alliance. Envo3rs arrived a little later from the Ottawas, residing between the Bay and Mackinaw. Appropriate presents were distributed on such occasions, and the Indians were not backward in shrewdly suggesting the desirable favors of that kind it had been the habit of the French to grant them. By attention to these things, the permanent friendship of all the neighboring tribes was secured in the British interest. They were the more readily disposed to the new alliance from the fact that the traders whom they met at the post gave them much better terms than the French, and there was a universal request for En glish traders to come among them. The difficulties and dangers in the way of the English merchants were by no means overcome, however, by the removal of their apprehensions of hostility from the Indians. Their lack of acquaintance with the language and manners of the Western tribes was a serious impedi ment. At the post it was overcome by the employ ment of French clerks and interpreters ; but this ex pedient was of no avail at the hunting grounds and Winter villages of the Indians, the favorite resorts of French traders, against the jealousy of the latter, which was dangerously manifested by the murder of two Englishmen who ventured to go among the Sacs. Yet, upon the whole, the English made substantial progress in establishing a secure foothold. The formidable uprising of all the Indian tribes east of Lake Michigan against the English, in 1763, known as the Pontiac War, made a great change temporarily in the face of affairs. On the 15th of June, Gorrell received information from the command ant at Mackinaw that the place was in the hands of the hostile Chippewas and himself a prisoner, accom panied by an order to evacuate the post and come to - his assistance. Preparations for this step were speedily made, and on the twenty-first the little band set out for Mackinaw, accompanied by a strong escort of Me nomonees, Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes, who evinced the sincerity of their friendship by procuring the re lease of the prisoners in the hands of the Chippewas, and full permission for them, as well as Gorrell's party, to proceed safely to Montreal. Mackinaw was re-oc cupied the following year, but the Bay never received another British garrison. Its hasty evacuation com pelled the English traders to leave their goods in the care of French clerks. Except that two or three of them returned thither with the Indian escort to dis pose of their remaining stock, the French Canadians, by this complete revolution, temporarily recovered command of its traffics. BEGINNING OE ACTUAL SETTLEMENT. Soon after Gorrell's evacuation, the Bay trading station ripened into a permanent settlement. The in flux of English traders had threatened to deprive the Canadian-French of their principal means of subsist ence, and had a strong tendency to crowd numbers of them from their settlements to more remote places. The evacuation of the post at the Bay offered an extraor dinary inducement for some of the more enterprising ones, by promptly seating themselves there in a perma nent manner to secure what the English had been forced to abandon, and deter them from returning, or enable themselves to meet their competition success fully. That they improved the occasion, is evident from the fact that during 1764-65, while no traders were permitted to visit the Bay from Mackinaw, its traffic was in the hands of local traders, who avoided British posts with the design of transferring their trade, by way of the Mississippi, to the French prov ince ol Louisiana. As soon as this design became manifest to the British authorities, communication was at once re-opened, and in 1766 both English and Cana dian traders were enabled to ascend to Green Bay and the Mississippi. The explorer, Jonathan Carver, found a favorable opportunity not long after the close of Pontiac's War to visit this region. He reached Fort Edward Augustus (Green Bay) September 18, 1776. " This fort, [he wrote,] is situated on the southern ex tremity .of a bay in Lake Michigan, termed by the French the Bay of Puants, but which, since the English have gained possession of all the settlements on this part of the conti nent, is called by them the Green Bay. The reason of its being thus denominated, is from its appearance; for on leaving Michimackinac in the Spring season, though the trees there have not even put forth their buds, yet you find. the country around La Baye, notwithstanding the passage has not exceeded fourteen days, covered with the finest verdure, and vegetation as forward as it could be were it Summer. This fort, also, is only surrounded by a stockade, and being much decayed is scarcely defensible against small arms. The land adjoining to the bottom of this bay is very fertile, the country in general level, and the perspective view of it, pleasing and extensive. A few families live in the fort, which lies on the west side of the Fox River, and opposite to it, on the east side of its entrance, are some French settlers who cultivate the land, and appear to live very comfortably." The year after Carver's visit, Sir William Johnson, British Indian agent in America, wrote to the Lords of Trade, that the Indians at the Bay weie desirous of having the post re-established. He said that it was so well situated by reason of water communication with the Mississippi, and so well calculated for all the Indians west of Lake Michigan, that it deserved to be taken much notice of. He also referred to a claim laid to the post bjr a gentleman of the name of William Grant in virtue of a purchase from the Governor of Canada. He concluded that unless some action was taken in the matter, difficulties might arise. 94 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. In June, 1780, John Long, an English trader was sent from Mackinaw to Prairie du Chien to collect a quantity of peltries left at that place in charge of Lang lade. He spent a few days at Green Bay where he obtained plenty of deer, bear, Indian corn, melons and other fruit ; — he saw that the houses were covered with birch bark, decorated with bows and arrows and weapons of war. The next year an effort was made by the English Lieutenant Governor of Canada to pur chase the country of Green Bay and much more terri tory, of the savages, but nothing came of it. As late as 1785, there were at the Bay but seven families, who with their assistants and employe's, did not exceed a half-hundred souls. In 1788, an Indian council was held at Green Bay, at which time permis sion was given Julien Dubuque to work the lead mines on the Mississippi River. On the 1st of July, 1796, the British surrendered to the American authorities what posts were then occupied by them in the North west, but this had little or no effect on affairs in the vicinity of Green Bay. Soon after the declaration of war in June, 1812, against Great Britain, by the United States, Colonel Robert Dickson, an English trader at Prairie du Chien and Indian agent, collected a considerable body of In dians at Green Bay for the purpose of rendering as sistance to the British forces in their operations on the Great Lakes. After the taking of Mackinaw by the British, Colonel McKay, of the British army, proceeded west to Green Bay, and passing up the Fox and down the Wisconsin, captured the fort at Prairie du Chien. In 1815, an United States trading post was established at Green Bay, and Colonel John Boyer appointed In dian agent. BUILDING OP EORT HOWARD. On the 16th of July, 1816, Colonel John Miller commenced the erection, at Green Bay, of Fort How ard, with United States troops. They came up the bay in three schooners, entering Fox River under the American flag, displaying to the astonished inhabitants of Green Bay their decks covered with United States uniforms. They bore three or four companies of troops of the Third United States Infantry whose purpose, as just intimated, was the establishment of a garrison at the place. Immediately on their arrival, the officers waited on the Menomonee Chief, Tomah, whose village was near at hand on the west side of the river, of whom Colonel Miller asked permission to build a fort. The request was readily complied with, and in return the chief asked that his French brothers should not be molested. The rendezvous of the troops was upon the east side of the river, four or five miles above the head of the bay and was called " Camp Smith." Sub sequently, a delegation of Winnebagoes came to remon strate against the occupation of the place, but offered no violence, and at the end of two months the garri son was established in barracks enclosed with a stock ade. The extent of French settlement at this time upon the Fox River, in the vicinity, was limited — forty or fifty French Canadians were here cultivating the soil ; but the settlement was a promising one ; the res idents having comfortable houses, with small farms, under good cultivation. The entire population was about one hundred and fifty. "During the Summer of 1816 [says James H. Lock- wood,] it was projected to establish a United States fort at Green Bay; and, in July of that year, Colonel John Mil ler, then Colonel of the Third Regiment, United States In fantry, was ordered on that service, and soon chartering three vessels, embarked three or four companies of rifle men and infantry with some artillery. Among the vessels was the 'Washington,' the largest of the fleet, commanded by Captain Dobbins, on board of which vessel was the commandant. I had that }ear engaged myself as a clerk to some traders, to take charge of an outfit or trading es tablishment near the head of the St. Peters River, and the Colonel apprehending difficulty frcm the Indians in land ing at Green Bay, proposed to take the gcods of several boats in the vessel, and tow the boats, and use them, if necessary, in landing, and then return them to their owners. "Accordingly Augustin Grignon, myself and a French clerk by the name of Chappin embarked on board the 'Washington,' Mr. Grignon and Chappin, acting in some measure as pilots. During the night of the second or third day out from Mackinaw, the other two vessels became sep arated from the 'Washington,' and arriving in the vicinity of what is now called Washington Island and Harbor, and learning from Mr. Grignon that there was a good harbor, Colonel Miller ordered the ' Washington ' to put in there to wait for her consorts. We remained there nearly two days,. during which time the officers and passengers rambled over the island, and finally in honor of our vessel, supposed to be the first one that had entered the harbor, we gave its name to Washington Island and Harbor, which they have eversince retained. Finding the other vessels had got into' Green Bay ahead of us, and had found a harbor at Ver million Island, and were waiting for us, we proceeded up the bay, and arrived at Green Bay settlement about two days after, when the troops landed without the anticipated opposition from the Indians. " This was in the month of July, 1816. Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were then the only settlements in what is now the State of Wisconsin, if we except Solomon Juneau's trading house at Milwaukee ; and they could not well be called settlements according to the American idea of set tling and improving a country. [This statement is mislead ing. Juneau did not go to Milwaukee until 1818. The trading post, however, was established by others; and at the time stated the site was occupied by Mirandeau. Jacques Vieau, of Green Bay, was a trader at this date, and sent Juneau to Milwaukee in 1818. — Ed.] " Green Bay was a kind of traders' depot for the trade of that bay, the Fox and upper part of Wisconsin Rivers, which were considered dependents of it. " There then resided at Green Bay, as a trader, John Lawe, and four or five at the Grignons. Augustin Grignon resided and traded at the Little Kaukalin. Those traders who pretended to make Green Bay their home, resided gen erally but a small portion of the year there, as most of them wintered in the Indian country, and generally spent two or three months of the Summer at Mackinaw. The traders of Green Bay mostly married, after the Indian manner, women of the Menomonee tribe, there being no white women in the country. I saw at this time but one woman in the settlement that pretended to be white, and she had accidentally been brought there at an early day, but her history, however, I do not now recollect. There were at Green Bay some forty or fifty Canadians of French extraction who pretended to cultivate the soil; but they HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 95 were generallydd worn out voyageurs or boatmen, who, hav ing become unfit for the hardships of the Indian trade, had taken wives, generally of the Menomonee tribe, and set tled down on a piece of land. As the land did not cost any thing, all they had to do, was to take up a piece not •claimed by any other person, and fence and cultivate it. But they had generally been so long in the Indian tribe that they had, to a great extent, lost the little knowledge they had acquired of farming in Canada, so that they were poor cultivators of the soil, although they raised consider able wheat, barley, peas and other crops. Green Bay was at that time a part of the Territory of Indiana, of which the seat of government was at Vincennes, which was also the county town of the county to which Green Bay was attached — between four or five hundred miles distant by the tedious and circuitous route of that day." S. A. Storrow, Judge Advocate in the army of the United States, visited in 1817 the northwestern posts, iind on the 19th of September arrived at Fort Howard in an open boat. He found Major Zachary Taylor in command, by whom he was kindly treated. While there he made observations on the ebb and flow of the waters of the lake. Two young men left the Green Bay settlement this year, in a bark canoe, for Prairie du Chien, by way of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, at which place they met Major S. H. Long, and proceeded with him up the Mississippi to the Falls of St. An thony, with a view to establish their right to lands ¦claimed to have been granted by the Indians to their grandfather, Jonathan Carver. The tract, nearly one hundred miles square, included large portions of what is now Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. It had, while under English supremacy, been refused con firmation by the king and council. The heirs of Car ver, however, after the change of government to the United States, continued for a series of years to pre sent their claims to Congress, asking for a confirmation of the " grant," but the request has ever been refused. For many years "Carver's Grant" was conspicuously represented on maps of the western country ; but of late it has wholly disappeared. UNDER MICHIGAN TERRITORY. Soon after the district of country now embraced in the State of Wisconsin was made a part of Michigan Territory, Governor Lewis Cass (October 26, 1818) erected the county of Brown, naming it in honor of Major General Jacob Brown, of the United States army. It was soon after organized by the appoint ment of the proper officers. Those whose names have been preserved were: Matthew Irwin, Chief Justice ; Charles Reaume and John Lane, Associate Justices of the County Court; Matthew Irwin and John Bonyer, ¦County Commissioners; Matthew Irwin, Judge of Probate ; Robert Irwin, Jr., Clerk; George Johnston, Sheriff; Charles Reaume, Justice of the Peace. After Matthew Irwin removed from the place, in 1821, James Porlier was appointed Chief Justice ; and, upon Reaume's death, a little later, Henry B. Brevoort suc ceeded him as Associate Justice. In 1823 a Territorial Circuit was established for judicial purposes, embracing the counties of Brown, Crawford and Michiiimackinac — to which James Duane Doty was assigned as Judge, who, during the Summer of 1824, took up his residence at Green Bay, and organized the first term of his court for Brown County on the 4th of October, in that year. A census of the Indians taken in 1819 showed that there were 4,800 in the Green Bay Agency. On the 20th of August, of the next year, an expedition under Governor Lewis Cass, appointed by the General Gov ernment to visit the Northwestern posts, arrived at Green Bay. With him came Dr. Alexander Wolcott, Captain D. B. Douglas, Lieutenant A. McKay, R. A. Forsyth, C. C. Trowbridge, A. R. Chase, J. D. Doty and H. Schoolcraft. They found at the Bay over sixty dwellings and five hundred inhabitants. The fort consisted of log barracks, facing three sides of a square parade, surrounded by a stockade of timber thirty feet high, whitewashed, and garrisoned by three hundred men, under Captain William Whistler, in the absence of Colonel J. L. Smith. There were also in camp, three miles above Fort Howard, three hundred in fantry. In 1819, Daniel Whitney, a very enterprising man, came to the Bay. In some respects, he should be con sidered the first American settler in the county. He was not only born a citizen of the United States, but he came to the Bay to make it his permanent home — to invest his money here ; in short, to " settle," as it is familiarly termed in the West. Before him were Robert Irwin, Sr., and his son Robert, who remained here ; but they came to engage in trade, not with the intention, at the time, of making it their permanent home. During this year, Isaac Lee visited Green Bay to collect evidence of title and claims to laud held by French and Canadian settlers under Jay's treaty, and to report them to the United States Commissioners at Detroit. The claims of none were allowed, at the time, except such as could prove occupation on or be fore July, 1796, and there were few of this description ; however, a subsequent act of Congress made provision for making valid all such as were occupied on or before July 1, 1812. Ebenezer Childs, writing of Green Bay at this date, says: "At Mackinaw I engaged with a man of the name ot Burr, who was going to Green Bay with a stock of goods. I took charge of the goods, and, placing them on board ot a small schooner, sailed for Green Bay, where I arrived on the 9th of May, 1820. I rented a store three miles above Fort Howard, opened my goods and groceries, and com menced trading. About that time a detachment of troops was sent to Green Bay to build another fort on the east side of Fox River, a short distance above where I was located. The soldiers were daily passing and re-passing from one garrison to the other; and would frequently call at my place and get something to drink. The officers, finding it out, forbade the soldiers calling at my trading establishment. A few days after, an officer called and inquired what I kept for sale. I replied that I kept all kinds of groceries, and invited him to take a drink of good brandy. He did so. Then, learning for a certainty that I kept liquor, he asked me if I sold any to the soldiers. I frankly confessed that I had done so, when he told me that I must not do so any more, and advised me to close up my business and leave the country, or I would be sent out. I asked him who would send me out, and he said the commanding officer would. Mounting his horse, he still made use of abusive language. By this time my ebenezer got up to the boiling 96 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. point, when I sprang toward him, with the intention of pulling him off his horse, and giving him a sound thrash ing; but he was too quick for me, for he put spurs to his horse, and was soon out of my reach. The next day a sergeant and file of men made their appearance to appre hend me and convey me to the fort. The sergeant was a fine fellow, and I reasoned with him, that I was a free-born Yankee, in my own castle, and should not go to the fort alive ; and added that I did not wish to have any trouble with him, and if the commanding officer wished to see me, he had better come where I was. I then treated the ser geant and his men, and they left me unmolested. The sergeant afterward told me that when he reported to the commanding officer, the latter flew into a great passion, charging the sergeant with cowardice, and declaring that he would go himself and take me, dead or alive, and send me out of the country. I presume, upon sober, second thought, he concluded it would be the better part of valor to let me alone, for I never heard any thing more about send ing me out of the country. By way of punishment, he issued an order forbidding me entering the fort — a thing I did not care to do. So the prohibition amounted to nothing. After that the soldiers' wives would come and buy sugar of me, first carefully depositing a two-quart canteen, well filled with whisky, in the bottom of a large tin kettle, and pack ing the sugar on top, and smuggle it into the fort. The sentinel would hail them, as they were re-entering the fort, to learn what they had ; when they would answer, " Sugar," and, looking into the pail, the sentinel would let them pass. I remained unmolested for six months, while two other establishments similar to mine were torn down and their goods destroyed. " There were quite a number of very respectable French families residing at the Bay when I arrived there : Judge Lawe, Judge Porlier, and seven brothers and two sisters, named Grignon. * * * They were all engaged in the Indian trade, under the American Fur Company, each cul tivating a small quantity of land. Their manners and cus toms were of the most primitive character. They never used the yoke for their oxen, but instead, fastened sticks across the oxen's horns to draw by, and mostly used for tugs, rope made out of bark. Their plows were very un couth, the plowshares being about as large as smoothing- irons, while the beam was about twelve feet long, with a pair of wheels near the fore end to keep it sufficiently ele vated from the ground. They could not plow within fif teen feet of their fences. I made the first ox yoke that was ever seen at the Bay. Their principal food was wild game, fish and hulled corn. They caught large quantities of sturgeon and trout, and they made immense quantities of maple sugar. At the proper season in the Spring, the en tire settlement would remove to their sugar camps, often remain two months, each family making eight or ten hun dred pounds of the finest sugar I ever saw. " In the Winter of 1820, the President sent out a com missioner to examine the land claims of the French settlers at Green Bay. Under the ancient French regime, they had guaranteed to them as much land as they would cultivate. In examining these claims, it was found that while they varied in extent, they were very narrow on the river, run ning back three miles. * * * " The present State of Wisconsin, although formerly a part of the Territory of Michigan, was for many years rather an appendage than a component part of that Terri tory. Michigan had a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges ; its sessions were held but semi-annually, at De troit, and this part of the Territory derived no advantages from that august and learned body. Criminals had to be conveyed thence for trial, and controversies, involving large amounts, were there adjudicated. The judiciary of this por tion of the Territory, at that period, was composed of County Courts and Justices of the Peace. The Courts consisted of three Judges, none of whom were lawyers ; their jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, was limited. The Justices of the Peace were such as could be selected from among those who were capable of reading and writing. In the year 1823, , Congress passed an act establishing what was called ' The Additional Judicial District,' com prising the counties of Brown, Michiiimackinac and Craw ford, and the Hon. James Duane Doty was appointed Judge by President Monroe, and held the office for about nine years. * * * The inhabitants of the settlement, exclusive of the native Indians, were mostly Canadian- French, and those of mixed blood. There were in 1824, at Green Bay, but six or eight resident American families, and the families of the officers stationed at Fort Howard, in number about the same. The character of the people was a compound of civilization and primitive simplicity — exhibiting the polite and lively characteristics of the French and the thoughtlessness and improvidence of the abori gines. Possessing the virtues of hospitality and the warmth of heart unknown to the residents of cities, un- trammeled by the etiquette and conventional rules of mod ern high life, they were ever ready to receive and entertain their friends, and more intent upon the enjoyment of the present than to lay up store or make provision for the future. With few wants and contented and happy hearts,. they found enjoyment in the merry dance, the sleigh ride and the exciting horse-race, and doubtless experienced more true happiness and contentment than the plodding, calculating and money-seeking people of the present day. This was the character of the settlers who occupied this country before the arrival of the Yankees — a class now entirely extinct or lost sight of by the present population ; but it is one which unites the present with the past$ and for whom the settlers entertain feelings of veneration and respect. They deserve to be remembered, and placed on the pages of history as the first real pioneers of Wisconsin."' Albert G. Ellis arrived in Green Bay in 1822. His recollection of early events is clear, and his narrative interesting : " The Captain of the ' Superior' dropped anchor abreast Fort Howard, at that time [1822] unoccupied, and in a state of dilapidation; the troops having been removed two years before by the colonel commanding — one Colonel Smith — two and one-half miles up the river, to an emi nence on the right bank, which he named Camp Smith, and where he had built a stockade, and indifferent barracks. But the location being half a mile from the river, which it failed of commanding, was decided against by his superiors,. as an unfit site for the garrison. Smith was superseded in the command, and the troops moved back to Fort How ard that Fall, under command of Colonel Pinkney. The- fort was fully repaired, and thence forward made the ren dezvous for all the troops and army operations of the upper country. During the two years that Colonel Smith had held the troops at Camp Smith, all the followers of the army of the Bay country amounting to some hundreds, had ensconced themselves along the river bank, just below and in front of the stockades, where they had erected numer ous sheds, many of them half in and half out of the bank, and in which they had gathered their various articles of" commerce and trade. This little nondescript village had obtained the sobriquet of ' Shanty Town.' The rum of Camp Smith, although greatly injuring ' Shanty Town,' did not quite destroy it, business had so strong a hold there. ¦It it had three of the principal traders, with their stocks of HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 97 goods, and was fast being known as the business point for the whole vicinage. Robert Irwin, Jr., had built him a good residence, had his young wife, his father and mother, brothers and sisters with him, and was engaged in trade. Daniel Whitney, the most enterprising trader in the North west, had erected a good store, and filled it with merchan dise. William Dickinson, another pushing trader, was building a store and dwelling-house. Soon after, H. S. Baird, built a house there, and occupied it with his young wife ; and in another year. Judge Doty, having arrived from Prairie du Chien, built a fine dwelling, just above the vil lage, and procured the establishment of the seat of justice for Brown County, at this same 'Shanty Town,' the name of which he ineffectually attempted to change to Menomo- neeville. A court-house and jail, the first west of Lake Michigan, were erected here ; and here the seat of justice continued, and courts were held,, until some years after wards. William Dickinson, Ebenezer Childs, and others, also, had established themselves, under the name of the Depere Manufacturing Company, procured, through act of the Michigan Legislature, and a vote of the people, its re moval to Depere. Many other parties besides those named had, as early as 1824, established themselves at this 'Shanty Town;' and soon thereafter, the Episcopal Mis sion School, under the superintendence of Rev. Richard F. Cadle, with extensive buildings, was there located, followed next year by fixing the Indian Agency at that point also, under Major Brevoort. The erection of a respectable church edifice and school buildings, by the Catholics, soon followed. The place went on increasing in strength and population till 1832, when the platting of Navarino below it, opposite Fort Howard, and of Depere above it, at Rapid des Peres, began to draw away its people and business, when it slowly declined, Navarino and Astor absorbing most of its trade and inhabitants. "In 1822, not a shingle had been put up at that part of the town of Green Bay first called Navarino — there were , only three buildings on the east side of the Fox River, below Lawe's Point, and those the houses which had been vacated by the Langlades — one occupied by Pierre Grignon : and a house' but just put up by some of Langlade's grandchildren, I think Augustin Grignon ; and these Grignons were .the leading families of the French inhabitants. There were some half dozen . houses along the river, below Lawe's Point, occupied by the Grignon family, and a new one just finished, which after ward fell into Judge Arndt's hands; and an old one, much dilapidated, just at the mouth of the little slough below. Arndt's house, only a part of which was still remaining, was said to have been the building occupied by Charles de Langlade, and in which he died. Pierre Grignon, the oldest of the Grignon brothers, was living in a house a few rods above Arndt's old place. " On the west side was the old fort ; not a building of any kind above, below, or near it for a mile. The residents on the river, except some half a dozen Americans, were retired French voyageurs and half-breed French and Menomonees; they had, without let or hindrance, taken up the whole shore of the river above the fort for six miles, divided it off into little strips of one or two French arpents in width, which they called their farms ; they claimed back at right angles from the river eighty arpents, about two and three- fourths miles in depth. They had reduced most of the fronts for an acre, or two, or three, some more, some less, deep, to a state of cultivation, and had growing at the time of our arrival, the ist of September, very fair crops of po tatoes, maize, oats, peas, Spring wheat, pumpkins, melons, cabbages, onions and other common vegetables. * * * "On my first arrival in the country, I found at the Bay, of 7 American citizens, the following persons : Robert Irwin, Jr., Daniel Whitney, Alexander J. Irwin, Samuel Irwin, Eben ezer Childs, William Dickinson, Mr. Holton, the school-mas ter ; William Farnsworth, George Johnson, Mr. Brown from Ohio, to which he returned with his family next year ; Mr. Wheeler, Benjamin Smith, David Kelso, Moses Hardwick, Major Matthew Irwin, United States factor; A. G. Bean; these in 1822. Other Americans came in soon after : H. S. Baird, J. D. Doty, H. B. Brevoort, Indian agent ; Lewis Rouse, Linus Thompson, Charles Tullar, John P. Arndt and family, in 1824-5 ; and still later, John Y. Smith. Of persons dismissed from the army : Captain Curtis, Lieu tenant John McCarty, and Lieutenant Morgan. The officers of the army, as near as is recollected, in 1 823 were : Colonel Pinkney, commanding; Captains Wm. Whistler, Browning and Hunt ; Lieutenants Dean, Loring, Cowan, J. W. Cotton and Lowe ; Majors Heron and Whiting, sutlers to the post ; Dr. Wheaton, surgeon ; and Frank Wheaton, brother of the surgeon. " Of the French inhabitants and Canadians resident, the following were among the most prominent : John Lawe, Pierre Grignon, Augustin Grignon, Amable Grignon, Louis Grignon, Charles Grignon, Perrish Grignon, James Porlier, and Joseph Jourdain. "From 1816 to 1824, a period of eight years, although Wisconsin and a part of Michigan Territory were-nominally under the protection of the flag of the Union, yet but little of parental care was bestowed upon her citizens in civil life by the General Government. The rule that bore sway was essentially military. No courts were organized, and offend ers against the laws were either sent from remote parts of the settlement to Detroit for trial, or perhaps more usually suffered to escape punishment. The civil code was limited, and but sparingly administered. But the military code, such as it was, more than supplied the deficiencies of the civil. While this state of things continued, it occasionally hap pened that some military genius, possessed of more tinsel than discretion, became the commanding officer, and to mark the era of his reign, would exercise his ' little brief authority' in an arbitrary manner, and thus contrive to render the condition of the citizen as uncomfortable as possible. Instances of high-handed oppression and in justice were, in the early days of our history, frequently committed by some military martinet upon the persons, lib erty or property of those whom they were sent to protect. " It happened that some thirty years ago a gentlemen still living in this State, being then engaged in the Indian trade near Green Bay, became obnoxious to a Government agent who had the authority to grant licenses to the traders. On applying for a license, as usual, the trader was refused, on the alleged ground that he had on some former occasion violated the laws of trade and intercourse with the Indians. The trader, therefore, hired two Indians and their canoes, and started for a distant agency, intending there to obtain his license and return for his goods. After proceeding some miles, the trader was overtaken by another canoe, strongly manned and armed, having on board the United States In dian interpreter and eight or nine Indians. The interpreter stopped the trader, and ordered him to go on board of the armed canoe, together with his Indian comrades. This he refused to do, when he and his companions were seized and forcibly carried back to the place whence they started a few hours previously. They were all landed on a beach near the agency house, and the trader and Indians ordered into the building. The trader, of course, refused to obey, and went his way unmolested. But the poor innocent Indians fared much worse. They were marched as prisoners to the garrison, accompanied by the interpreter, with a polite note from the agent, requesting the commanding officer to give HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. each a dozen lashes, and confine them in the guard house until further orders. This request was promptly complied with, before the civil authorby could interpose to prevent it. I need hardly say that great excitement prevailed, and much indignation was manifested at this cruel and arbitrary exercise of unlawful authority. As soon as a writ of habeas corpus could be obtained, the poor maltreated Indians were re leased. But unable to comprehend why they were thus punished, they fled as soon as they were set at liberty, and were not seen at the place of their suffering for a long time afterwards. Civil authority being then fully established, the persons who so grossly violated the law and outraged every feeling of humanity, were immediately arrested, and required to give bail for their appearance to answer the complaint at the next term of the court; but before the time for trial, the guilty parties were very willing to settle the matter by making reparation, and paying the Indians handsome smart money. " A more recent affair of a similar character occurred at Green Bay, when two citizens were arrested by the sentinel in open day, and marched by the guard to the fort, a dis tance of half a mile, charged with having dared to land on the fort side of Fox River without permission from the com manding officer. In this instance the military was obliged to succumb to the civil authority. The officer by whose orders the parties were arrested was prosecuted for the out rage, and considered himself fortunate to escape with a fine. " Many other instances of usurpation of authority, al though not on record, are fresh in the recollection of the early settlers of Wisconsin — such as demolishing houses, firing into vessels or boats attempting to pass the fort with out stopping to report to the commandant, etc. " A lady who ascended Fox River in 1825, gives an interesting account of Green Bay and its vicinity, in that year. "We took [she says] passage on board the steamer Walk-in-che-Water,' at Buffrlo, on the tenth day of July, 1825, and after a tedious voyage around the lakes, we ar rived at Green Bay on the twentieth of the same month. We stopped a day at Detroit, and another at Mackinac [Mackinaw]. At the head of Green Bay we entered the Fox River. Near the mouth of this river is situated Fort Howard, where there are stationed three companies of United States troops under the command of Major Meigs. " The buildings are all inclosed within a high board fence, whitewashed or painted, and the whole structure looks neat and trim. A sentry was posted and kept guard in front of the entrance. The stars and stripes floated from the flag-staff, and the surrounding country seemed a dense forest. Not a house or inhabitant was visible. When we came abreast of the fort, our steamer saluted the national flag and stopped. A boaf with four soldiers and a lieutenant soon left the shore, and the latter came on board and talked with the captain and looked over the passengers and cargo, and being satisfied that we had nothing on board hostile to the peace or security of the country, he left, and we again proceeded on our way. The river here is broad and apparently very deep ; on either side the land is a dense forest down to the water's edge, skirted in many places with a rank growth of wild rice and reeds, among which are innumerable flocks of ducks and other wild fowl. Three miles further up the river we arrived at our destina tion, 'the settlement' known here as Shanty Town. The old fort, originally built by the English, was located near here ; it has now nearly all disappeared. The new fort now occupied, and which I have described as being near the mouth of the river, has been now in use over three years, and as no settlers or traders will be allowed near the new fort, the soldiers often come up here, and indulge them selves too often in intoxicating liquors. "The uncouth name 'Shanty Town' was given to the place by the soldiers of the old fort. There are only three or four American families here: the Whitneys, the Ir- wins, and the Lawrences; also, two or three English fami lies who came here many years ago, when the English held the old fort. "All the rest of the inhabitants are French Canadians and their descendants, many of whom married Indian wives. The language generally spoken is French, inter spersed with a good deal of Menomonee Indian, and some English. The houses do not exceed one hundred in num ber. They are mostly situated along the bank of the river, and are some distance apart from each other. They are all built of logs, one story high excepting the tavern or public house, which is two stories high. This house is kept by Col. Irwin, and is used at times for all kinds of gatherings, as well as for court-house and election purposes. We stopped here several days and fared comfortably. The table was rough, but well supplied with game and fish, which is very abundant. There is hardly any business going on here, and there is little or no money in circulation. All is barter with the Indians, for peltries and skins, for which they get in exchange, guns and ammunition, blankets and flannels and trinkets for female adornment. John Jacob Astor, of New York, has a large store-house here and at several other trading posts in the interior of the country ; and here in the Spring are gathered the fruits of the Winter's hunting and shipped to New York. " The Indians come from great distances to trade. They bring with them their ponies and squaws and pa pooses. The poor squaws haul as heavy burdens as the ponies, and build the wigwams while their husbands lie around in idleness, and get drunk as often as they can get whisky. They are very peaceable and quiet. I went among them, and it was very amusing the astonishment with which they regarded me. Many of the mothers had their babies bandaged on to a piece of board so tightly that the poor little things could not stir body or limb, and yet there was no crying. It was a funny sight to see the dear little things laid away against a tree or something else, their bright eyes set in swarthy complexions of dimpled innocence, forming a picture to love. I yearned to let them loose and hug them, but did not dare to. There is no post- office here yet. The officers of the fort and some others have a man to carry the mail to and from Fort Dearborn at the head of Lake Michigan, two hundred miles away. This trip is made about once in every two or three months during the Winter. In Summer we fare a little better, as then the mail comes by boat. There is no church or pub lic school here, and Sunday differs but little from the other days of the week. " There is a Catholic mission and church about six miles up the river, at a place called De Pere, and a Protest ant Episcopal mission some miles above that, where the Oneida, or New York Indians are located. We leave here for our destination, Fort Crawford, which is over two hun dred miles from here. We are to make the journey in a bark canoe. There is not a white resident on the whole route, and, although at times I fear for our lives, yet my duty and attachment to my husband will embolden me to meet all dangers without fear or trembling." At the June term of the United States Court for the year 1826, a tavern license was granted to J. P. Arndt, and ferry licenses to Arndt and Louis Grignon. From 1824 to 1828, there were annual sessions of this Court in Green Bay ; also of County Courts, with but little HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 99 business. Captain W. G. Belknap was indicted in 1825, for false imprisonment of Isaac Rouse, and fined fifty dollars. In 1827, Solomon Juneau declared his inten tion to become a citizen ; and in 1827 M. L. Martin was admitted to practice as an attorney. During the year 1828, a remarkable case of attempt to murder occurred at Fort Howard. William Prestige, a soldier, entered the quarters of Major D. E. Twiggs, then commander of the post, while he was taking his after-dinner nap. Prestige was armed with a musket, the muzzle of which he put to Twiggs's ear, and pull.ed the trigger ; but the gun missed fire. The click of the lock waked the officer, who sprang up and seized the gun. He struck his assailant over the head with it, inflicting a terrible wound, fracturing the skull and laying him senseless upon the floor. Prestige had about six months more to serve out his enlistment, and Twiggs, instead of turning him over to the civil authori ties to be tried and punished for the offense, kept him a prisoner under his own control, subjecting him to terrible abuse and suffering. In the following year, his term of service as a soldier having expired, he was indicted, tried, and on conviction, sentenced to five years' imprisonment. But President Adams, upon rep resentation of the brutal treatment the prisoner had received at the command of Twiggs, immediately par doned him. As one of the acts of Twiggs's cruelty to this unfortunate soldier, it may be mentioned that while Twiggs was at the Portage establishing Fort Winne bago, he kept Prestige chained to a tree, with no shel ter or bedding, and without comfortable clothing. During the year 1830, a delegation of the New York Indians and Menomonees went to Washington to have a difficulty settled between these nations as to the boundaries of their lands. This year the population of Brown County as shown by the Federal. census, was i,500. In the Spring of 1835, the Legislative Council of Michigan passed an act authorizing the people of the Territory to form a State constitution, looking to its ad mission into the Union as one of the sisterhood of States ; that is to say all that portion including the upper and lower peninsulas. This of course left the part west of Lake Michigan still Michigan Territory, but without organization, though measures were being taken in Congress for its erection into Wisconsin Territory. On the 9th of November of that year, John S. Horner, Sec retary of Michigan Territory, issued, as acting Gov ernor, a proclamation convening the Legislative Coun cil of that Territory at Green Bay, January 1, 1836. The Council, consisting of twelve members from the re gion west of Lake Michigan, was duly organized ; but owing to the absence of the acting Governor and a doubt as to the legality of the body, no laws were attempted to be enacted. A memorial to Congress asking the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin was adopt ed and one other of small importance. An appropria tion was then made to defray the expenses of the ses sion, and the Council of Michigan Territory (if such it was) adjourned without date. BROWN COUNTY OF THE PRESENT. Brown County is in a latitude little higher than the south of France, yet its atmosphere is cool and invigorating, dry and healthy. Its location is at the head of Green Bay, a mighty arm of Lake Michigan, which seems to refresh and shelter without chilling it. Thus about seventy-five miles in the northeast corner are laved by this cool body of pure water, while the body of the land is cut by the Fox and East rivers, Duck Creek, Suamico River, and numerous smaller streams. The first two are navigable. Springs abound throughout the county ; drinking water is consequently good and easily obtained. The Fox and East rivers run northeast into the head of the bay; the north western portions of the county are drained b}r the Suam ico River, while the Indian Reservation is watered by Duck Creek. A marked ridge, plainly seen in the south of Green Bay, crosses the county from south west to northeast, its eastern slope being drained into Lake Michigan and its western into Green Bay. The land is generally undulating and well watered. As is usual, the soil is sandy along the water courses, but its chief characteristics are a dark loam with a red clay subsoil. It therefore makes good, strong land for wheat, while as regards root crops Brown County has no superior in the State for natural advantages. As to the geological feature of the county, blue or buff limestone abounds. It is most valuable for building purposes and in the manufacture of quicklime. In the lower strata the stone is rich in fossils. In the higher formations traces of iron are found. Bog iron is also abundant in many swamps. Drift copper pre vails to some extent. But for the most part the land is free from stone, and easily worked. And it is most fortunate for the county that such is the case, for the early days of her settlement, when the surface of the country was covered with a rich growth of pine, oak, basswood, maple, beech and walnut, are passed, and she will, in future, rely more upon the products of the farm, the garden and the dairy. Lumber and fur trading were formerly almost her entire sources of wealth. The necessities of life were then easily met by the game which filled her woods and the fish which stocked every river and stream. These are now, slowly but surely, giving place to manufacturing industries and farming pursuits. As has been detailed before, all the natural advantages possessed by Brown County insure success in this change from the easy, simple life of the long-ago to the more artificial but more intense work of to-day. In addition to the natural advantages which Brown County possesses in beauty and healthfulness of loca tion and fertility of soil, there are others which she has acquired through the energy and the enterprise of prominent citizens. Fox and Wisconsin Rivers Improvements. — Very early in the "thirties " the general attention of the pushing pioneers was called to the necessity of improving the navigation of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. In Oc tober, 1829, the first convention met at Green Bay to discuss the improvement. The way was easj' to a free communication with all of the lake ports, and as it was certain that railroads would not reach the country around Green Bay for years to come, there seemed only one way to open up the territory to the west and south — that being to cut the portage of a little over a mile which separated the head waters of the Fox and HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Wisconsin rivers, and thus throw open the Missis sippi Valley to Northern and Northeastern Wisconsin. So earnest became the plea for the prosecution of such an enterprise, that Governor Dodge in his first message to the Territorial Legislature (1836) recommended that a memorial be sent to Congress asking for the means to carry on the survey and improvement of the Fox River from its mouth to Fort Winnebago. In 1838 he also recommended that the Legislature memoralize Congress for a grant of land to aid in the improvement of both the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. The subject continued to be discussed and pushed practically until in September, 1845, Morgan L. Martin, one of the prime and most vigorous enthusiasts for the undertak ing, was elected as a Delegate to Congress and a special champion of the proposed measure. In 1846 a bill was passed by which the lands were granted, the act to take effect when Wisconsin became a State. Two years later, therefore, the grant was accepted, and a Board of Public Works appointed, whose expenditures were confined (the State Constitution forbidding the creation of debt) to the proceeds of the land sales. This source of revenue being far from sufficient, after more than four hundred thousand dollars had been ex pended upon the improvement, the work was abandoned. But the enterprise was not dead, and rose again under the hands of the Fox River Improvement Company in July 1853. This organization, of which Morgan L. Mar tin, N. H. Peck, Edgar Conklin, Otto Tank, Jos. G. Law- ton, B. F. Moore and Mason C. Darling were directors, placed itself under two hundred thousand dollars bonds to complete the work in twenty years. On October 1, 1855, the first boat passed from Lake Win nebago to Green Bay and on June 19, 1856, the "Aquila," a steamer purchased by Green Bay parties started from Pittsburgh, and came via the Ohio, Missis sippi, Wisconsin and Fox rivers, to discharge its cargo at Green Bay. There was great rejoicing, the banks of the Fox between Depere, Green Bay and Fort How ard being crowded by an excited people, celebrating the completion of an arduous undertaking. An act was next passed which conveyed the lands to three trustees appointed by the Governor. In 1866 the works were sold, the proceeds of which, with the receipts of the land yet remaining on their hands, paid up the in debtedness and completed the improvements. The purchasers were incorporated in August of that year as the Green Bay & Mississippi Canal Company, dis posing of the work, six years thereafter, to the United States Government which now has it in charge. LAKE AND RIVER COMMUNICATION. In 1850 the " Indiana," Captain Win. O. Lyon, made the first trip of a regular steamer up the Fox River, a line having already been established between Green Bay and Buffalo, which has continued under different managements to this day. In 1854 a company was organized and a daily line of steamers established., Otto Tank, president. The present company running- steamers between these points is called the Buffalo & Green Bay line. The Goodrich Transportation Com pany (Captain Goodrich, that is) first commenced to run boats between this point and Chicago in 1855. The first boat was the steamer " Huron." In the Spring of 1863 the "Arrpw," of Detroit, was purchased and put on the Green Bay Transit Company's line. Other boats were built in Fort Howard. For some time there has been much dissatisfaction expressed at the rates of freight which a combination of the Goodrich Trans portation Company and the Chicago & Northwestern Company had been able to force upon shippers. Finally an arrangement was made, in the Summer of 1881, by which the barges which landed their freight in Chicago from Sturgeon Bay should take as a return cargo goods consigned to this port, which were transferred at Stur geon Bay on to the Bay Shore boats and shipped to Green Bay. Bridges. — Fox and East rivers are bridged by a- number of substantial structures. Three span the Fox River between Green Bay and Fort Howard — Main and Walnut street bridges, and that built by the Mil waukee & Northern Railroad in 1873. Mason street bridge was so seriously damaged by collision with a boat in 1881, that travel was closed over it. There are also three bridges over East River. A long bridge connects the two Deperes, and there is a fine structure at Wrightstown. Pioneer Boats. — The pioneer steamer " Walk-in-the- Water" visited Mackinaw for the first time in the Summer of 1819, transporting troops and supplies there. During 1820 she made two similar trips. July 31, 1821, she left Detroit for Mackinaw and Green Bay, having two hundred passengers on board, among them Rev. Eleazer Williams, the "Lost Prince," and Major Charles Larrabee, father of Hon. C. H. Larra- bee, of Horicon. The date of her arrival at Green Bay is not given, but the Detroit G-azette, from which this information is taken, says that she made the round trip in thirteen days. In 1827 (or possibly 1826), an excursion of pleasure-seekers is said to have visited Green Bay by steamer. These excursions were made annually for several years. At an early day, Captain Oliver Newberry, of Detroit, commenced running ves sels, and afterwards steamers, between that city and Green Bay. Morgan L. Martin arrived in Green Bay (1827) on one of his boats. In 1832 a steamer trans ported General Scott's troops to Chicago, which was the first steam entry at that place. No steamer visited Green Bay in 1832. In 1833 two steamboats reached Chicago and one Green Bay. In 1834 three trips were made to Chicago and two to Green Bay. Such was the advent of steamers on Lake Michigan. In 18"4, John P. Arndt built the first schooner in Green Bay, and called it the " Wisconsin." The first steam pro peller to navigate the Fox River was the " Black Hawk " (1841), Captain Peter Hotelling, master. She was drawn over the rapids at Depere by means of machinery and ox teams. She was originally an Erie boat, but was fitted up with a propeller wheel and an engine. The Harbor Improvements. — Scarcely had the Fox and Wisconsin rivers improvements been carried through to a commendable state of success, when the county turned her attention more particularly to the condition of the harbor. In April, 1866, petitions were sent to Congress, asking for a suitable appropri ation — 130,500 — to improve the harbor at the mouth of the Fox River. According to the survey of 1853, HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. the channel from the river into Green Bay varied in depth from nine to eleven feet, passing over a shoal and through a circuitous route of 2,100 yards before deeper water was reached off Grassy Point. It then crossed another bar four hundred yards wide. It thus made a swing of nearly three miles. The plan was to dredge a channel through Grass Island, at a point nearly on a line from the mouth of the river to the lighthouse, thus forming a straight cut. In May, 1867, work was commenced, and was pushed so successfully that in September the " Queen City " passed through. Since then various amounts have been expended in dredging, repairs to piers, docking, etc., until Green Bay has one of the best harbors on the lakes. To be more particular, the following amounts have been laid out: 1866 - - $30,500 1867 45,000 1868 (allotted) 17,500 1869 (allotted) 44.550 1870 _ _. 17,500 1871 17500 1873 20,000 1874 _ $10,000 1875 __- 10,000 1876 8,000 1878 5,000 1879 4,000 18S0 6,000 1881 5,000 Total $240,5 50 Tail Point Light is situated five and one-half miles north northeast from the mouth of Fox River, and about four miles northeast from the mouth of Duck Creek. This light was established in 1848, the lantern surmounting a solid stone tower which, though dismantled in 1859 when the new lighthouse was built, still stands defying all the attacks of time, tide, storms and crowbars. The present light, crown ing the tower surmounting the keeper's house, is a fixed white light of the fourth order, the focal plane sixty feet above the water, and has a visibility of about fifteen miles. The lighthouse is twenty-seven feet square, three stories high, the ground-sills from which the tower timbers rise resting upon iron piles, eight feet apart. Capt. George A. Gaylord, the present keeper, was appointed April 1, 1880. He is a native of Ohio, and has sailed the lakes for forty years, making his first voyage to Green Bay in 186 1, to which place he removed his family in 1868. He is well- known all along the lakes, and as master both of steam and sailing vessels has loaded and discharged freight at every port from Green Bay to Buffalo. The following figures, for the year ending Decem ber 31, 1880, prepared by D wight I. Follett, Deputy Collector of Customs for the port of Greeu Bay, give an idea of the extent of business at this point : DESCRIPTION. ARRIVALS. DEPARTURES. No. Tonnage Crews. 4.3&9 545 No. Tonnage Crews. Steamers Sailing Vessels 2 70 97 81,048 18,888 285 105 82,560 19.349 4.491 570 Total 367 99936 4.914 390 101,909 5.061 Exports.— 525 cattle, 3,430 empty barrels, 20,500 pounds fish, 12,017 barrels flour, 1,702 tons general merchandise, 2,712,375 feet lumber, 10,628 tons pig- iron, 545 barrels salt, 9,224 M. shingles, 429,000 staves, 73,550 bushels wheat, 520 cords stone, 459 M. brick. Imports.— 1,510 barrels apples, 3,876 barrels carbon oil, 37 barrels cement, 12,683 tons coal, 1,583 barrels fish, 4,420 tons general merchandise, 37,633 tons iron ore, 82 packages liquor, 82 barrels beef, 21,578 barrels pork. ROADS AND RAILROADS. Communication by land had in the meantime been industriously prosecuted. The first road in Brown County was one laid out from Devil Creek to the rapids at Depere in 1823. It followed the river un der the bluff below what is now Green Bay. In 1827-28, by the co-operation of Stockbridge, a road was laid out which avoided ravines and many places requiring bridges near the river, but wound around the hills in the lowland. In 1830 Congress made an appropriation for establishing a military road from Green Bay (Fort Howard) to Prairie du Chien (Fort Crawford). Judge Doty, one of the commissioners, superintended the work which was completed several years afterwards. In 1853 a plank road was built from Green Bay to Depere, and other roads connecting Brown County with adja cent localities were constructed within the next dozen years. But the great and all-powerful means of com munication with the outside world had yet to be placed in operation — the railroads. As early as November, 1849, Green Bay had telegraphic communication for a short time. The line, however, soon fell into disuse. Telegraphic communication with St. Paul was estab lished August 5, 1862, and two months thereafter the iron horse snorted through the Lower Fox region for the first time. The Chicago $• Northwestern. — Having extended its line to Appleton this company in December, 1861, made a proposition to Brown County to exchange $49,500 of its stock for $49,500 of bonds, agreeing to equip a first- class road running from Fort Howard up the west side of the Fox River to the former city. The people voted in favor of the road on January 30, 1862, by a ma jority of 731. On November 13, of the same year the road was formally opened to the public. Shortly after 12 M., a train of eight passenger cars and one baggage car arrived from Appleton, one hundred and fifty ladies and gentlemen, mostly from Chicago, being aboard. The Chicago Light Guard Band was in attend ance. A dinner was served in Klaus's Hall, Green Bay. Senator T. O. Howe made an address, Col. C. D. Robin son acting as toast-master. Senator Doolittle responded to " Our Guests," and Henry S. Baird, Mayor, to " The City of Green Bay." The occasion marked the com mencement of the era of a new civilization in the his tory of Brown County, and as such is given a promi nent place. In December, 1872, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was brought into the chain of connections by the extension of the road to Escanaba — 114 miles — where it joined the line which penetrates the rich iron region of Lake Superior at Marquette. This extension had a reviving effect, perceptibly so upon the iron manufacturers of Depere and Green Bay, as the supply- thus became easy and cheap of access. The company's depots and grounds are in Fort Howard. The Green Bay, Winona 8? St. Paul Railroad Com pany. — The Green Bay & Lake Pepin Railroad Com pany was organized July 2, 1866. President, Charles D. Robinson ; Vice-President, Andrew Reid. The survey from Green Bay to Waubasha, Minnesota, was made in 1867. The first five miles from Green Bay eastward were graded in the Fall of 1869, and work was then suspended. In the Spring of 1870, D. M. Kelly HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. was elected a director and also made vice-president. He resigned these positions July 20th of that year, and entered into a contract to construct the entire road from Green Bay to the Mississippi River. New Lon don, 40 miles, was reached in December, 1871 ; Mer- rillan, 110 miles from New London, in December, 1872, the Mississippi River, 54 miles further, at a point oppo site Winona, Minnesota, in December, 1873. The car rying out of the contract was entirely successful. On September 5, 1873, the corporate name of the com pany was changed from Green Bay & Lake Pepin to Green Bay & Mississippi Railroad Company. The rolling stock was put in operation, and traffic on the road extended as fast as the track was completed, the whole line, 194 miles, being in working order by Jan uary 1, 1874. Henry Ketchum was then president. Upon the completion of the road D. M. Kelly was made its general manager and vice-president of the company, holding these offices until December, 1877, when he resigned and left the service of the company. In 1878 the road went into the hands of Timothy Case, as receiver. The sale under mortgage foreclosure, was made in the Spring of 1881, and the road bought in by the bond-holders, who re-organized, changing the cor porate name of the company to Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul, its directors being : John I. Blair, New Jersey; Samuel Sloan, Theo. Sturges, Wm. E.Dodge, Percy R. Pyne, E. F. Hatfield, and Benjamin G. Clark, New York ; W. C. Larned, Clvcago ; W. J. Abrams, and Rufus B. Kellogg, Green Bay. The directors were chosen in May, and on June 7, the following officers were elected: President, Samuel Sloan, New York; Vice-President, Timothy Case, Green Bay ; Secretary and Treasurer, Theo. Sturges, New York ; Assistant Secretar}'-, W. J. Abrams, Green Bay ; Assistant Treasurer, Timothy Case, Green Bay ; General Super intendent, Timothy Case, Green Bay ; Assistant Su perintendent, Theo. G. Case, Green Bay ; General So licitors, E. C. and W. C. Larned, Chicago ; General Attorney, Theo. G. Case, Green Bay ; Executive Com mittee, John I. Blair, of New Jersey; P. R. Pyne, Benjamin G. Clark and E. F. Hatfield, Jr., of New York. The road will remain in the hands of Receiver Case until the old business is fully settled and he is discharged by the court. The line is the connecting link between the States west of the Mississippi, the immense coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania and the great and rich State of New York. It seems to meet the wants of the people of Brown County, and realize their expectations of an outlet and an inlet from the West, after which they so vigorously grasped in the matter of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers improvements. It is with reason that a great increase in the prosper ity of the county is expected to come via the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Railroad Company. Its char ter was obtained by W. J. Abrams, who at the time (1866) was a member of the Assembly, and who for years has been one of its most staunch, enthusiastic and use ful friends and officials. The company has in operation 221 miles of track, 19 engines, 8 passenger coaches, 375 box cars, 149 flat cars, 5 caboose cars, and 13 miscellaneous. Its build ings and grounds are in Fort Howard. The Milwaukee $¦ Northern Railway Company was incorporated in 1870. It completed its road to Menasha, 102 miles from Milwaukee, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay, 27 miles, in 1873, and in that year (No vember) leased its line to the Wisconsin Central Rail road Company, which is still operating it. The branch to Green Bay was completed June 19, 1873, and regular trains commenced running on the twenty-fifth. With this last and great addition to her railroad facilities, Brown County seems to have established a most propi tious system of communication. The buildings and grounds of the company are in Green Bay. The Chicago & Northwestern line enters the town of Wrightstown, passes in a northeasterly direction through the village of that name, the town of Law rence, the village of West Depere, town of Waubenon, city of Fort Howard, and towns of Howard and Suam- ico. The Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul road enters the county through the Oneida Reservation, and has its terminus at Fort Howard. The Milwaukee & North ern (Wisconsin Central) enters the extreme southwest corner of the county, through the town of Holland, passing through Greenleaf, Ledgeville, etc., the towns of Wrightstown and Rockland, village and towns of Depere and Allouez to Green Bay. Wisconsin £ Michigan Railroad. — Although young in age, the line from Green Bay — an extension in real ity of the Milwaukee & Northern — to the Lake Supe rior region of Michigan, has assumed large proportions as an adjunct to the city's commercial growth. Build ing was immediately commenced upon securing in the Winter of 1881 the land grant of $4,000,000 from the State of Michigan. The Ontonagon & Brule River Railroad which runs from Ontonagon to Green Bay, and received its charter from this State, will be con solidated with the Wisconsin & Michigan at the State line. It is anticipated that the enterprise will do much toward developing both the mining and pine regions along the route of the road, and build up Green Bay as a shipping point. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. In 1818, when Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State and Wisconsin attached to the Territory of Michigan, Governor Cass issued a proclamation organ izing Brown County. Its territory then extended as far south as the Illinois line, as far east as Lake Mich igan, and as far west as the Wisconsin River and Fort Winnebago. It is needless to say that this is not the Brown County whose early history is to be given from 1836, where it has just been dropped. In that year eleven townships belonging to the southern tier were detached to form Milwaukee County, and the western boundary of Brown was extended to the Wisconsin River. When Wisconsin became a Territory in 1836, Brown County lost that portion of her original posses sion vorth of the Menomonee River, and gained the remainder of the eastern peninsula. By Territorial act, December 7 of that year, Portage, Marquette, Calu met, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, and portions of Washington and Dodge counties were set off. In 1837-38, four eastern townships were taken by Portage County. Iu 1849-50, Brown County contributed further to Portage, Marquette and Manitowoc. In 1851, Oconto, Outagamie, Door and Waupaca counties were HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY, ioj organized from her original territory of 1834 ; in 1852, Kewaunee ; in 1853, Ozaukee and Shawano. It was not until the latter year that her present limits were reached, and it is with that portion of the Brown County of 1836, which finally dwindled to the Brown County of 1853, that is to be treated at this stage of the history. Prior to 1835 the township of Green Bay had been organized. Daniel Whitney had platted the village of Navarino (now a portion of Green Bay) in 1829. Gen. Wm. Dickinson and a few French fam ilies occupied the present site of Depere ; the fur trade and traffic with the soldiers at Shanty Town were dying into nothing; the lands east of the Fox River had been surveyed by A. G. Ellis — the old, rough, un organized life was giving way to modern times. In 1835, the south ward of Green Ba}r was laid out by Astor, Crooks & Stewart, of the American Fur Com pany. It was platted as the village of Astor, the land having been formerly owned by the Grignon family and Judge Lawe, and was taken finally to liquidate a debt incurred by the Green Bay Company. Under the energetic push of the proprietors of the village, John Jacob Astor, Ramsey Crooks and Robert Stewart, quite a rivalry soon sprang up with the village of Navarino. Depere, also, under the guidance of General Dickinson, was becoming a flourishing point. In 1835, the Depere Hydraulic Company, which had just been organized, platted the village, and Messrs. Dickinson, Charles Tullar and John P. Arndt were authorized by Territo rial sanction to build a dam, or in any way utilize the water-power near the Rapide Des Peres. Having been incorporated as the Fox River Hydraulic Company in the Summer of 1836, they, in conjunction with other energetic settlers commenced in earnest the improve ment of the river at that point. An additional advan tage, which Depere had gained by the early part of 1837, was the LOCATION OF THE COUNTY SEAT. Iii all new countries this matter has been considered a worthy subject of contention. For nearly twenty years the powers in authority had been endeavoring to bring the matter to a settlement. First, Governor Cass authorized the Justices of the County Court to locate the seat within six miles of the mouth of the Fox River. They neglected to act, and in 1824 the Terri torial Council of Michigan passed the responsibility over to the County Commissioners. Neither would they decide, and the next year, arguing no doubt that in "union is strength," made the "committee on decision " to consist of the Justices of the Peace, the County Commissioners and the United States Judge, whereupon the seat of justice was " fixed at Menomo- neeville," a short distance above Green Bay, and a log building erected for the reception of the officials. Some time before, however, on October 4, 1894, the first term of the United States Circuit Court for the county of Brown had been held near Camp Smith (now Shanty Town), Hon. James Duane Doty present ing his judicial commission, duly signed by James Monroe, President of the United States. It appointed him an additional Judge for the Territory of Michigan, in the counties of Michiiimackinac for the term of four years, commencing February 1, 1824. Judge Doty also presented papers from Lewis Cass, qualifying him for the office. The court was opened by George Johnston, Sheriff, and Robert Irwin, Jr., acted as clerk. The Grand Jury was as follows : A. G. Irwin, Michael Dousman, Wm. Dickinson, James Clark, Augustin Grignon, Dominick Brunette, Bresque Hyatt, AmableDurosher, Pierre Carbonneau, Sr., Pierre Carbonneau, Jr., Lans Rouse, Louis Grignon, Daniel Curtis, Joseph Jourdan, Louis Gravell, Joseph Ducharme, Paul Grignon, Ama- ble Grignon, John Lawe, James Porlier, Sr., John Bap tiste Langevin, Alexander Gardepies, John Baptiste Jommine, Daniel Curtis, foreman. At this session Henry S. Baird was admitted as an attorney. Court ad journed to October, 1824, at which time the first case tried was United States vs. Henry B. Brevoort — indict ment for assault and battery. The county seat question had not been settled, however, for in April, 1837, in pursuance of an act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, it was sub mitted to a popular vote. Depere carried the clay, and the log court-house was moved from Menomonee- ville to Depere via Fox River ice. The log house was outgrown, however, in a few years. It would contain all the business transacted and leave something to spare, but as soon as "we, the people," fairly decided that Depere was the county seat, the ideas in regard to a county building at once expanded far" beyond the dimensions of that little log building. In 1838 a court-house was erected at a cost of $5,740. The contractor was Matthew Washburn, and the first term of court in it was held in 1839 by Judge A. G. Miller, who succeeded Judge W. C. Fraser. It was a wooden building, the upper story being used for the court room, and the lower for the jail and living rooms for the keeper's family. Just at this time, too (strange coincidence), when it seemed certain that no one would dispute with Depere the honors of the shire town, the rival villages, Navarino and Astor, united under the name of the Borough of Green Bay, forming respectively its northern and its southern portions. Morgan L. Martin was president. The strife commenced anew, but notwithstanding the crushing blow to Green Bay of the great lire of 1840, by which much of its business property was destroyed, it steadily gained in population, until, in 1849, the town of Green Bay had l,t>22, and the town of Depere 798. In 1849 the village of Fort Howard was platted, and in 1851 Tanktown (founded by Otto Tank, a Nor wegian missionary) was added to it. On the contrary, but three or four houses had as yet (1851) been built on the present site of West Depere. The Borough of Green Bay and its immediate vicinity so grew in im portance, it at once became patent to the most unre flecting that another move of the county seat was im minent. And so it proved. By the Legislative enact ment of February 27, 1854, Green Bay was incorporated as a city, and on April 4 a popular vote transferred the county seat from Depere. For a dozen years, however, until the erection of the new court-house, the old building in Depere was used as a county jail. In April, 1864, the County Commissioners purchased of Wm. D. Coburn three lots, corner of Jefferson and Cherry streets, as a site for a court-house and jail. The price 104 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. paid was $2,800. The building was erected and occu pied during the next year. It is three stories in height, brick, the lower portion of stone. It is 86x61 feet, walls 62 feet high, the body of the structure being sur mounted by a dome which towers 116 feet above the ground. The basement or ground floor is occupied by the jail and jailer's quarters, the county offices being situated on the second floor. Two halls cut the build ing transversely. The court room, in the third story, is 60 feet square and 24 feet high. Messrs. Schwartz & Kemnitz secured the contract for $37,950, the work being superintended by B. C. Gardner, of Green Bay, the architect of the building. It only remains to trace the fate of the old court-house at Depere to show how solidly Green Bay has settled into her position of trust and honor as the county seat. When the new court house was completed, the old building in Depere, in which Judge Miller had so frequently presided, was sold at auction to private parties. It was afterwards used as a Good Templars' hall and a town jail. In 1871 a poor drunken sot, who had been twice arrested by the Marshal, took it into his head, as a bright measure of revenge, to fire the old building, and get "even" with the officer of the law. He carried out his plan, and not only burned down the court-house, but burned up himself and a fellow prisoner. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION. In January, 1823, an act of Congress was passed providing for a District Court, having concurrent juris diction with the Supreme Court at Detroit, to which heretofore causes had been carried for trial. On writs of error, however, appeals could be taken to the latter. As previously noted, in treating of the county seat question, James Duane Doty became the first District Judge, and Henry S. Baird, District Attornejr. Judge Doty held the position until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. When the Territory was organized in 1836, Judge Irvin was assigned to the Second Judicial District (Des Moines and Dubuque counties), while Judge W. C. Fraser was given juris diction over Brown and Milwaukee counties. This position he retained until the time of his death, which occurred in Milwaukee, October 18, 1838. November 8, President Van Buren appointed Andrew G. Miller, of Milwaukee, to succeed him. When Wisconsin became a State in 1848 the judicial organization of Brown County was, of course, changed in common with that of all other counties. Brown County became a portion of the Fourth Judicial Circuit Alexander W. Stow being elected Judge. January 1, 1851, he was succeeded by Timothy O. Howe, who took his seat as one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. During the Winter of 1852 a separate Supreme Court was created, the Judges of the Circuit Court thus losing their functions as Associate Justices. Of the residents of Brown County who served their circuit after this change in judicial organization may be men tioned Judge S. R. Cotton, who died in 1867, and Judge E. H. Ellis. The former served from 1855 to 1861, and the latter from 1871 to 1879. His successor is the present incumbent, Judge George H. Meyers, of Appleton. Brown County is now in the Tenth Judi cial Circuit, and terms of court are held in Green Bay on the fourth Monday of January, first Monday of March and third Monday of September. Since 1821 the office of Probate Judge has existed, possessing different functions, as the political organi zation and limits of the country changed. Matthew Irwin, John Biddle, James G. Porlier ajid John Lawe served Brown County, the latter being in office eleven years, from 1824 to 1831. Then came Joel S. Fisk, Chas. C. P. Arndt, John P. Arndt, Charles Chapman, David Agry and John Last. This brings the office up to its present character, as created by the State Con stitution. In 1850 David Agry succeeded Judge Last, being also elected County Judge. This position he held until his death January 30, 1877. Morgan L. Martin, the present incumbent, succeeded to both po sitions. THE BAR ASSOCIATION. The Brown County Bar Association was organized April 4, 1857, with "Henry S. Baird, president, and E. H. Ellis, secretary. Thirteen members signed the constitution : D. Agry, James H. Howe, J. F. Loy, T. O. Howe, M. P. Lindsley, John Last, John C. Neville, James S. Baker, S. B. A. Haynes, Orlo B. Graves and B. J. Brown. Mr. Baird continued to preside until a short time before his death in April, 1875. John C. Neville who now holds that position was acting presi dent during Mr. Baird's absence. The organization now numbers about thirty members. ATTORNEYS FROM 1818 TO 1848. As an interesting addendum to the above, a list of the attorneys of Brown County admitted to practice from 1818 to 1848, is given: James Duane Doty, No vember, 1818 ; Henry S. Baird, October, 1824 ; Morgan L. Martin, June, 1827 ; Samuel W. Beal, September, 1829; Joseph Dickinson, June, 1833; C. C. P. Arndt, Barlow Shackelford, L. Allen, John S. Howe, George S. Meredith and D. W. C. Bancroft, June, 1837 ; Philip S. White, June, 1839 ; R. A. Eastman, October, 1839 ; David Agry, Joel S. Fisk, H. E. Eastman, J. G. Knapp, May, 1841; Francis C. Lee, May, 1842; Louis G. Pease, Stephan P. Cotton, George P. Havens, May, 1843 ; George J. Wallace, May, 1844 ; John Last, John A. Eastman, October, 1844 ; T. O. Howe, October, 1845; H. C. Hobart, May, 1846 ; E. H. Ellis, October, 1847 ; William J. Green, May, 1848; James H. Howe, October, 1848. THE LAND-OFFICE AT GKEEN BAY. Land-offices were established in Wisconsin by Con gressional act of 1834. Wisconsin, then a part of Michigan Territory, was divided into two districts — the Wisconsin and the Green Bay. In 1836 the latter district was sub-divided, an office being established in Milwaukee. It was the means of drawing much busi ness to this point, and consequently when the office was removed to Menasha there was much dissatisfac tion, expressed in no mild terms. W. B. Slaughter was the first Register of the Land-office. After him came John S. Horner (1838), John F. Meade (1847), Joel S. Fisk (1848), H. F. Brown (1849), G. W. Spaulding (1850). HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. i°5 THE OLD SETTLERS CLUB. Not until February 18, 1871, did the pioneers of the county form an organization. Upon that date a number of old settlers who had located in Brown County previous to 1843 met at the Beaumont House for a preliminary meeting. A constitution was adopt ed at a subsequent gathering in March, and the follow ing officers elected: President, Henry S. Baird ; First Vice-President, Morgan L. Martin ; Second Vice- President, P. B. Grignon ; Third, Charles Tullar ; Treasurer, E. H. Ellis ; Recording Secretary, John Last ; Corresponding Secretary, C. D. Robinson Since the date of organization several prominent mem bers have been taken away by death, among others President Baird and the Second Vice-President, P. B. Grignon. Mr. Martin has succeeded to the vacancy. Members of the club, past and present, with dates of settlement and death, are as below: Henry S. Baird settled in September, 1824, died April 30, 1875; Morgan L. Martin, settled May 20, 1827; Nath an Goodell, June 1, 1830 ; Charles Tullar, June 11, 1830 (died in October, 1874); P. B. Grignon, born in Green Bay, June 12, 1806 ; John B. Jacobs, a native, born March 31, 1818; John V. Snydam settled July 6, 1830 ; E. H. Ellis, August 26, 1826 ; Joshua Whit ney (son of Daniel, who platted Navarino), August 30, 1829 ; Frederick S. Ellis, January 17, 1830 (died May 6, 1879); Thomas M. Camm, born in Green Bay, January 16, 1828; Joel S. Fisk settled in July, 1835 (died May 27, 1877); John Last settled May 29, 1833 ; Charles Gibo, June 1, 1832 (died April 19, 1875); John Parent, June 11, 1832 ; Wm. Chapman, July 20, 1833; Thomas Bennett, May 17, 1836; E. W. Follett, May 25, 1836 (died in 1881); H. H. Albright, October 9, 1836 ; D. W. King, June 10, 1837 ; Daniel Butler, July, 1839; H. W. Chapman, a native of Green Bay, born April 25, 1837 ; Porter Parish, August 12, 1835 ; James C. Brown settled August 5, 1846 (died December 16, 1872); Michael B. Smith, September 6, 1842 (deceased); Thomas W. Call, July 19, 1838 (de ceased); C. D. Robinson, July 4, 1846 ; Elisha Morrow, November 26, 1840; Carlton B. Wheelock, June 20, .1833; Charles L. Wheelock, June 20, 1833; Burley Follet (died September 14, 1877) settled June 1, 1830 ; John F. Lessey, July 3, 1836 (deceased); Randall Wil cox, July 1, 1836 (died October 16, 1872); W. H. B. Gil bert, September 15, 1837 ; Charles Leclerc, June 7, 1836 ; C. R. Tyler, August 15, 1843 (died August 7, 1872); F. McFayden, June 13, 1838 ; D. H. Grig non (son of P. B.) born in Green Bay, February 17, 1843; Geo. W- Watson, 1843; John H. M. Wigman, June 3, 1848; Edgar Conklin, September, 1841; H. E. Eastman, June 20, 1840 ; Erastus Root, September, 1845 ; A. C. Robinson, July 18, 1846 ; Naman J. Sweet, November, l'834 ; W. J. Fisk, May 1836 ; Benjamin F. Wheelock, June 6, 1835 ; A. H. Van Nostrand, July 12, 1847; J. W. Arndt, September 25, 1824; D. Agry, September 30, 1840 (died January 30, 1877); John Day, May, 1842; M. J. Meade, August 20, 1835; T. O. Howe, October 6, 1845 ; John P. Dousman set tled in 1824 (died September 14, 1872); Philip Lau rence, May, 1847 ; E. Sherwood, June 12, 1837 (died January 25, 1880 ; James S. Baker, June 30, 1842 ; Anton Burkart, August 8, 1847 ; Andrew E. Elmore, April, 1839; James H. Elmore, January 6, 1843; George Langton, July, 1836; David Covmier, October, 1839; H. G. Freeman, October, 1846; Andrew J. Vieau, born here January 1, 1819 ; J. W. Cotton, settled in May, 1824 (died September 10, 1878); Charles H. White, June 5, 1836 ; Wm. Powell, Sep tember 25, 1810; G. N. Langton, June 18, 1842 (died July 9, 1878); Jule R. Morris, June, 1840; Charles Kitchen, June, 1836 (died in the Spring of 1881); Moses Hardwick, August 17, 1816 (died August 15, 1879); Geo. P. Farnsworth, born in Green Bay, July 4, 1828 ; Lewis J. Day settled in Septem ber, 1841 ; Daniel M. Whitney, August, 1833 (died June 7, 1878); Leonard Martin (son of M. L.), born in Green Bay, August 26, 1838 ; Linns Thompson settled, in 1833 (deceased): Harry F. Brown, October 20, 1844 ; Orlo B. Graves, May 22, 1838 (died Feb ruary 17, 1879); Roswell Morris, September, 1838; Rufus Cheney, September, 1839 ; David F. Follett, May 13, 1839. Peculiar interest attaches to the date of Moses Hardwick's arrival in Green Ray, coming as he did with the American troops — a true, patriotic Ken- tuckian he. It settles the date of the military arrival conclusively. COUNTY ORGANIZATION UNDER STATE RULE. The first Board of Supervisors of Brown County after the organization of the State, met in January, 1848 — R. Wilcox, Chairman ; Col. Samuel Ryan, Robert D. Stewart and Thomas Green. The county officers were: J. F. Lessey, Sheriff; H. F. Brown, Treasurer ; John V. Snydam, Clerk ; Burley Follett, Register ; Edward Outhwaite, Clerk of the Court ; Wm. H. C. Boyd, Coroner ; David Agry, District At torney ; A. G. Ellis, District Surveyor. The officers for 1881 are: E. R. Smith, Sheriff; Frank Lenz, Treas urer ; Pat. Ryan, Clerk ; B. M. Berendren, Register of Deeds ; E. P. Boland, Clerk of the Court ; Martin Vandenburg, Coroner ; John Crayen, Overseer of the Poor ; Charles E. Vroman, District Attorney ; Miss Minnie H. Kelleher, Superintendent of Schools. LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATION. After the census of the Territory had been taken, in the Summer of 1836, Governor Henry Dodge made the Legislative apportionment for the several counties. Brown County's share was two councilmen and three representatives, Henry S. Baird and John P. Arndt being, in October, elected to the Upper House, and Ebenezer Childs, Albert G. Ellis and Alex. J. Irwin to the House of Representatives. The first named was chosen President of the Council when it convened, on the twenty-fifth of that month. Geo. Mc Williams successfully contested the seat with Mr. Irwin. A roster follows of the Legislative representatives of Brown County, whether of the Council and House of Representatives in Territorial rule, or of the Senate and Assembly under the State Constitution : Second session of the First Legislative Assembly, 1837-8 — Council : John P. Arndt, Joseph Dickinson. (Henry S. Baird resigned to accept the Attorney-Gen eralship of the Territory.) Representatives: Ebene zer Childs, Geo. Mc Williams, Charles C. Sholes. io6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. First session of Second Assembly, 1838 — Council: Alex. J. Irwin, Morgan L.Martin. Representatives: Ebenezer Childs, Chas. C. Sholes, Barlow Shackelford, Jacob W. Conroe. Second session, 1839 — Council and Representatives the same. Third session, 1839- 40 — Council: Morgan L. Martin, Chas. C. P. Arndt. Representatives the same. Fourth session, 1840 (ex tra) — Same Council, same Representatives. First session of Third Assembly, 1810-41 — Same Council, this district now comprising Brown, Mani towoc, Fond du Lac and Sheboygan counties. Repre sentatives : Wm. H. Bruce (whose seat was success fully contested by Albert G. Ellis), Mason C. Darling, David Giddings. Second session, 1841-2 — Same Council, same Representatives. (C. C. P. Arndt shot by James R. Vineyard in the Council Chamber.) First session of Fourth Assembly, 1842-3. — This district now comprised Brown, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Marquette, Portage, Sheboygan and Win nebago. Council : Morgan L. Martin. Representa tives : Speaker, A. G. Ellis, then of Portage ; Mason C. Darling, David Agry. Second session — Same Council, same Representatives. Third session, 1845 — Council: Randall Wilcox. Representatives: Mason C. Darling, Abraham Brawley, and Wm. Fowler, a Brotherhood Indian. Fourth session, 1846 — Same Council, same Representatives, except Elisha Morrow in place of Wm. Fowler. First Constitutional Convention, 1846 — Brown County delegates : David Agry, Henry S. Baird. Sec ond Convention, 1847-8, Morgan L. Martin. First session of the Fifth Legislative Assembly, 1847 — Council: Mason C. Darling. Representatives: Elisha Morrow, Hugh McFarlane. Special session, 1847 — Same Council. Representatives: Moses S. Gibson, G. W. Featherstonhaugh. Second session, 1848 — Same Council, same Representatives. Of the foregoing names there are but few which are not as familiar as household words to the people of Brown County. In the succeeding roster, the aim is to confine the list as nearly as possible to residents of Brown County : First session of the State Legislature, 1848 — As sembly: David Agry, of Green Bay; 1849, John F. Meade; 1850, Charles D.Robinson; 1851, John F. Lessey; 1852, Uriah H. Peak (Green Bay), the dis trict now comprising Brown, Door, Oconto and Outa gamie ; 1853, Randall Wilcox (Depere), the district comprising Brown, Door and Kewaunee counties ; 1854, Francis Desnoyer, Green Bay ; 1855, Morgan L. Martin, Green Bay; 1856, John Day, Green Bay; 1857-8 (Brown 'County alone), Edgar Conklin, Green Bay; 1859, Wm. Field, Jr., Depere; 1860, J. C. Neville, Green Bay; 1861-3, Fred. S.Ellis, Green Bay; 1864-7, W. J. Abrams, Green Bay; 1868, John B. Eugene, Green Bay, D. Cooper Ayres, Fort How ard ; 1869, Joseph S. Curtis, Green Bay, R. Wilcox, Depere ; 1870, Ed. Hicks, Green Bay, Michael Dockry, Morrison; 1871, Jos. S. Curtis, Green Bay, D. Cooper Ayres, Fort Howard ; 1872, Christian Wcelz, Green Bay, D. Cooper Ayres, Fort Howard, Daniel Lee, De pere ; 1873, Jos. S. Curtis, Green Bay, Wm. B. Bart ran, Flintville, Dennis Dewane, Cooperstown ; 1874, Morgan L. Martin, Green Bay, Wm. H. Bartran, Fort Howard, Pat. Hobbins, Morrison; 1875, Thos. R. Hudd, Green Bay, Wm. J. Fisk, Fort Howard, P. Hobbins, Morrison; 1876, Michael Resch, Green Bay, Wm. J. Fisk, Fort Howard, Dennis Dewane, Coopers town ; 1877, D. M. Kelly, Green Bay, Wm. J. Fisk, Fort Howard, Mich. J. Touhey, Morrison; 1878, D. M. Kelly, Green Bay, David M. Burns, Fort Howard, Wm. Rice, Morrison ; 1879, D. M. Kelly, Green Bay, Albert L. Gray, Fort Howard, John O'Flaherty, Mor rison ; 1880, Benjamin Fontaine, Green Bay, Dayid E. Sedgwick, Wrightstown, Chester G. Wilcox, Depere; 1881, Benj. Fontaine, Green Bay, J. J. Rasmussen, Fort Howard, M. B. Brennon, Morrison. Residents of Brown County who have served in the Senate are as follows: In 1849, H.E.Eastman un successfully contested the seat of Lemuel Goodill, who served this and the succeeding year ; 1854-5, James F. Loy, Depere ; 1858-9, Morgan L. Martin, Green Bay ; 1862-3, Edward Hicks, Green Bay ; 1864-5, Fred. S. Ellis, Green Bay; 1866-7, Matt. J. Meade, Green Bay ; 1868-9, W. J. Abrams, Green Bay ; 1872-3, M. P. Lindsley, Green Bay; 1876-9, Thos. R. Hudd, Green Bay ; 1880-1, D. M. Kelly, Green Bay. THE ARNDT-VINEYARD TRAGEDY. The killing of C. C. P. Arndt, in the Council Chamber at Madison (February, 1842), will always be remembered in this county as a thrilling and heart rending tragedy. He was the son of Judge John P. Arndt, an old and respected citizen. At the time of his death he was editor of the Green Bay Republican, having previously held the office of Probate Judge for a number of years. Being so well known by family connections and force of personal character, his death and the manner of it created the most intense excite ment. The assailant was James R. Vineyard, a mem ber from Grant County. The difficulty grew out of a debate on a motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of Sheriff for that county. John H. Tweedy, a member from Milwaukee, and therefore a witness to the affray (which occurred on the 11th of February), who would not be prejudiced, has given testimony to the following effect : " Mr. Arndt opposed it [the motion] because the gentleman from Grant [alluding to Mr. Vineyard, I suppose] had given the highest testimonials as to the character of the nominee. I think upon his making that remark, Mr. Vineyard turned partly round in his seat, and said it was a falsehood. Some words passed, and order was restored. Soon after a motion to adjourn was made, and a division had thereon ; and immediately after the members had arisen in the negative, before announce ment by the chair, most of the members and bystanders rose, and I saw deceased and Mr. Vineyard, and, I be lieve, one or two others, close together jit the corner of Mr. Vineyard's desk. Many words in a high key passed ; heard deceased demand of Mr. Vineyard an explanation. Then Mr. Strong called 'order ' twice, and the president arose and called the house to order. Vineyard and deceased were parted by one or two by standers. Saw deceased then move about eight feet towards the fire-place. He stood there, and Mr. Vine yard at his desk, until the chair announced an ad journment. Mr. Arndt then came up to Mr. Vineyard's HISTORY. OF BROWN COUNTY. desk. Mr. V. was standing at the corner of it. De- oeased asked Mr. Vineyard if he imputed to him false hood in his remarks. Mr. Vineyard answered ' yes,' or that ' they were false ;' do not remember which. Think I then saw deceased strike at Mr. V.'s face, or forehead ; they were about three feet apart. Rose to go to them. Did not see distinctly, but thought one or two blows had passed ; then heard an explosion. Deceased partly reeled around, and moved several steps toward the fire-place, with his hands on his breast. I believe next moment saw him in the arms of Mr. Der- ring. I believe in about five minutes saw him die. He said nothing, and did not appear to be conscious of any thing." In regard to the affair, Moses M. Strong made the following remarks before the State Historical Society, February 4, 1870: "The testimony of the other witnesses was substantially the same, all agreeing 'that the deceased was the assaulting party, and that Vineyard was defending himself against the assault, although by means of weapons of death, which the oc casion by no means demanded. He immediately sur rendered himself to the Sheriff, waived an examination, and was committed to jail. After a short confinement, he was brought before the Chief Justice of the Terri tory on habeas corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for manslaughter, and was tried and acquitted. Immediately after the homicide, Vineyard sent his resignation to the Council. The Council re fused to receive it or have it read, and immediately expelled him." MILITARY HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. Up to this point it has been the aim to keep strictly in view those topics which may be said to concern the ¦county at large — its natural features, its political and judicial organization, its railroads and harbor and river improvements, and lastly, this bloody affray which laid low one of its prominent and respected representatives. One other subject of this general character, and yet of the particular interest which attaches to all personal suffering or misfortune, is the record of the war. The military history of Brown County previous to the war •consists chiefly in the harboring of the United States soldiers in Fort Howard, and the raising of two or three local companies. From July, 1833, to 1838, the Fifth Infantry Regiment was stationed at that place, Gen. George M. Brooke in command. In August,1838, Gen. Brooke was called to Prairie du Chien, and Capt. M. E. Merrill took charge of the fort. He continued until 1845, when the troops were removed, and the fort was placed in care of Major Shaler, a retired United States officer. The Green Bay Rangers were organized in 1838, Morgan L. Martin, captain ; Seth Reese, first lieutenant. It was a cavalry company. The Second Wisconsin Militia Regiment was organized at Green Bay in the Fall of T847, S. Ryan, colonel. In neither case was the military fervor sufficient to maintain very vigorous organizations. But when the war broke out, Brown County partook of the general enthusiasm and determination of the country. In April, 1861, relief committees to provide for unprotected families of soldiers were organized. During the first part of that month the Bay City Guards were formed, Fred. S. Ellis, then a member of Assembly from this county, being its most prominent organizer and captain. It was drilled for about a month by Capt. John W. Cotton, an old graduate of West Point, and the services of the company tendered by Assemblyman Ellis and ac cepted by the State. They subsequently disbanded, however. At the same time flag raisings and patriotic meetings were occurring thick and fast. Major Shaler, in charge of the fort, was presented with a flag by the ladies of Howard, and it was flung to the breeze be fore a large concourse of Union citizens. Fort Howard gave forth a salute of thirty-four guns, and Green Bay lustily responded. The Stars and Stripes increased daily in number, floating alike over jail and church. At the upper Catholic Church, Green Bay, that patri otic and lamented priest, Father Bonduel, officered the ceremonies of a giving a beautiful flag to the breeze, and delivered a most eloquent and stirring address. War meetings were held every-where, and a special effort was made in Green Bay to make the Fourth of July blood-stirring and suggestive. The officers of the day were : President, Morgan L. Martin ; Vice-Presi dents, Charles Tullar and C. D. Robinson ; Marshal, Dr. C. E. Crane ; Assistants, J. F. Lessey and Fred. S. Ellis; Orator, ex-Governor Seymour, New York ; Reader and Toast-master, Harry E. Eastman. Soon afterwards a regular recruiting office was opened by Lyman S. Strick land, and the work went bravely on. During the next month, in pursuance to a general order issued from the War Department, authorizing recruiting from the ranks of the German population, Company H, com manded by Captain Hesse Gumal was raised in Green Bay. It was attached to the Southwestern expedition and was mustered out at the close of the war. Depere and the town of Suamico in the meantime were com ing nobly to the front. The latter was particularly active in furnishing recruits for the Green Bay Union Guards, which were so far organized and ready for duty that they were ordered to leave for camp at Mad ison on November 1. They left nearly in full strength, and were assigned with Captain Norton's Oconto Com pany — the "Sackers" — to the " Marching Twelfth." Their departure was made the occasion for a grand ovation to the " boys in blue." When the "Fannie Fisk" and the " Queen City" hove in sight, the for mer with the " Sackers " on board, the latter with their friends, cannons were placed on the dock, which, with the Green Bay brass band and the lusty-voiced Union Guards, gave the Oconto visitors a warm and fitting welcome. A feast was spread at Turner Hall, and manly speeches were made by H. S. Baird, Major Sha ler, Father Bonduel and Senator Howe. September 18, 1861, a rousing war meeting was held in Depere, over twenty volunteers coming forward on the spot. This was the nucleus of the Depere com pany, known as the Brown County Rifles, and who for the coolest of bravery at the battle of Shiloh were re- christened the " Wisconsin Regulars." They went into service at Fond du Lac, sixty-four strong. Since so large a proportion of the soldiers who went from Brown County partook of the fortunes of the " Marching Twelfth," a brief tracing of their widely extended course will be given. In brief, the regiment marched from the time of leaving Madison, January 11, 1862, until the Spring of 1864, one thousand six io8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. hundred miles, was transported by steamer one thous and five hundred and by railroad six hundred. Re porting at Camp Randall in the Fall of 1861, the wan derers found themselves at Leavenworth, Kansas, in February, 1862. Six days later they had marched one hundred and sixty miles to Fort Scott ; twenty days thereafter they were at Lawrence one hundred and fif teen miles from Fort Scott. Within two weeks an order arrived which necessitated a move to Fort Riley, one hundred and twenty miles. Then they marched back to Leavenworth, thence down the river to St. Louis and to Columbus, Kentucky. By this time it was June, 1862. After enjoying a season of compara tive rest in repairing railroads and scouting and guer rilla warfare the Twelfth struck Bolivar, where they were attached to the Seventeenth Army Corps. After the battle of Corinth they pursued the Rebels, and participated in the movement which followed the sur render of Holly Springs. In February they were on guard duty on the Memphis & Charlestown Road ; in March were at Memphis to participate in the Cold- water expedition under Colonel Bryant. Indulging in a slight skirmish at Hernando, in which the enemy were defeated, the Twelfth joined Grant's army, were placed on garrison duty, and finally, in June, served in the trenches before Vicksburg. Next with Sherman, then back to Vicksburg and to Natchez. More guer rilla warfare, more marching; then with General Sher man's regular expedition. The raising of money, the recruiting for active service, and the agitation of the Union cause con tinued until in March, 1863 ; the passage of the draft act produced wide-spread consternation, especially among a limited class who had avoided the burdens of the war. Wisconsin was divided into six districts, the head-quarters of the fifth district being Green Bay — C. R. Merrill, Provost Marshal ; Wm. A. Bugh, Com missioner; H. O. Crane, Examining Surgeon. Fort Howard was to be the rendezvous and the place of confinement for deserters. The draft was ordered to take place in November. On the twenty-first of that month it took place in the old court-house, corner of Adams and Dotjr streets, Green Bay. Green Bay, Fort Howard and Depere were exempt as they had already filled up their quota. The draft continued for a week, the number drawn being two thousand eight hundred and forty. In 1864, July 18, a draft of four thousand eight hundred and ten was made and in December of the same year eight hundred and forty in the State. Of the late companies which went out during the last of the war may be mentioned the Brown County Guards, a company of young men who enlisted in the Summer of 1864, for the one-hundred-day service, offi cered by James Camm, and Company F, Fifteenth Reg iment, Captain Chas. C. Lovett. The latter was sent to Dakota, remaining in service nearly a year. The Bay City Light Guard, the only military organ ization of Green Bay or Fort Howard, was formed in the former city, December 1, 1874. Its officers are as follows : Captain, E. L. Kendall ; First Lieutenant, David Soper ; Second Lieutenant, O. C. Davidson. It has a membership of seventy-three. TOWN HISTORY. A point is now reached when it is necessary to turn from subjects of general county interest to those of a more local nature. The history of the towns is there fore taken up, and afterwards of the cities and villages of the county. Town of Green Bay. — Soon after the organization of Brown County in 1834, the Town of Green Bay was formed ; four years thereafter the Borough of Green Bay was the combined product of Navarino and Astor. Up to 1854, when it became a city, Green Bay neces sarily formed a part of the town. Preble, Humboldt and Scott were cut off from it in 1858, so that its orig inally large proportions (ninety-eight square miles) were reduced to eight miles long by three miles wide. The original settlers of the town, as it now exists, were a party of Belgians who came from Antwerp in . 1853. Town of Howard was organized in 1838, John Mars- ton, a fisherman, being the first settler in that region, in 1830. In 1836, John P. Arndt built a saw-mill upon the site of Duck Creek settlement, and in 1839, Francis Irwin and Patrick Cummings were farming in that locality. But the lower settlement on the creek soon became the most thriving, in a business way, and a post-office was established there in 1860. The early history of the Towns of Green Bay, Howard, Preble, and Lawrence, or of the region which they now include, has been detailed in preceding pages. The Town of Pittsfield, one of the largest in the county, was organized November 17, 1849, the first town meeting being held at the house of D. W. Hub bard. That gentleman was elected Chairman of the Board. A formerly flourishing settlement known as Mill's Center, was ruined by the fire of 1871, which destroyed so much valuable timber land adjacent. Town of Bellevue was organized in 1849, and con tains 9,200 acres of land. The nationality is princi pally Belgian. The town contains two school-houses, and three saw-mills. A German by the name of Plat- ten was the first settler, in 1842. His son is a resident of Howard. The soil of the town is well adapted to farming purposes, being well watered by several small streams emptying into East River, which forms the line between Allouez and Bellevue. Town of Scott was organized April 1, 1850. The Village of New Franken, so scathed by the fire of 1871, was settled by the Bavarians in 1845. The first Amer icans to permanently locate in the town came in 1836, although French and half-breeds had lived in the country for a number of years. Wm. Sylvester, John Campbell and Robert Gibson were among the pioneers. The northern and northwestern portions of the town are washed by Green Bay. It is in this vicinity where the " Red Banks" are located — curious specimens of ancient earth-works. Town of New Denmark was set off from Depere in 1855. The majority of its population is Danish. It is watered by the Neshoto and tributaries, and contains good farming land. A post-office was established at Cooperstown in 1848. The name was afterwards changed to Denmark. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. iog Town of Rockland was set off from the Town of Depere in 1856. James Hobbins and Stephen Joyce, farmers, were the first settlers, locating in 1850 and 1855, respectively. In 1854, the first school-house was erected by the above and Thos. Joyce, Sr., P. Mc- Donough and W. Cashman. The town now contains five district schools. Rockland is principally settled by the Irish and German. It contains 14,000 acres of land, the surface being undulating and timbered, and the soil fertile. It is well watered by the Fox and Devil rivers, and smaller streams. Town of Glenmore was organized from the Town of Depere in 1856. The first settler who located within its limits was Samuel Harrison, who came in 1846. The Irish element predominates. It contains good farming land, well watered. Town of Suamico was a part of Pittsfield until March, 1858, when it was separately organized. The total number of acres of land in town is 21,942.77. It contains four public schools. Suamico is an excellent farming country, and stock raising is profitable. The first settlements were made between 1846-50, by Stephan Burdon and Willard Lamb. Town of Eaton was set off from Depere in 1860, the first settlers being Irish and Danes, who came five years previously. It is watered by Neshoto River and smaller creeks, and shelters a~ pretty little body of water called Lilly Lake. Town of Ashwaubenon was erected by legislative act, March 16, 1872. The prevailing nationalities are Scandinavians, French, Belgians and Irish. It con tains two public schools, and one church — Scandi navian Lutheran. It is watered by Ashwaubenon Creek. A portion of West Depere extends into the town, and much of its land is owned by parties resid ing in that village, Green Bay and Fort Howard. Town of Allouez, situated west of East River, oppo site Ashwaubenon, was set off from Bellevue in 1873, and contains 2,896 acres of land. A majority of its settlers are Dutch, and farming is the principal occu pation. It has no church and no post-office, and but one school district. Its first settler was Joseph Buch- arma, a Frenchman seventy-five years of age, who was born within the present confines of Allouez. Town of Holland was first settled by eleven Dutch families, in 1848, being organized in the Spring of 1854. The next year the Irish came. It contains two Cath olic churches, and five district schools. The village of Hollandtown is quite a settlement. There is one saw mill in the town, owned by John Brown. Town of Morrison, in the southern part of the coun ty, contains thirty-six townships, and is watered by numerous creeks. The soil is fair, the land well tim bered with hard wood and pine. A. J. Morrison and wife were the first settlers, in 1851. In 1855 they sold out to Phillip Falck, the most prominent man in this region. Oneida Reservation. — Commencing in 1822, and continuing some years thereafter, sections of the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brotherhood In dian tribes emigrated west. This emigration from New York to Wisconsin was principally brought about by Rev. Jedediah Morse, who came as a special com missioner of the Government. A small tract of land * was purchased from the Menomonees and Winnebagoes during that year, but the basis of the Oneida Reserva tion was laid when the former powerful tribe ceded to the United States all the lands in their Eastern divis ion, and in 1832 a tract on the Fox River was ceded to the New York tribes. These treaties were both held in Green Bay. In 1838 the Oneidas ceded all their lands to the United States, reserving 62,000 acres on Duck Creek, near Green Bay. The negotiations were carried on at Washington, and the result is the " Oneida Reservation." The Stockbridge and Munsee tribes had, in the meantime, moved from above Green Bay, on the east side of the Fox, to the east side of Lake Winnebago. In 1839 the Brotherhood Indians became full citizens. (See history Calumet County.) The Oneida Reservation lies about one-third in Brown and two-thirds in Outagamie counties. The population is about 1,500, the farms ranging from one hundred and sixty to two hundred, and sometimes four hundred, acres. It contains three schools and two churches — Episcopal and Methodist. Bishop Kemper consecrated the former in December, 1838. The pas tors are : Revs. E. A. Goodnough (Episcopal) and S. Ford (M. E.). The Indian Agent is E. B. Stevens, of Oshkosh. By decades, the population of Brown County has been: 1850, 6,215; 1860, 11,795; 1870, 25,168; 1880, 34,035. The general county indebtedness is $286,720 — $252,000 on account of aid voted to railroads, and $30,720 unpaid interest. DISTRICT SCHOOLS. The district schools are under charge of Miss Min nie H. Kelleher, County Superintendent, the actual attendance, according to her annual report ending August 31, 1880, having been : Ashwaubenon, 112 ; Allouez, 40 ; Bellevue, 162 ; Depere, 204 ; Depere Village, 292 ; West Depere, 353 ; Eaton, 116 ; Glen more, 251 ; Green Bay, 192; Holland, 423 ; Howard, 305 ; Humboldt, 253 ; Lawrence, 181 ; Morrison, 291 ; New Denmark, 328; Pittsfield, 111; Preble, 199; Rockland, 232; Scott, 392 ; Suamico, 195 ; Wrights town, 542. The apportionment of the school fund is on the basis of 41-J- cents per scholar, and amounted in the aggregate to $5,467.20 for 1881. THE CITY OF GREEN BAY. The history of Green Bay and vicinity has been brought in all important requirements up to the date of its municipal organization. It has been shown how Astor and Navarino finally buried their rivalries to unite and form the borough of Green Bay, and how the latter continued a portion of the town until February 27, 1854, when it was incorporated as a city. Green Bay was first organized into two wards, the former Navarino forming the North Ward and Astor the South. Subdivisions and additions continued until, by 1876, six wards had been formed. In that year a portion of the town of Preble was taken into the limits of the city, ,and three more wards organized. In April, 1878, Green Bay was divided into three wards, their limits being defined by the private and local laws of 1880, as follows : " All that part of the city south of a line commencing in the center of the Fox River and running south 640 east, through the center of the tier of blocks commencing with No. 4, upon no HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the recorded plat of Astor, to the eastern boundary line of said city, shall constitute the First Ward ; all that part bounded south by the First Ward, west by the center line of the channel of the Fox River north, running thence south 640 east along the northern boundary of lots 9, 30, 47, 68 and 83 (plat of Navarino), to the west line of Jefferson street, thence northeast to the northwest corner of lot 532 on said plat, thence south 64° east to the western boundary line of Eleventh street, thence easterly along the center of St. Clair street to its eastern terminus, south 64° east to the eastern boundary of the city and east by the boundary line, shall constitute the Second Ward ; and all the remaining parts of the city, the Third." The first City Council met at the Town Hall, two o'clock p.m , May 6, 1854 — present, T. Desnoyer, John Day, Paul Fox and Amos Saunders, from the North Ward, and John P. Arndt, Fredrick A. Lathrop, Louis Carabin and Charles LeClair, from the South Ward. The meeting was organized by electing John P. Arndt, chairman, and then adjourned to the Engine-house. E. H. Ellis was chosen Clerk pro tern., and the following officers were elected : John P. Arndt, President; Wm. C. E. Thomas, Mayor; Barley Fcftlett, Treasurer; Saul Butler, Superintendent Public Schools; Nathan Goodell, Marshal and Street Commissioner. Com mittee appointed on streets and bridges was Messrs. Arndt, LeClair and Saunders ; on the poor, Messrs. Desnoyer, Fox and Carabin; on accounts, Messrs. Carabin, Fox and Lathrop; on printing, Messrs. Desnoyer, Myers, Lathrop and Arndt; on plank-roads, Messrs. Day, Fox and Lathrop. An arrangement was made to confer with Major Shaler, so as to confine evil-doers in the guard house at Fort Howard. At a meeting held May 24, 1854, the plan for the East River bridge was adopted. The Mayor, in 1855, was Francis Desnoyer, and Anton Klaus, Treasurer. 1856-7, H. C. Eastman, Mayor; H. H. Albright, Treasurer. 1858, Barley Follett, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1859, Nathan Goodell, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer, i860, E. H. Ellis, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1861-62, H. S. Baird, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1863, Barley Follett, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1864, Nathan Goodell, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1865, M. P. Lindsley, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1866, Chas. D. Robinson, Mayor; Philip Klaus, Treasurer. 1867, James S. Marshall, Mayor; Anton Burkart, Treasurer. 1868-9-70, Anton Klaus, Mayor; Anton Burkart, Treasurer. 1871, A. Kim ball, Mayor; Anton Burkart, Treasurer. 1872, C. D. Rob inson, Mayor; Anton Burkart, Treasurer. 1873, A. Kim ball, Mayor, Anton Burkart, Treasurer. 1874, C. E. Crane, Mayor; Frank Lens, Treasurer. 1875, C. E. Crane, Mayor, John D. Williams, Treasurer. 1876, H. S. Ellis, Mayor; Au gust Brauns, Treasurer. 1877, C. E. Crane, Mayor ; M. V. B. Benson, Treasurer. 1878, C. E. Crane, Mayor; D. W. King, Treasurer. 1879, C. E. Crane, Mayor; M. V. B. Benson; Treasurer. 1880, J. C. Neville, Mayor; G. Keesterman, Treasurer. 1881, the officers are W. J. Abrams, Mayor; Wm. Hoffman, President of Council; Chas. Woelz, Treas urer; A. C. Lehman, Clerk; Philip Klaus, Assessor; H. J. Huntington, Attorney ; G. Bong, Chief of Police; O. J. B. Brice, Police Justice. Members of Common Council: First Ward — Wm. Hoffman, Charles Johannes, Ph. Ken dall; Second Ward — Chas. Harting, E. K. Ansoye, H. T. C. Bernendsen ;- Third Ward— D. W. Britton, E. L. Ken dall, P. J. Van Deusen. Supervisors are : First Ward — A. A. Warren ; Second Ward — L. Schellar ; Third Ward — R. W. Cook. Board of Health are: First Ward— R. B. Kel- log, Chas. Vroman; Second Ward — Dr. B. C. Brett, L. Schellar; Third Ward — L. R. Ducheteau, Peter Muller. Street Superintendent, N. Goodell. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Up to 1840 there were no district schools in Green Bay, About that time David Ward, John F. Lessey and Henry Sholes, School Commissioners, raised a school fund and opened the first public school. Green Bay City has now four public school buildings, whose total value is $55,000,, which, added to the value of the grounds, makes the total amount of school property $64,000. There is a total attend ance of 1,300, the enrollment being 2,300. The attendance at private and parochial schools would bring the figures- up to 2,000. The High School, situated in the center of School street was erected at a cost of $8,000. In 1881, the following was the corps of teachers : High School — J. C. Crawford, principal; Miss Ida M. Gordon, first assistant; Miss S. May Thomas, second assistant ; Grammar, A department, Miss Alice O. Burnham, principal ; Miss Kate Gaylord, assistant; Grammar, B department, Mrs. C. B. Fields. The First Ward school building, corner of Madison and Chicago, was erected at a cost of $16,000, the corps of teachers being as follows : Miss Sarah E. Patterson, Prin cipal. Assistants, the Misses Helen S. Carswell, Nellie Mv Goodhue, Cynthia Gardner. The Pine-street building is located at the corner of that street and Webster avenue ; cost of structure, $30,000. The teachers are : Miss Lizzie M. Burns, principal. Assist ants, Mrs. Clara F. Neeves, the Misses Clara Jacobi, Alice Jacobi, Rose LeClair and Abbie Young. The East River school building, corner of Elm and Twelfth streets, cost $1,000. Miss Bessie L. Geer is prin cipal, and Miss Elsie L. Torrey, assistant. Under the efficient management of J. H. Leonard, the schools of Green Bay maintain a good standing. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. The organization of the City Government took place in> 1854, at a meeting held November 4. The first Fire Wardens appointed were H. S. Baird and Nathan Goodell, for the North Ward : Alonzo Kimball and Charles Henry for the South Ward. An ordinance to organize the Fire Department was approved April 24, 1858, and co-opera tion made with Fort Howard. The Germania Fire Com pany, No. 1, was organized September 14, 1854, with a Button Hand Engine. Fred A. Lathrop, chief engineer; H. C. Reber, foreman ; C. C. Thomegar, secretary. Its house is on Washington street, and it has 1,200 feet of hose. In 1868 was purchased the Steamer Amoskeag, Joshua Whitney is chief engineer. Wide Awake, No. 2, has its head-quarters on Adams street. It was organized October 17, 1856, with F. A.. Lathros, chief engineer; Hon. H. S. Baird, assistant engi neer- L. J. Day, foreman; B. C. Gardener, assistant fore man ; C. C. Case, secretary ; C. L. Wheelock, treasurer. The present engine was purchased in 1872. It is a Clapp & Jones, second-class. The company has 1,200 feet of hose. Lindley is chief engineer. Washington Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1, was- organized January 1, 1858, with Jas. Morton, foreman ; F. S. Bay, assistant foreman ; D. Gorham, secretary, and Lewis Schellar, treasurer. M. W. Nuss is foreman. The Fire Wardens are : First Ward, A. A. Warren, Second Ward, L. Deuster, A. W. Kimball ; Third Ward, O. Libbey, F. Coal. The water supply of Green Bay is abundant, the city be ing surrounded on three sides by the Fox and East rivers. At intervals where the streets intersect each other are large tanks connected with the streams — thus constituting al most never failing reservoirs: HtSTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. THE POST-OFFICE. Moses Hardwick, who was one of the Ameri can soldiers landing at Fort Howard in 1816 may be considered the pioneer postman of Oreen Bay and the State. His trips were, dur ing the Winter, between Chicago and Detroit, the mail being carried by boat in the Summer. His expenses and salary were paid by voluntary subscriptions. In November, 1822, a post- office was established, and Robert Irwin, Jr., appointed Postmaster, Mr. Hardwick continu ing to make his arduous trips until the next year. The first Postmasters just before the borough of Green Bay was organized in 1838 were Joseph Dickinson and A. J. Irwin. Joel S. Fisk was appointed in 1846, serving until Ed. Hicks's term commenced. Then came D W. King four years, Edward Hicks eight. Then there was trouble in the department. W. J. Green served a short time. D. M. Whitney was appointed, and removed in the Fall of 1866. Edward Hicks received the appointment again but did not get his papers. In 1867 Chas. R. "Tyler, who had served with credit during the war, became Postmaster, and held it up to the time of his death in 1872. W. C. E. Thomas . served up to the date of his death in 1876. •He was followed by the present Postmaster, A. W. Kimball, who was re-appointed in 1881. The money order department has been estab lished since 1864. GAS WORKS. In the Fall of 1870 the right to erect gas works was let to Peter Pupp, and buildings were constructed under the superintendency of Jas. G. Miller, who built the Fond du Lac works. On June 8, 1871, the first gas came to fight, a company having been organized in January, 187 1. The original cost of the works was $25,000, and by subsequent additions this sum was increased to $54,000. The works are situated on the north side of Elm, between Madison and Jefferson streets. Samuel D. Hast ings is proprietor. SOME NOTED FIRES. On November 12, 1863, the entire block bounded by Adams and Washington, Pine and Cherry streets, was laid waste. This fire swept away two acres of buildings in the business portion of the city. Among the heavy losers were F. Desnoyer, Cormier & Co. (boots and shoes), A. Kimball (hardware), J. S. Baker (proprietor of the United States Hotel, Wash ington street), Anton Burkard (cabinet manu facturer) and Philip Klaus. The post-office building was destroyed but the contents were saved. The story of the terrible fire which desolated the region around the shores of Green Bay .(October 8, 187 1), and which swept far into the interior of the State to the west, has been often told and wept over. It was an awful casualty to Northeastern Wisconsin, and though Brown -County escaped the brunt of the fierce cam paign, this wide-spread conflagration has a pecu liar horror to Green Bay, which became the -center of relief and the concentration of suf- O •npapd%a> HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. fering after the flames had done their worst. Several times, it is true, sharp tongues of fire leaped into the the limits of Green Bay and Fort Howard from the great body which en compassed them, and they seemed doomed to the general destruction. Smoke and ashes rolled through their streets, and live cinders darted past the Deperes, five miles to the south. Wrightstown, further to the south, was touched. The fire swept through the towns of Glenmore (destroying Hubbard's mill), Rockland, Depere, Bellevue, Preble, Ea ton, Humboldt and Green Bay. The two last were the greatest sufferers, thirty-nine buildings being destroyed in i he former and sixty-eight in the latter. Green Bay itself was really saved by the exertions of the people of Bellevue Town who worked all of that wild night and checked the progress of the flames northward. The greatest havoc at any one point in this county was accomplished in the village of New Franken, twelve miles east of the city, in the town of Green Bay. The fire struck the village at seven o'clock p. m., a heavy, gale sweeping it along from the southwest. In five hours the place was a mass of ruins, the principal loss being sustained by Willard Lamb, who owned the saw-mill, a large boarding house and a number of tenement houses. The* school-house, the post-office, every thing, was burned, and nearly a hundred people made homeless. The fire contin ued in a northeasterly direction for twenty miles, taking every thing in its way. No lives were lost, though there were many narrow escapes. The loss of life was invariably greatest on the western shore of the bay, though the suf fering was greatest in the eastern districts, from the fact that there were few large settlements in that region ; the farmers were obliged to fight the fire separately almost (each man for himself), and when conquered, relief was dif ficult of access. Sufferers flocked into Green Bay and Fort Howard, and every house became a hospital. The news of the burning of Peshtigo and the destruction of hundreds of lives was brought by Captain Thomas Hawley, of the steamer " Union," from Menomonee. The air seemed afire ; east, west and south, waves and torrents of smoke still rolled around Green Bay. When the extent of the Peshti go calamity was fully realized, $4,000 were at once raised for the sufferers, and large amounts of clothing, and pro visions gathered. Mayor Kimball called a meeting, and committees of relief were appointed from each ward. Turner Hall was transferred into a relief hospital under the care of Dr. H. O. Crane, and the old, hopeful, generous spirit of the war was revived in the breasts of men and women alike. Green Bay was the center, too, of the mournful news which poured in from all sides. Although money, clothing and provisions arrived on every train from all quarters of the country for weeks it seemed almost im possible to alleviate the wide-spread suffering. The wound caused by the loss of the thousand lives could never be healed. Relief depots were established in Milwaukee and Green Bay, and for months the work went on. In Green Bay alone the receipts from October 8 to January 15 amounted to $91,085.98, nearly six thousand persons being on the list for this district. [For a history of the great fire, see Marinette County.] On January 27, 1873, fire was discovered in the gro cery and ship chandlery store of Day & Whitney, corner of Washington and Main streets. The flames soon spread to the new brick building (three stories) next south, which was owned by F. R. Schettler. Next came the fine dry goods store of George Sommers. These were all destroyed with valuable stocks, and as the south wall of the latter building fell it crushed the wooden gunsmith shop of H. Hall into fragments. The principal losers were George Sommers $75,000, insurance $52,500; Day & Whitney $68,000, insurance $24,700 ; F. R. Schettler $12,000, in surance $5,000. The total loss was $156,000; insurance $82'700- • n ¦ v.- u • \ A The most destructive conflagration which ever visited Brown County occurred September 20, 1880, and laid in ashes one hundred buildings in the city of Green Bay. A full and graphic account of the casualty is taken from the files of the Advocate: Monday, September 20, 1880, Will always be referred back to as a terrible day for Green Bay. During the prevalence of a tremenduous gale from the southwest about 2:30 P. M., the dread alarm of fire was sounded. The fire proved to be in the planing mill on the bank of Fox River, near the juncture of Washington and Adams streets. The engine reached the scene as quickly as possible, but the inflammable nature of the building and its contents precluded the possibility of sav ing it, and the flames quickly leaped to the wooden structures about, and, fanned by the gale, swept onward with resistless energy. The wooden building where the fire started was but a mouthful, and the flames jumped Washington street, licked up the old Bank Building and Conley's ice house on Washington and jumped Adams street to the Pres byterian Church and parsonage. The church roof was fired by the burn ing coals in many places at once, and although a gallant fight was made by men with pails of water, who mounted the roof by means of ladders, it was doomed. The organ was saved, but the men who saved it came near being crushed by the falling plaster. From the church it swept over to Jefferson street westward, still tending to the north, and wiped out the residences of John Last, Sr., and John Last, Jr., and those of Postmaster Kimball, Dr. Brett and Judge Ellis. Here it jumped the street, and on the easterly side took the old Follett residence ; thence northeasterly to Madison street, taking the residences of George Haskin- son, J. J. Tracy, Esq., and M. Gagnon. Here a most stubborn fight was made. On the corner of Madison and Stuart streets, was the Garon residence. Here Omar Harder and others worked vigorously with pails. This locality seemed to be the key to the whole situation. The Garon home stood on the corner, and if it burned, the coals would be carried directly over the Methodist Episcopal Church on the north side of Jackson square. On the east side of Jefferson street, was the Baptist Church, in pretty warm quarters with the Moravian parsonage, Moravian Church and another building near it. Had these gone, the fire would unquestionably have jumped Jackson square, and taken a fresh start, sweeping the Methodist Episcopal Church and old Brick Schoolhouse, Louis Schellar's residence and thence on to the Cathedral and other buildings on Monroe street, with the Bishop's residence, old German church and other buildings on Mad ison street. But happily the fight was successful, and it was stopped here, although the old Brick Schoolhouse was on fire several times. This ended the southern section of the fire. In the meantime and soon after the commencement of the fire just described, the wind, which amounted almost to a tornado, carrying showers of burning coals with it, lodged a coal on the roof of Charles Kitchen's residence on Cherry street, which was speedily fanned into a flame, and a new conflagration started several blocks distant from the first, and probably the most disastrous of the two in amount of loss and buildings destroyed. The fire spread on both sides, principally to the eastward, quickly jumped Cherry street and burned nearly two blocks on the north side, including three fine brick buildings. Its east ern limit on this street was the residence of Mr. Preble, on the southwest corner of Cherry and Van Buren streets. The residence of City Treas urer Kusterman, next south of it, was saved by hard work. One of the most gallant and successful fights during the fire was that made at the Lutheran Church, on the northwest corner of Cherry and Van Buren. The church was saved by pails of water, almost without a scorch ; and was the key to the safety of a large number of other build ings. From Cherry it swept over on Pine street, taking both sides of the street, and including the residence of John D. Williams and J. McDonnell. A most stubborn fight was made at the Pine-street Schoolhouse by a corps of men with buckets under the leadership of School Superintendent Leon ard. It caught fire several times. The piles of wood and sidewalk about it were partially burned, and also the fence surrounding it. These efforts were successful, and the building, which is the best schoolhouse in the city, was saved almost without damage. From Pine street the fire jumped a block to the north side of Main street, strange to say skipped the Schumacher property on the south side altogether, and burned the north side, ending on the bank of East River, simply because the wind was blowing, and there was nothing more for it to feed upon. The nearest approach of the fire to Walnut street, was the burning of the barns on the premises of J. B. Wing and Mr. Althof, while their houses on the north side of Walnut street entirely escaped. The scenes of terror and confusion beggar description. Many build ings were burned with scarcely an article removed from them. Others removed portions of their goods, and some goods taken into the street HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 113 were burned there. Men, women and children hurried along, bearing all sorts of articles in their hands ; and teams were very busy carrying off the res-cued property. A score or more of people removed all their goods from their houses, and the houses escaped, while many others packed their most valuable articles and let them remain. We presume the origin of ihe fire is not certainly known ; but it is almost a certainty that it caught from a spark thrown out from the smoke-stack of the Goodrich propeller "Oconto," which just passed. The suspicion is strengthened by the fact that she set several fires down town the same evening, which were fortunately all noticed and extinguished. Competent judges place the total losses at about $125,000, and insur ance" from $60,000 to $70,000. Messrs. Kimball & Libby had losses in companies represented by ihem ot from $25,000 to $30,000. The following are among the losses and insurance : Presbyterian Church and parson age $10,000, insurance $5,000 ; the Crandall House and barn $4,000, A. W. Kimball, who occupied them, insurance on furniture $1,950; Anton Burkard $4,000, insurance $2,000; the Schuette Building $3,000, insurance $2,500; Mrs. Munroe $3,500, insurance $2,600; the Avery property $3,300 ; N. Schilling on three brick dwellings $11,000, insur ance $4,500 ; J. Leisch $5,000, insurance $1,500; the Irving library in the Presbyterian parsonage $2,000, insurance $1,300 ; Mr. Prebles $2,500, insurance $1,000. One of the saddest losses for Green Bay is in the destruction of hundreds of its beautiful shade trees, which it will take a long time to replace. There are those who think that the most northerly fire, which originated in the Kitchen building, did not come from the first, but from a defective flue. The ladies from Fort Howard, as well as from Green Bay, provided abundant refreshments for the workers. On the other hand, there were cases of exorbitant charges for carrying goods. The saving of Pine-street Schoolhouse, in the midst of a cordon of fire, was almost miraculous. It was on fire many times, and put out entirely by pails of water. So close was the call, that ten square feet of the roof had to be reshingled the next day. The janitor and his wife deseive great credit for their efforts. Its destruction would have largely spread the fire. The " Old Brick," or High School, also narrowly escaped ; the fire at one time got under the threshold and floor, and was put out by making holes through the flooring. A daughter of Charles Kitchen, very sick, was re moved from her home and conveyed to the Cadle House. Old Mrs. Schumacher, on Main street, who had for some time been in feeble health, died from fright, while the property was saved. The small building on School street, next to the residence of Louis Schellar, had an underpinning of sawdust, which caught fire several times, and was , kept from burning and spreading by constant watching and wetting. The steamers did all possible, and the Fort Howard steamers ren dered efficient aid ; but the fire was altogether too large for the means at hand for staying its lavages. The escape of some buildings from total destruction was simply won derful ; for instance, the houses of Mrs. Carabin, George Sommers, J. P. Schumacher, L. B. Godfroy, Mrs. Lochman, Mrs. Garon (Gebau place), and perhaps others. All must have noticed the freedom from drunkenness on the streets. Business of all kinds in the city was practi cally suspended. THE PRESS OF GREEN BAY. On the nth of December, 1833, Albert G. Ellis and J. V. Suydam issued the first paper which ever showed its inky face within the present limits of the State^ of Wiscon sin ; its name, the Green Bay Intelligencer ; its size, 16x22 inches; period of publication, semi-monthly. It was the intention to make it a weekly, but the field presented was not sufficiently fruitful of subscribers. Mr. Suydam erected a little one-story building, which has been so often repro duced on paper that its appearance is familiar to every one who is interested in the pioneer life of the Northwest. A. G. Ellis became connected with the Intelligencer at once, and came into possession of it in 1834, associating with himself C. C. P. Arndt. In the meantime (August, 1835), Mr. Stevenson had established the Wisconsin Free Press, purchased shortly afterwards by Charles C. Sholes. In August, 1836, the two papers were consolidated, and the Wisconsin Democrat made its appearance ; H. O. and C. C. Sholes, proprietors. After the great fire of 1840, the paper was removed to Southport (now Kenosha). In September, 1841, an association started the Green Bay Republican, pub lished by H. O. Sholes and edited by C. C. P. Arndt. In 1844, Samuel Ryan, Jr., became owner of the establishment, and changed the name to the Wisconsin Republican. The Phoenix, also started in 1841 by J. V. Suydam and Judge J. V. Knapp, was so badly scorched by fire in December of that year that it never recovered. 8 In 1846, the Green Bay Advocate was established by Charles D. and A. C. Robinson, natives of Marcellus, N. Y. The former was first upon the ground, and in a few days the material for the office was on its way from Buffalo, safely stowed on the steamer "Columbus." The initial number ap peared August 13, a six-column sheet. It so met the wants of the people that it has lived and grown to this day, there hav ing been but one change in the firm, the admission of Dorr Clark, son-in-law of the junior partner, A. C. Robinson, on March 8, 1875. During the latter part of 1847, Samuel Ryan, , Jr., removed the Republican to Fond du Lac, thus leaving the Advocate a clear field. With the exception of Col. Robinson's service as Secretary of State in 1852-53, his absence in the military service during the war, and his trip to Europe for his health in 1868, the management of the ' Advocate by the Robinson brothers has been continuous and personal. It was and is Democratic in politics, and during the Rebellion was a vigorous upholder of the Union. In 1866, the Green Bay Gazette was established by Col. Geo. C. Ginty and Dwight I. Follett, the first number ap pearing on March 3. In September Col. Ginty purchased Mr. Follett's interest, and conducted it alone until 1867, when Wm. B. Tapley, of Racine, became an equal partner. Fire destroyed the Gazette's office in February of the next year, but could not burn out the energy of its proprietors, who not only purchased an entire new outfit in forty-eight hours from the time of the disaster, but soon enlarged the paper from six to eight columns. In May, D. I. Follett re connected himself with the Gazette by purchasing Col. Ginty 's interest. Under the management of Tapley & Fol lett it continued for a year and a half, the former selling out January 1, 1870, to Geo. E. Hoskinson. Messrs. Hos- kinson & Follett changed the name to The State Gazette, and commenced to issue theirdaily in November, 1871. Mr. Hoskinson being appointed United States consul to Kings ton, Jamaica, left for the scene of his labors in January, 1876, retaining his interest in the paper. Both weekly and daily have been enlarged. The Gazette has always been Repub lican in politics, and stands in the front rank of the political journals of the State. Green Bay Globe. — This is a weekly journal, established in February, 1874, by Messrs. Root and Kimball. The former disposed of his interest to M. D. Kimball, who is its present editor and proprietor. Concordia was formerly, a German, Catholic, Democratic, weekly paper, which was established at Manitowoc, Octo ber 30,^ 1874, by Rev. Jas. Fessle-r. It was consolidated with the Wisconsin Staats Zeitung, of Green Bay, August 5, 1875, and removed to this city, Fred. Burkard being its editor and proprietor. Mr. Burkard died March 29, 1880, and the Concordia was carried on by his son, H. A. Burkard, until May 29, 1881, when it was purchased by J. Buergler, its present editor and proprietor. The Concordia is now independent in politics. Other papers have lived and died in Green Bay, the foregoing being those in existence in 1881. In 1828, Morgan L. Martin made an attempt to start a newspaper, and several subscription lists were in circulation, but no journal ever came of it. The first printing done west of Lake Michigan was ac complished at Green Bay, the " press " being a printer's "planer." This was in 1827, the job work being some lot tery tickets, which were printed by A. G. Ellis to help John P. Arndt out of losses by fire. THE CHURCHES. Green Bay has a number of flourishing churches. The Citholic element, however, decidedly prevails, this city be ing the center of the diocese. The Cathedral, a magnificent two-towered structure of red brick, and an imposing two- ii4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. spired edifice for the accommodation of the French Catho lics, bear testimony to the wealth and power of that denom ination. The diocese of Green Bay was included in that of Mil waukee until March 3, 1868, when it was formally estab lished by order of the Holy See, the Right Reverend Joseph Melcher being called to the Bishopric. Bishop Melcher was Theologian to the Bishop of St. Louis, and most prom inent in the council which convened at Baltimore in 1866 and recommended the formation of two new dioceses within the State. Bishop Melcher was consecrated by the Arch bishop of St. Louis July 12, 1868, and continued to pre side over the diocese until the time of his death, December 20, 1873. Very Rev. Father Francis E. Daems, Vicar- general of the diocese, became administrator. The pres ent Bishop, Rt. Rev. Francis Xavier Krautbauer, formerly chaplain of the convent of Notre Dame, Milwaukee, was consecrated June 29, 1875, and immediately commenced preparations for the building of a new cathedral commen surate with the strength and importance of the diocese. This includes all that region lying north of the Fox and Manitowoc rivers and east of the Wisconsin River, con taining a Catholic population of 64,200. Of the 1 10 churches in the diocese nineteen are located in Brown County. The Cathedral Church: — The congregation now worship ing in the Cathedral is successor to that of the old St. Mary's Church, established in 1854, and which was an off shoot of the French Church. The corner-stone of the fine edifice was laid October, 1, 1876, in the presence of Bishop Krautbauer, ten' priests of the diocese and a large con course of people. Located on the corner of Monroe and Doty streets, it is of the Romanesque style, built of red brick, and cost $40,000. It is 146 feet in length, transcept seventy-two feet, nave fifty-two feet, side wall twenty-five feet. It has two towers, not yet completed, and four bells. Under the care of the Sisters of Notre Dame, and con nected with the Cathedral organization, are the Cathedral parish «nd select schools, 200 pupils, St. Willibrord's ninety, and St. John's (French) with the same number. St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum was founded June 29, 1877, and incorporated in December, 1879. The building and half block on which it is located was formerly known as the Urs'uline" Academy, and is situated on the corner of Webster avenue and Crooks street, the property being. val ued at $7,000. The structure is of brick, three stories and basement, sixty-six by forty feet. In the rear are the chapel and house, of the superintendent, •¦•Father -Kerstan. Attached to the asylum is a farm of 130 acres, twenty of which are. under cultivation. Instruction is given in Ger man and English, and particular attention is taken to form industrial habits in the lives of the pupils. When first established three sisters were put in charge of the asylum and had seven pupils. Now there are seven sisters and eighty-four children from all parts of the diocese. Sister Mary Melania is directress. The French and English Catholic Church of St. John the Evangelist was organized about two hundred years ago. The first records were kept in 1832. From that date until 1834 Rev. Father Sandrel was its pastor. From that time until May, 1880, twenty-five pastors, at different periods, have been in charge, among others the well-known Father Bonduel, who died in 1861, and was sincerely mourned by Protestants and Catholics alike. Flags all over the city and Fort Howard were huhg at half-mast, and more than 3,000 people on foot and in carriages followed his re mains, two miles and a half, to Bellevue cemetery. In his will, made several years before his death, he bequeathed his real estate to the Catholic Orphan Asylum, Milwaukee, the venerable Father being the first priest who ever said mass in that city. In May, 1880, Rev. Joseph J. Fox, the present pas tor, commenced his labors. The first church building was lo cated on the present site of the Astor Engine-house, near the Fox River and cemetery. The second church was built where is now the cemetery, in the town of Allouez, three miles between Green Bay and Depere. The third building was purchased from the Methodist denomination, and was lo cated on the same lot and east of the present church edi fice, on Milwaukee street, between Madison and Jefferson. The building is sixty by 130 feet, with 120 pews, three altars and two side altars. The ceiling is vaulted in the middle and supported on the sides by two rows of pillars. A chapel is attached to the sanctuary. The church is built of brick in the Canadian style, with two steeples, at a cost of $25,000. The society has a membership of 300 families. The Sabbath school, which was established in 1880 and has an attendance of 105, is in charge of two Sisters of Notre Dame from Milwaukee. The Holland Catholic Church of St. Willibrord's, was organized February, 1864, with a membership of forty-six families. Rev. H. L. Haffen was the first pastor. He was succeeded in 1875 by Rev. C. De Louw. The present pastor, Rev. N. Kerstan, began his labor in March, 1879. The church has a membership of 200 families. The church edifice was originally the old court-house, 30x100 feet, which was enlarged and improved. It is lo cated on the corner of Adams and Doty streets. In 1880, a two story brick building was erected for the parish school, on the same lot with the church and parsonage. It fronts on Dotv street, and has an average attendance of 130 scholars. The First Presbyterian Church was organized by Rev. Cutting Marsh, of the Stockbridge Mission, January 9, 1836, with twelve members. The meetings were held in a small frame house on lot fifty-seven, on the west side of Adams street, and three lots north of Doty street. Rev. J. - C. Marsh preached every two weeks until October, when the pulpit was regularly supplied by Rev. Moses Ordway. Soon after his coming the lower story of a building on the north side of Walnut street (lot twenty-four in Navarino), between Washington and Adams streets, was fitted up and used until September, 1838. In October, 1837, Rev. Stephen Peet, accepted the pastorate, and the church was built and dedicated September 9, the year following. The site was lot fourteen, in block fifteen. Mr. Peet's pastorate closed in October, 1839, he being succeeded in June of the next year by Rev. Jeremiah Porter, who remained eighteen years. From 1859 to 1869, during -which a number of pastors served, the church membership continued to in crease. On May 20, of that year, Rev. W. Crawford ac cepted a call, and with the exception of fourteen months spent abroad, continued his pastorate until January, 1881. On September preceding, the church and parsonage were destroyed in the great fire, and the society at once secured Klaus's Hall for a place of worship. In the Summer of 1881, a call was extended to Chas. L. Morgan, of Springfield, Mass., the present pastor. The new church edifice, nearly completed on the old site, is early English in style, the main auditorium being 66x54 feet, with vestry and class rooms 63x32 feet. The spire, surmounted by a cross, is 120 feet in hight. The society is one of the most flourish ing of the Protestant denominations. Christ Church was organized October 21, 1&29, and is the oldest Episcopal Church in the State ; having been in corporated by the Territorial Legislature. The names of the incorporators are, David Whitney and A. G. Ellis, wardens ; James Doty, Wm. Dickinson, John Lawe,- Alex ander J. Irwin, John P. Arndt, Samuel W. Beall, Robert Ir win, Jr., Henry S. Baird and Rev. Richard F. Cadle. The latter was the first rector, and resigned in 1837. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. nS The mission among the Menomonees was established in 1829, and $20,000 were expended in buildings. Camp Smith was the site chosen, a high promontory three miles up the Fox River. In this work, Mr. Cadle acted as superintendent. The Indians then owned all the lands ; these were sold at the end of five years to the whites, and the mission was broken up. In i860, by which year the pastcrate had changed into the hands of Rev. Daniel E. Brown, Rev. Ben jamin Ackerly, Rev. Wm. Hommann and others, the church building was enlarged to nearly twice its former capacity. During the Rev. Lewis P. Tschifely's incumbency, 1865 to 1868, the parish schoolhouse was built, and during the pas torate of Rev. Wm. P. Tenbrceck, 1868 to r87o, two chapels were built as missions, one at Fort Howard and the other at Duck Creek. Rev, Geo. W. Harrod, the last pas tor, resigned in April, 1881, having officiated since De cember, 1877. The present congregation number about one' hundred families and 150 communicants ; with an attendance of 250 to 300. The Sabbath school has fifteen teachers and an attendance of 300. The Cadle Home is a charitable institution under the charge of the parish, belonging to the church, but in noway sectarian, located in the rear of. the church edifice, on the same lot. It receives its support from the community at large, and is always open, to the sick, needy and unfortu nate, without distinction. There is constantly an average of about twenty inmates. Besides its hospital department, it affords a steady home for elderly ladies and young chil dren. The average attendance for one year is over one hundred persons. Connected with it, and three miles up Fox River, is a farm of sixty-five acres. The new hospital building is 50x60 feet, three stories, and cost $3,000. The Home and the hospital are under, the control of a board of managers and trustees. St. James (Episcopal) was organized December 21, 1871. ' The church edifice, which fronts on Webster square, corner of Monroe avenue and Lawe street, was completed in 1876 at a cost of $10,000. The church is at present without a pastor. 77«i? Evangelical Lutheran Church, of Green Bay, was or ganized December 21, 1862, by Rev. C. G. Reim, with a congregation of forty families. The church was first erected in 1862, and dedicated October, 1863. In 1877 it was en larged, and the steeple added in 1880. Its seating capacity is between 600 and 800. The present school building at tached to the church, and on the same- lot with the par sonage, has accommodations for 120 pupils. The school has two teachers and is under the care of the present pastor, Carl E. G. Oppen, who has filled the pastorate over five years. The property is located on the corner of Cherry and Van Buren streets. The church has a congregation of 154 families, and the Sabbath school an average attendance of ninety scholars. The Northwestern Orphan Asylum. — Having long felt the need of an asylum for the destitute orphans of Protestant emigrants to the West, other than that furnished by the Poor House and the Reform School, Rev. C. E. G. Oppen has recently founded, and now has in successful operation, an orphanage for boys and girls, which, while expressly in tended for the children of Protestant parents, is at the. same time fully open to all. , Madison Street Methodist Episcopal Church: — This church, under the pastoral care of Rev. H. S. Richardson, is in good condition. The structure, situated on Madison street, was erected in 1858. Central Baptist Church was organized June 31, 1867. For the first five years services were irregular. In 1872 Rev. Lewis Raymond, of Chicago, put new life into the Society, and a lot was purchased on Moravian street near the corner of Madison. The building, a neat frame struc ture, was dedicated in 1873, and since then services have been regular. Rev. L. G. Carr officiates in this church in the morning, and in Depere in the evening. The present membership is thirty-six. German Methodist Church. — This society was organized in 1865, with fifteen members. The church building was erected in 1874, and fronts on Doty street, between Stewart and Clay streets. Rev. Ernst Fitzner was its first pastor, serving one year. The present pastor is Rev. A. F. Tuers- tenan ; membership of the church fifty-one. The Moravian Church was organized in 185 1 with a full membership of 200. The church, which fronts the public square, between Monroe and Madison streets, was dedicated in 1852. Rev. J. F. Fett organized the society, and remained with it twelve years. April 27, 1880, the present pastor, Rev. W. H. Hock, began his term of service. The membership is 134. SOCIETIES. Green Bay has a large number of secret and benevo lent societies, besides those which do not come in this cat egory. The prominent ones are mentioned below. Masonic. — Washington Lodge, No. 21, was organized in' December, 1848, with seven charter members. Henry S. Baird was its first W. M. He also served in that capacity when it was re-organized in 1852. Oliver Libbey is W. M. at present. The place of meeting for ten years has been Whitney's block, Washington street. The lodge is in a flourishing condition. Warren Chapter, No. 8, was organized in 1852, with nineteen members; H. S. Baird, H. P. A. W. Kein now fills that position. The membeiship, January 1, 1881, was sixty-eight ; place of meeting, Washington Lodge Hall. Knights and Ladies of Honor. — Knights of Honor, Nav arino Lodge, No. 1384, was organized February 13, 1879, with twenty-nine members, J. H. Leonard, dictator. It now numbers seventy-nine members, J. M. Shoemaker, dictator. Ladies and Knights of Honor, Social Lodge, No. 383, was organized January 6, 1881, with nineteen charter mem bers. It now has twenty-seven, J. H. Leonard, protector; Mrs. C. Murch, vice-protector. /. O. O. F. — Green Bay Lodge, No. 19. — This is one of the first three lodges instituted in the State of Wisconsin, June 10, 1847. H. S. Baird was elected N.G.; T. O. Howe, H. O. Scholtz, H. S. Baird, D. W. King, John Day and C. L. Wheelock were charter members. Hermann Lodge, No. in, was organized March 7, 1866, with six members. It meets in Odd Fellows' Hall, corner of Adams and Cherry streets, as does Green Bay Lodge, No. 19. Present membership, sixty-eight. Golden Rule Encampment, No. 18, was instituted April 15, 1867, J. A. Pinto, C. P., and with nine charter members. Its strength now is about forty. Knights of Pythias, Pochequette Lodge, No. 26, organ ized April 28, 1879, has fifty-one members; J. H. Leonard, C. C. Catholic Knights of America, Branch No. 150, estab lished in September, 1880, with fifteen members; has for its benefits either $2,000 or $1,000 at death, as full or half rates are paid. P. Ryan is president. Benevolent Societies. — St. Joseph's Benevolent Society was organized in March, 1875. It gives care and weekly allowances to members during sickness and benefits in the event of death. The strength of the society is fifty-two members, its hall being in the rear of the Holland Church. B. M. Berendsen is president. n6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The German Benevolent Society was established Jan uary i, 1850. George Oldenburg has been its president, first and last. Its present membership is seventy-three. The society is both social and beneficiary. Temperance Societies. — The first temperance society was organized May 30, 1831, by Judge J. D. Doty, John Lawe, M. L. Martin, Richard F. Cadle, F. Franks, John Y.Smith, John P. Arndt and J. V. Suydam — an array of talent, mor ality and solidity seldom brought together. Green Bay Temple of Honor, No. 79, was organized with thirty charter members. J. G. Miller is W. C. T. The hall is on Pine street between Washington and Adams streets. The Green Bay Eranch of the Woman's Temperance Alliance was organized April 21, 1874. Strictly speaking, temperance meetings were held for four years in the Pres byterian Chuich, and this organization was merged, in 1879, into the branch. Mrs. D. C. Ayers is president, the mem bership having reached eighty. Much good work, in an educa.ional way, is done among juveniles, and the cause of reformation extends beyond the bars of the jail, many of its prisoners having joined its ranks. Philharmonic Society. — This musical society has not been in active operation for the last few years, but for some time it was considered one of the leading organizations of its kind in the State. It was formed August 3, 1872, A. W. Kimball, president. Turn Verein Society. — The parent of the present organ ization was born in 1854, with fifteen members. On Au gust 16, i860, this society combined with the Harmony (dra- matic)and the Liedertafel(musical)to form the present organ ization. Their first hall was built on Pine street in that year, but the society so grew in numbers that in 1 870 it was found necessary to erect a more commodious structure, and the present large hall, corner of Walnut street and Monroe avenue is the result of their labors. The building is 60x100 feet, three stories, and was erected at a cost of $10,000. The membership of the Verein is ninety- six, G. Kesterman, president. In addition to the Turner Hall' and the several lodge halls mentioned incidentally in the foregoing sketches, Green Bay has another which is patronized principally by traveling troupes — Klaus's, on Pine street. The building was erected by Charles Klaus in May, 1866. Hotels. — The city is well supplied with hotels, about twenty-five being in operation. Cooke's Hotel, Washing ton street, is acknowledged to lead. It was completed the latter part of 1875, by George R. Cooke and Joseph Brown, its owners. It was formally opened to the public in April, 1875. The hotel was at first in charge of J. W. Hutchin son, who kept it one year. In May, 1876, M. E. Cozzens took charge. That gentleman had been many years con nected with the Beaumont House. A. Cozzens, son of M. E., formerly connected with the Newhall House, is now proprietor. The building is of solid brick, four stories high, and presents a substantial appearance generally. Strong's Bank of Green Bay, successor to the First National Bank of Green Bay. This banking house was organized by Henry Strong in 1859, under the then exist ing Slate law, as the bank of Green Bay, and so conducted business until November 1, 1865, when it was re-organized as the First National Bank of Green Bay. This organiza tion was continued until 1877, when it ceased operations as a National Bank, was re-organized under the State law, and became Sirong's Bank of Green Bay. The officers of the bank are Henry Strong, president ; Louise Neese, cash ier; Hon. David McKelly, M. P. Skeels, L. M. Marshall- directors. Its capital stock is $50,000, present surplus $10,000, aud its average deposits $450,000. The bank building, a two-story brick, fronting twenty-two feet on Washington street and eighty feet deep, is on the site of the original building in which banking operations were commenced in 1859, and which was destroyed by fire ten years later. The bank is now doing a large business in foreign exchange, and as agent for ocean steamers. It is well supplied with fire-proof vaults, time lock, burglar- proof safe, and all the appliances of a first-class banking concern. Kellogg s National Bank. — This was the successor to the City National, and was -established January 1, 1874. Its president is Rufus B. Kellogg, who has also a branch bank in Depere. Green Bay is truly favored in the quality of her profes sional men. Such lawvers as Hastings & Greene, Judge E.H.Ellis, Hudd & Wigman, John C. Neville, and Tracy & Bailey are an honor to any city. The medical profes sion is well represented by such names as Drs. B. C. Brett, D. Cooper Ayers, Henry Rhode, Olmsted & Squire, Crane & Carabin, etc., etc. Brown County Medical Association was founded nearly two years ago. The officers for 1881 were: Dr. W. H. Fisk, president ; Dr. O. F. Olmsted, secretary and treas urer. The association numbers, thirty members. MANUFACTURING. National Furnace Company is a joint stock company, and was organized as such, at Depere, in 1879. The corpora tors were M. R. Hunt of Depere, H. D. Smith of Appleton, A. B. Meeker, and W. L. Brown of Chicago. The present officers of the company, are — H. D. Smith, president; W. L. Brown, vice-president and treasurer; M. R. Hunt, secretary and general manager. The furnaces operated by this company, are — the National Furnace, Depere, and the Green Bay Furnace. The Green Bay Furnace was origi nally established, as the Green Bay Iron Company, in 1870, and operations were commenced the following year. This was a joint stock company, organized by Anthon Klaus, Philip Earl, Max Resch and others, who conducted busi ness until 1874, when operations ceased, and the property passed into the hands of Rhodes & Bradley of Chicago, by whom business was carried on until 1877, when they sold out to A. B. Meeker & Co., also of. Chicago, who held the property until early in 1879, when it passed into the hands of the bondholders. It was then purchased by the National Furnace Company, who expended $25,000 in improving and equipping the furnace for operations, and on the fourth day of August, of that year (1879), the fires were started, business actively resumed, and has so con tinued. The property embraces a tract of eleven and one half acres, lying within the corporate limits of Green Bay, along the north side of East River, not far from its junction with the Fox. The property is amply supplied with slips, and well docked along its entire river front, which affords 1,500 feet of dockage, with fourteen feel of navigable water for nearly one third that distance. The buildings, as they now stand, are those erected by the original company, to which has been added a ne"w brick boiler house 34x44, with solid brick walls, fourteen feet high, and iron roof. The main building is 40x40 feet, with walls forty feet high; the stock house and crushing mill, is 50x200 feet; the casting house, 40x60; the slow-stack, forty feet high, 30x30 at the base, and 20x20 at the top, has a capacity of 8,000 tons annually ; the hot blast is a forty-five ton oven, supplied with twenty-four pipes, fourteen feet long, and eight inches diameter; the charcoal kilns have an aggregate capacity of 900 cords ; two engines, one of 100 horse-power, and the other forty-five, supply all the necessary force. The prem ises are also fully equipped with wood and iron repair HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. n7 shops, commodious offices, tramways, hoisting derricks for ore, oil house, stables, warehouses and sheds. The works give employment to one superintendent, one book keeper, one founder, one master machinist, one black smith, one carpenter, two engineers and forty-five hands. The company have also a range of ten charcoal kilns at Seymour, on the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul R. R., the product of which is contracted for on the track, the work furnishing employment for six hands. The ore, which is principally from the Menominee range, is pur chased from the mines, transported by rail to the docks at Escanaba, and brought to the furnace in the company's steam barge, "W. L. Brown." The annual consumption of wood, is about 20,000 cords, and of ore, about 13,500 tons. From 175 to 200 cords of limestone are used annually for fluxing ore in the stack. Summer shipments, with the exception of local orders, are by water ; Winter shipments, by rail. D. W. Britton, general cooperage. This manufactory, now a leading industry of Green Bay, was established in 1850, by Solomon Britton & Son, at the junction of Fox and East rivers, and the first season gave employment to some four or five hands. After one year, location was changed to Fox River, in the vicinity of Hurlburt's docks, business was increased and a force of eight or ten hands employed. In 1854, Solomon Britton died, leaving the business to his son, the present proprietor, then but twenty- two years of age. The manufactory was continued on Fox River until 1868, when a removal was again made, and the present site selected. This is a tract of about four acres lying along the south shore of East River, between Cedar, Madison and Willow streets. On removing to this loca- • tion, Mr. Britton formed a partnership with W. P. and D. Ranney of Cleveland, Ohio, under the firm name of D. W. Britton & Co., for the manufacture of kits and wooden ware, this business being independent of the cooper-shop, which was carried on by Mr. Britton as a separate industry. The firm of Britton & Co. was dissolved in 1875, and Mr. Britton, purchasing the interest of his partners, discon tinued that business and turned his entire attention to general cooperage, utilizing so -much of the old machin ery as was available, and-supplying such new machinery as his rapidly enlarging business 'demanded. In 1878, the number of hands employed, ranged from thirty-five to forty, and the weekly product was about 700 pieces with a capacity of from four and a half to fifty gallons each. The manufactory proper, was destroyed by fire the same season, entailing a net loss of $7,000, but, in three days less than three months, the new building was erected, machinery put in and operations resumed. The present manufactory is about double the capacity of the former, and is provided with the latest improved machinery for work of this class. The buildings as now standing are — the manufactory proper, main building, 40x72 feet, two stories, with a brick engine and boiler room 27x54, supplied with an engine of seven ty-five horse-power, the refuse of the mill affording an ample supply of fuel. Four dry kilns, two supplied with hot air and two with steam, each eighteen feet square ; a brick cooper-shop, 72x28, with a wing 40x85, two stories, the lower one used for storage; a brick storage- room 18x72; two frame structures, each 22x40, also for storage; the whole having a capacity of a"bout 10,000 barrels. These with the offices and four dwellings for workmen, comprise the principal buildings upon the lot. The works give employment to a force of ninety hands; the product is about 2,000 pieces a week, and last year's operations aggregated about $68,000, a little over 100 per cent, increase on that of the previous year. While the business is that of general cooperage, the gre.at body of 8* the work is for glucose factories, which require special ly close work to retain the hot syrup after working. These barrels are made of bass-wood staves with the ex ception of one oak bung stave in each barrel, the por ous nature of this wood admitting of the necessary escape for the accumulating gas. The timber supply is mainly secured within a radius of fifteen miles from Green Bay, and shipments of product are made as far east as New York, as far south as Missouri, and throughout the whole Northwest. Mr. Britton is a native of New York ; came to Green Bay in 1850, and is at present a member of the City Council and School Board, and steward and trustee of the Methodist Episcopal Church of this city. He is also a member of the A. F. & A. M. and of the I. O. O. F. Frank Piraux is the oldest brick manufacturer in Green Bay. His property consists of a tract of forty-one lots lying along the west shore of East River, in the south ward, three blocks south of Mason-street bridge. The business was established in 1867, and then gave employment to a force of nine hands, the product being all hand-molded. In 1870 a Champion machine (horse-power) was set up, and a daily product of 11,000 turned out. In 1881 steam- power was introduced; a sixteen horse-power engine em ployed ; Keel's patent molding machine for tile and brick set up ; a force of from eighteen to twenty hands employed, and the yield for the season averaged 20,000 a day. The clay is of fine quality and produces both clear red and cream-colored brick. Mr. Piraux is a native of Belgium, from which country he emigrated to Green Bay in 1855. He was variously employed — in sailing on the bay and trading, previous to the establishment of his yards in 1867. He represented the first ward three years in the City Coun cil ; has five children — now in attendance at the city schools. F. E. Straubel's brick yard lies along the East River, just north of the Mason-street bridge, where the proprietor owns a tract of thirty acres. This industry was established in 1869, his first year's operations employing thirteen hands and yielding a daily product of 10,000. In 1875 he dis carded the Champion machine with which he commenced operations, put in a steam-engine, used a machine invented by himself, and passed about 5,000 of its daily product through a hand-pressing machine. In the Spring of 1881 he fitted up for the season with a Keel tile and brick ma chine, and his daily product was from 18,000 to 20,000 in a run of eleven hours, with a force of 21 hands. The clay is of a very fine quality, burns clear red on the upper courses — the lower strata being the color of the celebrated Mil waukee brick. The supply of clay is practically inexhaust ible, but is only worked to a uniform depth of six feet, then covered with its native loam and used for agricultural pur poses. Mr. Straubel is a native of Germany, came to Amer ica in 1846, settling in Green Bay where he has since resided. He was a member of the volunteer fire department of the city twelve years, was nine years Engineer of " No. 1," and holds his diploma for services rendered. Woemmel & Royalski, brick manufacturers. This busi ness was established in the Spring of i88i,by the present proprietors ; gives employment to a force of ten men, who turn out about 10,000 bricks in a run of eleven hours, using a Joliet horse-power machine. The yard is on East River, Guernsey's addition to the city of Green Bay, blocks Nos. 1, 2, 3, near Mason-street bridge. The members of the firm are Fred. Woemmel and Henry Royalski, both practical brick makers. Fred. Woemmel was born in Ger many; from which country he came to America in 1866, settling in Green Bay seven years later. He owns a home stead of five acres just outside the city limits. Henry Royalski is also a native of Germany, in which country he learned his trade, then came to America and settled in n8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Green Bay in 1870, where he has acquired some real prop erty. Kendall Manufacturing Company was organized in March, 1881, by A. C. Neville, James Robb and E. L. Ken dall, with a paid up capital of $5,000. This company is successor to the manufacturing business established in 1877, by E. L. Kendall, the present secretary and treasurer of the concern. Their business consists in the manufac ture of sash, doors and blinds, contracting and building and the general work of a planing mill. Among the build ings erected by them the past season may be mentioned the pork-packing house of F. Hurlburt, and the fine residence of A. C. Neville in this city. They also do a large busi ness in prepared material for building in the Menominee iron regions. Their premises front Adams street on the east, and lie between Main street and the river, covering a little over half a block. Their planing mill is a two-story frame structure 70x95 feet, fitted up with the latest improve ments in the way of machinery, which is driven by an engine of twenty-four horse-power. Their business, which is rapidly increasing, gave constant employment during the past season to a force of twenty-five hands. Fox River Soap Company was organized in 1877, by N. Meyer, John Nick, R. O. Pfister, and L. Larschied. The premises front fifty-three feet on Washington, and run to the river in the rear, 150 feet. Their business con sists in refining, buying and selling tallow, and the manu facture of laundry and toilet soaps. The product averages about 20,000 pounds of soap a week, and gives employ ment to a force of eight hands. R. O. Pfister, superin tendent of the manufactory, has been a resident of the State eleven years and of this city nine years. L. Lars chied was born in Green Bay in 1849, and has been a con stant resident in this county since. J. W. Woodruff & Co., manufacturers and dealers in long timber, lumber, lath, shingles, etc. This business was established in 1857, by J. C. Lathrop, and after several changes, came into the possession of W. L. Candie, by whom it was subsequently sold to W. S. Candie. In May, 1866, the firm of J. W. Woodruff & Co., was established. The other members of the firm being H. H. Wheelock, J. C. Dennison and J. O. Kendall, who acquired by pur chase that same year the lands and mill of W. S. Candie, consisting of some 2,500 acres of pine land in Brown County, lying adjacent to the mill, which was situated in Section 23, Bellevue Township, 6% miles southeast of Green Bay, and also certain lots principally situated and lying along East River in the Oak Grove addition to Green Bay, comprising in all about one acre. In 1874, Mr. Woodruff bought out the interests of his partners, and asso ciating his sons in business with himself, continued opera tions under the old name of J. W. Woodruff & Co. In the season of 1876, another mill, known as the Lily Lake mill, ¦was built, about four miles southeast of the first, in Section 32, Township of Eaton. The extensive fires of 187 1 had so seriously damaged the timber lands of Brown County, as well as those along the Peshtigo River and the western shores of Green Bay, destroying large tracts of valuable pine, that the Lily Lake mill suspended operations in the Spring of 1880, owing to a scarcity of timber, and the mill was dismantled and sold. The old mill continued opera tions one year longer and also closed, the supply of timber being exhausted. The joint capacity of these mills was about 45,000 feet of lumber and 140,000 shingles in a daily run of twelve hours. The yearly shipments of the. firm, while both mills were in operation, ranged from 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 feet of lumber and about 4,000,000 shingles. During 1880 the export was exceptionally light, and in 1881, only sufficient was produced to supply the home demand. The firm have acquired, by purchase at various times, property within the city limits until they now own thirty- nine lots lying along or continuous to the East River. The present members of the firm are J. W. Woodruff, H. E. Woodruff and W. H. Woodruff. J. W. Woodruff is a native of New York State. Came to Wisconsin as early as 1844, and settled in Brown County in 1866 ; the same year he organized his lumber firm. H. E. Woodruff and W. H. Woodruff, his sons, were born in this State. The fires of 1871, to which reference has already been made, cleared up a large tract of the pine land of Woodruff & Co., leaving it so suggestive of cultivation that about 300 acres were seeded down as an experiment, which suc ceeded so well that more acres were added from year to year, until they have now fully 1,000 acres seeded to clover and timothy. A herd of 50 grade Jerseys, 100 head of pure grade Cotswolds, and about 25 head of horses find abundant pasturage, in addition to which, last season, there were cut about 100 acres of hay, and a stock herd of 150 head of cattle found excellent feed. The dairy product for 1880 was 3,692 pounds, and the average market price at home was 21 cents per pound. Wm. Baptist, lumberman ; mill on south shore of East River, between Monroe and Jefferson streets, Green Bay. Capacity of the mill, 35,000 feet of lumber, 30,000 shingles and 10,000 lath daily, in the manufacture of which twenty- five hands find daily employment. The property is that known as the Earl & Case mill, which, prior to 1877, had been lying idle for several years, and since then had been operated at intervals. This property, consisting of an old building 80x80, was leased by Mr. Baptist, May 1, 1881, an addition 28x30 built, the whole structure thoroughly overhauled and repaired, the old machinery refitted and new machinery added at a cost of about $2,000, and opera tions commenced early in June. Mr. Baptist is a native of New York, came to Wisconsin in 1855, and has followed lumbering ever since, his operations being principally at Sturgeon Bay, Little Sturgeon Bay and Pensaukee. At Little Sturgeon Bay he had charge of the business of F. B. Gardner, and went to Pensaukee in charge of that gentle man's interests, in 1872, becoming his partner in 1877 and so continued until starting operations for himself at Green Bay last Spring. Dr. A. H. Van Nostrand, dealer in coal, lumber and wood ; offices and yards on Washington street, just south of the flouring mills. The premises have a frontage of 180 feet, run to the river 200 feet in the rear and have a dock age of 200 feet, -with eleven feet of navigable water at all seasons of the year. This business was established in 1870, and during the past year sales have aggregated : coal, 2,000 tons; wood, 1,000 cords; lumber, 500,000 feet, and 5,000,- 000 shingles. Edward C. Kittner, manufacturer of wagons, sleighs, car riages, and general blacksmith. This business was estab lished in 187 1 on the corner of Washington and Doty streets, riverside, and there continued until destroyed by fire on the 28th of February, 1880. He then purchased the lots Nos. 189 and 191 Washington street now occupied by him, and the same season erected his manufactory 30X 100 feet, two stories, with a blacksmith shop 25x70 one story, all of brick. The past season he gave employment to a force of sixteen men, and his yearly product is from seventy to eighty lumber wagons, forty to fifty light car riages, twenty road sleighs and cutters, and from fifteen to twenty square box jumpers, besides repairs of which no estimate can be given. The Green Bay Hide and Leather Company, organized in 1872, have their tannery in Whitney's addition, between East River and Main street. Douville & Basche are the HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 119 oldest boot and shoe manufacturers in the city. Then there are the Green Bay Flour Mills on Washington street near Doty, and the City Mills corner of these two thorough fares. John P. Schumacher, manufacturer and dealer in fur niture, and professional undertaker, Parish's block, north side. This business was established in 1873, in a small way, by the present proprietor, who had previously been engaged in the trade in Chicago and Milwaukee. Several partnerships in the business have been held by other par ties since its establishment, but since 1879 it has been solely in Mr. Schumacher's hands. His building is 22x100 feet, of brick, three stories high ; office and salesroom on first floor, undertaker's rooms on second floor, and cabinet maker's, upholsterer's, and finisher's rooms on third floor, the whole giving employment to a- force of eight hands and a furniture van. Mr. Schumacher is a native of Luxem burg ; came to America in his infancy, learned the uphol sterer's trade in Chicago and then undertaking, of which he makes a specialty. He is treasurer of the Wisconsin State Undertaker's Association and a member of the Cath olic Knights of America Beneficiary Society. Lefebere & Co., cabinet makers, upholsterers, undertakers and dealers in mirrors, etc., Nos. 74 and 76 Washington street. This house was established in 1877, and now gives employment to a force of eight persons. They occupy a two-story brick, fronting forty-four feet on Washington street and running back 100 feet to the alley in the rear. The lower story, occupied exclusively as salesroom and office, has a sixteen-foot ceiling and is admirably adapted to the display of furniture, of which they carry a complete stock, including some elegant chamber sets of modern pattern. In the upper story are the cabinet shops, upholstering and finishing rooms. The office and salesroom is in charge of Edward Lefebere. East River Brewery. This business was established in 1866 by the present proprietor, Henry Rahr, at which time its annual product was 2,500 barrels, and its working force five men, about one-half of its present force and capacity. His malt cellars are 60x60 feet, two stories in height, a dry- kiln 30x20 feet, a brew-house 30x60 feet two stories in height, ice-houses with a capacity of 1,500 to 1,800 tons, and cellars with a capacity of 3,000 barrels. An artesian well, 150 feet deep, supplies an abundance of excellent water. An engine of twenty-five horse-power supplies power and steam ; a force of ten men and three double trucks are constantly employed in the manufacture and de livery of the product, which averages about 5,000 barrels per annum, and finds market in Brown County almost ex clusively. Mr. Rahr is a native of Germany, came to Wis consin in 1853 and to this city five years later, from which time he was a partner with A. Hochgrave in the Bellevue Brewery until establishing the East River Brewery in 1866. Has been constantly engaged in his present business for the past thirty-five years, twenty-eight of this in America and seven in Europe. F. Hagemeister, proprietor Union Brewery on Manito woc road, just outside city limits. This business was estab lished in 1866 by Messrs. Hagemeister, Whitney, Mertz and Klaus, and became the sole property of F. Hagemeister in 1873 he having successively purchased the interests of his partners. The buildings are a brick malt house 40x80 ; a brew house 40x60, and a store-room 40x80, three stories each; a refrigerator 32x80, incapacity 1,200 tons, and ice houses with additional capacity of 840 tons. An artesian well, 140 feet deep, affords an unfailing supply of excellent water. The capacity of the brewery is about 6,500 barrels per annum, and its actual product nearly 5,000 barrels, most of which is marketed in Green Bay and vicinity. The establishment gives constant employment to a force of ten men, three delivery trucks, and is connected by a private telephone line with their office in the city. Green Bay Brewery, Mrs. Octavia VanDycke, owner and proprietor, was established in 1872 by Landwehr & Beyer, at which time the present buildings were erected. They are substantial brick structures, rising two stories above their solid stone foundations, and form three sides of a square, 140 feet along the south, 132 feet along the west and 96 feet along the north face. The width of the west and south structures is 40 feet, and that of the north one 32 feet. These do not include the wash house, nor the detached ice house built last year. The property was purchased by Mr. Louis VanDycke in 1876, completely refitted and stocked at an expense of about $15,000, and operations commenced the following year, when 1,800 barrels of beer were manu factured. The product last year was 3,200 barrels, one- third the capacity of the brewery, and was mostly marketed in Northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula, and the force employed was seven men and three delivery trucks. The cellar has storage room for 2,000 barrels, and the ice cut was about 2,100 tons. A flourishing brewery is also in operation in the town of Allouez, on private claim No. 17, east side of the Fox River. The main building was erected about twenty years ago by Judge Lawe, and is 80x120 feet, two stories. With additions since made, the value of the property has reached $65,000. It manufactures about 450 barrels per month, Christian Kiel having the controlling interest in the establishment. WHOLESALE HOUSES. The Butler & Lamb Mercantile Company was organized as a joint stock corporation February 2, 1878, with a cap ital stock of $25,000, all of which is now paid in. The present officers of the company are D. Butler, president; W. S. Butler, secretary, and G. W. Lamb, treasurer. This company is the virtual successor of the dry goods business established by Daniel Butler, president of the present com pany, in 1840, and is thus one of the very oldest houses doing a dry goods business in this State, and the oldest in Northern Wisconsin. The present company do business at No. 91 Washington street, the location upon which Mr. Butler established his dry goods house forty-one years since, but several changes in location have intervened owing . to fires, etc. Their building fronts 22 feet on Washington street, is 100 feet deep, two stories in height, the upper one devoted to carpets and floor cloths, of which they make a specialty, carrying as complete a stock as can be found in Northern Wisconsin. The force of the house is ten persons. Daniel Butler is a native of Massachusetts, came to this city in 1837, and has been prominently identified with its interests ever since. He is a ruling elder of the Presbyte rian Church in this city, a position held by him for the past forty-two years. George W. Lamb was born in Rome, N. Y.r where he was bred to the dry goods trade ; came to this city in 1866, and until 1872 was engaged in grocery busi ness, when he went to Depere as agent of the Goodrich Transportation Company, and so continued until 1880, when he returned to this city and assumed charge of the cashier's desk in the mercantile company of which he had been an officer since 1878. William S. Butler was born in Green Bay, was bred to business in the house of his father, Daniel Butler; became a member of the firm in 1872, and upon the organization of the joint stock company in 1878, became its secretary. George Sommers, wholesale and retail dealer in dry goods and carpets, 80 Washington street. This house was HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. established in 1863 in the block south of its present loca tion, and in 1869 the wholesale department was removed a few doors north of the present number. The wholesale house being destroyed in the great fire of 1872, the retail business was sold out, and the following season Mr. Som mers erected the building now occupied by him, and of which he took possession the same Fall. The next year, 1874, the retail department was added, and the business has so continued. ' The house gives employment to a force of six persons. The store is of brick, 26^x100 feet, two stories high, the upper story devoted to carpets and floor cloths. Skeels & Best, wholesale and retail dealers in dry goods, notions, boots and shoes, No. 94 Washington street. This house was established January 27, 1867, the present pro prietors succeeding George E. Hoskinson, United States Consul at Kingston, Jamaica. The building is a two-story brick, fronting twenty-four feet on Washington street, 100 feet deep, and the operations of the house give constant employment to a force of ten persons. The members of the firm are M. P. Skeels and T. L. Best. John Beth, wholesale and retail grocer and dealer in crockery and glassware, No. 83 Washington street. This business was established in 1870 as a crockery store, to which the grocery department was added in 1878, and now gives constant employment to a home force of five persons, sales extending to Northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula. His store, 22x100 feet, two stories in height, with an elevator for porting goods, and a two-story ware house, 22x32, barely afford accommodation for his growing trade. Mr. Beth is a native of Germany, came to Milwau kee in 1852 and to this city three years later. In 1861 he enlisted in the Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry, served three years and then returned to Green Bay, where he was prin cipally employed in clerking in grocery and crockery stores until he engaged in business for himself. Has served for two years as member of the County Board of Supervisors, and is a member of the Green Bay Turnverein. - Joannes Brothers, wholesale and retail dealers in grocer ies, corner of Washington and Cherry streets. Their build ing fronts fifty feet on Washington, is two stories high, one- half the upper story, and a warehouse on the dock in the rear, 30x95, devoted to storage. They have also a building 15x30, in which is their apparatus, for steam roasting. This house was established in 1872 as a retail grocery, and so continued until 1877, when the wholesale branch was added. They carry a large stock of staple and fancy gro ceries, keep two traveling salesmen on the road, a force of thirteen persons in the house and four teams for freight and delivery. The members of the firm are Charles Mitchell and Thomas Joannes, and their sales the past season aggre gated $250,000. The Joannes brothers are natives of Bel gium, came to America with their father in 1856 and settled on a farm in Brown County near DePere, but the family became separated shortly after the death of their father, the same year. A. Weise & Holman, wholesale and retail dealers in china, crockery, cutlery, glass and plated ware, Nos. 93 and 95 Washington street. This house was established in Jan uary, 1870, as successors by purchase to the firm of Pool & Sommers. The retail salesroom, on the first floor, is 22x80; the wholesale department 44x80 is up stairs; and they have a three story brick warehouse 35x44. The operations of the firm give employment to a home force of eight persons and two traveling salesmen. Watson & McLeod, general grocers, wholesale and retail, Nos. 32 and 34 Pine street. Their business was established May 1, 1880. They occupy the lower story and half the upper of a two story brick, 44x80, give constant employment to a force of six hands and one delivery wagon for city trade — carriage of shipments being otherwise pro vided for. Cargill & VanValkenburgh, grain and produce dealers. The members of this firm are W. W. Cargill, S. D. Cargill and B. J. VanValkenburgh, and their operations consist in han dling grain and produce at various stations along the line of Green Bay,Winona & St. Paul Railway, both in Northern Wis consin and Minnesota. The firm was established in 1871, and operations commenced at this point in 1878, at which time they bought out the interests of Elmore & Kelly in the forwarding and commission business at this point, and leased their elevator and warehouses which had become the prop erty of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company. This elevator stands on the railway dock, west side Fox River, and has a capacity of 250,000 bush els. The adjoining warehouses cover 25,000 square feet of flooring surface, and both elevator and warehouses are admirably adapted for receiving and discharging freight. The entire structure rests on piles. A double railway track extends along the west side, and on the east the largest lake ves sels find ample water along 1,000 feet of dock. There are also 200 feet of sunken track within the warehouses, for the receipt and discharge of freight, and all these are connected by switch with the tracks of the Chicago & Northwestern, the Wiscon sin Central and the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Railway lines. The company also own and occupy a warehouse on the east side of the river, with a capacity of 30,000 bushels, principally used for local business. The amounts of grain received by this company at this point for the year ending May 1, 1881, were: Wheat, 471,475 bushels; bar ley, 84,788 bushels ; oats, 40,000 bushels : rye, 25,000 bushels. These figures are for an excep tionally short crop, and scarcely reached 50 per cent, of the receipts of the previous year. The amount of provisions handled it is not necessary to particularize, but of fish alone the receipts were about 100 tons the past season. The entire force employed at this point averages fifteen hands and a small tug for handling local freights. John Robinson, wholesale and retail dealer in drugs, medicines, paints, oils and fancy and toilet goods, southeast corner of Washington and Pine streets. This house was. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. GREEN BAY BUSINESS COLLEGE. established as a retail drug house by Drs. Bruins & Burkart, in 1858, and the following year came into possession of Dr. Henry Rhodes of this city, who conducted the business until 1865. After some further changes the present propri etor purchased the stock in 1866, and increased the business from year to year until the necessities of his trade led to a removal from the old stand on the opposite corner of Pine street to the present location. This property he purchased, and, after thoroughly refitting, took possession June 1, 1881. The building is 22x90 feet, two stories high, all occupied by the operations of the house, which employs a force of three hands at home and one traveling salesman. Mr. Robinson is a native of Shropshire, England, acquired a knowledge of the drug business there, in 1857 came to America and ¦entered into business at Manitowoc, Wis., with his brother who had established a drug house there in 1853. In 1866, as before stated, he succeeded by purchase to the old drug house of Bruins & Burkart in this city, and removed from Manitowoc, still retaining his interest in the business there. Mr. Robinson is one of the vice-presidents of the State Pharmaceutical Society, and was a member of the Green Bay City council in 1878-9. Parish & Fox, dealers in hides, pelts, furs and wool, No. 144 Washington street. This house was established in 1863 and has been continuously engaged in trade since then. They also occupy the building just across the street, owned by W. Parish, and a warehouse in the rear of No. 144. Their fur business has much decreased of late years, but there has been an increase in their receipts of hides and wool. Business during the past season has aggregated from $75,000 to $100,000. Duchateau & Bro., wholesale dealers in wines, liquors and cigars, southwest corner Washington and Main streets. Trade was established in this city in 1870 on the northeast corner of Main, and removed to their present location in 1874, in which year they erected their building, a two story brick, 22x100, with warehouses on the dock in the rear. The members of the firm are L. Duchateau and A. Ducha teau, and they do a jobbing trade exclusively. Joseph Nadeau, inventor and manufacturer of the Na- deau washing machine, is a native of Quebec, where he was engaged in lumbering until he came to Florence, Marinette Co. in 1880. F'rom there he removed in the Spring of 1881 to Fort Howard, leased the old Novelty Iron Works, and commenced the manufacture of his machines, in which business he is now engaged. His letters-patent, bearing date May, 1881, were issued only for the United States; but a later application has been made for Canada. His present facilities enable him to put thirty dozen machines a month upon the market, btit the demand is greater than his capacity. He keeps constantly employed a force of twenty- five men in the shop, and six traveling salesmen on the road. His testimonials and trade demonstrate that he has a wash ing machine of genuine merit daily commending itself to the favorable consideration of the public. Kurtz and Manthey, marble works, Walnut street near bridge, Green Bay. The works were establisned by Mr. Kurtz in 1877, and conducted by him until 1880, when Mr. Manthey bought an interest, and they are now prepared to HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. do all kinds of marble work, monuments, head stones, etc., etc. It gives employment to three men. Mr. Kurtz is a native of Weiler, Germany, and came to this country 1863, at the age of twenty-four; he stopped at Ripon two years ; lived eight years at Eureka, after which he came here 1874. Mr. Manthey is a native of Stettin, Prussia, and came to this country 1869, at the age of eighteen years ; after hav ing stopped in Chicago, Morrison and Fond du Lac during eight years, he came here, worked at the business which he finally engaged in. We find the firm an enterprising one, and deserving the patronage of the public generally. C. A Murch, principal and proprietor of Green Bay Busi ness College, was born in Appleton, Wis., August 18, 1855, CWm^at his parents having settled in that vicinity two years before the city was platted. They were from Essex County, N. Y., in which they were both born and educated. Young Murch entered Lawrence University in 187 1, and left it in 1876, having during that time attended four full college years, devoting the balance of the time to teaching. April 28' 1877, he married Miss Marcia J. Southmayd, of Appleton, and until 1879 was engaged in looking after the interests of the home farm, of which he had assumed charge. In the Fall of that year, 1879, he entered Green Bay Business Col lege, graduated in the Spring of 1880, when he became principal, and after conducting the institution successfully for one year, purchased the good will and fixtures of the former proprietor, and established himself in the business, which is gradually increasing in members and efficiency under his management. The college is located at the corner of Washington and Pine streets, Green Bay, and was estab lished by G. M. Devlin, in 1868, and was one link in the chain of similar institutions established some twelve or fifteen years since throughout Northwest Wisconsin, and known as Parson's Chain of Business Colleges. This insti tution, in 1871, passed into the hands of A. C. Blackman, who sold to Mr. Murch ten years later. The curriculum includes, besides the usual business college course, thorough instruction in the common English branches, including algebra, geometry, philosophy, also phonography and teleg raphy. Instructions are given the year round, and from October to April night sessions are held, offering the same advantages as the day school. There has been a very marked increase in the attendance the past year, and the average enrollment has been seventy-five. Mr. Murch is a young gentleman of quiet and affable manners, and well equipped intellectually. His first year gives promise of success in the field of educational effort he has chosen. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. W. J. ABRAMS, Mayor of the city of Green Bay, was born at Cam bridge, Washington Co., N. Y., March 19, 1829. Receiving an academic education, he entered the theological school at Williamstown, Mass., but ill health prevented his completing the course, and he spent several years in foreign travel and continuing his studies, confining them, how ever, to history, the arts and general literature. In the field of litera ture he gained considerable celebrity as an essayist, under various nom- de-plumes; but, confinement necessary to such work not agreeing with his health, it had to be abandoned as a profession. Coming to Green Bay in May, 1856, he took part in the railroad surveys from the lake shore to Ontonagon, and settled in the city permanently in 1861. Mr. Abrams became connected with the Collingwood, Sarnia and Buf falo lines of steamers, and was most prominent until 1870 in developing the transportation facilities of this port— its life and hope. In that year he continued his labors in a new direction. Having obtained the charter of the Lake Pepin Railroad in 1866, while serving as a member of the Assembly, he soon discovered the possibilities and probabilities of the great enterprise of constructing a line to the Mississippi River, and in 1870 withdrew from the transportation business, and gave him self, body and mind, to the interests of the railroad. He was instru mental in securing the completion of the road to Winona, and is still actively interested, and under its new organization is officially con nected with it. Mr. Abrams has served in the State Assembly during the years 1864-5-6-7, being elected to the Senate in 1868-9. During the rebellion he was a war Democrat of the most uncompromising type, and was the leader of the so-called war Democrats in the Legislature, and was mainly instrumental in securing a part of the vote of the Demo crats for the several constitutional amendments, "making some of the ablest speeches in their advocacy." In fact, he has always been an active, progressive, public-spirited man — one of the foremost in works of practical utility, or of private and public charity. Mr. Abrams was married at Canajoharie, N. Y., in 1854, to Miss Henrietta T. Alton. His family consists of three children — two daughters, Kate and Ruth, and one son, Winford. H. H. ALBRIGHT, insurance and real estate agent, is a native of Pennsylvania, from which State he came direct to this city in 1836, where he was early employed in the Indian trade and river transportation. In 1847 he embarked in business on his own account, first engaging in gen eral merchandise, to which was afterward added the agency for the river, bay and lake steamers trading at this point. This business he continued down to the breaking out of the war, when he was appointed Deputy Pro vost Marshal for the Fifth District, and served in that capacity until the war closed, when he again engaged in merchandising and lumbering, from which he retired in 1872. He then organized the Green Bay Mining Company at Negaunee, and was so interested when the financial panic of 1873 caused a suspension of operations. In 1876 he assumed charge of the shoe business of S. C. Albright, and continued its management until May, 1880. Mr. Albright has had charge, as resident agent, of some of the heaviest real estate interests in this region, some of which he still retains. He has served two terms as Treasurer of the city. E. K. ANSORGE, notary public, insurance, foreign collection and passage agency. This business, in which Mr. Ansorge has been engaged since 1868, was established by him in this city in 1873 ; since which time he has given special attention to European collections and insurance, in which he represents the leading companies of America, Great Britain and the Continent. He is a native of Germany; came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; settled in Manitowoc County ; served with the 45th Wis. I. during the late war, and was in business in Oconto prior to his removal to this city. He represents the Second Ward in the City Council ; is a mem ber of Harmony lodge, I. O. O. F., and of the Green Bay Turn Verein. J. ARANDS, saloon keeper, Washington street, Green Bay, was born in Manitowoc County in 1858. Came to Green Bay in 1878. Has HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 123 been in the saloon business for the last three years. Was married here to Miss Anna Guyer in 1880. She was born in Oshkosh in 1861. Mr. and Mrs. Arands have one child, Lizzie, born June I, 1881. D. COOPER AYRES, M. D., is a native of Ohio. Graduated from the medical department of the University of New York in 1848. Came to Wisconsin the following year, and to Green Bay in 1850. Entering the United States service in 1861 as Assistant Surgeon of the 7th Wisconsin, he was promoted Surgeon in 1862, and when the regiment veteranized in 1864, he re-entered the service with them, and held his position as Sur geon until they were mustered out of service at the close of the war. During these four years he was attached to the " Iron Brigade," con nected with the Ist and 5th Army Corps, and was on every march and in every engagement participated in by his regiment. Retiring from the army, Dr. Ayres engaged in business until 1871, when he resumed prac tice in this city. He was one of the organizers of the State Medical Society, and by request of that body, in 1854, presented their memorial for the creation of a State Insane Asylum to the Legislature of the State. He was a member of the Assembly in 1868-71-72. As Chairman of the Committee on Benevolent Institutions, he made an elaborate report before the Legislature of 1868, on the establishment of schools for im beciles. The report was exhaustive. Action taken on the subject led to the passage of a bill in accordance with the recommendations of the report, but owing to an inadvertency it was not signed by the Governor, and so failed to become law. Office on Cherry street, near Washington. WILLIAM BAPTIST & SON, owners of the tug " H. N. Mar tin." This tug, commanded by W. H. Baptist, the junior partner, was purchased in the Spring of 1881, for towing rafts to their mill in Green Bay. Her trip from the mill to the mouth of the Peshtigo River and return, with a float of 400,000 feet, is usually made in twenty-four hours. Her dimensions are : Overall, 100 feet; breadth of beam, 17 feet ; depth of hold, 9 feet 6 inches ; engines, 2, each 16x16. THOMAS BENNETT, gardener, is a native of Massachusetts, from which State he came to Green Bay in 1836, where for forty-five years he has maintained a permanent residence. A house painter by trade, he followed that business for three years after his arrival here, and then opened a grocery store, which, in 1857, he converted into a general merchandising establishment, and so conducted it until his house became exclusively dry goods, and so remained until 1872, when an acci dent, which confined him to the house for months, incapacitated him for business, and he closed out. Recovering his strength in 1874, he opened a flour and feed store, which he conducted until 1878, then sold out, and has since been principally engaged in gardening, having the past year about six acres under cultivation. In 1872, in connection with Vincent Connoly, of Fort Howard, Mr. Bennett built an ice-house capable of holding 2,000 tons, and the following year rented his interest to his partner, who still conducts the business. This ice-house was burned in the great fire of 1880, by which Mr. Bennett's house and grounds were destroyed, entailing a loss of $5 000 above all insurance. The following Spring, 1881, the present ice-house, having a capacity ot 3,000 tons, was built and fully stocked. B. M. BERENDSEN, Register of Deeds for Brown County. Office in the court-house. He has held this office since Jan. I, 1875, ana_ nculou r'Y Greene in 1870, and Hastings & Greene when Judge Ellis went upon the Bench the following year. Their offices are on the corner of Adams and Pine streets, well furnished with a law library of fully 1,200 vol umes. S. D. Hastings, Jr., one of the most prominent lawyers of Green Bay and of Northern Wisconsin, was born in Philadelphia, June Ig, 1841, coming to Wisconsin four years later, at the time of its admission as a State ; a graduate of Beloit College in 1S63, and of the Albany Law School two years later. Mr. Hastings practiced law in Madison until 1867, forming a partnership there with E. W. Keyes. In 1867 he removed to Green Bay, forming a partnership with E. H. Ellis then. In 1870, George G. Greene was admitted to the firm. When in 1871, Mr. Ellis was elected Judge, the firm, Ellis, Hastings & Greene, became Hastings & Greene, the present co-partnership. Prior to 1878, the Supreme Court was composed of one Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. During that year an amendment to the State Constitution took effect, increasing the number of Associate Justices to four. It was mutu ally agreed lhat there should be no political contest over the positions, but that a Democrat and a Republican should be supported. Mr. Has tings received strong support from the Bar and the Press of this and adjoining circuits as the Republican representative. But the matter was finally settled by the politicians, the different parties in the Legislature, which was in session at the time, making the nominations. In 1880, by the death of Chief Justice Ryan, a vacancy occurred in that office, and 126 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the duty devolved upon Governor Smith of appointing his successor. It was assumed that the appointee would be a Republican, and the entire Bar of the Tenth Circuit, as well as a majority of the legal members residing in Northeastern Wisconsin, and many of its most prominent citizens, united in urging the appointment of Mr. Hastings to the posi tion. But the superior claim of the politician was again recognized. It will thus be the inference, which is the fact, that Mr. Hastings has never been a politician ; but in the practice of his profession he ranks among the foremost of the State Bar. Although his attention is principally devoted to real estate questions and matters growing out of the lumber ing interests, his range is not at all limited to these branches. His mind is broad and essentially judicial. Although comparatively a young man, in graces of scholarship and solidity of legal learning, Mr. Hastings has few superiors in the State. He is dignified in deportment, yet urbane in disposition, and a straight-forward man of business as well as a superior lawyer. Mr. Hastings was married in 1863 to Mary C. Ken dall, of Beloit. His first wife died in 186S. Two daughters by this marriage are still living. In 1872 he was married a second time, to Hetta Sue Clapp, of Kenosha. They have one daughter. George G. Greene is a native of New York ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and settled with his parents in Jefferson County, where he received his education. He is a graduate of the Columbia Law School, New York City, class of 1S68; the same year came to Green Bay, and two years later became a member of the firm of Ellis, Hastings & Greene. FRANZ HAGEMEISTER, brewer, is a native of Germany ; came to America in 1849, and the following year to Green Bay. He was engaged in butchering and live stock business in this city from 1850 to 1875, when he disposed of his interest in lhat trade to give his undivided attention to his brewing business. He owns considerable real estate in the city; has accumulated a fine property, and represented the Third Ward for two years in the City Council. HAGERTY BROS., proprietors of American House, corner Wash ington and Walnut streets, Green Bay. The house is entirely new and is furnished with all the conveniences incident to travel, and is very conveniently located to the business parts of the cities of Green Bay and Fort Howard. Office, sample rooms and dining room on first floor ; sitting room and parlor on second floor, and fifty-six sleeping rooms on second and third floors. It is managed by the enterprising and efficient hotel men, the Hagerty Bros., and is, in point of con venience and enjoyment, second to none in this part of the State. In connection with the house is attached a first-class livery, in which the brothers take a special pride in furnishing the very best of turnouts. The traveling public will find it to their interest to call upon the firm, where they will receive all the conveniences connected with trav eling and the most respectful attention, their motto is, reasonable terms and strict attention to their business. A free 'bus is always in attendance at the railroad and steam-boat depots. CHARLES B. HART, agent of the W. C. R. R., Green Bay ; is a native of Pennsylvania. In 1854, at the age of eighteen he came to Racine, and took up the vocation of farming, which he followed for five years. He then turned his attention to railroading, accepting a position as clerk at Horicon ; held that position for two years ; was then em ployed by the C, M. & St. P., as agent at Horicm, which he kept for five years ; he then accepted a position on Sheboygan & Fond du Lac R. R., as agent at Princeton, but stayed only one yearfwhen he removed to Ripon and stayed with the company eight years ; then went as agent on the same road, to Huron, D. T , which place he left shortly after to accept his present position. He was married to Miss Ellen Ellis, a native of Wisconsin. They have five children — Estella L , Millie, Eddie, Bertie and Nona, and" Charles B., buried in the cemetery at Ripon. CHARLES HARTUNG, hardware, tin-ware and farming utensils, Green Bay, is a native of Germany; came here in 1854. at the age of thirteen years, and located at Two Rivers, Wis. In 1S61 he enlisted in Co. C, 5th Wis. V. I.; was Wounded at the battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 1862. Aug. 21, 1862, he was promoted to 2d lieutenant Co. C, 24th Wis. V. I., and on the 12th of March, 1863, he was promoted to the captaincy of the same company, with which he served until the end of the war. Was honorably discharged June 10, 1865. After his services in the war, Mr. Hartung came to Green Bay and devoted himself to the development of the business interests here, undertaking to make of him self as valuable a citizen as he was a soldier. He began in the grocery trade, which he followed until 1871, when he left it for the hardware business, which he has succes.-fully carried on since. Has been Alder man for the last four years, being elected entirely witliout the usual style of soliciting public patronage, an evidence of his high character. Has been connected with the Turner societies here and elsewhere since the age of sixteen. In 1866, Mr. H. was married to Miss Ellen Bader, in Green Bay. She was -born in Germany, in 1842. They have one son and three daughters. HARRY HEISEL, saloon, Washington street, Green Bay. Was born in Chicago in 1861 ; went to Oshkosh in 1870 with his parents; lived there till 1877, when they moved to Lake Superior; lived there till 1879, when they moved to Green Bay, where Harry is now the proprietor and manager of the Milwaukee House, where he deals in the choicest wines, liquors and cigars. Mr. Heisel's father has followed brewing for the last twenty years, being connected with Dreis of Davenport, Iowa ; Busche & Brandt, of Chicago ; Eckis, of Oshkosh ; Koehlers, of Oshkosh ; Peninsular, of Negaunee, Mich., and Hocriefts, Brevoort Brewery. He and his wife are natives of Germany, and came here in 1859. Mr. H. had been here in 1845, after which he remained in New York and Phil adelphia three years, then returned to the Old Country before coming here. They have five children — three boys and two girls. WILLIAM HOFFMAN, President of the Common Council, was born in Posen, Prussia, December 14, 1831. He is the son of Louis and Hannah Hoffman, his father being a respected merchant of that city. Wil liam went to England when about fifteen years of age, remaining at New Castle-on-the-Tyne for a short time, when he came to New York. In 1852, when just about of age, the enterprising and persevering young merchant became infatuated with California, started for the vicinity of San Fran cisco and there engaged in mining besides operating a general merchan dising establishment. Five years in the golden State sufficed, and in 1857, Mr. Hoffman located in Chicago, where he remained four years. Finally in 1861, twenty years ago, he settled in Green Bay, where he has- since resided, engaged in his present business, merchant tailoring. For twelve years the partnership of Hoffman & Lewin continued uninter rupted, when in 1873 the former bought out his partner, who removed to Philadelphia. Mr. Hoffman was married in 1861 to Miss M. A. Pease, of Marengo, 111. They have five children, four boys and one girl. He is a prominent member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges ; also of the societies B'nai B'rith and Knights of Pythias, and Treasurer of Bay City Light Guards. Mr. Hoffman has never held public office, except that of councilman, having held that position five years, and is at present serving as President of the Common Council. He is popular, gentlemanly and honest, a favorite as a public and business man. WILLIAM HOFFMAN, merchant tailor, and wholesale and re tail dealer in clothing and gent's furnishing goods, No. 105 Washington^ street. The business was established in 1861 by Hoffman & Lewin, and so continued until 1868, when Mr. Hoffman became sole proprietor. His sales-room is twenty-two feet front, ninety feet deep, with a manu factory 20x24 in the rear. His custom trade is large, giving constant employment to a force of from, twenty to twenty-five hands. HON. TIMOTHY O. HOWE, of Green Bay, was born at Liver- more, Me,, Feb. 24, 1816 ; received an academic education, studied law and was admitted to the Bar ; was a member of the Legislature of the State of Maine in 1845, in the latter part of which year he removed to Wisconsin ; was elected a Judge of the Circuit and Supreme Courts in Wisconsin in 1850, and held the office until he resigned in 1855 -was elected to (he United States Senate as a Union Republican to succeed Charles Durkee, and took his seat in 1S61, and was re-elected in 1S67 HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 127 and 1873. His term of service expired March 3, 1879. He was ap^ pointed a member of the International Monetary Conference, at Paris, held in April, 1881. In July he was called home, shortly before the ad journment of the Conference, by what proved to be the fatal illness of his wife, who died at Washington, D. C, Aug. 1, ensuing. Mrs. Howe's maiden name of Lindia A. Haynes, daughter of Francis and Linda Bates Haynes, and was born at Livermore, Me., and married at same place about the year 1840. The result of this union was two children, both of whom are now living in Washington — Frank H. Howe, attorney at law, and Mary H. Totten, wife of Major Enoch Totten. A. G. E. HOLMES, dry goods, boots, shoes and groceries, 118 Washington street. This business is a retail and jobbing trade, the latter among the lumber regions of the north, and gives employment to three persons. The house was established by the present proprietor and Ed son Sherwood in 1852 ; became Holmes & Harteau in 1876 ; Marshall & Holmes in 1878, A. G. E: Holmes in 1880. Mr. Holmes is also a member of the firm of L. M. Marshall & Holmes, dealers in shingles, posts and lumber in this city. Their operations last year were 60,000,- OOO shingles, 200,000 posts and a limited supply of lumber. The present partnership in this business was formed in 1878, but Mr. Holmes has been engaged in trade of this kind almost continuously for the - past thirty years. He was born in New York State ; came with his parents to Green Bay in 1841, his father being engaged in farming and lumbering, and in 1851 commenced business for himself by engaging in the manu facture of lumber. He was also the original proprietor of the extensive brick yards on Duck Creek now owned and operated by William Finne- gan. He was nine years Superintendent of the Poor for Brown County, three years a member of the City Council and three years a member" of the Board of Education. HUDD & WIGMAN, attorneys-at-law, office corner of Washington and Cherry streets. Their law partnership was formed in Appleton in 1863, and in 186S the office was established in this city by Mr. Hudd, Mr. Wigman remaining in charge of the office at Appleton until it was discontinued in 1870, when he removed to this city. Their practice ex tends to all the State and Federal courts, and their rooms are furnished with a valuable law library of 1,200 volumes. Thomas R. Hudd, the senior of the firm, is a native of New York ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; received his literary training in Law rence University, Appleton ; read law in that city ; was admitted to the Bar in 1856 ; formed a law partnership with John J. Jewell, and practiced law in Appleton until his removal to this city, thir teen years since. He represented Outagamie County in the Assem bly of 1856-7, and was a member of the Senate in 1863-5 ; was returned to the Assembly in 1868 and again in i$75,and was a member of the State Senate from 1876 to 1879 inclusive. J. H. M. Wigman was born in Amsterdam, Holland, where he re ceived his education. He came to America in 1848 ; studied law in the office of his partner, at Appleton, but before completing his studies made a trip to Europe in the Spring of 1863, from which he returned the same Fall ; passed his examination before the court ; was admitted to practice and immediately formed a law partnership with his legal instructor. The following year he was elected District Attorney for Outagamie County, and held that office by successive election until his removal to this city in 1870. CHARLES JOANNES, wholesale grocer. Attended business col-. lege one year in Chicago, then entered the house of Belding Brothers, as. ¦book-keeper, in which capacity he- went to Cincinnati and remained luntil coining here in 1872 to engage in trade. MITCHELL JOANNES, of the firm of Joannes Brothers, grocers; ^served one year in the United States Army ; came to Green Bay as clerk ¦in the post-office "in 1867, and held that position nine years, when he entered actively into the conduct of the business in which he was already .a partner. THOMAS JOANNES, of the firm of Joannes Brothers, remained on the farm until he came to this city in 1869, and became a clerk in the ¦post-office. This situation he held two years ; was mail agent two •years, and then entered upon his duties as an active member of the firm. VERY REV. F. KATZER, Vicar-general, is a native of Austria; received his classical education at Linz Jesuit^ College. He took his -theological course at St. Francis Seminary, near Milwaukee. Was or dained priest in 1866, and was teacher of philosophy and theology in that institution until his appointment as diocesian secretary and pastor •in charge of the Cathedral Church in 1875. On the death of Vicar-gen eral Daims in.1878, Father Katzer was appointed his successor. E. L. KENDALL, secretary, treasurer and business manager of -the Kendall Manufacturing Company, is a native of New York. He 'has been a resident of this State about twenty-five years, for the past twelve years a. resident of Green Bay. For the past five years engaged in building and contracting, and for the past two years has been a mem- 'ber of the City Council. E. C. KITTNER, wagon maker, learned his trade in Germany, of which country he is a native. Came to Wisconsin in 1855, and settled in Peshtigo, assuming charge of the blacksmith shops of the Peshtigo Lumber Company, which place he held for eight and a half years. He then built a wagon and blacksmith shop, commenced business for him self, and was carrying it on successfully, when the great fire of 1871 swept over the country, destroying all his buildings, and entailing a loss of $21,000. He then came to Green Bay and established business, to suffer a second destruction of his property. With an indomitable spirit he has faced all his losses, and has now in successful operation one of the most extensive manufactures of its kind in Northern Wisconsin. The office and books of the house are in charge of John L. Kitlner, son of the proprietor. Mr. Kittner has in contemplation the erection of an engine and boiler room this coming season, his growing business de manding the use of steam-power and machinery in his wood shop, which will also be utilized in furnishing his bellows with air. Mr. Kittner has iHtw^D vc •* been a member of Fire Co. No. 1 for the past eight years, and for the past five has been its Chief Engineer. A. KIMBALL,~hardware. This business was established in 1854 by the present proprietor, in an adjoining block, where be was burned out in 1863, when he removed to his present location. His building is a two-story brick, fronts thirty-three feet on Washington street, and runs 159 feet to the alley in the rear. This house is the oldest hardware es tablishment in Northern Wisconsin, and does a substantial business in steel, iron and nails, shelf and heavy hardware, farmers' tools, stoves, tin and sheet iron jobbing, wagon woods, etc., giving constant employment to a force of from five to seven hands. Mr. Kimball is a native of New York. Came to this State from Massachusetts in 1848, located in Mil waukee, and removed to Green Bay the following year. He was en gaged in teaching school, and in carrying on a general mercantile trade until 1853, when he established his hardware house. He has been Mayor of the city two terms, a member of the City Conncil five years, and a member of the Board of Education five years. He was a member of the County Board of Supervisors, and Assessor of the township of Green Bay prior to the organization of the city under its present charter, at which time the township of Green Bay included the present townships of Scott, Prebble, Green Bay and others. KIMBALL & LIBBY, insurance agents; office 122 Washington street. The firm is composed of A. W. Kimball and Oliver Libby. Oliver Libby, of the firm of Kimball & Libby, was born in Dover, N. H.; graduated from Bowdoin College in the class of 1859 ; came to Wisconsin the same year ; studied law in Milwaukee and was admitted 128 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to the Bar, in lhat city, in 1863. The following Spring he came to Green Bay and after one year spent in the practice of law, formed a partnership with F. S. Ellis (now deceased) in the insurance business, which terminated in 1871, at the time the present partnership was formed. In 1878, Mr. Libby was elected G. H. P. of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of Wisconsin, and now holds that office by re election. He is also a member of Fond du Lac Commandery No. 5, and of Milwaukee Consistory No. 1, A. & A. S. R. A. W. Kimball, eldest son of Alonzo Kimball, Esq., was born in Lee, Berkshire Co., Mass., on the seventh day of March, 1844 ; remov ing to Wisconsin in 1848 ; has lived in Green Bay continuously till the present time. Entered Beloit College in 1862, passed through the Freshman class, then enlisted in the 40th Reg. Wis. Vol., and afterward in the 47th. Studied law two years, but before being admitted to the Bar, established an insurance agency at Green Bay. Was appointed Postmaster at Green Bay, by President Grant, in 1S77, and again by President Hayes in iSSr. In 1879, was married to Myra B. Mahan, formerly of Oberlin. Has two sons nged seven and ten years. DAVID M. KELLY was born in Hamilton, Essex Co., Mass., Feb. II. 1841, and received his education at Haverhill, in his native State, to which place his parents had removed. His legal studies were pursued in the same town, and he was admitted to the Bar ; had practiced two years, and served eighteen months as a volunteer soldier during the late war, before coming to this State in 1867, which he did in connection with the Green Bay & Mississippi Canal Company. Making his head-quarters at Appleton, he operated a line of boats on the Fox River for one year, at the expiration of which time the Lake and River Transportation Com pany was organized, and he removed to Green Bay in charge of its in terests, since which time he has had a permanent residence in this city. This company, of which Mr. Kelly was vice-president and manager, had for its object the establishment of a freight traffic between the ports on Lake Winnebago and the upper Fox River, through the lower Fox River, Green Bay and upper lake=, to the lower lake ports, and its stock was owned by parties interested in the Green Bay & Mississippi Canal Company. In 1871 the boats of the Transportation Company ware sold, and its affairs wound up. Two years previous to this, how ever, Mr. Kelly had purchased the interest of Douseman, of the firm of Douseman & Elmore, who were doing a heavy commission and shipping . business in grain, salt, coal, flour, etc., at Fort Howard, the firm becom ing Elmore & Kelly, and so continued until 187S, when they sold their elevator, docks and warehouses to the Chicago & Nonhwestern Railway Company, and ceased operations as a firm. In 1870 Mr. Kelly became interested in the Green Bay & Lake Pepin Railway, since known as the Green Bay & Minnesota, and now as the Green Bay, Winona &St. Paul, and was its vice-president and a member of its directory. These positions he resigned July 20, 1870, and took his first contract in its consiruction. New contracts were subsequently taken by him, until the whole distance of 214 miles, fiom Green Bay to the Mississippi River was constructed ; forty miles having been built in 1871, 110 miles in 1872, and the remain ing sixty-four miles in 1873. The following year (1874), Mr. Kelly be came vice-president and general manager of the road, and held that position until he resigned it in 1877. He has since been engaged in railway construction in Iowa, and in furthering the interests of the pro jected Wisconsin Peninsular Railroad. Mr. Kelly was a member of ihe Wisconsin Assembly Sessions of 1877-8-9, and a member of the State Senate, Sessions of 1880-1, and was Speaker of the Assembly during his last term of service in that body. REV. NORBERT KERSTAN is a native of Prussia; received his philosophical and theological education at the University of Innsbruck on the Tyrol, and was ordained by the Pope's Nuncio at Munich in 1876. The same year he came to America and was assistant to the Bishop of this diocese, until Jan. 12, 1879, when he was appointed pastor of St. Willdrad's, which position he resigned June I, 1880, to give his entire time and attention to the conduct of the Orphans' Asylum. KING & GAYLORD, insurance agents. This business was estab lished in 1871 by M. V. B. Benson, who sold out to King & Gaylord in February 1881. The members of the firm are D. W. King and George P. Gaylord. Their agency includes fifteen standard companies, embrac ing fire, life; accident and marine insurance. George P. Gaylord is a native of Sandusky, Ohio ; came to this city in 1870, and two years later entered the office of Mr. Benson, with whom he remained until he purchased an interest in the business nine years later. CHARLES KLAUS, proprietor Klaus's Hall, Pine street, Green Bay. The hall is situated in the most central part of the city, and is very convenient to the pleasure-going people of Ft. Howard and Green Bay. It is on the second floor, and one of the most popular halls in the city. Seating capacity, 700; stage, 40x25; hall, 88x40; four dressing rooms, etc. The hall is well ventilated, and is managed by Mr. Klaus, in whom the profession will fird a very genial gentleman. He is a native of Prussia and came to this countrj^in 1849. After working at his trade of carpentering a few years, he engaged in the merchantile busi ness, which he followed in company with his brother. After being burned out, he built the present hall. He has a very fine millinery busi ness, which he opened three years since, under the superintendence of his daughter.]PHILIP KLAUS, real estate agent, and dealer in window shades, wall-paper and notions, corner of Washington and Pine streets. Mr. Klaus is a native of Prussia ; was educated there and came to America in 1848, locating in Green Bay, which has since been his residence. In 1855, he commenced business on his own account as dealer in notions and fancy goods, in which business he has been more or less engaged until the present time. In i860, he established a real estate agency in the building formerly occupying the site of the present Advocate office, known as Klaus's block, and built by Philip, and Charles Klaus, his brother, and subsequently burned. A move was then made to the loca tion corner of Washington and Pine streets, which was purchased by Philip Klaus individually, and has since been occupied by him with the exception of about eight years, during which, the premises were rented to John Robinson, druggist. Mr. Klaus was City Treasurer of Green Bay for nine consecutive years, his last term closing in 1S66; and he is now serving his second term as City Assessor. His store-room fronts twenty-two feet on Washington, 118 feet on Pine street, and his business gives employment to a force of three persons. His real estate offices are in the second story, centrally located and easy of access, and the volume of business transacted shows a marked improvement in the condition of Green Bay property. RIGHT REV. FRANCIS XAVIER KRAUTBAUER (Bishop), is a native of Bavaria; was educated in Ratisbon and Munich, and, having been ordained at the former place, came to America in 1S50. He was for eight years pastor of St. Peter's Church at Rochester. N. Y., before coning to Milwaukee as chaplain of St. Mary's Institute in 1858. He re nained at St. Mary^s until his election and consecration as Bishop of this diocese, June 29, 1875. G. E. T. KYBER, Notary Public, real estate, exchange, passage and collection agency, office over Hall's jewelry store. Washington street. This business was established by the proprietor in 1863, the date, of his ap pointment as Notary Public. He is a native of Germany ; emigrated to America in 1850, and four years later settled in Green Bay. In 1864-5, HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 129 he was in the office of the Secretary of State, auditing the accounts of the volunteer aid fund of the State. In 1867, he was appointed Police Justice, the first appointment to that office, in this city, and has been Justice of the Peace for twelve years. His passage agency includes thirteen lines of ocean steamers, all the principal railways leading to the sea-board as well as the great railway lines of Great Britain and the Continent. SEBASTIAN LANDWEHR, proprietor Green Bay House; was born in Germany in 1830, and came to this country and city in 1848; was married to Miss Kate Burkhart, who was also born in Germany. Mr. L. is among those who came here from Fatherland at an early time and can relate many privations and hardships endured by the German people in those days, He has been in the hotel business for the last sixteen years. He built the City brewery, and has had business in steam- boating here. The Green Bay House is located at the corner of Main and Adams streets. The traveling public will find good accomodations and reasonable terms at this hotel. Passengers carried to and from the steam-boats and railroads. GEORGE LANGDON, one of the Sheriff's deputies, has been a resident of Green Bay forty-five years, and has been connected with the Sheriff's office, either as principal or deputy for thirty years of that time. AUGUST LANTZ, grocer, ng Washington street. This house was established in 1863 by Charles Berner and purchased by the present proprietor in 1877. His store-room is 22x100 ; his business is retail and up-country jobbing trade, giving employment to a force of four persons. Mr. Lantz was born in Germany ; came to America in 1872, direct to Green Bay ; was engaged until 1875 as clerk and book-keeper in the First National Bank, then entered into the grocery business at Marquette, from which he returned two years later to engage in that trade in this city. He is a charter member of the K. of P. lodge in this city. JOHN B. LEFEBERE, furniture manufacturer; is a native of Bel gium ; came to America in 1856, and settled in Green Bay, where he was principally engaged in the boot and shoe business until he established his furniture house. He is a member of the K. of H. L. LEFEBERE, general grocer and dealer in flour, feed and pro visions, Adams street near Main. The flour and feed business was es tablished in 1871, and the grocery and provision trade six years later. The store fronts forty- four feet on Adams street, is 100 feet deep, each business occupying twenty-two feet frontage on the street, and the whole giving employment to a force of three persons and a book-keeper. The house handles about fifty sacks of flour a week, and 600 tons of feed in a season. Mr. Lefebere is a native of Belgium. Came to Green Bay in 1856, and since the close of the war, he was engaged in clerking until he engaged in business for himself in 1871. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. fraternity. FRANK LENZ, County Treasurer, is a native of Prussia, in which country he received his education prior to his emigration to America in 1852. Seven years after his arrival, he built the Green Bay House, which he kept until 1865, when he bought a saw-mill in the town of Suamico, which he subsequently sold, and returning to Green Bay ; was engaged in mercantile business for several years, seven of them as a member of the grocery house of Lenz & Brauns. In 1878, as Deputy Treasurer, he took charge of the office for Joseph Kail, whom he was elected to succeed. Mr. Lenz is a member of the Green Bay Turn Ver ein, of the German Benevolent and the St. Bonifacias societies, and was City Treasurer during 1874. LINDLEY & HARDER, saw repairers and furnishers, No. 114 Washington street. This industry was established by the senior partner of the present firm in 1866, and the present partnership was formed with Mr. Harder in 1878. Their business is the repairing of mill saws, and furnishing the same, and extends all over the lumber regions of North ern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula, theirs being the only house of the kind in all that territory lying north of Oshkosh. The members of the firm are Samuel Lindley and O. L. Harder. Samuel Lindley is a native of Sheffield, England, learned his trade in Williamsburg, N. Y. Worked in New York City twelve years, and had traveled all over the Eastern and Northern States prior to coming to Green Bay in 1866. Has been Chief Engineer of the Fire Department several years, a position to which he was again elected two years since, and which he now holds. He is also a member of the Encampment of I. O. O. F., and of the K. of H. and T. of H. beneficiary societies. O. L. Harder is a native of Pennsylvania. Came to Green Bay in 1868. Learned his trade with his present partner, and in 1878 entered into business with him. In connection with Capt. P. F. Thrall, he built, during the season of 1881, the tug boat " P. F. Thrall." She is 66 6-10 feet over keel, 77 feet over all, 16 feet beam, and 9 feet hold, designed for bay and harbor service, and furnished with engines of 250 horse power. Mr. Harder is a member of the K. of H. and T. of H. benefi ciary societies. McCORMICK & CO., shippers and dealers in flour, feed and coarse grains, in which business they have been engaged since January, 1878. Their location is on Washington street between Pine and Cherry streets, with warehouses on the docks at the foot of Pine, which has a river frontage of 120 feet, and affords navigable water for all lake craft. The boats of the Goodrich Transportation Company, the way steamers "Hawley" and"Welcome," and theupriver boat "Brooklyn," receive and discharge all their Green Bay freight at this dock. Their business is a gen eral freight and commission, and dealing in mill products, of which they handle about 900 tons per annum. Their general freight operations it is impossible fairly to estimate, but its aggregate is large. The members of the firm are M. J. McCormick, H. Dougherty a'nd J. Dougherty. M. J. McCormick is a native of Brown County. Came to this city in 1870, and was book-keeper for the N. C. Foster Lumber Company before engaging in his present business. J. MCDONNELL, architect. Has been a resident of this city and engaged in his profession since 1866. The principal buildings of the city have been constructed under his supervision; among them Cook's Hotel, The American House, Chapman's Block, St. James's Church, Shettle Block, etc. The Presbyterian Church just erected was con structed from plans furnished by him, and he has just executed designs for the new court-house at Grand Rapids, Wood Co. The Shawano County Court-house is also under construction from plans furnished by him last year. Mr. McDonnell is a native of New York ; came to Chi cago in 1838; studied for his profession in that city, and completed his course in New York in 1862. Returning to Chicago, he practiced his profession four years in that city, and then came to Green Bay. His rooms are at No. 127 Washington street, where he has a very valuable library of works on architecture, ancient, modern and mediaeval. Some of his works are exceedingly rare, and of one — the " Dictionary of Archi tecture," published by the Royai Institute of British Artists — but two other copies are found in the United States. His monography of the New Opera House at Paris, costing $250, is a volume of engravings that will better repay a day's study than many galleries of painting. L. M. MARSHALL, descendant of an old Vermont family, was born in Poultney, in that State, April 13, 1825. His paternal grand mother was one of the early settlers of the Green Mountain State, and was frequently driven from her home by the incursions of Tories and Indians during the Revolutionary struggles of 1776. The birth-place of young Marshall was that of his father also, who was a thrifty farmer of that vicinity, and gave his son all the educational advantages the place afforded, until he was sent to school at New York City when he was six teen years of age, where he pursued his studies three years. Returning to Poultney, he learned the molder's trade, and worked at it both in Poultney and in Troy, N. Y., until he came West in 1851 to engage in business for himself. Settling in Green Bay, he embarked in general merchandising, to which h; soon added dealing in lu nber and shingles. In November, 1853, he married Lydia F. Whidden, formerly of Maine, 13° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and their family of two sons and two daughters a e still at home with them. That same year Mr. Marshall bought a shingle mill on Duck Creek, which he operated two years, and has been constantly engaged since then in furnishing mill supplies, and handling shingles on com mission at this point, his operations aggregating as high as 100,000,000 shingles in a season, and gaining for him the sobriquet of the "Wiscon sin Shingle King." In 1875 he built, in connection with Abram Taylor, the lumber and shingle mill at Chelsea, the annual product of which is 6,000,000 feet of logs converted into lumber and shingles. In 1879 he took hold of the Summit Mill, between Unity and Colby, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, stocked it up, and has since handled it, cutting about 4,000,000 feet of logs each season. Besides the product of these mills, he is constantly purchasing both sawed and shaved shingles all along the line of the road, his operations last season reaching about 10,000,000 feet of lumber, and 50,000,000 shingles. In the Spring of 1881, in con nection with Henry Strong, banker of this city, Mr. Marshall established the Green Bay Paint Company, and they have now in operation a mill grinding about twenty barrels of paint a day, the raw product of which is dug on the Bay shore, fifteen miles north of this city. This product mixed with pure white lead, in the proportion of one part lead to three parts product, yields the popular article known as " French Gray Paint." This industry is under the management of Herbert L. Marshall, son of L. M. Marshall, and its product finds ready market in all trade centers East, West, North and South. XAVIER MARTIN, real estate and collection agency. This busi ness was established in 1870, and now extends all over Northern Wiscon sin, Southern Minnesota and the upper peninsula, but the proprietary in terests are almost exclusively in Northern Wisconsin, within 100 miles of Green Bay. Mr. Martin is a native of Belgium. He received a thorough education in his native tongue (French) ; came to America in 1853, settling in Philadelphia, where he received instruction in the English language and literature for four years, and then came to this city, where he was engaged in teaching until 1862, in which year he was elected Register of Deeds for Brown County, holding that office by successive re-elections until 1870, the year in which he established his present business. In 1875 he was elected member of the City Council, and again in 1876. Was President of the Council during his last term, and Chairman of the Finance Committee during both. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., I. O. O. F., and K. of H. fraternities. MEISTER & BRAUNS, contractors and builders, established their partnership in the Spring of 1881. Christopher Meister is a native of Germany, learned the carpenter's trade there, and traveled eight years as-a journeyman before coming to Green Bay in 1853. Worked at his trade until 1859, and then began business as a contractor. During the twenty-two years that he has been engaged in that business he has built no inconsiderable part of the present business blocks of this city. Among them, Cook's Hotel, Chapman's Block, the two-story block west side Washington street, the post-office block, engine house No. 1, and several of the best private residences. In 1880 did the carpenter work of the Shawano County Court-house, and in 1881, with Mr. Brauns, built the Wood County Court-house at Grand Rapids. Operations last year gave employment to a force of thirty to thirty-five men. Three of his boys are working at the trade with the father. Served fourteen years in the Fire Department, and four years in the City Council. A. Brauns, of above firm, is a native of Hanover ; completed his course of study as architect and civil engineer at the capital of that province in 1864, and, after two- years' practice of his profession there, ¦came to America, settling in Green Bay. In company with Frank Lenz he engaged, soon after his arrival here, in the grocery and provision trade. The business grew until in 1871 it was exclusively a wholesale trade, and the following year, 1872, sales aggregated $330,000. The panic of 1873 seriously crippled their business, but they continued in trade with a good prospect of weathering the storm, until 1877, when, owing to unexpected complications, business was wound up and Mr. Brauns returned to his old business of architect and contractor, in which he is now engaged. He was for ten years a member of the Fire Depart ment of this city and holds his diploma as such ; he is also a member of the K. of H., and K. & L. of H. societies. When the grocery house of Brauns & Lenz passed into the hands of an assignee, the claims were purchased by Mrs. M. M. Brauns from her separate estate, and the man agement of the business entrusted to her son, E. Van den Braak. They own the store building, a two-story brick 44x100, the lower story of which is devoted to their grocery and provision trade. J. C. MILLER, photographic and view artist, successor to C. F. Schroeder, 118 Washington street, Green Bay. Mr. Miller is a native of Germany ; came to this country in 1850; lived four years in Milwau kee, four years in Waukesha, and twelve years in Outagamie Co., Wis. Mr. Miller traveled for seven years through the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, making views of im portant places, etc. Has had charge of the present business for four years. On May 3, 1880, he bought out the entire business of C. F. Schroeder, and is now prepared to execute gallery and view photo graphing in good style. ALEXANDER OPPEN, business manager of the Green Bay Brewery, is a native of Westphalia. He sailed the high seas as sailor and captain for twenty-five years, and had been a resident of Green Bay nearly two years when he assumed the general management of the brewery business for Mrs. Van Deuke, shortly after the death of her husband. REV. KARL E. G. OPPEN is a native of Westphalia, received his classical education at the Gymnasium of Hoexter, his native city, and took his theological course at the Seminary of Petershagen. Upon the completion of these studies, he came to America, and after one year spent in the Northwestern Seminary at Watertown, Wis., received and accepted a call to the pastorate of the Lutheran Church at Colum bus, and was there ordained in 1869. After seven years pastoral service with that people he accepted a call to this city in 1876. WASHINGTON PARISH is a native of Niagara Co., N. Y. He made his first visit to Green Bay in 1836, and became a permanent resi dent in 1848. Prior to engaging in his present business, he was in the grocery and provision trade, with some small dealings in furs. In 1871 he erected the building known as Parish's Block, which he now occu pies. He also built the two-story brick now owned by his son, E. P. Parish. His residence on Astor Heights is very fine. He has been Alderman of his ward several terms and was President of the City Council during 1879 and 1880. ANDREW REIS, JR., proprietor of Reis's Hotel, Green Bay. Born in Green Bay in 1851, and married Miss Anna Kellner. She was born in Manitowoc County, 1857. They have one child, Julia, aged eighteen months. Mr. Reis's parents came to this country from Bavaria about thirty-three years ago and engaged in the hotel business. Mrs. Reis died in 1877 and is buried in Green Bay Cemetery. Mr. Reis lives with his son Andrew, who owns the hotel and can give good accommo dations at reasonable prices. Passengers carried to and from the steam boats and railroads. Two good stables attached to the hotel. M. RESCH, owner and proprietor New York Saloon, 107 Wash ington street. In 1871, the building, which is a two-story brick, stucco finish, 22x110 feet, with back store and closets in rear, was erected at a cost of $13,460. The rooms are occupied with four billiard tables. Mr. Resch is a native of France, came to America in 1849, settling in New York City, and was for ten years engaged as courier with American families traveling in Europe. He arrived in Green Bay in 1863, and has been engaged in his present business ever since ; has served six years in the Common Council of this city, four years on the Board of Supervisors, and was a member of the Assembly in 1876. HENRY RHODE, M. D., is a native of Germany, graduated from the College of Heiligenstadt in 1847, and from the medical department of the University of Gottingen in 1851. After three years spent in the Prussian army as surgeon, he came to America in 1854, settled in Ohio for practice, and five years later established himself in professional bus iness in this city. In i860 he purchased the drug store of Brinns & Burkart which he managed in connection with his medical practice until 1865 when he sold out. Dr. Rhode was for two years County Physician, and is a member of the Brown County Medical Association. Office on Jefferson street, near Main. COL. CHARLES D. ROBINSON, senior editor of the Green Bay Advocate, was born in Marcellus, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1822. Left an orphan early in life by the death of his father in Brockport, N. Y., he received such an education in boyhood as the schools of his locality af forded. The man, however, was soon developed in the boy ; thrown en tirely upon his own resources in the gaining of a livelihood and a place of honor in the world, he engaged as a clerk in several mercantile establishments, but his progressive nature soon turned to other fields of labor, and as the first and important step in his life's work, he learned the printer's trade thoroughly. Remaining in Buffalo until master of his art, he looked around for a chance to establish himself and chose Green Bay as a favorable point. He and his younger brother issued the first number of the Advocate in 1846, and how thev have succeeded in what was then but an enterprise is best told in the sketch of that jour nal published elsewhere. By his long, faithful, and honorable service as an editor, Col. Robinson is best known and most admired throughout the State ; and as a journalist should be, he has been a man of affairs. He was among the first to tender his services to Gov. Randall at the breaking out of the war, and was assigned to Gen. Rufus King's staff, ist Wis. Brigade. Col. Robinson followed the fortunes of the Army of the Potomac until ill health necessitated his return home in the latter part of 1862. His superiority as a civil engineer was quickly dis covered and he was much of the time engaged in superintending the building of bridges, being assigned, among other important undertak ings, to the work of throwing a bridge across the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg. Over this marched the first Northern army which oc cupied that city. Near the close of the war, after Col. Robinson had partially recovered his health, he was tendered a commission as Colonel of the 15th Wis. I., but as the Rebellion was so nearly crushed he con sidered that his services at home were of the first importance, and de clined. Having not yet recovered his old-time energy, in 1868 Col. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. r3! Robinson went to Europe with his wife, visiting all the points of inter est and beauty in Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Bel gium and Holland. During his travels he wrote a series of letters to the Advocate which were much admired for their richness of material and graphic style. In addition to his onerous duties as editor and publisher, Col. Robinson has during his residence in Green Bay been called to sev eral public posts of honor. He has served in the Legislature, was Sec retary of State in 1852-3, Mayor of the city two terms, Clerk of the Court, etc., etc., As a Democratic candidate for Governor of the State, although personally one of the most popular of men, he was unsuccess ful. Col. Robinson has been a member of the Board of Visitors of the Annapolis Naval Academy and of the Wisconsin State University. He has also been prominent in all reforms and charities, chiefly as one of the Board of Management of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the In sane. Mr. Robinson's first wife was Miss Sarah A. Wilcox, whom he married in 1847. She died in 1852. In 1854 he married Miss Abbie C. Ballou, of Rhode Island. SCHELLENBECK & BECK, druggists, No. 117 Washington street. This house was established in 1865 by^C. V. L. Mounier, and after sev eral business changes passed into the hands of Otto Schellenbeck in 1878, who the following year admitted H. M. Beck to a partnership in the house. While carrying the usual line of fancy and toilet goods found in drug houses, they give special attention to the compounding of prescriptions, in which they have an established reputation. Otto Schellenbeck is a native of this State, came to Green Bay in his infancy, received his education in the schools of this city, and spent six years — four of them as prescription clerk — in the house of which he is now the head. H. M. Beck is a native of Bavaria, received his classical training at Wurtzburg and Munich, came to America in 1876 and entered the house of which he is now a partner, as clerk. He is pursuing a course of professional study at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, and pro poses to finish his course at Bellevue, N. Y. the coming season. JACOB SCHELLENBECK, dealer in leather and findings, Main street above Adams. Business established in 1857, and has been con tinuously in operation since then. The proprietor is a native of Prussia ; came to America in 1850, and was several years engaged in tanning, prior to 1866, at which time he was burned out and discontinued manu facturing, devoting himself exclusively to trade. He has been quite prominent in municipal affairs, having been at various times a member of the Common Council, the Board of Health and the School Board of this city. LOUIS SCHELLER, taxidermist, corner Monroe and School streets, was born in Germany, came to Green Bay in 1849, returned to Europe in 1852, remaining one year, during which time he learned the taxidermist's art. Returning to America in 1853, he spent three years traveling in the Mississippi Valley, and then settled permanently in this city. His first cases of birds (native) were put up in 1853. From 1856 to 1872, he preserved and mounted about fifty cases, all native to this region, and these are now scattered from Denver to New York, some cases having also been sent to England. His present collection numbers twenty-eight cases, among them some rare European specimens obtained by exchange from artists in that country. He has put up over 200 varieties of native and about fifty specimens of European birds, and is of opinion that there are numerous varieties in the immediate vicinity of Green Bay which he has not yet procured. As his native specimens are all from this city and vicinity, it shows Green Bay region to be quite prolific in ornitho logical variety. Mr. Scheller was three and one-half years a member of the City Council here, and is now serving his third term as City Repre sentative in the County Board of Supervisors. For eight years he was president of the Green Bay Turn Verein, is also a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. fraternities. L. G. SCHILLER, grocer and packer and shipper of fresh and salt fish. The grocery house is at No. 46 Pine street. The business has been established nearly six years, and now requires the services of four men and a delivery wagon. The fish-house, 42x50 feet, is at the foot of Jefferson street, East River, and the business of the house consists of packing and shipping fresh fish, principally for the Chicago and Kansas City markets, and in curing and packing salt fish for the general trade. This business was established in 1879, and now gives employment to a force of thirteen fishermen and four packers, product ranging from 2,500 to 3,000 pounds daily. Mr. Schiller is a native of Germany, came to Green Bay direct from Europe in 1872, and was in the wholesale grocery house of Crandall & North of this city until engaged in business for him self. F. W. SCHNEIDER, photographic copying and viewing artist, cor- . ner Pine and Washington streets, Green Bay — established 1858. Mr. Schneider is a native of Siegen, Germany, came to this country 1868, married Miss Ellemina Matilda Nuss, June I, 1876. She was born in Pennsylvania. Have one child, Alvin. Mr. Schneider has been in business for the last seven years ; has had control of galleries in this city six years, and has owned the present gallery since 1877. He is now well prepared to furnish pictures of views on short notice. Mr. Schneider makes first class pictures in all styles. JOHN M. SHOEMAKER, of the dry-goods house of Shoemaker & VanDyck, is a native of Holland, came to Wisconsin in 1847, and to Green Bay in 1866. KONRAD SILBERSDORF, proprietor Bay City House, corner Washington and Walnut streets, Green Bay. The best of accommoda tions for the traveling public ; terms seasonable. Passengers will be carried to and from the steam-boats and railroads. M. P. SKEELS, of the firm of Skeels & Best, wholesale dry goods, etc., is a native of Vermont, and prior to coming to this city in 1872, was Deputy United States Collector of Custo"ms at Burlington, in his native State. SMITH BROTHERS, gardeners and dealers in fruits and vegeta bles. Their gardens cover an area of thirty-one acres, and are situated on the Old Manitowoc road, three miles from the business center of the city, with which they are connected by a private telephone line. Opera- 4^/fcc* *?<<-. r tions were commenced in 1873, when twenty acres of ground were pur chased, to which eleven acres of leased land were added two years later. The gardens are supplied with an irrigating apparatus run by steam. Two thousand five hundred feet of iron pipe, with hydrants every 200 feet and well supplied with hose have already been laid, and as their water supply is inexhaustible, every foot of their ground can be abso lutely insured against drought. The soil is a light loam, containing a small deposit of fine white sand. It is warm and quick and admirably adapted for early market gardening. Last year's crop was : onions, six acres ; cabbage, 75,000 to 100,000 -head ; early potatoes, six acres ; peas, beans, asparagus, lettuce, etc\, etc., almost ad libitum. Shipments are regularly made from May to November all through Northern Wiscon sin and the upper peninsula and the surplus marketed wherever the best returns are received, some lots going as far east as New York and Phila delphia. The members of the firm are Henry C. and George B. Smith, both natives of Morristown, N. J., who came to Green Bay with their father's family in 1854. Henry Smith enlisted in the 20th 111. I. in 1861, and was discharged on surgeon's certificate of disability. Recovering his health he re-enlisted the following year, 1862, in the 12th Wisconsin ; was with Grant in the Vicksburg campaign ; with Sherman in the At lanta campaign ; went with his army down to the sea and was captured on the march north from Savannah, and confined in Libby prison about two months. Returning home he was variously employed in lumber business until 1873, when he commenced gardening. He is the sales man and business manager of the firm. George B. Smith has given his attention to gardening from a boy, and is in every sense of the word a practical gardener, fully acquainted with all the details of the business. EUGENE SMITH, superintendent National Furnace Company, is a native of Ohio, from which State he came to Wisconsin in 1870, and 132 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to Depere two years later, having accepted the position of assistant cashier of the bank of Depere. This position he resigned in 1875 to take charge of the books of the National Furnace Company at Depere, and in April, 1881, came to Green Bay as superintendent of the com pany's works at this point. E. R. SMITH, Sheriff, is a native of Vermont, was engaged in mercantile business there when the war broke out, and entered the United States seivice with the 2d Regiment Ver. I., the first three years' regiment from that State. He served the full term of his enlist ment, during which time he was on detached service nine months, and returning home seived one year as property steward in the general hos pital at Builirgton. In 1869, Mr. Smith came West and soon afterward settled at Wrightstown in this county. He was a member of the Town Board there three years; served two years as clerk; was Justice of the Peace there eight years, and entered upon his present duties Jan. 1,1881. .ft v* ¥ JOHN M. SMITH, of Green Bay, was born Dec. 13, 1820, in Morris Co., N. J. His father was a wide-awake, energetic farmer, and was ore jidoi g ihe first few to adept what is now lermed a system of iirpioved cultivation. Ficm him ihe son gained much of that practical knowledge which has made him so well-known as a thoiough and suc cessful cultivator of the soil. His early education was as geed as Ihe corrrr.on schools of his native county could give, until he had nearly attained manhocd, when he entered on a course of preparation for col lege, beirg veiy desirous of entering one of the learned professions. Such, however, was not the course Providence had marked out for him. Before he had completed his preraratoiy course, he was called home lo take care of his father's affairs on the farm, he being for some months laid aside by a severe accident, which event changed peimanently the whole course of his future life. Still he was a close student, and all his spare time was devoted to books, which were a necessity of his life. Books of histoiy had for him a peculiar charm, and all agricultural infor mation was eagerly sought after. He was passionately fond of music, and devoted much time to its study. On ihe 14th of March, 1844, he was married to Miss Emily B. Torrey, of Honesdale, Penn. She was born Jan. 31, 1821. Their married life has been an exceptionally happy one. Nine sens and two daughters were given them, and seven sons and one daughter are still living. In May, 1854, they removed from New Jersey to Wisconsin, and in July of the same year came to Green Bay to make a home, where they have ever since resided. He has occupied his present home twenty-five years. From the time of his marriage until his removal to Wisconsin he was engaged in lumbering, and for several years after coming West, he was more or less engaged in the same busi ness. But the dream of his manhood, after being obliged to give up his early plans, had been to own a piece of land, and make it do its best ; so when in 1864 a route was opened to the iron and lumber region north of us, he saw that there was a chance for some one to start market gardens to feed the men who would have no time to cultivate for themselves. He went through the northern district to Lake Superior, and came back so well pleased with the prospect of a future market, that he at once deter mined to make market-gardening and fruit-growing a permanent busi ness. He commenced with about three acres, and with the yearly in creasing demand has enlarged until now (1881) he has about forty-five acres, mostly in garden crops, and a constant demand for nearly every thing grown. He is a ready writer, and has always taken an active in terest in the agricultural development of the State. In 1871 the farmers of Wisconsin commenced holding agricultural conventions in different parts of the State. From the first, Mr. Smith has been identified with them, giving time and thought and money, when necessary, to make them a success. His co-workers seem to have appreciated his services, and have repeatedly chosen him their leader. Ten years ago the Brown County Horticultural Society was formed. It was afterward changed to include agriculture, and Mr. Smith was chosen its first president, which position he still holds by the annually expressed wish of its members. In 1870 the Northern Wisconsin Agricultural and Mechanical Associa tion was organized, he being made one of its vice-presidents, which place he held until 1873, when he was made president until 1876, when he was chosen president of the Wisconsm State Horticultural Society, where he has been annually re-elected until the present time. In March, 1881, was organized the Fox River Valley Amber Cane-growers' Association, and Mr, Smith was chosen its president against his own earnest protest, as he had already more than his share of that kind of work, but the members insisted, and he finally allowed his name to stand. He has always taken an active interest in political matters, always using his in fluence to secure the best men possible for all places of public trust. He has never sought office for himself, and it is safe to say he never will. Should his fellow citizens ever need him for any place of public trust, they will have to seek him. GEORGE SOMERS, wholesale dry goods, etc., is a native of Ger many. Came to America with his parents when quite young, settling in Pennsylvania; came to this State in 1851 and was several years en gaged in the dry goods trade at Racine and Monroe, before coming to this city in 1863. Since that date he has been prominently identified wilh the dry goods trade of the Northwest, having at various times branch stores in Neenah, Depere, Stevens Point, and Winona and Rochester, Minnesota. J. J. ST. LOUIS, general hardware and house furnishing goods, also jobber in tin, copper, sheet and galvanized iron, No. 78 Washing ton street. This business was established in 1862 by the proprietor, in the block just across the street from his present location. In 1874 he purchased the lot on which his store now stands, and two years later erected his business house, a two-story brick, 261^ x 100 feet, the lower story used as a sales room and office, the rear of the upper story as a manufactory. His premises are 260 feet deep, and terminate on the dock, at which the largest lake vessels find ample dockage, and where he has a capacious warehouse. The business gives constant employment to a force of from five to six persons. Mr. St. Louis is a native of New York State ; bred to business in Plattsburg, and engaged in trade in that vicinity before coming to Green Bay in 1855. He was con nected with the house of A. Kimball of this city before engaging in business for himself. HENRY STRONG, the founder of the bank of Green Bay, and ils piesident during all the various changes in its organization, is a na tive of New York City and a son of George D. Strong, a prominent banker and wholesale merchant of that city. He was bred to' business in a Wall-street banking house. He moved from New York to Oshkosh in 1854 ; organized the Commercial Bank of that city, conducted its op erations four years, and then went to Green Bay, where, for the past Iwenly-two years, he has conducted business as a banker, and thor oughly identified himself with the manufacturing interests of the city. GEORGE A. SNAVELY, proprietor Adams House, Green Bay. The house has a capacity of thirty sleeping- rooms on second floor ; office, dining-rocm and private sitting-room on first floor, and public sitting- room on second floor ; stables accommodating twenty-one horses in rear of hotel ; established in 1859 by St. Pierao. In 1869 Mr. B. Smith bought it, and conducted it until 1875, when Mr. Snavely bought it, and has conducted it since. The house is centrally located to the business interests of the place, and is convenient to the railroad and steam-boat depots. TRACY & BAILEY, attorneys-at-law. Office in post-office block. The members of this firm are John J. Tracy and Willard C. Bailey. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 133 Their law partnership was formed in 1877, and practice extends to all the State and Federal courts. John J. Tracy is a native of Vermont and a graduate of Dartmouth College — class of 1864. Leaving college he enlisted in the United States service, was discharged at the close of the war, came to Green Bay where for two years he was principal of the city schools, then entered the law office of John C. Neville, and was admitted to the Bar in 1868 at the Spring term of court. The same year he entered into partnership with his legal preceptor, and was in practice with him until 1875, during which time he was twice elected District Attorney. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. fraternity. Willard C. Bailey is a native Wisconsin, served with the 40th Wis. I. during the late war, graduated from Beloit College in the class of 1869 and came to Green Bay the same year as principal of the city schools, studied law during the two years he held that position, then entered the office of Hastings & Greene, was admitted to the Bar in the Spring of 1872, entered immediately upon the practice of his profession in this city, and has so continued. Mr. Bailey is the present chairman of the Republican Central Committee for Brown Co. ; takes an active part in temperance matters, and for ten terms was presiding officer of the Tem ple of Honor. He is also a member of the I. O. 5. F. and A. F. & A. M. fraternities. JAMES E. TRACY, of the firm of Gormley & Tracy, merchant tailors, 123 Washington street, Green Bay, was born in Ireland, August, 1848. In July, 1863, he came to New York. After spending seven years at his business, and traveling through the cities of Illinois for one year, he came here in the employ of Richman & Lehman, with whom he remained for five years. He then engaged with Mr. Hoffman for about a year, after which he conducted a business for himself up to the present. He has formed a copartnership with Mr. Gormley, and the firm are able to supply their patrons with the most elegant styles and choicest qualities of goods. In 1872 Mr. Tracy was married to Miss Flora Rositer of Ft. Howard. They have two sons and one daughter. LOUIS VAN DYCKE (deceased) was born in Antwerp ; came to America in 1855, and the following year settled in Green Bay. Two years later, on the organization of Kewaunee County, he removed to Red River in that county. Was its first District Attorney and Post master, and was Township Treasurer there for ten years. Returning to Green Bay in 1868, he was engaged in mercantile business, brewing, and other industries until his death January 9, 1881. In 1875, in con nection with John M. Shoemaker he established the dry goods house of Shoemaker & Van Dycke, his interest in which as well as his brewery, is now in the hands of his widow, Mrs. Olivia Van Dycke (nee Cesar), whom he married in 1857. MRS. O. VAN DYCKE is a native of Belgium ; came to America in 1856, and settled in Kewaunee County, where the following year she married Louis Van Dycke, and by his death, after twenty-four years qf happy married life, was left a widow with six children and the care of a large estate. DR. A. H. VAN NORSTRAND is a native of New York ; pur sued his academical studies in Wayne Co., N.Y., and his medical studies in Pittsfield, Mass., after which he entered the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, and graduated in the class of 1846. The following year he removed to Wisconsin and settled in Astalan, Jefferson Co., where, with the exception of one year spent in Oshkosh, he remained in the practice of his profession until 1861. On the breaking out of the war Dr. Van Norstrand recruited a company for the 4th Wis. I., but be fore taking the field was commissioned surgeon of the regiment and served with it in that capacity and on staff duty until the re-enlistment of the regiment in 1864, when he retired from the service. Returning home he was appointed Superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane at Madison, which position he held until 1868, a short time prior to his removal to this county. In 1874, he was appointed a Trus tee of the State Hospital, serving for two years, and before entering the military service of the United States had been twice elected a member of the State Assembly, sessions of 1852 and 1855. B. J. VAN VALKENBURGH, the only resident member of the firm of Cargill & Van Valkenburgh, is a native of New York. He came to Wisconsin in 1851, and settled at Manitowoc, where he was engaged in general merchandize until 1861, when he enlisted in the 21st Wis. I., and was mustered out as major U. S. V. in the quartermaster depart ment, after three years and three months active service. Retiring from the army, Mr. Van Valkenburgh was engaged in commission and grain business'at La Crosse, prior to coming to this city. VROMAN & SALE, attorneys at law, office on Washington street, over Dowville & Basches' store. The members of the firm are C. E. Vroman and L. B. Sale, and their law partnership was formed in 1874. C. E. Vroman is a native of this State. Gratuated from the State University at Madison in the class of 1868, from the Albany Law School the following year, and settled for practice in this city in 1872. He was elected District Attorney in 1879, still holds that office, and is a member of the A. F. & A. M. fraternity. L. B. Sale is a native of Wisconsin. Served with the 40th Regiment Wis. I. during the last war. Graduated from the classical department of the State University in 1870, and from the law department two years later. Was admitted to'practice in Eau Claire County, then his residence, and in 1874, came to this city where as before stated he established practice as law partner of C. E. Vroman. He is a member of the K. of P. fraternity. A. A. WARREN, insurance agent, office-room No. 4 Spaulding's block, is a native of Ohio ; came to this State in 1854, and to Green Bay in 1866, since which time he has been thoroughly identified with the business interests of this city and vicinity. He was for four years secre tary, treasurer and general manager of the Monitor Iron Works at Fort Howard, has taken an active part in all efforts to increase the manufacturing industries and carrying facilities of this section, and is the corresponding secretary of an association formed for that purpose. He represents the First Ward of this city in the County Board of Supervisors for Brown County. DANIEL WHITNEY was born in Gilsum, N.H., Sept. 3, 1795. Settling in Green Bay in 1819, he established himself in the mercantile business, at once, and the following year opened store at Shanty Town, built his log houses, and became speedily known as the leading trader and business man of that region. Mr. Whitney's nature was roving and enterprising, and there was probably no other man of those times who was so intimately acquainted with the country up and down the Fox and Wisconsin rivers and as far east as Detroit. In 1822, he took a trip to the latter place on snow-shoes, his only companions being Indians. It was about the same time that Moses Hardwick was making similar excursions as a carrier of the mail to Detroit and west ward to those lakes, but these two were about the only ones in this region adventursome and hardy enough to undertake the weary and danger ous journey. Mr. Whitney did not confine himself, however, to the business either of a trader or an explorer. He was pre-eminently a practical man of great energy of body and mind and was never idle. He built the first mill upon the Wisconsin River. In 1 82 1-2, he became sutler at Ft. Snelling. He developed into an extensive lumberman, and built mill after mill. Upon the advent of the Stockbridge Indians, in 1827, he opened a supply store at Little Chute on Fox River, and operated it for many years. By 1829, the business prospects of Shanty Town had con- sidably dimmed, and when Mr. Whitney platted Navarino in that 134 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. year the place became almost deserted. The land comprising the site of Navarino was owned by the seven Grignon brothers. One of them, Augus tus, refused to sell under any consideration. The other six were willing and " tossed up" to see what portion of their possession should go. The result of the "toss-up" determined Mr. Whitney's purchase and the future site of Navarino, which became the North Ward of Green Bay. When the village was platted Mr. Whitney at once commenced to invite settlement by building stores and dwelling houses, a wharf, warehouses, school-house, hotel, etc. The latter became known as the Washington House and was situated where the Beaumont House now stands. This plan of personally building up the place he continued for ten years, sometimes even going so far as to give away land to those desiring to permanently locate in Navarino. By this time Shanty Town had almost fallen out of sight, Gen. Dickinson, who was clerk for Mr. Whitney when he opened store in 1820, removed to the present site of Depere, and Mr. Whitney took his family to the more prosperous settlement of Navarino. There he continued to reside, prosperous, industrious, re spected, until death called him away Nov. 4, 1862. The late Col. Charles Tullar, who came to Green Bay as clerk for Mr. Whitney in 1831, managed the property of the deceased, which was considerable, until the time of the former's death in October, 1874. Mr. Whitney was married Sept. 1, 1826, in Vermont, to Miss E. S. Henshaw. They have had six boys and one daughter. The latter and two of their sons are still living. The widow, a bright old lady of seventy-seven years, yet of vigorous mind, survives her lamented husband, and now resides in the old homestead, originally built by Mr. Whitney in 1833, and in tended as a boarding-house for his hands, but of which Mr. Whitney, preferring housekeeping to hotel life, took possession. In 1833, Daniel Whitney attempted to utilize some of the product of the lead mines, and established the first shot-tower in the West, at a place called Helena, at the mouth of Mill Creek, on the Wisconsin River, in the present limits of Iowa County. A detailed history of this venture is given in the Western Historical Company's "History of Iowa County, 1881." G. W. WATSON, the only resident member of the firm of Watson & McLeod, is a native of New York ; came to this region with his parents in 1844, and embarked in business for himself in the lumber trade in 1861, since which time he has been a resident of this city. The lumber firm of which he was a member, had $80,000 of property in mills and lumber swept away in a night by the great fires of 1871, but con tinued in business until 1874, at which time he entered the wholesale grocery house of Roundy, Peckham & Co., of Milwaukee, as traveling salesman, which position he surrendered to establish his present busi ness in 1880. A. WEISE, the senior member of the firm of Weise & Holman, is a native of Germany, from which country he emigrated to America in 1841, settling in Green Bay the following year. From 1842 to 1876, he followed his trade as carriage and wagon maker, which he had learned in Germany, during which time he had accumulated a very valuable property. In 1866, he built the house now occupied by him as a crock ery store, a two-story brick 44x80, and has erected over thirty buildings in this city, of which he now owns eighteen dwelling houses, four stores and the wagon shop, in which one of his sons is doing business. FORT HOWARD. The progress of the early settlement of the vicinity of Fort Howard has been traced in preceding pages. The military reservation upon which the borough, and later the city, of Fort Howard was founded, was set apart by order of the President, March 2, 1829, and comprised all the lands lying upon Fox River and Green Bay, Township 24 north, Range 20 east, being about 4,000 acres. Daniel Whitney, M. L. Martin, John W. Arndt, of Green Bay, and James Murray, of New York, the original owners, succeeded in getting the War Department to release the claim, and the lands were abandoned for military purposes, December 4, 1850. Through the courts the owners obtained a division of the claim, and Joel S. Fisk, Francis Desnoyers, James Callahan and others bought interests, the first named and Mr. Arndt laying out their shares in village lots. Several additions were made before Fort Howard became a borough, October 3, 1856. Previous to this the Town Board had held sessions at Duck Creek. On November 10, 1864, in pursuance of a Congressional act, approved in March, 1863, the Commissioner of the general land-office sold the lands, including the site of the fort, about half the entire tract, stretching two miles along the shore of the river and bay, the property bringing over $25,000. That portion of the reservation unsold was made subject to private entry. In 1868, the Land Commissioner issued a patent to the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company for eighty acres of the land, upon which are now located their buildings. The place was first organized into a borough in 1856, with Robert Chappell as president. Oscar Gray served until i860, when Otto Tank was elected. In 1873, Fort Howard became a city. When Fort Howard was incorporated as a city in March, 1873, James H. Elmore was elected Mayor and John A. Salscheider, Treasurer. D. Hunt was Clerk, which posi tion he held until 1876. In 1874, D. M. Burns was Mayor, and John A. Salscheider, Treasurer ; in 1875, George Rich ardson and R. Chappell; 1876, George Richardson and Joel S. Fisk. C. H. Puerner was chosen Clerk in that year, being the present incumbent. He had previously served the borough from 1865 to 1873. In 1877-8, George Rich ardson was Mayor and A. L. Gray, Treasurer; 1879, M. M. Newald and Joseph Taylor; 1880, A. Schwartz and D. Hunt; 1881, A. L. Gray and D. Hunt. In 1854 a post-office was first established in Fort How ard, Oscar Gray being Postmaster. It was located corner of Pearl and Main streets, at the end of Walnut street bridge. William J. Fisk succeeded him ; Joseph Taylor, 1861-78; when George Richardson, present incumbent, was appointed. The first district school was established in 1850. The school-house was on the present site of Hill & Burns's hard ware store; a small frame building, in which Mr. Shaler began with forty scholars. Three years after, this building was moved to Chestnut street, enlarged to double size, and, as the school increased in numbers, made two stories in height. August n, 1880, the number of children be tween four and fourteen years of age were 1,151 : 551 males and 560 females. Average attendance, 545. The graded high school was put in operation in 1873. It is now a full graded high school from the primary up, embracing eleven separate departments. It has thirteen teachers, and occupies six buildings, located in the several wards. The appraisement of property is $23,000; the high school building and site, without including two other buildings, being $14,000 at a low valuation. George Rich ardson is Superintendent, and Worden Reynolds, First Prin cipal. Fire Company No. 1 was established in 1858, with fifty charter members. The officers were : Hiram Hubbard, chief engineer; William Rossiter, assistant engineer; James A. Beattie, foreman; F. Jewell, assistant foreman; James Camm, treasurer; O. Gray, secretary; and Frank Tierman, hose captain. The company started with an old engine which had been formerly used at the garrison, and which was run for one or two years, when, in i860, there was purchased a Button hand engine. This was followed in 1873 by a Button steam engine. The first building was a one-story frame, on Pearl street. In 1875, a handsome brick structure was erected, also on Pearl street, at a cost of $6,000. The present membership is twenty, and the officers are : A. L. Gray, chief engineer ; William F. Marshall, assistant engineer ; R. F. Peak, foreman ; Laton Newald, assistant foreman; W. R. Beattie, hose captain ; James Tierman, treasurer ; and A. Lucas, secre tary. The company have 1,600 feet of good hose, beside that long in use. The water supply, away from the river,, is a very large, well-built tank, in the fifth ward, which is filled from an artesian well constantly overflowing ; also, a sewer at the corner of Broadway and Hubbard streets, con nected directly with the river. In 1855, the Fort Howard Era, a Democratic paper, was edited by E. P. Royce. Since then repeated attempts have HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. been made to maintain a local journal, and the Fort How ard Monitor and the Fort Howard Herald were at different times the result. In September, 1875, David M. Burns oommenced a small monthly paper — the Fort Howard Review. This passed into the hands of the Review Print ing Company, James Kerr, secretary, by whom it is now published weekly. St. Patrick's Church was organized in 1866 by Rev. i3S The men's society, of which Hugh Doherty is president. female society numbers sixty-seven members. Norwegian Lutheran Church was organized in 1867 with 170 members; communicants, sixty. The church building was erected in 1868, and additions made in 1874 to com plete the structure, which is located on Broadway, near Taylor & Duncan's foundry and machine shop. Ihe pastorates are filled from the Norwegian, Lutheran & Dan- ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, FORT HOWARD. Father William Verboort, and the building completed and blessed the same year. It is located, corner of Cherry and Hubbard streets. Father Verboort was followed by Rev. E McGinnity, who served about six months, leaving on the day the church was blessed. Rev. Francis McDonald succeeded him, and remained until April 4, 1869 when the present pastor, E. Walsh, took charge. In 1870 the church building was enlarged to double its former capacity, and four years afterwards a good parsonage erected. The present membership is 105 families — about 45° souls. Connected with the church are two temperance societies and the Altar Society. Fifty members have joined the ish conference. Rev. Irwin J. Olson was in charge from date of organization until January 8, 1873, when Rev. Theodore H. Dahl, the present pastor, commenced his labors. The present membership is 249; communicants, 109. Scandinavian and Moravian Church was organized Sep tember 21, 1866. The present pastor is Rev. A. M. Iverson, who commenced his labors in November, 1866. The church is located on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wil low' streets, and was dedicated February, 1869. Present membership is 114. The history of this church is one 01 uninterrupted harmony from its beginning to the present time. 136 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Methodist Episcopal Church was organized October 16, 1869, with a membership of forty-one, Rev. W. J. Olmstead, pastor. The present incumbent, Rev. G. W. Burtch, began his pastorate in October, 1880. The church building front ing Hubbard street, between Chestnut and Broadway, was dedicated May 6, 1871, having been two years in building. A parsonage is attached. Church membership, eighty. First Baptist Church was organized by Rev. Thomas M. Simons, of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, May 1, 1851, in Green Bay; removed to Fort Howard in 1854. He supplied the pulpit until the time of his death, July 5, 1852. Rev. James G. Henschall, its present pas tor, has officiated since 1876. The first church building was of wood, 20x44 feeti on the site of the present structure, fronting Chestnut street between Main and Hubbard ; and was built in 1873. In 1874 it was placed to form part of a new edifice, a Gothic building of veneered brick, with tower and spire, at a complete cost of $8,000, giving a fine auditorium of 34x64 feet and a con venient class-room in the rear. The parsonage is on the same lot. The Society's present condition is one of thrift and prosperity, though, with all the other religious organiz ations, it has suffered during the times of past panic and general distress. Its present membership is sixty-five. First Congregational Church was organized January, 1855, with a membership of seven persons, by Rev C. W. Mon roe, who remained as its pastor eighteen months. The church building was soon after this erected on the corner of Fourth avenue and Howe streets. Rev. Jeremiah Por ter commenced his labors in January, 1857 ; and was fol lowed September, 1857, by Rev. J. C. Marsh, who left at his wife's death in December, 1858. The house was then closed until November, 1863, at which time Rev. D. C. Curtis, the present pastor, was invited to its pulpit. The present membership is fifty. First Presbyterian Church was organized March 20, 1876, with fifteen members. The pulpit is supplied by the Presbytery. The church building was erected in 1876 and fronts on Chestnut street between Hubbard and Main. Present membership is twenty-one. Royal Arcanum, Mystical Council, No. 519, was estab lished September 9, 1880, with seventeen members. It is a mutual life insurance company. Charles H. Puerner is regent. A. O. U. W., Howard Lodge, No. 72, was organized July '24, 1879, with forty-one members. Its officers are changed every six months. Ansgar, a relief association, was established in 1875, and incorporated in 1879. Loren Anderson is president. BUSINESS INTERESTS. Next to West Depere, Fort Howard is the most promi nent manufacturing point of Brown County, and among the most important enterprises, if not the most important, is the elevator business carried on by Messrs. Cargill & Van Valkenburg. The building was erected by Messrs. Elmore & Dousman in 1862, their sons subsequently being ad mitted to the firm, and later still, D. M. Kelly. The ele vator, which has a capacity of 300,000 bushels, is leased by Messrs. Cargill & Van Valkenburg, from the Chicago & Northwestern Company. Among the manufacturers of iron who are noted throughout Northern Wisconsin and beyond these limits, are D. M. Burns, boiler works, shingle frames, etc.; O'Leary Brothers, boiler makers ; Joseph Nadeau, in ventor and manufacturer of the " Nadeau" washing machine. Messrs. Eldred & Son and Schwartz & Voigt operate ex tensive planing mills. Gerhard, Oldenburg & Co. and A. Siegmund & Co., furniture; David McCartney, lumber dealer; Johnson & Havens, marble works; Hall & Burns, hardware; J. & J. H. Delaney and Fred. Wohlfarth, cloth ing, do a thriving business in their several lines. There are also numbers of groceries, drug stores, etc., doing well. The general repair and construction shops of the G. B., W. & St. P. R.R. Company are located at Fort Howard, on the south side of the slough. The grounds of the company extend along both sides of their track a distance of 300 feet, and cover an area of about twenty-five acres, upon which are now standing a brick round-house, with stalls for ten engines ; a brick blacksmith-shop, 40x60 feet ; a machine shop, 45x50 feet; a car shop, 40x50 feet; an office, 15x30 feet, and an oil and supply room, 30x36. The pay-rolls of the shops carry the names of seventy-two men, working full time, exclusive of all train men. Since 1879 about $5,000 worth of new machinery has been put into the shops, a new blacksmith shop built, and the capacity of the round-house doubled. The business of the road crowds the capacity of the shops to their fullest extent, and is constantly enlarging its volume. The company intend these shops shall fully meet all requirements of their road, not only in the repair and construction of box, flat and caboose cars, but also of express and passenger coaches. The machine, car and blacksmith shops, as also the round-house, are each under charge of a competent foreman, and all under the skilled direction of E. Osborn, master mechanic. Mr. Osborn is a native of New Jersey, a machinist by trade, and was for ten years foreman of the machine shops of the Sussex & Blairstown Railroad of that State, under the general super intendency of Timothy Case, before accepting his present appointment as master mechanic August 1, 1879. For sketch of the road, see County History preceding this. Fort Howard is the terminus of the Wisconsin and Penin sular divisions of this road. Their round-house at this station, built ten years since, has stalls for ten engines, and keeps a constant force of fourteen men, including machin ists, blacksmiths and laboreis. One express train, one mixed and three freight trains are daily dispatched from this point over the Peninsular division, which extends from this point to Escanaba, Mich., a distance of 179 miles. Anson Eldred & Son, lumbermen. Business is carried on at Fort Howard, Oconto, Stiles and Little Suamico. At Fort Howard the planing mill and box factory are located; at the other points, their lumber and shingle mills. Opera tions were commenced in this State in 1842, at whicht ime Mr. Eldred opened a lumber yard in Milwaukee. In 1846 he removed to that city from Detroit, where he was born and had been engaged in lumbering operations prior to 1842. In 1852 he built a lumber mill at Stiles where he owns a very fine water-power, which is now utilized as a grist-mill and for other manufacturing purposes. The lum ber mill at this point was operated from 1852 to 1876, had a capacity of 20,000,000 feet of lumber and 8,000,000 shin gles annually, and was in the center of a fine tract of 40,- 000 acres of pine lands, owned and controlled by the mill interest. In 1873 a steam-mill was bought at Little Suam ico, the control of 50,000 acres of pine land secured, trib utary to that point, and Oconto, and operations commenced on the shores of Green Bay. Three years later, in 1876, the Oconto mill was bought. The same year the Stiles mill was discontinued. The Oconto mill has a capacity of 20,- 000,000 feet of lumber, 8,000,000 shingles and 4,000,000 lath, and the Suamico mill of 7,000,000 feet of lumber, 10,- 000,000 shingles and 2,500,000 lath annually. In 1879 the planing mill and box factory at Fort Howard was erected on a tract of twenty-five acres lying along the west side of the Fox River, just within the city limits on the south. The lower story of the building, the planing mill, is 76x160 feet; the upper story, the box manufactory, is 40x160. A Corliss engine of 180 horse-power affords double the power required HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. i37 to drive the present machinery, and will soon be utilized for other purposes. The capacity of the planing mill is 125,000 feet of dressed lumber daily, and the box factory uses from 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 annually. The mill handles about 20,000,000 feet of lumber, two-thirds dressed, and about 8,000,000 shingles in a year. Their yards are sup plied with excellent docks along 1,200 feet of river front, and are connected by switch with the tracks of the Chicago ¦& Northwestern, the Wisconsin Central and the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Railways. Shipments over these lines range from ten to twenty cars a day, and are made as far southwest as New Mexico, as far west as Denver, and south east to Pittsburgh. The number of hands employed by this firm is about 300, and of these from 135 to 150 are upon the pay-rolls of the Fort Howard establishment. The members of the firm are Anson Eldred and Howard S. Eldred, his son. J. P. Laird & Co., lumbermen. Mills located in Pine Co., Minn., and in Shawano Co., Wis. The members of this firm are J. P. Laird, Charles Lampson and L. Howland. The Wisconsin mill is located in the town of Angelica, Shaw ano County, twenty miles northwest from Green Bay. This mill was erected in 1871, in the center of a timber tract of about 5,000 acres. The yearly product for the first eight years was 7,000,000 feet. Since then the average cut has not exceeded 3,000,000 annually, and the operations of this mill give employment to a force of 100 hands. The bulk of this cut in lumber has been shipped from Green Bay to Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. The shingle pro duct, down the Mississippi to the river ports, are made over the line of the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. L. How land, the only member of the firm at this point, is a native of Kenosha, Wis. In 1861, before he was twenty-one years of age, he enlisted for the three months' service in the First Wisconsin Infantry, and was elected second lieutenant of his company. At the expiration of his term of service, he re-enlisted in the First Wisconsin Cavalry, was commissioned first lieutenant, and served until July, 1865, when he was mustered out of the service as major, having seen constant service, principally with the army of the Cumberland. Retiring from the service, he was engaged in contracting along the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad until 1867, when he came to Fort Howard with the intention of resuming his work as contractor in connection with the Northern Pacific Railroad. Changing his plans, he entered into the lumber commission business, at this point, and three years later engaged in the manu facture of lumber, as before stated. Schwarz & Voigt, builders and man ufacturers of and dealers in sash, doors, blinds, flooring, siding, plain and dressed lumber. This house was established in 1865 as C. Schwarz & Co. The follow ing year Mr. Voigt became a member of the firm, and on the retiring of Theodore Kenmitz in 1877 the firm name became, as now, Schwarz & Voigt. The first year's business was conducted in a build ing just south of their present location — an old saw-mill in which a planing ma chine was set up. In 1866 the present site was selected and purchased. The premises front on Fox River 178 feet, and run west to Pearl street, comprising in all about two acres. Here they erected their original building— a planing mill, 36x50. Additions and enlarge ments have been made from time to time as increased busi ness demanded, and their buildings now are a planing mill and manufactory, 70x70, two stories and a half high ; a brick office, 20x26 ; brick boiler and engine house, 14x20 ; a barn, 18x38; a two-story warehouse, 22x46, for the stor age of sash, doors and blinds, and sheds aggregating 172X 22 feet. Their engine affords ample power for this machin ery, which is of the latest and most improved patterns, and the business gives regular employment to a force of from twenty to forty hands, according to season and business. Their premises are well docked along the entire river front, with eleven feet of navigable water at all seasons. During the fifteen years that this firm have been doing business, they have built no inconsiderable part of the best structures in this city and Green Bay, among which may be mentioned the Fort Howard High School, the court-house and the Pres byterian Church, just completed at Green Bay. Christian Schwarz is a native of Germany, from which country he came to America in 1852, and "the following year to Fort Howard where he learned his trade and established his busi ness. John M. Voigt is also a Germrn by birth. He came to America in the same ship with his partner, settled in Buffalo, learned his trade there, and came to Fort Howard in 1866. The same year he entered the firm of which he is now junior partner. S. Anderson, ship builder. This ship yard is located on Fox River, just south of the middle bridge, and covers a tract of two acres available for ship-yard purposes. The principal work the past season was the building of a light- draft steam-barge, for river, bay and lake trade, adapted for grain carriage as well as iron ore and common. freight. The force employed during the season of 1880 was about forty hands. Mr. Anderson is a native of Norway, in which country he learned his trade, came direct to Wisconsin in 1854, since which time he has maintained a residence in the State. Three years later he settled in Fort Howard, where he has been engaged in ship building almost ever since. For many years his yards were located in the south ward where Eldred's planing mill now stands, the removal to his present location being made in 1879. Howard Boiler Works, D. M. Burns, Proprietor. D. M. Burns, boiler manufacturer. This business was established by the present proprietor in 1864. His manu factory lies between Pearl and Water streets, just south of Walnut street bridge, and consists of two boiler houses — one for the manufacture of boiler iron, the other for sheet 138 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. iron — the whole giving employment to a force of about nineteen hands. In 1874 Mr. Burns took charge of the Monitor Iron Works, lying a few lots south of his boiler works, and conducted them for the joint stock company to which they belonged and of which he was for some time secretary and treasurer, until 1876,- when the company ceased operations. He then leased the property and carried on business one year, when business depressions compelled him to close operations, and he devoted his attention exclu sively to his boiler manufactory which he had continued as a separate personal industry. Mr. Burns is a native of Scotland, learned his trade in Dundee where he was brought up, came to America in 1853, and to this city ten years later. He is a practical mechanic of good inventive powers, and is now manufacturing an improved saw sharpener for mill saws of his own invention, of which 100 are now in use. He has also the exclusive right of manufacture for this State of Taylor's shingle packer, which is being generally adopted in all the mills of the north country. As a citizen Mr. Burns has been prominently identified with the munic ipal offices of this city. He has served several terms in the City Council, is President of the City School Board, was Mayor of the city in 1874, and a member of the State Assembly — session of 1877. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FRANK AUSTIN, farmer and stock dealer, Ft. Howard, was born, reared and educated in Voluntown, Conn. In 1856 he went to Cleve land, from whence he went to Lake Superior and engaged in sailing and trading on the lakes, which he carried on four years, during which he began meat packing, and general dealing in meats, fruits, etc., etc. After a ten years' service in the business there, he went to Ishpeming, where he carried on the business more extensively, and also engaged in stock dealing generally. In 1880, he removed to the present place, where besides his stock operations, he carries on an exten sive farm. In 1862, he was married to Miss M. J. Spafford of Detroit, whose people came from England and settled there. They have four daughters living, and one son buried in Lockland Cemetery, Onton agon Co., Mich. C. J. BLACK, meat market, corner Third avenue and Clark street, Ft. Howard, also dealer in meat cattle. Born in Denmark 1852, came to this country 1873, to Waupaca County ; remained there about eight months ; traveled for a year ; was stationed at Amherst Junction, G. B. & M. R. R„ for three years ; afterwards came to Ft. Howard, where he followed his present business. He was married to Miss Sine Madson, 1879. She was born in Denmark, May 22, 1861. They have one child, Oscar J., born Dec. 13, 1880. ROBERT J. BLACK, meat market and stock dealer, is a native of Denmark, and came to this country 1865 ; started in business for him self 1870. He married Miss Wilson, a native of Denmark. They have four children. Mr. Black's stock-dealing extends all over this State and into Illinois. He carried on a business in Quinnesec, Lake Superior, for the last three years, which he owns at present, but does not conduct it. He keeps a large grazing farm which he keeps well stocked for the market. EDMUND P. BOLAND, Clerk of the Circuit and County Courts, was elected to this office, Jan. 1, 1877, and has since held it by succes sive re-elections. He is a native of New York ; came with his parents to Ft. Howard in 1856 ; received his education in this city, and at St. Francis College, Milwaukee, and has read law one year • was mem ber of the County Board for the First Ward of Ft. Howard, in 1876, and the same Fall, was elected Clerk of the Court. For the past seven years he has been treasurer of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of the State of Wisconsin. THOMAS M. CAMM, groceries, boots and shoes, crockery, etc. ; corner Broadway and Main. This business house, the property of Mr. Camm, was built in i860 ; fronts twenty-four on Main, and sixty feet on Broadway ; two stories in height ; both occupied by the stock of the house whose business gives employment to a force of three persons. Mr. Camm was born in Ft. Howard in 1829, his father being at that time in the United States Military service at this point, and received his education here. In 1857, he bought an interest in the general merchandising house of W. J. Fisk, which then became Fisk & Co. Two years later he purchased Mr. Fisk's interest in the business, and since then he has been in trade on his own account. He was Town Clerk of the town of Ft. Howard, before the borough charter was granted ; was the first Superintendent of City Schools, and Notary Public, and has been at various times, a member of the City Council, EPHRAIM CROCKER, livery stables, Broadway, Ft. Howard- Mr. Crocker is a thoroughly representative pioneer man and citizen, and one devoted to the advancement of the developing interests of the State. He was born in Massachusetts, July 16, 1819; in 1850, he came here and- has been connected socially and politically with its interest since. In 1848, he was married to Miss Hannah S. Hewitt, in Kingsville, Ohio.. They have one son and one daughter. His stables were established in 1854, and are the oldest in this part of the State. They are well kept, well conducted and are in point of convenience and capacity, sufficiently ample for the very extensive trade in this part of the State. SILAS L. DOYNE, dealer in drugs and medicines, corner Main street and Broadway. This business was established in 1868, by Harris- & Chappell, became Harris alone in 1870, and Harris & Co. by admis sion of Mr. Doyne in 1871, and so continued until the fire of 1872, since which time Mr. Doyne has conducted the business alone. It is the oldest drug house in the city, does a prescription business largely and gives employment to two persons. Mr. Doyne is a native of Belgium ;. came to Green Bay with his parents in 1854. Pursued his studies in English at Robinsonville, in the school there established under the care of the Winnebago Presbytery, and in the high school at Green Bay. Leaving school he entered the drug house of W. King, Green Bay, and has been in that business as clerk and proprietor ever since. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. beneficiary society of this city. W. D. FISK & CO., contractors for railway supplies. This busi ness which was established in 1862, by W. J. Fisk, and became W. Di. Fisk & Co. in 1877 ; consists in the supply of wood, lies, telegraph pole, etc. to railway companies. Their operations extend along the line of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway for 200 miles principally north- of Ft. Howard at which point their central office is located. Their sup plies are mainly purchased from sub-contractors and settlers, the residue being supplied by their own camps. Their operations give employment to a force of from 250 to 300 teams, and from 600 to 800 laborers. W. J. Fisk is a native of Ohio. He came to Ft. Howard in 1836, the year after his father, Joel S. Fisk, settled there, and was engaged in -general merchandise and lumbering from 1853 to 1862, at which time he commenced operations as contractor for railway supplies. He is the present supply agent for the Chicago & Northwestern Railway for 650 miles of track, and during the season of 1880-1 furnished 1,000,000- ties for that corporation, besides other material in vast quantities. He represented this county in the Assembly of 1875, '76 and 77 ; and is- vice-president of Kelley's National Bank of Green Bay, and in which he is a private stockholder. W. D. Fisk was born in Ft. Howard ; received his education at Lawrence University, Appleton, and before entering the firm of which he is now a member was bookkeeper for the National Iron Company at Depere. He is a member of the present Board^of Supervisors for Brown County, and represents the Third Ward of Ft. Howard in that city. A. L. GRAY, general dry goods, boots and shoes, Main street, one- door from Broadway. This business house is located in the west store room of Gray's Block, a two story brick, fronting seventy-three feet on Broadway and running eighty feel to the rear, built in 1871. The busi ness was established as geneneral merchandise in 1861, has undergone some changes, and is now, dry goods, boots and shoes, and sewing ma chines, the sewing machine department occupying the east room of the block. In addition to his regular business Mr. Gray deals quite ex tensively on the street and in real estate transactions. Mr. Gray is a native of Canada, his father being one of original charterers of city of London) in the Province of Ontario, and one of the oldest Masons in that section* of the Dominion. He came to Green Bay in 1859, and commenced business in 1861, at which time his capital was only $80. He is the present Mayor of Ft. Howard, represented Brown County in the As sembly of 1879, has held various city offices and is captain of the Bay- City Light Guards, a military organization of some celebrity. HALL & BURNS, dealers in general hardware, stoves, farmer's- tools, paints and oils, and jobbers in tin and sheet iron, one door north of post-office. This business was established in 1869, by James Osborne, and the following year purchased by W. A. Hall, the senior member of the present firm, who in 1872, formed a partnership with Thos. H. Burns. They occupy a two-story building, 22x80, the upper story used as a tin-shop and store-room, and a warehouse in the rear, 22x36 feet,. the operations of the firm giving constant employment to an average' force of five hands. W. A. Hall is a native of Maine ; from which State he came to Wis consin in 1862, and was engaged in blacksmithing in this city prior to purchasing his present business. He has been for the past five years a> member of the City School Board. Thos. H. Burns is a native of Canada ; came to Green Bay in 1862;. and was employed as a lumberman and in ship-carpenter work until he purchased partnership in his present business. He is a strong temper ance man and is a member of the T. of H. and Sons of Temperance. HENRY P. HUFFMAN, proprietor of" Huffman House," Broad way and Kellogg street, Ft. Howard. The house has a capacity of eight een rooms, an office, sitting room, and a cool and elegant dining rcom HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 139 •on first floor, sleeping rooms above. A nice mineral well in connection ¦with the house, also stable room for the accommodation of twenty horses. "Mr. H. is a native of Alsace, Germany, born in 1826. Came to this coun try in 1833. Lived in Ohio from 1833 to ,1846, during which time' he learned and worked at his trade. In 1846 he came to Wisconsin. Went •to Mexico as a U. S. soldier in 1847 ; in 1848 he returned as a veteran. Followed his trade here till 1858, when he commenced the hotel business in the " American House," which he built that year ; kept it till 1865, whan he built the " Huffman House," which he kept for seven years. Sold it in 1862, and rented the " T. A. House," kept it for three years, when he built the present fine house which he now manages. Mr. H. was married in 1849 to Miss Catharine McGinnis, who was born in Ire land. They have two children. DOMINIC HUNT, Justice of the Peace and City Treasurer, office -corner of Broadway aud Dousman street. Was born in Ireland, and received his education there. Came to America in 1848, and four years later to Fort Howard, since which time he has resided in this city, where he was engaged in mercantile business until 1879, when he closed out. He was elected Justice of the Peace ,in 1857, and is now serving his twenty-fifth year of uninterrupted duty in that office. Was City Clerk for thirteen years prior to 1875, and is now serving his second year as City Treasurer. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. fraternity. J. L. JORGENSEN, jobber and retail dealer in dry goods and boots and shoes, on Broadway next to post-office. Salesroom 22x110 feet ; warehouse 16x30 feet. Mr. Jorgensen commenced business in this ¦city in 1876 as a partner with A. L. Gray in the dry goods trade. This firm dissolved in 1879, Mr. Gray retaining the old stand, and Mr. Jor gensen removing to his present location. His present force is five clerks and one bookkeeper. His jobbing trade is principally with the north country, and the region adjacent to Green Bay. Mr. Jorgensen is a native of Denmark. Came to America in 1865, settling at Neenah, and two years later to this vicinity, where he was en gaged as clerk in dry goods houses on both sides of the river. Six years of that time with Butler, Lamb & Co., before embarking in business for himself. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. fraternity, and of the A. O. U. W., and Ansgar benevolent societies. JACOB MIKKELSEN, farmer, Ft. Howard. Is a native of Denmark, where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty-two he came to this State in 1866, and followed milling and lum bering for six years, after which he took up farming, and has followed it since. In 1871 he was married to Miss Hanssine Nielsen, in Denmark, Mr. M. having visited Europe in that year. They have one son and five daughters. MICHAEL MICKELSON, farmer, Ft. Howard. Is a native of Denmark, where he was reared and educated. At the age of nineteen, and in 1861, he came to Racine, where he stopped for three years. He then traveled for five years, after which he came here and settled down to farming, which he has successfully carried on since. In 1869 he was married to Miss Carrie Olson, a native of Norway, who came here with her people in 1861. They have one son and three daughters — Augusta Matilda, Mildah Oleson and Eddie McCall. C. H. NANSCAWEN, M. D., druggist and dealer in notions, books and stationery, on Main street near Bridge. Business was established in 1870 by the present proprietor, and now requires the services of two per sons. Dr. Nanscawen is a native of Waukesha County, where he re ceived his literary training. He graduated from Bellevue Hospital Med ical College, New York City, class of 1870, and then removed to Ft. Howard, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession until 1876, when he retired from outside practice, devoting himself to druggist 'business and office practice. He is a member of the Brown County Med ical Association, and is the present city physician and a member of the Board of Health. THOMAS W. PRINGLE, farmer and stock raiser, was born in Vir ginia, and came here with his father, Joseph Pringle, who settled here in 1843. Was married to Miss Rosa Campbell, daughter of Robert Campbell, who settled in this county at an early day. She was born in Michigan. Their family consists of Edna, George, Roy, Freddie and" •Robbie. H. A. RANOUS has charge of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail way at this point. He has been in the employ of the company for the past twenty-one years. Freights from Ft. Howard north are mostly of produce, and for the past year were 866 tons ; southern shipments, 2,182 tons. This gives but a faint idea of the amount of freight business done .at this point, which is largely a transfer station, all broken car lots being transferred, and full car loads made up for the long northern trip over which there is scarcely any local freight. The Winter traffic south is simply immense, in iron ore, pig-iron, lumber and shingles, and the product of 'the local furnaces, the great bulk of which is shipped by water so long as navigation remains open. The work at this station calls for the ser vices of the following staff: H. A. Ranous, freight and ticket agent ; H.E.Evans, cashier; one bill clerk; one ticket clerk, and twenty-one men. Mr. Ranous is a native of Wisconsin, and as before stated has been in the employ of the company twenty-one years. During this time he has been in charge of five different stations for thecompany, in one of which he remained fourteen years, and in his present position since 1874. H. E. Evans is a native of Wisconsin. His term of service with the company has been eleven years, most of them prior to 1873, a' which time he left their employ to engage in business on his own account. He was the first agent of the road at Marinette, and has been in his present position since 1878. Mr. Evans entered the United States service with the 20th Wis. I. ; was between three and four years in the army, and was finally mustered out as Captain of the Ist Texas Cavalry. GEORGE RICHARDSON, Postmaster. Was born in London, Eng,; came to America in 1845, and settled in Waukeska County, where he remained until his removal to Ft. Howard in 1866. He was superin tendent of the elevator, under Dousman, Elmore & Kelly's ownership for six years ; purchasing agent of the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad for six years, and was in mercantile business one year before receiving his appointment as Postmaster of this city. He was a member of the first City Council of Ft. Howard ; its president the second year ; Mayor of the city four years in succession, and is now City Superintendent of Schools. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. frater nities. S. F. SMITH, foreman of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway round-house. Has been in the employ of the company twenty-one years, since 1874 in his present position. He is a native of New York. Served his apprenticeship as a machinist in Toledo, Ohio, took his first engine in 1844, running over the old Erie & Kalamazoo line, and for the thirty years that he was running as a locomotive engineer, principally with ex press trains, he never had a serious accident happen his train or lost a iife through any fault of his. He came to this State in the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Company in i860, settled at Janesville and re sided there until coming to this city. He is a member of Janesville Lodge No. 54, A. F. & A. M., and of Janesville Chapter No. 5, R. A. M. JOHN SPENCE, fruit and vegetable gardener, Ft. Howard, is a na tive of Pudsey of Yorkshire. England, where he was reared and educated. In 1857, he came from Liverpool, England, to Green Bay ; followed the vocation of baker in England for twenty years before his arrival here, after which he devoted himself to his present pursuit. He was married to Miss Agnes Hatton, a native of England. He has two sons and two daughters living. The wife and mother is buried with two children in Woodlawn Cemetery, Brown County. Three are buried in Eng land, where the family were all born. JOSEPH TAYLOR, flour and feed, corner of Maine and Chestnut streets. Business established in 1880. Mr. Taylor is a native of Gosport, England, from which country he came to America fifty years ago, settled in Morristown, N. Y., and was there until his removal to Wisconsin in 1851. Settling at Appleton he carried on a sash, door and blind factory on the present site of the upper pulp mill, and built the first bridge across the river in that vicinity the first year of his residence there. In 1854, he removed to Green Bay, where he was engaged in mercantile business four years, then crossed the river to Ft. Howard and was en gaged in flour and feed, contracting for railway supplies and in general merchandize until 1865, when his duties as Postmaster to which he had been appointed in 1861, demanding his entire attention he closed out busi ness, fie was Postmaster of this city from 1861 to 1879, was City Treasurer four or five terms, and has held other local offices. JAMES TIERMAN, proprietor of Ft. Howard House, corner Pearl and Main streets, Ft. Howard. Was born in Ft. Howard 1853. Married Miss Mary A. Sensiba, October 1, 1879. She was also born here. Mr. Tierman is a born hotel man, having been born in the hotel which he now owns and manages. His people are natives of Ireland, having come from that country here at an early day. The hotel is very conveniently located to the business parts of Ft. Howard and Green Bay. REV. E. WALSH, Pastor of the Roman Catholic Church. Was born in Ireland, educated at Mt. Miliary Seminary, at St. John's College at Waterford ; came to America in 1864, and two years later was or dained at Marquette, Mich. April 4, 1869, he was settled over his pres ent parish. R. M. WILSON, saloon and billiard hall, Third avenue, Ft. Howard; is native of Denmark and came to this country in 1865. After having traveled through the Western and also the Southern States, he came here and engaged in his present business. He has visited his native land twice, and has gained such comparative information regarding Europe and this country as to make him a representative man of his country here. He was married to Miss Sophia Rasmussen, who was born in Denmark. They have one son, Edwin M.. aged six years. 140 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. THE DEPERES. The origin of the prosperity of Depere and West De pere is their magnificent water-power. The villages are located five miles south of Green Bay, at the head of lake navigation, and built upon both sides of bold banks, com manding a magnificent view of the river. The water of the power falls over a natural rocky ledge, about eight feet, the river being about half a mile wide at this point. Rapids des Peres (Rapids of the Fathers) were at the site of the present dam. From Lake Winnebago to Depere the river has a fall of 150 feet. In 1837 the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were surveyed by United States engineers, with a view of making navigation continuous from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. The splendid local resources were attempted to be utilized, as has been noticed, by the Hy draulic Company, which was so thrown upon its beam's end by the hard times of 1836-7, that it issued bills — "evi dences of debt " — founded a bank — induced the land-office to receive them. The act for issuing the bills was repealed the next year, and the bank failed. The company borrowed of Randall Wilcox, president of the bank and the company, who obtained control of the water-power and property. In 1847 it passed to Joshua F. Cox. The same year the dam gave way. In 1848, David M. Loy, agent for Cox, built the present dam. Mr. Cox conveyed one-half his interest to certain New York parties, and when Agent Loy was about to make important improvements, his principal died. Mr. Cox's interest passed to Joseph G. Lawton, who, with others, were incorporated, in 1854, as the Depere Company. July 19, 1881, the property was sold under fore closure of mortgage, by the Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company, three mortgages having been given by Joseph G. Lawton, for $50,000, and upon which, two years ago, judgment had been entered up for $53,000. The real estate, buildings, etc., were bid in by the company for $19,945, the water-power for $10,000. VILLAGE INCORPORATION. Depere was incorporated as a village March 6, 1857, President, Randall Wilcox ; Justices of the Peace, William Wakeman, A. R. Martin; Superintendent of Schools, J. F. Lessey; Clerk, Joseph T. Reeve; William Field, Jr., Village Trustee in the Board of Supervisors. G. S. Marsh is now at the head of the village government. The first school at Depere was taught in 1832, The present school buildings were erected in 1857, and first graded by I. A. Sabin in 1872. There are seven depart ments, Lewis K. Strong being Principal of the High School. The attendance is 290, on an average, and there are a num ber of private and parochial schools, which would increase these figures to 650. Badger Fire Company was organized in June, 1872, and re-organized in May, 1881. It consists of sixteen members, officered as follows: John H. McDonald, foreman; Louis Minich, assistant foreman; William Bremmington, hose captain ; Thomas Hobbins, secretary. Their building was erected in 1873 at a cost of $3,600. The leading churches of Depere are the Catholic — Dutch and Irish. The latter, which is the parent of both of the former and the society in West Depere, was organized nearly twenty years ago, the split occurring in 1869. Land was bought and a church edifice erected for the use of the Catholics of Depere, in 1864. Since then additions to the building have been made. The membership is now 200 families — some 800 souls. The buildings, valued at $8,000, are situated on the corner of Michigan and Lewis streets. They include the church, school-house, dwelling-house and Sisters' residence. Father William De Kelver has been pastor for over five years. The Holland Catholic Church and school buildings occupy a fine plat of ground on Superior street, between George and Charles streets. The cost of grounds and buildings, erected in 1870, by Father Verboort, was $10,000. Rev. A. Van Grotel has been priest in charge for more than five years. The church has a membership of over 1,000 souls, and the school an attendance of 150. The Presbyterian Church, Rev. S. C. Hay, pastor, is on Superior street. In July, 1849, Rev. John Stewart, of War ren Co., N. J., commenced the organization of a Presby terian Church. An edifice was erected in 1854. The mem bership of the church is 134. The Congregational Church was organized April 18, 1866. Previously its members had worshiped in the Presbyterian edifice. A chapel was built in 1868, and rebuilt in 1875. The present strength of the society is seventy-five; pastor, Rev. J. H. Carmichael. The Methodist Church was organized in 1850, and an edifice built six years thereafter. The present pastor of the church is Rev. W. H. Sampson. Besides the religious and benevolent societies connected with the different churches, Depere has a flourishing Odd Fellows lodge (No. 222), a Masonic lodge (No. 85), and a Temple of Honor in connection with alike organization in West Depere. Depere has a number of good hotels — the California House, a large stone building on Broadway, W. M. Battle, proprietor ; the Commercial, corner Front and George streets, James Shack, proprietor; Manitowoc House, on Broadway, Charles Touhey, proprietor. BUSINESS INTERESTS. Depere furnace was built by the First National Iron Company in 1879, which was composed of Messrs. B. F. Smith, G. S. Marsh, Robert Jackson, J. Richards and D. M. Whitney. The following year, A. B. Meeker & Co., of Chicago, obtained a controlling interest, and in 187 1 the "First" was dropped from the name of the corporation, which continued business until 1876. Upon the organization of the National Furnace Company, in 1879, by A. B. Meeker of Chicago, H. D. Smith of Appleton, W. L. Brown of Chicago, and M. R. Hunt of Depere, the property passed into the hands of that corporation, and has since been operated by them. Their property at the furnace consists of five acres of ground, lying on the east side of Fox River, a short dis tance below the dam, having a river front of 2,000 feet, and provided with 300 feet of dock, at which there is a minimum depth of thirteen feet. Upon these premises there is now standing two stacks, number one being of stone, number two of iron. The former Was built in 1869, the latter in 1872, each having a capacity of 11,000 tons annually. The buildings are : The engine and pump-room, 30x40 feet ; two casting houses, each 40x80 feet ; stock house, 30x60 feet, in which are the crushing machines and hoisting works; boiler sheds, 40x50 feet; two offices, one 20x30 feet, the other 20x40 ; wood and iron repair shops, weigh ing house, stables, sheds, etc. Charcoal is furnished from kilns located along the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail road and the Fox River, which is brought by rail and in barges; in addition to which, an average force of fifteen teams daily discharge their loads of coals at the company's yard, the product of kilns in the more immediate neighbor hood of Depere. The furnaces are supplied with two blow ing engines of nine horse-power each; two horizontal engines for hoisting and crushing, ten horse-power each ; one hoisting engine on dock, fifteen horse-power ; two eight inch Blake pumps and one six inch Cope & Maxwell ; and their hot air pipes have a heating capacity of 2,800 square feet. The force employed at the works is one foreman, two HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 141 engineers, one founder, one keeper, two blacksmiths, two carpenters and seventy other hands. In the office are the general manager and the. book-keeper. Shipments of product are made as far southeast as Wilmington, Delaware, as far south as Missouri, and through all the northwestern and middle States. M. R. Hunt, resident member of the company and general manager, was engaged in banking and mercantile business previous to the organization of the corporation. Banks. — Depere has two banks, the First National, Ru fus B. Kellogg, president, H. B. Baker, cashier ; and the institution of Herbert R. Jones. The resources of the former are, $36,644.47 ; of the latter, $78,632.10. Miscellaneous Manufactories. — In this list may be men tioned such establishments as the flour mill of Dunham & Davis (Depere Mill); Fox River Mills, Mathias Reynan, proprietor; Arndt Bros. & Co.'s mill, located front of James street; " Novelty " Manufacturing Company, Charles Law- ton, president ; the " Champion " pump factory of William Gow & Co. ; wagon manufactory of P. H. Mulasky ; the Armstrongs (Samuel and William), manufacturers of stump machines ; McDonald & Wilcox, harness manufacturers, etc., etc. General Stores. — Among the general stores doing a good business are A. G. Wells, dry goods, hardware, etc., on Broadway ; W. W. Winegard, Broadway ; Jackson & Son, etc., etc. Miscellaneous. — T. E. Sharp has fine furniture ware- rooms on Broadway ; also, R. J. McGreehan an agricul tural implement warehouse. Thomas D. Bowring, is the leading photographer. George Moffatt has the leading blacksmith and wagon shop. William Willis deals in pumps. The leading lawyers are G. F. Merrill, and E. F. Parker; the physicians, Drs. Fisk & Mailer, M. E. Williams and R. F. Tousley. The first newspaper published in Depere was the Adver tiser, issued from the Fall of 1850, to December, 1852, by Baldwin & Thayer. The Depere News and Brown County Herald was estab lished April 8, 1871, by P. R. Proctor, formerly of the Times, Appleton. He is its present editor and proprietor. The Fort Howard Herald was merged with the News in September, 1878. The Depere Facts was first issued by J. A. Comerford. After a few numbers had been published, D. E. Hickey, present editor and proprietor, commenced to issue it. The Depere Standard is published by Edward Van De Casterle and John B. Heyrman. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. W. A. BINGHAM & CO., general merchandise. This business was established in 1872, on Main street, adjoining the Fox River Iron Com pany's furnaces, they being the owners of the building and partners in the mercantile business. The salesroom has a frontage of 24 feet on Main street, runs 85 feet to the rear, and fronts 40 feet of Fourth street, being 45x85, with the exception of a corner 20x40 on Main and Fourth streets occupied as an office by the furnace company. A basement the full size of the building is used for storage, and a ware-house 24x72 feet is occupied for flour, feed and package store-room. The operations of the house give employment to a force of ten hands and one delivery wagon, and yearly sales aggregate from $90,000 to $100,000. W. A. Bingham is a native of Illinois. He came to Wisconsin in 1849 with his father's family ; was educated in Watertown ; served three years with the 1st Wis. V. C. during the late war, and was mustered out as Regimental Quartermaster, and was salesman in a wholesale hardware house in Milwaukee prior to coming to Depere. SAMUEL BLAKE, lumberman and farmer, Depere ; was born in 1813, in Derby, Orleans Co., Vt., where he was reared and educated. At the age of thirty-one he emigrated to Kane Co., III., where he re mained three years; and then on account of the unhealthfulness of the place, he went to Chicago where he stopped a short time, then came to Green Bay on a vessel named the " Green Bay Equator," Capt. Sanders. He started on a tour to look up a place of abode, and seeing the natural advantages of the place, took up his residence in Depere, where he fol lowed the builder's trade for one season. In the Fall of 1847, wishing to lay in provisions for the Winter (they not being ob'a;nable nearer at hand), he walked to Waupun to get a supply, there being no other way of getting there. His first occupation in Depere was hewing timber, for which he received 50 cents a day. After about a year, he commenced the lumbering business, in a small way at first, but with his characteristic thrift and industry, soon became one of the heaviest lumbermen in this part of the country. But in the meantime, he and his excellent lady, in 1852, entered the employment of the contractors on the Fox River Im provement, where they remained about three years at intervals, and laid the foundation of their present competence. Mr. Blake is entitled to much credit for the part he took in aiding to settle and build up this part of the State. He laid out the road between Depere and Manitowoc, which still bears his name. In one year he located eighteen settlers in the town of Morrison. He has probably been the cause, directly and indirectly, of the clearing of as much land as has any other man in northern Wisconsin. He is withal a man of great public spirit, being identified with the organization of the first Sabbath schools and churches and taking part in many other matters tending to the growth and moral improvement of the community. He has been in nearly every kind of business since his residence here, and whatever he did seemed to thrive under his hands. He is a genial old gentleman with whom it is a pleas ure to converse, and he has many a joke and reminiscence of the early times. In 1837, he married Miss Ann Buchanan, a native of Paisley, Scotland. They had a family of four children, all daughters, two being dead and buried, one in Vermont the other in Green Bay. The two sur viving ones are married respectively to C. R. Merrill, Depere, and A. H. Magoon, Girard, 111. MATTHEW BURNETT, groceries, crockery, flour, feed and grain, Depere, is a native of New York, and was reared and educated in Steuben County ; came here 1856 ; followed farming until 1866 when he went to Michigan and engaged in the meicantile business which he followed until 1873 ; he then came here and opened the business which he at present follows ; carried it on until 1876 when he took Mr. Wheeler of the drug business as partner. The firm continued their already extensive business until April 19, 1880, when they concluded to add dry goods to their list and accepted the partnership of Mr. Merrill in that line, and adopted the Depere Mercantile Co. as their firm name. It, however, did not succeed, and in July, 1881, Mr. Burnett re-opened the present business so long and favorably known. N. B. CHASE, lumberman and farmer, Depere P. O., was born in the year 1811, in Albany Co., N. Y., where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty he went to Michigan, and followed the business of lumbering and farming. He remained there for a period of twenty years, building five saw mills, two of which were run by water and three by steam. In 1854, ne came to Wisconsin and settled on his present farm of 200 acres, finely located on the east bank of Fox River. Dur ing his residence in Wisconsin he has built three saw mills — one at Wrightstown and two at Oconto. He is identified with the early settle ment and growth o'.' the State. He has been a member of the County Board of Supervisors. Mr. Chase is well known in Northern Wiscon sin. He was married in 1839, to Miss Ann McClure. They had eight children — four sons and four daughters — five of whom are living, the others being buried in St. Clair Co., Mich. ^^z G. B. COLE, Diputy Sheriff of Brown County, Depere, was born in Vermont, but was reared and educated in Wisconsin, having come here at the age of five years, in 1845. In the Spring of 1861 he en listed in the 5th Missouri Mounted Rifles and remained in that service one year, at the end of which time the 5th disbanded ; he then enlisted in the 1st Missouri Mounted Rifles and remained with them for three years, after which he and about one-half of the ist again enlisted as veterans and remained in it until the close of the war. After his return he devoted himself to the pursuit of farming which he followed until 1873, when he came to Depere and engaged with Mr. B. F. Smith in the lumbering business, with whom he has remained since. He has held the present county office for the last two terms and has also held the Marshalship of his town for the last two terms. His wife was Miss Mary Allard, of Vermont, They have one son, Frank, and two daughters, Rosa and Jennie. FRANK CRABB, groceries and saloon, Depere. The business was established by his father about sixteen years ago. In 1879 Frank took charge of the business upon the death of his father. Mr. Crabb's parents were born in Belgium and came to this country about i860. They are buried with the rest of the family in Depere cemetery. In 1878 Mr. Crabb married Miss Allie Vanderhyden. She was born in Oconto. They have one child, Katie. REV.WM.De KELVER, pastor of St. Francis Xavier Church, De- pei'e, is a native of Belgium, from which country he came to America at eight years of age. He was educated at the college of St. Francis, Mil waukee, where, he completed his theological studies in 1871, and the same year was ordained priest at Green Bay and appointed to the church at Kilbourn City. He came to his present parish in 1876. 142 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. M. FARRELL, proprietor livery stables, Depere. The stables are the oldest established in the place and in point of convenience and capacity are sufficiently ample for the extensive trade in this part of the State. Mr. Farrell has had large experience in the business and is able to accommodate the traveling public with acceptable accommodations. JACOB FALCK, saloon and billiard hall, Depere, is a native of Washington County, where he was reared and educated. In the year 1864, Aug. I, Mr. Falck engaged in his present business, which he has carried on since. He was married to Miss Mary Meyer 1878. They have one child, Alina, living, and one buried in Depere cemetery. FISK & MAILER, physicians. The members of this firm are M. H. Fisk and A. C. Mailer, and they have been associated in medical practice since 1878. M. H. Fisk was born in Depere, May 28, 1843 ; pursued his literary studies at Hadley, Mass., and at Lawrence University, leaving the latter institution in his junior year to enter the United States service during the last year of the war. Returning home he resumed study for his profession, to which he had previously given some attention and grad uated from the medical department of Michigan University in the Spring of 1866. Locating for practice in Depere he gave close atten tion to his professional work for seven years and then entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City, for a course of study in that institution, but was called home by family affliction before the close of his term. Since that time Dr. Fisk has given exclusive attention to his medical practice in which he has acquired an enviable reputation. He is a member both of the State and County medical associations, and presiding officer of the latter. A. C. Mailer is also a native of Depere, born April 4, 1853. He received his literary training in the schools of his native town and in Lawrence University, then entered the medical department of the University of Michigan, and graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, class of 1878. Returning to Depere he became associated in practice with Dr. Fisk, in whose office he had previously pursued his studies. JAMES H< HARP, proprietor of Commercial House, Depere. The house is new and is very conveniently located to the business cen ters of the twin cities of East and West Depere, and is in point of con venience and comfort the best in the place and second to none in this part of the State. Being located on the banks of the beautiful Fox River, the tourist, pleasure seeker and traveler find it very available. Its genial landlord and landlady spare no pains in catering to their guests and supplying those on pleasure bent with ample means for en joying the beautiful hunting nnd fishing grounds that abound in this locality. Mr. Harp has added a new feature to his already extensive enterprise and a free bus will always be in attendance upon the arrival and departure of the trains and boats. His motto is reasonable terms, good accommodations and the most respectful attention to his guests. MRS. AUGUST HOCHGREVE, Bellevue Brewery, was Miss Caroline Kiel a native of Lippe Detmold, Germany, who came here with her parents in 1852, at the age of nine years, and settled in Mani towoc County. In 1858 she was married to August Hochgreve a native of Hanover, Germany, who came here in 1853, at the age of twenty- four years. He engaged in the brewery business in 1857 in company with Mr. Rohr, but in 1865 they dissolved partnership and Mr. Hoch greve managed the business exclusively until 1877 when he died ; he is buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery, Brown Co. Mrs. Hochgreve has three sons and five daughters. ROBERT JACKSON, Depere, is a native of Fifeshire, Scotland, where he was reared and educated. In the Spring of 1848 he came to this country at the age of twenty-two and settled in Kenosha, where he followed his trade of machinist and blacksmi thing. In 1850 he went to Pensaukee where he continued his business. In 1852 he came to Depere and bought a shop and opened the blacksmithing business which he followed for fifteen years, after which he engaged in the furnace busi ness and joined the company that built the second furnace in Depere ; he has since been connected in that business in Menominee and in the engineering of the Kirby, Carpenter & Co. mills there. In the Spring ot 1880 he went to Charlevoix, Mich., and built the furnace for Shery & Co. there. In the Spring of 1881 he engaged with C. Sprang & Co. to build a furnace in Florence, Marinette Co. at which he is at present en gaged. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Higgie, in Kenosha, 1849. She was born in his native shire. They have four sons. H. R. JONES, banker, Depere. Was born in Iximia, Jefferson Co., Oct. 5, 1845, and removed with his parents to Oshkosh when but three years of age. Received his education in the schools of that city, and in 1869 entered the banking house of R. C. Russell, with whom he remained until 1872, when he removed to Green Bay, and was with the Hanking house of Henry Strong in that city until he came to Depere Sept. 1874, as cashier of the First National Bank, of Depere. When the First National surrendered its charter, and the Commercial Bank was organized, Mr. Jones became cashier of the new house, and so continued until the closing of its doors in 1878, when he opened the banking es tablishment which he now conducts in his own name. R. B. KELLOGG & CO., bankers. Thisbank was established in 1878, in the building formerly occupied by the Commercial Bank, and its aver age deposits now reach from $85,000 to $90,000. The officers of the com pany are R. B. Kellogg, Green Bay, president ; H. B. Baker, of Depere, cashier. H. B. Baker is a native of Green Bay, and was with the National Bank of that city from 1868 to 1874 ; then with the Kellogg National Bank until his coming to Depere upon the establishment of the banking house here in 1878. LEWIS LEININGER, meat market, Depere. Is a native of Washington County, born Jan. 3, 1848. At the age of eighteen he en gaged at his business in Milwaukee, which he followed two and a half years there, the same length of time in Green Bay, then went to Lake Superior and followed it six years, after which he came to Depere and went into partnership with John Stecker, with whom he remained for three years, after which he started a business for himself which he has carried on since. He married Miss Henrietta Raisky, in Negaunah. She was born in Europe. They have three children — Henrietta, Mar garet and the baby. They have buried two in Depere cemetery. J. N. LANGWORTHY, wholesale and retail liquors and cigars, Depere. Was born in New York State, but was reared and educated in Michigan, having come to that State when he was but five years of age. At the age of fifteen he came to Manitowoc County, where he remained until the outbreak of the war. He then enlisted in Company A., ist W. V. I. for three months' service, at the end of which time he returned and assisted in raising the 7th Battery of Artillery from Milwaukee, which he accompanied to the field, and remained with it until the expiration of the war. In 1865 he was commissioned lieutenant, having held non-com missioned offices from his second enlistment. After his return from the war, he engaged in the lumbering business, having previously to the war had connection in that line. In 1868 he opened a general jobbing busi ness in liquors and cigars in Green Bay, where he remained until 1873, when he came to Depere. He married Miss Ophilia Cooper in 1868. She is a native of Wisconsin. They have two children, James N. and Elton C. W. R. MATTHEWS, ice dealer, Depere. Is a native of Wisconsin, and was born in Green Bay, Nov. 6, 1849. At the age of fifteen he engaged in the mercantile business, with which vocation he has been identified since, n period of sixteen years. In 1878 he bought the entire ice busi ness of Henry Watuer, which he also carries on. In May, 1875, he was married to Miss Edith Leroy, who was born in Massachusetts, Sept. 5, 1855. They have two children — Edith R. and Helen Stewart. ANTHONY A. MENLENDYK, general merchandise. Is a native of Holland ; came to this country in 1854, and settled in Cleveland, and began the mercantile business there in 1859, which he conducted until 1865, when he came to Depere, where he has since remained. In 1868-9 he built the present commodious building, the upper part of which is used as the First National Hotel, being in point of location the best in the State. In 1859 he was married to Miss Theodora Terbeck, a native of Holland. They have nine children living and three dead. As an evidence of the energy of Mr. M., it may be stated that when he landed in this country he was in debt, and that in the short space of five years he was not only able to pay all demands upon him, but also able to establish himself in business, which he has successfully maintained since. Mr. M. has a branch store in Stephenson, Mich., as also an extensive charcoal kiln business. P. R. PROCTOR, of the Depere News, was born at Belleville, Ont in 1847. His father was a native of Vermont and his mother' came from Mohawk Dutch parentage. As a boy, Mr. Proctor enjoyed only such school privileges as were available through common methods, and when but little more than twelve years of age began the struggle'with life. His first regular engagement was in his father's edge-tool factory, and he acquired proficiency in the art of finishing the wares. At about the age of nineteen he came to Wisconsin, where relatives resided, and undertook the task of learning the printer's trade, in the office of the Appleton Post, then conducted by Messrs. Pomeroy & Baker. The slow process of advancement in this new field displeased the lad, and in June, 1867, he entered the employ of J. N. Stone, at Neenah,' who published the Island City Times. Here Proctor remained nearly two years and a half, when the paper changed owners. He then went to the western part of the State, and filled brief engagements with Frank Cooper, of the Badger State Banner, and W. H. Farnham of Sparta In February, 1870, Mr Proctor began the publication of the "dty Times, at Appleton, with his old preceptor, Mr. Stone, as editor. The experi. ence acquired was valuable, and extended to daily as well as weekly publications. Finding the locality over supplied with newspapers, in 1871 he established the News, at Depere, and has since been concerned in its success. The paper has attained a substantial reputation among more than local circles as an exponent of Republicanism, and as an advocate of all that tends to advance the prosperity of Fox Valley. Mr. Proctor was married to Miss Alice A., daughter of Anson E., and Mary J. Cross, of Neenah, Oct. 7, 1872. A daughter was born to them Sept. 8, 1873, and two years later a son was born, who lived but fifteen months. HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 143 JOHN SMITH, Notary Public, real estate, passage and insurance agent, over Jackson & Sons dry goods house. This business was estab lished in 1873, and its real property transactions include lands in Minne sota, Nebraska, Dakota and Michigan, as well as Wisconsin. Mr. Smith is a native of Holland, from which country he came to America twelve years since. Was early left entirely to his own resources, and after com pleting his education and his compulsory service in the German army, emigrated. After coming to this country, he engaged in manual labor until he had acquired sufficient acquaintance with the language to trans act business, when he opened his insurance office. In 1875 he was ap pointed Notary Public, and now has the agency of all the principal lines of Eastern and Continental Railway travel, and the Ocean steamships, represents the best fire, accident and life insurance companies, and keeps a clerical force of two persons constantly employed, He is a member of the present Board of Trustees for the village of Depere. T. STEWART, Postmaster, Depere. This office supplies mail mat ter to a population of from 4,000 to 5,000 people, and the average num ber of packages handled is about 4,000 per week. Mr. Stewart, who received his first appointment in 1871, and has since filled the office most acceptably, is a native of New Jersey, from which State he came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1836, settling in Brown County, and was engaged in farming until 1863 ; the old farm lying within the present corporate limits of West Depere. In that year, 1863, Mr. Stewart met with an accident which incapacitated him for farther farm labor, and he then engaged in mercantile business, after taking a course at Bryant's Business College, until 1868. From that time until his appointment as Postmaster, he was engaged in clerking. In addition to his duties as Postmaster, in which he is assisted by his wife, Mr. Stewart is engaged in insurance business, and represents some of the staunchest fire insur ance companies in Great Britain. A. G. WELLS, dealer in general merchandise. The business is the oldest existing established one in Depere, having been established by Mr. Dominicus Jordan, and carried on by him, and afterward by Mr. B. F. Smith, his son-in-law, until 1880. In that year, Mr. Wells, son-in-law of Mr. Smith, bought the entire interest of the business, and has con ducted it since. Mr. Wells was born in Port Kent, Essex Co., N. Y. Attended school in Burlington, Vt., preparatory to entering a regular course of commercial schooling at the Goddard Seminary, Barril, Vt. In 1872, and just before graduating, he was induced to come West, and.en- gaged with Mr. B. F. Smith in the mercantile business, with whom he remained until his purchase of the entire business. JOSEPH WEISS, manufacturer of harness and horse furnishing goods, Depere. Is a native of Bavaria, Germany, where he was reared and educated. At the age of nineteen, and in 1852, he came to this country and worked at his business in Whitewater until 1862, when he enlisted in Company D., 28th Wis. V. I. ; remained until 1865, when he was mustered out and honorably discharged. After his war service he carried on business in Jefferson until 1870, when he came to Depere, where he has maintained a successful businesss sir.ee. Mr. Weiss was married to Miss Sophia Bender, in Whitewater, in 1859. She was born in Wurtemburg, Germany. They have seven children. J. P. WETER, dentist, Depere. Was born in Oneida Co., N. Y, and came to this State at an early age, and engaged in the pursuit of farm ing. At the age of eighteen, he enlisted in Co. C, 22d Wis. V. I., and remained in the service about ten months, when he was sent home on a sick furlough, and was finally honorably discharged. After a convales cence of two years, he turned his attention to the study of dentistry, and went to Elmira, N. Y., where after an apprenticeship of two years, and eighteen months collegiate study, he formed a partnership with his precep tor and carried on the business about two years and a half. He then re turned to Walworth County, where he practiced dentistry about four years. In the Spring of 1874, he came to Depere, where he has remained in the practice of his profession since. He holds the position of one of the Board of Village Trustees for West Depere. R. WEYENBERG, millinery and fancy goods, books and stationery, sewing machines, toys and notions, Depere. Is a native of Holland, and came to this country in 1856, at the age of twenty years. At the age of twenty-three he commenced in the mercantile business in Appleton, but left it to open business in boots and shoes in Oconto, where he carried it on for three years. He then went to Green Bay, where he continued his business three years more. He then came to Depere and engaged with Mr. B. F. Smith in general merchandise, where he stopped for two years. Then he opened the present business, which he has conducted for the last twelve years. Mrs. Weyenberg is a native of Canada, and has car ried on the millinery business for the last fifteen years. H. I. WHEELER, drugs, stationery, paints, oils, etc., etc., Depere, is a native of Massachusetts, but was reared and educated in this State. He began the mercantile business at the age of sixteen, with Marsh & Merrill of Depere, in 1862. In 1868 he became a partner in the busi ness, now controlled by Merrill, and the firm conducted the business until 1870, when Mr. Wheeler purchesed the Drug interest and carried it on exclusively until 1877. Then Mr W. formed a co-partnership with Mr. Burnett in the grocery trade, and they carried on the joint business until 1880, when they accepted the partnership of E. C. Merrill and added the dry goods interest and adopted the name of Depere Mercan tile Co. In July, 1881, Mr. Wheeler, who had retired from the company, opened anew the business of drugs, etc., etc. WINEGARD & CO., dealers in staple and fancy groceries, crock ery, flour and feed, and grain, Depere. The firm consists of W. W. Winegard and Dwight Smith. Mr. Winegard is a native of Montgom ery Co., N.Y. At the age of six years he moved with his people to Tis- kilwa, Bureau Co., 111., where he was reared and educated. At the age of seventeen he went to Green Bay and commenced the pursuit of farming. He finally left it and went to Chicago where he engaged with the firm of Smith & Epps, with whom he remained four years, at the end of which time he bought out Mr. Epps, and the firm was continued under the firm name of Smith & Winegard, and remained in the firm for two years, after which he came to Depere and engaged in the grain business of Cargill & Van. He finally formed a partnership with a Mr. Mendenhall, and they bought the business of J. L. Titzclaff. which business he is now conducting. Dwight Smith is a native of New York State, Monroe Co., 'vas educated in Wooster, Ohio, where he went with his people at the age of ten years. At the age of nineteen he engaged with the G. B. & M. R. R., in which employ he remained for five years. He then engaged with the I. M. R. R., in Missouri, for one year. He then en gaged with the Nat. Furnace Co. of Depere, but at the end of one year with them he joined the firm which he now represents Nov. 1, 1880. WEST DEPERE. West Depere was incorporated as a village in March, 1870. It was platted years before by Dr. Louis Carabin, who died in Green Bay in 1864. West Depere is the manu facturing point of Brown County. Willard & Hurd's Steam Forge Works, West Depere. The grounds of this company lie between the tracks of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company and the river just west of the furnace. Business was established by the present proprietors in 1872, and consists in the manufacture of car and locomotive axles, stationary and marine engine forging, bolt and mill shafting, and all kinds of wrought iron and steel shapes. The works are of sufficient capacity to turn out a six ton shaft, and their product in a daily run of nine hours is about five tons of finished work. They operate two hammers, the head and die of the larger weigh ing 2,000 pounds and having a fall of four feet ; the smaller weighing 1,700 pounds, with a fall of three feet. Their manufactory is 75x75 feet, and is the only one of the kind in this State or Minnesota. They fill orders all over the northern States, have furnished the ma terial for six or seven mills at Puget Sound, and will soon be necessitated to increase their facilities for manufacturing. They employ a force of twenty-five operators, whose wages range from $2 to $7 for a daily run of nine hours. The members of the firm are John P. Willard and L. D. Hurd. John P. Willard is a native of New Hampshire; learned his trade as a steam forger at Dorchester, Mass., and with his brother Charles worked the hammer in the Bridgewater forge, which turned out the armor for the first monitor, 160 tons of armor plate for the " Old Roanoke," a duplicate order for twenty-three gun floats, and various other Govern ment orders. In 1862 he came to Chicago, and engaged in business under the firm name of Pynchon, Willard & Co. In 1872 he sold his interest in that establishment and came to this city. L. D. Hurd is a native of New Hampshire. In 1868 he was appointed Paymaster in the United States navy, which position he resigned in 1872, and came to Depere to establish business as previously stated. E. E. Bowles Wooden Ware Company. This joint stock company was incorporated Dec. 1, 1875, by E. E. Bowles, R. A. Mieswinkle and C. A. Willard, and is the outgrowth and successor of the business established in 1865 by E. E. Bowles and F. Holman, on the water-power at the east end of the bridge, and removed to its present loca tion in 1872, at which time the foundations for the main manufactory were laid. The present officers of the com pany are: E. E. Bowles, president; Samuel W. Willard, 144 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. vice-president; and C. A. Willard, secretary and treasurer ; and its paid up capital is $60,000. The real property of this company consists of a tract of 160 acres of land, lying on the west side of Fox River, below the furnace grounds ; and upon it are the various shops and warehouses, all of which, with the exception of the main manufactory, have been built since the formation of the present stock com pany. Their operations consist principally in the manu facture of fish cooperage, butter tubs, lard pails and lum ber, of which latter about 4,000,000 feet are produced an nually. The yearly manufacture is about 1,000,000 pack ages, ranging in capacity from one to twenty gallons each, and the force employed about 300 hands, 200 of whom are upon the premises. The manufacture of glucose kegs, a recent industry, is almost entirely the growth of the past eighteen months, yet the products for the year just closed has not fallen short of 300,000. Supplies of raw material, pine for fish kits, white oak for butter tubs, and basswood for glucose kegs, are principally drawn from the shores of Green Bay, for a distance of sixty miles above the mouth of Fox River. Kitts are manufactured exclusively for the Chicago market, which does a very extensive business in fish packing. These supplies are furnished by team and raft. The Winter's operations are conducted in four camps, which each turn out 20,000 feet daily, and require a force of fifteen men and four teams. The company have special box cars, of double the ordinary capacity, for shipment of manufactured products, which is exclusively by rail. The arrangement of shops, warehouses and finishing rooms are made with reference to the most economical distribution of labor and facility of shipment. Every precaution is taken against fire, and with the 800 feet of attached hose, the force pumps and hand engines, the premises are as fully secured against loss by fire as is practically possible. C. A. Willard is a native of New York, and was engaged in merchandising at Cleveland, Ohio, for twenty-five years, prior to his coming to Depere in 1875. West Depere Agricultural Works, successors to the De pere Iron Works, was organized as a joint stock company, November 23, 1875. The original company, also a joint stock company, was incorporated in 1870, and did business as manufacturers of mill work and rail cars until 1874 when the works stopped. The following October, Messrs. Blan chard and Arnold bought the outstanding obligations of the old concern, and the present company was formed the next month by D. W. Blanchard, S. D. Arnold and William Work man. The property embraces a tract of about two acres fronting on Fox River and running nearly to the tracks of the Northwestern Railway, which corporation has about 300 feet of switch track upon the premises of the Agricultural Works. The buildings now standing upon these grounds number eleven, viz., one brick machine shop, 40x100 feet ; foundry, 40x60 ; wood shop, 40x60 ; erecting shop, 30x90; paint and car shop, 40x150 ; two blacksmith shops — one 40x120, and one 30x40; store-house, 35x90 ; brick dry kiln, 12x36; upholsterer's shop, 20x30; office, 16x24. The work in these shops, from 1875 to commencement of season of 1881, was exclusively upon agricultural implements, since which time considerable attention has been given to the building of box cars for charcoal. The other work done, besides general jobbing, is the manufacture of the Boss threshing machine, the Workman seeder and reversible har row, invented and patented by William Workman, the super intendent of the works. The force employed ranges from forty-five to sixty, and the market for agricultural imple ments is general throughout the Northwest. William Work man, superintendent, is a native of Scotland, from which country he came to America in 1842, settling in Wisconsin the following year. He was engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements at Ripon, Wis., until 1873, when he came to Depere as superintendent of the Depere Iron Works. Fox River Iron Company was organized in 1868 by D. W. Blanchard and S. D. Arnold, and became a joint stock company in 1872, under the following management : D. W. Blanchard, president; S. D Arnold, vice-president and business manager; D. D. Kellogg, secretary and treasurer; C. H. Lovelace, superintendent and founder. The land upon which the furnaces are built consists of a tract of about five acres on the west side of Fox River, just below the dam, fully one-third of which is made land, reclaimed from the river by filling in with furnace refuse. The first stack was.built in 1868, and fires kindled February 1, 1869. Dimension of this stack is 35 feet square at the base, 29 feet square at the top, height 39 feet, and has a capacity of 10,- 000 tons annually, with an average product of about four- fifths that amount. Stack No. 2 was built in 1872, of same dimensions and capacity as stack No. 1, and so enlarged and raised in 1881 that its capacity was increased one half. The old hot blast stoves had each a heating surface of 1,200 square feet, the enlarged stack a heating surface of double that area. The first charcoal kilns, eleven in number, were built on the furnace premises in 1868, and had a daily capacity of 1,000 bushels. In 1869 and again in 1870 addi tional kilns were constructed in the timber country adjacent to Depere, having a capacity of 1,400 bushels daily. A careful estimate shows that the wood from not less than one and one-half acres of timber land is consumed by each stack daily, leaving the land available for agricultural pur poses. This rapid consumption of timber has so reduced the area of available woodlands that the kilns in the yard and their immediate vicinity have been practically discon tinued, the charcoal supply being now principally drawn from kilns located along the lines of the Chicago & North western and the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul railways, at a distance of from twenty to eighty miles from the furnaces. Both water-power and steam are employed as motors, the former being used for elevating stock and crushing ore, and the latter for blowing. The grounds are well adapted for receiving and discharging freight, having about 400 feet of available dock which can be largely increased at will, 2,500 feet of siding track from the Chicago & Northwestern Rail way, and 500 feet of trestle track for dumping ore. There are now standing upon the premises the main building, 50X 100 feet, 14 feet posts, containing the engine of 80 horse power and pumps for supplying water and air ; two brick casting houses with iron roofs, each 35x65 feet ; an ore shed and crushing house, 60x130, and a brick boiler house with iron roof, 18x40 feet; wood and iron repair shops ; coal sheds, etc. The office and store of the company, built in 1872, and which was partially destroyed by fire in 1877 and again in 1880, as now enlarged, is a fine two story brick, 45x85, with iron roof, the upper story used for tenement purposes, and the offices well supplied with fire-proof vaults and safes. The operations of the company give constant employment to a force of forty furnace hands, and the production of charcoal to an additional force estimated at 175, to which may be added an extra force of twenty men for the season of 1881, employed in rebuilding stack and repairs. D. W. Blanchard and S. D. Arnold are both natives of Massachu setts, and practical mechanics. They came to Milwaukee in 1856, built the Excelsior Car Works that same year, and conducted business in that manufactory until they sold out in 1875. They have been engaged in iron manufacturing in some form or another for the past twenty-five years, and are in addition to these furnace operations the principal owners of the stock in the agricultural works in this city. Arndt Bros. & Co., merchant millers. " The mill of this HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. i4S company is located on the basin east side of Fox River, and is known as the stone mill. It is a solid stone stiucture, 40x50 feet, walls 38 feet high, with an addition 16x24 feet> and was built in 1857 by Randall Wilcox, grandfather of the Arndt brothers, and was run as a domestic mill until 1872, since which time it has done a merchant business ex clusively. In 1880 the mill was entirely remodeled at a cost of $12,000 and converted into a roller mill, having a daily capacity of 200 barrels. Its average product is 150 barrels, in the manufacture and shipment of which a force of twelve hands and three teams is constantly employed. Their wheat supply is principally drawn from this State, and their market, after supply of local demand which is large, is general throughout the Northwest. The members of the firm are E. W. Arndt, B. J. Van Valkenburg and R. W. Arndt. E. W. Arndt is a grandson of the old pioneer, J. W. Arndt, who came to Green Bay in 1824, and the following year located on the old Langton property, which was his home until i860. He was born at Green Bay in 1845, and at six teen years of age enlisted in the Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry with which he served eighteen months, when he was dis charged on surgeon's certificate of disability. Recover ing his health he re-enlisted in 1865 and served until mustered out after the close of the war. In 1867 he removed to Depere and engaged in milling under the firm name of Wilcox & Tyler, which became Tyler & Arndt in 1872, and Arndt Bros. & Co. in 1880. Novelty Manufacturing Company was organized as a joint stock concern in 1879, with a capital stock of $25,000. The officers of the company are C. A. Lawton, president ; E. W. Arndt, secretary and treasurer. The company are doing a general machine shop business, but give special attention to line shafting, hangings, pulleys and mill work, and have now in hand the flouring mill of A. W. Lawrence, at Sturgeon's Bay — Kellogg's mill at Wrightstown. Their manufactory is in the old frame building, 35x50 feet, for merly occupied by the wooden-ware establishment of E. E. Bowles & Co., at the east end of the bridge, and their average force about eight hands. They are also sole man - ufacturers of Mr. Dunham's foundation machines, now in general use among apiarists every-where. C. A. Lawton, president and general manager of the company, son of J. G. Lawton, one of Depere 's pioneers, was born in Pennsyl-' vania, and came to Brown County with his parents thirty years since. He was educated in the schools of this county, enlisted in the Forty-seventh Wisconsin Regiment during the late war, served until it was mustered out, and previous to engaging in his present industry was in the sash, door and blind business. He is also proprietor of the C. A. Lawton lime kilns at Greenleaf, which give employment to a force of twelve men and have a capacity of 1,000 barrels of lime each week, market for which is found in the western part of the State. John Hockers, brick manufacturer, Dutchman's Creek, is a native of Holland. Came to Green Bay in 1868 and engaged in the manufacture of brick, which he has carried on since. He employs thirty men, one large engine, and averages 2,ooo,oo'o brick per annum. He makes all kinds of red and white brick, and the manufactory covers about five acres of ground. He has a large trade in Michigan, and a good one in Wisconsin. General Notes. — The sash, door and blind factory of E. W. Persons, at the end of the bridge, combined with his general store, do much to keep up West Depere as a thriv ing place. Alexander P. Schmidt is the proprietor of a brewery near the. Chicago & Northwestern depot. In 187 1, the St. Joseph Catholic Church was erected by Father Wermare. It is quite a tasty church, on Grant street, Rev. Leonard Gouche, pastor. Attached to it is the priest's house. The congregation is flourishing. The Baptist Church has for its pastor L. G. Carr, who officiates partly in Green Bay and partly in West Depere. It is growing. There is also a Norwegian Methodist Episcopal Church (A. H. Nelson, pastor) and a Lutheran Society. The West Depere Public School has seven departments. George Clithero is Principal of the High School. There are no private schools. The attendance is over 350. The schools were graded in 1872. The West Depere Union Company was formed seven years ago, Andrew Reid, Jr., foreman. An engine-house was erected at a cost of $2,500, and the company is in good shape. The Fox River Driving Park Association has a park of twenty-two acres, on the river a quarter of a mile north of West Depere. It has a half mile track, and the improve ments have cost $3,000. The association was formed two years ago, and now has the following officers : E. E. Bolles, president ; M. P. Person, secretary; H. R. Jones, treasurer ; E. E. Bolles, C. A. Willard, H. R. Jones, W. A. Bingham and J. MT Smith, directors. Thomas Jackson, blacksmith, founder and plow maker, West Depere, on Main street, near bridge. Mr. Jackson is a native of Scotland, where he learned his trade as a black smith, and from whence he came direct to Depere in 1853, and started business. He built his blacksmith shop about fifteen years since, his foundry and machine shop some five years later, which he operated about nine years and then sold out. In 1863, in connection with William Gow, he built a hub and spoke factory, which they operated two years, and then leased. It has since burned down. Mr. Jackson has been principally engaged the past season in the manufacture of plows, and operates a force of from three to four hands. He has served several terms as a member of the village .Board of Trustees. William Gow & Company, pump manufacturers, on dam, West Depere. This business was established in 1878, and now gives employment to a force of four men and two teams, turning out about 1,000 pumps annually, with a capacity for fully four times that amount. The building is 40x50 feet, two stories, and well equipped for the manufac ture of all kinds of wooden suction pumps, for. which a good outside demand is being rapidly made and shipments to jobbers are steadily increasing. The members of the firm are William Gow, Charles Machilis and Fritz Stan- field. William Gow is a native of Fifeshire, Scotland, where he learned and followed his trade as a wagon' maker until his coming to America in 1848. Three years later, in 1851, he came to Depere and was engaged in wagon making until he commenced the manufacture of pumps three years since. He has been a member of the village Board of Trustees two or three terms, and was for three years Assessor of Depere. E. W. Persons, sash, doors, blinds, mouldings and dressed lumber, east side Fox River. This business was established in 1869 by Andiew Reid who conducted opera tions until he was burned out in July, 1874. Rebuilding was immediately commenced, but before the structures were completed the whole property was sold to E. W. Persons, Mr. Reid agreeing to finish the buildings which he com pleted in October of that year, when operations were begun by the present proprietor. The real property appertaining to the manufactory consists of tract of nine lots fronting on Fox River, just above the dam, comprising a little more than one acre of ground, and provided with about 200 feet of available dock. Upon this property are the following 146 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. structures: A two-story brick manufactory, 60x120 feet, iron roof, studding stayed, steam-heated, supplied with 150 feet of attached hose, and as nearly fire-proof as is possible ; a brick boiler, engine and shavings house, 26x40, iron roof and rafters ; two brick dry kilns, iron roofs, each 22x25 feet, with an aggregate capacity of 35,000 feet of lumber; a two- story brick warehouse, 30x72 feet, with iron roof, the upper story devoted to the storage of glazed sash, the lower con taining the office (14x30 feet) and the store-room for doors and blinds. These, with a small structure in the rear of the warehouse for storing mouldings, constitute the buildings of the manufactory, which are all fitted up with special refer ence to safety from fire, and economy in the distribution of labor. The engine is rated at seventy-five horse-power. The machinery was all new and of the latest and most approved patterns when operations were resumed, and the working force is about forty hands. Shipments are made as far southwest as Kansas. Orders are received from as far southeast as Pittsburgh, and one Chicago contract for twelve car loads was filled last year, but the bulk of sales is made north and northwest, as affording the most favorable market. E. W. Persons is a native of New York. Coming to Wis consin in 1859, he settled in Albany, Green Co., and was engaged in mercantile business there prior to his removal to Brown County in 1817. He was then engagedin lumbering at the Eureka mill, seven miles east of this city, until 1863, when he removed to Brodhead, remained one year, and then came to Depere to engage in his present business. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CONSTANT DeJONGHE, bakery, groceries, crockery, etc., etc., West Depere, is a native of Belgium, came to this country in 1856 at the age of twenty-two, and settled in Green Bay. In 1867 he opened a busi ness for himself, which he conducted until 1874, when he came to De pere and opened his present grocery trade, which he enlarged in 1878 by adding the baking business. H. A. HAMMOND, agent of the C. & N. W. R. R., West Depere, was born in New York State where he lived \ ill he was nine years of age. In 1848 his people came from Elgin, 111., to Oshkosh, where he was edu cated. In 1869 he engaged with the C. & N. W. R. R. as baggageman, from which he was appointed to the charge of a station. He finally came here in 1874, where he has remained since. Mr. Hammond has been in the municipal office for the last five years, having held the posi tion of city alderman and clerk of the board during that time. Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton have a family of four children, one son being book-keeper of the wooden-ware manufactory here, and one is engaged on the C. & N. W. R. R. as baggageman. The youngest son is still at home. DAVID HARKNESS, West Depere, was born, reared and edu cated in the State of New York. In 1840, at the age of twenty-one, he went to Ohio, when, after a stay of six years, he went to Illinois and remained two years. From there he came to Wisconsin, and, after a •short stay in Milwaukee, he came here in 1849 and began the life of a pioneer. He had previously followed carpentering, but now he shoul dered his ax and cut, cleared and brought into cultivation the present beautiful farm upon which he lives. He has also been connected with the lumbering interests here most of the time. In 1846 he was married to Miss Mary Jane Stephenson, who was born in New York State. They have two sons and two daughters. GODFREY MILLER, millwright and farmer, West Depere, was born in 1814 in Warren Co., N. J., where he was reared and educated. He followed the business of farming till fourteen years of age, then went to Eastern Pennsylvania where he engaged in millwrighting till twenty- one. He then came by way of the lakes to Wisconsin in 1837 to build a mill — the first in Fond du Lac County, there being then but one house in Oshkosh, one in Neenah and one in Fond du Lac. In the Fall he came to Depere where he remained till 1841, when he removed to his present beautifully-located farm on the banks of Fox River, which he cleared up and developed, showing much energy in the peifoimance of the work. He now has a fine farm and a comfortable residence and all the improved machinery for the successful pursuit of his business. He is withall an intelligent man and has many a reminiscence of the early settlement of differe"nt parts of the State. He built nearly all of the first manufacturing institutions of Depere, and continued to take part in the construction of those of a later date. In 1840 he married Miss Car oline Stewart. They had three daughters. The eldest was married to J. D. Tyler, the second to G. R. Woodward, the third to Hon. C. G. Wilcox. REUBEN MUNGER, farmer and stock-raiser, West Depere is a native of New York State and came to this State and county 1866, and has followed the business of farming since. In May, 1881 he was elected a member of the Board of Trustees of the village of West Depere, which position he still occupies. In 1855, Jan. I, he was married to Miss Mary Hammond. She was born in Lewis Co., N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Munger have four children, one son the oldest, and three daugh ters at home' and one daughter married, Mrs. Alexander Turiffe, of Menasha. F. J. NEWBAUER & CO., meat market and stock dealers, West Depere. The business was established in 1876 and gives employment to five men. They carry in stock about sixty head of cattle, twenty-five head of hogs and seventy head of sheep. In the Winter the firm do a large packing business. Mr. Newbauer is a native of Austria, and came to this country in 1870; after having stopped in New York a short time he came to Green Bay, where he engaged at his trade until he started the present business. Mr. Franz, the Co., is a native of Austria and en gaged with Mr. Newbauer, forming the present firm, about two years since. JULIUS NOTH, saloon, West Depere, is a native of Germany, and came to this country in 1855, at the age of thirteen years ; lived in She boygan until 1873, when he came here and opened his present business which he has carried on successfully since. He followed the trade of carpentering and traveled through the Western States for several years working at his trade the principal part of the time. He was married to Miss Rosa Neiler, in 1874. She is a native of Milwaukee. They have four children. LOUIS SCHEURING, Notary Public, West Depere; was born and reared in Stralsund, Prussia, and was educated in Berlin. He took up the profession of ornamentive and decorative painting, in which pro fession he held important positions in his native country. In 1849, he felt induced, in consequence of the revolution there, to come to this country, and in course of a rather adventurous journey he arrived in Green Bay, when, after a short stay, he came to Depere and took up the profession of farming which he has very successfully carried on, en dearing himself to the people who followed him by his many unbounded acts of charity and fellow-feeling. He has lived to see his adopted land beautifully developed and his family grown up and situated comfortably in their several businesses, the pride of his old age. In 1836, he was married to Miss Matilda Schmolcke, of Berlin. They have two sons and one daughter, all married. MAX SCHEURING, livery stable, West Depere. The stable has a capacity of fifteen horses, twenty-four carriages, a hack and barouche. Mr. Scheuring is prepared to furnish all styles of good carriages and buggies, and has No. 1 horses. Established 1871. He is a native of Germany, born in Berlin ; came to this country with his parents who located here in 1848. In connection with his livery business he carries on farming quite extensively and is a wide-awake business man and citizen. He was married to Miss Carrie Wright, a native of this coun try ; they have one son, Lewis, aged four years. JOHN SHURAN, West Depere, is a native of Kings Co., Ireland, and came to Racine in 1848, and engaged in the lumbering business for the first few years, after which he came here and engaged in the pur suit of farming which he has carried on until recently, when he retired from the business. In 1852, he married Miss Eliza Jane Bird, from the County Harlow, Ireland. H. WATERMOLEN, Notary Public, West Depere, is a native of Holland, who came to this country in 1855 and settled here in 1864. After having been engaged with different firms in Illinois, he engaged in the grocery business which he carried on for several years. He has been, ; nd is at present, in the official harness, for several years having been Assessor of West Depere, Member of the Board of Supervisors, County Court Commissioner, Clerk of Lawrence Township, Member of the Board of Village Trustees; in all a pretty well tried official and enjoying the confidence of the people. He has been Notary Public for the last twelve years. MRS. M. WHITESIDES, millinery, West Depere, is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, where she was reared and educated. In 1865, she came to this country. In 1866. she was married to Mr. Samuel White- sides, her maiden name being Miss Maggie Miller. Mr. Whitesides is a native of England and came to this country in 1835 ; after having fol lowed the carpentering business for a space of fifteen years, he came to Depere and engaged in milling and manufacturing, which he has carried on continuously since. During his career of carpentering he assisted in the erection of the most notable hotels at Niagara Falls and also of the very early buildings of Milwaukee. Mr. and Mrs. White- sides have three children — Alfred Edward, Cora Celia, and Amber Electra. Mrs. W. carries on a millinery and notion store. WORKMAN, WELSH & CO., druggists, corner Main and Fourth streets, West Depere. This firm is of recent establishment, having acquired their present property by purchase Jan. 1, 1881, prior to which time the business had passed through several recent changes. Their HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. 147 facilities for business are good ; their sales-room 24x100 feet is one of the finest in the village, and in it they carry a good stock of drugs, medicines, oils, paints and fancy goods. Michael Welsh is a native of St. Louis ; has been a resident of De pere fourteen years, and was a drug clerk in the town four years previ ous to purchasing an interest in the business which he now conducts. WRIGHTSTOWN. Hoel S. Wright came from Vermont in 1833, and settled on the present site of Wrightstown. He first gave it the name of Bridgeport. Wrightstown is beautifully situated on the Fox River, twelve miles south of Green Bay. The river divides it, and is spanned by a substantial bridge. In 1864 C. G. Mueller bought 160 acres of land from Mr. Field, of New York, and when the village was platted two years later, it formed one-half of its territory. F. N. Wright & Co. built the first steam saw-mill, burned in 1865. The next year May & Simms erected a steam stave factory, burned in 1867 and rebuilt. Otto Gutbier erected a brewery in 1868, which was burned in 1870 and rebuilt. Wrightstown is now quite a center for the shipment of wood. J. W. McKessel is proprietor of a stirring barrel and stave factory. The general store-keepers are : C. G. Mueller, J. R. Neil, L. C. Burnette and George Kellogg. Frank Hentscher deals in live stock, with a branch store at Escanaba. Anton Vanderheiden & Co. also keep a gen eral store and deal in ties, posts, cord-wood, etc. There are a number of other stores and several good hotels, the lead ing one being the American House, kept by Otto Gutbier, an old settler and President of the Town Board. The Turners have a good society and a fine hall. There is also an Odd Fellows lodge (No. 237) and a Good Templars' society. The churches in existence are : Dutch Catholic, Rev. Elzear De Wilt; German Lutheran, Rev. Christopher Poppe ; Methodist Episcopal, Rev. P. Miller ; Free Will Baptist, Rev. Augustus Phillips. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. C. W. DAY, manufacturer of lumber, timber, shingles, lath, tight barrel staves and bass wood staves, Greenleaf. His business consists of a mill for the manufacture of lumber and timber, in connec tion with which is a mill for almost all kinds of staves and shingles, all run by an eighty horse-power engine. The planing mill which is sepa rate and contains a twenty-five horse-power engine and does all kinds ot planing, matching, etc., etc. Mr. Day carries on farming extensively and is also a prominent mercantile man, having established the business in that line of Day & Snyder, here, in 1874. His business gives em ployment to forty men annually. The mill, which was established in i860, having undergone several changes since, has now a capacity of 25,000 feet of lumber, 40,000 shingles, 8,000 lath and 5,000 staves, a day. Mr. Day is a native of Jefferson Co., N. Y. In 1850, at the age of fourteen, he came here with his people, and has made himself promi nent with its industries since. He married Miss Julia Chase a native of Michigan. They have two sons and three daughters. OTIS DAY, farmer and lumberman, Greenleaf, was born in 1812 in Otsego Co., N. Y., removing, when very young, to Jefferson County. He remained in that State till 1850, when he removed to Brown County, going right into the woods, his first occupation being the making of shingles by hand, which he carried on for two years and then built a water saw-mill, furnishing all the lumber required by early settlers here abouts. He carried on the milling business alone for eight years, and then, in connection with his son, C. W. Day, built a steam-mill, which he remained in for three years, and then retired. In 1835, he married Almira Scribner, a native of New York, and reared a family of three children, two sons living, and one daughter, who is dead. N. G. GRANT, farmer and dairyman ; Postmaster of East Wrights town ; was born in 1834, in Jefferson Co., N. Y., where he was reared and educated. In 1856, he went to Kansas intending to settle in that State. Arriving in the midst of the well-known troubles there at that time, he took an active part, but after a sojourn of three months there he went back to New York. He remained but a short time, when he came with his mother to Wisconsin, and finally settled on his present place in 1857, the country then being rough and wild with a few narrow paths through the forest. He has held the various town offices at different times. He has also held office in the business enterprises of his town, besides the position of Postmaster, which he has held since 1866. He enlisted in the United States navy in 1864, serving on the United States steamer "Pittsburg" till the close of the war. In 1858, he was married to Miss Maria Tyler, a native of Ohio, by whom he had five children, all of whom are living. In 1876, Mrs. Grant died, and was buried in Greenleaf cemetery. In 1877, he married Miss Susan Gifford, of Water- town, N. Y. OTTO GUTBIER, proprietor American House, Wrightstown ; was born, reared and educated in Prussia. In 1859, at the age of twenty- four he came to New York, when, after a stay of one year, he came to Madison ; carried on the business of tank cooperage for four years. He then built the Fox River brewery here and carried it on for three years, when it was burned ; he then went to Kaukauna and kept hotel there two years, after which he came back here and built a new Brewery, and conducted it until last year, when he built his present hotel. He is the present Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for Wrightstown. He is a devoted follower of the dog and gun, and stands prominent in the State as a crack shot on woodcock. A. S. HART, farmer and stock-raiser, Wrightstown ; was born and reared in Summit Co., Ohio. In 1S50, he came here and settled, his brother and himself being the only ones here at that time. He cut and cleared and brought into cultivation a beautiful farm, and also carried on lumbering until recently. In 1847, he was married to Lousana Tyler, a daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Tyler. They have one son and four daughters. He enlisted in the ist Wis. V. C, and was with the com pany in the capture of the rebel President. After a service of one year he was honorably discharged. . C. F. LUEKE, farmer, miller and stock-raiser, Greenleaf P. O., town of Wrightstown ;"was Dorn in 1822, in Brandenbourg, Prussia, where he was reared and educated. In 1855, he came to America, stopping at Milwaukee about a month, thence coming to Green Bay on the propeller " Montezuma." He remained in Green Bay about eight months, when he removed to Depere, and commenced milling in the old Depere mill. He carried on the business for eight years, and afterward for six years, run ning the stone mill for Wilcox & Wager and Wager & Co., at the same time building and running Cedar Creek mill two years. He left Depere and went to Greenleaf in 1867, where he built a four-story stone grist mill, and carried on the business therein, together with managing a farm of 118 acres. In 1852, he married Miss Amelia Hellemann. They have four sons and four daughters. WILLIAM LUEKE, proprietor and owner of the Greenleaf House, Greenleaf, was born in the Province of Brandenburg, Prussia. At the age of four years he came to this country with his people who settled in Depere, 1855. He engaged in the milling business which he followed until 1874. when he built his present hotel. In 1871, he married Au gusta Werger who was born in Prussia. They have one son and two daughters. Mr. Lueke has been Clerk of his town for the last three terms. WILLIAM RICE, farmer and stock-raiser, Wrightstown Tp.; was born, reared and educated in County Tipperary, Ireland. In 1846, at the age of thirty, he came to New York and engaged in engineering up to 1854, the principal part of the time. In that year he came to Brown County, and began the pursuit of farming, which he has carried on since. In November, 1877, he was elected to the position of State Assembly man for the Third District of Brown County, and served as such in 1878 ; has been Supervisor, Treasurer and Clerk of the District, and is now serving his seventh year as Director of the Wrightstown Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company ; has also been Justice of the Peace. In 1852, he married Miss M. McCuskor, a native of Tyrone, Ireland. They have two sons and five daughters living, and five daughters buried in the parish cemetery of Morrisontown. TOWN OF PREBLE. JOHN CRYAN, Superintendent of the Poor Asylum, Brown Co., was born in Lockport, Canada, Jan. 7, 1845. At an early age his family removed to Wisconsin and located in Washington County, where he was reared and educated. In 1863 he entered the Quartermaster's Depart ment of the army, with which he remained until 1864, when he returned home and took up the business of milling and lumbering, which he fol lowed almost continuously until his appointment to the position which he now holds, March 9, 1877. He was married May 1, 1871, to Miss Mary A. Loftus, a native of Ireland. DUSTER BROS., Cedar Creek mills. The mill has three run of stone, one set of rollers, and a capacity of 200 bushels a day. It was first built about twenty years ago, but has since undergone such changes that it can hardly be said to be the same, the machinery being all com paratively new. The brothers have an extensive experience in the busi ness having run the Union Mills, Preble Township, for sixteen years. Their patronage consists principally of custom work, but are plentifully prepared for the general trade. They are native Americans and were born in Racine. Their parents came to this country from Germany about 1845. THOMAS JEFFERY, farmer, Brown County, is a native of Lincoln shire, England, where he was reared and educated. In 1836, at the age of twenty-three, he came to this country, where after a stay in New HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Jersey for a year he came to Green Bay, where he began farming, which he has carried on since. In 1845 he was married to Miss Elisa Day, who was born in London, England, and who came to this country with her parents in 1837 ; her father, Mr. Lewis Day, lives with them. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffries have two sons and seven daughters. JOHN H. HOGAN, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, Preble Township, Brawn Co.; was born in New York City; came to Washing ton County with his people, who finally settled in Preble Township, where he was reared and educated. At the age of sixteen he managed to get accepted as a fully proficient soldier, and enlisted in Co. G., 41st Wis. V. I. He remained in the service about five months when he was honorably discharged. He has been elected to the position of Super visor for the last three terms. Mr. Hogan's parents, Patrick and Isa bella Hogan, came to the S^ate about two years before its organization, and have followed the pursuit of farming since, during which time he has also kept the inn, of which he is at present proprietor. Mrs. Hogan was formerly Miss Isabella McGillan. They are both natives of Ireland. EDWARD ROTHE, farmer, Preble Township, is a native of Ger many, and came to this country in 1847 and settled in Green Bay at the age of eighteen years. He followed carpentering and wagon making for a few years, after which he began farming which he has carried on almost continuously, and with it also carried on the wagon making busi ness. He married Miss Gertrude Miller, a native of Germany, and who came here in 1846 with her people, her father being Jacob Miller. They have six sons and three daughters living — Willie W., Charlie, Ernest, Frank, Eddie, August, Elina, Carrie and Amanda. Amelia, the oldest, is buried in Ft. Howard cemetery. EMIL ROTHE, is a native of Germany, and came to this country in 1849, at the age of sixteen years, and settled in Green Bay with his parents; has followed the pursuit of farming since. In 1878 he built his present saloon, and opened it in 1879. He married Miss Barbara Fieldhausen, in 1854. She is a native of Germany, and came here with her people, who settled in Green Bay in 1853. They have four sons and three daughters ; they are : Bennie, Charlie, Joseph, Peter, Elizabeth, Mary and Louisa, and six of their children are buried in the cemetery in Preble Township. TOWN OF HOWARD. DAVID CORMIER, superintendent of Duck Creek stone-quarry, Velp P. O., Brown County, was born, reared and educated in Trois Rivers, Canada. At the age of eighteen, and in 1835, he commenced as journeyman blacksmith and traveled over the Canadas and New York State. In 1839 he came to Green Bay and carried on his business for ten years, part of which time he spent in the employ of the U. S. Gov. Indian Dept. In 1850 he came to the present place and commenced a regular pioneer life in farming, which he has successfully carried on since. In 1863 he opened the present quarry and has since been con nected with it, firstly as owner, and lastly as general superintendent of it. It gives employment to forty five men annually, and yields from 8,000 to 10,000 yards of stone per annum. WILLIAM FINNEGAN, brick manufacturer, Duck Creek. Com menced operations here in 1873, at which time he leased the yards from A. G. E. Holmes, of Green Bay, who opened them in 1870. Mr. Finne- gan purchased the property, consisting of sixteen and one-half acres of ground, in 1879, and nas since then greatly increased his facilities for manufacture and shipment, His native clay is of a very superior quality and from it he manufactures both red and cream colored brick. He has had in operation during the past season two of Keels & Son's machines, with which he has turned out 3 000,000 brick. His operations were commenced early in the season, the first kiln of 130,000 being fired May 26th. A tramway, constructed from his bank to his brick machine, along which cars are drawn by a wire cable operated by a steam wind lass, obviates the necessity of employing horses in his yard and lightens labor materially. His shipments are made direct from the yard to vessels on Duck Creek, or by rail over the Wisconsin Central, with which road he has connections through a private switch owned and constructed by himself. He has also shipping facilities over the Chicago & North western at their Duck Creek quarry switch. His operations last year employed a force of thirty-five men, and the daily product was about . 40,000. Mr. Finnegan is a native of Philadelphia, learned his trade there as a brick maker ; worked in that city until 1871, when he came west and was engaged in brick making in Nebraska for two years, then came to Green Bay as previously stated, in 1873. JOHN RENNINGS, farmer and stock-raiser, Howard ; is a native of Norway, where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty- one, he began the life of a sailor, and after several voyages, during which he went to Egypt, China and America, he finally came to Green Bay, where he took up the business of blacksmithing, which he followed a few years, after which he came on the farm and has conducted it since. He married Mrs. Isabel Gray, who was formerly Miss Pringle. The family consists of Alice Gray, Dora, Frank and Jessie Rennings. MICHAEL SALSCHEIDER, farmer, Velp P. O.; was born and reared in Brown County, his parents having come here from Germany in 1846; they were Bartholomae and Barbara, who came here when this country was entirely new. His father had a terrible encounter with a she bear which he finally conquered after receiving scars which he carried with him to his grave. He died in 1873, and is buried in Duck Creek cemetery. Mr. Salscheider married Miss Louisa Pamperin, who was born in this county. They have two sons, Willie Bartholomae and George Joseph. Mr. Salscheider lives on the homestead which the father so ably developed into a farm. TOWN OF LAWRENCE. JASON BRIGGS, farmer and stock raiser, Lawrence Township, was reared and educated in New York State. In 1851, he came west and began a regular pioneer course of life ; he cut and cleared his presentlarm. He has been on the Board of Supervisors for several terms has also been in the Assessor's office several terms. In 1845, he was married to Miss Jeanette Phillips a native of the State of New York. They have three daughters all married. HARRY P. CAD Y, farmer and stock raiser, Lawrence Township, was born, reared and educated in Vermont. In 1848, at the age of thirty-three, he camera Depere and located on his present land, which was then all woods. He has succeeded admirably in his pioneer work. He was married to Miss Loretta L. Johnson of New York. They have buried their son and two daughters in the cemetery here ; another son is buried in Milliken's Bend, La. He was wounded at Vicksburg and died in the hospital at Milliken's Bend. Their son-in- law and daughter-in-law are Jacob A. and Lydia P., children of Mr. Alex Lindsay, of Sheboygan County, who came there from New York State, 1852. S. S. CLARK, farmer and lumberman, P. O. Little Rapids. Was born in Lawrence Co., N. Y., where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty-one he came to Clark's Mills (Manitowoc County), called so after Mr. C. and brothers, and started in saw and grist milling, and keeping a general store ; at the same time holding office as a Justice of the Peace, Town Clerk, etc. Here he remained about twenty years. From Clark's Mills he came to his present location on the banks of Fox River, where he owns a saw-mill and a tract of 400 acres, more than half of which is cleared. Of late he has turned his whole attention to farm ing. He has also held office in this town, though against his wishes. Mr. Clark is entitled to honorable mention as one of the pioneer settlers of the State, and as one identified with its growth and progress. In 1855 he married Miss Mary A. Brown, by whom he had two sons, one of whom is living. In 1862 he was married to Miss Mary M. Ericksen. They have four children — one daughter and three sons. JOHN COLLINS, farmer, Lawrence Township. Was born in County Waterford, Ireland. In 1853 he came to New York, where he stopped about two years, after which he came west to his present place and began lumbering, which he carried on for several years, during which time he employed himself in clearing the fine farm he now has. In 1862 he married Miss Margaret Desmond. They have five sons and five daughters. CHARLES R. CLOUGH, farmer and stock raiser, Lawrence Town ship. Was born in Stanstead Co., Quebec, in 1830, but was reared and educated in Massachusetts. In 1855 he came to this place as a pioneer. He is a man fully alive to the improvements and progress of the times. ROBERT CRABB, farmer and stock raiser. Treasurer of Law rence Township. Is a native of Canada, and came to this country at an early day with his parents, who settled here. He has devoted himself to the farming industry, which he has very successfully carried on. In 1871 he was married to Mrs. Adelia J. Burdick, who was formerly Miss Philips, a native of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Crabb have one little child, Janie Estella, and one daughter, Frankie Burdick. TIMOTHY DESMOND, farmer, Lawrence Township. Was born in County Cork, Ireland, in 1806, and came to this country about foity years ago. After spending about fifteen years in Maine, he came west, and cleared and brought into cultivation his present farm. He married Miss Margaret Murphy in Ireland. They have two sons and one daugh ter, all married, and one son, Timothy, buried in Depere cemetery. TRUMAN H. JOHNSON, farmer and stock raiser, Lawrence Township. Was born and reared in Essex Co., N. Y. Came here in 1866, and took up the profession of farming, which he has successfully carried on since. He was married to Miss Ann M. Fair, of New York. They have two daughters — Mrs. Egbert Woodward, and Mrs. B. Car penter. JOHN L. MORRISON, farmer and stock raiser, Lawrence Town ship. Was born, reared and educated in New Brunswick, Canada. In 1852 he came to Depere, and engaged in milling and lumbering for seven years, during which time he bought the present homestead, which by dint of hard labor he has developed so nicely. He was married to Miss Sophia McCoy of his native province. They have two sons and two daughters living, and one son buried in the cemetery, Lawrence Town ship. DeLOS PHILLIPS, farmer and stock raiser, Lawrence Township. Is a native of New York. In 1853 he came to this township. Having HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. M9 followed the business of blacksmithing for twelve years previous to his arrival here, he found himself a pretty efficient pioneer, as between his new vocation and the old, he succeeded in bringing into cultivation a beautiful farm more easily than those with only the one requisite for it. He was married to Miss Margaret Eymer, in New York. They have four sons and two daughters. WILLIAM F. REDMAN, farmer and dairy, Lawrence Township. Was born, reared and educated in Prussia. In i860, and at the age of twenty, he came to this State, and in 1875 commenced his present busi ness. In 1875 he was married to Miss Ellen Whitaker.a native of Wis consin. They have two daughters — Hattie and Ida. THOMAS TURRIFF, farmer, Town of Lawrence, P.O. West Depere; was born in 1814, in the province of Quebec, Canada. At the age eleven he came to Green Bay with his parents, therce to Ihe town of Lawrerce, where they purchased a farm and improved and developed it. Here Mr. T. received his education, remaining with his parents until seventeen, when, at the outbreak of the rebellion he enlisted in ihe 14th Wis. V. I., serving till the close of the war in October, 1865, when he was honora bly discharged. He took part in the battles of Pittsburg Landing, Cor- rinth, Red River Expedition, sieges of Vicksburg and Mobile, battles of Nashville and Tupulo, and other minor engagements; and as a result of which he still carries a rebel bullet in his leg. Peace restored, he returned to his chosen business, s-howirg as much energy in its pur suit asbravery in the delense of the country. He engaged in logging and farming, at which he has been quite successful. He is a live and progressive farmer, having all the improved machinery for the successful discharge of his calling. He has been a member of the County Board for two terms. In 1866 he was married to Miss Mary A. McMillen. They have six children — five sons and one daughter. TOWN OF ASHWAUBUNON. JAMES CORMIER, proprietor of Cormier's Driving Park, Ash- waubunon Township, Brown County, was born, reared and educated in Trois Riveres, Canada. After serving for seven years at the business of shoemaking, he came here, at the age of eighteen, and carried the busi ness on for fifteen years. He then followed sailing and trading on the lakes for two seasons, afler which he commenced farming, which he now carries on extensively. In 1874, he built the present nice driving park which has added so much to the development of that business here. He married Margaret Poquet who was born here. They have two sons and one daughter living, and two sons buried in Green Bay Cemetery. TOWN OF ROCKLAND. MICHAEL DILLON, farmer and stock raiser, Rockland Town ship, Brown Co. Was born in County Carlow, Ireland. At the age of thirty-six, in 1846, he came to New York, where he stayed for four years, after which he came to Brown County, and in 1855, located on ihe pres ent place which was then entirely new. He has now a fine farm. He was married to Miss Julia Ryan in County Carlow in 1840. They have five sons and three daughters living, and one daughter buried in Depere cemetery. Mr. Dillon has been a Supervisor of his township for ten years. J. J. HANNAN, proprietor of Wheatland stock farm, breeder of Short-horn and high grade cattle, and Percheron-Norman horses, four miles south of Depere, Rockland Township, Brown Co. Mr. H. was born, reared and educated in Peterboro Co., Canada. In 1851, he came with his people who located here. In 1853, he went to Missouri, but after a stay of seven years he returned in i860, and began the present business. He was married to Miss Jane B. Martin in Missouri, in 1856. They have six sons and one daughter. STEPHEN JOYCE, farmer and stock raiser, Rockland Township, Brown Co. Is a native of the County Galway, Ireland, where he was reared and educated. In 1847, at the age of thirty-two, he came to Montreal, Canada; after a short stay he went to Boston, Mass., stopped about four years. He then came here and commenced farming, which he carried on so successfully, that where once stood the tall forest now stands his dwellings surrounded by beautiful garden, orchard and build ings. In April, 185 1, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Duffey, a native of County Monahan, Ireland. They have five sons and three daughters living, and three children buried in Aloiiez Cemetery, Brown Co. THOMAS JOYCE, Sr., Clerk of Rockland Township, Brown Co., farmer and stock raiser, is a native of County Galway, Ireland. In 1847, he came to Canada, but after a short stay went to Boston, Mass., when after a stay of eight years he came to Brown Co., Wis., and located on the present place which was then a wilderness ; he brought into cultivation the present beautiful farm. He has held the offices of Supervisor, Township Clerk, Assessor and Justice of the Peace. He was married to Miss Hanora Morgan, 1841. She was born in Ireland, 1821. They have four sons and three daughters living, one son died in the army and one daughter is buried in Massachusetts. JOSEPH NORTON, farmer and stock raiser, Rockland Township, Brown Co., is a native of County Wicklow, Ireland, and came to New York in 1850. After a stay of five years he came to Depere and en- 10* gaged in lumbering and milling for five years, after which he began farming, which he has very successfully followed since. In July, 1859, he married Miss Bridget Forestal, a native of County Kilkenny, Ireland. They have two sons and four daughters. AUGUST TETZLAFF, farmer and stock raiser, Rockland Town ship, Brown Co., was born and reared in Prussia. In 1855, he came here and settled in this township where he has successfully carried on his present business. In 1853, he was married to Miss Caroline Schroe- ' der in Prussia. They have six sons and five daughters living and one daughter buried on the homestead. TOWN OF SCOTT. JOHN CAMPBELL, Sr., was born in 1819 in Mackinaw, Mich., where he was reared and educated. In 1837, he came here with his father, who began a pioneer life by developing the agricultural resources of this part of the country. He followed it until his appointment by the United States Government as blacksmith in the Indian Department ; he subsequently moved back and died here. Mr. Campbell, our sub ject, took up the business his father began, and with the exception of a few years engaged in sailing and trading, he has followed it continu ously since. He was married to Miss Mary Smith, 1842. She was born in St. Peters, Minn., 1825. They have ten children living and one dead. They are — Robert, Joseph, Hannah, Eugene, Elvira, Fannie, Martha, James, Carrie, Blisch and Lewis. Hannah and his parents are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, Scott Township. H. K. COWLES, lumberman, Scott Township, is a native of Liv ingston Co., N. Y., where he was reared and educated. In 1843, at the age of twenty-nine, he came west to Grand Traverse, Mich., where for twelve years he engaged in trading with the Indians ; after which time he has been engaged in the lumbering, mercantile and farming business. Mr. Cowles has represented his township in its councils *for ten years, being Chairman of the Board of Supervisors most of the time. DENIS F. DALY, proprietor of New Franken flouring-mills, Scott Tp., Brown County. The mills were established here by Smith & Ebeling about 1866, who carried them on till June, 1875, when Mr. Daly took charge of the interests of Mr. Smith till November, 1876, when the mill was burned. In the same year, Mr. Daly in company with Mr. Smith, rebuilt the present new mill upon the foundation of the old one, and has continued it since. It has fourrun of stone, one set of rollers, and a capacity of 2,000,000 bushels per annum ; he has a custom trade of about 40,000 bushels per annum ; Mr. Daly was born reared and educated to his present business in Northumberland Co., Canada. He came west at the age of twenty, and followed lumbering until 1875, when he took charge of the mill. He was married to Miss Hannah Hennesy of Wellington Co., Canada. They have one son and two daughters. DAVID GIBSON, farmer and stock raiser, was born in Washing ton Co., N. Y., and came here to Brown County, 185 1, at an early age, where he was reared and educated. His parents, John and Elizabeth Gibson, were natives of Berwickshire, Scotland, where they .were mar ried in April, 1 83 1. They came to this country the same year, to Can ada, where after a stay of about a year they removed to York State, where they lived about eighteen years, and where the mother is buried. She was formerly Miss Elizabeth Miller. Mr. David Gibson buried his father on the homestead, October, 1878, in Pleasant Hill Cemetery, his three brothers are buried with the father. ROBERT GIBSON, farmer, Scott Township, is a native of Ber wickshire, Scotland, where he was reared and educated. In 1837, at the age of twenty, he came to this country and after a year or so he started a regular pioneer course of life which finally developed into the beautiful farms which he now owns. In 1840, he was married to Miss Ellen Mahone who was born in Northumberland Co., England, and who came here with her people in 1836. They have seven sons and three daughters — David Alexander, John, Annie Elizabeth, Robert Edwin, Anderson Porter, James Hook, William Henry, Ellen Isabel!, Thomas Jefferson, Esther Agnes and Alisia Grant. PETER MORRISON, was born in Ulster Co., N. Y. He came here in 1853, and has followed the pursuit of farming since, working at his trade in the meanwhile. He has been in the official harness for the last sixteen years, having held the position of Township Clerk and Jus tice of the Peace uninterruptedly during that time. He was married to Miss Mary Appazillia a native of Belgium, 1861. They have four sons and six daughte s — Robert, Charles, Mary, Olive, Bella, Janie, Ida, Edith, Peter and George. Frankie and Janie are buried in the Bay Settlement cemetery. DENIS J. PARENT, was born at Windsor, Canada, 1809, where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty-two he came to Green Bay and engaged in the mercantile business of the firm of De- Quintin & Ebarts, after which he carried on carpentering and wagon making successfully for several years ; but finally resigned it for the more pleasurable pursuit of farming. He has been Supervisor, Asses sor and other positions which has marked him as a representative man in his vicinity. In 1836, he was married to Miss Margaret Jordan a native of Wisconsin, her people being Canadians. They have one son i5° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and seven daughters — Madorius, Susan, Frances, Matilda, Mary, Agnes, Margaret and Ellen. Julian Parent, father of Denis J„ was born in 1757, married in 1781 at the age of twenty-four ; died in 1824 at the age of sixty-seven. WILLIAM ROWBOTHAM, farmer, is a native of Lincolnshire, England, where he was reared and educated. In November, 1844, he came to New York, remained there till the Summer of 1845, when he came to Milwaukee and did business in that city till September, 1855, when he came to Green Bay. Mr. Rowbotham carried on his trade of merchant tailoring the most of the time up to 1866, when he was engaged as over seer of the County Poor Asylum, with which he was engaged until 1875, after which he took up farming which he has followed since. Mr. Row botham was married in England to Miss Mary Aisthorpe in 1840, who was born in his native shire in 1816. They have two daughters living. Amos is buried in Milwaukee, and Lucy Jane and Mary Sophia buried in Woodlawn cemetery, Green Bay. CASPAR SCHAUER, New Franken, Brown County, is a native of Bavaria, Germany, and came to this country, 1846, at the age of eleven years ; his parents and four brothers came with him. His parents and two brothers are buried in St. Killian's Cemetery here. For the first twenty-one years he engaged in the lumbering business, after which he began farming which he has followed successfully since. He mar ried, in 1867, Ellena Sellentein who was born in Lunenburg, Germany. They have five sons — John, Nicholas, Lawrence, Henry and Lewis. MELCHIOR SCHAUER, New Franken, Brown County, is a na tive of Bavaria, Germany, and came to this country, 1845, at the age of seventeen, with his parents and one brother. His parents are buried in St. Killian's Cemetery, here. When Mr. Schauer came to this place it was entirely new, but after many years of hard work, he can see the re sults of his labor crowned with a successful farming country around it, and a nice little industrious village located on the ground where once he used the ax and plow. In 1850, Mr. Schauer married Miss Clara Lars- cheit a native of Rhine Province, Prussia, who came with her parents and settled here, 1842, at the age of twelve. They have five sons and five daughters. Two daughters are buried with his parents. Mr. Schauer has, in connection with his farming industry, kept a store of general merchandise for the last nine years ; has been Postmaster here ten years. NICHOLAS SCHILLING, farmer, Scott Township, is a native of Germany, and came to this country, 1851. He stopped in Indiana two years after his arrival. In Chicago, 111., one year, and then he came to Brown County, where he carried on the mason business for several years, during which time he bought his present farm where he has car ried on farming and mason contracting extensively since; has been en gaged upon the farm for the last four years. He was married to Miss Rotha in Germany, by whom he had one daughter. She is buried in Green Bay. He married for the second time Miss Nitsgar, i860, by whom he has three children living. JOHN VANLAANEN, Scott Township, is a native of Holland. At the age of fifteen he came here with his parents, 1851. For the first ten years of his life here he followed farming through different parts of the State, where he acquired a knowledge of the people and language, which has helped him so well in his after life. In 1861, he married Miss Domitil Layianas, who was born here. He has 184 acres of nice land. Mr. and Mrs. Vanlaanen have six sons and two daughters. His father lives with him ; his mother is buried in Wequiock Cemetery. TOWN OF MORRISON. NICHOLAS ALTMAYER, farmer and dairyman, town of Morrison; -was born in 1835, in Prussia. At the age of eight years he came to America with his parents, and settled in Washington County, where he was educated. At the age of twenty-six he came to Brown County and located on his present place, following farming and gaining the good will of his neighbors, which they manifested by electing him to various town offices, and also as their representative on the County Board. Besides, he has also been connected with every enterprise tending to the growth and prosperity of his town, notably the cheese- making industry and the Farmers' Mutual Insurance Company, the latter being a local institution, and on good footing. In March 1865, he enlisted in Co. F, 50th, Wis. V. I., and served till the close of the war. In i860, he married Miss Susannah Gross. They have eight chil dren, five sons and three daughters. JOHN C. BRILL, general merchant, and Postmaster of Morrison post-office ; was born in 1840, in Hesse Cassel, Prussia, where he was reared and educated. At the age of sixteen he emigrated to America with his parents, settling in Washington County, where he remained abont thirteen years, following carpentering and store-keeping. He thei came to his present location, and established himself in business in 1868. He was appointed Postmaster under Lincoln, and has ever since held that position. He is a stockholder in the Excelsior cheese factory, and general manager and treasurer of the same. On Jan. I, 1867, he married Miss Christina Schmitt. They have a family of five children, four sons and one daughter. MAURICE B. BRENNAN. farmer and dairyman, Morrison Tp. and P. O.; was born in 1842, in Kerry Co., Ireland. At the age of seven he came to America with his parents, and settled in the town of Glen- more, where he received his education. He followed farming with his father for twenty-four years, during which time he held several town offices. In 1874, he moved upon his present fine farm of 160 acres. He possesses all the improved machinery used in his business. He has held several local offices, and was elected to the State Legislature. He was identified with the first movement for the manufacture of cheese in the town, which industry has grown to be of importance to the farming country. In 1865, he married Miss Catherine Sullivan, and has five children, three sons and two daughters. JAMES CLARK, farmer and dairyman, town of Morrison; was born in 1827, in Prescott, Canada, and was there brought up and edu cated. At the age of twenty he came to this country, having his head quarters at Chicago and following the calling of a sailor for two years. In 1849, ne came to Northern Wisconsin, and finally settled in this town in 1850, developing a faim of 160 acres on which he remained about seven years, and then removed to his present farm of 280 acres, which he has beautified with a fine brick residence and substantial outbuildings. He has held at different times town and county offices. In the year 1858, he married Miss Mary Ann Cleary. They have nine children, six sons and three daughters. JOHN CLARK, farmer and dairyman, Morrison Tp.; was born in 1825 at Prescott, Canada, where he was reared and educated. At the age of twenty-three he came to this country, first following the vocation of a sailor, with Chicago as headquarters, then coming to Northern Wis consin in 1849. Finally, in 1852, he settled on his present place of 160 acres. He has held office at different times in his town. In 1852, he married Miss Eleanor Hartnett. They have seven children, three sons and four daughters, The eldest son was the first white male born in the town of Morrison. PHILIP FALCK, farmer and saloon-keeper, town of Morrison. Was born in Germany in 1818. At the age of eighteen he came to America with his father, settling at Albany, N. Y., where he remained five years, and then came through the States of New York, Ohio, Michi gan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. He settled in Washington County, remaining twelve years, and then came to his present place in 1855, thus being one of the first settlers. He took up 280 acres of land and partly cleared it. In 1856, he began the business now conducted by his sons, Philip and brother, continuing it to 1876, when he sold to his sons. He lives to see what was an almost impassable wilderness when he came, now a fine farming and dairying country. He is a genial old man, and one with whom it is a pleasure to converse, he having many a joke and reminiscence of early times. In 1846, he was married to Catharine Hangen ; and they raised a family of nine sons and one daughter, all of whom ai e living. PHILIP FALCK & BRO., general dealers, town of Morrison. In 1876, the firm bought their present store and business from Philip Falck, Sr., and ever since have done a thriving trade in general merchandise. Their trade extends into parts of Hollandtown, Maple Grove, Glenmore and East Wrightstown. They are stockholders in the cheese factory near their place, and are useful citizens, in all things tending to the growth and prosperity of the town. JOHN G. GROSS, farmer, dairyman and lumberman, Morrison Township. Was born in 1829, in Bavaria, Germany, where he was reared and received his education. At the age of twenty-one, he emi grated to America, and after remaining three years in New York, he came to Germantown, Washington Co., and then came to his present location where he owns about 320 acres of land, a part of which he in dividually cleared and developed. In 1867, he commenced lumbering, and prospered so that in 1875, he purchased the mill which he now man ages. He is also a stockholder in the first cheese factory established in the town, which industry has become of so much profit to the people. For a period of twenty-five years he has held various town and county offices. He has represented his town on the County Board for eight years. He has taken an active part in all educational matters. In 1853, he married Margaret Moshel. They have nine children, four sons and five daughters. REV. J. HOLZKNECHT, Pastor of St. John's Church, Morrison. Was born in 1855, in Green Bay, where he was reared and received his preliminary education. At the age of thirteen he began study for the pristhood at St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, remaining there for ten years, during which period he acquired knowledge of the classics, mathe matics, philosophy and theology, He was ordained in July, 1879, and in the Fall entered upon the duties of his pastorate, which includes the church named and the mission church known as St. Mary's Church, of East Wrightstown, the jurisdiction of the latter extending to Greenleaf Station. He is much beloved by his congregations. REV. CHARLES ROECK, Pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, town of Morrison. Was born in 1836, in Baden, Germany, where he was brought up and received his elementary education. At the age of twenty-two he went to Basle, Switzerland, where he spent six HISTORY OF BROWN COUNTY. iSi years in study and preparation for the ministry. At the conclusion of his studies in 1864, he went as a missionary to Malabar, India, where he performed the duties of his calling for twelve years, when owing to the continual sickness of his wife, he came to America, spending a year in New York, thence coming to Wisconsin. After sojourning a short time near Prairie du Chien, he assumed his present pastorate which embraces two congregations — one in Morrison, the other in Brillion, Calumet Co. In 1867, he married Miss Anna Hahn. They have had a family of seven children, five of whom — one son and four daughters — are living, the others being buried in East India. TOWN OF PITTSFIELD. A. T. BUCKMAN, Clerk of Pittsfield Township, farmer and stock raiser, Brown County, was born, reared and educated in St. Lawrence Co., N, Y. At the age of twenty-two he came to his present place with his wife and one child, and he began to cut, clear and bring into cultiva tion his present beautiful farm which was then a dense forest. In early times the first township election was held in his house where he was installed as Clerk which with the Chairmanship of the Board and Treas urer he has been kept in the official harness for the last twenty-five years. In 1854, he was married to Miss Olive Wilson a native of his county and State, where they were married. They have two sons and one daughter. THOMAS DeLANEY, Pittsfield Township, Brown County, is a native of Queens Co., Ireland. At the age of nineteen, and in 1849, he came to this country and stopped in New Hampshire and Canada, until 1854, when he came to Green Bay and engaged in lumbering. In 1865, he removed to his present farm. In 1858, he was married to Cath arine Early a native of County Mayo, Ireland, and who came to this country in 1859. They have one son and two daughters. JAMES H. POTTER, farmer and stock raiser, Pittsfield Township, Brown County, was born, reared and educated in New York State. In 1852, at the age of twenty-five, he came west and began a regular pio neer life. He put under cultivation a tract of land which was finally developed into a beautiful farm. He also followed lumbering for fifteen years, but closed his interests in that industry some four years since. In 1850, he was married to Miss Caroline B. Knapp, in Washingto Co., N. Y. They have four sons and one daughter all grown up to man's and woman's estate. He has been Chairman of the Board, Township Treas urer and Justice of the Peace for several years. F. W. STRECKENBACH, farmer and stock raiser, Pittsfield Town ship, Brown County, was born in Germany. In/1845, an(l at the age of twenty-five, he came to New York State where he stayed seven years. In 1851, he came to Green Bay and on Jan, 2, 1852, he came here and cleared and brought into cultivation the present fine farm. In i860, he was married to Miss Mary Munro, who was born in Canada. They have one son, Willie. LUTHER WILSON, farmer and stock raiser, Chairman of the Board, Pittsfield Township, Brown County, was born, reared and edu cated in Worcester Co., Mass. At the age of twenty-five he came west and after traveling through Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin, he came here and entered a piece of land May 3, 185 1. In 1853, ne returned with his wife and commenced pioneer life, undergoing in the meantime all the privations incident to the life of an early settler. In 1853, March 5, he was married to Miss Wealthy A. Reynolds, of Erie Co., Penn., who was born in New York and is buried in Mill Center Cemetery, Pittsfield. He was married a second time to Miss Caroline James a native of New York. He has been Chairman of the Board for several years. TOWN OF HOLLAND. PATRICK BOYLAN, farmer and stock raiser, Holland Township, is a native of the County Tipperary, Ireland, where he was reared and educated. In 1847, at the age of eighteen, he came to this country and stopped for two years in Oneida, N. Y., after which he came here and settled on the present place which was then complete woods. He cut and cleared a tract of land which he developed into the desirable farm upon which he now lives. He has held various town offices. In 1858, he was married to Miss Sarah Meara a native of County Tipperary. They have five sons and one daughter living, one son is buried in the parish cemetery, Morristown. PATRICK HOBBINS, farmer and stock raiser, Holland Town ship, was born and reared in the County Tipperary, Ireland. In 1847, at the age of fourteen, he came to New York, where after a stay of three years he came here. In 1851, he returned to New York, but came here in 1854, and in 1856, came to this place and began farming which he has carried on since. In 1873. the people of the Third Assembly District of Brown County, made him their choice, and he was elected State Assemblyman for two lerms, 1874 and 1875. In 1854, he married Miss Bridget Brown, a native of County Mayo, Ireland. They have two sons and three daughters living, and three sons buried in the parish cemetery of Morristown. TOWN OF SUAMICO. DAVID DAVIDSON, farmer, Suamico Township, Brown County, is a native of Scotland, and came to Canada in 1828 with his people who settled there. After having traveled in Vermont, Michigan and Illinois, he came here in 1853, and began a regular pioneer life. He cut, cleared and brought into cultivation a tract of land which has finally developed into a beautiful farm. In the meantime, took ad vantage of the lumbering developments and erected a mill which he carried on for several years. In 1858, he married Melinda Wilson a native of New York. They have six sons and two daughters living, and one son buried in Fox Hill Cemetery, Brown County. M. E. TREMBLE, dealer and manufacturer in lumber, lath, shingles and pickets, Big Suamico, Brown County. Mr. Tremble established the business here in 1864. It gives employment to about seventy men. In connection with his manufacturing business he carries on an exten sive store in general merchandise etc., etc. He also carries on farming on a large scale, owning a farm"of 350 acres, 250 of which are under direct cultivation and stocked with about sixty head of horned stock and fifty head of Cotswold sheep. TOWN OF GLENMORE. B B. BRENNAN, retired farmer, Glenmore Township, was born in 1806, in Kerry Co., Ireland. At the age of forty-five he emigrated to America, first stopping in Massachusetts a short time, thence coming to Glenmore, where he has resided for over thirty years, following the bus iness of farming. He cleared up the farm on which he now resides. In 1831, he married Miss Julia Dunn, and raised a family of five children, one son and two daughters now living, the others being dead. l52 HISTORY OF N )RTHERN WISCONSIN. BUFFALO COUNTY, LOCATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES. This is one of the western counties of the State. The northern boundary of the county is the line between Towns 24 and 25 ; its eastern boundary is the line be tween Ranges 9 and 10 west, till that line intersects the Trempealeau River at the second correction line, thence along the main channel of that river till it enters the Mississippi River in Range 10, Township 18. Its western and southern boundaries are the Chippewa and Mississippi rivers. The former flows nearly south erly from the northwest corner of Range 13, Town 24, bearing slightly to the west, till it enters the Mississippi in Range 14, Town 22. From this point the Missis sippi flows almost due southeast to the point at which it receives the Trempealeau. The county in general is trapezium-shaped, the obliquity of the southern part being caused by the southeasterly direction of the Mis sissippi River. It presents a diversity and picturesqueness of scenery not excelled by any county in Wisconsin. Here can be found beautiful valleys of unsurpassed fer tility, environed by bold bluffs, which rise in many places to an altitude of hundreds of feet, and which in Sum mer, when covered with foliage, present to the eye of the observer a beauty of scenery rarely equaled in this Western country. Through nearly all the valleys flow streams of pure, spring water, whose liquid depths are inhabited by that gamiest of fish — the speckled trout. But the valleys do not constitute the only tillable land ; the bluffs in many places, at their summits, spread out into broad table-lands, with a gently undulating sur face, and upon which there are many fine farms. The county comprises an area of about 3ti3,278 acres, which is divided into sixteen civil townships, two villages and one city. The General Government and railroad companies own about 200,000 acres, much of which owing to its bluffy character, can not be cultivated, but is well adapted to grazing. The remainder is owned by actual settlers, about 100,000 acres of which is now in an active state of cultivation. With the exception of the two small prairies, the county is a succession of hills and valleys, the former varying in height from mere mounds to bluffs 700 feet high. The natural advantages of the country are great, being surrounded by the three rivers — the Trem pealeau, Chippewa and Mississippi, the two latter be ing navigable, and in consequence extensive highways for rafting logs and lumber. Diagonally from the northeast corner to the Missis sippi River in Range 13, Town 22, flows, with many a crook and turn, Buffalo or Beef River. The bottoms adjoining are mostly marshy, containing here and there small lakes, nearly all of which open into the river. On either side and at distances varying from zero to half a mile are bluffs, except where there is an opening for the passage of one of the numerous small creeks that find their way to the river. In the southeastern part of Range 12, Town 24, rises Little Bear Creek, which flows westerly a distance of six or seven miles and empties into Beef Slough. Into this flow a num ber of smaller streams. The extreme northern portion of Ranges 12 and 13, Town 24, are drained by streams which soon cross the line into Pepin County and find their way to the Chippewa River through Big Bear Creek. A large portion of Range 13, Town 24, is com posed of a sand prairie. Years ago non-professional land-seekers, attracted by the absence of grubs and the ease of cultivating the soil, settled on -this prairie. A few by the force of their agricultural skill, have made for themselves comfortable homes. Others spent their follies and have left their farms to the fate of Sheriffs' and tax sales. Parallel with the Chippewa River, flows slowly a stream of more than passing importance, which will be somewhat extendedly spoken of in an other connection. This is Beef Slough. Its large number of branches, expansions, diversions, with all of the resulting islands and lakes form a complete net work of the territory between itself and the river. Beef Slough proper empties into Beef River just above its mouth. The region between Beef Slough and Beef River covers an area of about 200 square miles, and, with the exception of the prairie referred to, is a suc cession of bluffs and narrow valleys. East and south of Beef River the country is for the most part rough, there being at intervals small patches of prairie. From Range 10, Town 23, through Range 11 to Beef River flows Elk Creek. In Range 10, Town 22, rises Big Waumandee Creek, flows southwesterly for a distance of twelve or fourteen miles, when it joins the Missis sippi in Range 11, Town 19. Directly north from the southern section of this stream extends a somewhat narrow valley known as the Little Waumandee Valley. Between these two valleys on the one side and Beef and Mississippi Rivers on the other, is a range of high bluffs. At their base and on the Mississippi about two miles below the mouth of Beef River, is situated the vil lage of Alma. This range of bluffs extends southward to within about six miles of the mouth of the Big Waumandee Creek, where they terminate, and from there to the bottoms adjoining the Mississippi is a sand prairie for the most part uncultivated. An arm of the prairie extends northwesterly, between the river and the bluffs for a distance of ten miles, on the western side of which is Buffalo City. The soil of the arm of the prairie is much better than the prairie itself, it con taining a few good farms and some timber. Range 10, Towns 20 and 21, is drained by streams which flow into Trempealeau River ; a part of the latter town is an extensive marsh. The other part is bluffy, except the long and narrow Eagle Valley, which opens into Big Waumandee. These bluffs extend southward with many bends and branches to make place for a few fer- HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. *53 tile valleys, almost to the angle formed by the Trem pealeau and Mississippi rivers. At their western base, •on the Mississippi, and a short distance below the mouth of the Big Waumandee, is the village of Fount ain City. The extreme southern part of the county is a marsh. The bluffs are well stocked with timber of various kinds, oaks of several species being in the preponderance. Poplar, birch, and hickory abound in large quantities. The valleys all furnish more or less wild grass ; while on many small streams are excellent water-powers. Soft woods of manjr kinds grow on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi, Chippewa, Beef and Trempealeau rivers. The banks of the smaller streams put forth rank growths of alder and willow bushes. The county is productive of all the cereals, grasses and vegetables common to the latitude ; wheat being the principal crop, with staple crops of oats, corn, bar ley and rye, which return a good yield. From the above description it will be noticed that the ¦county is peculiarly adapted and possesses all the requi sites for a fine stock-growing, grazing and dairying dis trict. The number of small streams with their adjoining marshy lands and many springs oozing from the bases of the bluffs, form excellent facilities for butter and •cheese making, while the bluffs, with their heavy tim ber are a natural shelter for cattle from the Winter winds and storms. On the same farm maj- be seen the spring for pure water, the valley for cultivation, the hills for grazing and the timber for shelter. In later years farmers are turning their attention more to stock, and their results justify their investment. The only good landing-places for Mississippi boats are Alma and Fountain City. Above and back of both of these towns rise precipitously for 700 feet the bluffs referred to above, whose beetling crags add much to the picturesqueness of the upper Mississippi River. Geologically there is but little of interest connected with Buffalo County. It has not been made a field of very extensive explorations by the State geological •corps. At about the same level in all of the bluffs are found about the same deposits, which indicate that this section has not suffered from any sudden disturbances. The county has not been the seat of any unhealthy excitement over the discovery of minerals. Years ago it was reported that lead was found at Fountain City. Occasionally a surveying party finds that their com passes are seriously disturbed in certain places, but neither of these caused any system of mining to be in augurated. A man once claimed he found a piece of mineral coal on one of the bluffs, which being put in the fire burned as readily as the coal of commerce, but every geologist knows that this section is not the place to expect a coal bed. At different places along the shores of Beef Slough and the mouth of Beef River are a few Indian mounds, but they have not pricked the ambition of curiosity-seekers, or if they have, the fruits of the search have not been preserved. In the town of Waumandee are a number of mounds, ev idences of a prehistoric race, but no satisfactory ac count has ever been given concerning them. A mound on the edge of the river between Big Waumandee Creek and the Mississippi River was opened a few years ago and was found to contain a skeleton of immense proportions. Further than this there is nothing of any public importance connected with these traces of former occupation. EARLY HISTORY. The earliest authentic history of this region testi fies that about the middle of the eighteenth centuiy the " Naudouesioux," or Sioux tribe of .Indians, occu pied this territory. Passing to about the middle of the nineteenth century, without detailing the various inter-tribal contests that occurred during the inter vening period, Avhen white settlements first advanced up the Mississippi, this was regarded as disputed ter ritory by the surrounding tribes, the Winnebagoes claim ing the land below, the Chippewas the country north, and the Sioux occupying the opposite shore. This region was, therefore, the scene of many bloody bat tles between these three tribes. But they were all peaceably disposed toward the whites. The stimulus to early adventures up the river was the fur trade, some going to the head waters of the Mississippi, while others landed at intermediate points, as opportunity would afford or interest suggest. The special induce ment offered to tarry within the present limits of Buffalo County, was the trade of surrounding tribes. Accordingly, as early as 1839, and perhaps much earlier, Mr. Holme located in a little shanty near the present site of the beautiful village of Fountain Citjr, and engaged in traffic with the Indians. He furnished fuel to the Mississippi boats. Holme was a genuine Western pioneer. To him life in the wilderness was a necessity, and the restraints of law and civilization a burden. Here he remained until 1846, when, like the Arab at nightfall, he " stole silently away," and all trace of him is lost. Adam Weber followed him in 1841. Mr. Holme claimed to have lived there fifteen years previous to Weber's arrival, making the year 1826 the date of his first settlement. Mr. Weber was happy in the wilds, actively engaged in trade with the red men. But when white faces became familiar, he sold his squatter claim to Henry Georke, and, with his squaw and children, moved toward the setting sun, in search of some quiet spot where neither ax nor plow might disturb his solitude — where, it is not known. During these years, occasional floaters would stop ; but not till 1842 was there any permanent settlement begun. This was introduced by the arrival of a party of Germans from Galena, 111., among whom were Henry Georke, Christian Wenger, Rudolph Beiner, Victor Probst, John Menzemer, Andreas Baertsch, Claus Liesch, and others, all young men of courage and enterprise. These formed the nucleus of the first white settlement in Buffalo County. They located at the point now called Fountain City, built a row of log cabins along the river bank, and " Holme's Landing " became a stopping place for Mississippi boats in Sum mer, and a trading point for supplies of all kinds. These men were all engaged in cutting cord-wood for the use of those boats, which, at that time, were making monthly trips during the season of navigation between Galena and Fort Snelling. For a number of years after this, "Holme's Landing" was the only set tlement in Buffalo County, the rest of the territory remaining in undisturbed possession of the Indians. During the next few years, immediately following iS4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1842, an occasional man joined the settlement, and, in 1845, Henry Georke, becoming dissatisfied with the bachelor community, made a trip to Galena, and re turned in a few days, bringing with him a bride. Mrs. Georke (now Mrs. Bodenstab) was the pioneer white woman in the county. She still lives at Fount ain City, and delights to recall the time when hers was the only hospitable roof between La Crosse and Wabasha. It is said that this act of Mr. Georke was regarded favorably by the community, and that others imitated the example with commendable promptness. In August, 1848, Victor Probst and John C. Wecker made claims where Alma now stands. In the same year, Madison Wright opened a wood yard on Section 11, Town 22, Range 14, on the bank of the Mississippi, in what is now the town of Nelson. Peter Shank settled on Section 3, in what is now the town of Cross, in 1850. He was the only resident of Cross for three years. J. C. Wecker, J. P. Stein and Joseph Berney came to Belvidere in the Spring of 1851. Mr. Wecker and Berney were former residents of Alma, and re moved from there to Belvidere. Mr. Stein came from Wabasha. Mr. Wecker settled on Sections 19 and 30, Mr. Stein on Section 33, and Mr. Berney on Sec tion 9. Christian Schaublin located on Section 36, town 23, Range 14, in what is now the town of Nelson, in 1852. Among the other settlers of 1852 are Anton Fink, Andrew Huller, Ferdinand Schaf and Mathew Profutlich, who came direct from the Rhine in Germany. At Milwaukee they purchased ox teams and wagons, and wended their way slowly to where they settled, in what is now the town of Lincoln. Henry Neukom, Henry Keller, Caspar Regley, Jacob Bollinger and John Miller also settled in the town of Belvidere, in the Spring of this same year, and began at once to open farms. In the year 1853 came Francis John, Gustav A. Kretschmer, Fred. Schmidt, Francis Ginskay, Christian Schoepp and Frederich Schaub, who became perma nent settlers of Lincoln. Adam Weber and Michael Obermeier opened farms on Section 31, in the present town of Milton, and a Mr. Piper, after whom Piper's Valley was named, settled on the bluff, on Section 14, in what is now the town of Buffalo. In the Spring of this year Andrew Baertsch, Charles Pibes, Phillip Menzzmer and George Zimmerman settled, and at once began the opening of farms, in what is now the town of Cross. Rev. Mr. Aldermath settled on Section 31, in this same town, in the Fall of 1853. In the Summer of 1854, Christian Bohri, J. Lestor, J. Comstral, C. Buehler, H. Keller and Fred. Tinder settled in the town of Cross. Henry Plath and Henry Heuer also settled, during this year, in little valleys, which are yet known by their names, in the town of Buffalo. The first settler within the present limits of the town of Glencoe was Patrick Mulcare, who set tled on Section 33 in the Fall of 1854. The first entry of land in Waumandee was made in September of that year, by John Bachler and Christian Maserman ; but they did not become permanent settlers until about a year and a half afterwards. Fred. Zirzow, Jacob Braem, James Hohans, Joseph Jahn, George Goll and William Jahn made claims and settled in the town of Lincoln in 1854. In 1855 the county settled very rapidly. On every hand were evidences of civilization. A great number of farms were rapidly cleared and fields prepared for crops. A great number of the settlers making their settlement during this year were poor at the time, but now are among the most wealthy and prosperous farm ers of the county. The present towns of Maxville, Canton, Naples, Gilmanton and Alma were settled during this eventful year, Joseph Richard settling in the town of Alma early in the Spring, on Section 25, Town 22, Range 13. He was followed during the Summer of the same year by Ulrich Wald, on Section 31 ; Jacob Meter, Section 31 ; Peter Margreth, Sec tion 32, and Casper Grob, who began at once to con struct cabins and break land for crops, which they first planted in the Spring of 1856. William Bean, John Lafferty, George King, Abbott Read and Michael Aaron settled in the town of Maxville ; H. P., L. D. and P. Farrington, William Van Waters, Thomas Glasspool and H. Brown became settlers of Naples. What is now known as the " Tuttle Farm," within the present limits of Canton, on Section 2, was occupied and improved by a man named Quackenbos, and in August, Samuel Gilman and his four sons, Frank, Edson, Andrew and Daniel, took up land on Sections 8 and 17, in the town of Gilmanton, in what is now known as Gilman's Valley, and began at once to build cabins and cut hay to winter their stock. They spent the Winter in getting out rails for fencing. Land was broken, and crops planted the following Spring. Philo Englesby also settled in this town in the Fall of 1855, on Section 7, in what is now known as Allen's Valley. In September, 1854, Robert Henry entered land on Section 30, in the town of Waumandee, and returned at once to Racine, where he had left his family, and came back with them and settled on his land in May, 1855. Mr. Henry and family traveled the whole dis tance from Racine to Waumandee with an ox team and covered wagon, reaching Waumandee on the second day of May. Any one acquainted with the severity of this northwestern climate will readily see that such a trip was any thing but pleasant. Charles Kirchner, Herman Altman and Charles Hohman settled in Wau mandee on the fourth day of April, 1855, and began at once to make improvements on their land. John Richtman, Andrew Beck and Jacob Augst settled in this town in the Spring, and John Mauer, Conrad Ulrich and John Schmidt in the Fall of the same year. In the Spring of 1855, E. Lees, John Burt, William Burt, J. More and a few others settled in the town of Cross ; Gotlieb Keller, Gotlieb Krause Jacob Batzett and Alfred Street settled in the town of Buffalo ; Benedict Hanney, Henry Kessler, Sebastian Klett, Jacob Blum and Ludwig Mochbempak opened farms and planted crops in the town of Milton, and Carl Kisck settled, in the Fall, in the same town, and began to make improvements on a farm. At the time the preceding settlements were made in the town of Milton, there were many Indians belonging to the Sioux and Winnebago tribes who annoyed the settlers very much by petty thefts. In the Summer of 1855, the Scandinavians began to settle in the town of Nel son. Among those who came were Ole Hanson, who settled on Section 11 ; Arne Otteson, on Section 14 ; HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. i5S Jens Howland, on Section 23. These settlements were all made in what is now known as Norwegian Valley. William Gumbert also settled on Section 16, on land now owned by the Beef Slough Company. During the year 1856 the county was also largely in creased in population' and resources by the advent of numbers of new settlers, the present towns of Dover and Montana receiving their first settlements, S. S. Cooke settling on Section 27, in the town of Dover, on the 20th of August, and Christian Kindschy, Ulrich Von- wald and August Helwig, with their families, settling in the town of Montana in the Spring of this year. They began at once to construct rude cabins and open farms, Mr. Kindschy and Vonwald locating on Section 36 and Mr. Helwig on Section 25. A number of the other towns received additional settlers during this year, also William Allison, James Mair, Herman Ful ler and Barney McDonough locating in Maxville ; William Loomis, Daniel Loomis, A. P. Loomis, Ezra Hutchinson, W. H. H. Amidon, Mond E. Ferry, T. C. Bailey, L. J. Claflin, C. W. Rathbun and Frank Hatch, locating in the town of Gilmanton ; John Burgess, J. L. Halloch, Andrew Dewitt, Ira Lawrence, H. Kol- hippi, Peter Mathew, William Ives, Elijah Wilcox and Wilson Crippin in Nelson ; James Faulds, William Muir, David J. Davis and J. P. Fernholz settled and began the improvement of farms in Glencoe ; John Ochsner and Henry Waelty locating in Waumandee, Mr. Waelty purchasing Mauli's claim and John Ochs ner a mill-privilege, where he has now a fine grist-mill. Rev. B. F. Morse settled a little below where the vil lage of Mondovi now stands, in the town of Naples, and held the first religious meeting in this town in a log house, 16x20, owned by Luther Eager. An event of interest, and not common in a new country, occurred in the Summer of 1857, which was the settlement of Messrs. Coleman and Maxvell in the town of Maxville with a herd of over 200 cattle, also three span of mules and a number of horses. This stock was driven from Illinois and kept on Maxville praiiie until sold. Among the other settlers of 1857 were Judson Hutchinson, R. E. Fuller, D. C. and D. D. Loomis and John Merrill in the town of Gilmanton ; J. S. DeGroff, Luther Hewitt, A. Bell and H.H. Hurl burt in Nelson ; Thomas Courtney and Andrew Cashel in Glencoe; John Mahlman on Section 31, John Wind- andy, on Section 5, John Alleman, on Section 36, David Jost, Theodore Menli, Conrad Moser, Sr., and Mathias Hammer settling in the town of Alma. In 1858 the first settlement was made in what is now the town of Modena, on Section 26, in the month of March by William Odell, Sr., and his two sons, David and Austin, who were former residents of West Point, Columbia County. David White, a former res ident of Pepin County, settled at the same time on Section 26 also, and William Odell, Jr., settled on Section 23. George W. Wooster located on Section 18, in the town of Dover. During the Spring of this year Jacob and Peter Wald, Julius and Frank Gobar settled in the town of Alma, and in company with W. H. Gates built a mill on Mill Creek, which was afterwards known as the " Mill Creek Mill." In the Fall of this year Conrad Christ and Andrew Florin settled in the town of Montana, on Section 32, Town 22, Range 10. They were both former residents of La Crosse County, and came from there to Montana. In 1859 F. Schneller and B. Karish located in the town of Montana ; Mr. Schneller on Section 23, and Mr. Karish on Section 27. J. G. Folmer, Joseph Arp- gaus and J. Ford settled in the town of Alma. There were a number of other settlers in this town during this year, but we are unable to learn their names. In the Spring of 1860 J. W. McKay settled on Sec tion 24, and in the Fall of the same year F. A. Sisson and R. P. Goodard settled in the town of Modena. Lewis Kniffin, Julius Par and T. W. Glasspool, Sr., settled the southwest corner of the town of Canton, and about the same time or a little before, came Earle Ward and Thomas Enscoe, who settled in the north part of the same town. Thus year by year was formed the nucleus from which has grown this wealthy and prosperous com monwealth. We do not claim this a complete list of those who settled in Buffalo County during the years referred to, but have merely made a brief record of the early settlements, in different localities in the county, as they have occurred to us. From 1860 the county increased so rapidly in population and the development of its resources, that any attempt to mention more individual names would render this sketch very tedious. J. P. Stein claims to have grown the first grain in Buffalo County. He broke the first land in the Sum mer of 1851, procured two bushels of wheat from Galena, 111., which was sown in the Spring of 1852, and a crop of seventy-four and one-half bushels raised. The threshing was done with a flail. The first barley was also raised by Mr. Stein ; he secured one gallon of seed from a Frenchman in Wabasha, from which a crop of seven bushels was raised. Mr. Stein also kept the first stopping place between Fountain City and Alma, as will be remembered by many of the early pio neers. The incidents connected with the early settle ment of Buffalo County are the old stories of hardships and privations, not unmixed with pleasure. Then, each man regarded his neighbor as a brother, and was will ing to share with him the comforts and luxuries of a pioneer life. If a deer was killed, or other luxury obtained, to pass it around was generally the first thought and act. All were actuated by a common interest — that of building up homes — and to this lay the foundation of future prosperity. When we re member that where is now the thriving village, or the fields of the husbandmen, but a few years previous was the home of the Red Man, covered with sturdy oaks of an hundred years, we are led to inquire, by what process has this wonderful change been wrought? It will be seen, however, by the above dates, that most of the settlements of Buffalo County were made less than thirty years ago, and from so small a beginning has grown this prosperous community. In that time the Indian has disappeared. The land which he had inherited from a long line of savage ancestors, has passed from his possession. Civil and savage life could not exist together. The dominion theory of the survival of the fittest prevailed. His game was fast disappearing before the unerring rifle of the pioneer, and poor " Lo " was destined once again to turn his i56 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. face toward the setting sun, and seek a new hunting ground, amid the wilds of the West, beyond the " Great Father of Waters," where the foot of the roving- pale face had never trod. The tide of immigration had set this way, and on every hand were the crusaders of a new civilization. On every side, on bluff and in valley, could be heard the sturdy blows of the pioneer, as he felled the oaks for his rude cabin, or cleared the fields for the golden harvest, and there laid with honest hand the foundation of success. Let us briefly review the results of thirty years of patient toil, and see in that time what has been accom plished. In 1851 the first farm was opened, as above stated, and crops planted the following Spring. Now there is a cultivated area in Buffalo County of about 100,000 acres, which, according to the official returns of 1881, was planted to the following crops : Wheat, 51,522 acres; oats, 15,018 acres ; corn, 12,444 acres; cultivated grasses, 11,719 acres; barley, 3,159 acres; potatoes, 1,027 acres ; rye, 835 acres. The assessed valuation of all personal property in the county is $766,210, and of real estate is $1,966,- 626. The first religious services were conducted at the house of J. P. Stein, in the town of Belvidere, in 1853, the sermon being preached by Rev. Mr. Alter- mott. Religious services were held in some of the different towns in the county as follows : At Fountain City in 1855, the sermon being preached in a school- house, by Rev. Mr. Richards, a Methodist. In Naples in 1856, in a log house owned by Luther Eager, by Rev. B. F. Morse. In Waumandee, at the upper end of Waumandee Valley, in 1857, by a Lutheran preacher. In Gilmanton, at the residence of C. W. Rathbun, in the Summer of 1857, also by Rev. B. F. Morse. In Modena in the Summer of 1859, in a school-house on Section 23, by Rev. Mr. Doughty. The first post-office in the countjr was opened at Fountain City, with James Pierce as Postmaster. The first newspaper in the county was established at Fountain City, in 1856, by Messrs. Rose & Beeson. The first store was opened at Fountain City, also, previous to 1854, by Henry Georke. He also built the first saw-mill in the county on Eagle Creek. The first birth was Frederick, a son of Daniel Schilling, in 1851. The first death occurred at the residence of J. C. Wecker, in the Spring of 1851, and and was Jacob Bollinger. The first marriage occurred in April, 1853, when J. C. Wecker and Sabina Keller joined hands in matrimony. The ceremony was per formed at the residence of J. P. Stein, Esquire Pierce officiating as Magistrate. Religious sects of all kinds are at present repre sented in the county, and every village and town has its church spire and Sunday-school. There are now eighty schools in Buffalo County, under the management of an able corps of teachers. The ex-County Superintendent of Schools, Lawrence Kessinger, and Iris able successor, J. C. Rathbun, are both efficient and life-long educators, and have done much, in their management of the school system of the county, to elevate the standard of scholarship. The comfortable school buildings one sees on every hand prove that the people appreciate the advantages and necessity of a good school education. The primi tive log cabin has given place to the brick, stone or frame building ; while the curriculum of study, the ability of the teacher, and the requirements of the school board, have all advanced with equal pace. The attendance is good, schools being kept open from six to nine months in the year. In 1864, the "Howard Library Association" was organized in the town of Gilmanton, and has been in successful operation since. It is well patronized by the citizens of that as well as the adjoining towns, The library was first started by a donation of $500 by Sidney Howard. This fund was to be kept on interestr and the interest used annually to purchase books. It now has in its possession hundreds of volumes, em bracing books from the pens of the best American and foreign authors. The " Mill Creek Library Asso ciation " was organized about ten years ago, in the town of Alma, and also contains a number of volumes of literature, principally from German authors. These libraries are doing much towards the diffusion of a useful and instructive literature. Germany is largely represented in the citizenship of the county, Swedes being next in numbers. The customs and habits of " Fatherland" did not suffer by their passage across the ocean, and consequently are retained in a great degree socially and religiously. The villages of Alma and Fountain City might pass for villages on the banks of the Rhine instead of the Mississippi. Yet an admixture of these people makes- a good community, and Buffalo has grown and devel oped with commendable rapidity, the census of 1880- numbering 15,228. Buffalo County has no railroads traversing her ter ritory, except in the extreme southern corner, where the Green Bay & Minnesota and Chicago & North western Railways cross, on their way to the city of Winona, Minn. These only include ten miles of track, and consequently the county has not that bonded in debtedness which usually accompanies such enterprises. She depends on the Father of Waters for her com merce, which affords an easy and cheap outlet, and down its broad bosom are annually carried the products of her soil. On this account she has never felt the special need of a railroad. In this sketch of the coun try at large, we have attempted only a brief review of events and enterprises, to give a group of facts that will convey an intelligent idea of the wonderful strides the country has made in a little over a quarter of a century, from an unbroken wilderness to a paradise of civilized life. In the following may be found the date of the organization of each of the towns in the county: Waumandee. 1855 Maxville 184& Belvidere _. 1855 Milton, 1857, reorganized. - 1870 Alma 1856 Glencoe _ 1858 Nelson _. 1857 Modena i860 Naples _ 1857 Canton 1865 Gilmanton _ • 1857 Montana 1867 Cross _ 1857 Dover ___ 1871 Buffalo _ 1857 Lincoln 1871 OFFICIAL. The plats of the United States survey of the land ad joining the Mississippi River, as far up as Buffalo River, were filed in the land-office at Mineral Point ; and on HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 157 the eleventh day of July of the same year, Adam Weber and Christian Wenger purchased the land now covered by the plat of Waumandee and Truman's ad dition, and consequently became the first freeholders in Buffalo County. Others immediately secured titles to land at various points. Every one was anxious to found a city. Christian Wenger, Victor Probst and Rudolph Beiner chose Alma, then known as " Twelve Mile Bluff ;" the Pierce brothers, from Ohio, secured possession of the present site of Fountain City ; while Claus Lietsch selected Belvidere, near the present site of Buffalo City, as the future metropolis. The three years succeeding this date are characterized by indi vidual struggle, hard blows and rigid economy, with nothing of special interest occurring. In the Winter of 1852-3, the population of the county had increased to such an extent that there were citizens enough to till the list of county offices, with a few votes to spare to do the cheering. Accordingly, a purse was made up for expenses, and Marvin Pierce selected to lobby the Legislature, and in January, Buffalo County was set off from La Crosse County, organized for judicial purposes, and the first election held in the Spring of 1853. The county as organized then embraced all the territory between the Black and Chippewa rivers on the south and north, and from the Mississippi River on the wefet extended to about where the eastern line of Trempealeau County now is on the east. In January, 1854, an act was passed and approved by the Legisla ture adding territory from Chippewa County, and by an act approved the 24th of March of the same year, that portion of La Crosse County lying west of the main channel of the Trempealeau River was attached to Buffalo County. Subsequently, a strip was cut off the east side to assist in forming Trempealeau County, leaving Buffalo County in the shape which it now repre sents and has since retained. By the same act, which was passed, and by which the county was organized, in January, 1853, the county seat was located on Section 1, Town 19, Range 12 west. The first county election, as above stated, was held in the Spring of 1853, the polls being opened at " Holme's Landing." Eighteen votes were cast at this election, sixteen of which elected Marvin Pierce as County Judge. The remaining officers were elected as follows : James M. Pierce, Register of Deeds and Justice of the Peace ; Adam Raetsch, District Attor ney; John Buehler, Sheriff; J. B. Altermadt, Clerk of the Circuit Court ; T. B. Hake, Clerk of the Board ; Henry Georke, County Surveyor. The first Board of Supervisors were Marvin Pierce, Andrew Baertsch and John P. Stein. The first meeting of this Board was held on the second day of March, 1854, when it was ¦decided that the building on Section 8, Town 19, Range 11, owned by Henry Georke, should be the temporary court-house until a building could be ob tained at the county seat. They also decided that the •dwellings of the county officers should be their respec tive offices until rooms could be provided at the county seat. Grand Jurors were also appointed at this meet ing to serve at the first term of court. The first term of the Circuit Court was held at the house owned by Henry Georke, on Section 8, in the town of Buffalo, on the sixteenth day of October, 1854. The court was presided over by William Knowlton, at that time Judge of the Sixth Judicial District. The attention of the court was first occupied with two divorce cases. About this time considerable dissatisfaction took place relative to the location of the county seat, but this will be spoken of to a greater extent elsewhere. At a meeting of the County Board, March 11, 1857, the boundaries of the following towns were defined : The town of Buffalo to contain all of Townships 18, 19 and 21, in Ranges 10 and 11, west of the Trempeal eau River; also Townships 21 and 22 in Range 10 west. The town of Belvidere to contain all of Townships 19, 10 and 21 in Range 12 west, with the exception of Section 25 in Township 21, Range 12 west. The town of Alma to contain Township 21, Ranges 12, 13 and 14. The town of Bear Creek (now Nelson and Max ville) to contain all of Townships 23 and 24, Range 13 ; also that part of Townships 23 and 24 lying west of the Chippewa River ; also the west half of Town ships 23 and 24, Range 12 west. The town of Naples to contain all of Townships 23 and 24 of Ranges 10 and 11, and also the east half of Townships 23 and 24, Range 12 west. The town of Waumandee to contain all of Townships 21 and 22 of Range 11 west ; also all of Section 25, Township 21, Range 12 west. These towns have all been subdivided since, and new towns organ ized, as the country was settled, to meet the demands for a mere local government. The first State tax levied on Buffalo County was in 1854, and was $122.50. The county now pavs a tax amounting to $5,601.34. Previous to 1866, the three counties of Buffalo, Pepin and Trempealeau constituted an assembly dis trict, but during the year above mentioned " Buffalo District " was formed, including all of Buffalo County excepting the three northern towns of Naples, Can ton and Maxville, which, together with Pepin County, form an assembly district. Conrad Moser, Jr., was the first Assemblyman from Buffalo District, being elected in the Fall of 1866, and serving in the Legislature in the Winter of 1866-7. The present member of As sembly from Buffalo District is Richard R. Kempter. COUNTY SEAT TROUBLES. The business of the county was first attended to at Fountain City. Soon after, a great uproar was caused by the discovery that in the act organizing the county, the land set apart for court-house purposes — Section 1, 19, 12, west — was located upon the prairie point, about three miles above Fountain City. The Pierce brothers owned the land described in the act, and platted the prairie into lots, blocks, public squares ana wharves. Providence floated a stray raft of lumber to the sandy shore of the embryo city, which they quickly seized and converted into a court-house, at a cost of about $100. In due time in the name of the law, the county officers were notified to occupy this building, on the plea that acts done elsewhere were illegal. Accord ingly, in 1859, with disgusted countenances, the officials prepared to attend to their duties in the dryest of all places, the place taking the name of " Upper Fountain City." Yet Fountain City slept not, nor despaired of regaining the seat of government. That same year a stock company was formed, and soon a stately brick i5» HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. edifice was constructed at the corner of Main and Spring streets, at a cost of about $800. This was fitted for public offices and court-room, and upon being "ten dered to the County Board, the question of its being brought back was submitted to the people at the April election in 1859. This resulted favorable to Fountain City, and the seat of government once more found a more congenial home in the village, but not to remain. The spirit of rivalry ran high, and by an act approved March 15, 1860, the question of the removal of the county seat to Alma was submitted to the people at the April election. The result of this election was carried to the Supreme Court, the question being whether the commissioners had the right to throw out the votes of certain towns, which they believed had voted illegally. The court denied them that privilege, and an actual count of all votes cast gave Alma the majority, she haviug in the meantime donated a $2,000 building to the county for court-house purposes. The itinerant county seat accordingly moved up the river eighteen miles to the village of Alma, where it has since remained. The question of its removal to Buf falo City was agitated in 1861, and an election granted, but the effort proved a failure. The court-house was built at Alma in 1861, and the county now has build ings valued at $10,000, and the majority of the people are seemingly satisfied. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. This society was organized June 10, 1862, with Robert Henry, president, and John W. DeGroff, sec retary. Their first fair was held in the town of Lin coln in September of that year, at which time $126 were disbursed for premiums. The total receipts for that year amounted to $1,202.15, and the total dis bursements to $1,175. They at first rented grounds in the town of Lincoln, which they held for five years, when they rented their present grounds in the town of Alma for ten years. The present officers are Thomas Shane, of Modena, president ; Frederick Homan, of Waumandee, vice-president ; Robert Lees, of Alma, secretary, and Erik Alme, of Nelson, treasurer. THE PRESS. The first paper established in Buffalo County was the Fountain City Beacon, published by L. M. Rose and R. Beeson, and edited by Dr. T. G. Hake. The first number was issued on Friday, July 18, 1856. Beeson remained only one week, when his place was taken by Frederick A. Wheelock, who also withdrew in about two months. On the 29th of November of the same year Rose sold out to J. Ketchum Aver-ill. The same year the Beacon passed into the hands of a stock company, and August 1, 1857, became the prop erty of Charles G. Patterson, who continued its publi cation till October, 1858, when it expired, and the press and material were moved to Eau Claire. In September, 1857, J. Ketchum Averill started the Fountain City Advocate which also sought the shades in about six months. The attempt was not again re peated until 1860, when the Buffalo County Advertiser, a small, four-column sheet, made its appearance, under the supervision of Marvin Pierce and C. Bohri. It lived until 1861, when it withdrew from the vain world and became a thing of history. The next at tempt was in April, 1861, when the Buffalo County- Journal was established at Alma by James M. Bracket and Rockwell. It was at that time a six column folio, and carried at its mast-head the name of Alma Journal, under which it lived and starved alternately with the following proprietors : Bracket & Rockwell from 1861 to 1863 ; Dick Copeland from 1863 to 1865 ; Jacob Iberg & Co., from 1865 to 1866 ; John Hunner in 1867 ; Morse & Hunner in 1868 ; Perkins, McBride & Ostrander in 1869, who changed its name to the Alma Journal and Beef Slough Advocate. The name of the firm and of the paper being alike too long and in a half-starved, poorly-clad condition, it became the property of George W. Gilkey, who changed its name to the Alma Weekly Express. Gilkey 's administration terminated in 1871, when the paper was sold to Hunner & DeGroff. Mr. DeGroff sold out in less than a month, and C. L. James, a son of the English novelist, became associated with Mr. Hunner. During the presidential campaign of 1872, Mr. Hunner disposed of his interest to John W. DeGroff, when the firm became DeGroff & James. In the Spring of 1873, Mr. James sold his interest to A. Rockwell, who after a few months trans ferred it to J. W. DeGroff, who has since been its edi tor and proprietor. In June, 1879, he changed its name to The Buffalo County Journal. He has also en larged its pages and has ever since published a first- class country newspaper. The Journal has had many "ups and downs," principally "downs" but it has passed all the reefs and rocks in safety, and to-day stands upon a solid foundation. It is a staunch Repub lican in politics, not of the "stalwart" order, but a firm supporter of the theories held by President Garfield. It is a newsy, well-edited, well-printed, spicy local paper. It receives a liberal support from the business men of the place, and is the official paper of the county. The Buffalo County Republikaner, a German paper, was established at Buffalo City, March 15, 1861, by C. Lohmann. G. G. Oppliger obtained the manage ment of this paper October 12, 1861. May 28, 1864, he moved it from Buffalo City to Fountain City, per ceiving that Fountain City offered better facilities and guarantees for permanent business. Mr. Oppliger remained as publisher and proprietor until the 1st of April, 1869, when he sold out to Major J. T. Hauser. Joseph Leicht, the present editor and publisher, pur chased the paper November 4, 1871, since which time the editorial chair has been an honored and lucrative institution. The Republikaner is one of the most ex tensively circulated German papers in the Northwest. There is also at this date a paper published at Mon- dovi under the name of Buffalo County Herald, by W. L. Hauser and George E. Gilkey. The press of the county is in able hands, and is a most useful medium for the diffusion of local and general intelligence. BEEE SLOUGH. In the western part of the county is a body of water that is worthy of special mention, recognized under the name of " Beef Slough." This is formed from the waters of the Chippewa River, part of which, forsak ing the main channel about six miles from its conflu- HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 159 ence with the Mississippi River, leads off across the lowlands, being at a variable distance of from one to three miles from the Chippewa River. Its large num ber of expansions, diversions and branches with all ot the resulting islands and lakes, form a complete net work of the territory between itself and the river. As it nears the Mississippi, some part of its waters enters that river by bayous, while the main body, or Beet Slough proper, passes down three or four miles farther, and empties into Buffalo or Beef River. The current in the slough is very slow, there being almost none. On this account it is of incalculable value as a log har bor, and probably is the largest and best log harbor in the State. Two large corporations are at present at work here in the booming, sorting and rafting ot logs. Much' legal strategy, legislation and lobbying were necessary before these companies were allowed to oper ate. The cities on the upper Chippewa— Eau Claire and gether employ from 300 to 500 hands during the driv ing season at a daily compensation of abou ; $700 Thev daily handle, on an average, between 8,000,000 and 4 000,000 feet of logs. So far during this season they have 'sorted and raited 300,000,000 feet. Exten sive improvements are now yearly made for houses, piers, side, shore and sheer booms, necessitating large Expenditures of money, and their operations in this hire have become an extensive source of wealth to Buffalo C0UDty- VILLAGE OF ALMA. The village of Alma, the county seat of Buffalo County, comprises Sin its pre'sent corporate limits all of Sections 26 27 28 34 and 35, and all of Section 25 west of the Buffalo or Beef River,' Town 22 Range 13 west; also all of Scions 2 12 it. and 14, in Town 21, Range 13 west. Th vmaee proper, or platted part, is one mile in length, Schlng Tom the center of Section 2 on the north, to the f!ffltj)IjH5fHi5 l|i iSililvII -! .. ¦ -~_- '-¦¦ -C"' ¦¦¦'¦'¦¦K\-H----c-iV--~'z-: V:"---U::-' ¦'¦¦¦!''¦¦¦" ¦¦Hv:'-^-^ r"":;-;;;i--.=^fU; ;'\:r::^J:pEf' '¦":; - ALMA. Chippewa Falls-fought the project at eye ry ( point, on the ground that the enterprise would seriously impede f not totally destroy, navigation in these waters However, in April, 1866, an act was passed by the fZ Tegislatu?e, allowing certain V as an organized company to erect such piers, wing-dams side sho e and glancing booms as were necessary for turning in and holding logs, provided, that such ^Provemen should in no manner hinder or prevent the fie , pass age of boats to and from points above. Accordingly, the erection of these was so oa commenced, and now the works extend up the slough for a distance of hve miles, and represent a total cost- of construction ana valuation of 'perhaps $2,000,000. The rights of the » Beef Slough Manufacturing, Booming, hogging ana T^SSm Company," were further defined in an act oassed by the Legislature and approved March ,14, 1870 This has already become a stupenduous affair Tt as above stated, is now operated by two companies -'fThe Beef Slough Manufacturing, Booming, Logging Za Transportation Company" and the "Mississippi Log- fKhaTser, president ; Artemus Lamb, vice-president ; Thomas Wine, secretary. These two companies, to- center of Section 12 on the south. It owes its peculiar shane to the bluffs which rise to nearly an abrupt altitude of from 400 to 70° f«t, leaving but a narrow strip of land between their base and the river suitable for building purposes. The town is built on the side of the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River and its location might be easily compared to a two-story house ; upon the first floor is found the business portion of the town, while the second story is occupied by the court-house and jail the school-house, churches and re sidences A™°"ge £ early settlers of Alma, Victor Probst and John C. Wecker have7 the honor of being the first. . They came ^Galena, 111 and reached the present site of Alma, on the twen tieth day of August, in the year 1848. Mr. Probst is still a esldenTof the county, while Mr. Wecker is now residing in MiniSota. Messrs. Probst and Wecker built a slab shanty from slabs found floating in the river, ou the ot now owned and occupied by Jacob Bollinger as a res dence. lhey Uved together for two years in this shanty, keeping bach elors' Si when Victor Probst built another house on the ot now owned and occupied by Otmar Probst.. About this time the population of the embryo village was increased .by ^settlement of Joseph Berney ; this was m the Fall of ,„,„ He moved into the same shanty with Messrs. JrToDst andVekeTand remained with them during the "inter anl following Summer. The next settlers were John Mar- [6o HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tin and his brother Nicholas, and Mathias Hammer. They came together in April, 1851. Rudolph Beimer came in the Spring of 1853 ; he purchased the whole of Martin's claim, and lived for a while in the slab shanty first built by Probst and Wecker. The next settler was Abraham Schmoker, who bought land of Mr. Beimer, and built the house where Fritz Schreiber now lives. Nicholas Gilman was the next settler. He built the house where Lawrence Kessinger now lives. This brings us down to the Summer of 1855, when W. H. Gates settled and opened the first store, in the building now occupied by Weber and Gesell, as a photograph gallery and jewelry store. With the ex ception of the patronage of the few settlers, his trade was with the raftsmen who used to land at Alma, to repair damages sustained in passing through Lake Pepin, and crossing the Beef Slough Bar. In the Fall and Summer of 1855 the population of the village was largely increased. Among the number who came were John H emerich, John Hunner, John R. Hurlburt, John Kerchner, John M. Hem- erich, Philip Craft, and Beyer, also G. F. Haisch, William Briggaboos and others. Among those who came in 1856 were M. Ulrich, the Fricht brothers and John A. Tester, who, in company with Peter Polin, opened a store in Au gust, 1856. This was the second store opened in the vil lage of Alma. From this date Alma began to assume a metropolitan appearance. Building after building appeared in quick succession, and it was destined soon to become the commercial center, as well as the outlet for the agricul tural products, of thfe slowly extending settlements, in the north and east pait of the county. Included within the above are not the names of all those who located within, the during the dates mentioned, as their names have dropped from the page of public existence and the memories of their pioneer associates, but the seeds which dropped into their lives sprang up into a rich harvest, and when they left their pioneer life here, they also left some good deeds, as every age and civilization of the world, in departing, leaves some token of its great and valiant men, its pure and noble women, reminding us that they have lived, toiled and triumphed, telling us of their sorrows, joys and ambi tions, which they, like us, sought to gratify. But let us re turn to the events of 1855. During that year, W. H. Gates bought a piece of land of Victor Probst, and, in company with him and Ira Mead, laid out the plat of Alma. The surveying was done by A. W. Miller, then a resident of Hudson, now of Maxville, in this county. The same gentleman surveyed Victor Probst's addition, in the upper part, and Probst and Wenger's addition in the central part of the present village. In the same year Beiner and Marty laid out the lower addition, the surveying being done by Augustus Finkelnburg, then, as now, a resi dent at Fountain City. The village was named at the time the survey was made, by W. H. Gates, and how it came to be named Alma, we will let him explain in his own words : " I took an atlas and commenced to look for a short name that could be spelled and pronounced. I ran across the name ' Alma ' on the map of Russia, and adopt ed it at once". The first school was taught in Alma in 1856, Dr. John Ehing being the first teacher. He received his certificate of qualification from Philip Kraft, then Town Superinten dent of Schools. The first minister who came to Alma was a representa tive of the German Reformed Church. He did not hold a regular meeting but administered the rite of baptism to children. The first hotel was built and kept by John Hurlburt in 1856. The house is still standing and is now used as a tenement house and occupied by a number of families. The first post-office was opened in a building, now occu pied by Weber & Gesell as a photograph gallery and jewelry store, in 1856, with W. H. Gates as Postmaster. He has since been followed by Peter Polin, from 1857 to 1863; C. A. Boehme, from 1863 to 1870; M. Felzer, from 1870 to 1872; Julius Ginzkey, from 1872 to 1876; L. P. Hunner, from 1876 to the present date. The first blacksmithing was done by John Von Wyl in 1858, who built a shop and conducted the business for a number of years. This building is now occupied as a dwelling-house. In 1857 or 1858 the first warehouse was built by John A. Tester and Peter Polin. This has since been refitted and converted into a hotel, — "The Massasoit House" — kept by Emil Leonhardy. The first marriage ceremony was performed in July,. 1856, the contracting parties being Abraham Schmoker and a Miss Hang. In i860, after a sharp contest that went even to the Supreme Court of the State, this village became the seat of government of Buffalo County, and in 1861 the present court-house was built at a cost of between $8,000 and $10,000, the county offices in the meantime occupying the house then occupied by Dr. John Ehing. The Beef Slough Booming, Manufacturing and Trans portation Company, commenced their operations in 1867, having their head-quarters at Alma. In 1868, Alma was separated from the township of Alma by a special act of the Legislature, and was incorpora ted as a village, since which time it has maintained a sepa rate municipal existence. The first officers of the village were Conrad Moser, Jr., President ; William Ehrich, John A. Tester, Frederick Lane, William Briggaboos, Trustees ; J. J. Seen, Clerk ; Jacob Wirth, Treasurer. The present officers of the village are Emil Leonhardy, President; Charles Peluneck, Frederick Fisher, Julius Wilk and Peter Grass, Trustees ; William Hoefling, Secretary ; Charles Neumiste-r, Treasurer; Charles Urfer, Assessor; George Vogt, Marshal. The following have held the position of President of the village since its incorporation: C. Moser, Jr., two years; Peter Polin, one year; Fred Lane, one year; John A. Tester, two years; John Hunner, one year; Richard R. Kempter, two years; Ferdinand Fetter, two years; J. W. DeGroff, one year; R. R. Kester, one year, and Emil Leon hardy, one year. In 1870 a hook and ladder company was organized, and they soon obtained the purchase of a hook and ladder truck, with all its equipments. Through some mismanage ment and a little misunderstanding, this organization ex pired. It has since, from time to time, been reorganized, but at present there is no regular hook and ladder com pany. In 1876 a hand engine company was organized to take charge of a hand engine, together with about 500 feet of hose, which had a short time previous been purchased. This organization, likewise, never has existed for any length of time, consequently there is not at present any regular organized fire company; although, in case of any emergency caused by a fire, the hand engine and other material come into active service, and every one puts forth his best efforts in assistance. The village constructed a commodious village hall in 1878, at a cost of about $2,500, the basement of which is now occupied by the Marshal as a residence, together with the village "lock-up." The hook and ladder truck and equipments and hand fire engine are kept in the first story, while the second story is used for a council-room and all public meetings, together with the Village Clerk's office. HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 161 MANUFACTURERS. In 1865, a saw-mill, which had been erected at Buffalo City, 1857, by one Michael, was moved to Alma on wagons and flat boats by Charles Schaettle and Frederick Lane. At that lime it had a capacity of from 6,000 to 10,000 feet per day, and its present capacity is 20,000. All of the lumber, shingles', etc., manufactured is retailed here. The mill is substantially and conveniently built, and well and economic ally managed, and in a fair share of public confidence and patronage. It is located in the extreme southern end of the village, and employs about twenty-five hands. Mr. Lane is a thorough. business man, and very far-seeing in the management of his mill and all its details looking to its success. In 1870, Frederick Fisher built a saw-mill in the extreme northern part of the village, of thirty horse-power, and a capacity of 20,000 feet per day. In 1872 he disposed of it to Adam Grams. Mr. Grams did not operate it, but in 1874 disposed of it to a Mr. Williams, of Eau Claire, who put it into operation, and in 1875 sold a half interest to Godfrey Welthey. They increased it to a sixty horse-power and a capacity for 40,600 feet per day. The "Alma Manufactur ing Company " purchased the property in 1876, and run it for a short time only, when it was again shut down. In 1879, R. R. Kempter purchased it, and in 1880 leased it to its present operators, the "Meridian Mill Company." They employ about forty hands, at a daily compensation of $60, and the lumber is all rafted to down-river points. Cigar Manufactory. — May 28, 1878, Martin Exel estab lished a cigar manufactory in Alma, and now manufactures annually between 50,000 and 60,000 cigars, from which his annual sales amount to about $3,000. These cigars are mostly retailed in Buffalo County. Union Brewery. — In 1855 John Heinrich commenced brewing in Alma. He has each year made extensive im provements in building and remodeling, and now has one of the best breweries in this section of the State. He em ploys five hands. The brewery has a capacity of 4,000 bar rels per year, and represents an outlay of about $15,000. Alma Brewery — Located on Main street, was erected for a hotel by Philip Kraft, and conducted as such until 1866, when the property was purchased by William Brigga boos, who, after making various improvements and putting in machinery, converted it to its present use. Mr. Brigga boos manufactures on an average 3,000 barrels of beer an nually, which is mostly sold in this immediate vicinity. SCHOOLS. The first school, as before stated, was taught in 1856. Nothing of importance was connected with the school until 1867. At the annual meeting, held on September 30 of that year, a committee of three was appointed to make an estimate and plan for a new school-house. After several meetings of the Board and building committee, and also several special and adjourned meetings of the district, it was resolved, in February, 1869, that the erection of a new school-house be at once proceeded with. The following Winter the new house was occupied, with A. H. Pfund as principal and Miss C. G. Keith as primary teacher. From this time the school consisted of two departments. At the annual meeting. in July, 1873, the district voted that the Board be instructed to engage three teachers, and to make the necessary accommodations in the school building. The town had so increased in population, especially school population, during the next few years, that it was found necessary to enlarge the instructional corps of the school. Accordingly, at the annual meeting in 1877, it was voted to employ four teachers, two males and two females. This 11 regime is in vogue at present, with all of the departments full. In 1879 an attempt was made to organize the school under the Free High School Law of 1875, but the scheme failed. The progress of the school has been constant, especially during the past two or three years. The course of study embraces all of the branches required for a first grade certificate, except physical geography, and in addi tion, music and German. Ten months' school are taught each year. In the Spring of 1877 a series of letters was published in the Herald of Mondovi, over the signature "Almaite," reflecting upon the management of the Alma schools, and censuring the School Board and principal. The letters worked the authorities up to such an extent that a special school meeting was called to consider the cause of these anonymous communications. Speeches were made by members of the School Board, the principal and the County Superintendent, all denouncing in unmeasured terms the course the author of these communications had taken; Suitable resolutions were subsequently adopted, expressing the sense of the district, and denouncing the method "Almaite" had adopted in carrying his complaints to other localities, and pronounced them false and instigated for no good purpose. By looking over the records, one will be impressed with the determination of the district to continue the same individuals in its offices. This probably has con tributed to the success of the schools as much as any other act of the district. The people are interested in their schools, and are determined to make them second to none in a town of its size. SOCIETIES. ir Masonic. — Alma Lodge, No. 184. This order was organ ized under a dispensation in February, 1872, by A. W. Miller, D. G. M. The charter was issued June 12, 1872. The first officers were : J. M. House.W.M.; W. H.Gates, S. W.; John Moser, J. W.; G. R. Frary, secretary ; William Muel ler, treasurer. The present officers are : F. Fisher, W. M.; John B. Ehing, S. W.; D. W. Hussong, J.W.; John Burgess, secretary ; C. A. Boehme, treasurer. The order now num bers about forty members. A. O. U. W. — Alma Lodge, No. 52, was instituted January 14, 1879, by Dr. Waterman, with the following list of officers : Richard R. Kempter, P. M. W.; Emil Leon hardy, M. W.; Martin Exel, G. F.; Albert Weber, overseer; John Buchley, recorder; William Hoefling, F.; Martin Polin, R.; Matthias Fetzer, guide; John Ristow, I. W.; Conrad Newkom, O. W. The present officers are : Anton Braum, P. M. W.; J. M. Leonhardy. M. W.; Conrad New kom, F.; Julius Wilk, overseer ; Emil Leonhardy, recorder; H. J. Rick, financier; Joseph Schlumpf, R.; Herman Gripp, G.; Herman Schoepp, O. W.; Jacob Battaglia, I. W. The Shooting Society was organized in 1862, and imme diately constructed a hall and bullet parapet. This was demolished by falling rocks in 1881. Previous to the ruin ation of their old hall, a new one was erected in r88o at a cost of about $600. The Concordia was organized in January, 1863, by Fred erick G. Whitehead. Their meetings are generally of a private character. Their present leader is George Sciler. They have a good hall, erected at an expense of about $500. This society was incorporated in 1875. The Turn-Verein was organized in 1864 and reorganized in 1878. The Turners are strictly a German society, and their object is social intercourse, and teaching the youth morals as well as gymnastics. These societies are all in a prosperous condition. CHURCHES. German Catholic was built in the Fall of 1867, at the cost of $2,500. It now has a membership of about forty 162 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. families. .They have no resident priest, the pulpit being generally supplied by a minister from Fountain City. German Reformed was built in 187 1, at a cost of $1,500. It now has a membership of about thirty. They also have no resident priest, the pulpit being supplied by ministers from abroad. Evangelical. — This society was formed in 1867, and their present church built in 1869, at a cost of $2,000. It now has 145 members. Their pastor is Rev. Gottlieb Schwants. What is now the village of Alma was known in former years to Mississippi boatmen by the name of " Twelve Mile Bluff." The rock was situated on the bold point of bluff just opposite Fred Lane's saw-mill in the lower part of the village, and was of such dimensions and stood in such a •dangerous attitude that the people of the village, especially, had watched it for years, always believing that some day it would come down. Yet, notwithstanding all this, Mr. Lane continued to run his mill, year after year, almost at its very base, and the Shooting Society a few years previous had erected their targets and bullet parapet almost within its shadow. The rock was a huge one. No one knew its height, although it was estimated at from 100 to 200 feet. Its diameter must have been at least thirty feet. Imagine this ponderous rock standing upon one end, and without any protection, and wonder that it had not fallen years before. One Monday, April 26, 1881, an earthquake sound was heard, and those in the immediate neighborhood, hearing the sound, looked in the direction and saw what seemed to them the whole bluff moving. The boulder started at its base falling north, when it broke into a hun dred pieces, some going in one direction, and some in another. The place where it fell was well marked. It plowed the side of the bluff for 300 feet, scooping out a regular basin. Three of the pieces, as large as a small house, pointed directly toward the saw-mill, but, striking the barricade of rock and timber at the shooting targets, were caught in the ditch, but completely demolishing the target stand, walls, etc. A half dozen other pieces plowed down the hill-side and lodged on the Shooting Society's grounds, tearing deep holes as they plunged along. The road runs at the foot of the bluff, but only one piece came this far, which stopped just south of the saw-mill and had to be removed by blasting. Otherwise no damage was done, yet had the ground not been soft and wet, Mr. Lane's mill would have been in ruins. Old settlers of Alma, and rivermen of years gone by, well knew where "Twelve Mile Bluff" was located, and pilots on many a dark night, had steered their boats and rafts for miles by its dark form pointing heavenward. Cold, silent and alone it stood, like the mausoleums of Egypt's early kings, a memorial of antiquity that looked back to when the world was young, and from whose hoary top, thousands of years had looked down upon us, but in an instant the doomed rock fell, and " Twelve Mile Bluff" is no more. When we remember that where Alma now stands, prior to 1848 was an unbroken wilderness, inhabited only by wild beasts and Indians ; it but shows the characteristic pluck and enterprise of its citizens. As before shown, it now contains three neat little churches and a graded school — the necessary auxiliaries of a refined and cultivat ed civilization. They who enjoy these advantages owe them to the hardy pioneers, who, severing the ties of home and kindred and early association, plunged into the then almost unexplored wilderness of the West, and carved from the rugged forces of nature the comfortable homes they now enjoy. To them all honor is due. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. AVERY T. ALLEN, log book-keeper for Beef Slough Co., Alma, was born in Nantucket, April 8, 185 1. He has been quite a wanderer. He was a seaman and has sailed into nearly all foreign ports. For the past few years he has been employed as clerk in different places. In 1878, he engaged with Beef Slough Co., which position he still occu pies. ERIK ALME, County treasurer, Alma, was born in Bergenstift, Norway, Jan. 29, 1837. He immigrated to America in 1854, and landed in New York City. His first permanent location was in the town of Nelson, this county, in 1856, on Sec. II, 23, 13, and his occupation has been farming, until he took the duties of County Treasurer, which posi tion he was elected to in 1879. He was also a member of the County Board in 1870. He was not burdened with cash on his arrival to this country, but by industry and economy he has accumulated considerable money, and is in comfortable circumstances. He married Ellen Erik- son, Oct. 6, i860. She was born in Norway in 1835. They have seven children — Annie, Christie, Erik, Carrie, Thomas, Emma S. and John O. Members of Lutheran Church. J. G. AUER, merchant, Alma, was born in Switzerland, June 24, 1840. In 1866, he came to America and his first location was in the city of Washington, D. C, and for a year was engaged as carpenter and builder. In 1867, he removed to this town and continued in the same line of business until 1873, when he established himself as a dealer in furniture. He has since added to his business groceries and confection ery. In l86q, he married Barbara Moser, a native of Germany. They have six children — George, Lydia, Bertha, William, Alice and Clara. W. C. AVERY, blacksmith, Alma, was born in England, Jan. 17, 1847. He came to America in 1854, and settled in Lake Co., 111. In 1868, he came to this county and established a business at Mesha Mokwa. In 1875, he removed with his family to Alma. He has been twice married. First, to Margaret Evans, of Illinois. She died in 1872. They had two children, Martha and Minnie. Married again to Susanna Lutschan, a native of Canada. They have three children — William, Samaria and Victoria. CHARLES A. BOEHME, merchant, Alma, was born in Muegeln, Saxony, Germany, May 27, 1823. In September, 1851, he landed in New York City, and his first location was in Buffalo, N. Y., and was engaged in tailoring. Two years later he removed to Terre Haute, Ind., and was engaged in the same business until 1859, when he removed to Buf falo County and settled in Buffalo City. Was engaged in merchandis ing and also owner of a saw-mill. He afterwards removed to this place. In 1862, he married Eleanor Kempter, a native of Germany. They have eight children — Flora, Charles, Emma, George, Adolph, Julia, Robert and Alma. Mr. B. has also been Postmaster in this village eight years. WILLIAM BRIGGEBOOS, brewer, Alma, was born in Germany, Jan. 30, 1834. When he was twenty years of age he came to America and first located in Galveston, Texas. The following year he came to Alma and until 1866, he was engaged in the wood business, when he purchased the Alma Brewery, of which, since been proprietor. He married Ursilla Menly, a native of Switzerland, in 1861. They have three children — Christina, Julia and Meno. HON. JOHN BURGESS, County Clerk of Buffalo County, Alma, was born in Scotland, May 26, 1829. When he was twenty-four years of age he embarked for America and landed in New Orleans. He did not make a permanent location until 1856, when he settled in the town of Nelson, this county, and until his election to the position of County Clerk, his time has been occupied as a farmer. Although not an office- seeker Mr. B has held quite important positions ; a member of the State Legislature in 1864, and has been Chairman of his town four years. He married Rachael Evans, a. native of Pennsylvania, in i860. They have six children — Ann Jane, William A., George E., Hattie, Mary, and John. Mr. Burgess has for many years been a member of the United Presbyterian Church. M. T. BUTLER, .saloon keeper, Alma, was born in Nova Scotia, July 12, 1845; came to the United States in 1868, and settled in the State of Maine, and was in the employ of a lumber company one year. In 1871, he came to Wisconsin and settled in Eau Claire, and was en gaged in lumbering. In 1877, he came to Alma and engaged in his present business. STEPHEN CALLAHAN, saloon keeper, Alma, was born in Roch ester, N. Y., Nov. 23, 1845; came to Wisconsin when he was four years of age, and located with his parents in Milwaukee. From thence they removed to Green Bay, thence to Oconto. In 1873, he came to Alma and engaged in his present business. He married Mary Phillippi, a native of Wisconsin. MARTIN EXEL, Alma, manufacturer and dealer in cigars, No. 141, 6th District, was born in Germany, Feb. 5, 1843. In 1868, he HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 163 came to America, and first settled in Eau Claire, and was employed as a cigar maker for nine years. In 1877, he removed to Alma, and estab lished his present business. Married Clara Theisen, in 1874. She was born in this State. They have four children — Mary, Sopha, Matilda and Martin. FREDERICK FISHER, lumber dealer, Alma, was born in Ger many, Oct, 16, 1835; came to America in 1841, and located with his parents in Maryland. In 1866, he came to Alma and was employed for a number of years by Mr. Lane. He married Jennie Little, in 1864, a native of Philadelphia. SAMUEL FUOTER, saloon, Alma, was born in Switzerland, Nov. I, 1846 ; came to America in 1868, and located in Alma. He married Margaret Ming, a native of Switzerland. They have four children — Anton, Christ, Samuel and Lillie. HENRY GINZKEY, druggist,- of the firm of Ginzkey & Hunner, Alma, was born in Austria, Aug. 20, 1842. He came to America in 1856, and his first location was in La Crosse where he attended school for two .years. In 1864 he settled in Alma, and has been engaged in various business since, and is now a member of one of the leading films in the city. In 1871 he married Christena Mann, a native of Kentucky. They have four children — Frank C, Aurilla, Rosa and Alfred. JULIUS GINZKEY, saloon, Alma, was born in Austria, Jan. 23, 1845. He came to America in 1857,. and settled at Alma. He attended school at La Crosse two years, he then went to St. Louis, from ihere to Quincy, III., he was afterwards in La Crosse three years, where he learned the trade of harness making, and in 1864, started a shop in this place. He has been Postmaster two years. He married Julia Berg, <• native of New York. They have two children, Raymond and Aima Nora. JOHN HARRY, dealer in grain and wood, was born in Switzer land, June 20, 1847. In 1851, his parents came to America and settled n Dubuque, la., four years later they removed to this county. In 1869, Mr. Harry engaged in business for himself, in which he has since con tinued. He married Annie Beaver, a native of Wisconsin. They have four children — Eddie, Clara, John and Frank. ANDREW HEMRICH. butcher, Alma, was born in Germany, March 25, 1832 ; came to America in 1851, and settled in New Jersey, and was engaged in butchering ; in 1856, he came to Alma and continued in the same business. He has been married, and has seven children — Matilda, Frederick, Andrew, Melissa, Annie, Lydia and Frank. WILLIAM HOEFLING, grain dealer, was born in Germany, Jan. 5, 1845. He came to America in 1862, and went to Manitowoc, and enlisted in Co. F. 26th Wis. Inf., and served until the close of the war. He afterwards attended college in Milwaukee, and then was employed as book-keeper in Chicago. In the Summer of 1869, he made a trip to Germany, and on his return he located in this county. The following Spring he established his present business. He has been Justice of Peace, two years, and Village Clerk, four years. In 1874, he married Addie Saltman, a- native of Germany. They have three child ren — Elfa, Orma and Luida. SILAS V. HOLSTEIN, superintendent of Meridean Mill Co's mills at Alma, was born at Rock Island, 111., Dec. 25, [839. He has been in the lumber business for the past twenty-two years. He located at Alma Feb. 16, 1880. March 13, 1870, he was united in marriage to Miss Emily C. Johnson, a native of Ohio. LOUIS P. HUNNER, druggist, of the firm of Ginzkey & Hunner, Alma, the son of John and Doratha Hunner, natives of Germany, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1850. When he was fourteen years of age, his parents came to this county, and he has since resided here. He established his present business in 1873, under the firm name of L. P. Hunner & Co. In 1876 Tie took Mr. Ginzkey for a partner, and by close attention to business and good management they have enlarged their business, and are doing an exchange banking business. Mr. Hunner married Lucella Smith in 1869. She is a native of the State of Iowa. They have three children — Richard, Edward and Adella. THOMAS IRVINE, superintendent and secretary of the Beef Slough Boom Co., Alma, was born in Toronto, Canada, July 2, 1841. When' he was twenty-six years of age he went to Muscatine, Iowa, and was engaged in the lumber business with Mr. Herschie. He is also sec retary of the Chippewa River Improvement Log Driving Co. He mar ried Emily A. Hills, a native of Connecticut. They have one child, Horace H. HON. R. R. KEMPTER, dealer in grain and agricultural imple ment?, Alma, was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Feb. 7, 1837, came to America with his parents in 1849, and located in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1858 he came to Alma, and was employed as clerk by Charles Schaettle. In 1861 he enlisted in Co. F, 9th Wis. I., and served two years. He was commissioned second lieutenant. He has been Clerk of the Court, and in 1880 was elected a member of the Legislature. He has been twice married — first to Julia Huebsch, a native of Bohemia. They had six children — Richard A., Frank, George, Julia, Amelia and Anton. His second wife was Caroline Gaab, a native of this county. DUNCAN P. KENNEDY, agent for W. & J. Flemming of Mc Gregor, Iowa, Alma, was born in Quebec, Canada, March 26, 1845. Previous to his coming to the United States he was engaged in the lumber business on the St. Lawrence River. He came to Alma in 1871. He was for some time foreman for the Mississippi Logging Co. In the Fall of 1880 he becameagent for his present employers. He married Mary Colburn, a native of New York. They have one child, Duncan H. LAURENCE KESSINGER, teacher, Alma, was born in Baden, Germany, Aug. 10, 1826. He came to America in 1853, and first located in St. Louis. He remained there six months. He then went to Terre Haute, Ind., where he was employed as teacher for one year. In 1855, he came to this county, and settled in Buffalo City, and was still engaged as teacher ; in 1865, was elected County Surveyor, which office he held two terms. He was also Superintendent of Schools three terms. In 1870, he removed to Alma, where he has since resided. He is a gradu ate of the Meersburg Normal School, Germany. He married Mary Schneider, a native of Switzerland. They have four children — Alice, Mary, Charles and Matilda. FRED. LANE, lumber dealer, Alma, was born in Germany, Jan. 15, 1833. He came to America in 1852, and his first permanent settlement was in Buffalo City, where he erected a steam saw- mill. In 1865, he re moved to Alma, where he built another extensive mill, and still contin ues in the lumber business. His mill has the capacity — 25,000 feet per day. He employs about twenty-five men. He has been twice married, first to Julia Horst, a native of Germany. They had five children, three of whom are now living — Laura, Matilda and Julia. His second wife was Margaret Mason, a native of Kentucky ; they have five children — Frederick, Eddie, William, Adolph and Charles. C. W. LAWRENCE, proprietor of livery barn, Alma, was born in Ticonderoga, N. Y., April 16, 1854; came to Wisconsin in 1858, and located with his parents at New Lisbon, where they remained two years, and then removed to Alma, where they have since lived. He married Katie Hoffer, a native of Jefferson County. ROBERT LEES, attorney at law, Alma, was born in Scotland, July 3, 1842. When he was lour years of age, his parents emigrated to Amer ica, and settled in Waukesha County : seven years later they removed to this county, and located in the Town Cross. He enlisted in Co. H, 6th Wis. Inf., in 1861, and was discharged on the 16th of July, 1864. He married Mary Baertsch, a native of Illinois. They have five children — Edward, Mary, Isabella, Andrew and Alice. J. M. LEONHARDY, Register of Deeds, Alma, was born in Swit zerland, Feb. 3, 1843, When be was sixteen years old, his parents emi grated to America, and for a period of one year resided in Canada, when they removed to Sauk County, and only remained there a short time. In 1861, they located permanently in the town of Alma. Mr. Leonhardy had only ihe advantages of a common school education, but his early life was spent in teaching during the Winter, and farming in Summer. In 1869, he settled in the village of Alma, and has been in .various busi nesses since. Although not an office-seeker, he has been chosen by the people to act as Sheriff one term, and in 1879 was elected to his present position. In 1873, he married Veronika Fuoter, who was born in the same place, in 1851. They have one child, Alma. EMIL LEONHARDY, proprietor of Massasoit House, Alma, was born in Switzerland, Aug. 16, 1847. In 1859, he removed with his parents to America, and for a few months lived in Canada. They re moved from there to Sauk County. Soon after they located in the town of Alma, and his parents are still residents of that town. In 1870, he engaged in business for himself in the village of Alma, dealing in agri cultural implements and insurance. He was appointed special agent for C. Aultman & Co., which position he held for three years, when he pur chased the Massasoit House. He has held the office of Deputy Sheriff and Register of Deeds, under his brother. In 1872, he married Mary Bruegger, born in this State in 1849. They have five children — Annie Alma, Paul E., Clara, Lydia, Belle. D. J. McKENZIE, lumber inspector, District No. 9, Alma, was born in Glengary County, Canada, July 4, 1848. He came to Wisconsin in 1871 and located at Chippewa Falls, and engaged in scaling logs. In 1877 he was appointed by the government to fill his present position. He married Catherine E. Horton, a native of Potter County, Penn. They have one child, Laverne E. NEWTON McVEY, physician and surgeon, Alma, was born in Ma rion County, Ind., Oct. 11,1845. He graduated at the Indiana Medical Col lege, and received his diploma on the 26th of February, 1875. He had been in the practice of medicine seme time in the city of Indianapolis before he graduated. In 1875 he made a permanent location in this vil lage, and has thereby become one of Alma's staunch citizens. In the same year he came to Alma, he married Nancy L. Furgason, uho was also born in Marion County. They have two children, Elsie and Carrie. Mr. M. was for a short time in the U.S. A. as drummer. He enlisted in Co. A., 47th Ind. in 1865, and was discharged in same year. JOHN MAILER, blacksmith, Alma, was born in Perth, Scotland, Oct. 3, 1842. In 1870 he came to America and settled in the village of 164 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Misha Mokwa, Buffalo Co., and engaged at his trade of blacksmithing, which he continued ten years. He then removed to Alma. He married Joanna Peddie, also a native of Scotland. They have nine children, Ag nes I., John, William P., Thomas, Mary, Jane, Jessie, James I., and Margaret. Mr. Mailer has been Justice of the Peace six years ; elected Clerk two terms. HARTMAN MOOT, butcher, Alma, was born in Indiana County, Penn., Aug. 11, 1854. He came to Wisconsin in 1873 and settled in Alma. He married Louisa Kirchner, a native of Germany, CONRAD MOSER, Jr., County Judge, Alma, was born in Switzer land, April 28, 1835. He came to America in 1856 and landed in New York City on the 28th of April. He soon after went to St. Louis and studied law for three years. In 1861 he came to Alma and was first ap pointed County Clerk to fill a vacancy and in 1862 was elected and in 1864 re-elected. At this time he began the practice of law. In 1873 he re moved to Eau Claire, where he made his residence until 1876. when he was appointed Chief Quartermaster, District 2, and Comptroller. This not being a very lucrative business he resigned and returned to Alma, where he has since lived. Although not an office-seeker, he has been chosen by the people to fill nearly all county offices at different times. He has been a Member of the Legislature two terms and elected County Judge in 1877 and again in 1879. He has been twice married, first to Verena Dunkel, a native of Switzerland. She died in December, 1869. They had four children — Louisa, Gustav, Lena and Robert. His second wife was Margaret Theisen, a native of this State. They have five chil dren — Ida, Ferdinand, Conrad, Charles and Elva. MARTIN POLIN, merchant, Alma, was born in Switzerland, Feb- 13, 1840. In 1857, he came to Alma and clerked for a man named Geeter for a short time. He then went to Stillwater, Minn., and clerked for Benjamin & Gray. In 1863, he enlisted in Co. F, 55th Reg., N. Y. Inf., and was discharged in 1863. In 1865, he came back to Alma; was in various business until he purchased the store of Tester & Polin, in 1873. In 1872, he married Magdalena Polin, a native of Switzer land. They have seven children — Annie, Joshua, Elizabeth, Rosa, Os car, Olga and an infant. HENRY R ABBAS, grain dealer, was born in Prussia, Dec. 16, 1829. He came to America in 1859 and nrst located at Two Rivers, and was for three, years engaged in milling. In 1862, he removed to Alma, and has since been in the grain and commission business. He married Mary Heofling, a native of Germany, in 1864. They have three children— Helma, Jennie and Henery. JOHN C. RATHBUN, Superintendent of Schools, Buffalo County, Alma, was born in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 19, 1854. When he was two years old his parents removed to Wisconsin, and their first location was in Gilmanton, this county. His father, C. VV. Rathbun, was one of the first settlers in that town. Mr. Rathbun's early life was spent on his father's farm, and in Winter attending school. In 1872, he went to Madison and attended the State University, and graduated in the Sum mer of 1877. In the same Fall he was elected County Superintendent of Schools and in 1879 was re-elected. He married in 1878, Libbie Goldenberger, a native of Boston. They have one child, Chauncy B. H. J. RIECK, Justice ; born in Germany, June 24, 1836. In 1855, he came to America and settled in this county, and for six years was en gaged in farming. In 1861; he removed to this town and has been in various business since. In 1868, he went into the saloon keeping which he has continued since. He has been Justice fourteen years; Town Clerk and Village Trustee, and other offices. lie married Louisa Wue- fel, a native of Prussia. They have seven children — Odelia, Ida, Gus tav, Olive, Rosa, Alfred and Alma. JOSEPH SCHLUMPF, Alma, was born in France, Sept. 17, 1834. He emigrated to America in 1853, and landed in New Orleans, where he remained four years. He made several changes afterwards, and in i860 settled in this county, and the first four y^ars tilled the soil. In 1865, he engaged in saloon-keeping which he has continued since. His wife and daughters keep a millinery establishment. His wife was Miss Gene- veve Wiegele, a native of Germany. They have seven children — Louisa, Josephene, August, Joseph, Robert, Emma and Eve. Mr. Schlumpf has been a member of the village Board two terms, Assessor one term, and is Justice of the Peace at present. CHARLES SCHAETTLE, merchant, Alma, was born in Obern- dorf, Wurtemberg, Germany, Jan. 20, 1827. He came to America in ¦ 1848, and located in Cincinnati, Ohio, and for ten years was engaged in the leather business. In 1858, he removed to Buffalo City and engaged in merchandising. In 1866, he removed to this town and continued in the same line of business. He married Julia Kempter in 1852. She was born in Rottweil, Wurtemberg, Germany. They have five children — Annie, Charles, Frank, George and Romeo. J. A. TESTER, merchant, Alma, was born in Switzerland, March 30, 1834. In 1848, his parents came to America and located in St. Louis. In 1855, he left home and came to Alma, and, with a man named Palin, embarked in merchandising with very little capital. By close attention to business and good management, he has become one of Buffalo Coun ty's richest men. In 1873, he went to Europe, and in June, 1880, he went again. He married Matilda Binder in February, i860. She was born in Hanover, Germahy. They have three children— Julia, Edwin and Clara. JOHN W. TESTER, merchant, Alma, was born in Switzerland, Jan. 12, 1845. When he was three years of age his parents came to America, and located in the city of St. Louis. In 1861, he came to this village, and remained two and a half years, when he returned to St. Louis, and for three years was employed as clerk for Provost Marshal, and the following three years he was clerk in master mechanic's office for the North Missouri Railroad Company. In 1871, he came back to Alma. Two years later he engaged in the hardware business with Mr. Schilling, and has continued in it since. He married Julia Binder, a native of this county. They have one child, Irla. SAMUEL SCHILLING, merchant, junior member of the firm of Tester & Schilling, was born in this county in 1832, Oct. 9, of German parents. He engaged in business with Mr. Tester in 1873. Married Annie Saxer in 1874. She was born in Switzerland, March I, 1853. They have one child, Edwin. PHILIP ZELLER, harnessmaker, Alma, was born in Louisville, Ky., May 20, 1850. In 1864, he removed with his parents to this county and settled on a farm in the town of Wamandee. In l87l,he went to Fountain City to learn the trade of harnessmaking, which he completed in the following three years. In 1875, he established business in Alma. In 1874, he married Mary Weiwers, a native of Sauk County. They have two children — Rosetta and Amanda. PROF. JAMES W. YULE, teacher, was born in Lake Co., 111., Feb. 14, 1848. He is a son of James and Jessie Yule, natives of Scot land. His early life was spent on his father's farm, in the town of New port, Lake Co., 111. In 1873, he graduated at the State University of Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1876, he became Principal of the Alma Public School, which position he still holds. He married Charlotte E. Skin ner, a native of New York. They have one child, George R. FOUNTAIN CITY. This village is situated in the southern part of the county, nestled among the cliffs on the bank of the Missis sippi River. The place has the honor of being the seat of civilization of Buffalo County. For a time after the first settlement here, the Indians remained in undisturbed possession of the territory, within the present limits of the county. The place now occupied by Fountain City, was neutral ground to the surrounding tribes, — the Winneba- gos, Chippewas and Sioux. Dangerous ground it conse quently proved to either tribe, for peace and friendship were unnatural among them, and this was the scene of many fearful contests — a fact demonstrated by the number of skeletons found within the village, buried in every conceivable position. We may well credit the description given by the first settlers of the last fight between the Chippewas and the Winnebagos. The Winnebagos had brought their furs to the log cabin (torn down by Charles Neiman in 1875) and were engaged in trading, when sud denly the Chippewas burst from the thicket, and with furi ous yells and random shots, drove their enemies down the river. The informant says : " The balls whizzed through my windows ; the devils howled like madmen. It was get ting dark, and things looked uncomfortable, so I retired to a safe corner in the cellar. In the morning the Chip pewas had disappeared, but we buried a dozen or more scalpless corpses. The very springs looked bloody to me for a week afterwards." The early settlers at Fountain City had but little trouble with the Indians; they did beg and steal, and did occasionally frighten women and chil dren away from their homes and clear the pantry of all eatables ; yet they were never dangerous to them even in the bloody time of the New Ulm massacre. The first white man who occupied the site of the village of Fountain City was Holme, a true western pioneer, to whom a life in the wilderness was a necessity, and the restraints of law and civilization a burden. Adam Weber found him here in 1841, trading with the Indians. Com fortable and independent he claims to have been here fifteen years previous to Weber's arrival. But his happi- HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 165 ness vanished when white faces became familiar in his domain, and a few years later he sold his squatter right, to Henry Georke, and moved with his squaw and children toward the setting sun, where neither ax nor plow might disturb his solitude. Captain Harris, of Galena, during those days made monthly trips in the season of navi gation to Fort Snelling, and he employed Adam Weber in the Winter of 1841, to cut cord wood for the use of his boats. The lonely life pleased Mr. Weber and the next Winter found him in his shanty in the woods. Soon some of his friends from Galena followed him, viz. : Henry Georke, John Manzener, Christian Wenger, Rudolph Beimer, Victor Probst, Andreas Baertsch, and Claus Liesch, then all young men of enterprise and courage, to whom a life in the wilderness had a natural charm ; they built a row of log cabins along the shore and " Holme's Landing " became a stopping place for boats in the Summer, and travelers in the Winter, as well as the trading point for supplies of all kinds. In 1845, Mr. Georke brought his bride from Galena, and Mrs. Georke, now Mrs. Bodenstab, has the honor of being the first white woman in Buffalo County. The place where Henry Teckenburg now lives was her first home, and for a time, hers was the only hos pitable roof between Wabasha and LaCrosse. Business at Holme's Landing was simply the sale of cord wood and furs. Trading with the Indians, hunting and fishing, provi ded for the wants of the early settlers. To follow the growth and struggles of this young community would lengthen this sketch to tediousness, but it would be incom plete without mentioning a few incidents which at the time excited universal interest, and also the names of those who were the first to aid in the advancement of the social and material welfare. In 1854, the village ground was laid out, and the vener able name " Holme's Landing " thrown aside, and " Wau mandee " adopted, after the Indian name for the "beautiful stream " above the village ; but the strange name never be came popular, and was soon abandoned for the present appropriate name, suggested by the numerous springs found in the bluff, in the rear of the village. Slowly and gradu ally the Indian trails gave way to public roads ; the slippery log across the creek was thrown aside ; bridges were built and traveling made comparatively 'easy. The streets of the village assumed a civilized appearance; the logs, and stumps, and rocks disappeared ; patient and persever ing industry were beginning to tell. Previous to 1854, Henry Georke bought and opened a store. Henry Teckenburg purchased the store and busi ness of Mr. Georke in 1854, paying for his stock, the sum of $28. Mr. Teckenburg brought the first stock of general merchandise to Fountain City. The first school was taught in the Winter of 1854-5, in a log house owned by John Beuhler; the teacher being Mrs. J. R. Penney. The first school-house was built of brick by Henry Teckenburg in 1859, and is now standing. Therissa Georke, a daughter of Henry Georke (now Mrs. Fugina), was the first white child born in the place. The first brewery was built and run by Alois Katler, in 1855. The post-office was opened at this point, in 1854, with James M. Pierce, as Postmaster. He has been succeeded in the Postmastership by Henry Teckenburg, from 1855 to 1857 ; R. W. Feigl, 1857 to 1858; Henry Teckenburg, 1858 to 1861; Augustus Finkelnburg, 1861 to 1862; M. W. Hamman, 1862 to 1863; Selmar Carthauser, 1863 to 1870; Fred Morckel, 1870101873; John Mauer, 1873101874; Tobias Voegli, 1874 to the present time. The business of the county was first attended to at Fountain City. The county seat was subsequently moved to Upper Fountain City, which was situated on the prairie point, about three miles above the village. It did not remain long there, but returned to Fountain City, and in 1859, a court-house was built at a cost of $800. This old court-house is now the Eagle Hotel. In i860, the county seat was removed to Alma. The present commodious school-house, the largest in the county, was erected in 1867, at a cost of $7,oco. This they may well be proud of, as well as the number of chil dren assembled there in the four departments, and the management of the school and th-e wise liberality of the citizens, who all seem to appreciate the value of a good school education. In 1875 another school-house was built by the Catholic residents, and placed under the care of Nuns belonging to the order of Saint Franciscus. June 1, 1861, is the memorable day that the red, white and blue flag was presented to the brave men who stepped forward at the first call of our hero President, to protect the stars and stripes from southern insult. These we will never forget to thank, as well as the noble boys who "fol lowed their example whenever our country called for help. The town of Buffalo formerly included the village of Alma, but in 1870, the Legislature granted them a charter for a separate municipal organization, and since then they may proudly point to the management of their village affairs as a model of honesty and prudence, under the rule of their worthy Presidents, J. B. Oenning, for four years ; J. J. Senn, for two years; G. G. Oppliger, for two years; Ferdinand Huefner, one year ; Henry Teckenburg, two years; Augustus Finkelnburg, two years, and their present President, Henry Roetliger. In 1871 they organized a fire department, consisting of a hook and ladder company, hose company and an engine company. They now have, one hook and ladder truck and equipments, one fire engine and about 1500 feet of hose. The water supply consists of two large cisterns. The Turnverein was organized in April, 1858, and in 1859 they built a commodious hall, at a cost of about $700. In 1877 this hall was torn down and rebuilt on its present site. A singing society was also organized during this same year. A German dramatic club was organized in 1859, and the shooting society was instituted in 1863 and incorporated in 1869. The Turner Hall is now occupied by both the turners and shooting societies. These societies are all in a prosperous condition." A. O. U. W., Fountain City Lodge, No. 13, was organized by Matthias Simon, September 28, 1877, with ten charter members. It is now a thriving institution, and numbers fifty members. Its present officers are : John Schnitz, P. M. W. ; Tobias Voegli, M. W. ; Martin Nick, foreman; Jacob Baer, Jr., O. ; Christian Florin, recorder ; Martin Feurhack, financier ; Henry Beblmer, receiver ; Jacob Hen- ney, G. ; Joseph Mattausch, I. W. ; George Fuchs, O. W. /. O. O. F., Steuben Lodge, No. 280, was instituted March 8, 1878, by Theodore Rodolf, P. G. M., with the assist ance of the German lodge at Winona, Minn. It was insti tuted with five charter members, and now has sixty-one. Eagle Brewery. — In 1873, John Koschuetz established a brewery, since which time he has added new buildings and increased its capacity. He now manufactures, on an aver age, 1,000 barrels per year. This institution represents an outlay of about $8,000. A Soda Water Manufactory was established by Fred. Hepp, in 1873, and is now doing a thriving and prosperous business. Saw-Mill. — In 1854, Edmund Bishop built a saw-mill, with a capacity of 12,000 feet per day. He ran it until 1856, when he disposed of it to Slingluff, Carpenter & Co. Bohn, Grant & Co' came into possession of it in 1864. After op- i66 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. erating it for a few years, it was shut down, and in 1877 purchased by its present owner, Henry Teckenburg. In 1879 he put it into running order, and now employs, in the manufacture of lumber, about sixteen men. The lumber is all retailed at the mill. Fountain City may well feel proud of her three hand some churches, the Catholic, Lutheran, and Methodist. The Catholic Church was built in i860, at a cost of $4,000, and now has a membership of about 100 families, the Lutheran was built in 1863, and has a membership of about 180 ; it cost about $2,500. The Methodist Society was formed in 1S65, and their church built in 1874, at a cost of $2,000. The village of Fountain City is compactly built under picturesque bluffs close to the Mississippi, and its substan tial brick houses, clean streets and green gardens, present a picture of quiet comfort, and show what strides the place has made from an unbroken wilderness to an abode of civ ilized life. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HENRY BECHMANN, merchant, Fountain City; born in Ger many, 29th of August 1834 ; came to America in 1857, and his first loca tion was in Fountain City where he worked at his trade (mason). In 1873, he was elected Register of Deeds, which position he held six years. On his return to Fountain City from the county seat, he and his son Charles purchased the store of Mr. G. G. Oppleger, to which they gave their entire attention. His son Charles R. was born Feb. 17, 1857. He is a graduate of the Chicago College of Pharmacy. Mr. Bechmann Sr., married Wilhelmena Tratzscher, a native of Germany. They have five children — Charles R., Emma, Otto, Annie and Pauline. HENRY BEHLMER, merchant, Fountain City, was born in Ger many, Jan. 20, 1844. In 185 1, he came to America with his parents and settled first in Sheboygan, where they lived two years. From there they went to La Crosse. In 1854, they came to this village and have since resided here. The subject of this sketch has been in various busi- . ness prior to his present. He married Mary Erhart, a native of Iowa. They have one child, Mary. G. A. BODENSTAB, physician aud surgeon, Fountain City ; born in Hanover, Germany, May 20, 1813 ; came to America in 1846, and first located in Sheboygan County, where he practiced medicine. He also practiced in Milwaukee a short time. He is a graduate of the Rush Medical College in Chicago, and also a University in Hanover, Ger many. He came to this place in 1864, and has been its leading physi cian since. He married Catherine Girka, a native of Germany. They have one child, Edmund. BOHRI BROTHERS, dealers in general merchandise and grain, and exchange bank business. Established in 1862. Frederick Bohri, merchant, Fountain City, was born in Switzerland, March 16, 1842 ; came to America in 1854, 'and his first permanant loca tion was in this village. For some years previous to his going into busi ness for himself, he was employed as a clerk. In 1862, in company with his brother they opened up their present establishment. He mar ried Lena Krundick, a native of Hanover, Germany. They have two children, Frederick J. and Edwin. Christian Bohri, merchant. Fountain City, was born in Switzerland, Oct. 15, 1830 ; came to America in 1852, and located for two years in New Philadelphia, Ohio. In 1854, he went to New York to meet his parents, and they all came direct to this county. The subject of this sketch was employed as clerk for Bishop, in the second store in the vil lage until, in company with his brother, they engaged in their present business. He married Victoria Gilbert, a native of Illinois. They have five children — Frank G., Jennie, Frederick, Allie and Maud. C. CARISCH, dealer in grain, Fountain City ; born in Switzerland, Nov. 15, 1847. When he was two years old his parents came to Amer ica and settled in Sauk City. In 1857, tney went to La Crosse, and they moved again in 1859, to this county and settled on a farm. In 1864, he in company with his brother, opened a general store in this place ; they continued that until 1879, when their store was burned ; has been in the grain business since. He married Annie Behlmer, a native of this county. They have four children — George, Lena, Emil and Edward. JOHN CLARKE, machinist, Fountain City, was born in England, Oct. 20, 1S24. He came to America in 1852, and located in Jersey City; from there he went to Howard Co., Ind., and from there to Fond du Lac, and in 1855, he came to Fountain City. He, in company with Mr. Burler, of Alma, built the steam grist-mill now owned by Mr. Kam- merer. It was the first mill built in the county. He sold his interest to Mr. Burler and was engaged in various occupations until 1865, when he began his present business. He has been Deputy Sheriff one term and District Attorney one term. He married Elizabeth Waring, a na tive of England. They have six children— Marion, Lillie, Carrie, Grace, . Fanny and George. CLAUSEN BROS., hotel and saloon, Fountain City. This firm was established in the Fall of 1874. Frederick, the elder brother, was born in Germany, Nov. 23, 1844; came to the United States in 1868, and to Fountain City the same year, where he worked by the day at. different things until he started in business with his brother Christ, who was born in Germany in 1848, and came to America in 1875. The lat ter is a fine musician, having traveled with the Swiss Bell Ringers for three years. They are both members of the I. O, O. F., Steuben Lodge, No. 280. R. W. FEIGL, Notary Public, and proprietor of billiard and danc ing hall, was born in Bohemia, Feb. II, 1828. On the 14th of Novem ber, 1850, he landed in New York City. Schenectady was his first loca tion, In 1855, he removed from there here and engaged in merchan dising until 1866. For a few years he was engaged in buying grain. In 1872, he began his present business. He has held several important town offices ; was Town Clerk sixteen years, has also been Chairman of town. He married Maria Hellbeber, of Baden. They have four child ren — William, Paulina, Annie and Ferdinand. HENRY FIEDLER, butcher and beer agent, Fountain City, was born in Prussia, Dec. 14, 1846 ; came to America in 1859, and located with his parents in Lafayette County, this State. In 1866, came to this place and was in the brewery business until 1880, when he engaged in his present occupation. He married Catherine Smith, a native of Ger many. They have two children, Michael and Hannah. AUGUSTUS FINKELNBURG, Fountain City, born in Marien- linden, Prussia, May 8, 1830, educated in the college at Munstereiffel ; came to the United States in 1848;. chose surveying and the study of law as a profession, while living in St. Charles, Mo. Crossed the plains in 185 1, to California, and followed surveying and mining there ; returned on muleback from San Diego, in 1854; built and stocked the second store opened in Winona, in the Spring of 1855 ; followed surveying in Buffalo County, and located immigrants; built a dwelling in Fountain City in the Fall of 1855; married and settled down; helped to widen Indian trails till they were called roads, to build bridges where slippery logs connected the banks of the creeks ; camped in Mondovi and Eau Claire, hunting up connections, before corner lots were known ; acted as Clerk at the first sessions of Circuit Court and County Board in the county ; was elected the first County Superintendent of Schools, also District Attorney, County Judge, member of Assembly, State Senator — better than that, raised a family of nine children, and owns as comfort able a home as there is in the county. CHRIST FLORIN, hardware dealer, Fountain City, born in Switz erland, April 30, 1843, came to America in 1868, and located in this town and engaged in present business with Mr. Stoll. He married Miss Emma Stoll, a native of this county. They have three children — John J., Oiga and Oscar. JOSEPH FUGINA, of the firm of J. & M. Fugina, general mer chandise, Fountain City. This firm having been established in i860, in a small frame building, on the corner of Main and Liberty streets, and in 1869 moved into the brick building which they now occupy. They also make grain buying a part of their business. In April of 1875, the above firm started a branch store at Arcadia, Trempealeau Co., in com pany with J. M. Fertig, and are also connected with him in the brewery at that place. They also own farm and wood land to the amount of 950 acres. They are both members of the Catholic Church, and Joseph was a liberal contributor to the Catholic school at Fountain City, which was erected in 1871. The subject of this sketch was born in Austria, March 25, 1835, and came to the United States in 1856, and stopped in Chicago, where he lived for four years. His brother, Mark, was born in the same country in 1837, coming to America two years after he did, which was in 1858, and in i860, they came to Fountain City. MALCOLM FYFE, Justice of the Peace, and tailor, Fountain City, was born in Scotland on the 28th of March, 1830. In 1868, he came to the United States and immediately located.at Fountain City, where he has made his home since. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1870, and has helfl that office ever since. He was married in Scotland in 1865, to Jane Bryce, a native of that country, and they have had seven chil dren, of whom five are living — Mary A., Elizabeth M. V., John B., Margaret and Lorenzo. Mr. Fyfe is a member of the Fountain City Lodge No. 13, of the A. O. U. W. AUGUST GERLICH, billiard hall and saloon, Fountain City, was born in Germany, Dec. 10, 1829. He came to America with his parents in 1833, and lived with them in Cincinnati until 1848, when he went to Dubuque, la., where he worked at tailoring, and also in Galena, 111. In 1853, he started to work at painting, which he followed until 1856, and then came up the Mississippi to Fountain City, where he remained but a short time returning to Galena. He there married Mrs. Gerlich, widow of his deceased brother Frederick J., by whom she had two children, Frederick A. and Caroline E. After his marriage he returned to Foun- HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 167 tain City, in the Fall of 1865, he has made it his home ever since. He engaged at house and sign painting until 1880, when he started his pres ent business. He has nine children — Fidelis, Ludwig W., George H., Emma, Lena, John E., Alford, Nora and one infant son unnamed. CASPER F. G. HAHN, shoemaker, Fountain City, was born in Germany, June 12, 1836 ; came to the United States in July of 1871, and immediately located in Fountain City, and commenced to work at his ti-ade, which was that of shoemaking. He was married in Germany on the 17th of November, 1865, to Wilhelmina Langfeld, by whom he has six children — Henrietta D. T., Augusta M. B., Louise W. K, Magdalena C. C, Karoline M. and Frederick M. WILLIAM HECK, engineer of the steamer " Robert Harris," was born in Germany, Aug. 30, 1843, and came to the United States with his parents, landing at New Orleans where they remained but a short time. Then they moved to Ste. Genevieve Co., Mo. In 1855, he came up the Mississippi River to Reed's Landing, Minn., with his father, where they remained for two years working in a saw-mill, and in 1857 moved to Buffalo County and engaged in farming. In the Fall of 1858 the subject of this sketch went back to Missouri and worked at teaming in the Iron Mountains until 1861, at which time he returned to Wisconsin and com menced farming again with his father in Buffalo County. He was mar ried in 1867 to Barbara Fuches, who was born in Germany, and they then moved into Fountain City where he,,engaged in a saw-mill for Frank Maultauch for seven years, and then started engineering on the Missis sippi, and, in 1875, formed a partnership with Peter J. Schneider, to run a daily boat between Winona and Fountain City, and is now engineer and partner of the same, and is a member of the I. O. O. F., Steuben Lodge, No. 280. FREDERICK HEPP, soda water manufactory at Fountain City, was born in Prussia on the 13th of February, 1832. In 1852, he came lo the United States, locating at Galena, 111., where he worked in a flouring- mill, and afterwards in the lead mines. In 1855, he came to Fountain City, and in 1856, returned to Galena and bought a yoke of oxen, which he brought up the river on a boat to Fountain City, and commenced breaking a farm. In 1858, he was mail agent from Fountain City to St. Croix, a distance of 150 miles by land. He afterwards followed team ing until 1874, when he commenced in his present business. He has been Town Treasurer of Fountain City, also a member of Town Board for two terms, and Constable, and is a member of the Catholic Church. He was married in 1857, to Sophia Multhaup, who was bom in Han over, Germany. They have eight children — Matilda, Mary, Elizabeth, Tracy, Rosa, Adolph, Lena and Ragena. PAUL HUEFNER, grain dealer, Fountain City, was born in Kathea, Bavaria, Germany, June 29, 1839. When he was eleven years of age his parents came to America and located in Southbridge, Worcester Co., Mass., where they lived until i860, when they came to Madison. Two years later they again removed to Hastings, Minn. Mr. Huefner has been permanently located in this place since 1870. He has two ware houses in Alma and one in Buffalo City and two here. He married Louisa Demeler, a native of England. They have one child, Ferdinand. CHARLES IRMSCHER, foreman of Teekenburg's saw-mill, Foun tain City, was born in Germany, Jan. 8, 1834. He came to the United States in 1849, nrst locating in Manitowoc County, where he lived for two years, then went to Sheboygan County and in 1854 came to Fount ain City, where he has made his home ever since. He enlisted in March, 1865, in the 48th Wis. V. I., Co. K, and served until the close of the war as sergeant of that company, afterwards returning to Fountain City. He was married in 1857 to Fredrica Meyer, who was born in Germany. They have had a family of thirteen children, seven of whom are living — Emma, now Mrs. John Smith, of Dakota ; Frederick; Mary, now Mrs. Jacob Erler ; Charles, Bernhart, Phillip and Albine. Mr. Irmscher has held the office of Justice of the Peace in Fountain City for one year, also Treasurer one year. S. KAMMERER, miller, Fountain City, was born in Switzerland, Sept. 18, 1850, came to America in 1872 and located in Green Lake, Montgomery Co., Penn. He rented and run a grist-mill four years. In April, 1878, he came to Wisconsin, and was in various occupations until the Spring of 1881, when he purchased his present mill. It is the first flouring mill built in this county. Mr. Kammerer intends to put in a few improvements, and will soon have a capacity of 100 barrels per day. JOHN KOSCHUETZ, brewer, Fountain City, was born in Ger many, Dec. 25, 1848 ; in 1873, came to America, locating at Fountain City, where he worked in the brewery for Behlmer & Fiedler. In 1874, he rened the same, and run it for five years, and in May of 1880 bought it for himself. He now brews from 400 to 500 barrels per year. He was married to Louisa Erhart, who was born in Fountain City. They are both members of the Catholic Church. They have one son, Frankie. JOHN KROPP, shoemaker, Fountain City, was born in Prussia, June 29, 1836. In 1856, he came to the United States, where he trav eled about for two years, working at his trade in different places. In 1858, he located at Fountain City, where he started a shoemaker shop, his being the second one in that place. He has been a member of the band at Fountain City for twenty-five years, and was married in Rock- ford, 111., to Tracy Multhaulp. They have had eleven children, having now living three sons and three daughters. JOSEPH MATTAUCH, blacksmith, Fountain City, was born in Germany, Aug. 8, 1840. In 1857, he came to America with his parents. They located in La Crosse County on a farm, and the subject of this sketch, having learned the trade of blacksmilhing in the old country, worked at it here in different places. In 1863 he came to Fountain City, where he worked for Jacob Stull for seven years, and then started a shop for himself. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., Fountain City Lodge No. 13. He was married to Annie Herdick, who is also a native of Germany. They have six children, three sons and three daughters. MARTIN NICK, proprietor of the Eagle hotel and saloon at Foun tain City, was born in Switzerland, Nov. 15, 1828, and came to Amer ica in 1855, first locating in Sauk County, where he lived until 1858. He then removed lo Buffalo County. Here he started to farming, on some land which he purchased from the Government, and on this he lived until 1874, when he traded his farm for some property in Foun tain City and commenced keeping hotel. He was Treasurer of the town of Mondovi for twelve years, and in 1880, was one of the village Trustees of Fountain City, and is a member of the A. O. U. W., Lodge, No. 13, at that place. He was married to Miss Doratea Pfosz, in Fountain City, she havirg been born in Switzerland. They have eight children, two sons and six daughters. CHARLES NIEMANN, saloon, Fountain City, was born in Ger many, in State of Mecklenburg, Aug. 6, 1823, and in 1853, came to America and first settled in the State of Indiana, where he was em ployed at constructing railroad. In August of 1855, he moved to Foun tain City and worked in a saw-mill, and in 1857, carried the mail be tween Fountain City and La Crosse. At one time was fourteen days making the trip on account of the bad roads, and at another time when they were impassable for the snow, he hired C. W. Gilbert, who skated down the river to La Crosse, and back, bringing with him 100 pounds of mail. Mr. Niemann continued at this business until 1869, and after wards erected the large brick block, where he now does business. He has been a member of the Lutheran Church for twenty-two years, and was married at La Crosse, in the year i860, to Margaret Carrisch, by whom he has one son and two daughters. G. G. OPPLIGER, retired merchant, Fountain City, was born in Switzerland, May 16, 1837. In 1853, he, with his parents, emigrated to America and settled in Rochester, N. Y. He came to Fountain City in 1858, and was employed for a few years as clerk. In 1861, he started The Buffalo County Republican, of which he was publisher and editor until 1870, when he sold it to Mr. Leicht. He then went into the drug business ; continued until 1870, when he sold his stock to Beckman & Son. He married Anna Ebner, a native of Baden, Germany. MARTIN RAHN, cigar manufactory, Fountain City, was born in Switzerland, Sept. 22, 1848. He came with his parents to America in 1854, and lived with them on a farm in Buffalo County until 1871, when he went to Milwaukee and learned the cigar making trade, remaining there two years. He then returned to Buffalo County and started a cigar manufactory for himself in Fountain City, and has since followed that business. He was married in Milwaukee to Mary France, who was born in Wisconsin, and by whom he has four children — Annie M., Louisa B., Olka M. and George A. ALBERT SCHERER, hotel, Fountain City, was born in Baden, Germany, Nov. 16, 1831. In 1854, he came to America and landed in New York City where he remained one year, employed as a baker. In 1857 he came to Fountain City. In 1863, he opened a hotel and has been in that for the past eighteen years. He married Charlotte Wagner in 1857. She also was born in Germany. They have six childaen — Char lotte, Sophia, Ferdinand, Charles, Lena and Amelia. PETER J. SCHNEIDER, captain and pilot of the steamer " Robert Harris," which runs daily between Winona, Minn., and Fountain City, is a resident of the latter place, having been born in Germany on the 19th of March, 1830. He came to America in 1854, first locating in Galena, 111. He engaged on the Mississippi River, first as deck hand, then as watchman, then as pilot, and finally as captain. In 1S60, he ran a boat between Galena and Bellevue, Iowa, and afterwards was engaged as cap tain and pilot with John Robinson of Winona, on a boat which plied between Le Claire, Iowa, and Ft. Snelling, continuing this for five years. He then was employed by the Diamond Joe Line, and in 1875 entered a partnership with William Heck, and bought the steamer " Express," which they run daily between Winona and Fountain City as a passenger and freight boat. After running this for four years they bought the steamer "Robert Harris," which they have run ever since. Mr. Schneider was married in Germany in 1851. JACOB STOLL, hardware dealer, Fountain City, born in Switzer land, Feb. 2, i83l,came to America in 1850, and firsi located in Madison, where he lived two years. From there he removed to New Glarus, Green County, and in 1853 he went to Ohio, remained a short time, and in 1854 came West again and settled in Galena, 111. In 1855 he moved i68 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. agajn^ and-has since been a resident of this village. His occupation was blacksmithing until 1869, when he went into the hardware business-with Mr Florin. He married Barbara Lichti, also a native of Switzerland. They have three children — Emma, John J. and William G. HENRY TECKENBURG, merchant, Fountain City, was born in Germany, Feb. 10, 1827. In 1852, he came to America and settled in Davenport, Iowa. He staid in Iowa six months, and, in 1853, he came to La Crosse and started a general store. He only remained a short time, however, when he removed his goods to this place, being the first store in Buffalo County. He married Margaret Ruhan, a native of Switzerland. They have four children — Emma, Matilda, Albert and Flora. TOBIAS VOEGELI, Postmaster, Fountain City, was born in Switz erland, Dec. 6, 1832. In 1855, he came to America, and landed in New York City on the 29th of April. He staid for a few years in New Glarus, Green Co. In 1857, he removed to this village, where he has since lived. He was employed as a carpenter and builder until 1874, -when he was appointed Postmaster. He married Annie R. Wichser, also a native of Switzerland. They have four children — Thomas, Fred, Kate and Henry. In 1864, Mr. V. enlisted in Co. D, gth Wis. V.I., and was mustered out June 3, 1865. F. H. WESTERKAMP, boot and shoe store, Fountain City, was born in Germany, July 19, 1818 ; came to America in 1853, and settled in Galena, 111., and in 1854, came to Fountain City, and has since been engaged in shoemaking. He married. Maria Engel, a native of Ger many. They have four children — Henry, Gerhardt, Dora and Lizzie. ZIEGENFUSS BROTHERS, butchers, Fountain City. Christoph, the elder brother, was born in Prussia, Dec. 13, 1837, He married Teresa Reid, a native of Baden. They have five children — George, Lena, Mary, William and Eddie. He enlisted in Co. F, 12th 111. I., in 1861, and was discharged in 1864. He has been Justice of the Peace, Village Trustee and Marshal of Fountain City. Michael, the younger brother, was born in the same place, April 14, 1843. He also enlisted in the U. S. A. in Co. G, 19th 111. I., in 1861, and was discharged in 1862. He married Lena Reid, of Baden. They have four children — Aloise, Herman, Emma and Kate. George Ziegenfuss, their father, was born in Prussia in 1806.. In 1852 he came to America with his family, and their first location was in Galena, 111., where they lived three years, when they removed to this place. His business has been, and still is, brewing. He married Cath erine Engelhart, also born in Prussia. They have four children living — Mary, John, Christoph and Michael, the last two of whom sketches ap pear elsewhere. BUFFALO CITY. This city is situated in the southeastern pare of the county, on the Mississippi River ; was first settled by Mat thias Hammer and John C. Wecker, in 1853, who erected a log shanty, and were engaged in cutting cord-wood and trading, on a small scale, with the Indians. They remained here only a short time. In 1856, a Cincinnati colony, com posed of Frederick Pfeiffer, George Messinger, Robert Stromann, and others, imagining that this place offered facilities and guarantees for a thriving and permanent busi ness, purchased the land where Buffalo City now stands, from Rudolf Kockwelp, John Baumann, William Snook, Jacob Mueller, and Yager, and laid out and platted a village site, Robert Stromann doing the surveying. In April, 1856, Leopold Arndt, now. a resident of Buffalo City, came to Buffalo City, and assisted in laying out the village and making the contracts for the land. Mr. Arndt subsequently purchased a lot and built the first frame house in the place, procuring his lumber from Fountain City. Later in this year came Frederick Kirchner, Joachim Goettinger, and a ¦ Mr. Becker, who were engaged in chopping down the trees and clearing out the streets for the Cincinnati Colony. When Mr. Yager first came, and the village plat was laid out, he built a log house, and these men all lived in that while doing this work. In 1857 came Herman Schraeder, Henry Busdecker, George Reider, Ferdinand Horst, and Franz Huebsch. These men mostly worked at the carpen ter's trade, in the construction of new houses. In 1858, one Michael, an agent for Edward Gunkle, a baker in Cincin nati, arrived in the embryo city, and at once commenced the erection of a saw-mill, which was completed and put into operation in the Fall of the same year. The next year, in 1859, Edward Gunkle came himself, and erected a flour- ing-mill in connection with his saw-mill, the same engine- furnishing- the motive power for both. From this date the population increased very rapidly, and on every hand were evidences of civilization, and from appearances then, this was soon to become the metropolis of the county. The first death occurred in the Winter cf 1857-8, and was Mr. Becker. He was buried on an island in the Mis sissippi River. The first marriage ceremony was performed in 1859, by John P. Stein, the contracting parties being Michael Damm and Annie Kaththaler. The first store was opened by Charles Schaettle, in 1859. The post-office was also established during this year, with Mr. Schaettle as postmaster, who kept it in his store. The first blacksmithing was done by Joseph Mattausch, who built a shop and commenced business in 1859. The first school was taught in the Spring of 1859, in the dwelling house of Mr. Schaettle. Lawrence Kessinger was the first teacher. In the Fall of 1859, the first school- house was built. Their present school-house was built in 1876, at a cost of $1,400. The first religious services were held at different places in the village in i860, by preachers who came from else where. The place is at present supplied with two neat little churches — the German Lutheran, built in 1866, at a cost of $400. The dedicatory sermon "was preached by Rev. Mr. Struve. It has at present no resident priest, the pulpit be ing supplied by a minister from Fountain City. The Ger man Catholic was built in 1868, at a cost of $1,200, the dedicatory sermon being preached by Rev. Spitzelberger. By an act of the State Legislature, approved March 18, 1859, Buffalo City was incorporated as a city, and has since maintained a separate municipal existence. Frederick Pfeiffer was the first Mayor, Charles Schaettle, Charles Kes singer, George Schraeder, Herman Schraeder, Edward Gun kle and George Gaat were the Aldermen. At this time the city was divided into two wards, but now there is only one. The present officers are Franz Huebsch, mayor; Charles Ott, John Hoevel, Jacob Hillmann and Leonard Kachen- doerfer, aldermen ; Leopold Arndt, chief of police. - A city hall was built in 1862, at a cost of $2,000. The population of the city is 248. MONDOVI. The beautiful village of Mondovi is an inland village, situated in the northeast corner of the county, in the town of Naples, on the bank of Buffalo River, at the conflu ence of Mill Creek, and has all the advantages of a city. This creek furnishes ample water-power for a custom flour ing mill, built in 1878 and owned and operated by James T. Brawnlee ; two repairing machine shops — one built in 1871 by N. K. and Hiram Fisher, and now owned and operated by N. K. Fisher, the other built in the Spring of 1881 by Ezra Myers, and now operated by him. The great pine regions of the Chippewa Valley furnish a market for beef, pork and grain at better prices than can be obtained in eastern markets. The village has a graded school building, erected in 1878, and cost about $4,000. This building is not only an ornament to the place, but proves that the citizens appreciate the advantages of good educational facilities, which are made an object of individ ual interest and are above the usual average. The village is abundantly supplied with churches — containing three, viz., the Methodist, built in 1865 at a cost of $2,000, and now has a membership of about one hundred; the Congrega tional, built in i87i,andnow has about sixty-five members; the Baptist, built in 1873 at a cost of $4,000, and now has a membership of over one hundred. Rev. B. F. Morse has been pastor of the Baptist Church and society for twenty- four years. HISTORY OF BUFFALO COUNTY. 169 Mondovi also has a newspaper, published weekly and is a lively sheet and fair exponent of the enterprise and intel ligence of the community. The town was first settled by H. P., L. D. and P. Farrington, William Van Waters, Thomas Glasspool and H. Brown in 1855. Some of these persons are still residents of the town. The inhabitants of the vil lage are principally from the New England States — descend ants from the good old Puritan stock, and have brought with them from their Eastern homes the true Yankee pluck and enterprise.. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GILE O. BUMP, wagon-maker, Mondovi, was born in Washing ton Co., N. Y., on the 5th of September, 1839, and came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1856, locating in the town of Naples. His step-father, Robert Nelson, built the first frame house in this town, and was also the first Postmaster, holding that position for fifteen years. He died in 1874. The subject of this sketch remained at home on the farm until Aug#st of 1862, when he enlisted in the 25th Wis., Co. G. V. I., serving until the close of the war. He had three brothers who were also in the war, two of them being in the same company and regi ment with himself, and who served untii the war closed. Gile O. was with Sherman on his " march to the sea," and was also in a good many other important engagements. After the war, he returned home and learned the trade of wagon-making, and has followed that ever since. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. Mondovi Lodge, No. 23, and of the Good Templars, being a temperance man in every sense of the word. He was married in the Spring of 1870, to Miss Minnie Morse, daughter of the Rev. B. F. Morse, of Mondovi. Their family consists of three sons — Clayton C, Benjamin F. and Herbert Lee. FRANK H. DILLON, general merchandise, Mondovi, came here with his parents from New York, in 1858, when one year old. They located on a farm in the town of Naples, and here he remained until 1872, when he began to clerk in a general merchandise store in the vil lage of Mondovi, continuing at that for three years. He then estab lished a small grocery store, near where he now does business, and has Tcept increasing his stock until he does an annual business of $30,000. He was born June 19, 1856, in New York, and was married June 24, 1877, to Miss Louisa Smith. She was also from the same State. STEPHEN G. FULLER, Fuller Hotel at Mondovi, was born in Vermont, March 1, 1832 ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1861, to Buffalo County, and settled in town of Gilmanton and engaged at farming. In 1871 he rented his farm and moved to the village of Alma, where he built a hotel which was called the Fuller House. In 1874, he moved to Minneapolis, Minn., and kept a boarding-house and restaurant for five years, then returned to Alma and kept the Union House a while, and then moved to Independence, Trempealeau Co. In 1879, he moved to Mondovi into his present house. He was married in Vermont to Miss Sarah E. Woodward, in 1854 ; she being also a native of Vermont ; by whom he has five children — Ella E. (now Mrs. E. L. Ainsworth), Ells worth D., Addie E., Bertha V. and Frederick L. He is the son of Lenard and Sally Fuller. His father died in Vermont, May 1, i860, at the age of sixty-one years. His mother was born in 1806 and is still living with him. He is a member of ihe Knights of Pythias, Minneapolis Lodge No. 1, also the A. O. U. W., Mondovi Lodge No. 23. WALTER L. HOUSER, editor and founder of the Buffalo County Herald, was born in Pennsylvania, May 6, 1855. In the year 1865, he left his native State in company with his mother and came to Wisconsin, locating with her in River Falls, Pierce County, where he received a com mon school education. He afterwards read law with Abner Morse, and then commenced learning the printer's trade. In 1876 he moved to Mondovi, his present home, where he established tlie Buffalo County Herald. This is a Republican paper, seven-column folio, and has a cir culation of 500 copies, being one of the best in the county, and is a strong advocate of the temperance cause. The subject of this sketch was married in 1877 to Miss Susie Legore, daughter of John Legore, one of the oldest settlers in the town of Naples. He is a member of the A. ¦O. U. W., Monlovi Lodge, No. 23, and also of the Good Templars, be ing a strong worker in that cause, and was Clerk in the Senate of 1879 and 1880. DANIEL B. IDE, of the firm of Ide & Darling, general merchants, Mondovi, was born in Vermont, Dec. 16, 1832, and came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1847, locating at Fox Lake. In the Fall of 1858 he opened the first store in the town of Naples in company with L. Wast, in a small building near where the Strong Hotel now stands, on Main street. Mr. Ide has been School Clerk for one term, and was a liberal contributor to Baptist Church which was erected in 1873. He was mar ried in i860 to Miss Charlotte A. Wast, daughter of Charles Wast, one of the early settlers in the town of Naples. - They have three children — one son and two daughters. J. W. McKAY, District Attorney, Mondovi, was born in Highland Co., Ohio, Feb. 27, 1828. In 1852, he removed to Knox Co., III., where he lived three years, and engaged in farming. He then removed again to Trempeleau County, and remained until August, 1857, when he went to Hastings, Minn, with his family, with the expectation of getting work at his trade, either building or wagon-making. He was unsuccessful, and finally came to Alma, arriving in the night, with only fifty cents in money, and no friends or acquaintances, with the exception of Mr. Som- erfield. After a number of hardships, such as are peculiar to a pioneer life, he obtained work and became prosperous. About the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted, Aug. 15,1862, in Co. G., 25th Wis. Vol., as a private, and served until June 7, 1865, when he was honorably dis charged as a commissioned officer. He returned to Buffalo County and engaged in building wagons. He sold his business in 1869, and went to Clark County and went into lumbering. He made several changes from there, and in 1877, he returned to this county and located in Mondovi, and began the practice of law. He has held different offices ; for many years has been Justice of the Peace, and in 1877 he was elected as Prosecuting Attorney, and in 1879 he was re-elected. He has been twice married, first to Isabella Pierce, a native of Fayette Co., Ohio ; she died in April, 1855. They had two children, only one of whom is living, Emily Jane. He married, for his second wife, Miss Emily Wood, a native of Catarau- gua Co., N. Y. They have four children — Nellie Melissa, Louisa Belle, John William and Floyd. EZRA H. MEYERS, machine and blacksmith shop, was born in Pennsylvania, June 29, 1851, and in 1853 came with his parents to Dane County, where they resided until 1868, at that time moving to Buffalo County on a farm. Here the subject of this sketch remained until 1870, when he commenced to work at his trade in Mondovi. He lived there one year and then engaged with N. R. Fisher & Co., where he re mained six years. In September of 1880 he commenced his present busi ness and employs two men, and is now making preparations to add a wagon shop to his other business. He was married, in 1875, to Miss Frances Le Gore, daughter of John Le Gore, she being the first white female child born in the town of Naples, on the 20th of March, 1857. They have one son. John F. Mr. Meyers is a member of the A. O. U. W., Mondovi Lodge No. 23. ROWE & BARROWS, dealers in groceries, glass and queens-ware, Mondovi. This firm was established on the Ist of April, 1881, Mr. Barrows having become a resident of Mondovi in i860. He was born in New York, Sept. 19, 1846, and after coming to the town of Naples, engaged in farming, at which he continued until the breaking out of the war. He enlisted in the 53d Wis., Co. D, V. I., in March of 1865, serving until the 29th of May, when he was disabled for further service and returned home. Irwin Rowe, of the above firm, was born in Penn sylvania in May of 1849, and has served four years as Under Sheriff of Buffalo County. JOHN W. WHELAN, lawyer, Mondovi, was born in Waukesha County, Nov. 1, 1845. Here he received a common school education, and in 1866 entered upon a collegiate course in the State University. He was a graduate of that institution in the class of 1871. In 1872, he went to New Orleans, where he remained one year, after which he went to Ft. Worth, Texas, where he read law with Judge Barkley for one and a half years. He then returned to the North, in the Winter of 1874, teaching school at Cedar Creek. In the Spring of 1875, went to Eau Claire, where he studied law with Ellis & Davis, and was admitted to the Bar in the Circuit Court on the 5th of April, 1876. He opened his first office at Mondovi in the Fall of the same year, where he has practiced ever since. He was married in April, 1878, at Mondovi, to Miss Anna Allen, who was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y. WILLIAM W. WYMAN, jeweler and druggist, Mondovi; became a settler of the town of Mondovi in i860, and in 1861 enlisted in the 6th Wis. Battery. After serving two years he was discharged, on being disabled, and he then returned to Buffalo County, and in 1S65 opened a jewelry store in the village ot Mondovi, his being the first in the village. In 1877, added a stock of drugs to his former business. He is a general collecting agent, and has been Justice of the Peace for six years; also County Clerk for two years. He is a member of the Town Board of Naples, and also of the A.F. & A. M., Bernett Lodge, No. 150 and the A. O. U. W., Mondovi Lodge, No. 23. He is a native of Canada, hav ing been born there on the 22d of June, 1842, his parents, James and Nancy Wyman, having settled in Dodge County in 1844, the former be ing a native of Vermont, the latter of Maine. GILMANTON. The post -village of Gilmanton is situated near the center of Section 14, in the town of the same name. About one mile northwest of the village is an eminence known as Mount Tom, which is noted as one of the landmarks of the region, while Eagle Peak occupies the center of Section 28, and is another of those striking formations. The village is 170 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. supplied with power by Elk Creek, a large branch of the Buffalo River. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J.W.HOWARD, merchant and Postmaster, Gilmanton, was born in Orange County, Vt., Feb. 23, 1832. When old enough, he went to Randolph, Mass., where he was engaged in the manufactory of boots and shoes for fifteen years. In 1865, he came to Gilmanton, and started a general merchandise store, it being the first one in the village. He was married in November, 1867, to Miss Irene Martin, who is a native of Vermont, and by whom he has two sons — Leigh H. and Dwight A. The subject of this sketch has held the office of Post master of Gilmanton for fifteen years, and has been Town Treasurer four years. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., Mondovi Lodge, No. 23, and also of the Knights of Pythias, Mineapolis Lodge No, I, being a member of "Howard Public Library" at Gilmanton, which was founded by Sidney Howard, who gave $500 fund, the interest of which, was to purchase books to establish a public library. It now contains 1000 volumes. JOEL MANN, retired . farmer, Gilmanton, was born in Orange County, Vt., December 18, 1819. He came to Wisconsin in 1861 and bought some land and a mill-site in Buffalo County, in company with his- father, and then returned to Vermont. In 1862 he came back and erected a mill on the site which he had previously bought, and which he still owns, having made his home there ever since. He now makes his- home with his sister, Mrs. E. M. Kenyan, who was married in 1866 to W. H. Kenyan. WILLIAM H. MOWER, merchant and farmer, Gilmanton, was- born in Walworth County in 1844 and in 1856 went to Eau Claire with his father, who was engaged in the lumber business. The subject of this sketch, although only a boy, drove the first stake in surveying the city of Eau Claire, and also run the first ferry-boat across the Chippewa River at that point. In 1861 he enlisted in the late war, in the 16th Wis., Co. G, V. I., serving until August of 1865. He was married in 1880 to the widow of D. C. Loomis, of Gilmanton. BURNETT COUNTY. 'NATURAL FEATURES. This county lies in the northwestern corner of the State, its western line being the Saint Croix River. Douglas County bounds it on the north, Ashland and Chippeway on the east, and Barron and Polk on the south. It contains about forty-four townships of land. The county is, to a considerable extent, high and rolling. The chief source of business is lumbering. About 150,000,000 feet of pine are annually cut and sent down to markets on the Saint Croix and Missis sippi. A large quantity of hardwood timber is found in the other parts of the county, suitable for farming pur poses. Another valuable industry might easily be carried on, namely, the growing of cranberries, as many thousand acres of marsh land are there, awaiting improvement. Already the profits of this trade are being appreciated, and thousands of acres of marsh are made to yield a handsome return on moderate in vestments. The country is well drained. The lakes and rivers of the region abound in choice fish. Water-powers are to be found on Wade, Wood, Clam, Yellow and Namekoggan rivers. There are numerous lakes of crystal purity scattered over the county. Among these one called Spirit Lake, because of Indian traditions associated with it, is perhaps as noted as any. Like other pine-growing regions Burnett has much light sandy soil, the western portion being of this character, as a general thing ; but the central district is of a richer nature, and is well adapted to agricul ture. There are extensive beds of sandstone in differ ent sections, the underlying rock being of that forma tion. The greater number of settlers are of hardy Nor wegian stock, and make thrifty citizens. There is an ample local market for all that can be raised or manu factured in the county, in other than the lumber trade. This portion of the State was the home of the Chippeway Indians. They were, as a band, long since removed to Lac Courte Oreille Reservation ; but soli tary companies of these aborigines wander over the country to the present day, like ghosts of departed rulers. The first white man whose presence is remembered beyond dispute since the days of the early missionaries,. who have left traces in many places of their piety and unselfish devotion to the cause of the Cross — was a trader named Drake. He is said to have been murdered by the Indians in 1847. Joseph Covillion traded with the Indians in 1854. His post was at Yellow Lake on Yellow River. The honor attaching to the title of founder of the county belongs to Canute Anderson, whose name at once reveals his nativity. The Norwegian blood in his- veins nerved him to endure the hardships and priva tions of life in the wilderness. He came to this county May, 1855, locating in the southwestern portion at what is now called after him — Anderson. A small hamlet marks this site on Section 2, Township 37 north,. Range 19 west. Mr. Anderson was unmarried at th& date of his arrival, but afterward married and became head of a family. Nearly eight years elapsed after his-- location before other settlers followed him ; but event ually the advantages of the section were made known,. and immigration settled thitherward. Among the earlier arrivals were Magnus Nelson — for many years- County Judge — Ole Berg, Thor Ingebrigsten. Canute Anderson built the first store, saw-mill and grist-mill. He was also builder of the pioneer hotelr and put up the first framed house. The latter was constructed in 1856, and was used for the accommoda tion of the sparse traveling public — mainly lumber men. The store was built in 1865, the mills in 1867, and the hotel inl870. The first blacksmith shop was built in 1862 by A. Byneall. A stage route was opened from Sunrise, Minn., to Bayfield, over which the Minnesota Stage Company carried the United States mails in 1860. That year the company named constructed bridges across the Clam, Yellow and Namekoggan rivers, they .being th& first improvements of the kind made in the county. The first post-office was called Biirdo. It is now known as Anderson. The first school-house was built at Anderson, and Miss Caroline Cooper taught the first term therein. This county contains the site of a deserted village, which once caused hearts to beat high in anticipation of wealth and power. In 1855 a railroad was projected HISTORY OF BURNETT COUNTY. 171 -through the wilderness, to be called the Saint Croix & Lake Superior Railroad. The prospect of completing this line along the Saint Croix River induced specula- '* tors to plat a town at what would have been a very •desirable point, if the actuating cause had not been removed. The village of Neshodana sprang into sudden being, on the bank of Yellow River, one mile above its confluence with the Saint Croix. A large saw-mill, costing $10,000, was built; a store erected and furnished; several houses, probably a dozen, built and occupied by families, and all the excitement attending the location of a new Western town and future railroad city experienced. It was a total failure. This was the first village located in Bur nett County. The survey was made by A. J. Foster. •Graves & Co., of Milwaukee, built the mill and started the store. Others invested large sums of money. The panic of 1857 effectually ended all thought of the railroad, and the brig"ht dreams of . the owners were forever dispelled. The name of this village was -changed to Gorcton, and in 1856, upon the organization ¦of the county, it was designated as the county seat. ORGANIZATION. By an act approved March 31, 1856, the territory hounded by a line beginning at the southeast corner 'of Township 38 north, of Range 12 west, from thence running north on the range line between Ranges 11 and 12 to the northeast corner of Township 43 north ; thence west on the north line of Township 43 to the Minnesota State line ; thence south on that boundary line to point where it intersects the north line of Town ship 37, and thence east on that line to the place of beginning, was set apart as the county of Burnett. By the same act the county seat was located on the northeast quarter of Section 37, in Township 41, of Range 16, at the same place afterward known as the vil lage of Gordon. It was also at the same time attached to Polk for judicial purposes. In 1864 the county was .fully organized for county and judicial purposes, and the county seat located, placing it on Section 14, in Township 38, of Range 19 west, at the place now known as Grantsburg. The governor was required to appoint the first county officers. He accordingly desig nated N. H. Hickerson, County Judge ; Canute Ander son, Clerk of the Court ; Peter Anderson, Register of Deeds; Martin B. Johnson, Sheriff; S. Thompson, Treasurer; Jacob Larson, District Attorney; Adam Seed, Coroner ; Michael Johnson, Surveyor, and Mag nus Nelson, Clerk of the Board of Supervisors. In 1866 the three townships, all numbered 37, but in Ranges 18, 19 and 20, were detached from Polk and added to Burnett. In the same year, by an act of the Legisla ture, approved April 12, Burnett was again attached to Polk for judicial purposes ; the act, however, only to affect the Circuit Courts, the County Court not being abolished. This remained in effect until 1871, when by an act approved March 14, Burnett was again organ ized for judicial purposes, and all acts to the contrary repealed. The five towns, numbered 37, Ranges 10 to 14 inclusive, which formed a part of Burnett, are now the northern tier of Barron County. By the census of 1880 the county contained 3,140 population. GRANTSBURG. The capital of the county was founded by Canute An derson, in 1869. It is situated on the banks of Wood River, about three miles due north of Mr. Anderson's original site, and is platted on more than half of Section 14, Township 38 north, Range 19 west. It contains a substantial court house, built in 1875 at a cost of $6,000. A small jail was erected in 1870. The press is represented by the Burnett County Sentinel, established by Marion Wescott, February, 1875. It is now published by W. E. Talboys. It is a weekly, and is Repub lican in politics. 172 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. CALUMET COUNTY. LOCATION AND NATURAL FEATURES. In territorial extent Calumet County is one of the smallest in the State, having an area of only 330 square miles. Its greatest width east from Lake Winnebago is fourteen miles, and its extreme length from north to south twenty-four miles. To the north lie Outagamie and Brown counties ; to the east Manitowoc ; Sheboy gan and Fond du Lac bound it on the south, and Lake Winnebago on the west. The main stream of the Manitowoc River divides at the boundary line between Calumet and Manitowoc counties, the two branches drain a great part of the territory. The entire eastern, northern and southern portions of Calumet are thereby drained indirectly into Lake Michigan, while the region bordering the shores of Lake Winnebago is accommo dated by small streams flowing into that body of water. Most of the land has been so long. cleared of its former heavy growth of pine that it is well adapted to agri cultural purposes, and is easily cultivated. On the shores of Lake Winnebago and extending some miles eastward the usual water formations are found, while along the Calumet River marsh conifer formations pre vail. The general subsoil consists of a red marly clay, while along the banks of the Manitowoc River are quite marked deposits of peat. Calumet County, in fact, differs little in its natural features from Manitowoc. The same grains thrive — wheat, corn, barley, oats, etc. The working of the dairy products is also profitable. Valuable stone quarries exist in the northeast and the west, and will prove a source of wealth to the county. Considered in a sanitary point of view, Calumet is favorably located, escaping, as it does, many of the damp and unhealthy winds of Lake Michigan ; and yet, having Lake Winnebago to the west, it avoids the hot, dry seasons of localities farther towards the inte rior of the State. Its average elevation is 350 feet above Lake Michigan. Calumet County has obtained a reputation over the State and beyond for the excellent quality of her cheese. Thirty factories are scattered in her different towns. Stockbridge takes the lead in this industry ; but the whole region bordering the lake is splendidly adapted to the raising of the dairy products. The western slope of Calumet County toward Lake Winnebago is in fact the agricultural district par excellence. The Agricultural Society was organized in June, 1878. O. R. Potter was elected president, a vice-pres ident being chosen from each town. The name of this county is suggestive of peace and its attendant arts. Nor is the suggestion a specious one, for the history of this region has but few, if any, counterparts in the country. The pipe of peace be tween the aboriginal and the invading races was smoked by those who foresaw the inevitable approach of civil ization ; and the county presents the anomaly of having first been redeemed from native wildness by the race which 'formerly possessed the rights of savage ownership. The immediate derivation of the name was a Me nomonee village, lying upon the east shore of Lake Winnebago, in what is now the town of Calumet in> Fond du Lac County. EARLY OCCUPANTS. There are numerous evidences of a prehistoric occupation of this region. In common with many regions contiguous to large bodies of water, and which possess natural advantages for the easy preservation of human life, this county contains mounds which were the work of a race long since extinct. Under the more modern divisions of men's owner ship, the county formed a part of the Winnebago Ter ritory, although no Indians, other than civilized bands, have occupied. the land since the advent of the white man, with the exception of a few wandering bands of the Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Pottawatomies and Me nomonees, who occasionally passed through, remaining only a few days. The last band of any considerable size who remained in the county was " Littleway's band " of fifty Menomonee warriors, who, with their women and children, had .their Winter camp, for a number of years prior to 1848, on the Manitowoc River near the site of the present railroad depot at Chilton. SETTLEMENT. As the first strokes in the name of civilization were delivered by Indians, it is necessary to glance back and ascertain the causes which led up to this unusual but commendable result. The fertile region was chosen as the home of bands known as Brothertowns and Stockbridges. These educated men selected large tracts of land lying on the east bank of Lake Winne bago, and there cut the first tree, erected the first cabin, made the first clearing and engaged in the first agricultural labors in the county. Their supplies were taken by boat up the lower Fox, and thence wearily carried on men's backs to the places designated as the new homes. Many of those who made the venture remained to enjoy the fruits of their industry, and they and their descendants now form a conspicuous part of the substantial citizens of the county. The Brother- towns eventually outstripped the Stockbridges in the march of improvement, being the first and most anx ious in their application for the rights of citizenship, and otherwise indicating that they possessed at a very early day the true American spirit. It is interesting to trace back the cause of this difference to a period over a hundred years ago. The cause is a common one, and which has always operated favorably — a mixture of many shades of blood, which has always brought strength. In the latter part of the eighteenth century, the Farmington Indians were settled in the North At lantic States. By an unchecked course of miscegena- HISTORY OF CALUMET COUNTY. 173 tion, considerable Negro blood had been poured into their veins. Many of them had even been sold into slavery, and were, all in all, brought down to a very low condition. Moving further north they were finally emancipated through the endeavors of Capt. Hendricks, , one of their former chiefs, who proved their origin and originally pure American blood. David Fowler, an educated Montauk Indian, then induced them, in •company with remnants of Narragansetts, Mohegans, Pequoits and other tribes of former power, to migrate further to the northwest and settle upon a tract of land granted by the Oneidas, near Utica, N. Y. Here a union was formed, and the nation became Brothertown and its people the Brothertowns. In 1822 they were removed to Green Bay, and commenced the formation of Brothertown colony in Calumet County in 1833-34. Marks of colored blood crop out at times quite prom inently, even to this day. Upon their first settlement they seem also to have brought with them the instincts of land cultivation and the love of some fixed spot, however humble, to be called, home, which traits be long to the colored race in contrast to the nomadic dis position of the pure blooded. Indian. When the Broth ertowns settled in their new New York home, the Stock- bridges had been torn by the Oneidas and the whites to a shred of their former power, and were living upon a small reservation only about five miles square, which the former had granted them in Oneida County. They came to AVisconsin with the Brothertowns, and com menced to settle in the town of Stockbridge during the same year as the former, in 1833. A tract of land along Lake Winnebago had been obtained by the leaders of the two tribes in 1831, but the real settle ment did not begin until two years later. Since then the now organized towns of Brothertown and Stock- bridge have generally kept pace with other portions of the county in material ahd even mental improve ment, having sent several representatives to the Legis lature, and developed educated and refined citizens. Others have become wealthy and have sent their chidren to college and university ; but as regards gen eral prosperity the verdict is that the Brothertowns have outstripped the Stockbridges ; and the explana tion which has been given of the fact is deemed both sufficient and original. The first settlement formed by the Brothertowns was called Deansburg, in honor of their former Indian agent, Thomas Dean. It after wards became " Ball's Corner." Foremost among those who located were William Dick, father of Hon. William H. Dick, Elkanah Dick, Randall Abner, Thom as Cumnock and S. Adams. Soon after this settle ment was formed, a number of Stockbridges located near the shore of Lake Winnebago. The settlers were not citizens, and therefore could receive no organ izing authority from the Legislature ; but each tribe assumed substantially the town system of government, and proceeded like other pioneers to clear the country of timber and erect their dwelling houses. The Broth ertowns, after a three-years struggle with rough forest provender, employed Moody Mann, a white settler, to build them a mill, the cost of which was to be defrayed from their annuity fund. At first the mill ground by water-power, and was the pioneer of its class for miles around. In the meantime (1834) John Dean, formerly Jeff. Davis' lieutenant at Fort Howard, Jesse Mills, J. B. Horn, and a few other comrades in arms, had settled among the Stockbridges. During 1834-35 Rev. Cutting Marsh, who may be called the Latter-day mis sionary of Wisconsin Indians, superintended the erec tion of a mission house, where he held services for sixteen years. Other white settlers followed, so that both Brothertown and Stockbridge walked nearly hand in hand. If Stockbridge had to go to Brothertown's mill, Brothertown would have to attend Stockbridge's church, or none. By the time the grist-mill and the mission church were in good running order, the mili tary road from Green Bay to Prairie du Chien had been cut through Calumet County, taking in its route the only settlements, Brothertown and Stockbridge. Some of the workmen, soldiers from the Fort Howard garri son, remained to swell the population along the shore of Lake Winnebago. When Calumet County was formed from Brown in December of this year (1836), it had no effect upon the settlers. A majority of them were yet unnaturalized, and the county therefore remained attached to Brown for judicial, revenue and election purposes. The next 3'ear several locations were selected by "first settlers" further to the south. George C. Bull was the pioneer of the town of Woodville, purchasing land near " the Beach farm." His brother- in-law, a Mr. Westfall, started a tavern still further south, in order to catch the travel, which had become consideiable, over the military road. Having finished the Brothertown mill, Moody Mann, after-wards Judge, erected himself a house at Clifton and invited future scribes to write him down as the first settler in the town of Harrison. Cato Stanton, a brother of Moses, the founder of Chilton, built a tavern directly on the military road in 1838, and kept it for years. Under the guidance of Thomas McLean, the future metropo lis, Saint Catherine, to the north of Brothertown and Stockbridge, was increased in the persons of a few families. The first murder had been committed. The tragedjr occurred July 3, 1837, at the house of Peter and Jacob Koukopot, two Stockbridge Indians. They had already reduced to small measure an immoderate supply of whisky, when Joseph Palmer, a Brothertown In dian, in company with another of his tribe and a white man, entered their cabin. The latter party, had just returned from the Fox River with a full jug, " fire water" being then an unknown commodity of sale in Calumet County. They drank together several times, but with this fresh supply the Koukopots' loud demands for more continued and increased beyond the bounds of reason or considerate fellowship. Palmer, therefore, refused to be robbed further of his " Fourth of July," whereupon he and his comrades were assaulted by their crazed and unreasonable companions, one wielding an ax and the other a club. Being unarmed the former were unable to defend themselves. Palmer was literally hacked and beaten to pieces. The other two escaped. Without going into details, the murderers were arrested, tried in October before a commission chosen from both tribes, and sentenced to be hanged near the dividing line between the two reservations. On the day pre ceding that fixed for the execution (October 24), they escaped across Lake Winnebago in a boat furnished by friends, and were never recaptured. In 1838 a French- 174 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. man killed his Indian wife, while under the influence of liquor, escaped through the meshes of the law, but never returned to claim his household goods. In the Winter of 1840, a Mr. Sherman was murdered in Stock- bridge by Isaac Littleman. The murderer had heard that Sherman possessed quite a large sum of monejs and as he lived alone in a secluded spot, thought his crime could be committed with safety. He therefore supped with his victim, and, it is supposed when they had both retired, killed him with an ax, in cold blood. The murder was not discovered until a week after, when the corpse, nearly eaten by rats, was found by distant neighbors frozen solidly to the bloody floor. Littleman was arrested, denied his guilt, but his prem ises were searched and some of the dead man's prop erty found in his possession. He then admitted his crime, and when about to be hanged, confessed to a second murder, committed at Depere. This was the first murder of a white man, the trial of the prisoner being conducted by the Stockbridge Indians. Through all this bloodshed, the mill atBrothertown continued to grind peaceably on. In 1840 Daniel Whitney, of Green Bay, did for Stockbridge what Mr. Mann had done for Brothertown. But the outcome was different. He erected a grist-mill and operated a store in connec tion with it. The Stockbridges, not so prudent or so fortunate as their contemporaries (for they did not own the property), became involved iu debt. Many of their farms were sold to white settlers, and in fact this seems to be the turning point backward in their pros perity as an Indian tribe. The Brothertowns, on the other hand, in March, 1839, had been granted their petition to Congress to be accorded the rights of cit izenship. By the act passed on the third of that month their lands were divided so that each person received fifty acres. The Stockbridges continued aliens from the General Government until 1843, when they likewise became citizens and were absorbed into the body politic of the Territory. The preceding pages have brought the early history of Calumet County up to and partially inclusive of the year 1840. The close of this year may be said to have ended her pioneer life. POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL. Calumet County was created from Brown by Terri torial act, December 7, 1836, remaining attached to it, however, for all political and judicial purposes, until March 4, 1840. In accordance with an act of the Ter ritory, approved in January, an electing at the house of Elkanah Dick, Brothertown, and the mission-house at Stockbridge, was held on that day and resulted in - the selection of John Johnson, Daniel Dick and David Fowler as County Commissioners. The Board held their first meeting at Mr. Fowler's house, electing Mr. Johnson, Chairman, and filled the other county offices. This organization fell to pieces after a few months' trial, and another was not attempted until 1843. At the general election held in that year, William Dick, Sr., James Cramona and John E. Fisher were chosen Commissioners. For several j'ears the Board held their sessions at Stockbridge, although the act creating the county required them to sit at " Whitesborough ; " but where that spot was and how they were to sit upon nothing, remained with the early settlers a conundrum. The headquarters of the different county officers were where they happened to reside at the time of their election. The first session of court was also held by A. W. Stow, Judge of the Fourth Circuit, in the mis sion-house at Stockbridge, May 7, 1850. Thus matters- continued until the county had a poputation of 2,000, and had increased proportionately in political impor tance. The interior of the county, especially at what is now the city of Chilton, had been settling up rapidly. By 1852 Moses Stanton was the father and Mrs. Cath arine Stanton, his wife, was the mother of all that region 'round. It boasted both a saw-mill and a grist mill, erected by Mr. Stanton, and quite a lively settle ment in every particular. It had become, in a word, a rival, and a formidable one, to Stockbridge, which from long continued habit claimed the county seat as its right. Mr. Stanton had seen his village wax strong for the past seven years, and when the Fall election of 1852 approached, which was to decide upon the loca tion of the shire town, he entered into the canvass with vim, and his energetic "right-hand man" was his wife. Shortly before the election occurred, which was on the first Tuesday of November, she mounted a horse and in the face of a fierce storm of wind rode eigh teen or twenty miles to canvass the northern part of the county. She had a cousin keeping a hotel where Mr. Beach afterwards lived, and he accompanied her to the polls. There being no tickets for Chilton, she wrote some and her cousin peddled them. It was with supreme satisfaction that she increased Chilton's chances by twelve votes. But this was not sufficient to carry the day by just one ballot. The result of the election was a tie ; For Chilton Center, 222 ; for Stock- bridge, 158 ; Moon's Grove, in the same township, 61 ;. Charlestown, 3; against Chilton, therefore, 222. At a special election in December, 1853, out of the 501 votes cast, Chilton Center, which included the site of the present depot, received 304, as against 215 for Stockbridge and 2 for Chilton proper. In April 1857, a removal to the present site of the county buildings was voted upon favorably. The county officers who for so long had been having their own sweet will in regard to location, were now obliged to remove to the quarters provided for them in Chilton. As noticed heretofore, sessions of the court had pre viously been held in Stockbridge, Moody Mann, the builder of the Brothertown mill, having been elected first County Judge, in 1850. In 1859 a contract was closed with the Board of Commissioners for the erec tion of a court-house at Chilton. The frame was raised that year, but the building was not entirely completed until 1865, at a cost of $5,000.' The jail and Sheriff's residence were built in 1874. For 1881 the county officers are as follows : William Paulsen, County Judge ; William Mulcahy, County Clerk; Edward Mooney, Register of Deeds ; Jacob Stephany, Treasurer ; Thom as Lynch, District Attorney ; W. B. Minaghan, Super intendent of Schools; Anton Miesen, Sheriff; William J. Mallmann, Clerk of the Court; Jacob Severin, Sur veyor ; John F. Kraus, Coroner. A MARKED ASSIMILATION. In 1840, the southern portion of Calumet County, embracing the present towns of Brothertown and New Holstein was organized into the town of Manchester. HISTORY OF CALUMET COUNTY. 175 "The remainder of the county was not organized politi cally for three years. The Indians were gradually crowded from the lake, shore, mostly by American settlers, while a foreign population, mostly German, hemmed them in to the east. The Stockbridges were also being displaced by the more enterprising race. The more intelligent of them commenced to advocate a change to full citizenship, forming what was called the " Citizen's Party." " The Indian Party " consisted ¦of those whose blood still flowed from the force of pure animal life, and whose semi-civilized manner of life, free from care, was dearer to them than material pros perity. The result of a popular vote polled by the Stockbridges was in favor of the " Citizen's Party," by .a small majority. An act of Congress approved March 3, 1843, granted them the rights of citizenship, and the -game amount of land per capita given to the Brother- towns. The town of Stockbridge, including all the county outside of Brothertown and New Holstein, was organized the same year. Those citizens, however, who still held to un-American notions claimed that the decis ion was brought about by fraud. They resisted taxation . and invited a party of Oneidas from their reservation to assist them in their revolt. The rebellion, however, was met by such a determined front by the Governor ^nd private citizens that the Oneidas returned and the Indian party abandoned their reckless determination. A portion of them, however, showed such dissatisfac tion and disgust that they were allowed by the General •Government to give up their lands and retire to the reservation in Shawano County. Those who remained were absorbed into the body called American citizens, and became like the Brothertowns, all that the name implies. They supported schools and churches, in common with their neighbors. Men of affairs, such as the Dicks, the Fowlers and the Johnsons, obtained and retained respect and influence. Differences of blood and race were forgotten, and another marked example of political assimilation was held up for the consternation of scoffers at republicanism and democ racy. Settlement was remarkably brisk throughout the county in 1848-49, the villages of New Holstein, Hayton and Gravesville threatening to even displace the older settlements of Brothertown, Stockbridge and Chilton. The towns of New Holstein and Charlestown were or ganized, and there seemed to be a wavering as to what decided course the tide of immigration and of activity would take. The causes which operated in favor of Chilton up to the time of the war are detailed in the sketch of the city, and the particular, and in some cases, the peculiar history of these and other villages, will be given hereafter. The war, as every-where else, here makes a break. CALUMET COUNTY IN THE WAR. Though by name and by nature the citizens of Cal umet County are peaceable, when the rebellion brought them to the test of bravery they nobly proved their metal. The county raised more than its quota of troops, and Chilton, especially, was the scene and the seat of the greatest patriotism. Harrison C. Hobart, who left Chilton in. April, 1861, as Captain of Company K, Fourth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, escaped from Libby prison, made a glorious record, and was mustered out as Brigadier General ; Benjamin J. Sweet, Lieuten ant Colonel of the Sixth ; Capt. T. H. Magdeburg, of Company G, Fourteenth Regiment ; Capt. J. N. Stone, Company G, of the Nineteenth Regiment, and at the time editor and publisher of the Republican; Capt. H. M. Gibbs, killed gallantly fighting at Perryville ; and Capt. O. F. Waller, Company H, of the Forty-eighth Regiment, are among a host who assisted in raising troops and leading them where their country called, and are remembered as brave and loyal men. The companies mentioned above, besides fragments of other organizations were sent with " God-speed " from Calu met — little Calumet, but of the true blue blood. Those who remained at home were treated to a sen sation in September, 1862, which extended all over the State. On September 6, of that year, rumors were in circulation that after having massacred the inhabitants of Centerville, Manitowoc County, over 3,000 savages were on the full war gallop for Holstein ; that some thousands more were murdering to right and to left in Brown County ; that an army of Redskins had invaded Waupaca County, all egged on by the dire spirit of re venge which animated the Confederate States of Amer ica. New Holstein migrated to Fond du Lac, and all able bodied men gathered in that section for the anticipated attack. When the small band of Indians returning from their corn fields on the Sheboygan River discov ered what a commotion they had stirred, they were more frightened than the whites themselves. All ex citements have an end, and the Indian scare of 1862, which spread over Northern and Central Wisconsin is only noteworthy as showing to what a fever heat the mind of the North was raised at this time, and what a small spark kindled that heat into a flame The prime factor which binds Calumet County to gether is the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. Those villages which assisted most in its construction have certainly taken the lead in growth. In the early part of 1871, when the proposition was before the .county to vote $'60,000 aid for the construction of the Milwaukee & Northern Road, Stockbridge and Broth ertown both opposed it strongly, unless they could have a guarantee that the line would run conveniently near their villages. The "northern towns also voted against the proposition. New Holstein, Charlestown and Chilton eagerly supported the measure, which was decisively defeated in the county, but earned for them the right of way when the road was built in the Fall of 1872. New Holstein voted $30,000 aid ; Chilton, $25,000, and Charlestown $20,000. The road, therefore, passes through these towns north to Hilbert Junction, where the northern branch runs to Green Bay, and the main line to Menasha. The Milwaukee & Northern crosses the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western at Forest Junction. The latter road was built through the town of Brillion in 1871-72, being finished in the Summer of the latter year. By the construction of these two roads the really growing villages of the county were brought into close relationship with all points to the north, south, east and west. The increase in population of Calumet County has been proportionate to the ability and care with which her natural advantages have been improved, and has 176 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. therefore been steady. According to the United States census, taken first in 1840, the growth has been as fol lows: In 1840 there were 275 in the- county; in 1850, 1,743; in 1860, 7,895; in 1870, 12,311; in 1880, 15,722. The indebtedness of the towns, cities and villages of Calumet County amounts to $76,475, of which $75,- 000 was voted in aid of the Milwaukee & Northern road, and $1,475 is apportioned to the school districts. From the last report of the County Superintendent of Schools it is learned that there are fifty-five districts and twenty-three parts of districts in Calumet. Of the 6,531 children of school age enrolled, 3,527 have been in attendance. There are two free high schools, one at Chilton, the other at Stockbridge. The cash value of all school buildings in the county is $36,685 ; of sites, $4,051, and of apparatus $1,919, making a total of $42,655. In addition to the district schools, eight private schools are maintained by the people. They have a total attendance of 193, so that the total attend ance throughout the county is 3,720, out of its popula tion of 15,722. CHILTON. Soon after this absorption and riddance of an element which had been a check upon the advance of settlement, the county began to fill up in sections further from Lake Win nebago. In January, 1845, Moses Stanton located on the site of the present city of Chilton, and in May his daughter Catherine was born. In 1846 he had a saw-mill and two years later a grist-mill in operation. His energy soon drew settlers to the spot. Frederick Sircher came in 1847, and Nicholas Chesboro in 1848. During this year also a number of industrious Irishmen, who had been employed in build ing the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac plank road, became residents of Chilton and increased its claims to be called a village. Through the influence of James Robinson, an honored citizen (since deceased), the town of Portland, afterwards Chilton, was organized, by special legislative act, in 1853. In December the county seat was fixed at Chilton, and every thing promised well for its continued growth. James Robinson, who had represented the county in the Legislature the previous Winter, was elected Chairman of the first Town Board, which convened at the hotel of Otto Schucht, on Sircher street, April 21, 1853. Post-office conveniences had been enjoyed for two whole years, the first United States official in Chilton being L. Fields, Sr. Chilton certainly promised to be what it became, a thriving burg. Moses Stanton, its founder, lived here for over seven teen years, universally respected, and died in 1862. His wife still survives him. Originally the village was called Stantonville, but in 1852 John Marygold, an Englishman, became proprietor of the place by purchase, and began to plat it. It was sur veyed by A. Merrill in August of that year, and named " Chilington" by its owner, in remembrance of his native town. He sent a verbal message by one Patrick Donahoe, to have the change in name recorded at Stockbridge, the county seat. Such a burden upon his brain was too great for Patrick to carry, and before he arrived at his destina tion he eased it by dropping the middle syllable from Chil- (ing)-ton. "Chilton " was therefore recorded as the name of the new village. Although by popular vote the county seat had been located at Chilton Center, about half a mile from the village, the citizens were not satisfied, but wanted a change made to Chilton itself. No buildings were erected for three years, although contracts had been let and the material for them was on the ground. In 1854 Harrison C Hobart settled in Chilton in the practice of law. He took up the cause of Chilton vigorously, and chiefly by his and Mr. Stanton's efforts the change in location to the present court-house square was made, as previously stated. With this advant age gained, and some years afterwards the construction of the Milwaukee & Northern Railroad, Chilton left such rivals as New Holstein and Gravesville far behind. The first child born in Chilton was the daughter of Moses Stanton (Catherine) in May, 1845 ; the first death his- second daughter, Eliza, born in September,- 1846, and died in January, 1848. Miss Jane Srott taught the first school in the Summer of 1848. The first religious services were held in the same building by a missionary from the Stockbridge House. In January, 1848, the first marriage ceremony occurred between Hugh Wilson, of Racine, and Miss Mary Hume. The first Fourth-of-July oration was delivered by B. J. Sweet, then a law student, in 1852. Chilton is situated on the south branch of the Manito woc River, and contains a population of 1,200, the prevail ing nationality being German. Its people are industrious and thriving, a good general trade being carried on in addi tion to a variety of manufactures. The corporate limits of the city embrace a territory nearly two miles square. By act of the Legislature the city was incorporated March 11, 1877. The charter was adopted by one majority on the twentieth of that month, the vote being 108 to 107. F. R. Gutheil was elected Mayor. The officers for 1881 are Mayor, Dr. D. La Count ; Clerk, H. Arnold; Treasurer,. William Rothmann. The city is divided into three wards. Fire Department. — The Fire Department consisting of a hand-engine company and a hook-and-ladder company,. was formed in 1875. The membership of both organiza tions is sixty. D. D. Ebert is Chief of the Department. Schools. — In 1849 Moses Stanton erected a log building for a school-house, on land near where the post-office now stands. A frame building, on the site of the present district school-house, succeeded it. The two-story stone structure now occupied was erected in 1870. The value of the prop erty is $5,000. The school (District No. 1) is divided into a Grammar Department (graded) and a High School. The Principal of the latter is J. E. Luce, and of the former, J. O. Luce. Out of a total enrollment of 449. the attendance is 216. During the past Autumn the building has been renovated and improved. Its crowded condition, however,. calls for an increase in accommodations. The Press. — There are no newspapers published outside of the city of Chilton. Of the seven established in the county, four survive. The first number of the first newspaper, The Clinton Times, appeared September 26, 1857, editorially and financially under the management of John P. Hume. Charles W. Fitch was its proprietor until May 27, 1858, when the former purchased it. Up to the time of his death, 1881, Mr. Hume conducted the paper alone, and became as well known and as much beloved as any man in Calumet County. The Times is now edited and managed by his sons, W. A. and J. P. Hume, under the firm name of Hume Brothers. It remains Democratic in politics and issues on Saturday. The Calumet County Republican was published at Graves ville from 1859 to 1862, when its editor and proprietor, J. N. Stone, suspended the paper by laying down the pen and taking up the sword. The Calumet County Reflector was established at Chilton in 1867. by William M. Fogo. Mr. Fogo sold it in 1868 to E. N. Sweet, who, after publishing the journal two years, removed his office to Nebraska. The Stockbridge Enterprise was established by the Corn- HISTORY OF CALUMET COUNTY. i77 ing Brothers, Cyrus and Sidney, in March, 1873, who, after a short time, sold it to T. C. Stearns. In a few weeks both himself and wife were found dead, a narcotic lying near. Some held their deaths to be suicidal, others accidental. With them the Enterprise ceased to exist. The Stockbridge Union was established by the Corning Brothers at the same time as the Enterprise. After ejditing it for a few months, F. A. Willman purchased the journal in the Summer of 1873, and in September of that year came into the possession of H. Arnold, its present editor and pro prietor, who removed it to Chilton and changed its name to The Wisconsin Demokrat. It is independent in politics. The Volksbcte, established in March, 1877 by George Schleyer, is Democratic in politics. He continues its editor and proprietor. The Calumet County News was established in February, 1880. It is published at Chilton, edited by H. W. Wing, and is Republican in politics. The News is issued weekly. A daily paper has never been published in the county.*- Saint Augustine Church (Catholic).- — Among the early settlers of Chilton there was quite an admixture of those pro fessing Catholicism. Their number, however, was not great enough to command the attention of a bishop until 1854, when the Rev. Father Debeck paid missionary visits to Chilton. Father McMahon was the first resident pastor, and commenced to build a church in 1855, just back of the present edifice. It was not completed till i860. He remained for ten years, and was followed by Father Morris and Father Dulcee. Father Schraudenbach continued his ministry until 1869, when Father Andelschack succeeded him, remaining seven years. Father Uerbak built the present edifice in 1879, at a cost of $i6,coo. The Rev. Father Lorigan is the present pastor, and has over 1,000 communi cants in his care. Saint Mary's Church was organized in 1877, and a build ing erected during that year at a cost of $9,000. The parish school building in the rear of the church and the parsonage were erected in 1879. The school is in charge of the Sisters, and has an attendance of about eighty. Rev. Father Gaellweiler is the pastor of the society, having under his charge eighty families. The Union Church. — This society was organized and in corporated in the Spring of 1877. The church building was erected on land donated by Zachariah Stanton, son of Moses Stanton, and the first sermon preached by Elder Todd. The membership of the society is about thirty. The Lutherans, Methodists, Episcopalians and Baptists worship in the same building. The Union Church is entirely unsectarian. Societies. — Chilton has a lodge of Masons (No. 154) or ganized in 1866, and two lodges of Odd Fellows — No. 295 and No. 207. Chilton Turn Verein was organized in August, 1871, and its hall erected during that Fall and the following season at a cost of $2,000. Its membership is thirty ; first speaker, H. Arnold. Hotels. — The Chilton House was built in 1855 by J. C. Green. Mr. Vicking became the purchaser, and continued the same until 1867, when he sold it to Messrs. LaCount & Feind. F. W. Esser soon became the proprietor. In 1879, it was bought by E. Rossburg, its present proprietor. The Central House, situated near the railroad station, was built by F. Reinboldt. It fell into Charles Koinke's hands the present owner. The Wisconsin House. — Before 1875 the old building was occupied as a gents' furnishing store. It was remodeled the same year by Mr. Jackals for a hotel, and in 1876 sold to Joseph Bersch the present owner. The Western House was built in 1874 by Menig & Goed- srH c 2 dertz. In 1875, Charles Menig became sole proprietor, as at present. The American House was built in 1855 by Mr. Ortlieb. It was sold in 1875 to A. Mason, and to A. McHughe. J. D. Parker has been the owner since 1877. i78 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Banks. — In 1859, Col. Bean established the Shawano Bank at Chilton. He turned the institution over to Meyer & Sprague in i860. The bank suspended during the try ing times of 1862. From that date up to January, 1875, the village was without a bank. Kersten Brothers then established the German Exchange Bank, which is still do ing business under their management. Its capital is $7 .600 ; resources $89,169.27. MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. The Union Flour Mills were erected by Mooney& Zech in 1874. In 1876, Zech Brothers bought the former's in terest, and are the present proprietors. The manufacture is forty barrels daily. Reblitz Brothers' Flour Mills were erected in October, 18S0, by the present proprietors. They have four run of stone, and turn out on an average thirty barrels 01 flour daily. Philip Becker's Brewery is the oldest establishment of the kind in the city, a small building being erected by J. Paulus in 1860. It was bought by Mr. Becker in 1875. He has so added to the original establishment that the capac ity of the brewery is at present 1,200 barrels of beer an nually. F. R. Gutheil's Brewery was established in 1867, by'its present proprietor. Its capacity is about 400 barrels of beer per annum. Durschel & Co.'s Sash, Door and Blind Factory was erected in 1875 by William Dorschel, the head of the firm. The partnership with William Kartheaser was formed in 1878, the latter being the "Co." About a dozen men are employed on an average and $3,500 is the amount of busi ness transacted annually. The Chilton Stave Factory was built in 1881 by O. D. Bishop, its present proprietor, and has a capacity for turn ing out 600,000 staves per annum. Stendel & Goesling's Plow Works were established by the present firm in 1875. They manufacture plows, culti vators and buggies, and do an annual business of $5,000. Besides the above A. Vahldieck, Junkee Brothers and L. D. Geisse have small machine shops, the second named a foundry. For some years Benjamin F. Carter and his son_oper- ated a large brick yard in Chilton, but upon the death of the latter, work was temporarily suspended. It is probable that it will be revived again during the coming season. George D. Breed is about to establish a large cheese factory in Chilton. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. H. F. BAGLEY, grain and produce, Chilton, with D. S. Bagley & Sons. Born in Coos Co., N. H., June 15, 1845. H's parents moved to Milwaukee. Here he obtained what education he could from the ward schools. He then entered the commission house of E. D. Chapin, where he remained till 1,863, when he went into the quartermaster's depart ment at Nashville, Tenn. From there he went into the machine shops, and finally became an engineer. He followed this till 1868, when he went to milling in Waupetousa with his father, and soon after took a fore man's position in a sash and blind factory in Racine. From there he went to Kansas, but returned to Wisconsin to enter his present firm. They now represent five stations on the W. C. R. R. and two on the C. & N. W., and are doing a large business. In 1872 he married Miss Anna Hennessy, of Sauk Rapids, Minn. They have four children — Georgie, Alice, Mamie and Wallace. Mr. Bagley is a member of the Masonic fraternity, of which he has been master for five years. HON. GEORGE BALDWIN, lawyer, Chilton. Born in St. Johns- bury, Caledonia Co., in 1831. Here he went to school, and in 1850 commenced reading law with William Dickermann, and afterwards with S. W. Slade. He graduated at the Boston Law School in 1852 ; then went into partnership with H. F. Prentiss in Derby Line. He afterwards acted as clerk in the custom-house. He commenced his practice in Stockbridge, Calumet Co., Wis., in 1853, with J. B. Deuel, continuing till 1855, when he was elected District Attorney. He then moved to Chilton, and held the office for ten years. In 1877 he retired from active practice, and now deals in real estate. He -was elected lo the Assembly in 1865, and was Slate Senator in 1870-1 ; was also County Superin tendent of Schools. In 1874 he married Miss Catherine M. Plunkett, of Chilton. They have two boys, George Benjamin and Charles Fred erick. Mr. Baldwin belongs to both the Masons and I. O. O. F. PHILIP BECKER, brewer, Chilton. Born in Prussia, Jan. 29, 1843. He came to America in 1866, having learned the trade of cooper in the fatherland. He went first to Chicago, and then to Milwaukee, and finally to Calvary, Fond du Lac Co., where he entered a brewery in partnership with William Wolf. In 1874 he sold out, working for the purchaser till 1875, when he came to Chilton and bought the brewery which he now operates, having laid out his grounds and erected a dwelling at a cost of $2,000. In 1871, on the 10th of July, he married Miss Maggie Voelker, of Sheboygan County. They have three children, and are members of the Catholic Church. JOSEPH BERSCH, hotel, Chilton. Born in Prussia, Germany, April 22, 1847. He came to America in 1848 ; went to Sheboygan Co., Wis., and with his parents located on a farm. In 1867-8 he worked in the Lake Superior mining region of Michigan. He returned home in 1868, and remained till 1870, when he began farming for him self. In May, 1880, he came to Chilton, and bought the hotel called the Wisconsin House. In 1870 he married Miss Helfrig. They have three children, having lost three. Those living are Frank, Mary and Theresa. They are Catholics. GEORGE D. BREED, farmer. Chilton. Born in Chenango Co., N.Y., Dec. 29, 1839 His parents moved to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1844, where they located at East Troy. From thence they went to Rochester, and later moved to Vienna, where George attended school. His father was a millwright, carpenter and joiner, and when they moved to Chilton he was engaged on the second grist-mill put up. He located on the farm where George D. now lives, buying eighty acres, which lie now wholly within the city limits. In 1858 he commenced work, and was the first here to introduce a reaper on his farm. In 1864 he enlisted in the 48th Wis. V. I., Co. H ; was mustered out in 1865, and returned home the 7th of January, and has given his attention to farming since. In politics he has some interest, being Chairman of the Republican Con vention, Alderman of the Second Ward in 1877-8, and President of the Board ; was Mayor of the city in 1879, an(l Is now Alderman ; secretary of the Agricultural Society, and School Clerk for three years. In 1864 he married Miss Elizabeth A. Fadner, of Charleston. They have two children, Frank B. and Alexander K. Mr. Breed was, in 1877, as signed the position of Enrolling Clerk in the House, but served on joint committee for enrolling bills as Clerk. C. G. CONE, farmer, Sec. 11, P. O. Chilton. Born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., Oct. 14, 1829. His father, Thomas Cone, was born in Ot sego Co., N. Y., in 1798, and is now on the farm, hale and hearty. The family moved from Cayuga County in 1856, and located on the farm where they now live. They own 160 acres. Before leaving New York, C. G. attended common school, and then went to Homer Academy, finishing in the Oneida Conference Seminary. On leaving school he went to milling, and then roamed through the Southern and Western States, coming to Calumet in the Fall of 1857. In 1864 he went to Menasha as foreman of the Wooden Ware Manufacturing Company. From there he was appointed Superintendent of the numbering depart ment of the Treasury, and was transferred to the Census Bureau, and in 1872 he came home, where he has since remained. In 1858 he married Miss Sarah Potter, of Almira, N. Y. They have three boys — George, Thomas and Walter. WILLIAM DORSCHEL, sash and door factory, Chilton. Bom in Canada. He came to Wisconsin in 1863, and to Calumet County in 1866, where he carried on a carpenter's and joiner's business till 1878, when he established himself in the mill and lumber yard. In 1868 he married Miss Louisa Rothman. They have four children, having lost one. They are members of the Catholic Church. F. JOSEPH EGERER, saloon, Chilton. Born in Fond du Lac Co., Wis., Feb. 17, i860.' His early years were passed on a farm ; his time divided between school and home duties until 1879, when he came to Chilton. In 1880 he and Mr. Jansen bought their present business, under the firm name of Jansen & Egerer. JULIUS FEIND, retired, Chilton. Born in Province of Hanover, Germany, March 21, 1828. He came to America in 1859, an(* at once came west to Wisconsin, going to work in Fond du Lac County on » faim. He bought a farm in the town of Friendship, but sold out i» 1864, and bought in the town of Charles, Calumet Co., on which he staid but a short time because of sickness. He was disabled for two years. He then was engaged in the Fond du Lac House, but left that position to take a trip south through Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Indiana. He returned to Fond du Lac in 1866, going thence to Marytown, where he entered a partnership with Charles F. Holtz in hotel and store. Shortly afterward he came to Chilton, where he bought of Henry Hofman. This was in 1866. This venture held for a few months, when he sold to William Paulson ; then taking an interest with James LaCounte in the Chilton House, he became sole HISTORY OF CALUMET COUNTY. '79 proprietor, but soon sold to Frederick Esser. He then bought a harness shop, which. he owned till 1872, and after selling this he entered real estate business, and in 1880 built Feind's Block. He is now retired. In Germany he was manager of an estate valued at $500,000, which he carried on successfully for three years, also managing the estate of Duke Kilsmanseege ; this was for a short time, as he found the Duke of an extremely haughty nature. Mr. Feind is still a bachelor. THOMAS FLATLEY, general store, Chilton. Born in New York Nov. 15, 1849. When five years of age he came with his parents to Wisconsin, and lived in the town of Woodville, Calumet Co., till he was sixteen years of age, when he went into the lumbering woods of Oconto County. For six years he continued at this work, and then re turned to the farm. In 1875 he came to Chilton, and entered the store of M. Connelly, the firm being Connelly & Flatley, which, in 1879, was changed to Thomas Flatley. He carries a stock of $2,000 or $3, coo, and does a business of $7,000 a year. In 1875 he married Miss Mary J. Connelly, of Chilton. They have four children- — John B., Michael Henry, Kate Ellen and Andrew H. They belong to the Catholic Church. MARTIN FORKIN, general merchandise, Chilton. Born in County of Roscommon, Ireland, Oct. 11, 1832. Came to America in 1845, landing in Boston. From there he went to Crompton, R. I. In 1853 he, with his parents, came.to Calumet Co., Wis., and located in the town of Chilton, on a farm which they had purchased in 1851. Here he lived till 1868, excepting the time he was in the army, having en listed in the 16th Wis. V. I., Co. D., in 1864, and served till 1865. In 1868 he opened the mercantile house with which he is now identified, carrying a stock of about $2,000 and doing a business of $6,oco. In 1859 he married MissBridget Duffy, of Chilton. They have six children, having lost two — Mary A., Alice, Margaret A., Martin J. (who was killed by the kick of a horse, May 23. 1878), Frances E., Ellen L., William Patrick, Bridget, and M. L., deceased. Mr. Forkin was elected School Treasurer in 1875, and is now in that office. P. A. GALLET, agricultural implement depot, Chilton. Born in Belgium, Nov. 12, 1840. Came to America and to Wyoming County, where he lived with his parents and attended school, until they moved to the town of Russell in Sheboygan Co., since which he has been trav eling in the machinery business. He took a trip to California in 1872, and to Oregon, where he intended to slay, but as the climate did not suit him, he returned in 1875, and bought a farm in town of Chilton. Moving on it, he engaged in the agricultural machinery business, and finally sold his farm and moved to the city. He has a wife and five children — Eliza S., Edward A., Helen A., Mary Adeline and Pauline A. L. D. GEISSE, machinist, Chilton. Born in Fond du Lac County, June 6, 1847. His father moved to that county as early as 1842, and settled at Taycheedah. He had large means, and carried on quite an extensive business, but failed in 1854, and died Sept. 10, 1873. L. D. went to school in the village until old enough to learn a trade, when he went East into the machine shops, working in the Baldwin locomotive shops in Philadelphia. He then began a life of wandering, going to Unionville, Nevada, to run the quartz mills, then back to Philadelphia to ship on the steamer " Tombo" for a voyage up the Amazon River on a survey ; returning to the port from which he shipped, and going into the ship-yard belonging to William Cramp, and after working in the United States navy yard, coming back home to Fond du Lac County. In 1876 he opened the machine shops in Chilton. In 1874 he married Miss Helen Bigford. They have three children. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. JAMES GODING, retired, Chilton. Born in Littleton, Wilshire, England. Before leaving Britain he was married to Miss Elizabeth Tarrant. This was in 1845, on the nth of February. In 1849 they came to Wisconsin, and went into the then wilderness of the town of Rantoul, Calumet Co. There they found a brother, Isaac Coding, who had located in 1848. He accommodated them with part of his shanty till they settled on their little farm on ihe Kilsnick. Mr. Coding then went to Taycheedah in Fond du Lac Co., and worked at his trade. He afterwards bought a farm one mile south of Chilton, and farmed till his boys went to work for themselves. He then moved to Chilton in 1874. They have had five children — Sarah (now Mrs. Weaver), Lewis (deceased), John, Milton and Lewis. STEPHEN HEALY, retired, Chilton. Born in Brimfield, Wor cester Co., Mass , May 15, 1823. The family moved from there to Con necticut in 1839, and then to Gardiner's Prairie, Wis., where he re mained till 1847. He located on land in Rochestertown and then went to Vienna, Walworth Co. He came to Chilton June 8, 1853, and located on a farm of twenty-five acres, which he cleared up and improved, meantime working at his trade. In 1879 he had a stroke of paralysis. In 1847 he married Miss Maiy R. Breed, of New Yotk. They have two children — Albert S. and Mettie J. Mr. Healy has held Ihe position of Town Clerk, and has been a member of the I. O. O. F. since 1873. OLIVER HEBERT, hardware, Chilton. Born in Eureka, Winne bago Co., Wis., Aug. 31, 1853. He is of French descent. His parents moved to Fond du Lac County, where his mother still lives. In 1871, he came to Chilton, and served an apprenticeship with the Ebert Bros., in the tin trade, and then went with Mr. David Ebert to California in 1875, locating at Oakland, where they were stationed for one month, when they sold out and returned to Fond du Lac County. He came to Chilton, Calumet Co., in July, 1877, and worked with the Ebert Bros. till January, 1880, when he went to Brillion and opened business, but returned with his stock of goods to Chilton, in February, 1881, and opened a hardware and tin shop. He carries a stock of from $3,000 to $4,000, and does a business of $15,000. On the 17th of September, 1877, he married Miss H. E. Baivier, of Chilton. They have two chil dren, Florence and Olive. Mr. Hebert was elected City Treasurer, by special election, in 1878. JOHN P. HUME, for nearly a quarter of a century editor and pro prietor of the Chilton Times, was born in Kings County, Ireland, June 11, 1836, and died at his home in Chilton, on Tuesday morning, Aug. 23, 1881. His illness was painful and lingering, but he retained his genial disposition and kindness of heart and sunshine of manner through all his long and keen suffering. He left a dear and worthy wife and seven children to mourn his death, besides the largest circle of close friends, who ever sincerely sorrowed for a man's decease, in Calumet County. The funeral, which occurred on the 25th of August, was therefore largely attended, and was solemnly and impressively conducted under the aus pices of the Masonic Fraternity, of which order the deceased was an old and honored member. Masons were present from Appleton, Manitowoc, Milwaukee, Fond du Lac and Oshkosh. Besides these evidences of gen uine grief, which gathered around the body of the beloved editor, at home, the press in alLportions of the State overflowed with kind words of grief and condolence, evincing the universal feeling which per vaded the ranks of his own profession. The following, from the Milwau kee Sunday Telegraph, is one of the most complete and touching eulo gies which appeared : "John P. Hume, the well known and much admired editor of the Chilton Times, died at his home, on Tuesday morning, Aug. 23. He was born in Kings County, Ireland, June n, 1836. At the age of sixteen, he came to Manitowoc, and soon after entered the Herald office, where he learned the printer's trade, under the instruction of Charles W. Fitch, now of Washington. The Fall of 1857, soon after he had reached his majority, he removed to Chilton, Calumet County, then a town of less than 100 inhabitants, and started the Times, which paper he continued to publish up to the time of his death. The Fall of 1858, he was elected to the office of Circuit Court Clerk, With the ex ception of two years, when the late F. J. Curliss served, he held the position, and performed the duties wilh strict fidelity and great satisfac tion, until last January, when he was succeeded by W. J. Mailman. There was not a better known or more highly esteemed man in Calumet County. Those who watched Mr. Hume's pathway through life saw a thousand things which they could commend where oneappeartd that they could not sanction. His heart was on his sleeve, and no man pos sesses a more generous or a kindly one. It was rounded with sympathy. It felt for the suffering in all walks of life. His was an ever ready and open hand to aid the distressed. No one ever approached John P. Hume in vain for aid and sympathy. He was one of nature's noblemen — loved by thousands and hated by none. Genial, hospitable and whole-s< uled, he never wanted for friends. Plain spoken he was, but there was noth ing harsh and mean in his character. He had a smile and a good word for all about him. The friend of a quarter of a century ago was a better friend the day his spirit took its flight. All in the county knew him ; thousands had been befriended by him, and this Sabbath day is a day of mourning in more than half of the homes in the county he never wearied of praising. A loving husband and father has entered upcn his endless rest. God alone knows how great a light has ceased to shine in that home where he was always loved and honored. Mr. Hume v as an easy, graceful writer, and was without an enemy in the editorial frater nity of Wisconsin. The paper will be continued by his sons. Mr. Hume was a Democrat, and always took an active part in politics. He was many times a Delegate to State Conventions, and, in 1872, was a Dele gate to the National Convention. The death of her husband is a terrible blow to Mrs. Hume, but like him she has an army of friends who can never forget her. A more loveable, pure-minded and noble woman is not often met. She is surrounded by loving children, who have good heads, warm hearts and willing hands, and we mistake them if anything is left undone which can in any way lighten her load or gladden her heart." JACOB KELLER, saloon, Chilton. Born in canton Zurich, Switz erland, Feb. 8, 1847. He came to America, in 1857, with his father. Landing in New York, they came 10 Calumet County, and located on a farm in the town of Chilton, where his father died in 1863. That year he learned the blacksmith trade, but afterwards went to Fond du Lac, where he remained two years. After taking a trip through the States, he came to Chilton, and opened a saloon, having Henry Seigrist as part ner till 1879, when he opened his present business. In 1873, he married Miss Augusta Broudes, of Rantoul. They have three children — Carl, Louis and Matilda. Mr. Keller was Deputy Sheriff in 1873 and 1874, and is a member of the I. O. O. F. J. D. KERKER. hotel, Chilton. Born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Sept. 15,1845. He came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1850, then locat ing in Walworth County, where they lived till 1862, when they went 10 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Ozaukee County. There he engaged in farming, and in 1864 enlisted in the 36th Reg. Wis. V. I., Co. E, and served till the close of the war. He then returned to Ozaukee County, and followed farming till 1869, when he began working on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and other lines. In 1871, he tried lumbering, but returned to the farm, and re mained till 1876, when he took a mail route and livery stable in Wash ington County. He finally came to Chilton, and kept the American House. In 1878, Nov. 28, he married Miss Levoy. They have one child, Jesse J. CHARLES KOINKE, hotel, Chilton. Born in Germany, Prussia, Nov. 29. 1830. In 1868, he came to New York, and from there went to Manitowoc County, Wis. On the 10th of November, 1869, he came to Chilton. In 1879, ne opened the Central House, of which he is the proprietor. That same year he married Mrs. Reinborg, of Chilton, who had a family of eight children, and by this marriage there is one child, a girl. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and was in the army in Ger many for five years. DAVID La COUNTE, M.D., Chilton. Born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in the town of Madrid, May 16, 1828. He is of French descent, and came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1837. His father engaged in lumbering and farming at Manitowoc Rapids. In 1851, he began the study of medicine with Dr. Seilly ; graduated in Rush Medical Col lege, at Chicago, in 1856, and commenced practice in Calumet County, at Stockbridge. He removed to Chilton in 1857, and was married that year to Miss Green, of Chilton. In 1861, enlisted as Assistant Surgeon in the 14th Wis. V. I., but his health failing, he resigned, and came home, resuming his practice in Chilton. He is United States Examin ing Surgeon for the Military Department, and in 1881 was elected Mayor of the city. They have one daughter. DANIEL LYNCH, livery and sale stable, Chilton. Born in Mil waukee Co., Wis., in I847 ; followed farming in the town of Chilton until 1865, when he came into the city, and opened in his present busi ness. He has the largest livery in Chilton. In 1874, he married Miss McLean. They have two children living, and have lost two. Mr. Lynch is now Under Sheriff of Calumet County. * HON. THOMAS LYNCH, lawyer, Chilton. Born in Granville, Milwaukee Co., Wis., Nov. 21, 1844. His youth was passed upon a farm. He came to Chilton in 1864 where he bought a farm, and, till 1871, was engaged in agriculture. In the Fall of 1871, he began teach ing, at the same time reading law. In the Spring of 1872, he was elected to the Assembly, having been Chairman of the Town in 1868, 1869 and 1870. In 1873, was elected Chairman of the County and Town Board of Supervisors. In 1874, he attended the Law School at Madison, and graduated in 1875. Returning to Chilton, he entered the firm of McMullen & Lynch, and in 1877 opened an office of his own. He was elected District Attorney in 1878, and still holds that position. In 1867, Nov. 2, he married Miss Winnifred Finnegan, of Rantoul. They have three children living, having lost five. They are members of the Catholic Church. J. E. LUCE, teacher Chilton High School. Born in Coles Co., 111., Dec. 28, 1849. While yet an infant his parents removed to Grant Co., Wis. When of proper age, he was sent to the State Normal School at Platteville. His brother was there at the same time, and graduated with him in 1873. He at once commenced teaching, and went to Manitowoc County, where he took charge of the Ward School. The next year he went to Belmont, LaFayette Co., and taught there for one year. He came to Chilton in 1876. In 1879, he married Miss Mary A. Vincent. They have one child, Mary Maud. J. O. LUCE, teacher Chilton Grammar School. Born in Grant Co., Wis., 1847 ; received his education for the profession of teaching in the Platteville State Normal School, from which he graduated in the Spring of 1873. He then took charge of the schools of Marinette, where he remained until he came to Chilton, in 1876. He is an earnest lover of his profession. JAMES W. McCABE, general store, Chilton. Born in County Louth, Ireland, April 25, 1841 ; came to New York in 1842 with his parents. They settled in Livingston County, of that State, and remained there until 1851, when they moved to Greenbush, Sheboygan Co., Wis., and located on a farm in what is now the town of Russell. He remained at home till 1865, when he purchased a farm near Chilton. In 1875, he, in partnership with D. Lynch, erected a barn and opened a livery, but did not continue in this long. He followed various vocations until he estab lished himself, in 1877, in his present, business. In 1866, he married Miss Elizabeth Mangan, of Chilton. They have three children living — Florence M„ 'James Emmet, John F., and have lost one, John B. Mr. McCabe has held numerous public offices : Chairman of the County Board in 1873-4; has been Assessor, and is now Alderman for the Third Ward in the city of Chilton. J. E. McMULLEN, lawyer, Chilton. Bom in Kingston, Canada, Oct. 7, 1843. His father, being a farmer, his younger years were passed in country life. In 1856, his father moved to Calumet County, town of Brillion. At this early day he endured many hardships. He and Nu gent built the first mill there, and the village was laid cut on a part of his farm. Having lived to accomplish this he died in i860. J. E. then went to lumbering, but receiving an injury, he turned hisattention to teaching school and studying law. About this period of his life he attended Madisoh University, but in 1864, enlisted in the Student's Regiment, 40th Wis. V. I. After being mustered out he went to Mani towoc County, and filled the position of principal in the First Ward School. He was graduated at the Ann Arbor Law School, in 1868, and came to Chilton and commenced practice. In 1868, he was elected District Attorney, which position he held for ten years, and in 1880, the citizens elected him Mayor. He is now attending his law practice and dealing in real estate and is acting as attorney for the Calumet County Insurance Company. In 1871, he married Miss Clara Ebert, of Chilton. Their children are Collin E., William D., Corinne, Clara L. and Edna, He belongs to both the Masonic and I. O. O. F. lodges. CHARLES MENIG, hotel, Chilton. Born in Wurtemburg, Ger many, April 7, 1846. He came to America in 1866, and went to San dusky, Ohio, where he staid till 18,69 ; going from thence, to Milwaukee. After the Chicago fire, he went there and remained till 1873. He then came to Chilton, Calumet Co., and bought land, building his hotel in 1874. In 1875, he married Miss Rothman, of Calumet Harbor. They have two boys, Otto and Albert. Mr. Menig is now holding the posi- tion of Alderman in First Ward, for the second term, being also a mem ber of the I. O. O. F. and Turn Verein. WALTER MILES, City Marshal, Chilton. Born in Norfolk, England, May n, 1850. In 1852, his parents came lo America, locat ing in Lockport. N. Y. In 1857, they removed to Fond du Lac, Wis. ; while here he attended Oakfield's school. They moved to Leroy, in Dodge County, where he learned the blacksmith's trade, with his father, and in 1866, he came to Chilton, and with his father, opened a black smith shop. He was elected City Marshal of Chilton, in 1881. In 1874, July 2, he married, but lost his wife on Christmas morning of 1876; she left one child, Eda May. In 1878, Mr. Miles made a tour of the western frontier, with his rifle, exercising a natural gift for sharp- shooting, on large and small game in western Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska, -where he was known as " Moonlight Walt." Mr. Miles is a member of the temperance organization. EGIDIUS NELLESSEN, wagonmaker and blacksmith, Chilton. Born in Prussia, Germany, Feb. 12, 1822. While there he learned his trade, and in 1843. came to America, with his father and brother. He went to Erie City, Pa., and after a short stay there, he came to Wiscon sin and located in Washington County, where, in 1848, they pre-empted land, the farm being in Marytown, where they lived. He moved to Chilton in 1854. This country was then but thinly settled, and he was among the first. He started the second blacksmith shop in the place, and worked on the first mill in Chilton, which is now in ruins. He is established in a good trade. In 1847, he married Miss Toole, of Prussia, Germany. They have five children — Gertrude (now Mrs. Ball), Henry B., Nicholas, Evar and Anna. They are members of the Catho lic Church. STEWART NEWELL, Justice, Chilton. Born in Vermont, Oct. n, 1817. In 1821, he went to Hudson, N. Y., and attended school, and afterwards to New Hartford. He also went to Detroit, Mich., where he run the first engine on the Michigan Central Railroad. He then went to Utica and stopped in Rochester and Albany, and finally came west to Wisconsin and bought a farm in Brothertown, Calumet Co. He after wards came to Chilton Town, and bought a farm, on which he stayed until he took a position as master mechanic at Fond du Lac, on the Northwestern Railroad. In l86l,he enlisted in the 4th Wis. V. I. In the Fall he was commissioned 2d Lieutenant, and was in command of the company at one time, but resigned on account of an injury, and came back to Chilton and bought the old farm back. Later, he moved to Chilton City, and is now a Justice of the Peace. In 1838, he married Miss Cheesebro. They had three girls— Amanda A. (who became Mrs. J. L. Allen), Harriette (who became Mrs. Elliott) and Gertrude (who be came Mrs. Pier). All three daughters are dead, and their children live with Mr. Newell. ALFRED A. NUGENT, lawyer, Chilton. Born in Canada, May 12, 1848. When he was two years old the family moved to Michigan, where they lived till 1854, when they moved to Calumet Co. In the Spring of 1863 he enlisted in the 21st Wis. V. I., Co. I., being only fifteen years of age. He participated in some of the most fiercely con tested battles of the war ; was with Gen. Sherman on his march to the sea, and on the return lost his arm in the battle of Bentonville, being the youngest man from Wisconsin in the army who lost an arm. In June, 1865, he returned to Menasha, and attended the Lawrence Uni versity. He studied law with George Baldwin, and afterwards with McMullen & Lynch. He was admitted to the Bar in 1877. He served as Clerk of Claims Commissioner, and in 1876 was Clerk of Committee on Charitable Institutions; and while at the capital, attended the lec tures in the law school. He is now one of the Court Commissioners in Calumet County. In 1875 he married Miss Eva Sweet, of Chilton. They have two children.William Earl and Ada S. J. PAULUS, lawyer, Chilton. Born in Calumet Co., June 8, 1857. His youth was passed in Chilton. He read law with Baldwin & HISTORY OF CALUMET COUNTY. 1S1 French, and was admitted to the Bar in 1878. He then entered the office of French & Paulus. He went to Chicago for a short time, but returned to Chilton in 1879, and commenced practice, and in 1880 was elected City Treasurer. FRANK ROBINSON, general store, Chilton. Born in Chilton, March 18, 1849. His father, James Robinson, was closely identified with the early settlement of this county, and his son received his educa tion here, with the exception of his commercial training, which he re ceived in the Fond du Lac College. In 1872 he was appointed agent for the railroad and express companies in Chilton, being the first resi dent agent. He continued working for the company till 1876, when he purchased a share in a store, the firm then being James Robinson & Son. The business finally passed into his own hands. He carries a stock of $5,000, and does a business of $15,000. In 1875 ne married Miss Eliza McLean, of Stockbridge. They have two children, Josephine and Genevieve. They are all members of the Catholic Church. HENRY ROLLMANN, druggist, Chilton. Born in Fond du Lac Co., Wis., Feb. 9, 1853. He was raised on a farm in the town of Marsh field, and came to Chilton Oct. 7, 1875. In 1876, on March 16, he mar ried Miss Lena Steilz, of Fond du Lac. They have four children — George, Mandy, Albert and Lina. He is a member of the Masonic and also of the I. O. O. F. lodges. His father, Otto Rollmann, now living in Chilton with him, was born in Westphalia, Prussia, June 22, 1818, where he remained till 1848, when he came to Sheboygan Co., Wis., and soon after went to Fond du Lac County, where he located on a farm, and here Henry was born. The family remained on the old homestead twenty-seven years. He bought the drug business for Henry in 1875, and now is occupied at his trade, that of book-binder. The family con sisted of four children — Henry, Loui, A frida and Alfred. Mr. Otlo Rollmann married in 1852. His wife's maiden name was Amelia Fricke. GEORGE SCHLEYER, editor and publisher of the Volksbote, Chilton. Born in Bavaria, Germany, May 30, 1849. He came to New York in 1873, an with a seating capacity of 2,000. It cost about $40,000. Services are held in English, French, and German. The Rev. Father Goldsmith being an accom plished master of these languages, and a very genial public spirited gentleman. This is really the mother church of the valley, and while there are five hundred families who directly attend upon its ministrations, there are in the parish seven counties and eight priests. Eighteen churches and chapels have sprung from this one. The old church has recently been demolished — having been previously used as a school- house. H. S. Allen, Dr. McBean, Matthew Cummings, F. Le Boeuf, R. Lego, C. Allen, C. Bergeron, H. Herbert and others assisted in its construction in 1856. Two hundred years ago Jesuit missionaries from Mackinaw or Green Bay celebrated mass on the bluffs of Catholic Hill, before there was any settlement at the Falls. Saint Peters church parish has had quarters at Saint Peters and stations at Vermillion and Biushville. Rev. Albert Mendel is the missionary rector. There are large numbers of French Canadians in the county, and the predominating Christian belief is the Catholic — their membership at the Falls outnumbers all the others. The Presbyterian Church. — This was the first Protestant church organized in Chippewa Falls. In the Summer of HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 199 1855 the Rey. William McNair, who was organizing a church in Eau Claire, made arrangements to visit this place on alternate Sundays. He at first preached in a log cabin near Mr. Van Name's residence, which was used on week days as a school-house. Rev. B. Phillips, from Mineral Point, soon came and at once commenced the erection of the present church building, which was completed and dedi cated in 1858. Some of the means to erect the church was obtained from the East, but Mr. H. S. Allen and other citi zens contributed liberally, and seemed unweary in their labors to rear this place of worship at that early day. After a ministration of ten years Mr. Phillips gave place to Rev. George W. Wainwright, who with slight intermissions preached three years. Rev. A. J. Stead, from New York State, was the next pastor, his connection was dissolved, in September, 1874, yielding to Rev. D. W. Evans who broke bread for the church until August 1, 1876, when Rev. Samuel Brown, the present pastor, was installed. The active membership is now twenty-eight. Methodist Episcopal Church. — As early as 1859 Chippewa Falls formed part of a circuit established on the frontier, but the denomination was unfortunate in their first itinerant in this locality ; a want of tact or ability to accommodate himself to the rude surroundings resulted in not an encour aging success. The first regviiar appointments were in the Dorland district, two miles east of the town.- Rev. Thomas Harwood was the first minister here who succeeded in gath ering together the elements of future societies. Rev. E. S. Havens was next stationed here, and he made an effort to establish regular service at the Falls proper. Next came that impetuous English pioneer, Rev. John Holt, who labored faithfully his appointed time, but left with a feeling that the Falls was a hard field to cultivate. The Rev. Richard Cohan was the next laborer in this vineyard. His earnest, faithful, studious and skillful zeal left its impress on the community. Rev. A. J. Davis was here in 1865 and 1866. The little society under him procured a lot and he built, almost entirely with his own hands, a dwelling for a parsonage. The Rev. Darius Bresee, who afterwards did business in Eau Claire as a real estate agent, was the next minister. In the Fall of 1868 Rev. E. E. Clough was placed in charge. He was a vigorous worker and erected the present place of worship, leaving it clear of debt, and also secured an addition to the parsonage. There was a marked increase in membership and Chippewa Falls was created a regular Methodist station with regular weekly preaching. Rev. W. S. Wright, afterwards presiding elder, came to this charge in 1871, adding to the membership, and procuring the church bell. He was succeeded by Rev. H. W. Bush nell in 1873. While he was the pastor additional ground was procured to enlarge the lot, and the membership reached about 100. Rev. Bert E. Wheeler was the next man in charge and he remained until the Fall of 1877, when Rev. J. N. Phillips was appointed to the station. In June, 1880, having been elected Grand Chief Templar of the Tem ple of Honor, Rev. Mr. Trenor supplied the pulpjt until the Fall conference, when Rev. W. Woodruff came to fill the place. The Episcopal Church. — Zion Church was formally incor porated April 27, 1866, with the Rev. C. H. Hendley min ister in charge. Previous to this, however, service had been held under the patronage of L. H. Brooks and his estimable wife, who with others continued their efforts until success rewarded their labors. Mr. Hendley did not re main long, and after a brief vacation in May, 1870, Rev. R. F. G. Page, of Eau Claire, took charge and after an irregular service of about two years the parish was again without a minister, receiving lay service from H. H. Todd, a zealous churchman who conducted the Sunday-school with oX>-d?dB > >f (SI marked success. On the ist of June, 1878, Rev. M. L. Kern took charge, inspiring new life and energy into its affairs, and on the 10th of September, the same year, the corner stone of the church was laid. It is of wood, sixty-two by thirty-seven feet, chancel twenty by twenty, with a tower on the front left corner. Bishop Armitage was present. It was completed and opened for service on Easter, in 1875. It still stands and is a commendable structure. Among HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. other ornaments it has six memorial windows. Rev. S. J. Yundt is the present rector. Baptist. — In June, 1875, a Baptist church was organized. Mr. O. Knapp was moderator. On account of the few members, and want of means, the society was suffered to lapse. German Lutheran, Zion Church. — Services at this church are held every third Sunday, alternating afternoons and evenings, at 2 and 7 p. m. There is no resident pastor. Rev. George Plehn officiates. Scandinavian Lutheran. — Services are held every fourth Sunday at 10:30 a. m., under the ministrations of Rev. C. J. Helsom. Fraternal Societies — Masonic. — Chippewa Falls Lodge No. 176, charter dated June 10, 1869. De Witt C. Swan, M.; George Cross, S. W.; W. J. Harding, J. W. The State G. M. was Harlow Pease. Present officers: J. J. Jenkins, M. ; R. D. Whittemore, S. W. ; F. M. Clough, J. W. ; Jerry Palmer, secretary ; 100 members. Chippewa Chapter, No. 46. — Charter dated February 17, 1875. J. M. Bingham, H. P.; Ambrose Hoffman, K. ; A. R. Barrows, S. Present officers : R. W. Bradeen, H. P. ; seat vacated by death; A. S. Stiles, K. ; J. W. Squires, S. ; R. D. Whittemore, secretary ; 50 members. Chippewa Council, No. 45. — Organized May 1, 1878; charter granted, February 24, 1881. The officers of the Chapter fill the corresponding offices in the Council. It has 22 members. The Order has a fine hall, corner of Bridge and Spring streets, and is in a flourishing condition. Odd Fellows — Pinery Lodge, No. 46. — Chartered Janu ary 21, 1869. Charter members: O. N. Stetson, Th W. Mathewson, W. W. Crandall, Stephen Brown, N. S. Warn, E. E. N. Martin. It has a large membership. The present officers are : R. D. Whittemore D. D. G. M. ; C. J. Ceasar, N. G. ; C. F. Smith, V. G. ; J. P. Hurlburt, secretary; C. K. Brown, treasurer. Knights of Pythias. — Charter dated February 12, 1874. Among the charter members were J. M. Bingham, S. R. Murray, J. J. Jenkins. Present officers : W. L. Pierce, C. C. ; A. J. McDonald, K. of R. & S. Sons of Herman — Chippewa Lodge, No. 35,0. D. H. S., meets every Thursday evening at Knights of Pythias Hall. Temple of Honor. — Forest Temple, No. 146, instituted December n, 1876. John A. McRae, W. C. T. ; B. F. Millard, W. V. T. Good Templars. — Enterprise Lodge, No. 100, instituted February 14, 1873. C. L. Webster, W. C. T. ; Mrs. W. S. Wright, W. V. T.; Dr. F. A. Burnett, secretary. This has a membership of 65 in good standing. Harugari. — Longobarden Lodge, No. 431. Regular meetings second and fourth Monday of each month at Knights of Pythias Hall. St. Jean Baptiste meets second Sunday of each month at the Catholic school-house. This is a popular benevolent society, with a large membership. Soldiers' and Sailors' Association. — Organized in 1878. William R. Hoyt, president; J. P. Hurlburt, secretary; Frank Coleman, treasurer. Various Societies — The Agricultural Society. — Organized December 11, 1877. L. C. Stanley was the first president; Wilson Hopkins, vice-president ; W. B. Bartlet, treasurer ; H. C. McRae, secretary. The present officers are: E. D. Stanley,, president; W. Hopkins, vice-president; H. H. Todd, secretary; W. B. Bartlet, treasurer. The transac tions for 1880 were $1,810.62. A fair has been held every year since the organization, and they are well patronized, as no pains are spared to make the exhibitions attractive. Chippewa Falls Driving Association. — This association has a half mile track on the Glen Mills road, near the city. The officers are : F. C. Webb, president ; E. P. Hastings, vice-president; A. S. Stiles, second vice-president; R. D. Whittemore, secretary. Chippewa Falls Cemetery Association. — Organized in 1866. L. F. Martin, president; D. E. Seymour, treasurer; H. H. Todd, secretary. The cemetery is within the city limits, on the northeast corner. The original plot was five acres, which are nearly occupied, and ten acres have just been added. Half lots 12x24 sell for $12. The Mutual Protective Association. — Office at the First National Bank ; meets Tuesday evenings. A.K.Fletcher, president; D. E. Seymour, vice-president; L. M. Newman, secretary and treasurer. Mechanics' Protection Association.- — Organized August 27, 1879. A. R. McDonald, president; A. H. Cowles, treas urer ; George Shuman, secretary. Hook and Ladder Company. — Foreman, R. D. Whitte more ; Assistant, P. W. Jacobus; Secretary, J. E. Dempsy; Treasurer, L. Zimmerman. Parnell Land League. — P. Morris, president ; S. Brown, secretary ; W. P. Dodds, treasurer. Pioneer Cornet Band. — This band was first organized in 1878, by Fred. Bonell. The present leader is Otto Klein- heintz; Manager and Treasurer, Dr. B. Gardiner; Drum Major, William Clifton. This band was employed at Gen. Bragg's head-quarters during the great re-union in Mil waukee. THE PRESS. The Chippewa Falls Union and Times was started in 1863, the result of the consolidation of two papers. W. J. Whipple was proprietor. He soon sold to J. M. Brackett, who managed it until December 7, 1869, when he sold to The Democratic Printing Association. The Chippewa Herald. — This live paper was started by Col. George C. Ginty, op January 1, 1870, and has been conducted by him with great ability ever since. It is Re publican in politics, and is noted for its fairness in discuss ing political issues. The paper appears weekly, and is run off by steam power. Edward Outhwait is associate editor. Chippewa County Independent . — This is a weekly paper, started on March 31, 1881, and is a six-column quarto. J. N. Phillips, editor and business manager; Judge Gough and A. J. Hayward, associate editors. It is published by the Chippewa Falls Publishing Company ; A. J. Hayward, president; A. K. Fletcher, vice-president; I. C. Kibbe, secretary ; D. E. Seymour, treasurer. The Chippewa Times. — This paper was first issued Octo ber 5, 1875, by Cunningham & Luce. Afcer one year, Mr. Luce sold his interest to Mr. Hoffman, and the firm became Hoffman & Co., with Mr. T. J. Cunningham as the active editor and publisher. It is a nine-column folio, at $2 a year; is democratic in its politics. RAILROADS. The Chippewa Falls dr- Western Railroad, the first to en ter Chippewa Falls, was completed in June, 1875, and the event was duly celebrated, as elsewhere recorded. It con nects Eau Claire with the Falls, and opened direct com munication with St. Paul and Chicago, and, of course, with the rest of the world. This road is now in the hands of the Wisconsin Central. The Wisconsin Central. — This road, which has been so instrumental in building up Northern Wisconsin, on No vember 22, 1880, completed a branch from its trunk line be tween Abbotsford and Chippewa Falls, so that trains began running from Minneapolis, St. Paul and Milwaukee, via Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls. The station is on the opposite HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. side of the river from the city. T. Farnsworth is sta tion agent. The Chippewa Falls cV Northern Railway Company is or ganized, and the contract given out for forty miles of its construction to Rice Lake, and surveying parties are in the field running a line to Superior. It is pro posed, also, to extend the line from Chippewa Falls to Fall Creek, on the C, St. P., M. & O. road, so as to have an air line from Chicago to the terminus of the Northern Pacific. E. W. Winter is the president of the company, and C. W. Porter, secretary. The intention of the management is to run the road via Shetek and Rice Lake. It will largely develop a pine and hard wood region. STAGE LINES. Big Bend — Stiles & Co., proprietors. This stage goes up one day and back the next. In the Spring, a daily line is put on. The stopping places on the road are as follows : Nine- Mile House, Twelve-Mile House ; ten miles beyond is Camp bell's, three miles is the Larrabee House, one to the Lake House, nine to Big Bend, one beyond is Allen's, three more to Oak Grove, twelve to Johnson's, four to Pinkham's, four to Murray's, twelve to the Hermon House, six to the Hall House, three to M. Sarrow's, four to West Bend, and four to the Trading Post. There is a post-office at Nine-Mile House, at Big Bend and Oak Grove. Bloomer Stage — P. T. Hackett. Daily each way. Car ries the mail. Rice Lake Stage — Fred. Fox. Runs to Rice Lake, sixty miles. A tri-weekly service. Carries the mail. It runs via Cook's Valley, Sand Creek, Shetac, Sumner, Rice Lake. Flambeau Stage — Stiles & Co. Mail ; thirty-two miles. Runs up Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, via Eagleton, nine miles ; Greenwood, eighteen miles, to Flambeau Farm. Rumsey Omnibus Line. — Runs to and from the passenger trains. John Rumsey, proprietor. Banking. — Chippewa Falls, which was just attracting the attention of eastern people, especially from the depleting lumber regions, did not escape the infliction of what was called the " Wild-cat " and " Red dog " currency. These names were given on account of the designs on the vignette of the " bills," as the notes issued by the banks were called. A bank was established somewhere on the river, which issued currency, purporting to be from the "Lumberman's Bank of Court Oreilles." Not a very large amount of these bills were floated. Then there was the "Bank of Illiside." The name only has been preserved. Its local habitation is as yet undiscov ered, although all the land-lookers, and any itinerant ad venturers who happened to be going up the river, were en joined to find, if possible, the place of redemption for the Illiside promises to pay. Andrew Gregg was the first legitimate banker here. His bank began operations in 1864 and continued till 1870, when its affairs were wound up, and Mr. Gregg went to California. On December 1, 1870, D. E. Seymour began a banking business in the east room of his residence on Central street, very soon moving into his bank building next door, where the business has been continued since. E. De Forest Barnett is cashier, a position he has filled for the past nine years. The New York deposits are with the Chemical Bank ;¦ in Chicago, the Commercial National ; in Milwaukee, Houghton Bros. & Co. The business of the bank amounts to several millions each year. The First National Bank. — This bank was organized August 20, 1873, with a capital of $75,000, which has since been reduced to $50,000. The following is a list of the stockholders at that time, not one of whom is now con nected with it : Thaddeus C. Pound, A. E. Pound, Th L. Halbert, William Van Name, H. S. Allen, Coliche Allen D. M. Peck, A. S. Stiles, F. B. Le Boeuf, John P. Mitchell and Joseph Crowley. The original officers were Th- L. Halbert, president; H. S. Allen, vice-president; V. W. Bayless, cashier. The present directors are : A. K. Fletcher, president; John B. Kehl, vice-president; L. Schricker, L. M. Newman, R. D. Marshall, F. Weyerhauser, L. D. Brewster, E. Poznanski and C. F. Smith. L. M. Newman is cashier, having been appointed in June, 1876, when the average deposits were $30,000, and which have risen to $250,000. The actual disbursements of the bank for the six months ending July 1, 1881, were $3,156,567.53. There is in bank a surplus of Undivided profits of $17,183.92, accumulated within two years, besides a dividend of 8 per cent., paid during that time. It will thus be seen that the banking facilities at the Falls are good. Hotels. — There are quite a number of public houses, some of them in the special interest of the different nation alities, which assist in making up the permanent and float ing population. The two principal hotels are the Central and the Waterman. The Waterman House is owned and managed by Leslie E. and Luzerne H. Waterman. The night clerk is Charles Burk; Mrs. Waterman, matron. There are 49 sleeping rooms. The Central House. — James H. Taylor, proprietor ; clerk, Frank Taylor, assisted by his brothers; night clerk, John Cornwell; matron, Mrs. J. H. Taylor. Fifty-six sleep ing rooms. INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES. Chippewa Lumber 6° Broom Co. — One of the largest lum bering establishments in the world is the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company. Its history, so intimately connected with the city and county, has already been described. Early in April, 1881, this property was sold to its present proprietors, Weyerhauser & Denkman, Demick, Gould & Co., of Rock Island ; W. J. Young, C. Lamb & Sons, and S. Joyce of Clinton, Iowa; Hersey, Senn & Co., and Peter Musser of Muscatine, Iowa; Laird, Morton & Co., Yeo- mans Bros. & Hodgins of Winona. This company was organized December 20, 1879, with a capital of $1,275,000. The present officers are : F. Wey erhauser, president and treasurer; William Irvine, vice- president ; E. W. Culver, general manager. The mill con tains 5 gangs of 100 saws, 3 rotaries, 1 double-block shin gle mill, 3 lath mills, and 2 picket mills, besides machine shops, etc. From May 1 to October 15, the mill cuts from 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 feet. During this period they em ploy about 550 men, and run a night and day crew, the mill being in operation 22 hours a day, and now cut 400,000 feet of lumber a day, with 100,000 shingles, 120,000 lath, and 5,000 pickets. The company now owns 110,000 acres of pine lands on the Chippewa and Yellow rivers and their tributaries. The lumber is rafted and sold principally in the Mississippi •River markets. Lumber now commands a good price, and as the company owning the mill and other property is very heavy, it is hoped that, as there is no extravagance or mis management, no vicissitudes will necessitate a change of ownership. The French Lumbering Company. — Incorporated Novem ber 29, 1873. First officers : Louis Vincent, president ; Pe ter Lego, vice-president; Charles Mandelert, secretary and treasurer. J. Mandelert and Charles Langevin were also on the board of directors. Capital, $53,000. The company at once commenced the manufacture of lumber, the mills being located on Grand Island, two miles below the Falls. The capacity of the mills per day is 65,- 202 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ooo feet of lumber, 12,000 lath, 3,000 pickets. Average number of men employed, 40 in the mill and 20 in other departments of work. In the Winter, about 90 men are sent into the woods. Directors and stockholders : J. Man delert, president ; W. F. Bailey, vice-president ; Charles Mandelert, secretary and treasurer ; Charles Langevin and Mrs. Louis Vincent. Breweries. — Leinenkugel & Miller. — This brewery is located on Duncan Creek, just outside the present city. It has been in operation since 1867, when it started in a small way, brewing about 1,200 barrels the first year. Now 7,000 or 8,000 barrels are annually produced. The company has forty acres of land with the numerous buildings connected with the establishment. The property is worth from $75,000 to $100,000. The bottling department puts up 100 barrels a month, making 16,000 bottles. The Glen Mills. — These mills are now owned and operated by J. B. Kehl. There are six run of stones and five sets of patent rolls. 150 barrels of new-process flour are turned out daily, the barrels being made right there. This mill was operated by A. E. Pound & Co., from 1876 to 1878, since then by its present owner. Star Flouring Mill, erected in 1879 on, Duncan Creek, by Barnett Brothers & McRae Brothers. In the Spring of 1880, Hector McRae became sole proprietor. The capacity of the mill is 100 barrels every twenty-four hours. It has two flour and one feed run of stones and one set of rolls. H. C. McRae also runs a door, sash and blind mill, with planing, etc. Ch. M. Prentice operates the mill as a part ner ; employs thirty men. The Anchor Consolidated Gold and Silver Mining Com pany, incorporated May 18, 1881. Directors and officers — L. C. Stanley, president; S. B. Strong, vice-president; V. W. Bayless, treasurer ; L. W. Waterman ; L. M. Newman, secretary. The company has a mine in Tombstone, Ara., which is being actively worked in paying rock. SUMMARY OF EVENTS. The following compilation of important events is made from newspaper files, record books and other sources, and is intended for reference. During the Fall of 1863, a new wagon road, to the Flam beau, was completed. Some time that year, William Jay Whipple let go of the Chippewa Union and Times, and J. M. Brackett took hold of the concern. In August, a plan was agitated, of so improving the falls that rafts could pass down. Adin Randall was interested in the project. Gen. Warren and a corps of assistants, during the Sum mer of 1865, made a survey of the Mississippi, taking in the Chippewa. $60,000 was expended in the enterprise. During the Winter of 1866-7, there was considerable suffering among the Chippewas, on account of the excessive rain having spoiled their crops. April 1, 1866, Mr. Waterman sold his hotel on the cor ner of Bay and Central streets, to Frank Pitman. A Lodge of Good Templars was instituted on the first Saturday in May, 1866. First officers — O. H. Stilson, W. C. T.; William Sapp, P. W. C. T.; E. Wood, W. Sec. Small-pox prevailed to the extent of twenty-three cases and three deaths, in 1866. Base ball struck the Falls in 1867, so that a club was organized — Theodore Coleman, Pres.; A. Taylor, V. Pres.; Th. McBean, Sec; E. P. Hastings, T.; O. H. Stilson, Cor. Sec. In 1868, a band was organized, with George Spencer leader. June, 1868, a new bridge was placed across the creek, near Mr. Allen's residence. The lumber trade at the Falls, in 1868, was — lumber, 30,448,627; shingles, 13,422,000; lath, 5,398,000. A great fire occurred on Wednesday, February 24, 1869, having caught in a building owned by Thomas Phillips and occupied by B. F. Carpenter. The total destruction of property was $75,000; among the losers were Mr. Marriner, Th.. Phillips, Mrs. Bell, T. L. Halbert, T. W. Martin, Martin & Swan, E. E. Wood, Th. Hutchinson, Pound, Halbert & Co., Stiles & Collins, and several others, In May, 1869, there was a big jam of logs, up the river, estimated at 100,000,000 feet, representing 100 acres of sawed timber, piled twenty feet high. It finally gave way and came down without loss. Late in the Summer of 1869, a new road to the woods was laid out. On the ist of January, 1870, Col. George C. Ginty be gan the publication of the Chippewa Herald, a paper which has since been noted for its fairness in all respects. A stage route was started to Augusta, to connect with the railroad completed to that point. The first charter election was held in January, 1870. James A. Taylor was elected Mayor; Thomas Morris, Treasurer ; John Hall, City Clerk ; Police Justice, P. H. Foster; Attorney, William R. Hoyt ; Assessor, J. E. Pierce ; Chief of Police, Frederick Hoenig; Street Commissioner, Louis Nado; Justice, C. L. Dennison; Surveyor, R. Pal mer ; Constables, Louis Vincent, H. Stanley, N. King. In January, 1870, a new bridge, across the Chippewa, was completed, twenty-five feet above the water, twenty- three feet wide, and 860 long, at a cost of $43,500. C. B. Coleman was the contractor. Col. G. A. Henry was appointed agent by the Interior Department, to look after the trespassers on the pine lands. August 25 and 26, 1870, there was a heavy rain and a great flood, entailing heavy losses. The boom of Mitchel & Clement, Hodgins & Robertsons, Gilbert & Brothers, on Yellow River, went out. A large amount of damage was done. The Methodist Church was dedicated on September 18, 1870. Gen. S. Fallows was present. In September, 1870, steps were taken to organize a a National bank. October, 1870, a steam fire engine was procured for the city. J. A. Taylor, chief engineer. The Union Lumber Company, for the season of 1870, took rafts down the Mississippi River, containing 2,300,000 feet of lumber, 100,000 lath, and 40,000 pickets. Such a raft would cover four acres, and was worth $40,000. In January, 1871, telegraph communication was opened with the rest of the world. November 22, 187 1, there was a grand opening of the Tremont House, a large and elegant' well-furnished hotel, since burned. A pleasant party assembled, with distin guished guests, supper, toasts and speeches. Old Settlers' Re-union. — On the 19th of December, 1871, an old settlers' re-union was held at the Falls, embracing the pioneers of the Chippewa and St. Croix valleys. The company was welcomed by H. S. Allen and J. M. Bingham. The response was made by Hod. Taylor. At the election in April, 1872, the county decided that the bridge over the Chippewa should be free. August 23, 1872, the Catholic Church was dedicated with imposing ceremonies. Bishop Heiss and other distin guished priests were present, and participated in the event. October, 1872, there was a fearful tornado up the river, levelling every thing in a tract a mile or two wide. The court-house was built in 1872, at a cost, all told, of $70,000. The Chippewa Falls & Western Railroad Company was HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 203 organized in July, 1873. Thad. C. Pound, president; J. B. C. Roberts, vice-president; L. C.Stanley, secretary; D. E. Seymour, treasurer. In September, 1873, the county voted on the question of issuing bonds to assist the Chippewa Falls & Western Rail road. It was decided in the negative, the Falls and town of Anson only voting for it. January 26, 187-4, ,the Tremont House was burned. The building cost, with the furnishing, $150,000 ; was in sured for $55,000. On the 2d of February, 1874, a meeting of citizens was held in the interest of building a bridge across the Chip pewa, just below the Falls. Thomas F. Leavitt was chair man, and A. R. Barrows, secretary. This movement finally resulted in the construction of a bridge- at a cost of $27,000, the city furnishing $8,000. During the Summer of 1874, a fine iron bridge was laid across Duncan Creek, on Central street. In September 1874, a medical society was formed. Dr. A. McBean, president ; Dr. Joseph Fortier, vice-president, who was also made secretary and treasurer. A county medical society was organized in June, 1875. John A. McDonald, M.D., president; W.W. Bradeen, M.D., vice-president; George Riddell, treasurer; S. S. Riddell, secretary. In June, 1875, the railroad to Eau Claire was completed, and the event was duly celebrated on the twenty-ninth. The committee of arrangements were George C. Ginty, A. E. Pound, H. C. McRae, T. F. Hollister and H. J. God dard, and a committee of ladies. Hon. Thad. C. Pound was president of the day ; A. S. Stiles, chief marshal. Gov. Pound was the orator for the occasion. He made an elo quent address, giving a cordial welcome to all who had come to this beautiful valley. Gov. Taylor was present ; Mayor Ludington, of Milwaukee; John Nazro and Dr. O. W. Wight ; Gen. Atwood, of Madison ; Judge Humphrey, Alexander Meggett and J. G. Thorpe, of Eau Claire; Charles R. Gill, Winfield Smith, Lyle Mead, Sat. Clark and a large number of other distinguished guests, who very happily responded to the appropriate toasts offered on the occasion, among them a delegation of Chippewa Indians, who were in the procession, and excited much interest. They came down with their interpreters, expecting to have all their grievances attended to. It was estimated that 12,000 people were in the city, who were all cared for in a most hospitable manner. The procession was long and imposing, and the whole celebration was one worthy of the Falls, and reflecting credit upon the committee. The corner-stone of a new jail was laid July 25, 1875, and the following September the Central House was en larged. In the town of Bloomer a mill was completed in 1875 by Smith, Brooks & McCauly. It was 32x50, four stories high, it had three Dayton wheels, and was first-class in ev ery respect. The advent of Leap Year, 1876, was duly celebrated by the ladies, with a supper and ball at Hook's Hall. It was a recherche affair. The floor managers were Mrs. B. E. Reid and Mrs. Thomas L. Halbert. An ordinance was adopted in March, 1876, authorizing A. E. Swift and brother to construct gas-works in the city, to be completed by the 15th of October. In March, 1876, the new post-office was completed on Bridge street, and was occupied. It was provided with 848 common boxes and 116 lock boxes. The cost of the improvement was $1,500. C. M. Prentice superintended the work. H. S. Allen is entitled to great credit for his public spirit in thus providing for the postal needs of the city- A soap factory was started in May, 1876, by E. W. Cap- ron & Co. July 22, 1876, the corner-stone of the school-house on the hill was laid. Rev. Dr. Goldsmith delivered an address. The contract for building it was in the hands of Mr. Cum mings for $3,300. In July, 1876, the Chippewa Herald procured steam machinery. During the Summer of 1876, the St. Joseph's Mutual Benefit Association was organized; Dr. Alex. McBean, president. In the month of October, 1876, 2,500 barrels of flour were shipped from the city. The taxes for 1876 were $35,- 995*7- In the Winter of 1877, the Wisconsin Legislature dis continued the State Road, laid out in 1864, between Chip pewa Falls and Augusta. A Wisconsin law in 1876 created a municipal judge for Chippewa County, and Henry Coleman was elected to fill that position. A Juvenile Temple was instituted May 3, 1877, by Miss L. J. Robinson. Eddie Seymour was the first C. T. ; Efne Morse, V. T., and Mollie Buckwalter, R. S. Up to 1877, as many as thirty different steamers had run on the river to the Falls. The grist-mill belonging to H. S. Allen was burned in May, 1877, entailing a loss of $25,000. A party of explorers from Madison, J. D. Butler and others, found a number of copper implements, tomahawks, spears, arrow-heads, etc., with fifty copper beads. The O'Toole farm was purchased by the Supervisors in June, 1877, for $2,000, as a poor-farm. The West Wisconsin Railroad was placed in the hands of a receiver, June 11, 1877. W. H. Ferry was the receiver. In the Spring of 1877, great excitement prevailed at the Falls and on the river in relation to the operations of the Beef Slough Company. Public meetings were held and steps taken to protect the lumbering interest. The Chippewa Boom and Rafting Company was organ ized in October, 1877. The first meeting held to organize an Agricultural So ciety was on the 14th of November, 1877. Col. G. C. Ginty called the meeting to order. Capt. Wilson Hopkins, of Eagle Prairie, was chosen chairman, and T. J. Cunning ham, secretary. A committee headed by Col. Ginty was appointed on organization, to report at a subsequent meet ing. The organization was completed on December 11. L. C. Stanley was elected president ; Wilson Hopkins, vice- president ; W. B. Bartlett, treasurer ; and H. C. McRae, secretary, with a board of trustees. A Temple of Honor was instituted December 11, 1877. John A. McRae was W. C. T. There were thirty-seven charter members. During the month of June, 1878, there was quite an In dian scare in the valley. A wild rumor that the Chippewas and Sioux had united to exterminate the white settlers of the valley was caused by the frequent meetings in war paint and feathers to enjoy a new dance which had been introduced by a Cheyenne squaw on a visit. The firemen went on an excursion to a tournament in Chicago, taking along the Chippewa Band, which had sev enteen pieces, under the leadership of Fred Bonnell. This was early in December, 1878. There came very near being a lynching in December, 1878. Frank Goodhue, an inoffensive young man, was ^foully murdered for $100, which he had in his pocket. * Charles W. Chase was arrested coming to the Falls. A crowd gathered, took him from the jail, put a rope around his neck, b,ut in the darkness he escaped, was recaptured, 204 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and jailed in Eau Claire ; and finally tried, found guilty, and sentenced to Waupun for life, narrowly escaping death from a mob the second time. The Mechanics' Protective Association was formed Au gust 27, 1879. A. R. McDonald, president; George Shan non, secretary; A. H. Cowles, treasurer. A public meeting was held on the 16th of February, 1880, to confer with a delegation from Eau Claire in the lumber interest. The leading citizens took part, and a gen eral feeling was manifested that the two cities particularly should act in harmony in the management and develop ment of the lumber business, and that no projects inimical to the prosperity of any location should be permitted. There was a great flood on Duncan Creek, March 27, 1880. This was a local affair, but it carried down several bridges and two dams. Among these were the Glen Flour Mill Bridge, Bender's Bridge, McRae & Co.'s dam, and the one at the mouth of the creek that carried the machine shop. The loss to the city was $1,500, to individuals much more. On the 8th of May, 1880, the bridge at the mouth of the Yellow River was carried away by a jam of logs. It was built in 1873, by .the towns of Anson and Sigel, at a cost of $29,000. Another freshet on Duncan Creek occurred on the 4th and 5th of June, 1880. Mills were damaged, new channels cut, notably one near Mr. Allen's house, which left an un sightly cut with bare and jagged rocks. Dams, and even houses, were carried down stream, sweeping away the iron bridge on Central street, and leaving huge islands of gravel in mid-stream at several points. The damage was estimated at $20,000. May 13, 1880, Gate City Council of Templars was formed. C. of C, J. A. Hamilton ; Recorder, Andreas Sherry. On the nth of June, 1880, the Chippewa got on its pe riodical and resistless rise. Following an unusual amount of rain, the volume of water increased, and on the 12th, a jam of logs which had accumulated four miles above the falls, gave way and came thundering down, the river was a surging, tumbling, struggling mass of logs. Some time in the forenoon the logs all got by. About noon another rush came from a jam on the Yellow River. The river rose to sixteen feet above low water; at dark the river had risen two feet more. The rushing, maddened torrent was awful in its terrifying grandeur. About 10 o'clock at night the upper bridge could stand the pressure no longer and gave way. The collision against the lower bridge reverberated through the town, above the turmoil and roar of the surging waters. A few moments of awful suspense, and the center spans began to sway and surge and groan, and soon gave way, leaving the two western spans standing. These started to join their companions at 8 o'clock on Sunday morning. The other span stood fast until Monday, when that too joined the procession in its aqueous march to the Sea. That day a re-enforcement of logs from Little Falls Dam came down. The Chippewa Lumbering and Boom Com pany's logs and works accepted the inevitable and were swept down with the current. The buildings near the river south of Bridge street were in great danger of being washed away. A large force of men were set to work with brush, sand bags, and all available appliances, and it was not until after forty hours' labor that the danger was passed. By Monday afternoon, the waters began to subside, having been up twenty-four feet. The Chippewa L. & B. Co. had 40,000,- 000 and lost 25,000,000. It cost $10,000 to put the mill" running again. The loss on bridges was $60,000. Fortu nately, no lives were lost. ^ July 15, 1880, P. M. Purtell, of Milwaukee, received the contract for rebuilding the lower Chippewa bridge, for $10,848. J. W. Howieson was awarded the contract for replacing the Spring street bridge across Duncan Creek. After the flood, a free ferry was started, but it was made a toll ferry on the 15th of July. A new free ferry was put on higher up the river on Au gust 6th. A connection was made with the Wisconsin Central at Abbotsford, November 22, 1880, and regular trains began running between St. Paul and Milwaukee via Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls. Decoration Day, May 30, 1881, was observed with more than usual preparation. Gen. Sheridan was present, Gen. W. D. Whipple, and other distinguished guests. Hollon Richardson was chief marshal; Lt.-Gov. Bingham, orator; Rev. Dr. Goldsmith, chaplain. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. H. S. ALLEN, Chippewa Falls, wa^ born in Chelsea, Orange Co., Vt., Sept. 18, 1806, living there until 1832. In May of that year, he removed to Petersburg, 111. In 1833, he went to Galena, and July 4, 1834, he left there on a keel-boat, and poled it all the way up to the mouth of the Menomonee River, and went to logging in Wisconsin; remained at Menomonee, and in that vicinity, engaged in manufacturing lumber until 1846, when he came to Chippewa Falls and engaged in same business, which he continued until the Fall of 1869 ; continued to do more or less lumbering until 1879. Mr. Allen entered the first land here, laid out the town, built the first grist-mill, first flouring-mill, opened the first farm in this vicinity, and has always been prominently identified with the various business interests of this place. For many years he carried on mercantile business in connection with his other enterprises. Mr. Allen was married in 1839, to Mary DeMarie. They have four sons and two daughters. JOHN D. APMANN, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1865, located at Chippewa Falls, and commenced saloon and bakery in partnership with Joseph Muckenhausen. They continued together, for two years ; then he Was associated with Fred Marx, for one year; afterwards engaged with "Simon Traeger," for one year; since then he has been alone. Born in Germany, 1833 ; came to America in 1855, and farmed in Iowa and Minnesota; married at Chippewa Falls, Oct. 4, 1869, to Amelia Hering, born in Germany. They have two children — Amelia P. and Carl F. E. De F. BARNETT, cashier of Seymour's Bank, a son of Joel Barnett, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1852. They located in St. Croix County, where he resided until 1871, when he came to Chippewa Falls. After coming here, he was for one year enga ged in insurance business. He then entered the banking-house of D. E. Seymour, as book-keeper, which position he held until he was appointed cashier of the same institution, Aug. 1, 1880. He was mar ried in Chippewa Falls, May 27, 1875, to Marietta Rogers. She was born in Madison, Dane Co., Wis. They have one child — Ella Mary, born Oct. 22, 1879. Mr. Barnett's parents still reside in St. Croix County. J. D. BARNETT, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1854. His father, Joel Barnett, settled with his family in Kinnickkinnick, St. Croix Co., having previously lived at Cottage Grove, in Minnesota, for two years. In May, 1871, J. D. came from St. Croix County to Chippewa Falls ; opened an insurance office here ; conducted that business for one year, then became cashier of D. E. Seymour's bank ; remained in that position until August, 1880, when he became connected with the Mississippi Logging Company, taking charge of the buying and driving of logs at this point. He was born in Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1845 ; married at River Falls, Wis., Dec. 13. 1871, to Mary, daughter of Hon. B. C. Cox, an early settler of St. Croix County. She is a native of Ohio. They have three children— Charles Dwight, Marga ret Adelle and Mary Amelia. Mr. Barnett was City Assessor, one year. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. Blue Lodge, Chapter and Com mandery. Aug. 22, 1864, he enlisted in Co. A. 44th Wis. V. I. ; served in the Army of the Cumberland, until he was mustered out, July 4, 1865. ANDREW J. BATE, with the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, was born in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 27, 1842; lived in Massachusetts until he came to Madison, Wis., in 1868 ; remained there about six months, then came to Chippewa Falls. He was employed as book-keeper and salesman in mercantile business for about five years; was a member of the police force for three years. Chief of Police a portion of the time. Since the Spring of 1880, he has been employed in the office of the Chip pewa Lumber & Boom Company. In April, 1S61, he enlisted in Co. I HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 205 3d Mass. V. I.; served three months in that regiment, and re-enlisted in Co. C, 20th Mass. V. I., and served until December, 1864. • After leav ing the army, he returned to Massachusetts, and remained there until he came to Wisconsin. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Jan. — , 1870, to Florence B., daughter of Charles B. and Thersa A. (Bell) Chapman. She was born in Toronto, Canada. They have one son, Charles Cole man. ANTOIN BERG, contractor of lath-mill, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1869 ; located at Lafayette, Chippewa Co., and was employed in a saw-mill there four years, then went to Badger's Mill, Wis., running lath mill for six years; came to Chippewa Falls in 1880, and engaged in present business. Mill cuts from 110,000 to 120,000 lath per day of twenty-two hours. Is also contractor of picket-mill of C. L. & B. Co., which has a, daily capacity of 2,000 to 3,000 pickets. He employs twenty-seven men in both mills. Was born in Norway, Aug. 18, 1842 ; married there, Sept. 5, 1869, to Margurite Olsen, a native of that country, who died at Chippewa Falls, May 12, 1880. Has three living children— Henry, Antoin and Ovidee, and two deceased. HON. J. M. BINGHAM, lawyer, Chippewa Falls, came to Palmyra in the Summer of 1854, and lived there until 1871, when he came to Chippewa Falls. He commenced the practice of law in 1856, and has continued it ever since. He was married Dec. 31, 1856, in Lester, Liv ingston Co., N. Y., to a native of that place— Justina M. Dwight, a daughter of Dr. William C. Dwight, of Moscow, N. Y. They have three children— Clifford Dwight, Walter Percy and Catherine Isabella. During Mr. Bingham's residence in Wisconsin, he has been prominently identified with local and State affairs. At the present time (1881) he is Lieutenant-Governor of the State. His abilities are of a high order, known to be a man of unquestioned integrity, and capable of filling the responsible positions of his country with honor and credit. PETER BERGEVIN, City Treasurer, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin, May 3, 1866 ; located in this place, and was engaged in clerk ing in mercantile business up to 1874 ; was elected City Treasurer in that year- re-elected in 1875 ; then up to 1880, was employed in lum bering on his own account. Was re-elected City Treasurer, April 6, 1881. Born in Canada, April 14, 1840 ; came to America, 1865 ; was in Minnesota for one year. Married in Chippewa Falls, April 19, 1869, to Celind Billiard ; born in Upper Canada. They have four children- Frank, Orelia, Albina and Edward ; two deceased. BARNARD BIBEAU, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wiscon sin in 1867, and located at La Crosse ; was employed at lumbering two years ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1869, and worked in the woods five years. He commenced present business March 13, 1878 ; was born in Canada, Jan. 30, 1849, and previous to coming to Wisconsin was en gaged at farming there. DAVID BLAIR, proprietor " Eagle Point " saloon, came to Wis consin in 1867; located at Chippewa Falls, and was engaged for thir teen years in saw-mill, rafting, farming, etc. Commenced present busi ness April 1, 1881. Born in Quebec, Canada, July 22, 1853; came to the United States in 1867. Married at Chippewa Falls, Oct. 6, 1877, to Anna Myrtle, who was born in Canada. They have one child, aged two and a half years. TAMES A. BLAKE, filer Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1865 ; located at La Crosse, where he was in business with Martin Jefferson for a year, and in the woods six months. Then went to the pineries on Black River for seven months, and was rafting on that river for a short time ; went to Eau Claire in 1868 ; was employed two months in saw-mill ; engaged build ing a dam on river near Alma, and rafting. Then went to Eau Claire in mills, sawing and filing for twelve years. Came to Chippewa Falls in May, 1881, and engaged in present capacity. Born in West Virginia, Oct. 5, 1845 ; enlisted in 1863, in 3d W. Va. C, .and served until the close of the war, principally under Gen. Sheridan. Married at Eau Claire, July 4, 1871, to Jennie Hill, who was born at Milltown, Me. They have four children — Marietta E., Annie E., Edna M. and Anna M. AMEDE BONCHER, proprietor Woodman's Home (hotel), Chip pewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1874; located at Chippewa Falls; employed in woods for some years, and for four years as foreman of log ging camp. Commenced present business June 23, 1881. Was born in Canada in December, 1849 ; came to the United States in 1868, and was employed in various capacities in the State of Vermont. Married in Chippewa Falls, May 5, 1881, to Mary Hebart, a native of that place. FRANK BONVILLE, lumbering and farming, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; located at this place, and engaged in the lumbering business, and also farming ; owns two farms in Chippewa County, comprising 340 acres, 185 improved. Born in Canada in 1828 ; employed in farming and in woods some years ; came lo the United States in 185 1 ; lived in the State of Maine three years, and was em ployed in various capacities. Married in Quebec, Canada, in July, 1858, to Mary Blair. They have five children — Mary, Milleny, Louisa, Joseph and Frank. W. A. BOUTELLE, millinery, fancy goods and dress-making, Chip pewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in March, 1877, and located at this place, engaging in present business ; was born in Canada, 1836; came to the United States in 1856 ; was in Manchester, N. H., clerking, for two years ; was in Vermont for four years ; was in business as blacksmith in California four years; then went to Vermont in 1868, in fancy goods and millinery business up to June, 1876; married at Montpellier, Vt. i860; wife deceased. They had one child, Hattie ; married again in Fall of 1869, to Selina Philbrook, born in Vermont ; have two children — Gertrude and Alice. J. C. BRONSKY, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Bohemia, July 25, 185 1 ; came with his parents to America, in 1852 ; lived in Ra cine, Wis., one year, then in Winona, Minn., until 1871, then he came to Portage, Wis.; resided there until 1873, then came to Chippewa Falls, engaged in the mercantile business ever since he came here — first seven years, in partnership with W. T. Dalton ; since then, alone in business. He was married in Chippewa Falls, in April, 1877, to Anna W. Cum mings, daughter of M. J. Cummings, of this place. She was born at Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis. They have three children — Lucy Mary, John Joseph and Amelia Mary. Mr. Bronsky is a member of the St. Joseph's Benevolent Society. ALANSON C. BRUCE, dealer in pine lands, Chippewa Falls, was born in the town of Newark, Caledonia Co., Vt., June 28, 1847, When he was thirteen years old, he went to the town of Industry. Franklin Co., Maine. That was his home until he came to Eau Claire, Wis., in 1870. Lived there until the Fall of 1876, when he came to Chippewa Falls. He has been engaged in dealing in pine lands ever since he came to Wisconsin, and for about some time also interested in logging operations. He was married in Eau Claire, April 13,1873, -to Mary E. Manter. She was born in New Vineyard, Franklin Co., Maine. DANIEL BUCHANAN, Jr., lawyer, Chippewa Falls, was born in Ft. Winnebago, Columbia Co., Wis., July 11, 1851, and lived there until i860, when he moved to Fox Lake, Dodge County, where he resided until 1865, when he went to Rio, Columbia County, and in April, 1873, came from there to Eau Claire, and in March, 1877, from the latter place to Chippewa Falls. He attended Wisconsin University for two years, graduating from the law department of that institution, and was ad mitted to the Bar in June, 1872. He taught school during the Winter of 1872-3, and commenced practice with Bartlett & Hayden, of Eau 2o6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Claire, continuing with them for four years. He has been in practice over eight years. FRANK M. BUZZELL, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in the town of Shalersville, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1844; came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; located in what is now Green Lake County (then Marquette County) ; lived there until 1865 ; then came to Chippewa Falls ; engaged in farming in the town of Eagle Point, until 1877. In the Fall of 1879, he engaged in mercantile business, in partnership with F. M. Clough, and they still continue together. July 20, 1867, he was married in Chip pewa Falls, to Thurza, daughter of Charles B. Coleman. She was born in the State of New York. They have three children — Eva, Ada, and an infant son. GUS. CAESAR, dealer in jewelry, clocks, watches, silver and plated ware, etc., Chippewa Falls, was born in Sweden, Feb. 20, 1845 ; came to America, March 28, 1869; was located at Stillwater, Minn., for one year prior to coming to Chippewa Falls, March 20, 1870. He was married at Swede Lake, near Taylor's Falls, Minn., Feb, 18, 1870, to Christina Danielson, a native of Sweden. They have three children living — Jen nie, Ernst and Amanda ; lost one son, Charles, who died Nov. 7, 1877, aged five years. Mr. Caesar is a member of A. F. & A. M., Blue Lodge and Chapter, and of I. O. O. F., subordinate lodge and encampment. OTIS E. CARD, assistant millwright Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1864, and located in Anson ; was employed at teaming and running ferry-boat for three years, then in farming for two years, at Eagle Point ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1869, and has been engaged in present capacity since 1870; was born in Broome County, N. Y., in 1842, first business experiences were in farming and milling there ; married at Chippewa Falls, in Fall of 1866, to Lucy J. Sheldon, born in this State. They have three children — Allyda, Edward and Charles. JAMES CARROLL, filer Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1859, and located at this place ; was gang sawyer in present mill for seven years, and has been engaged as filer some fifteen years ; some of this time assisted in pier and boom building ; was born in St. Johns, New Brunswick, Canada, Dec. 26, 1833 ; left there with parents, at two years of age, and resided at Ottawa, Canada ; was engaged as sawyer in mill for four years ; came to United States in 1859 ; married in Eau Claire, Aug. 15, i860, to Mary H. Don aldson, born in Canada. They have ten children — Roger, cook for C. L. & B. Co.; James, employed in the mill; John, Thomas W., Jennie, Annie, Ida, Lottie, Winnifred and Frances. PRONE CARTER, contractor and builder, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1866, located at this place, and was employed in the woods one Winter, then commenced in present business ; has built some of the prominent business blocks and residences in this city; was Alder man of the Third Ward for the year 1877 ; born in Canada, Sept. 15, 1847 ; learned carpentering, etc., there ; came to the United States in 1866; married at Chippewa Falls, Oct. II, 1870, to Margaret Allard, born in Canada. They have four children — Joseph, Josephine, Marga ret and Charles. TRACY MORGAN CARY, assistant cashier First National Bank, Chippewa Falls, was born in Binghamton, N. Y., Jan. 17, 1854, an(l came this place Oct. 4, 1873, to accept a position in the First National Bank, with which institution he has been connected ever since. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Sept. 26, 1877, to Mary Gertrude Crut- tenden, who was born in Morris, Otsego Co., N. Y. They have one child Clara Maria. Mr. Cary is a member of the Temple of Honor. JOSEPH S. CHEVINGNY, contractor and builder, came to Wis consin in December, 1880, and located at this place. Has been en gaged in present capacity since. Born in Canada, May 22, 1851; resided with father and assisted him in farming. Married in Canada, July 15, 1871, to Zellie Kissel, who was born in Canada. Came to United States in 1872 and was in State of Massachusetts for seven years, engaged in building and contracting. Then traveled through Western States for one year. They have one child, Arthur, aged nine years. TIMOTHY CHERRIER, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Prairie du Chien, Wis., July 18, 1836. Lived there until 1864, when he came to Chippewa Falls. Was employed in the mills for five years. He then worked as scaler, etc., in the woods for about four years ; carried on liquor business for several years, and in 1878 engaged in mercantile business with his present partner, Joseph Mandelert. Mr. Cherrier was married in Prairie du Chien, Dec. II, 1858, to Lucy Larivier, also a na tive of Prairie du Chien. They have nine children — Charles, Timothy, Alice, Louis, John, Frank, Peter and Emily. Mr. C. is vice-president of the Society of St. John the Baptist. FRANCIS M. CLOUGH, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Homer, Cortland Co., N. Y., Aug. 27, 1843. When he was six years of age his mother died, and he came with an uncle to Walworth County, where he lived until 1855. He then came to Sparta and remained there until 1859. At that time he went to Tully, Onondaga Co., N. Y., and resided until Sept. 17, 1861, when he enlisted in Co. C, 75th N. Y. V. I. He participated in all engagements of his regiment, and was mustered out Sept. 24, 1865. After leaving the army, he came to Sparta again, resided there and in that vicinity until 1870, then came to Chippewa Falls, where he was employed as a clerk until October, 1879, when he commenced business for himself, in partnership with Frank M. Buzzell, who is still associated with him. He was married in Sparta to Miss D. Gilbert, who died in June, 1870, leaving one child, Hettie A. His pres ent wife was Annabel Phillips, a native of Freeport, 111. They were married in Chippewa Falls, Oct. 15, 1879. Mr. C. is a member of A. F. & A. M. His father, John G. Clough, is now a resident of Rice Lake. Barron Co., Wis. W. H. CLIFTON, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1876, and located in Eau Claire. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1877, and was employed some eighteen months in Central Hotel. Commenced present business May 1, 1879. Is drum major of Pioneer Brass Band, Chippewa Falls, and also of Eau Claire Brass Band. Born in Lowell, Mass., Oct. 10, 1847. Married in Providence, R. I., Nov. 11, 1869, to Kate Almy, who was born in Tiverton, R. I. They have one child, William A., seven years old. GEORGE W. COCHRAN, proprietor Sherman House and saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1871, located at La Crosse, and was engaged as steward and cook on steamboat for two years. Came to Chippewa Falls and remained one year as cook in Tremont House. Returned to La Crosse, was engaged on steamboat for two years, then in hotel and other lines of business for some three years, afterwards at Phillips, Wis., as cook in hotel for over a year. Returned to Chippewa Falls and was employed for some time in Central House. Opened present business, May, 1881. Married at Chippewa Falls, Dec. 15, 1873, to Adelaide Nelson, who was born in Maine. They have two children — Grace M. and Harold. LOUIS CODERRE, law student, Chippewa Falls, was born in the Province of Quebec, Dec. 25, 1842. Came to Chippewa Falls, March 1, 1866, engaged in lumbering until 1870, when he went to California, where he remained one year, then returned to this place and was en gaged in lumbering and clerking until he commenced the study of law, Oct. 15, 1874. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Sept. 23, 1875, to C. E. Ella Nire. She is a native of the Province of Quebec. WILLIAM A. CODY, contractor of shingle mill, Chippewa Lum ber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1867. Lo cated at Green Bay, and engaged in manufacturing shingles for four years, then went to Marquette, Mich, for three years in partnership with his brother, then to Warren, Pa. for eighteen months, was afterwards employed on G. B. & M. R. R. at Green Bay for four years. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1880 and engaged in present business. Capacity of mill, 150,000 shingles per day. Born "in Cleveland, N. Y. ; married at Green Bay, Dec. 28, 1880, to Annie L. Healy, who was born in Buffalo, N. Y. He is a son of John Cody, merchant at Ft. Howard, Wis. FRANK A. COLBURN, Sheriff, Chippewa Falls, was born in Oakfield, Genesee Co., N. Y., Nov. 17, 1842, and came te the town of Genesee, in Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1845. He lived there ten years, and moved to the town of Newport, Columbia Co., with his parents, Alonzo William and Mary Polly (Parker) Colburn, both now residents of White Creek, Adams Co. He moved from Columbia County to Sauk County, and lived there two years, until the Fall of 1861, when he en listed in Co. C, 12th Wis. V. I. In 1864, he re-enlisted in Co. H, nth Wis. V. I., and was finally mustered out in the Fall of 1865. Returning to Columbia County, he lived there two years, then moved to Black River Falls ; was there one Winter, and the following Spring and Summer was engaged in piloting, etc., on the Wisconsin River. In the Fall of 1868, he came to Chippewa County, and worked in the woods the first Winter ; has been logging and lumbering most of the time since. He was Sheriff in 1875 and 1876, the first Sheriff after the new jail was built. He was re-elected in the Fall of ) 880, being the only Sheriff re-elected in the county. He was Chairman of the town of Sigel, and is Treasurer of the Chippewa Falls Soldiers' & Sail ors' Association. He was married in Kilbourn City, Nov. 12, 1872, to Ella F. Norris, who was born in Moira, Franklin Co., N. Y. They have two children — Jessie J. and Bert A. DUDLEY G. COLEMAN, Chippewa Falls, was born at Flat Lands, Long Island, N. Y., June 18, 1849. When he was a child, his parents removed with their family to Brooklyn, N. Y. That was his home until he came to Chippewa Falls, in April, 1875. He was mar ried in Chippewa Falls, Sept. 27, 1877, to Clara G. Edkin, a native of Williamsport, Pa. Mr. Coleman was for several years in the employ of the Union Lumber Company and its successors ; afterwards spent one year in New York, then returned to Chippewa Falls, and has since been with C. F. Smith, as salesman in his grocery store. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. His mother, Mary W. (Mattock) Coleman, died here in 1877. His father, Samuel S.Coleman, is now a resident of Chippewa Falls. EDWARD H. COLEMAN, dealer in books and stationery, Chip pewa Falls, is a son of Hon. Henry Coleman, of this city, who located here with his family in 1857. Edward was born in Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 26, 1842. He enlisted in Co. K, 30th Wis. V. I., Aug. 6, 1862 ; HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 207 served until October, 1865. He served as Clerk of the Municipal Court from 1876 to 1881 ; also as City Clerk from 1879 to 1881, and has been engaged in his present business since July, 1881. Mr. Coleman was married in Chippewa Falls, June 20, 1880, to Mary R. Bowe. She was born at Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis. They have one child, Mary P. CHARLES B. COLEMAN (deceased) was born, 1809, in Ghent, Columbia Co., N. Y.; resided in Rochester, N. Y., from 1826 to 1859, when he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, remaining there until i860, when he came to Chippewa Falls. Here he resided until the Spring of 1874, when, having invested in silver mining interests in Alpine Co., Cal., he went there, accompanied by his wife, spending much of his time in San Francisco, where he died Sept. 12, 1875. Early in life he devoted him self to mechanical pursuits, and followed this line of business through life, giving to his work an amount of energy that was at times wonder ful, and that was sufficient to place him in the front rank of architects and builders. He was never idle, but, on the contrary, best enjoyed undertakings of magnitude, involving much labor and risk. He built some of the finest buildings in Rochester, N. Y.; built the Seminary at Lima, N. Y., a magnificent church in Toronto, Canada, and numerous other fine edifices. He has left in Chippewa County the proofs of his mechanical ability in the shape of bridges and buildings of his construc tion. He was made a member of the A. F. & A. M. in 1845, and this order was especially dear to him. He was also an Odd Fellow of many years standing. Mr. Coleman was married in Rochester, N. Y., June 5, 1848, to Thurza A. Pell, who was born in Bethel, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1825. She now resides in Chippewa Falls. HON. HENRY COLEMAN, Judge of the Municipal Court, Chip pewa Falls, was born in Ghent, Columbia Co., N. Y., Jan. 22, 1814; lived there until he was thirteen years of age, then went to Rochester, N. Y., where he remained until he came to Chippewa Falls, in April, 1857 ; took charge of H. S. Allen & Co.'s store, and was connected with the store and mill until Pound, Halbert & Co. purchased the property. He then took charge of the mill, and continued there until 1873. He was Lumber Inspector of the Sixth District for two years. He has been Municipal Judge ever since the office was created. For six years he was Clerk of the Circuit Court, and in early days held the office of Town Assessor several years ; was member of the Board of Supervisors one term. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. In October, 1837, he was married in Brooklyn, N. Y., to Persis Marshall, a native of Concord, N. H. They have five children living — Edward H., Elizabeth M., Marietta, Henry B. and Ernest. Lost three children ; they died in infancy. URGEL COLLETT, druggist, Chippewa Falls, was born in the Province of Quebec, May 16, 1856. When he was thirteen years of age he came to Chippewa Falls with his parents, Ambrose and Eloise Col- . lett, both natives of Quebec, and are both residents of Chippewa Falls. Mr. C. was employed as druggist's, clerk- for six years prior to October, 1880, when he engaged in business for himself? He is a member of the St. Joseph's Society. JOSEPH E. COLLETT, photographer, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin, 1868 ; located at this place, where he lived with his parents some years ; has been employed in present business from 1879 to March, 1881, and then began on his own account. Was born in Can ada, Dec. 16, 1861 ; is a son of Ambrose Collett, farmer. He came to the United States in 1868, with his parents. 'JAMES COMERFORD, County Clerk, Chippewa Falls, came here in April, 1866, and was employed as a clerk for about twelve years. In 1878, he was elected County Clerk, and re-elected in 1880. He was born in County Kilkenny, Ireland, Jan. 28, 1832, and came to America in the Summer of 1854, locating in New York City. He went then to Otsego County for four years. In 1861, he enlisted in the 2d N. Y. Artillery, and served until the close of the war. He was ten months a prisoner. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Feb. 3, 1869, to Annote E. Cruttendon, who was born in Otsego County, N. Y. They have two children — Annie Mary and William H. • JOSEPH COTA, proprietor " Eau Claire " saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1861, and located at this place ; was employed in the woods for eight or nine years, and was on the police force for six years; opened present business in 1877. He was born in Canada in 5835 ; came to the United States in 1856, and was engaged in lumber ing in Minnesota. Married at Chippewa Falls, in the Winter of 1869, to Jane Beyon, who was born in Canada. They have five children — David, Matilda, Libby, Alice and Charles. WILLIAM W. CRANDALL, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in June, 1857, and located in the town of La Fayette, Chippewa County, where he lived until December, 1863, when he enlisted in Co. A, 7th Wis. V. I., and served until July 13, 1865, when he was mustered out at Madison, and returned to La Fayette. He made that place his home until six years ago. The first year after leaving the army, he engaged in farming, and the second year worked at the carpenter's trade. He was then, for a year, engaged in superintending the building of a bridge across the Chippewa River at the mills, Chippewa Falls. He was Deputy Post-master one year, Deputy Register of Deeds two years, Register of D eeds two years, and since then has been Deputy County Clerk. He was born in Palmyra, Wayne Co., N. Y., March 30, 1825, and moved to Calhoun County, Mich., with his parents, in 1836. He lived there until 1847, when he went to Chicago and resided in northern Illinois until he came to Chippewa Falls. He was married at Crystal Lake, 111., April 26, 1853, to Amy Phillips, who was born in Rochester, Monroe Co., N. Y., They have four children — J. Clarence, Lily D., James Wadsworth and Eugene Vane. Mr. Crandall is a member of the I. O. O. F. He was a charter member, and assisted in organizing the first lodge in the Chippewa Valley, at Eau Claire, and afterwards instituted a lodge at Chippewa Falls. HENRY CRONK, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1869. He was born in Ithaca, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1833. August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. H. 137th N.Y. V. I., served about one year, when he was dis charged on account of disability caused by sickness. After leaving the army, he traveled for some time, for the benfit of his health. Prior to coming to Chippewa Falls, he was employed for about five years as con ductor on railroad from Meadville to Oil City, Pa. Since coming here he has been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was married in the town of Caroline, Tompkins Co., NY., Sept. 6, 1858, to Lucy A. Martin, a native of Dryden Tompkins Co., N.Y. She died Jan. 10, 1876, leav ing one child, Charles W„ born Feb. n, 1863. He has been a member of the Methodist Church since he was fourteen years of age. E. W. CULVER, general manager of the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, April 15, 1839; camfelo Beloit. Wis., in 1855 ; lived there three years, then went to Freeport, 111., where he resided for about twenty years ; then went to Hannibal, Mo.; carried on lumber business in Missouri and Kansas until 1872 ; then came to Badger State Mills, and was afterwards one of incorpora tors of the Badger State Lumber Company, and continued with that organization until 1877, when he became connected with the company which he now represents. In July, i860, he was married in Freeport, 111., to Mary Pencil, a native of Lewisburg, Pa. They have four chil dren living — Edgar William, James, Hurbert A. and Joseph R. ; lost two sons — one aged four years, the other two years, at time of death. M, J. CUMMINGS, proprietor of planing mill and manufacturer of sash, doors and blinds, Chippewa Falls, came to Fox Lake, Dodge Co., in 1853, and was engaged in business there, as carpenter and builder, for three years. He then came to Chippewa Falls, following his trade until 1872, when he engaged in planing mill and in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds, in partnership with H. S. Allen. After five years he then bought Allen's interest, and has since continued the business 208 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. alone, and continued his contracting and building. He employs from twelve to fifteen men. He was born in Sligo. Ireland, Feb. 3, 1832, and came to America in 1846, living in Canada, New York and Illinois, be fore he came to Wisconsin. He learned his trade in Nunda Valley, N. Y. He was married in Alton, 111., in December, 1853, to Sarah Cole man, who is a native of England. They have six children — Matthew, Thomas, Minnie, Annie, Winnie and Lillie, and have lost two children. O. R DAHL, Chippewa Falls, was born in Norway, July 19, 1817 ; came to America, July, 1854; came to Wisconsin in 1857. He grad uated from military school in Norway, and for eight years did actiye ser vice in the army there ; was sergeant of his company. In the Fall of 1861, he enlisted in Co. B, 15th Wis. V. I. ; was first lieutenant of his company. After the battle of Stone River he was detailed as Topo graphical engineer of the 2d Brigade, which position he held until he was taken prisoner, March 13, 1864. He was not released from cap tivity until the close of the war. May 12, 1865, he was mustered out of service. For ten years Mr. Dahl was agent for Wisconsin State Lands. He served eight years as Surveyor of Monroe County. For two years he served as Special Agent of the General Land Office of the United States, his duties being to look after Government-land trespassers in Wisconsin. He is now Alderman of the Third Ward. He was first married in Norway, in Sept. 1847, to Bolete Pauline Leed. She died three years after they came to America. Two children, by first marriage, are now living — Hannah Pauline, now Mrs. E. P. Travis, of Eureka, Nev., and Anthony Peter, now in mercantile business at Tomah, Wis. He served two years in the amy, during the late rebellion. Mr. Dahl was married to Ellen Oleson, his present wife, in Chippewa Falls, March, 1876. WILLIAM T. DALTON, merchant, Chippewa Falls, came to Portage, Wis., in 1871 ; resided there two years, then came to Chippewa Falls ; engaged in mercantile business ever since he came to this city. He was born in Waddington, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., May 9, 1848; lived there until he came to Wisconsin. Aug. 25, 1875, he was married in Portage, Wis., to Miss Gretta Collins, daughter of James Collins, of that city. Mr. Collins is a partner, with Mr. Dalton, in mercantile busi ness. Mr. Dalton has three children — Mary, Gretta and Hattie. HERMAN DETTLOFF, druggist, Chippewa Falls, was born in Tonawanda, N.Y., Jan. 8, 1854, ana^ came from there to Wisconsin in 1858, with his parents, Fred and Mena Dettloff, who settled in the town of Bloomer, Chippewa County, where they remained about one year, and then came to Chippewa Falls. Mr. Fred Dettloff was one of the earli est blacksmiths in the place. He died in February, 1867. His wife is still a resident of Chippewa Falls. Mr. Herman Dettloff engaged in the drug business in September, 1868. He was for eighteen months in part nership with Oscar Beauchene, but, since 1872, has been alone in busi ness. He was married in Chippewa Falls, April 4, 1880, to Mary Fount- aine, who was born in Canada, and reared in St. Paul. Mr. Dettloff is a member and treasurer of the Maennerchor Singing Society. JAMES S. DEWEY, foreman of planing mill, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in February, 1879 ; located at this place, and was engaged in building Star grist-mills for about one year, and since then has been foreman of planing mill; was born in New York, July 26, 1850; went to Detroit, Mich., at twelve years of age, learned trade there, and was employed at it some fourteen years ; married there, in 1873, to Elizabeth Davenport, born in Mackinaw, Mich. They have four children — Grace E., Elmers, Mabel J. and one infant. PETER M. DICAIRE, hardware merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Elk, Ontario, near Ottawa City, June 29, 1853. He is a son of Felix M. and Esther M. Dicaire. His father died in Canada, July n, 1856. Peter M. was stolen from his mother when he was four years old. A man came along and asked him to take a ride in a two-wheeled cart, which he did, and was taken to Ottawa City and kept there eight months. His mother recovered him, and took him to Prairie du Chien in July, 1855, where he was educated, he living there twelve years. He came to Chippewa Falls Aug. 26, 1867. His brother came with him, and they engaged in Pound, Halbert & Co.'s mills until Aug. 31, 1871, when he commenced learning the tinner's trade, working in a tin shop until he established himself in business. He received 10 cents per day for his first work. After coming to Chippewa Falls he worked up to $2.50 per day and May I, 1879, with a capital of $35.85, the assistance of Rev. Goldsmith and other friends, and borrowing a set of tools, he established himself in business, and has succeeded until his sales at present average $50 per day. He has no partner, but employs two men. His mother keeps house for him. He has learned to speak fluently the English, French and German languages, and understands the Scandinavian. He has learned book-keeping s&d is now studying vocal and instrumental music. CYRUS W. DODGE, foreman of stables, Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came , to Wisconsin in 1867. Located at Black River, and was engaged at carpentering and logging for seven years. Came to this place in 1874, remained three years, was engaged dealing in live stock and employed as sawyer in mill. Then went to Red Bluff, California, and followed teaming for eighteen months and dealing in live stock for eighteen months. Returned to Chippewa Falls; been engaged in present capacity three months. Was born in State of Maine in 1840. Married there Jan. I, 1861, to Celestia Patterson, who was born in West Hamlin, Me. WILLIAM DOTY, scaler, Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1858 and located at this place. Farmed for two years and has been engaged scaling lumber and logs in the boom and in the mill for twenty-one years. Was a Supervisor in the Chippewa County Board for three years, and Deputy Inspector of Lumber from 1865 to 1872. Was born in Canada in 1829, and was in lumbering business on his own account there for ten years, and was mar ried there in, 1855 to Frances Beverly, born in Canada. Came to United States in 1858. They have five children — Edward, William, Cordelia, Lottie and Homer. ARMAND DUCOMMUN, jeweler and watchmaker, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in October, 1874. Located at Eau Claire and was employed at trade for over two years. Came to Chippewa Falls in October, 1877, and commenced present business. Was born in Switzer land, Feb. 5, 1854, and learned trade there. Came to America in 1874, married at Chippewa Falls to Miss Louise Peterman, Jan. 19, 1880. One child, Edmund. KELESFORD DUSSAULT, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1854. Located at this place and was engaged in logging and manufacturing shingles for about eighteen years. Commenced in present business in 1873 an(i carried it on for three years. Then, after an interval of two years, opened in his present quarters, and continued in it since. Was Alderman of Ist Ward for 1879. Born in Canada, Jan. 13, 1833, came to United States in 1854. Married in Chippewa Falls, Nov. 24, 1863. to Philonise Vaillancourt, born in Canada. They have four loving children — Joseph, Edna, Ida and Albert. EDWARD EMERSON, Register of Deeds, Chippewa Falls, was born in Norway, April 19, 1852, and came from his native country direct to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1866, locating in Chippewa Falls, where he has since resided. He is a son of Edmund Emerson, now a resident of Eagle Point, Chippewa Co., who took a homestead in that town in, the Fall of 1866, having come to Wisconsin in the Spring of .1866. Mr. Emerson was employed for about a year at Chippewa City. Since that time was employed in the lumber mills at this place as head sawyer on double-circular, for about seven years ; he discontinued work there in the Fall of 1880, at which time he was elected Register of Deeds. He was married in Bloomer, Chippewa Co., Sept. 13, 1873, to Johanna Lar son, who was born in Waupun. They have two children — Alfred E. and Rudolph G., and lost one son, Alfred Martin, who died at the age of two years. Mr. Emerson is a member of the I. O. O. F. PHILLIP EULER, bowling-alley and saloon, Chippewa, Falls, came to Wisconsin in November, 1866. Located at La Crosse, and was employed in various capacities for some thirteen years. Came to Chip pewa Falls in March, 1881. Opened present business in April of that year. Born in Germany, Feb. 5, 1849; came to America in 1866 ; mar ried at La Crosse, July 8, 1874. to Catherine Zimmerman, who was born in Austria. They have two children — Mary and Charles. ELMER H. EVERETT, farming and lumber, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1865. Located at Menomenee for a year, and came to Chippewa Falls in 1866. Was employed in the woods for four years, and since then has been farming and logging on his own account. Was Deputy-Sheriff of County for three years ; was elected Supervisor in the County Board, Spring of 1881. Born in Canada 1843, went to New York State at the age of fourteen, enlisted in 2d N. Y. A. as private, served for three years, and received two wounds. Was mar ried in Madison, N. Y., May 13, 1875, to Ida M. Richardson, who was born in State of New York. They have two children — Lulu May and Charles E. JOHN FAEH, carriage maker and blacksmith, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1854 and located at this place. Was employed in lumber mill for eighteen years, and commenced present business in 1.872. Born in Switzerland in 1813, married in Switzerland in 1832 to Mary Romer, who was a native of that country. Came to America in 1845 ; wife died June 29, 1881. Has three sons — Jacob, who served in the war, and is now in the army; Louis, residing in Cleveland, Ohio; William, who served in the war. THOMAS FARNSWORTH., agent W. & M. R. R., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1862. Located at Baraboo, and was engaged at clerking at Portage for five years, and for three years in employ of C. M. & S. P. R. R. In 1872 went to Camp Douglas and was bill clerk in railroad office for two years, and in December, 1874, came to Chip pewa Falls and engaged in present capacity. Born in England, 1840, came to America with parents in 1842. Lived in New Hampshire for twenty years. Married in Juneau County, 1867, to Marietta Weed, born in Racine. ^ They have three children — Fannie, Harry and Fred. A. K. FLETCHER, president of the First National Bank, Chippewa Falls, became a stockholder in the bank in 1876, vice-president in 1878, and April 1, 1879, was elected president, He was born in the town of HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 209 Westford, Middlesex Co., Mass., Oct. 12, 1834, and resided there, or in that vicinity, until he was sixteen years old, when he went to Boston and en gaged in cabinet work until January, 1854, when he went to California. He was in San Francisco most of the time until Feb. 3, 1864, when he went to St. Louis and engaged in the wholesale book and stationery trade. In July of that year he sold out and returned to Groton, Mass., engaging in farm ing. He came to Chippewa Falls, Jan 1, 1870, and became interested in planing mill business, which he continued for two years, when he com menced mercantile business, which he disposed of Oct. 1, 1879. He is now engaged in logging, lumbering, and banking. He was married in Groton, Mass., in October, 1869, to Mrs. Mary J. Nutting (nee Kendall); who was born in Lowell, Mass. They have two children, Lewis A. and Lucy B. Mr. Fletcher has been an Alderman since coming to Chippewa Falls. WILLIAM FOWLDS, Chippewa Falls, came to this place in the Fall of 1865 from Canada West, near the Ottawa River ; born in Ster- lingshire, Scotland, Dec. 27, 1842, and emigrated with his father's fam ily to Canada in 1853, and lived there until he came to Chippewa Falls, his father and family moving to Minnesota in 1865. Mr. Fowld has three sisters and four brothers, and death has never yet broken the family cir cle of his father's family. July 17, 1881, the entire family of brothers and sisters, with their families, numbering thirty-two members, met under the paternal roof of Mr. John Fowlds, in Grove Lake, Minn., and en joyed a family reunion. June 29, 1869, Mr. Fowlds was married in Eau Claire to Miss Margaret Foster, of Canday. They have four children — Stewart, Sarah Ann, Mariah Maggie and Jessie. Mr. Fowlds has been engaged in lumbering for twenty-three years, and for sixteen years has been extensively engaged in that pursuit in the Chippewa Valley. DR. F. FRADET, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in* 1868 ; lo cated at Prairie du Chien, practicing twelve years. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1880, and has been in practice since. Was born in France Aug. 8, 1824 ; came to America when quite young. Was educated at Quebec, graduating there in 1850, and practicing there for some years. Came to United States 1862 ; practiced in Worcester and Springfield, Mass., for six years. Was married in Canada, 1852, to Emily Dauphin, born in Canr.da. They have six children — Mary, Ludger, Georgiana, Emil, Arthur and Horace. JACOB L. FRIEDERICH, harness maker, born in Adams County March 14, 1855. He learned trade in 1875 at Prairie du Chien, and was employed there four years. Was afterwards at Eau Claire for about one year, and came to Chippewa Falls in September, 1880, and commenced his present business. Married at Prairie du Chien Sept. 7, 1880, to Emma Kempene, who was born in Germany. JEROME B. GALLAHER, photographer, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1865. Located at Black River Falls, and carried on a gallery there for seven and one-half years; then went to Neillsville, Wis. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1875, and has been engaged in present busi ness since. Born in Litchfield, Conn., Aug. 23, 1833. Went to Ft. Wayne, Ind., at twenty years of age, and learned trade there ; then at Auburn, DeKalb Co., Ind,,for two years; then at Warsaw, Ind , up to 1863. Enlisted in 129th Ind. I.; served until end of war ; was engaged in nine battles ; was quartermaster when discharged. Married in Auburn, Ind., Aug. 18, 1858, Margaretjane Ferguson, who was born in Ashland, Ohio. They have two children — Mary M. and Helen (now Mrs. Nicholas). GEORGE W. GANS, Chippewa Falls, was born at Friendship Hill, Fayette Co., Pa., July 3, 1847. Came to Eau Claire, Wis., with his parents, William and Maria (Morris) Gans. From 1869 to 1879 ne was employ ed as bookkeeper for Ingram, Kennedy & Co. at their Eddy Mills ; aLo attended to the general interests of the firm there. In February 1880 he became connected with the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Co., looking after their log and lumber business. Mr. Gans' parents both now reside in Eau Claire. DR. BARNEY GARDINER, dentist, Chippewa Falls, was born near Fultonville, N. Y., May 27, 1850. Came with his parents to Shar on, Wis., in November 1850 ; lived there about two years ; then lived in Shopiere, Rock Co. Wis., until i860; then moved to McHenry Co., 111., and lived near Richmond until 1863, when he went to Gloversville, N. Y., where he attended school and worked in his uncle's glove factory until the Spring of 1864, when he returned to Richmond, and two years later went to Fultonville, Montgomery Co., N. Y. Employed there in the canal collector's office and as chief clerk in the wholesale grocery and supply establishment of C. H. Quackenbush. For a short time he was in the store of Robert Harrison, at Wauconda, Lake Co., 111. In the Spring of 1871 he went to Chicago and commenced the study of dentistry with Dr. D. B. Freeman, a well-known dentist of that city, and contin ued with him until 1874, when he came to Chippewa Falls and com menced practice. He has remained here ever since. The doctor was married in Chippewa Falls, April 22, 1879, to Ida Baker. They have one child, Anna E. Dr. G. is now a member of the Common Council; he is vice president of the Board of Health. He has been manager of the band since its organization. He is a member of the A. F, & A. M. Blue Lodge, Chapter, and Chippewa Commandery at Eau Claire ; charter member of the Temple of Honor. 14 ABEL GARDNER, filer, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin June 16, 1857. Located at Yellow River, and was employed in Mason's Mill for a short time. Came to Chippewa Falls in the Summer of 1857, remaining two and one-half months and returned to Yellow River, where he remained eighteen months. Re turned to Chippewa Falls in 1859, and has been employed in present mill over twenty years. Ran the lath mill for five or six years, and fil ing since. In Summer of 1869 was foreman of Gilbert's Mill at Yellow River, and the Summer of 1880 in employ of French Lumbering Co. as filer. Born in. Bennington Co., Vt., in 1833. Moved to State of New York with parents; farmed and was engaged in milling there ; then in Pennsylvania for two and one-half years milling. LUDGER GAUDET, City Clerk and attorney at law, Chippewa Falls, was born in Gentilly, Lower Canada, July 22, 1851. In 1868 he went to Rome, Italy, served two and one-half years in the army of the Pope ; then returned to Canada, and commenced the study of law in Montreal. In 1872 he removed to Lewiston, Maine, where he remained until 1876; then came to Grand Rapids, Wis.; lived there until Sep tember, 1878, when he came to Chippewa Falls. He was elected City Clerk in April, 188 1. Mr. G. was educated at Nicolett Classical College in Lower Canada and at the Military School of Quebec. JOSEPH GAY, contractor and builder, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1866 ; located at Grand Rapids, and was employed as car penter some two months ; was at St. Paul, Minn., eight months ; then in Southern States for about a year. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1868, and has been engaged in building, speculating and carpentering since. Born in Canada in 1843 ; farmed some with his father, and came to the United States in 1862, and was for some three years engaged in mining and building in Lake Superior, Mich. Married at Chippewa Falls, in December, 1870, to Ida Goodhue, who was born in Illinois. They have three children- — Ida, Alice and Jennie. GEO. C. GINTY, biography not received in time to be placed here, but will be found on page 32. GEORGE A. GILLMORE, capitalist, Chippewa Falls, was bom in Calais, Me., Oct. 25, 1838 ; lived there (except a short time in New Brunswick) until he came to Chippewa Falls, in 1857. He and his 2IO HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. brother, rforatio G., leased the lumber-mill of H. S. Allen & Co. for five years, and stocked the mill with manufactured lumber. They also leased a mill on Yellow River, in 1858, and operated that in 1859; stocked it in 1858 ; continued lumbering and logging for about ten years on Chippewa River and its tributaries — (Horatio G. Gillmore died in Chippewa Falls in 1864) — afterwards commenced looking after boom interests, construction, etc., doing more or less logging, until 1877 ; since then he has given his attention to farming, real estate investments and money loaning. Mr. G. was married in Calais, Me., in November, 1866, to Anna M. Hill, a native of Maine. MORRIS GLUCKSMAN, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Russia Poland, Sept. 10, 1841, and came from Europe to Wisconsin in 1864, locating in Milwaukee until 1866 ; after being engaged in business in Grand Rapids for six months, he came to Chippewa Falls in Febru ary, 1867, and engaged in mercantile business in partnership with Ed ward Poznanski until 1878 ; since then he has carried on business alone. He was Alderman from the Fourth Ward for two terms, and candidate for Mayor in the Spring of 1880. He was married in Scranton, Pa., Sept. 19, 1868, to Leah Jacobs, who was born in Russia Poland. They have two children — Nathan, born June 14, 1870, and Esther, born March !5> 1873, and have lost one son, Ezekiel S., who died April 8, 1881, aged four years and six months. Mr. Glucksman is a member of the I. O. O. F., Sons of Hermann, and Bnai-Brith of Milwaukee. HENRY J. GODDARD, druggist, Chippewa Falls, came to Wis consin with his parents, Nathaniel and Lucinda Goddard, about the year 1846, locating at Beloit, where his father (who was born in Massachu setts) died in February, 1875, aged eighty-two years. His mother was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., and died in Cresco, Iowa, July 12, 1881, aged seventy-six years. Mr. H. J. Goddard lived in Beloit until 1861, when he went to Chicago, and entered the medical department- of the Regular Army about two years after. He was stationed at the Hamp ton General Hospital, and afterwards at Fredericksburg, and in the office of the surgeon general a year and a half, being five years in the United States Army service. He then entered the treasury department at Washington, D. C, in the Second Auditor's office, and remained there about two years, and then came to Baraboo, Sauk Co., remaining there three years. In the Fall of 1873, he came to Chippewa Falls. He has been in the drug business ever since he returned to Wisconsin, having learned the business when twelve years of age. He was born in Al mond, Alleghany Co., N. Y., Nov. 3, 1844, and married at Lima, Liv ingstone Co., N. Y., June 10, 1871, to Adelle J. Grover, who was born in Lima, N. Y. They have two children — Arthur Grover and Jennie Alvira, and lost one son, Frank Mills, who died in 1875, aged two years. Mr. Goddard was the first City Treasurer ever elected on the Republi can ticket in Chippewa Falls, He is a member of the A. F. & A. M.. Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery and Knights of Pythias. REV. FATHER CHARLES F. X. GOLDSMITH, pastor "Notre Dame" Catholic Church, Chippewa Falls, was born in Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 22, 1845, and lived there some thirteen years ; was then at St. Fran cis Seminary, near Milwaukee, for five years, and afterwards went to Eu rope and continued his studies. Graduated at Louvain, Belgium, in 1868; was ordained at Mechlin, by Cardinal Deschamps, and returned to Mil waukee and had charge of Trinity Church there for a short time ; came to Chippewa Falls, May 22, 1869; built present church edifice and school- house ; has, also, charge of Etson, Drywood, Le Febre, Kopp Settlement and Springfield, all in Chippewa County. ARTHUR GOUGH, lawyer, Chippewa Falls, was born in the county of Londonderry, Ireland, Feb. II, 1826, and came to America in 1856. He was educated in law in the old country, and is a graduate of Queen's University in Ireland, receiving the degree of A.M. He came to Chippewa Falls in May, 1856, and commenced practicing law the following year, which he has since continued in all the courts of this State. He was engaged in lumbering for two years, and in farming four teen years. He lives on the first farm opened by the old lumbering company. He was County Judge one term, Justice of the Peace two terms, School Secretary under the town system, and has been Court Commissioner since 1867, He was married in County Galway, Ireland, Sept. 3, 1853, to Mary Ann Cavanaugh, who was born there. She died in i860. They had four children — Anabel, Susan, Hugh and Mary Ann. Mr. Gough was married in Chippewa Falls, April 2, 1867, to his present wife, Mary Jennings, who was a native of County Galway, Ire land. They have six children — Arthur, Joseph, Dinah, William, Francis and Walter. They have lost one child. WESLEY J. GREGG, foreman of Stiles & Legos's livery stable, Chippewa Falls, is a native of Elmira, N. Y., and son of John W. Gregg, who now resides in the town of Wheaton, Chippewa Co., Wis. His mother's maiden name was Chloe M. Breese, a native of Horse Heads, Chemung Co., N. Y. Wesley J. was born in Elmira, Chemung Co., N. Y., April 13, 1852 ; lived there until 1867, when he came to Chippewa Falls. He was employed in the woods for some time, and most of the time for the last nine years he has been employed in the livery stable which he is now connected with. May 8, 1881, he was married in Chippewa Falls to Jennie F. Beers. She was born in Eau Claire, Wis. Mr. G. is a member of the Temple of Honor. JAMES GRIFFIN, filer, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1873 ; located at Eau Claire, where he was engaged in different capacities, filing in mills and rafting ; came to Chippewa Falls in the Spring of 1880, and engaged in present capacity. He was born in Canada in 1833 ; came to the United States at the age of seventeen years ; was employed at lumbering in Ohio for four years, then as filer in Saginaw, Mich., for four years, and at Thun der Bay, Mich., for seven years ; then bought a farm of 160 acres near Minneapolis, Minn., and ran it for three years. He was married in Al pena, Mich., in 1862, to Annie Guild, who was born in Detroit, Mich. They have six children — George, James, Martin, Charles, Burt and Ira. EDWARD GROSSMAN, merchant tailor, Chippewa Falls, was born in Hungary, May 10, 1841 ; came to America in 1867; lived in New York, Pennsylvania and Chicago prior to coming to Chippewa Falls in 1871. He was in the employ of the Lumber Company for seven years, having charge of the tailoring department of their business ; since then he has been engaged in business for himself. He is the leading tailor of the place, giving employment to eight hands during the busy season of his business. Mr. G. was married in June, 1880, to Daisey Forrest, a native of Pennsylvania. They have one child, Nellie For rest. J. R. HALL, physician and surgeon, Chippewa Falls, was born in Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y., Oct. 5, 1824, removed to Painted Post, Steuben Co., N. Y, in 1845, and there commenced the practice of his profession ; remained in that county until he came to Baraboo, Wis., in 1857 ; resided there until he came to Chippewa Falls in July, 1878. The doctor is one of the leading members of his profession in Northern Wis consin. He was married in the town of Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co., Pa., in November, 1844, to Lurancy P. Redfield, who was born in Sid ney, Chenango Co., N. Y. JOHN HALVORSON, shoemaker, Chippewa Falls, came to Wis consin in 1869 ; located at Black River Falls, and was employed there two years at his trade, and then lived for two years at Neilsville ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1873, and commenced business in that year. He was born in Norway in December, 1847 ; came to America in 1869. He was married at Chippewa Falls, Dec. 10, 1873, to Mary Halyerson, who was born in Norway. They have three children — Halvo, Hector and Aaron. E. P. HASTINGS, County Treasurer, Chippewa Falls, came to this place in October, 1856, and was principally engaged in lumbering for about three years. For seven or eight years he was with Pound & Hal bert and the Union Lumber Co. as bookkeeper, and engaged in specula tion more or less afterwards. He was Lumber Inspector of this district for two terms of two years each, and was elected County Treasurer in 1880 He was born in Calais, Me., Dec. 18, 1835, and lived there until he came to Chippewa Falls. He was married in the latter place in 1875, to Mary Kimball, who was born in Wellsboro, Pa. They have one child, Harrie Niles. Mr. Hastings is a charter member of the K. of P. ANTHONY JUDSON HAYWARD, lumberman and dealer in pine lands and logs, Chippewa Falls, was born in McKean Co., Pa., March 17, 1835 ; lived in that county until he was nineteen years of age. Came to Shawano, Wis., in the Fall of 1855, remained there five years, then resided in Oshkosh until 1870, when he went to Winona, Minn., where he built a saw and shingle mill in partnership with Hon. Philetus Sawyer, operated that until 1876, then sold it and came to Chippewa Falls, having located considerable pine lands on the Chippewa River and its tributaries-in 1868 and 1869 ; since coming here has been exten sively engaged in lumbering, logging and locating pine lands. In 1867, he built a saw-mill at Manistee, Mich., in partnership with R. C. Russell and Alonzo Leach. While a resident of Shawano County, he was Treasurer of the town of Richmond, at that time there were but two towns in the county ; since coming to Chippewa Falls, he has been a member of the School Board. He takes an active interest in educational matters and general public interests. In May, 1866, he was married in Oshkosh to Martha E. Bowron, a native of Ohio. She is a daughter of Joseph Bowron, who settled at Oshkosk at an early day. Mr. Hayward has three children — Emma M., aged twelve years; Myron E., aged eight years, and Hallie, aged two years. NAPOLEON HEBERT, foreman Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located at this place, where he attended school for some years. Has been in the em ploy of the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co. for seventeen years, as sawyer, etc., with the exception of two Summers, when he was engaged in farming. Has been foreman of mill one year. Was born in Canada, February, 1849. Came to United States in 1856. Married at Chippewa Falls, in February, 1870, to Millie Truckey, born in Canada. They have four children — Josephine, Millie, Lena and Ida. FRED HENNEMANN, agricultural implements, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1850, and lived with parents in this county, going to school, farming some, and afterwards beginning farming on his own account. Commenced present business at Chippewa Falls in 1877, in company with others. Carried it on for a short time ; then the firm changed to Kraft, Henneman & Co. They dissolved, and he has been HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. alone in business since September, 1880. Was born in Prussia Sept. 30, 1848. Came to America in 1849. Married at Chippewa Falls in 1870, his wife dying in 1871. Married again, at Chippewa Falls, April 14, 1873, to Anna M. Kraft, born in Prussia. Have two children living — Phillip W. and Sarah D. HENRY HERBERT, shoemaker, Chippewa Falls, came to Wis consin in 1875. Located at this place, and was employed for one year at his trade, then commenced present business. Was Alderman of First Ward for 1880. Has been a member of New York Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. for nine years. Owns an improved farm of forty acres, on which he resides, about one mile from city. Born in Canada in 1846. Came to United States in 1864, and enlisted in 17th Vt. V. I., and served until close of war. Returned to Canada and remained until 1875. Married in Canada, July 13, 1869, to Margaret Kelly, born in Canada. They have five children— George C, Annie E., Patrick J., Mary A. and Margaret. CARL HERING, carriage maker and blacksmith, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1863, and located at this place. Has been in present business seventeen years ; was, until quite recently, in partner ship with his brother. Enlisted, Dec. 19, 1861, in 30th Wis. Cavalry, and served eleven months. Born in Germany in 1832; Married in Germany, Jan. 27, 1855, to Annie Goldberg, who is anative of Germany. SAMUEL HEYLMAN, raft contractor, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1849. Located in Sauk County and was engaged in running saw mill four years ; then went to Eau Claire, where he has since resided and has been engaged in raft building, contracting and in general lumber business. Has been engaged on present contract since April, 1881. Was born in Lycoming County, Pa., June 13, 1829, and was at one time engineer on railroad there for three years. Married at Baraboo, Wis., in 1852, to Susanna Wilson. She was born in Lycoming County, Pa. They have four children — Warren, attorney-at-law at Eau Claire ; Perry, a bookkeeper ; Dewilt C, in employ of American Express Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; and Charles, an engineer at Eau Claire. SAMUEL HILL, of Samuel Hill & Co., carriage makers and blacksmiths, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin May 29, 1869, and located at Chippewa Falls. Was in business for two years, in partner ship with Thomas Hill ; alone for a short time ; then with E. K. Farrell for two years ; afterwards alone for a year. Has been in business with his present partner, David Russell, since 1877. Was Alderman of First Ward for 1880; re-elected in 1881. Born in Canada, March 28, 1841. Learned trade there. Came to United States in 1861. Employed at trade in State of New York six years, and in Fillmore County, Minn., two and a half years. Married in Fillmore County, Minn., May 25, 1869, to Sarah J. Russell, born in New York State. Have one child, William T. DANIEL FREDERICK HOENIG, hardware merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Prussia, June 26, 1837. Came with his parents, An drew and Christiana Hoenig, to Milwaukee in August, 1845 ; lived there until 1862; he then went to Chicago, where he remained there and in Milwaukee until 1864. April 28, 1864., he came to Chippewa Falls, and was engaged in blacksmithing and wagon making until 1876, when he was elected Sheriff of Chippewa County. He was the first City Marshal of Chippewa Falls. Engaged in hardware business April 15, 1880. Mr. Hoenig was married in Milwaukee, in the Spring of 1862, to Dora Hecht. She was born in Prussia. They have four children — Otto, Albert, Lucy and Dora. AMBROSE HOFFMAN, Chippewa Falls, was born in the town of Chatham, Columbia County, N. Y., May 18, 1832. His parents removed with their family to Wayne County, N. Y., in 1836. Lived there until April, 1857, when he came to Randolph, Columbia County, Wis.; re mained there until July, 1863, then removed to Portage in the same county. Resided in the latter city until 1871, when he came to Chip pewa Falls. While in Randolph he ran a farm for two years, and the balance of the time was dealing in agricultural implements. While at Portage he was engaged in real estate and abstract business, which busi ness he continued after coming to Chippewa Falls. He was elected Register of Deeds in 1874. In 1876 he was elected County Treasurer ; re-elected in 1878. For several years he held the office of School Com missioner. Mr. Hoffman was married in Randolph, Wis., in February, 1870, to Ardelle I. Knapp,- a native of the city of New York. They have one child living, William F., born April 14, 1875. Lost one son, Earle M., who died at the age of three years and four months. Mr. Hoff man is a member of A. F. & A. M., Blue Lodge, Chapter, Ft. Winneba go Commandery and Wisconsin Consistory No. I, of Milwaukee. MARTIN J. HOWARD, contractor and builder, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; located in Jefferson County, and was en gaged building, etc., for four years; then went to Eau Claire, for four teen years, and built several prominent business blocks and residences there ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1868, and has been engaged in con tracting, building, etc., for thirteen years. Born in Otsego County, N. Y., June 4, 1830; went to Siate of Illinois in 1840, and remained there some ten years. Married in McHenry County, II]., to Diana J. Leach, who was born in Vermont ; have three children — Rosa L., Jessie (now Mrs. W. Lamb) and Harry M. ; two deceased. WILLIAM B. HALL, book-keeper for the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., was born in Medford, Mass., June I, 1858 ; came to Still water, Minn, March 10, 1877 ; he was employed as book-keeper there for Seymour, Sabin & Co., threshing machine manufacturers, until he came to Chippewa Falls, Feb. 14, 1881. Prior to coming west, he had been employed for one year in the office of the Corbin Banking Co. of Boston. He was married in Stillwater, Minn., Oct. 24, 1878, to Sabie S. Anderson, a native of Virginia ; they have one child, James Monroe. Mr, H. is a son of George Dudley Hall, now a resident of Medford, Mass , a native of that place ; mother's maiden name was Kate Mary Wheeler, a native of the city of New York. JULIUS P. HURLBUT, Chippewa Falls, came to this place March 26, 1869. and engaged as time-keeper for the lumber mills, where he continued six years. He was County Clerk two terms, and since then has been in an abstract office. He was born in Warren, Trumbull County, Ohio, May I, 1839, and lived in that State until he came to Wisconsin. He served in the 84th Ohio V. I., and 171st Ohio V. I., about 120 days in each. He enlisted twice in the three-years service, but was rejected both times. He was married in Warren, Ohio, March 21, 1864, to Martha J. Burnett, who was born in that place. They have three children — Carrie L., Mary V., and Gracie L. They lost two chil dren, Gertie R., who died April 26, 1879, aged nine and one-half years, and Edward A., who died April 30, 1879, aged six and one-half years. Mr. Hurlbut is a member of the A. F. & A. M., I. O. O. F., Knights of Pythias and Temple of Honor. CHARLES A. JAQUES, machinist, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, was born in Newburyport, Mass., July 1, 1848 ; learned his trade in Chicago, where he lived two years ; went to Marseilles, 111., and remained two years ; came to Wiscon sin in 1869 ; located at Sheboygan, and was employed at his trade there for one year ; then returned to State of Illinois, and was there up to 1876 ; afterwards at Milwaukee for six months; came to Chippewa Falls in 1879 ; remained a short time, then went to Eau Claire, and worked at trade three months, returning to Chippewa Falls in January, 1880, where he has been engaged in present capacity since. Married at Ottawa, 111., in 1874, to Mary Watson, born in Ohio ; have one child living, Mabel, aged six years, and one dead. NELS JOHNSON, merchant tailor and dealer in pianos, organs and sewing machines, Chippewa Falls, was born in Norway, Nov. 25, 1847 ; came to America in 1869 ; located at Eau Claire, April 3, of that year ; remained there about two and one-half years, then came to Chip pewa Falls. He has worked at tailor's trade most of the time since he was fourteen years of age. Mr. Johnson sells ocean steamship tickets. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and Temple of Honor. He was married in Eau Claire, Oct. 14, 1872, to Martha Mary Prydtz, a native of Norway. They have five children — Nicolai B., Frank N., Emma K., Charles C. and Oscar M. ALBERT W. JOHNSON, physician and surgeon, Chippewa Falls, was born near Watertown, Wis., Aug. 26, 1853. He is a son of James Johnson, M. D., a skillful and well-known physician of Milwaukee." He read medicine with his father, and graduated in 1880 from Long Island Hospital Medical College, of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; commenced practice in Milwaukee ; was assistant physician of the Milwaukee County Hospital for eight months. The doctor is a member of the State Medical Asso ciation of Wisconsin. He located in Chippewa Falls, June 10, 1881. FRANK A. JOHNSON, baker and confectioner, Chippewa Falls ; born near Beloit, May 29, 1853 ; went to Durand with parents in 1855 ; engaged at farming, etc. ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1872 ; learned trade there, and worked at it for some three years ; commenced business in September, 1877. Married in Chippewa Falls, May 23, 1875, to An nie Olsen, born in Norway. They have one child, Walter. ALBERT KAHLER, foreman in M. J. Cumming's Planing Mill, Chippewa Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located with his parents at Milwaukee, then at Watertown for six years ; was employed at mills in Horicon for one year ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1859; employed in different mills for some years as sawyer, filer, etc., and in present capacity eight years. Was elected Alderman of Fourth Ward in 1879, and re elected in 1881. Born in Germany, Oct. 25, 1839 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845. Married in Chippewa Falls, Feb. 5, 1870, to Mary R. Fisher. She was born in Germany. They have five children — Geneva, Margaret, William, Frederick and Caroline. JOHN B. KEHL, proprietor of Glen Flouring Mills, Chippewa Falls, is a son of Peter Kehl, who settled in Sauk City in 1845. He lived there until 1855, when he moved to the town of Roxburg, Dane Co. Having commenced grape culture in 1850, he became the pioneer in that business in Wisconsin. His father, Peter Kehl, was bom in Hesse Darmstadt, and died in August, 1871. John B. Kehl is a native of Hesse Darmstadt, he was born Dec. 14, 1837, and came to Milwaukee in April, 1845, remaining there about five months he then went to Sauk County. In July, i860, he commenced mercantile business, continuing it until 1 866, when he engaged in milling at Blue Mounds, Dane Co., 212 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. doing merchant and custom work. He was elected a member of the Legislature in 1873, representing the Third District of Dane County. In the Spring of 1874, he came to Chippewa Falls and engaged in the construction of the Glen Mills, one and a half miles from Chippewa Falls. In the Winter of 1875-6, he engaged in logging, and has con tinued logging operations ever since in connection with his other busi ness. He operated the Glen Flouring Mills for A. E. Pound & Co., from 1876 to 1878, when he purchased the property and has conducted the business on his own account since. In 1875, he became interested in the First National Bank as stockholder and director, and has been vice- president of the bank for the last two years. He is considerably inter ested in real estate in Dane and Sauk counties, and is also connected with the Chippewa Falls Independent, being one of the directors of the company. He was married in Livingston', Essex Co., N. J., Sept. 9, 1863, to Susie F. Wright, who was born in Livingston, N. J., in 1840. They have three children — Jessie I., Ida Stella and Frederick W. Mr. Kehl is a member of the German Reformed Church. ROBERT KENNEDY, of the firm of Kennedy & Samson, pro prietors of flouring mills, Chippewa Falls, was born in Ottawa, Canada, Sept. 24, 1851 ; lived there and in that vicinity until he came to Eau Claire, Wis., in the Fall of 1872, resided in Eau Claire until he removed to Chippewa Falls in the Spring of 1879. THOMAS J. KILEY, Chippewa Falls, was born in the town of Georgia, Franklin Co., Vt., Sept. 12, 1840. Resided there until 1856, when his parents removed with their family to Milton, Chittenden Co., Vt. Aug. 9, 1862, Thomas J., enlisted in Company D, 10th Vt. V. I. and served until July 16, 1865. After leaving the army he resided in Milton, Vt., until April, 1866, when he came to Eau Claire, Wis., where he was employed for one Summer as scaler and book-keeper for the firm of Moore & Sherman. The following Winter he taught school in the town of Wheaton, being the first male teacher ever employed in that town. In the Spring of 1867, he entered the employ of H. T. Rumsey & Co., at Chippewa City, he was scaler and book-keeper for that firm un til July, 1868, he then came to Chippewa Falls, and until October of the same year he was in the service of the County Treasurer and County Clerk. He left the county offices to become Principal of Ward One School, and continued in that school until July, 1879, when he entered the school there were but sixty pupils, at the time he retired from his position he had an attendance of 497 ; during the period he was con nected with this school he fitted sixty-five of his pupils for teachers. Prof. Kiley was married in Chippewa Falls, March 9, 1867, to Miss Rosa Lynn. She was born in South Bend, Ind. They have three children living — Thomas J. jr., Eugene G. and Rosa Genevieve. Lost two chil dren — Charles, who died when only eight weeks old, and Eugene who was four years of age at the time of death. Mr. Kiley was for three years Alderman of the First Ward, and was for two years President of the Common Council, he was also Supervisor for one year. CHARLES LANGEVIN, lumber manufacturer, Chippewa Falls ; was born in the province of Quebec, Oct. 15, 1832, lived there until No vember, 1850 ; he worked for others in the lumbering business for about six years, since then he has been engaged in lumbering forhimself, and was has one of the original proprietors of the French Lumbering Company and been connected with it since its organization in November, 1873. He was married in St. Paul, Minn., April 15, 1862, to Vitaline Dufort, a native of Northern Wisconsin. They have three children — Joseph, Nellie and Charles, Jr. Mr. L. was Alderman of the Second Ward two years. WILLIAM O. LAMB, Chippewa Falls, was born in Norway, Nov. 25, 1854. When he was about five years of age he came with his parents to Eau Claire. (His father, John T. Lamb, is now a resident of Colfax, Dunn Co.) William O. was for eight years in the employ of West Wisconsin & C. M. & O. railways. Now runs passenger locomotive from Eau Claire to St. Paul on Wisconsin Central road ; has been rail roading since 1870. He also carries on wholesale lime, cement and hair trade. He was married in Chippewa Falls, June 25. 1878, to Jessie S. Howard. She was born in Eau Claire. They have one child, William Arthur, born April 24, 1881. Lost one child that died Sept. 7, 1879, aged three months and seven days. Mr. Lamb is a member of A. F. & A. M., Blue Lodge and Chapter, and of Temple of Honor. JOSEPH G. LA MOTTE, saloon, Chippewa Falls ; born in Prairie Du Chien, in 1837 ; son of Major General La Motte, G. A. R. From 1852 to 1855 was head pantry man on steamboats on Mississippi River. In 1856 opened a saloon at Prairie Du Chien and continued in that business for eleven years, and was also for one year of that time in the hardware business at Calmar, Iowa. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1868 ; began business in 1869 in partnership with O. B. Blatchfield, continued it for one year, and then opened the present business. Was Alderman of the Fourth Ward for 1879, and re-elected for 1881. Married at Prairie Du Chien, Dec. 10, 1862, to Margaret Ozois, born in Prairie Du Chien. They have two children, Joseph V. B. and Mary. JAMES LAVELL, saloon, Chippewa Falls ; was born at Portage City, March 19, 1853, and resided there with his parents for eighteen years ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1871, and was employed teaming, cutting timber and cooking, in the woods for about nine years ; com menced present business in May, 1880. Is a son of Patrick Lavell, farmer, near Portage City. LOUIS LORD, saloon, Chippewa Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at this place, and was engaged at teaming in the woods for six years; then went to California and Washington Territory, returning to Chippewa Falls in Fall of 1879 I was employed for a short time lum bering in the woods. He opened the present business May 2, 1881; was born in Canada, Jan. 21, 1850, and married at Chippewa Falls, June 13, 1881, to Maud Piltsey, born in Canada. CAVALIER H. LOWELL, filer, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company. Came to Wisconsin in 1869; located at this place; em ployed in mill as filer for one year ; was at Eau Claire as filer for one year ; returned to Chippewa Falls and was employed as filer in mill for six years. In 1877 went to Stillwater, Minn., but returned to Chippewa Falls in 1878, remained up to 1880; has been engaged in present ca pacity since Spring of 18S1. Born in Wiscasset, Maine ; went to Penn sylvania when quite young and remained there eight years ; was engaged in mills, lumbering, etc. Is a son of Bassilo Lowell, farmer, of Wiscas set, Maine. GUNDER J. LEE, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Nor way, April 24, 1847 ; eame to Dane County in the Spring of 1868 ; located One Hundred Mile Grove, near Lodi, until Fall of 1869, then came to Chippewa Falls, commenced work here as a laborer for Stanley Bros.; employed in the woods and as clerk for them, between six and seven years ; commenced business for himself in the Fall of 1876. Christ Larson was in partnership with him until September, 1878, Since then he has carried on business without a partner. Mr. Lee was mar ried in Chippewa Falls, Jan. I, 1878, to Anna K. Swendby, a native of Christiana, Norway. They have two children — Kenelm Julius and Nora May. Mr. Lee is a member of I. O. O. F., Blue Lodge, Chapter and Eau Claire Commandarv. JACOB LEINENKUGEL, brewer, Chippewa Falls, was born in Prussia, May 22, 1842, and came to America in 1845, with his parents. His home was in Sauk City until 1867. He has been engaged in a brewery ever since coming to Chippewa Falls. He was married in Sauk City, July 18, 1865, to Josephine Imhoff, who was born in Prussia. They have four children — Matthias, William, Rosa and Susanna. Mr. Lein- enkugel is a member of the German Benevolent Society, and has been Mayor, Alderman and member of the Board of Supervisors. J. W. LESLIE, contractor and builder, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at this place and employed himself at carpentering and building. In 1869, he built what is known as the upper bridge over the falls, and rebuilt it in 1878. Was Street Commis sioner in 1876, for a year; born in North Carolina, near Salem, June 16, 1847 ; came north to Illinois in 1851, and was at one time engaged in building bridges for railroads in that State ; married at Chippewa Falls, Nov. 29, 1871, to Stella M. Smith, born in Connecticut. They have five children — Frank N, William II. , Howard, Edward and Anna. ALEXANDER McBEAN, physician and surgeon, Chippewa Falls, was born in the Island of Jamaica, in 1810, educated in England and Scotland ; studied medicine in Edinburgh ; practiced medicine in Jamai ca until after Emancipation, when he came to America, and was for many years surgeon of the California steamers, running from New York to Chagres and Aspinwall. The doctor was married in Jamaica. He came to Chippewa Falls in 1857. To use the doctor's own language : " The beauty of the country, the abundance of game, the clear, delight ful streams filled with trout induced me to pitch my tent here, and I often wish it were the same old place again." During the late war of the rebellion, he served as surgeon of the 2d Wis. C. Since coming to Wisconsin, he has been prominently identified with educational matters and other public interests. WARREN E. McCORD, firm of Hayward & McCord, Chippewa Falls, is a son of Myron McCord, of Coras, Allegany Co., N. Y., who was extensively engaged in lumbering on the Alleghany River, and was owner of two large steam saw-mills. In 1853, he took his eldest son,; Myron, and came to Wisconsin. After looking about him, he decided on settling at Shawano, on the Wolf River, and sent for the remainder of the family. They reached Fond du Lac, the terminus of the Northwestern Rail road, took a steam propeller to Oshkosh and up the Fox and Wolf rivers to New London, where they embarked for Shawano on an open barge, pro pelled up stream by four men poling on each side, and one to steer. They finished their journey in nine days, camping out nights on the banks of the river, and reached the old Powell Landing in the Autumn of 1854. The Fall of 1857, their adopted brother, A. J. Hayward, joined them, from the East, and he and his partner bought a piece of pine and delivered their logs, at Fond du Lac, for $2.50 per thousand. When he was fifteen (Myron having given his attention to politics), Warren en gaged in the lumber business for himself taking entire charge of the camp. He attended college at Appleton in the Spring, which he con tinued to do Spring and Falls, and lumbering Winters, until 1866, when having completed a course of study in medicine, he married his present wife, Eleanor C. Wily, who came to Wisconsin with her parents, from History of cHippewa county. 213 Argusville, Schoharie Co., N.Y., and settled at Sharon, but afterwards moved to Shawano. Warren then engaged in the drug business, and also carried on lumbering, until 1872, when he received a proposition from his adopted brother, A. J. Hayward, who had just sold his saw-mill at Winona for $20,000, to go and explore the Duluth district for pine tim ber, which they accordingly did. After spending six weeks on the St. Louis River, finding a large portion of the best lands unsurveyed and withheld from market for railroad purposes, they returned to Chippewa, and decided to log a piece of timber that Mr. Hayward owned, on the Little Chief, a tributary of the Chippewa, in Town 40, Range 7 west. They started from Winona the 20th of November, with sixty men, ten horse and eight ox teams, in company with Laird & Norton's crew in charge of Silas' Brale^r. Having come on wagons, they changed their loads onto sleds at Campbell's and the Lake House, and from Big Bend up found but very little signs of the present road. They had to let their loads down hill, in places, with two-inch cable, and broke through several streams, there being no bridges above Campbell's. They reached the Kelly place, fourteen miles above Belill's Falls, after having abandoned their loads and walking eight miles after night, and were obliged to light matches sometimes to show them the trail. They found the proprietor, Red John Hall, standing by the side of a barrel of whisky, with a candle in one hand and a tin dipper in the other, treating the crowd. They had nothing to eat but a pan of baked beans and a pan of stewed apples. All this Was perfectly free, as was also the whisky. They reached camp the day following, making thirteen days on the road, and had a success ful Winter. The next Summer, he and Mr. Hayward, in company, with Messrs. Laird, Norton & Co., of Winona, purchased what was known as the Jackson tract of pine timber, on the Chippewa and Burnett rivers, and in the Spring moved to Chippewa Falls, where he has since resided with his family, consisting of Daisy Gertrude, aged thirteen, a boy who, had he lived, would be eleven, Grace M., aged eight, and Ella, aged six. In company with Mr. Hayward, he has handled about 10,000,000 a year, with no cause to complain of the results. He has gained the confidence of the business men of the valley, and secured a comfortable home. JAMES MCCLINTOCK, contractor and builder, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1865. Located at Waukesha for one year, and then worked at logging at Manistee, Mich., for several years. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1872, and has been engaged in present business nine years. Was born in Canada, Sept. 1, 1840; married there Feb. 20, 1865, to Isabella Watson, who was born in Canada and came to United States in 1865. They have one child, William A., aged seven years. THOMAS McDERMOTT, Chippewa Falls, was born in the par ish of Blackville, County of Northumberland, Mirimishi, N. B., Oct. 10, 1830 ; removed from there to Stillwater, Minn., in October, 1851 ; worked in the pineries of Wisconsin, on Clam River, Namekagon River, St. Croix River, Yellow River and its tributaries, until 1862 ; since then on the Chippewa River and its tributaries ; exploring and looking after tim ber interests for the last fifteen years, representing various lumber firms. For several years with the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., with which he is now connected. Probably there is not a man in the State who has a more thorough knowledge of the pine lands in Wisconsin than Mr. McD. In November, 1861, he was married to Hannah Welch, a native of Ireland. ALEX. R. McDONALD, blacksmith, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in September, 1872, and located at Chippewa Falls. Was in employ of Union Lumber Co. for five years, in their blacksmith shops. Commenced his present business in the Fall of 1877. Was Chairman of La Fayette, Wis., Board of Supervisors for 1878 and 1879. Born in Glengary, Canada, Feb. 13, 1847; married in that place, Dec. 2, 1874, to Emma B. Blair, a native of Canada. Came to United States in 1872. They have four children — Emma A., Alfred R., John A. and Mary. ANGUS J. McDONELL, Chippewa Falls, came to this place in April, 1872, and has been employed in ihe office of County Treasurer for over nine years. He was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Nov. 3, 1845 and came from there to this place. He was employed in the Attorney-Gen eral's office in Ontario prior to removal to Wisconsin. A. J. McGILVRAY, real estate dealer, Chippewa Falls, was born in Ontario, in January, 1851, and came with his parents to Trempealeau when only nine or ten months old, and resided there until 1873, when he came to Chippewa Palls and has been engaged in real estate and log ging business ever since. WILLIAM D. McGILVRAY, real estate dealer, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; he lived in Portage one year, and after wards in Trempealeau until 1870, when he spent a year on the Pacific Coast, being most of the time in Washington Territory. He came to Chippewa Falls in 1872, and has dealt in lumber and real estate ever since. He was Register of Deeds from Januaty, 1877, to January. 1881. He was born in Renfreu County, Ontario, Dec. 22, 1847, and married in Trempealeau, May 2, 1876, to Lucy E. Pierson, who was born in On tario. They have one child — Donald A. Mr. McGilray is a member of the A. F. & A. M. FRANK M. McGUlRE, proprietor of livery stable, Chippewa Falls, was born in the parish of St. Giles, Canada East, Oct. 5, 1835 ; removed from there to St. Paul, Minn., in 1856 ; afterwards resided at Prescott, in Pierce County; came to Eau Claire, May I, 1858. He was engaged in mercantile business about five years, and was also engaged in the lumbering business until 1880; commenced livery business May II, 1874 ; came to Chippewa Falls, Sept. 16, 1879. In 1861, soon after the war broke out, he and Capt. Perkins raised a company, and Mr. Mc Guire was commissioned second lieutenant. He served in the 8th Wis. V. I. for about a year, and then resigned. He is the man who purchased the War Eagle "pid Abe " from Daniel McCann, for $3.50, and took the eagle to their company. Mr. McG. was married in Eau Claire, April 13. 1862, to Etha Maria Daniels, who was born in Germany, Feb. 5, 1833, and came to Madison, Wis., in 1852 ; resided there about eight years, and then came to Eau Claire. They have three children living — Louis James, born Nov. 24, 1863 ; Daniel Ottin, born Oct. 11, 1865, and Arthur, born Dec. 18, 1869. Lost one son, Francis E., their third child. D. L. McKAY, Lumber Inspector, Chippewa Falls, came to Wis consin in 1867 ; worked for the Mississippi Logging Company ten years; then was Deputy Lumber Inspector. Since April, 1880, he has been Lumber Inspector for the Sixth District. He was born in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, Oct. 10, 1846 ; came to America in i860. In No vember, 1861, he enlisted in New York City in Co. B, 99th N. Y. V. I. (When he entered the service, his- regiment was known as the Union Coast Guards.) Mr. McKay served until July 22, 1865, being for eight een month a prisoner. He was married in Dunn Co., Wis., in June, 1875, to Marion F. Drinkwine, a native of Geneva Lake, Wis. They have two children — Clyde Marshall and Duncan Lawson. Mr. McK. is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. JAMES McKINNON, log contractor, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1868 ; located at this place ; was employed in the woods, and in various capacities, up to 1871, and since then has been engaged in logging on his own account. He was born in Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1843, and farmed with his father there for some years ; came to the United States in 1868. He was married at Chippewa Falls, Sept. 24, 1875, to Jennie Redman, a native of Nova Scotia, Canada. They have one child, Hattie J., aged five months. KENNETH A. McLEOD, with the Mississippi Logging Company, Chippewa Falls, was born in Inverneshire, Scotland, Dec. 13,1849; came to the province of Quebec, June 17, 1863 ; remained there until 1868, then removed to Au Sable, Mich., where he lived one year, and came to Chippewa Falls in August, 1869 ; worked in the saw mills here until 1871, when he commenced work for the company he now repre sents, looking after their logging interests. He has charge of getting their logs down the streams, dividing them for the different mills, scal ing Winters, etc. He also has charge of the police at the mills. Mr. McL. was married in Chippewa Falls," Sept. 17, 1878, to Anabel, daugh ter of Hon. A. Gough, of this place. She was born in Ireland. They have two children — Arthur Alexander and Florence Genevieve. HECTOR C. McREA, Chippewa Falls, is a son of John McRea, a native of Scotland, and now a resident of Bruce Co., Ontario. He was born in Stormont, Ontario, March 21, 1837, and lived in Canada, en gaging in mercantile business for several years before coming to Wis consin. In July, 1868, he came to Chippewa Falls, and was engaged in mercantile business until 1873. He was elected County Treasurer in the Fall of 1872, and served two successive terms. In 1878, he bought a set of abstract books, and has conducted the only abstract business here since. In 1879, he engaged in milling business with his brother, John A. McRea, and Barnett Brothers. In 1880, he took sole charge, and carried on the business alone until the Summer of 1881, when he leased it. He built the mill and commenced running it in October, 1879. Its capacity is 100 bushels every twenty-four hours. It has one set of rolls, five run of stone, and keeps three men constantly employed — six when running at its full capacity. Mr. McRea became the sole owner of the planing-mill in 1880. He employs thirty men in planing, jobbing, building, etc., and manufactures sash, doors and blinds. Charles M. Prentice is associated with him in operating the planing-mill. Mr. McRea was a member of the Assembly in 1879 and 1880, and is now President of the City Council. He was married in Martintown, Onta rio, to Margaret McKay, a native of that place, who died in 1869, leav ing two children — John A. and Alexander C. He was married to his present wife, Alice Wiltse, in Chippewa Falls, May 24, 1871. She is a native of Waukesha. Mr. McRea is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and of the Knights of Pythias. HUGH McRAE, foreman Star Grist-Mills, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1879, and located at this place, where he has since been employed in present capacity. He was born in Canada, April 19, 1835 ; was engaged there some fifteen years as carpenter and builder. Married there, but lost his wife. He has three children — Ann, Kate and John. He married again at Lucknow, Canada, in July, 1877, to Ann Proctor, who was born in Goderich, Canada. JOHN A. McRAE, lumbering, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1869 ; located at this place for two years ; was employed in various capacities for three years ; was Superintendent of Mississippi Logging Company; commenced planing-mill in 1874, in partnership with several 214 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. others ; carried it on for some two years, and lastly in company with J. D. Barnett. He was also interested in grist-mill for a short time ; was then engaged in building for about a year, and is now in the employ of John Robson, lumber, Winona, Minn. He was County Supervisor from 1876 to 1880. Bom in Canada in 1842 ; came to the United States in 1864, and was engaged in lumbering in Michigan for some years. He was married in that State, July 26, 1869, to Prudence A. Dewey, who was born in New York. They have four children — Harry J., Herbert D., Royal R. and Gertrude M. He built six buildings in the city in 1880, on his own account, and owns 400 acres of farming land in Chip pewa County. CHARLES MANDELERT, secretary and treasurer of the French Lumbering Co., Chippewa Falls, was born in France, Dec. 6, 1826; came to America in 1852. In 1856 he came to the town of Lafayette, Chippewa Co. He has been engaged in lumbering and farming since he came here, and has been connected with the French Lumbering Co. ever since its organization. He was married at Prairie du Chien in February, 1873, to Louise Tebouret, also a native of France. They have four children — Louis, Alice, Rosalie and Louise. JOSEPH MANDELERT, president of the French Lumbering Co., Chippewa Falls, was born in France Oct. 15, 1835 ; came to America in 1855. Lived near Utica, N. Y., for two years ; then came to Wisconsin, locating in Prairie du Chien, where he remained for three years ; he then went to Mississippi, where he resided for two years ; then came to Chip pewa Falls in 1863. He was engaged in the mills for three or four years, and in 1867 he engaged in lumber business on his own account, and has been connected with the French Lumbering Co. since its organ ization in November, 1873. Mr. M. was married in Chippewa Falls May 18, 1869, to Olive King, a native of Canada. They have five chil dren — Charles, Delia, George, Mary and Millie. « I HON. R. D. MARSHALL, Chippewa Falls, is a son of Thomas Marshall, and located in the town of Delton, Sauk Co., in 1853, where he resided until 1871, when he came to Chippewa Falls. He had prin cipally been engaged in farming, although he had been admitted to the Bar before coming to Chippewa Falls. He was at Lawrence University at the time of his father's death, in March, 1868. Mr. Marshall was born in Nashua, N. H., Dec. 27, 1847, and came from there to Wiscon sin. He has been County Judge for the last six years ; his term expires Jan. 1, 1882. He was married in Baraboo in November, 1869, to Mary E. Jenkins, a native of England, WILLIAM MARTIN, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1859, and located at Wolf River. Came to Chippewa Falls in i860. Was clerk in dry goods store for two years. In 1862 opened a saloon ; sold out in 1864, and went to Oil Regions in Pennsylvania, and ran a hotel there up to 1866 ; then returned to Chippewa Falls. In 1870 he went into grocery business in partnership with Henry Cronk ; was in that business five years — the last two years alone. Afterwards employed in woods for two years, scaling logs, etc., and has been in his present business since. Was born in New York, April 6, 1839. Married there Sept. 18, 1070, to Jennie Hurd, born in that State. They have one child, Nettie, aged eight years. HANS MASON, filer in lath-mill of Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in Spring of 1869. Located at Eau Claire, and was engaged running lath-mill for seven Summers and saw ing in woods during the Winter ; then followed farming at Elk Moun tain for four years. Came to Chippewa Falls, April, 1881, and has been engaged in present capacity since. Born in Denmark in 1845 ; came to America in 1869. Married at Eau Claire in 1872, but lost his wife. Remarried at Eau Claire to Annie Peterson, born in Denmark. They have one child — Charles. HENRY MAXEINER. salesman, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, was born in Eagle Point in December, 1856. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1857, and resided with parents until twenty-one years of age. Followed gardening in the Summer and teaching school in the Winter for three years, and engaged in present capacity in April, 1881. Is a son of G. W. Maxeiner, who has retired from business and resides in Chippewa Falls. LYELL O. MEAD, passenger conductor of Wis. Central Railroad, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin May 12, 1844. Located at Eagle Prairie, on a farm, for five years ; then was fireman on Mil. & M. R. R. one year, and one and one-half years as engineer. Was in charge of first locomotive engine run west of Rock River in this State. On the Indiana R. R. in 1853-54; then on the Mil. & Lac. R. R. for seventeen years, running locomotive and shops at Portage City ; then with the M. W. R. R.; master mechanic at Hudson for two years. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1876, and was running locomotive for C. F. & W. R. R. up to Nov. 22, 1880; since then is conductor of W. C. R. R. Born in New York May 29, 1829. Married at Eagle Prairie, 1854, to Margeret C. Free man, born Troy, N. Y. One daughter — Ida B. (now Mrs. Jerry Palmer) ALBERT MENDL, pastor St. Peter's Catholic Church, Eagle Point, was born in Bavaria, Dec. 8, 1849. Was educated at Eichstadt, and came to America in 1871, remaining for some time at St. Francis Seminary, near Milwaukee. Was ordained in 1874 by Archbishop Henni. Had charge of St. Mary's Church, Keysville, Wis., for nine months, then St. Joseph's at Glencoe for fourteen months, and St. Ma ry's at Durand for over two years. Has had charge of St. Peter's Church at Eagle Point for past three years ; has also a school and convent and in charge of churches at Bloomer and Brush Prairie, Wis. DAVID E, MILES will be found on page 32. EUSEBEUS M. MILES, dealer in real estate, Chippewa Falls, came here in November, 1865, was employed as hotel clerk for a short time, then for about two years he commenced working in the woods, looking up pine lands, etc. ; afterwards, for four years he was engaged in logging for himself. He then carried on mercantile business for a year. After discontinuing mercantile pursuits, he kept hotels at Big Bend un til the Spring of 1881, being proprietor of the Big Bend House and also of the Oak Grove House. His principal business now is dealing in pine lands. He was born in the town of North Henderson, Mercer Co., 111., Feb. 15, 1847 ; lived there until he was sixteen years of age, when he enlisted in Co. C, nth 111. C, serving in that regiment from Feb. 10, 1863, to August, 1865. Mr. Miles was married in Chippewa Falls, April 22, 1870, to Geraldine Shipman, a native of Sauk County. Wis. They have one son, Eugene Herbert, born May 21, 1872. Lost one son, Frankie, who died in March, 1874, aged one year. Mr. M. has been Chairman of the town of Big Bend for the last three years ; also held offices of Postmaster, Secretary of School Board and Chairman of Road Commissioners of the same town. ALPHONSE MILLER, contractor, builder and designer, Chippewa Falls; came to Wisconsin in 1863 ; located at Menomonee and was em ployed at carpenter and joiner work for five years. *Then went to Eau Claire and was employed in mills for three years, and for two years was finishing cabins in steamboats. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1874, and has been in the employ of M. J. Cummings in planing mill for seven years. Is a fine designer, and also a building contractor. Born in Can ada, Aug. 17, 1845 ; came to United States in 1863 : married at Chippewa Falls, June II, 1876, to Lucy Allard, born in Prairie du Chien. They have three children — Elizabeth, Virginia and George. JOHN MILLER, brewer, Chippewa Falls, was born in Prussia, Sept. 29, 1837, and came to America in the early part of 1854, locating at Milwaukee. In the Spring of 1855, he went to Sauk City, and lived in that vicinity until 1865, working in a mill near Baraboo for three years, and on a farm in Sauk County. He then came to Eau Claire and resided there until 1867, when he came to Chippewa Falls. May 22 of that year he began building his present brewery. He was married in Baraboo, May 22, 1864, to Susanna Welter, who was born in Prussia.' They have five children — Mary, John, Anna, Jacob B. and Susanna. JOHN P. MITCHELL came to Chippewa Falls, Dec. 20, 1856. He was employed as book-keeper for H. S. Allen & Co. ; afterwards with Chippewa Falls Lumbering Co. and Union Lumbering Co. until 1875. He was Sheriff for about eighteen months, Town Assessor seven years, City Clerk three and one half years, and Clerk of County Board two years. For the last three sessions of the Wisconsin State Legislature he has been Engrossing Clerk of the Senate. Mr. M. was born in Glas gow, Scotland, March 23, 1824 ; came to America in September, 1855. Resided in Peoria, 111., prior to coming to Chippewa Falls. A. MOSES, proprietor of variety store, Chippewa Falls, has a stock which is rarely excelled in Europe or this country. Such a variety of goods is seldom displayed anywhere. Any thing from a jewsharp to a bass viol, guns, pistols, complete fishing outfits, jewelry, silverware, cut lery, etc., from the cheapest to the finest imported articles. If you don't see what you want, ask for it, and Moses will probably find it in his stock for you. He was born in Russia-Poland in 1831. He served for three years and fifty days in the army before leaving Europe, was in the Crimean War, wounded three times. He has traveled over most of the civilized world. He carried on business in New Zealand and the Aus tralian colonies, and was married in Melbourne Oct. 9, 1861, to Martha Marks, a native of London, Eng. In 1870 he came to Chicago, lived there until 1876, afterwards at Winona, Minnesota, for four years, then came to Chippewa Falls. CHARLES G. MULLIKIN, millwright, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in Fall of 1868 and was engaged in contracting and mill building for five years. Went to Lansing, Iowa, invented a patent water-wheel and manufactured same ; was also building grist-mills, etc., and connected with the Lansing Ma chine Shop Company. Came in 1880 to Chippewa Falls and was in the employ of Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company as millwright for a short time ; then went to Iowa for a few months. Returned to Chip pewa Falls, June I, 188 1, and engaged in present capacity. Was born in Caledonia County, Vt., Dec. 25, 1836 ; was engaged at millwrighting in the Eastern States and Canada for some years ; was married in Ver mont, but lost his wife. Has two children— Achsah and Charles. Mar ried again in Lansing, Iowa, Fall of 1872, to Anna Klenckie, born in Dubuque, Iowa. They have two children— John and Harry. JOTHAM MURRAY, foreman of blacksmith shop for Chippewa Lumber & Boom Company, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1878. Located at Eau Claire and was employed in foundry of Noah HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 215 Shaw for one year. He then went to Washington Territory for a year, and came to Chippewa Falls in May, 1880, engaging in present capacity. Was born in Nova Scotia, Canada, March 18, 1859 ; learned trade there ; came to United States in 1878 ; married in Chippewa Falls, July 4, 1881, to Rose Walker, born in that city. THOMAS MURRAY, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin May 23, 1868. Located at this place and was engaged in the store of Union Lumber Company for nine years as salesman ; was then employed in various capacities up to January, 1880, when he opened present busi ness. Was born in Ireland in 1830; married there in 1855 to Elizabeth Malurkey, born in Ireland ; came to America in 1868. They have three children — Mary, now Mrs. B. McMahon, Catherine and Michael. LORENZO M. NEWMAN, cashier First National Bank, Chippe wa Falls, is a son of Martin and Melissa Amanda (Norton) Newman ; he was born in Lanesboro, Susquehanna Co., Pa., July 8, 1851. When he was seven years of age his parents moved to Oak Hill, Green Co., N. Y., and in 1862 to Unadilla, N. Y., and in June, 1876, he came to Chippewa Falls, to take the position of cashier in the First National Bank, having been previously connected with the City National Bank, of Binghamton, N. Y. When he first came to Chippewa Falls, the deposits in the bank averaged about $30,000 ; now they amount to about $200,000. He is secretary of the Anchor Consolidated Gold and Silver Mining Co., which mines are located in Tombstone, Arizona. Mr. Newman was married in Palmyra, Wis., Oct. 7, 1878, to Etta C. Squier, who died in Chippewa Falls, Oct. 28, 1879. E. E. NUSSLE, physician and surgeon, Chippewa Falls, was born in Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland, July 12, 1853. He was educated in his native country, graduated as physician and surgeon, March 17, 1874, practiced one year in Dresden, Saxony, then came to America. He lo cated in Jefferson, Wis., in November, 1876, remained there two and a half years, afterwards was a resident of Theresa, Dodge County, for eighteen months. Came to Chippewa Falls in the Summer of 1880. He has been engaged in practice of his profession ever since he came to Wisconsin. He served several years in the army of his native country, and received commission of ist Lieutenant of General Military Staff of Switzerland, dated Aug. 4, 1874. He speaks French, German and English fluently. June 10, 1880, he was married, in Theresa, Dodge County, Wis., to Matilda, daughter of Dr. Valentine Miller, of that place. She was born in Theresa. They have a pair of twins — Emil Edward and Adele Josephine, born March 30, 1881. JOHN PAKENHAM, Chippewa Falls moved from Grenville, Lower Canada, to Chippewa Falls in November, 1863. Was married in August, 1866, to Miss Sarah Foster, whose parents also lived in Canada. They have two children— Agnes Mary and Melissa Ann ; have buried three children — Maggie Jane, died May 29, 1870, aged one year and three months ; Charles Edward, died June 18, 1872, and Ervy, who died in infancy. Mr. Pakenham since coming to Wisconsin has acted in the various capacities of a laborer in the lumbering business, and for several years past as a lumber scaler. He, with his wife, are members of the Episcopal Church in Chippewa Falls. E. G. PANNIER, carriage and wagon manufactory, Chippewa Falls, was born in Milwaukee, July 19, 1848. Finished apprenticeship at carriage making at eighteen years of age, and was then employed at trade for seven years. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1869, and com menced present .business, in partnership with Fred Hoenig, in 1871. Firm dissolved in 1876. Was then in company with Gus Greenwald for one year, since which time he has been alone. Was Alderman of Second Ward for 1876 ; re-elected in 1878 and in 1881. Married in Milwaukee, Sept. 28, 1869, to Annie Greenwald, who was born near Milwaukee. Have five children — Ida B., John, Emma, Elsie and Carrie. WARREN W. POTTER, grain business and logging, Chippewa Falls. Born in Milwaukee County, May, 1841. Left there at fourteen years of age, and went to Marquette with parents, where he resided six years; then went to Dane County, remaining until 1864. Went to Minnesota in 1867, remaining there ten years, in Faribault County. Was farming on own account, and one of the first settlers there. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1877, and has been engaged in dealing in grain for four years, and also logging. Married in Dane County, March, 1869, to Mary Home, who was born in Albany, N. Y. A son of John Potter, one of the earliest settlers in Milwaukee County, Wis. MRS. S. A. POUND, Chippewa Falls, was born in Oneida County, N. Y. Daughter of N. S. Loomis, lawyer, at that place. Married, Oct, 29, 1856, and came to Chippewa Falls in 1857. Has two children — Homer and Florence. JOHN POWERS, contractor and builder, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1869. Located at this place, and has been engaged in present business some twelve years. Has built some of the most prominent residences here. Was born in Nova Scotia, June 21, 1842. Was employed at trade some time, and was for seven years at the gold mines and in mercantile business. Married at Nova Scotia, May 20, 1868, to Louise MacDaniel, who was born there. Came to United States in 1869. They have four children — John S., Mary L., William A. and Carrie. HON. THADDEUS C. POUND, Chippewa Falls, was born in the town of Elk, Warren Co., Pa., Dec. 6, 1832. In 1838 his parents, Elijah and Judith Pound, removed with their family to Monroe County, N. Y. Came to Rock County, Wis., in 1847. Commenced teaching when he was fifteen years of age. Attended Milton Academy several terms ; afterwards taught the high school at Caledonia, Livingston Co., N. Y. Was at the Rushford Academy in Allegany County, N. Y., for a time. Came to Chippewa Falls in Spring of 1856. Com menced here as a book-keeper, and continued to advance until he became the foremost leader in public enterprises. He was member of the Assembly in 1864, 1866, 1867 and 1869. In the latter year he was elected Lietenant Governor. Since .1876 he has represented the Eighth District in Congress, this being his third term. He organized and pushed to completion the Chippewa Falls and Western Railway. Mr. Pound has been prominently identified with the river and harbor improvement bills in Congress, and to him great credit is due for the earnest support which he has given to the present reservoir system per taining to the Mississippi River and its tributaries. EDWARD POZNANSKI, merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Russia Poland, in September, 1839, and came to America in 1867, coming direct to Wisconsin. He lived in Milwaukee about six months and then came to Chippewa Falls, and has been engaged in mercantile busi ness here since. The firm was Glucksman & Poznanski for eleven years; since then Mr. Poznanski has been alone in business. He was married in Milwaukee in May, 1869, to Leah Pozner, who was born in Russia Poland, and reared in London, England. They have two children, Morris A., born in January, 1872, and Gusta, born April 29, 1881. They have lost two children, a son, who died when a few days old, and Bertha, who was born July 9, 1875, and died April 30, 1881. Mr. Poz nanski is a member of the I. O. O. F., the Sons of Hermann, Harugari, and Bnai Brith, Isaac Lodge of Milwaukee. He was Alderman of the Fourth Ward one term and Mayor of the city two terms. 2l6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. M. J. RAYMOND, grocer and confectioner, Chippewa Falls. Came to Omro, Winnebago Co., Wis., in 1846; lived there until 1855, then came to Chippewa Falls. He was engaged in farming and work ing in the woods for about twelve years ; he then run hotel (the Juneau House) for two years, then for about five years he followed the trade of painter ; since that time he has carried on the business of dealer in groceries, fruits, confectionery, etc. He was born in Williston, Vt., Dec. 28, 1836; was reared in Berkshire, Vt.; came from there to Wis consin with his parents, Joseph H. and Edna Raymond. They both died in Omro, Wis. Mr. Raymond was married in Chippewa Falls, April 2, 1864, to Fanny M. Winn, a native of the State of New York. They have three children, Edith May, Ernest Myron, and Florence Ella. Mr. R. is a member of I. O. O. F. FRED A. RECKARD, physician and surgeon, Chippewa Falls. Came to Wisconsin in 1869; located at Neillsville, where he remained two years, then came to Chippewa Falls. He was born in Livonia, Livingston Co., N. Y., July 26, 1845 ; lived there until he was about ten years of age, then came to Rockford, 111., where he afterwards read medicine. He served as drum major in the 67th 111. V. L, and for a time was on detached service doing hospital duty. The doctor is a graduate of the Chicago Medical College and has been engaged in practice since March, 1867. He was married in Racine, Dec. 26, 1869, to Carrie A. Adams, a native of the State of New York. They have one son living, Harry J. Three children died in infancy. Dr. R. has been city physician. He is a member of the Chippewa County Medical Society and of the I. O. O. F. JOHN REDMAN, log contractor, Chippewa Falls. Came to Wis consin in March, 1870 ; located at this place, where he has been en gaged at lumbering, log contracting, etc. Was born in Nova Scotia, Dec. 15, 1844. Was for three years engaged in ship-building. Went to California in October, i860. Had two boot and shoe factories in Mendo cino Co., Cal., and continued there up to 1870. Married at Eau Claire in June, 1872, to Annie C. Sellers, who was born in Canada. They have three living children, Ada M., Josephine M., and Oney L. ; two GENERAL HOLLON RICHARDSON, lawyer, Chippewa Falls. Was born in Poland, Mahoning Co., Ohio, Dec. 25, 1838 ; lived there until he came to Chippewa Falls in September, 1859. tn July, 1861, he entered the army as first lieutenant of Co. A. 7th Wis. V. I., and was pro moted from time to time until he became colonel of his regiment, and was made brevet brigadier general at the close of the war. He was wounded eight times, but was in all general engagements of his com mand except part of the Wilderness battles. He and Captain Andrews were the only original officers of his regiment that came back from the war alive. He furnished to General Meade the information upon which he made the line of intrenchments which enabled him to successfully resist the attacks of the rebels, thereby saving his army the night of July 2, 1863. When he entered the service he improvised a flat boat at his own expense and took the troops from Chippewa Falls to Reed's Landing. He was one of the four officers appointed to organize Indian regiments in Nebraska, and was offered a colonelcy in one of them, but declined the position. He was finally mustered out in July, 1865. After leaving the army he located in Baltimore, Md., where he practiced law for six years, having been educated at the Ohio State Union Law College at Poland, Ohio, the Degree of A. B. was conferred on him by that institution July 1, 1857. In 1871 he returned to Chippewa Falls, where he has since continued the practice of his profession. He has ¦ been District Attorney two terms, City Attorney two terms, and was City Clerk one term while serving as City Attorney. The general was one of the delegates to the National convention which first nominated U. S. Grant to the presidency. In 1868 he was U. S. Commissioner of Inspection of the Kansas Pacific and Denver Pacific railways. He was appointed U. S. Attorney for the Territories of Montana and Washington, but declined both places. He was also appointed Governor of Utah, but declined that honor. In May, 1862, he was married in Washington, D. C, to Leonora C. Robinson. She was born near Cleveland, Ohio, and is a daughter of Colonel W. W. Robinson, who was colonel of the 7th Wis. V. I. during the late rebellion, and is now U. S. Consul to Madagascar. The general has two children, Leonora and Mary E. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., and K. of P. SANFORD S. RIDDELL, physician and surgeon, Chippewa Falls. Was born on Camp street, New Orleans, La., Aug. 22, 1838. When five years of age he went to Chenango Co., N. Y., where he remained in school for five years, then returned to New Orleans, where he con tinued his education in the University of Louisiana, and Louisiana Col lege. In March, i860, he graduated from the medical department of the University of Louisiana. When twenty-one years of age he was elected a Fellow of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences. He was for a time Assistant State Geologist of Texas. He commenced the practice of medicine in his native city. From 1866 to 1874 he practiced in Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y. June 27, 1874, he located at Chip pewa Falls, and has continued in practice here ever since. He was married at Cincinnatus, Chenango Co., N. Y., Dec. 19, 1866, to Josephine, daughter of Roswell K. Bourne, of that place. She was born at Pitcher Springs, Chenango Co., N. Y. They have five children- Mary Bourne, born Dec. 13, 1867 ; Josephine Lephe, born in June, 1869 ; Sanford Louis, born June 27, 1870 ; Gechrge William, born Sept. 18, 1871 ; Louisiana, born June 24, 1873. The doctor is a member of the American Medical Association, Northwestern Medical Society, Wiscon sin Medical Society, Chippewa County Medical Society, and Chenango County (N. Y.) Medical Society. He is now City Physician. His father was Prof. J. L. Riddell, of New Orleans, an eminent scientific gentleman, who was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 20, 1807, and died in New Orleans, in October, 1865. His wife (mother of Sanford S.) was Mary Elizabeth Knocke, who was born in Baton Rouge, La., March 7, 1818. She died in December, 1839. CLAYTON E. ROGERS will be found ou page 32. GEORGE S. ROGERS, Chippewa Falls, was born in Strongsfield, Ohio, June 6, 1844, He is a son of Lawrence Rogers, now « resident of Barton Co., Mo., and came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1845, living in Westport, Dane Co., until 1863, when he enlisted in the 6th Wis. V. I. He served about six months, when he was discharged on account of disability. He re-enlisted in 1864 as first lieutenant of Co. F., 48th Wis. V. I., and was mustered out at the close of the war. Re turned to Westport, Dane Co., living there until 1872, when he came to Chippewa Falls. He was engaged for about six months in mercantile business in Poynette, Wis., prior to coming here. After locating in Chippewa Falls he was employed by Stanley Bros. & Co., merchants, until 1878, when he established business for himself. He is also en gaged in logging, in partnership with W. W. Potter. He was married in Vienna, Dane Co., Jan. 1, 1866, to Jean Howie, who was born in New York State. They have five children — Mary Edith, Charles, Herbert Emory, Alice and Grace. Mr. Rogers was Alderman in 1878-80, and lumber inspector for this district from 1876-80. He is a member of the A . F. & A. M ., Blue Lodge and Chapter, and of the Temple of Honor. JOHN RUMSEY, proprietor of Omnibus Line, Chippewa Falls, was born in Warsaw, N. Y., Feb. 2, 1828. Lived there until he was five years of age, when his parents — Calvin and Polly McWhorter Rum sey — removed with their family to Buffalo, N. Y.; there one year; then they located in Westfield, N. Y. When John was seventeen years of age he went to Buffalo again, and remained there until 1850, when he went to the Isthmus of Panama, where he remained two years ; he after wards spent two years in California. He located in Pleasant Grove, Olmsted Co., Minn., in August, 1856 ; remained there until he came to Ramsey's Landing, Wis. (fifteen miles below Eau Claire) in 1861. En gaged in mercantile business, steamboating and milling there. In 1874 he removed to Chippewa Falls ; carried on stage and livery business until September, 1880 ; also engaged in lumbering here until 1879, and was engaged in the manufacture of lumber for two years at Chippewa City, prior to 1868. In September, 1880, he sold his interest in the live ry and stage business to his former partners, Stiles & Lego, and pur chased the omnibus, dray and express part of the business. He is also HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 217 agent of the American Express Co. at this point. June 20, 1861, he was married in Pleasant Grove, Minn., to Elizabeth Barrows, whp""was born in Olean, N. Y., April 14, 1840. They have one daughter, Kate Lyman ; she was born May 15, 1862. Mr. R.'s father, Calvin Rumsey, was born in Poultney, Vt. ; mother was Mary McWhorter Rumsey, a native of Granville, N. Y. Mrs. John Rumsey's father was Samuel Burrows, who was born in Cornish, N. Y.; mother is Mary Goodspeed Barrows. She is still living, and resides with her daughter here. DAVID RUSSELL, of Samuel Hill & Co., carriage makers and blacksmiths, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1872, and located at this place, where he was employed at trade for five years. Commenced present business in 1877, in company with Samuel Hill. Was born in Indiana Feb. 7, 1855, and was reared in Preston, Minn.; is the only son of David Russell, who was murdered in Indiana in the latter part of 1854. THOMAS A. RYAN, saloon, Chippewa Falls, born in Mukwana- go, Wis. Feb. I, 1845 ; resided there with parents eighteen years, and then went to Chicago, and was employed on tug-boats and sailing on the Lake for three Summers. Was then at Eau Claire nine years, em ployed at lumbering, and two years in saloon business. Came to Chip pewa Falls in 1877, and opened his present business in Spring of 1881. Married at Chippewa Falls June 15, 1880, to Elizabeth Taylor, born in State of Wisconsin. They have one child, William T. JOHN SAMSON, of Samson & Kennedy, millers, Chippewa Falls. Came to Wisconsin in 1875 ; located at Eau Claire and, was engaged in running the D. S. C. mills for three years. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1878, and commenced milling business at La Fayette, in company with Robert Kennedy, and still continues that business ; opened Star mills in July, 1881 ; born in Canada, (London,) Spring of 1848 ; came to the United States with his parents when quite young, and resided in Min nesota, and was employed in mills at Minneapolis five years ; married in Clinton Falls, Feb, 7, 1872, to Mary Banetten, born in New York State. They have one child four years old, Irwin D. JAMES W. SELLERS, Chippewa Falls, came directly to this place from Nova Scotia, where he was born Nov. 13, 1843. Was married Aug. 29, 1875, to Miss Diantha Estelle Neal, of Neillsville, Clark Co. He has been engaged in lumbering during most of the time since coming to the State, and engaged in the mercantile business at St. James, Minn. He also farms extensively on the Yellow River, near the pinery, where he operates a large force of men and teams each Winter. He is of Scotch descent. They have one child, Merton Dale, born in Chippewa Falls, July 11, 1881 SYVERT SERLEY, proprietor Garfield House, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1870; located in this place, and was employed as cook in logging camps for ten years. He has been proprietor of present hotel for a year ; is now opening the Murray House at Big Bend, in partnership with John Yellerberg. This hotel will accommodate seventy- five persons. He was born in Norway, Oct. 25, 1853 ; came to America in 1870. JAMES A. SEYDEL, cashier of the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., was born in Kane Co., III., April 6, 1851. In 1853, his parents re moved with their family to Pennsylvania, remaining there eighteen months ; then went to Virginia, where they lived seven years, and from 1861 to 1866, resided in Washington, D. C.; afterwards in Dauphin, Pa., for one year, in Williamsport, Pa., seven years ; from there he came to . Chippewa Falls. He was married here Nov. 5, 1877, to Ida E. Blais- dell, a native of Maine. They have one child, James Herbert, born in August, 1878. D. E. SEYMOUR, banker, Chippewa Falls ; came here in 186 1. He was with Pound & Halbert, and afterwards with Pound, Halbert & Co., and then with the Union Lumber Company ; engaged in bank ing eleven years ago, also dealing in pine lands and farming to some ex tent. He was born in the town of Butternuts, Otsego Co., N. Y., and went to New Orleans when twenty-one years old. He returned to New York State, and was married, and went again to New Orleans. He was there and in Mississippi for a year or two, then in New York again. From there he went to Illinois, then to Minnesota, and from the latter State came to Chippewa Falls. He was married in New York State to Elizabeth Halbert, a native of Butternuts, Otsego Co., N. Y. They have five children living — Leila, William L., Jennie, Edwin J. and Robert M. They lost one daughter, Mary (Mrs. Flint), who died in Chippewa Falls. WILLIAM L. SEYMOUR, son of D. E. Seymour, book-keeper in hisfather's bank, Chippewa Falls, was born in Butternuts, Otsego Co., N. Y., April 6, 1853 ; lived there until 1855, then his parents removed with their family to Minnesota ; lived there seven years, then came to Wisconsin. William L. was engaged in the manufacture of trunks here for two years ; was one year in Taw office, and has been in the bank one year. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Dec. 15, 1874, to Emma L. Thompson. She was born in Oconomowoc, Wis. They have two chil dren — Ida Madel and Lina Gertrude. HORACE L. SMITH, time-keeper for the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., was born in the town of Triangle, Broome Co., N. Y., April 7, 1838; lived there until Sept. 24, 1862, when he enlisted in Co. E, 137th N. Y. V. I. ; served until May, 1865. He was in all engagements of his regiment until he was wounded at the battle of Lookout Moun tain ; afterwards did hospital duty, clerked, etc. When he left the army he returned to Broome County, and remained there eighteen months; then went to Clearfield, Pa., where he was employed for five years with the firm of William Mengie & Co., lumbermen. March 28, 1871, he came to Chippewa Falls, and has been connected with the lumber inter- ests ever since. He now has charge of hiring, paying, and keeping the time of the Lumber Company's men ; he also has charge of handling the lumber in their yards at this point. He was married in New York State in April, 1876, to Emma Merrick ; she is a native of Pennsylvania. They have one child, Edna. Mr. S. is a member of the A. F. & A. M. He has been interested in a stave factory at Cadotte, but has disposed of that interest. CHRISTOPHER F. SMITH, grocer, Chippewa Falls, was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Dec. 26, 1842. Came to Tioga, Tioga Co., Pa., in August, 1854; lived there about nine years, then resided for seven years at Williamsport, in the same State ; from there he came to Chip pewa Falls in April, 1870. He was for two years employed as sawyer in the Lumber Company's mill, then was assistant foreman of their yards two years, and was manager of the yards two years; then engaged in grocery business for himself. He has been Alderman of First Ward. Mr. Smith is one of the directors of the First National Bank. He was married at Lock Haven, Pa., July 4, 1866, to Mary A. Schaffer, a native of Pennsylvania. They have four children — Edward R., Carrie L., An nie and Pearl M. BYRON SOUTHMAYD, filer, Chippewa Lumber & Boom Com pany, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1866. Located with par ents at Eau Claire ; lived on a farm some years. In 1872 run a lath mill for a year and then a shingle mill for three years. In 1876 ran a shingle mill at La Fayette, then for two years at Cedar Falls. After wards came to Chippewa Falls, and has been employed in present ca pacity during the Summer, and log-scaling in woods during the Winter. Was born in Alleghany County, N. Y.: married at Eau Claire, July 5, 1879, to Mary Ackerman, born in Allegany County, N. Y. They had one child, deceased. JOHN W. SQUIERS, proprietor of meat market, Chippewa Falls, was born in Liverpool, Eng., March 23, 1844. Came to America in the Spring of 1864 ; located in Lake County, 111., where he remained until he came to Chippewa Falls in November, 1866. After coming here, he was engaged in logging and lumbering for about two years. From 1868 to 1872, he conducted the butchering business of Pound, Halbert & Co. ; since then he has carried on business for himself. He is also engaged in farming in the town of Eagle Point. He has held ihe office of Al derman four years, and has been connected with the fire department ever since its organization ; now Assistant-Chief of that department. He is a member of A. F. & A. M. and K. of P. Mr. Squiers was mar ried in Chippewa Falls in October, 1869, to Leila, daughter of D. E. Seymour, of this city. She was born in Butternuts, N. Y. They have one son, James Frederick. HON. WILLIAM H. STAFFORD, Chippewa Falls, came to Black River Falls, Wis., in 1872, attending school there for about a year, then came to Chippewa Falls, and taught school one year after coming here. He read law with Hon. J. M. Bingham and was admitted to the Bar in January, 1879. He was Town Clerk of La Fayette for three years. April 5, 1881, he was elected County Judge, and will begin the duties of that office Jan. 1, 1882. He was born in the town of Orono, Penobscot Co., Me., March 19, 1855. He is a son of Richard T. and Margaret (Field) Stafford, who now reside in the town of La Fay ette, Chippewa Co. EMORY D. STANLEY, Chippewa Falls, was born in Canandaigua, Ontario Co., N.Y., May 5, 1836, and lived there until his parents, Whit ing D.and Maria Stanley, came (with their family) to Wisconsin in 1847, settling in Vienna, Dane County, where they afterwards died. Mr. Stanley came from Vienna to Chippewa Falls, in 1871 and engaged in mercantile business. He was married in Vienna, in February, 1862, to Isabelle Jaques, who died in 1864, leaving one son, Lemuel W. Mr. Stanley was again married in Vienna, June 5, 1871, to his present wife, Elizabeth Howie, a native of Scotland. They have four children— Rol and O., John H., Mary R. and Harlow E. Mr. Stanley is a member of the A. F. & A. M„ of the Temple of Honor, and president of the County Agricultural Society. ALEXANDER STEWART, scaler for Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., was born in the Highlands of Scotland, March 24, 1853 ; came to America with his parents when he was an infant, lived in the town of Lyndon, Cattaraugus Co., N.Y., until 1871, then went to Brockwayville, Paa, where he remained until he came to Eau Claire in 1874. In 1875, he came to Chippewa Falls. He was married in this place, Oct. 9, 1880, to Carrie M. Kibbee, a native of Michigan. They have one child, Edith Myrtle. Mr. Stewart is a member of the I. O. O. F, and Temple of Honor. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. AMOS S. STILES, of the firm of Stiles & Lego, proprietors of livery stables and stage lines, Chippewa Falls, was born in Calais, Maine, April 3, 1824 ; went to California in 1849 ; remained there until 1 85 1, when he located in Minnesota at the point where the city of Minneapolis now stands ; resided there twelve years, then came to Chippewa_ Falls. He was engaged in lumbering while in Minnesota, and has been in livery business, running stage routes and lumbering since he came here. He was City Treasurer one term, and is now serving second term as Alderman of the Second Ward. He is a member of I. O. O. F., K. of P., and A. F. & A. M., Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery. Mr. Stiles was mar ried in Machias, Me., in June, 1847, to Susan Palmer, a native of that place. They have two children, Frank M. and Nettie H. ROBERT M. STITT, log contractor, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1867, located at Peshtigo and was engaged logging for others for some seven years ; then went to Wolf River for one year, and came to Chippewa Falls in 1875 ; had charge of logging camps for three years, and for past three years has been engaged in present business ; was also assistant superintendent in building of Paine Creek Dam in 1880, and has also been in the employ, for some time, of the Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., as inspector of pineries; born in Canada, Jan. 12, 1854; came to United States in 1867 ; was the first successful operator in this State in what is known as " sliding logs." NATHAN D. STODDARD,, restaurant, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at Eau Claire; was employed as cook in the woods for five Winters, and in 1871, opened a restaurant and saloon which he carried on for two years. In September, 1873, opened a bak ery, and continued that for two years ; was then in employ of W. C. R. R., as cook, for one year, and in same capacity in Minnesota and in different other places ; came to Chippewa Falls in 1880 ; employed by Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., as cook, for a few months, and com menced present business in October, 1880 ; born in Webster, N.Y. Oct. 29, 1847 ; married in Eau Claire, Nov. 18, 1872, to Matilda Fick, born in Michigan. They have two children — Nathan D. and William R. W. H. STODDARD, clothing merchant, came to Chippewa Falls in April, 1879. ^e was born at Chenango Forks, Boone Co., N.Y., Nov. 17, 1S55 ; moved to Ouriskany Falls, N.Y., in 1873; lived there two years, then went to Utica, N.Y., where he remained until he came to Chippewa Falls. He was married in this city, Jan. 6, 1881, to Jennie E., daughter of D. E. Seymour. Mr. Stoddard is a gentleman thoroughly posted in regard to the details of the clothing business, having been en gaged in its various departments for several years. HOMER C. STRONG, wholesale dealer in wood, coal, lime, etc., Chippewa Falls, was born in Warren, Conn., Jan. 30, 1849. He was engaged in railroad bridge-building, for two years, on the New York & New Haven Road. In 1872, he came to Tomah, Wis., and was in the engineering department of ihe company, building the C. M. & O. R. R, . He was then connected with the engineering department of the Wiscon sin Valley Road, from Tomah to Wausau. In July, 1874, he came to Chip pewa Falls, and was connected with the building of the Chippewa Falls & Western Railway, from Chippewa Falls to Eau Claire. He was con ductor on that road for two years, and since then has been connected with his brother, S. B Strong, in his present business. He was married in Godfrey, 111., Nov. 4, 1879, to Gussie Godfrey, who was born in Wa- verly, 111. SEYMOUR B. STRONG, wholesale dealer in coal, wood, lime, etc., Chippewa Falls, was born in Warren, Litchfield Co., Conn., May 18, 1844 ; lived on a farm until he was eighteen years of age. He then en tered the employ of the Hartford & New Haven Railway Company : was with that company for six years, and in 1870 he came to Wisconsin ; was engaged as civil engineer on the West Wisconsin & Valley Railway, until 1874, then came to Chippewa Falls, and from July, 1874, to January, 1875, he was civil engineer of the Chippewa Falls & Western Railway. He then became manager of the road, and ran on the road as conductor until August, 1880. He had commenced dealing in coal, lime and wood in 1877, and, in 1880, he began his wholesale business. He is consider ably in real estate and mining operations. Oct. 8, 1873, he was married in the town of Orange, Juneau Co., Wis., to Alice C. Gardner, a native of the town of Laurens, N.Y. They have three children — Charles G., Charrie E. and Alice. GEORGE W. SWANER, filer Chippewa Lumber & Boom Co., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin, Dec. 31, 1877; located at Eau Claire ; employed in saw-mill, as engineer and millwright, for two years ; came to this place in Spring of 1879 ; employed in present mill for a short time as millwright, and since then as filer ; born in Franklin Coun ty, Penn., Oct. 22, 1838; went to Ohio with parents when quite young, and was engaged in farming for some five years. In 1857, went to Cedar County, Iowa ; was employed at farming, etc. In 1859, went to Kosci usko County, Ind. ; employed as engineer in mills for two years, and afterwards as sawyer and filer for sixteen years. Married at Etna Green, Ind., Sept. 13, 1861, to Sarah J. Birt, born in Ohio. They have five children— John, Maria, Joseph E., Elizabeth and Clara. NELSON O. SWIFT, superintendent Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co., was born in South Paris, Oxford Co., Me., April 4, 1842 ; lived there until 1863 ; then came to Chicago, and has been engaged in gas business ever since, associated with his brother, A. E. Swift, in the construction of gas works in various places in Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin ; also engaged with him in saw-mill business at Cadott, Wis. He was married in LaSalle, 111., Feb. 22, 1877, to Thirza D. Lindley. She was born in LaSalle. They have one son, Harry Lindley, born Jan. 21, 1881. A. TARRANT, undertaker and dealer in furniture, Chippewa Falls, was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, Eng., Jan. 7, 1822. Came to America with his parents, Thomas and Mercy (Hamilton) Tarrant in 1827. They located in between Watertown and Sacketts Harbor, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; lived there five years, then removed to Kingston, Ontario. Re mained in Canada until 1863, then moved to Muskegon, Mich., where he resided until he came to Eau Claire in 1867. June 25, 1879, he came from Eau Claire to Chippewa Falls ; engaged in lumber business for seventeen years, prior to leaving Canada and continued in that business until he came to Chippewa Falls. He was married in Sheffield County, Canada, Feb. 26, 1843, to Elizabeth Hattrick. She was born in Perth, Ontario. They have two children living — Martha Jane, now Mrs. Jo seph Bletchier, of Eau Claire ; James Henry, superintendent of the Valley Lumber Company's mill at Eau Claire. Lost one daughter, Mary Elizabeth, who died May 14, 1877, aged about twenty-six years. Mr. T. is a member of the Temple of Honor. HON. JAMES A. TAYLOR, proprietor of the Central House at Chippewa Falls, was born in Argyle. Washington Co., N. Y., Sept. 8, 1835 I was reared in Saratoga County, N. Y. Located at Chippewa Falls, June 27, 1854, having been a resident of Lansing, Iowa, prior to that time. After coming to Chippewa Falls he was employed as clerk of the steamboat, Ben. H. Campbell, owned by H. S. Allen & Co. From late in the Summer of 1854 to the Fall of 1856, he had charge of the store of H. S. Allen & Co. In 1855, Mr. Taylor, in partnership with Fred H. Bussy, built the first store on the town plat. They commenced mercantile business in October, 1856, and continued together until 1867. They also dealt in lumber, furs, etc., and in 1861 they run the Allen mill with Adin Randall. In 1864, Taylor & Bussy built the Grand Isl and Mill, which was destroyed by fire in 1865 ; they rebuilt it the fol lowing Winter. Mr. Taylor purchased his partner's interest and con ducted the mill until 1872, then leased the mill to the French Lumber ing Company, and sold the mill to that company in 1875. In 1876, he leased the Central Hotel, and purchased it in 1877. Mr. T. was the first Mayor of the city of Chippewa Falls, and has held various town and village offices. He was a member of the Assembly of Wisconsin in 1880. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Dec. 25, 1856, to Mary M. Buzzell, a native of St. Lawrence County, N. Y. They have three chil dren — Frank A., William J. and John I. Mr. Taylor was one of the founders of Eau Claire Lodge, No. 112, A. F. & A. M. HENRY H. TODD, insurance agent, Chippewa Falls, was born in Morris, Otsego Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1840; resided in Albany, N. Y., for two years, prior to coming to Chippewa Falls in February, 1869. Af ter coming here, he entered the store of the Union Lumber Company; was employed as clerk for one year and five years cashier of that estab lishment. Since then engaged in fire, life and accident insurance busi ness ; also sells Ocean Steamship tickets to and from Europe. He was City Clerk in 1878 and 1879, and has been secretary of the Chippewa County Agricultural Society since its organization in December, 1878. Mr. Todd was married in Morris, Otsego Co., N. Y., Sept. 26, 1864, to Ellen A. Cruttenden, a native of that place. They have one child, George S., born Aug. 2, 1871. Mr. T. is a member of A. F. & A. M. TRUDELL BROS., painters, Chippewa Falls. This firm is com posed of John and Joseph Trudell. They came to Wisconsin in 1880, located in Chippewa Falls, and commenced in present business. They learned their trade with their father, Louis Trudell, of Waddington, N. Y., and do the leading business in their line here. John was born in Waddington, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1858, and some time previous to coming to Wisconsin was employed clerking in Canada for four years. Joseph Trudell was also born in Waddington, N. Y., and was employed at his trade there for some years. PETER TURCOT, shoemaker, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1874. Located in this place and was employed at trade for six years, and commenced present business in June, 1880, in partnership with John Thorn. Born in Canada, Sept. 14, 1849; learned trade there and was employed at it for some years; came to United States in 1874. Has been a member of Society of St. John the Baptist for one year. GIDEON D. VAILLANCOURT, saloon, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1863. Located at this place and was engaged lumber ing for three years. Opened a saloon and restaurant in Spring of 1867, in company with Moses Hibbard, and they continued together for some years. Has been, in present business alone for ten years, and at one time did a wholesale trade in connection with saloon. Was Alderman of First Ward, elected in 1872 for three years, clerk in office of Lieutenant- Governor of State for one term, and is now Supervisor of First Ward. Born in Quebec, Canada, June 12, 1843 ; came to United States in 1863. Married at St. Paul, Minn., Oct. 14, 1869, to Rose A. Fontaine, born in HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 219 Montreal, Canada. They have three children— Charles G., Maud, three years old, and Ida R., six years old. SIMON R VAN HOUTER, proprietor of City Livery, Chippewa Falls, was bom in Ohio, Aug. 27, 1849 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, with his parents, Ezekiel and Elizabeth Van Houter ; they located at Beloit, and resided there until July 18, 1861, when they removed to Chippewa Falls, where they now reside. Simon was employed in the livery stable of Stiles & Co. for twelve years, and in January, 188 1, he engaged in business for himself. He was married in Chippewa Falls, March 24, 1868, to Jennie Sykes. She was born in Yorkshire, -England. They have five children— Charles, Nettie, Maud, Mabel and Samuel ; lost one (son), Harvey ; he died in 1872, when only two weeks old. LOUIS VINCENT (deceased), was born in Canada in February, 1833, and when eight years of age, moved to Prairie du Chien, Wis. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1859, remained some two years and was then at Menomonee for one and a half years. Was married there, Oct. 3, 1861, to Helen E, Thompson. Returning to Chippewa Falls he was employed in a saw mill for two years, and was afterwards manager of general store for Mearitt, Allen & Co., and also ran a saloon in partnei- ship with J. Mandalert. Was then in grocery and dr)' goods business with G. and J, Mandalert for some years. They were also engaged in lumbering, and in 1875 created the French Lumbering Co., and he became its first and only president. Died at Wabasha, Minn., May 22, 1880. Mr. Vincent was an influential member of the thirtieth ses sion of the Wisconsin Legislature, in 1877, and Mayor of the city for the year 1879. His widow still resides at Chippewa Falls, with her six children — John L., Mary, Albert, Amelia, Charles and Helen. CALLIX VINETTE, boots and shoes, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in Fall of 1869. Located at this place and opened a shoemaking shop, which he carried on for two years. Was then employed as shoe maker for five years ; again opened business on his own account, and continued up to Spring of 1881, when he added boots and shoes, and opened present store. Born in Quebec, Canada, April 8, 1845. Came to United States 1868 ; remained in Chicago, 111., for six months. Was married in Chippewa Falls, May 6, 1878, to Amada Gaulait, born in Canada. They have two children — Mary Alba and Charles A. JOSEPH WALKER, Street Commissioner, Chippewa Falls, was born in Ireland in 1836. Came to America when ten years of age. Lived in State of Minnesota for sixteen years, engaged in farming. Came to Chippewa Falls in 1862, and was employed in saw mill for a short time. Enlisted in December of that year, in 7th Wis. Infantry, and served until the close of the War. Received a severe wound in left leg at Battle of the Wilderness, and returned to Chippewa Falls in 1865. Was Overseer of Highways for two years, Watchman in Court House building for four Winters, Street Commissioner in 1877 and 1878, and re-elected in 1881. Married at Winona, Minn., in June, 1858, to Catherine Don, born in Ireland. They have ten children — Mary, Rose (now Mrs. Murray), William, Susan, Catherine, Joseph, Frank, Ellen, Annie, Agnes. JOEL WATERMAN, now a resident of Fort Worth, Texas, came to Seneca, McHenry Co., 111., in July, 1843. Came to Winnebago County in May, 1846, and came to Eagle Point, Chippewa Co., June 10, 1856. He was engaged in farming in the town of Eagle Point until December, 1859, when he came to Chippewa Falls and built a hotel where the City Livery Stable now stands. Conducted that until March, 1867; then engaged in lumber manufacturing, which he continued until 1870. Mill was located on Twin Lakes. In 1870 he built hotel on the present site of the Waterman House. It was destroyed by fire, Dec. 24, 1872, but he immediately rebuilt it, and conducted it, with the assistance of his sons, Luzerne H. and Leslie E., until May, 1878, when he rented the house to them. One year later they purchased the property. Then Mr. Waterman went to Fort Worth, Texas, where he now carries on hotel business. He was born in Royalton, Windsor Co., Vt., Sept. 15, 1817. He was married in Waitsfield, Washington Co., Vt., Jan. 8, 1843, to Belinda Joslyn, who was born in that place, June 3. 1822. They have five children living — Laura E. (now Mrs. A. D. Monahan, of Denver, Col.), born in McHenry County, 111., March 2, 1844; Luzerne H., born in Waitsfield, Vt., Jan. 8, 1847 ; Leslie E.,born in Utica, Wis., Nov. 9, 1849 ! Lillie May, born in Chippewa Falls, Sept. 8, i860; and Jessie, born in Chippewa Falls, March 30, 1867. LESLIE E. WATERMAN, of the firm of Waterman Bros., proprietors of the Waterman House, Chippewa Falls, was born in Utica, Wis., Nov. 9, 1849, and lived in Omro from infancy until June 10, 1856, when he came with his parents lo Chippewa County. He has carried on the Waterman House, in partnership with his brother, Luzerne H., since May, 1878. In 1879 they purchased the hotel. Prior to the time they became proprietors of the house, they had been associated with their father in carrying on the business. Leslie E. Waterman was married at Greeu Bay, Sept. 30, 1875, to Fannie E. Rossiter, a native of that place. They have one son. GEORGE P. WARREN, farmer, Chippewa Falls, was born on Mad eline Island, Lake Superior, at the old fort of Lapointe, Aug. 10, 1823. His father died when George was about two years of age, and he was left at Mackinac Mission, Mich., with three brothers. He remained at the mission about two years, when, with his brothers, he was returned to Lapointe. In the Summer of 1837, George, with his twin brother, was taken, via lakes ahd canal, to Brockporf, and thence to Clarkson, N. Y. In the Fall of that year they were taken to Whitesboro', Oneida Co. and were placed in the Oneida Institute, or Manual Labor School. There he entered the printing office connected with the Institute, and remained until March, 1841. He then found employment on the Roch ester Democrat, Thomas H. Hyatt, editor. His eye-sight becoming much impaired, he left the Democrat July 13, of that year, much dis gusted with the world, without any destination in view, nor caring where he went. He brought up in Cleveland and entered a printing office, but was obliged to soon quit it on account of his eye-sight. He then enlist ed as a canal-driver on a boat plying between Cleveland and Portsmouth, Ohio, and continued until the close of navigation. He then went to St. Louis and shipped as second steward on the steamer " Pre-emption," making regular trips between St. Louis and New Orleans, where he re mained until April, 1842. He then by boat ascended the Mississippi and the Chippewa Rivers, and arrived at Chippewa Falls on the first day of May. He had contracted malarial fever and was suffering from dumb ague. The magnificent falls of Chippewa River was thtre, but there was no Chippewa Falls. He soon joined a party on a trip to Lake Su perior, their outfit consisting of a few blankets, a small stock of pro visions, and three birch-bark canoes. They poled up the Chippewa River, portaging around the several falls, until they reached the junction of the Lac Courte Ouriells (Lake Coter Ray), when they ascended that river to Lac Courte Ouriells, through Grindstone Lake, till they reached the Na-ma-ka-gan River, making several portages from lake to lake. Up the Na-ma-ka-gan River to Long Lake by portage, and then by port age over the highland dividing the waters of the Mississippi and Lake- Superior. On the Divide he got a magical divorce from the ague, with out the use of medicine, and he has never had a return of the disease since. They descended a river then known as the Little Pike, and at the outlet of Bad River they were upon the borders of the great lake, near the scene of his childhood and youth, and after an absence of five years. George's father, Truman Warren, was born in Vermont, March 12, 1800, and, as seen by the geneology of the Warren family, was a de- scendent of General Joseph Warren, of revolutionary fame. His moth er, Charlotte (Cadott) Warren, was the daughter of Michael Cadott, a learned Frenchman, who was fitted for the priesthood ; but, his health failing, he was sent on a voyage from Montreal to Lake Superior for his health, in company with a party of the old French voyagers. He re gained his health and became fascinated with the life, and never return ed home, but married an Indian woman ; and in his old age planted a mission on the beautiful Madeline Island, and there peacefully passed away in 1785, loved and honored by both whites and Indians, and a 220 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. prominent figure in early history of the Northwestern Territory. Mr. Warren was married on the 15th day of Dec, 1862, to Mrs. Rosalie Truckey. Her parents. Lovison and Angelique Desmaris, were both of mixed French and Indian blood, who came to Chippewa Falls in 1 82 1 and opened a trading post with the Indians. Their early lives were spent around Lake Superior, Selkirk settlement and Yellowstone River, trading with the Indians and Mormons. Mr. Warren enlisted in United States service at Chippewa Falls in March, 1864, entering Co. K, 36th Reg. Wis. V. I. The regiment reached Washington on the 14th day of May ; proceeded down the Potomac, and disembarked at Bellplaine,and the next day marched to Spottsylvania, via Fredericksburg, and on the 19th joined ist Brigade, 2d Division, 2d Army Corps, commanded by General Hancock. On the 30th they crossed the Pamunkey, where the rebels were drawn up in line of battle in a dense wood, in front of an open field. On the 1st of June they had a severe engagement along the whole line, and it was found necessary to make vigorous charges in front of the 1st Brigade, to prevent the enemy from reinforcing their left. Com panies B, E, F and G were ordered forward as skirmishers, forming a part of the line which was to advance. The flank line, composed of veterans, advanced a few rods, fired, and retreated behind the works, leaving these four companies to advance without support. The result was, that out of the raw but brave 240 who advanced, more than one- half were killed and wounded, or taken prisoners. During the night the regiment advanced to Cold Haibor, and at 8 o'clock, A. M., on the 3d, advanced on the enemy by brigades and massed by regiments. The 36th took the lead in the brigade, and lost 64 in killed, and 126 in wounded, many of them severely. George Warren was shot through the left lung, shattering the left shoulder blade terribly. He went to the rear and was helped to the field-hospital, and for a time abandoned to die, as it was supposed he could not live, but he subsequently recovered, and was discharged from Emory United States General Hospital, on the nth of March, 1865. FRANCIS C. WEBB, proprietor of meat market, Chippewa Falls, was born in County of Cornwall, England, April 24, 1828. Came to Vermont with his parents in 1831. Came to Wisconsin in 1856. Resided for three years in Mukwanago, Waukesha Co.; afterwards for four years in Eagle, same county ; then for seven and a half years in Palmyra, Jefferson Co. From the latter place he removed to White water, where he resided until he came to Chippewa Falls, in 1872. Was employed in the store of the Union Lumber Co. for about thirteen months. Commenced butchering business in 1874, and has continued in that ever since. He was married in St. Albans, Vt., Jan. 5, 1853, to Marcia Ann Fales. She was born in Brandon, Vt., March 13, 1832. Mr. Webb resided in Brandon, Rutland Co., Vt., prior to coming to Wisconsin. His mother, Sophia Webb., died in Vermont in 1850. His father, Francis Webb, died in Whitewater in 1874. CHARLES WEISSENBORN, Chippewa Falls, was born in Prussia, Aug. 28, 183S, and came to America in 1867, locating in Wi nona, Minn., in the Fall of that year, and remaining eight months. He then, went to Eau Claire, where he resided three years. He then engaged in the grocery and liquor business, in Augusta, for seven and a half years, and in running a hotel in Sauk City for two years and a half. He came to Chippewa Falls in November, 1880. He was married in Sauk City, Oct. 24, 1870, to Louisa Speer, who was born in Sauk City in 1853. They have three children living — Henry Hermann, Julius Robert and Hermina Bertha; and have lost two children — Charles Edward, who died at the age of eleven months, and Leo, eight days old at his death. Mr. Weissenborn is a member of the A. O. U. W., and of the German Singing Society. JOHN WEINBERGER, Chippewa Falls, was born in Bavaria, March I, 1829, and arrived in America Sept. 8, 1854, coming to Galena, 111. He came to Chippewa Falls in January, 1855, and worked in a logging camp for three months ; then, after spending three months in LaCrosse, he returned to Galena and engaged in tailoring there until March, 1876, when he came to Chippewa Falls and engaged in ready- made clothing and merchant tailoring business. In 1878 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court. He then ceased dealing in ready-made clothing, but has continued his merchant tailoring. He was re-elected Clerk in 18S0. He was married in Galena, 111., in September, 1854, to Teresia Rosel, who was born in Bavaria. They have two children — John V., who is married and lives in Chippewa Falls, being Deputy Clerk of Circuit Court, and Edward. Mr. Weinberger is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. JOHN V. WEINBERGER, Chippewa Falls, was born in Bavaria, Dec. 12, 1852, and came to America in October, 1S54, living in Galena, 111., until the Fall of that year, when he came to Chippewa County. In the Spring of 1855 he went to LaCrosse, and in the Fall to Galena, where he staid until July, 1873, when he came to Chippewa Falls and engaged in carriage painting. When he became Deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court, Jan. 6, 1879, and has continued in that office ever since. He was married in Chippewa Falls, in April, 1876, to Bertha Schultz, who was born in Prussia. They have three children— Edward C, George H. and Laura A. Mr. Weinberger is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the German Order of Harugari. CHARLES B. WESSELL, hardware merchant, Chippewa Falls, was born in Elkhorn, Walworth Co., Wis., Nov. 18, 1852 ; lived in that county until Aug. 15, 1873, when he came to Chippewa Falls. For two years he worked at his trade of tinsmith for the Union Lumber Co. He then engaged in hardware trade, in partnership with H. O. Curliss. A year and a half later he purchased the entire business, and has since car ried it on without a partner. Mr. Wessell was married in Chippewa Falls, Dec. 21, 1874, to Frances E. Sherman, a native of Wisconsin. They' have three children— Cora Stella, Alta May and Reuben Francis. Mr. W. is a member of the A. F. & A. M., and I. O. O. F. j/*i*j . u^vx^tcAw^ NELS. W. WHEELER, lawyer, Chippewa Falls, was born in Stur- bridge, Worcester Co., Mass., June 29, 1828, being a son of Hosea Wheeler, who died in 1862, aged sixty-four years. Mr. Nels. Wheeler was in Yorkshire, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., for a year prior to coming to Wisconsin in 1841, He located in the town of Somerville, Rock Co., at the east end of Jefferson prairie, in the Spring of that year. In 1847, he entered the office of Judge Keep, and remained with him until the Spring of 1850, when he went to Monroe, Green Co., and was in the office of Machin & Finch until April, 1851, when he went to Baraboo, and in 1873 came from there to Chippewa Falls. Mr. Wheeler was Dis trict Attorney for nine years in Sauk Co, He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. He was married in the town of Greenfield, Sauk Co., in February, 1866, to Victoria W. Peck, who was the first white child born in Madison, in September, 1837. Mr. Wheeler was first married in Jan uary, 1852, and had two children by that marriage, a son and daughter, twins, now twenty-five years of age. ROBERT D. WHITTEMORE, harness, saddlery, etc., Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1866 ; located in Crawford County, and in 1867 went to Randolph and other places ; opened business in Sharon in 1868, which he continued six months ; was at Palmyra for one year, and came to Chippewa Falls in July, 1872 ; employed by Union Lumber Co. for eighteen months ; purchased there harness shop, and has been in present business since. In 1862 was news-boy in 107th N, Y. Inf. for nine months ; was then in quartermaster's office as transportation clerk, at Hagerstown, for eighteen months ; then in South Carolina for four months. Was born in Union, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1846 ; and in 1865 was in business there for a short time, and afterwards traveled. Mar ried at Palmyra. Wis , Sept. 21, 1871, to Lottie F., daughter of Captain A. S. Porter, who was born at Palmyra, They have one child, Fred erick E., born April I, 1877. ALEXANDER WILEY, of Wiley & Alexson, Norway House, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1868 ; located at Stevens Point, and worked in woods for two years ; was employed in mines on Lake Superior, Mich., for three years; came to Chippewa Falls in 1874; was emplored a few months in saw-mill, then built present hotel building, in partnership with Nels. Alexson, and has carried it on since. Born in Norway, Oct. 15, 1845; came to America in 1868 ; married in Portage County. Feb. 27, 1874, to Sofhee Yohenson, born in Norway ; have two children, John and Ida. HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. C. J. WILTSE, lawer, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in Sep tember, 1850; located in Mukwanago, Waukesha Co., where he resided until 1862, when he came to the'town of Lafayette, Chippewa Co., where he purchased a large farm and resided on it until 1868, when he removed to Chippewa Falls. He was County Judge from 1865 to 1868 ; resigned that position in the latter year. While in Lafayette he was Justice of the Peace, Town Clerk, and Chairman of the Board of Supervisors. Since coming to Chippewa Falls, he has been Member of the Legisla ture, Justice of the Peace, District Attorney and City Attorney, holding the latter position for five years. Ever since 1868, he has been engaged in active practice of law. He was born in Clarence, Erie Co., N. Y., ' May 29, 1823 ; lived there until he came to Wisconsin. He was first mar ried to Ellen M. Tanner, a native of Clarence, N. Y. She died Jan. 21, 1870. Six children by this marriage now living — Rachael R. (now Mrs. John Sellers, of Pine City, Minn.), Ellen, Alice (now Mrs. Hector C. McRea), Diana (now the wife of Judge William P. Swift, of Barron Co., Wis.), Thomas and Sarah. The Judge's present wife was Mary Frances Billiard. She was born in the State of New York. CHARLES W. WITHROW, agricultural implements, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located at Yellow River Mills, where he was employed for one and one-half years. He followed farming and lumbering for some years; enlisted in 1862, in 30th Wis. Inf. ; served for three years ; was with General Pope on the frontier ; came to Chip pewa Falls in 1868 ; commenced grocery business, in partnership with J. N. Withrow. He afterward was in planing mill, with three others, for thirteen months, and then engaged in lumbering up to 1877 ; went to Black Hills, but returned in 1878, and opened a hotel ; went again to Black Hills in 1880, but remained only a short time ; opened present business in May, 1881 ; was elected Justice of the Peace in 1859,01 Eagle Point ; held the office for four years; was also Town Assessor of Eagle Point in 1861. Born in White Co., 111., May 19, 1833 ; married there June 25, 185 1, to Jerusha Hargrave, who was born in White Co., 111. They have four children — Mary C. (now Mrs. John Hockenbrock), Charles H. (now in California), Emma and John Henry. LOUIS J. ZIMMERMANN, cigar factory, Chippewa Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1867 ; lived at Milwaukee a very short time, and then went to LaCrosse, where he lived nine years ; learned trade there, and was employed at it for some years; then came to Chippewa Falls, in 1876; commenced business for himself in 1879. Born in Austria, Aug. 10, 1857 ; came to America in 1867 ; married in Chippewa Falls, Aug. 25, 1879, to Julia Gould, who was born in Chippewa Falls. They have one child, Frank, BLOOMER. This is a thriving village in the town of the same name, twelve miles from the Falls. It has 400 inhabitants. J. W. Williams, Postmaster. There is a saw-mill and grist-mill, owned by J. W. Smith. The planing, door, sash and blind mill is owned by George Brooks. These mills run by wa ter, which seldom fails. There are six stores with general merchandise, two drug stores and two confectionery stores ; three saloons, which pay a license of $50 each ; three churches— Congregationalist, Methodist and Catholic. The Lutherans also have a missionary station there. The oldest settler in town is Mr. Van Loon. J. H. Brown is the present Town Clerk. It is in the midst of a good farming region. Good crops of wheat, barley, oats and hay are raised, with potatoes and other vegetables. A newspaper, the Bloomer Workman is printed here, and edited by Mrs. Jenny Jones. C. T. Tillinghast, the School Superintendent, resides here ; there is one other lawyer, and one doctor. The town has just voted $25,000 in aid of the Chippe wa Falls & Northern Railway. In July, 1857, Sylvester Van Loon pre-empted the north east quarter of Section 8, Town 30, Range 9 west, embrac ing the mill site and the present village of Bloomer. Mr. William Priddy came up with him. They came up on foot, and went home in the same way. After finishing up harvest ing in Sauk County, they returned with teams, in Septem ber, erected a log house, 14x36, about eight feet high, with shingle-board roof, and cut a quantity of hay. Mr. Van Loon returned with a team for his family, leaving Mr. Prid dy to look after things. Mr. Van Loon came with his family and set up housekeeping late in the Fall, with a full stock of flour and pork; but a prairie fire had burned all their hay. He sold one yoke of his oxen, and let out an other yoke, and was obliged to purchase hay at a high price to feed several head of cows and young stock. The Win ter following was noted for the remarkable depth of snow and excessive cold weather, making travel almost an impos sibility. Deer could not run, and a great many were knocked down with clubs. Any man, equipped with a pair of snow-shoes and a club, could kill as many as he desired. Settlers replenished their larders in that manner. John A. Smith, John McCarity, John Ogden and Boun Ogden, the same year, but a little earlier, settled about three miles further up Duncan's Creek. Settlers were obliged to go to Eau Claire to do their trading. S. H. Allen had then a small grist-mill at Chippewa Falls, a great con venience to the early settlers. At this time, they got their mail at Chippewa City, where Stephen McCann kept a sort of post-office on his own account, though he was appointed Postmaster. On the 12th day of August, 1863, Mr. Van Loon was appointed Postmaster at Vanilla (afterwards called Bloomer), and he kept the office in his store, on the east side, near the bridge, until 187 1, when J. I. Brooks was appointed ; then it was removed to the mill company's store. Mr. Andrew Jackson was appointed deputy, and served during most of Mr. Van Loon's administration. In 1866, the village of Bloomer was platted. July 28, 1865, Messrs. W. B. Gage and Andrew Jackson opened a small store of general merchandise. Mr. Gage soon after died, and the business was suspended for a time. The same season, Messrs. Sylvester Van Loon and Leonard Barneshen erected a store, and were in business together about two years, when Mr. Barneshen sold out his interest to J. G. Wadsworth A year and a half later, Mr. Van Loon sold out his goods and retired from mercantile life. In 1858, Mr. Van Loon got out some timber, intending to erect a mill on the present site, which he owned, but abandoned it. Subsequently he ceded the mill privilege to Messrs. Good rich & Smith, conditionally, and they went to work in 1865, erecting the mill, but before completing the structure, they sold out to Judson Smith, who completed it, adding a run of mill-stones. Subsequently, Messrs. J. I. Brooks and J. P. Macauley were taken in as partners At one time, Rev. I. Phillips owned an interest in the mill, which he sold to Mr. Macauley. The property has since been divided up, including a planing mill. The Congregational Society erected a church in 1872. Pastor — Rev. Horace Wenty; trustees, J. W. Smith and W. M. Cobban. The Temple of Honor have an organization, organized in 1878. A grist-mill with four run of stones was erected a few years ago, to which power is supplied from the saw-mill and planing-mill dam, an excellent water-power made from Dun can Creek, which runs through the village. The town is supplied with two hotels, the Detloff House and Smith Hotel. The former is managed by Mr. Charles Detloff, one of the pioneers of the place; the latter, by Mrs. Smith, widow of the founder of the house. The village has sev eral well-filled stores, prominent among which are- the hard ware and furniture store of P. G. McMartin & Co., and Fred Becker, who are doing a thriving and growing' trade. Prominent among the general merchandise establishments is that of Fred Adler, and that of F. W. Stees & Co. It has also the usual accompaniment of blacksmith and other shops. The Bloomer Workman, published by George L. Jones, a very well conducted local sheet, of Greenback proclivities, first stepped into the arena of journalism in July, 1880. Mrs Jenny Jones, for many years familiar with the editorial duties of newspaper work, takes an active part in its publi cation. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The village of Bloomer, located in the town of Bloomer, in a good farming country, has a daily mail, and is having a railroad well under way. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FREDERICK ADLER, P. O. Bloomer, was born in Austria, June 6, 1845 ; when only twelve years of age, unaccompanied by his parents, he came to America ; landing in New York in the Spring of 1857, where he learned the trade of furniture wood carving. He worked at the trade three years and then entered a grocery store where he staid one year. In the Fall of 1861, he presented himself as a recruit to the celebrated Wilson Zouaves, but was promptly rejected on account of his diminutive size. He then came to Chicago and got employment in a grocery stole, where he stayed until the Fall of 1868, when he went to Sparta, and stayed one year, engaged in the same business. His next move brought him to Bloomer. The place then consisted of a combined saw and grist mill and a small store, owned by Andrew Jackson and his sister, Mrs. Gage, her husband having died shortly after starting in business. Mr. Adler opened up with a small stock of groceries, such as his means and credit would permit. His goods were mostly hauled by teams from Sparta, a distant of about 112 miles. Sometimes he got goods via La Crosse up the Mississippi and Chippewa rivers. He was married in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1871, to Miss Korline Strauss of that city. The Great Fire occurred two days after his arrival there, burning ont her family. He was obliged to stay in the city three weeks, and his friends in Wis consin supposed he was burned. Mrs. Adler was born in Germany, April 18, 1848. They have four children — Minnie, born August 10, 1872; Julia, July 20, 1874 ; Bertha, Sept. 8, 1876, and Josephine, Sept. 28, 1878. FREDERICK BECKER, P. O. Bloomer, was born in Mecklenburg. Germany, June 8, 1848, and emigrated with his parents to America in the Fall of 1856, coming to Milwaukee where he lived with his parents about four years when he left home, working for different farmers in Waukesha County for ten years. Soon after came to Bloomer and com menced work at the tin trade. After two years he went into business for himself, opening up a s'ock of general hardware, which he has since fol lowed, enlarging his stock and building up a good trade. Was married in Bloomer, Sept. 27, 1871, to Miss Sarah N. Dix of the same place. They have four children — Claude C, David D., Griffith Hugh and Fred I. Mrs. Becker was born in Plainfield, Ind., Sept. 4, 1852. Mr, Becker made three ineffectual attempts to join the army by running away from home, but his vigilant father caught him each time, the last time with $900 in his pocket which he had been paid as a substitute. He was compelled to disgorge and pay it back and then return home. He is Town Treasurer and a member of the I. O. O. F. JOHN H. BROWN, P. O. Bloomer, came with his father, Stephen Brown, to Lafayette, Chippewa Co., July 16, 1865, John being then a little less than twenty-one years of age. Together, they entered 120 acres of land and subsequently purchased 360 acres and commenced farming. John was elected Sheriff of Chippewa County the same year that he came there, and was the third Sheriff elected in the county. The duties of Sheriff at that date involved a good deal of rough, hard work. He served his term of two years and then was appointed Deputy Sheriff. In the Fall of 1863, he enlisted in Company A, 7th Wis. I., which regiment formed a part of the famous " Iron Brigade." He was engaged in the battle of the Wilderness, and during the engagement was severely wounded in the shoulder, a rifle ball carrying away a portion of the right shoulder blade. Was discharged with his regiment at Madison, in August, 1865. He resumed farming and followed it for two years and then went to locating pine lands for other parties, seven times traversing the vast, uninhabited wilderness to Lake Superior, and undergoing great hardship. He retired from that business in the Fall of 1874, and settled in Bloomer. Was elected Constable in 1875, and the year following was elected Justice of the Peace and has held it since, also Town Clerk ex cept 'one year. He was married in 1853, to Miss Mila C. Eaton, of Cattaraugus, Pa. She went home on a visit to Her parents to Leona, N. Y., in 1856, and after an illness of six months died there Feb. 5, 1857/ leaving one son, Edward H., who died in Bloomer in 1876, aged a little over fourteen vears. Mr. Brown married Miss Ada C. Langdon, of Kil bourn City. Have two children, Edward and Alfretta. CHARLES DETLOFF, hotel, Bloomer, was born near Berlin, Prussia, Nov. 8, 1837. With his father came to America, arriving in New York, July 4, 1850, went to Buffalo, N. Y., and there lived four years, and then came to Madison. He came to Chippewa County in October, 1856, passing up to the headquarters of Duncan Creek, where parties were engaged in logging. There was not a house within many miles of Bloomer then. Shortly after he went to Vicksburgh, Miss., taking a raft of lumber t.o St. Louis. Stopping in Vicksburgh two years he came back to St. Louis, and enlisted in an expedition to Salt Lake, sent out to quell the Mormon riot. Returning with his command in the Summer of 1866, he came to Bloomer and built a small house on the present site of the Detloff House, erected the present house in 1877. Oct. 4, 1864, his son, Harman was born, his eldest child died, and he was drafted and taken away from his family, all transpiring in one day. He got off and re turned home in time to see his child buried. Mr. Detloff was married in Dane County, March 8, to Miss Lena Albrecht. She was born in Mecklenburg, Germany, April 15, 1847. They have three children— Harman, Otto and Eddie. ANDREW DIETLEIN, is a native of Bavaria, Germany; born there Dec. 3, 1833, and emigated to America when about nineteen years of age, landing in New York in July, 1852. He immediately went to Rochester, and there learned the trade of cooper ; came to Milwaukee in the Fall of 1854, and there followed his trade until i860. In Decem ber, 1863, he enlisted in the 35th Wisconsin V. I., Co. C, which regi ment was assigned to the 19th Corps, but subsequently put into the 13th Corps, which operated in Louisiana, Alabama and Texas. He, with his command, was engaged in several skirmishes, and took part in the fight at Spanish Fort and Ft. Blakely, on the Mobile Bay. After the surren der of these forts, accompanied his command up the Alabama and Tom- bigbee, and built a fort'at Mcintosh Bluff, after which they returned to Mobile, and went into camp about three weeks, and then went to Browns ville, Tex , where his regiment remained until April, 1866. His health failing, he got home on a furlough, and, not getting better, was sent to hospital, at Madison, and discharged on general order, Jan. 16, 1866. He came to Bloomer in 1867, and owns 160 acres of farming land in the town of Bloomer. Was married in Milwaukee in September, 1856, to Miss Katrina Houde. She was born in Prussia, September 17, 1833, and came to America in 1855. They have five children—Mary, Magdelena G, Katrina, Andrew and Emma F. PETER D. McMARTIN, merchant, Bloomer, was born in Cana da, March 7, 1844 ; lived there until about the age of eighteen ; then went to Lewis Co., N. Y., and afterwards came to Chippewa Falls, where he worked in the hardware store of the Union Lumber Co., four years. He came to Bloomer in the Fall of 1878. In December Mr. McMartin formed a business partnership with C. D. Tillinghast, and opened up a full stock of general hardware, afterwards adding a furni ture department, the style of the firm being McMartin & Co., Mr. Mc Martin assuming management of the business. He was married in Martintown, Glengary Co., C. W., August 13. 1868, to Miss Christy Ann McKay, of that place. They have four children — William J., John M., Hector and Peter D, the eldest born in Martintown, C. W.; the second in Martinsburg, C. W.; the two latter in Chippewa Falls. Mr. McMar tin is a member of F. A. A. M., Cornwell Lodge, C. W., 125. LUDOLPHUS SMITH, P. O. Bloomer, came to Chippewa Falls, Miy 5, 1867, from Lexington, Mich., where he was born March 12, 1843. His father, Edmund, and his mother, Almira, Smith, moved to Michigan from Vermont, and were both born near Burlington, in that State. Mr. Smith was married in Eau Claire, Dec. 2, 1868, to Miss Alice Knopp, whose parents, Abijah and Jane Knopp, migrated from Pennsylvania to Illinois, and from there came to Chippewa Falls in 1861. Mr. Smith has one child, Eugene, born in Chippewa Falls, July 25, 1869. Mr. Smith has been successfully engaged in the manufacture of lumber for the past ten years, and is a joint owner in Smith's mill at Bloomer. He is also engaged in farming. FREDERICK W. STEES, merchant, Bloomer, was born in Reeds- burg, Sauk Co , March 21, 1859. In 1867 his father was made penni less by the " hop crash," and came to Chippewa Falls. Fred found employment in the Union Lumber Co.'s store, as a check boy, and sub sequently gained a clerkship in the store, remaining there until 1874. The interval to 1877 he spent in Minnesota and in other places. He then came to Bloomer and opened a restaurant and confectionery store on a small scale. In 1880 he entered into business with W. T. Dalton, a wealthy merchant in Chippewa Falls, opening a store in Bloomer, under the style of F. W. Stees & Co., and is doing a flourishing busi ness in general merchandise. His mother resides with him, while his father is engaged at mining in Arizona. He was married in Bloomer, Dec. 25, 1S80, to Miss Kate Rich, of North Freedom, Sauk Co. She was born in Friendship, Adams Co., July 29, i860. Her parents, Elijah and Mary Rich, reside in North Freedom. SYLVESTER VAN LOON, P. O. Bloomer, was the first settler in the present site of Bloomer, and at one time owned all the land on which it is situated, locating it in July, 1847. He was born in Sullivan, N. Y., April 27, 1814, and came to Lake Co., 111., in 1843, living there and in Milwaukee, and returned East and engaged in mercantile busi ness in Erie, Pa., for about three years, and then came to Sauk County, where he lived until he came to Chippewa County. Was married in Baraboo, November 30th, to Miss Rhoda Ann Eddy, of lhat place. She died in Bloomer, Aug. 25, 1876. She was horn March 25, 1833, in Gen esee County, N. Y. Mr. Van Loon has five children living— Eva R., Minnie R., Archibald A., Kate I. and Honiers S.; has buried six chil dren. He was again married to Mrs. Katie A. Parker, of Bloomer, April 8, 1878. She was born near Wurms, Germany, May 1, 1840. Mr. Van Loon lives in Sec. 9, Town 30 ; is engaged in farming ; owns 440 acres of farming land, and 12c acres of timber land. JAMES H. WILLIAMS, P. O. Bloomer, has been a resident of Bloomer since the Fall of 1872, having moved from St. Paul. He open- HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 223 ed up a stock of general hardware, and was appointed Postmaster in 1875, which office he still holds. He was born in Lake Mills, Dec. 18, 1846. His parents, George W. and Melinda Williams, migrated from Leroy, Genessee Co., N. Y., in 1844, and for more than twenty years have lived in Eau Claire. James was married in Chippewa Falls, May 30, 1868, to Miss Allie Parrott, of Eau Claire. She was born in Orange Co., N. Y., in June, 1852. They have three children — Jay, Samuel and James. Mr. Williams went out with the 48th Wis. V. I., Feb. 14, 1865, and, up to the discharge of the regiment, was engaged in frontier ser vice. Went out as second sergeant, and discharged Dec. 13, 1865, with rank of first sergeant. Was promoted to second lieutenant, but by some accident his commission did not reach him until about two hours after he got his discharge. CHIPPEWA CITY. This city, with so many possibilities, which is so much larger on the map than it appears when you get there, has a postoffice, with F. G. Stanley as Postmaster, and there is a semi-weekly mail. There is a saw and shingle mill owned by Stanley Bros. & Co. ; a blacksmith shop and a store. FRENCHTOWN. This is a little village of residences a short distance down the river on the opposite side. THE SOUTH SIDE. The depot is on the south side, and there is a grocery store, a butcher shop, and quite a number of residences. With the accession of business which the new railway will bring, this will be a thriving place after a time. Saint's Rest, Kismet Lodge, Crescent Cottage, Lucky Lodge, etc. — Summer resorts with the above names, owned by Col. Ginty, Gen. Richardson, L. M. Newman, Dan Seymour, and others, of like appellations, belonging to various par ties at the Falls, are located about twenty-five miles from town, on the lakes elsewhere alluded to. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIAM B. BART LETT, Section 6, P. O. Chippewa Falls, was born in Dorset, Vt., Oct. 8, 1830 ; was married in that town, Feb. 22, 1853, to Miss Henrietta E. Dunton. Have four children living — Tru man D., Nettie P., Nora J. and 1 lenry V. Mrs. Bartlett was born in Dorset, Nov. 17, 1831. Her parents, Henry L. and Clara Dunton, live with them, the former eighty-three years old last May, and the latter eighty-five years old last May. She can still read and sew without the aid of spectacles. Mr. Bartlett's father, Buckley M., and mother, Henrietta Bartlett, the former aged eighty years and the latter seventy-five years, are both remarkably well preserved, and live in Connecticut. Mr. B. started life in the West in a humble way, living then in a small log house, which being the last house on the pinery road, was a convenient stopping-place and their little house often accommodated from twelve to twenty travel ers over night. Mr. Bartlett commenced farming here with limited means, but his skill and energy has been crowned with success. His farm consists of 320 acres of excellent land, highly improved, and with good buildings. He also has forty acres of timber. Since its organiza tion, Mr. B. has been president of the Town Fire Insurance Co. in the town of Eagle Point, and has repeatedly held other offices of trust in the town. His eldest son, Truman, resides at home and assists in the management of the farm JOHN BATES, P. O. Chippewa Falls, has been a resident of Chip pewa County twenty years. He came here from Waitsfield, Vt., in the Fall of 1861, where he was born June 10, 1830. Was married in Dor set. Vt., March 27, 1865, to Miss Chloe Ann Bartlett, of the same town, and who was born there Sept. 2, 1833. Mr. Bates's father, Ira, died at the age of eighty-one in February, 1881. They have six children — Sa lome M., William Jonas, Merton Bartlett, John Putnam, Harriet C. and Earle Ira. Mr. Bates has been one of the directors and secretary of the Town Fire Insurance Co., town of Eagle Point, since its organization, and is secretary of the Pioneer Grange, 222, also deputy master. He owns 192 acres of farming land on Town 29, Section 6, also forty acres of tim ber land. EDWARD F. BENNETT, P. O. Chippewa Falls, came from Min nesota to Chippewa County. Was born in County Meath, Ireland, March 26, 1836. When two years of age, he came with his father to America, locating in Ohio. In 1840, the family moved to Illinois, and when he was nineteen years of age, moved to Minnesota. In 1863 he enlisted in the 2d Minn. V. I., and served to the close of the war, par ticipated in the battles around Atlanta, and took a hand in the celebrated " chase after Hood," after his attack on Sherman on the 22d of July, 1864. He assisted in burying the brave Gen. McPherson, who fell in that memorable battle. Mr. Bennett was discharged from the United States General Hospital, Madison, Ind., in May, 1865. Mr. B. was mar ried in Chippewa Falls, Sept. 26, 1871, by Rev. Father Goldsmith, to Mrs. Julia Doyle, who has three children by former marriage — Hester, Elizabeth and William. Mr. Bennett has four children — John M., Charles Francis, Martha Jane and Mary Catherine. Mr. Bennett for many years engaged in lumbering, but now devotes his entire attention to farming. He and his wife are both members of St. Mary's Church. Lives in Eagle Point, Town 29, Section 20. LEONARD DIBBLE, P. O. Chippewa Falls, came to this place from Mason City, Iowa, Dec. 6, 1868, where he had resided since the year 1856. When he went to Mason City it was very new, and that Winter was one of the coldest ever experienced. Many froze to death in that section and many narrowly escaped starvation from the want of nearly inaccessible supplies. Mr. Dibble owned a famous span of sorrel horses which he had purchased of Mr. Kuy Earl, of Eldridge, N. Y., and driven through to Iowa, and it was the only team to be found that would face any of the storms and haul supplies over the trackless prairie from. Dubuque. Their house was of the most primitive kind and offered but a feeble protection against the rigors of that terrible Winter. They were not able to keep a fire much of the time on account of the snow that melted through the "shake" roof. Most of the time since coming to Wisconsin, Mr. Dibble has been extensively engaged in lumbering, while he and his wife, Elizabeth A. Dibble, own a large amount of farm ing lands. He spent a part of the season in the Black Hills in 1870, hoping to benefit his shattered health, but with indifferent success. Has one child living, William Leonard, born Jan. I, 1870. They buried seven children in Mason City, Iowa. MILO C. DUNTON, P.O. Chippewa Falls, came from Clayton, Jefferson Co., N. Y., to Eagle Point in April, 1873. He was born in Dorset, Vt., April 11, 1829, and married in Clayton, July I, 1852, to Miss Sarah Putnam, of that place, who was born July 30, 1830. They have four children — Athelia A., Alvaro F., Bion P. and Bertie M., all born in Clayton. Mr. Dunton served in the late war as private in the Ist N. Y. Light Artillery, going out in 1863 ; was on provost duty in Jefferson until January, 1864, when, with his command, he went to the front, and was engaged in the battle of the Wilderness, where he received a severe wound, resulting in the loss of the third finger of the left hand. He was ¦ soon after assigned to duty in the Invalid Corps stationed at Washing ton, until December, when he joined his command, near Petersburgh, and remained in active service up to Lee's surrender, near Appomattox, and was promoted to rank of corporal. In the engagement at the Wil derness his artillery horses were all shot and all of his drivers wounded, and they were obliged to abandon their guns. After the surrender, in April, 1865, they were ordered to report at Washington, and on the march accidentally cut his foot severely, and narrowly escaped the loss of his foot by gangrene getting into the wound. Was discharged from Campbell, U. S. A. Hospital, at Washington, July 7, 1865. He is a mar ble cutter by trade, but since coming to Wisconsin has been engaged in farming ; has eighty acres of good land in Eagle Point, on Sec. 32, Town 30. He is a member of the Chippewa County Veteran Soldiers' and Sailors' Association. PERRY HOPKINS, P. O. Eagleton, came from Williamstown, Orange Co., Vt., to Chippewa County in January, 1866; was born in Williamstown, Feb. 23, 1830, and was married in that place to Miss Elvira M. Simon, March 15, 1855. The parents of Mr. Hopkins, James and Philura Hopkins, were long residents of that town. James Hop kins was born in Francistown, N. H., April 2, 1791 ; was of Scotch- Irish descent, a large colony from the North of Ireland settling in Fran cistown, Hopkinton and Londonderry. He died at the age of eighty- three, she living to the age of eighty. Mr. Hopkins has one child, John P., born in Williamstown, May 3, 1857. Mrs. Hopkins's father, John P.Si mons, died Sept. 12, 1870, at the age of seventy. Her mother, Elizabeth, still lives, and in the Summer of 1880, at the age of seventy-six years, made a round trip from Vermont to Wisconsin alone. Perry Hopkins enlisted in the 10th Vt. V. I. in December, 1863, and went into active service on the Potomac, in January, 1864 ; was engaged in a three days' fight at the battle of the Wilderness, and on the eighth day marched to Spottsylvania, and was engaged in fighting and skirmishing up to the thirteenth ; was severely wounded in the right hip, and the ball afterwards extracted from the left hip. After five months in the Summit Hospital, Philadel phia, and the hospital at Montpelier, Vt., he joined his command in front of Petersburgh ; fought at Hatche'sRun and at Petersburgh. His company went into the fight with twenty-six men, and thirteen were killed and wounded in the engagement. He was discharged from serv ice July 16, 1865 ; is a member of the Chippewa County Veteran Soldiers' and Sailors' Association, and holds an honorable service commendation, signed by the Governor of Vermont. He has a homestead of 160 acres, mostly under cultivation, and other lands near by to the amount of 400 acres. He is proprietor of the blacksmith and wagon shop at Eagleton, employing a number of men ; also of the Nine-Mile House. He lives on Sec. 30, Town 30. HORACE A. HUTCHINSON, P. O. Chippewa Falls, was born in Dodge County, Jan. 4, 1847. When he was nine years of age his father 224 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. moved to Juneau County and pre-empted the land upon which the vil lage of Elroy now stands. Here Mr. H. learned the trade of miller. His health being poor, he quit his trade for four years and engaged in farming. In 1872, with his father, James Hutchinson, he purchased the Eagle Prairie Flouring Mills. Mr. H. was married March 31, 1876, to Miss Mary Jordan, of Elroy, who was born in Milwaukee, Sept. 27, 1851. They have four children — Guy Edward, Alta Allison, Orrin E. and James E. Hutchinson & Son is the style of the firm. The junior member has the management of the mill. The mill has four run of stones. ANGUS V. McGILVRAY, P. O. Chippewa Falls, left his native place, Glengary Co., Canada West, where he was born Dec. 10, 1830, and came to Wausau in the Winter of 1856, where he lived seven years, most of the time employed in lumbering. In 1859, ne went back to Glen gary, and Oct. 18, 1859, was married to Miss Mary McDonald, daughter of Roderick and Ann McDonald. They were married by Rev. Father McDonald, of Parish St. Raephel's, Glengary, who died in March, 1879, at the advanced age of 103 years. They have six children — John I., Isabel Ann, Roderick P., Blena May, Catherine and Charles F. W. They have lost by death three children — Isabel Ann. died Oct. 13, 1861; Donald E., June 27, 1879, and Augus Duncan, July 4, 1879, both of the two latter dying of scarlet fever. Mr. and Mrs. McGilvray are both members of St. Mary's Church, Chippewa Falls, Rev. Father Goldsmith, pastor. Mr. McGilvray has worked in the lumber woods every Winter, with one exception, since sixteen years of age, both in Canada and Wis consin. He has worked on the river in the Spring, driving logs, and is one of the most experienced drivers on the Chippewa River. NELSON SELLERS, P. O. Chippewa Falls, was born in Nova Scotia, July 7, 1839. He moved from his birth-place to Iowa in i860. Remaining there one year, he came to Chippewa County, where he has since remained. He was married in Eau Claire, Oct. I, 1867, to Miss Christia Ann Stewart, of Chippewa Falls, whose native place was Dale- husa, Canada East. They have six children living — Seth P., Forest N., Lillie A., Elmer E., Perley M. and Nina, all born in the town of Eagle Point, Chippewa Co. Mr. Sellers has been extensively engaged in lum bering and farming for many years, and at this time is in the same busi ness. He owns one of the finest of the many fine farms on Eagle Prairie. GEORGE R. SHAW, farmer, Town 29, Sec. 29, Eagle Point Town ship, was born in Fairlee, Orange Co., Vt., Jan. 12, 1832. He came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1855, and in May of that year came to Eau Claire County and located near the village, and engaged in farming, working in the lumbering woods in the Winter for several years. He was married April 29, i860, to Mrs. Margaret E. A. Farrar, of Eau Claire, a native of Maine. They have three children — Albion W., born in Lafayette, Chippewa Co., Feb. 4, 1861 ; Perley W., born in the same town May 27, 1863, and Henry O., born in Rock Falls, Dunn Co., Aug. 13, 1867. For several years Mr. Shaw has successfully devoted his atten tion to farming, and is living on a well-improved farm of eighty acres, two miles north of Chippewa Falls. He also owns forty acres of tim ber in the town of Eagle Point. Postoffice address, Chippewa Falls. EDWIN B. SMITH, P. O. Eagleton, was born in Richburgh, Al legany Co., N. Y., Jan. 6, 1843, where he resided until the Spring of 1864, when he went to Kansas, Lyon Co., and where his parents now live. He came back to Wisconsin after a stay in Kansas, during which time the grasshoppers disputed his claims. He settled in Eagle Point and commenced farming. Was married in Richburgh, N. Y., August 15, 1861, to Miss Garphelia A. Maxon, of that place. She was born in that place July 26, 1843. They have six children — Mary E., Alice, Cassius M., Arthur S , Austin H. and Jessie I. Occupation farm ; lives on Town 30, Sec. 30. Mr. Smith enlisted in the 85th N. Y., V. I. in i860, Com pany C in the 6th Corps. The regiment entered into active service in the Spring of 1861. Mr. S. was engaged in the battle of Fair Oaks, Va., and took in the attack of Norfolk, was afterward transferred to the band of 85th, and when that was disbanded he was discharged from the serv ice. Is a member of I. O. O. F., Lodge 81, Hartford, Kan. J. HENRY SMITH, P. O. Chippewa Falls, moved to this place from Summit, Waukesha Co., in the Fall of l858,where he had lived from 1842. He was born in Connought, Ohio, Nov. 17, 1839. His parents, Moses Reed and Laura Smith, reside with him. His father was a native of Vermont, born Jan. 4, 1797. His (stepmother) was born Sept. 4,1810. They both are remarkably well preserved, mentally and physically. His maternal grandmother is also a member of his household at the age of nearly ninety four years, mentally strong and until within a year could see plainly to read and sew without the use of spectacles ; at the age of eighty years she journeyed from Boston to Chippewa Falls without com plaining of fatigue ; she had two uncles who served in the Revolution. Moses Smith, one of the very early settler of Merlon, Waukesha Co., com ing through from Ohio and moved into a small log house, one room be low and one above, with a Mr. Cheney and family consisting of eleven members, and Mr. Smith's further increasing it to eighteen members. This was in December, 1843, and there was considerable snow on the ground. In a week Mr. Smith got up a house of his own and moved into it. Mr. Smith and his father carried on a blacksmith and wagon shop until 1861, when they exchanged their property for real estate — the place on which they now live. Mr. Smith is a member of the Pioneer Grange, 222, Eagle Point. Lives in town of Eagle Point on Sec. 5, Town 29. Has 380 acres of excellent land. FREDERICK G.STANLEY, P.O. Chippewa City, was born in Can- andaigua, N. Y., March I, 1824, and when twenty-one years of age went to Baraboo, Sauk Co., in this State. He was one of the very early pioneers of that place and lived there until May, 1870, when he moved to Chippewa Falls, his family following him in the Fall of that year. He there purchased the Chippewa City Lumber Mill and has been continu ously engaged in manufacturing lumber. The mill is located on O'Neil Creek and is one of the finest and most secure water powers to be found, and has a capacity of manufacturing 4,000,000 feet in the season, beside a large amount of shingle and lath. A large farm and store is run in connection with the mill, which employs from thirty to thirty-five hands. Mr. Stanley is also Postmaster at that place. His son, Charles, ably seconds him in the management of his business. The parents of Mr. Stanley, Whitney D. and Mariah Stanley, soon followed their son west, and in 1848 purchased in Vienna, Dane Co., 700 acres of land, where they opened up a fine farm and lived until 1877, when the father died at an advanced age, the mother preceding him about two years. Mr. Stantey was married in Baraboo, Sept. 30, 1846, to Miss Julia Netha- way, who came fro m Canandaigua by canal to Buffalo and around the lakes to Milwaukee and thence by stage to Baraboo. They have four chil dren — Charles Augustus, Isabel M., Clara M. and Ida May, all born in Baraboo. Mr. Stanley is a member of the F. A. M. Lodge 34, Baraboo. CHARLES V. SWEENEY, Chippewa City, is a native of that place, born there Oct. 16, 1854. His father, Simeon C. Sweeney, came to Chippewa City in the Spring of 1850, from Black River Falls, Jack son Co., where he had lived for several years previous. His mother, Elizabeth A., following in 1853. Mr. S. was married July 4, 1876, to Miss Adeline M. McCann, of Jim's Falls, Chippewa Co. The parents of Mrs. Sweeney, Daniel and Margaret McCann, were among the earliest settlers in Chippewa City, or the Falls, coming there from Dubuque, Iowa, in 1839. It was Daniel McCann who purchased for a sack of corn an eagle of an Indian at Lake Flambeau on the Chippewa River, brought the bird to Eau Claire and sold him to Mills Jeffreys, who in turn pre sented him to Capt. Perkins of the 8th Wis. It was "Old Abe" who fol lowed the fortunes of the "Eighth" through the entire war and who died in Madison in 1881. Mr. Sweeney left school at the age of fourteen years, and from that period has constantly been engaged in the various depart ments of lumbering. Is a lumber scaler. JAMES H. WOODRUFF, farmer, Town 29, Sec. 8, Range 8, Eagle Point, was born in Triangle, Broome Co., N. Y., March 28, 1822 ; came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1843, stopping in Waukesha County, and the following Spring commenced farming, teaching school in the Winter. In the Spring of 1846, he went to Winnebago County, and pre-empted 160 acres of land in the town of Utica, subsequently entering at the United States land office in Green Bay. In the Spring of 1856, he came to Chippewa County and settled on Eagle Prairie, now Eagle Point, purchasing 200 acres of land partially improved ; subsequently adding three large farms. Mr. Woodruff entered somewhat extensively into farming and lumbering with varying success. In 1868, in company with I. B. Taft, he erected a saw-mill on Drywood Creek, a tributary to Yel low River, and manufactured lumber until 1871, when his mill was de stroyed by fire. He then retired from lumbering, selling all his real es tate except forty acres of his homestead to his two sons, Charles and A. N. Woodruff, embracing 320 acres of the home farm, 360 acres of mea dow land in town of Anso on the Drywood and 320 acres of timber and other lands in the town. He was married in Omro, Wis., March 17, 1851, to Miss Alzina Joslin. She was born in Waitsfield, Vt., Nov. 7, 1831. They have four children — Charles E., Adelbert N., Ella D. and Flora M., the latter born in Eagle Point, the three former in Winnebago County. AUBURN. The settlement in the town of Auburn was made in Cook's Valley. In May, 1858, Zerah C. Willis and Jacob Cook each entered or pre-empted 160 acres on Section 28, in Town 30, Range 10 west. The following Spring, Mr. Willis broke the first ground on his land, which he now oc cupies. William Saves came into the valley in July, and erected a cabin, and two weeks later John Emerick took land and commenced breaking, turning over sixty-five acres of sod. Mr. Willis plowed forty-five-and Mr. Saves twenty- five acres. William C. Miller was the first Postmaster, his commission bearing date July 23, 1870. Mr. Miller resign ing, Z. C. Willis was appointed his successor, June 8, 1871, and held the office until December, 1877, when he resigned, HISTORY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY. 225 and Charles E. Smith was appointed. These changes were not on account of wrangling by aspirants to get the office, but to get rid of it. The town, which is twelve miles long by six in width, has another post-office, named Vale, estab lished in 1878, Mr. James Warren taking the office May 8. The early settlers were somewhat troubled by unseasonable visits from Indians. At one time a large deputation visited Mr. Willis's house during his absence in the field. He was a single man then, and, like a prudent man, when he went to the field to work, locked up his house. The Indians robbed him of about $30 worth of clothing and provisions. Among other things, they bagged up a lot of corn and car ried it away. Mr. W. and others of his neighbors gave pursuit, but, although getting on their trail, never recovered his property, though he got some blankets and berries which the Indians in their flight had left on a bluff. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ADELBERT P. McWETHY, farmer, Sec. 16, P. O. Cook's Valley, was born in Machias, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., Feb. 11, 1847; came to Wisconsin in his infancy, his father moving to Dane County. For sev eral years up to 1S70, Mr. McWethy lived in Leon, Monroe Co., when he moved to Auburn, Chippewa Co., where he has since resided, pur chasing 160 acres of unimproved land, which is now all in good state of cultivation, good buildings, etc. He was married April 6, 1871, to Miss Henrietta Prill, of Leon. She was a native of Lonnenburg, Germany, coming to America wilh her parents when six years of age; born Aug. 23, 1846. They have one child, Dora Blanche, born in Auburn, Aug. 19, 1876. Mr. McWethy has held the offices of Town Treasurer and Town Clerk. WILLIAM C. MILLER, farmer, Town 30, Sec. 28, P. O. Cook's Valley, was born in Cincinnati, Dec. 25, 1829 ; left Ohio when twenty- two years of age, and lived in Indiana four years, then moved to Minne sota, where he engaged in farming for eleven years. He enlisted in Wazioga, in September, 1863, entering the 2d Minn. Cavalry, Co. K. This command went to Ft. Snelling, and from that date was engaged in frontier duty. On the fourth day of January, 1864, he was commissioned quartermaster sergeant for Co. K. They were stationed for a while at Ft. Wadsworth, and there, in addition to his routine duties, was en gaged as clerk in the Indian Agency; was discharged from service in the Spring of 1866. He came to Auburn, Chippewa Co., in the Fall of 1869, and commenced farming. He now has a farm of 160 acres, highly improved and excellent buildings. He was the first Postmaster in Cook's Valley, his appointment dating July 23, 1870. He was married in Mid dletown, Ohio, in 1856, to Miss Charlotte Webb, of that place, where she was born May 9, 1832. They have four children living — William E., Effenger, Fernando McMurray and Linda May ; lost three children in 1876, all within a space of two weeks, by diphtheria. One son, William E., was married to Miss Ann Mix, Aug. 17, 1873. CHARLES E. SMITH, farmer, P. O. Cook's Valley, was born in Owego, Tioga Co., N. Y., March 8, 1843. He came with his parents, J. M. and Experience Smith, to Sparta in 1855, where the family lived until the death of his father, Dec. 25, 1863, he dying on his birth-day. Charles left home at the age of seventeen, to seek his fortune, going to Minnesota, and for most of the time up to August, 1861, was engaged as salesman in Austin, Minn. He enlisted in the 4th Minn. V. I. ; was immediately commissioned hospital steward, dating from his enlistment. He had studied medicine for two years, and was acting assistant surgeon for a year up to July 9, 1863, when he was commissioned second lieu tenant of the 56th U. S. Inf. of the regular army. In November follow ing, was promoted to first lieutenant, and in April, 1864, was promoted to captain, acting much of the time as ordnance sergeant and post- quartermaster. While acting in (he latter capacity, he built one and a half miles of railroad, near Duvall's Bluff, for government survice. Up to the close of the war he was actively engaged in campaign service in the Southwest department. May 16, 1864, in Helena, Ark., Mr. Smith was married to Miss Bettie E. Williams, of Huntsville, Ala. She was a native of Alabama, born June 19, 1848. They have four children — Willie H.. Minnie Jane, Annie and Frank. The two eldest were born in Sparta, the two youngest in Auburn. He purchased the homestead in Sparta in the Spring of 1864, leaving his widowed mother on the place for three years. In the Spring of 1871. he came to Auburn and pur chased 200 acres of wild land in Town 30, Sec. 16. This he has well improved ; also 120 acres of unimproved farming land, and forty acres of pine land. He was appointed Postmaster at Cook's Valley in Decem ber, 1877. He is now holding the office of Town Clerk for the town of Auburn for the fifth successive term. LEONARD VON ESCHEN, farmer, Sec. II, P. O. Bloomer, was born in Telsburg, Switzerland, on the banks of the Upper Rhine, Sept. 28, 1828. When eighteen years of age, came with his father to Amer- 15 ica, going directly to Sauk County. In 1848, he went to Jenny Ball Falls, on the Wisconsin River, there being only two houses there at that time, and those of the mo;t primitive sort. He lived there until 1S56, a portion of the time employed in the various capacities as a lumber work man, but latterly manufacturer of lumber. He came to Auburn in 1873, since which time he has been engaged in farming. He purchased 167^ acres of land, which is now well improved. He was married in Jenny, Wis., June 18, 1854, to Miss Sally O. Putnam, of that place. She was born in Hyde Park, Vt., May 29, 1838. They have four children — George M., Esther U., John P. and Emma L. All ihe children except George were born in Chippewa County ; he was born in Newport. When Mr. Von Eschen came to America he could not speak a word of English, nor did he ever attend school in this country. He has served four years as Chairman of the Board; three successive lei its Town Treasurer, and Town Clerk two terms. In 1880, he was appointed one of the Commissioners to investigate and correct all the county records of Chippewa County. He was also one of the Commissioners to settle between Chippewa and Clark counties when Taylor County was formed from them. He is a member of the Auburn Grange, No. 270, also of Bloomer Temple of Honor, No. 201. CADOTT. This is a rapidly growing village on the south bank of the Yellow River, and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, about fifteen miles above Chippewa Falls. The census of 1880 returns the number of inhabitants as fifty. At this writing, August 1, 1881, there are 500. Mr. Robert Marriner is the oldest permanent settler there, and is the Postmaster. He built a flour mill there fifteen years ago, now run by Marriner & Lockwood. It supplies the "local trade. The capacity of the mill is — sur- facer, 50,000 feet per day; matcher, 10,000. Cummings is also a contractor and builder. Melester 6° Clark, spoke and hub factory, employ eighty men, using oak and birch woods. A flouring mill built seven years ago is now owned by E. B. Luce. It has two run of stones. Steam Saw Mill, Howeison & Wetherlee. There is also a tannery across the river. There are in the place three general merchandise stores, one flour and feed store, one drug store, one hardware store, one gunsmith, one boot and shoe store, two black smiths, two hotels, one physician, and other concomitants of a thriving village. In the vicinity is an enormous amount of hard wood. Manufacturing. — Planing, sash, door- and blind mill, Mathew J. Cummings, employs from twelve to fifteen hands. Is run by water ten hours a day. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SOLOMON R. KAISER, merchant, Postmaster, Cadott, was born in Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 3, 1845. Came to Irving, Jackson Co., in i860. He joined the 41I1 Wis. Cav., Co. I, in Gen. Grierson's Div., enlisting in LaCrosse, Wis., in August, 1863. Participated in Grierson's raid through Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama and Georgia, in the Sum mer of 1864. From early in 1863, their regiment did not have a single continuous week of rest up to close of the War. Mr. Kaiser was with his command all through, after he enlisted, and was discharged in Vicks burgh, June 17, 1865, after which he returned to LaCrosse.. He soon after went to Jackson County, and engaged in lumbering, which he fol lowed four years. He was married in Irving, Jackson Co., Aug. 18, 1867, to Miss Mary E. Oaks of that place. She was born in Cleveland. Ohio, Aug. 8, 1845, and died in Cadott, July 12, 1877. leaving three children —Clayton P., Lois Ann and Maggie May. Mr. Kaiser remarried, in Edson, March 16, 1879, to Miss Ninetta Yourell, of Edson. He was one of the early settlers of the village, locating there in 1872. There were, in all, only seven buildings in ihe place at that time. Aug. 23, 1873, a Post Office was established there, and Robert Marriner was appointed Postmaster, and Mr. Kaiser was appointed Deputy, and has had the entire management of the office since. He was elected Town Clerk in 1874, and was elected four successive terms, and one year Chairman of the Town Board. Soon after his advent to Cadott, he entered into mercantile business in a limited way. He has since erected a large store building, and opened up with full stock of general mer chandise. He owns forty acres of land near the village, four business lots. E. B. LUCE, manufacturer, Cadott, was born in Cincinnatus, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1839 ; came to Chippewa Falls in the Fall of 1870, and im- 226 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. mediately entered into the employ of the Union Lumber Co., as sales man in their store, having charge of the boot and shoe and jewelry departments. He continued in their employ and their successors', A. E. Pound & Co., for eight years. In 1879 ne purchased of H. L. Smith & Co. their stave factory in Cadott, and has since prosecuted lhat business, employing a portion of the season from fifteen to twenty men. He en listed in the Fall of 1861, in the 2d N. Y. Light Artillery, which was soon changed to Heavy Artillery, doing fort dutv at Ft. Worth and Ft. Bennet most of the time until the Spring of 1864, when they entered into field service, doing infantry duty. He took an active part in the Battle of Spottsylvania, Talapotomy, North Ann, Cold Harbor, Peters burgh, Deep Bottom and Ream's Station, where he was taken prisoner and confined in the Old Libby for about two weeks. He was transferred to Pemberton, thence to Bell Island Prison, remaining prisoner in all about three months, finishing his three years term of service in prison. He was then paroled on account of sickness, and afterwards exchanged and discharged, Dec. 9, 1864. He was promoted to corporal in 1862, and lo sergeant in 1S64. He was married in Chippewa Falls, in June, 188 1, to Miss Kate Richardson of that place. ROBERT MARRINER, Cadott, was born in Milton, Northum berland Co., Penn., Junen, 1830, and came from Alleghany City, Penn., to Eau Claire in the Spring of 1853, He was employed in the saw-mill of Hope, Stone & Randall for about two months, and then came to Chippewa Falls, and run a boot and shoe manufactory for H. S. Allen for about a year. He was then engaged in rafting for one Summer, and in the Fall of 1855 he took a contract to haul in and raft logs down the river to Wabasha. In the Summer of 1856 he was employed in keel- boating lumber to Wabasha and bringing supplies back until July, 1856, when a steamboat was put on the river, taking the place of a keel-boat in carrying freights. Mr. Marriner engaged in logging and lumbering most of the time (except 1862, when he was in the boot and shoe busi ness), unt 1 1866, when he went to Cadott Falls and built a saw-mill. In the Summer of 1874 he built a grist-mill there, and, in 1875, he laid out the town of Cadott, the village originally containing twenty-five acres. Mr. Marriner has since laid out two additions. He was Sheriff in 1859-60; Provost-marshal of Chippewa County, and at large for two years ; Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors of the town of Sigel for ten years, and Chairman of the County Board for three successive years. He was married in Chippewa Falls in November i860, to Elanor Norway, who was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. They have one child living — Charles — and have lost three children, who died in infancy, and one son, William, who died in January, 1881, aged sixteen years. CHAUNCEY K. MILLIOUS, lumberman, Cadott, was born in El- bridge, N. Y., Onondaga Co., Oct. 13, 1842. Came to Cadott, Wis., in December, 1874, and- has since been engaged in lumbering. He enlisted in the 10th Mich. Cav. in December, 1864, in Gen. Loneman's brigade, operating in Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia, chiefly, in action on several occasions, and was discharged with his regiment, in Jackson, Mich., in September, 1865. He had been a resident of Michigan several years, going there at the age of twenty-three years. Was married in Elbridge, N. Y., July 4, i860, to Miss Mary J. Otmun, of Marcellus, N. Y., where she was born in 1840. She died Aug. 20, 1870, leaving four children — Emma G, Cora E., Nora O., Phillip C. Mr. Millious was again married, in Saugatuck, Oct. 5, 1 871, to Mrs. Lucy (Babbitt) Gatus. Has by this marriage two children — Albert C. and Charles E., both born in Cadott. JOHN P. WALL, attorney, Cadott, was born in Hampden, Mass., Aug. 7, 1850. His father, Edward Wall, is an extensive woolen manu facturer of that place. When fifteen years of age he entered Munson Academy, and, after three years preparatory study, entered the Holy Cross College, at Worcester, Mass., where he remained nearly four years, when he entered the law office of Ashmun, Leonard & Wells, in Spring field, Mass., and there prosecuted his studies until March, 1872, when he was admitted to the Bar in the Circuit and Supreme Court of the States, and entered into active practice. He was reared in the old school of democracy and has always been a Democrat. In 1873 he was a Demo cratic candidate for the State Legislature for the Springfield district, but was beaten by five votes only, though in a district largely Republican. Mr. Wall followed his profession in Springfield, Mass., until May, 1880, when he came to Chippewa Falls, and there lived until June, 1881, when he located in Cadott, where he is building up a good practice. He was married in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 9, 1S68, to Miss Sally Herrity, of New Haven, where she was born, Aug. 25. 1852. She was a graduate of St. Mary's Convent, Montreal. They have three children. CARTWRIGHT'S MILL. The first settlement in this place in the Town of Auburn was made by David W. and David J. Cartwright, father and son, in June, 1875. They began to erect a steam saw-mill, which was completed in December, of that year, and put in operation. D. J. Cartwright, on the 12th of that month, moved his family intp a small shanty, most hastily erected. This was the first family here. The machinery for the mill was purchased in Chicago, of the Rochester Manufacturing Company, shipped by rail to Eau Claire, and from there hauled by teams a distance of forty miles. For several miles the men were obliged to cut their road through. The place has a weekly mail service, established in May, 1879, Perry Sweet, Postmaster. The mill has a capacity of 14,000 of lumber and 20,000 shingles, per twelve hours. There is also a spoke factory, with machinery for cutting felloes at tached. Two years ago the elder Cartwright disposed of his undivided half interest in the mill to C. M. Tarr. The style of the present firm is Cartwright & Co. A school dis trict has just been established. There is one store here, operated by the company. The Seventh Day Baptist So ciety has erected a church. The town is located in a heavily timbered country. The Northern Wisconsin Railroad is being built through the place. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. DAVID J. CARTWRIGHT, lumberman, Cartwright, was born in Amity, Allegany Co., N. Y., Aug. 12, 1836. When about six years of age he came, with his father's family, to Jefferson Co., Wis. In August, 1864, he enlisted as a recruit in the ist Wis. Heavy Artillery, Co. L, the command doing service at Ft. Lyon, near Alexandria, and other forts in that vicinity; was discharged July 13, 1865, atMilwaukee. Was married in Bloomer. April 9, 1859, to Miss Martha J. Putman. She was a native of Johnstown, Rock Co. They have six children — H. May, S. Belle, Paul II., Frank O., Ettie, St. Clair. Mr. Cartwright is joint owner of Cartwright & Co.'s saw-mill and 1,040 acres of pine and hardwood lands in Chippewa and Barron counties. CHARLES M. TARR. lumberman, Cartwright, was born in Low ell, Mass., Jan. 2. 1848. When six years old came with his father to Barton, Washington Co. In 1857, his father moved into Tarr Valley, Monroe Co., he being the first settler in that valley. In 1878 Charles M. purchased of David W. Cartwright a half interest in Cartwright's mill, and entered into the lumbering business. He was married in Tunnel City, Jan. 19, 1872, to Miss Albima A. Winship, of that place. She was born in Little, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., April 28, 1850, and in 1854, with her parents, came to VVisconsin. They have five children — Nathan W., William J., Jessie A., Delia E. and Charles A. All, except Charles, were born in Monroe County. Mr. Tarr is a joint owner of upwards of 1,000 acres of timber land in Chippewa and Barron counties; also owns 400 acres of cranberry land in Monroe County, near Valley Junction. BADGER MILLS. This place, on the Chippewa, about six miles down the river from the Falls, was formerly called the Blue Mills. The first mill built here was by Arthur McCann and J. C. Thomas, in 1843. McCann had married Rosalie De Marie, and kept a public house at Dunnville, down the river. He was shot by a fellow by the name of Sawyer, who had been employed by McCann and Thomas in building the mill. Steve S. McCann took his brother's interest in the mill. Mr. T. E. Randal subsequently owned the mill, or an interest in it, and his logs were all swept away in the freshet of 1847. The mill is now owned by the Badger State Lumber Co. The mill has one gang, one rotary, and a shingle-mill. The capacity is about 10,000,000 feet a year. There is a gen eral merchandise store in the place, carried on by the com pany ; a school house is also also used for stated Methodist preaching. There are about thirty families, and seventy- five men are employed by the company, making a total pop ulation of 175. There is a station on the railroad between Eau Claire and the Falls, near the village. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Z. C. WILLIS, farmer, P.O. Cook's Valley, was born in Bennington, N.Y., Dec. 12, 1831, and came with his father to Wisconsin in 1844, set tling in Delevan, where he lived five years, when they removed to Mar quette County. Mr. Willis, with Mr. Jacob Cook, came into what was subsequently called Cook's Valley, in Chippewa County, in 1858, and the next year moved into the Valley, entering 160 acres of land where he has since resided— himself and Mr. Cook being the first settlers there. He was married in Bloomer, Oct. 26, 1862, to Miss Sarah S. Storrs, of HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 227 that place. Mrs. Willis is a native of Trenton, N.Y., born Oct. 29, 1S34. and came to Wisconsin in 1S47. Her parents, Calvin and Mary G. (Wells) Storrs, soon following. Mrs. Willis, on the maternal side, is a relative of Hon. Gideon Wells, as seen by the "History of the Wells Family." Mr. Willis' parents, Robert V. and Eliza Willis, at an ad vanced age, live on a small farm near their son. Mr. Willis has two children — Eugene Wells and Frederick Storrs, both born in Cook's Val ley. Mr. Willis has 2S0 acres of land in his home farm, mostly under a good state of cultivation, and excellent buildings; also a farm nearby, containing 200 acres, all fenced, and half of il improved; and another farm of 160 acres, well improved, besides sixty acres of timber. Mr. and Mrs. Willis are charter members of Auburn Grange, No. 270, and the entire family are charter members of Cook's Valley Good Templar Lodge, No. 339. A. R. SOUTH MA YD, farmer, town of Wheaton, came to Wis consin in 1866, and bought present farm, which he has brought to a high state of cultivation. He has been prominent in the government of the town ; was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., 1821; married Aurelia H. Wightman, in 1856, in Allegany County, N. Y., of which place she is a native. They have one son, Frank M. IN MEMORIAM. HARVEY P. COLEMAN.— Mr. Coleman came to the Falls in 1855, and died in St. Paul, where he had gone for medical treatment, on Sat urday, Nov. 24, 1S60. at the age of thirly-five. leaving a wife and one son. He was a man of strict integrity, good ability, enterprising, gen erous and genial — respected by all who knew him. MISS LAURA ALLEN, daughter of Mr. H. S. and Mary Allen.— This young woman was Iwenty-three years of age at the time of her dealh, which was on ihe 7th of April, 186C. She was an amiable and capable young lady, beloved by all. MILLER F. THOMPSON.— Mr. Thompson was a graduate of Ann Arbor, Mich. He came to ihe Falls in 1S66, and went into busi ness with A. K. Gregg, making a good strong law firm. In 1869, he was elected County Judge, lie died March 2, 1879. THOMAS MORRIS. — Mr. Morris was among the comers of 1857. He was a genial, kind-hearted man, whose manly, open ways won many friends. He held various public offices, always discharging his duties in a faithful manner. At one time, he was City Treasurer. He died Nov. 3, 1872. CHARLES COLEMAN was an early settler, a master mechanic, and superintended the building of the first bridge in Chippewa Falls. He had built many fine residences near Rochester, N.Y. He was ambi tious in his profession, and went to San Francisco in 1874, and died on the 12th of September, the following year. FRANCIS GANTHIER— This man came with Jean Burnet, in 1837, and was steadily in his employ until in 1S78, when Burnet died. He worked on the construction of the first saw-mill, forty-four years ago; was always faithful, and secured the respect of all who knew him, for upon the labor of such men depends the prosperity of every community. He died on Sunday, Jan. 24, 1880. DR. R. W. BRADEEN.— Dr. Bradeen was born in Porter, Me.; re ceived his medical degree at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. He came to Chippewa Falls in 1874. and began the practice of his profession, and, as he confined himself to legitimate methods of making himself known, business was rather slow in coming; but as his value as a physi cian became known, he had plenty to do, and rapidly rose to a high rank in his profession. lie was a thorough student and most competent phy sician and surgeon, a man of good conversational powers, a fluent speaker and possessed of general intelligence. His wife was Miss Mary A. Wood. LOUIS VINCENT, born in Canada, February, 1833, when eight years of age was taken to Prairie du Chien, remained there twenty years, then came 10 Chippewa Falls. He was at the head of the firm of Vin cent, Mandalert & Co. ; was president of the French Lumber Co. He was an honest and influential citizen, a member of the Assembly in 1877, Mayor in 1879. ^e 'e^ a much loved wife and six children. He died May 22, 1880, of apoplexy, at Manasha while there on business. The whole city turned out at his funeral. CLARK COUNTY. LOCATION AND NATURAL FEATURES. Clark County, situated a little northwest of the cen ter of the State, settled as early as 1844, and created out of territory taken from Jackson County, by act of the Legislature, approved July 6, 1853, is one of the most valuable if not the most valuable lumber dis tricts in the State. It is bounded on the north by Chippewa County, on the east by Marathon and Wood counties, on the south by Jackson and on the west by Chippewa and Eau Claire counties. Its cen tral part is drained by the Black River and its branches; its eastern part by branches of the Wis consin, and its western by affluents of the Chippewa River. Black River, running from north to south, divides the county into two nearly equal parts. The West Wisconsin railway crosses the southwest cor ner of the county, the Wisconsin Central along the northern boundary, and the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne sota & Omaha runs a branch from Merrillon to Neills ville, a distance of about fourteen miles. This latter was completed and opened in July, 1881. The county contains twenty-two townships and is nearly forty miles wide. The surface of the country is for the most part gently undulating, and is divided naturally into lum ber, swamps and prairie, the former predominating. East of Neillsville for a distance of twenty miles, the country presents a rolling appearance with a dense growth of' heavy timber, embracing oak, hickory, bass- wood, elm and butternut. The pineries are located along Black River and its tributaries and are sources of immense wealth to those interested, from two to three hundred millions of feet of lumber being cut an nually. In the Winter the smoke of the camp fires can be seen for a distance of forty miles, it is said, along the Black River, and the ring of the ax and the song of the workman can be heard from morn till night during that season of the year. The soil in the southern part is a sandy loam, and in the northern part a clay loam. It is admirably adapted to the growth of cereals and vegetables, which are cultivated as_ successfully as in the southern portion of the State. The water available in the county is abundant. The Black River, for nearly its entire course through the county, is one continuous succession of rapids, with a full averaging for over forty miles fully fifteen feet to the mile. This power is susceptible of improvement at any point, the bed of the stream and its banks being rocky and the soil of such compact nature as to render the building of dams a comparatively safe and easy operation. • When the material resources of the county are fully developed, as seems now to be the intent, all its water power must and will be employed. It is of priceless value and estimated at its true worth by the inhabitants. The only one of the lower silurian formations oc curring in this county is the Potsdam sandstone which forms the basement rock of its southern portion, the primary rising to the surface in the northern portion. 228 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The peculiar irregularities of the line of junction be tween the two formations, the extension southward along the stream valleys of long strips of the crystal line rocks, the corresponding northward extension, along the divides of the sandstone and the difficulties met with in tracing the boundary are familiar to all. A large proportion of the sandstone area in the county is level and to a considerable extent occupied by marshes. Underneath these marshes, which, to a large extent, have peat bottoms, sandstone is commonly found at shallow depths. On some of the dividing ridges again, the sandstone country becomes considera bly elevated, and has more or less a rolling character. The divide between Black and Yellow Rivers in the eastern portion of the county is considerably elevated above the surrounding country, but is very heavily cov ered with glacial materials and presents therefore a much more even surface. The larger part of this sand stone area is within the region of heavy timber, chiefly pine ; usually the sandstone of these counties is but a thin covering upon the crystalline rocks which appear in all of the deeper stream valleys. High bluffs of the sandstone, however, occur, carrying its thickness up into the hundreds of feet, and bearing witness to the great thickness which once must have existed over all the region. Along Black River from Neillsville to Black River Falls, sandstone is quite frequently exposed in or near the banks of the river, the bed of which is on the crys talline rock. West of the river is a sandstone outlier 175 feet high and about one-third of a mile in length ; the upper portions of which are perpendicular ledges of bare rock. The sandstone is heavily bedded, indu rated, coarse grained and light colored. From the sum mit of the bluff a number of similar outliers can be seen dotting the country to the west and south and one or two to the north. For a half a mile below French's mill the Neillsville road follows the west bank of the river at an elevation of thirty feet above the water. On the east side of the road, granite is exposed in the river bank and on the west side a ridge of horizontal sandstone thirty to fifty feet high. The sandstone is cross laminated, coarse, yellowish, and made up of much rolled quartz grains, which reach sometimes as much as one-eighth of an inch in diameter. In Town 21, Range 4 west, and Town 22, Range 4 west, ledges of sandstone form the river bank for long distances, rising twenty to forty feet from the water, and are in a number of places to be seen overlying or abutting against primary schists. This sandstone is usually of a light yellowish color, coarse, and somewhat indurated, and includes beds of red and green sandy shade. The lowest layers are often affected by a very marked cross-lamination, the thickness so affected, being often as much as six to ten feet. SETTLEMENT. The original incentive to attract pioneers thitherward, were the immense pine forests, which with other species of timber occupied not less than sixty-five per cent, of the surface of the county forty years ago. It was this that attracted the Mormons into the present limits of Clark County, in 1844, and theirs was the first visit of white men, with the exception of St. Germain. In the Fall of 1836, the latter, then in his sixteenth year, hired out in Canada, to the American Fur Company, made his way to the then Territory of Wisconsin, by the Lake Superior route, and was sent south the same Fall with a party of traders, passing the ensuing Winter on the east fork of Black River, in the present county of Clark. At the date above mentioned, the Mormons came into Black River for the purpose of cutting logs, and sawing them into lumber at Black River Falls, thence to be run down the Mississippi, for use at Nauvoo in the erection of the Mormon taberna cle projected at that point. The representatives of Hyrum Smith, accomplished their work in time, without endeavoring to proselyte or preparing to practically illustrate their peculiar creed in this section. For a year after their departure, Clark County, as it afterwards became, was uninhabited. In September, 1839, James and Alexander O'Neill, who had resided in Prairie du Chien for a number of years, determined to abandon that point, and visit the pineries, skirting Black River and vicinity, with a view to engage in the business of milling at some available point on that stream. Accordingly, having laden a canoe with furniture and provisions, they proceeded up the Mississippi to the mouth of Black River, thence continuing their journey, reached Black River Falls late in the month of their departure from Prairie du Chien. An examination of the resources of the coun try decided them to remain, and selecting a site three miles below the Falls, on a creek to the east of the river, erected a mill. Here they remained for nearly six years, during which period they did a large and lu crative business. In the Spring of 1845, they decided to once more change their base of operations, and in June of that year, James O'Neill, Henry O'Neill, who died in 1859, with E. L. Brockway, who subsequently became a res ident of Little Falls, in Jackson County, and Samuel and William Ferguson, accompanied by a number of laborers, removed to the present village of Neillsville, and became the first settlers in what has since been or ganized as Clark County. The party came overland in a wagon, drawn by an ox team, cutting their way through the brush and other obstructions, and were two days on the trip. This was the first road ever made in the county. At that time the village site, as also a large portion of the county, was an uninhabited wilderness. Game of all kind was abundant ; deer, wolves, otter, mink, beaver and martin were very plenty. Deer could be shot from the door of O'Neill's log cabin, and wolves would frequently chase them around into the clearing, the deer escaping by taking refuge in the dam behind the mill. The Indians inhabiting the county were principally Chippewas. The dividing line between that tribe and the Winnebagoes on the south was nearly at the confluence of the East Fork with the Black River. They received the new comers in a friendly spirit, and as settlers began to come in, brought peltries to sell or exchange for pork and flour. They excelled the Win nebagoes in cleanliness and intelligence, were neither HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 429 vicious nor dangerous, though given to stealing, and it was the boast of their chief that none of his tribe ever shed the blood of a white man or his family. Immediately upon their arrival, trees were felled, hewn and shaped, and within a brief period, a rough cabin, 18x24, was erected on the bank of O'Neill's Creek, near where the mill was afterwards built. This was the first house raised in the county. It was, as com pared with the domiciles which have since been substi tuted, a cheerless abode, but for the times, comfortable if not luxurious. Upon its completion, the mill was begun, and before the close of the year in readiness for work. It also was of logs, and was located in the present bed of the creek. It was of sufficient dimen sions for all business of that day, supplied with one upright saw, with capacity of 4,000 feet every twelve hours, and worked continuously, as pine logs could be easily obtained along O'Neill's Creek, which were floated down to the mill. When the same were cut, the lumber was rafted in platforms at the foot of the mill, run to the mouth of the creek, where ten platforms were arranged in a more compact and solid manner, and com bined in rafts which usually contained about ten thous and feet. Having reached the falls, these rafts were combined into large ones containing from forty to fifty thousand feet, and run to the Mississippi, thence to Bur lington, Iowa, consigned to Alexander O'Neill, and sold for an average of ten dollars per thousand. The year following it is said but few visited Clark County to settle permanently. James O'Neill, how ever erected a more commodious house to live in, on present site of Frank Darling's residence ; and when the old log house was vacated, the water in the creek undermined the bank upon which it stood, when the first building was precipitated into the waters, and floated onward to the Mississippi. This year Mr. O'Neill became wearied of housekeeping without the aid of female intelligence and expedient, to remedy which he procured the services of a Mrs. Kennedy, who had come into Wisconsin some time before, from Rock Island, accompanied by her husband. She arrived at Neillsville in the Summer, and, taking charge of affairs in the O'Neill household, is to-day remembered as the first housekeeper, and the first white woman to take up her residence in Neillsville, Pine Valley Township, or. Clark County. At this time, the Mormons had not yet bade adieu to Black River and its vicinity, and a number of them had strayed down into that part of Crawford County now included in Clark County, to log. While thus en gaged, one of the " latter day saints," named Cunning ham, inadvertently slipped into a creek that ran through the forest wherein himself and companions were at work, and before assistance could be afforded him, was drowned. His body was subsequently recovered, and removed to Black River Falls, where it was interred according to the rites of the Mormon church. His was the first death in the county, and the stream wherein the rider of the pale horse claimed his allegiance, is still known as " Cunningham's Greek." In 1846, An drew Grover, accompanied by Hamilton McCullom and a man named Beebe, reached Neillsville, and erected a mill on Cunningham's Creek, two miles below the village, of dimension and capacity similar to the O'Neill mills. Jonathan Nichols, John Perry and wife, who located in what is now the town of Weston. These enterprising speculators, together with Ken nedy and wife, composed the arrivals of 1846, and the buildings cited the only improvements completed. An event occurred during 1846, which occasioned inestimable enjoyment to the settlers for miles around, and put a period to the bachelorhood of James O'Neill, it might be added without benefit of clergy, for the union between himself and Miss Jane Douglass was accomplished through the intervention of a Justice of the Peace. On Christmas eve, 1846, Mr. O'Neill gave a dancing party at his house, to which the world at large, in Clark County and about Black River Falls, were invited. Among those who attended were : W. T. Price, Jacob Spaulding, Jonathan Nichols, Thomas Sturges, B. F. Johnson, Levi Avery, John Perry and wife, Mr. Yeatman, Mr. and Mrs. Van Austin and daughter, Joseph Stickney, Alon- zo Stickney, Miss Susan Stickney, Benjamin Wright, Samuel Wright, the Misses Wright, Thomas Douglass, Robert Douglass, Mark Douglass, the Misses Isabella and Jane Douglass, Miss Lucinda Nichols, and some few others. Hudson Nichols and James Bennett were the fiddlers, and the dance was kept up until daylight on Christmas morning. That day the guests returned to their homes, and Mr. O'Neill, hitching up his team, accompanied the Douglasses to their farm, near Mel rose, going thither on the ice, up Black River. Ic is to be presumed that as the sleighs glided down beneath the branches, which, silvered with frost, over-reached Black River, on that lovely Christmas morning, the maidens were as happy, and their lovers' hearts were as strongly moved with the tender passion, as are those of lovers to-day, when the forests have given way to beautiful farms and thriving villages. Here began the courtship of James O'Neill, which, culminated in his marriage to Miss Jane Douglass, the event being cele brated on the 7th of March, 1847, at Melrose, now in Jackson County, John Valentine officiating, in his capacity of Justice of the Peace. The happy couple came at once to Neillsville, where for many years they drifted, hand in hand, down the tide of time, until her race had run its course, and her firmament was rolled up like a scroll. The first marriage within the present limits of Clark County is claimed to have occurred this year, also. It was that between Simon Winfield and a girl in the employ of Mr. O'Neill. She was the first "young lady" to settle in the county, and before she had been long established, plighted her troth and dis missed the frivolities of youth, to assume the cares of married life. A Justice of the Peace was called into requisition, Mr. O'Neill commemorated the event by a select party, after which they left the vicinity, and were heard of no more. Another claim is made that William Lewis was married prior to this date. While in LaCrosse, he be came acquainted with an ex-Mormon wife, to whom he made overtures that resulted in her consenting to return with him to Clark County, as housekeeper. The rela tions of the pair, however, were not acceptable to their neighbors, who urged them to procure legal sanction to a condition of affairs that existed by sufferance. To 230 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. this they consented ; a parson and a jug of whisky were obtained at Black River Falls, the couple were united, and a general carousal sucueeded. In 1847, emigration to Clark County was extremely limited. Among those who came were : Samuel Cow ley, after whom Cowley's Creek is named ; I. S. Mason, Thomas LaFlesh, Nathan Myrick, H. J. B. (" Scoots ") Miller, and a man named Dibble, who built a mill on Cunningham's Creek, two miles below Neillsville. Another mill was built this year, by Jonathan Nichols, three miles above the village, on Cowley's Creek. These constituted the improvements completed in 1847. The 7th of June, 1847, will ever be remembered by old residents as the day when the most extensive and disastrous flood ever known in Clark County over took and destroyed many of the material improvements which had been completed at that time. On the af ternoon of the previous day, the rain began to fall and a refreshing shower was hailed with delight. With each succeeding hour the area of the storm was in creased, and from gentle drops, which were eageily lapped up by the parched earth, it gradually assumed a violence never before witnessed. The rain fell in torrents until after midnight, and when morning dawned, Black River had risen twenty-five feet and was flooding the country in all directions. As a result, every mill on that stream was swept off, causing great damage, which required months to repair. But as day advanced, the sun came out, the waters receded, the river retired within its banks, and within twenty- four hours after the rains had ceased, the debris of mills, logs which had been left far in the woods, and other evidences of loss, were all that remained to re mind one of the recent war of the elements. About this time occurred the first murder in the county, which happened under the following circum stances : A man named Bill Flynn, a logger on Black River, became involved in a row with one of the Chip pewa Indians during a drunken bout, and the alterca tion resulted in a hand to hand encounter, during which the latter received injuries which were speedily followed by death. Thereupon Flynn fled, and the Indians to which his victim belonged sought his where abouts without avail. He escaped the penalty of his crime, but never returned to the vicinity of its commis sion. In 1848, settlers came in more numerous!}- than during previous years, but without sufficient frequency of arrivals to materially augment the number, or ac celerate the clearing of the lands, or enrichment of their owners. The new comers included J. W. Sturde- vant, a Mr. Van Dusen, Mr. Waterman; Leander Mer rill, Benjamin Merrill, John Morrison, probably Moses Clark, John Lane, Robert Ross, Elijah Eaton, Albert Lambert, and doubtless a very few others, whose names do not occur to the informants of these facts. The Merrills built a mill one mile below Myrick & Miller's old site, Lane another in the same vicinity, and Morri son near that of Lane's. Van Dusen & Waterman be gan milling eigliteen miles above Neillsville, in what is now known as Eatontown, as also did Albert Lam bert. Somewhat later, Elijah Eaton purchased the mill of Van Dusen & Waterman, and carried on the business for many years. The year 1849 was neither characterized by large accessions to the population nor important events cal culated to mould or concern the future of the county. Benjamin F. French, Allen Bidwell, James French and John French cnme in this year to staj^, and in March Isabella Jane O'Neill, a daughter to James and Jane O'Neill, was born, the first birth in the county. The event took place in a house on the site of which stands the residence of Nelson Coviil, to whom the most im portant arrival of 1849 was married in after years. The California fever, it was thought, was the cause of this absence of settlement, though stragglers, shin gle makers, loggers, etc., came in, but remained only a short time before seeking other scenes and engage ments. In 1850, there was, it is estimated, about fifty acres cleared where Neillsville now stands, begun in 1845, when James O'Neill began razing the trees and opened the first farm in the county, and continued until a vil lage site was provided. The clearing extended up the hill and included the ground where the school-house now stands, but there was a lack of improvements then, nowhere visible to-day. At that time, the settlements were embraced within a comparatively small area, ex tending to Eaton's mill on the north and that of My rick & Miller on the south, with no prospect of break ing the solitude which inhabited the eastern and west ern portions of the present county. During this year, Hamilton, McCullom & Co. added a small farm to the resources of his mill, the second resident of the county to engage in agricultural pursuits, and meeting, it is supposed, with fair rewards for his enterprise. For the ensuing two years, Mr. O'Neill is confident no one came into the county as a permanent settler. Why, can scarcely be explained. As already stated, a large number of laborers arrived here during the early Fall, but after ensfao-ino; all the Winter in the lumber camps, abandoned their temporary citizenship in the Spring and returned to the cities. Like the class of men who were known as " suckers " in the lead regions fifty years ago, because of their similitude to fish of that name in their disposition to tarry not long in one place, the loggers were peculiarly nomadic and would not be satisfied to remain after the " run of logs " had been started. For the period above mentioned, the prospects of the future county realizing unto the set tlers a fruition of their hopes, were far from promising. The mills were run daily, and large quantities of lum ber, as also booms of logs, were prepared and shipped to market. Supplies were obtained at La Crosse, Bur lington, St. Louis and elsewhere, landed at the mouth of Black River, and " poled " up that stream in boats of the most primitive construction and conveniences. Gradually, of course, time was found to clear up farms and raise grain, but for many years boats " poled " up the rapids were the only means of obtaining supplies. By an act of the Legislature, approved July 6, 1853, Clark County was created out of Jackson Coun ty, and made to embrace the same area it has since claimed, except the north tier of townships, which were set off to Taylor in 1875. The county was organ ized into a single town, Pine Valley, and its first offi cers were : James O'Neill, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, with Hugh Wedge and James French, HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 231 Supervisors ; B. F. French, Treasurer, and Samuel C. Boardman, Clerk. In 1853, Samuel Weston, accompanied by David Robinson and others, arrived in the county from Maine, and, locating on Black River, two miles above Neills ville, established a village called Weston, and com menced running logs down the stream. When the county was set apart, a petition praying that the coun ty seat be located at Neillsville was submitted to the Legislature. While in transit, or after the petition came into the possession of that body, Neillsville was stricken out and Weston substituted, in which condi tion the same was adopted. When this was brought to the knowledge of residents favoring Neillsville, it created consternation, indignation and determination. Measures were at once taken to correct the wrong, and through the intervention of a Mr. Gibson, at that time in the Legislature, an act was passed authorizing the people to vote on a change of the county seat from Weston to the northwest quarter of Section 14, Town 24, Range 4 west, where Neillsville now stands. This took place in November, 1854, and as the relative prominence of the two places depended upon the re sult of the election, a great struggle took place be tween the rival factions. There were two polling places in the town : O'Neill's and Parker's tavern, eleven miles below Neillsville, but at neither place, it is said, were the ballots of imported voters rejected. The vote at Neillsville resulted in a majority of four for Weston, and of that cast at Parker's was twenty- one in favor of Neillsville, thus deciding the issue. The whole number of votes cast was 104, making the net majority in favor of Neillsville seventeen, and while the latter place would have remained the center of operations for lumbermen, regardless of its being so selected, there can be no question but that its prosper ity has been largely due to its being the county seat. At the election for county officers in the Fall of- 1854 also, resulted in the selection of George Hall for Sheriff, B. F. French Treasurer, and S. C. Board- man County Clerk and Register of Deeds. Chauncey Blakeslee was County Judge, but was succeeded by R. Dewhurst, the most important act of whose official career is said to have been his walking from Neillsville to Loyal, twenty miles, in order to marry an impatient couple pleading at the altar. This year a Mr. Howard, Mr. Pope and family, Mr. Wage and family, C. W. Hutchinson, and probably I. S. Mason were among the arrivals. The former settled in the town of Grant and opened farms; the latter engaged in logging on Wedge Creek. The county having been set apart and the county seat located, it was determined to lay out a village and perfect arrangements for projecting improvements. At that time, as will be remembered, the county con tained but one township — Pine Valley. Since that date the domain has been apportioned as follows : Levis Township in 1857; Weston in 1859; Lynn, 1862; Loyal, 1863; Mentor, 1867; Grant, 1868; Eaton, 1870; Beaver, 1871; York, Hixon and Sher man, 1873; Colby, Unity, Maville and Washburn, 1874; Sherwood Forest, Hewett and Warner, 1875; Thorp, 1876, and Wether in 1880. . Accordingly, James O'Neill appropriated four acres to village purposes, and caused the same to be sur veyed and platted by Allen Boardman, a practical sur veyor. The village then presented the appearance of to-day, nor a promise that has since been realized. There was two or three little cabins, Robert Roix's hotel, Dr. Baxter (the first physician to settle in the county) occupied a hut, as also did Nathan Boardman, Nathan Clapp, Mr. Dickey, B. F. French and the first settler, James O'Neill. The was really the first village formally laid off in the county. From this date on arrivals were no more numerous than during the previous 3'ears. Some were coining in all the time, it is said, but they generally located at or near the village, otherwise proceeding to the lumber regions. Indians abounded for many years, and in their disputes with the rough characters who occasion ally strayed among the loggers, were generally worsted. Along in 1856, two men, named Pettengill and Page, known to be desperate characters, encountered a half- breed Indian trading with a Frenchman named La Chapelle, themselves being also traders. They be came involved in a dispute with the Indians, which ended in a shooting bee, three of the Indians being killed, one of them roasted on the fire in the cabin of Pettengill and Page. The latter fled, and some time afterward Pettengill met the half-breed at Hunsickers tavern, twelve miles north of Neillsville, when he de liberately shot him dead. The chief visited Mr. O'Neill, who was County Treasurer at the time, and was by him directed how to proceed; but nothing came of the matter, the accused having succeeded in eluding justice. In 1856-7, it is said, the settlers experienced hard times and much suffering — proving a source of discour agement to a majority of the population, at least those who had but recently arrived. Wages dropped to noth ing, and when money was received, there was no cer tainty of its being worth fifty per cent, of its face for the payment of necessaries, or lands. It often became worthless in a day. An instance is recorded of a resi dent having received his Winter's wages, with which he proceeded to La Crosse to pay for lands, and was obliged to borrow money there to make the deficiency between the price of the real estate and the diminished value of his money. But these days have long since passed away, and for years Clark County has been making steady progress. During the war, the county subscribed men and mon ey to meet the levies made upon her resources for mate rial to be sent to the field ; but between 1857 and 1865, the exits were more numerous than the arrivals. In the latter part of the war, lumber appreciated in value and attracted a number of new comers. In 1867, the village of Greenwood was laid out, and two years later Humbird was similarly apportioned. Between 1860 and 1870, Neillsville improved gradually ; but until 1876, or thereabouts, the increase in population, devel opment of the country and building up of the villages, was so gradual as to be scarcely perceptible. During the few years succeeding 1876, remarked one of the oldest settlers in the countv, there have been more arrivals and more business than during the period of the county's growth prior to that date. This was due 232 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to the railroad and other improvements which were completed in those years, and attracted a generous im migration, principally from Maine and New York, who located in villages where they became merchants and professionals — in the lumbar district and on farms. To-day, the population of the county is not far from 12,000, and while there is a large number of towns with out permanent residents, there is no portion of the county available for agricultural purposes, but what is utilized therefor. The facilities for getting to and from the outside world are excellent, by turnpike roads and railway lines. The latter include the Central Wiscon sin, in the northeast portion of the county, the West Wisconsin, passing the southwest corner, the Green Bay & Minnesota, and more recently the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha, which operate a branch of their main line, from Merrillon to Neillsville, fur nish every advantage for the transportation of passen gers and commodities. The religious element is largely represented, and in an educational point of view, the county is fully up to the times, there being school-houses in every nook and corner where there are pupils to avail themselves of such advantages. Clark County possesses an immense wealth in the large pineries to be found within its territory, as also an exhaustless soil for farming purposes after the tim ber has been appropriated. With the advantages of good roads and with railway lines at every accessible point, it must be admitted that it stands a fair chance of ranking with the most desirable counties in Wiscon sin, at no distant day. The first court-house was of frame, two stories high, 40x50 in dimensions, and erected by J. & T. Furlong, on land donated for that purpose, in the center of vil lage of Neillsville, by James O'Neill. Its cost was $1,800. The building served its purpose until 1875, when it was removed, and is now occupied as a hard ware store, opposite the Reddan House. In the latter year, the present handsome structure was erected. It is of brick, two stories high, the roof being surmounted with a cupola on which stands a statue of Justice. It was completed in the Spring of 1876, under contract with C. B. Bradshaw, and was built at a cost of 135,000. The county jail was built in the Summer of 1881, by James Hewett, C. Blakeslee, James O'Niell, Sr., and James Sturdevant, who, as security on the bonds of County Treasurer, Allen, were compelled to make good a deficiency discovered in the funds that official held in trust. Part of this obligation was paid, and the balance liquidated by the erection of the jail and Sheriff's house. The former is of brick, compactly built of brick, perfectly secure, well ventilated and lighted, and possessing sufficient accommodations for the times. The residence of the Sheriff is of frame. The total cost of the premises is stated at $7,000. The county poor-house is located in the town of York, where it was erected in 1880, by Chauncey Blakeslee, in payment of a claim held by the county against Mr. Blakeslee, who was also security on the bonds of County Treasurer, Allen. The building is of frame, with accommodations for twenty-five paupers, and cost $7,000. Attached to the poor-house proper is a farm of 160 acres, upon which is raised crops, by the sale of which revenue is derived for the support of the institution. The house is now under the care of R. C. Evans, and shelters four inmates. THE PRESS. Early in the Spring of 1857, through the efforts of Beriah Brown, at that time, and previous, Cliairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, William C. Tompkins was persuaded to locate in Neillsville and establish the pioneer journal of the county. The paper, which was of limited dimensions, was first issued on the 7th of March of the year in which its editor was persuaded to change his base from Weyauwega to Neillsville, under the name of the Clark County Advo cate, with a future that was regarded as promising. Political changes the year of its establishment, in cluded the editor of the Advocate among those who experienced a change of heart so to speak, and upon his entrance into the Republican fold, a spirit of oppo sition to the paper he controlled began to manifest^ it self very sensibly. In a brief period after his political apostacy, Tompkins sold the Advocate to J. S. Dore and S. W. Dickinson. This change of ownership was accomplished through the efforts of B. F. French and was regarded as a piece of strategy of unprecedented merit. The purchase was consummated, but upon de manding a transfer of the good- will and portables in cluded in the bill of sale, a tart refusal was returned by A. J. Manley, employed in the office, when Dore & Dickinson departed whence they came, by another way, and reflected upon the situation of affairs amid sur roundings the reverse of cheerful. Not to be defeated, however, the material of the Trempealeau Times, which had, in the meantime, had been utilized to the publication of the Trempealeau Pioneer, was purchased from the Utters of the latter place, and removed to Neillsville, where on the 14th of October, 1861, the Union and Flag, a new creation of Dore & Dickinson, was flung to the breeze and at tracted considerable notice. In the Spring of 1863,. Tompkins laid down the paste-brush and scissors to take his subscribers by the hand for a farewell shake, and left the county. The Advocate, though owned by A. J. Manley, being still continued by C. W. Carpen ter who remained in charge until 1865. In February, 1864, the Flag was furled, metaphorically speaking, and the county was with but one paper until Jan. 31, 1867, when J. S. Dore began the publication of the Clark County Journal with himself and E. E. Merritt as editors. At this time there was considerable rivalry between the Journal and the Advocate which was decided in favor of the former, and Manley discontinuing the publication of the latter removed to Minnesota, Merritt at the same time dissolving his connection with the Journal and locating in St. Louis. The Journal thenceforward until Oct. 25, 1867, enjoyed the field solus with all the profits, privileges, and appurtenan ces thereunto belonging, when Merritt returned from St. Louis, and issued the first number of the Clark County Republican, being associated in its editorial management with H. H. Hand Avho retired after six weeks toil, and remained afar from Neillsville journal ism until 1870. HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 233 The election of 1868 was a triumph of the Repub lican party, and the new paper began to dwell in the green pastures that had previously been occupied by its rival, though the editorial control of the latter was held by Joseph Benedict a brilliant writer who died in 1870. The Journal labored hard to sustain itself; Hand returned to the editorship of the Republican and the two papers were soon involved in a quarrel which was only abandoned when Hand resigned at the sug gestion of the Republican's friends a short time prior to election. The result of that event precipitated the suspension of the Journal, and the Republican grew fat in the sunshine of official favor and local patronage, (becoming the property of C. J. Cooper, with D. T. Lindley editor, in March, 1873,) until June, 1873, when the Clark County Press was started by H. J. Hoffman in the cause of Reform. These two papers continued to dwell together unawed by each other until April, 1876, when Hoffman purchased the Repub lican and began the publication of the Republican Press which he still conducts, his brother, E. L. Hoff man, officiating as associate editor. About the same time the Enterprise was located at Colby in Colby Township, but succumbed in time, and the interior of the county remained without a paper until 1879, when the Colby Phonograph was established at that place by Shafer Brothers with Samuel Shafer as editor. On July 7, of the same year, L. B. Ring started the True Republican at Neillsville, and on Oct. 8, 1880, N. Schultz began the publication of the Ger man American also at the latter place, the only journal in the county published in German. All these papers are doing a paying business, are well conducted, and conclusive evidences of the type of enterprise the inhabitants of Clark County illustrate. The Clark County Agricultural Society was organ ized on the 15th of March, 1873, with a large member ship and the following officers : John S. Dore, presi dent; L. J. Glass, secretary, and W. T. Hutchinson treasurer, the vice-presidents, being selectedj one from each township. The same year the association pur chased forty acres of ground in Section 23, paying therefor $1,200 ; and completed improvements at a cost of $2,500, whereon exhibitions have been annually given with profitable results. The present officers are : J. F. Canon, president ; F. J. Vine, secretary ; Charles Stuntzky, assistant secretary; H. Schuster, treasurer, and I. B. Philpot, marshal. PINERIES AND LOGGING. The pineries of this portion of Wisconsin, speaking comprehensively, commence on Black River and extend to Iron Mountain, within twenty miles of Lake Supe rior, a large portion of the way alternating with hard woods. The first pine down the river is gray pine, and jack pine, with scattering trees of red, white and Norway pine. Proceeding up the river, gray pine di minishes and where a change of the sandy soil to a loam clay and in wet places to hard pan occurs, the red pine disappears and lofty groves of white pine -alter nate with splendid tracts of hard wood timber, com posed of sugar-maples, ash, oak, etc. It is estimated that white pine covers fully one-fourth of the soil of Clark County, being located in Hixon, Thorp, Warner and Mentor towns, the " cut " from which is taken to the Mississippi River by way of Eau Claire River and Beef Slough, and in Colby, Mayville, Beaver, Weston, Loyal and Unity towns, whence the logs are run through Black River to La Crosse. The pine is taken off by cutting trees near to Black and Eau Claire riv ers and their tributaries, in the season which com mences about the 1st of November and continues through the Winter, hauling the same to the streams, and " driving" them down to the mills at high water. The " drive " is accomplished by starting the logs into the stream and following them up to prevent jams or break them up when the logs lodge, which they at times do in such quantities that the'y dam up the river, and so remain until the increased volume of water sweeps it away with a terrible crash. The logs are run down untethered until they reach the mouths of the rivers, where they are caught in " booms " or harbors provided by the consignees, the balance being rafted and run be low. The losses entailed by logs drifting into sloughs, becoming stranded on the banks, and being stolen by river thieves, were much larger in an earlier day than now. Title to these lands is perfected by purchase and transfer, though in some cases lumber dealers contract for the lumber as it stands, and after a careful estimate is paid for at so much per 1,000 feet, the purchaser procuring its felling and delivery at the mouth of the river. The principal lumbermen operating in Clark County are : N. H. Withee, Bright & Withee, D. J. Spaulding, E. Sawyer, C. C. Washburn, the Eau Claire Lumber Company, Giles & Helloway, James Hewett, C. L. Coleman, A. & P. Colburn, Robert Schofield, Cullen Ayers and others who are engaged on the Black and Eau Claire rivers. It is estimated that 2,500 men are employed in the pineries on Black River, and 800 in those tributary to Eau Claire River. In early days, lumbering was not so extensively carried on. During the Avar, the price of lumber appreciated and an increased force became nec essary to supply the demand. This of course brought a large immigration of laborers into Clark County, few of whom, if any, remaining, however, and by 1868, every point at which logs were accessible was peopled with the logger and his bands. The supply has gradu ally grown in dimensions, varying to some extent, some years being greater than others, but the average each year since 1868 is estimated at about 200,000,000 feet from the Black River, and 80,000,000 feet from the Eau Claire River district. All logs cut are described by a mark, the original of which has been duly claimed and the claim attested and recorded, as also with the own ers' initials stamped upon either end of the log. The business is the mainstay of this portion of Wisconsin, and has been instrumental in the settlement and build ing up of villages and hamlets in Clark County. NEILLSVILLE. The village of Neillsville, and county seat of Clark County, situated near the junction of O'Neills Creek with Black River, is usually conceded to be one of the best built villages in the State. It has mostly been built up within the past ten years, and the builders have indicated, in all that they have done, that they were intent alike in 234 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tasteful and permanent work. Until very recently, the vil lage has been cut off, so to speak, from the outside world, with which communication was had only by means of a stage which connected with distant railroad stations, and the passenger, when he first visited Neillsville, was surprised at the appearance of a New England village in these north ern woods. It stands near where Black River tears itself from confinement among the hills, to make a graceful curve through rich valleys to the village site. The village itself, hemmed in on nearly every side by hills, limiting the pros pect to groves that climb gentle declivities, while to the rear O'Neill's Creek rushes complainingly and fretfully onward, until its waters are mingled with those of Black River. In the center of this secluded spot, at once lovely and romantic, stands the quiet, "unpretentious, yet thriving vil lage, and as the visitor walks lazily over its limits, listening to the murmurs of the rippling waters of the creek and the rush and sometimes roar of the river, or watches the mist, as it hangs in twilight curtains about the hills, it requires no poetic imagination to trace in his mind's eye a long caval cade of romance, chivalry and heroism proceeding from this spot in the days of barbaric domination, in its march over the world. And he, too, will muse upon the genius that once haunted the neighboring forests, may be, which has departed forever, and a gloom not unlike superstitious dread will only be dissipated when the past vanishes and the present rises before him in all its beauty and magnifi cence. As already related, the village was laid out and platted in 1855, by James O'Neill, and named in his honor. The year before, as will be remembered, the county seat was located here, after a lively contest, and to this fact is largely due its present prosperity. At that time, O'Neill's residence and mill, with Samuel Ferguson's bachelor's hall and his blacksmith shop, which stood on the lot where a brickyard has of late years been carried on, were the only buildings to be seen on the four acres appropriated to village purposes. Immediately the news of Mr. O'Neill's action had been promulgated, settlers began to come in, purchase lots and make improvements. The first of these was Robert Roix, who erected a tavern where the Rossman House now stands, and this was fol lowed by the construction of two frame buildings for store and residence purposes. They were put up by James O'Neill, and stood, one opposite the Rossman House, the other further north, near the creek. The same Spring, N. M. Clapp settled in the village and built a house on the site of O'Neill's brick building, wherein the Neillsville bank is now located, and Dr. L. M. Baxter put up a residence on the present site of Gates's meat-market. The same year Frank Cawley came in, also W. K. Dickey, who built a wagon shop and residence where Dewhurst's office now is, and that Fall, Clinton & Quaile brought hither a stock of goods from Black River Falls, and became the first mer chants in the village, being domiciled and doing business in the building built by O'Neill opposite the Rossman House. These were the arrivals and improvements of 1855. On the 26ch of February, 1856, the first murder to take place in the village of Neillsville happened. It seems that, some time in the year 1854, Moses Clark and William Paulley became involved in a quarrel at Black River Falls, in which the latter was brutally treated. On the date above indicated, Clark met B. F. French in the store of Clinton & Quaile, and a demand was made on him for a receipt for moneys advanced by French. Some argument followed, and during its progress Paulley interpolated an opinion of Clark, which was far from complimentary, add ing that he owed him money, and when asked for it, Clark beat him like a dog. " Yes, and I'll do it again," replied Clark. " You will, will you ? " shouted Paulley. Upon which Clark advanced towards him. He had nearly reached his victim when Paully drew a revolver and fired two shots into Clark's body, from the effects of which he never recovered. He was taken to Plattville, in Grant County, where he lodged at the residence of Gideon Hawley, lingering till June 30 following, when he died. Paulley was indicted for manslaughter, tried, convicted and sentenced. After serving out his term at Waupun, he removed to Black River Falls, where he died. The arrivals of 1856 included R. Dewhurst and G. W. King, who were the first lawyers to settle in Neillsville; James Hewitt, who began operations by working on the first bridge erected across Black River; W. W. Lemon, who settled in the town of Levis; Daniel Gates, first locating at the mouth of Wedge Creek, but moving to Neillsville in 1861 ; etc., etc.; also Robert Douglass, who built a black smith shop where Meinhold & Curn's store now is ; Miles Murry, who erected a residence on the site of Dudley's harness shop, and a blacksmith shop adjoining on the east. A Mr. McCaleb came in this year, and put up a little frame, still standing, directly north of Dudley's, and Phillip Reiss- man opened the first furniture store, on the present site of Boardman 's house. In May, James and Edmund Furlong, the former with a family, and James Lynch and family were accessions to the place. The Furlongs built where now stands the Reddan House, and Lynchs on the lot they have since occupied, adjoining their residence of to-day. Anson Green purchased Roix's Hotel; Gustavus Sterns settled at Molin's Rapids this year ; Daniel Gates at Wedge's Creek, but have since become residents of the village, as did Orson Gates the same year. The panic of 1857, it is believed, worked material in jury to the progress of the village, as also to that of the county. Few came in from this year until after the close of the war. Financial stringency produced a practical sus pension of the lumber interests, and consequent stagnation of business. There was comparatively no farming of con sequence, and less trade. The value of farm products depreciated, and prices of commodities increased corre spondingly. The effect of these anomolous conditions were perceptibly visible, not alone in Neillsville and Clark Coun ty, but also throughout this portion of the lumber district. Impoverishment, if not ruin, stared many in the face, and escape therefrom was only accomplished after trials no pen can adequately describe. To the close of the war, both increase in population and the number of improvements was nominal. As one who is familiar with the facts asserts, there was not to exceed forty heads of families, who came into the county during the period between 1857 and 1865, who remained permanently. Others visited the vicinity, but, having canvassed the probabilities of the future, de cided against remaining, and went elsewhere. In the three years preceding the war, among those who settled at Neills ville was Chauncey Blakeslee ; B. F. Chase, who studied law with Dewhurst & King; S. N. Dickenson; John Dore; William Liverman ; W. B. Berry; a man named McDonald, who opened a furniture store where the Neillsville Mills now are, and probably others whose names and adventures have not been preserved. George Lord, at first located about twenty miles north of Neillsville, and Leonard R. Stafford,_ but both of them subsequently became residents of the village. At the same time, the improvements com prehended the frame building now occupied by Gates & Co., which was put up by Chauncey Blakeslee ; the O'Neill House was erected by James O'Neill as a private residence; a building south of the Rossman House, occupied at present by F. Klopf, was built by Anson Green for commercial pur- HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 235 poses, and was for a brief period the office of the Union Flag; W. B. Berry erected a residence west of the court- House, where Mr. Youmans still resides; King & Dew hurst built residences on the present site of the latter's home ; Orson Bacon, a residence still standing, the court house, and some few other buildings. In i860, the population of the village did not exceed 250, besides containing a weekly paper, half a dozen stores, and lawyers and physicians sufficiently numerous to sell or donate unlimited quantities of physic and counsel. The appearance of the place is represented to have not been nearly so attractive as now, and its improvement in the last fifteen years speaks eloquently of the enterprise and sub stantial character of the men and women who promoted its subsequent growth, wealth of resources. From this period, up to the close of the war, say old residents, there was no immigration or business to speak of. The same can be said of improvements in the village trenches. From Pittsburgh Landing, it is said, when mor tality among Clark County volunteers was particularly severe, until the surrender, this was the rule. As stated, very few of those who went out among those first called, returned, and those who came back did so bearing the marks of strifes through which they passed. Twenty years have passed since this epoch in the history of American civilization came to pass. Years have passed since many of the leading actors in this drama were borne to the silent halls of death. Voices that were attuned to mourning at their departure, or welcome at their return, are silent, and hands that once scattered flowers upon the graves of heroes, have lost their cunning. Along in 1862-3, the demand for supplies for the army made times easier throughout the country. Financial strin gency which had dwarfed enterprise since 1857, released its grip, and capitalist, farmer, mechanic and laborer took a new hold and renewed their several struggles for supremacy. NEILLSVILLE. and adjoining. They were comparatively few in number, and made to serve unambitious uses. The vast lumber region was not then overrun, as now, with labor and enter prise. The farm and the school were not as universal as they are to-day. Hard times stared all classes in the face with the dawn of day, and only retired when troubled sleep shook off the specter for a brief season. This condi tion of affairs continued for quite two years before any change began to be manifest, but, since that day, the clouds have been dispelled, and the light of fortune restored throughout the country to places where its visitation only was needed to make them flourish and grow in strength and influence. During all this period, there was little to encourage, less to inspire residents, and Neillsville, like its neighbors, experienced embargoes. No public buildings were erected; schools were barely sustained, and religious organizations met for services, either at private residences or in the old court-house. In 1861, came the war, and Neillsville was not behind in her donations of money and offer of recruits. Meetings were held in the court-house, at which James O'Neill, B. F. French, Chauncey Blakeslee and others delivered speeches, urging the proffers of aid to enable the general government to accomplish the suppression of war. Among the soldiers who went out from Clark County, Neillsville contributed nearly one company, which was attached to the western army, and, serving through the war, left the largest propor tion of those who went from the village lifeless in the The price of lumber appreciated, and the demand for la borers was constant. These favorable combinations pro duced a train of events which culminated within the ensu ing three years in turning the tide against which the coun try, the States, Wisconsin, Clark County and Neillsville, had been beating. The wide expanse stretching from either bank of the Father of Waters soon gave abundant evidences of material prosperity. They received the swift running light of the morning and basked in its sunshine until the Rocky Mountains intercepted its brilliance and darkness gathered over the scene. Upon their undulating surfaces oceans poured through clouds and wind their fer tilizing moisture, and broad fields, teeming with the fatness of a fecund soil, satisfied the desire for bread of all the hungry children of men. During this period, B. F. French became a resident of the village, removing hither from his farm. Caleb Hubbard adventured into Neillsville, and purchased the hotel now known as the Rossman House, up to that time owned and maintained by Anson Green. Andrew Burlingham, with his father and sister, Mrs. Morrill, identified themselves with the place. Horace Stiles came in also. A Mr. Barton, who, after running the gauntlet of a checkered experience, returned to Pennsylvania, whence he came. GeorgeAdams settled here about this time, and opened the first drug store in the village, while his brother, who accompanied him, established a dry goods store in the building now occupied by John Klopf. 236 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Very few returned from the war, nor were accessions to its population made in the years immediately succeeding that epoch in the nation's history. As with the population, so with improvements, they were limited in number as also in value; but since that day Paul has planted, Apollos has watered the fertile expanse, and God has given the in crease. From 1865 to 1870, affairs remained unchanged, to a great extent, though now and then a settler would arrive, and, having investigated the natural resources of Neills ville, as the base of supplies for a large section of the lum ber region, would decide to remain. And here it might be remarked that no more law-abiding community was to be found in the Northwest than the residents of Clark County and Neillsville. Upon one occasion two detectives from Chicago accompanied the Sheriff of an adjoining county to Neillsville to secure the arrest of a fugitive from justice who had been indicted for murder. He was located in one of the lumbering camps, and when this was communicated to the Chicago thief-takers they were loth to continue the pursuit, apprehensive lest the ''lumber shovers," as they termed those engaged in logging, should unite and prevent an arrest. A couple of citizens, to whom the facts were communicated, endeavored to convince them of their error of judgment, and failing, prepared to undertake the capture themselves. When it became apparent that they were about to lose the reward for which they labored, these ex aggerated editions of Bob Acres screwed their courage up to the sticking point, and renewed their hazardous pursuit. All hands reached the lumber camp as day was dawning. The loggers were aroused from their sleep, and, upon being informed of the object of this early visit, not only abstained from attempts at rescue, but aided the authorities in secur ing their man. The latter confessed his identity, and was delivered to the detectives, who departed with their pris oner with an opinion of the character of those residing "in the woods " radically differing from that with which they were so recently impressed. Indeed, no fear was felt of lawlessness, as no lawlessness existed in the village or coun try, and this condition of affairs has continued to exist almost without interruption. During this period, a daily mail was established between Neillsville and Hatfield, and some improvements of a sub- - stantial character. These included the brewery, the school- house opposite Firemen's Hall, Hewett & Wood's planing- mill, the handsome residence of Robert Ross, and others of a similar character. They were far inferior to the build ings which have since obtained as commodious and elabor ate, but they served the purpose for which they were erected, and were regarded as signal examples of enter prise on the part of those who contracted for their build ing. Among the arrivals were : A. K. Stafford, Emery Bonley, Joel Head, James Delane, John La Shapalle, H. D. Early, Thomas Robinson, James Robinson, Samuel Callo way, P. S. Dudley, S. F. Joseph, Ira and J. B. Johnson, Fred. Klopf, T. D. Lindsay, Jacob Rossman, F. E. Darling, A. Halverson, Charles Neberman and a few others, nearly all of whom remained, and, engaging in business, made such improvements as were demanded. In 1870, the buildings and improvements exceeded those of any previous year, the sound of the plane, the hammer and the saw were constantly heard, and buildings were in various stages of completion on nearly every corner. James O'Neill, Charles Neverman, Andrew Peterson, A. D. Ballou and others put up residences, the Methodist Church was commenced, the court-house was regarded as unfit for occu pation and the subject of building a new temple of justice first began to be agitated. The homestead act had its in fluence to attract settlers to Neillsville and the adjacent country. The following years were also replete with en couraging signs, and the day when the village should be more than a local habitation and name was confidently anticipated in the near future. The new comers for the ensuing five years included George Delane, Edwin Allen, E. Peterson, T. Johnson, E. Tyler, R. Bart, O. P. Wells, C. Crocker, J..' Thayer, Mr. Schuster, William Campbell, R. Campbell, A. Brown, Peter Roberts, Mr. Crandall, Charles Detz, William Burgess, George Miller, Carlton & Dixon, George Pruger, J. Brule, James O'Neill, Jr., Thomas Kerns, J. Rineke, the Hoffman brothers, etc., etc. In 1872, the first brick building erected in the village was that of Hewett & Woods, still standing, which was put up in 1872. This was followed by others, including the Lloyd building, and to-day some of the most prominent and architecturally handsome of Neillsville structures are of brick, as, for example, the court-house and school-house, which were built in 1874-5 at a total cost of $50,000 ; the Presbyterian Church, Catholic Church, in addition to pri vate residences. In 1874, the residence of James Hewett, said to be the finest on Black River, was nearly completed and ready for occupation when it was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of $12,000. The premises were immedi ately rebuilt, however, and can now be seen for miles around, and are a landmark to guide the traveler on his journey hither. The past few years has seemed to intensify the admira tion of residents for Neillsville, as also to attract accessions to her citizens. The beauty of its location, the enterprise and liberality of her founders and builders not more than their educational and social prominence; the superiority of its schools and the high state of morals to be found in the village combine to render it a point at which merit will receive encouragement and assistance in identifying itself with the town. A railroad has recently connected the vil lage with points at a distance, and will contribute in years to come, to its advancement, its wealth and its population. It is the largest village in the county, and the county seat. Around it are gathered abundant evidences of material prosperity. The glory of fields, the bounty of dairies, the fruit of trees and vines, and the sweets of blossoms pay tribute to the beautiful village, and on every side the altars of the fruitful Pau and the bountiful Ceres are redolent with incense most pleasing to the husbandmen, who fre quent her markets or make Neillsville a shipping point for their products. EDUCATIONAL. The first school to be opened in the vicinity of Neills ville was commenced about 1856, about eighty rods south of Gates's corners. Here were the children of the village and surrounding country taught the rudiments of learning by John S. Dore, the present County Superintendent of Schools, and others, for several years. When a new school house was built on a lot immediately south of Firemen's Hall. This did good service until the increase in attend ance required an increase of quarters, when the present structure was erected on a lot purchased of James O'Neill. It is of brick, two stories high, handsomely finished and cost $15,000. It is graded, containing six departments, employing a competent force of teachers, and its course of study embraces the branches and subjects taught in the best schools of like grade. The high school department was organized under the State Free High School law in 1878, though previously operated in its present capacity. The course provides for instruction in the branches adapted to the highest grade, and upon graduation the student is pre sented as a candidate for that consideration due one prac tically educated. The average daily attendance during the scholastic year of 1880-81 was 200, and the amount ex- HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 237 pended for school purposes in Neillsville during the year ending July 11, 1881, was $3,542. The present Board is made up of F. A. Lee, director; D. Dickenson, treasurer, and Herman Schuster, clerk. RELIGIOUS. Methodist Episcopal Church, etc. — The first religious ser vices in Neillsville were held during 1847, by the Rev. R. R. Wood, stationed at Black River Falls. For several years thereafter there were no services save at such rare in tervals as were furnished by some clerical pilgrim visiting the place. In 1858, Neillsville was made a regular ap pointment and preaching occurred once in three weeks by the Rev. James Cody, of the Alma Circuit. The first Methodist class was organized that year, and in i860, the Neillsville Circuit was created. In 1868-9, by the aid of friends of the society, a plain but comfortable church edi fice was built, which has since been occupied, though re modeled and improved. The present congregation is stated at 100, under the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Webster. Presbyterian Church. — This denomination was repre sented at an early day by the Rev. Mr. Harris, but the church organization was not perfected until October 27, 1872, when the same was accomplished at a meeting held in the court-house, by a committee of the Presbytery of Chippewa, assisted by the Rev. B. G. Riley, synodical mis sionary. Services were conducted in the court-house until 1875, when the present brick church edifice was completed at a cost of $3,600, and occupied. The present congrega tion numbers seventy-one, under the pastorship of the Rev. W. T. Hendren. St. Luke's Episcopal Mission. — Was organized Nov. 12, 1877, under the auspices of the Rev. W. H. H. Ross, of Black River Falls, with F. A. Lee, warden ; Samuel Col- way, secretary, and Stanley F. Chubb, treasurer. Worship has since been held in the chapel of the school building, but in the Summer of 1881, the French lot was purchased for $400; and at a meeting held August 29 ultimo, F. A. Lee, S. F. Chubb, F. D. Lindsay, D. B. R. Dickinson and James O'Neill, Jr., were appointed a committee on building and instructed to commence work at once. Up to 1881, the mission was included in the Wisconsin diocese ; since that date it has been a part of the diocese of Fond du Lac. Services are conducted every alternate Sunday, by the Rev. W. H. H. Ross. Catholic Mission. — Was organized in 1876, at the resi dence of Richard Hawkes, with fifty members, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Bergman, stationed at Humbird. In 1877, a church of frame, veneered with brick, was erected at a cost of $3,500, and has since been occupied. The congregation numbers 100 families, and the pastor, the Rev. Father Voltz, officiates once in six weeks. A Dutch Reformed church was organized in 1879, with fifty-six members, by the Rev. H. Bruengger, who still serves, preaching once a month in the Methodist Church. There is also a Lutheran Society in the village, by which services are held monthly in the Methodist Church. Banking. — The Neillsville Bank is a private institution, organized in August, 1879, by Daniel Gates and J. L. Gates, who conduct the business under the firm name of J. L. Gates & Co. The bank occupies a portion of O'Neills brick building, and, with sufficient capital for the transaction of business, enjoys a liberal patronage and universal confi dence. The business of 1880-81 is quoted at $500,000. The Clark County Bank was organized .under and ac cording to the laws of Wisconsin, August 20, 1875, "virith a capital of $25,000, for the purpose of transacting a general banking and exchange business. The officers at that time were : Richard Dewhurst, president ; J, F. Kirkland, vice- president; John Reed, Daniel Gates, James Hewett, James O'Neill and S. F. Kirkland, directors. The present officers are : Levi Archer, president ; James Hewett, vice-president ; D. B. Dickinson, cashier ; C. Blakeslee, Robert Schofield, M. C. Ring and L. A. Arnold, directors. The amount of business in 1880 is stated at $250,000. Neillsville 6° Merrillon Railroad. — The construction of a railroad from Neillsville to Merrillon Junction, long con templated, never took shape until within the past three years. Meetings had been held, however, and estimates submitted for the substitution of means of communication between these points, other than the stage, that ancient and comfortless medium. Early in 1878 the subject was again agitated, and on the 26th of February, of that year, a meet ing of the citizens of Clark County was held at Neillsville, at which the Black River Railroad Company was organized, with H. N. Withee, James Hewett, Daniel Gates, F. D, Lindsay, R. J. McBride, J. L. Gates, G. L. Lloyd and F. S. Kirkland, incorporators. At an election immediately fol lowing, H. N. Withee was chosen president; James Hew ett, vice-president ; F. S. Kirkland, secretary ; Daniel Gates, treasurer ; J. L. Gates, general manager, and R. J. Mc Bride. R. F. Kountz was subsequently appointed to suc ceed F. S. Kirkland as secretary. The capital stock was limited to $150,000, and the survey of the route was com pleted at once by O. H. Hoffman. Soon after ground was broke, work commenced, and in a short time a major por tion of the road bed was graded. At this time the com pany asked the credit of the town of Pine Valley to the ex tent of $10,000, to aid in its construction, but the petition was refused by a vote of 197 to 70, and work was tempora rily suspended. In 1880 Pine Valley reversed its decision, and consented to the issue of $10,000 bonds, to aid in grading, tieing and ironing the route, while Grant, Weston and Hewett town ships aided to the extent of $1,000 each, conditioned upon the road being completed by January 1, 1881. In the same year the directory of the Black River road contracted with the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha road to find the right of way, grade and tie it, also to procure depot grounds in Neillsville, provided that corporation ironed the road bed, furnished the running stock, erected the depot buildings and operated the road. In the meantime, the condition stipulated in the bonds issued by Pine Valley and other townships to aid in building the road having failed of execution, Weston and Grant townships repudiated their bonds, but Pine Valley and Hewett extended the time and renewed their bonds. The Chicago & St. Paul road accept ed the contract proffered by the Neillsville company, began work on the unfinished route, and completed the laying of the track, so that the first train of cars made its advent into the county seat of Clark County, July 4, 1881, where it was received with appropriate observances. Trains now run between the present terminal points twice each day, and the convenience afforded, as also the improvements the com pletion of the road will work, are of priceless value. The Post-office was first opened in Neillsville during 1856, when it was established at the residence of Nathaniel Clapp, which then occupied the lot now covered by O'Neill's brick building. S. C. Boardman was first Postmaster, and Ed ward H. Markey the first mail carrier, going tri-weekly to Black River Falls — horseback in Summer, and by "jumper " during the Winter months. Mr. Boardman was succeeded by W. C. Tompkins, and he, in turn, by Charles Carpenter and W. T. Hutchinson, the latter taking charge in 1865, and removing the office to a building now occupied by Spence's restaurant, where he served until 1871, when J. W. Ferguson was appointed and qualified as his successor. He is still the incumbent, and in 1872 removed the office to its present location. 238 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Fire Department. — On the 6th of May, 1874, a disastrous storm swept over Neillsville, entailing serious damage in the village and throughout the adjoining country. During its progress the lightning struck the buildings of Chauncey Blakeslee and W. C. Allen, in the business portion of Neills ville, which were thereby set on fire and narrowly escaped destruction. This warning of what might have been aroused citizens to the fact that the village was without proper facil ities to extinguish a conflagration should such a calamity overtake them, and resulted in the convening of a meeting at the Court-house, at which plans were perfected for the organization of the present department. The same Summer a hook and ladder truck was purchased for $550, men en listed for the service, and R. F. Kountz appointed chief en gineer. In March, 1875, a chemical engine was procured at an expense of $750, and, later in the year, the depart ment was duly incorporated by an act of the Legislature. The succeeding Spring the engine-house was built, costing $1,100, and since the happening of these events the depart ment has been one of the most efficient and reliable branches of the village government. The present officers are : R. F. Kountz, chief ; J. W. Holmand, foreman; E. L. Hoffman and H. Furgson, assistants ; J. F. Caum, treasurer, and J. H. Thayer, secretary. The value of the department prop erty is quoted at $2,500. Secret Societies. — Neillsville Lodge, No. 163, A. F. & A. M., was duly organized on the 17th of September. 1866, and for the past fifteen years has progressed in a manner most gratifying to the craft. The charter officers were : B. F. French, W. M.; G. W. King, S. W. ; E. H. Mcintosh, J. W.; E. H. Bacon, S. D. ; J. Furlong, J. D. ; R. J. Manly, secretary, and Henrv Devit, treasurer. The present officers are : S. C. Boardman, W. M.; J. H. Thayer, S. W. ; S. B. Colway, J. W.; S. Coggins, S. D. ; John RadeJ. D. ; E. H. Bacon, treasurer ; H. Sinister, secretary, and T V. Carlton, tyler. The present membership is fifty-five, and meetings are held on the first and third Thursday evenings of each month. Neillsville Lodge, No. 178, I. O. G. T., was organized April 23, 1880, with twenty-two members and the following officers : J. B. Jones, W. C. T. ; Mrs. Reitz, W. V. T. ; C. C. Swartz, chaplain; S. F. Chubb and H. W. Deming, sec retaries ; Augusta Marshall, treasurer; N. E. Gallagher, W. M.; M. Fuller, W. D. M. ; H. Poate, sentinel. Since that date the society has held regular weekly meetings, resulting in a continuous, though not uniform, membership. The present officers are: L. Sturdevant, W. C. T. ; Mrs. A. J. Deming, W. V. T.; Nettie Lynch, chaplain ; Nora Tripp, secretary ; Viola French, treasurer ; N. E. Gallagher, W. M.; Orpha Fowler, W. D. M.; J. B. Jones, P. W. C. T. ; H. W. Deming, sentinel. The present membership is 101. Fritz Reuter Lodge, No. 36, O. D. H. S. — A German so ciety, with humanitarian objects, was organized by Jacob Rossman, August 6, 1878, with seventeen members. The officers were: Jacob Rossman, president ; George Runnger and Robert Schvvarsey, vice-presidents ; F. W. Ketel, secre tary, and James Lemegan, treasurer. The present officers are: Herman Ketel, president; Ernst Arnstelerdoold and Henry Neyerman, trustees ; William Ketel, secretary and treasurer. The society now has thirteen members. Pine Valley Encampment, No. 44, I. O. O. F., was first organized at Staffordsville, January 18, 187 1, with A. K. SLafford, A. J. Brees, A. W. Clark, John Hoyt, H. D. Eyerie, Robert Scofield, E. J. Rice and L. A. Stafford as charter members. In 18 — the encampment was removed to Neills ville, where it jointly occupies Odd Fellows Hall with the Neillsville Lodge. The present officers are : Andrew Pe terson, C. P.; Ira B. Jones, H. P.; M. W. Parker, S. W.; H. Fuller, J. W.; J. H. Thayer, scribe, and L. L. Ayers, treas urer. The encampment meets semi-monthly; on Saturday evenings. Neillsville Lodge, No. 198, I. O. O. F., was organized December 7, 187 1, with R. C. Elliott, J. A. Kimball, J. B. Jones, A. L. Wood, H. Parker, A. R. Moffat and C. H. Sprague as charter members. The present officers are : J. H. Thayer, N. G.; E. B. Philpot, V. G.; C. B. Arnold, secretary, and John B. Jones, treasurer. Meetings are convened weekly, on Saturday nights, and the craft own property in Neillsville representing a valuation of $3,000. Diamond Lodge, No. 64, Daughters of Rebecca, was chartered July 13, 1880, with upward of twenty members and the following officers : Ira B. Jones, N. G.; Mrs. M. W. Parker, V. G.; Mrs. John F. King, secretary ; Mrs. W. H. Burgess, permanent secretary, and Mrs. S. F. Joseph, treas urer. The present officers are: Mrs. J. H. Thayer, N. G.: J. F. King, V. G.; Mrs. E. A. Pierce, secretary ; Mrs. T. B. Philpot, permanent secretary, and Mrs. W. H. Burgess, treas urer. Meetings are held on the second and fourth Tues day evenings of each month in Odd Fellows Hall. Black River Lodge, No. 32, A. O. U. W., was organized in May, 1878, with nineteen members and the following officers : F. A. Lee, P. M. W.; Dr. J. G. Lacey, M. W.; William Campbell, foreman; J. R. Sturdevant, guide ; J. A. Parkhurst, recorder ; G. A. Grunds, financier. The present officers are : James A. Parkhurst, M. W.; William Camp bell, foreman; George A. Ludington, overseer; J. W. Tal- ford, recorder ; H. Schuster, receiver; W. G. Klopf, finan cier, and O. G. Tripp, guide. Meetings are held weekly, on Friday evening, and Lodge property is valued at $500 MANUFACTURES. Neillsville Flour Mills, on O'Neill's Creek, northeast of the O'Neill House, were erected by Chauncey Blakeslee, in the Fall of 1862. The buildings are of frame, and when completed the two run of stone, with which a total of fifty barrels of flour could be ground in twenty-four hours, were run by water power. The original cost of the mills was $6,000. In 1867, additions were made to the mill premises, an engine was substituted for water power, and other im provements were made. Again, in 1870, were large sums expended for similar objects, including an additional run of stone. At present four hands are employed, at a total weekly compensation of $35. Seventy-five barrels of flour are ground in twenty-four hours, and the annual business is quoted at $15,000. Neillsville Brewery was established by William Never- man, in 1869, at which time he erected the present improve ments at a cost of $2,000. Since that date he has made additions and improvements, the expense of which have been $4,000. He employs two hands ; manufactures 500 barrels of beer per year, and does a business of $4,000 an nually. G. Sterns' Stair Factory, located on the Black River road, north of the village, was first established as a planing mill by the gentleman whose name has been perpetuated as proprietor of the present enterprise, in 1869. In 1878, Mr. Sterns made a change in his line of business, introduced machinery, and other improvements, at a cost of $1,200, and began the manufacture of his present marketable commodi ty. He employs seven hands, at a weekly compensation of $65, 'and does an annual business estimated at $10,000. A. S. Leason Pump Factory, situated north of the city, on the road to Black River Falls, is of recent birth, having been established in the Fall of 1880, when Mr. Leason erected the premises now occupied. His manufacture em braces all sizes and styles of wooden pumps, special refer ence being had to a pattern of which he is the patentee. When running to its full capacity the works turn out 1,000 HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 239 pumps, and do a business of $10,000 per annum. Six hands are employed, and, with other expenses, require an outlay of $250 per month. The Neillsville Foundry and Machine Shop, north of the village and across O'Neill's Creek, were opened for business June 1, 1881, by Korman & Tuplin. When run ning to its full capacity, five hands are employed, at a weekly compensation of $70. The shop turns out plows, saws, and a general run of farming implements, the sale of which, it is believed, will produce an income for the current year (1881 ) of not less than $6,000. L. W. Gallaher, Planing Mill, established in 1871, on the present site, where business was continued until March 10, 1879 (a saw-mill having been added to the capacity of the enterprise in 1877), when the premises were destroyed fire, entailing a loss of $4,000. Mr. Gallaher immediately re built, and has since been constantly employed. His line of manufacture embraces' rough and planed lumber, sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, etc., requiring, when running full, the services of ten men, at a total weekly compensation of $100, and doing a business $15,000 per annum. Neillsville Library Association was organized Septem ber 23, 1879, by the election of H. W. Deming, president, Ira B. Jones, treasurer, and L. B. Ring, librarian and secre tary, with H. N. Withee, C. Blakeslee and Mrs. A. White, trustees, all of whom have since been continued in office. The society now have 250 volumes, and meetings are held at stated periods, in the editorial rooms of the True Republican. Neillsville Telegraph Company. In 187 1, D. W. Tol- ford and Alexander Lynn erected a telegraph line from Neillsville to Humbird, and operated the same until the Fall of 1874, when it was sold out under foreclosure pro ceedings, James O'Neill becoming the purchaser. There upon, the present corporation was organized, with Jones Tompkins, president, George Austin, secretary, and James O'Neill, treasurer, who still serve. The capital stock was placed at $ ,000. The route was changed from Humbird to Hatfield, at a cost of $875, since when the line has been operated between the latter point and Neillsville. The Sherman Guards. — May 1, 1875, the Clark County Zouaves, a military organization, was incorporated in Neills ville, with J. W. Tolford, as captain, and thirty privates. In February, 1878, the company was re-organized, the name changed to the " Sherman Guards," and, as such, became part of the Third Battalion Wisconsin State Militia. The present officers are J. W. Ferguson, captain ; George A. Ludington and Samuel Dixon, lieutenants; George K. Red mond, William Poute, Henry Fuller, George W. Trogler, Louis Schuster and Warren Suthard, sergeants ; William Kettel, Robert McAdams, Andrew Londgren, Joseph Rowe, F. Burgess, Conrad Frantz, Frederick Johnson and Henry Poute, corporals. The file embraces sixty soldiers, and meetings are held weekly for drill. PINE VALLEY CEMETERY. The first cemetery in the village of Neillsville was located on a plat of ground now owned by James Hewett, about thirty rods southeast of the court-house. In 1871, the township of Pine Valley purchased four acres of ground, one mile distant from the village, in a northeasterly direc tion, and in the following year caused the same to be plat ted, James H. Reddan being the surveyor. The- cemetery contains a total of 618 lots, is handsomely planted with trees and shrubbery, and many handsome monuments dot the landscape, adding beauty to the surroundings. The grounds and disposal of lots are under the control of the Board of Supervisors. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEVI ARCHER, farmer, Sec. 34, P.O. Neillsville, born in Orleans Co., N.Y., Aug. 19, 1S35, with his parents, went to Indiana in 1842, where he ran a saw-mill, learned the blacksmith's trade of Zekiel John son, came to the Black River and engaged in the lumber business, and, in 1874, moved on his farm, containing 270 acres, 120 of it cleared and under cultivation. In 1858, he married Miss Rossissa Straight, of Jack son County. They have one child, a son, twelve years of age, named Frank. Mr. Archer is now the president of Clark County Bank. GEORGE A. AUSTIN, farmer, Sec. 18. P.O. Neillsville, born in Otsego Co., N.Y., March 13, 1829. His parents moved to Chenango Co., N.Y., where they farmed, which was their occupation when they moved to Wisconsin, in 1843. In 1849, George A. was on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; taught school in 1850-51 ; read law with Church & Willard, of Woodstock, 111., and was admitted to the Bar in 1S53 ; he practiced till the war broke out, and enlisted in Co. A, 15th 111. V. I., was promoted to 2d lieutenant, and, after serving his lime, re-enlisted, and was commissioned Ist lieutenant ; soon afterward .became quarter master, and was taken prisoner on March 1, 1864, taken to Anderson- ville, Macon, Milan, and was exchanged at Wilmington, N. C. Having enlisted for the war, they were sent out on the frontier ; but October 1, 1865, they were ordered back, and he was discharged in Springfield, 111. He was a dealer in stock until he came to Neillsville, and bought a grist and saw mill, of Blakeslee, in 187 1 ; in 1874. leased the saw-mill, and in 1878, moved to his farm where he resides with his family ; married, in 1853, to Miss M. N. Kimball, of Woodstock. They have three chil dren—Charles E., Mary E.,now Mrs. J. Thayer, and Ida M., now Mrs. Ring. Mr. Austin has held town offices, and belongs to the Masons and the A. O. U. W. ORSON BACON, farmer, P.O. Neillsville. born in Jericho, Chitten den Co., Vt., July 8, 1810. During his youth he was reared on the an cestral farm, with his father worked in the shop as carpenter and joiner. They moved from their native county in 1826, came to St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.; from there he went to Ohio, and then to Hillsdale, Mich., where they worked a farm together, and here his father died. He remained there until 1855, when he started for Wisconsin and bought the land on which he now lives, now part of the village of Neillsville. In 1835, he married Miss Euretta R. Hastings, of New York. They have six chil dren living, and three dead — Everet H., Charles G., who died in Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis. Mo.; was a member of Co. I, 14th Wis. V. ; was wounded at Shiloh ; Charlotte, deceased ; Mary, now Mrs. C. O. Sturgeon ; S. Willard, Abbie L., deceased ; and twins, Ella Vesla and Allie Vesta. Allie died when two years old. Mr. Bacon has held the offices of County Supervisor and Treasurer. CHAUNCEY BLAKESLEE, merchant, Neillsville, born in New York, April 3, 1822, in 1840 moved to Tioga Co.. Penn. In 1845, he went to Baltimore; went to Potter County in 1848, where he engaged in the lumber business ; removed to Bradford County in 1850, and en tered the mercantile life, which he carried on till 1854, then leaving for McHenry Co., 111., going to the Black River in 1855 ; kept a store on what is known as the old Barber place. In 1856, came to Neillsville, and opened the first store here ; moved into the store now occupied by Gates & Co. ; in 1865, built a store, now occupied by Cole & Co. The film's name was Hewett, Wood & Co., till 1869, when he run the store in his own name till 1871 ; sold to his old partners and moved to Mon roe County and kept store, but finally traded his store for a mill in Jack son County, where he stayed till 1878, when he came back and bought the mill which he, together with Hewett and Wood, built in 1865. This he now runs in connection with his store in Neillsville and a saw-mill eleven miles east of here. In 1859, married Miss Maria Boardman, of Neills ville. They have five children — George, Frank, Oscar, Minnie and Cora. Mr. Blakeslee has been County Treasurer, Supervisor, Justice of the Peace, as well as other smaller offices. S. C. BOARDMAN, retired, Neillsville, born in Yates Co.. N. Y., July 10, 1849, on coming West, went to farming in Columbia County; 1853, came to Neillsville. At O'Neill's old tavern, met there some of the men of those times, such as James Sturgeon, James Burke and George Hill. He was engaged in the woods for the first few years, and then went into the land business, having taken a Government survey with E. Seers previous to this time. He went to surveying, and carried it on until 1868 ; in 1876, entered the mercantile business ; retired and took a trip to Colorado. In 1862, married Miss Diantha Slreet, of Allegany Co., N.Y. They have two children, Frankie E. and S. Clair. He be longs to the Masonic Lodge, A. F. & A. M. and the A. O. U. W. EMERY BRULEY, merchant, Neillsville, born in Ottawa City, Can ada, July 4, 1845, in 1868, went to Minneapolis, Minn., and afterwards to La Crosse, where he met Mr. Stafford and came up with him toStaffords- ville, in 1868 ; came to Neillsville and started a blacksmith shop, which he run for nine years, then opened a clothing store, and now carries a stock of $9,000, and does a business of $25,000 a year. In September, 1864, married Miss Philomena Beauchamp, of Ottawa City. He belongs to the A. O. U. W. 240 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. C. E. BUSSELL, surveyor and real estate, Neillsville. Born in Franklin Co.. Maine, Dec. n, 1850. He attended Holton Seminary in 1871, and learned engineering; came to Neillsville, May 11, 1874, and was elected County Surveyor, which office he held from 1875 to 1879. He is now examiner of lands, and has issued a fine map of Clark County ; was employed in getting up the map of LaCrosse, and is now making preparations for mapping all the northern part of the State of Wisconsin. WILLIAM CAMPBELL, merchant, dealer in boots and shoes- Born in Ayrshire, Scotland, April 20, 1S47. Came to Columbia Co.' Wis., wilh his father and grand-parents. In 1866, he graduated at the high-school in Poynett ; attended the Spencerian College of Milwaukee in 1867-68, and came here, to Neillsville, where he has engaged in keep ing books for different firms, and was one of the firm of Cole & Camp bell in 1876; in 1879, so'd t0 Cole; opened the present store in November ; is doing a business, from $10,000 to $12 000 per year. In 1S69, married Miss Myra Youmans of New York. They have three children — Jessie, May and Neill. Mr. Campbell has been elder in the Presbyterian Church for eight years, and was a delegate to the general assembly in 1877, in Chicago. He belongs to the A. O. U. W., and the Temple of Honor. J. F. CANON, Clerk of Clark County, Neillsville. Born in New York, March 6, 1843; in 1849, came to Walworth Co., Wis.; in 1852, returned to their old home, where his father died. The family of mother, six boys and one girl, moved to Waushara Co. Wis., Oct. 14, 1871, and in town of Plainfield he learned the trade of blacksmithing. He built two shops ; moved in 1S69, to Exira, Audubon Co., Iowa, put up a shop, but on account of his brother J. D.'s health, returned. His brother died Sept. 14. 1870. Mr. C. then came to Neillsville, Oct. 14, 1871, and went to work at his trade; in the Winter of 1872, kept a log ging-camp with his brother; in the Winter of 7S73-74, he was foreman in the camp ; farmed his place in the Summer. In July, 1874, kept books for George L. Lloyd ; was elected County Clerk, Jan. I, 1875, and now holds it. In April 5, 1867, married Miss Kate C. Rozell of Wash River County. They have five children — Jimmie, Henry, Lib- bie, Nellie and Frankie. He has also held the position of Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors. F. G. CAW LEY, farmer, Sec. 23, P.O., Neillsville. Born in Haverill, N. H., July 18, 1835. Up to the age of nineteen, he was employed at farming, in the factories, but it had been his desire to come west. In 1854, he came to Clark County, and went to farming, and in 1880, bought his present residence. In 1855, March 26, married Mrs. Annie Thomson of Clark County, who had come to this county, as early as 1851, and settled on Sec. 23, where she still holds the forty acres, entered in her maiden name " Annie Clark," by Mr. O'Neill. They have five children living, and two deceased — Jane E„ deceased, was Mrs. J. D. Rich of Hag Harbor, died in 18S1. 17th May ; SarahE. now Mrs. Edward Keand, F. Walter, Emily L., Willie died 27th June, i860, Annie A., born in 1857, Iulv r. Samuel G, born July 4, 1872. Mr. C. has served as Constable, for twenty-two years. S. F. CHUBB, general manager for James Hewett, Neillsville. Born in Forday-Bridge, Hampshire, England, Oct. 12, 1853. When old enough to wo k, began by being errand boy ; he then branched off into sail making, when about twelve years of age, also served in the grocery business, with a Frenchman by Ihe name of Cabot. His father's health failing, he returned to Brighton and managed the grocery for him. In 1874, he crossed the Atlantic, and landed in New York, and in company with two companions, visited Niagara, Cleveland, and his Uncle William Philpott, of Dodge Co., Wis. He then came here and entered the employ of Wells Bros., and drove mail stage, from Loyd to Neillsville, till 1875, when he entered the employ of Hewett & Wood, as junior clerk, and in 187S took charge of the business. In December, 1878, he married Miss Mary L. Phillips, adopted daughter of James Hewett. They have one child, Vivian J., aged fourteen months. Mr. C. belongs to I. O. O. F., also the encampment A. O. U. W., and Inde pendent Order of Foresters. He is treasurer for the Episcopal Church, of which he is a member. A. W. CLARK, farmer, Section 26, P. O. Neillsville. Born in Boston, Mass., June 22, 1830; went with his parents to Dubuque, Iowa, and then to Grant Co., Wis., in 1843. and opened a tin and hardware shop. Before coming to Clark County in 1857, he paid a visit to Cali fornia ; then he located on this farm which is part of the old estate owned by his brother, who had come to Clark County in 1843, tnen Part of Crawford County, and thinks this county was named for him. Mr. C. had some 400 or 500 acres of the estate and has built a saw-mill, called Clirk's Mill, and has farmed and lumbered up to the present time. In 1852, he married Miss Mary A. Vineyard, of Quincy, 111. At the time of her birth, in 1832, her mother was living in the midst of Indians and during the Indian War was removed to Quincy. They have four child ren—Edith I. (now Mrs. R. J. Sawyer), G. H„ A. P. and M. W. Mr. Clark is one of the lodge of I. O. O. F. W. C. CRANDALL, druggist, Neillsville. Born at Port Deposit, Cecil Co., Md., Nov. 1, 1S38. He went to Maine July 4, 1863. In 1864, came to Black River Falls ; clerked in W. B. Porter's drug store until 1867 ; formed a partnership with P. Howell and at the end of 1868 dissolved. Began studying medicine with W. B. Cole. Attended Rush Medical College at Chicago. Came to Neillsville and entered on a good practice, but gave his practice to W. B. Morley and now carries on the drug store. He married Miss Almira T. Brown, of New York, in April, 1868. They have three children — Gladdys M., Gertrude E. and Bessie. They have lost an infant child. HON. R. DEWHURST, lumberman, Neillsville. Born near Man chester, Lancaster Co., England, May 12, 1826. In 1827, came to Amer ica and the family settled in Bristol Co., Mass., and remained till 1833 ; removed to Loraine Co., Ohio. When twenty years of age. commenced studying law under P. Bliss. In 1850, he left for Jo Daviess Co., 111., and worked in the lead mines. In 1850-51, taught a private school in Scales Mound, going then to Potosi, Grant Co., Wis. ; went into the lead mines, was taken sick, and went home ; took up law again. He then went to teaching school, in 1854, near Platteville, Wis., finding time to visit Kansas during the troubles existing at that time, but came back to White Oak Springs in 1856, and was admitted to the Bar. Came to Clark County May 1, 1856. and located at Weston's Rapids. In 1858, was elected to the Assembly; held the office of Register of Deeds in 1859. In 1S64, he was elected again to the Legislature, and served the session of 1S65. He had held the position of County Judge in 1856, and was elected again in 1877, he served until 1879, then resigned. In 1875, he was the representative in the Assembly from this district, and County Superintendent of Schools, filling the vacancy occasioned by Mr. Johnson's moving from the State. Filled vacancy occasioned by the deatli of William Hutchinson, as County Treasurer. He has served the public in most of the town offices. In March 29, 1859. married Miss Maria S. Curtiss, of Madison. They have one child, Mary, born Jan. 3, 1S63. Mr. Dewhurst, in company with Daniel Gates, in 1S74, visited Oregon, Washington and California, and 1876, together with John Reed, visited England, Scotland, Ireland and the French Exposition. D. DICKINSON, merchant, Neillsville. Born in Tinga Co., Pa., Nov. 20, 1836. In 1855, came to Madison, Wis. In 185S. he started for Port Royal, but the war breaking out he turned back to Lock Haven. In 1861, enlisted in the 45th Pa. Vol. ; served till the close. On being mustered out he returned home to Wellsboro, Pa., and in 1S66 came to Sparta, Wis., then came to Neillsville and clerked for Hewett, Wood & Co. He then entered into partnership with McBride for one year, since this time he has been alone in the business, in 1S76 moving into his present store on East street. Married in 1874, to Miss Kate E. Curtiss, of Neillsville. They have three children — Carrie, Grace and Albert Willis. D. B. R. DICKINSON, cashier Clark County Bank. Neillsville. Born in Wellsboro, Tioga Co., Pa., May 2. 1843. In 1861. came to New York, clerked for J. A. Parson & Co.; went into the banking house of Souther, Willis & Souther, here he staid until 1870 ; moved to Phelps County, took position as buyer for the Iron Works of Maramec. In 1874, came to Sparta and went in with Geo. Dunn. In 1875, Octo ber, he came here, and entered Clark County Bank Feb. 1, 1879. He married Miss Agnes Goodwin, of Sparta, in 1866. HON. L. A. DOOLITTLE, Judge of Clark County Court, Neills ville. Born in St Lawrence Co., N. Y„ July 22, 1853. When eighteen years of age began the study of law, and at the age of twenty-two grad uated. Taught school at different times to obtain means with which to carry on his studies. In 1878, he entered the Law Department of Mad ison University and graduated in 1879, which admitted him to all the courts of the State. Coming to Neillsville, he had been here practicing but five months, when he was appointed County Judge to fill vacancy occasioned by resignation of Judge Richard Dewhurst in December, 1879, tne term expires Jan. 1, 1882. Mr. Doolittle married, May 4, 1880, to Miss Bessie A. Weeks, of Rutland, Vermont. P. S. DUDLEY, merchant, dealer in harness, trunks, etc., Neills ville. Born in Orleans Co., N. Y., Oct. 18, 1839. In 1857, came to Walworth County. In 1858, he and his father went into the harness business, also carried on the trade in Dane County in 1862. Opened the first hirness shop in Neillsville Nov. 3, 1869. In 1S61, married Miss Maria McArthur, of Woodstock, of the Province of New Bruns wick. They have four children— Bertha A., born July 4, 1864, Ella C, Nov. 22, 1865, Mabel C, June 17, 1867, Arthur E., March 28, 1869, one infant died when seven weeks of age. He has held several public offices and belongs to the I. O. O. F. HON. B. F. FRENCH, attorney, Neillsville, was born in Chatau- qua Co., N. Y., Aug. 10, 1832. In 1839, moved to Warren Co., Pa., remaining there until 1844 ; went to Jefferson Co., Iowa, farmed it with his father for a time. In 1849, started for the Black River, and made a claim, which he now holds. Built a log house. In 1854-5, studied law with his brother, J. F., and was admitted to the Bar in 1856, in the Sixth District Circuit Court, by Judge George Gale. In November. 1854, he was elected Treasurer of Clark County, being the first one. Elecled District Attorney in 1856, serving in that office until 1866. Has been a member of the Board of Supervisors. In 1873, was candidate for the HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 241 Assembly, was defeated by a small majority. Was the first master of the masonic order in Clark County. Was married to Miss Elizabeth R. Brown, of Black River Falls, June 8, 1854. They have six children — Nettie, Elva N., Viola M., Dimple T., Edwin and John R. J. W. FERGUSON, Postmaster, Neillsville. Bom in Erie Co., Pa.. Aug. 16, 1846. In April, 1854, came to Neillsville with his uncle, S. F. Ferguson, and when the war broke out enlisted in the 14th Wis. Vol. Was mustered out Oct. 9, 1S65, returned home, and in 1867 worked at the tinner's trade, until he was appointed Postmaster in 1871. Mr. Fer guson married Miss Amelia Palmer, of Neillsville. They have two children, Clara and Edward J. JAMES FURLONG, merchant and grocer, Neillsville, was born in Lehigh Co., Penn., Oct. 9, 1827. At an early age, moved into Arm strong County, where he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner with a Mr. McNutt, and came to Neillsville in 1856, where he stopped with Mr. O'Neill till he built a house and shop and took his brother Edward into partnership with him. In 1864, he opened a cabinet store in the building he now occupies. In 1S77, sold out to Peter Johnson, and retired ; October, 1880, started the store he now has. Was married, in 1849, to Mis! Mary Diebler, of Westmoreland Co., Penn. They have one child, Amanda — lost three. He has held public offices. L. W. GALLAHER, manufacturer, Neillsville, was born in Litch field, Conn., April ig, 1831. Went to Litchfield, Medina Co., Ohio, in 1838. In 1846, went to Wayne County. In 1856, went to Indiana. Was engaged in different occupations at this time, and in 1868 moved to Black River Falls, where he was employed as pattern maker, coming to Clark County in 1871, where he put up a mill and sash and door fac tory, which was burned down in 1879. He immediately built again, and now is running the saw and planing department. In August, 1857, he married Miss A. M. Baker, of Warsaw, Ind. They have a family of seven children — Nelson E., Elmer W., Carrie P., Charlie Sumner, Early L., Owen V. and Reuben H. He belongs to the I. O. O. F., and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. DANIEL GATES, banker, Neillsville, was born in Essex Co., N. Y., July 11, 1818. In 1856, went to Fairfield, Jefferson Co., Iowa. Remained but a short time, moved to Wedge's Creek, Clark Co., Wis., and opened a hotel. In 1861, moved into a private residence. Engaged in legging in the Winter and farming in the Summer. In 1869, formed a partner ship with Joel Head, in the grocery business. In 1876, Mr. Head died, and his wife still remained. In October, Mr. G. started a meat-market, and took his son m as a partner. In 1878, bought Mrs. Head out, and took his son, J. L., in the provision business. In 1879, established the Neillsville bank. Was married, in 1848, to Miss Jane Hewitt, of New York. They have three children. M. G. has held a number of public offices to the satisfaction of all. J. L. GATES, banker, Neillsville, was born in Essex Co., N. Y., Dec. 22, 1850. He came west with his parents, who located about six miles south of Neillsville in 1856. They moved to this place in 1861. He then went to commercial school, and commenced business in 1871. In 1872, he had accumulated enough to build. Seeing an opportunity to make money, he went into real estate and brokerage. In 1876, added a provision store to his business, and realized large returns, as high as $60,000 in the Winter of 1880. This store he sold to F. D. Lindsay, March, 1881, and now runs the bank of J. L. Gates & Co., established in 1879. Married Miss Liddia E. Eyerly, of Neillsville, Wis. They have two children — Robert L., six years of age, and Edith Temperance, aged four. ANSEN GREKN, farmer, Sec. 26, P. O. Neillsville, was born in Middleton, Delaware Co., N. Y., Dec. 22, 1817. Came right from his native county to Clark County in 1854, taking an active part with the early settlers in organizing these parts. Has always been interested more or less in lumbering, also in hotels ; kept one in 1856 in which he cleared $885 in six months. He then kept the Neillsville Hotel, which he sold to Hubbard. Then bought this farm of 166 acres, on which he now lives, in 1864. Is now engaged in farming and lumbering. In 1842, he married Miss Mary Dean, of New York. They had seven children, three now living — Sallie M., Wilber, Nettie, Levi, De Willet, deceased — Anson and Nora. Mr. G. has held town office, is now on the Board of Supervisors, and belongs to the I. O. O. F. G. J. HART, bookkeeper for James Hewett, Neillsville, was born in Canton, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Nov. I, 1844. Lived there and was following business of building mover in Jefferson County. In 1859, he attended St. Lawrence University, and in 1862, visited the west, went back. In 1871, emigrated to the State of Wisconsin, going to La Fay ette County, and then came up to this place with a team of horses to sell, but not being able to get a fair price, went to work with them in the pineries. He then went to clerking for J. H. Marshall, in the hard ware business. In 1877, was appointed Deputy Treasurer of Clark County. In 18S0, gave his attention to telegraphy, being employed since 18S1 with James Hewett. In 1875, married Miss Mira Caswell, of Jefferson Co., N. Y. MRS. ALMIRA HEAD, Neillsville, widow of Joel Head, one of the early settlers of this place, and identified with its business interests. Mr. Head was a miller by trade, and run C. Blakeslee's mill after he came to Neillsville. Afterward going into the hotel business, he kept the Hub bard House, and then went into the meat-market on shares with D. Gates. Then carried on a provision store in connection with the meat- market. Was doing a very fine trade at the time of his death (Dec. 2, 1875). Mrs. Head (nee Almira Payne) was born in New York, May 18, 1838, and married Mr. Joel Head, Aug. 26, 1856. They had three chil dren — Rosa N., Laura A. (now Mrs. Thomas Morris) and a son, N. V. Mrs. Head has retired from active business, and lives on the estate. JAMES HEWETT, merchant, Neillsville. Born in New York, Essex County, May 1, 1830. Was engaged in lumbering there up to 1856 ; came to Neillsville, where he has carried on the same business up to the -present time. In 1859, he went into the mercantile line with the firm name of Hewett, Wood & Co., which continued to be the firm name till Mr. Wood's death, which occurred in 1879 he running the business in his own hands since. He also has a saw-mill on Wedges Creek. His stock of merchandise amounts to $10,000, and he has done a business of $100,000 a year. Married Miss Henrietta Brown, of Maine, Oct. 17, 1864. They had three children, one living — Sherman F., born Sept. 4, 1865. Two deceased, Chauncy B., born Feb. 14, 1867, died April 20, 1869, and an infant. His wife died in April, 1869. May, 1874, married Eme- line Niles. Has served the public in numerous official positions, and continues to do so. He has been before the people for the Assembly, but was defeated. PETER JOHNSON, merchant and dealer in furniture, Neillsville. Born in Denmark, Sept. 9, 1849. ln J87l, came to America, went to North Adams, Mass.; in 1872 commenced working at Holbrook's saw mill at the foot of the Green Mountains, going to Troy, N. Y., in 1874 ; there learned the cabinet business ; then traveled to Tennessee, and on to Chicago, then into Iowa. Finally striking Black River Falls, where he stayed until 1877 ; came to Neillsville, bought out James Furlong, and commenced doing business. Was married in 1876 to Miss Mary Postweler, of Black River Falls. They have two children, Annie and Clara. He belongs to the Lodge of the I. O. O. F. IRA B. JONES, prescription clerk in W. C. Crandall's drug store, Neillsville. Born in Orleans County, N. Y., July 19, 1849. He com menced the drug business with Dr. E. D. Hall in Knowlesville, Orleans Co., N. Y. With his brother, Thomas P., he spent the years of 1868 to 1871 in Canada as U. S. Consul, going thence to Rochester, N. Y. In the Spring of 1872, he married Miss Julia A. Hoyt. They have two chil dren, Gracie May, and Bessie Floy. Mr. Jones belongs to the I. O. O. F. He is a representative to the Right Worthy Grand Lodge that meets on the 7th of June, 1881, in Milwaukee. J. B. JONES, book-keeper, with C. Blakeslee, Neillsville. Born in Lewis Co., N. Y., Dec. 19, 1837. He went into the neighboring county of Orleans, where he remained till 1857, and worked on the farm. In 1857, visited Washington Co., Wis., but returned to New York, where he stayed till the Fall of i860. Came to Wisconsin; in 1861, enlisted in 16 242 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the 1 2th Wis. Vols., and was mustered out as second lieutenant in 1865 ; he returned to Orleans County, was appointed U. S. Consul to the city of Hamilton, Canada. In 1867, he came to Wisconsin again, and in 1868 arrived in Neillsville and went to farming for a short time, then to keep ing books for O. P. Wells & Co., soon after for Hewett & Wood, and in 1880 took his present position. In 1864 married Miss Lovilla White, of Marion, Wayne Co., N. Y. They have three children — Vinnie I., Thomas E. and J. Earl. Was elected Treasurer in 1879, on the Temper ance ticket, is serving in this capacity now. Was Assessor in 1869, and 1872, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors. He was the first Noble Grand of the Odd Fellows' Lodge of this place. SOLOMON F. JOSEPHS, confectioner, Neillsville. Born in Ni agara Co., N. Y., July 23, 1848. In 1857, went to Columbia Co., Wis. In 1871, went to Benton, Minn. In 1872, went to Poynett, Wis., where he learned the harness trade, and coming to Clark County in 1873, opened a harness shop, which he ran until 1877, then opened up in the same line he now has. He then built the store now occupied by H. J. Youmans; in 1880 he sold this store to the firm of Ring & Youmans, and on the eighth of November, opened his present place of business. Jan. 15, 1873, married Miss Nellie E. Dole, of Columbia County. They have two children, Florence E., aged eight years, and Lynn Dole, aged three months. Mr. Joseph belongs to the following lodges : N. G. of I. O. O. F.; Sec. of Royal Arcanum, and H. C. R. of Forresters. He is the State representative to the meeting of the Supreme Court of the World in New York, June, 1881. F. A. LEE, Town Clerk, Neillsville. Born in Sheffield, England, April 12, 1828. Cameto America with his parents in 1843; they stopped in Waukesha Co., Wis., and went to farming. In 1848, went to clerk ing. Learned the trade of cigar maker in Chicago, went to Janesville to work at the trade. At Sparta opened up in the mercantile and sta tionery line, soon after he kept nothing but dry goods. Disposing of his business he came up to Neillsville in 1869 ; clerk in Hewett & Blakeslee's, but concluded to set himself up in a general merchandise store. Closed out and is now giving his attention to his offices, being Justice of the Peace as well as Town Clerk, which office he has held for the fourth term. In 1853 he married Miss L. E. Chapterson of Philadelphia, Pa, They have seven children — Allie, Kate (now Mrs. David Payne), Frederick, Charles, Jessie, Herbert and Mattie. Mr. Lee Has been warden in the Episcopal Church for the last three years, HON. F. D. LINDSAY, merchant, Neillsville. Born in EssexCo., N. Y , Feb. 17, 1837. He remained in his native county until 1862, en gaged in farming, and when Ihe war broke out he enlisted, 1862, in the 118th N. Y. Vol., and served till 1865. When mustered out ranked sergeant. Went home then to Davenport, Iowa, and came to Clark County, Jan. 1, 1866. Went to work by the month lumbering and farm ing ; kept at that business since, doing about $50,000 per year. In 1880, bought provision store of J. L. Gates, which is connected with his lum bering interests. In 1872, married Miss Clara Hubble, of Neillsville. They have two children, Bessie, six years of age in October, Josie two years December, and one deceased, named Lulu. In 1871— 72, he served the county as Sheriff; 1876-77, was elected to the Assembly from Wood, Clark, Lincoln and Taylor counties ; was Chairman of the Town Board for 1878-79-80. GEORGE L. LLOYD, merchant, Neillsville. Born in Willoughby, Lake Co., Ohio, Aug. 9, 1840. When he was nineteen years of age he went to Colorado, returning the same year. Located in Neillsville in the year 1859, being engaged in the lumber business. Worked for Wells & Co. up to 1873. Set up his own business. Now has a stock on hand of about $10,000, and his proceeds for the year is about $50,000. He married Miss Dora Marshall, of Hingham, Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1873. They have two children, Glynn and Clyde. GEORGE A. LUDINGTON, dealer in harness, trunks, collars, etc., Neillsville, Born in Circleville, Pickaway Co., Ohio, Oct. 5, 1842. He came to Illinois in 1857, When the war broke out enlisted in Co. H, 301I1 Ohio Vol., served out his time and re-enlisted in Alabama and was mustered out in 1865, attending school in Indiana that Winter. He picked up the carpenter trade al Warsaw, 111. Oct. 25, 1866, he worked in the woods on Black River. Learned the trade of harness making with J. Elliott, A. L. Cuber and P. S. Dudley. In 1877, bought out S. F. Josephs. In 1869, married Miss Mary E. Teller, of Black River Falls. They have four children — Albert C, Eunice, Carrie and Mary Teller. Belongs to the I. O.O. F., of which he is P. G; to the Royal Arcanum, and the I. O. R., of which he was the first P. C. R. in the Neillsville Lodge. The Guards, a militia organized 1875, as Zouaves, and reorganized in 1878 as the Sherman Guards, have him for their second lieutenant. JAMES LYNCH, retired, Neillsville. Born in Allegheny Co., Pa., March 6, 1807. He first went to Armstrong County in the year 1828, and was engaged with his father on a farm, till 1856; came to Neillsville the same year and locating on the same lot that his present dwelling now occupies. He once owned a farm of more than two quarter sec tions, having lately sold it. In 1S35, he married Miss Margaret Kirk land of Cumberland Co., Pa. They had eleven children, seven now liv ing — jonn H., Mary Ann, deceased, Alice A. (now Mrs, Furlong)' Salina (now Mrs. Sturgeon), Mellissa J. and Elizabeth, deceased, Lewis, Cordelia (now Mrs. Hewett), J. Wick, Sheldon and Byron. Mr. L. has been Town Treasurer, also School Treasurer, and held other offices. R. J. MAC BRIDE, lawyer, Neillsville. Born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 28, 1847. When he was nineteen years of age started for the West and arrived in Neillsville in October, 1866, and clerked for Hewett, Woods & Co., until 1869. He was giving his attention to reading law in his spare moments, and in 1870 was admitted to the Bar. Married Miss Emeline Niles, of Michigan. Was elected County Judge, served from 1870 to 1877, and was appointed alternate delegate to the National Convention that nominated Gen. Hancock for President of the United States. E. H.MARKEY, liveryman, Neillsville. Born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 25, 1844. He stopped a while in Lawrence. Came to Black River Falls in 1855. When the war broke out he enlisted in the 14th Wis. Vol., as drummer boy, served his time out and re-enlisted in the Veteran Corps till mustered out in 1865, when he returned to Black River Falls, and in 1867 came to Neillsville. Kept a meat market, then went into the livery business in 1870, making him the oldest in the busi ness in the place. Ran a stage line in 1875, and at one time he ran coaches from Neillsville to Humbird, Loyal and Hatfield. In 1871, he married Miss Hattie Babcock, of Courtland Co., N. Y. He belongs to the A. O. U. W. Was Clerk of the County and Deputy Sheriff, be sides holding some town offices. DR. W. B. MORLEY, physician, Neillsville, was born in Chauta- qua Co., N. Y., Dec. 29, 1852 ; went to Viroqua, Vernon Co., Wis., where he studied under Dr. W. A. Gott. In 1876, he graduated at the Louis ville College, Ky., and commenced practice at Leon, Monroe Co., Wis., and came here in 1879; entered on Dr. Crandall's practice. Mr. Morley married, in 1877, Miss Mary Gilliland, of Leon. HENRY MYERS, druggist, Neillsville, was born in Newfield, Tompkins Co., N. Y., March 6, 1841. Worked in his father's grist-mill and at farming ; came West to La Crosse, Wis., in 1857, and harvested for Jerry Patchem ; went to logging on the Black River up to 1879, when he bought Dr. G. C. Lacy, Jr., out, and is now carrying on the drug store. In the Fall of 1879, his brother bought a half share and the firm is now Myers Bros. In Tune, 1880, he commenced a fine residence at the corner of State and Fourth streets, costing about $2,500. Mr. Myers enlisted twice, but did not get out of the State. He belongs to the A. O. U. W. WILLIAM NEVERMAN, brewer, Neillsville, was born in Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, Germany, June 14, 1834 ; arrived in Quebec in 1852; came to Milwaukee, going to work on a farm ; learned ship-building of James Jones in 1856, starting as deck hand from Galena, 111., on a steamboat for St. Louis, Mo. In 1857, he arrived in Neillsville, where he worked as house-carpenter till 1861. He enlisted in Co. F, 14th Wis. V., as corporal. In 1862, he was reduced to the ranks, and although of fered promotion again, would not accept. Served time out Dec. 10, '63; reenlisted in the Veterans, and was promoted from second to first ser geant, December, 1864, and to second lieutenant, July 12, 1865. When he came home, he commenced the carpenter's trade, which he carried on till 1870. In 1869, he built the brewery and brews about 500 or 600 barrels a year. Married, Nov. 30, 1865, to Miss Sophia Sontag, of Jef ferson County. They have seven children — Mary, Carl, Otto B., Dora, Rudolph G., Alma and Eda. He belongs to the Sons of Hermann and, the Foresters. He has been on the Board of Supervisors. HON. JAMES O'NEILL, proprietor of the O'Neill House and proprietor o the village of Neillsville, was born in the town of Lisbon, St. Lawrence Co.. N. Y., May 4, 1810. In 1836, started west and brought up at Prairie du Chien, Wis., and there engaged in lumbering on the Black River, and settled on the present site of the village of Neillsville and built the first log cabin in 1845 that was put up in this section, also a saw-mill. In 1847, constructed a frame house ; built the first part of the fine hotel called the O'Neill House, in 1858, and opened the hotel as it is now in 1865. Hans Johnson rented it in 1867, and Johnson & Myers bought it in 1868. However Mr. O'Neill has kept it s'ince, buy ing it back in 1878. Mr. O'Neill has been married twice ; in 1847, to Miss Jane Douglas, of Scotland. They had three children— Isabella, now Mrs. Coval, Maria, now Mrs. Darling, Thomas, deceased. Mrs. O'Neill died in 1871 and he married Mrs. Teller in 1873. They have one child, James. Mr. O'Neill was elected to the Assembly in 1848 from Crawford County ; in 1867, was elected again to the Assembly for Jackson and Clark counties ; has also served as County Treasurer and as Town Supervisor. JAMES O'NEILL, Jr., attorney, Neillsville, was born in St. Law rence Co., N. Y.. Sept. 3, 1847. He remained there till 1873, studying law. He graduated at Cornell, Utica, N. Y., then attended law school at Albany, graduated, and was admitted to the Bar in 1873. He then started west and the same year located in this State and entered a steady practice. In 1876, he married Miss Marion Robinson, of Neillsville, They have one child, Ernest, aged four years. HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 243 REV. HARVEY PALMER, P. O. Neillsville, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Sept. 21, 1808. His parents moved to Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1821. He was engaged in farming and learned the mason's trade about this period of his life. In 1853, he came to Wisconsin and in Lafayette County joined the Wisconsin Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and filled the following appointments: Wingville, Beetown, Sauk Prairie, Paoli, Springfield, Baraboo and Dodgeville, coming herein 1863; gave his time to preaching, farming and lumbering. Now has a farm of eighty acres. In 1832, March 23, he married Miss Emeline Coon, of New York. They have six children — Hiram, Martha, deceased, Ann, now Mrs. Carnwell, Lorinda, now Mrs. Marsh, William and Uriah. Uriah served in the 4th Wis. V., afterwards in Battery B., U. S. A. Was killed in the battle of Gettysburg. Mr. P. has been Town Treasurer, Supervisor, and has held other offices. He lives on his farm on Sec. 16. HIRAM PALMER, lumberman, Sec. 16, P.O. Neillsville, was born in Lewis Co., N. Y., May 25, 1833. At an early age, left his native coun ty ; arrived in Brown Co., Wis., in 1851, coming to the Wisconsin River and to La Crosse May 15, 1854, and started on foot for a logging drive up at Eden's, where Greenwood now is. W. B. Hawley had charge of the drive. He was engaged as pilot on the Mississippi up to 1871, and has of late years been engaged in lumbering. For a few years he was one of the partners in the firm of Boardman, Bussell & Palmer in the lumber and mercantile business, but dissolved in 1874 He is now lumbering with James Hewett, having bought his farm. He now owns 240 acres; 140 acres are under cultivation, In i860, he married Miss Rosa Tucker, of Illinois. They have two children, Morton and Jessie. He was elected Sheriff in 1866; has been Supervisor and held other town offices. J. A. PARKHURST, Clerk of Clark County Court, was born in Washtenaw Co., Mich., April II, 1842. Went to Monroe Co., N. Y., in 1849, where he stayed till 1853, then returned to his native county and stopped till February, 1856. In May, visited St. Jo., Mo., and then started overland with a train of merchandise sent out by Jones & Co. to Salt Lake. Returned to Donophan Co., Kans., in 1861 ; secured a po sition in the office of the Register of Deeds. He then went to Outaga mie County; in March, 1861, enlisted in 6th Wis. V. I ; was commis sioned second lieutenant in 1863 and returned home. Stayed till 1869, being elected Clerk in 1867, and then traveled through the West. In 1872, commenced studying law in the office of Col. Thorn ; was ad mitted to the Bar in June, 1874; practiced law until February, 1875. Started the newspaper called the Enterprise in Colby, Clark Co., Wis. He moved the paper down to Neillsville, and in 1878 sold to Mr. Clea ver. Mr. Parkhurst was elected Clerk of the County Court in 1877. He married Miss Theresa A. Randall, of Appleton, Outagamie Co. They have two children, Jessie A. and Augustus G. THOMAS B. PHILPOTT, Sheriff of Clark County, Neillsville. Born in Fording Bridge, Hampshire Co., England, April 14, 1842. Came to America in 1856, locating in Dodge Co., Wis., and worked at the trade of blacksmith with his father, till 1859, when he started across the plains, returning to Dodge County in i860. When the civil war broke out, he enlisted in the 29th Wis. V. I„ Co. I, and was mustered out October, 1865, at Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., and returned home. Worked at his trade until 1867, when he came to Loyal, Clark Co., on Christmas day, and came to Neillsville. Was elected Sheriff of Clark County, in 1877, time expires 1883. In 1864, married Miss E. T. Bresee, of Madison, Wis. They have four children — Milton J., Pearl M., George B. and Guy R. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and of the lodges of the I. O. O. F., also of A. O. U. W. PHILIP RAMMINGER, manufacturer of wagons and carriages, Neillsville. Born in Denmark, Aug. 22, 1849. He came to America in 1852, straight to Sheboygan County, where he remained until 1864; while here, he learned his trade of Peter Kierst. In 1870, he went to Plymouth and worked at the trade of wagonmaker, and then to Green wood, where he opened in 1873. In 1881, sold to Burr Bros., and moved to Neillsville, opened a shop here. In 1874, married Miss Matilda fck- steadt, of Plymouth. They have two children, Alfred, born April 13, 1876, and Cora, born Sept. 8, 1880. MRS. M. W. REDDAN, hotel, Neillsville. Born in Somerset Coun ty, May 21, 1834, and was married to Mr. L. R. Stafford, in 1849. He was a man that was eminently fitted to develop the resources of this section. Was born Aug. 12, 1824. He engaged in lumbering, and brought his wife and family out from LaCrosse, in a wagon drawn by four mules, and driven by a man named Charlie Hewett ; they passed through Neillsville, and went on to Weston's Rapids, where there was a large hotel, run by Harry Searls ; here they stopped until he had built a house on his land, on Sec. n, three-fourths of a mile north of Neills ville. He with great ability, continued to build, and finally induced so many to locate around him, that the village was named Staffordsville after him, and at this time it was more of a business place than the county seat. There was a saw mill, grist mill, hotel, machine shop, etc. The little village continued to thrive till 1871, when the founder died, since then the settlement has entirely disappeared, nothing is left but the hotel, which was patronized, till, on the breaking out of the small pox, it was used as a pest house, and is now rapidly falling to pieces. Mrs. Reddan married again in August, 1874, to her present husband, and now holds the old site of Staffordville, and a farm above called the Cowley farm, and keeps the hotel in Neillsville. She had by her first marriage, four children — Alice, Albion, Jamie and Maud. JOHN REED, lumberman, Neillsville. Born in Northumberland Co., England, May 30, 1828. Came to New Orleans, La., went up the Mississippi River to Kentucky, where he went to work in the coal mines. In 1852, during a strike of the miners, went to Jackson County and bought a farm, then returned to the coal mines of LaSalle Co., 111., when his health failing, he went to Maryland. In 1854, was lumbering on the Black River. In 1861, enlisted in the ist Wis. Battery, and served till October, 1864. Came to Clark County, and went to trapping, then into logging, and has been at it ever since. He was staying at Staffordsville when the small pox broke out. In 1874, married Mrs.Evaline Fowler, of Jackson County. They have two children, John H„ two years old, and Ruby H., four years old. Mr. Reed belongs to the Masons. M. C. RING, attorney, Neillsville. Born in East Milton, Rock Co., Wis., Oct. 30, 1850. He went to Cooksville, then to Madison, and soon after to Sparta. In 1873, he commenced the study of law with Tyler & Dickinson, went to Madison, and entered the law department of the University. After graduating, came to Neillsville, entered into partner ship with C. A. Youmans, and is now practicing under the same name, that of Ring & Youmans. In Sept. 13, 1877, married Miss Ida M.Aus tin, of Neillsville. They have one child, Blanche A., aged three years May 10th. JACOB ROSSMAN, proprietor Rossman House, Neillsville, was born in Prussia, June 29, 1834. In 1849, ne came to New York, arriv ing there in May, and going right on to Sheboygan Co., Wis ; resided there until 1870, when he came to Neillsville and opened the Rossman House. In connection with the hotel, he has a cigar factory and saloon, and does a business of $20,000 per annum. Mr. Rossman married Miss Catherine Gesserd, of Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1856. They have seven children living — Louis, George, Frederick, Kate, Julius, Amelia and Ameil ; three deceased — Otto, Jacob and Robert. He served as Sheriff in 1876-7. HERMAN SCHUSTER, Register of Deeds, Neillsville, was born in Saxony, Germany, Feb. 28, 1833 ; emigrated to America in Septem ber, 1844, and landed in New York City, Nov. 7 ; resided there until May, 1872, when he came to Clark Co., Wis., settling on a farm. In October, 1873, he engaged with Messrs. Dewhurst & Hutchinson in the real estate and abstract office. Was elected Register of Deeds in No vember, 1876, and has continued in office since, being now in his third term. He is also engaged in the real estate business. G. STERNS, manufacturer, Neillsville, was born in Jonkoeiping, Sweden, May 2, 1821. In 1851, he came to America and settled in Wilmington, 111., where he learned the cabinet trade. He was troubled with ague, and went to La Crosse. In 1855, he came to Neillsville ; thence to Weston's Rapids and worked at the cabinet trade till 1868, when he came to the county seat and put up a turning lathe and shingle mill. In 1878, he got his stave factory into running order, which has a capacity of 7,000 per diem. In 1854, he married Miss Charlotte Medin, of Sweden. They have four children — Henry, Oscar, Clarence and Stella. He belongs to the I. O. O. F. J. R. STURDEVANT, District Attorney, Neillsville, was born in Jefferson Co., Iowa, Sept. 6, 1845. In 1854, he went to Lee Co., Iowa, and then to Neillsville the same year, and attended school ; soon after, he began studying law, when, in 1872, he was admitted to the Bar, and, in 1873, was elected District Attorney, which office he has retained until the present time. He was elected County Judge at the last election, and takes his place Jan. I, 1882. Mr. Sturdevant married Miss Mary E. Johnson, of Wapello Co., Iowa, Oct. 19, 1870. They have one child, Claudie R., born Sept. 18, 1871. Mr. S. enlisted in the 4th Wis. Vol., Dec. 26, 1863, and was mustered out Oct. 9, 1865. J. W. STURDEVANT, farmer and bee raiser. Sec. 22, P. O. Neills ville'. was born in Warren Co., Pa,, Sept. 2, 1816. He was engaged in farming and lumbering in his native county, and hearing of the fertility of Iowa, went to Jefferson County of that State, in 1844, then to Lee County, and, in 1854, came to Clark County, and went to farming and bee raising. He began with one hive of bees, and increased until he had 214 ; at present he has but forty, having lost no swarms last Win ter. He married, in 1840, Miss Mary Ann French, of Vermont. They have six children — Robert F., James F., J. Rufus and Marshall D., liv ing, and Nancy and Gilroy, deceased. Mr. S. has held most all of the town offices. H. E. TAYLOR, jeweler, Neillsville, was born in Tioga Co., N. Y., Dec. 31, 1838. He learned his trade partly of D. D. Brown, whom he was with in 1864. Previous to that time, he had worked at carpenter work. In 1861, had enlisted in Company H, 64th N. Y. V., but was dis charged on account of being disabled from rheumatism. Returned to New York. Gave his attention to the jeweler's trade, being occupied at 244 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. it in Minnesota till 1868. Came here and opened a store. In 1872, he married Miss Nellie Chase, of Jackson County. JAMES A. TEMPLETON, M. D., Neillsville, was born near the Natural Bridge, Rockbridge Co., Va., Oct. 13, 1832. Family moved to Henry Co., Ind., where his father died, and his mother, with himself and sister, returned to Augusta Co., Va. In 1846, attended Washington College, at Lexington. From there went to the University of Virginia, and entered the medical department. He graduated in 1855. Went to Philadelphia; then to Blue Sulphur Springs, Green Brier Co., W, Va. When the war broke out, was commissioned sergeant in the Confederate army, April 17, 1861. He served during the war, and in 1868, com menced practicing in Bristol, Tenn., where he remained till September, 1879, when he came 10 Neillsville, and is now following his profession. Married Miss Johnson, of Green Brier Co., W. Va., in 1856. They have five children — Mary, Howard, Emelie, James A. and Nannie E. J. H. THAYER, clerk, with C. Blakeslee, Neillsville, was born in Penobscot Co., Maine, Aug. 12, 1847. In 1866, went to Wisconsin; then to Michigan, where he remained two years, and then came back to Wisconsin. Engaged in mercantile and lumbering business, and in 1S77, commenced his presenl business with C. Blakeslee. Mr. Thayer married Miss Mary E. Austin, in 1876. They have two children, Min nie and Bessie. JULIUS TRAGSDORF, manufacturer, Neillsville, was born in Saxony, Germany, Nov. 14, 1847. Having his trade learned, he came to this country in 1869, going to Washington County, where he worked at shoemaking till 1S72. Came to Clark County, and opened at Pleas ant Ridge. Came to Neillsville in 1875, and now has his place of busi ness on Third street. Was married, in May, 18S1, to Miss Julia Camp- men, of Bohemia, Austria. Mr. T. belongs to the Lutheran Church. G. W. TROGNER, manufacturer, Neillsville, was born in St. Law rence Co., N. Y., Aug. 14, 1847. Moved to Green Co., Wis., in 1849. In 1863, enlisted in Company H., 3Sth Wis. V. Was mustered out 25th July, 1865, and then turned his attention to the carpenter and joiner's trade, and in the Fall of 1865, came to Neillsville and worked for Hewett & Blakeslee. Then went at his trade, in 1867. Opened his present stand in 1871. Feb. 14, 1868, he married Miss Hannah M. Smith, of Black River Falls. They have four children — Charlie, George, Minnie and Kate. Is sergeant in the Sherman Guard, belongs to the I. O. O. F., was a delegate to Milwaukee in February, 1881 ; is a mem ber of the A. O. U. W.; also of the Foresters, Temple of Honor and Sons of Temperance. L. WEEKS, merchant, Neillsville, was born in Windom Co., Conn., April 10, 1822. He passed his youth in Cooperstown, Otsego Co., N. Y.; then went to Beaver Dam, Dodge Co., Wis. There worked at the business of carpenter and joiner. In i860, came to Black River Falls. In 1S79. came to Neillsville. Opened his present business in 1880; car ries a full line of furniture and undertaker's goods. In 1845, married Miss Emeline Clark, of Cooperstown, N. Y. They have two children living, Nellie A. and Robert — three deceased, Mary, James C. and an infant. Belongs to the Independent Order of Foresters, and to the Presbyterian Church. O. P. WELLS, merchant, Neillsville, was born in Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 15, 1839. He went to Calhoun Co., Mich., in 1844, and to La Crosse, Wis., in 1854. While there he learned the tinner's trade, work ing at the same at Black River Falls. In 1865, came to Neillsville, and opened the first hardware store in the place. From l86S to 1871, he had a partner, and the firm was Wells & Co. He is now alone in the busi ness. Carries a stock of $3,000 to $4,000. Was married, in 1859, to Miss A. S. Graham, of Black River Falls. They have three children — Imogene (deceased), Bertie A. and Syble A. H. N. WITHEE, Deputy County Treasurer, Neillsville, was born in Somerset Co., Maine, Dec. 3, 1S24. Remained in his native county till 1866, with the exception of a visit to the State of Wisconsin, in 1855 ; then came to Jackson County, where he engaged in farming, and was there till 1878, coming to Neillsville in the Spring of the same year. Mr. Withee was appointed Deputy County Treasurer in 1879, January 1st. In 1854, married Miss Sarah N. Nutting, of Somerset Co., Maine. They have a family of seven children — John F., Lyman F., Charles B., Henry Alvin, Alvin Z., Levi and Lavisa. C. A. YOUMANS, attorney, Neillsville, was born in Kenosha, Wis., Oct. 14, 1S47. In 1S52, moved to Columbia County, where he read law with II. J. Shill, lawyer and merchant, and also with Edgehart & You mans. In 1S72, he came lo Neillsville ; was admitted to the Bar in 1876, on the certificate of graduation from the law department of the Madison University ; is now of the firm of Ring & Youmans, attorneys. In 1877 he was appointed County Judge, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of R. J. McBride. Was married Jan. 10, 1877, to Miss Nellie French, of Neillsville. They have one child, seven months old. TOWN OF GRANT. CHARLES CORNELIUS, Postmaster, merchant. Sec. 12, P.O. Maple Works. Born in Ozaukee Co., Wis., Jan. 4, 1855 ; moved to She boygan County in 1863 ; while there followed selling sewing machines and organs; moved to Maple Works in 1878 and opened a store of gen eral merchandise and farm implements, carrying a stock of $8,000 and doing a business of $35,000 a year. He bought his store of Thomas Hover. He is a single man. HENRY COUNSELL, farmer, Sec. 20, P. O. Neillsville. Born in Somersetshire, England, March 15, 1S35. His parentscame toAmerica in 1848. When Henry was thirteen years of age, landed in New York, and came to Wisconsin, locating in Waukesha Company, stopping on a farm where he remained until 1857; came to Clark County and bought a farm on Sec. 20, town of Grant, where he is now living; he owns 160 acres. In 1859, married Miss Susanna Pope, of England. They have five children — Ida, William, Josiah, O.-car and Nettie B. Mr. C. has held town offices, and his family attend the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHN S. DORE, County Superintendent of Schools, farmer, Sec. 19, P. O. Neillsville. Born in Summerset Co., Maine, Dec. 26, 1839. On coming to Wisconsin he settled in what was then Marquette County, now Green Lake ; in 1851, he arrived at Mormon Rifle and went to work getting out ties; in 1859, he taught district school ; at the sugges tion of Judge Gale, he attended the University of Galesville. In 1865, edited the Union Flag, the first number was published Feb. 23, 1S65; on suspending that paper, started the Journal, Jan. 31, 1S67. S. Dicit- inson was associated on the Flag, and E. Merritt on the Journal staff. He is now farming when not attending to his official duties, raising blooded stock. Jan. I, 1863, married Miss. L. Jennie Angell, of La Crosse. They have five children — Clara, Ray, Edna, Earl, deceased ; Mary, an infant, deceased, and Jennie. Mr. D. belongs to the Good Templars. ARTHUR HUTCHINSON, farmer and Postmaster, Sec. 15, P.O. Pleasant Ridge. Born in Yorkshire, England, Aug. 15, 1841. With his parents he came to Quebec; he went to Centreville, Penn., then to Dela ware, and in 1853, to Waukesha Co., Wis , farmed there ; went to the Mississippi River, and arrived here in 1857; bought three forties, and commenced clearing. In 1S64, he enlisted in the 4Slh Wis. Vols.; was mustered out in 1865, and came home. He married Miss Phoebe A. Buss, of Buffalo, N. Y., in 1868. They have five children — Mary Jane, Florence E., Arthur II., Bertie A., and Alfred. He has held the offices of Assessor, Treasurer, and been Postmaster ever since he came to ihe section. Belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. NELSON MARSH, farmer, Sec. 2, P. O. Maple Works. Born in Susquehanna County, Aug. 14. 182S. The family moved to Bradford County, and there he learned his trade with his father, who was a shoe maker and cooper. After his father died in 1852, he ran the shop; came to Clark County in 1857, settled at Maple Works; his brother cute out in 1856, and bought a farm for him; he has now 120 acres; they were the first settlers at Maple Works, the next being Abram Tay lor. In October, 1S64, Mr. M. was drafted into Co. B. 3d Wis.; being laid up in the hospital, got home in 1S65 ; went to farming; keeps strangers, and runs a shoe shop. In 1850, he married Miss Amanda R. Taylor, of Connecticut. They have six children living — Joseph, Lewis, Malvina, Sylvester L., Alva B., Justin R., and Angelina and S, encer M., deceased. Mr. M. was the first Postmaster of Maple Works, and Jus tice of the Peace for twenty years. THOMAS REED, farmer, Sec. 18, P. O., Neillsville. Born in Piscataquis Co., Maine, July n, 1830. He was raised on a. farm, and did not leave home till 1855, when he came to Black River and commen ced lumbering; in 1856-57, was with Mr. Bruce. He has been in the business twenty winters; part of the time for himself. In l86r, he pre-empted 120 acres, and now has 320 acres, besides a large lot of lum ber. The firm was formerly Reed & Page. He sold last Winter to Cramer. In 1858, he married Miss Lucretia Marsh, of Michigan. They have two children, Celia, now Mrs. Benedict, and Hattie ; two dead, John and Emerretta. Mr. Reed has been County Supervisor, County Commissioner, and Chairman of the Town Board for several years, and belongs to the Masons. HUMBIRD. This thriving village is situated in the southwest portion of the county, on the line of the West Wisconsin Railroad, and took its name from Jacob Humbird, a well known rail road contractor. The earliest settlers in this part of the county were, Or- vin Wilson, a Mr. Alderman, who owned the landon which the village was laid out, Elisha, Isaac and Elijah Hurl, As- hael Webster, E. Webster, Horace Stiles, G. W. King and Charles Miller. In 1869, Mr. Alderman laid off forty acres for a village site, caused the same to be surveyed and platted, and the place now known as Humbird, occupied by graded streets, bordered by fine buildings, was then covered with heavy timber, where deer and wild animals wandered at will. At HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 245 that time the railroad had not been completed ; still a spirit of enterprise was manifested by those already on the ground, and of adventure, by the comparatively frequent arrivals of settlers, many of whom became permanent. The first build ing erected after the survey was the Rocky Mound House, which was erected by G. W. King, and used as a hotel. E. D. Carter and F. W. Whitcomb were among the early ar rivals. They built residences and opened the first store^in Humbird. A man named Bump came about this time from Black River Falls and opened a store, also. The arrivals between 1870-73 were quite numerous, and the village as sumed an appearance of age, while it was yet young, with its mill, brewery, hotels, stores, shops, all commodious and neatly painted. Among these was William Schmidt, who built the flouring mill; Michael Andrews, who erected the brewery ; Edward Freeman, Isaac Cross, Robert McElhose, Biswell Alderman, Mr. Whipple, the first carpenter ; E. Edwards, the first wagon maker ; George Cole, Joshua Gore, David Hoyner, E. D. Travis and Lawrence Sloan, all of whom engaged in business, and have contributed to the welfare and prosperity of their adopted home. In the Fall of 1873, the village was overtaken by a visi tation of the small-pox, which created a havoc among the inhabitants and retarded its growth for several years. In the previous year the railroad had been completed, and Humbird had become a prominent point for the shipment of grain and lumber from the surrounding country. In a brief period this was summarily checked, and for the en suing two years the shipments were comparatively light. About twenty- five residents died during the continuance of the scourge, the corpses being buried at night; business was suspended, and trains rushed by the station as if flee ing from wrath in pursuit. All the Winter of 1873-74 was one of desolation, indescribable ; nor did the Spring bring encouragement to the afflicted residents. As the year ad vanced, business, however, began to revive, an occasional traveler would come in and decide to remain, and with the dawn of the Centennial year of American Independence, Humbird had fully recovered from the effects of this tem porary paralysis. The new arrivals of that period, and since, include, among others, Henry Clark, O. G. Tripp, A. E. Holbrook, J. Q. A. Bull, Mr. Hickox, Frederick Rob inson, Henry Clark, Alfred Stevens, D. B. Travis, Mr. Col fax, C. Fowler, Peter Frances, Christopher Rector, R. D. Shaw, D. A. Tracy, L. D. Halstead, Peter Wilson, and others. These also projected and completed improvements, and have identified themselves with the growth and advance ment of the village. Humbird cannot help being a perma nent and thriving town, situated, as it is, with large pine ries on one side and on the other a rich farming country, leading even into Minnesota, from which large amounts of produce are hauled by farmers to this place and exchanged for manufactured lumber. In addition to the lumber trade, there are extensive growths of pine timber north and east, where saw and shingle mills are operated. All material manufactured at these points are either shipped to Hum- bird or pass through, en route to Minnesota. The village, like many other thriving villages of the West, enjoys the residence of enterprising citizens, whose courage, ambition and attention to business are a valuable guarantee of the future prosperity of the place. The population is quoted at between 300 and 350. The first school opened in the vicinity of the village was taught in a small frame which stood opposite the Webster House, and was continued in that locality until 1870. In the latter year, the number of pupils was so in excess of the accommodations that it was decided to establish a graded school, and the present edifice was erected at a cost of $2,500. At present two teachers are employed, the average daily attendance is 100 pupils, arid the expense incident to main taining the school is $1,300 per annum. John Stallard, Isaac Cross and Orvin Wilson constitute the School Board at present. Humbird as yet is without a church edifice, though there are three church societies, though each is limited in num bers. The Free Methodists meet in the Town Hall weekly, when they are addressed by Mrs. Dutton ; the Methodist Episcopal society are addressed semi-monthly by the Rev. Mr. Robinson, services being held in Carter & Whitcomb's Hall, and the Seven-Day Advents, at the residence of War ren McClafflen, Saturdays. Humbird Lodge, No. 191, A. F. & A. M., was organized in April, 1874, with thirteen members, and worked under a dispensation until June following, when it was regularly chartered, and the following officers elected : F. W. Whit comb, W. M.; H. C. Holbrook, S. W.; E. P. Houghton, J. W.; A. B. Holbrook, secretary; Warren Page, treasurer, and Oliver Houghton, tyler. The present officers are: E. P. Houghton, W. M. ; E. J. McKinley, S. W. ; S. A. Wise, J. W. ; F. W. Whitcomb, secretary ; Oliver Houghton, treas urer; W. H. Clark. S. D. ; Albert Alderman, J. D. ; W. H. Colfax, tyler. The present membership is thirty-five; meetings are held on the first and third Saturday nights of each month, and lodge property is valued at $500. Humbird Lodge. No. 252, I. O. O. F., was organized February 10, 1876, with a complement of members, and the following officers : C. B. Hackney, N. G. ; J. Q. A. Bull, V. G. ; G. A. Tracy, secretary, and L. Wilder, treasurer. The present officers are: R. D. McElhose, N. G. ; A. D. Stiles, V. G. ; Allen Young, secretary, and E. D. Benson, treasurer. The present members number forty; meetings are held every Saturday night, and lodge property is valued at $1,000. Rocky Mound Lodge, No. 190, I. O. G. T., was organ ized April 10, 1875, with twenty members. The officers were : Calvin Allen, W. C. T. ; Mrs. Sarah Toff, W. V. T.; W. H. Clark and R. D. McElhose, secretaries; Mrs. Emma Qark, treasurer; W.L.Stanton, chaplain; F.J.Simons, marshal ; G. A. Tracy, P. W. C. T. Meetings are held weekly, on Wednesday evenings ; the present membership is forty- two, and the officers are : C. Fowler, W. C. T. ; Miss Lou Cross, W. V. T. ; Miss Inez Holbrook and Mrs. F. L. Stevens, secretaries; David Fitzmorris, treasurer; Frank Bockus, chaplain, and William Sloan, marshal. The manufacturing interests of the village consist of a planing-mill, flouring-mill and brewery. The former was put up by E. D. Carter, in 1877, at a cost of $2,500, and is supplied with machinery affording capacity for 25,000 feet of lumber per diem. The flouring-mill was erected by William Schmidt, in 1873, and is three stories high. It is supplied with two run of stone, with capacity of fifty barrels of flour in twenty- four hours, and is operated by water power from Hale's Creek. The cost of the mill is estimated to have been $5,000. Eilert's Brewery, on Hale's Creek branch, was erected in 1870, by Andrews & Gunderson. The following year the same was purchased by Enos Eilert, who has since completed improvements and operated the business. He employs four hands, turns out 1,000 barrels of beer, and does a business of $10,000 per year. The Post-office was established in Humbird about 1871, whence it was removed from Garden Valley, and D. B. Travis appointed Postmaster. He is still in the service, and mails are received twice daily from east and west. The cemetery is situated a mile and a half from the vil lage, in a northwesterly direction, where it was laid out, in 1871, on land formerly owned by Orvin Wilson. The 246 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. grounds are prettily platted, securely fenced and kept in good order. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ERNEST EILERT, brewer, Humbird. Born in Hanover, Ger many, Sept. 24, 1845. Came to America in 1850, and stopped in Wauke sha County till 1870, where he learned brewing with his father. In 1871, commenced business for himself ; owns the brewery and fine residence, together with the farm. In 1871, married Miss Deane Andrews, of Waukesha County. They have five children living — Willie, Mary, Maggie, Louisa and Loui. Mr. Eilert has been Town Supervisor for the last five years. E. A. FREEMAN, merchant, Humbird. Born in Indiana, Porter County, Aug. 29, 1853. In 1858, moved to Minnesota ; was engaged in the hardware business there ; returned home and while there worked at the tinner's trade ; in 1877, came to Humbird and went into the mercan tile business with Mr. Cross, the firm's name being, Cross & Freeman, now doing a good business and carrying a stock of $3,000 or $4,000. In 1879, Mr. Freeman married Miss Cora Wells, of Dakota. They have one child, Fannie Ora. He has been Town Treasurer since 1879. C. F. W. SCHMIDT, miller, Humbird. Born in Prussia, Germany, Sept. 14, 1817. In 1856, came to America, and having descended from a race of millers, he followed the milling business in Waterloo, Wis,, until 1865. In 1871, he came to Humbird and built his present home out of the pine timber, constructed his dam, and built his own mill, being a millwright. In 1872, had his fine mill in operation, called the Humbird Mill. The building is 36x50, four stories high, two run of stone, with a capacity of 100 bushels per diem ; the power is two tur bine wheels — one Houston and one Taylor, with 17^ feet head. In 1842, married Miss Frederica Tenker, of Prussia. They have two chil dren, Theresa and Anna, both now married. Mr. Schmidt has been Town Supervisor for five years. GREENWOOD. Greenwood, almost equi-distant between Black and Rock rivers, in Eaton Township, though of comparatively recent establishment and growth, is already a population of nearly 250, and gives evidence in its improvements and otherwise of the character of the people who have located in that vi cinity. It is seventeen miles from Neillsville, four from Hemlock, and eight miles from Longwood Post-office, and is adjacent to valuable. water-powers, as also the distribut ing point for a rich agricultural region. The earliest settlers about Greenwood included, Elijah Eaton, S. C. Honeywell, Samuel Lambert, C. W. Carpenter, George Huntzicker, Jacob Huntzicker, Jones Tompkins, George Christie, and others, who ventured into this section at various periods from 1847 to 1863, where they engaged in farming, lumbering and other pursuits. Stephen C. Honeywell came in about 1862, and opening a farm on the present site of the village, engaged extensively in agricul ture and logging, which he conducted successfully and profitably. About 1867, the question of laying out a vil lage contiguous to lumbering operations began to be first mooted, but no decisive action looking to that object was then inaugurated. This ran along for several years without efforts being made, until supplies, which had been pre viously purchased at Neillsville and Black River Falls, were accessible in the vicinity of Greenwood, when the long de bated subject was decided favorably to enterprise, and the preparations made to begin the founding of the village. On the 6th of June, 1 871, William Welsch surveyed and platted Greenwood, and with the disposition of these pre liminaries, lots were purchased and improvements. The number of domiciles then visible was limited to the log houses and frame structures of settlers who had located before a village was even remotely considered, and it was some time before offers made by owners of lots were availed of by purchasers. In 1872, very few located here, and among these, possible, doubtless, Mrs. B. F. Brown, who opened the first store. The following year, A. S. Eaton removed to Greenwood from Black River Falls and opened a hardware store, at the same time officiating as Postmaster. The same year, Frank Pfeiffer emi grated to Wisconsin from Germany, and settled in Green wood. A. W. Bailey, who had carried on a business of manufacturing sash, doors, blinds, etc., at Black River Falls, established himself at Greenwood, as did Louis Rossman, a mechanic from Sheboygan, and some others. In about 1874, Dr. G. H. Thomas opened a drug store. Warners, Hunts, Bowermans and a large proportion of the inhabitants who have since remained in the village made their first advent here. August 6th of the following year, North Greenwood, composing thirty-two lots, was surveyed and added to the original survey, but as yet is but indiffer ently built up. Six years before, a religious society had been organized among the residents of the surrounding country, and in 1877, the Methodist Church edifice, one of the largest and most conveniently arranged in the county was built and dedicated. During this period services had been held in the school-house, which is an inference be yond dispute, that the cause of education had not been neglected, and other interests had been conserved and pro tected with equal care and diligence, the happy effect of which is apparent to the casual visitor of to-day. Though young, Greenwood is claimed to be most desira bly located. In the center of a rich farming country, cov ered with the fruit of man's labors in arable fields under fence, with more than ordinarily good buildings and in some instances elegant dwellings, erected in view of the passer, the support thus obtained will be invaluable. The same can be said of the logging and lumber interests. The first birth to occur after the village was laid off, is claimed as that of Maude Brown; the first marriage, John Honeywell and Rachel Hodges, in the Fall of 1871; and the first death, Elijah Eaton, December 4, 1872. The first school in the vicinity was taught by David Hoseley, in a log cabin, the site of which is now occupied by Warner's store. This was during the war and the roster of pupils was limited to children of the Eaton and Honey well families, with those of John Dwyer's family, all told, not exceeding a baker's dozen. From this place it was re moved to Robert Schofield's log house, still standing, and when the village was surveyed, the building now occupied, adjoining George Slater's residence, was adopted. During the Summer of 1881, a new building of frame, designed for a graded school, was commenced and completed that same Fall, costing, furnished, a total of $7,000. For the scholastic year ending in June, 1881, the expense incident to the support of the school during the year had been $650. One teacher was employed, and the Board was made up of Elias Peterson, director ; W. F. Armstrong, secretary; and S. M. Andrews, treasurer. Hercules Lodge, No. 181, I. O. O. F., was organized in August, 1870, at Staffordville, where it worked until 1876, when its removal to Greenwood was accomplished. At that time the officers were: W. H. Mead, N. G.; Robert Schofield, V. G.; Henry Peck, secretary ; and John Hoyt, treasurer. In 1879, the lodge erected' a building nearly opposite the Methodist Church, where meetings, which are convened regularly every Saturday evening, are held. The present officers are : Elias Peterson, N. G.; George McCon nell, V. G.; W. J. Armstrong, secretary;' John Stewart, treas urer. The present roster has sixty members, and lodge property is represented at $800. Frontier Lodge, No. 372, I. O. G. T., was organized in the Winter of 1879 with thirteen members and the follow ing officers : W. J. Armstrong, W. C. T.; Miss Elizabeth Andrews, W. V. T.; H. W. Hunt, W. R. S.; Charles Barber, chaplain ; Mrs. M. A. Hunt, W. T.; Joseph Hodges, mar shal; and L. M. Stevens, P. W. C. T. Within the next two years, the order grew in numbers and strength, and in the Summer of 1881, enjoyed the support of seventy-three mem- HISTORY OF CLARK COUNTY. 247 bers, who renewed their resolutions to avoid liquor drinking, on Friday evenings, and owned property valued at $100. At that period, the officers were : L. R. Warner, W. C. T.; Thomas Miller, Jr., A. F. McMahon and Mrs. J. F. Bailey, secretaries; Mrs. Hannah Bowman, chaplain; Miss Hattie Miller, treasurer; and John Miller, marshal. Greenwood Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in the Winter of 1869, with a small membership, under the auspices of the Rev. Mr. Bushnell, and held services at long intervals in the school-house until 1877. In that year, the present church edifice was completed and dedicated. The cost of the structure was $3,600. The congregation at present numbers seventy-five members, under the pastorate of the Rev. C. C. Swartz. Neillsville Cemetery was laid out, in about 1867 or '68, on two acres of half a mile west of the village and near Black River. It is used as a burial place for the dead of Eaton and Warren townships, and is under the control of the town officers. Post-office was first opened in 1873, with B. F. Brown as Postmaster, who remained in charge until 1880, when he was relieved by A. S. Eaton. The latter is still in the ser vice. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. W. J. ARMSTRONG, contractor and jobber, Greenwood. Born in Erie Co., Penn., Feb, 23, 1835. At an early age, moved to Milwaukee, where he went to school ; the next move was to Green Bay, Brown County, where he remained till 1849; then to Appleton; there, was employed in laying plank road, and in 1852, arrived in LaCrosse, but found- that the Indians had small-pox, started to lumbering on the Black River, and been in the woods since; his father died in California in 1856, and he was the support of the family from that time. He located on the farm where he now lives, in 1875, just out of Greenwood, on Sec. 35. He married, in 1856, Miss Julia M. Smith of LaCrosse County They have four children — Addie, now Mrs. J. Broiden, Allen, Charles. and Edith. Mr. A. has served as Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace ; belongs to the Good Templars, and the Temple of Honor. In 1864, enlisted in 53rd Wis. V., and was mustered out in September, 1865. G. B. BEGLEY, son of W. H. Begley, P. O. Greenwood. Was born in Western Canada in 1854 ; came to Greenwood with his family in 1869. His father was a lumberman, and in 1870, built the first part of his hotel, and put on the last addition in 1871. In 1879, he went to the Black Hills, where he remains, leaving G. B. to look after the property. Since coming here, to Greenwood, he has been engaged about the hotel, except when he clerked for B. F. Brown. On this occasion his health failed, and he took a trip to the mountains. Coming home with restored health, he clerked for Warner, and is now engaged in refitting the hotel. George B. has one brother : Thomas R., and a sister : Eliza, now Mrs. E. H. Carpenter. Mr. B. is a member of the Masonic fraternity. BROWN & HUNT, general merchandise, Greenwood. These gentlemen have been associated in business since 1876. The business, as a grocery, was formerly owned by Mr. J. Brown. He was born near Nurdorls Glasswork, Norway, July 10, 1824 ; came to America, and to Greenwood in 1874; sold a half of the business to Mr. Hunt. H. W. Hunt was born in Grant Co., Wis., Nov. 5, 1852. During his majority, he has been engaged at different callings ; having learned the milling business, he tried that. He then went into the drug-store line ; after ward taught school in Monroe Co., Wis. This was in the Winter of 1874-75. He then came here in 1876, and bought in with Mr. John Brown. In 1873, he married Miss Mary Joscelin, of Columbia Co., Wis. They have two children, Clarence N., and the infant, not yet named. Mr. H. is now Notary Public. He belongs to the M. E. Church, and is a member of the Temple of Honor, and the Good Templars. A. S. EATON, merchant, Greenwood. Born in Merrimac Co. N. H., Aug. 13, 1840. When the war broke out, enlisted in Co. H., 2nd N. A. Vol. He was transferred to the 10th N. H.. and was mustered from the service as captain, in 1865. He then went to Black River Ealls, opening a tin and hardware shop, where he remained until 1871, when his stock was burned. He lost $24,000. He then moved to Greenwood, where he now has a large hardware store, carrying a stock of $7,000, and doing a business of $20,000. In 1868, he married Miss Emeline A. Bran, of Black River Falls. They have a family of two children, Viola A. and Freddie. Mr. E. has served as Town Clerk and Town Treasurer ; is now Notary Public and Postmaster. He belongs to the Masonic lodge. GEORGE HUNTZICKER, farmer, Sec. 22, P.O. Greenwood, born in Alsace, Germany, Aug. 29, 1831, learned the weaver's trade before coming to America ; landed in 1850, and went to Litchfield Co., Conn., and worked in a woolen mill there for three, years ; then he paid New York a visit, went back to Connecticut and worked in a woolen mill till 1856, when he came to Washington Co., Wis., then to Clark County and bought Government land for himself and brother. He is now well established, being engaged in farming, and, in 1878, having put up a cheese factory, which he now operates. In 1861, he married Miss Mar garet Myres, of Germany. They have four children — Mary, Frank, George and Elsie. Mr. Huntzicker has served as Supervisor, and also in other town offices. HENRY HUNTZICKER, farmer, Sec. 15, P.O. Greenwood, born in Prussia, Germany, Nov. 8, 1833, learned the trade of weaver in his native land. When he came to America, he went into a woolen mill in Litchfield, Conn. This was in the same mill with his brothers. He staid one year and then went into a foundry at Ferryville, and then into the woolen business at Plymouth ; came to Wisconsin with his brother, George, and settled on the farm in Clark County, and cleared sixty of the eighty acres which was then all timber, and, in 1878, built the fine house he now lives in. He married Miss Mary A. Wathenphul, of Prussia. They have five children — John, Jacob, Albion, Clara, and an infant. Mr. Huntzicker has been Town Treasurer and Supervisor; he is a mem ber of the Lutheran Church. FRANK PFEIFER, dealer in groceries, provisions and meat, Green wood, born in Bohemia, Dec. 31, 1849, any. house in the woods. As the country grew, his trade increased, until with a stock of $3,000, his business was $12,000 for 1880. In 1876, Berthin sent for his mother and two younger brothers. They came and staid but a short time, and getting homesick, went back, and in 1878, September 6, at fifty-nine years of age, his dear mother died. His brothers, Iver and Bernt, returned to Wisconsin, and stopped at Milwaukee, where Berthin had secured places for them. After about one year and a half, they located at LaCrosse, where they now carry on a general variety store, in the firm name of Benson Brothers, of which Berthin is a mem ber, and will, in person, take active work therein, September, 1881. His youngest brother, Bernt, died March 28, 1881. The fourth brother, Emanuel, is living in San Francisco, where he has been working in a milk range for eight years. On the 2ist of July, 1875, Mr. Benson mar ried Miss Johanna M. Larson, of Madison. They have one child, a daughter, Gunda Marie. He is a member of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod, and has served the public for three years as Town Clerk. In 1880, he was appointed as Enumerator, in the town of Mayville, Clark County, of the Third Census District of Wisconsin, by the Government. JAMES E. BURSELL, carpenter, Dorchester. Born in Canada, Dec. 9, 1834. Oncoming to Waushara Co., Wis., he learned the car penter's trade in 1854. He then bought 120 acres of land, and cleared and cultivated it, sold it in 1871. Went to farming again, but gave it up, and in 1877, came to Dorchester, going to work at house building ; soon after went to work in the mill there, and when it burned, his tools were lost in the fire. After buying two lots in 1879, he built his resi dence. In 1862, he married Miss Mary Ann Crow, of Waushara County. They have three children — Eva Flora, Henry and William Dunn. Mr. B. is now School Treasurer, and he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which, in the Sabbath School, he is as sistant superintendent. Belongs to the Sons of Temperance and the Temple of Honor. J. J. LANSWORTH. farmer, Sec. 14, P.O. Dorchester, born in Ra cine Co., Wis., Nov. 10, 1842, lived on a farm till the breaking out of the war, in l86r, when he enlisted in the 15th Wis. V. I. ; served three years and three months ; came home Jan. 7, 1865. During his service, was wounded in the ankle with a Minnie ball. He went to farming in Racine County after leaving the army, soon removing to Dane County, where he stayed till 1872, then taking up a homestead on Sec. 14, of 160 acres, In 1865, Oct. 23, he married Miss Susan Moirland, of Dane County. They have six children — Ida J., Lizzie B., Annie L., Louella A. (deceased), Mabel A. and Cora Alma. Mr. Lansworth was Town Treasurer in 1879-80, and is a member of the Baptist Church ; belongs to theSons of Temperance, of which lodge he is D. G. W. P. MILTIMORE BROTHERS, general merchandise, Dorchester, was first established in 1876, by D. O. Miltimore ; afterwards it was Miltimore & Eastwood, and, in 1878, the firm name became what it now is, doing a business of $25,000 per year. John A. Miltimore was born in Canada, Oct. 6, 1849, came West and entered business with his broth er in 1878. In December, 1880, he married Miss Mary A. Chushing, of Portage. B. G. Miltimore was born in Canada, near the Vermont line, Dec. 21, 1852, where he staid till the family moved to Waushara Co., Wis., and, in 1870, went to New York and attended commercial school at Lodi, then clerked for S. O. Root, of the same place. He came to Dorchester in 1878, with his brother. He bought out D. O. Miltimore & Eastwood, and is now Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, Notary Public and Postmaster. His father was a soldier, and died in 1876, and the mother died in 1855, in Waushara Co., Wis. E. H. WINCHESTER, insurance agent, Dorchester, was born in Oshkosh, Winnebago Co., Sept., 20, 1851 ; parents went to Wautoma, in Waushara Co., Wis., where they lived on a farm, and E. H. went to school. He then started for himself. Going to Chicago, he engaged in furnishing goods house, for C. A. Crell, afterwards for W. L. Cole ; went to Eau Claire and engaged with Jacob Smith, next Spring going to Green Bay, and working for W. L. Cole in a saw-mill, where he remained till 1875, when he came to Dorchester and went into a store for Earl & Evans. He then bought the firm out, and ran the business himself till 1877. He then changed the firm name to W. H. Blade & Co. ; then sold to Mr. Blade and clerked for him until 1879, going to book-keeping for McMillan Bros., Manville ; has since been engaged by O. D. VanDusen & Co., and runs an insurance agency in the village. April 23, 1875, he married Miss Ella Evans, of Dorchester. They had two children, Eddie, deceased, and Lela. Mr. Winchester is a member of the Good Tem plars, also of Sons of Temperance. UNITY. [For History, see Marathon County.] BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. A. COOK, furniture, Unity. Born in Canada West, Oct. 4, 1854 ; Came to Calumet Co., Wis., with his parents to the town of Stockbridge, where they stayed ; in 1865, he took a trip to Iowa ; he first came Unity, Clark County, on a visit and went to Calumet County to get a wife; then located here with his brother S. A.; opened general merchandise store ; sold to his brother and went to Stockbridge and commenced farming, where he remained till 1880; returned to Unity, and in the Spring opened his furniture store. In i860, his mother and eldest sister were drowned on the Lady Elgin. His father died in 1868. One of his brothers is living on the old farm. Two brothers in Minnesota. Oldest brother and youngest sister dead. In 1873, he married Miss Amanda M. Blood. They have five children — Herbert A., George S., Lewis W., Henrietta and Mabel. Mr. Cook has been in office as Super visor. Belongs to the I. O, O. F. CHARLES G. FLOOD, saloon, Unity Born in Kronaberj, Sweden, Dec. 24, 1850; emigrated to America in 1873; landed in New York; came to Unity, then called Brighton, where he worked for the railroad company, first under his brother, then alone ; having a section in Dor chester, bought some lots in the village, and built residence and saloon in 1878. In 1877, he married Miss Louisa Bauka, of Waupaca County. They have one child, two years old, Elsie Christina. Mr. F. is agent for the Emigration Bureau ; has been Constable for two years. Both himself and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. G. W. PETERSON, farmer and lumberman, Unity. Born in Nor thumberland Co., Canada, on Prince Edward's Island, Jan. 16, 1847. He was raised on a farm, and in 1863, went to New York ; engaged in dairy and cheese factory, coming to Clark County in the Fall of 1865; worked on the river and in the woods until 1869, when he took a home stead, and together with his brother, made what was known as the Peterson settlement, in the town of Colby. He left the farm, and took a trip to California ; returned, and bought ten lots in village of Unity, and built in 1877. Next year, took a trip to Texas ; came back, and farms in the Summer, and lumbers Winters. In 1870, he married Miss Mary A. Rausimer, of Loyal. They have three children — Grace A., Mary and Warren. Mr. P. has been Town Treasurer, three years, and Asses sor, four years. He belongs to the I. O. O. F., and is P. G. of the Encampment. 252 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. J. A. PETTET, merchant, Unity, was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Aug. 4, 1843. His parents came to Wisconsin, stopping in Sheboygan County, town of Green Bush, on a farm, where he staid till he was eighteen years of age. He then enlisted in the 8th Wis. V.; served four years, and enlisted again inSaulsbury, Tenn., and in taking the Spanish Fort in front of Mobile, was shot in the ankle joint and lost his foot ; nineteen days afterward, rejoined his regiment, and, in 1S65, opened a restaurant and grocery in Sheboygan County, but soon after peddled notions through the country. In 1S67, went to house carpenter work. He then opened a store in New Castle, Fond du Lac Co., where he was till 1878. and came to Unity, buying his property, and now carries a stock of $3,000 to $5,000, and does a business of $15,000 per year; also runs a livery stable. In 1865, he married Miss Mary Crane, of Sheboygan County. She died June 29, 1S69, leaving two children, James E. and Charles S. He was married again, in 1S76, to Miss Elizabeth Burrell, of Saukville. They have two children, 0;well A., four years of age, and Marshall, two years of age. Mr. P. was Town Clerk and Justice in 1S80, and belongs to the I. O. O. F., also to the Encampment of Brighton, holding the position of C. P. in the lodge. N. C. RANSOM, merchant, Unity, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Nov. 27, 1832. His pirents moved to Cattaraugus County, where they were till 1845, N. C. attending school and working on the farm. He then went to Walworth County, and here worked at the carpenter and joiner's trade. Returning to his old home in New York, he went into the woods for Franklin & Tape, and then came west to Walworth Co., Wis., working for Edgar Topping and Judge Cotton, and then with the Bridge Construction Company at Dixon, 111. Soon after this, he mar ried Miss Catherine Eliza Coggins, of Mr. Morris. In 1854, he went into Waite & Baldwin's saw-mill, at Farmington, then made reapers for Heath, Riley & Donelson, and, in 1S59, fook a trip to Pike's Peak ; stopped in Kansas, and returned to Wisconsin, where he cleared and im proved a farm. He enlisted, in 1863, in the quartermaster's department; in 1S64, in Co. H, 47th Wis. V. In 1S65, he sold his farm, and tried another location ; but his wife not liking it, returned and took a farm next to the old one ; sold out in 1S6S, and went to Eau Claire in busi ness in the firm of Powell, Ransom & Bros., and was employed at differ ent things till October, 1S75, when he came to Unity, Clark Co.; went into business with S. A. Cook at first, then into the business he now operates, also owning the Forest House. His children are: Harvey A. (deceased), Franklin O. (now on his farm in Nebraska), Lucy A. (de ceased), Clara E., Arthur E. and Herbert A. Mr. R.is now Town Clerk of Unity, Justice of the Peace and County Commissioner of Poor. ABBOTSFORD. This is in Clark County, at the junction of the Chippewa Falls Railroad with the Wisconsin Central, which was com pleted in the Fall of 1880. It is 3 miles north of Colby, 218 miles from Milwaukee, and 132 from Ashland, the northern terminus of the Central. It is in the midst of a dense forest, with a wide variety of timber. Several hundred acres at this point have been cleared, and a village laid out on the east of the railroad, to the Marathon County line, a few blocks away. The streets, at right angles with the railroad, are named, begin ning at the north, Pine, Maple, Cedar, Oak, Birch, Spruce ; parallel with the railroad, the streets are called, First, Sec ond, Third and Division, streets. One year old, the village has a depot, with an eating house seating 136, and with twenty-one sleeping rooms, and about twenty other buildings. William Livingston has a good hotel on Second street, nearly opposite the depot. S. A. Cook has a store with gen eral merchandise. Then there are three saloons and one restaurant. John Johnson keeps the railroad hotel, called the Abbot Hotel. Charles Partridge is Postmaster. Roads are constructing, and a lumber yard is already located here, and when the line from Wausau reaches the place, as is con templated, it must become the center of an active hardwood manufacturing interest, and ultimately of a farming one. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J. F. JOHNSTON, railroad hotel, Abbotsford. Born in Herker- mer Co., N. Y., July 8, 1822. Raised on a farm, where he remained till he came to Jefferson Co.. Wis., locating in Ihe town of Lake Mills, where his cousin, A. D. Tavill,is now doing an extensive dairy business. Then going to Neenah, he was romantically wedded under the old council tree, and settled down to farming. He pioneered to Appleton, Outaga mie Co., in 1848, living there til! the time of the civil war, when he went into service with the 21st Wis. V. I , Col. G. B. Sweet, getting home in 1864, and opened the Johnston House, and since has been in the hotel business. He kept the Sherman House at Minnesota Junction, Wis., in 1867 ; the Merchant's Hotel, of Chicago, just before it burned ; opened Farmer's Hall Dining Rooms, then to his old hotel, called the Lavake House ; was in ihe hotel business in Milwaukee, and in Green Lake. On the 26th of July, 1880, he opened the Abbott House, where he is doing a good business. In 1846, he married Miss Jenette M. Finch, of New York. They have two children, William II. and Emma (now Mrs. D. F. Canfield) of Fond du Lac. Mr. Johnston has served in various offi cial capacities while at Appleton, and was Ihe fiist Postmaster of that place. He belongs to the Masons, is high Templar in the Fonddu Lac commandery. The Methodist Episcopal Church, of Appleton. was or ganized in his house ; of this church Mr. Johnston is a member. HISTORY OF DOOR COUNTY. 253 DOOR COUNTY. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. The county consists of the peninsula in Northeast ern Wisconsin, between Green Bay and Lake Michi gan. Its extreme northern town, Washington, is an island, separated from the main land by the legendary Porte des Marts — " the Door of Death " — from which the county takes its name. Chambers Island, west of the county, is a part of the town of Gibralter. Door County is sixty miles long and, on an average, sixteen miles in width. The streams which water the county are small, but numerous, while several lakes or ponds, connected by creeks with the big lake, materially add to the water supply, and make the country good for stock raising. Kangaroo and Clark lakes, which are partly in the towns of Bailey's Harbor and Jackson- port and in Jacksonport and Sevastopol, are the largest. The grasses grown in Door County are sweet and nourishing, and sheep raising is gaining quite a foot- bold in the favor of the farming element. Attention is, therefore, being turned, as in Kewaunee County, to the products of the dairy. Last year over 100,000 pounds of butter were made, Forestville and Clay Banks, in the southern part of the count}', leading. Throughout the county $50,000 is invested in milch cows. Wheat and oats are the leading farm products, the soil generally being a strong clayey loam, which does not easily wear out. Wheat, especially, flour ishes in the lower tier of towns, though Union is grown almost entirely to corn, and the town of Liberty Grove, at the extreme north of the peninsula, raises some of the largest crops of both grains in the county. LUMBERING INTERESTS. . Particular attention has been given to the agricul tural advantages and prospects of Door County, as of all those sections of Northern and Northeastern Wis consin, which have heretofore depended for their pros perity almost entirely upon the manufacture of lum ber. Under the never ceasing inroads of energetic business men, the forests in Door County are dwindl ing, and before many years the people will have to turn their strength into the land, or other manufac tures. The bulk of the supply of logs for the large mills in Sturgeon Bay is even now cut on the west shore of Green Cay, and towed across that body of water and through the canal to their destination. Over 40,000 acres of timber are yet growing in Door County, but as there are no streams of any size through which to raft the logs, either to the lake or the ba}r, the diffi culty of getting the home product to market is at once realized. There are, therefore, no saw-mills north of Sturgeon Bay, except two small establishments in Lib erty Grove and. Jacksonport. The only large manu factories are located in that village — the mill of the Sturgeon Bay Lumber Company (A. W. Laurence, secretary and active manager) ; the shingle manufac tory of Messrs. Scofield & Co., one of the most exten sive in Wisconsin, and the mill of Messrs. George O. & A. M. Spear, which turns out more long timber than any other establishment of the kind in Wisconsin. Small saw and shingle mills are in operation in Forest ville and Clay Banks. More particular information of the extent of the lumber and shingle manufacturing of Door County will be found in the business and bi ographical department. STURGEON BAY SHIP CANAL. That this topic branches out from a local to county and even State interest no one is so foolhardy as to deny. To the lumbermen of Door County, and of all this section of Wisconsin, has it been of inestimable value. If any one will draw a short line from the head of Sturgeon Bay, in a direction slightly south by east, to Lake Michigan, he will trace, on paper, the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal. It is thus now recorded on maps of Wisconsin, but before that short line could be printed, much hard and unrewarded labor was performed. The neck of land to be cut, which separated the waters of Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan, was one mile and a half in width. This undertaking aceomj^lished, on on each trip from Chicago to Green Bay ports 150 miles of dangerous travel would be saved, around and through Porte des Morts. Over twenty-one years ago a man of small physique, but of true English pluck and of insight into the requirements of commerce and navigation, commenced to agitate what was then con sidered a wild scheme. Joseph Harris, Sr., is to this improvement what Morgan L. Martin is to the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers' improvement. He spent the best years of his life in bring to completion a great under taking, which brought prosperity to other doors than his own. In 1860, Mr. Harris began to bring the en terprise to the notice of every one who he believed might forward it, but he met with small encouragement at home. In 1864, he was elected to the State Senate, and drew up a charter of incorporation, which passed as a harmless act, at least. The list of incorporators, however, precluded any further scoffing by unbelievers. They were William B. Ogden, Freeland B. Gardner, Thomas H. Beebe, Jesse Spalding and A. E. Goodrich, of Chicago ; Alexander Mitchell, Anson Eldred and Daniel Wells, of Milwaukee ; Joseph Harris and George Bennett, of Sturgeon Bay ; A. P. Lyman, of Sheboygan; Charles D. Robinson, Henry S. Baird, George Strong, Andrew E. Elmore, H. F. Waring, James S. Baker and F. S. Schettler, of Green Bay ; Andrew Reed, of Depere ; William M. Whitcomb and Uri Balcom, of Oconto ; Edwin C. French, of Peshtigo ; Richard S. Fay, of Boston ; George P. Smith, of Phil- 254 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. adelphia ; Elisha Riggs, of Washington, D. C. ; J. S. Speirgelberg and David Magie, of New York ; Elias Gill, of Hartford, Conn., and William G. McMaster, of Lockport, N. Y. The widely extended territory indicated by the localities mentioned above but faintly illustrates the arduous labors performed by Mr. Harris from the conception of the canal in 1860 to its feeble birth in 1864. The next year he repaired to Washing ton to fight for a land grant. The Wisconsin members of the Lower House thought his request — 200,000 acres — too large. Senators Howe and Doolittle, how ever, assisted him in drawing up a bill which passed the Upper House, but he left it to what proved its death in the House of Representatives. He received the comforting news in Madison, while serving out his term as State Senator, that the bill had failed to pass by two votes. In 1866, he spent all his time in Wash ington ; the bill passed, and under authority from Gov. Fairchild, he located the lands during the same Fall. On October 4, 1866, the company organized -by elect ing William B. Ogden, president ; Alexander Mitchell, vice-president, and Joseph Harris, secretary and treas urer. Soon after, the latter had an interview with Messrs. Ogden and Mitchell, in New York City, and being told that 200,000 acres was hardly a sufficient grant to induce capitalists to take hold of the enter prise, he introduced bills before Congress, from 1868 to 1873, for another 200,000 acres. The grant time expired, and was twice renewed, the bills failing in the House in 1870 and 1872. In the latter year, Congress declared against the policy of land grants, which put an embargo upon the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal, tem porarily. A survey had already been made in 1867 by A. E. Thompson, formerly in the employ of the Peshtigo Company, the proposed route being three-quarters of a mile north of that finally chosen. It was two miles in length. It would seem, then, that by this action of Congress five years later, all the hard preparatory work would go for naught. But, though the first sur vey was abandoned, the canal was to go through. At this time, 1871, Mr. Harris was secretary to Hon. Phi- letus Sawyer, Chairman of the Committee on River and Harbor Appropriations. The two buckled on their armor, and an item was inserted providing for a new survey by the Government, and an examination of the lake shore for a harbor of refuge. Henceforward, Mr. Sawyer was a faithful and consistent friend to the im provement, and to his labors in Congress is its comple tion greatly due. The bill passed, which opened the way for the $10,000 appropriation which quickly fol lowed. Under the direction of Capt. W. T. Casgrain the new survey was made in 1871, and the old route abandoned ; since then the Government has had charge of the harbor and the company of the canal. Since 1872, Capt. Casgrain has acted as chief engineer of the canal company, and G. H. Sager as superintendent of construction since 1878. The provision of the incorpo rating act, therefore, still held good that the Company was to receive the lands from the State in one-quarter installments, as fast as the work was completed. On the 8th of July, 1872, the first shovelful of earth was scooped from the bed of the future canal, by the dredge, Gutches. Joseph Harris and Chief Engineer Casgrain were aboard as the only " outside visitors." In 1873 the Legislature authorized the company to mortgage their lands to the extent of $350,000. This would be security for bonds which were to be issued to that amount. Although work was pushed on the ca nal in 1873-4, and one-quarter of the work completed, nothing was done in 1875-6. Finding that the bonds could not be negotiated, in 1877 the first 50,000 acres of land was put up at auction, and, with the proceeds, work resumed^ During that year, the second quarter was completed, the lands sold in May, 1879, and the work continued. The next month, Congress appropri ated $30,000 for the harbor improvement. In the meantime, the waters of the lake and bay had rushed together. Their union was celebrated privately and informally, Friday, June 28, at 7:30 p. M. Two dredges under the control of Messrs. Norman Mathei- son and Richard Kirby worked toward each other until only two feet of earth separated the waters of Stur geon Bay and Lake Michigan. Superintendent Sager cut this with a shovel, and the current soon enlarged the opening so as to admit the passage of a row-boat, commanded by Capt. Casgrain. The formal celebration took place on the 4th of July. After a dinner at Mu sic Hall, the invited guests and others proceeded to the Public Square. Gen. W. E. Strong presided over the ceremonies. Speeches were made by that gentleman, Sen. T. O. Howe, Gov. William E. Smith, George B. Smith, J. B. Cassoday, Jesse Spaulding and T. B. Chy- noweth, such visitors from abroad being present as Congressman Philetus Sawyer, State Senator George Grummer, William Pitt L}'nde, George H. Paul, Perry H. Smith, P. V. Deuster, James H. Howe, Harrison Ludington, J. T. Scammon, C. J. L. Myers, Abner Kirby, etc. The canal was thus formally baptized, and its useful existence sanctioned by leading citizens of Wisconsin. But it was completed merely in the rough. In the Summer of 1880, three-quarters of the work was finished, and light-draft vessels and larger unloaded craft passed safely through. By the close of naviga tion, 1882, it is expected that the canal and harbor will have been completed, forming one of the most use ful improvements and the finest harbors of refuge for lake mariners any where to be found on the Great Chain. The canal proper is 7,400 feet long and 100 feet wide. Along its banks for 3,300 feet on each side from the harbor extend protecting piers or revetments. At right angles to these, extending from the harbor en trance, are two sections of piers, 350 feet in length. Safety is further afforded by long stretches of close pile piers and crib-work extending 1,350 feet into the lake. It is proposed also to build an outside break water, and it is anticipated that the season of 1882 will witness passage through the canal and their safe refuge from storm, of the largest vessels afloat upon the lakes. It is the aim to obtain a uniform depth of water, which will float vessels drawing from fifteen to sixteen feet of water. Up to the close of navigation in 1881, $352,- 000 had been expended upon the canal and $120,000 upon the harbor. Before the entire improvement, or the series of im provements contemplated, is completed, it is estimated HISTORY OF DOOR COUNTY. 255 that three-quarters of a million of dollars will have been expended. Much work upon the government piers yet remains to be done, and both sides of the ca nal, the entire length, will be protected with the sub stantially constructed sheet-piling which has been built nearly half the distance. Besides leveling, stone fill ing, dredging and a hundred little things which yet re main, a series of lights are in process of erection which will go far to make the Green Bay entrance to the ca nal a harbor of refuge also. In fact, the whole length of water from Green Bay to Lake Michigan will be come a grand refuge, the Lighthouse Board having determined to erect one light at the Green Bay entrance opposite Sherwood Point, two range lights on the "middle ground" (Dunlap's Reef) opposite the village of Sturgeon Bay, and another at the harbor entrance. Every business man who owns property in Sturgeon Bay or Door County, is sure to say, at some time or another, " The canal has made us." THE WAR QUOTA. The quota of troops for Door County was 207 ; total credits, 145. A number of her boys in blue went into Company F, Thirty-second Infantry, and others were scattered in different hardy Wisconsin compa nies. In war times Door County was but thinly set tled, but she did what was to the best of her ability. TRADITIONAL AND EARLY HISTORY. Porte des Morts — " The Door of Death " — has been closed to the navigator of northern Lake Michigan by the construction of the canal, but tradition still keeps alive a story of many who passed through never to return. When the Jesuit Fathers were battling for the cross 200 ago in Brown County, it is said that the Pottawatomies made Washington Island their ren dezvous, obtaining their game from the peninsula just across the way. All Indian tribes are more jealous of their hunting grounds than they are of their wives, and the Pottawatomies were no exception to the rule. When they heard, therefore, that the Chippewas had invaded their territory, and were ruthlessly cutting off their base of supplies, they assembled their braves in a mighty flotilla of canoes, which drew up in battle array upon the west shore of Detroit Island, just south of Washington. While midway in their passage across " Death's Door," but by that name then un known, a furious white squall came galloping over the waters from the south, rushed upon their frail barks and scattered them to the winds, and the warriors to their graves. For many days the bodies were washed upon the shores of Detroit Island, and the waiters and watchers there buried their dead and deserted the fear ful region of desolation. Fate, or, in other words, the Evil Spirit, had favored the fortunes of the Chippewas. It had rushed from the bluffs of the land they occu pied and destroyed the flower of the Pottawatomies. The place from whence it came is called Evil Spirit Point, and seldom it is that an Indian of the Potta watomie tribe will be found within a day's journey of the Door of Death. The first settlers of Door County located along the shores of Sturgeon Bay. He who had the honor of being the chronological father of them all was Increase Claflin, who came from New York and located with his family on what is known as Little Sturgeon Point. He and his had considerable trouble with the Indians at first, but upon one occasion threatening to treat them to a lighted barrel of powder when the redskins expected merely fire-water, the greatest braves in all the country round let him severely alone, at last. The date of his settlement was May 1, 1835, and after living nine years on Little Sturgeon Point he removed to Fish Creek, where he resided up to the time of his death, March 5, 1867. His daughter, Adelia, married Robert Stevenson, of Pennsylvania, the second white settler, in May, 1837. Mr. Claflin 's house was the only one from Sturgeon Bay to Washington Island until 1847, when William Marshall, of Bay Settlement, Brown County, came to Fish Creek and married an other daughter. Three years after another daughter was taken away by J. E. Thorpe. Coining back to the settlements near the present site of the Village of Sturgeon Bay, it is found that soon after Claflin located on Little Sturgeon Point, a man by the name of P. Rowley made the west side of the bay, near Sher wood's Point, his home. In 1840 he removed to Two Creeks, Kewaunee County. In 1836 Peter S. Sherwood, from which the point takes its name, com menced a clearing, lived alone four years, then went East and brought back a wife. Neil McMullen, the first settler on the east shore (1837), also built his hut to live in as a hermit, and ended his determination by marrying a daughter of Rowley. In 1850, and for five years thereafter, much land was taken up by settlers, who afterward became prominent in county and busi ness affairs. Anton Thompson, the well-known farm er, came in 1850 ; A. W. Laurence, the extensive lumberman, in 1852; Hon. D. A. Reed, the first law yer, in 1853 ; Joseph Harris, the originator of the Sturgeon Bay ship canal, in 1855 ; also A. G. Warren, Deputy County Clerk. Many other staid and worthy "citizens decided at this time to found homes in " these wilds." POLITICAL. In 1851 (February 11), Door County, formed from Brown, came into political being, and was attached to Manitowoc County for judicial purposes, the seat of government being fixed at Bailey's Harbor. Alanson Sweet, of Milwaukee, who had invested money in lands there, and built piers and roads, with his accustomed energy, was really at the bottom of the county organ ization and the county seat location. ¦ Washington Town had been organized two years before, by Amos Sanders, being detached from Brown County. Al though considerable political organization had been going on, exactly what it amounted to, few could explain. When any one was elected to an office during the first six or seven years of the county's existence, his usual course was to take a journey to Green Bay, often through trackless woods, in order to find out what his duties were, where he was expected to perform them, or what he should do, and where he should do it, in order to be officially and legally stamped. For instance : M. E. Lyman, of Egg Harbor, tells how he was elected Justice of the Peace of the town of Washington, and, going to Manitowoc to file his bond, the Clerk of the Circuit Court could not say positively whether the 236 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. county belonged to Manitowoc for judicial purposes or not. To make his tenure of office sure, Mr. Lyman went to Green Bay, and filed another set of bonds there, which he was obliged to go home to obtain. He thus traveled over three hundred miles to make of himself a Justice of the Peace, "who would hold;" and this journey was taken in face of the fact that the first road from Bailey's Harbor to the shore of Green Bay was not cut until 1850. In 1855-56, the first road was cut from Green Bay to Sturgeon Bay, and A. G. Warren, Chairman of the doubtful town of Otumba (Sturgeon Bay), struck a bee-line for the former place to find out where the county seat was located; but to explain, one year will have to be retraced. In the Winter of 1855, the Legislature passed an act organiz ing Sturgeon Bay into an election precinct. Instead of holding a general election in November, the voters held a meeting in July for town organization, and elected O. P. "Graham, Cliairman. The town having thus been " organized," in the Fall of the next year Mr. Warren was chosen Chairman. Washington Town would send no representative, and Mr. Warren did not know where was the county seat, at which he should "meet himself." There was no way out of it but to go to Green Bay and consult John Last, then District Attorney of Brown County. It was done, and a written opinion given that Gibraltar was the county seat; also that A. G. Warren and W. H. Warren and John Gar land, Justices of the Peace elect, should constitute the board for the canvass of returns. Not only did they constitute themselves a Board of Canvassers, but, in some manner which A. G. Warren at this late day can not explain, resolved themselves into a " County Board of Supervisors." The meeting was held November 11, 1856, and the following were declared to be the officers elected on the 4th prox. : Ezra B. Stevens, Member of Assembly ; Joseph Harris, Register of Deeds and Clerk of the Board; Robert Graham, County Treasurer; H. Schuyler, County Surveyor ; H. S. Schtiyler, Coroner. Old settlers generally date the real organization of the county from the next year. Joseph Harris thus writes to C. I. Martin, publisher of a history of Door County, from which a portion of the data in regard to early times has been taken : " When Sturgeon Bay was organized into a town in 1857, by the name of Otumba, it became necessary, in order to assess and levy taxes for county and State purposes, to hold a meeting of the chairmen of those two towns as a County Board of Supervisors. Mr. J. Nolan, who was Cliairman of the town of Washington, refused to come to Sturgeon Bay to hold the meeting, and Squire Henry Schuyler, who was Chairman of Otumba, and myself agreed to go to Washington Island for that purpose. It was late in November when we started on foot through the woods to Fish Creek, that being the nearest place where a sail-boat could be got. We arrived at the Island the same day. The next clay the first meeting of the County Board in Door County was held. Squire Schuy ler was chosen Chairman, and myself Clerk of the Board. The tax levy was made, and Door County set upon its legs." By act of the Legislature the voters were allowed, in 1857, to formally remove the county seat from Gibraltar to Sturgeon Bay, where it has remained. The present county officers (1881) are : County Judge, F. J. Hamilton ; Treasurer, Chris. Leon- hardt ; District Attorney, G. W. Allan ; Sheriff, Arnold Wagner ; Register of Deeds, James Keogh, Jr. ; Clerk, George Nelson ; Clerk of the Circuit Court ; H. C. Graham ; Superintendent of Schools, Chris. Daniels ; Surveyor, A. G. Warren. STURGEON BAY. By general consent, and by the efforts of the Warrens, Joseph Harris and John Garland, this place became fixed upon as the county seat, in 1856-57. It is now the only village of any prominence in Door County, and contains a creditable $12,000 court-house, built in 1878. It is situ ated at the natural head of Sturgeon Bay, and contains a population of 1,400 people. Its industries are chiefly con fined to the manufacture of lumber. A large general trade grows out of this. For the conveniences of business a bank was established in November, 1880, by Messrs. Shummel & Kozishek. With its business, Sturgeon Bay has a fire de partment, a good village school and a number of churches and societies to promote its intelligence and sociability. The Village of Sturgeon Bay was incorporated fjuly 15, 1874. CHURCHES. St. Joseph {Catholic) — The church was organized in 1866 and the building at once erected. For several years previous to this time services had been held at the old court house and other convenient localities. Rev. John L. Adel- lar, direct from Holland, was first placed in charge of the church by Bishop Joseph Melcher. St. Joseph is at pres ent in charge of Rev. E. Blume, who has 400 families with in his jurisdiction, which includes Sturgeon Bay, Egg Har bor, Bailey's Harbor, Clay Banks and Jacksonport. A church building is occupied at Egg Harbor, and one at Bailey's Harbor. An edifice is in course of erection at Jacksonport. St. Joseph congregation consists of 200 fam ilies, principally English, German and French (Canadian). Connected with it is a total abstinence society, recently or ganized, and the Ladies Altar Society, each having about forty members. Outside of the central church, Father Blume has within his territory also quite a scattering of Belgians. He came to Sturgeon Bay in April, 1876, from Gilman, 111., and has gained the hearts of a wide circle. United Brethren of Moravia. — This church, Lutheran in its general tenets, was organized in 1859 by Rev. A. M. Iversen. The new building, erected in 1880, is valued at $1,300. The church has an actual membership of fifty-six, Rev. C. Madsen, pastor. He took charge of the congrega tion in 1873. M. E. Church, Sturgeon Bay Conference, was organized ' in 1863 by uniting the Gibrates Mission with Sturgeon Bay and appointing Rev. B. M. Falmer pastor. The church and parsonage are valued at $2,500 ; membership, thirty-five, Rev. P. Burke, pastor. Hope Congregation, Rev. George W. Prescott, commenced services in the village hall in January, 1880. In January, 1881, the congregation removed to Lawrence Hall, and or ganized under general statute, taking the above name. There is no church organization ; membership of congregation, fifty. The polity is Congregational. There is also a very small Episcopalian following, hav ing no church for worship, under Rev. F. Moore, and a few Seven Day Adventists, under the care of Rev. Torkensen. Societies.— Henry S. Baird Lodge No. 211, F. & A.M., was granted a dispensation in September, 1878. Present membership, twenty-five; F. J. Hamilton, W. M. Sons of Hermann, No. 3, was organized November 18, 1877, with twelve charter members. There are twenty-five HISTORY OF DOOR COUNTY. 257 members now. President, A. Haberlie. Chris. Leonhardt is representative to the Grand Lodge. The Press.— The pioneer journal of this place, the Door County Advocate, was established at Sturgeon Bay, March 22, 1862, by Joseph Harris, of that place, and Myron H. McCord, of Shawano. The material was brought here from the latter locality, where it had been used in printing the Shawano County Journal. Mr. McCord severed his con nection with the Advocate in the Summer of 1862, and Mr. Harris continued editor and publisher until January 1, 1866, was formed, in 1866. Its charter members were : Joseph Harris, Sr., Henry Schuyler, George Pinney, D. A. Reed, D. H. Rice, William K. Dresser, G. W. Allen and E. M. Squire. The association at first took the nature of a de bating society, but later assumed the more useful form of an organization for the collection of standard works in every department for the use of its members. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. G. W. ALLEN, firm of Allen & McNally, attorneys-at-law, is a native of New London, Huron Co., Ohio. There he began to learn the STURGEON BAY. when his son, Henry, returned from the war and became the publisher, with J. and H. Harris as editors. April 1, 1875, the Advocate was purchased by Frank Long, its pres ent editor and proprietor. In 1876 the paper was enlarged from a five column to a seven column folio. The Advocate is Republican in politics. The Expositor was established October 24, 1873, by Messrs. Pinney & Co., as a four column quarto and independent in politics. George Pinney soon obtained control, and the paper became Democratic in 1876. In May, 1877, Charles T. Martin, present editor, obtained control of the journal, and it became again independent. In June, 1880, the form was changed to an eight column folio. Library Association. — Joined to the power and educational influence of the press, is, naturally, a good library, support ed by the best of citizens. Sturgeon Bay has now a live association, though it has, at times, almost died ont since it 17 carpenter's trade, which he followed three and a half years. In 1857, he attended the State University at Madison, Wis.; completed his course of study in 1862. He then went to Ann Arbor, Mich., and attended the Michigan University ; graduated in the Spring of 1874 ; returned to Madison and entered the law office of George B. Smith ; later he studied with the law firm of W. H. & K. Tenney. In 1864, came to Sturgeon Bay and opened a law office, and has since followed this profession. In the Summer of 1872, he removed to Carthage, Mo., but returned in the Spring of 1875. Mr. Allen is now serving his fourth term as District Attorney ; was a member of the Assembly during the Winter of 1871-2, representing Door and Kewaunee counties ; has also been a member of the Board of Supervisors, and has always been identified with school interests. Mr. McNally was admitted as a partner December, 1880. AUGUST BLIESNER, boots and shoes. Born, Oct. 14, 1843, in Prussia. September, 1846, came to Milwaukee with his parents ; after wards removed to Germantown, Washington Co., and followed farming. In 1855, they came to Ozaukee County ; continued farming. In 1865, he removed to Buffalo County, Wis., rented a farm, where he remained one year, and then returned to Ozaukee County, where he left his family ; and followed lumbering, chopping wood, teaming, besides working at 258 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. shoemaking one year. March, 1871, he started a shoe shop; continued till Aug. 8, 1871, when he came to Green Bay and opened a shop, which he continued about four years. He then canvassed for various indus tries. He is a member of the Temple of Honor. Married in 1865 to Sophia Kohn. She was born in Prussia. They have two daughters — Anna and Sophia. A. BOTTELSEN, boot and shoe maker, Slurgeon Bay. A native of Norway, born July 8, 1830, he learned ihe trade of boot and shoe maker in his native country. Came to America in 1864, and located in Sturgeon Bay. Worked at his trade, as journeyman, for some time, then engaged in business for himself for about two years. In 1870 he went to Kansas City, Mo., and remained four years, and two years at Harvard Junction, 111. In 1876, returned to Sturgeon Bay, and has since worked at his trade with his son-in-law (Jacob Dehos). Married in 185 1 to Miss Elizabeth Mary Bottelson. Has two sons and one daughter. ANDREW CHARLSEN, farmer, Sec. 9, P. O. Sturgeon Bay. Born Dec. 31, 1834, in Sweden. Came to Iowa June 24, 1867, and the fol lowing October removed to his present farm. He owns forty acres, which he has improved. Married, April 3. 1867, to Caroline Knudsen. She was born in Norway in 1836. They have had five children, three living — Matilda, Louisa and Carl Louis. They lost a son, Louis, aged three years. Catharine died at the age of thirteen months. Members of the Moravian Church. M. COCHEMS, dealer in general merchandise, Sturgeon Bay. Born March 12, 1837, in Prussia, in 1853, he came with his parents to Mani towoc County ; assisted them in farming till 1862, when he enlisted in Co. H, 2d Wis. Cav.; served to the end of the War. In 1866, he went to Ahnapee, Wis.; engaged in the grist mill business three years, then returned to Manitowoc County. In 1870, came to Sturgeon Bay, where he has since resided. In 1874, he and Mr. Feldmann opened a general store, which they continued till 1879. Since then Mr. Cochems has carried on this business. Married in 1862 to Eliza Wagener. She was born in Prussia in 1841. They have ten children — seven sons and three daughters. E. C. DANIELS, farmer, Sec. 9, P. O. Sturgeon Bay. Born Jan. 26, 1835, in Missouri. When a child, he went to Mentor, Ohio, with his parents ; assisted them on their farm, where he remained till 1856, when he came to Sevastopol, Wis., and bought a farm of eighty acres, which he improved and afterwards sold. In 1867 he came to his present farm, which he has also improved with a house, cost about $1,800, barn, cost about $400, and other improvements. Aside from this, he owns about 2,000 acres of land in Door County. JACOB DEHOS, manufacturer of boots and shoes, Sturgeon Bay. A native of Germany, born Aug. I, 1848. Came to Amercain 1864, and located in Door County, Wis. Worked at farming some time, and in 1866 commenced to work at boot and shoe making, and continued in that work till 1871. He then went to Missouri, and remained for three years, and returned to Sturgeon Bay in 1874, and opened a boot and shoe shop. Was a member of the Town Board for two years, and one year member of the Village Board of Sturgeon Bay ; is now Justice of the Peace ; also treasurer of the Bay Side Cemetery Association. Married in 1869 to Miss Annie Bottelsen, of Norway. Has two daughters — Eva and Agathe ; and one son, John. WILLIAM DONOVAN, foreman of George O. Spear's saw mill, Sturgeon Bay. A native of Northumberland County, Ont, in 1868 came to Wisconsin and went into employ of Bailey & Vincent, at Little Sturgeon, for about six months ; then, with F. B. Gardner, and worked in saw mill till Mr. Gardner closed out his business in Little Sturgeon. He removed to Pen-aukee, Oconto Co., and continued in the employ of Mr. Gardner one year longer ; then engaged with Mr. Spear, and worked for him one year at Oconto, and in 1876 returned to Little Sturgeon with Mr. Spear, and was foreman of saw mill one year. Thence to Ft. How ard, and engaged in hotel business for a short time, and in 1878 removed to Sturgeon Bay, and has since been foreman of the saw mill for G. O. Spear. Married, in 1878. Miss Louisa Jenkin. Has two sons — Edward and Thomas Joseph. G. A. DREUTZER, Postmaster and general merchandise, Sturgeon Bay, is a native of Waupaca, Wis. His father received the appoint ment of United States Consul to Norway in 1862, taking his family with him, where they remained till 1866, then returned to Waupaca. In 1869, he went to Chicago ; was assistant book-keeper in a drug house two years. In 1871, came to Green Bay ; was bookkeeper for John D. Law three years. In 1874, removed to Sturgeon Bay, was appointed Post master in 1875. He has been a member of the Village and Town Board and tly past two years a member of the County Board. In 1880 he was Chairman of the most enthusiastic and largest convention ever held in Door County. He is a member of the Door County Committee ; has al ways been identified with the Republican party. HON. O. E. DREUTZER, attorney at law, Sturgeon Bay, is a na tive of Sweden. Born Jan. 27, 1817 ; received his education in the Swedish Navy ; came to America in 1834. Was corporal in the Flor ida War in 1836, then returned to his native country and engaged in active naval service till 1842, when he returned to America, remained in Milwaukee about two years, reading law, removed to Portage County in 1846, and was admitted to the Bar in 1S54. Was appointed County Judge of Waupaca County in 1857, which office he held till 1862, when he received the appointment of Consul to Norway. While there he in duced the merchants, through his influence as Consul, to open a direct trade to Chicago, Ills. The brig "Sleipner," of about 250 tons, was fitted out and loaded with fish of various kinds cod-liver oil, liquor, etc., set sail in 1863 and discharged her cargo in Chicago, the first foreign flag that ever discharged a cargo direct in that port. The brig returned to Norway, taking a load of the products of America. Finding it to be a prof itable business, the brig was enlarged and converted into a barque, and returned with another load, the sloop "Skjoldmoen" of about eighty-five tons coming also. Mr. Dreutzer took a very active part in establishing a direct commerce between these two countries. He held the office of Consul till 1866, when he returned to Waupaca, Wis., and was appointed Brigadier General of Wisconsin Militia by Gov. Randall ; practiced law till 1874, removed to Sturgeon Bay, Door Co., and in 1875 was elected District Attorney, and has since been in the constant practice of his pro fession. C. FELDMANN, general merchandise, Sturgeon Bay, was born, Nov. 8, 1834, in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany. In 1838, came to Door County, followed farming thirteen years, was burned out, then removed to Sturgeon Bay; was employed as clerk for Lawrence & Co. about eighteen months. In 1874, he, with Mr. Cochems, opened a general store; continued in part nership four years. Since then he has carried on the business alone and is also engaged in real estate. When living on his farm, he was a mem ber of the Village Board, Town Treasurer six years. School Treasurer nine years, Assessor two years. Married in 1858 to Elizabeth Wies, of Hesse Darmstadt. They have four children — three daughters and one son. HENRY HARLOW FULLER, farmer, Sec. 12, P. O. Sawyer, a native of Yorkville, Racine Co., Wis. Born July 13, 1852 ; came with his parents to Sturgeon Bay in 1855 ; received a common-school educa tion. In 1871, he hired his father's lime kiln and commenced burning lime. The following Spring he bought a schooner, which was used in the lime business and trading in fish, etc. In the Fall of 1874 he sold out, and in the Spring of 1875 engaged in farming. Married in the Fall of 1880 to Miss Sarah Jane Noble of Manitowoc. JOHN P. GRAASS, saloon, Sturgeon Bay, was born. Feb. 12, 1839, in Luxemburg, Germany. Ir 1839, came to Sturgeon Bay ; worked in a saw-mill three years. He then purchased two teams and worked on the canal and at lumbering. In 1874 he came to Sturgeon Bay. Married June 24, 1873, to Mena Wagoner. She was born in Prussia. They have four children — one son and three daughters. Lost Barnard in the Fall of 1880, aged sixteen months. H. C. GRAHAM, Clerk Circuit Court, Sturgeon Bay, was born in Cleveland, Ohio. At the age of two years he came with his parents to Sheboygan County, Wis., where his father engaged in farming, and, when old enough to work, he assisted in the labors of the farm till 1858. The family removed to Door County, and he followed fishing till 1861, when he enlisted in Co. F, 32d Wis. I., and served till the end of the war. He participated in all of Sherman's engagements. At the close of the war he returned to Fish Creek, Door County, and followed fishing till Fall of 1880, when he was elected Clerk of Circuit Court. He then re moved to Sturgeon Bay and has since discharged his official duties. He has been Town Clerk, Assessor and Justice of the Peace. Married in 1868 to Miss Celestia M. Thorp of Monroe County. Has two sons, HENRY HAHN, proprietor Northwestern House, Sturgeon Bay, was born Nov. 7, 1823, in Prussia. June 4, 1S49, he came to New York, thence to Philadelphia, thence to Columbia, Pa. About 1855, he re moved to Lycoming County and bought an interest in a saw-mill ; re mained in this business eighteen months, when he sold out and came to Kewaunee County ; bought a farm of 160 acres, which he improved, hut afterwards sold. In 1868, he removed to Sturgeon Bay, and opened a grocery, saloon and boarding-house. The following year, he bought his present property, which he has enlarged and improved ; lie also owns a farm of 120 acres. He married in 1855, to Barbara Haen, who was born in Prussia. They have eight children — three sons and five daugh ters. When in Kewaunee County he was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of the town of Casco. WILLIAM M. HALSTEAD, manufacturer and dealer in harness, saddles, etc., Sturgeon Bay, was born Sept. 20, 1830, in Elkhart Co., Ind. In the Summer of 1859, he came to Green Bay , worked there at this trade several years. He then enlisted, in 1862, in Co. L, ist Wis. Cavalry ; served a short time, and was discharged on account of physi cal disability. Returned to Beaver Dam, Wis., where he remained till the Spring of 1863; then removed to Kewaunee, and opened a shop, which he run a short time, then returned to Green Bay, where he worked about one year ; again returned to Kewaunee, and continued this busi ness from 1865 to 1876, when he came to Sturgeon Bay. JUDGE F. J. HAMILTON, Sturgeon Bay, is a native of Genesee Co., N. Y. ; came to Michigan in 1868, and taught school. He soon HISTORY OF DOOR COUNTY. 259 after removed to Illinois, thence to Minnesota, where he remained about one year, then returned to McHenry Co., 111.; taught school there six years. May 9, 1871, came to Sturgeon Bay, and held the position as principal of schools for six years. He was admitted to the Bar in Feb ruary, 1876; was appointed County Judge, February 5, 1879, assuming the duties of the office April 1, 1879. He was elected to this office in the Spring of 1881, receiving the largest majority < f votes of any com petitor. HANS HANSEN, farmer. Sec. 9. P. O. Sturgeon Bay, is a native of Norway, born March 19, 1815 ; came to America in 1853, and remained in Chicago for two years, then removed to Sturgeon Bay, and worked a short time at shipbuilding; then engaged in farming, commencing with comparatively nothing. By his industry and good management he has a farm of 225 acres, part improved. He married, Jan. 22, 1848, Miss Bertha Halena Knudsen, of Norway. They have one son and three daughters. Hans has always assisted his father in the management of the farm. Mr. Hansen has been one of the School Directors. CHAUNCEY HASKELL, farmer. Sturgeon Bay, was born in Brookfield, Worcester Co., Mass., Sept. 14, 1813; moved with his parents to Ohio in 1821, and followed farming. He removed to Boston in 1830, and engaged in hotel business with his brother for five or six years, then, in company with his brother, he went to Portland, Me., and followed the same business for two years ; thence to the city of New York, and engaged in the provision business for four years ; thence to Ohio, and remained about eighteen months ; thence to Michigan for six months, and, in company with his brother, moved to Illinois, and re mained about eighteen months, then came to Wisconsin and followed fishing for about twelve years. He located in Sturgeon Bay in 1855, and followed hunting and trapping for about two years, then bought sixty acres of land, and has since been engaged in farming. He was married in 1859. to Miss A. Fuller, of Wisconsin. They have two sons and two daughters. J. G. HENDRICKS, A.M., M.D., Sturgeon Bay, is a native ot Mad ison, Jefferson Co., Ind. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of medicine in his native town ; graduated" at the St. Louis University in 1849, an EDWIN O. BAKER, M. D., Menomonie. Was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1831. He began the study of medicine at Lee Center, Oneida Co., in 1852, with Dr. Henry N. Porter, of that place. He graduated at Castleman Medical College, Vt., in 1856. He began the practice of his profession in the State of New York. Removed to Durand in the Summer of 1858. Was the first physician of Pepin County. In 1862, he joined the 30th Reg., Wis. V. I., as assistant sur geon. During the last year of the war, he had charge of the hospital at Frankfort, Ky. He returned to Durand at the close of the war, and re sumed practice, where he remained till 1875, when he located at Lake City, Minn. He came to Menomonie in 1878. He has been twice mar ried. He has one son by first marriage — Edwin J., a practicing physician at Wilson, St. Croix Co. Has one son by second marriage, Norman H. ROYAL C. BIERCE, attorney, Menomonie. Born in the town of Cornwall, Litchfield Co., Conn., Oct. 3, 1818. When he was seven years of age, he removed with his parents, to what was known as the Western Reserve, Portage Co., Ohio, where he lived till twenty-two years of age. He studied law in Portage County, and qualified himself for admission to the Bar. He went to Iowa in 1844, and taught school one year near Burlington. In the Spring of 1845, he came to Grant County, and was admitted to the Bar at Lancaster in the same year. He lived in that county till 1853. Engaged in the practice of law, and in teaching. He then went to what is now Vernon County, and located at Viroqua, and engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected District At torney of Vernon County in the Fall of 1853. He came to Menomonie in 1871 ; was elected District Attorney in 1872, which position he held for six years. His wife was Emily A. Green, of Mt. Holyoke, Mass. She died in 1874. Had three children, only one of whom, Arthur, the youngest child, is living. He resides at Madison. GEORGE R. BREWER, Menomonie. Is engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co. He has charge of the clothing and furnishing department, in the store of this company, at Menomonie. He was born in Canada, in 1852, and came to Menomonie in 1867, and has been constantly in the employment of the company since that time, connected with the mercan tile branch of the business. His long continuance with one house is evidence of his faithfulness and ability as a business man. He has had charge of his present department for ten years. His wife was Miss Alice French, daughter of S. B. French, Esq., of Menomonie. THOMAS J. BRYAN, harness maker, Menomonie. Born in Shelby Co., Ohio, in 1830. When six years of age, his parents removed to Indiana. He learned his trade at Niles, Mich., and came to Wisconsin as early as 1856 ; but first settled in the State at Durand, where he was engaged in business for ten years. He came to Menomonie in May, 1875. He married Vienna A. McCarty. They have three children — Juiia A. Charles H. and Earnest B. JUDGE E. B. BUNDY, attorney, Menomonie. Born in Windsor, Broome Co., N. Y., in 1833. He began the study of law in his native county, but removed when twenty-one years of age to Deposit, Delaware Co., where he continued his study. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court, at Courtlandville, Courtland Co., N. Y., in 1856. He came to Dunn County in 1857, and located at the then county seat, Dunn ville. He was elected County Judge in the Spring of 1862, and filled that office until the Spring of 1866, when he resigned. He came to Menomonie on the removal of the county seat to this village. He was elected Circuit Judge, to fill a vacancy, in the Spring of 1877, and re elected for a full term the following year. A brother of the Judge, C. S. Bundy, came to Menomonie in the Fall of 1856. He was editor for a time, of the Dunn County Lumberman, now the Dunn County News. He is now a resident of Washington. Judge Bundy is a Democrat in politics, but popular with all political parties. His wife was Reubena Macauley, a sister of Robert Macauley, Esq. They have eight children, six sons and two daughters. NEWELL BURCH, of the firm of Burch & Clark, merchants, Menomonie. He was born in Westfield, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1842. He enlisted in August, 1862, in the 154th Reg., N. Y. V. I. He was taken prisoner near Gettysburg, July I, 1863. He was a prisoner for a greater length of time than any other Union soldier, whose time is recorded in the history of the rebellion. He was in the hands of the confederates, a period of 661 days. He was first imprisoned at Belle Isle, removed to Richmond, and thence to Andersonviile. He was at the latter prison thirteen months, or during the whole existence of the stockade. That he survived the terrible sufferings and privations for that long period of time of prison life, is indeed marvelous. After the close of the war, he went to Pittsburgh, Pa., where he attended a commer cial college for a time. He then went to Cincinnati and engaged in teaching. He came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1868, and engaged in keeping books for H. T. Rumsy. He came to Menomonie and engaged in the dry goods department of Knapp, Stout & Co. He was employed there for twelve years. Engaged in present business with Mr. Clark, in May, 1878. NEWTON F. CARPENTER, Justice of the Peace, Menomonie, was born in Rehobath, Bristol Co., Mass., 1831. His parents were born in Bristol County, and resided there till their death, which occurred in 1880. His father died at the age of ninety-two and his mother at the age of ninety. Mr. Carpenter lived for several years with an uncle in the State of Rhode Island. He went to Chicago in the Spring of 1849 ; he lived about thirteen years in the counties of Bureau and Henry, 111., although he was in Kansas in 1856 and 1857, during the border war in that State. He returned to Illinois and was elected Deputy Sheriff of Henry County. He removed to Vernon County, Wis., in i860, and set tled in the town of Wheatland. He was Treasurer of that town, and Deputy Sheriff of the county, and was elected to the Legislature in 1866. He went to Kansas again in 186S. Came to Menomonie in the Spring of 1875. He lost his first wife in Illinois. His present wife was Esther Rowe, born in New York. Has one daughter by his first wife, Mrs. Mary Walker; resides at Holden, Jackson Co., Kansas. Has two boys by second wife, Fred and Charles. Mr. C. has been Justice of the Peace since 1877. J. J. CARTER, firm of Carter & Jungck, general merchandise, Me nomonie, was born in Cambridgeshire, Eng., in 1833. He came to the United States in 1851, and located at Rochester, N. Y., where he engaged 284 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. at the business of milling, having learned the trade of a miller in En gland. He lived in Rochester about ten years. Came to Menomonie in 1861, and took charge of flouring mill of Knapp, Stout & Co. He continued in charge of this mill till 1866, when he engaged in the mer cantile business with his present partner, Mr. Jungck. Mr. Cartel has been twice married. His first wi;e was Mary Jane Langham. She died in 1866. His present wife was Jane Yoe. He has two children by his first wife, Frank and Benjamin, and two by his present wife, Jennie and John. DANIEL P. CHAMBERLIN, Menomonie, has charge of the warehouse of Knapp, Stout & Co. He was born in the town of Briggs- ville, Marquette Co., in 1853. He removed with his parents to the town of Rock Creek, Dunn Co., in 1856. His parents are G. H. and A. Chamberlin. They still reside where they settled in 1856. Mr. Cham- berlin assumed his present duties in the Springof 1881. He married Miss Belle Parker. They have two children, Henry H. and Daniel W. DAVID CHAPIN, Menomonie. Born at Crown Point, N. Y., in 1828, where he lived till twenty-five years of age, when he went to St. Lawrence County. In 1868, he came to Black River Falls, where he engaged in lumbering and milling, in fact, has been engaged in lumber in different capacities, since he was a boy. He came to Menomonie in 1870 and engaged as filer for Knapp, Stout & Co. He was engaged for this firm for several years as filer, during the sawing season, and as a scaler of logs in the woods, during the Winter. Is now employed by the lumber company of Cedar Falls. He lost his first wife in Menomonie. His present wife was Mrs. Elnora E. Morgan, whose husband, Evan M. Morgan, was killed in the army during the war. WILLIAM J. COWAN, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Menomonie, was born in Princeton, 111., in 1840. His father, William Cowan, was a native of Kentucky, but was brought up in Ohio. He was a pioneer in the fullest sense of the term. During the exciting times of the Black Hawk War, he was located at Ft. Crawford, where, with Mr. Ephraim Tainter, the father of Mr. Andrew Tainter, he was engaged in furnishing supplies to the army. He settled in Princeton, 111., in the Winter of 1834-5. He now lives in Kansas. Mr. Cowan's mother was formerly Miss Emeline Kirby, born in Rome, N. Y. She died in Kansas in 1876. W. J. Cowan was born in 1838 and was brought up in Northern Illinois, and has resided in different counties in that part of the State. He was at one time Deputy Sheriff of Bureau County, and at another time act ing Sheriff of Du Page County. He came to Menomonie in 1871, and engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co., with whom he remained three years. Was afterwards engaged with other firms in different capacities ; was ap pointed Deputy Sheriff in 1876. Was elected to the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court in 1878, and again in 1880. Lost his first wife in Illi nois. His present wife was Miss Jennie Chapman, daughter of David Chapman. She was born in the State of New York. He has two chil dren by first wife, Carrie and William. S. G. DEAN, dealer in musical instruments, and proprietor of rest aurant, Menomonie, was born in Steuben County, N. Y., in 1833. He went to Illinois in 1856. He worked- for several years at the trade of millwright; came to Wisconsin in i860. He was engaged in teaching for several years; taught the public school at Durand, Pepin Co., for three years. He came to Menomonie in 1864. He has been engaged for many years in the sale of musical instruments. His wife was Eunice S. Morris, a native of Illinois. They have four children. COL. E. L. DOOLITTLE, Menomonie ; born in Ontario Co., N. Y., in 1826; he came to Wisconsin in 1846, and settled at Madison, where he lived ten years ; engaged in the business of shoe making. He came to Dunn County in 1856, and settled in the town of Dunn, and en gaged in farming. He enlisted in 1861 in the 37th Reg. Wis. V. I. He enlisted as a private ; was made a third sergeant at the organization of the regiment. He was engaged in the assault on Petersburg, which fol lowed the explosion of the mine, when that city was being invested. He was wounded and taken prisoner in this assault ; was a prisoner about thirty days, when he was released on parole ; came home on a furlough ; was at home several months, and then returned to the front, and was promoted to orderly sergeant. Was in most of the battles in front of Petersburg. He was promoted to a lieutenantcy about the time the war closed. He has been Sheriff of Dunn County for one term, and Under Sheriff for many terms. He was, for a time, colonel of the Old Veterans Association, of Dunn County. He was married in Madison to Naomi, daughter of Martin Laffelmire, an early settler of Dane County. They have five children — Myron F., Edgar S., Lida E., Milton O. and Sarah A. JOHN H. EDWARDS, firm of J. F. Edwards & Son, Menomonie, was born in Boston, Mass., in 1833. He came west in 1853 ; from that time till 1868 was engaged as civil engineer on the Chicago & North western Railroad. Came to Menomonie in 1868. He married Sophia Kingsley, born in Pennsylvania. They have two children, Susan and George. J. F. Edwards, of the above firm, and father of John H., was born in New Hampshire, in 1806. He lived in that State till sixteen years of age, when he went to Boston, where for many years he was en gaged in architecture and building. He, in i860, went to Ft. Madison, Iowa, and was the architect and resident superintendent in the construc tion of the penitentiary at that place. He returned to Boston in 1865. In the Fall of 1866 he came to Menomonie, and engaged in the manu facture of sash, doors, blinds, etc. ; was burned out in 1870, and en gaged in the hardware business. The firm of J. F. Edwards & Son do an extensive business in hardware, machinery, and building material. Mr. J. F. Edwards lost his wife in 1868 ; he has two sons, John H. and James M. OLE EGDAL, Menomonie, has charge of the water saw-mill of Knapp, Stout & Co. He was born in Norway, in 1835 ; he came to this country in 1868. Has been in the employ of this firm since that time, and he has had charge of his present department since 1873. He is a millwright by trade, and followed that branch of business for a number of years. His wife is a native of Norway. They have one son, Aufen. MRS. MARY R. FOWLER, millinery and dealer in furnishing goods, Menomonie, was born in the State of New York. She came to Wisconsin with her husband, Mr. G. M. Fowler, in 1856. Mr. Fowler was a surveyor by occupation, and engaged in that business for many years. They were several years in the eastern part of the State ; went to Minnesota for a time, and came to Menomonie in 1858. Mrs. Fowler established her present business in i860. This was the first millinery store, and the second store of any kind, established in Menomonie, proper. She keeps one of the largest and finest assortments of millinery goods to be found in the Chippewa Valley. She is also agent for the Victor sew ing machine. Mr. Fowler was elected Justice of the Peace in 1862, and served three years. He was elected County Surveyor in 1862, which position he held for two years. Mr. and Mrs. Fowler have two children, William D. and Hattie E. S. B. FRENCH, banker, Menomonie, was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1831, where he lived till the Fall of 1853, when he came to Menomonie, and engaged as bookkeeper for Knapp, Stout & Co. He continued in the employment of this firm till 1867, when he opened a general store on the site of his present bank. He, at the same time, conducted a general banking and real estate business. He was burned out in 1880, and soon after closed out his merchandising business. He built his present bank building, a fine and substantial brick structure, immediately after the destruction of his store by fire. He has always taken a deep interest in educational matters, and in whatever tends to advance the interests of the community in which he lives. He was mar ried, August, 1855, to Mary V. Bullard, daughter of Lorenzo Bullard, one of the earliest settlers of Menomonie. They have three children — Alice, (now Mrs. George R. Brewer), Fred and Samuel B. CAPT. THOMAS J. GEORGE, Menomonie, was born in Trum bull Co., Ohio, in 1842. He removed to Wilmington, 111., with his parents, when he was a child, and to Racine Co., Wis., in 1855 ; then to New Lisbon, where his father had a trading post with the Winnebago Indians. Here he learned the language of this tribe, which he spoke fluently, and has not yet forgotten. His knowledge of the language served a valuable purpose a few years later, when he was employed as interpreter, when troops were sent to suppress a reported insurrection of Indians. He enlisted, May 8, 1861, in Co. D, 4th Wis. V. 1., but was discharged for disability, at Ship Island, April n, 1862, and returned to Wisconsin. But he still determined to share the fortunes of the arm)', although incapacitated for service as a soldier. When he had sufficient ly recovered, he went to Nashville. Here he was pressed into the ser vice as fireman of a locomotive, and in that capacity went to Louisville. Here he met the 30th Wis., for whom he had acted as interpreter at the time of the Indian scare. Through the influence of some of the officers of the 30th a position was secured for him in the Government works at Louisville, where he remained till the close of the war. He then re turned to Wisconsin, and came to Menomonie in 1874. Was elected Sheriff of Dunn County in the Fall of that year ; was engaged in the sale of agricultural implements for several years ; re-elected Sheriff in the Fall of 1876. His wife was Miss Maggie Long. S. A. GILLEY, firm of Gilley & Spalding, grocers, bakers and con fectioners, Menomonie, was bom in Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1845. He enlisted in the Spring of 1863 in the 13th N. Y. Artillery, afterward, served in the 6th Veteran Artillery. After the close of the war he be came a student of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, N. Y. He began preaching in 1867, in connection with the Free Methodist Church. Went to Chicago in 1868 ; was a resident of Illinois for several years, engaged in preaching. He came to Wisconsin in 1873. Had charge of churches in Grant and Lafayette counties. He went to Eau Claire in 1875. He came to Menomonie in 1878. He is now pastor of the Wes leyan Methodist Church in the town of Sherman. Is also with his father-in-law, Mr. Spalding, engaged in business in Menomonie. Mar ried Nellie M. Spalding ; born in Illinois. They have three children — Emma, Amy and Cora. W. F. GOULD, dentist, Menomonie, was born in Madison Co., Ohio, Oct. 25, 1850. He enlisted in an Ohio regiment in March, 1863, when only thirteen years of age. He served in the ranks about four months, and was on detached duty during the balance of his term of service. After the close of the war he went to Monmouth, 111., where he attended school for one year. In the Fall of 1869 he went to Eau HISTORY OF DUNN COUNTY. 285 Claire, where he engaged in the study of dentistry with Dr. Sherman of that city, with whom he remained four years as a student ; he then be came connected with his preceptor in the practice of his profession. In 1877, with Dr. Sherman, he "went to Lake City, Minn., where he re mained two years. He located in Menomonie in August, 1879. He married Miss Annie, daughter of Dr. E. O. Baker, of Menomonie. STEPHEN G. GOULD, Jr., a brother of the above, has charge of the extensive dry goods and jewelry department in the store of Knapp, Stout & Co., at Menomonie. He was born in Ohio in 1855, and was educated at Monmouth, 111., at St. Louis, Mo., and also attended school for a time at Mount Morris, N. Y., where he was also engaged as clerk in a dry goods store. Has been in the employ of Knapp, Stout & Co., since September, 1878. Was advanced to his present position in 1880. E. H. GRANNIS, M.D., homeopathic physician and surgeon, Me nomonie; born in the State of New York, from whence he removed with his parents to Red Wing, Minn., in 1854, where his parents still reside. He began the study of medicine in 1872, with Dr. A. E. Higby of Red Wing. He took his first course of lectures at the Cleveland Homeopathic Hospital College, and graduated at the Hahnemann Medi cal College, Chicago, February, 1875. He began practice at Chatfield, Minn., in June of that year. He-came to Menomonie, December, 1877, and succeeded Dr. J. M. Yates, who had died a short time previous. His wife was Gertrude Van Vliet, of Lake City, Minn. They have one child, Gertrude. N. W. GREENE, dealer in flour and feed, firm of Greene & Co., Menomonie, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., August, 1855. Removed with his parentsito Pennsylvania in 1868, where he lived till May of the present year, 1881, when he removed to Eau Claire. He has had con siderable experience in milling and in flour and feed. The business of this firm was established in Menomonie, July, 1881. JAMES GROVER, merchant, Menomonie. Born in Maine in 1826. He came to Dunn County in the Summer of 1S57. His brothers, Mil ton and Alexander, came at the same time, and his parents the following Autumn. He worked for Knapp, Stout & Co., for three years, was afterward engaged in logging for one season ; he purchased a farm in the town of Red Cedar, and engaged in farming till 1872, when he sold his farm and removed to Menomonie and built the store he now occu pies. He engaged in the mercantile trade in 1876. He is also engaged in selling farm machinery. He was married to Miss Henderson, who came to Dunn County about 1853. They have five children — Agrippa H., James, Steven, Ezra and May. L. C. GUPTILL, chief engineer of the steam mill of Knapp, Stout & Co., Menomonie. Born in York Co., Maine, in 1836. He went to Goodhue Co., Minn., in 1856 ; afterward went to Emmet Co., Iowa. He enlisted, August, 1861, in the 7th Iowa Cavalry, and served on the frontier, under Gen'. Sully; he was orderly at the headquarters of that general for two years. He was in the service three years. After the war he went to Red Wing, Minn., where he was engaged in milling for Daniels & Howe. He came to Menomonie in December, 1865, as en gineer and machinist, for the company. His wife was Henrietta W. White, daughter of Dr. Charles White. She is a native of New Hampshire. They have one child, Fred L. HENRY W. HAEFNER, of the firm of Haefner & Harley, mer chants, Menomonie, was born in Waukesha County, in 1857, where he lived until the Fall of 1880 when he came to Menomonie, and engaged in the dry goods business with Mr. Harley. Mr. Haefner's father was an early settler of Wisconsin ; went to Milwaukee in 1846 ; removed to Waukesha County, where he resided till his death, which occurred in 1866. JOSEPH HARTMANN, saloon, Menomonie; born in Bavaria, Germany, February, 1824; came to the United States, August, 1847. He lived in Pittsburg, Pa., for several years ; came to Menomonie in 1853, and engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co. He enlisted, October, 1864, and served till close of the war. He participated in the Atlanta campaign and in Sherman's march to the sea. After the war he again worked for the company, for a time, then bought a farm and engaged in farming. -Established his present business October, 1874. His wife was Catharine Rodie ; born in Hesse, Germany. They have five child ren — John, Minnie, Maggie, Catharine and Joseph. Lost oldest child, Frank. JOHN A. HEINTZ, wagonmaker, Menomonie. Born in Fond du Lac County, in 1858. He learned his trade in Dodge County, where he worked four and one-half years. He came to Menomonie and worked here at his trade for a short time, then went to Eau Claire, thence to Minnesota and worked at Pottsdam in that State for a time. Came to Menomonie in Fall 1877. Established his present business the year following. REV. MICHAEL HEISS, pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Menomonie. Born at Boehnferd, Bavaria, in 1833. He came to this country in 1855. His theological education began in Ger many. He completed his studies at St. Francis College, near Milwau kee, and was ordained Dec. 16, 1859. His first charge was in Wash ington County, next in Waterford, Racine Co., and the next in Brighton, County. Is a brother of Archbishop Michael Heiss of Milwaukee. When the latter was appointed bishop of La Crosse diocese, Father Heiss became a member of that diocese. He took charge of a church, St. Mary's, in Monroe County, in 1869. Then went to Rising Sun, in Crawford County, where he remained five years. Thence to St. Mary's church at Keysville, Richland Co., for three years. He took charge of his present church in 1878. Bishop Heiss, formerly bishop of La Crosse diocese, was appointed arch-bishop of Milwaukee, March 14, 1880. THOMAS S. HELLER, fire insurance agent, Menomonie, was born in Clinton Co., Pa., in 1840. He went to Burlington, Iowa, in 1857, where he attended a commercial college. He went to Reed's Landing the following year, and kept the books of T. B. Wiison for about one year. He then became a student of Alleghany College at Meadville, Pa., where he remained about one year. He came to Dunnville, then the county seat of Dunn County, in i860, and kept the hotel known as the Tainter House. He then went East, attended the first inauguration of Pres. Lincoln, in 1861 ; thence to Burlington, Iowa, again, where he en listed in the 1st Regt. Iowa C. Served in the army three years. Came to Menomonie at the expiration of his term of service, and kept the Menomonie House for about one year ; thence to Chicago for about one year. Has been a resident of Menomonie since that time. He was Assessor in 1870, and Town Clerk for four or five years. He does a large insurance business, representing many of the best companies in this . country and in England, including the Insurance Company of North America, Penn Fire Assurance Co. and American, of Philadelphia ; Liv erpool and London and Globe, and Phoenix, Continental, and Niagara, of New York, and the American, of New Jersey. His wife was Mary H. Tillotson. They have six children — two sons and four daughters. JULIUS A. HILL, filer for Knapp, Stout & Co., Menomonie, born in the State of New York, came to Menomonie in the Fall of 1858. He entered the army in 1861, was lieutenant of the first company raised in the Chippewa valley. It was known as the Dunn County Pinery Rifles. It afterwards became Co. K, of the 5th Wis. V. I. ; but he re signed before this company went into active service, and enlisted in the 8th Wis. V. I. and served three years. He participated in many impor tant battles and campaigns ; was at Island No. 10, at the siege and battle of Corinth, and at the siege of Vicksburg ; was on detached service dur ing latter part of the term of service. The parents of Mr. Hill have six sons, five of whom were in the war, and two of whom lost their lives in the service. Sheldon B. Hill was a member of a Pennsylvania regiment and was killed at Newbern, N. C. E. C. enlisted in an Illinois regiment and served till the close of the war. He is now a Methodist clergyman. The next was Julius A. William, a member of the 27th Wis. was killed at the explosion of the mine before Petersburg. D. K. served, also, in the 27th. The father of Mr. Hill came to Wisconsin, 1856. He now lives in Minnesota. WILLIAM HUBER, proprietor of saloon, Menomonie, born in Baden, Germany, in 1825, came to the United Slates in 1855; came directly to Menomonie, and engaged for K., S. & Co. He is a carpenter by trade, and worked at this for many years. Has been in his present business since 1878, His wife was born in Germany. They have four children— Frank, Angeline, Oscar and Mary. PROF. J. G. INGALLS, principal of public schools, Menomonie, was born at Palmer, Mass., in 1849. His parents removed to what is now Sauk County when he was six years of age. He partially prepared for college at Dalton, but enlisted, in 1863, in the 12th Wis. V. I., and served till the close of the war. He participated in the siege of Vicks burg, the Atlanta campaign, in Sherman's march to the sea, and the battle of Bentonville. After the close of the war, he entered the pre paratory school at Ripon, where he was a student for seven years, grad uating in the class of 1876. He was engaged in teaching, at Ripon, for two years — from 1872 to 1874 \ assumed his present position in 1876. The Menomonie schools have steadily advanced under his superintend ence. The schools are thoroughly graded, and the High School is one of the best in the State. JACOB JUNGCK, of the firm of Carter & Jungck, Menomonie, was born in Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, in 1834. He came to this country in 1854, and lived in Cincinnati about two years. He came to Menomonie, April 20, 1856. He was employed by Knapp, Stout & Co., for about ten years, and was in the lumber department of that firm for six or seven years ; was afterward employed as clerk in the flouring mill. He was married in 1863, to Margaret Habermeier, born in Ger many. They have six children — Anna, Mary, William, Charles, Ada and Carrie. PETER LAMMER, merchant tailor and dealer in ready-made cloth ing, hats and caps, Menomonie, born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, Nov. 3, 1831, came to the United States in 1854, and lived in the city of New York about seven years, where he worked at his trade. He was also a short time in Massachusetts and Newjersey. He went to Reed's Land ing, Minn., in the Spring of 1861, and came to Menomonie in the Fall 286 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. of the same year, and engaged in the business of a merchant tailor. His wife was Angeline Seifert, born in Baden, Germany. W. H. LANDON, County Clerk, of Menomonie, born in Connect icut in 1831. His parents were natives of that State, and resided there till their death. Mr. Landon went to Herkimer Co., N.Y., when a young man, where he lived for a time, but came to Wisconsin in 1854, and set tled in Jefferson County. He removed to the town of Spring Brook, Dunn County, in the Fall of 1858, and settled on a farm in Sec. 8, which he still owns. He was elected County Clerk of Dunn County in the Fall of 1874 ; is now serving his fourth term in that capacity. His wife was Mary Davenport. They have four children — Laura, Jessie, Galen and Mabel. JOHN T. LONG, Jr., photographer, Menomonie, son of John T. Long, Sr., who came to Menomonie with his family, from Illinois, in 1863. Mr. Long was, for thirteen years, in the employ of Knapp, Stout & Co.; for the last three and one-half years of that time, was engaged in filing. He learned his present business with Mr. E. C. Dickinson, with whom he engaged in business. He bought the interest of his part ner in 1879. His wife was Celia Renken, born in Wisconsin. REV. L. LUND, pastor of the Conference of the Norwegian Evan gelical Lutheran Church of North America, Menomonie, was born in Vefsen, Nordland, Norway, in 1845. He prepared in part for the ministry in Norway, where he was also engaged in teaching. He came to the United States in 1868, and completed his studies at Paxton, 111., and at Marshall, Dane Co., Wis.; was ordained in 1870. He returned to Norway in 1871, and came back in the following year and settled at Westbrook, Cotton wood Co., Minn., where he remained five years. He came to Menomonie in 1876. His wife was born in the same part of Norway, as her husband. They have two children, Ingeborg and Lydia. On his return from Nor way, in 1872, Mr. Lund brought his parents ftom their native land, to live with him. He has also two brothers and four sisters in this country. His oldest sister still lives in Norway S. D. McKAHAN, Postmaster, Menomonie, son of William McKa- han, who was born in Washington Co., Pa., in 1807, was married in Pennsylvania, his wife being born the same year. He came .with his family to this place from Pennsylvania in August, 1857. They came by steamboat from Pittsburgh to Reed's Landing, and thence to Dunnville. Here he took charge of the mercantile department of the business of Knapp, Stout & Co., which position he held for about three years. He then purchased a farm in the town of Red Cedar, where he lived several years. Afterward settled in the village of Menomonie, where he en gaged in the livery business, being the first who embarked in that enter prise in the village. Was also proprietor of the Menomonie House for two years. He died suddenly, on his way home from Durand, Oct. 10, 1872. His wife died in Minneapolis a short time subsequent to the death of her husband. They had nine children, two of whom died in infancy. Three sons and four daughters remain. S. D. McKahan was born in Pennsylvania in 1843. He was engaged as clerk for his brother, J. B. McKahan, for several years. Was also in business for himself several years. He has been Postmaster at Menomonie since 1870. He was married to Parnella Neusom, born in Ohio. They have four chil dren — Katie and Matie (twins), Genevieve and Ruth. ROBERT MACAULEY, attorney and County Judge, Menomonie, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Feb. 18, 1838. His father, Robert Ma cauley, emigrated with his family to the United States in 1842, and settled in Hancock Co, 111., where he died in November, 1847. In the Spring of 1852, the mother, with six children, came to what is now the village of Menomonie. In the Spring of 1854, they removed to Dunnville. Robert enlisted, in September, 1864, in the 16th Reg. Wis. V. I., and served till the close of the war. . He was in Gen. Sherman's final campaigns, including that of Atlanta and Sherman's march to the sea. After the close of the war, he studied law with Judge Bundy, of Menomonie, and was admitted January, 1866. He was elected District Attorney in the Fall of 1868. Held that office four years. He was elected County Judge of Dunn County in 1873. Has now served in that capacity eight years. His wife was Miss Cora Oleson. They have two children, William J. and Martha. THOMAS MANLEY, sexton of Evergreen Cemetery, Menomonie, was born in county Farmanagh, Ireland, in 1836. He came to America when fifteen years of age. His parents, John and Mary Manley, resided in Ireland till their death. Mr. Manley first went to Galena, HI., where he began learning the trade of wagon-making. He came to Menomonie in September, 1855, and was employed by K., S. & Co. During the war he was employed aboard a transport vessel for some time. He was married, in Illinois, to Margaret Murphy, native of that State. Re turned to Menomonie and went to work for the company again, by whom he has been employed most of the time since. Has been sexton of Evergreen Cemetery since 1877. They have four children, two sons two daughters. EGBERT MARKS, Menomonie, is the purchasing clerk for the extensive mercantile business of Knapp, Stout & Co. He was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1834. He was brought up to the mercantile business. He came to Menomonie in 1873, and assumed his present position. He attends solely to buying goods, not only for the main store at Menomo nie, but for supplying all the mercantile branches of the extensive busi ness of this firm. His wife was Miss Emma E., daughter of John D. Griffin, born in Otsego Co., N. Y. They have two children, Louise and Nellie. EDWARD MUNSKE, proprietor of meat-market, Menomonie, was born in Prussia in 1847. He came to this country Nov. I, 1869. He engaged in the butchering business at Eau Claire, and came to Me nomonie August, 1861. He married Mary Geisler. They have three children — Fred, Albert and an infant. WALTER McNEEL, druggist and physician, Menomonie, has charge of the drug department of the mercantile business of Knapp, Stout & Co. He was born in Lucerne Co., Pa., in 1849. Came to Wis consin about 1856. His parents settled at Kilbourn City, Columbia Co. Mr. McNeel was engaged in teaching for several years. He was engaged in the study of medicine with Dr. G. W. Jenkins, of Kilbourn City. He came to Menomonie in 1878. Studied medicine for a time with Dr. D. H. Decker, of Menomonie. Assumed his present position in 1878. JOHN NOULEN, retired, Menomonie, was born in county Water- ford, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1812. He came to America with his parents, Matthew and Ellen (Power) Noulen, about 1825. Lived in Halifax, Nova Scotia for several years, and came to the United States about 1830. He was married in the province of New Brunswick, in 1836, to Mary Mash, born in Lower Canada in August, 1823. Came to Menomonie in the Fall of 1854. Was engaged for K., S. & Co. till 1861, when he enlisted in the 5th Wis. V. I., and served during the war. He was wounded at the first battle of Williamsburg. Was in Sherman's march to the sea, and many other important campaigns of the war. Since the war he has been variously engaged. Mr. and Mrs. Noulen have two adopted chil dren. They are prominent and devoted members of the Catholic Church. O. OHNSTAD, dealer in boots and shoes, clothing, etc., Menomo nie, was born in Norway in 1833. He came to this country in 1858. His parents came at same time, and settled in Dane County. He worked at his trade, that of a shoemaker, in Madison for fifteen years. He came to Menomonie in August, 1873, and engaged in this business in a small way. By close and careful attention to his business he has built up a fine trade. His wife was a native of Dane County. They have four children — Oliver, John, Helen and Levina. THOMAS ORDEMANN, artist and photographer, Menomonie, son of Gerhard Ordemann, who was born in Bremen and emigrated to this country in 1853. Mr. Ordemann, Sr., was a fresco painter; for which business he prepared himself in his native land. After coming to this country he lived in New York about one year. He was also a min ister of the Baptist Church. He came to Racine County in 1855, and to Dunn County in 1857, and lived in the town of Spring Brook. He set tled in Menomonie about 1871, where he died, May 24, 1881. He had ten children. His widow and six children survive him. One son, Fred eric, enlisted in the 17th Wis. V. I., and died during the war. Thomas was born in Germany in 1851. He began learning the business of fres co painting with his father when sixteen years of age. After a large experience, in which he worked in many of the largest cities of the Union, including St. Paul, New Orleans, St. Louis, San Francisco, etc., he entered the Art Academy at St. Louis, where he was a student for several terms. He is now established at Menomonie as a photographer. His wife was Miss Sarah Stokes, daughter of Thomas Stokes. P. H. OSWALD, Menomonie, has charge of the store of L. H. Heller & Son. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1828. When the war broke out in 1861, he became connected with the 19th Pa. Cavalry, under Col. Cummings. He was a lieutenant of Co. B. He was in active service with his regiment till the close of the war ; he then pur chased a plantation near Alexandria, La., where he located with his family and resided till 1878. This was known as the Woodlawn planta tion, a place which has become historical as the scene of an important event in Banks' Red River expedition, during the rebellion. Mr. Os wald was quite prominent as a citizen of that portion of Louisiana. He was a frequent delegate to conventions at a time when all northern ers were looked upon with suspicion. He is a prominent Mason, and was one of the founders of the Independent Order of B. B. Society, a benevolent institution established for the benefit of orphans. Married Miss Clara Hess. They have two sons, Charles and Edward H. CHRIST PAULY, proprietor of Wisconsin House, Menomonie, Born in Alsace, now a province of Germany, in 1849. He came to the United States in 1870. He resided at Buffalo, N. Y„ for a short time, thence to Fort Madison, Iowa ; and came to Menomonie, December, 1870. He worked for K. S. & Co., for two and a half years ; then built a bakery and restaurant, which he kept two years; then engaged in the butchering business for about five years. He became proprietor of the Wisconsin House in May, 1881. His wife was born in New Jersey, of German parentage. They have one daughter, Mary. PETER PERRAULT, proprietor of City Hotel and livery stable, Menomonie. Born in Canada in 1841, where he lived till fifteen years of age, when he came to Menomonie, and went to work for Knapp, HISTORY OF DUNN COUNTY. 287 Stout & Co., where he continued till 1862, when he enlisted in the 5th Regt. W. V. I., and served till the close of the war. He was engaged in many important battles, among which were : Fredericksburg, Chan- cellorsville, Gettysburg, Grant's campaign through the Wilderness, Sher idan's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, etc. After the war resumed work for K., S. & Co., in the capacity of filer ; remained with this com pany till 1869, wheu he bought the hotel on the site of the one which he now owns, which was burned in 1877, and which he rebuilt. Mar ried Inez Vance. Her father was one of the early settlers of Dunn County. He died in 1863. Mr. Perrault has six children. SEWELL A. PETERSON, Register of Deeds, Menomonie. Was born in Norway, in 1851. His father, Ole Peterson, came to this coun try with his family in 1865, and settled in the town of Grant, Dunn County, The parents of Mr. Peterson died in that town in 1873, their deaths occurring during the same week. They left six children ; had lost two. Five of the children are residents of Dunn County, the other, of Polk Co. Minn. At the time of his election to his present position, Mr. Peterson was a resident of the town of Grant ; he taught school in that town for several terms, and was treasurer of the town two years. He was first elected to the office of County Treasurer in the Fall of 1875'; has served in that capacity since January. 1876. E. PIXLEY, baker, confectioner and proprietor of restaurant, Me nomonie, is a native of the State of New York. He came to Portage in 1855. He enlisted at Prairie du Chien in 1861, in the 8th Wis. V. I. He was in active service for four years, and participated in not less than eighteen general engagements, including Ft. Donaldson ; was at siege of Island No. 10; siege of Corinth, battle of Iuka, and many others of equal importance ; was taken prisoner at Iuka, Sept. 13, 1862, and ex changed February, 1863. After the war he engaged in business at Green Bay. He came to Menomonie and established his present business, July, 1881. His wife was Miss Emily Seely. They have five children — Minnie, Cora, Lulu, Bertie and Birdie (twins). REV. WILLIAM POMEREMKE, pastor of the German Metho dist Episcopal Church, Menomonie. Was born in Prussia in 1850. He was educated in Germany, and came to the United States in 1873. He lived for a time in Indiana ; then went to Kansas, where he preached one year ; thence to Minnesota, where he preached about four years. Came to Menomonie in Fall of 1880. His wife is a native of Cleve land, Ohio. O. K. RANUM, druggist, of the firm of Ranum & Greer, Menomo nie. Was born in Norway, in 1847. He came to the United States in 1867, lived about one year in Chicago. Early in life Mr. Ranum turned his attention to the study of medicine, and was for a time a student of the University of Christiana. After leaving Chicago he resided in the eastern part of the State for the next two years ; he then went to Min nesota and resided at Wells, about four years, engaged in the drug busi ness and in the study of medicine with Dr. G. W. Bark, of that place ; thence to Stillwater, Minn., where he was engaged in the same business ; thence to St. Paul, where he was engaged with Noyes Bros. & Cutler till February, 1878, when he came to Menomonie and engaged as clerk for Dr. George Tonnar. He entered into business with Mr. Greer, Novem ber, 1880. SCHUTTE & QUILLING, general merchants, bankers and grain dealers, Menomonie. Mr. William Schutte, of the above firm, was born in Prussia, Germany, January, 1841. He came to this country with his parents when about twelve years of age. The family settled in the State of Illinois, but came to Wisconsin in 1855. Mr. Schutte has been a res ident of Dunn County since that time. He was for several years en gaged in business in Menomonie with Mr. Fred Ursinus, but sold his interest to his partner in 1873, and formed a partnership with Mr. Quil ling. He was married to Mary Reineke, a native of Germany. They have two children — William and Ida, and have lost two children. Mr. Albert Quilling, of this firm, was born in Prussia, in 1852. He is a relative of his partner, Mr. Schutte. The parents of these gentle men came to this country at the same time, from the same part of Ger many, and together came to Dunn County. Mr. Quilling, like his part ner, has been a resident of Dunn County since his parents, Christ and Dorathy Quilling came here. He taught a few terms of school in Chip pewa County before he engaged in business in 1873. He was married to Henrietta Schmidt, born in Westphalia. They have one child, George. Have lost three children, two sons and one daughter. Like a number of other successful business men of Menomonie, they began with small means, and are now numbered among the most substantial business firms of the county. G. H. SEELY, proprietor of Seely Livery Stable, Menomonie. Born in Syracuse, N. Y., in 1845. He came to Wisconsin in 1865. Previous to engaging in the livery business, was engaged in the mercantile trade. He bought the livery of Mr. McKahan, in 1872. His present livery building was built by Mr. Tainter, the father-in-law of Mr. Seely. It is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the State. Its cost was about $10,000. Mr. Seely married Miss Lottie M. Tainter. They have three children — Ruth B., James T. and Louise M. SEVER SEVERSON, Sheriff, Menomonie. Born in Norway, in 1834. His parents had five children. He is the only one of his father's family who ever came to America. Father and one brother are still liv ing. He came to this country when a young man, believing that he would here find better opportunities for making his way in the world. He resided for a short time in Michigan, went thence to Illinois, and thence to Wisconsin. After coming to this State, he lived for a short time at Wyota, thence in Dunnville, where he worked at his trade, that of a millwright and carpenter, for about one year. He then came to Menomonie, and worked at his trade for a time, and soon after estab lished the business of blacksmithing and wagon making, in which he is still engaged. He enlisted, in 1862, in Company K. 5th Wis. V. I., and served till the close of the war. He served one year in the ranks as a private, and the remainder of his term as a wagonmaker at the brigade headquarters. He was elected Sheriff of Dunn County in the Fall of 1880. He is a Democrat in politics, and his popularity is evident, from the fact that he was elected by a large majority, in a county strongly Re publican. He has also served as Justice of the Peace, and as a member of the Board of Supervisors. His wife was Miss Christina Olson, born in Norway, in 1845. They have two children, Julbna and Oscar C. They have lost three boys. GEORGE SHAFFER, attorney, firm of Manwarring & Shaffer, Menomonie. Born in Montgomery Co., Ohio, in 1849. Removed with his father, Peter Shaffer, to Adams Co., Wis., in the Spring of 1855, and to the town of Sherman, Dunn Co., in 1863, where his father still resides. The subject of this sketch was engaged in teaching in Dunn County for some time. Was appointed County Superintendent of Schools in the Fall of 1874, on the resignation of W. S. Johnson. Was elected for the unexpired term, re-elected in 1875 and 1877, serving in all six years in this capacity. He read law with Judge E. B. Bundy, and graduated at the law department of the University at Madison, in June, 1880, and formed present partnership in the Fall of the same year. GEORGE TONNAR, druggist, Menomonie. Was born in the Grand Duchy of Luxumberg, Germany, in 1843. His parents came to this country in 1858, and settled at Mankato, Minn., where they resided until their death. He went to St. Paul in the Fall of 1861, where he engaged for a time as a clerk. He enlisted in January, 1862, and continued in the service till the close of the war. He was for some time a. member of Berdan's celebrated corps of sharpshooters. He afterwards joined the 1st Reg., Minn. V. I. He was in McClellan's Peninsula campaign, participated in the battles of Hanover Court House, Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, Peach Orchard and Malvern Hill. He was taken sick at Harrison's Landing, and on his recovery, was placed on detached duty, where he remained during the remainder of his term of service. Was clerk in the war department for a time, was afterward employed as hos pital steward in the regular army. During the time that he was on de tached service, he was engaged in the study of medicine, and attended lectures at the Georgetown University. After the close of the war, he went to Dubuque, where he was engaged as clerk in a drug store for about one year. He came to Menomonie in the Fall of 1868, and en gaged as clerk till 1871, when he engaged in business for himself. He is a member of the staff of Gov. Smith, is second vice-president of the Wisconsin Pharmaceutical Association, and one of the directors of the Wisconsin Veteran Association. Has been twice Adjutant-General, and is now Brigadier General of the Chippewa Valley Veteran Reunion As sociation, and holds other positions of a similar character. Was at one time County Superintendent of Schools of Dunn County. His wife was Nettie Burke, a native of Canton, Ohio. FREDERICK URSINUS, general merchant, Menomonie. Born in the Kingdom of Saxony, in 1829. Came to the United States about 1849. He came by way of New Orleans to St. Louis ; thence to Illinois, where he lived about two years. He came to Menomonie in 1853, and was in the employ of Knapp, Stout & Co. for fifteen years, taking charge of the bakery department of that firm. His first business venture for himself was with Mr. Schutte, which partnership was dissolved in 1873. His wife was Minnie Schutte, a sister of Mr. William Schutte, hisformer partner. Has four children — Erdah, Fred, Bennie and an infant daughter. Mr. and Mrs. Ursinus lost three children in one week, of diphtheria. DANIEL WAITE, farmer, and present surveyor of Dunn County. Resides on Sec. 10, Town of Weston; P. O. Menomonie. He is Ihe son of Emery Waite, who settled in Columbia County in 1853. He re moved with his family to Dunn County in 1864, where the father of Mr. Waite died in 1879. His mother lives with her son, Daniel. Parents had three children, all of whom are residents of Dunn County— Fran ces, now Mrs. G. W. Bird, Daniel and Eleanor. Daniel was born in Columbia County in 1854. He prepared for college at the High School of Menomonie, under Prof. Thayer, and took a farmer's course in the Illinois Industrial University, where he made a specialty of surveying. He was engaged in teaching for several years in Dunn County; elected County Surveyor in the Fall of 1880. Married Harriet Stevens. They have one son. .88 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. KNAPP. This village is on the C, St. P., M. & 0. R. R., and on Wilson's Creek. It has about 200 inhabitants, and is a manufacturing place. The earliest settlers of Knapp were Omer Cole and John Bailey. The. first store was kept by A. K. Humphrey. The village is in the town of Stanton, and has no separate government. It has now more than 500 inhabitants. Has a lodge of United Workmen, instituted in 1880, and one of Good Templars, started in 1873. Religious services are held in the school house. The amount of freight for warded per month averages 2,500,000 pounds, and 500,000 received, and $300 is received for passenger fares. F. E. Blaser is station agent. The manufacturing interests of the place are as follows : the Hall & Dann Barrel Company, of Minneapolis, manu facture their staves and headings, or a part of them, here, turning out 2,500 sets of barrel stock every day. Hall, Dann & Co. also have a general merchandise store, selling from $30,000 to $40,000 worth a year. About 200 men are employed. The heading mill will cut forty cords a day, making 2,200 sets. About 74,000 staves are slashed out. The wood used is white and red oak, maple, ash, rock elm, birch, butternut and basswood. Logs at the mills bring from $2 to $9 a thousand. The dry houses kiln dry the stock in twenty-four hours. William Kimball is the efficient superintendent. Manufacturing of hard woods must increase at this point. The Bailey Manufacturing Company was incorporated October 18, 1880, with $100,000 capital. The firm consists of E. P. Bailey and S. J. Fletcher. Manufacture lumber, the Springer Cultivator and Seeder combined, wagons, trunk slats, etc. The object of the firm is to put as much labor as possible into the raw material. There is a store connected with the firm, selling about $40,000 worth a year. Eighty hands are employed. The village is quite romantically located, in a valley surrounded by wood covered hills. It has a population of 200. Northwestern Hub and Spoke Factory, E. T. Bond, pro prietor. First started in 1876, by Hubbard & Morgan. About forty full sets of hubs and spokes are turned out every day, completely finished and polished. Some sawed felloes are also made. Richard Gregg is foreman, and about twenty-five men are employed. A store is also connected with the business. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FRED E. BLASER, station agent and telegraph operator, Knapp. Was born in Tomah. in 1859. His father, John Blaser, was one of the early settlers of Monroe County. Mr. Blaser began learning his present business at Tomah, and was afterward employed for a time at Camp Douglass. His first station was Lowrie's, on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha R. R. His second station was Mather, on the Wisconsin Valley R. R.; thence to Valley Junction. Took charge of the station at Knapp, December, 1880. DR. J T. BRIGHT, Knapp. Born in Columbia Co., Ohio, in 1837 He read medicine in Seneca County with Dr. Joseph M. Yers, and be gan practice in Montcalm Co., Mich. He enlisted, in 1861, in the 13th Pa. Cavalry ; he was orderly sergeant of Co. I ; was afterward promoted to a first lieutenancy. During the last part of the war, engaged in the medical department of the 2d Brigade 2d Div. Cav. Corps. He was wounded at the battle of Reams' Station, from the effects of which he has never fully recovered. He came to Dunn County in August, 1873. His wife was born in North Carolina. They have five children. EDWARD C. COLEMAN, of the Bailey Manufacturing Co., Knapp. Was born in Bloomington, 111., in 1843. Removed with his parents to Buffalo County, in 1857. His father, Henry Coleman, died in 1869. The parents of Mr. Coleman had three sons, besides himself — Charles, born 1841; Milton, born 1856; Henry N., born 1860- Charles was a member of the 1 2th Wis. V. I. during the war. He was a gallant soldier ; was severely wounded at the battle of Perryville ; he settled in Pepin County after the close of the war; he was Sheriff of that county one year, and Under-Sheriff for several years. He and Milton met a tragic death at Durand, July 10, 1881, an account of which will be found elsewhere. Edward C. enlisted, in 1862, in the 25th Regt. Wis, V. I., and served till the close of the war. After the war he went to Cedar Falls, Dunn County, and to Menomonie in 1869. He was in the employment of Knapp, Stout & Co., at Rice Lake, for about seven years. He came to Knapp in the Fall of 18S0. DR. W. W. DORRY, Knapp. Born in Hadley, Mass., in 1822. He had a twin brother who died when seven years of age. His parents removed to the State of Connecticut in 1829. and afterward to Dansville, N. Y., where they resided till their death. Dr. Dorry studied medicine when a young man, and has practiced, more or less, for thirty years. He removed to Grajid Rapids, Mich., in 1856. He enlisted in 1861, in the 3d Mich. V. I. He served as a private for about three months. He par ticipated in the first battle of Bull Run ; he was soon after detailed for hospital duty and served till the close of the war as division field hos pital steward. After the close of the war lie returned to Michigan and engaged in farming and practicing medicine. He removed to Eau Galle, Dunn County, in 1870, where he still owns a farm. He located at Knapp, December, 1880. He is at present engaged in keeping the boarding house for the manufacturing company of Hall, Dann & Co. He married Miss Sarah Filkins, born in Ohio. They have three sons — William H., James A. and Edmond G. SOLOMON J. FLETCHER, of the Bailey Manufacturing Co., Knapp. Born in Oneida County, N. Y. He lived in that State till 1854, when he went to Pennsylvania. He learned the trade of a car penter when a young man. He went to Tennessee in 1859, and en gaged in bridge building. He was accompanied by his family, and by his brother Albert and family. When the war broke out in 1861, they made their escape down the Holston River to Paducah, Ky., with consid erable difficulty and many interesting adventures. In 1862, Mr. Fletcher went to Menomonie and engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co. He contin ued with this firm about three years. He is now a member of the Bailey Manufacturing Co., an account of which will be found elsewhere. C. H. FRESSELL, M. D., Knapp. Was born at Lodi, Wis. He read medicine with Dr. Pease, of Menomonie, and graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1881. He located at Knapp, August, 1880. In the same year he married Miss C. Stockman, a native of Indiana. H. W. KELLOGG, merchant, Knapp. Is one of the principal business men of this thriving village. He was born in Canada; re moved to Ohio when about fourteen years of age ; afterwards went to Illinois, but returned to Ohio, where he was married to Celia Benedict; afterwards removed to Minnesota. Came to Knapp, March, 1874 ; was telegraph operator here for about three years ; he then engaged in the mercantile business. Was appointed Postmaster in 1876. He is the present Chairman of the Town Board. He is engaged quite extensively in the purchasing of railroad ties, pile timber, etc. Mr. and Mrs. Kel logg have five children, two boys and three girls. HERBERT LUCAS, proprietor of hardware and tin shop, Knapp. Son of Carroll Lucas, Treasurer of Dunn County, who settled in the town of Spring Brook, in 1855, having been elected County Treasurer in the Fall of 1865, he removed to Menomonie. He has served as Coun ty Treasurer since January, 1866. He was born in the State of New York in 1830. He married Marcelia Remmington. They have six children — Herbert, Stella, Devillier, Warren, Agnes and Clarence. Herbert was born in the town of Spring Brook, Dunn County, January, 1856. He learned the tinners' trade in Menomonie ; was two years with Edwards & Son, and the same length of time with Knapp, Stout & Co. He established business at Knapp, July, 1880. Married Jennie Fletcher, daughter of Albert Fletcher. MATHEW McCORMIC, proprietor of billiard room, Knapp. Son of Charles W. McCormic, who was born in Pennsylvania ; removed to Illinois, and thence to Dunn County, about 1857, and settled in the town of Red Cedar, and died in the town of Menomonie in 1866. Mrs. McCormic is still living. There were ten children, six sons and four daughters, all of whom are living. Mathew and his brother E. B., who lives in Eau Claire, are the only ones residing in this State. Mathew was born in De Kalb Co., 111., in 1852. He engaged in business in Knapp in April, 188 1. He married Mary Maxsey. They have two children, Charles and James. W. D. YOUNG, foreman for Hall & Dunn, Knapp ; born in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1834. He came to the United States July, 1851. He lived in New Jersey about two years ; came to Milwaukee in 1853 ; lived in Oconto County till 1861, when he enlisted in the 4th Wis. Cav., and served three years ; went to Menomonie in 1865, and engaged for Knapp, Stout & Co. He remained with this firm till Summer of 1880; has been in his present position since May, 1881. His wife was Marga ret Riley; she was born in Ireland ; has one son, George K. HISTORY OF DUNN COUNTY. 289 RUSK. This thriving village is on the railroad, and is located about five miles southeast of Menomonie. It has 200 in habitants. There was a serious fire in August, 1881. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EDWARD K. BRAYTON, harness-maker, Rusk; born at Dans ville, Livingston Co., N. Y., January, 1849. When nine years of age, he removed with his parents to Hudson, Wis., where he learned his trade. He has worked at various places, at his trade ; has also acted as pilot on the Mississippi River. He has worked at Eau Claire, Wausau, Stillwa ter, Minnesota, etc. ; was also at work in Baltimore, Md„ for a time. He began learning his trade when fourteen years of age. He came to Rusk and engaged in business in June, 1877. Married Kate Schaaf ; they have two children, Mabel and Libbie. Mr. Brayton was Town Clerk for the year 1880. DR. WILLIAM A. BURY, occulist, P. O. Menomonie, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1814. He first came to what is now Dunn County, then a part of Chippewa County, in the Spring of 1843. He remained in this part of the State about two years. He then returned to Balti more. Being in delicate health at this period of his life, he spent sev eral years in traveling. He went to California in 1852 ; has been a resi dent of Dunn County since 1856. He is prominent among the early settlers of the county, but is more generally and widely known as an oculist, in which he has acquired a high reputation. JOHN HAUSS, farmer, Sec. 20, P. O. Menomonie, is one of the early settlers of Dunn County. He was born in Baden, Germany, in 1825. He came to America, April, 1843. He lived in Erie Co., N. Y., about three and one-half years ; thence to Illinois for a short time; thence to Mississippi City, in the State of Mississippi, where he worked on ma chinery for a few months ; thence to New Orleans ; then up the river to St. Louis ; and to Menomonie in 1853. He worked for Knapp, Stout & Co. for about two years. He settled where he now lives in 1855. His first wife was born in Germany; died 1877. His present wife was born in Racine County ; has two children by first wife, Conrad and Catharine. He learned the business of a brewer when a young man, which he fol lowed for some time. GEORGE D. OWEN, farmer, Sec. 9, P. O. Rusk; born in Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1830. He removed to Rock County in the Fall of 1855, where he lived till Fall of 1859, when he came to Dunn County, and settled on Sec. 5, in the present town of Tainter. He located on his present farm in August, 1865. His wife was Carrie Kent, daughter of Joseph Kent. They have five children — Effie May, William D., Ethel R., Edith and Ambrose. J. F. RONNEBERGER, farmer, Sec. 8, P. O. Rusk; was born in Germany in 1834 ; came to America in 1854 ; settled in Buffalo County, and engaged in farming. He settled on his present farm in 1876. He has 240 acres. His farm is comparatively new, but he is rapidly making improvements. His wife js a native of Germany; they have four chil dren — Anna E., Benjamin F., Martha M. and Rebecca. ADELBERT C. SHERBURNE, deceased, son of Andrew Miller Sherburne, was born in the State of Maine, Aug. 1, 1817, but was brought up in Oneida Co., N. Y. ; afterward removed to Cattaraugus County, where he was married to his present widow, Miss Caroline Ross, who was born in Broome Co., N. Y., in 1820. In 1846, they removed to Dane County, and engaged in farming. They removed to Burnham Val ley, LaCrosse Co., in 1852, but afterward returned to Dane County. They came to Dunn County in October, 1855, and settled on Sec. 9, town of Red Cedar. Mr. Sherburne pre-empted his first quarter-section of land, but rapidly increased this, till he had 1,500 acres in one body ; also made purchases of land in other parts of Dunn and Buffalo coun ties, becoming one of the wealthiest and most successful farmers of that region. His widow and several of her children reside at the homestead. Mrs. Sherburne has five children — Caroline M., Sayles Andrew, Adel bert C, Willshire and May Jane. A. C. was born in Dane County, in 1846. He has passed several years on the plains and elsewhere in the far West. WILLSHIRE SHERBURNE, farmer, son of A. M. Sherburne, was born at the homestead, in town of Red Cedar, in 1857. He is the youngest child, but one, of his parents, and resides at the home stead. RODOLPH A. ZUEHLKE, of the firm of Zuehlke & Moedy, gen eral merchants, Rusk, was born in Germany in 1853. He came to this country in 1869, when only sixteen years of age. He lived for a short time at Fort Atkinson, Wis. ; went to Eau Claire the following Febru ary, where he lived till 1873, when he went to Menomonie, where he was engaged as clerk, for a time, for Mr. Fred. Ursinus, and was after ward engaged of Schutte & Quilling ; took charge of store for the latter firm, at Rusk, in Spring of 1876. In October following bought the stock of goods and continued business in the firm name of Pritz & Zuehlke. His partner, Mr. Pritz, died in January, 1880. In March fol- 19 lowing, Mr. Moedy engaged with him. Mr. Zuehlke married Mary Harms, daughter of John Harms ; have two children, Albert and Olga. DOWNSVILLE. A mill was erected here in i860, by Capt. Downs, near the place where Ebenezer Thompson had begun to build ssme years before, and was ruined by the freshet. The property afterwards fell into the hands of Knapp, Stout & Co., who enlarged and improved it. This village is on the Red Cedar, eight miles down the river from Menomonie, and has about seventy-five people in the place. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EDGAR M. DRAKE, clerk for Knapp, Stout & Co., Downsville. Born in Massachusetts, in 1848 ; removed with his parents to Pepin County in 1854. They came to Dunn County in 1856, and settled near Eau Galle, where they still reside. Mr. Drake engaged for Knapp, Stout & Co. in 1873, and has been with them since that time. His wife was Miss Sarah Cronk. JOHN FLICK, Jr., with Knapp, Stout & Co., Downsville. Born in Switzerland, in 1S38. Came to the Uniled States in 1856. Lived in Dubuque for a short time, also in Galena, 111.; thence to La Crosse. He went to Menomonie in 1857, and engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co., and has been connected with this company since that time. He worked on Prairie Farm about two years ; was afterwards engaged in the woods. Was afterwards employed on the river during the Summer, and in the woods during the Winter, for several years. Came to Downsville in 1864. He is at present engaged in running lumber from Downsville to Dunnville and Waubeck. His wife was Magdalena Kerenholz, born in Switzerland. They have ten children, five boys and five girls. JACOB HERMANN, farmer, Sec. 11, P. O. Downsville. Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1817. Came to this country in June, 1848. He resided in Baltimore, Md., about five years, and then went to Nor folk, Va., thence to Davenport, Iowa, for a short time. Came to Dunn County, November, 1855, and pre-empted his present farm, but worked at Downsville for Mr. Thompson about two years ; was also engaged with his successor, Mr. Downs. Mr. Hermann was one of the prominent early settlers of Dunn Co. He was a member of the Town Board for several years. His farm contains 210 acres. His wife was Christina Bachtle, born in Wurtemberg. They have four children, Fred, Caroline, Jacob and Louis. JOEL HORNER, farmer, Sec. I, P. O. Downsville. Born in Cale donia, Racine Co., in 1844. His father, Joel Horner, settled in Racine County about 1835, where he resided till his death. Mr. Horner enlisted in the 31st Wis. V. I., in 1862, and served till the close of the war. He was in active service in the field during his entire term of service. Was in Sherman's campaign through Georgia to the sea. He went to Menomonie in 1878, and engaged in work at carpentry. Bought his farm in the Spring of 1881. OLE LARSEN, time keeper for Knapp, Stout & Co., Downsville. Born in Norway, in 1840. He came to Downsville September, 1867, and soon after engaged with the company. He is now time keeper, and also attends to the selling of lumber. Has had his present position since 1S71. His wife is a native of Norway. Have six children— Christie, Ole, Eliza, Lena, Randi and Louis. ROBERT B. McCULLOUGH, foreman of Knapp, Stout & Co.'s mill at Downsville. Born in Jefferson Co., Iowa, in 1849, where he lived till 1867, when he came to Dunn County, and located at Eau Galle. He went to Waubeck the same season ; came to Downsville in 1869 ; has been foreman of the mill since 1874. Married Louisa Bonnell, daughter of Ulysses Bbnnell. They have three children — Jessie, Levi and Leoni. LYMAN S. MASON, superintendent for Knapp, Stout & Co., at Downsville, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., in 1822. He removed to Ohio with his parents, when a child. When quite a young man, he re turned to Cazenovia, and was a student of the Oneida Conference Semi nary for about four years, teaching, however, a part of this time. He went to Grant County in 1845, where he engaged in teaching; also worked at mining for a time. Afterwards engaged as salesman in the store of Vance Brothers, near Potosi. In the Springof 1849, s00n after the gold fever excitement began, he joined in the rush to California. He went by the overland route, which in these days of rapid transit would seem a great undertaking. He engaged in mining there, returning November, 1851, and settled in Grant County. In March, 1852, he went to West Point, Iowa, where he resided one year ; thence to Keokuk, but returned to Grant County, and settled at Cassville, where, in company with his brother-in-law, C. S. Irish, he built a saw mill and engaged in the manufacture of lumber. He was afterwards engaged there in sell ing goods. He enlisted, July, 1862, in the 20th Regt. Wis. Vol. Inf., but was transferred to the 25th Regt. and made a second lieutenant. He remained in this capacity, and mostly on detached duty, till March, 1866. He then returned to Cassville, and engaged in mercantile business under 290 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the firm name of Otto Renke & Co. He remained here till March, 1871, when he removed to Menomonie, and engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co. He is at present superintendent of their business at Downsville. His wife was Almira, daughter of Joshua Sumner, who settled in Potosi in 1844, where he removed from Erie Co., N. Y. He is still a resident of Grant County. Mr. and Mrs. Mason have four children — Anna, W. A. Sherwin, Squire S. and Nellie. A. W. MESSENGER, bookkeeper for Knapp, Stout & Co., Downs ville. Born at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, January, 1853. When ten years of age, removed to Menomonie with his parents, where his father resided till his death ; his mother is still living. Mr. Messenger engaged with Knapp, Stout & Co., in the Fall of 1871, as clerk. Has occupied the position of bookkeeper since 1875. S. C. ROGERS, superintendent of boarding house of Knapp, Stout & Co., Downsville. Was born in Wayne Co., Penn., in 1835, where he lived till fifteen years of age, when he came to Wisconsin with his par ents, Clayton and Triphosa Rogers. The family settled in the west part of Dane County, in 1850. His parents removed to Crawford County in 1853, where they resided till their death. Mr. S. C. Rogers enlisted, in 1862, in the 31st Wis. V. I., and served till the close of the war. He was in active service during the whole term of his enlistment. His leg- iment belonged to the 20th Corps during the last part of the war, and marched with Sherman to the sea, the last engagement in which he par ticipated being the battle of Bentonville. After the war, he returned to Crawford County, afterward moved to Vernon County. Came to Dunn County in 1872. He worked for the company one year, then had charge of the boarding house till 1880, when he came to Downsville. His wife was Miss Emily Pixley, a native of New York. A. J. TIBBETTS, farmer and fruit-grower, Sec. 3, P. O. Downsville, is the son of Stephen Tibbetts, who came to Wisconsin from Jefferson Co. Penn., in the Fall of 1855. Mr. Stephen Tibbetts was born in 1800. His wife is eleven years younger. They had five children when they came to Wisconsin ; another was born in Dunn County. Four children are living — A. J., Priscilla B., Olive, now Mrs. George R. Ames, and Oliver S. A. J. was born in Jefferson Co., Penn., in 1837. He came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1855. His first wife was Katy Peck, born in Massachusetts. Present wife was Sophia Coleman. Has three chil dren by first wife — Flattie, Chauncey and Lottie. Has six children by present wife— Jessie, May, Arthur, Alice, Edna and Henry. Mr. Tib betts was Town Treasurer from 1861 to 1871, a period of ten years ; is present Town Clerk, a position which he has held for many years. Was Justice of the Peace for nine years, and assessed the town of Dunn. Mr. Tibbetts has had a long experience in Dunn County, his family be ing among the very earliest settlers. At the time he settled here, the country abounded in game, deer especially being very numerous. He estimates the number he has killed at 400; the number in one year at seventy-three. He is engaged in farming, has also a valuable nursery, and makes quite a success of fruit-raising. He, makes a specialty of the Duchess of Oldenburg and the Teteofsky, a valuable apple of Russian origin, also all the varieties of the crab-apple, including the Hysop, Whitney and Transcendent. He propagates about thirty-five different kinds of apple trees. He also has a fine apiary, making a specialty of Italian bees. JAMES WILLIAMSON, rotary sawyer for Knapp, Stout & Co., Downsville. Born in Scotland, in 1845. Came to America with his parents in 1848, who settled in Toronto, Canada. Mr. Williamson went to Minnesota in i860. He enlisted, in 1862, in the 4th Minn. Co. C, and served till the close of the war. He was in many important battles and campaigns, including Sherman's march through Georgia. He came to Dunn County in 1865, and has been in the employ of the company since that time. He married Eliza Vance. He is engaged in the mill at Downsville during the sawing season, and during the Winter in the pineries as head scaler. ¦'• DUNNVILLE. This village is located near the mouth of the Red Cedar, twelve miles south of Menomonie. It was named in honor of Judge Dunn. It was settled in 1850, by Mr. Lamb, who married Margaret DeMarie, who was understood to be an adopted daughter. He built a shanty, and Mr. A. Colburn had a house which was dignified by the name of hotel. John Macauley took up his residence there in 1853. It was the county seat, and the general stopping place for visitors and new comers. To-day it is mostly owned by the Knapp, Stout & Co. Company, and has fifty residents. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. THOMAS W. M. MACAULEY, farmer, Sec. 24, P. O. Dunnville, son of Robert Macauley (see biography of Robert Macauley, Jr.) He was born in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, June 14, 1835 ; emigrated with parents to Illinois in 1852. He was the first one of his father's family who came to Dunn County. He ca ne to Menomonie, October, 1852, and engaged with Knapp & Tainter. He was in the employ of this firm for two years; came to Dunnville in 1854, where he has since been. His wife was Susan Jelliso", born in Harrison Co., Ind. They have five children — Paul. Esteila, Maggie E., Robert H. and Thomas R. His farm contains 240 acres. Mr. John Macauley, an uncle of the ab,ve, was born in the north of Ireland in 1798 ; emigrated to New Orleans in 1843. He settled in Hancock Co., 111., at the same time Lis brother Robert located there. He also emigrated to Dunn Coun',, lived in Menomonie several years, afterward removed to Waubeck where he built a hotel, which he con ducted for several years. He oettled in Dunnville in 1854; where he still lives. He has one son, Hugn, now a resident of Oregon. CEDAR FALLS. A mill was built at this point in 1859, by Burry & Mc Cormick. It afterwards passed into the hands of Maxwell, McGilton & Co. It was sold some years ago at Sheriff's sale to Jewett & Son. To all appearances, this place, which now contains over fifty persons, has the elements of growth and prosperity. Little Valley Postoffice is located on Section 6, Town 59. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN BORLAND, farmer, Sec. 26, P. O. Rusk, was born in New Brunswick in 1830, where he lived till August, 1853, when he went to the State of Maine, where he was engaged in lumbering. He Came to Menomonie in August, 1855, and worked for a time for Knapp, Stout & Co.; afterwards was engaged for the Washburne Co. at Waubeck, and was again employed by Knapp, Stout & Co. He enlisted in 1862 in the 5th Wis. V. I.; was in the service three years. He was wounded at sec ond battle of Fredericksburg, and severely wounded in the leg at Spott- sylvania, which rendered him incapable of performing further service during the war. After the close of the war, he settled on a farm in the town of Red Cedar ; settled where he now lives in the Fall of 1874. His farm contains 160 acres. His wife was Mary A., daughter of David Miller. Has two children ; his wife has three children by a former mar riage. JAMES GLIDEWELL, proprietor of Cedar Falls House, was horn in Indiana in 1850, where he was brought up. Went to Pennsylvania, where he lived about one year ; thence to Green Bay, where he was fore man for an iron company. He afterward went to Michigan; came to Cedar Falls, August, 1876. His wife was Miss Kate Collins. GEORGE W. HORTON, merchant, Cedar Falls. Was born Octo ber, 1847. He came to Cedar Falls from Keokuk, Iowa, in 1876. He had been a resident of that place since 1867. He was engaged in the banking business in that city. He engaged in the mercantile business immediately after coming to Cedar Falls. In the Spring of 1881, Mr. John S. Stevens became associated with hinr under the firm name of Horton & Stevens. He has been Postmaster at Cedar Falls since 1877, and Notary Public since 1876. His wife is a native of Tennessee. They have two children, Lawrence and Warren. W. H. IRISH, general manager of mill, Cedar Falls. Born in Nova Scotia in 1844. Has always been connected with the lumbering business. He went to Eastport, Maine, in 1867, and to Williamsport, Pa., in 1869; thence to Chippewa Falls, Wis., in 1870. Came to Cedar Falls in the Spring of 1876 ; has been connected with this mill since that time. His wife is a native of Eastport, Maine. Has two children, Harvey and Laura. JOHN McGILTON, farmer, Sec. 23, Tainter. Was born in Clinton Co. ,N. Y., in 1825. His parents, Thomas and Isabella McGilton, were na tives of the City of Dublin, Ireland, and emigrated to the State of New York about 1818. When about thirteen years of age Mr. McGilton re moved to Canada with his parents. He came to Dunn County, from there in the Springof 1856, and located at Eau Galle, where he worked at his trade, that of a millwright. He afterwards removed to Eau Claire, but returned again to Eau Galle. In 1864, he located at Cedar Falls, purchasing one-half interest in the mill property at that place, the firm becoming, Maxwell, McGilton & Co. He was connected with the mill ing interests at Cedar Falls for about ten years. He is now engaged extensively in farming. His farm contains about 800 acres. He was elected to the Legislature in the Fall of 1880. Has been Chairman of the Town Board for a number of years. His wife was Miss Gratia Burke, daughter of Thales Burke, an early settler of Dunn County. They have five children— Emma J., Edmond G., Thomas W., Maggie I. and John N. OLIVER P. McKESSON, farmer, Sec. 32, Tainter. Bom in Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 22, 1845. He lived many years in Cleveland, where he was engaged in the office of the Equitable Life Insurance Co. When the office of this company was removed to Cincinnati, he came to Dunn County. He located at Downsville and kept the books HISTORY OF DUNN COUNTY. -9 s of Richards & Downs ; afterwards was engaged in the same capacity for J. B. McKahan, of Menomonie. Was afterwards engaged with S. A Jewett & Co., at Cedar Falls. He bought his present farm in 1875. He has about 400 acres of land, 240 of which comprises the farm where he lives. His wife was Mary E. Sampson. Her father was an early settler of Ohio. They have three children — Edwin A., Franklin, and an infant. J. E. MATHEWS, farmer, Sec. 24, Tainter. Was born in the North of Ireland, of Scotch parentage. His parents emigrated to Canada when he was a child. When quite a young man he resided in the city of New York for about one year ; went thence to Milwaukee in the Spring of 1856, where he lived about three years. He came to Dunn County in the Springof i860, and settled where he now lives. He has 1,200 acres of land, and his improvements in the way of build ings, etc., are among the best. He raises annually about 10,000 bushels of grain. Has also a large amount of stock. Fie entered his first quar ter section of land, the remainder he has purchased from time to time, until his farm has reached its present proportions. Mr. Mathews lost his first wife in Canada. Present wife was Jane Mathews. W. A. MATHEWS, farmer, Sec. 24, Tainter. Son of Mr. J. E. Mathews, by his former wife. He was born in Canada, in 1842, and came to Dunn County with his father in i860. His wife was Laura Mann, born in Pennsylvania. He has 240 acres of land. He is the present Chairman of the Board of the town of Tainter, and one of the substantial men of his town. He has seven children — four sons and three daughters. JAMES G. NEVILLE, farmer, Cedar Falls Born in Pennsylvania in 1837. He came to Wisconsin in 1857, and settled at Pepin, Wis., where he lived two years. He then went to Barron County, and en gaged in the lumber business. He was engaged in lumber business till 1871, when he came to Cedar Falls. Purchased his farm in 1873. His wife is a native of the State of New York. They have four children. J. K. PATTEN, with the Cedar Falls Manufacturing Co., Cedar Falls, was born at St. Johns, New Brunswick, in 1850, where he was brought up. He came to Cedar Falls and engaged with this company, June, 1880. He kept the books of the company for several months. Is now engaged as general overseer. His wife is a native of St. Johns. They have two daughters, Emily and Jennie. F. W. PITCHER, of the Cedar Falls Manufacturing Co., Cedar Falls, was born in Maine, Dec. 25, 1833. He has been engaged in the lumber business nearly all his life. He came to Cedar Falls, as the suc cessor of S. A. Jewett & Co., in 1877. Mr. Pitcher is an enterprising gentleman, and the village of Cedar Falls owes much to him, for its present prosperous condition, and its future promise of improvement. His wife was Miss Mary Stevens, daughter of Sanford Stevens, of Pitts- ton, Maine. They have three children — Willie L., Walter F. and Mary. E. R.SHERBURNE, farmer, CedarFalls, is the son of Mrs. Delilah S. Harrington, formerly Mrs. Wiltshire Sherburne. The latter was a brother of Mr. Andrew M. Sherburne, and came to Dunn County at the same , time. Was married in the State of New York, to Mrs. Harrington then Miss Sprague. They were among the earliest settlers of Dunn County, settling here in 1855, though Mr. Sherburne died in Dane County, Mrs. Sherburne afterward became Mrs. G. M. Harrington. She has three children — Mrs. C>E. Rogers of Chippewa Falls, Wilford and E. R. The latter was born in Dane County, October, 1849. The latter has spent about ten years in the territories, engaged in mining and other wise, in Montana, Utah, Nevada, etc. JOHN S. STEVENS, merchant, firm of Horton & Stevens, Cedar Falls, was born in Kennebec Co., Maine, in 1849. Previous to coming to Wisconsin, he was for some time a resident of New Brunswick, where he was connected with the lumber business. He came to Wisconsin in 1878. He is a brother of Mrs. F. W. Pitcher. He engaged in business with Mr. Horton in the Spring of 1881. EAU GALLE. As early as 1832, white men made their appearance on the banks of the beautiful stream of this name. In 1835, Mr. N. S. Manningj who had been in the United States service and up the Chippewa and Red Cedar after lumber to rebuild Fort Crawford, came to Eau Galle ; and in 1840, a firm, called T. A. Savage & Co., or Savage, Wales & Co., and built a mill. In 1844, this property passed into the hands of Carson, Eaton & Wales. Mr. Carson, who is mentioned elsewhere, arrived on the river about 1837, be fore he was of age, and he has been closely identified with the interests of the place ever since. With honesty, diligence and frugality, the firm flourished. A fire, however, destroyed the mill in i860, leaving the place desolate. The mills were at once rebuilt, enlarged and improved, and are still in operation, the firm having become Carson & Rand. Mr. Carson has a magnificent residence, a beautiful conservatory, which is presided over by a wife every way worthy of such a husband, with such surroundings. There are about sev- ty-five inhabitants in the village. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIAM H. SMITH, superintendent of the business of Carson & Rand, Eau Galle, was born in Will Co., 111., in 1832, where he was brought up. His parents were natives of Vermont, and among the early pioneers of Illinois. When a young man, Mr. Smith was engaged in teaching for some years. He came to Eau Galle in the Spring of 1857, and engaged in book-keeping for the firm of Carson & Eaton. He has been connected with this firm and their successors since that time, and has had general charge of the business of Carson & Rand, of this place, since 1873. He is a brother-in-law of Mr. Carson. His wife was Miss S. J. Flink, born in the State of New York. They have three sons — W. B., C. H. and A. C. PATRICK FITZGERALD, foreman for Carson & Rand, Eau Galle, was born in London, England, Aug. 17, 1828. He came to the United States when about nine years of age, with his parents, who first settled in Dubuque, Iowa ; thence to Potosi, Grant Co., III., where his parents, Michael and Catherine, resided till their death. Mr. Fitzgerald was engaged in lumbering and mining before coming to Eau Galle. He is one of the oldest residents of this place, engaging with the firm of Carson & Eaton in the early history of the business of this firm here. His wife was Jane Martin, a native of Ireland. JOHN GAUVIN, farmer, Sec. 32, P. O. Eau Galle. Was born in Canada, in 1826. He removed to the State of Maine, when iwenty-one years of age. Engaged in work at his trade, that of a blacksmith. He afterward moved to St. Paul, Minn., thence to Menomonie about 1850, where he was engaged in blacksmithing for Knapp, Stout & Co., three years. He then went to Fall City and engaged in lumbering ; also, in company with Mr. Oliver Gilbert, built the grist mill at that place. He operated this mill about six years. Came here in 1866. Bought his present farm of Capt. Downs. He has been married twice. Has two children by present wife — Daniel S. and John E. He is engaged ex tensively in farming, owning 720 acres of land. ROCK FALLS. This village is located on Rock Creek, in the town of that name, on Section 22. Business is represented by M. R. Bump, grist-mill ; Weston & Chamberlin, general mer chants; Harrison Beeman, mason, carpenter; William Stelter, blacksmith. The village is thirteen miles from Eau Claire, and has a tri-weekly mail service. The population is about 150. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SAMUEL ANDREWS, farmer, Rock Creek, was born, 1825, in South Dorchestershire, Eng.; came to Wisconsin in 1864, and bought his present farm, which he uses for grain and stock raising. Married Mary Melrose, who was born in Scotland in 1858. They have three sons — George, John and Daniel. HARRISON BEEMAN, mason and carpenter, Rock Falls, came to Wisconsin, in 1855, with his father, who entered the second piece of land in the town of Rock Creek. He built the first house in it. Mr. B. enlisted, 1861, in the 2d Wis. C; participated in the battles of Vicksburg, Jackson, Champion Hill and Yazoo, under Curtis and Grant. Mustered out in Austin, Tex., in 1865. Born, 1842, in Bloomington, 111. M. R. BUMP, miller Rock Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1856, to Mondovi, leaving it in 1868. In 1862, he enlisted in the 25th Wis. I. The principal battles he engaged in were Vicksburg, Atlanta and Look out Mountain. In '63, at Chattanooga, he was made the first sergeant of a provisional corps. Rejoined Sherman at Goldsborough, and remained with him till the close of the war ; mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865. In 1868, bought his mill at Rock Falls of Mr. George Chamber lain. In '78, Aug. 23, the mill was washed away; Jan. I, '79, a new and superior mill was running, the best in all the country ; patent rollers, purifiers, and all the latest mill machinery. Capacity a day is, fifty bar rels of flour, 350 bushels of feed. Mr. B. was elected to the Assembly at Madison, in 1876, from Dunn and Pepin counties; he served his term with honor. He is a Freemason and Granger. He married Eliza Webb, of Mondovi, in 1868. The children are— Maud A., Grace, Bes sie and Milan. Mr. B. was born in 1838, in Hartford, N. H. GEORGE CHAMBERLIN, merchant, Rock Falls, was born in 1827, in Canaan, N. H. He came to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1851, and to Rock Falls in 1856, and entered a large tract of land. He built the mill sold to Mr. Bump in '57 ; built his store in '61. Mr. C. was instru mental in organizing the town, was its first Clerk, and continued it ten years. He was member of the Assembly at Madison of '81 ; served his 292 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. term with distinction. In 1852, he married Nancy Weston, born in Randolph Co., Vt., at Portage, Wis. His family are — Daniel P., Jehi- ell W., Frank, George H. and Nettie. J. N. CLARK, farmer, Rock Creek, was born, 1843, in Jefferson Co., Wis. He bought his present farm in 1864. He farms it in the most approved method, and is rewarded by having the best of crops and stock. He has held the office of Town Clerk seven years in suc cession. M. C. CLARK, farmer, Rock Creek, was born, 1845, at White water, Wis. The family came here in 1856. Bought his present farm in 1871 ; married Eliza Woods, in 1869, born in Canada. He has five children — Jamie, Katie, John, Cora and Jasper. JOHN NORRISH, farmer, Rock Creek, was born in England in 1830; came to this country in 1854, and entered his present farm. Mar ried Anna Powell in 1856. The children are Letate, John. William, Frank, Wallace, Margaret, Elizabeth, Lottie and Walter. Mr. N. has been Town Treasurer eleven years ; District Treasurer, fifteen years. G. S. PIERCE, farmer, Rock Creek, was born in Vermont in 1S23 ; came to Wisconsin, in 1840, to Kenosha. He farmed with his father till 1857; then he came to Fairplay, Dunn Co. Was a prominent man there ; named the township and was Supervisor, Clerk, etc., there till 1866. Then he bought his present farm. It is under a high state of cultivation. Married Mahala Stevens, in 1856, at Kenosha. There are five children — Merwin, Eugene, Mary, Ada and Alva, MARIDEAN. This village is located at the confluence of Fall Creek and Chippewa, and was named in honor of Mary Dean, an early settler at that point. It is now a place of thirty, or more, inhabitants. A shingle-mill was built here, by Ira Mean, in 1863, and was sold to Garland & Nichols, in 1864. It is owned by Chapman & Shoop, and turns out 75,000 shingles per day. The propeity has been destroyed three times, by fire. A saw-mill was built in 187 1, by Gar land & Nichols, and Eau Claire Lumber Company. The capacity of the mill is 18,000,000 feet per year. It has two rotary, and one gang saws, a gang-edger, trimmers, lath, picket and shingle machines. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JEROME B. GARLAND, Maridean, was born, 1832, in Chenango, N. Y.; came to Eau Claire in 1857 and commenced lumbering with Chapman & Thorp. In 1864, he went in partnership with them at Mar idean. In 1871, Messrs. Garland & Nichols formed the Maridean Mill Co. with the Eau Claire Lumber Co., and built the present saw mill. Mr. G. married Harriet Nichols, in 1855, in Allegany Co., N. Y. The family are seven children — Mary, Harriet, Edwin, Katie, Frankie, Leon- idas and Cora. FRANCIS H. MORGAN, Maridean, came to Porterville, Wis., in 1874 ; was second engineer in mills there till 188 1. Since then is head engineer at Maridean. Learned his trade in England. Married Mary Dutrich, of Eau Claire, in 1877. They have three children — -Frances, Sary and Mary. Mr. M. was born, in 1856, in Somersetshire, Eng. E. A. NICHOLS, Maridean, was born, in 1835, in New York ; came to Eau Claire in 1855, In 1857, opened the first jewelry store ever there, on corner by Galloway House. Sold out in 1858, and entered the lumber business with Mr. Garland, at Durand. In 1861, opened a liv ery and jewelry business at Chippewa Falls, the first of either there. In 1864, came to Maridean with Mr. Garland, and entered into partner ship with Chapman & Thorp in the shingle mill. Mr. Nichols manages the company's stock farm of 1,500 acres at Maridean with ability. Mar ried Helena I. Wells, i860, in Eau Claire. They have two children, Eva and Nettie A. FRANKLIN WELLS, shingle packer, Maridean, came to Menom onie in 1856; clerked there till 1872. Then he came to Maridean. Was born, 1852, at Sandy Hill, N. Y. Colfax, in the town of that name, on the upper Red Cedar, with a population of sixty. DR. ELI MONTEITH, Colfax, is a native of Ohio. He began the study of medicine some time previous to the breaking out of the war, and was for several terms a student at the Cincinnati Medical Institute. In 1861, he entered the army as assistant surgeon in the ist M. S. Engi neers. He served in this capacity for three and one-half years. After the close of the war, he came to Dodge County, and engaged in the practice of medicine. He settled at Colfax, October, 1876. His wife was Miss Anna Ennis. They have four children. J. D. SIMONS, merchant, Colfax, was born in the State of New York, in 1834. He came to Wisconsin, 1855, and settled in the town of Waupun, Fond du Lac Co. His father settled in that county, but died" in Sauk County. Mr. Simons came to Dunn County in 1861, and settled on Sec. 18, town of Colfax, and engaged in farming. He was the first settler of the village of Colfax— came here in 1865. He owns the grist mill which was built in 1869 and 1870, by Mr. Simons and L. N. Fisher. Mr. Halver Errickson was the next settler. Mr. J. B. McKahan built the store now occupied by-Mr. Simons, in 1871. Mr. W. R. Culbertson had charge of this store. Mr. Simons is the Postmaster; the office was established in the Fall of 1870. He was married to Mary Williams, born in the State of New York. Town of Spring Brook. WILLIAM H. DOANE, farmer, Sec. 26, Town 27, Range 12, P.O. Fall City, is the oldest son of Sylvester Doane, who was born in Rut land Co., Vt., Nov. 10, 1808. William H. was born in the same house in which his father and grandfather were born, July, 1833. His father, with his family, removed to Oswego Co., N.Y., about 1835. William H. was married in Oswego County, July 4, 1857, to Isabel Dow, daughter of Benjamin Dow. They removed to Sheboygan County immediately after, and the following Spring, with his father's family, he came to Dunn County and settled in the town of Spring Brook, where he has since lived. Parents still live where they first settled. They had six daughters and two sons when they came to Wisconsin. One daughter was born in Wisconsin. The children are all living. Mr. William H. Doane served as Town Clerk in 1859, an(^ nas Deen Justice of the Peace for about fif teen years. He has five children — Viola, now Mrs. Glen Hoodville, Benjamin F., George W., Susan and Florence. His farm consists of 140 acres. E. L. EVARTS, merchant, Fall City, born in Canada in 1845, came to the United States with his parents, in 1849. His parents settled in Jackson Co., Iowa, and in 1855, removed to Minnesota. Mr. Evarts enlisted in the Fall of 1863, in the 2d Minn. C, Col. Crook; served till May, 1866 ; was on duty on the frontier after the close of the war. He went to Eau Claire, in the Fall of 1874, and to Rumsey's Landing the following Spring ; was appointed Postmaster in 1877. His wife was born in Ohio. They have one son, Lester. H. A. FARNHAM, farmer, Sec. 17, P.O. Waneka, was born in Cha- tauqua Co., N.Y., in 1821. He came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located in the town of Genesee, Waukesha Co., where he worked at his trade — that of a blacksmith. He came to Dunn County and bought his pres ent farm, in 1855 ; but he located at River Ealls, where he lived seven years, settling on his farm in 1862. He has about 200 acres of land. His wife was Miss Ann Lucas, a sister of Mr. Carroll Lucas, of Menomonie. They have two children, Marcus A. and Cora B. WILLIAM GOERCKE, farmer, Sec. 34, P.O. Fall City, was born in Mecklenburg, Germany, in 1823. He came to the United States in 1846, about the time the Mexican war began. He enlisted for this war at Cleveland, Ohio, and participated in nearly all of the principal battles of that war. He was at Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cherubusco, Molino del Rey, Chepultepec, and entered the city of Mexico, with the army of Gen. Scott. He was in the service about three years, serving for a time after the war, in California, fighting the Indians. He then went to Michigan, but returned to California and engaged in mining. He came to Dunn County in 1859, and settled where he now lives ; married Jane Ordemann. They have eight children — four sons and four daughters. His farm contains 265 acres. JOHN HARSHMAN, farmer, Sec. 7, P.O. Waneka, is one of the most extensive farmers of Spring Brook, or rather, has been, as he has now retired from active business life. He was born in Washington Co., Pa., in 1807. He went to the State of Ohio in 1847, and came to Wis consin in 1851. He first located at Hudson, St. Croix Co., where he lived till the Fall of 1857, when he made what proved to be a fortunate exchange of his farm near Hudson, for his present one. He has 400 acres of land. His wife, formerly Miss Hannah Smalley, was also a native of Washington Co., Pa. They have had a large family of children ; have four sons and eight daughters ; lost two sons. His youngest son, Samuel, has charge of the farm. FREDERICK STEINKEL, miller for Wilson, in his mill in the town of Spring Brook, P.O. Menomonie, came to this mill in 1878 ; born in Posen, Germany, 1848 ; member of Odd Fellows. WILLIAM WHITCHER, farmer, Sec. 12, P.O. Waneka, was born in the town of Topsham, Orange Co., Vt., in 1821. He lived in New England till 1857, when he came to Dunn Co., and settled on his pres ent farm, of which he made a claim, and purchased the same when it came into market in 1862. His wife was Miss Mary Dickson, daughter of John Dickson. They have six children — Edwin L., Sarah J., Agnes A., Frank T., Joseph R. and George H. OTHER VILLAGES. Among the other villages in the county may be men tioned HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 293 Benson, on the Hay River, in the northern part of the county, with a population of eighty. Connorsville, in the northwest corner of the county — population twenty-five. Davis, a few miles east of Knapp, having twenty-five people. Elk Mound, on the railroad in that town, with a popu lation of seventy-five. Fall City, on the creek a few miles above the Chippe wa, with forty persons. Granger, in the northwestern part of the county, with 100 inhabitants. Lucas, six miles west of Menomonie, having twenty- five residents. Lochiel, with about twenty-five people, in the upper part of the county. Louisville, in the lower part of the county, with twen ty-five residents. Sand Creek is in the northeast corner of the county, and is quite an important place. It has a population of 130. Peter Peterson has a flour mill here, just made over from a feed mill. Truax is down the river from Menomonie, on a little stream that enters the Red Cedar from the east. Vanceburg is the uppermost point on the Hay River, and has about twenty residents. Most every one of these villages is a nucleus for future enterprise and energy, and as the county gets filled up with the people it has the capacity to support, thriving villages must spring up, particularly when there is water-power and hard wood lumber to be worked up. EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. GEOLOGY. On the plains or comparatively level portions of the county the soil is of a sandy character, with more vegetable mold in its composition than appears by a hasty examination, and it is formed, for the most part, by decomposed or disintegrated Potsdam sandstone. The granitic or azoic formation occurs up the Chippewa River, but terminates as a surface indication near the confluence of the Eau Claire with the Chippewa. The soil on some of the hills, which skirt some of the rivers, has a clayey character, which, when it comes to be cultivated, will be found to have staying qualities that do not appertain to that of the level country. The particular drawback of the light and easily worked sandy soil, which usually produces a good yield in re turn for the labor and dressing bestowed upon it, is its lack of power to resist the effects of a dry time. As the seasons in which there is a severe drought are not frequent, this does not seriously depreciate the value of this soil for agricultural purposes. The soil and cli mate of Eau Claire is eminently adapted to the raising of small fruits and berries, and as the railroads bring the markets so near our doors, this industry must con tinue to increase until the crop becomes a very large one. There are several indigenous fruit bearing shrubs which may one day be cultivated and produce a berry as superior to the present product as the pippin excels the crab apple. There is also found in great profusion the hazelnut, awaiting man's fostering care. There is produced on this soil one or more varieties of wild hemp, and the milkweed, the inspissated juice of which becomes india rubber, grows in rank profusion where- ever its seeds take root. Indeed, most of the soil in the county, whatever geological parentage it owns, or whatever metamorphoses it may have gone through, is well adapted for the easy cultivation of its indigenous productions, and most others from a like latitude. EARLY VISITORS. When it is remembered that the General Govern ment had great trouble in fixing the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, so late as 1836, on account of the imperfection of the maps, it seems hardly possi ble that this region could have been visited and some what, carefully described at so early a period as 1767, as it was by Jonathan Carver. The route pursued by Joliet and Pere Marquette up the Fox and down the Wisconsin rivers, of course, did not include the Chippewa or any of its tributaries. So the earliest account of this region was that given by Carver of his trip up the Mississippi, beginning in June, 1766, and he furnishes the following description of his journey up the Chippewa : " Having concluded my business at La Prairie le Chien, I proceeded once more up the Mississippi, as far as the place where the Chipeway River enters it, a little below Lake Pepin. Here, having engaged an Indian pilot, I directed him to steer towards the Ottawa lakes, which lie near the head of this river. This he did, and I arrived at them the beginning of July (1767). The ChipeVay River, at its junc ture with the Mississippi, is about eighty yards wide, but it is much wider as you advance into it. Near thirty miles Siup it separates into two branches, and I took my course i through that which lies to the eastward. The country ad joining to the river, for about sixty miles, is very level, and on its banks lie fine meadows, where larger droves of Buffa loes and Elks were feeding than I had observed in any other part of my travels. The track between the two branches of this river is termed the Road of War between the Chipdway and Naudawessie Indians. The country to the Falls, mark ed in the plan at the extent of the traders' travels, is almost without any timber, and above that very uneven and rugged, and closely wooded with pines, beech, maple and birch. Here a most remarkable and astonishing sight presented it self to my view. In a wood, on the east of the river, which was about three-quarters of a mile in length, and in depth farther than my eye could reach, I observed that every tree, many of which were more than six feet in circumference, was iying flat on the ground, torn up by the roots. This appeared to have been done by some extraordinary hurri cane that came from the west some years ago, but how many I could not learn, as I found no inhabitants near it of whom I could gain information. The country on the west side of the river, from being less woody, had escaped, in a great measure this havoc, as only a few trees were blown down. Near the head of this river is a town of the Chipdways, from whence it takes its name. It is situated on each side of the river (which at this place is of no considerable breadth), 294 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and lies adjacent to the banks of a small lake. This town contains about forty houses, and can send out upwards of 100 warriors, many of whom were fine stout young men. The houses of it are built after the Indian manner, and have neat plantations behind them; but, the inhabitants, in gen eral, seemed to be the nastiest people I had ever been among. In July (1767), I left this town, and having crossed a num ber of small iakes and carrying places that intervened, came to a head branch of the River St. Croix. This branch I descended to a fork, and then ascended another to its source. On both these rivers I discovered several mines of virgin copper, which was as pure as that found in any other coun try." It may not be improper to mention here that Mr. Carver's heirs subsequently laid claim to a large tract of land in this region by virtue of an alleged patent from George III. It was, however, not allowed by Congress, though the cause became one of the most noted in the annals of land adjudications in the country. The next authentic account given of this region was not until 1820, when Lewis Cass was Governor of the Northwestern Territory, with head-quarters in Detroit. The Hon. James Duane Doty, in a communication to Gov. Cass, under date of September 27, 1820,, fur nishes his Excellency with all the information he is able to obtain in relation to what is now Northern Wisconsin, and, although the particular region described lays mostly north of the counties represented in this work, an abstract of this part of the history of Northern Wisconsin will be appropriate in this connection, and will have an increasing interest as time goes on. At that time there were but three principal places of residence of the Indians in this region, at what was then called Leech Lake, Sandy Lake and Lake Supe rior. The Leech Lake Indians must have been fre quently on the war-path, for there were only about 200 men, while there were 350 women, and 1,100 boys and girls. Their game was deer, bear, beaver, otter, musk- rat, martin, fishers, raccoon, and a few red and grey foxes. They only secured buffalo on the borders of the Sioux country. The otter and muskrat were found ou the small rivers, the beaver on the larger streams. The other game were found throughout the region. Whitefish are spoken of as being abundant in the lakes but wanting in the rivers. In both the lakes and rivers were found an abundance of various kinds of fish, as pike, carp, black bass, catfish and others. Another fish, not unlike, but unequal to, the whitefish, was also spoken of as being very common, and called by the Indians tee-na-bee, and by the French " telibee." They were taken in nets sixty to 100 fathoms long, and were, with wild rice, the principal food of the traders. Indeed, without these the traders could not have sub sisted in the country. The water fowl throughout the region were identical ; they were the bustard wild goose, which civilization has driven farther north, sev eral kinds of ducks, swan, pelican, loon and the gull. Another, called a cormorant, was also not uncommon. It lived on fish, was about the size of a cfow and black. had a leg like a loon, a bill four inches long, hooked and pointed at the end. It was said to roost by sus pending itself by the bill. The birds were represented as being about like those in the Eastern States. Moose, reindeer, red and white ermine, wolverine, lynx, skunk, porcupine, woodchuck and red striped squirrels are found in different parts of the country. The wolf only in the southern part. Turtles of various sizes were found. The only snakes were the common striped variety. The government of the Indians was through chieftains, not unlike, all other tribes. The Sandy Lake Indians were the second in size, and included, among three or four hundred, thirty-five half-breeds. These Indians had a kind of ground nut, resembling the potato. It was found in wet, clay ground, about one and a half feet deep. It was called the waup-es- seepin, was mealy and palatable when boiled. An other root, sometimes three feet long, called waup-tap- pin-ee. It was preserved by drying. These roots and the wild rice, with occasional game, was the principal food of the Indians. In March every year the men go to the borders of the Sioux country to hunt for beaver, which they call "mic." Their families then repair to the sugar camp, where they make large quantities of maple sugar. This they could hardly have made pre vious to contact with the whites, on account of the want of kettles. The only boiling they could do was by placing hot stones in a wooden trough. In the Fall the wild rice is gathered by paddling among it on the shallow lakes, where it grows, and beating it off into the canoe. To tread it out in shallow pits, to remove the rough hull, required much labor, which was not considered beneath the men to perform. The other, or Lake Superior, tribe of Indians have no abiding place. They wander around the lakes and rivers. Their game is moose, bear, marten, mink, musk- rat, lynx, hedgehog, otter and a few beaver. No buffalo, deer, wolf, raccoon, fox or wolverine. In 1820, there were forty-five men, sixty women and 240 child ren, and there were thirty half-breeds and three free men with their families. The report has an account of the rivers and other geographical features of the coun try, which it is unnecessary to summarize here. At the time of the early settlement of Wisconsin, the na tive Indians were the Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Me nomonees, and Sacs and Foxes ; and from New York, the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Algonquin was the language of the Indians from Massachusetts to beyond the Mississippi,- and from the St. Lawrence to the Cumberland in Kentucky. In 1875, T. E. Randall, of Eau Claire, one of the earliest settlers, published a series of articles on the history of the Chippewa Valley, in the Free Press, which were finally issued in book form. Many valu able facts for this history have been obtained from that work. And to show Mr. Randall's style, as well as for the information contained in it, a single chapter of that work is here transcribed, which relates to the Indians of the Chippewa Valley : The settler on any of our western prairies, and the ax- men who enter upon the primeval forests, where no signs of man's destructive force or redeeming power is seen or felt, is frequently the subject of strange reflections as he follows his plow, turning up the virgin soil that through all the ages has remained undisturbed, or hews down the stately pine that tor a thousand years has flourished and grown, unno ticed and uncaged for by the hand of man; he wonders how it occurs that he, c f all the people that have lived or still HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 295 live on the face of the earth, swarming as it does with so many millions, should be the first to appropriate to his com fort and convenience the blessings so long held in reserve in nature's vast store-house. He also wonders why his race should require all the resources of the earth, the produc tions of forests, mines, rivers, lakes and oceans, of the soil, plowed, planted, cultured and garnered ; the flocks and herds feeding and gamboling on a thousand hills, for his subsistence, while other races have remained from genera tion to generation in all the untamed wildness of the deer and elk on which they subsist. What of the race that but yesterday was here ? Have these rivers, fields and forest, 9 now so peaceful, always been so calm and still ? or have they, like the old world, been the scene of savage and san guinary conflicts? We speculate almost in vain on the long ago dwellers, upon the banks of these pleasant streams, their war dance and savage yells may have been the only human sound that ever waked the stillness of these hills, or a race long extinct may have plowed and sowed, builded and loved and worshiped and cultivated all the graces and amenities of civilized life, but the record of whose deeds and virtues have been obliterated by the convulsions of time's relent less changes. Of the race whose steps are fast receding, and giving place- to ours, we know comparatively little, as their own traditions, and their history for the past 200 years, written by foreigners, is very imperfect ; but what is known as to the Indians who occupied this valley, will now claim our attention. The Chippewas were considered by the early French missionaries as the bravest, most war-like, and, at the same time, the noblest and most manly of all the tribes on the American continent. They were derived from the Algonquin race, or type, and were first met with by the French on the Chippewa River near Montreal, Canada, in 1642, and were immediately taken into political alliance with them, matrimonial alliance soon followed, and their re lations soon became very intimate. The Jesuit mission aries speak of the language of the Chippewas, as the most refined and complete of any Indian tongue. Their terri tory seems to have been confined, at that time, to what is now the New Dominion and the lower peninsula of Michi gan. Of the Sioux, or Dacotas, still less is known. At the time of which we are now speaking, 1642, they seem to have been in possession of all the territory south of Lake Supe rior, west of lakes Huron and Michigan, south as far as Milwaukee, and west to or even beyond Missouri River, for about this time they took a Jesuit priest prisoner at the Sault St. Marie and killed him as an intruder upon their territory. And, in 1660, the Jesuits having established a mission at La Pointe, on Magdalene Island, Lake Superior, were driven off by the Sioux. Soon, after this, about 1670, the Chippewas commenced their inroads upon the territory of the Sioux, on the north and east, and fought their way south and west to the lines hereinafter described. In the meantime, the Winnebagos, a migratory tribe from Mexico, to escape the Spaniards, came among the Sioux, who gave them lands near Green Bay, probably to shield themselves from the Chippewas. But the Sacs and Foxes came up from the south and took forcible possession of their terri tory, and compelled them to "go west," and they in turn were crowded out by the Menomonees. In consequence of these predatory wars and immigrations, the claims of the several Indian nations to their respective territories became very complicated, and the cause of almost incessant war amongst them. To prevent this as much as possible, the United States Government, in 1825, authorized a general treaty to be held at Prairie du Chien between all the tribes within a district of 500 miles each way. This joint treaty was signed on the part of the government by Gens. William Clark and Lewis Cass, and by Wabasha, Red Wing, Little Crow and twenty-three other braves, on the part of the Sioux, and by Hole-in-the-Day and forty other chiefs and braves, for the Chippewas. To fix the boundaries between the various nations definitely was the first and principal ob ject of this treaty. The eastern boundary of the Sioux commenced opposite the mouth of the Iowa River, on the Mississippi, runs back two or three miles to the bluffs, fol lowing the bluffs to and crossing the Bad Axe to Black River, from which point the line described is the boundary be tween the Sioux and Winnebagoes, and extends in a direc tion nearly north to a point on the Chippewa River half a day's march from Chippewa Falls. From this point on the Chippewa, which was fixed at the mouth of Mud Creek, near Rumsey's Landing, the line becomes the boundary be tween the Chippewas and Sioux, and runs to the Red Cedar River, just below the falls; from thence to the St. Croix, at a place called the Standing Cedar, about a day's paddle in a canoe, above the lake on that river, thence passing be tween the two lakes called Green Lakes, from thence to the Standing Cedar, and thence to the mouth of the Rum River, on the Mississippi. The boundary line between the Chip pewas and Winnebagoes was also defined, as commencing at this same point on the Chippewa River, half a day's march below the falls, and thence to the source of the Clear Water, thence south to Black River, thence to a point where the woods project into the meadows, and thence to the Plover portage of the Wisconsin. The boundaries thus described were pretty carefully observed by the respective parties to the treaty, except when war parties were fitted out by the Sioux or Chippewas, for the Winnebagoes remained perfectly neu tral. The intervening territory between the first mentioned boundary often became the theatre of many a hard fought battle, and hunting there was considered very unsafe by all those tribes. On the 29th of July, 1837, at Fort Snelling, Gov Dodge, on the part of the United States, and Hole-in- the-Day, with forty-seven other chiefs and braves, on the part of the Chippewas, signed a treaty, ceding to the United States the northwestern part of Wisconsin. In September of the same year, at Washington, the Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinset, made a treaty with Big Thunder and twenty other chiefs and braves belonging to the Sioux, when the latter ceded to the United States all their lands east of the Mississippi and all their islands in the river. October 4, 1842, at La Pointe, in Lake Superior, Po-ga-ne-ge-shik and forty others of the Chippewas, ceded all their lands in Wis consin to the General Government. It is proper to state that several bands of the Chippewas became very much dissatisfied, and with their reservation above Sand Lake, in Minnesota, and begged so hard to come back, that the gov ernment, in 1854, gave them back several townships and half townships on . the Court Oureilles and some other branches of the Chippewa, and located an agency there for the distribution of part of the annuities promised them by the terms of the treaty, as consideration for the land. ORGANIZATION. The county of Eau Claire was formally established, with full powers, by an act of the Legislature, approved October 6, 1856, The bill declared the village of Eau Claire to be the county seat. The first election was held in November, 1856. On the second day of Janu ary, following, the Board of Supervisors met and or ganized, with C. M. Seeley, chairman, and Charles F. Babcock, clerk. The other members were M. A. Page, C. M. Robbins and Henry Huntington. The Clerk's office was located in Gleason & Seeley's store. Charles 296 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. H. Howard was Register of Deeds ; William P. Bart lett, District Attorney, and George A. Buffington, Coroner. In March, 1857, Adin Randall was authorized by the Board to operate a ferry across the Chippewa, the tolls being fixed by the Board. This must have been an opposition line. The town of Half Moon Lake, now embracing the west side of the city, was created at that session. On the 24th of February, 1857, the towns of Bridge Creek and Brunswick were organized. In May, 1857, the Board was augmented by the ap pearance of Ira Mead, from Half Moon Lake, and G. L. Frizsel, of Brunswick. November 17, 1857, the County Board of Super visors was re-organized. Ira Mead, chairman, and Charles Whipple, clerk, pro tern. For assessment pur poses, the land for the whole county was equalized at $3.12f per acre. The sum raised that year for school purposes was : Eau Claire Township, $100 ; Half Moon Lake, #150 ; Brunswick and Bridge Creek, $50 each. This item shows the relative size of the towns at that early period in their history. An extra session of the legislature, of Wisconsin, in 1856, had set from Chippewa County the counties of Dunn and Eau Claire, though still attached to that county, however, for judicial purposes for one year, so that there were no judicial offices for the county until the next year, when Ira Mead was elected Judge. The first Sheriff of the county was Moses A. Page ; Under Sheriff, A. S. Bostwick. In 1858, the counties of Clark, Chippewa and Dunn were in one assembly district, having been so appor tioned before Eau Claire was created a county. In 1858, Lucius Cannon represented the district ; 1859, Richard Dewhurst, of Neillsville; 1860, William P. Bartlett, Eau Claire ; 1861, Rodman Palmer, Chippewa Falls; 1862, H. W. Barnes, Eau Claire ; 1863, William H. Smith, Eau Galle ; 1864, Thad. C. Pound, Chippewa Falls ; 1865, Francis R. Church, Menomomie ; 1866, Thad. C. Pound ; in 1873, J. G. Thorp was a Senator, and William P. Bartlett, of Eau Claire, an Assembly man ; in 1874, H. P. Graham, of Eau Claire, was in the Senate, and Thomas Carmichael, of the same place, an Assemblyman ; 1875, Mr. "Graham of course held over ; Jonathan G. Callahan was in the lower house ; in 1876, Hobart M. Stocking carried off the Assembly honors ; in 1877, Thomas Carmichael was sent to the State capital ; Julius G. Ingram represented this dis trict in 1878, and was returned the next year ; in 1880, Michael Griffin was Senator from Eau Claire, Ira B. Bradford, of Augusta, was elected to the Assembly. The Senatorial District being large, the choice of a Senator has not fallen upon Eau Claire every year. There is comparatively little of public interest in the doings of the county government. Every thing was to be done in the matter of erecting public build ings, and getting the county machinery in motion. At one time there was North Eau Claire, since absorbed into the city. The town of Lincoln was organized as Fall Creek, and Pleasant Valley started its individu ality as Machias. Oak Grove appears as a township, but in connection with West Eau Claire it was trans formed into Union. The Judicial Circuit, in which Eau Claire is asso ciated is composed of Buffalo, Dunn, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix and Eau Claire. Egbert G. Bundy, is the judge at present. The judge on the bench at the crea tion of Eau Claire County was Judge Fuller. The first school-house was on the Sparta road in the Olin and Bebee neighborhood, in the Fall of 1857. The Court-House. — This building was erected in 1873. Judge Bartlett had general supervision of its erection. The structure is of stone and well adapted to its purpose. It includeb a jail in the basement, and a room for female prisoners in the second story. The question as to the location of the court-house excited a lively discussion, conflicting interests, which are usu ally overestimated, entered largely into the contest. On Monday, Nov. 20, 1871, the first public meeting was held to decide the questions of the location of the county buildings, and that of organizing the village Eau Claire, which lesuited in a satisfactory of location of the one and the organization of the other. It was only in 1850 that men began to take up farms, and from that time there has been a steady in crease of farm products. In 1879 there was raised : Wheat _ -- 38,541 bushels. Corn 73,4H Oats --- 12,801 Barley 762 Rye... 868 Potatoes -- -- 666 " Add to this showing the stock, vegetables and dairy products, and there is a respectable aggregate. The county is a regular parallelogram, the greater length being from east to west. It is composed of the following named towns : Union, Eau Claire, Sey mour, Ludington, Brunswick, Washington, Lincoln, Bridge Creek, Drammen, Pleasant Valley, Otter Creek and Fairchild. Only the towns of Drammen and Fair- child are identical in size and shape with a township of government survey. Brunswick, bounded by the Eau Claire River on the north, has about the same number of acres. The town of Seymour is twelve miles long, aud three wide, having of course the same amount of ter ritory as one six miles square. Eau Claire Township is the smallest in the county, having but a little more than sixteen square miles — not quite half the size of a government town. Bridge Creek is a large township ; it contains 106^ square miles, nearly three regular townships. Ludington is sixteen miles from east to west, six miles wide, and has ninety-four square miles. Pleasant Valley represents a whole township, on the northwest and southeast, respectively, seventy-two square miles. Washington has sixty-six square miles, is rectangu lar, but irregular in outline. Otter Creek has a length of nine miles and a width of six, with fifty-four square miles. Lincoln has an irregular outline on the north, is nine miles in the longest part from north to south, and eight from east to west, and has a little over sixty square miles. Union is nearly the size of a regular township, hav ing thirty-four square miles. As the towns fill up with inhabitants, they will be HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 297 divided to meet the requirements of the various locali ties. The whole county contains 648 square miles, 414,- 720 acres. The length from east to west is thirty- six miles, and from north to south eighteen miles. There is a large amount of good farming land in the county. It is well settled from Fall Creek to be low Augusta on the railroad. Otter Creek has splen did farms all over its territory. Bridge Creek and Lincoln are good farming towns. Washington is also quite a good town. Ludington has hard wood timber in abundance. A large part of the west center of the town is the great maple sugar region. Pleasant Val ley has good but light land. The post-offices in the county are : Eau Claire, Au gusta, Otter Creek, Fairchild, Fall Creek, Nooks Hill, Norseville and Hadleyville. The total debt of the county is only $43,000. The value of real estate as fixed by the State Board in 1880, was $5,079,086. The State tax for the county in 1879, was $5,258.- 42. Total town, city and village taxes $121,322,06. Of this amount $35,327.07 was for school purposes. The State tax for the county in 1880, was $9,085.21. The population of Eau Claire County, according to the Federal and State census, was : In 1860, 3,162 ; 1865, 5,281; 1870, 10,769; 1875, 15,991; 1880, 19,992. A larger proportion than in many Wisconsin counties are natives, there being of this fllass 13,501, and 6,491 foreigners, and 25 colored. The census, of 1880, showed : Eau Claire _ 10,118 Bridge Creek _ 1,894 Brunswick 898 Drammen 401 Fairchild--, . .__ .__ 887 Ludington andSeymour ._ 727 Lincoln 1,481 Otter Creek 1,060 Pleasant Valley ._ __ 941 Union _ 631 Washington. 954 Total Towns. . _ In whole County. - 9.847 ¦ - I9.992 The present county officers are : County Judge, George C. Teall ; Clerk of Court, M. B. Hubbard ; Sheriff, A. W. Munger ; County Clerk, L. P. Hotchkiss ; Treasurer, S. H. Wilcox ; Register of Deeds, L. E. Strum ; Coroner, W. H. Willard. There have been but five judges on the county bench since its organization. They were elected and served in the following order : Ira Mead, John E. Still man, H. W. Barnes, George C. Teall, A. C. Ellis, and George C. Teall again, the present incumbent. Eau Claire County was not represented in the State Legislature until, when, it having been associated with Chippewa and Dunn counties as an Assembly District, it was represented in the Assembly by William H. Smith, of Eau Galle. EAU CLAIRE. Eau Claire is a rapidly growing and enterprising city, situated on both banks of the Chippewa River, about sixty miles from its mouth. The river is navigable to the Falls, eleven miles above. It enters the city from the north, hav ing just described in its course a well defined, but reversed, letter S, which has been cut across to secure boomage. The Eau Claire, a stream perhaps one-third the size, arises in the adjoining counties on the east, and, receiving accessions north and south, enters the Chippewa at right angles, near the center of the town. The Chippewa has a general southwestern course, and has a dam, a lock, sluice-ways, etc., just at the north of the town. The city is composed of three villages. The east side is only a few blocks wide down the river from the Eau Claire, being skirted on the east by a sandy bluff, once the bank of the river. The north side gradually ascends a hundred feet or so above the river bank. The west side is level and already well covered with dwellings and some business blocks. Most of the general business is on the east side, with some, however, on the north side. It is well authenticated that Louis de Marie, a Canadian, of French extraction, and his wife, a woman born in De troit, Mich., of French father and Chippewa mother, and family, consisting of five sons and three daughters, came up the Chippewa in August, 1832, and remained as an In dian trader, through the Winter. This adventurous man had previously gone to the Red River of the North, and from thence to Prairie du Chien, where he, with others, had settled. In the year above named, he moved his family to what is now West Eau Claire, and erected a log cabin not far from the bank of the river, nearly opposite the mouth of Eau Claire, to serve as house and store. Near the mouth of the river he was stopped by hostile Sioux, who demanded $300 worth of goods from him, for the privilege of ascend ing the stream and afterward trading with the Indians un molested. He remained but one season at Eau Claire, going back to Prairie du Chien in the Spring of 1833. The two subsequent Winters were spent by him higher up the Chippewa. He was very successful as a fur trader. In the Winter of 1836-37, he located his trading post at the Falls. His wife was a most capable woman, and was greatly respected by those whom she met, both for her industry and her skill as a doctor. She attended the sick gratuitously, and was a welcome visitor to those who were afflicted. She is still living, at the advanced age of eighty-five, two miles north of Chippewa Falls, with her daughter, Mrs. George P. Warren. The daughters of De Marie locale the year of their father's first trip by the fact of noticing, as they passed the scene, the unburied slain on the battle field of Bad Axe, which contest occurred August 2, 1832. This region, visited by Carver so long ago as 1767, and brought more closely within the influence of civilization by M. De Marie in 1832, was allowed to rest undisturbed from the time of the departure of the trader, until 1845, when another cabin was erected on the present site of Eau Claire. The spot chosen was in front of what is now the property of the successful Eau Claire Lumber Company. Other settlements had been made at the Falls and on the Red River, but none at the junction of the Chippewa and Eau Claire. Hence it follows that Arthur McCann, Stephen S. McCann and Jeremiah Thomas were the first actual settlers of this city. A shanty was erected, as above mentioned, and also one lower down, near the Chippewa, which was dignified by calling it a warehouse. Another was built by Arthur McCann, opposite the present site of the Galloway House in the second ward. The parties had no means to build a mill, but succeeded in putting up a couple of logging camps on the Eau Claire, for the Winter. Arthur McCann was shot by an employ^, named Sawyer, the following year, at his own door. A single frame house was built that year by Arthur McCann, near where Hart's 298 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Hotel now stands. There was also a cabin near the upper or water-power mill, on the Eau Claire. Arthur McCann and J. C. Thomas had, in 1844, built a saw-mill on the river, at what is now called the Blue Mill, a few miles above the city. Stephen McCann died in 1880, very much reduced in circumstances but for a pension procured a short time be fore his death. Philo Stone and his brother, Roswell, took up their res idence here at about that time. They had come on to the river in 1838, and were engaged in hunting, and as this was the neutral or non-fighting ground between the Chippewas and Sioux, which was seldom visited by either tribe, the hunting was most excellent. Philo was said to have been a turbulent, quarrelsome man, a champion among the light weights, when any fight was possible. He had a squaw who became a remarkably good housekeeper. Indeed, it is the general testimony that these Indian women were tractable, and readily acquired habits of industry, giving their homes an air of comfort not much behind their white sisters. The buildings alluded to were little better than mere shanties, to establish the right of the claimant to an uncer tain amount of Government land. McCann's house, how ever, was quite a comfortable dwelling. The object of these settlers was not to till the soil. Its sandy character seemed uninviting for that pursuit, although a thorough test of its quality for agricultural purposes re veals a value altogether unexpected and quite satisfactory. These men came here to build mills and manufacture lum ber from the pine forests on the upper branches of the Eau Claire, which had a natural outlet here and which could be placed upon the highway of the Chippewa and floated to a market on the Mississippi. It is true that neither of these men had the adequate means to prosecute such an enter prise. They must have secured the location with a trust in the future, realizing that at no distant day capital would seek the place where its enlargement and aggregation must follow. The next year McCann & Thomas associated themselves with some new comers, Simon and George Randall. They proceeded to erect a mill and build a dam on the site of the present mill of the Eau Claire Lumber Company. It was completed and ready to commence operations, when an un- looked for misfortune came upon the struggling firm. A tremendous freshet swept away the mill, together with the booms and the logs which had been accumulated by so much toil. All was gone; nothing was left for their sea son's labor or the money invested. Their means had been expended, and to rebuild it required more capital. Mc Cann and Thomas retired from the firm, and the following year, 1847, the mill was rebuilt on the opposite side of the river, where the flouring mill now stands. The new firm that erected this mill was Gage, Dix & Reed. The Winter of 1846-7 was most remarkable. Very lit tle snow fell, and the cold was so intense that the water in the Chippewa, at the falls, froze solid to the bottom, and as the water overflowed there was a fresh layer of ice formed ev ery night, and this process went on until rocks and trees were submerged and imbedded twenty feet deep in the frigid em brace. Nothing like this has since occurred. The want of snow on the rivers was seriously felt. But Messrs. Colton & Moser, on the Yellow River, for the Falls Company, and the Hoosier Logging Company on the Eau Claire, managed without snow, to get a good stock of logs for their respect ive companies. The Spring was even more remarkable, for there was practically no rain through April or May, and not a log floated on the Yejlow or Eau Claire up to June 5, which was foggy early in the day and then very hot and windy. In the evening, rain began to pour down, in torrents, con tinuing until 8 o'clock the next morning, accompanied with lightning of the most vivid and bewildering kind, and long continued reverberations of thunder exceeding anything of the kind since experienced in this region. The river rose twelve feet and was covered with logs, lumber, driftwood, and the debris of piers and booms from the Falls, whc:e there was a total wreck of all the costly improvement placed on the river the previous season to hold logs. Nothing was left there but the mill ; all else was swept away in that fearful night. More than 10,000 logs, the re sult of a Winter's hardship and labor, were a total loss. E. T. Randall, the historian of the Chippewa valley, in trying to save part of his boom where were lodged the logs to supply the Blue Mill on the Chippewa, was carried down the river on the logs, but fortunately his improvised raft shot out of the mighty current into an eddy near the location of Sherman's mill before the flood of 1880, and grounded so that he escaped impending death. It was about an hour after this adventure, about noon on the 6th, that the mill was carried almost bodily down with the flood as already mentioned. That these young men, who had sustained such a heavy calamity, were not entirely discouraged, speaks volumes for their energy, perseverance and faith in ultimate success. Here were the savings of years of toil and struggle, all in vested in these undertakings, and now, as they had a right to suppose, when the legitimate reward for their industry and enterprise was wellnigh within their grasp, it was all hurled from their sighi as with a besom of destruction. And perhaps more than all this, there were the heavy lia bilities that had been incurred, with no possible adequate provision to meet them. Capital, with its proverbial timid ity, could with difficulty be induced to locate on a river with such a reputation for inordinate swelling and remorse less bursting of its confines, with its destructive results. Philo Stone and H. Cady went in with S. & G. Randall and rebuilt the mill on the Eau Claire in the Winter of 1847-8. It must be remembered that at that time there was no way of getting to or from the settlement but by the river. The nearest post-office was Prairie du Chien. and the mail came by private conveyance. In 1848, the State Legisla ture authorized and appropriated the funds to defray the expense of building a road from Prairie du Chien via Spar ta, Black River Falls and Eau Claire to Hudson. And while there were thousands pouring through this intricate throughfare to locate on the prairies of the St. Croix and in Minnesota, the forbidding features of the country sur rounding the settlement deterred them from stopping here. Judge Knowlton had the contract for building this road and it was pushed with commendable energy through the Winter of 1849-50, and became passable so that it was ex tensively used as above mentioned. The whole valley for several years had an immunity from serious damage by floods and began to recover from the previous disasters, were adding to their facilities for handling and manufacturing lumber. The whole region was, however, practically without laws. Prairie du Chien was the nearest place where the forms of justice were ob served, but only the most serious cases were taken there. Personal quarrels and assaults were not uncommon, and these were usually settled by the decisions of mutual friends. Offenses against property were much less common, and were disposed of without resort to the county seat, with its for malities and delays. Previous to 1851, land district was composed of the States of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota. In 1851, a new district was designated, with headquarters HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 299 at Hudson. John O. Henning was appointed Register, and Dr. — . — . Hoyt, Receiver. Some twenty townships along the river were soon surveyed and in the market, and the settlers were thus relieved of the difficulties attendant upon their previous occupation of the lands on account of the absence of Government lines, for no one could tell whether his improvements might not be thrown into various sections, or fortunately be surrounded by the Government lines. The line of the fourth principal meridian was surveyed very carefully by Henry A. Wiltse, a competent engineer; it was for a standard meridian, from which the ranges of townships across the State, east and west, were numbered. The terminus was fifteen chains west of the mouth of the Montreal River, and, according to the U. S. Topographical Engineers, seven miles west of the starting point. This same year a mail route was ordered by Congress over this road. This was a mile stone in the early progress of the town. George W. Randall received the appointment of Postmaster. The office was called Clear Water Post- office, and was the first in the whole Chippewa Valley, af fording mail facilities for all the settlements on the river. The whole country between here and Prairie du Chien was then included in Crawford County. The lands were un- surveyed, and, of course, not in the market. In 1850, how ever, most of these lands were placed in the market, and an era of land speculation commenced. The United States Government now has the best system for surveying land ever adopted, and had the system for the sale and settle ment of the Government domain been equally judicious much of the suffering and many of the hardships of the early pioneers would have been materially lessened. The homestead laws, practically as they now exist, were the instruments for building up this region, and, indeed, the whole northwest, as they afford every possible encourage ment for the industrious seeker after a home. From 1850 on, to the present time, with fluctuations more or less dis tinct, the settlement of the country has been going on. The first man to open a farm in Eau Claire County was Rev. Thomas Barland, who was the first man to appreciate the climate and the value of the land in this new region. He came from Illinois, where he had been interested in set tling that State, and in work for the American Tract Socie ty, and in spreading the Anti-Slavery sentiment, which was of such interest at that time. He arrived in the Fall of 1852, and procured about 200 acres of land, on the Sparta road, almost two and one-half miles southeast from the city, where he and his son, John C, and a sister still re side. His first neighbors, E. W. Robbins and David Wyman, came in 1854. During - 1852-53 Mr. Barland had started preaching in Gage and Reed's boarding-house, near the spot where the Eau Claire House now stands. This was the first regular service in the place. Mr. Barland was born in Scotland, had a thorough education, is a man of ideas, and has made many suggestions by which others have prof ited. He married Margaret Wilson, and they had ten chil dren, of whom three sons and three daughters are now liv ing. Having thus briefly gone over the history of Eau Claire during the first period of its existence, it may not be unin teresting to go back in review of some of the points already alluded to, and introduce incidents which were intimately connected with the welfare of the settlement. As a matter of speculative interest as to " what might have been," an account of the earliest attempt to build a dam and improve the " Lower Dell," which improvement subsequently excited such a long and bitter contest, will be here presented. In 1842, H. S. Allen and G. S. Branham were associated in business on Wilson's Creek, where the Menomonie vil lage now stands, and having, by their lumbering operations, accumulated considerable capital, began, in 1845, to exam ine the various points on the Chippewa, with a view of en larging their business. Why they did not retain their prop erty on the creek, which has since become so valuable, is one of the mysteries so often met with in business ventures. After a careful examination of numerous locations, they fixed upon the Lower Dells as the place, above all others, where logs could be controlled in all stages of the river. It is worthy of remark that their plan was substantially the same that so many years afterwards was successfully realized. Simon and George Randall, already alluded to, were as sociated with them, under the firm name of Allen, Branham & Randall. Without doubt, they expected to encounter great opposition from the lumber companies, located at the Falls, in addition to the natural obstacles which such a work would involve. Their plan of operations included a dam half the dis tance across at the foot of the dells, and a wing dam up along the raft channel, and other spurs, so as to raise a suf ficient head of water, but not to interrupt navigation. Their plan was feasible, and contracts were made with E. T. Ran dall, who then operated the Blue Mill, for plank. The tim ber was got out near Half Moon Lake for a large mill. Having gone so far, the parties who had personal interests to look after separated to look after them, and work was sus pended, with the supposition that it would soon be resumed. But the first news received from the parties was that the whole project was abandoned ; that the firm had dissolved, and that Mr. Allen, who was the head of the firm, had as sociated himself with Mr. Bass, at the Falls, constituting a team that would pull through the necessary force to over come the serious obstacles and disadvantages there. Had the original design been carried out then the sub sequent history of Eau Claire would have been entirely un like what it now is, and that of the whole valley changed. The first funeral attended in the settlement was at the death of a dusky woman, the wife of Simon Randall, who died in the Winter of 1846-7. E. T. Randall officiated, preaching a sermon from ist Cor., xv, 21-22. The first religious service was held in September, 1846, by Mr. Randall, who had appointments on alternate Sun days at the Falls and Eau Claire. He was connected with the Methodists, and his wife was also an earnest worker in the same cause. George W. Randall was married about this time, to Miss Mary La Point, of Prairie du Chien. Mr. and Mrs. McCann provided a wedding on a scale commensurate with their ability. Mr. Bass, a Justice of the Peace, from the Falls, with his commission from the Territorial Gov ernor, came down and solemnized the marriage, assisted by E. T. Randall, who invoked the divine blessing on their union. At the time of the flood, on the 6th of June, 1847, a party of surveyors, charged with a geological and minero- logical examination of the northwest, were detained here by the rise of the rivers. Among them was Dr. Gwyn, who was afterwards known in political life, and particularly as a Senator from California. In 1847, provisions were not high. A transaction where provisions were made the consideration put mess pork at $7 a barrel, and flour at $2.75 a barrel, delivered at Lake Pepin, after having been transported from Rock Island. From 1850 to 1855, was an uneventful period in the history of Eau Claire. The county was slowly filling up with sturdy settlers. All supplies came up the river, prin cipally on keel boats, from Galena — which was a thriving place at that time — and Prairie du Chien. The mills al- 3°° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ready erected were kept in operation, the lumber being rafted down the river. Not a dry-goods store, blacksmith shop, or any business outside of the mills, existed in the whole valley. In a population of ioo, in 1855, it is said that there were only two houses owned in the settlement, and $25,000 would cover all the capital. The first white man buried was William Reed, who died in June, 1855. During this period, there were several encounters be tween the Chippewas and Sioux. There was a constant succession of stealthy assassinations and dastardly encoun ters, which cannot honestly be dignified even as guerrilla warfare. A party of Sioux was encountered on the Red Cedar, in 1840, and all cut to pieces — not a brave was left to tell the tale. The next year, a party of six Chippewas fared the same. They afterward met several times, the last in 1846, and smoked the pipe of peace, evidently distrust ing each other all the while. The last war party in the vicinity was what was called " Anamoose's band." They camped up the river, near the North Fork. They built a fortification, and were in evi dent fear of their terrible western neighbors. Two men had been scalped by the Sioux down the river the Fall be fore, and Anamoose's band was probably sent to punish them, and the doughty warriors fortified themselves when within fifty or sixty miles of the enemy ! This was in 1851-2. The last battle between the Chippewas and Sioux in this vicinity was fought in 1854. Of the 100 people who lived in Eau Claire in 1855, most of them were laboring men. The proprietors were cool-^ headed, energetic men, of tact and experience, who had selected this place on account of its natural advantages over any other unoccupied location in the valley, or, indeed, any where in the northwest. As already stated, the history of Eau Claire from 1850 to 1855 was not very eventful. Minnesota was rapidly filling up, and California claimed a prominent place in the emigrant's attention. The country was slowly increasing in population, and the mills at Eau Claire were turning out their products and solidifying their owners. Some changes in mill ownership occurred. Mr. Cady sold his interest to Mr. Swim, and Simon Randall sold out his interest to Mr. Pope, and bought out Capt. Dix in the mill on the lower dam. The two firms then here were Gage, Reed & Ran dall, and Stone, Swim & Co. At this time the raftsmen had to walk back up the river, after taking rafts down, over the steep hill-sides and along sandy plains. It was a tedious and foot-sore journey. Several determined efforts were made to procure some kind of transportation. A steamboat was finally built by a Mr. Harlow, from Pittsburgh, but it was a sad failure; it drew too much water. The steamer " Dr. Franklin," from Gale na, Capt. Matt Harris, came up a few times ; but she was also too deep. Finally, a stage line was started by Col. Ben Allen and a Mr. Colburn, of Dunnville. The stage went down one day and back the next, from Chippewa Falls to North Pepin. The fare was $3. In 1852, the Methodist Episcopal Conference of Wis consin sent a preacher to this valley. His mission was a failure; one of his meetings was assailed by a boat's crew, and he withdrew for more promising fields. The freshet of 1855 did not affect the Eau Claire. An act of the Legislature was passed, in 1853, creating the county of Chippewa. It embraced all the settlements in the valley along the Red Cedar. The Eighth Judicial District was created at the same time, and the new county formed a part of it. S. N. Fuller was elected Circuit Judge. He opened Court in the Fall of 1854, at the Falls. Samuel Allison was appointed Clerk, but a sudden sickness carried him off before the close of the term. Blois Hurd, a millwright, was Sheriff. It took nearly every man in the county to fill the panels for the grand and petit juries. Several criminal cases were on the docket, but few civil cases. The early history of the judiciary of the eighth district, if men who are now living can be relied upon, was a travesty upon justice ; per sonal considerations often decided the case, regardless of law and evidence. A prominent lawyer in Eau Claire says, that he was brought to the verge of ruin by want of success in that Court, and in self defence, organized an opposition that elected L. P. Weatherbee Judge of the Eighth District, as Fuller's successor. The Summer of 1855 was an exceptional one. The Spring opened earlier than usual, but in June there were three severe frosts, which killed the grass, the leaves on the trees, and the whole country looked like Autumn, while the fires on meadow and prairie swept away the withered vege tation. This havoc extended over the whole northern part of the State, and the gloomy view might have had some effect in suppressing the spirit of speculation, with which the thousands who were then pouring into this region were afflicted ; but, if so, it was unobservable. A mania to be come suddenly rich became epidemic. The Crimean War had carried up the price of wheat ; there was a wild system of free banking ; returns for the capital and labor invested in California had begun, and it was supposed that the gold would furnish an everlasting basis for the paper currency. Add to this the fact that Congress had just authorized the issue of land warrants to all those who had served in any war for the United States, and that these land warrants immediately fell into the hands of speculators, and at once absorbed large tracts of land, to be held by non-residents until adjoining improvements should render them valuable — and you have the factors that went to make up that era, and the cause of the widespread and depressing panic of 1857, which followed. During the Winter following the crash of 1857, the set tlers here had to mutually assist each other, dividing their rations until the last loaf was well nigh consumed. The agents of the State, for locating the lands above mentioned in this vicinity, were W. H. Gleason and R. F, Wilson, who arrived in 1855. All the points on the river were critically examined with a view of locating a town site where the natural advantages indicated future growth. This place was selected, and a negotiation with J. J. Gage and James Reed for a purchase of one-half of the plat to be then surveyed was successful. The village was recorded at Chippewa Falls, the county seat at that time, as Eau Claire. Early that Summer Carson, Eaton & Downs, of Eau Galle, purchased the mill then run by Stone, Swim, George Randall & Hope, where the water-mill of the Eau Claire Lumber Company's water-mill now is, and refitted it with turbine wheels, new machinery, etc., and they also pur chased heavily of the pine lands up the river and its branches. Few accessions were made to the new village that year. Adin Randall came from Madison and began the erection of the Eau Claire House. Chapin M. Seeley commenced the erection of the first plastered house in the place. Henry Huntington and E. E. Shaw opened a small store. The following Winter, 1856, the county of Eau Claire was formed with this village as the county seat, and from that time there has been little interruption in its growth, as a reference to the census will show. HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 301 Many speculators in wild lands came to grief through the agency of unpaid taxes and the inevitable tax title, which often fell into the hands of the mill owner. To se cure pine land many employes pre-empted choice tracts, which were for a greater or less consideration deeded to their employers. Thus the evils of non-resident ownership were miti gated. The first election held was in 1855, and embraced the notorious Barstow and Bashford gubernatorial contest. The bogus returns which figured so conspicuously in that case purported to have been from Bridge Creek in this county. In 1856 the county was quite rapidly filling up. Mer chants and mechanics began to arrive. The Eau Claire House was finished. The Bank of Eau Claire went into operation, W. H. Gleason, president; C. H. Gleason, cash ier; C. M. Seeley was the chief manager. Chapman & Thorp arrived and bought the entire interest of Gage & Reed and one-half the village plat. The Presbyterian Church was commenced, the first in the whole valley. Daniel Shaw & Co. located in the Fourth Ward. In gram & Kenuedy bought the site for their first mill, and began the race between the river and Half-Moon Lake. These were the most prominent events in that year. The year 1857 witnessed some changes. Two churches went up this year, the Congregationalist on the west side, and the Catholic on the north side, which latter place was laid out as a town by Dr. W. T. Galloway and Augustus Huysen. Another Bank was instituted by Hall & Brothers who were non-residents, but the bank was ably managed by D. R. Moore. Both these were banks of issue. Congress had created a new land district; Dr. W. T. Galloway was appointed Register and N. B. Boyden, Re ceiver. Chapman & Thorp bought the entire interest of Carson & Eaton in the Eau Claire Mill Water Power and pine lands for $125,000, and began the erection of the steam- mill just above Dewey street on the Eau Claire. A few hundred bushels of wheat were shipped that year. Other farm productions found a ready home market. Congress had, in 1856, passed an act giving to the State of Wisconsin certain alternate sections of land for railroad purposes. One of the projected lines was to run from Por tage via Tomah to St. Croix County. It was supposed this road would be built at once, a company was organized and millions of stock issued. The supposed possession of in formation as to where it would cross the Chippewa, started the most wild and visionary schemes ever indulged in. Various routes were examined, raising local hopes, which ended in bitter disappointment, on account of the with drawal of deposits by some of the heaviest men in town to invest in a new city site at Neill's Creek. The Eau Claire Bank became sickly, went into liquidation. Among the settlers that year were Joseph E. Thorp and family, Alex. Meggett, W. P. Bartlett, George A. Buf fington, Ingram and Kennedy, Jackson Brothers, Peter Wy- koff and Rev. A. Kidder and family. A party of Sioux warriors about this time killed an old domesticated Indian near Frenchtown. A party of Chip pewas were ambuscaded and shot near Dunnville, and in the same year the Chippewas secured two victims and car ried their heads triumphantly to Rock Run and placed the ghastly spectacle on poles by the roadside. The first school-house erected in the village was on the north side. In 1857 there was a mission-school established on the west side called the Methodist Institute. For several years it was a useful school. In 1859 a stage route was established between the vil lage and Wabasha. H. Godfrey & Co. were proprietors. »AMtMliii 4kwm fck % ¦MB h \n IK,I 3°2 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The period from this time to the opening of the war of 1861, was marked by a steady filling up of the surrounding country and a healthy growth of the village. The dates of the inception of various industrial enter prises will be found in the biographical sketches. Indeed much of the history of the city will be found in these ac counts of the early settlers. In 1859 the lands of the Fox River Improvement Com pany, being in the market in a modified way, extensive dealings in these lands were carried on at the land office here. By the terms of the grant they could not be pre empted by actual settlers, but could be covered by land warrants which were extensively uged. N. B. Borden was at that time Receiver. One night when the returns were about due in Washington, there was a safe explosion, and a robbery in the land office. It is believed the government was never able to recover the funds. THE REBELLION. All the space devoted to Eau Claire City and County might easily be filled with its war record and stirring events of that period. Its history is a counterpart of what trans pired in every village of like size in the whole North. The record is one of self sacrifice, of patriotism, fortitude and courage, with a sublime confidence in the final success which often seemed so far off. Eau Claire furnished more than her quota of men, and there is no brighter page in the hjstory of that struggle than that which records the deeds of the companies in the 8th, 16th, 25th, 30th, and 36th, and other regiments from this place. The Eagle Company and Regiment has a world-wide reputation, and indeed the history of the Wisconsin men who assisted to save our imperilled Union is fully recorded in other works and the subject is here reluctantly left with this brief allusion. Having thus reviewed the salient points in the early career of Eau Claire, the reader is respectfully referred to what follows for a knowledge of the city in its present condition, and a glimpse at many of the steps taken to reach its present altitude, which is viewed with a pardon able pride by the old settlers, but which may be looked upon after the lapse of generations, as the day of small things for this young metropolis of the Chippewa Valley. Eau Claire is six miles from the Mississippi and being at the junction of the Eau Claire and Chippewa rivers which drain a large region north, east and south, at the head of navigation and the very base of the immense pine ries on the rivers above, has unparalleled lumbering facili ties, and the general merchandise trade must extend in definitely, as the lumber region becomes devoted to agri culture and manufacturing as it certainly must. The confidence which has been reposed in the future of Eau Claire, will certainly not be disappointing, for the trade of these valleys and their countless tributaries naturally con verges towards and centers at this point, and with proper railroad facilities there is no doubt as to the future. The Chippewa, which is navigable to the falls, eleven miles above the city, enters the city from the north, after describing a well defined but reversed letter S. At the falls above the city, there is the Dells dam, with its log races and lock, which is used for lumber rafts, but seldom for boats. The river has a generally southwestern course, having its origin in the extreme northwestern part of Michigan. The Eau Claire, a stream perhaps one-third its size, arises in the adjoining counties on the east, and, receiving numerous accessions north and south, enters the Chippewa at right angles, near the center of the town. The Chippewa River was called by the first explorers, The Santeur. The Eau Claire was named by the early French explorers or traders. The lower dam on the Eau Claire has a fall often feet, and at low water exhibits 400 horse power. The upper dam, at the water mill, has fourteen feet fall, and the minimum power is 700 horse. Three miles above the city, on the Eau Claire, is a fall of sixteen feet, and nine miles further up a fall of forty feet. Other important water-power locations are found further up the river, and on its branches. The Chippewa and tributary streams are well stocked with edible fish. The market at different seasons has stur geon, muskalonge, pike, pickerel, catfish, black bass, rock bass, spotted bass, and others less important. The citizens of Eau Claire, having procured a charter, held their first election under its provisions in the Springof 1872. H. P. Graham was elected the first Mayor, and served until April, 1873 ; was succeeded by J. P. Nelson, who held the office one year. G. E. Porter was Mayor from April, 1874, until April, 1875, when G. A. Buffington was installed in that position. April, 1876, L. M. Vilas was elected. In 1877, W. F. Bailey was chosen; and in 1878, George W. Chapman, who was re-elected for 1879. In 1880, J. F. Moore filled this position. In 1881, at this writing, the Mayor is Dr. E. T. Farr. C. E. Gleason was the first City Clerk, and was re-elected to that position, from year to year, until 1879, when John Hanner took his place, holding the office two years. April, 1 881, George W. Churchill was elected to the office. E. H. Playter was Treasurer from 1872 to 1878. For 1879, B. S. Phillips was chosen Treasurer, and still retains the place. The following gentlemen have been elected President of the Council : 1872, Texas Angel ; 1873, George W. Dem- ming ; 1874, Donald Kennedy; 1875, Frank McDonough ; 1876-77, F.W.Woodward; 1878-79, G.W. Demming; 1880, George B. Shaw; 1881, W. P. Bartlett. The City Attorneys have been: 1872, L. M.Vilas; 1873-4, W. R. Hoyt ; 1875, Alexander Meggett ; 1876, H. H. Hayden; 1877, L. R. Larson; 1878-80, M. Griffin; 1881, Col. E. M. Bartlett. Municipal Judge, L. E. Lattimer, 1872 to 1878; L. R. Larson from 1878. William Weissenfelds has been City Surveyor since the city was organized. Present city officers. — Mayor, E. J. Farr ; Clerk, George Churchill; Treasurer, B. S. Phillips; City Attorney, Col. E. M. Bartlett. Aldermen. — First Ward, Frank McDonough, Frank Pulle; Second Ward, F. J. McGrath, W. T. Galloway; Third Ward, W. P. Bartlett, N. C. Wilcox ; Fourth Ward, George B. Shaw, Noah Shaw ; Fifth Ward, G. A. Buffing ton, G. W. Mason ; Sixth Ward, W. W. Downs, T. W. Thomas ; Seventh Ward, Henry Davis, Chris Carlson ; Eighth Ward, T. F. Frawley, A. S. Bostwick. Police. — Thomas Donnelly, Chief; John Higgins, John Hancock, Lafayette Elliott, Robert Anderson, Charles Pelka. Post-Office. — Located at the corner of Kelsey and River streets. Postmaster, James M. Brackett ; Assistant, Jay C. Bartlett. Branch office, west side, Station A ; Col. E. M. Bartlett, Postmaster. In June, 1878, when Mr. Brackett was appointed Post master, the sale of stamps and envelopes did not exceed $1,700 per quarter. Now it averages $2,700 per quarter. The registered letters, per quarter, then numbered about 250 ; now more than 600. Money orders have increased at the same rate. It is now a second-class office. The post- office was remodeled and supplied with Yale lock-boxes HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3°3 and modern appliances, and opened for business on Janu ary 6, 1875. The growth of the city business has carried it far beyond the postal facilities then provided. Deputy Collector Internal Revenue. — J. F. Moore ; office, No. 9 Kelsey street. United States Land Office. — Located corner River and Kelsey streets. J. G. Callahan, Register ; V. W. Bayless, Receiver; D. S.Thompson, Clerk. Fire Department. — There are two steam fire engines in the city. No. 1, on the west side; this was procured in 187 1, before the city organization ; Eugene Bullard was the first Chief Engineer. No. 2, located under the City Hall, was procured in 1873. Wales H. Willard is Engineer, and F. Ferris, Driver, of No. 1. Charles Cutler is Engineer of No. 2 ; Frank Harmon, Foreman. Chief Engineer, J C. Churchill. The second steam fire engine procured was in March, 1875. Charles Cutler was the Engineer. This was during Mr. Porter's administration as Mayor. June 25, 1874, there was a firemen's parade, with the usual concomitants on such occasions. Three hundred fire men from abroad participated in the tournament. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. A. O. U. W. Hall, Bailey's Hall, City Buildings, Court- House and County Jail, Germania Hall, Granger's Hall, Gymnasium Hall, west side ; Masonic Hall, east side ; Mu sic Hall, Normanna Hall, Odd Fellows' Hall, Temple of Honor Hall. NEWSPAPERS. The Chippewa An'.eiger, weekly, established in 1873. T. Friedlander, editor and proprietor. It is printed in the Ger man language. Independent. The Eau Claire Free Press, a daily and weekly Republi can paper. The oldest paper in the city ; was started in 1857, and, after a few months, being on the point of suspen sion, it was purchased by Gilbert E. Porter, who took charge and successfully managed the concern until 1864. It then fell into the hands of J. B. and H. M. Stocking, who con tinued the paper until January 1, 1870, when Mr. James M. Brackett became editor, and it was published under the firm name of Rodman & Brackett. January 1, 1873, Mr. Rod man sold his interest to John Hunner, and the new firm started the daily. Mr. Brackett continued as editor until October, 1879, when failing health caused him to retire. A stock company was organized, with a capital of $15,000 ; J. M. Brackett, president; W. A. Rust, vice-president ; John B. Stocking, treasurer ; George A. Barry, managing editor ; Henry Slinguff city editor; W. E. Fleming, book-keeper. Eau Claire News. — This is a weekly Democratic paper; was started by Flavius J. Mills, in the Fall of 1869. George Mills and R. H. Copeland afterwards owned the paper. It is now owned by a private company. Mr. S. S. Kepler is the managing editor. The Leader. — This is a five-column daily, coming into existence as an independent candidate for public favor. It is published by the "Leader Company," on the west side ; W. H. Lamb, manager. Several other papers have, from time to time, been pub lished in the city, among them the Tribune and Argus. For one reason or another they have been discontinued. BANKING. The first bank was the Bank of Eau Claire, started in 1856. W. H. Gleason was president, and C. R. Gleason, a non-resident at that time, was cashier. C. M. Seeley, who, in October, 1858, removed to Meadville, Pa., did the busi ness. Richard Wilson also had an interest in the bank. In October, 1858, Hall and Brother, non-residents, started their bank. Mr. Moon was the manager. Both of these institu tions were banks of issue. C. C. Spofford began banking in 1861. The firm became Spofford & Clark in 1866, and so continued until January i« 1873, when the business was transferred to Clark & In gram, whose bank, on the corner of Kelsey and Barstow streets, is still a flourishing institution, with a heavy busi ness. Bank of Eau Claire. — The present bank came into ex istence in 1872. W. A. Rust and F. VV. Woodward were the proprietors. In 1873, it was organized as the First National Bank, with a capital of $60,000. F. W. Woodward was presi dent, W. A. Rust vice-president, George T. Thompson cashier. Its circulation has since been surrendered, and it has been organized anew, under the laws of the State, with the same officers, and the following gentlemen added as directors : H. H. Hayden, George B. Shaw, B. J. Chur chill. Capital, $30,000, with a surplus of $5,000. To show on which side the balance of exchange rests, it is stated that the bank received in currency alone by express, in one year, $500,000, The Chippewa Valley Bank. — This bank was organized in June, 1876, with a capital of $50,000. Henry C. Put nam is president, and V. W. Bayless, secretary. This bank, in addition to its other business, has large real estate trans actions. State Stock Bank. — This was one of the banks of issue at that time so common. It was owned by H. O. Perrin, of Marshall, Mich. The law regarding National Banks dis posed of this institution. Lumbermen 's Bank. — There was also a bank purporting to be located at Court Ourielles, the proprietors lived here. THE LUMBER INTEREST. The Chippewa being a large river, with an immense log- driving capacity, and tributaries from the pine region, with abundant water-power, it has extensive lumbering estab lishments, none of them more important than at Eau Claire. At this point, in addition to the booms on the Eau Claire River, there is a boom formed by Half Moon Lake, which has a connecting canal with the river. This lake was pos sibly once the bed of the river, which has been changed by accumulating sands and worn banks. A company to ope rate this property was formed in 1859, and re-organized in December, 1871. It may be proper, in this connection, to mention the lowest and most extensive boom on the river, located near its mouth. This is owned by the Beef Slough Manufactur ing, Booming, Log-Driving and Transportation Company. It was organized April 27, 1867, with a capital of $100,000. Its rates of toll are seventy-five cents per 1,000 feet for logs and timber, two cents for railroad ties, and one cent for fence posts. It has a capacity of 200,000,000 feet. So long ago as 1874, it delivered 133,000,000 feet. At Eau Claire, a long and bitter legislative fight, con tinuing ten years, was carried on with the capitalists on the river above. It was known as the "Dells' fight." It was finally terminated by authority granted to build a dam. In 1842, H. S. Allen, Simon and George Randall, se lected the lower Dalles, as it was then and now is called, as the proper and only place where lumber could be rescued from the current and successfully handled with security during all stages of water. As a logging stream, it is of the greatest importance, and for years to come the lumber busi ness will be paramount, as it has been in the past. In 1873, an account which was authentic as far as it went, was pub lished, showing the magnitude of the lumber business as it then existed. From it we learn that the Eau Claire Lum ber Company had fifteen camps, four hundred men, one 3°4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. hundred and fifty horse teams, and fifty yoke of oxen. They secured thirty million feet of lumber that season. Smith & Buffington had three camps, one on the Chip pewa and two on the Flambeau. Twelve horse teams, eleven yoke of oxen, and one hundred and twenty men, putting in six million feet on the Chippewa and five million on the Flambeau. D. Swan & Co. had three camps of their own and nine of their " jobbers," making twelve in all ; eight on the Chip pewa, one on the Flambeau, two on the Thornapple and one on another branch. They employed two hundred men, thirty-one ox-teams, thirty-three horse teams, and put afloat twenty million feet of logs. Ingham & Kennedy floated forty million feet. The business of these firms here specified, represented about one-third of the logging interest at that time. As the population has nearly or quite doubled since that time, in response to the increased business, it will be seen that the amount done then as compared with the present time, must have been correctly reported. An account published in 187 1, showed that there were one hundred and twelve camps on the upper Chippewa, and the aggregate lumber cut in Northern Wisconsin, for that year was as follows : On the St. Croix 130,000,000 " Chippewa 275.000,000 " Black __ 200,000,000 " Wisconsin _ ;. 70,000,000 " Wolf 125,000,000 " Oconto _ 60,000,000 ' ' Menomonee _ __i 30,000,000 " Peshtigo __ 40000,000 Total _. 1,030,000,000 Lumber cut on the Chippewa and its tributaries : 1873, 388,417,993 feet; 1874, 298,098,096 feet; 1875, 250,747,- 936 feet. Rafted at Beef Slough: 1873, 91,000,000 feet; 1874, 133,000,000 feet; 1875, 129,000,000 feet. The log product for the Winter of 1875-6, 480,000,- 000 feet. It is estimated that one-half of the pine lumber of Wis consin is in the Chippewa Valley. Various calculations have been made as to the amount of lumber now standing. These estimates vary from eight to twenty thousand million. Lumber cut in 1878, in Eau Claire : lumber, 99,876,120 ; lath, 24,274,100; shingle, 28,125,500; pickets, 482,000. Logs scaled in 1879 : Dist.No. 3, 101,422,299 ; Dist.No. 6, 37,000,980. Log crop of 1878-9, of the Chippewa Valley: lumber, 165,683,216; shingles, 51,777,000; lath, 43,343,550 ; pickets, 1,150,880. Crop of 1877-8: lumber, 99,871,120; shingles, 28,122,- 500; lath, 24,270,100; pickets, 482,194. Logging in 1880 : amount banked on the Elk, north and south forks of the Flambeau : 147,500,000. Lumber cut in the Winter of 1878, on Little Falls Dam and Taylor's Creek : 8,000,000. Drive for the season of 1881, on the Chippewa, was : Little Falls Dam, 75,000,000; Paint Creek, 40,000,000; Dells Dam and Half Moon Lake, 75,000,000; Upper tribu taries of the Chippewa, 60,000,000; Lower Chippewa, Beef Slough, 250,000,000. The Valley Lumber Company, at Eaa Claire, in one day, with two' rotary and one gang saw, cut, 311,610 feet of lumber in less than eleven hours. Since the first lumbering operations were commenced in this region, when a saw-mill was run by a flutter wheel, connected directly with the same frame by a crank, at an enormous waste of power, there has been a radical change. Labor-saving and expediting machinery is now used, which seems to possess human intelligence, as it handles the logs and rapidly converts them into timber, boards, shingles, lath, or pickets. The dam has sixteen feet fall, and has an immense power, which will one day be utilized, perhaps by trans mitting the power by means of condensed air, to all parts of the city. Lumber piled in the Eau Claire Lumber Company's yards during the season of 1880: lumber, 28,260,339; shingles, 12,112,500; lath, 6,693,000. The Lumbermen's Association. — A National convention of lumbermen was formed in Williamsport in the Spring of 1874 ; nearly every point in the lumbering interest was rep resented. Our distinguished townsman, J. G. Thorp, was elected president. On the 19th of September, 1876, the convention met in Eau Claire. Hon. J. G. Thorp, presided, and presented the annual address. The report of G. E. Stockbridge, the sec retary, showed that the amount of lumber on hand in the States was, January 1, 1875, 3,256,889,689 feet. January 1, 1876, 3,069,595,472. The convention adjourned after a profitable session, having received every attention from the citizens. Assorting Logs on ihe Chippewa. — This assorting and log- running business is not well understood by non-residents. It will here be briefly explained. On account of the numerous falls, many rapids and the consequently swift cur rent, no logs can be rafted, as is done in more placid streams, but the logs, after being marked with the owner's registered marks, are dumped promiscuously into the river, and they all flow on together to be caught in the several booms on the river. These booms are floating dams, kept in place by sub merged wings, and project into the river in such a manner that logs floating with the current will be caught or turned aside into an expansion of the river to be there held until men, with suitable corks on their boots, can assort them out, subject to the owner's order. Formerly, when a suffi cient quantity of one firm's mark had accumulated to make two cribs, the mill took one for sawing, and gave the other to the owner. This was when any mill on the river hauled up logs as they came, regardless of the ownership, and men seldom or never got the lumber from the very logs they cut, and as there is a very great difference in the quality of lumber cut in different camps, much injustice was done by the old methods. Now, however, an assorting boom obviates many of the old troubles, as the logs can be promptly delivered to the owners. Sawing Lumber. — As time rolls on, in the distant future, when the prediction that " Old things shall pass away and all things become new " may have been wellnigh fulfilled, when the exhaustion of the lumber shall have necessitated new material for building purposes, and lumber mills may have gone the way of the distaff and spinning-wheel, it may not be uninteresting to read even a brief account of a mill in operation. As you stand inside, you see the ends of four huge logs just hovering over the angle on the log-slip. They are dripping with water and bear, besides the owner's mark, the scars and scratches of a long drive ; another instant, and the dogs that gripped and hauled them up are removed, the outside logs are rolled by cant-hooks right and left to carriages traveling back and forth like a huge piston of a steam-engine, carrying usually two men and a boy to adjust and set the log, which is driven through a circular saw, re volving with lightning rapidity, to strip off the outside or HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3°5 slab, the log is tumbled over automatically, and rapidly squared ; it then is carried by a set of rollers, and becomes an easy victim of the great family gang, that, with its recip rocating motion, beckons it on to unhesitating mastication, and the huge logs, that a few moments before were quietly reposing in the placid water above the mill, are falling down into the sheds or upon a car, finished boards. More logs crawling up; more tumbling over;' more buzzing; more maunching, and more finished lumber, for eleven hours a day, realizes the prosperity and wealth of the lumber region. The slabs are rapidly worked up into pickets and lath. The Eau Claire Lumber Company. — The most extensive lumbering corporation on the river, and one of the largest in the world. The nucleus of the immense property was purchased by Chapman & Thorp, of Gage & Reed, in 1856. It included the mill, pine-lands, and one-half the village plat. The financial crash of 1857, with its com mercial convulsions, was a crushing blow to this struggling firm, and notwithstanding these young men had brought a quarter of a million dollars into the business, the firm was in desperate circumstances, and only the prompt aid of powerful friends in the East saved it from impending de struction. The company was reorganized in 1866, as the Eau Claire Lumber Company, and has always been closely identified with the city and its interests. Although subject to the vicissitudes incident to such extensive operations it has gone on from a beginning with $500,000 capital until now it employs $3,000,000 in its business. It has machine shops, flouring mills, and large lumber mills, in Eau Claire, Meriden and Alma, with a combined capacity of 100,000,- 000 feet a year, and last year actually cut 80,000,000 feet of lumber, and this year will cut 90,000,000 feet. In 1874, the company erected a large brick store for the retail of general merchandise, costing $30,000. At one time the business of the store amounted to $350,000 a year, that part of the business, however, is now closing up. The losses of the firm by fire and flood at various times would aggregate a large sum. In November, 1877, their extensive flouring mill was destroyed by fire. The loss was $50,000 ; insured for $27,000. December 19, 1878, their machine shop was also destroyed by fire. In December, 1879, the boiler of the planing mill exploded, killing J. Wright Hos- kins, the engineer, Anthony Gallagher and Michael Help ing. Thomas Hall was also injured. The mill was badly shattered. The company has extensive yards in St. Louis, where a large part of their lumber is shipped. Fifteen hun dred men are regularly employed in all departments of the business. In the Winter of 1880-1 1,800 men and the necessary teams were in the lumbering camps. In addition to their own manufacture, 20,000,000 feet were bought and disposed of. The present officers and members of the com pany are: J. G. Thorp, president; Richard Schulenburg, vice-president; N. C. Chapman, treasurer; W. A. Rust, secretary. These gentlemen with J. T. Gilbert, George Y. Gilbert and J. G. Chapman constitute the board of direc tors. THE LUMBER YARDS. These extensive yards for piling lumber were laid out by George C. Davis, the present superintendent, on the 14th of June, 1879. There are twenty-five acres with nineteen cross alleys. Mr. Davis employs seventy men and twenty- one teams, and ships by rail 2,5000,000 feet of lumber a month. A good idea of how much i,c 00,000 feet of lumber is may be realized when it is stated that if piled twenty feet high an acre holds 1,000,000 feet, so the capacity of these yards is 25,000,000 feet. Empire Lumber Company. — On March 26, 1881, the firms of Ingram, Kennedy & Co., Eau Claire, Wis., Charles Hor ton Lumber Company, Winona, Minn., and Dulany & Mc Veigh, Hannibal, Mo., became incorporated under the laws of Wisconsin under the name and style of Empire Lumber Company, succeeding to the business of above-mentioned firms, receiving all assets and assuming all liabilities. Offi cers : O. H. Ingram, president, Eau Claire, Wis.; D. M. Dulany, vice-president, Hannibal, Mo.; W. H. Dulany, treasurer, Hannibal, Mo.; Charles Horton, secretary, Wi nona, Minn.; C. A. Chamberlin, assistant secretary, Eau Claire, Wis. Directors : O. H. Ingram, W. P. Tearse, Eau Claire, Wis.; Charles Horton, Roscoe Horton, Winona, Minn.; D. M. Dulany, J. H. McVeigh, G. W. Dulany, Hannibal, Mo. This company has three mills, the "big mill," the "little mill " in the Fourth Ward, and the " Eddy Mill,'1 in the First. The combined capacity of these mills is 250,000 feet in eleven hours. The actual cut for 1881 will be about 50,000,000. Two hundred men on an aver age are employed. The company also operate and stock the Dells Lumber Company's mills, and have a general merchandise store on Water street, under the management of H. B. McMaster. The Valley Lumber Company succeeded Smith & Buff ington. It was incorporated March 5, 1872, with a capital of $250,000, but was not organized until July 10, 1874. The present officers are: William Carson, president and treasurer ; G. A. Buffington, vice-president ; W. H. Smith, of Eau Galle, secretary. E. D. Rand, of Burlington, and C. M. Smith, of Chicago, are also directors. Daniel Shaw Lumber Company. — This company was in corporated in 1874, and succeeded Daniel Shaw & Co. On the site of the present establishment, Daniel Shaw and Charles A. Bullen erected a mill in 1857, beginning opera tions in the Fall. In August, 1867, the mill was burned, but was rebuilt, enlarged and improved the same year. The present capacity of the mill is 150,000,000 a year; shingles, 40,000,000; lath, the same. Employ 200 men as an aver age. The capital is $500,000. Officers : D. Shaw, presi dent; C. A. Bullen, vice-president; C. S. Newell, treasu rer. G. B. Shaw, secretary. In 1881, will cut 25,000,000 lumber. The company also owns and operates the Crescent Mill, a roller flouring mill, with a capacity of 125 barrels a day. Badger State Lumber Company. — This company has a nominal capital of $180,000, but actually employs more than $300,000. The stockholders are : W. A. Woodward, Orange County, N. Y.; F. W. Woodward, W. A. Rust, Eau Claire; S. W. Chinn, Badger Mills; Alfred Toll, John Aire and Joseph Rowe, Hannibal, Mo.; G. T. Hoagland, St. Jo seph, Mo. The mill cuts about 12,000,000 a year, and pur chases as much more. About 150 men are employed in the business. The company owns and operates what was formerly called the Blue Mill, which is spoken of in the early history of the valley. It is now the Badger State Mill. The Beef Slough Manufacturing, Boom, Log-driving and Transportation Company. — This company was organized under the general laws of Wisconsin. The stockholders are Moses M. Davis, Appleton, Wis.; James H. Bacon, Ypsi- lanti, Mich.; Elijah Swift, Falmouth, Mass.; C. Moser, Jr., John Hunner, Jr., Frederick Lane, Alma, Wis. Capital $100,000, limited. $300,000, however, are used in the busi ness. From 600 to 700 men are employed in the running season. The disbursements are between $150,000 and $100,'- 000 a year. It handles $300,000,000 logs a year ; has never manufactured lumber, as their charter authorizes. The Chippewa River Improvement and Log-driving Com pany. — This company was organized February 1, 1876. The patent from the State is dated July 8, 1876. The incorpo rators were F. Weyerhauser, of Rock Island, III.; Chancy Lamb, Clinton, Iowa ; William J. Young, Clinton, Iowa ; 3°6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Earle S. Yeomans, Winona, Minn. The capital stock of the company has been reduced to $125,000, all paid in. The company has built a dam on the east fork of the Chip pewa, a large dam on the main river at little south fork of the Flambeau, two dams on Elk River, and have deepened the main channel at various points, and on the east and west forks of the same on Elk River, and north and south forks of the Flambeau. The company disburses $100,000 a year. The present directors and officers of the company are M. J. Young, president ; Art. Lamb, vice-president ; F. Weyer hauser, D. R. Moon, O. H. Ingram ; Th. Erwin, secretary and treasurer ; D. P. Simons, manager and assistant treas urer. C. L. Coleman's Mill. — The saw-mill of Mr. Coleman was destroyed by fire in 1875, and rebuilt and in operation in January, 1876. The main building is 155x60 feet, con sisting of two stories. Fifty-five cords of stone were used in the construction of the foundation for the gang saw. There are six boilers. The cylinder of the engine is thirty inches by thirty. The smoke-stack is 100 feet high. There are two double circular saws, and one 154 -inch gang. The logs are handled automatically by appropriate machinery. The shingle mill is 36x36. The establishment is complete in every respect. Northwestern Lumber Company, successors to Porter, Moon & Co. and S. T. McKnight & Co., incorporated June 26, 1873, with a capital of $300,000, since increased to $443,900. The original proprietors were G. E. Porter, D. R. Moon, S. T. McKnight; present officers, D. R. Moon, president; G. B. Chapman, vice-president ; S. T. McKnight, secretary and treasurer. Mr. McKnight resides in Hannibal, Mo., the distributing point of the company. The company has a mill in Wheaton, Chippewa Co., and two in Porters- ville, town of Brunswick. Their united capacity is 175,000 lumber. 150,000 shingles, 60,000 lath and 1,000 pickets per day of twelve hours. The mills are run from the first of May until some time in November, each year. The com pany employs 200 men in Wisconsin and 100 in Missouri. The average yearly product is 30,000,000 lumber, 25,000,000 shingles, 10,000,000 lath, and 500,000 pickets. At Porters- ville there is also a planing and a feed mill, and the compa ny has several general merchandising stores. Eau Claire Manufacturing Company, instituted in 1880, with a capital of $25,000, A. E. Swift, president, E. N. Wil son, secretary and treasurer, capital now $85,000, will cut 14,000,000 this year, and employ fifty men. Sherman &•" Brother. — Arthur M. and John Sherman were among the 1856-57 settlers. They owned the Eddy mill from 1863 to 1866, when it was sold to Ingram, Ken nedy & Co.. They then engaged in logging. They then bought into the Boyd mill, which went out with the flood of 1880, landing in a completely demolished condition seven miles down the river. In the Fall of 1880, they began the Sherman mill on Half-moon Lake, which was completed in July, 1881. It is a complete mill, with a 275 Corliss engine and the latest mill machinery. The cut will be 100,000 a day. In 1880, the amount of lumber cut in the several mills foots up as follows : Lumber, 200,161,650; lath, 50,- 258,000; shingles, 62,000,000; pickets, 1,358,000. Total, 313.777,650. THE SAWDUST WAR. On Monday, the nth of July, 1881, with little or no warn ing as to their purpose, the several hundred men employed by the Eau Claire Lumber Company, after the mills were in operation, at about six o'clock in the morning, suddenly at a given signal quit work, demanding a reduction of the time of labor to ten hours a day. They formed a proces- cession and went the " grand rounds " of the several mills, compelling them all to stop and the men to join the ranks, with the single exception of Sherman's mill. Here they were met by the gallant and urbane captain, who commanded a halt, and, on learning the nature of the business of the crowd, informed them that he was running on the ten hour system, and supplying them with beer from the contiguous brewery, they moved on. At some of the mills the fires were put out and consid erable physical persuasion used to carry their point. In the evening, and for several days, there were processions and public speeches in the park, their banner bearing the device, "Ten hours, or no sawdust." There was considerable excitement. A good many threats were made, and, later in the week, Gov. William E. Smith was informed of affairs, and he came in person and looked over the situation, and finally acted on the advice of the mill-owners and others, and ordered the State militia upon the scene. Just before their arrival, on Saturday, several arrests were made of the more boisterous among the strikers. The following companies promptly responded to the Governor's call, arriving on Saturday, the 23d of July: First battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Britton — Company A, Janesville Guards ; company B, Bower City Rifles. Fourth battalion, Lieutenant Colonel, C. P. Chapman — Company A, Governor's Guards; company B, Guppy Guards; company C, Lake City Guards; company D, Watertown Rifles, embracing about 375 men. They encamped on the west side park and in the Court house, and remained until the 29th and 30th, having been entertained with a dance by the strikers and a supper by the ladies, and triumphantly carrying home the strikers' flag — the result of a peaceable negotiation instead of a sanguinary conflict. OTHER INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES. In addition to the great staple business of lumber, the city is rapidly developing, and already has quite a numbei of manufacturing industries which must continue to in crease and multiply for a long time. Some of the most important of these will now be alluded to. Phcenix Ma?iufacturing Company, incorporated October J3i 1875 ; proprietors, Hiram C. Graham, Samuel White, Robert Toller, Conway B. Daniels ; capital $50,000. This firm builds mill machinery, grist-mills and iron work gen erally. It also has a planing mill, etc. The present capital is $100,000, and a business of a like amount is done an nually. The pay roll is about $4,500 a month. The Eau Claire Dells Gas Light and Coke Company. — W. S. Easton, president ; A. E. Swift, vice-president and man aging director. Incorporated in July, 1877. The works are located on the west side. It has twelve and one-half of mains, which are constantly being added to Badger Stale Economist Threshing Machine. — This ma chine, the invention of Robert H. Monteith,is manufactured by a company consisting of Messrs. Thorp, Gilbert, Chap man and Rust. Preparations are making to manufacture the machine on a large scale. The Telephone. — This valuable invention is extensively used in the city. The Telegraph. — The Western Union has an office here. Express. — The American Express runs on the various railroad lines and does a heavy business. Eau Claire Woolen Mill. — This mill is located in Sec. 27, town of Washington; employs ten hands; manufactures cassimeres, flannels and yarns, and do a large amount of custom carding. There is a home market for all the pro ducts of the mill. Eau Claire Chilled Plow Company. — Incorporated May HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3°7 30, 1881; capital, $ro,ooo; F. W. Woodward, president; Noah Shaw, vice-president; George B. Shaw, secretary and treasurer; James P. Mclntyre, superintendent. The firm began work July 18, 1881, and will turn out 500 or 600 plows this year, from Mr. Mclntyre's designs. It is claimed that the shape and material give these plows light draught, easy handling and good work, and that they clean equal to steel plates. They are made of soft iron, which is crystal lized by a new process, the invention of Mr. Mclntyre. Noah Shaw Foundry and Machine Shop. — It was built in i860. The firm name was Shaw, Fisk & Co., the personnel being Noah Shaw, J. D. Fisk, D. H. Ferguson and N. B. Greer. These men did all the work in the shop. Greer retired in 1863. Dr. W. T. Galloway became a member of the firm in 1864, Mr. Fisk retiring. In 1867, Mr. Ferguson sold to Dr. Galloway, and several years later Mr. Shaw be came sole proprietor, and has managed the concern since then, most of the time alone. At first there was but a sin gle lathe, no drill or planer. The business gradually in creased, until now fifty men are employed. In i860, the stone part of the present shop was erected. The shop turns out steam engines, rotary saw-mills, double and single block shingle mills, grub pin lathes, and other saw and planing mill machinery. About $75,000 worth of work is done each year. Carriage Manufacturers and Blacksmiths — Bonell Broth ers. Boiler Maker— P. Lally. Dells Brewery — Henry Sommereyer, proprietor ; E. M. Hautzsch, Trase & Leissaik. Broom Manufacturer — D. F. Crabbe. Does exception ally good work. Cabinet Makers — Norway Furniture Company. Coopers — Eau Claire Lumber Company, Fabion Schis- mer. Feed Mill— Mayhew & Co. Flour Mills — P. W. Daniels, Eau Claire Lumber Com pany, Daniel Shaw Lumber Company. Marble Works— W. F. Cook. Sash, Door and Blind Manufacturers — Bangs & Fish, Blashfield & Duffield. Soap Manufacturers — National Soap Works. A plan is maturing to establish a manufactory of the " Monteith Thresher." The planing mill business was commenced here by Ste phen Marston, in i860, in the mill built by Adin Randall. This mill was sold to Ingram & Kennedy, in 1872. Mr. Marston's present mill was built in 1867. He manufactures doors, sash, blinds,, etc., in an enlarged and improved es tablishment. The Dells Company began the construction of the canal on the thirtieth day of October, 1879. The first officers of the company were elected November n, 1879 — F. W. Wood ward, president ; J. M. Brackett, vice-president ; George B. Shaw, secretary; V. W. Balies, treasurer. Board of Trade. — The first meeting to organize this in stitution was held Friday, October 17, 1879. F. W. Wood ward was the first president, and George B. Shaw, secretary. F. McDonough is now president; W. L. Kepler, vice-presi dent; V. W. Bayless, treasurer, and George B. Shaw, sec retary. Regular meetings first Monday in each month. Eau Claire Savings, Loan and Building Association. — This institution was organized August 7, 1877. The pur pose and business of the association is to afford to its mem bers a safe means of accumulating and investing money, as a savings bank, and to loan its money to its stockholders upon properly approved securities ; to aid and encourage its members to build or purchase homes for themselves. This association has been a material aid in building up the city. The transactions for the year ending August 2, 1880, amounted to $66,336.89. The first officers of the associa tion were : President, George H. Webster ; Treasurer, F. W. Woodward ; Secretary, John Hunner. The officers for 1880-1 are: G. H. Webster, president; H. C. Howland, vice-president; F. W. Woodward, Treasurer; George T. Thompson, secretary; George C. Teall, attorney. Elevators. — G. B. Chapman & Co. This firm has a cylin drical elevator, with a capacity of 25,000 bushels. It has been in operation one season, and handled about 75,000 bushels. The personnel of the firm is G. B. Chapman, Nel son Wilcox and B. J. Churchill. The elevator is on the north side, near the C, St. P. & M. R. R. track. This com pany, besides their grain business, handles about 15,000 tons of hard and soft coal. The Eau Claire Lumber Company also have an elevator, and are an extensive buyer of wheat. T. E. Randall & Son also have an elevator, near the C, St. P. & M. depot, and do a large business. The wheat shipped from Eau Claire has been steadily increasing, until now it amounts to at least 350,000 bushels annually. Hotels. — There are about twenty hotels in town. One of the oldest, and a first-class house, is the Eau Claire, on the site of the first hotel, built by Adin Randall, in 1878, and for some time it was kept by Levi Slinghlupp & Son. It was rebuilt in 1879. The proprietor is William Newton, who has occupied it seventeen years, except two years when he had charge of the Galloway House. The hotel started with nine rooms; now has forty-eight sleeping rooms, and eighteen more are in process of construction. The house was re-opened November 28, 1878, by William Newton. C. B. Newton is clerk, and Charley Foster night clerk. The Galloway House is a first-class hotel. This house was built by Dr. William T. Galloway. It was re-opened May 1, 1874, by William Newton. Its construction was commenced in 1872, but it was not finished until the fol lowing year, when it was opened by William Newton. Mr. Andrew Burlap succeeded him. Mr. De La Verd was pro prietor. Mr. Fred Hanson, the present proprietor, took the house July 28, 1879. There are fifty-four sleeping rooms and a first-class Turkish bath in the house. Charles McDonald is clerk, J. H. Woodbury, night clerk ; William H. Douglass, steward. The Vinton House. — For a long time this was the lead ing hotel. At first it was the Williams House, having start ed in 1869. Mr. Peabody, who afterwards was proprietor, gave it his own name. Mr. W. F. Vinton now is proprietor, having owned it since 1869. It has forty-seven sleeping rooms, a splendid dining room, and a good cuisine. The Sherman House is an old reliable hostelry, T. F. Kenyon proprietor. Some of the other houses are : The Britton House, Central Exchange, Hart's, Joyce, Kneer, Railroad, Ratzinger, Skandinavian, Star and Upper Valley. The business of the city not unfrequently taxes them to the ut most. The Railroad Hotel, at the depot, is everything to be de sired by the traveling public. Frank Pulte, proprietor. River Steamers —The " Ida Campbell " is now the only one on the river; Capt. Monteith. STAGE LINES. Mondovi Line. — Leaves the Sherman House at 9 a.m., Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays; leaves Mondovi Post- office at 7 a.m., Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. S. L. Haskins, proprietor. Whitehall Line. — Leaves Sherman House at 6 a.m., Wednesday and Saturday; leaves Whitehall at 6 a.m., Tues day and Friday. David Harnden, proprietor. 3o8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Rice Lake Line — Make three trips a week, stopping at Sand Creek and Chetek. Tucker & Blyton, proprietor. West Wisconsin U. S. Mail Line. — Stage for Durant leaves Sherman House at 12 m., Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays ; leaves Durant at 7 a.m., Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. M. D. Prindle, proprietor. There are several public squares set aside for park pur poses. University Square, on the hill, on the eastern border of the east side. One bounded by Barstow, Farewell, Emery and Earl streets. West Side Park, between Broadway and Niagara streets and Third and Fourth avenues. They are without ornament, except grass and young trees. Street Railway. — The Eau Claire Street Railway was begun October 14, 1879. Dr. Watkins was the contractor; Mr. Goff, of Milwaukee, had charge of the track laying. The car-house and stables are near the western terminus of the Chippewa bridge, to the south. The cars began run ning December n, 1879. Pres. Woodward and Vice-Pres. Swift were on the first excursion car. John B. Stocking was driver ; Fred Anthony, conductor. The contractor was also aboard. The road started with six cars and thirty horses; now has forty-seven horses and seven cars. Bridges. — The Chippewa Bridge, crossing the river from the foot of Kelsey street, was opened for travel April 1, 1869. The contract price for its construction, which was paid C. C. & E. G. Smith, the contractors, was $34,946.74; other expenses, such as approaches and contingencies, car ried the total cost to the city up to $37,541.61. The struct ure is of wood, 569 feet in length, and is supported by the abutments and four piers. At first there was a toll, which is always a source of annoyance, and, in 1873, the agitation for a free bridge was carried on with great spirit, and after an exciting controversy the free bridge advocates prevailed, and the collection of toll was abolished. This was ori April 5, 1873. The bridge on Dewey street was rebuilt, in 1874, at a contract price of $2,497, by the Eau Claire Lumber Com pany. There is also a bridge across the Eau Claire, on Barstow street, a wooden structure. The Eau Claire Lumber Company have two foot bridges, one at the lower and another at their upper mill. The Chippewa bridge was swept away by the flood of 1880, and was only rebuilt and opened for travel five months afterwards. Mclntire & Swift were the contract ors at $i 1,000. The east end of the bridge was placed on the old abutment, but the west end was placed half a block up stream, to connect directly with Bridge street. Travel on the bridge was resumed on Thursday, November 18, 1880. The iron railroad bridge, to replace the wooden struct ure, of the C, St. P. & M. Railroad, was completed May 1, 188 1. The spans are 170 feet, and whole length of bridge 880 feet. Water- Works. — The subject of water-works for the city has been frequently agitated. March 22, 1880, the City Council went so far as to authorize a contract with Messrs. Gray & Swift for their construction. The estimated cost, including twelve and a half miles of mains, was $170,000. For some reason the work was not entered upon. The Eau Claire Lumber Company have a Holly pump which supplies its own buildings, the Eau Claire and Gal loway houses, and perhaps a few others. Water for domestic purposes is usually obtained from wells, which, as a rule, furnish good water. At the depot, the water is obtained from a well seventy-eight feet deep. On the plateau above the depot the wells are about 100 feet deep, through sand, loam and gravel. As there is no clay under the city between the surface and the water bearing strata, the filth that life in a city in volves must percolate down into the wells, and, as a matter of course, the water will constantly become worse and worse, and as a sanitary measure the city will be compelled to procure water outside of its limits. On the west side there are many drive wells. General Trade. — To feed the people, there are upwards of thirty grocery firms. Nearly thirty insurance compa nies are represented, and there are the usual number of business houses, of a miscellaneous character, to supply the wants of the city and country, and while Eau Claire is given to temperance societies and temperance work, there are about forty saloons. Professional. — There are more than twenty lawyers and a little less number of physicians, and ten or more minis ters. According to Mr. Meggett, in a Fourth of July ora tion, the number is inversely according to their usefulness. He, a leading lawyer, advised the people " to go to the ministers more, to the doctors less, and to the lawyers never — if it could be avoided." The Bar is able, the phy sicians are skillful, and the ministers are popular. What more is required ? CHURCHES. The people of the city of Eau Claire are above the average in. church going inclination. The pulpit is an able one, and there is little disposition on the part of pastor or people to sever their relations for slight causes. Some of the ministers still here were among the early pioneers, and are firmly established in the confidence of their respective congregations. First Baptist Church — Rev. Dr. John Y. Aitchison, pastor. Organized in 1861. Rev. A. B. Green was the first pastor. It began with seven members ; now has 137. It has a good church, located on Fourth avenue, opposite the park. German Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart— -Rev. Joseph Boehm, pastor. The corner-stone of the present structure was laid in June, 1880, and completed in June, 1881. It is a fine building, with a pleasing interior finish. It is 105x47 feet, has twin spires 105 feet high. St. Patrick Catholic Church — Rev. Father John G. Col lins, rector. This church has a school connected with it. There are 300 families in regular attendance. The corner stone of a new church for this society was laid with appro priate ceremonies on the 26th of June, 1881. It is located on the west side, and has a large congregation. First Congregational Church. — This was started as a mis sion church in 1856. In a few years it became self-support ing. Rev. Mr. Kidder was the first minister. The church is located opposite the West Side Park, on Third avenue, and has a seating capacity of about 500. It was dedicated in 1859, and enlarged in 1875. Rey- JF. Dudley is pastor, having come here twelve years ago. Up to that time, the total membership was 143. During the present pastorate 200 names have been added, making a total of 343- Deaths and removals leave the present number of members 250. Joint Convention of the St. Croix and Chippewa Congrega tional Association. — This is an institution of interest in Eau Claire. The first session was held in Hammond, in 1879; in Menomonie in 1880, and in Eau Claire on June 21, 1881. Eighteen societies make up the convention. J. F. Dudley is clerk of the Chippewa branch, and W. C. Hicks of the St. Croix.Christ Episcopal Church. — The church edifice is on Fare well street, near Jones street, a gothic structure, still incom plete on the outside ; Rev. Dr. Joel Clark, rector. There is a present membership of twenty-nine, with a regular HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3°9 attendance of 250. The church seems to be entering upon a season of prosperity. Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran, north side, and the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran, west side. This was dedicated on the 15th of June, 1873. These churches are under the pastocal care of Rev. G. Hoyne, and are in a flourishing condition. In 1876, there was a joint member ship of 373. There are now 580 members. St. John's German Lutheran. — Located on the corner of Barstow and Galloway streets. Rev. John G. Rocknagel, pastor for the past four years. The congregation is made up of the families of seventy-three members. Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Norwegian Synod on the west side. Rev. H. Hakonsen, pastor. Barstow Street Methodist Episcopal Church. — This church came into existence in 1858. William Donnell was the first minister, The present church was built in 1872, through the efforts of Rev. E. E. Clough. It is of brick, 91x42. The corner-stone was laid April 19, 1870. It was dedicated on the 18th of September, 1872, by Bishop Haven. The pastor was A. J. Davis, and there was a membership of about 130. Rev. C. R. Kellerman is the present pastor. The Lake Street Methodist Church was organized in i860. Early in 1870, the efforts to raise funds were so far success ful, that on September 19, the corner-stone was laid, Gen. Fallows officiating. It was constructed of wood, and veneered with brick. The building is transept with corner tower, standing on Fourth avenue and Lake street. It cost $14,000, and was dedicated September 15, 1872, Bishop Haven conducting the services. Rev. John Tresidder is the present pastor. It has a membership of 140. The Ladies' Mite Society. — Conducted with the Barstow street Methodist Episcopal Church. It has been a valuable auxiliary in the work of the church, especially in building operations. The officers of the Mite Society are : Mrs. F. R. Skinner, president; Mrs. B. C. Dunn, vice-president; Mrs. O. Walker, treasurer ; Mrs. N. S. Buck, secretary. The church membership is about 100. First Presbyterian Church, Barstow street, Rev. W. H. Lockwood, pastor. This was an early church, having been instituted in the Spring of 1857. Rev. W. W. McNair was the first pastor. Mr. Lockwood has been here as pastor since 1864. The membership is 170, and the seating capacity of the church 400. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The schools of the city are well up to the times, al though the district system, on account of local interests, is still maintained. There are three districts, one in each di vision of the city, with six school buildings, and one leased. The number of school children is 2,500, and of this num ber 80 per cent, attend school. The schools are graded, and in the absence of a common high school, the higher branches are taught in each of the districts. The number of teachers are thirty. SOCIETIES. Masonic. — The members of this mystic fraternity em braces many of the leading men of the city. The lodges, chapter and commandery are all in a flourishing condition. Eau Claire Lodge, No. 112, meets on the first and third Monday of each month. William A. Teall is the present W. M. The past masters are William H. Bailey, William Pitt Bartlett, Isadore Cook, C. R. Gleason, Charles P. Mosher, Alexander Meggett, M. E. O'Connell, George C. Teall. It was organized December 30, 1858, under a dis pensation charter, granted June 15, 1859. Alexander Meg gett was the first mason made in the lodge. West Eau Claire Lodge, No. 162. Meetings on the first and third Saturdays of each month. Noah Shaw, W. M. Past Masters — M. D. Bartlett, Edwin J. Farr, James S. Hus ton, James F. Moore, N. B. Rundle, Noah Shaw. This lodge was organized August 30, 1866. West Eau Claire Chapter, No. 36, R. A. M. Meets first Thursday evening of each month. Edwin J. Farr, H. P., Past H. P. — N. B. Rundle, Noah Shaw, Alexander Meggett, M. D. Bartlett, Levi E. Lattimer, George W. James and A. L. Jenks. Organized 1867. Chippewa Commandery, No. 8. Stated conclaves second Monday of each month. George C. Teall, Em. Com. Past Em. Com.— E. M,y Bartlett, Edwin J. Farr, N. B. Run dle, Noah Shaw. Was instituted in 1870. Odd Fellows. — Eau Claire Lodge, No. 129, meets on Monday evening at their hall on Barstow street. B. F. Teall, N. G. ; Joel Clark, R. S. ; John Powers, P. S. Frieden Lodge, No. 254, instituted by B. F. Teall, Dis trict Deputy, May 16, 1876, fourteen charter members. Matthew Kneer was the first N. G. Meets on Thursday evenings, at the Odd Fellows Hall on Barstow street. Present officers in part : H. Rodensleben, N. G. ; H. Scha fer, V. G. ; F. Schwahn, R. S. Chippewa Lodge, No. 140, I. O. O. F., meets on Sat urday evening at Odd Fellows Hall, west side. Organized in 1865, with nine charter members. The first N. G. was Ed. Davis. Present membership eighty-four. A. G. Friend, N. G.; Robert Parker, Recorder. Knights of Pythias. — D. W. Day is the Grand Chancellor for the jurisdiction of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wis. Eau Claire Lodge, No. 16, meets on Thursday evening. A. O. U. W. — Banner Lodge, No. 17, organized in 1879. Present M. W., Dr. E. C. French ; Recorder, Conrad Ender- line. July 4, 1881, this lodge celebrated the day. Hon. Alexander Meggett delivered an eloquent and stirring ora tion ; there were refreshments, music and dancing. Eau Claire Temple of Honor, No. 140. — The temple was organized in May, 1877. A. M. Childs was the first Wor thy Chief Templar. At one time it was, and it may be now, the largest Temple of Honor in the world. The list of members embraces 675 names. Their hall is in Chappell Block. Juvenile Temple of Honor, meets on Saturdays at Tem ple of Honor Hall. A lodge of the I. O. of G. T. was organized July 4, 1879. It was called Union Lodge, No. 245 ; was instituted by K. B. Dennison. S. A. Robinson was the first W. C. T. It meets Saturday evenings in Temple of Honor Hall. Present officers in part are : J. H. Young, W. C.T. ; Miss Tillie Ross, W. R. S. The Normanna Sdciety. — John Lee, president ; Casper Syverson, secretary ; O. Sherman, librarian. The library has 700 volumes, Norwegian and English. The Round Table. — A literary society organized in 1880. Rev. Joel Clark, president ; Miss Cora Pond, secretary. Christian Workers. — This society grew out of a revival in the city several years ago, conducted by Rev. Mr. Couch. The membership included active men who felt that religion was something more than a mere sentiment, that the doc trine of the Fatherhood of God also embraced its corollary the Brotherhood of man. Women's Christian Temperance Union. — Was organized in 1879. Mrs. L. Bullard was the first president; Mrs. J. F. Dudley, secretary. Present officers : Mrs. George B. Chap man, president ; Mrs. S. S. Kepler, secretary. Meets the first Wednesday in each month. Ladies' Aid Society. — This association has been in exist ence and active operation eight years, and has been the means of great good. Several hundred dollars each year are disbursed, in addition to friendly offices in large meas ure. The membership is from the best society in the city. 310 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The present officers are : Mrs. S.White, president; Mrs. A. Vincent, vice-president; Mrs. J. C. Cass, secretary; Mrs. M. Harris, treasurer ; Directors — Mrs. W. H. Smith, Mrs. R. Anderson, Mrs. B. Demorest. Eau Claire Wesleyan Seminary, founded in 1861, George E. Fellows, A. B , principal. Located on the corner of Lake street and Fourth avenue. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid, with the usual ceremonies, an the 9th of May, 1862. A Bible Society was organized in 1857. Joseph G. Thorp was president; Rev. A. Kidder, secretary; D. H. Ketcham, treasurer. Rev. Mr. Hilton was the moving spirit in the organization. Eau Claire Medical Association. — This society was or ganized June 1, 1877, under the laws of the State. W. T. Galloway, president; C. E. Hageboon, secretary; D. C. Spencer, Augusta, treasurer. Holds quarterly meetings. Medical Association. — Some of the medical men of the Chippewa Valley got together, on the 16th of May, 1881, and organized a medical association. The following offi cers wers chosen : President, E. J. Farr, M. D., Eau Claire; Secretary, E. O. Baker, M. D., Durant; Vice-president, Dr. Hutchinson, of Durant; Corresponding Secretary, Dr. Hebard, Mondovi ; Censors, Drs. Park, Peck and Hib bard. The Chippewa Valley Workingmen' s Association was or ganized in Eau Claire, October 9, 1879. President, R. H. Copeland; J. L. Johnson, treasurer, and Charles Warner, secretary. Old Settlers' Club.— On the nth of July, 1881, the first meeting was held, at the parlors of the Galloway House, for the purpose of organizing an old settlers' club. T. E. Randall was chairman, and Arthur Smith acted as secretary. About thirty of the pioneers were present. At a subsequent meeting, an organization was completed, the membership to consist of those who have resided in the county twenty years or more. Alex. Meggett, president ; William P. Bartlett, treasurer; C. R. Gleason, secretary. Agricultural Society was organized in 1859. The first fair was held in Augusta, in the Autumn of i860, and was considered a great success. Annual fairs have since been held at various places in the county. The first provisional officers were: A. W. Bosworth, president; Carlos Clough, Secretary. The first permanent officers were : J. G. Thorp, president; S. H. Peabody, secretary, and Delos R. Moor, treasurer. It is a useful society, well managed, and the receipts and expenditures now run into the thousands. In May, 1880, Mr. James J. Clement leased the fair grounds and fitted them up with stables for a training park. The Eau Claire Sporting Club, organized for the protec tion of game, to assist in the execution of the State laws, and for individual and collective enjoyment in forest and stream, came into existence July 9, 1879. J. F. Moore was the first president; C. Hueber, treasurer, and B. J. Phillips, secretary. It started with a membership of fifty-seven. The Eau Claire Irish Land League was organized Feb ruary 10, 1881. Frank McDonough, president ; Col. John Kelly, treasurer; Thomas F. Frawley, secretary. The City Band. — Early in the history of the village, a band was in existence which had been organized by James Bonell. It was re-organized in May, 1880, by John F. Hanck. George Burt is now the leader. It has eighteen pieces, and is a most creditable organization. The City Guard, a fine military organization under Capt. N. B. Rundle, is a credit to the city. The Free Library and Reading-room. — This institution deserves more than a passing notice. It is located on River street, in the post-office building, and is open at con venient hours, and it is gratifying to know that it is freely patronized by the people of the city. It was founded under the laws of the State, in October, 1875. It has sev eral thousand volumes, and a good supply of magazines and newspapers. It is managed by nine directors. H. C. Howland is president, and F. W. Woodward, treasurer. Miss C. Edna Sears has been librarian from the first. Cemeteries. — There are four rural cemeteries in Eau Claire : Lakeview, Forest Hill, Lutheran and Catholic. The only unfavorable criticism in regard to them is that, if the city continues to grow in the future as in the past, they will soon be uncomfortably near. GENERAL ITEMS. During the year 1880, there were 210 buildings erected by private individuals, at a cost of $215,400. The public improvements for the year aggregated $77,000. Total, $302,000. In 1 88 1, the number of buildings erected will approxi mate 400. Many of them large and substantial business blocks. To show the growth of the city, the improvements by the corporation and by individuals from 1870 to 1875 is here presented: 1870, $538,732; 1871, $250,000; 1872, $366,000; 1873, $593,000; 1874, $527,000; 1875, $314,421. The valuation of the city in 1880 was as follows: real estate, $2,432,165; personal property, $1,025,843 — total, $3,458,008. The bonded debt is $103,000; all other debts, $1,442 ; school district debts, $5,906 — total, $110,348. In 1873, the business of Eau Claire had reached over $6,000,000. The lumber sawed in the city was 146,259,000 feet, which, at an average price of $13 per thousand, would give, in round numbers, $1,901,367. Lath manufactured, 33,- 000,000 ; shingles, 27,590,000 — which, at the average prices at that time, would foot up a total of $2,037,162. Of railway freight, 13,627 tons were received, and 3,000 forwarded. In general business the aggregate was $5,719,202, aside from railroad, express, post-office and real estate. In 1875, the real and personal property of Eau Claire was valued at $4,044,070.25. Many people at that time became impatient of the delay in obtaining authority to build the dam, and, hopeless as to the future, left the city, and in 1876, the total valuation was reduced to $3,945,413.25 In 188 1, a Philadelphia firm numbered the buildings of the city, bringing order out of confusion. Before this time several streets of the same name existed in different divis ions of the city. This was also remedied. The streets of the city were first sprinkled in the Sum mer of 187 1, the last year of its village life. Stephen Marston brought the first stock of furniture into the valley, and the first piano. The commercial drummers report that Eau Claire is a good town for trade. The merchants buy well and pay promptly. There is a single forty acre lot of government land, within a few miles of the city, not yet entered. There is a month's difference in the time that the boats are able to come up the river in different years. In i860, the first boat got up on the 13th of March, while in 1866 it did not come up until April 13. The mean temperature of Eau Claire is the same as at Manitowoc, on Lake Michigan, forty miles further south. The epizootic, which swept over the country at that time, afflicting so many horses, was in Eau Claire during the first weeks in December, 1872. So late as September, 1878, a large black bear was killed HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3" in the Fourth Ward This was the second one that season, and was perhaps cruising about in quest of its mate. So late as 1861, deer-hunts in the vicinity of the city were not uncommon. Ole Bull, the celebrated violinist, married a daughter of one of the leading citizens of Eau Claire. The first couple married in church in Eau Claire were H. C. Putnam and wife, in the Presbyterian Church. The Register reports that there were 225 marriages in the city in 1880. Music Hall was built in 1870, by Mr. P. Truax. M. G. Nichols was the architect. WAR INCIDENTS. During the War, when recruiting was going on, in Sep tember, 1863, a citizen of Eau Claire, J. Peter Bellinger, was down at New Lisbon, and got into an altercation with some soldiers there ; they took exception to his expressed sentiments, and finding the soldiers getting exasperated, he undertook to escape their threatened vengeance by running, but he was hunted down and shot to death. There was a flag and testament presentation to com panies of the Eighth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments, on the 22d of September, 1862. Miss Anna Wells presented the flags, and a gentleman presented the testaments. Capt. Geer and Lieuts. Buckman and Reed received them in be half of their commands, and Alex. Meggett responded in his usual felicitous manner. When the war-was nearly over, a great sanitary fair was held in Chicago, for the benefit of the crippled de fenders of their country. Old Abe, the war eagle, was kindly loaned for the occasion, and his pictures sold for ten cents each, in sufficient numbers to realize $10,000 to ward the object of the fair. In August, 1862, a rousing meeting to encourage recruit ing raised $3,000, and $2,000 more was raised in the county towns. The company from Eau Claire in the Eighth Regi ment had eleven killed in the battle of Corinth. After the Seven Days' Fight, Gov. Solomons tendered a colonel's commission to J. G. Thorp. A Soldier's Aid Society was formed by the ladies in 1862. Mrs. J. T. Wilson was president, Mrs. S. Brown, secretary. It did a large amount of work, while the neces sity remained. Up to September, 1863, Eau Claire County had sent to the front 337 men. This was thirty-six more than her quota under all-previous calls for troops. Old Abe. — The famous Wisconsin war eagle, which was kept in Madison so long after the war, having been pre sented to the Governor by Capt. Victor Wolf, of Company C, Eighth Regiment Wisconsin Infantry Volunteers, on the 27th of September, 1874, was, while Company C was being recruited in Eau Claire, brought down from the Falls by Steve McCann, who had procured him of an Indian, who took him from his nest somewhere up the river. He was purchased for $2.50, by a Frenchman by the name of Milch Cheveraux, who kept a saloon, and by him presented to the company. The ladies procured a perch, and he was carried with the colors wherever the regiment went, on the march, into camp, or in battle. This history would not be complete without an authentic account of this famous bird. He died 1881. The soldiers' families were cared for by the County Board, as appears from the minutes of the Board on the thirtieth day of November, 1861, when a committee was appointed to enquire into the condition of the families of the defenders of our flag, and the County Clerk was authorized to draw his order on the Treasurer for such sums as seemed neces sary to make them comfortable. RAILROADS. If any one should undertake to give a history of all the railroad projects involving Eau Claire that have alternately elevated and depressed the hopes of its citizens, it would fill a large volume. There is not room here to mention even the names of the various companies, or the character of their several schemes. What has actually been done can only be mentioned. Not until 1870, on August 11, was Eau Claire connected by iron bands with the rest of the country. On that day the West Wisconsin Railroad, from the southeast, began regular service. This road is now in the hands of the Chicago, St. Paul Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad Company, and runs two passenger trains each day between Minneapolis and Chicago. There is also a railroad to Chippewa Falls, which was originally built and commenced running, December 16, 1874, as a local road. This road is a part of the Wisconsin Cen tral system, branching from the main line at Abbotsford, on the east of Clark County. A line of the West Wisconsin Railroad, now operated by the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, passes through the county diagonally, from southeast to northwest, passing through Fairchild, Bridge Creek, Lincoln, Washing ton, Eau Claire and Union, with stations at Fairchild, Au gusta, Fall Creek and Eau Claire, and being on the direct iine between Chicago and St. Paul, the railroad service is prompt and efficient. The Spur Track. — This is a local line. It starts from the West Eau Claire depot of the Northwestern road, and runs through and across various streets and avenues until it reaches Shawtown. It is of great advantage to the busi ness of the Sixth Ward particularly. The cost of the construction of this track was $47,000. It was completed in 1880. In the Summer of 1881, it ex tended quite a distance into the milling district. In June of this year, the Chippewa Valley and Lake Superior Railroad Company was organized, and surveyors placed on the line to locate it between the city and the Mississippi River. The first directors were : J. C. Easton, Minnesota; L. C. Easton, Minnesota; John Johnson, Mil waukee ; John W. Carey, Milwaukee ; William Wilson, Menomonie; Daniel Shaw, Eau Claire; W. A. Rust, Eau Claire. The alleged design being to build a road at once to the Mississippi, with a branch to Menomonie, and ulti mately on to Lake Superior, near the Chippewa River, as the first part of the route. On the nth of August, 1870, the completion of the West Wisconsin Railroad to Eau Claire was celebrated with great enthusiasm, in a style of magnificence which bewildered the large number of guests from Chicago, St. Paul, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and many other places. Arrangements were begun on the 25 th of July, a committee of thirteen was ap pointed, special committees were announced, and the whole village went to work. The day was beautiful; the people turned out en masse. J. G. Thorp was president of the day. The procession was more than two miles long. The whole valley and neighborhood turned out. Alexander Meggett was the orator of the day, and his oration was in his best vein. Ten tables were arranged, with seventy plates each, the whole spread in faultless taste by the fair women of the village, and it was estimated that there was $20,000 worth of silver on the tables, and that from the bountiful repast nearly 10,000 people were fed. Gov. Fairchild and wife, and a long list of invited guests, who could not conceal their utter as tonishment at finding such an array of beauty and luxuri ance in the backwoods of northern Wisconsin. The toasts were appropriate, and happily responded to. This was only twenty years from the time the land was put in the market by the Government. The opening of railroad commu.nica- 312 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tion with the outside world was indeed a memorable event, and most fittingly was it celebrated. RIVER FLOODS. Since the white occupation of the valley there have been several destructive floods. The first one recorded was in 1838. The river rose fifteen feet. As there were few improvements on its course little damage was done. The next freshet was in June, 1847, which has already been described. In 1855, on the 7th of July, after a thirty hour rain, the Chippewa had a sudden and destructive rise. Booms and logs at the Falls were carried down. Eau Claire suffered but little. The last week in May, 1859, there was also quite a freshet. On the 22d of August, 1870, there was another sudden and destructive rise in the river. Twenty million feet of lumber was lost. On Mon day morning of the 22d, it commenced raining simultane ously along the entire length of the river. More rain fell than in the same length of time since the June freshet of 1847. At Eau Claire the river rose fifteen feet and higher at narrower points. Several booms at the Falls were open and without logs, but The Union Lumber Company at the Falls were completely "scooped," and others were sufferers. Nelson Hunter & Co., Ingram & Kennedy, C. F. Mayhew, Smith & Buffington, Porter & Moon, Gaston Bros, and several other booms were broken. And in some of them all the logs were swept away by the remorseless flood. The only booms that stood the pressure were the Williams & Barron, at the Blue Mill, Wilkins Island Booming Co., and Hugh McLeagh. Twenty million feet of logs were lost in addition to ihe other damage. But the most disastrous flood known at Eau Claire was in the first week in June, 1880. The river went up twenty- two feet. The water swept through the lower part of the city on both sides of the river. One hundred and fifty fam ilies were driven from their dwellings and many others into their upper stories. The city was flooded ; the logs seemed inexhaustible; they came down in frightful quantities. Buildings were washed from their foundations, bridges de stroyed, and goods swept away. The city lost the Chip pewa and one other bridge. The whole country was left covered with logs. The calamity was a most profound shock to the city, the losses being very heavy, but with the receding of the water and drying of the mud the city soon recovered. It seems that once in about ten years a river flood may be expected. THE DELLS FIGHT. No history of the city of Eau Claire would be complete without at least a brief allusion to the long and bitter con test that finally resulted in the construction of the dam with its assorting booms, the canal and tunnel to Half- Moon Lake, and other connecting improvements. Early in the history of the place the project was contemplated and the interests on the river above were arrayed against it. A satisfactory bill was finally passed by the Legislature of the State in March, 1871. Governor Fairchild inter posed a veto for reasons which might have been satisfac tory to him and the opponents of the measure, but which were considered far otherwise by the friends of the bill. Defeated, but not conquered, the Eau Claireites organ ized new campaigns, employing political sappers and miners, who by regular approaches, parallels and zigzags, suceeded in carrying the enemy's works, and thus securing the con struction of their own. The object was finally obtained through an amendment to the city charter, which the Leg islature of Wisconsin is supposed to always have a weak ness for granting for the mere asking. It is not proper in this place to go into the particulars as to this contest ; many persons are now living who were active participants in the struggle on either side. It will be sufficient to say that the controversy was between the residents and owners of property on the river, and the non resident owners of pine lands, who had no interest in man ufacturing lumber, but who wanted to use the stream to float their logs unobstructed down the river as far as possi ble without expense to them. It was absenteeism over again, and that interest enlisted local interests and jealous ies into the contest. J. Mclntire, of New York, had the contract for con structing the dam, lock and other work. The cost was between one and two hundred thousand dollars. Some unlooked for difficulties were encountered. A part of the coffer-dam above the permanent structure was carried away by a sudden rise in the river, Jan. 3, 1878. On Saturday, March 27, 1878, the dam was so far com pleted that the water was shut off, and a special train came down from the Falls to see what had been done. Half-Moon Lake is to-day full of logs secure from any vicissitude. The enterprise is a great success. The amount of freight received by railroad at this point was: 1879, 31,376,372 lbs.; 1880, 75,614,626 lbs. For warded: 1879, 38,558,804; 1880, 58,514,475. Showing a very healthy increase. A few miles east of Eau Claire, beyond the river cross ing, the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Company have secured a site, and are preparing to build a round house and machine shops, and it is likely that this point will be the junction of the Chippewa Falls & Northern with the trunk line. At all events this will be a thriving village at an early day, and must be a very healthy spot as it is high and dry. No name has as yet, to our knowledge, been given to the new village. SOME NOTABLE PERSONS, DECEASED. GILBERT E. PORTER, who was long and closely identified with the prosperity of Eau Claire, was born in Freedonia, N. V., July 6, 182S. His youth was passed in Michigan. In 1857, he came to Eau Claire, where he continued to reside. During that year he had charge of Chapman & Thorp's business. In 1858, he purchased and took charge of the Free Press, and conducted it with ability and success for about six teen years. He was a ready writer, fearless and outspoken in the ex pression of his convictions. As senior member of the firm of Peter Moon & Co., he displayed his peculiar energies in the lumbering busi ness. This company was succeeded by the Northwestern Lumber Com pany, and for years he labored with tireless fidelity to its interests, and from a small beginning built up one of the wealthiest and strongest lum bering corporations with a high reputation for integrity and fairness. In politics he was a Republican and took lively interest in the success of his party. He was Register of the Land Office here for nine years. In 1874, he was chosen Mayor of the city. He had implicit confidence in the future of his adopted city, and on account of his being foremost in all enterprises looking to its prosperity, he was appointed president of the Dells Improvement Company. In 1863, Mr. Porter was married to Miss Kate Tewksbury. They have had six sons. The home of the family was a generous, hospitable and affectionate one. He was a re markable man, with the ability to make friends by his cordial warm hearted greeting to all. Eau Claire is deeply indebted to him for its position as a prosperous and thriving city. While away from home he lay several days ill at Hannibal, Mo., where he died Nov. 15, 1880, in his fifty-second year. His remains were brought to Eau Claire and he was tenderly interred with solemn and largely attended funeral rites. NELSON C. CHAPMAN. The place of his birth, was Durham, Green Co., N.Y., thedate, 1811. His father died when he was quite young and he was early thrown on his own resources. He had the advantage of the common school in his education. At the age of sixteen he was em ployed in the store of his uncle, Benjamin Chapman, in Norwich, N. Y., and there made himself so useful that at the age of twenty he was admitted as a partner in the business, which proved very successful. In 1846, at the age of thirty-five, he removed to Oxford in the same State, going into business with J. G. Thorp. He continued at the head of the firm, which afterwards located in Eau Claire, until the time of his death, 1873, which took place in St. Louis, where he had removed in 1857, and continued to reside. The business there, of disposing of the immense HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3i3 amount of lumber sent down the river by the firm, was conducted with signal ability. He was a prominent citizen of St. Louis, the president of a large railroad company, and occupied many prominent positions in both the city and State. MARTIN DANIELS was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1813. Coming to maturity, he did business in his native place. He afterward removed to Richmond, Va., remaining in the lumber business there five years, and then went to Ottawa, Canada, where for five years he was engaged in the lumber business at that point. He then located in Min neapolis, Minn., stopping there one and one half years, and in 1859, came to Eau Claire to spend the remainder of his days. From April, 1863, until April 2, 1873, he served as Clerk of the County and Circuit Courts. No man in the city was more universally respected or more tenderly beloved. His untiring energy was united to scrupulous hon esty, and made him one of the most trusted public servants. He died, rather suddenly, on the 2d of April, 1873, aged sixty years. The Rev. J. S. Dickson preached the sermon at the funeral, which was largely attended. ROBERT TOLLES was born in Plymouth, Conn., Aug. 14, 1826. In 1852, he removed to Windham, Green Co., N. V., where he married Miss Mary R. Graham. He then went to Orange Co., N. V., remaining until 1857, when he located in Eau Claire. He early learned the ma chinist's trade, and manufactured locks, clocks, etc. In 1862, he formed a co-partnership with H. P. Graham, of Eau Claire, for the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, and general wood work, which was soon merged into the firm of Graham, White & Co., with the addition of machinery and foundry business. Mr. Tolles did much toward the success of the business. Their works were burned in 1875, when a stock company was organized, called the Phoenix Manufacturing Company, of which he was a large stock-holder. He was also a member of the Dells Lumber Co. For several years he spent much time at Sand Creek, Dunn Co., looking after the interest of Graham, White & Co., who had bought a flour-mill there. He was an excellent machinist and a good draughtsman, a close ob server, and had a remarkable memory. Was always cheerful, pleasant and accommodating. He died in Eau Claire, July 7, 1879, aged fifty- two years, leaving a widow and two sons. R. B. BUEL died at his residence, in the Second Ward, Jan. 10, 1880, aged sixty-five years. This announcement chronicled the removal of one of the old landmarks of Eau Claire, and brought expressions of heart felt sorrow from the large circle associated with him in the city during its early history. He was born in Vermont, March I, 1815. In early life he removed to Allegany Co., N. Y. In 1857, he took up his resi dence in Eau Claire, where he lived until the time of his death. He was widely and favorably known, and in his death the city lost an esti mable citizen, and a man of sterling integrity. DR. W. W. ALLEN came to Eau Claire in the Spring of 1857, and with George W. Sanford opened the first shanty store in the village. It was situated where Ingram & Kennedy's warehouse now stands, on the banks of the Chippewa. It was occupied by the firm of Allen & Sanford until the completion of their store on the west side, near the post-office. Dr. Allen left Eau Claire with Capt. Wheeler's company, in the Fall of 1863, and on the re-organization of the 2d Wis. Regiment, was appoint ed assistant surgeon. He continued with the regiment until mustered out, at the close of the war, and then settled in Mason City, Iowa, where he died and was buried, on the 20th of June, 1878. The news papers of Mason City spoke of him as having done more than any other man for the permanent improvement of that town. For his fine, genial, social nature, he was esteemed by old and young. H. J. HANSON came to the city in 1865 ; was a grocer, a member of the firm of H. J. -Hanson & Co., on the north side. He was highly respected for his business tact and fair dealing. In 1879, ne was violently thrown from a buggy, and sustained injuries from which he never fairly recovered. He died in Chicago, May 27, 1880, whither he had gone for surgical treatment. S. B. WILKINS was a native of Vermont ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and to Eau Claire in 1858, and saw the city grow from a struggling hamlet to a city of 10,000. He was prominent as a democratic poli tician, and was very generally esteemed by all classes, and few men had more personal friends. He was a man of integrity, in all respects. He died at sixty years of age, April 1, 1878, leaving a wife, daughter and two grand-children ; was buried with Masonic honors. JOHN BARRON settled in Eau Claire in 1857 ; purchased a mill site on Lowe's Creek, and erected a flouring-mill, which he operated for some time. With H. Clay Williams he bought the Blue Mill property, going into the lumber business. The concern was afterwards merged into a stock company, now called the Badger Mills. He was ever a genial man, a member of the Odd Fellows, and lived a more exemplary life than many who make more pretensions. He died at the age of fifty, Aug. 30, 1877. HON. FAYETTE ALLEN was a prominent man, a former resi dent of the Cliippevva Viliey, an active politician. He represented the Assembly District, which then comprised the counties of Eau Claire and Pepin. He lived some time in St. Croix Falls, where he was appointed Receiver of the Land Office. He was taken suddenly sick while attend ing a State convention, and died at his brother's, soon after, in Stough ton, Dane Co. This was in the Summer of 1871. G. W. WILSON was born in Virginia, and served in the war of 18 12. In 1834. he went to Illinois with his family, to remove his child ren from the blighting influences of slavery. He was one of the first to realize the evils of slavery, and acted on his impressions. He was eighty-seven years of age at the time of his death ; had lived six years in the city. He was well known as the father of B. F. Wilson, and was highly respected. W. T. DENNISON came to Eau Claire in 1857. He lived just outside the city limits of the Sixth Ward; was engaged in farming, and was well known in the city. He had three daughters and one son. His death occurred on the 25th of June, 1877. FRIEND ROSS died March 10. 1879, aged 100 years, eight months and six days. At the time of his death he was the oldest citizen of Eau Claire. He was born in Vermont during the darkest period of the Revolution. When quite a lad, he went to Canada. In 1849, he came to Wisconsin, locating in Rock County. Having three sons residing in Eau Claire — John, Elisha and Joel — he came to reside with them, in 1862. He had remarkable good health, seldom being sick. His last illness was brief. THOMAS HORAN was born in Ireland, Dec. 21. 1806; immi grated to Canada in 1842, and thence to Eau Claire in 1863. He was a genial man, with noble qualities, esteemed for his strict integrity, high sense of honor and deep religious convictions. His death was on May 8, 1879. CHARLES LEHENTHALL perished in the flames at the burn ing of the residence of Hon. J. G. Ingram, March 24, 1880, in an at tempt to remove goods from the building. He was sixty-four years of age, and had worked for twelve years for Ingram & Kennedy, as a mill wright, and was a faithful and industrious man. RODMAN PALMER died in Waukesha, in October, 1872, whither he had gone for his health. He was widely known in the Chipppwa Valley, having represented the Assembly District then made up c f Eau Claire, Dunn and Chippewa counties, in 1861. He was a most estimable citizen, kind father and affectionate husband. EDMUND ELLIS was one of the oldest settlers in Wisconsin, having lived in the State since 1845. He was formerly in the British navy, and was on one of the ships that guarded St. Helena while Napo leon was a prisoner there. His death transpired in the Sixth Ward, Sept. 27, 1878. REV. ROBERT COBBAN, presiding elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; was a most excellent man, well known, and highly respected, for he practiced what he preached. He resided in Eau Claire several years, and did much to build up his denomination. He died in January, 1870. CAPT. DANIEL W.'HEYLMAN came to Eau Claire in 1859, and soon entered upon his duties as pilot on the Chippewa, which service he performed with marked ability, for fourteen years. He was a just and upright man, reliable and trustworthy, and highly esteemed. ROBERT FELTON lived in the city from 1870, until his death at the age of seventy-one, Oct. 21, 1880. HENRY SHAW was a successful logger and farmer. His death occurred Aug. 15, 1880. at the age of thirty-five years. MARY B. S. BROWN (nee Sawyer) was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 18, 1819 ; received a liberal education, and early began teaching school. In November. 1843, she was married to Stephen Brown. They immediately went to Shirley, Me., where they had a farm and a store. Impatient, however, for wider fields and better results, they came west, locating in Richland, Wis. Joined by his brother Ephraim, they came to Eau Claire in 1869, and putting their earnings together, they pur chased pine land, and lumbering interests. Ephraim soon died, leaving all his property to Stephen, who soon followed his brother. Mrs. Brown, a childless widow, became, under the laws of the State, sole heir to the property, which, under the judicious administration of B. J. Churchill, realized a handsome competence. She continued to reside here, spending much time in travel. Bv nature, she was a philanthro pist; was connected with the Barstow Methodist Episcopal Church. She died, May 25, 1879, aged sixty years. The whole community re membered her deeds of charity and acts of kindness. MARY TABOR MEGGETT, was born in Pawtucket, R. I., Sept. 14, 1851 ; she came to Eau Claire in 1864, her father, Alexander Meg gett, having preceded her by nearly ten years. She came with her broth er, a promising young man of sixteen, who was accidentally shot and killed August 22d of that same year. Mary was a charming girl, be loved wherever known. Oct. 8, 1873, she was married to John S. Smith, a thrifty and enterprising young lumberman. The wedding was a socie ty event ; the costumes were gorgeous, and the presents numerous and costly, and the marriage feast in keeping with the occasion, and the re- 3i4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ception in the evening at the bride's parents, left nothing to be desired. After the bridal tour, the happy couple settled down to domestic life. Mrs. Smith united with the Presbyterian Church in 1877. She was first to be consulted, and to act, in any good work. After a brief illness, she died June 23, 1881, leaving a husband, a babe six weeks old, and three other children, aged six, four and two respectively. Her death was a sad blow to her friends, who loved her so well. MRS. MARY INGRAM, wife of Hon. J. G. Ingram, was long a resident here, and was known as a woman faithful and devoted in her relations as a wife and mother, and was greatly beloved by a large circle of relatives and friends, of a modest and retiring disposition, she exem plified the spirit of a true Christian woman, and was firm and conscien tious in the discharge of every duty. Her death occurred Sept. 13, 1879. She left a daughter and two sons. MRS. ELLEN C. VILAS, wife of Hon. L. M.Vilas, and daughter of Judge Slingluff, one of the early settlers and most respected citizens. This lady was known as one of the favorites in Eau Claire society. She died August 29, 1879, leaving a husband and three daughters. Her death was universally lamented, as she had been so uniformly admired by the community and beloved by her friends. MRS. A. CONGDON was among the early settlers of Eau Claire, having made it her home in 1857. Her death was very sudden, on Feb. n, 1880. She was a highly respected and venerable woman, and had many warm and sincere friends. MRS. MARY F. BOWLER, wife of M. S. Bowler, was born in Huntsville, Ala., and educated at Oberlin, Ohio; was married at Salem, that State, and with her husband removed to Eau Claire, in 1858. She died, Jan. 9, 1871, aged thirty-five years, leaving seven children. She was doubtless one of the best educated, most refined and unassuming women in Eau Claire. MRS. GEORGE W. MASON was well known as the wife of an esteemed citizen and the mother of an interesting family, whose idol she was. She will long be remembered as a fond mother and faithful wife, and as a devoted member of the Baptist Church. Her death, after a brief illness, occurred on Jan. 1, 1881. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHARLES ALEXANDER, physician and surgeon, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Pittston, Kennebec Co., Me., April 28, 1824. When he was four years old. he was removed to Farmington, Franklin Co., Me. He was educated at Yarmouth and Farmington academies, and gradu ated from the Medical Department of the University of the city of New York, March 8, 1850, having attended lectures at Harvard, and at the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. He came to Eau Claire in September, 1866, and engaged in practice here. He has been for several vears President of the School Board. Has held various positions in the Baptist Church ; was for four or five years superintendent of the Sabbath school. He was Surgeon-in-Chief in the 5th Army Corps. The doctor has one son, Joseph B. Alexander, who was born Nov. 21, 1870. FRED A. ALLEN, proprietor saloon of Central Hotel, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1865, and located at Chippewa Falls. Kept saloon for three years. Came to Eau Claire in 1869 ; was a lath contractor for some years. Commenced present business March 19, 1881. Was born in Switzerland, Sept. 1, 1S48, and came to America in 1862, and farmed in Illinois for several years. Married in Eau Claire. Oct. 12, 1876, to Mary Buellesbach, who was born in this place. They have two children, Elizabeth and Joseph. JAMES ALLEN, raft contractor, Empire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1850, and located in Sheboygan County, and was engaged in lumbering for nine years. Came to Eau Claire in Fall of 1859; was contractor for booms, etc., for two years, and has been em ployed in present capacity since 1861. Was born in Halifax, N. S., 1821, and came to United States in 1833. Was married at Calais, Me., 1842, to Emily G. Pond, who was born in Maine. They have five children — Edward M., who served in the war, and is now in sewing machine busi ness in Eau Claire ; Fred, served in the war, and is now in orange busi ness in Florida; Cora, now Mrs. Frank Ellis; Chas. S., school teacher, and Willie. DR. EDWARD LE ROY AMES, surgeon dentist, Eau Claire, was born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 28, 1855. His parents, Rev. L. F. and A. B. Ames (now residing in Napoleon, Ohio), moved to Ohio in i860, where he remained until 1876, when he went to Blissfield, Mich., and commenced practicing dentistry, having studied his profession the two previous years. After two years residence in Blissfield, he removed to Marinette, Wis., and Oct. 1, 1880, entered the senior class of the Dental Surgery Department of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. He came to Eau Claire April 25, 1881, and has since engaged in the practice of his profession. He is a member of the Good Templars' Lodge. W. H. BAILEY, painter, born in Essex County, N. Y., in 1835; came to Wisconsin in 1857, and to Eau Claire in 1859; began his present business as sign painter, doing most of the city work and vicinity. Married some years ago, and has several children. W. F. BAILEY, lawyer, was born at Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y., in 1842. After receiving his education, he enlisted, in 1861, in the 38th N. Y. Vols., Co. I ; in 1862, was appointed captain of Co. K, 951I1 Regt ; was engaged in both battles of Bull Run, and other battles; was wounded and discharged, on Surg. Gen. Barnes's certificate. Was admitted to the Bar in 1863, in Brooklyn ; practiced in Amenia, N. Y., till 1867, when he came to Eau Claire, and practiced with Mr. Latimer for a time. Mr. Bailey is a man of great energy and pertinacity of purpose ; has been one of the prominent men of Eau Claire from the first ; was President of the village, four years, District Attorney, two years, 1874 and 1875, Mayor in 1878, and is now president of the French Lumber Co. at Chippewa Falls, one of the two principal mills there. Was married to Mercy Cole, of Carmel, N. Y., in 1864. They have no children. Mr. Bailey's father practiced law in New York City twenty-five years. Was attorney for the Harlem Railroad Co. many years. His only brother, Elbert, is manager for the Harlem Railroad, at Mt. Kisco, N. Y. S. M. BANGS, builder, Eau Claire, was born in Luzerne County, Penn., and came to Wisconsin in 1855, settling in Marquette Co. After being there two years, he came to Eau Claire in 1857, and has remained since. Engaged in building, with the exception of a short time lumber ing. Married in Marquette County, March, 1867, to Clarissa Badgro. Have one son, T. M. Bangs, in business at Eau Claire. JOHN C. BARLAND, farmer, Town 27, Sec. 27, Eau Claire Co., was born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 2, 1841. He is the eldest son of Rev. Thomas Barland, a native of Perth, Scotland, who emigrated to America when twenty-five years of age. He had up to lhat time devoted his life to the various departments of study at the schools and Perth Academy, and graduated at St. Andrew's College, Edinburgh, after which he studied theology with Dr. Dick and Dr. Chalmers. His health becoming im paired, he, with his wife, came to America, and settled in Jackson, where John was born. When about twelve years of age, John, with his father's family, came to Eau Claiie County, and has since lived on land his father located, except the Winter of 1854 and 1856, when he took six months' schooling in Knox Academy, under the teaching of President Blanchard. He entered the military service in the 16th Wis. Vol. Inf., enlisting in the Fall of 1863. Early in the Spring of 1S64, the regiment went to Vicksburgh, where it remained a short time, when it moved to Black River. While in Vicksburgh, Mr. Barland, whose health was rather delicate, was stricken down with a fever, but from which he made a fair recovery. The regiment was ordered up the river to Cairo, and embarked on transports, in May, from Vicksburgh, and shortly after, went up the river on a fleet of thirteen transports, with a convoy of gun boats up the Ohio, and debarked at Clifton, Tenn. From this date until the close of the war, the campaign was one of great activity. Mr. Barland was much of the time on detached service, in subordinate com mand of the train guard, a most ceaseless and arduous duty, much of the time getting very little rest day or night, and at one time during the campaign was laid up a few days from sheer exhaustion. However, he took an active part in several of the engagements, went through on the March to the Sea, and from Savannah to Washington. There was a great strife between the corps commanders of the 16th and 17th Corps, to see which should lead the other into Washington, and many fell out by the way, unable to keep up with their command. John kept up with his command most of the way on that terrible march, and finally stripped for the march by throwing away nearly everything except his gun, and was obliged to yield from sheer exhaustion, but luckily managed to reach the rear of the army, after a weary march, while it was crossing one of the great rivers on the line of march, making most of the march bare footed. His rank was that of corporal. He was discharged with his regiment, in July, 1865, and returned home, and was immediately forced into the "front rank" on the farm, which sadly showed the neglect of the husbandman during his term in the war. By good management and industry, he has improved and enlarged his farm, and keeping a dairy of thirty-five cows, regularly supplies milk for a portion of the city of Eau Claire. He employs a good force on his farm, and is taking the world easier, living near town, and fortified by an ample newspaper list, and occasionally contributing to them, by poetry and sketches. P. O., Eau Claire. REV. THOMAS BARLAND, Eau Claire. Was born in Perth, Scotland, in March, 1810, and educated in Perth Seminary, Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities, and was one year in the Glasgow Ander- sonian Medical College. In Latin, French and mathematics, he received high honors. He came to America when about twenty-three years of age, and located in Jacksonville, 111., and engaged in preaching and farming there for nine years ; then went to Kane County, and lived in St. Charles and vicinity for over a year, teaching, preaching and farm ing, acting as missionary preacher. He taught school in Chicago about seven months ; then received a commission from the American Tract Society in Central Illinois, and was, for two years, engaged in distribut ing their religious books. He then bought a farm in Logan Co., 111., and engaged in farming for five years. In 1849, he came to Eau Claire, and has lived here and in this vicinity ever since, preaching more or less. He was the first preacher here. He was married in Glasgow, Scotland, in May, 1833, to.Margaret Wilson, who was a native of that city, and HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3i5 who died July 23, 1877. Mr. Barland has six children — Agnes, now Mrs. John Keith; John C, Birney R., Isabella, now Mrs. Fred. Town ; Margaret, now Mrs. Dr. Charles Hodgeboom, of Eau Claire, and George. MILTON D. BARTLETT, Eau Claire. Was born in the town of Victory, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Nov. 3, 1833, and lived in Auburn, N. Y., after he was twelve years old until the Spring of 1852, when he came to Wisconsin, locating in East Troy, Walworth Co. In October, 1852, he returned East, and in the Spring of 1854, came to Delavan, re maining there one year. Was then for a year in East Troy, and in the Spring of 1S56, moved to Dunn County (now the town of Waterville, Pepin Co.), where he lived until the Spring of i860, when he went to Durand, remaining there until the Winter of 1865 and 1866; he then went to Minneapolis, and in 1870, came from there to Eau Claire. He studied law in Auburn and Syracuse, N. Y., and practiced it in Delavan ; discontinuing it for a time while engaged in farming. In 1859, ne re_ sumed practice, which he has since continued. He was County Judge of Pepin County, and resigned that position to go to the State Senate in 1862 and '63, having been elected in the Fall of 1861. He was mar ried in Ellisburgh, Jefferson Co., N. Y„ in August, 1854, to Mary F. Brewster who was a native of that place. They have eight children — Jay Carl, Earl B., Mary Belle, Edward L., Maud E., John W., Guy Paul and Ethel Claire. Mr. Bartlett is a member of the A., F. & A. M., of the Temple of Honor, and is one of the oldest Good Templars in the State, having joined that order in Auburn before coming West. COLONEL EDWARD M. BARTLETT, Eau Claire. Came to Dead Lake Prairie, then Dunn County, now town of Frankfort, Pepin Co., in 1855, and lived there two Winters, and in the southern part of the State one Winter. In 1858, he settled in Dunn County, residing in Dunnville and Menomonie until Oct. 21, 1862, when he was commis sioned lieutenant-colonel of the 30th Wis. I., serving until the close of the war. He was mustered out as lieutenant-colonel in October, 1865. He was the builder of Ft. Rice and Ft. Sully. He was born in the town of Victor, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Aug. 3, 1839. In his sixteenth year he came to East Troy, Walworth Co., and lived there and at Delavan until he moved to Dunn County. While in East Troy he read law in the office of Henry Cousins (now Register of U. S. Land office in Arizona), who afterward practiced his profession with his former student. Col. Bartlett settled in Eau Claire in January, 1866, and has practiced his profession here ever since, with the exception of five years, when he served as Register of the U. S. Land Office. He was admitted to the Bar in 1856, being then not quite eighteen years old, and is now City Attorney. He resigned the position of County Judge of Dunn County when he entered the army ; he was at that time serving his fourth year as Judge. In December, 1870, he was married in Eau Claire to Miss Adella L. French, who was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y. They have three children — Frank Duane, E. Mabel and Arthur. Col. Bart lett is a member of the I. O. O. F., and of the A., F. & A. M. WILLIAM PITT BARTLETT, Eau Claire. Came to Water- town, Wis., Oct. I, 1855 ; taught school there six months, and studied law in Enos & Skinner's law office. He was admitted to the Bar in 1856, and in May, 1857, came to Eau Claire, and has engaged in active prac tice since. He was the first lawyer and the only one in the county until July, 1857, when Alexander Meggett came. Mr. Bartlett has been a member of the School Board since the fourth week after his arrival ; he was elected District Attorney in the Fall of 1857, and held lhat office until January, i860. In the Fall of 1859, he was elected member of Assembly; appointed County Judge for two years in i860 ; from 1863 to 1867 he was District Attorney ; in the Fall of 1872, was again elected member of Assembly ; in 1875, he was appointed Register of U. S. Land Office, and held that office over four years ; his name was sent in for re-appointment, but he had it withdrawn. He is Alderman of the Third Ward, having been elected in the Springof 1881, and imme diately chosen President of the Common Council. He was born in Minot, Cumberland Co., Me., Aug. 13, 1829, and was reared in Somerset County. He entered Waterville College in 1849, graduating in 1853. He taught in the Hallowell Academy, pursuing his law studies ; com menced while he was in college ; he was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin in i860, and to the U. S. Supreme Court in 1874. He was married in Baraboo, Sauk Co., Aug. 15, 1861, to Hettie Hart, a daughter of Edward H. Hart, an early settler and still a resident of Sauk County. She was born in Middlebury, Summit Co., Ohio. They have five children — Livilla P., Edward W., Sumner P., Frank H. and Stanley. VINCENT W. BAYLESS, banker, Eau Claire. Was born in Broome Co., N. Y., Oct. 15, 1845, and moved to Kansas in 1858, locat ing at Highland, where he lived three years. In the Fall of 1861, he went to Dubuque, Iowa ; remaining there but a few months, he returned to New York, for a year or two and taught school. He was principal of the Commercial College at Freeport, 111., for some years, and commenced his banking career in Binghamton, N. Y., where he remained until he cims to Wisconsin, in 1873, locating in Chippewa Falls. In the Sum mer of 1S73, the First National Bank was organized, and Mr. Bayless was made cashier, which position he retained until 1876, when he came to Eau Claire and re-organized the Chippewa Valley Bank. He has been U. S. Receiver of the public moneys since May. 1878. He was married in Cortland, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1873, to Clara T. Pomeroy, who was born in Syracuse, Onondaga Co., N. Y., and is a daughter of Dr. T. C. Pomerov, of that place. They have one child, Harry C. Mr. Bayless's father, Gen. John Bayless, was one of the founders of Highland University, a Presbyterian institution, located in Highland, Kansas. He was president of the board, and one of the anti-slavery pioneers of Kansas Gen. Bayless returned to Binghamton in 1863, and died in that city in 1873. JOSEPH BEAUREGARD, builder, Eau Claire, was born in Canada. Resided for a time in Vermont, then in Massachusetts, where he learned the trade of cabinet maker. Came west with his parents ; settled in Eau Claire about 1866. Married in Massachusetts, to Catherine Fry. They have six children, of whom survive Marie E. (married to C. Mc Cann, 1879), John C, Frederick and Catherine. Belongs to Temple of Honor, of Eau Claire. JOHN BELL, first engineer Eau Claire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1861, and located at Oconto, and was engaged in lumber mill for four years. Came to Eau Claire in 1865, and has been employed in present capacity for sixteen years. Was born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 1836, and came to America in 1859. Was married in Oconto, Wis., July 22, 1863, to Ellinor J. Wright, who was born in Ohio. They have one child, Jennie B. JOSEPH BLETCHER, lumber dealer, Eau Claire, came to Wis consin in 1863, and located in Eau Claire. Was engaged for six years in stocking mills with logs, also in buying and shipping lumber. Ran a mill in Fairchilds for two years. Is now dealing in lumber, etc. Was born in Canada, in 1832, and married there, but lost his wife. The children are Josephine Mary (now Mrs. Geo. B. Shaw) and Fred J. He again married, at Eau Claire, Aug. 27, 1868, Martha Jane Tarrant, who was born in Canada. VALENTINE BLUM, saloon and billiards, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1861, and located at Waukesha. Was employed in stone quarry, and also farmed, for some two years. Came to Eau Claire in the Fall of 1864. He piloted for Daniel Shaw Lumber Co. and other- for about ten years, and, in 1868, had a saloon in Chandler House, which was burned out May, 1868. Also owned a saloon at Frenchtown, Chip pewa Co. He was on Eau Claire Police force for two years. After ward in employ of N. W. R. R. Co., in Polk County, for two years, and while in that service received a severe injury. He commenced present business in March, 1880. He was born in Germany, March 2, 1844, and came to America 1861. Married, in Eau Claire, May 27, 1868, to Car oline Lang, a native of St. Louis, Mo. They have two children, George and Flora M. REV. FATHER JOSEPH BOEHM, pastor German Catholic Church, Eau Claire, was born in Ellangen, kingdom of Wurtemburg, Germany, March 13, 1846. Came to America Oct. 4, 1868, and located at Pittsburgh, Pa. Was ordained at St. Michael's Seminary there, by Bishop Mullen, of Erie, Pa., after which had charge of St. Alphonso's Church, at Wexford, Pa., for about one and one-half years. Returned to Pittsburgh, Pa., and had charge of St. Martin's Church for two years. Was also two years at Rochester. Pa. Came to Wisconsin, Feb. 10, 1876. Located at Home Creek, and labored in the Church. Came to Eau Claire May 20, 1877. Has had charge of German Catholic Church during his residence at this place. Commenced building the present church in June, 1880. and dedicated the same June 26, 1881. The building is a very handsome structure, 105 feet long by 47 feet wide ; has 88 pews, seating 400 people; has two uniform spires, 105 feet high. J. BONELL. photographer, was born in Staffordshire, England, July 6, 1844. His father came with his family to Milwaukee in 1850, and established the first wagon and carriage factory there. He made the first buggy ever built in Mihvaukee, and the first baby-carriage in Wisconsin. The family went to Delafield in 1853. In 1864, they came to Eau Claire, where the father now lives. He is a man of ability and genius. Was a draughtsman there many years. Mrs. Boneli was a woman of thorough education. Had the Chair of Latin and Greek in an institution in England for fifteen years. Mr. B. began for himself at twenty years of age, at Fond du Lac. learning his trade there. He has established galleries at Menomonie City and Chippewa Falls. His business, from the first, has been highly successful and remunerative. He built a number of business blocks in Menomonie, and houses. Came to Eau Claire in the Spring of 1881. Is an Odd Fellow of high degree. Was married to Mary Donaldson in 1868. Has one child, Fred, born 1870. JAMES BONELL, carriage maker, Eau Claire, firm of Boneli Bros., was born in Stafford, Staffordshire, England, Sept. 19, 1832. Came to United States about 1850, and located in Milwaukee. After spending some time in Waukesha, Chicago and Kansas City, moved to Eau Claire in 1857, and engaged in wagon making. Ran two or three years, then went to farming some two years. Then returned to town, and com menced present°business. Married, April, 1858. Had six children, of 3i6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. whom three survive field. -Charles William, Benjamin Walter and Roy Gar- WILLIAM BONELL, carriage maker, firm Boneli Bros., came to Wisconsin about 1850. First settled in Milwaukee, where he learned his trade. Went to Chicago, and after a time moved to Portage City. Came to Eau Claire, November, 1S66. Enlisted at Portage City in 1st Wis., as artificer of regiment. Served one year. ARTHUR S. BOSTWICK, Eau Claire, is a son of Martin C. and and Lucy Hathaway Bostwick, who moved to what is now the town of Marshall, Dane County, in 1844. His mother died near Deansville, in that county, in 1846, and his father died there in 1874. Mr. Bostwick was born in what is now known as Underhill Flat, Chittenden Co., Vt., Dec. 5, 1825, and moved from there to Illinois in 1843, prior to the time his parents came west. In 1844, he was with them in Dane County ; in 1845, he went to the pineries and worked in Grand Rapids about four months; then returned and lived in Jefferson County. At the time of Mexican War he served in the 10th U. S. Regt.; enlisting in August, 1847, serving four months, and being discharged near Vera Cruz, on ac count of disability. He returned and lived in Jefferson County, until 1849, when he went to California. He remained on the Pacific Coast until 1855 ; he arrived home in 1S56 ; after spending the Summer in Vermont, he came to Eau Claire, November 19, and engaged in black- sm'thing here until he was elected Sheriff in the Fall of 1858. He summoned his first jury in June, 1857, being Under Sheriff, at that time organized the county. He served two years as Under Sheriff, and in 1859 and '60, was Sheriff, and Under Sheriff in 1861 and '62. He has also been Assessor, and is now Alderman of the Eighth Ward. He has been with the Eau Claire Lumber Company since March, 1866, as general superintendent of blacksmith and wagon shops. Mr. Bostwick was married in Eau Claire, May 8, 1858, to Bridget Gunn, who was born in Ireland. They have had eleven children. Their son, Hoyt Clark, died Dec. 26, 1880, aged three years and ten months. The living children are: Arthur J., Lucy A., Francis G., Minnie, Katie, John M., Nellie, Gertrude F., May and Stephen Brick. Mr. Bostwick has been a member of the I. O. O. F. since 1849, ancf a's0 belongs to the Temple of Honor. MICHAEL A. BOWE, foreman Crescent Flouring Mills. Eau Claire- was born in Dodge County, Dec. 23, 1852 ; learned his trade with his father, Jeremiah Bowe. Went to Fond du Lac in 1871, and was em ployed in flour mill up to 1873 ; then traveled for a year. From 1874-8 was employed as miller in Milwaukee ; was then at Chippewa Falls and Minneapolis, Minn., for a short time, and came to Eau Claire, May 25, 1879, ar,d engaged in mill ; has been foreman of same for six months. Was married in Milwaukee, Dec. 26, 1878, to Catherine Dunner, born in Milwaukee. Is a member of Knights of Pythias. THOMAS O. BOWMAN came to Eau Claire in April, 1866, and, with the exception of ten months, in which he was employed by Mcln tyre & Co. in building the dam at the Dells, has been occupied in the machine shops of N. Shaw, being superintendent of the shops since Feb ruary, 1881. He was born in Jackson, Mich., Nov. 12, 1846, and went, with his parents, to Iowa, in 1852, moving from there to Hancock Co., 111., in 1862, where he enlisted, in March, 1864, in Co. E., 18th 111. V. I., serving until January, 1866, when he was mustered out at Springfield, 111. He was married in Eau Claire, Sept. 3, 1869. to Mattie I. Baker, who was born at Elizabethtown, Essex Co., N. Y. They have three children living — William S., Blanche B., and an infant son; two of their children died in infancy. Mr. Bowman is a member of the Baptist Church and of I. O. O. F. JAMES M. BRACKETT, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1842 with his parents, Joseph W. and Lydia M. Brackett, and located on what is now the town of Brookfield, Waukesha Co. They lived there nine years, then moved to Bloomington, Grant Co.; in 1861, they went to Alma, Buffalo Co. James M. remained in Alma until May, 1865, when he located in Chippewa Falls, coming from there to Eau Claire, Jan. I, 1870. He has been in the newspaper business since 1861, with the ex ception of the time he was in the army. In the Spring of 1862 he was commissioned by Gov. Solomon to raise men for the organization of Co. A., 20th Wis. V. 1. With the assistance of two others, he raised the company, and at the time of its organization was commissioned second lieutenant, and in the Fall of the same year as first lieutenant. On ac count of disability, caused by sickness, he was mustered out at St. Louis, after five months' service. He started the Buffalo County Journal, at Alma, in the Spring of 1861. It was the first newspaper published there. He sold the paper in 1862; bought it again in 1863; sold it finally in 1865 ; went to Chippewa Falls and bought the Chippewa Valley Union, afterward called the Chippewa Union and Times ; conducted that until Jan. I, 1870, when he sold it and bought the Eau Claire Free Press, in partnership with Rodman Palmer, who withdrew from the paper a few months before he died, in the Fall of 1872. Mr. Brackett is now Presi dent of the Eau Claire Free Press Company. He was Deputy Provost- Jklarshal in Buffalo County for two years, after leaving the army. Was ^Deputy U. S. Assessor of Chippewa and Dunn counties for four years ; was Receiver in the U. S. Land Office, in Eau Claire, for four years, and has been Postmaster for the last three years. He was born in the town of Huntsburg, Geauga Co., Ohio, July 16, 1831, and lived thereuntil he came to Wisconsin. His father was a native of New Hampshire, and was a member of the first State Legislature of Wisconsin, and died while visiting in Eau Claire, in 1873. His mother was a native of Mas sachusetts ; she died in 1876. Mr. Brackett was married in Jo Daviess Co., III.. March 19, 1854, to Lucina A. Hamilton, who was born in Al legany Co., N. Y. They have eight children living — Marion A. (now Mrs. Andrew L. Tracy), Seward W., Frank E„ Charles W., Kate L., John W., Harvey J. and Joseph M. They had two children die in in fancy. PAUL BRANDSTAD, proprietor Wisconsin House, Eau Claire, was born in Norway. Oct. 15, 1842; came to America in 1866, and lo cated in Rice Co., Minn. ; was engaged in farming and on railroad for a year; was then in Moore Co., Minn., for one year. Came to Eau Claire, Aug. 19, 1868, and worked for Eau Claire Lumber Company, and in other mills, for four years. Returned to Norway in 1872 ; came back to Eau Claire in June, 1873 ; was employed in a general store for a year ¦ started Northwestern Hotel, and ran it for a year, and then engaged in lumbering for a year, and on Police force for two years ; farmed in Bar ron County two years ; returned to Eau Claire and opened a boarding- house, in May, 1880; commenced present business in December, 1880. Married, April 14, 1874, in Eau Claire, to Mary Hansen ; have three children — Oswald, Arthur and Emma. DARIUS BRESEE, Eau Claire, was born in Berkshire, Chittenden Co., Vt., June 20, 1829. In 1834, his family removed to Sutton, Lower Canada, where, three years later, his father, John Bresee, died, and Da rius returned to Vermont for one year, and then went to Canada for seven. When eighteen years of age he began learning the carpenter's trade, in Burlington, Vt., completing it when twenty-one, and working there for a year longer ; was employed for a year and a half in Platts burg, N. Y., and worked in various places in the East until he came to Sheboygan County, where he remained three years; was in Minnesota and La Crosse one year, and in January, 1855, came to Eau Claire. Re maining but a few days, he went to Chippewa Falls, but after a year and a half returned to Eau Claire, and assisted in the construction of the first steam saw-mill, for Chapman & Thorp, and in building Lockhart & Underbill's mill, at Waubeck. He returned to Chippewa Falls, and was there for a year and a half. During that time he was Town Clerk, As sessor and Deputy Town Treasurer of Eagle Point. He spent a year in the Eastern States and Virginia, and in the Summer of i860 was em ployed in the railroad car shops at Fond du Lac. In the Fall of that year he entered Lawrence University, as a student, taking a three years' academic course, when he entered Garrett Biblical Institute, N. W. Uni versity, at Evanston, 111., graduating in October, 1865. He was princi pal of the Eau Claire Wesleyan Seminary for one year; for two years serving as a preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church ; one year in Augusta and one year in Chippewa Falls. In 1868, he permanently lo cated in Eau Claire as a real estate dealer, collector and business agent. He was married in Evanston, Oct. 12, 1865, to Jennie S. Webley, who was born in that city, and died in Eau Claire, Dec. 9, 1877, leaving one child, Oscar E., born Feb. 28, 1875. Mr. Bresee is a member of the Congregational Church and of the Temple of Honor. From 1870-75 he was Justice of the Peace. In 1874, he was appointed State Commis sioner to lay out a State road from Eau Claire to Ashland. He now represents the Mutual Life Insurance, of New York, as its agent here and in this vicinity. SYVER E. BRIMI, merchant, Eau Claire, was born in Norway, Dec. 27, 1853, and came to America alone in 1869 ; was in Chicago four teen months, and then came to Eau Claire. He attended school for the first two years after his arrival, then employed in the store of the North western Lumber Company for six months. He served as book-keeper in the office of the same company for six years and a half, when he en tered into partnership with Christian Larson, dealing in clothing, gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, boots, shoes, etc. He was married in Eau Claire, Sept. 18, 1875, to Lena Larson, who was born in Norway. They have four children — Charles E. L., Louis, Frederick and Mary. Mr. Brimi is a member of the I. O. O. F. DANIEL E. BROWN hardware merchant, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1844 with his parents, locating in Grant County. In i84q, went to St. Louis, and came from there to Eau Claire in October, 1S66. He was engaged in hardware and stove business for the Eau Claire Lumber Company for twelve years. Since April, 1878, he has been engaged in business for himself. He was born in Middletown, Middlesex Co., Conn., Nov. 19, 1832. He was married in St. Louis, Mo., to his first wife, Mary E. Tiernan, who died in that city in i860, leaving one daugh ter, Abbie E., now Mrs. Albert F. Flint, of St. Louis. He was married in St. Louis, July 8, 1865, to his piesent wife, Jennie E. Lee, a native of North Carolina. They have four children— Lulu E., Elbert L., Jessie L. and Joseph Thorp. Their daughter, Mabel, died in March, 1881, aged four years. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Brown is a member of the Temple of Honor. He served forty days in Co. B, 10th Mo. State Militia ; was in active service during that time, following up Price in his raids. He was a member of the mi- HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 3J7 litia all the time, and, although frequently on duty in the city, that was the only time he was in the field. EDWARD J. BRUNNER, of Schultze & Brunner, merchant tail ors, Eau Claire, was born in Austria, Sept. 26, 1849; came to America in 1872, and to Wisconsin, June 31, 1872. Located at Eau Claire; worked at trade for one year. Went to Chippewa Falls and remained there five years, and then returned to Eau Claire. Commenced present business in company with Herman Schultze, Sept. 8, 1878. A. BURDITT, secretary Dells Lumber Company, Eau Claire, was born in Steuben Co., N. Y., May 21, 1S34. Parents were New York State people, formerly from Vermont. Was raised on a farm, and con tinued this occupation until he came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; located in Chippewa Falls, and moved to Eau Claire in 1857. Followed the trade of carpenter and joiner until he engaged with the firm of Ingram, Ken nedy & Co. in general occupations ; remained with them several years. Was in store of Hoffman, Harris & Co. for some eighteen months previ ous to engaging in business as Prescott & Burditt. Was married, in Eau Claire, to Miss Mary Jane Pond, an adopted daughter of Mr. L. W. Pond, of Eau Claire. Has one son, Wilson A. Burditt. Is a member of- the Masonic fraternity, West Eau Claire Lodge, Royal Chapter No. 32, Chippewa Commandery No. 8. P. H. BURLINGHAM, grain buyer, etc., Eau Claire, was born in Wellsville, Allegany Co., N. Y., Oct. 3, 1844 ; moved to Wisconsin in 1861 ; located at Rock County. After spending two years in Salt Lake and one year in Iowa, finally located in Eau Claire in 1868 ; engaged in carpentering, etc., until 1872, when he took charge of station and ware house of C„ St. P., M. & O, R'. R. Married in Eau Claire, May 26, 1872, to Miss Adela A. Jackson. They have four children — Earl Le- roy, Emmetle LeMoyne, Edgar Henry and Ada. E. S. BURROUGHS, billiard temperance hall, Eau Claire, was born in Troy, Ohio, 1849 ; came to Dodge Co., Wis., in 1865, carpentering eleven years. Was at Lake Superior two years, running a store ; owned a temperance billiard hall in Augusta for a time, then in Chippewa Falls. Has been for two years in Eau Claire ; has the finest billiard hall, outside of Milwaukee, in the State. It being a temperance hall, draws the best class of men. Mr. B. was married to Kate Tullam in 1879- R. D. BURROUGHS, freight clerk, C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1864, and located at Portage, Wis. Was first employed at Reeseville as baggage-master, telegraph operator, etc., on C, M. & St. P. R. R. for eighteen months. In 1873, went to Lake Superior and clerked in general store there for several months, after which was at Humboldt, Mich., employed on M., H. & O. R. R. as bag gage-master, freight clerk, etc., for two months. Farmed in Iowa for some three years; was then at Chippewa Falls employed as night clerk in Waterman House for a year ; afterward had charge of a grocery busi ness for eigliteen months. Came to Eau Claire, Dec. 6, 1880, and has since been engaged in present capacity. He was born in Troy, Ohio, June 13, 1852. PROF. GEORGE BURT, musieian, Eau Claire, was born in Park- man, Ohio, 1833 ; went £0 St. Louis when fourteen years old. Was chief musician in the best theater in Pittsburgh for four years ; was leader of martial music in the English Regulars in St. John, N. B. Was with them in '60 10 '63 at Ft. Snelling, Minn,; was leader of a band for a time ; then went to San Antonio, Tex. Came to Wisconsin in 1877, and has taught in different places ; came to Eau Claire in 1879. GEORGE F. BURTON, Eau Claire, was born in Westfield, Chau tauqua Co., N. Y., Oct. 23, 1844, and when but two years old came to Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., with his parents. He served six months in Co. B, 27th Wis. V. I., in 1865, and the following year moved to Me nomonie, Dunn Co., where he worked at the trade of pattern-maker for Knapp, Stout & Co., for eight years. In August, 1S80, he came to Eau Claire, and has since been employed as superintendent of pattern depart ment of Shaw's foundry and machine shops. He was married in Me nomonie, July 22, 1S76, to his present wife, Maria J. Irvine. They have three children — George Howard, William K. and Jesse G. Mr. Burton is a member of the A. O. U. W. GEORGE A. BUFFINGTON, vice-president of the Valley Lum ber Company, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Little Valley, Catta raugus Co., N. Y., June 29, 1825, and lived in Onondaga Co., N. Y., from his seventh to his nineteenth year. At that time, he came with his parents — Isaiah and Sophia Buffington — and settled on Big Foot Prairie, Walworth Co. His father died in Stephenson Co., 111., inlS77; his mother lives with her son George, though still claiming Stephenson County as her home. He was married in the town of Sharon, Walworth Co., April 12, 1846, to Pluna L. Jones, who was born in Ithaca, N. Y. They have three children — Clarence M., Ida C. and Byron A. After his jnarriage, he went to Illinois and opened a farm ten miles west of Free- port, remaining there until the Fall of 1849, when he came to Oak Grove, Dodge Co., and engaged in general work until 1853, when he re moved to Horicon, and was in the grocery business a year and a half, and in the livery business until Oct. I, 1856, when he came to Eau Claire. In June, 1857, he bought the Niagara House, running it at in tervals for ten years. In the Winter of 1858-g, he built the steamboat "Chippewa Valley," and was captain of that boat during the Summer of 1859, running between Reed's Landing and Eau Claire. In the Fall of 1859, he purchased one-half interest with Fred. L. Smith in the mill, at that time known as the Ball & Smith Mill. Three years later, Mr. Smith died, and his brother, C. M. Smith, became a partner with Mr. Buffington in the mill. After the organization of the Valley Lumber Company, they sold one-half interest to that company, which partner ship still continues. Mr. Buffington has engaged in general merchan dising several times since his arrival in Eau Claire, and was in the mer cantile business from 1868 to 1877. He at present runs two farms, and is one of the directors of the Dells Improvement Company. He was Chairman of the town of West Eau Claire before it became a part of the city. Was Mayor of the city, and is now serving his third term as Alderman. CHARLES A. BULLEN, vice-president Daniel Shaw Lumber Company, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in the Summer of 1857, and located at Eau Claire. He has been interested in the Daniel Shaw Lumber Company for the past twenty-four years. He was elected Al derman of the first Board in Eau Claire, and held the position for one term. Was born in New Sharon, Me., Oct. 8, 1825, and mariied there, in 1854, to Adeline S. Shaw, who was born in Industry, Me. The chil dren are Hattie C, Clarie A., Millie M. and Charles E., in the employ of the Daniel Shaw Lumber Company. His wife died in September, 1863, and he was again married in New Sharon, Me., to Eliza M. Howes, who was born in New Sharon. They have one daughter, Susie R. W. E. BUTTERFIELD, saloon, Eau Claire, was born in Dane County, March 7, 1857. His parents, Bradly and Eliza (Buckley) But terfield, came to Wisconsin about 1854, from New York, and settled in Dane County, where his father is now engaged in milling. His father was in the 5 2d Wis., Co. B, the latter part of the war. Came to Eau Claire in 1880. CHRISTIAN CARLSON, of Carlson Brothers, hardware mer chants, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1870, and located at this place. He was employed as gardener, etc., for six years, and clerked in hard ware business for a few months ; commenced present business in March, 1877, in company with his two brothers, Anton and Sigwart; is Alder man of the Seventh Ward. He was born in Norway, Nov. 2, 1854, and came to America, June, 1870 ; returned to Norway, and was married there, Oct. 1, 1879, to Bertha Baarlie, who is a native of that country. 3i8 HISTORY rOF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. JOSIAH EDWARD CASS, of the firm of Cass & Tracy, druggists, Eau Claire, was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., and came to Buffalo Countyin 1859. He lived there until 1863, when he enlisted in Co. B, 7th Wis. V. I., and was mustered out in 1865, after the close of the war. He taught school in Buffalo County for two years after he left the army, and in 1867, came to Eau Claire, and was employed in the stores of French & Brown, Barnes & French and Seth French & Co., becoming a member of the latter firm in 1S71. He was married in Eau Claire, in January, 1874, to Catherine Pitkin. Mr. Cass conducted the gymnasium in this city for two years. ^l^xi^o^. For biography of William Carson, see page 32. DR. CHARLES M. CALVERT, surgeon dentist, Eau Claire, was born in Milwaukee, Sept. 24, 1850, and when three years of age went with his father to Waukesha County, and lived there until he was twenty years old, when he located in Pepin County. He began the study of dentistry in September, 1S67, with Dr. Crary, of Minneapolis, and remained with him seven years, three as an apprentice, three receiving a salary, and the last year being his partner. He was in Tomah two years, and in the Fall of 1877 came to Eau Claire, and began the practice of his profession the following Spring. He was married in Tomah, in No vember, 1877, to Annie Woodley Griggs, who was born in Illinois, and had one child, Haltie, by a former marriage. J. G. CALLAHAN, Eau Claire, was born in Andover, Mass., Sept. 2, 1823, and in the Spring of 1844 went to Niagara Falls, and was en gaged in mercantile business there until 1853, when he went to Oxford, N. Y., where he was employed by Chapman & Thorp, merchants. In April, 1857, he came to Eau Claire, Wis., and continued in the employ of the same parties, they having established business here He is Reg ister of the U. S. Land Office, and was for a time, during the war, deputy provost marshal, and has been member of the Assembly. He was Presi dent of the Village two successive terms ; at the time of his first elec tion there was not a vote cast against him. He is a member of the Pres byterian Church and of the A., F. & A. M. and the Temple of Honor- He was married at Niagara Falls, April 19,1849, to Maria S. Johns' who was born in Erie, Pa. They have two children, Kate Gardner (now Mrs. W. A. Teall) and Denton ]. HENRY C. CHALES, harness, Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin Feb. 14, 1876. Located at Eau Claire. Worked at harness trade, and was in fruit business some three months. Commenced present busi ness March, 1878. Was born in Canada Sept. 15, 1851. Came to United States in 1876. Married, Jan. 26, 1880, at Eau Claire, to Flora Eliza Nauman, who was born in Eau Claire. Have one child, Georgi- ana. ANDREW CHAMBERS, lumbering for Eau Claire Lumber Co., Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located at Baraboo. Came to Eau Claire in 1857 and has been engaged in lumbering for some years. Enlisted in November, 1861, in 16th Infantry ; served one year. Wounded in left leg at Pittsburg Landing. Returned to Eau Claire in 1862, and engaged with the Eau Claire Lumber Co. since. Was born in Ireland May 16, 1834, and came to America when quite young. Was married in Eau Claire, Dec. 17, 1863, to Jane Hanson, who was born in Norway. The children are Ida M. and James H. , C. A. CHAMHERLIN, one of the corporators of the Empire Lum ber Company, Eau Claire, was born in Manchester, N. H., Nov. 7, 1846. During his infancy his parents moved to Massachusetts where he lived until 1853, when he came to Portage, and in June, 1856, to Eau Claire. He was for several years clerk of a steamboat on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In 1870, he became connected with the firm of In gram & Kennedy, serving as book-keeper for a year, then taking charge of office work for eight years, and afterward attending to their Missis sippi River lumber interests until the organization of the Empire Lum ber Co., since which time he has been assistant secretary of that organi zation. He was secretary and treasurer of the Charles Horton Lumber Co., Winona, Minn., for one year, and Town Clerk of Eau Claire for one term. He was married in La Crosse, March 4, 1869, to Alice E. Black, who was born in Cambridge, Mass. GEORGE B. CHAPMAN, came to Eau Claire in 1859 and was employed in Hall Bros.' Bank until 1S60 ; was then with the Jackson Bros., merchants, until 1864, when he engaged in mercantile business with D. R. Moon, under the firm name of G. B. Chapman & Co. In May, 1866, he purchased Mr. Moon's interest. In 1874, he and Mr. Gilman, who was connected with him in business, consolidated with the N. W. Lumber Co., which arrangement lasted until April, 1880, when they purchased the interest of the Lumber Co., and re-organized under the firm name of Geo. B. Chapman & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in general merchandise. They have an elevator at the depot, a store in Chippewa Falls, and deal heavily in coal and grain here. Mr. Chap man is vice-president of the Northwestern Lumber Co. He was bom in Morgan, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, Feb. 13, 1837 ; went with his parents while an infant to Morgan Co., III., settling first near Waverly, and some five or six years later moving to Hancock County. When he was thirteen or fourteen years old the family went to Arkansas, and six years later he returned to Illinois, entered the corps of civil engineers, and was employed in the United States and Central America for three years. In January, 1859, he came to Eau Claire, where he was married to Mrs. Cornelia B. Mickles (nee Gilman), who was born in Ohio, and had one child, Josephine, by her former marriage. They have three children — George B., Sally and Sidley. Mr. Chapman was Mayor two consecu tive years. GARRIT P. CHILDS, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Sulli van, Jefferson Co., Jan. 31, 1854, and lived there ten years. He has resided in Eau Claire ever since. He has been engaged in handling horses ever since he began work for himself; was for several years en gaged in training horses, and is now in the employ of the Eau Claire Lumber Co., having charge of their horses and barns. They have 134 horses now in their stock. Mr. Childs performs all veterinary services for the company. GEORGE W. CHURCHILL, City Clerk, Eau Claire, is a son of Nathaniel J. and Aseneth Denure Churchill, who located in Hartford, Washington Co., in 1844, where, Sept, 6, 1846, George W. was born. Four years later they removed to Freeport, 111., where Mr. Churchill, Sr., now resides, his wife having died in 1858. Mr. Churchill enlisted in Co. A, 92d 111. Vol. Inf., Sept. 19, 1862, serving until he was mus tered out in July, 1865, and only missed one engagement of his com mand. In 1870, he located in Chanute, Kansas, and in 1876 came to Eau Claire. He was employed by the Badger State Lumber Company for one year and then by Ingram, Kennedy & Co. in their lumber office and store as book-keeper, and was elected City Clerk in April, 1881. He was married, in Stephenson Co., 111., Jan. 6, 186S, to Jennie E. Cul ver, who was born in Ashtabula, Ohio. They have one child, Ivie. JULIUS C. CHURCHILL, Eau Claire, son of Washington Churchill, a resident of the town of Brunswick, Eau Claire Co., was born in the town of Champlain, N. Y., Dec. 22, 1S48, and came from there with his parents to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., in 1854. They moved to Brunswick, Eau Claire Co., in the Spring of 1857. Mr. HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 310 Churchill lived on a farm until he was seventeen years old. In the Spring of 1866 he came to Eau Claire and worked in the sash, door and blind factory of Graham, White & Co., for four years. He then attended the Commercial College in Sparta a few months, and received the first diploma issued by that institution. He was employed by the Eau Claire Lumber Co., for four years, and was then engaged in general mercantile business for himself for two years, when he returned to the Eau Claire Lumber Co. as manager of the wood supplies and shipping department of that company. He is now serving his third term as Chief Engineer of the Fire Department ; is a member of the A., F. & A. M; secretary Lodge 112, King of Eau Claire Chapter 136, Senior Warden of Chip pewa Commandery No. 8, and member of the A. O. U. W. He was married in Eau Claire Sept. 19, 1872, to Clara A. Parish, who was born in Baraboo, April 8, 1852, and moved to Eau Claire in 1869. They have one child. Ora Hope, born Aug. 11, 1875. BENJAMIN J. CHURCHILL was born in the town of Champlain, Clinton Co., N. Y., Feb. 22, 1831, and lived there until September, 1853, when he came to Columbus, Columbia Co., and engaged in teaching Win ters, and in carpenter work Summers. From Columbus he came to Eau Claire County, in June, 1857, and located in the town of Brunswick, where he engaged in farming for twelve years. He came to Eau Claire in March, 1869, and engaged in real estate business u itil 1880. He was County Treasurer eight years, from 1871 until 1879, and has held vari ous city, town and county offices. He was Supervisor and Chairman of the town of Brunswick most of the time while there ; was Town Treas urer, and after coming to Eau Claire was Supervisor of the town of Eau Claire, member of the Village Board, and Assessor of the First District of the city of Eau Claire three years, while County Treasurer. He is a member of the firm of G. B. Chapman & Co., who are extensive mer chants and dealers in grain, coal, etc. He was married in Columbus, Oct. 25, 1856, to Hannah E. Pratt, who was born in Kalamazoo, Mich. They have four children — Jennie E., Charles, Cora E. and Homer. Mr. Churchill is a member of the Presbyterian Church and the Temple of Honor. REV. DR. JOEL CLARKE, pastor of Christ's Church (Episcopal), Eau Claire. Was born in Warsaw, Pa., July 4, 1843. Enlisted, in 1861, in 105th Penn. V. I., as private; received a wound at battle of Chancellorsville, and remained for thirteen days and nights on battle field before being lemoved ; was in hospital for some two years, part of the time as warden ; was captured and made a prisoner at Belle Isle and Libby ; received discharge from army in 1864. Educated at Philadel phia, Penn., by Prof Ashton, graduated at Nashotah (Wis.) Theological College, in 1873. Had charge of Emanuel Church, at Emporia, Penn., for four years, then St. John's Church, Portage, for two years, and for one year was in charge of Christ's Church, Delavan. Came to Eau Claire, April, 1880, and has charge of Christ's Church. Membership 250 to 300. Married, April 28, 1866, to S. V.Gill, of Philadelphia. Have three chil dren — Cyril, Annie and Allen. - JOHN EDWARD CODY, lessee of shingle mill of Eau Claire Lumber Company. Came to Wisconsin in 1866, and located in Green Bay. Was employed in saw and shingle mill for five years, then went to Lake Superior, Mich., for two years, thence to Warren Co., Pa., for two years, and in Spencer one year. Came to Eau Claire in 1S75, and has been engaged in running shingle mill for six years. Was born in Cleveland, N. Y., Feb. 29, 1848. Married in Cory, Penn., June 29, 1874, to Cora Graham, who was born in New York. They have one son, John Franklin, and one daughter, deceased. REV. FATHER JOHN G. COLLINS, pastor St. Patrick's Catho lic Church, Eau Claire. Born near Genesee Falls, N. Y„ March 31, 1854. Went to Janesville and entered the seminary of St. Francis, near Mil waukee. Graduated, and was ordained June 24, 1878, by Archbishop Henni, of Milwaukee; was then sent to Seneca Falls, Crawford Co.; remained there two years as pastor of St. Patrick's Church. Came to Eau Claire, Sept. 24, 1880. Has charge of St. Patrick's Church, in con nection with St. Patrick's School; 300 families attend the church. Is now engaged in building a new church in West Eau Claire, to seat 900 or 1,000 persons. Corner-stone was laid Sunday, June 26, 1881. EPHRAIM COMPO, boots and shoes. Came to Wisconsin in 1864, and located at Eau Claire. After a two years' residence, he commenced business on his own account, and carried it on up to 1876. He then farmed for four years in Chippewa County, and while there was a Justice of the Peace. Commenced present business in January, 1881. Was at one time on Eau Claire police force for two years. He was born in Canada, April 8, 1845. Was married in Eau Claire, Nov. 20, 1867, to Mary Brennan, who was born in Ireland, and who died in Eau Claire, Feb. 5, 1880. There are five children — Louis, Ida, Maud, Ephraim and Winfred. W. F. COOK, proprietor of marble works, Eau Claire. Was born in Manchester, Bennington Co., Vt., Jan. 21, 1837. He lived there until June, 1855, when he came to Milwaukee, where he remained a year. He removed to Oshkosh and opened the first marble shop there, in April, 1856 ; two years later he went to Sparta, and came from there to Eau Claire in 1871. He began work as a marble cutter in 1853, and has con tinued at it ever since. He has been Justice of the Peace, Chief of the Fire Department, and was appointed Assessor in May, 1881, and. is a member of the I. O. O. F. He was married in Sparta, June 24, 1861, to his first wife, Adelia McClure, who was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., and died in 1865, leaving two children, Walter and Fannie, both now living. He was married to his present wife, Mrs. Cordelia A. Case (nee Smith), in Eau Claire, in October, 1879. Mr. Cook employs four men in his marble works ; they do monumental work exclusively. He travels over Chippewa, Eau Claire, Dunn, Pepin and Barron counties. N. D. COON, musical merchandise, Eau Claire, was born in Her rick, Pa., Nov. 19, 1S39. In 1859, studied music in North Reading Mass., under Lowell Mason and George F. Root. In 1S61, enlisted in the 141st Pa. ; was taken prisoner at the second battle of Chancellors ville ; was discharged at the end of the war. Came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1866, taught music in the principal towns in Northwestern Wisconsin, located in Eau Claire in 1873, and commenced business — musical merchandise — in a small way ; has by perseverance, integrity and attention to business, built up a large trade, and is now one ol the leading responsible business men of West Eau Claire. Married at Black River Falls, Wis., Nov. 10, 1867, to Sarah E. Burnett, born at Cleve land. Have one child, Alice Blanche, born July 12, 1870. PETER CRAMER, saloon, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1853, and located in Dodge County, where he lived on a farm ; then went to Dunn County, where he was employed in the woods for seven years by Knapp, Stout & Co.; came to Eau Claire in 1S69, and was employed in the woods for several years; commenced present business in Springof 1876. He owns his place of business; was born in Germany, June 29, 1848, and came to America in 1853 ; was married in Eau Claire, July 15, 1870, to Annie Widom, who was born in Germany. They have six children — Peter, Margaret, Elizabeth, Mary, Annie and Joseph. W. R. CULBERTSON, carpenter. Was born Jan. 17, 1831, in Georgetown, Penn. Came to Wisconsin in 1857, after living at various places, is now living in Eau Claire. Married Delia Berry, in 1861, and has seven children. HENRY M. CULBERTSON, carriage factory, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located at Dunnville ; worked as blacksmith for some six years. He enlisted in 1862, in the i6ih Wis. I., as a private ; served over three years, and held the rank of captain at the time of dis charge. Opened a boot and shoe business, in 1865, at Durand, and moved it to Eau Claire in 1866, where he continued it for eight months ; was then employed in a foundry for two years, and commenced present business in 1869. He was for a short time in partnership with S. F. Ben jamin, but has since been alone. He employs eight men. He was born in Mercer Co., Pa., Oct. 5, 1840, and married at Durand, Feb, 28, 1867, to Caroline S. Coffin, who was born at Ravenna, Ohio. They have three children — Sarah J., Ruth and Millie. JAMES H. CULBERTSON, Eau Claire, was born near Albany, Whiteside Co., 111., Aug. 20, 1842, and lived in that State until 1851, when, with his mother, he went to St. Paul, Minn., and two years later moved to Le Sueur, Minn. In the Spring of 1854, he removed to Red Wing, and from there to Pepin, in 1857, two years later going to Dunn ville, and, in 1861, from Dunnville to Durand, where he remained until 1868, when he came to Eau Claire. Mr. Culbertson was in the drug business while in Durand, and continued it in Eau Claire until 1871, in which year he began publishing the Chippewa Valley News. He con tinued that until 1874, when he commenced studying law, and was ad mitted to the Bar in October, 1876. He has been in the practice of his profession since that time in Eau Claire. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1870, and served two years; was re-elected in the Spring of 1881, and is now serving in that position. He was married Nov. 28, 1877, at Johnstown, Rock Co., to Annie A. Chickering, who was born in Green Lake County. CHARLES CULLINS, engineer at S. Marston's mill, Eau Claire, was born at Green Lake, July 9, 1849 ; went to Berlin in 1863, and was employed in mill as engineer and foreman ; enlisted early in 1865, in Ist Wis. C, as musician, and served until the close of the war ; was on the Plains for two years in the employ of the United States Government ; then, for two and one-half years, fireman on K. P. R. R. ; was engaged at Fairchilds and other places in Wisconsin, as engineer in mills, for five years ; was at Madison for six months in employ of C. &. N. W. R. R. ; came to Eau Claire in March, 1SS1, and engaged in present capacity; has been a member of " Temple of Honor" Temperance Society since 1S80. He was married at Ft. Howard, March 8, 1877, to Mary Kate Reynolds, who was born in England. They have one child, James. E. S. CULVER, manager Culver & Ellison, boots and shoes, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin, Oct. 21, 1867; located at Eau Claire; was salesman and book-keeper previous to entering business, in 1874, with E. Tarrant ; did business for some two years, then dissolved ; was sales man for some two years. In 1879, took charge — for Howell Hoppocka, of New York City — of bankrupt estate of D. J. Spaulding, Unity, Clark Co. ; was engaged one year in settling the same ; returned to Eau Claire and has since been engaged as manager, with Culver & Ellison, boots 320 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and shoes: born at Elkhart, Pa., May 4, 1848 ; married, Dec. 24, 1875, at Eau Claire, to G. M. Butler, who is a native of Maine. D. A. CULVER, millwright Empire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1852, and located at Black River Falls ; was employed in saw-mill, as millwright, for ten years ; came to Eau Claire in 1862, and was there employed in various mills, and, in 1867, was in mill busi ness for a year as Culver & Ingram ; afterward, for a year, with William B. Esterbrook ; has been in employ of Empire Lumber Co. in various capacities for eleven years. He was married in Black River Falls, Aug. 2, 1855, to Julia A. Sterling, who was born in the State of Maine. They have one son, Frank S. They have lost three children. CHARLES CUTLER, Eau Claire, came to Milwaukee in 1846, but did not permanently locate there until November, 1855. He re mained there until 1863. He has been engaged in engineering over twenty years, on several of the Western and Southern railroads. His first engineering was done in Wisconsin, in 1855. From December, 1863, until February, 1865, he was in the South. In 1865, he located in Madison, running a locomotive on the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien road, and, six months later, returned to Milwaukee, and was employed on the Milwaukee & Saint Paul road until 1S68 ; was employed on the Winona & Saint Peter road, from 1868 to 1869, residing at Winona, moving in the latter year to Wabasha, running a stationary engine and steamboat engineering while there. In November, 1871, he came to Eau Claire, and ran a locomotive on the West Wisconsin road, until late in 1874. In 1875, he took charge of the G. E. Porter Fire Engine, No. 2, of which he is still engineer, besides having charge of the City Hall building and giving some of his attention to farming. He was born in the city of Buffalo, N.Y., Jan. 2, 1835, and lived in Illinois dur ing 1849. He is the son of Hector and Permelia Cutler, who came from Buffalo in 182S. His father died in the Fall of 1849. His mother resides in St. Louis. He was married in Milwaukee, Dec. 24, 1859, to Eliz abeth Jackman, who was born in England. They have six children — Frank, Florence, George L. J., Willie, Fred and Harry, the two latter being twins. CONWAY B. DANIELS, Eau Claire. Was born in Richmond, Va., July 21, 1850, and with his parents lived in New York, Canada, and Minneapolis, Minn., before coming to Wisconsin. He came to Chippewa Falls, in March, 1859, and in May of that year, located in Eau Claire. His father, Martin Daniels, was County Clerk and Clerk of the Circuit Court of Eau Claire County (at the same time), holding the offices for ten or twelve years. He died in the Spring of 1873 ; his wife, Alice Daniels, died in 1879. Mr. C. B. Daniels was County Clerk for nearly two years after his father's death, and was employed in the office of Graham, White & Co., for two years. He served as Assessor one year, and took the State census for East Eau Claire Assessment Dis trict. H. D. DAVIS, logger, Eau Claire. Was born in New Portland, Somerset Co., Me., Jan. 9, 185 1 ; his parents being from Providence, N. B., originally. Came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1869, and set tled in Eau Claire ; worked for Ingram, Kennedy & Co. some five years in raiting shed, then, sawing one Summer, since in present business. Married at Medford, Taylor County, Sept. 17, 1873, to Miss Laura J. Boyce, of Stevens Point. Have one child, Henry Chandler. Mr. D. is now one of the City Aldermen. GEORGE S. DAVIS, superintendent of yards, Eau Claire Lumber Company. Was born in Findlay, Hancock Co., Ohio, Aug. 13, 1849. In 1850, his parents moved to Cincinnati, and in 1857, to St. Louis. George S. became connected with the Eau Claire Lumber Company at St. Louis, Feb. 12, 1872. He laid out the yards in Eau Claire for this company, and started them June 14, 1879, having charge of them since that time. The yards cover twenty-five acres, having a capacity for piling 1,000,000 feet to the^cre, in piles twenty feet high. The average shipments from these yards are 2,500,000 feet per month. Mr. Davis was married in Georgetown, Essex Co., Mass., March 2, 18S0, to Apphia L. Nelson, a native of Georgetown. Mr. D. is a member of the Temple of Honor. DR. DWIGHT W. DAY, physician and surgeon, Eau Claire. Went to lowa in May, 1866, and located at Elkader, Clayton County ; remained there until he came to Eau Claire, in October, 1868, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was born in the town of Eagle, Wyoming Co., N. Y., May 14, 1841, and graduated from Buffalo Medical College, Feb. 22, 1861. He was resident physician in the Buffalo General Hospital and Lying-in Hospital, and was surgeon of the 154th N. Y. V. T. He went out as Ist assistant surgeon of the regiment, and in eighteen months was promoted to surgeon oi the regi ment, then to acting brigade surgeon. He served three years in the medical department and then returned to Arcade, N. Y., where he prac ticed until 1866, when he removed to Iowa. Dr. Day was married in Franklinville, N. Y., in April, 1867, to Tibb Smith, who is a daughter of William Smith, and was born in Olean, N. Y. They have lost two chil dren. DR. HENRY DAY. Was born in Eagle, Wyoming Co., N. Y., Sept. I, 1840. He was educated in Buffalo Medical College, graduating in i860. He commenced practice in Arcade, remaining there until he came to Wisconsin. He was in the State during 1876, in practice with his brother, and came to Eau Claire in May, 1S81. He was married in Buffalo, in i860, to Julia L. Currier, a native of New York. They have one son, Willie W. Dr. Day was assistant surgeon of the 78th N. Y. V. I., and acting surgeon of that regiment for six months during the war. WILLIAM DEAN, Eau Claire. Was born in Tambleton, Resti- goushe Co., New Brunswick, Sept. 4, 1844, and came from there to Oconto, in the Fall of 1865, and in the Spring of 1866, to Eau Claire. He was employed in the Graham, White & Co. sash, door and blind fac tory, in wood work, and soon became foreman. When the Phoenix Man ufacturing Company was organized, he became one of the incorporators, a member of the board of directors, and superintendent of the wood de partment. He is a member of the Temple of Honor. He was married in Eau Claire, in February, 1878, to Erena Culy. They have two chil dren, Garrison C. and Teressie W. JACOB BURNETT DEMOREST, book-keeper for the Eau Claire Lumber Company, was born in Hyde Park, Dutchess Co., N. Y., July 14, 1839 ; came to Wisconsin April I, i860. He was in the employ of Chapman & Thorp until August. 1861, when he enlisted as a private in Co. C, 8th Wis. V. I. (Eagle Regiment.) Served four years and twenty- nine days, never was sick a day, and was in all the marches and engage ments of his regiment. He was orderly sergeant of his company over three years. When he left the army, he re-entered the service of his for mer employers, and remained with them until the Autumn of 1869. From that lime until 1872, he was engaged in business for himself; af terwards, for about three years and a half, he was book-keeper for the Northwestern Lumber Company. Then engaged in steamboating until 1879. when he became connected with the Eau Claire Lumber Company in his present position. He was first Alderman of the Sixth Ward of Eau Claire, after the city organization. He is a member of the A., F. & A. M. May n, 1869, he was married in Eau Claire to Florence A. Wil lard. She was born in Allegany Co., N. Y. They have one child, Jessie M. URI T. DENISON, deceased, Eau Claire, born in Brookfield, Madison Co., N. Y., Sept. 23, 1828. Moved from there to Eau Claire in 1857, and engaged in lumbering with his brother-in-law, Mr. Adin Ran dall, for a time. He then engaged in farming, which he followed some eighteen years, until his death, which took place in June, 1877. He was married in Brookfield, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1836, to Miss Mary Randall, by whom he had five children — Owen T., Selah (now Mrs. W. W. Allen), Luela (now Mrs. J. H. Stephens), Almira (married E. H. Playter, of Eau Claire, died January, 1880), and Elizabeth. Mrs. Denison is a daugh ter of Mr. and Mrs. Elisha Randall, of Madison County, N. Y. They were married Oct. 3, T813, at Brookfield. Had eleven children — Cynthia (now Mrs. Paul Burch), Mary (now Mrs. Denison), Elisha, Daniel B., Betsey (deceased, married Chas. Brightman), Joshua (died in infancy), John, Adin (deceased), Joshua, 2d, Jabez and Benjamin. CHARLES S. DESHON, plumber and gas fitter, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 186S, and lived with his parents at La Crosse, and then at Winona, Minn., for some years. From there he went to Minneapolis, and was engaged in business as pawnbroker for two years. Lived in Milwaukee for five years, and learned his trade there. Came to Eau Claire in 1878, and commenced his present business Oct. 5, 1880. He was born in Louisville, Ky., Feb. 22, 1857. Was married in Fargo, D. T., Sept. 25, 1878, to Jennie L. Vandoozer, who was born in Milwaukee. CHARLES DESILETS, lumber pilot, Eau Claire, came to Wiscon sin in 1856, and located at Eau Claire; was employed in various mills in different capacities for some years, and then went West for two years, returning to Eau Claire in 1861. He has been engaged in piloting dur ing the Summer, and employed in the woods in the Winter, for past twenty years ; owns a farm of eighty acres, three-fourths of a mile from Shawtown, and one two and a half miles out of town, of 160 acres. He was born in Buffalo, N. Y., June, 1838, and married at Eau Claire, June 30, 1S67, to Emma Hayward, who was born in Canada. A. DONALDSON, saloon, Eau Claire, born in 1845, in Canada; came here in 1865, and invested mostly in lands; opened a saloon in 1875. Was married to Lizzie Lintz in 1875. Their children are Archie and Clarence. THOMAS DONNELLY, Chief of Police, Eau Claire, was born in Pontiac, Lower Canada, March 20, 1837, and went to Minnesota in No vember, 1865. locating in Minneapolis. In the Summer of 1867 he re moved to Stillwater, and in 1872, came to Eau Claire, where he has since resided. He engaged in lumbering, logging and working in the mills, until he was appointed on the police force, in 1875. He has been one of the force since his first appointment, and Chief of Police since the Spring of 1S78. He was married in Pontiac County, Lower Canada, July 10, 1858, to Flora Oulett, who was born in Quebec. They have three living children — John C, Mary Louise, and Mary Ann Catherine. They have lost three children — Alfred Edward, William, and an infant son. HISTORY 'OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. .V"i W. W. DOWNS, Eau Claire, was born in Menomonie, Dunn Co., Wis., Nov. 7, 1851, and lived there until 1868, when he came to Eau Claire. He graduated from the Wisconsin University, in the law class of 1874, and immediately began the practice of his profession in Eau Claire. He was married in this city, June 24, 1874, to Alice Daniels, who was born in Milan, Ohio. Mr. Downs has been an Alderman of the Sixth Ward since April, 1880. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., of the A. O. U. W., and of the Temple of Honor. DAVID DRUMMOND, wholesale and retail butcher and meat packer, Eau Claire, was born in Canada, Nov. 27, 1849. Came to Wis consin in 1870, and located at this place. Commenced present business in 1872, in partnership with Hiram Brooks, who died in March, 1877, and the business has since been carried on by D. Drummond. JOSEPH LOUIS DUPONT, gang sawyer, Valley Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 187I, and located at Eau Claire. Was em ployed in rafting and piloting on the river for several years, and has been in his present capacity for fouryears. Was born in Canada, Nov. I, 1841. Came to United States in 1865, and engaged in saw mills in Michigan. Was married at Eau Claire, April 6, 1881, to Mrs. Fannie Martin, who was born in Dayton, Ohio. JOSEPH R. EAGLES, builder, Eau Claire, was born in Buffalo, Erie Co., N. Y., where he learned his trade. Came to Wisconsin in 1865, and after passing some time in Trempealeau County, and a short time in Minnesota, removed to Eau Claire for permanent residence in 1869. Married in Trempealeau County, August 28, 1869, to Mrs. Nichols, for merly from Illinois. Have one child, Charles, born in 1870. MRS. ELDRED, millinery, Eau Claire, does the best business in her line in the city. Employs three assistants, in addition to appren tices. Came to Wisconsin in 1866, settled in Eau Claire, and opened present business. Born in Schuyler County, N. Y. Married at Hector, Schuyler Co., March 20, 1858. Has one child, Fanny. Mrs. Eldred's pa rents, Mr. and Mrs. O. Phelps, of Tompkins County, N. Y., had seven children — Helen (now Mrs. S. J. Eldred), Cicero, Harlowe, Warren, Nancy (now Mrs. H. Brown), Lucy (now Mrs. L. Chandler), and Augusta (now Mrs. Hy. Smith). MRS. B. C. ELLISON, musician, has been a successful teacher, having a large number of pupils, and is giving entire satisfaction. Mrs. Ellison made a thorough study of music for seven years, under the best teachers in the East. Having made teaching a financial success, she has retired from it. Mrs. Ellison was born in Osceola, Penn. SAMUEL ELLIS, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Springfield, Erie Co., Pa., Nov. I, 1822, and when twenty years of age came to La Grange, Walworth Co., where he engaged in carpenter and joiner work, and in farming. In 1856 or 1857, he went to Palmyra, and run an hotel there until May 1, 1861, when he came to Eau Claire, and engaged in the livery business, which he has since continued. He was married, in La Grange, to Amanda Adams, who was born in New York State, and died soon after marriage, leaving one son, William E., now of Texas. He was married to his present wife, Harriet French, in Palmyra, Jeffer son Co. They have three children living— Cora L., Frank E. and Harry S., and have lost two children. J. F. ELLIS, Eau Claire, was borri in the town of Jerusalem, Yates Co., N. Y„ June 5, 1843. His father, Hernando C. Ellis, came to Wis consin forty-five years ago, but soon returned to New York. In 1847, he brought his family to Walworth County, residing there a while, and in Columbia County one year. In June, 1855, 'hey located at Rock Creek, Dunn C9., where Mr. Ellis, senior, still resides. J. F. Ellis came to Eau Claire in 1866, and engaged in studying law. He began the practice of that profession in 1870. He was County School Superin tendent for two years ; is now, and has been for six years, a member of the School Board, and has held several minor offices. He was married in Eau Claire, Oct. 17, 1875, to Cora E. Allen, who was born in Sheboy gan. They have one child, Ruth J., born in January, 1880. HON. A. C. ELLIS, Eau Claire, came to this city in 1861, and in May of that year enlisted in the 6th Wis. V. I., Co. B. Not being able to get in the army at Eau Claire, he, with seventeen others, went to Pres cott, Pierce Co. Only three of the number lived to return (they are all pensioners). Mr. Ellis served until July, 1867, when he was mustered out. He was wounded at the battle of South Mountain, in 1863, and transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps. He was lieutenant of Co. B ; was with Sheridan in Louisiana after the war. In the Fall of 1867, he returned to Eau Claire, and practiced law from 1870 to 1880; was County Judge for seven years prior to his resignation in the Fall of 1880. Since December, 1880, he has been connected with the Northwestern Lumber Company. He was born in Licking, near Granville, Ohio, Sept. 17, 1843, and moved to Aurora, 111., in 1856, remaining there until he came to Eau Claire. He was married, March 12, 1870, to Eliza M. Potter, a daughter of N. Potter, of Eau Claire. They have two chil dren, Hannah and Cornelia. HUGH M. ELLIOTT, sawyer Dells Lumber Company, Eau Claire, was born in Allegany Co., N.Y., June 3, 1846; came to Wisconsin in 1867, and settled in Eau Claire ; spent two years in D. Shaw's store, and then kept books in and ran Estabrook's mill ; was with Valley Lumber Company two years, sawing ; had charge of the Eddy Mill, Summer of 1880, until August ; engaged with the Dells Lumber Company, October, 1880; was married in Eau Claire, in 1871, to Miss Olivia Curtis ; has two children, Jered and Josephine ; is a member of Eau Claire Lodge, No. 162, A., F. & A. M. R. ELWELL, farmer, Eau Claire, was born in Oleonte, Otsego Co., N. Y., June 22, 1833 ; came to Eau Claire in 1857; taught school three Winters, milling Summers; was clerking for L. W. Farwell two years, then book-keeper for Daniel Shaw & Co. until 1864. On his return from the army he returned to Shaw & Co.'s, and was with them eight years. He enlisted in August, 1864, in Co. K (new company), 5th Wis., as pri vate ; was mustered out as orderly sergeant in June, 1865. Married in Eau Claire, June 9, 1861, to Martha Boree, of that place. They have four children, of which survive Lucy, William Willis and Etta May. He belongs to the orders of I. O. O. F. and Temple of Honor. MARTIN ERICKSON, first molder in N. Shaw's Foundry, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1866, and located at Eau Claire, where he has been employed in the same capacity for the past fifteen years. He was born in Norway, in 1841, and was married to Annie Anderson, a a native of Norway, in March, 1866. LOUIS EVERSON, millwright Eau Claire Lumber Company, Eau Claire, was born in Norway. April 30, 1841, and came to Wisconsin in 1867, and located at Dunn, where he was employed as millwright for five years ; came to Eau Claire in 1872, and has been employed in pres ent capacity for eight years. He was married in Norway, in April, 1867, to Julia Thompson, who was born in that country. They have two children, Theodore and Ida Julia. \J. ¥drrrM.Sr EDWIN J. FARR, physician and surgeon, Eau Claire, came to Kenosha in 1855, and the following year removed to Prairie du Sac, Sauk Co., and in 1857 to Mauston, Juneau Co., and in 1870 to Eau Claire. He was born in the town of Corinth, Orange Co., Vt., Aug. 24, 1832. He was educated at Castleton Medical College, Vermont, and graduated in 1851, and practicing at White River Junction, Vt., until he came to Wisconsin. He was assistant surgeon of the 2d Wis. V. I. for five months, and was with the 30th Wis. V. I. for nearly three years. He was post surgeon at Ft. Sully from July, 1863, to October, 1864, and had charge of the prison hospital at Louisville from January to August, 1865. He was married at White River Junction, in January, 1855, to Emily L. Sawyer, who was born in Stockbridge, Windsor Co., Vt. They have two children, twins, Edwin B. and Emily B., born Aug. 14, 1867. They lost one child, who died in infancy. Dr. Farr. is at present Mayor of Eau Claire ; he is railroad surgeon for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha and the Wisconsin & Minnesota Railway Companies, and is a member of the A., F. & A. M., I. O. O. F. and A. O. U. W. DAVID H. FERGUSON, of the firm of Daniel Shaw & Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1856; became one of the firm not long since. Married Mary Kershiner, in 1875, in Eau Claire. She was born in Ireland. Mr. F. was also born in Ireland. They have one child, Blanche. He is a member of the Free Masons and Odd Fellows. 322 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. E. B. FINNEY, express, Eau Claire, was born in Groton, Tomp- kinsCo., N.Y., Dae. 24, 1827; came to Wisconsin in the Fall ot 1S48, settled in Columbia County, and came to Eau Claire in 1872. Mr. Fin ney was engaged in until he came to Eau Claire, with the excep tion of a period 1S55 to 1S56, when he kept a hotel in Princeton, what is now Green Lake County. Was married in Watertown, Dec. 29, 1850, to Miss Ellen C. Cogan, of Watertown, formerly from Lowell, Mass. They have six children — Henrietta (now Mrs. C. M. Clark), Albert H., William IL, Barnum II., Ella M. and Charles S. He is a member of West Eau Claire Lodge, No. 112, A., F. & A. M. ASA FLETCHER came to Eau Claire in October, 1S74, and has since been engaged in logging and lumbering, except two Winters, and since 1S76 in the livery business. He was born, July 9, 1S39, in the town of Madison, Somerset Co., Me., and resided in that State until 1862, when he went to California, where he engaged in mining in Siski you County until the arrival of his wife, in 1S63. Then, with his fam ily, he removed to Santa Clara Valley. In February, 1870, they settled near Ottawa, Kan., and built the first store in Princeton, of lhat State, carrying on mercantile and live-stock business. In 1874, he came to Eau Claire. He was married in Madison, Me., Jan. 19. 1862, lo Mary C. Sawyer, who was born in Anson, Me., and is a daughter of Luke Sawyer, who died in October, 187S, and Nancy (Metcalf) Sawyer, who died in August, 1863. Mr. Fletcher is a son of Parrit and Susan (Saw yer) Fletcher. His father died, April, 1877, and his mother lives in Madison, Me. lie has three children — Fred E., born in Mayfield, Santa Clara Co., Cal., Feb. 27, 1S64; Alvin L., born in Mayfield, Cal., Sept. 19, 1S6S, and Gertrude M., bom in Eau Claire, Oct. 18, 1875 ; and has lost one daughter, Nancy M., born in California, Aug. 30, 1867, and died Oct. 12, 1S67. Mr. Fletcher is a member of the A., F. & A. M.and A. O. U. W. JOHN P. FOX, plumber and gas-fitter, Eau Claire, was born in Milwaukee, Dec. 10, 1847. When quite young, went to West Bend, Washington Co. From thence to Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Came lo Eau Claire, in 187S, to construct the Eau Claire Dells Gas Light and Coke Co. Commenced business, plumbing and gas-fitting, in June, 187S, and also started the Eau Claire Brick Co. same date. Married at West Bend, July 4, 1868, to Mary A. Mozanik, who was born in Racine. They have three children — William Henry, John J. and Edward E. M. FOX, proprietor restaurant and saloon, Eau Claire, was born in Switzerland, Jan. 17, 1828. Came to New York in 1855. Went lo Indiana and lived one year, and in May, 1S56, he came 10 Wisconsin, locating at Menomonie, where he remained until 1S66, when he removed to Eau Claire, where he has since resided. While at Menomonie, he was in the employ of Knapp, Stout & Co. the first seven years, after ward he carried on a boarding-house and saloon business (heie. He was married in Menomonie, Oct. 25, 1S60, to Mary E. Schmidt. She was born in Baden, Germany, Sept. 5, 1845. They have four children — Edward, Freddie, Mary and Margaret. Mr. Fox was twice Super visor, while he was a resident of Menomonie. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and A. O. U. W. Before coining to America, he had been an extensive traveler in Europe, and is among the well-informed citizens of the West. THOMAS F. FRAWLEY, Eau Claire, was born in the city ot Troy, N. Y., March 6, 185 1. His parents moved to Janesville in 1852. They resided there until 1856, when they came to Dane County. He graduated at the Wisconsin University in 1S75, in which year he came to Eau Claire and taught in the high school until 1S80, having taught in various parts of the State before coming here. He was married in Eau Claire, Aug. 5, 1S77, to Lydia A. Lawler, who was born in Fond du Lac. Mr. Frawley studied law with Lafayette Smith, in Madison. He is Clerk of the School Board, Alderman of the Eighth Ward, and mem ber of the County Board. DR. E. C. FRENCH, dentist, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Jackson, Susquehanna Co., Penn., May 26, 1845, an(l went to Iowa in Aug., 1S66, in which year he first engaged in dental work. He learned his profession in Dubuque, with Dr. E. L. Clarke, of that place, and commenced practice in Cascade, Dubuque County. He has been in business for himself twelve years. He came to Wisconsin in July, 1873. He was a member of the Iowa Dental Association, and is now a mem ber of the Wisconsin Dental Society, and one of the committee on Den tal Ethics. He was married in Salem, Wayne Co., Penn., Jan. 27, 1866, to Esther B. Edwards, who was born in Green, of that county. They have three children — Myrta May, born March 24, 1868 ; Ernest Edmund, born March 18, 1876, and Dwight Day, born March 22, 1878. They have lost one infant daughter. WILLIAM GANS, Eau Claire, was born in Spring Hill, Fayette Co., Penn., Sept. 17, 1818. Engaged in farming till 1854, and then kept a public house till he came West, in 1858. On his arrival in Eau Claire, in lhat year, he opened a hotel, which he ran two years. After a time, got a charter to run a ferry, which he opened to travel in Spring, 1861. Continued this until a bridge was built, in 186S. Married, in Fayette Co., Penn., Sept. 17, 1S38, to Miss Maria Morris. Have two children living, George (engaged in Chippewa Falls) and Jennie. DR. W. T. GALLOWAY, Eau Claire, was born in Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.,. April 15, 1822, and graduated from Castlelon Medical College, at Castleton, Vt. He began the practice of his pro fession in 1850. He went to Fond du Lac in 1S5 1, remaining there until he came to Eau Claire, in 1857. He was appointed Register of the United States Land Office, and held that office until 1S61. He is now, and has been for six years, an Alderman. He was Supervisor three years when Eau Claire was a town, and six years since it was a city, and still holds the office. He has been a Delegate to four National Conven tions, always identified with the Democratic party. He was for four years engaged in the manufacture of lumber on Duncan Creek, near Chippewa Falls, and for twelve years in foundry and machine shops in Chippewa Falls and Eau Claire, besides managing a farm. In 1S74, he built the Galloway House. He has built numerous dwelling houses. He erected the foundry and machine shops at Chippewa Falls, which have since been converted into gas works. He now stands as an An cient Odd Fellow, and has taken all the degrees in Masonry. He was married in Fond du Lac, in 1854, to Laura Talmadge, who was born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. They have one son, Nathaniel P., who is now in Arizona. JOHN LAWRENCE GILMAN, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1866. and has since been engaged in mercantile business in Eau Claire, in partnership with G. B. Chapman, Esq., with the exception of one year. He was born in Granville, Licking Co., Ohio, Sept. 7, 1833, and lived in that State until 1850. Was in California from 1850 to '54; was in Champaign, III, until 1S64; in Idaho Territory from 1864 lo '66. He was married in Granville, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1S56, to Nancy E. Asher, who was born in Granville. They have two children, Arthur J. and Helen Pauline. Mr. Gilman was City Treasurer one year. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias. A. M. GIBBONS, Eau Claire, was born in Ross County, Ohio, and is now in the forty-fifth year of his age. His father was James II. Gib bons, and his mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Mead. He came at an early age with his parents to Illinois. His educational advantages were in the main, only such as were afforded by the common schools of the county. He finished his schooling with one year at an academy at Granville, 111. He was a close student, especially during this last year at Granville. Pie read law with Ira I. Fenn, of Illinois, and was ad mitted to the Bar in 1857, by the Supreme Court at Ottawa. Heat once opened an office, and practiced his profession. In about two years he concluded to seek a different field. He went first to Peoria and from there to Colorado, where he found many people living in tents and wagons. The resources of the country were then only conjecture. He at once pushed on for Oregon. Many were the encounters and escapes he met with on the journey. He arrived in Portland, Oregon, in the Fall of 1859, and commenced the practice of law, which he continued until February, 1861, when he closed up and went to Washington. He was among the first volunteers of the war. After his service, he re turned to Illinois, and again to the practice of his profession. He was a delegate to the "National Union Convention " at Philadelphia in 1866. He is an active Republican. HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 323 R. C GRAHAM, treasurer Dells L. Co., Eau Claire, was born in Greene Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1831. Engaged in farming at home until the death of his parents. In 1852, moved to Allegany Co., N. Y., remained some six years and then moved to Williamsport, Pa. Engaged in gen eral occupations. Came to Eau Claire in 1873, and engaged with the present company. Was married in Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1854, to Miss Maggie Cowen. Her parents were living, at this time, in Canada, for merly from Schenectady, N. Y., where Mrs. Graham was born. HON. HIRAM PEASE GRAHAM, president of the Phoenix Mfg. Co., Eau Claire, was born in Windham, Greene Co., N. Y., March 29, 1820. Resided in Canada from 1844 to 1852. From 1852 to 1856 in Allegany Co., N. Y., and in the latter year he came to Eau Claire. He has held various town and county offices. Was Lumber Inspector five years, and was the first Mayor of the city of Eau Claire. Mr. Graham was member of Wisconsin State Senate in 1874-75. FRED I-I. GRAHAM, son of Hiram P. Graham, was born in Wells- ville, Allegany Co., N. Y., Feb. 25, 1855, and came from his native place to Wisconsin, locating in Eau Claire, in 1857. He has been connected with ihe Phcenix Manufacturing Co., since its organization. HON. MICHAEL GRIFFIN, lawyer, Eau Claire, was born in the County of Clare, Ireland, Sept. 9, 1842. Came to America in 1847. Settled in Sauk County in 1855. In 1861, he enlisted as a private in Co. E, 12th Wis. V. I. Was promoted to first lieutenant, and re mained in the service until the close of the war. Participated in the siege of Vicksburg, Sherman's Atlanta campaign and march to the sea, and Sherman's campaign north through the Carolinas. After the war he located at Kilbourn City, in Columbia County, where he remained until 1876, when he came to Eau Claire. He held various town and county offices while at Kilbourn City. Was member of the Assembly from Columbia County in 1876. He was appointed City Attorney of Eau Claire in 1878 and re-appointed in 1S79. Elected State Senator in 1879. AUGUST GUTSH, saloon, Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin in 1872 and located at Menomonie. He was employed as butcher for some years, then carried on the business for himself for about four years. Came to Eau Claire in 1878, opened a butcher shop and ran it for two years. Commenced present business in April, 1881, and owns business building. He was born in Germany, Nov. 25, 1848, and came to Amer ica in 1S72. Having married in Germany, Oct. 25, 1871. He has five children — Herman, Emma, Gustave, William and Fritz. CHARLES L. HADLEY, filer, Wilson shingle-mill, Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin in 1852 and located in Waupaca County, where he was employed in saw-mill. Came to Eau Claire in 1854, and remained four years. He then returned to Waupaca County, and remained for seven years. Was afterward employed for some years at mills in Eau Claire and at Menomonie. Was then foreman in saw-mill at Fairchilds for seven years, and returned to Eau Claire in Spring of 1881, and en gaged in present capacity. He is also in grocery business at Stanley, in company with F. Rabenstorm. He was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Jan. 30, 1835. Was married in Walworth County, July 17, 1863, to Mary Olverson, who was born in Norway. Have four children — Eu gene (employed in store), Sarah, Benjamin and Harriet. J. D. HADLEY, ferryman, Eau Claire, was born in Sandy Creek, Oswego Co., N.Y., Oct. 2, 1820. His parents Benjamin and Miranda (Dun can) Hadley, being Vermont people. He came to Wisconsin in 1846, and settled at Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co. Moved to Eau Claire County in 1854, and for a time was engaged in farming, then moved into the city and kept hotel. Had several different houses. For two years kept " Henneberry House." "Eau Claire House" part of one year and the " Niagara House " five or six years. In the year 1869 he started the ferry which he has run almost uninterruptedly since. Built a boat at one time which he run to Memphis. Was first married in Cattaraugus Co., N. V., to Miss Charity Goodnote, who died leaving two children, Clark and Julia (now Mrs. A. Sessions). Was married to the sister of his first wife in McHenry County, by whom he has three children living — Allen, Eldred and Frank. REV. HARALD HAKONSEN, Scandinavian Lutheran Church, Eau Claire, was born in Norway, Nov. 13, 1848. Graduated in Military School, April I, 1869 ; served five years as lieutenant in army. Edu cated at Royal University of Christiania, Norway. Graduated in 1873, and was ordained into the ministry by Bishop Jorgen Johan Tandberg, of Christiania. Came to America in Fall of 1874, and located at Sand Creek, Dunn Co. Was employed i'.i service of Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod, for five years. Came to Eau Claire June 24, 1880. Has charge of " Our Savior's " Scandinavian Lutheran Church. Mem bership 150; church seats 500; ulso holds service at Black River Falls, Beef River, Little Norway, Augusta, Maryland, Chippewa Falls, Rudds Mills, Porterville and Prescott Mills. Returned to Norway in 1876, and was married there, June 12, 1876, to Ansene Gunderson. They have three children — Rachel, Johanna and Hakom. FRED HANSON, proprietor of the Galloway House, Eau Claire, is a son of Thomas W. and Minerva (Crocker) Hanson, now residents of Fargo, Dakota. He was born ir Calais, Washington Co., Maine, April 7, 1853, and went, with his parents, to Minneapolis, Minn., in 1854, and lived there twelve years ; then removed to Red Wfng, and in 1874 to Hastings, Minn., and two years later to Mankato, where he remained but three months ; then went to Fargo, Dakota, where he remained un til he came to Eau Claire. He was clerk in the Galloway House for three months, and since then has been its proprietor. CHRISTOPHER HANSEN, millwright, and foreman of shingle mills Eau Claire Lumber Company, came to Wisconsin in 1868 and lo cated at Eau Claire. Was employed two years rafting lor Eau Claire Lumber Company, and has been in present capacity for eleven years. Was born in Norway, June 3, 1832, and married in 1856 to Martha An derson, born also in that country. They have three children — Charles, engaged in dry goods business ; Vance, engaged in clothing business, and Dikoa, now Mrs. H. Mason. PETER HANSON, of Aanstad & Hanson, grocers, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1S65, and located at Eau Claire ; was clerk for five years ; then had charge of West Eau Claire Post-office for two years ; afterward in butcher business for two years ; clerked two years for In gram, Kennedy & Mason, and commenced his present business about a year ago in company with Ole Aanstad. He was born in Norway, Dec. 12, 1841, and came to America in 1S65. Married at Eau Claire, Dec. 25, 1870, to Dorothy Neilson, who was born in Norway. They have three children — Julius Arthur, Daniel Norman, Adela Constance. DEWITT C. HARLOW, millwright, Valley Lumber Company, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located at Janesville ; employed at carriage building for four years ; then at ship-yard in Green Bay for some two years. He has been a licensed Government engineer since 1S52. He built the following steamers : " H. S. Allen," 1855 ; "Chip pewa," 1856 ; "Chippewa Valley," 1858, and also several barges on the Mississippi -River ; was employed on that river for eleven years in the capacity of engineer, millwright, etc.; was then employed as millwright in Hannibal, Mo., up to Spring of 1876. Afterward built a planing mill at Minneapolis, Minn., for Bedford, Baker & Boise, and rebuilt mill of French Lumber Company, at Chippewa Falls, Wis., and also rebuilt mill of Chippewa Falls Lumber & Boom Company. He came to Eau Claire in the Fall of 1879, and has been engaged in present capacity since. He was born, Jan. 2, 1826, at Limerick, N. Y., and was married in Janesville, Oct. 8, 1847, to Geraldine Cobb, who was born in Water- town, N. Y. They have three children — Frank W., engineer in Colo rado ; Emma W., now Mrs. Maddy; Ella J., now Mrs. Sellers, at Chip pewa Falls. T. HARRIGAN, agent. Was born in Canada West, May 16, 1845. Came to the United States in 1S65, and went into the coal mines at Blossburg, Penn., and in the woods one Winter. Returned to Canada for a time, and then came west, locating in Winona, Minn., where he re mained about seven years, engaged in general occupations, teaming among the lest. Brought his teams to Wisconsin in 1865, and settled in Eau Claire, where he commenced the express business, which he still follows Married, in Canada West, to Miss Aurelia Miller, who died in 1872, leaving four children — Joseph P., John, Ida May and William. Was married to his present wile, formerly Miss Lizzie Wolf, in Eau Claire, in 1874, and has three children — Lillie, Cora and Fred. Is a member of Eau Claire Lodge, No. 129, 1. O. O. F., also Wilderness En campment. MADISON W. HARRIS, furniture, etc., Eau Claire, came to Wis consin in April, 1865, and located at Eau Claire. Engaged in dry goods business in company with Theodore Hoffman. They dissolved partner ship some fifteen months later. He commenced furniture business in company with E. W. Allen, May 15, 1867 ; firm dissolved March, 1877, and Mr. Harris has since been alone. Was born at Farmington, Van Buren Co., Iowa, March 7, 1838 ; married in Milwaukee, Jan. 30, 1871, to Tillie A. Sivyer, born in Milwaukee, Oct. 20, 1847. Previous to com ing to Wisconsin, was engaged in steamboating for some eighteen years between La Crosse, Eau Claire, Mendota and St. Croix. F. H. HAVENS, news agent, Eau Claire, was born in St. Cathe rines, Canada, Dec. 10, 1861. His parents, Felix and Jennie (Thompson) Havens came to Wisconsin in 1870, and settled in Eau Claire, where his father practiced his profession, that of physician, until his death, in 1872. Mr. Havens was in the bank of Clark & Ingram three years, and was also in stores at times in town. Commenced present business in 1878. H. H. HAYDEN, lawyer, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1864, locating at Oshkosh, until 1872, when he came to Eau Claire, associating with W. P. Bartlett in the practice of law. He has been City Attorney, and held other city offices ; has been one of the di rectors of the Bank of Eau Claire since its organization. He was born in Schenectady, N. Y„ May 3, 1841, and moved to McHenry Co., 111., in 1843, living in Woodstock and Crystal Lake until he came to Wiscon sin. He was married in Woodstock, 111., to Florence Slocum ; they have two children, Avis and Gorgie. CHARLES E. HAZEN, of A. & C. E. Hazen, flouring mills, on Otter Creek, two and one-half miles southeast of Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located near Fond du Lac, where he farmed, etc., up to i860 ; he then moved to Tyrone and built a saw-mill, in com- 324 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. pany with his father and others ; shortly afterward he moved the mill to Eau Claire ; ran it for two or three years, and sold it in 1865. He built present mill in company with his father, Alonzo Hazen, and the mill has since been under its present firm name. They employ five men ; capac ity of mill fifty barrels per day. He is also connected with the Eau Claire Woolen Mills, situated on Otter Creek, next to flouring mills. This mill was erected in 1875 by W. H. Moore & Co., of which firm the Hazens were members. It employs ten men. The partners are A. and C. E. Hazen, D. C. Whipple and E. Robbins. Mr. Hazen was Chairman of Town Board of Washington, in 1858-59, and at present is acting en gineer for Empire Lumber Company of Eau Claire. He was born in Lewis Co., N. Y., March 17, 1837 ; was married at Peru, in September, 1861, to Serapta Bird, who was born in New York City. They have six children — William J., Mary L. (now Mrs. Lockin), Jennie, Phcebe, Emma J. and Ida M. HERMAN LINE STEAMERS, Reed's Landing and Eau Claire. Organized and commenced business in the Spring of 1875. Have now two steamers which make daily trips. THEODORE HOFFMAN, Eau Claire, was born in Charleston S. C, Feb. 2, 1842, and when a child of two years of age came with his father, Frederick Hoffman, to Mineral Point. He lived there until 1857, when he came to Eau Claire. He commenced mercantile business, as a clerk, in 1856, and engaged in business for himself in 1865, which he has continued ever since. He was married in Eau Claire, in Septem ber, 1866, to Eunice A. Harlow. They have one child, Arthur T. Mr. Hoffman held the office of Village Trustee for two years prior to the city organization, and since then represented the Fifth Ward one year as Alderman. He is a member of the Baptist Church. CHARLES E. HOGEBOOM, physician and surgeon, came to Eau Claire and engaged in the practice of medicine, in May, 1876. He is a graduate of Rush Medical College, class of '69, and began his practice at Blackberry Station, Kane Co., 111. He went from there to St. Charles, in the same county, where he remained until he came to Eau Claire. He was born in the township of Genoa, De Kalb Co., 111., April 28, 1846, and was educated in the public schools of that county and the High School, in Sycamore, and bv private instruction. He was married in Eau Claire, in June, 1873, to Maggie, daughter of Thomas Barland, who was born in Illinois. They have two children, Charles Barland and El sie J., and have lost one daughter, Margie Belle, who died in November, 1878, aged three years and two months. MISS AGNES HOSFORD, Superintendent of Schools, Eau Claire, born at St. Stephens, N. B.; came to Wisconsin, Fall 1855, and settled in Hudson, St. Croix County. Was elected to present position, Jan uary, 1876. LYMAN P. HOTCHKISS, County Clerk, Eau Claire, was born Oct. 24, 1841, in the town of Homer, Cortland Co., N. Y., and lived with his parents until his thirteenth year, when he came West. He re turned to New York in 1859, where, in April, 1861, he enlisted in Co. B, 23d N. Y. V. I., serving until May 22, 1863; he then came to Eau Claire, and after a residence here of fifteen months, returned to New York, and enlisted in Co. B, 189th N. Y. V. I. He was elected orderly of the company, and afterward promoted to second lieutenant. At the battle of Gravelly Run, on March 3r, 1865, he was wounded in his right ankle, and the result was the amputation of his leg. He left the service July n, 1865. He was married in Belvidere, N. Y., June 22, 1865, to Almeda E. Smith, who was born in the town of West, Allegany Co., N. Y. They have four children — Hattie M., Leroy, Harry B. and Wil lie O. Mr. Hotchkiss was Justice of the Peace in the town of Union ; Town Clerk of West Eau Claire before the city organization, and Post master of West Eau Claire about three years ; he was serving when the office was discontinued in 1872. He was elected County Clerk in 1876, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. HENRY C. HOWLAND came to Eau Claire in March, 1865, since which time he has been connected with the Eau Claire schools as princi pal of the East Side High School. He has been President of the Eau Claire Free Library, since its organization in 1875, vice-president of the Eau Claire Savings, Building and Loan Association for the past two years. Mr. Howland was born in Adams, Mass., Jan. 20, 1836, and educated at Shelburne Academy, taking an advanced academic course. He com menced teaching at Gallipolis, Ohio ; taught five years there and one in Prairie Seminary at Richland, Kalamazoo Co., Mich., as principal of that institution, and came from there to Eau Claire. He was married, Dec. 29, 1859, in Ashfield, Franklin Co., Mass., to Olive S. Sears, who was born in Goshen, Mass. They have two children, Clarence S. and Jessie M. REV. GERMAN HOYME, pastor Norwegian Evangelical Luther an Church, Eau Claire, was born in Norway, Oct. 8, 1848 ; came to America, 1851, and located at Port Washington. Educated at Madison University; theological education, Augustberg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minn. ; graduated 1873, and was ordained by the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. Had charge of the Lutheran Church at Duluth, Minn., for one year, and at Menomonie, Wis., for two years. Has had charge of Norwegian Lutheran Churches in East and West Eau Claire since 1876. Married at Duluth, Minn., Nov. 15, 1874, to Ida Olsen, who was born in Norway. They have four children — Aagut, Alice, Sigred and Ranghild. In 1876, the churches had a mem bership of 373 ; have since been increased to 580. Seating capacity of both churches, 700. MARTIN B. HUBBARD, Eau Claire, came to the town of Bridge Creek, Ean Claire Co., in June, 1865. His home was in Augusta most of the time until March I, 1876, when he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court and came to Eau Claire. He was elected Clerk the next Fall, and re-elected in the Falls of '78 and '80. He had been Town Clerk of Bridge Creek, and was holding that office when he was first ap pointed to his present position. He was born in Elgin Co., Canada West, Aug. 11, 1849, and lived there until he came to Wisconsin with his parents, Alfred and Mary A. (Dighton) Hubbard, now residents of the city of Eau Claire. He was married in Augusta, Eau Claire Co., March 20, 1873, to Alice A. Muzzy, who was born in Mayville, Dodge Co. They have two children, Archie P,, born Oct. 29, 1876, and Eva, born Oct. 27, 1878. GEORGE HUEBENER, hardware, firm of Miller & Huebener, came to Eau Claire in 1865 from Germany ; engaged in milling two and one half years ; then in buying wheat for Summermier. Was with North western Lumber Company four years ; began his present business in 1876. Was married to Anna Seidel in 1878. They have one child, George, born March, 1879. Mr. H. has passed all the honorary degrees of the Odd Fellows. IRVING D. HULL, book-keeper, with Daniel Shaw Lumber Com pany, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1857, and located at Eau Claire and was employed by the Daniel Shaw Lumber Company for several years as book-keeper. Went to New York and remained nine years, re turning in 1873 to Eau Claire, since which he has been engaged in his present capacity. Was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., 1837, and married near Gilbertsville, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1865, to Adeline Cole, who was born in Otsego Co., N. Y. Have one child, Minnie B. HENRY HUNTINGTON, farmer, Eau Claire, was born in Chel sea, Orange Co., Vt., Jan. 25, 1826. Parents, Jonas M.and Mary (Blod- gett) Huntington, being a Vermont family; father came from Connecti cut when a boy, Came West in 1854, and located in Leon, Monroe Co., remaining only six months ; then moved to Eau Claire. Was first en gaged in merchandising, which he followed eighteen months, then bought his present farm. Was- married in Fairlee, Vt., Jan. 20, 1850, to Miss Eliza Jane Shaw. Has four children — George A., Clarence H., Gilbert and Elfrena, now Mrs. R. Calquin. Is a member of Washington Grange, No. 321. Was Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace in 1856 ; Justice of the Peace, 1857; Board of Supervisors, two or three times ; Assessor, once or twice. EDWIN W. HURLBUTT, sawyer, Daniel Shaw Lumber Com pany, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1867 and located at Eau Claire; was engaged for two years in various mills, and since then has been em ployed in his present capacity. Was born in Alma, N. Y., March 9, 1845, and married at Eau Claire, 1869, to Mary Hunter, who is a native of Maine. They have one child, George A. L., aged ten years. GEORGE HUNTINGTON, dairy farm, Eau Claire, is a son of Mr. Henry Huntington. Was born in Eau Claire Sept. 7, 1857, and at tended school in that city. Was married to Miss Mabel Stocking, and has two children, Hobart Henry and Gilbert Arthur. Mr. Huntington keeps ten cows and supplies Eau Claire with milk. AUG. HUYSSEN, R. E., Eau Claire, is a native of Essen, Prussia. Came to the United States in 1848, and, after a short stay in New York, moved to Calumet, Fond du Lac Co., where he built a steam grist-mill and engaged in milling business. About the year 1854-55, he moved to Fond du Lac, and from there to Eau Claire.'settling in the latter place about 1856. Married in Calumet, Fond du Lac Co., to Miss Letitia Boyd. Have only one surviving child, William. ORRIN H. INGRAM, president Empire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, was born in Westfield, Mass., in 1827. Removed with parents to Sara toga Co., N.Y., when quite young, and, later on, went to the northern part of the State and was employed at lumbering for some three years. Afterward went to Canada, built a saw-mill near Kingston and three mills near Belleville, for others, and had charge of them for some two years ; then went to Ottawa, building and operating a large saw-mill for Harris & Brunson. For several years previous to coming to Wisconsin, had charge of mills for Gilmour & Co., Canada. Came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1857. Located at Eau Clai'-e, and commenced lumber business in firm of Ingram, Kennedy & Dole, i,i 1861 ; firm changed to Ingram, & Kennedy in 1873. They took in two of their employes, and style changed to Ingrain, Kennedy & Co., (and continued so up to March, 1881, when the Empire Lumber Company was formed, of which Mr. Ingram is president. Has also been la partner in firm of Clark & In gram, bankers, of this city, since i872,jand has been president of the Eau Claire R. R. Co. for two years./ Was at one time Chairman of County Board of Supervisors for three yeirs; president of the Eagle Rapids Dam & Booming Co. for several years, ?,nd also was president of the Dells Improvement Co. fo r several years. H i held the position of president of HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 325 the Chippewa River Log and Driving Association until its amalgama tion into the Chippewa River Improvement and Log-driving Co. The Empire Lumber Co. is also connected with the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Co., and Chippewa Logging Co. Mr. Ingram has been in firm of Ingram, Kennedy & Day, of Dubuque, Iowa, for twelve years or more, and in firm of Ingram, Kennedy & Gill, Wabasha, Minn., for about sev enteen years, and was also of the Charles Horton Lumber Co., Winona. Minn., and Ingram, Kennedy & Mason, general store, Eau Claire, until their amalgamation with the Empire Lumber Co. He was also of In gram, Kennedy & Thorpe, who built the steamer Silas Wright, in 1865, which steamer was run on the Chippewa River by that firm one year, and two years by Ingram & Kennedy, and also for one Winter by them on the Arkansas River. Mr. Ingram was married at Lake George, N.Y., in December, 1851, to Miss Cornelia E. Pierce, who was born near Lake George. They have four children — Charles H., employed in the store of the Empire Lumber Co., Miriam P., Fannie G. and Erskine B. CHARLES H. INGRAM, of Empire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, was born in this place Sept. 12, 1859, and was educated at the high school and at the State University at Madison ; is a stockholder of the Empire Lumber Co., and has been engaged as book-keeper in the company's store since April, 1881. / ANDREW JACKSON, jeweler, Eau Claire, born in Clinton Co., N. Y., 1826, came to Wisconsin in 1849, stopping at Beloit for a time, then went to Kilbourn ; was also at Sparta for six years ; came to Eau Claire in 1859 and began the jewelry business. He now has the largest stock in this part of the State. Was married to Mariette Blood, of Essex Co., N.Y.,in i860, and has two children, Amelia and Arthur. THOMAS M. JACOBSEN, pattern maker, Eau Claire, is a native of Norway. He was born May 1, 1853, and came to America in the Spring of 1872, locating in Chicago. He removed from there to Bald win in the Fall of 1873, and was married at that place, Dec. 24, 1874, to Carrie Johnson, who was born in Norway. They have two children liv ing, Johanna C. and Mary B. Their youngest daughter, Carey, died July 12, 1881, aged three months and six days. Mr. Jacobsen lived in Baldwin about six years, then moved to South Stillwater, and from there to Hudson, remaining at each place about a year, and in May, 1881, came to Eau Claire. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the Tem ple of Honor. PIERCE JOYCE, proprietor of the Joyce House, came to Eau Claire in August 1858, and was employed in teaming for Chapman & Thorp until the Spring of 1859, when he entered their mills, working there until the Fall of 1861. From that time he was engaged in draying for about three years, and for several Winters was engaged in logging, doing teaming business during Summers until the Fall of 1S68, when he opened a meat market, continuing that and dealing in stock and pork packing until 1875. In 1870, he built the Joyce House, renting it until 1875 when he took charge and conducted it himself. In the Summer of 1880, he improved and enlarged it. He was born in County Carlow, Ireland, March, 1829, and was married in Portage, Columbia Co., in June, 1857, to Mary T. Galven. They have five children — John E., James T., Mary C, Annie and Maggie. The family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Joyce has been Alderman of the Second Ward for two years and Street Commissioner one year. JAMES JEFFRIES, farmer, Eau Claire, was born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 1334. Came to United States with his widowed mother in 1848, and located in Buffalo, N. Y. Came west, and after stopping a short time in Michigan, settled in Wisconsin. Came to Eau Claire in 1856. Was married in Bear Creek, Dunn Co., Jan. 30, 1871, to Ann Banning, of Bear Creek. Has two children, William Henry and Mary Ann. FRANK JONES, assistant manager of store, Daniel Shaw Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located in Eau Claire. Was employed by Daniel Shaw Lumber Co. in mill for one season, and as salesman in store for eight years ; then on the river as lumber sales man and clerk on steamer for three years. Has been in present capac ity one year. In 1862, enlisted in 46th 111. I., private, and served three years. Was born in Stephenson Co., 111., in 1848. Has been a mem ber of Knights of Pythias five years. KAUFMAN, of the firm of Kaufman & Bachrach, merchant cloth ier, Eau Claire, was born in Cologne, Prussia, in 1854. Graduated there in the languages and sciences. In 1873, he went to Paris, and lived there five years. Came to Chicago in 1878, and entered with his brother in business. Mr. K.'s brother served in the late war with distinction. This house supplies its branch stores — of which there are many in the west — with all they have in stock. Mr. Kaufman came to Eau Claire in February, 1880, and established his business. Had the building he now occupiesbuilt expressly for him. It was finished in October, 1880. This is the leading clothing and furnishing house in the city. Mr. K. has a store in Chippewa Falls, which does a fine business, SYLVESTER S. KEPLER, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1875, and has been engaged in newspaper and mercantile work since his ar rival. He is associated with George O. Mill's estate in the ownership of the Eau Claire News. He was born near Meadville, Crawford Co., Pa., April 15, 1832, and lived there until the Fall of 1855, when he came to LaCrosse. and in the Spring of 1856 went to Waubasha, Minn., where he resided until 1875, and in which place he was married to Cath erine McDougall, who was born in Tioga Co., Pa. They have one child, William S. E. C. KNEELAND, purchasing agent N. W. L. Co., Eau Claire, was born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., Jan. 10, 1836. Parents moved to Lyons, Cook Co., 111., and he followed them in 1854. Remained in Cook County, farming, etc., until 1857, when he moved to Wisconsin, settling in Sparta, Monroe County, and engaged in merchandising. Came to Eau Claire in i860, took a homestead, and farmed until 1866, when he engaged with what is now the Northwestern Lumber Co. Was married in Burns, La Crosse Co., Dec. 27, i860, to Miss Clara Foster, of that county. Has four children — William Scott, Addison Marsh, Katie L. and Jessie. MATTHIAS KNEER. Eau Claire, was born in Wurtemburg, Ger many, March 4, 1831, and came to America in 1852, residing in New Jersey till 1855, when he came to Watertown. In April, 1856, he visited Eau Claire, but returned to Watertown, andSept. 15, 1857, located in town of Brunswick, Eau Claire Co., where he engaged in farming until the Fall of 1828, when he removed to Eau Claire and was employed at general work. In 1863, he opened a saloon, and soon began taking boarders. In 1867, he opened a hotel, called the Chippewa House, and in 1873 changed the name to the Kneer House. He now carries on his hotel and a grocery and liquor business, and owns a farm in the town of Sey mour, which he employs men to work. Mr. Kneer was Supervisor and Village Trustee for two years. He was married in Philadelphia, April 29, 1855, to Barbara Betz, who was also born in Wurtemburg. She died in December, 1864. They had four children — Louisa, Julia, Annie and Frank. He was married to his present wife, Louisa Hoeffner, in Water- town, March 8, 1865. She is a native of Prussia. Four children have been born of this marriage — Emma, Dora, Herman and Ernest. Mr. Kneer is a member of the I. O. O. F., and of the Grange. AMUND KNUTSON, saloon and billiards, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1853, and located at Clinton. Was employed one year in a grocery store, and was afterwards, for some years, in Werner and Monroe counties. Came to Eau Claire in 1863, and commenced present business in 1871. Was at one time a member of Eau 'Claire Cornet Band, and several others. He was born in Norway, June 24, 1842, and 326 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. came to America in 1853. Was married, Oct. 22, 1864, to Mary Olson, a native of Norway. They have two_ children, Arthur Martineus and Gunda. JOHN KURZ, saloon, Eau Claire, was born in Prussia, June 27, 1828, and came to America and to Wisconsin in 1854. Located at Mil waukee for a short time, then went to Madison, and was employed at coopering up to Summer of 1859. Came to Eau Claire in 1859, and in 1869 commenced present business, in partnership with James Reid, who withdrew in 1870. Married, at Madison, in November, 1856, to Eliza beth Ewans. HENRY H. KYLE, foreman of wagon shop, Daniel Shaw Lumber Company, Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin in 1851, and located at Columbus. He graduated at Columbus Collegiate Institute in the Spring of 1356, and was there employed for several years as book-keeper and salesman. In 1859, he went to Cleveland, and there learned his present trade. He carried on business in Wonewoc, Wis., in 1861, for a few months. Enlisted in 19th Wis. V. I., in December, 1861, served nearly four years ; at time of discharge, was hospital steward in the regular army. Was then engaged in carriage manufacturing at Wonewoc and Columbus for some years. Carried on business at Lowell for five years, and also at Augusta for several years. Came to Eau Claire in July, 1880, and engaged in his present capacity. He was born in Essex Co., N. Y., Oct. 20, 1836, and married at Wonewoc, July 4, 1861, to Lizzie Apkar, a native of Pennsylvania. They have five children — Rose E., Elva J., Winnie, Minnie and Herbert Vincent. WILL H. LAMB came to Eau Claire in January, 1880, and was as sociated with the Daily Free Press,as business manager, until December, 1880, and commenced publication of Ihe Daily and Weekly Leader, April 29, 1881. Mr. Lamb was born in Woodstock, Vt., July 28, 1849, and lived there until 1851, when, with his parents, Nathan and Ellen Ward Lamb, he moved to Watab, Minn., eighty-four miles above St. Paul. His father went there as post trader among the Winnebago Indians ; he now lives at Eureka Springs, Ark. ; his mother being unable to endure the climate of Arkansas, lives in Southern Minnesota. Mr. Lamb learned the printer's trade at St. Cloud, in 1S66, working on the St. Cloud Jour nal. He afterward purchased the St. Cloud Times, and was burned out within nine days after the purchase, but continued the publication with out the loss of a single issue. Three years later he sold the paper, and for a year was engaged in the book and stationery business. He started a paper at Anoka, Minn., and in 1875, went from the latter place to Minneapolis, and established the Daily Evening Journal, but sold out soon after, and engaged in job printing for a year and a half; he then removed to Glencoe, Minn., and bought the Weekly Glencoe Enterprise, remaining there until he came to Eau Claire, where he was married Sept. I, 1880, to Miss Mary E. Congdon, a daughter of Alvah Congdon, one of the early settlers of this place. CHRISTIAN LARSON, Eau Claire. Came to Black River Falls in the Summer of 1871, and engaged in lumbering and logging until Dec. 25. of the same year. Was then for a year unable to work, on ac count of a broken leg. In 1873, he came to Eau Claire, driving a team for six months, and then clerking for A. A. Cutter in the shoe store for two years. He commenced business for himself in October, 1877, at Chippewa Falls, being in general mercantile business, and came from there to Eau Claire and established his present business in clothing, gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, boots and shoes. Mr. Larson was born in Norway, Jan. 2^, 1851, and came from there to Wisconsin. He was married in Chippewa Falls, Oct. 6, 1877, to Lena Rostad, who is also a native of Norway. They have one child, Florence. Mr. Larson is a member of the A. O. U. W. HON. LEWIS R. LARSON, Eau Claire. Was born near Bergen, Norway, Sept. I, 1849, and came with his parents to Columbus, in the Spring of 1850. He was educated in the" public schools of Columbus, and in the Wisconsin University, at Madison, graduating from the latter institution in the class of 1872. He read law in the office of A. G. Cook, of Columbus, and was admitted to the Bar, May 20, 1874, at Portage, and May 28, 1880, to practice in the Supreme Court. He remained in the office of A. G. Cook until June 14, 1875, when he came to Eau Claire and began practice alone. He was City Attorney from April, 1877, to April, 1878, when he was elected Municipal Judge for a term of four years. HON. LEVI E. LATIMER was born in the town of Bloomfield, near Hartford, Conn., April 12, 1838, and lived there until 1858, when he went to La Porte, Ind , and studied law. He came to Eau Claire, in June, i860, and engaged in the practice of law until 1872, when he be came Municipal Judge, which office he held for six years. He has held various town offices on the west side. Since 1878, he has been engaged in real estate and insurance business. He was married in Hartford, Conn., in April, 1863, to Nellie M. Buckingham, who was born in Bloomfield, Conn. Mr. Latimer is a member of the A., F. & A. M. Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, and Wisconsin Consistory, etc. MRS. E. H. LELAND, authoress, Eau Claire. Was born in the State of Vermont, and came west with her parents. Came to Wisconsin in i860, and located at La Crosse, and came to Eau Claire in 1872. Has published a number of works, the principal being: "A Lost Life," a novel issued in 1869; " Farm Homes," published in 1880. JOSEPH MATTHIAS LTENENKUGER, brewer, Eau Claire, Born in Eau Claire, Oct. 19, 1858. His father, Matthias Lienenkuger, commenced brewing business in 1855, and carried it on until his death. which occurred Oct. 17, 1874. The business is now owned by Mrs. Threca Lienenkuger, widow of Matthias Lienenkuger, and her children. Joseph Matthias Lienenkuger has managed the business since 1876. Capacity of brewery fifty barrels per day; employs fourteen men and five teams. J. T. LOCKE, Eau Claire. Was born in the city of Biddeford, Me., May 23, 1833, and moved to Boston, Mass., in 1868; living there until he came to Eau Claire, May 12, 1873. He worked as carpenter and builder until 187S, and has been since then in the machinery business. He was married in Biddeford, in February, 1856, to Catherine J. New ell, who was born in the town of Dayton, Maine. She died in August, 1866, leaving three children — Winfield S., Ella D. and Charles. He was married to his present wife, Mrs. R. S. Warren, in the town of Plymouth, Me., in October, 1871. She was a native of that place, and had three children by her former marriage. Mr. Locke is a member of the I. O.O. F., and A. O. U. W. He enlisted June 9, 1862, in Co. F, 16th Me. V. I.; served two years and three months, when he was mustered out on ac count of disability caused by wounds and injuries received while in the service. He was a non-commissioned officer of his company. ROBERT LOWREY, sawyer, D. L. Co., Eau Claire. Was born in Newark, N. J., Feb. 19, 1843. His parents moved to Wisconsin about 1844, and settled in La Fayette County, where they engaged in farming. Mr. Lowrey spent about three years in Montana, engaged in mining. Was at Menomonie in mills there, and was on the river about two years. Has been engaged in his present occupation the last six years. In the woods in the Winter. S. A. LUND, manager of the Eau Claire Lumber Company's meat market. Was born in Southern Norway, Nov. 19, 1832, and came from there to Cambridge, Dane Co., in 1852. He lived there until he came to Eau Claire, May 7, 1857. He is the oldest Norwegian settler now living in this county. He at first engaged in general work ; in the Sum mer of 1857, he located a farm in the town of Pleasant Valley, which he still owns. He lived on his farm until 1858, when he commenced work ing for the Eau Claire Lumber Company. He was superintendent in the different departments until i860, when he returned to his farm for eight or nine years ; then, probably in 1868, he re-entered the employ of the Eau Claire Lumber Company, taking charge of their meat market, moving his family into his new house in the city in the Fall of 1878. He was married in the town of Pleasant Valley, Eau Claire Co., in the Win ter of 1857, to Christina Erickson, who was born in Norway. They have one child living, Frank O., aged nineteen years ; and have lost two children, Jacob A., who died at the age of twenty years, and Eva, who died aged seven years three months and seven days. JOHN V. R. LYMAN, physician and surgeon, Eau Claire. Was born in North Pepin, Pepin Co., June 13, 1857 ; was reared in Ft. Madison, Lee Co., Iowa, and educated at Rush Medical College, Chi cago, graduating in the Spring of 1880. He attended lectures at the St. Louis Medical College, and had eighteen months' practice in the hos pital at Ft. Madison. He came to Eau Claire in February, 1S80, and was married there, June 7, 1881, to Maud M. Kepler, who was born in Meadville, Penn. The doctor has been associated with Dr. W. T, Gallo way, in practice, ever since he came here. He read medicine with Dr. August W. Hoffmiester, of Ft. Madison, the well-known and skillful physician and surgeon of that place. MICHAEL McCABE, mason, Eau Claire. Was born in County Monahan, Ireland, Sept. 18, 1835. Came to the United States in 1852, and located in Palmyra, N. Y. Moved West in 1855, and settled in Waukesha County, where he followed shoemaking. Moved to Eau Claire, June, 1S56, and first worked in the mills, and afterward learned his present trade. Married in Palmyra, N. Y., May 6, 1855, to Miss Agnes Karrigan. Miss K., of Irish parentage, came to United States with her brothers and sisters in 1850. They have eight surviving children — Matthew, Julia (now Mrs. J. Murray), Ellen, Alice, Mary, Augusta, Katherine and John. SAMUEL W. McCASLIN, attorney at law, Eau Claire, was born in Neillsburg (then Venango Co.), now Forest Co., Penn., Nov. 3, 1844. and lived there until 1865, when he went to Painesville, Ohio. He read law, was admitted to the Bar, and began practicing in September, 1866. In 1868, he removed to St. Charles, Winona Co., Minn., where he re mained until he came to Eau Claire, in February, 1872. He was mar ried in Edinboro, Erie Co., Penn., May 23, 1869, to Helena Compton, who was born in Pennsylvania. He was a member of the City Council for two years, is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and of the Congrega tional Church. FRANK McDONOUGH came to Eau Claire in February, 1862, and since his arrival has been connected with Chapman & Thorp, and their successors, the Eau Claire Lumber Co. He at first worked as a millwright, but in 1869 became general superintendent of the manufact- HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 327 uring department. He was born in Ingersoll, Upper Canada, April 2. 1846, and commenced the trade of millwright in Canada, coming from there to Eau Claire. He was a member of the Town and County Board, before the incorporation of the city, and afterward was Alderman and Supervisor for four years, and again, in the Spring of 1S81, was elected Alderman and Supervisor for the First Ward, and is president of the Board of Trade. He has been Treasurer of School District No. I for the past eight years. He was married in Eau Claire, Sept. 28, 1S67, to Miss Jennie Horan, who is also a native of Ingersoll, Canada. They have four children — Frankie T., Katie, Gilbert J. and Pansy. Their first child, Irene, died at the age of nine months, and their son, Damon, died July 7, l88l,aged four and a half months. Mr. McDonough has made many improvements in saw mill machinery, the most notable of his inventions being water saw mandrels, gang edgers, automatic gang trimmers, and an improvement on log turners. JOHN J. MCDONALD, foreman Wilson Shingle Mill, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1S63, and located in Chippewa County, where he was employed in Randall's Mills for three years. Came to Eau Claire in 1866 ; was employed for some years in various mills, as sawyer and filer ; has been engaged in present capacity for two years. Was born in Canada, in 1842, and came to United States in 1862. Was married at Chippewa Falls, to Willmette McCann, who was born in Chippewa County. They have four children — Roderick, John, Arthur and Margaret. WILLTAM McELLEGET, saloon, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1864, and was employed in lumbering for some years. Opened saloon in 1869, in partnership with Martin Cahill ; dissolved in 1S74, and has since been alone. He was born in Ireland ; went to Canada when quite young; came to United States in 1864. He was married in Eau Claire, July 4, 1869, to Hannah Desmond. They have two children, Mary and William. WILL II. McENTEE. Eau Claire, was born in the town of Al- mont, Lapeer Co., Mich., March 9, 1857, and lived in that State until 1877, when he came to Eau Claire. He manifested artistic talent when a child, and his life study has been portrait painting and crayon work, in which he was engaged in Lapeer, Mich., before coming to Eau Claire. He is now engaged upon the portrait of the late Chief Justice Ryan, for the Bar of Alilwaukee, and one of Matt. H. Carpenter, for the State, under order of the Governor. JOHN F. McGRATII, foreman of steam saw mill for Eau Claire Lumber Company, came to Wisconsin, Sept. 23, 1848, and located at Fond du Lac ; was engaged as carpenter and joiner for ten years ; came to Eau Claire in 1858; in 1S66. was employed by Eau Claire Lumber Co. as millwright for several years, and then in his present capacity. Was born in Ireland, June, 1826, and came to America in 1842. Ilewas engaged for some years on various railroads, as carpenter, etc. Enlisted in 1865, in 1st N. Y. Engineers, as private; served before Richmond, and at other places, for six months ; at lime of his discharge he held rank of corporal. Was Town Clerk of North Eau Claire, 1859-60 ; elected Alderman for 1879-80, and re-elected for 1881-S2. Was mar ried in Fond du Lac, to Mary A. Byrnes, who was born in Boston. They have four children — James F., in sewing machine business ; H. J., graduated at West Point, June, 1880, now lieutenant in the Army ; John E., formerly in grocery business, and Mary Jessie. JAMES P. McINTYRE, Eau Claire, was born in St. Albans, Vt., April 18, 1836, and lived there until 1S73, when he came to Jackson, Mich., where he stayed a few months. He resided two years in Athens, Calhoun Co., Mich, (where he discovered the iron which he now uses in the plow manufactory), and carried on a foundry. He was then engaged in the manufacture of plows, being a member of the firm of Plutzman Bros. & Mclntyre, at Three Rivers, Mich., for two years. He then re turned to Vermont for four months, and from there came to Baldwin, remaining fourteen months. From there he went to Stillwater, Minn., working as a molder; then to South Stillwater, where he was general superintendent of St. Croix Lumber Co.'s Iron Works, until he came to Eau Claire, April 20, 1881. He was married in Champlain, N. Y., to his first wife, Eliza J. Forrest, of Hemming Ford, Canada East, by whom he had two children — Mary Elizabeth and Edgar F.; and in St. Albans, Vt., to his present wife, Louisa A. Stannard, a native of St. Al bans. They have five children — Frank E., Jane Barry, James, Charles Henry and Archer R. Mr. Mclntyre was the first man who enlisted in the Ransom Guards, a company organized in St. Albans, Vt., in April, lS6r, and attached to the 1st Vt. Vol. Inf., known as the "Regiment of Many Colors," owing to the fact lhat all the companies had fancy uni forms. At the close of the three months' service, he enlisted, in the Fall of l86r, in Co. F, 7lh Vt. Inf., and served two years and eleven months; then re-enlisted in the same company, serving until the Spring of 1866, when he was mustered out in Texas. He was wounded in the head, at the battle of Baton Rouge, La., and in consequence thereof was in a hospital for nineteen weeks. He went out as company wagoner, and was promoted to brigade wagoner, serving until the siege of Vicksburg, when, by his own request, he was relieved, and made 1st duty sergeant. JOHN W. McINTOSH, farmer, Eau Claire, is a son of Mr. B. G. Mcintosh, and was born in Farmington, Me., Aug. 11, 1S60. Came West with his father, went to school in Eau Claire, and is a member of the Temple of Honor of lhat city. HUGH H. B. McMASTER, manager of Empire Lumber Co.'s store, came to Eau Claire May 2, iSSr. He was born in Belfast, Ireland, July 2, 1S43, and came to Pittsburgh, Pa., with his parents in 1849, living there until 1S57, when he moved to Reed's Landing, Minn., where he resided until he came to Eau Claire. He was engaged in mercantile business for Knapp, Stout & Co. for eighteen years, the last eight years being manager of their store at Reed's Landing. During an interval of five seasons, he was engaged in steambonting, three years on the Missis sippi and two years on the Chippewa River. He was for one year cap tain of the steamboat " Chippewa," and the rest of the time clerk on boats. Mr. McMaster was married at Reed's Landing, Nov. 30. 1863, to Lena J. Gray, who was born in the town of Wesley, Me. They have two sons, Harry B. and Guy L. Mr. McMaster served as sergeant major of the Ist Minn. Heavy Artillery, from Jan. 1, 1865, until Septem ber, 1865. He was a member of the Minnesota State Legislature, from Wabasha County, at the first biennial session, and had held various vil lage offices prior to his election to the Legislature. ARCHIBALD McVICAR, dealer in agricultural implements, Eau Claire, is a son of Archibald and Jennie McVicar, who came to Wiscon sin in the Summer of 1856. Mr. McVicar, Sr., was engaged in farming and lumbering, in partnership with four brothers. They were in Downs ville, now the town of Union, before coming to Eau Claire. He died in February, 1878, his wife having died in the Fall of 1865. Archibald McVicar, Jr., was born in New Brunswick, May 29. 1839, and lived there until he came to Wisconsin in 1S55, being in Waukesha County and Menomonie before coming to Eau Claire in 1856. He was engaged in farming for eight years before coming to Eau Claire. After his arri val, he was engaged in lumbering until 1S68 or 1869. then in stock buy ing for three years, and agent for Wheeler & Wilson sewing machine for three years. He commenced dealing in apricultural implements in 1874 or 1875 and has since continued in lhat business, dealing extensively in mill machinery, agricultural implements and handles carriages. lie was married in Eau Claire, Dec. 25, 1868, to Abbie A. Armstrong, who was born in Maine, and is a daughter of Calvin Armstrong. Douglas, a brother of Archibald McVicar, served in Co. G, 16 th Wis. V. I., and died at Memphis, Tenn. His remains were brought to Eau Claire and interred in the cemetery. ALONZO D. MAES, Eau Claire, was born Jan. 22, 1841, in Fitch- ville, Huron Co., Ohio; and lived there until his twelfth year, when he moved to the town of Huron, Wayne Co., in the same State. He learned his trade of pattern-maker at the age of sixteen, and has worked at it ever since, except the time he was in the army. He enlisted in 1859 in Co. G, 2d U. S. A., serving five years. Prior to l86l,hewas stationed at Ft. Mackinaw. At that time he was ordered to Washington, and de tailed as body guard to President Lincoln, where he remained until the first battle of Bull Run, when he took part in the first advances. He was taken prisonerat Chancellorsville, May 4, 1S63, and exchanged Sept. 29, of the same year. He was in eleven general engagements and never received a wound or even a scratch. Was mustered out at Washington, Oct. 25, 1864. He was married in Milwaukee, Nov. 15, 1864, to Miss Elizabeth M. Vallier, who was born in Muskegon, Mich. They have four children — Chester J., Rachael Ann, Mary and an infant daughter. Since coming to Eau Claire, in April, 1S79 Mr. Maes has been in the employ of N. Shaw as pattern-maker. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and A. O. U. W. STEPHEN MARSTON, Eau Claire, was born in Kennebec Co., Me., Aug. 9, 1821 ; moved to Eau Claire from that State in 1856, bring ing his family, a wife and one child, in a buggy with one horse attached the entire distance, save an occasional change of the whole outfit to boat and railway. He commenced mercantile business in Eau Claire in 1857, after having gone to Cincinnati to procure a stock of goods, sev enty-five tons of which were shipped on to and brought, including him self and family, by one boat, the Isaac Shelby, from Cincinnati to Eau Claire direct. Among this stock was the first lot of furniture ever brought to the place for sale. Upon reaching Eau Claire there were no storehouses into which the goods could be unloaded, and they had to re main on the river bank till one could be improvised. In 1S60, he bought the saw and planing mill built by Adin Randall, the only plan ing mill then in the place, which he operated in connection with mer cantile business until 1872, when he sold the saw-mill to Ingram & Ken nedy, after having built a building, into which he moved the planing mill and sash and door machinery, which is still the only planing mill on the west side the Chippewa River, and which he is still operating. In 1869, he bought what is known as the Dells flour mill, situated three miles from Augusta, in Eau Claire County, one-half of which he still owns. Mr. Marston wasXengaged in general mercantile business from 1857 till 1872. He brought, in 1S56, from Maine, with his other goods, the first piano ever brought into the Chippewa Valley. In 1S60, he built the largest store building in the county, 30x80 feet, three stories and basement, the upper story of which furnished Eau Claire the only pub- 3-> HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. lie hall for ten years. He has built during his residence in Eau Claire some thirty or forty dwelling houses which he now rents to tenants. Mr. Marston spent two years (during the early gold excitement) in California engaged in mining and trading. He was married in 1846, to Susan E. Wyman, of New Sharon, Maine. They have one child, a daughter, living (Mary Olive), who was two years old when they started from Maine to Wisconsin, and who, in 1873, entered the Michigan Univer sity for a full course of four years, graduating in 1877. She was the first girl to whom was assigned a part in the commencement exercises of the University, and was upon finishing her course in the University, proffered a position of assistant professor of Greek in Wellesly Female College, Massachusetts, which she occupied for two years and then re signed to visit Europe in 1880, having been offered, before leaving the college, the same position after returning from Europe. Mr. Marston was Postmaster in Eau Claire, from 1862 to 1871, and was a candidate for member of Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1872, running ahead of the ticket in eight of the eleven counties in the district. H. P. MARSHALL, millwright, Eau Claire, was born in Bradford, Penobscot Co., Me., Aug. 12, 1836 ; educated in the High School in Bradford, and taught school in that vicinity for some ten years. He moved to Eau Claire in October, 1865, and engaged in the jewelry busi ness some four years, then learned millwrighting, which he has followed since. He designed and built a mill at Rock Falls. He was married in Atkinson, Piscataquis Co., Me., Jan. 14, 1858, to Miss Aurelia P. Brown. They have three children living — Henry Leslie, Thaddeus Waldo and Burt B. ANTON MASON, shoemaker, Eau Claire, was born in Norway, July 18, 1855, and came to America in December, 1878 ; came to Wis consin in 1878, and located at Eau Claire ; worked at his trade, and commenced present business in January, 1881. GEORGE W. MASON, Eau Claire, was born in Columbia Co., O., May 24, 1838. His parents moved into West Point, Lee Co., la., in 1845, where his father died in 1851. He followed general occupations some years, until at the age of eighteen, when he went into a store ; was for a time in business for himself. During the war, was a sutler in Tennessee for some time. He moved to Menomonie in 1863, and took charge of Knapp, Stout & Co.'s stores ; remained until 1873, when he went to Eau Claire, and formed a partnership with Ingram and Ken nedy, under the style of Ingram, Kennedy & Mason. The firm dissolved in April, 1881. He was married at West Point, la., Dec. 30, 1858, to Miss Sarah T. Thurston. Mrs. Mason died in January, 1881, leaving five children — Mary E., George W., Sarah T., William S. and Susan C. Mr. Mason was elected Alderman in 1878, and still serves. W. O. MATTESON, brick, lime, cement, etc., Eau Claire, was born in Kent Co., R. I., Feb. 13, 1828 ; was in the milling business for some years, his father being a millwright, etc. At the age of twenty-two years, he went into business for himself. He went to Minneapolis, Minn., in 1872 ; remained one year, and then moved to Wisconsin, locating in Eau Claire, and engaging in the lumber business, which he followed until 1876, when he commenced his present business. He was married in Eau Claire, March 28, 1876, to Miss M. Hazelgreen, an adopted daughter of Mr. H. T. Jones. They have two children, Bessie and Henry Olney. LEVI MERRILL, proprietor Mt. Washington Stone Quarries, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located at North Bend ; was em ployed in a saw-mill, as sawyer, for two years, and came to Eau Claire in 1858 ; was employed by the Daniel Shaw Lumber Company for six years, as sawyer, etc., and has been engaged in his present business seventeen years. He was born in Maine, Dec. 25, 1824, and married in Wellsville, N. Y., April 13, 1S52, to Mercy J. Meservey, who was born in Brewer Village, Me. They have three living children — Inez A. (now Mrs. Curry), Cora E. (now Mrs. Charles Hall) and Fred. L., employed in the quarries. They have lost two children. ALEXANDER MEGGETT, Eau Claire, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, March 26, 1824, and came to America when a little over three years old, with his parents, Alexander and Sarah Meggett (nee MacAr- thur), natives of Scotland. They settled at Uxbridge, Mass., living there till 1836 or 1837, when they removed to Chicopee Falls, town of Springfield, Mass., where they resided until 1841, in which year they located at Slatersville, R. I., where" his father died, in January, 1844. His mother died at Pawtucket, R. I., November, 1868. Mr. Meggett labored in cotton manufactories until he was nineteen, when he com menced to educate himself. At Wilbraham Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., and at Washington, Litchfield Co., Conn., he prepared himself to enter Middleton (now Wesleyan) University. He was in that institution the college year of 1846-7, having entered three years in advance in the sciences, two years in belle letters and one year in mathematics. He commenced teaching in the public schools of Slatersville in the Spring of 1847, and was married there, Aug. 11, 1847, to Mary Collyer Tabor, who was born at that place, June 11, 1826, and died at Pawtucket, March 8, 1854, leaving two children, Alexander Alden, born June 21, 1848, and accidentally shot by his own gun, and killed, at Augusta, Wis., Aug. 21, 1864, and Mary Tabor (Mrs. John S. Smith), who died suddenly, June 23, 1881, at Eau Claire, having been born Sept. 14, 1851, at Pawtucket' Mass. In the Winter of 1847-8, Mr. Meggett removed to Pawtucket' Mass., and taught in the public schools there for nearly five years. He studied law in 1851-2, while engaged in teaching, with Hon. C. B. Farnesworth, of Pawtucket, and completed his. legal studies the year following with Hon. Thomas A. Jenckes, of the city of Providence, and was admitted to the Bar in March, 1853, in that city, and commenced practice in Pawtucket, R. I., and practiced in Providence for a year im mediately prior to coming West, in May. 1857. In June, 1857, he vis ited Eau Claire, and permanently located there in July following, when he commenced, and has ever since continued, to practice his profession. During the Winter of 1857-8, he was editor of the Eau Claire Times. He was the second lawyer who settled in Eau Claire County, W. P. Bart lett, Esq., having preceded him but a few weeks. He was married, June 11, 1868, in Milwaukee, to his present wife, Mrs. Sarah A. Drew, a daughter of Archibald McVicar, one of the pioneer settlers of Eau Claire County. They have two children, Arthur Alexander, born June 15, 1869, and Frank Tarrante, born Aug. 6, 1873. Mr. Meggett has held the offices of Town Superintendent of Public Schools and City At- torney. He early identified himself with the Democratic party, and when a candidate for Congress, in 1870, against Hon. Jerry Rusk, re duced the usual Republican majority in his district from 8,000 to a little over 3,000 and in his own county the usual 700 or 800 Republican ma jority to 143. Since the nomination of Horace Greeley, in 1872, he has been an out-spoken and ardent Republican. In the Spring of 1875, he accepted the call of the citizens of Eau Claire and Buffalo counties, without distinction of party, to run as a candidate for Circuit Judge for the circuit including those counties and Trempealeau. The latter county voted nearly solid for its resident candidate, and he was elected. The famous measure known as the " Dells Bill," passed several times by the Wisconsin Legislature, and once declared unconstitutional by its Supreme Court, was not sustained by that court as constitutional and valid, as it was in 1876, until the bill was passed as finally revised and approved by Mr. Meggett, as City Attorney for Eau Claire, which office was accepted by him mainly with a view to make this important measure a success in the courts. Mr. Meggett has doubtless been engaged in more important criminal cases than any other lawyer in this section of the State, having been either sole or leading counsel in the following murder trials : The State of Wisconsin against Nethers, Fritz, Noble, Murray, Moseby, Mrs. Wheeler and Carter, Davey, Jump and Muzzy, besides many cases of homicide, in various degrees, and other important cases, both criminal and civil. His untiring zeal for his clients cause, his professional learning and ability, and his peculiar forcibleness and suc cess in jury trials, both civil and criminal, have justly merited him that prominence which has so generously been accorded him by members of his own profession, as by others. GUY S. MILLER, foreman, Daniel Shaw Lumber Company sta bles, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1862, and located at Eau Claire; was employed witn Ingram, Kennedy & Co., for several years and has been in his present capacity since 1873. He was born in Southport, Chemung Co., N. Y., June 7, 1832, and married in Allegany Co., N. Y., Sept. 22, 1861, to L. F. Hubbell, who was born in New York. Have one child, Lizzie, twelve years old. BENJAMIN F. MILLER, millwright, Empire Lumber Companyi Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at Badger Mills ; was employed by John Barron & Co. for seven years as millwright ; then at Gravel Island by French Lumber Company for two years ; came' to Eau Claire in 1878 ; was employed in Daniel Shaw Lumber Co., for one year as millwright, and then two years in same capacity with Valley Lumber Company ; has been employed in present capacity since May, 1881. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y„ April 16, 1843, and married there in September, 1863, to Mary Cameron, who was born in Canada. They have three children — Charles W., employed by Phoenix Manufact uring Company ; Hugh L. and Franklin A. ROBERT HENRY MONTEITH, Eau Claire, was born in County Tyrone, Ireland (of pure Scotch descent), Aug. 16, 1825, and came to America, with his parents, when three years of age, locating in Mon treal, where they remained until the Patriot war, when they moved to Highgate, Franklin Co., Vt. Mr. Monteith learned the trade of mill wright, at Hyde's Falls, in the town of Highgate before he was fifteen years old. In October, 1843, he came to Janesville, and January I, 1844, went to Jefferson and built a small saw-mill for Darling & Ken dall ; in 1854, he went to Richland County, and in 1859 came to the town of Eau Claire, now Washington, and engaged in farming. In 1862, he sold out and cleared another farm in Chippewa County, eight miles west of Chippewa Falls. In 1869, he came to the village of Eau Claire, where he has since remained, excepting a year, in which he lived m Pulaski, Mo. He worked at his trade most of the time until 1876, when he began working on his patent threshing machine, the " Badger State Economist, " which was patented Feb. 14, 1879, and is acknowl edged to be the most perfect machine now in use ; it is manufactured by J. G. Thorp, J. F. Gilbert, Chapman and W. A. Rust, they having a contract and paying to Mr. Monteith a royalty. Mr. Monteith was married in the town of Summit, Waukesha Co., March 25, 1850, to Mary HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 329 Jane Riley, who was born in Canada. They have four children living — Emma Jane, Joseph Samuel, William Arthur and Rosetta. While in Chippewa County, Mr. Monteith was Justice of the Peace two years, and Clerk of a school district for six. He is a member of the Tem ple of Honor. Mr. Monteith's father, Joseph Monteith, was born in Scotland, and died in Richland Co., Wis., in April, 1864. His moth er, Jane (Cortes) Monteith, was born in Ireland, of Scotch parents, and died in Jefferson County, in December, 1852. ARCHIBALD MONTGOMERY, head sawyer, Daniel Shaw Lum ber Company, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1856; located at Chippewa City, and was employed in a saw-mill. He came to Eau Claire in 1868, and has since been employed in his present capacity. He has been a member of the temperance society, Temple of Honor, for three years. He was born in Scotland, in 1843, and came to America in the Spring of 1866. Was married in Eau Claire, Dec. 6, 1870, to Imogene Cushner, who was born in New York. They have two children, Jessie and William. J. F. MOORE, Eau Claire, came to Milwaukee in 1852, and en gaged in civil engineering on the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Air Line Railroad, spending the following Winter in Milwaukee and New England. From 1853 to 1856, he was employed on the Milwaukee & La Crosse R. R., being resident engineer a part of the time. Previous to his coming West, he had been engaged in civil engineering on what was known as a continuation of the New York Broad Gauge Railway, from Canandaigua to Niagara Falls. In August, 1856, he came to Eau Claire, and laid out the west side, platting it, as an engineer, for others. In the Fall of 1856, he made a survey for projected line of railway from La Crosse to Prairie du Chien. In February, 1857, he returned to Eau Claire for permanent residence, opened a real estate office, and was Clerk of the Court from Jan. 1, 1859, to Jan. 1, 1865 ; he was Chairman of the Town Board, and of the Board of Supervisors, for several years ; from April, 1880, to April, 1881, he was Mayor of the city. He was in the real estate and insurance business from 1865 to 1872, and from 1872 until his resignation, in February, 1880, he was Deputy Internal Revenue Collector of the Second Division of the Sixth District, embracing eight counties. Since then, he has been engaged in insurance business and farming, being the owner of two farms. He was born Dec. 18, 1832, in the town of Bedford, N. H., residing there until eighteen years of age, when he went to Canandaigua, and studied medicine three years, though he never practiced it, on account of ill health. He is a member of the A. F. & A.M., Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery. He was Deputy Provost Marshal for Eau Claire County during the last three years of the war. He has one son, Frank. DELOS R. MOON, Eau Claire, was born at Ellery Center, Chau tauqua Co., N. Y., Aug. 29, 1835, and moved with his mother to Auro ra, Kane Co., 111., in 1844, living there until 1857, and reaching Eau Claire on Aug. 1, of that year. He was employed by Hall & Bros, to take charge of the bank bearing their name, which had been organized under State laws and was one of the first banks in the place. In 1861, he left the bank and engaged in the lumber business. He is president of the Chippewa Valley Telegraph and Telephone Co.; is vice-presi dent of Shell Lake Lumber Co. at Shell Lake, in Burnett County. He was married in Aurora, Oct. 12, 1858, to Sally F. Gilman, who was born near Granville, Licking Co., Ohio. They have seven children — L. Gil man, Frank H , Angie, Sumner Gilbert, Chester, Pauline and Delos. HENRY G. MORGAN, M. D., Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at Alma, where he practiced for two years. Came to Eau Claire in 1871, and has been practicing here since. He was born in Brecksville, Ohio, and was educated at Chicago Medical Col lege. Graduating in the Spring of 1868. EDWARD MUNDEN, Eau Claire, was born in New Jersey, Nov. 29, 1832, his mother dying when he was an infant. His earliest years were spent in New York City, and when he was six years old he came with his father to Geneva, Walworth Co. When he was but eight years old his father died and he was afterward obliged to depend upon his own exertions for a living. He came to Eau Claire in 1855, and engaged in painting. He was the first painter in Eau Claire and drew the first paint brush on a house in this place. He was afterward engaged in trading in produce, etc., for four or five years, then in the grocery and provision trade, until he was burned out in January 1870, when he began trading in machinery, wagons and buggies ; he has also been interested in the hardware business since the Spring of 1881. He has been Dep uty Sheriff. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., and has held various offices in the lodge. He was married in Eau Claire, in Septem ber, 1856, to Caroline Jones, who was born in the State of New York. They have three children — Ira J., Nellie L. and Fredk. A. ARCHIE W. MUNGER, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Sharon, Potter Co., Pa., July II, 1846. He enlisted in Co. B, 184th Pa. V. I., Feb. 29, 1864, and served until Sept. 1, 1864, when he was dis charged on account of the loss of his left arm, the result of wounds re ceived at Cold Harbor, Va., June 10, 1864. He came to Wisconsin, locating in West Eau Claire in the Spring of 1870, and engaged in lum bering. In the Fall of 1880, he was elected Sheriff. He was married in Wausau, April 21, 1876, to Tirseah A. Lancaster, who was born in Port Huron, Mich., and is a daughter of Leonard L. and Sarah Lan caster, who came to Wisconsin at an early day. WILLIAM A. MURRAY, first blacksmith, of Daniel Shaw Lum ber Co., Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin in 1868, and located at Clin ton Junction for one year. Came to Eau Claire in 1869, and remained a short time, and then went to Menomonie, in employ of Knapp, Stout & Co., where he remained for over three years. Then he went into business for a short time on own account. Returned to Eau Claire in 1873 and has been engaged in present capacity since. He also carries on a farm of eighty acres, one and one-half miles west of the city. He was born in Nova Scotia, in 1844, and came to United States in 1866. Married, in Menomonie, Dec. 17, 1870, to Sarah M. Green. Born in State of Iowa. They have three children — James W., Charles S. and Frank L. RICHARD MURPHY, farmer, Eau Claire. Born in Canada, March 4, 1822, came to United States, June, 1867. Married at Dundas Co., Can ada, in 1847, to Agnes Thompson. Has had ten children, of which eight survive — William R., Eliza A., Julia E., John C, Agnes, Berenice M., Richard H. and James A. OLE NESS, dealer in furniture of all kinds, also undertaker, 112 ' Bridge street, W. Eau Claire, was born in Norway, July 31, 1841. Lo cated in Eau Claire in July, 1869. He worked in Mayhew's furniture shop for five years, and was for several years engaged in carpenter work, about three years in the shop of Bangs & Fish. In November, 1879, he commenced furniture business for himself. Messrs. Anderson & Fors- dahl were associated with him at first. In June, 1880, Mr. Forsdahl sold his interest to his partners, and Jan. 8, 1881, Mr. Ness purchased the entire business, and is now sole proprietor of the Norway Furniture Co. He was married in Norway to Martha Johansen. She died in Eau Claire in 1875, leaving two children, Richard and Bernard. In 1876, Mr. Ness was again married to Miss P. Peterson. She died May 10, 1881, leaving two children, Julius and Martin. Mr. N. is a member of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM NEWTON, proprietor of the Eau Claire House, came to Milwaukee in the Spring of 1848, and in 1851 went to Fond du Lac, where he remained until 1858, when he came to Eau Claire. He en gaged in the clothing business for two years, then conducted a restaur ant for six years, and in 1868 became proprietor of an hotel, at first owning but a half interest in the building, but the following year pur chasing the entire interest. Starting in a frame building of twenty rooms, he has made improvements from time to time and now has an elegant brick structure of fifty-three rooms. The old building has been moved and is now called " Hart's Hotel." The Eau Claire House was the first hotel in the place. Since purchasing it Mr. Newton has been sole proprietor. He was born in Crogden, Surrey Co., England, Oct. 1, 1825, and came from there to Milwaukee. He was married in 1846, in County Kent, England, to Mary F. Barnett, who is also a native of England. They have four children — Elizabeth Barnett (now Mrs. Frank Dick), Charles B. (now with his father), Sarah and Hattie B. DR. JAMES H. NOBLE, homeopathic physician and surgeon, Eau Claire, was born in Madison, March 30, 185 1, and is a son of James Dwight and Sarah Titus Noble, both now living. He was educated at Wisconsin University, and studied medicine with Dr. Bowen, of Madi son. He graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, in February, 1871. He came to Eau Claire, March 30 of that year, and began the practice of his profession. He was married to his present wife, Cora Youker, May 29, 1879. They have one son James Bowen. Dr. Noble is a member of the Hahnemann Medical Society. AUGUST NYQUIST, merchant tailor, came to Eau Claire in the Summer of 1879, anc* has engaged in tailoring work since he was four teen years old, and has thejargest establishment of that kind in the- city, employing six men. He was born in Sweden, Dec. 22, 1844, and came to America in 1876, locating at Winona, Minn., where he lived until coming to Eau Claire. He was married at the former place, Dec. 25, 1878, to Louisa Christina Sampson, who was born in Winona Co. (town of Homer), Minn. They have three sons — Frank Edward, Carl Gilbert and Dwight August. Mr. Nyquist is a member of the Temple of Honor and of the A. O. U. W. GEORGE OLESON, Eau Claire, came to La Crosse, in June, 1866, and remained there for two or three years, when he came to Porter's Mills, and worked in the mills for four years. In 1872, he came to Eau Claire and engaged in the livery business on the north side ; his stable is now located on Wisconsin street, near corner of Barstow. He was born in Norway, May 22, 1845, and came direct to La Crosse from his native land. He has been Alderman of the First Ward for two years, is a member of the I. O. O. F. and A. O. U. W., and was married in Eau Claire, Sept. 12, 1872, to Mary Peterson, who was also born in Norway. They have two children, Alfred L. and Emma. PETER OLESON, Eau Claire, was born in Norway, Sept. 13, 1841, and came to America in 1868, locating in La Crosse, where he remained three months. In the Fall of 1868, came to Eau Claire, and engaged in lumbering and logging until the Fall of 1874, when he opened a board- 33° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ing house. Continued that for one year, when he entered into partner ship with his brother George, in the livery business, in which he is now engaged. He was married in Eau Claire, in November, 1S70, to Mary Johnson, who was born in Norway. They have two children, Julius Oliver and Edward Henry. JOHN S. OWEN, lumberman and farmer, Eau Claire, is a son of John G. Owen, a lumberman at East Saginaw, Mich. He was born in Clarkston, Oakland Co., Mich., May 1, 1849, and lived there until 1863, when he moved to Waterford. In 1S67, he went to Saginaw, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery business. He came to Eau Claire in August, 1S73, and engaged in lumbering, logging and farming. He was married in East Saginaw, Jan. 10, 1S72, to Cora M. Rust, a native of that city. They have three children — Almey Rust, John G. and Jessie \V. DR. EDWARD H. PARKER came to Eau Claire, July 12, 1879. He was born at Hartford, Washington Co., in November, 1S54, and moved to Fond du Lac when thirteen years of age. In 1876, he gradu ated fiom the Fond du Lac High School ; then read medicine with Drs. Palchen and Bishop, of that place; he graduated at Hahnemann Med ical College, Chicago, and had one year's experience as house surgeon of a hospital ; he commenced praclice in Eau Claire in 1S79, with Dr. Dwight W. Day, and remained with him until May, 1881. He was married in Chicago, Dec. 25, 1880, to Miss Anna Stella Clarke, a native of that city. ALBERSON C. PECK, passenger engineer, C. St. P., M. & O. R. R., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1857, and located at Tomah ; he ran a stationary engine for four years, and was then fireman on M. & St. P. R. R., running out of Milwaukee, for four years; afterwaid, pro moted to engineer, which position he filled for about three years. He returned to Tomah and opened the Rockwood House, in the Fall of 1S67 ; carried it on for two years, then engaged with the C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. Co., in the construction department ; afterward, as passen ger engineer ; then two years as master mechanic; then, again, as pas senger engineer, in which capacity he has been since. Came to Eau Claire to reside about nine years ago. He was born in Freedom, N. Y., Sept. 7, 1840, and married some years ago ; he has three children — Annie May, Vernon and Ida Belle. JOHN PETTEPIIER, carpenter and builder, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin, June 23, 1849, and located at Portage ; he followed farming and carpenlering up lo 1S56, and then came to Eau Claire. He built James Reid block, in 1857, assisted in building Eau Claire Hotel block, and several private residences; owns a farm of 200 acres, mostly im proved, four miles out of Eau Claire. Was born in England, Dec. 26, 1815 ; married there, Jan. 31, 1S37, to Mary Ann King, who was born in London ; they came to America in 1849. S. H. PHILLIPS, filer, Dells Lumber Co., Eau Claire, was born in Canada West, Feb 8, 1S31. Came West with his parents, about 1845. They settled in Manitowoc County. The subject of this sketch engaged in filing, milling and sawing in Manitowoc County, and from there he went to Sauk County, remaining about three years. In the year 1869, he moved to Eau Claire, and in 1873, engaged in the mill where he is at present. Was married, Feb. 12, 1856, at Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co., to Martha Kingsland. They have had nine children ; eight survive — Estelle (now Mrs. A. McDonald), Annie L., Mary E., Minnie, Hattie, Eva, Mattie, Fred. Is a member of the I. O. O. F. of Manitowoc. BENTLEY S. PHILLIPS came to Eau Claire in 1863, but at the close of the Summer, relumed to New York City, and in 1865, came again to Eau Claire, engaging in mercantile pursuits. He was employed by Wilson & Foster, by the Northwestern Lumber Co. and the Eau Claire Lumber Co. He left the employ of the Eau Claire Lumber Co. in January, 1877, and was elected City Treasurer the following April. He is now serving his filth term as City Treasurer, and is in the whole sale and retail grocery business, in partnership with John Hunner, under the firm name of Phillips & Hunner; they established this business in February, 1SS1. Mr. Phillips was born in Westville, Franklin Co., N. Y., July 4, 1S44, and when six years of age, came with his parents to Waushara County. In 1854, he returned to Malone, Franklin Co., N. Y., where he enlisted, and May 15, 1S61, he was mustered into the U. S. service, in Co. I, 16th N. Y. Vol. Inf., and at the close of two years service, was mustered out. He was married in Eau Claire, Aug. 20, 186S, to Isabella Nary, who was born in Maine. They have one child living, Kate A.; their only son was drowned, July 7, 1880, aged seven years. Mr. Phillips is a member of the I. O.O. F., Encampment, Knights of Pythias, and of the A. O. U. W. C. A. PIPER, 1st engineer, Daniel Shaw Lumber Co., Eau Claire, was born in Somerset County, Me., Jan. 23, 1833 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857 ; located at Eau Claire, and has been employed with the Daniel Shaw Lumber Co. since, first as sawyer, and for some years as engineer. Is a member of Knighls of Pythias, of Eau Claire. He was married in Allegany County, N. Y., June 12, 1856, to Annie Hutchins, who was born in Maine. They celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of their wedding, in June last. JOHN P. PINKUM, of Empire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1855, and located at Eau Claire. Was employed as car- penter and millwright until 1862 ; then employed by Dole, Ingram & Kennedy, as engineer in saw mill for one season ; assisted in building present saw mill, in the Fall of 1863, for Ingram, Kennedy & Co.; he was then a partner in the concern. The firm, in 1881, formed into whal is now called the Empire Lumber Co., of which he is a member, and acts as manager of the mills for that company. He was born in Starks, Somerset Co., Me., Aug. 26, 1S34. Was married in Orleans, N. Y., April 12, 1855, to Elmira Hooker, who was born in New York. They have four children living — Nellie, Netta, Myra and Annie. They have lost five sons. E. I-I. PLAYTER, druggist, came to Eau Claire, June 8, 1857, and engaged in lumbering business with Ingram & Kennedy for five years' then, after being in drug business for four or five years, was in the em ploy of Ingram & Kennedy again for seven years. He was the first City Tieasurer, serving five consecutive terms ; he was Town Treasurer of Ihe old town of West Eau Claire, in 1S62, and held that office most of the time until the organization of the city ; he has been Treasurer, for about ten years, of the West Side Joint School District No. 3. He established his present business in 1874, in partnership with L. E. Latimer, who still continues with him. Mr. Playter was born in Ottawa, Canada West, Jan. 1, 1839, and lived there, with the exception of one year, until he came to Eau Claire. He was married in Eau Claire, in December, 1862, to Mirie U. Denison, who was born in Madison County, N. Y., and died, Jan. 6, 1S80, leaving two children, Charles H. and Owen D. Mrs. Play ter was a daughter of U. T. and Mary (Randall) Denison. She came to Eau Claire in 1S57, where her father died ; her mother is still living here. Mr. Playter is a member of the A. F. & A. M. GEORGE W. PRESCOTT, vice-president Dells Lumber Co., Eau Claire, was born in Belknap Co., N. H., Sept. 13, 1837, and came West with his parents, in 1S55, w'10 settled in Columbia County. Mr. Pres cott came to Eau Claire in 1856, and engaged in different branches of the lumbering business. Two years previous to forming firm of Prescott & Burdett, was engaged in steamboating on the river in the capacity of engineer. In ihe year 1S67, built mills which were afterward transferred to present company. Married in the city of Fond du Lac, to Miss Clara Clark. They have two children, Mattie and Ida. Mr. P. is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. HENRY C. PUTNAM, banker, came to Eau Claire as a civil en gineer, and laid out the present town. He was born in Madison, N.Y., March 6, 1832, and is a son of Hamilton and Jeanette Cleavland Put nam (both living now, and residing in Cortland Co., N.Y.) They are the tenth generation from the original Pulnam family, five removes from Gen. Putnam. Mr. H. C. Putnam lived in Cortland until he was eighteen years old, when he commenced railroad engineering, having graduated after a three years course in the Gold Engineering School in Connecticut, He was employed three years on the New York railroads, two and one- half in Florida, South Carolina and Tennessee, in civil engineering. In 1855, he came to Hudson, and was connected with the North Wiscon sin, and Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien roads about a year ; was then engaged in surveying and locating lands in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and came to Eau Claire, May 23, 1857. He has been Counly Surveyor ten years, Register of Deeds eight years ; from 1S64 to 1870, was acting Register of United States Land Office, and has held various other offices. He is one of the proprietors of the Chippewa Valley Bank, and is one of the directors of the Dells Improvement Co., besides being connected with various other enterprises. Mr. Putnam is a member of the Amer ican Association of Mining Engineers, and is Special United State Cen sus Agent, having charge of Forestry Department. He was married at Eau Claire, Aug. 8, 185S, to Jane E. Balcom, who was born in Oxford, Chenango Co., N.Y., and is a daughter of Harry Balcom, a prominent citizen of that place. They have two children living, Ernest B., born in Octgjjer, i860, and Sara Lynn, born in October, 1862. Lost four children. SIGVALD A. QVALE, Eau Claire, was born in Haugesund, Nor way, July 18, 1853, and came to America, Tuly 4, 1S68, locating in Roch ester, Minn. In 1871, he went to St. Paul and Minneapolis, being en gaged in mercantile pursuits in those places. In ihe Fall of 1872, he removed to Hudson, and was clerk and interpreter for the railway com pany there until 1878, when lie went to Europe, and. returning to Min neapolis, became a real estate and loan agent. In May, 1881, he came to Eau Claire. He is still in real estate and loan business, and is agent for the sale of lands belonging to the Chicago, St. Paul & Minneapolis, & Omaha Railway Co. EDGAR H. RANDALL, carriage and sign painter, Eau Claire, has been in business since Ihe Springof 1879. Employs three assistants. Was born in Madison, May 5, 1855 i came to Eau Claire with his parents in 1856. Received his education in Eau Claire, with the exception of one term in St. Paul Business College. Learned his trade in Eau Claire. Son of Mr. Adin Randall, deceased. THOMAS E. RANDALL, Eau Claire, was born in the town of Parsonsfield, York Co., Me., June 6, 1813. lie was not quite a year old HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 33i when his parents, John and Sarah Hanson Randall, moved to the town of Baldwin, now Sebago, Me., where they lived until he was nine years old, when they went to what is now the town of Maxfield, Penobscot Co., Me., where he lived until he was twenty-one years old, chiefly engaged in lumbering, for his father. He was educated in the public schools and China Academy, and is a graduate of the latter institute, which is situ ated in the town of China, Kennebec Co., Me. After graduating and reaching the age of twenty-one, he went to Elizabethtown, N. J., and taught school there four months. He was then engaged as foreman of public works, grading hills in Jersey City for three months. He was employed for a year on the New York & Erie Railway, doing the first work on that road as superintendent for a firm of contractors employed in its construction. In the Fall of 1836, he came to Illinois and engaged in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, as superintend ent for contractors until June, 1837, when he obtained a position in the engineering department of the Illinois Central Railway, remaining there four months. He was then employed for six weeks on the Northern Cross railway, from Danville to Quincy. He afterward was engaged in farming in Muscatine Co., Iowa, for nine years. In 1845, he came to Eau Claire County. He was married in Rockingham, now a part of Davenport, Iown, March 17, 1843, to Maria Jane Foster, who was born at Michigan City, Ind. She was a daughter of John Foster, and died April 29. 1869. They had seven children, four of whom died. The three living are Elba Howard, Mary A. and Charles E. Mr. Randall's present wife was Mrs. Mary A. Hall, nee Johnson, who was born in the town of Harreford, Lower Canada, and when eleven years of age moved with her parents to Vermont, near Burlington, where she was reared. Mr. Randall has several times been Justice of the Peace, and memberof the School Board, and, since coming here, has been prominently identified with the business interests of the place. ADIN RANDALL (deceased), Eau Claire, was born in Brookfield, Madison Co., N.Y., Oct. 12, 1829; came to Wisconsin in 1S54, located at Madison, and moved to Eau Claire in 1856. Married at Brookfield, March 8, 1852, to Miss Clemanzie Babcock. Had six children, of whom three survive — Nellie, widow W. Palmer, Dora, now Mrs. William Bowen, Edgar, in business in Eau Claire. Mrs. Randall is a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Ransin Babcock, Mrs. Babcock's maiden name being Man- dana Foote. They were married in Madison Co., N.Y., and had seven children — Oscar, Clemanzia (Mrs. Randall), Sarah (now Mrs. H. Hull), Mary (now Mrs. Dewitt Clark), Celia, Augusta (now Mrs. H. Palmer), Gansevoort, died in infancy. ALLEN P. ROBERTS, Eau Claire, was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, Sept. 6. 1844, and resided there until he was four or five years old, when he moved to Michigan, where he remained until 1855, when he located at Reed's Landing, Minn. In 1861, he enlisted, was rejected, and went to Hillsdale, Mich. Leaving therein 1875, he went to Wabasha, Minn., and in 1877, came from there to Eau Claire. ' He has worked as a ma chinist since the Fall of 1861. He was married in Hillsdale, Mich., Jan. 25, 1869, to Mattie M. Morris, who was born in Hebron, Ind. They have one child, Edward M. WILLIAM ROWE, of the firm of Smith & Rowe, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1857 with his parents, Henry B. and Lucinda (Biesick- er) Rowe, who located in Mondovi, Buffalo Co. Mr. Rowe came to Eau Claire in 1867, and engaged in clerking for W. H. Smith ; was with him seven years, when he established business for himself, in partnership with Stillman J. Smith, his present partner. He was born in Brown- town, Luzerne Co., Pa., Dec. 31, 1849, and did business under the firm name of Seth French & Co. until January, 1S80. Mr. Tracy was married, Jan. 31, 1877, in Eau Claire, to Marian A. Brackett, who was born in Grant Counly, and is a daughter of J. M. Brackett, of Eau Claire. They have one child. Jean, born May 3, 1S81. Mr. Tracy is a member of the Knights of Pythias. PETER TRUAX, logger, Eau Claire, was born in Steuben Co., N. Y., Feb. 24, 1828. When young his parents moved to Allegany Co., N. Y., where he was married Sept. 23, 1852, to Miss Cordelia Avery. Came to Wisconsin in 1853, and settled in Walworth County, and from there moved to Eau Claire in 1855, locating on what is now known as Truax Prairie, where he engaged in farming until 1S65, when he moved to town and engaged in general merchandising until 1873. Since en gaged in logging and farming. Mr. Truax built, with Mr, Thorp, the first Opera House in Eau Claire. CHARLES W. ULRICH, cook, for the Eau Claire Lumber Co., was born in Racine, June 23, 1851, and came to Eau Claire in June, 1855, and has since been associated with his father in business, and has been employed Winters as cook in the woods, for the Eau Claire Lum ber Co. He was married in Eau Claire, Oct. 20, 1879, to Mary A. Nichols, who was born in Wisconsin. WILLIAM ULRICH, Eau Claire, was born in Baden, Germany, April 22, 1827, and came to America in 1848, locating in Racine until 1854. He came to Eau Claire, Oct. 4 of that year, and was employed by Geo. Randall as millwright for one year; he then worked for Carson & Eaton as superintendent of their mill for two years. He then started and kept a bakery for three or four years. In 1858 he built a hotel on the corner of Gibson and Farwell streets, called the "Northwestern" and afterward the "Central House," running the hotel and bakery at the same time for two years. He rented the hotel at different times for seven years, and managed it himself for two more; it was burned in 1871. He sold the bakery in 1865, and scaled logs for three years. In 1870 he took charge of the Eau Claire Lumber Co.'s boarding house. He was married in Racine, Aug. 18, .1850, to Othelia Fraermuth, who was born in Lorraine, France. They have ten children — Chas. W., Carrie D., Geo. W., Julia, Frederick Wm., Frank, Amelia, Lucy, Edward, Louis and Laura. They lost one daughter, Nettie, who died at the age of nine months. Julia is the wife of Fred Leonard, Esq., foreman in the woods for the Eau Claire Lumber Co. Carrie is now Mrs. P. Parker, of Ackley, Iowa. H. C. VAN HORENBURG, Eau Claire, was born in Schnectady Co., N. Y. ; came West with his parents, they settling in Green Lake Co. in 1842. Remained on the farm until at the age of 20, when he en gaged in business as carpenter and joiner ; came to Eau Claire in 1856, and followed same business, added to that of millwright for some five or six years, when he associated himself with Mr. Mills, and started the ->"6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Chippewa Valley News, now known as the Eau Claire News. Commenced present business in 1869. Married in Eau Claire to Miss Mary E. Pease; has five children — Dewitt Joseph, Margaret, Carl Henry, Katherine, Mary E. Mr. Van H. was one of the originators of the West Side city government ; is a member of the Temple of Honor. CHAS. MILTON VILES, logger, Eau Claire, was born in Anson, Somerset Co., Maine, June 7, 1835. Parents and grandparents were Maine people. Learned the trade of millwright with his father and en gaged in mill and dam building in Summer; lumbering in Winter. Came West in 1863 and located in Beloit, engaged in farming, and about 1865 moved to Oshkosh, working as millwright. Came to Eau Claire in 1870 and engaged in logging business, which he has followed since. Married in New Portland, Somerset Co., Maine, October, 1858, to Miss Mary E. Cutts ; has had four children, of whom three survive — Jennie M,, Frank, Wentworth. Is a member of the Temple of Honor. LEVI M. VILAS, Eau Claire, was born in Chelsea, Orange Co., Vt., Feb. 17, 1844 and lived there until 1851, when his parents came to Madison. He was educated at Wisconsin University, graduating from that institution in 1863, and from Albany Law School in 1864. He was admitted to the Bar at Albany in May, 1864, and to practice in the Supreme Court of Wisconsin in the same year. He commenced the practice of his profession with his brother, Col. W. F. Vilas, in Madison, and was clerk in the Quartermaster's Department from 1865 to 1867 ; in practice with Col. Vilas again from 1867 to 1S68. In the latter year he came to Eau Claire. He was City Attorney by appointment, the first year after his arrival in Eau Claire ; he was elected Mayor in 1876, and has been District Attorney since Jan. I, 1878. He was married in Eau Claire, Aug. 25, 1869, to Ella C. Slingluff, a native of Pennsylvania, who died Aug. 29, 1879, leaving three children — Jessie C, Elizabeth D., and Katie P. W. F. VINTON came to Eau Claire, May 2, 1872, and engaged in the practice of dentistry, and was leader of the band, until May, 1879, when he became landlord of the Windsor House, purchasing the hotel, Feb. I, 1881. He was born in Ellicottville, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., June 3, 1838, and enlisted in 154th N. Y. V. I., Aug. 30, 1862, serv ing as principal musician of the regiment, until he was mustered out, July 5, 1865. After leaving the army, he located at Randolph in his native country, remaining there until 1872, when he came to Wisconsin. He was married in Randolph, July 17, 1859, to Emily J. Hall, daughter of Horace and Lydia Rathbun Hall, a native of Randolph. Mr. Vinton is a son of Lathrop and Achsah White Vinton. His mother now resides in Mansfield, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. He has three children — • Edwin F., Hattie and Charles M., and is a member of the A., F. & A. M., of New York State. CHARLES B. WALWORTH, job printer, born in Osage Mission, Mo., in 1850. Came to Eau Claire, in 1874; had charge of the Free Press job rooms, for six years; began his present business in the Fall of 1880 ; has been associated with the publishing business from an early age. Was married to Cora Ellis, in 1878. They have one child, Hat tie S., born in 1880. His father was a trader, and connected with the Indian Commission. O. WALKER, logger and farmer, Eau Claire. Born in 1825 in New Hampshire; came to Wisconsin in r855 ; engaged in farming; took up the first land for farming in the Chippewa Valley ; built a ware house on his farm, on the river bank, and handled the grain of the river bottom section, and came to Eau Claire in 1870 ; married Mary Dunham, of Brunswick, N. Y., in 1864. EBEN WARD, head filer, Valley Lumber Company, Eau Claire. Was born in Pembroke, Me., Oct. 13, 1836, and came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1864, and located at Eau Claire. He was employed as setter, to Daniel Shaw Lumber Company's saw-mill, for two years, and was sawyer at Chippewa Falls, for one year. He returned to Eau Claire in 1868, and was then employed in various mills as sawyer ; was with Ingram, Kennedy & Co., for five years, as filer and sawyer ; was one year filer in Wheaton mill, Wheaton; was also, for six months, filer, in a mill in Maine. He returned to Eau Claire in 1877, and engaged in his present capacity. He has been a member of I. O. O. F., since 1872. He was married in Eau Claire, Sept. 2, 1870, to Sarah Brunk. They have four children — Mabel J., Eugene G., Rutherford B. and Homer E. GEORGE WARREN, of Stone & Warren, butchers, Eau Claire. Came to Wisconsin July 5, 1880; located at Eau Claire, and was for a short time in the employ of David Drummond. Commenced present business in partnership with G. W. Stone. He was born in England, April 14, 1857 ; went to Canada in 1877, and came to United States in July, 1880. ALEXANDER R. WATSON, Eau Claire, was born in Browns ville, Fayette Co., Pa., Sept. 29, 1840, and came west in 1857. He was cabin boy and cook on a steamer on the Mississippi for two seasons, and in 1858, came to Eau Claire ; was cook in the woods the following Win ter, and cook on a steamboat in the Summer of '59. He attended the seminary at Eau Claire during the Winter of i860, and in 1861 worked in Smith & Buffington's mill. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. I. 30th Wis. V. I., serving three years, and was discharged Sept. 25, 1865, and returned to Eau Claire, and has since been associated with Mr. Buffington and the Valley Lumber Co., in the woods Winters, and on the river selling lumber, until 1874, when he entered the office, where he has since continued. Mr. Watson was married in Eau Claire, Aug. 18, 1867, to Saluda Van Buskirk, who was born near Watertown, and died in Eau Claire, May 5, 1874. They had two children, George R. and Edith Saluda. WILLIAM WEISSENFELS came to Eau Claire in July, 1867, and engaged in taxidermist work and surveying for two years. Since 1870, he has given his entire attention to surveying, which he learned twenty- five years before coming to America. He served as County Surveyor one term, and since 1872, has been City Surveyor. He was born in Prussia, Dec. 5, 1819, and educated by private instruction in Koln, on the Rhine, and came to America in 1867. THOMAS R. WENTWORTH, yard master, C, St. P., M. & 0. R. R., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located at Koshkonong; enlisted in 2ist Wis. Inf., Aug. 11, 1862; served three years, and was promoted from private to sergeant ; was brakesman for three years on Wisconsin Division of C. & N. W. R. R., and was seriously injured by an accident ; clerked for some time in C. & N. W. R. R. office, at Madison; in 1873, was appointed joint agent of C. & N. W. R. R. and West Wis consin R. R. ; held that position for some three years ; came to Eau Claire in 1876, as yard master of C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. ; was elected Alderman in 1877, for one year ; re-elected in 1878, for two years. Born in Madison Co., N. Y., April 24, 1840. Married, May 2, 1871, at Fond du Lac, to Ardie S. Furlong, who was born in Greenwood, Me. They have two children, Grace S. and Bonnie A. SAMUEL WHITE, Eau Claire, was born in Devonshire, England, Dec. 2, 1835, and came to America with his parents in 1839, locating in Canada, where he learned the machinist trade and lived until 1855, when he went to Ferrysburg, near Grand Haven, and resided there until Jan uary, 1862, when he came to Eau Claire, where he has since resided. He was employed as engineer and machinist by Chapman & Thorp for three years. In 1865, he entered into partnership with Hiram P. Graham and Robert Tollis, who, under the firm name of Graham, White &Co., man aged a foundry, machine shop, sash, door and blind factory, lumbering, mercantile business and flouring mills. They now run lumbering and flour mills, and are the principal owners of the Dells Lumber Co. Mills, on Dells Pond, two and a half miles north of Eau Claire. They employ from fifty-five to sixty men, and will cut this year from 10,000,000 to 12,- 000,000. They saw logs for other parties. Their flouring mill is a two- run custom mill, at Sand Creek. Mr. White has been vice-president of the Phoenix Manufacturing Co. since its organization ; their old mills and foundry were destroyed by fire, Aug. 20, 1875. He is a stockholder in the Building Association and other enterprises, and was married in Eau Claire, Nov. 8, 1871, to Clara A. Jordan, who was born in Canada. DARWIN C. WHIPPLE, Eau Claire, was born Dec. 25, 1830, in the town of Pultneyville, Wayne Co., N. Y. In 1835, his father moved to Naperville, Du Page Co., 111., where he died. Darwin C. lived there until 1852, when he went to California ; returning in 1854, he located in Black River Falls, and engaged in lumbering. In 1858, he came to Eau Claire, and was interested in lumbering for two years after his arrival here. In 1861, he was elected Sheriff, but resigned in November, 1863, and raised Co. H, 16th Wis. V. I., one of the five companies raised to fill up the depleted ranks of that regiment. He was mustered out, July 12, 1865, as captain of the company. Returning to Eau Claire, he en gaged in mercantile pursuits for two years. He was Under Sheriff in 1868-9 ; elected Sheriff in 1869, serving two years ; was Under Sheriff in !872-3, and Sheriff again in 1874-5. Since then he has been connected with the Eau Claire Woolen Mills, owning one-half interest in the firm of E. W. Robbins & Co. since 1876. Since Jan. 1, 1881, he has been Under Sheriff, and is engaged in farming in the town of Washington, on Otter Creek, in the same town where his woolen mills are situated. He was one of the first policemen in Eau Claire. He was married in Wil mington, 111., June 6, 1854, to Nancy A. Elderkin, a native of Nova Sco tia. They have two sons, Russell J. and Myron C. CHARLES R. WILCOX, Eau Claire, came to the town of Union (Truax Prairie), then the town of Half Moon, Oct. 8, 1859, and engaged in farming. He was a member of the Oak Grove Town Board before the organization of Union, and Treasurer of that town from the time of its organization until he came to Eau Claire, in 1875. He engaged in lumbering soon after his arrival, and then in making street improve ments, and has been Street Commissioner since April, 1880. He was born in Jamestown, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., March 4, 1832, and lived there until he came to Wisconsin ; he was married in Eau Claire, June 20, 1864, to Millie M. Paul, who was born in New York State, though her parents located in Delavan at an early day. Mr. Wilson is a son of Alfred and Hannah (Akin) Wilcox. His father died in 1833, and his mother in November, 1871, in Union, Eau Claire Co.; he lost two broth ers in the war. HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 337 NELSON C. WILCOX, Eau Claire, was born in the Jtown of Whitestown, Oneida Co., N. Y.r Jan. I, 1836, and lived there until 1855, when for one year he resided in Oxford, N. Y. He came from there to Eau Claire; Oct. 25, 1856 ; he was employed in a saw-mill for a few weeks ; then entered the store of Chapman & Thorp, where he was em ployed as salesman until 1862, when he engaged in hardware business for two and a half years ; he was then in Massachusetts a year and a half. Returning to Eau Claire, he engaged in logging about two years, and entered the employ of the Eau Claire Lumber Company as salesman, and remained with them, having charge of their mercantile department, until April I, 1880, when he became a member of the firm of G. B. Chap man & Co. He was married, in Chicago, to his present wife, Mrs. An- gie T. Bellinger, nee Tewkesbury. They have three children — Roy Por ter, Nelson James and Joseph Thorp. Mr. Wilcox v/as Town Treasurer three terms ; he is now a member of the Common Council. SYLVANUS H. WILCOX, County Treasurer, Eau Claire, came to Madison in 1855, and from there to Eau Claire, March 8, 1856, where he has since resided. He built the first planing-mill, sash, door and blind factory here, in the Fall of 1857 and Winter of 1857-8 ; he was in part nership with J. B. Randall for two years, and they then sold out ; after ward Mr. Wilcox continued in building and jobbing business until within the last six or seven years : since then he has been engaged in in surance and real estate. He was elected County Treasurer in 1878, and re-elected in 1880. He was born in Newport, N. H., April 30, 1835, and lived there until he was thirteen years old, when his parents died, and he went to Massachusetts, living in Boston most of the time until he came to Wisconsin. He was married in Eau Claire, Nov. 24, 1865, to his first wife, Huldah M. Harrington, who was born near Milwaukee and died in Eau Claire. They had two children, Lillian M. and a son, who died at the age of eighteen months. He was married to his present wife, Helen M. Granger, a native of New York, May 28, 1875. They have two children living, Grace P. and Helen, and have lost one child, who died when but an infant. EDWIN C. WILKINS, lumber and logs, Eau Claire, came to Wis consin in 1853, and located near Portage ; engaged in farming there for one year, and in Adams County for two years ; came to Eau Claire in 1856, and engaged in rafting on the river, and was raft pilot for nine years ; since then has been employed in the woods. He organized first string band in Eau Claire. Was born in Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1824, and married there, in 1845, to Lorenda J. Shingler, who was born in Ulysses, N. Y. The children are : Mary Alice (now Mrs. J. B. Stock ing), Isabella S. (now Mrs. S. Clemmens.) ALLAN WILLIAMSON, foreman lumber yards of Phoenix Manu facturing Company, came to Eau Claire in 1869 ; was born in Grenville, Canada, in 1844; served in the Fenian raid. GEORGE S. WILLIAMS, barber, born in New York City in 1852; came to Eau Claire in 1864 ; was in the family of J. I. Gilbert, of Eau Claire Lumber Company, seven years ; learned his trade, in 1873, in the Williams House. By industry and frugality, he saved enough to open a first-class barber shop, in 1878, on Barstow street, opposite the Eau Claire House. GEORGE W. WILLIAMS, Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in Oc tober, 1844, locating at Lake Mills, Jefferson Co., and two years later went to Mayville, Dodge Co., and engaged in farming. In 1853, he went to Portland, Dodge Co., and was in mercantile business there until 1856, when he went to Little Dells, seven miles above Kilbourn City. He was in the lumber trade there until February, 1863, when he came to Eau Claire and kept a flour and feed store for a year, and was proprietor of a livery stable for eight years. In 1869, he built the Windsor House, rent ing it until 1873-4, when he sold out. Selling out his livery establish ment, in the Winter of 1872-73, he built a mill at Alma. After operat ing that for three seasons, he sold out and traveled until the Spring of 1880. Since then he has resided in Eau Claire. He was appointed Deputy Sheriff and Jailer, in January, 1881, and has charge of the county build ings, as janitor. He held various offices in other counties before coming to Eau Claire. He was born in Bannington, Genesee Co., N.Y., June 9, 1824, and married at Lake Mills.^Feb. 8, 1845, to Malinda Street- er, who was born in St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. They have five children living — James H., Postmaster at Vale, Chippewa Co.; Thomas E., principal of schools in Augusta ; George W., Jr., book-keeper for Stephen Marston, in Eau Claire ; Ella and William P. GEORGE W. WILLIAMS, Jr., book-keeper at S. Marston's mill, Eau Claire, was born in Williamstown, June 7, 185 1 ; came to Eau Claire in 1863. He was employed by his father, in livery business, and after ward in furniture. Commenced furniture business, on own account, in 1875 ; carried it on for two years, then engaged in handling a patent- right for ditching, for some years. He has been engaged in present capacity since March, 1881. He was married in Ottawa, 111., May 31, 1873, to Hattie A. Bangs. They have lost three children. RICHARD F. WILSON came to Eau Claire in the Summer of 1854, and remained until late in the Winter, selecting lands for the State. He returned in 1855, and laid out the town in the Fall of that year, hav ing purchased one-half interest in 200 acres on the east side of the Chip pewa and south side of the Eau Claire rivers, on what is known as the original plat of the town of Eau Claire. He purchased in connection with W. H. Gleason, Jesse J. Gage and James Reed. Gage & Reed sold their interest to Adin Randall, who soon afterward transferred his inter est to Chapman, Thorp & Burhams. The latter gentleman afierward sold his interest to Chapman & Thorp. In 1856, Adin Randall in con nection with Ira Mead laid out the city of Eau Claire on the west side. They were the original proprietors and owned it for a considerable time. Mr. Wilson has never disposed of his entire interest in property acquired at the commencement of the town, but has a large property, principally improved. The property which he owns on the west side, he selected for the State in 1854, but afterward pre-empted it. He owns 160 acres, known as R. F. Wilson's Addition to the village (now city) of Eau Claire. Mr. Wilson has dealt in real estate ever since his arrival in Eau Claire. He was also in the lumbering and mercantile business, but disposed of the latter in 1870. He, at present, is interested in two mills. The one known as the R. F. Wilson mill is located in the Sixth Ward, R. F. Wilson's Addition to Eau Claire. It has a capacity of 50,000 feet per day of eleven hours' run, and employs about fifty men. EDWARD N. WILSON, secretary of Eau Claire Manufacturing Co., was born in Depere, Brown Co., Aug. II, 1854, and came to Eau Claire with his parents in 1855. He engaged in teaching part of the time before commencing the lumber business. He resided in Mauston, Minn., for five years. He was County Surveyor of that county for two years, and was also engaged in buying grain while there. He has been Deputy Surveyor in Eau Claire County. ABBOTT P. WILDER came to Eau Claire in April, 1865, and worked in a saw mill until Fall, when he engaged in the drug business, continuing that for about three years. In September, 1869, he estab lished his present trade in jewelry and watches. He was Village Clerk during 1870, and the next year being Deputy Town Clerk, performed the duties of Clerk. Mr. Wilder was born in Newfane, Windham Co., Vt.. Jan. 13, 1838, and lived there until 1848, when he went with his parents to the town of Gill, Franklin Co., Mass., and came from there to Wis consin. He was married in Strafford, Vt., in July, 1862, to Adele N. Brown, a native of that place and daughter of Darius Brown, who still resides at Strafford. They have one child, Ethel May. Mr. Wilder is a son of John and Sarah (Kidder) Wilder; his father died in April, 1861, and his mother died in the town of Lincoln, Eau Claire Co., in April, 1875. Mr. Wilder is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and Temple of Honor, and a graduate of the scientific department of Dartmouth Col lege, class of 1861, and was a member of the college society. SAMUEL WILLS was born in Adams County, Pa., December, 1820, and came to Illinois in 1840, and to Eau Claire in the Fall of 1841 ; he worked in the woods and in saw mills for two years, and went to Chip pewa Falls in 1843 ; engaged in running saw mills and in general work until 1859; in the Spring of i860, he went to Knapp, Stout & Co., at Menomonie, remaining with them until 1872, when he came to Eau Claire, and was in the stage office two years ; he then took a trip to Mon tana and Utah, and upon his return to Eau Claire, was with the North western Lumber Co. for one year, and was Street Commissioner for four years ; he is at present with Smith & Rowe. Mr. Wills claims his mar riage with Margaret Hanley to have been the first marriage between a white man and woman in Eau Claire. Mrs. Wills died in Menomonie. They had two children, one of whom, Mary C, is living ; their only son died. Mr. Wills was married to his present wife, Kate Barden, in Eau Claire. W. H. WILLARD came to Eau Claire in May, 1867, and worked at his trade, as machinist, until 1870, when he became engineer of W. F. Bailey Fire Engine, Fire Co. No. I. He was born in Jamestown, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Oct. 21, 1843, and lived there until the Summer of 1866, when he went to Detroit, and in a short time to Galesburg, 111., where he remained until he came to Eau Claire. He worked tor N. Shaw for nearly two years ; has worked at his trade since he was nine teen years old. He was married at Uniontown, Fayette Co., Pa., Nov. 13, 1872, to Julia de Yarman, who was born near that place. They have one daughter, Jessie D., born Oct. 23, 1874. Mr, Willard is a member of the A. F. & A. M. VICTOR WOLF, livery, stone, etc., Eau Claire, was born in Obern. dorf, Baden Baden, Dec. 28, 1824, and came to United States in 1846. Enlisted in U. S. Army, Feb. 23, 1847, and served until 1856, when he was discharged on a pension, on account of injuries received mounting heavy guns in Fort Ontario ; was orderly sergeant eight years. On the breaking out of the late war, he enlisted, July 17, 1861, in 8th Wis. Inf. as private, and was elected first lieutenant ; served with distinction in the numerous battles in which the regiment was engaged ; was promoted to the captaincy, on the death of Capt. Perkins, May, 1862. Capt. Wolf will always be associated with the famous war eagle, " Old Abe," which he had the honor of naming, and which, after passing through the war, was presented to the State of Wisconsin, September, 1864. Capt. Wolf's company (Co. C) was the color company of the regiment, and the eagle was always with the colors. Capt. Wolf was married in New York City, July, 1848, to Ann McLaughlin. Has had nine children, of whom these survive 33§ HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. — Lizzie (now Mrs. T. Harrigan), John C, Cecilia, Ada (now Mrs. L. Smith), George T., Maggie, William Joseph, and Lillie. Was Chief of Police, 1872-73-77 ; patrolman, 1876; Alderman, two years, 1879-80; Town Treasurer of the town of North Eau Claire, two years ; member Board of Supervisors, three years ; one year, Chairman of Board ; three years, Roadmaster; nine years, District Clerk. FRANCIS W. WOODWARD, president of the Bank of Eau Claire, was born in Ithaca, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Dec. 19, 1830, and at the age of eleven went to New York City, where he received a thorough business education. His first visit to Wisconsin was made in 1851, though he had land interests here since 1847. In 1855, he located in Madison, and oc cupied himself in looking after his real estate ; in 1S61 or 1862, he re turned to New York. He came to Eau Claire in 1869, and commenced dealing in real estate, which he still continues. He is interested in saw mills and banking business. With eight others, he purchased the mills, and is secretary of the Badger State Lumber Co. ; he was one of the cor porators and is president of the Eau Claire Chilled Plow Co., and has large farming interests in Minnesota. He was married in Madison, in October, 1862, to Annie J. Delaplaine, who was born in Madison, and is a daughter of Gen. Geo. P. Delaplaine. They have two children, Mary D. and Harriet B. MISS JANE WYATT, music teacher. A student and graduate of the celebrated Kensington Art School, she took six medals in portrait and oil painting. Miss Wyatt came to America in 1874, spending the Winter in Boston. Came to Eau Claire in March, 1875 ; now has a large class in instrumental music. Miss Wyatt is descended from Sir Thomas Wyatt, one of Lady Jane Grey's firmest defenders ; he lost his life in her defense. Miss Wyatt's father was the most celebrated four- in-hand driver in London, in early times ; he supplied the crowned heads of Europe with fine horses ; his funeral was largely attended from France, Ireland, Scotland and England, four of the parish priests officiating. LEONARD J. YOUNG, ist engineer, Empire Lumber Co., Eau Claire, came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at Eau Claire, where he has been employed in present capacity since. He was born in Skow- hegan, Me., Dec. 20, 1840. Was engaged, in capacity of engineer, for fifteen years on various Mississippi River steamboats ; took the first steamer down the Red River to Hudson, in 1858. He was married at Minneapolis, in 1868, to Mary J. Searles, who was born in New York. They have four children — Clarence, Claude A., Herbert M. and Carrie M. Town of Union. ALPHONSO DODGE, farmer, born in Maine, in 1847. Has charge of Daniel Shaw's farm in town of Union ; came to Wisconsin in 1855. He has spent many Winters in the woods. Was married to Le- ona Hutchins in 1880, in Eau Claire. N. B. KOLL, farmer, Union, born in 1850 in Wisconsin ; came to Eau Claire in 1869, and bought his present farm. Married Clara Paul in Eau Claire in 1872. They have two children. He has been Chair man of Town Board many years, and District Clerk five years. Mr. Koll is one of the most enterprising and intelligent men of the town. NILES MESERVY, farmer, Union, came to Wisconsin in 1863, and bought his present farm. He lumbers during the Winter. Was married to Mary Jackson in 1869, and has three children — Maud, Her bert and Eugene. A. J. ROWELL, farmer, Union, was born in 1832, in Vermont, enlisted, in 1862, in the 104th N. Y. regiment, at Geneseo. Was in the battles of Rappahannock, Silver Spring, second Bull's Run, Chantill.i and Antietam ; was wounded in the back of the neck, the ball passing just in front of the spine ; was discharged on Surgeon-General Eastman's certificate in 1863. Came to Eau Claire in 1864; was in Daniel Shaw's machine shop one year ; in Badger Mills till 1875 ; at French Falls from '75 to '78, and came on his farm in '78. Married Anna Van Dreser in '72. Have three children — Minnie, Fletcher and Maud. A. B. RANSOM, farmer, Union, born at Otsego. N. Y., in 1830; came to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1845; farmed there till 1866 ; used the first separator for grain in Wisconsin, in 1847 (Hall's); came to his present location in 1866, and is one of the best farmers in his town. Married Mary J. Graves in 1852. They had two children, Delos and Ida. Married Lucinda Rigal in 1863; they had three children — Cora, Alice, Eva. In 1875, Mr. R. married Nancy L. Baker ; they have one child, Nellie. JOSEPH ROACH, farmer, Union, born in Ireland in 1810, came to Wisconsin in 1856, and took up his present farm. By steady indus try, Mr. R. prospered and reared a family of eight children, viz.: Nich olas, Johanna, John, James, Mary, Ellen, Margaret and Joseph. Was married to Mary O'Neal in Ireland, in 1835. J. A. SOUTHMAYD, farmer, town of Union, began farming here in 1876. Enlisted in 160th N. Y. V.; was forty-two days at Port Hud son ; was in eighteen battles ; marched 7,000 miles in two years. Was stationed in Georgia, after the war closed, to maintain peace ; mustered out in 1867, with rank of lieutenant. Came out of the army without an injury or ill health. Born, in 1836, in New York; married Lucinda Philips in New York in 1862; three children. AUGUSTA. The pleasant village of Augusta is located in the town of Bridge Creek, on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad. It is on a level spot, in a fertile region, regularly laid out, with the buildings detached and some what scattered over quite a large territory for a village of its size. The village was platted in September, 1857. The first white settler in the town was Andrew Thomp son, who located in 1855, in what is now called Thompson's Valley. Later in the same year, E. S. Bills, Charles Buckman, C. L. Chadbourn, W. H. Waterbury, and John F. Stone, with their families, located here. Mr. Thompson was an En glishman, and unmarried. Buckman and Bills were farmers. Mr. Stone turned his attention to milling, and built the first saw-mill in the val ley ; it was completed in the Winter of 1856-7. The next year, 1858, witnessed the building of the first store and frame dwelling in town, by William Mauss. H. Searl and brother arrived in the Spring of 1859, bringing their families, and, buying an interest in Stone's mill property, they erected the first flouring mill in the vicinity, which still stands, doing good work. At the end of three years, seven or eight other families had settled here. In 1862, Buckman & Ball built the Augusta House, which was burned in 1879. There have been several additions to the village. Buck- man's first addition, September, 1859; Stone & Buckman's, May, 1867 ; E. S. Bills', June, 1867 ; Buckman's second, September, 1868 ; John F. Stone's, May, 1867 ; and in April, 1870, Germantown was laid out as a detached village. In 187 1, however, the whole were consolidated. The village had a healthy and steady growth, which was retarded during the war, but the prospects of a railroad in spired its flagging energies, and the completion of the West Wisconsin to this point, rapidly developed a thriving com munity. As the road, however, went through to Eau Claire, there was a waning of its business vitality to a slight extent; but it has never outgrown the country upon which it depends for support. All its business places are active. Schools. — Augusta, not unjustly, prides itself upon its graded schools. Early in the history of the village, a large school-house was built. It was burned in 1872. In 1873, a still larger one was built. John L. Ball was the architect. The schools are under the care of Thomas Williams. Bank. — There is a single private bank. Ira B. Bradford and Russell Hacket are the proprietors. It is a sound in stitution, and does a good business. It was started in 1867. W. H. Waterbury is the present Postmaster, and H. Mc- Bain is Assistant Postmaster. Churches. — The First Baptist Church. This society came into existence in 1857, through the efforts of A. B.. Green. The first pastor was Rev. Luther Humphrey. The present structure was built in 1867. The present pastor is Rev. J. W. Fish. It has 170 members. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1857, Elder Clingham being the first pastor. The present edifice was erected in 1870. Rev. John Haw is pastor, and there is a present membership of 177. There is also a Catholic Mission Church in town. Mills. — J. L. Ball planing mill, doors, sash, blinds, etc. ; run by water-power from Bridge Creek. HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 339 Finch & Plummer, flouring mill ; two run of stones ; run by water. There is a saw-mill run by water on East Coon Fork, five miles from town. There are several unimproved water privileges near the village, one with ten feet fall, another eighteen, and still an other of twenty-two feet. Newspaper. — The Augusta Eagle was started by the present proprietor, Griff. O. Jones, July n, 1874. Societies. — Augusta has the usual variety in this respect : Masonic. — Augusta Lodge, No. 181. Isaac Palmer was the first Master, and S. Axtell is the present one. Odd Fellows, No. 142, has a membership of about fifty. W. H. Waterbury was the first N. G. H. S. Baldwin now fills that chair. A. O. U. W. Instituted in 1869. S. Axtell the first M. W. C. A. Kirkham the present M. W. There is also a Temple of Honor, Good Templars, and a Juvenile Temple, all in good condition. Two hotels are in the village, the Sheridan House and the Warren House. There are. two elevators at the depot, and 293,835 bush els of wheat were shipped in 1880. The population of the village is 1,200. There are the usual number of lawyers. One of them, Ira B. Bradford, was Speaker of the Assembly in 188 1, and the youngest man ever in that chair, and the only one ever born in Wisconsin. Of doctors there are four, representing the several schools. An artesian well was sunk 200 feet, but the appropria tion giving out, it was suspended. The streets began to be sprinkled in 1880. A Mr. Holcomb claims that he has discovered iron and several other minerals, on Hay Creek, in the town of Lud ington, on Section 34. Examinations are taking place to learn the value of the rock found there. Augusta must continue to grow as the country around is developed. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN ANDERSON, blacksmith. Was born in Denmark, March 2, 1841. Came to America in 1867. After spending a short time at Watertown, he came to Augusta in the same year. Besides conducting an extensive blacksmith establishment, he has a fine farm in the town of Bridge Creek, which he carries on. He was married in Augusta, to Ar- mintha Hicks. They have three children — I vis Augusta, Edna, and an infant daughter. Lost one daughter, who died at the age of one year. Mr. A. is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and I. O. O. F. JOHN L. BALL, proprietor of planing mill, sash, door and blind manufactory, and saw-mill. Was born in Taunton, Mass., Dec. 12, 1834, removed from there to Lorain County, Ohio, in 1840, with his father ; remained in Ohio until 1855, then came to Monroe, Green Co., Wis. ; there one year, then removed to Neillsville, Clark Co., two years in the latter place, when he came to Augusta. He enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. I, 30th Wis. V. I. ; served until November, 1865. After leaving the army he returned to Augusta and engaged in business for himself. Be sides carrying on his manufacturing business, he is an extensive con tractor and builder. His saw-mill is situated two and a half miles from Augusta; it has a capacity for cutting 20,000 feet of lumber per day. In the various departments of his business, he employs about thirty men. Mr. Ball has been connected with the School Board all of the time since he came to Augusta, except one year; held office of Town Treasurer three years. He was married in Fairchild, Eau Claire Co., Aug. 24, 1862, to Caroline Clark, a native of Montpelier, Vt. They have three chil dren — Carrie J., Mary H., and Elsie. Mr. B. is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and A. O. U. W. J. D. BEEBE, of the firm of J. D. Beebe & Co., grocers. Was born in Randolph, Orange Co., Vt., Jan. 2, 1821. Moved to Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1836. Lived there until he came to Mon roe, Green Co., Wis., in i860. Came to Augusta, in the Spring of 1881. He was married in Massena, N. Y., in November, 1843, to Amanda Snow. She died in the Spring of 1849, leaving two children, Gertrude, now Mrs. Henry Denhart of Pipestone Co., Minn., and Gelsomina, now Mrs. John Bassett, of Augusta, Wis. Mr. Beebe was married to his present wife, in Massena, in September, 1849 ; her maiden name was Polly Rickard. They have three children— John F., Charles F., and Laura, all now residing in Augusta. Mr. B. enlisted Aug. 21, 1862, in Co. B, 31st Wis. V. I. ; served until June, 1865. He was in all the en gagements of his command except the last one, near Goldsboro, N. C, March 19, 1865 ; at that time he was detailed for duty as saddler, and consequently was not in the engagement. He has been engaged in the boot and shoe business ever since he came to Wisconsin. In the Spring of 1881, he also engaged the present business, with his son Charles F. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. CHARLES F. BEEBE, of the firm of J. D. Beebe & Co., grocers, Was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Jan. 18, 1852. Came to Monroe, Green Co., Wis., in October, i860. Worked at carpenter and joiner's trade-until 1875, when he came to Augusta, engaged in the boot and shoe business here for three years, then returned to Monroe and re mained thereuntil the Spring of 1881, when he again came to Augusta and engaged in the present business in partnership with his father. IRA G. BILLS, farmer, and agricultural implements, Augusta. Came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; located at Fox Lake, Dodge Co., where he resided with his parents. Came to Augusta in 1856, and has been farming since. He also taught school for five years, and clerked in a store several years ; also worked as book-keeper for W. W. Railroad ; and has been dealing in agricultural implements four years — two years alone and two years in company with Austin Chrisler. Was Supervisor of town of Otter Creek, for 1873, '74 and '75, and Town Clerk for two years, 1876 and '77. Chairman of Board of Supervisors for 1880, of town of Bridge Creek. Born in Canada, 1844. Was married at Au gusta, April 19, 1869, to Ella G. Perkins, born in Canada. They have four children — Clara V., Chrissie E., Ella M., and Nellie M. HON. IRA B. BRADFORD, lawyer and banker. Was born in the town of Fulton, Rock Co., Wis., June 24, 1851. When he was but a few months old his parents, Elbridge and Lovina A. (Burnham) Brad ford, removed to New Hampshire, with their family. Ira was educated in the academies and seminaries of New Hampshire. He read law in that State and in Erie Co., Pa. In the Spring of 1873, he came lo Wis consin. After spending a few weeks at Janesville, in the office of Cas soday & Carpenter, he went to Monroe, Green Co., where he was ad mitted to the Bar. He then came to Augusta and began practice in April, 1873. In 1875, he commenced the banking business, in partner ship with Russell Hackett, a well-known farmer of this region ; theirs was the first and only banking institution ever established in this place. Mr. Bradford is manager of the business. He has been village attorney most of the time since he came here. In 1880, he was elected Assem blyman, and was chosen Speaker of the House, being the youngest officer who ever presided over that body, and the only native of Wiscon sin that ever filled that position. He was married in Edinboro, Erie Co., Pa., Aug. 20, 1872, to Allie M. Burnham. They have two children, Archie E. and Sadie M. Mr. Bradford's parents now reside in Wash ington, N. H. CLINTON E. BRADFORD, cashier of Bradford & Hackett's bank. Was born in Washington, Sullivan Co., N. H., Sept. 1, 1853. Lived there until he came to Augusta, Wis., Sept. 9, 1876. Since com ing here has been connected with the bank, in his present capacity. He was educated in the schools of his native State. Mr. Bradford was mar ried in Nashua, N. H., Nov. 26, 1874, to Emma C. Fletcher, a native of Amherst, N. H. ROSIEL D. CAMPBELL, attorney at law. Was born in what is now the town of La Fayette, Onondaga Co., N. Y., Feb. 15, 1810, Came to Beloit, Rock Co., Wis., in 1838 ; there and in that vicinity for some years, then went to Lee Co., 111. ; resided for two years in Boone Co., 111., and in October, 1861, he enlisted in Co. I, 46th 111. V. I. After the battle of Ft. Donelson, he was promoted to captain, receiving his commission just before the battle of Pittsburg Landing. In the Fall of 1862, he resigned, and came to Waterloo, Jefferson Co., Wis., where he resided until 1867, when he located in what is now the town of Luding ton, Eau Claire Co. Came to Augusta in 1869. He is now President of the village, also holds the office of Court Commissioner ; for several years has been Justice of the Peace here. Mr. Campbell was admitted to practice in the Territory of Wisconsin in 1842, and was admitted to the Bar of Illinois in April, 1843. He was married in the town of Manchester, Boone Co., 111., to Cornelia Linderman, a native of the State of New York. They have five children — Charles R., Amelia C, James H., Harriet C. and Frank R. Lost three children — Cornelia C, Stephen and R. D. Mr. C. is a member of the Old Settler's Club, of Augusta, and of A. F. & A. M. SILAS E. COOPER, of the firm of Jackson & Sons, merchants. Was born in what is now the town of Annin, McKean Co., Pa., Sept. 1, 1843. Lived there until he came to Wisconsin in 1866. Hewasmarried in Annin, Pa., March 26, 1865, to Melvina R. S. Jackson ; she was born in the town of Jasper, Steuben Co., N. Y. They have one child, Lilly D., born Aug. 30, 1867. Mr. Cooper is a member of I. O. O. F. JUDSON C. CRAWFORD, lawyer. Was born in Ulysses, Tomp kins Co., N. Y., April 26, 1823 ; lived there until he came to Wisconsin, in the Fall of 1847. The first year after coming to this State he taught school in Sheboygan, then taught two years at Waupun, and one year at 34° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Ceresco. Afterward, for many years, he was engaged in general mis sionary work, being a regularly ordained minister of the Universalist Church. He preached in the vicinity of Berlin, i year, Oshkosh, i year, Prairie du Chien, I year, Reedsburg, i year, Neenah, I year, Rosendale, I year, Beaver Dam about 2 years, May- ville, I year, Watertown, i year, Waupun again for i year, Marshall, 2 years, Lake Mills, 3 years, Montello, 2 years, Brodhead, 2 years, again at Lake Mills for 2 years, Black River Falls, Osseo and Augusta, each one year, and taught school at Osseo for some time. In March, 1875, he settled in Augusta, since then he has been engaged in practice of law, having practiced to some extent for several years prior to locating here. Mr. Crawford was married in the village of Catharine, N. Y., in Decem ber, 1842, to Lucy Maria Beardsley, a native of that place." They have three children living— Ada Estelle, Emma Belle and Carrie Maud. Lost four children — Clarence, who died at the age of two years and two months ; Allen, aged fourteen, and two sons died in early infancy. Mr. Crawford is a member of A. F. & A. M., I. O. O. F., and Temple of Honor. His father, Elisha Crawford, died when Judson was only two years of age. His mother, Mehitabel (Cleveland) Crawford, died about eighteen years ago. STEPHEN A. CUDDY, agent of C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. Co., Augusta. Came to Wisconsin in 1868 ; located in New Lisbon, where he resided with his parents, and attended school. Went to Eau Claire in 1870, and was employed by Eau Claire Lumber Company for six months, then entered the employ of C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. Co. for a year, stationed at various places. Returned to New Lisbon and learned telegraphy. Was employed on M. & St. P. R. R., at Kilbourn, Colum bus and Elk Grove, as telegraph operator for six months ; then at Menomo nie, as operator and clerk for C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. one year ; then at Hudson three months, and at Merillon Junction for four months ; then at Eau Claire as operator for five years. Came to Augusta in Summer of 1880, and has been in present capacity since. Was born in Ireland, in December, 1856. Came to America in 1863. Was married in Eau Claire, June, 1880, to Ellen Egan, born in Ohio. They ha.ve one child, Lucy A. REV. JOEL W. FISH, pastor of First Baptist Church, Augusta. Born in Berkshire Co., Mass., Feb. I, 1817. Graduated at Madison University in 1843. Was ordained at Mannsville, N. Y., in Fall of 1845. Came to Wisconsin same year ; located at Geneva ; had charge of First Baptist Church for seven years, and at Racine for two and a half years. Was then appointed general superintendent for Baptist Home Mission Society of the State. Served in that capacity two years, residing at Geneva. Then at Fox Lake for twenty-one years; had charge of First Baptist Church for eleven years, and was again general superintendent of the Baptist Home Mission Society of Wisconsin for ten and a half years. Then at Waupaca for sixteen months, acting pastor of First Baptist Church, and six months in charge of Home Mission of Northern Wisconsin. Came to Augusta, November, 1879, and has been in present capacity since. Membership of church, 175. Present church edifice was built in 1867, and was opened by Mr. Fish at that time. He also preaches at different parts of the county. Was married at Pulaski, N. Y., September, 1846, to Rachel W.Stone, born in Frank lin Co., Mass. They have one son, Fred M., employed as book-keeper in Chicago. GEORGE F. HAMILTON, physician and surgeon. Was born in Chemung Co., N. Y., April 28, 1839. Came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1852 ; resided in Fond du Lac County until the Spring of 1853, then moved to Oakfield, Dodge Co., where he remained until 1856, after ward lived at Hillsboro, Vernon Co. In 1862, went to Sheldon, Mon roe Co., there until 1866, then returned to Vernon County, resided one year in Bloomingdale, and two years in Springville, then for one year re sided at Sparta. In 1870, he came to Augusta. The doctor received his medical education at Bennett Eclectic Medical College of Chicago. Commenced practice in 1866. After coming to Augusta, he run a drug store in connection with the practice of his profession. For last five years he has been extensively engaged in farming. In December, 1863, he enlisted in Co. I, 37th Wis. V. I. ; was discharged March 18, 1865, on account of wounds received before Petersburg, Va. He was the first village President of Augusta, who was elected on the no license ticket. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M , and I. O. O. F. societies. He was married in Sheldon, Monroe Co., Wis., Dec. 6, 1859, to Orra M.Stearns, a native of Newbury, Geauga Co., Ohio. She came to Wisconsin in 1855. They have two children living, Ernest A., born Dec. 1, 1862, and Claude F., born April 19, 1872. Lost one son, John Willie, who was born Jan. 27, 1861, and died March 12, 1877. RUSSELL HACKETT, farmer and banker, was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Feb. 28, 1842, lived there until he came to the town of Bridge Creek, Eau Claire Co., Wis., in September, 1856, farm ing ever since he came here, except a short time when he was engaged in carpenter work, interested in lumbering to considerable extent prior to seven years ago. He has been extensively engaged in land operations since coming to Wisconsin. Since 1875, he has been interested in bank ing business here, in partnership with Ira B. Bradford. Mr. Hackett served over one year in Company K, 5th Wis. V. I. He was County Surveyor for eight years, Town Treasurer one year, several years Town Assessor, now serving in that position. He is a member of A. F. & A. M., Blue Lodge, Chapter and Eau Claire Commandery, I. O. O, F. and Augusta Old Settler's Club. J. C. HACKETT, dealer in hardware and agricultural implements, was born in Clarendon, Rutland Co., Vt., Aug. 8, 1827. When he was a youth of ten or eleven years his parents moved with their family to Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. He lived there until he was twenty- one years of age, when he returned to Vermont and learned his trade of carpenter and joiner, remained in Vermont about five years, then re turned to Massena where he resided until the Spring of 1856, when he came to Sauk Co., Wis., in August of the same year he came to Augusta and engaged in carpenter and joiner and millwright business ; he also opened a farm, continued to work at his trade four or five years, lived on his farm two or three years, then purchased an interest in hardware busi ness, being associated withCorilus Stone and Harvey R. Plumley, under the firm name of Stone, Hackett & Co., which continued for about two years when Stone and Plumley disposed of their interest in the business to Brown & Eaton, three or four years later Mr. Hackett sold out to Brown & Eaton. Afterward the firm of Hackett, Plumley & Hebard was organized in the Fall of 1875, Mr. Plumley retired from the firm, since then Messrs. Hackett and Hebard have carried on the business. Mr. Hackett was married Jan. I, 1857, to Charlotte F. Stone, a native of Massena, N. Y. They have three children living — Tra S., Mary and Elsie L. Lost one daughter, who died in infancy. Mr. H. has held various town and county offices, and is now Chairman of the Town Board, has held that position several years. He is president of the Pioneer Society of Augusta. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. Besides earring on business in town he has been quite ex tensively engaged in farming and also lumbering for three Winters. REV. JOHN HAW, pastor of Methodist Episcopal Church, born in the town of Dishforth, county of York, England, May 6, 1843 ; came to America with his parents, John and Mary (Lasenby) Haw, when he was about eighteen months old ; they settled in Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., where John was reared on a farm, living there until he was eighteen years of age, then went to Boscobel where he attended school for one year, and was employed as clerk in a drug store for a year ; he then en tered Lawrence University at Appleton, Wis., where he spent two years in the preparatory department and four years in classical course, gradu ating from the institution June 28, 1869; he was then engaged in mission ary work for a period of fourteen months, then joined the Wisconsin Conference at Janesville, was appointed to Suamico Church where he remained as pastor for a year, afterward at Waukaw for a year, one year at Depere, two years at Amherst ; then he was transferred to the West Wisconsin Conference and preached first at Prescott one year, Osceola Mills three years ; from the latter place he came to Augusta in the Fall of 1879. He was married in Northport, Wis., Oct. 4, 1876, to Annie L. Burbank. In 1872, Lawrence University conferred on Mr. H. the degree of A. M. He is a member of A. F. & A. M., Temple of Honor and Good Templars societies. His father and mother both died near Platteville, Wis. WILLIAM D. HEBARD, hardware merchant and dealer in agri cultural implements, was born in the town of Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wis., Nov. 18, 1849. Lived there about eleven years, then his parents removed with their family to Chickasaw Co., Iowa; he lived there until 1869, when he came to Augusta. He has been selling farm machinery for the last eight years, been associated in the business with J. C. Hack ett ; they added hardware stock in their business in the Fall of 1880. Mr. Hebard was married ;in Nashua, Chickasaw Co., Iowa, in 1875, to Mary A., daughter of William and Elizabeth Reed. She was born in Budd Town, N. J. They have two children, Roy W., aged five years and Frank, aged 3 years, both born in Augusta, Wis. Besides his other business Mr. Hebard is interested in farming. He is one of the Village Trustees and is a member of the A. F. & A. M. His parents, William and Killissa H. Hebard, now reside in Nashua, Iowa. J. M. HACKETT, farmer, Augusta, came to Wisconsin in June, 1854, and located at Black River, where he lumbered for nine years. Came to Augusta in 1863, and was engaged in lumbering up to 1879, has also been farming for eighteen years. Owns 120 acres of improved land near town. Was born in the State of Maine, 1819, and resided there for thirty-five years, following lumber business for eighteen years of that time"; married at Chippewa Fall, Nov. 20, 1863, toOrphia Estus, a native of Vermont. They have one boy, Bradly H. LESTER A. HEARD, drayman, Augusta, came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1854, located at Fountain Prairie ; farmed with his father seven years, then went to Big Springs, Adams Co., farming for five years, Came to Augusta, 1865, was for five years occupied in farming, etc., and has been engaged in draying since, and was deliverer for American Ex press Company for about seven years. Born in Newport, Canada, Oct. 27, 1835. Came to the United States, and was married in Columbia County, Oct. 29, 1871, to Eliza J. Babcock, she was born Aztalan, Wis. They have one child, Mary. HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 34i MARION D. JACKSON, of the firm of Jackson & Sons, mer chants, was born in the town of Jasper, Steuben Co., N. Y., Feb. 11, 1848. When he was about ten years of age, his parents moved with their family to Annin, McKean Co., Pa. ; from there they came to Lincoln, Eau Claire Co., Wis., in the Fall of 1866 ; one year later came to Au gusta ; run the Sheridan House one year ; afterward engaged in farm ing for two years, in Otter Creek ; two years in photograph business, since then in mercantile business. Mr. Jackson was married in Annin, Pa., April 15, 1866, to Jane E. Terry, a native of McKean Co., Pa. They have six children — Minnie A., Davis A., Effie S., Daisie A., Nellie M. and Pearlie M. Mr. J. is a member of the I. O. O. F., Temple of Honor and Good Templars societies. GRIFF O. JONES, editor and proprietor of the Augusta Eagle, was born in the parish of Dolyddelen, County Carnarvonshire, North Wales, in 1836 ; came to America with his parents in 1847 ; located near Cambria, Columbia Co., Wis.; lived in that county until 1871 ; was in drug store for five or six years prior to leaving there. In 1871, he en gaged in the newspaper business ; at that time he established the Mar quette Independent, at Westfield. He conducted that paper until July, 1874, when he came to Augustaand started the paper which he now owns and edits. While in the drug business at Cambria, he held various town offices, Justice of the Peace, Town Clerk, etc. Mr. Jones was married in Cambria, Wis., Nov. 7, 1866, to Margaret Evans, a native of North Wales, born in the parish of Dolyddelen. She was brought to America by her'parents when she was an infant. HENRY McBAIN, of the firm of Ober, McBain & Co., merchants, was born in Madrid, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.,Sept. 3, 185 1 ; lived there until he came to Augusta, in 1870. For five years prior to engaging in present business, he was employed in the post-office. Mr. McBain is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. societies. SYLVESTER M. MACOMBER, livery and farm, Augusta, came to Wisconsin in 1862, located in Eau Claire County, and was engaged in farming for two and a half years. He enlisted in February, 1864, in the 48th Wis. I.; served until close of war ; then followed farming near Eau Claire City for one year ; then built and ran a saw-mill two or three years. Came to Augusta in 1869 ; has been engaged in livery business since, and farming since the Spring of 1881. He was born in Canada in 1836 ; came to America at the age of fifteen years, and resided with his parents in Iowa for some years. Was married at Augusta, in 1870, to Emily Morris, who was born in Wisconsin. They have two children, Clarence and Maud. EDWIN F. OBER, of the firm of Ober, McBain & Co., merchants, was born in Bradford, Orange Co., Vt., June 27, 1845, and lived in Ver mont until he came to Augusta, Wis., in 1871. He was engaged in the hotel business here for about six years ; since then with Loomis, Gallett & Breese, in mercantile business. The present firm was organized in August, 1881, Loomis, Gallett & Breese being part of the firm. During the late rebellion, Mr. Ober served one year in Co. D, 8th Vt. V. I. AUGUST C. RICK, proprietor of meat market, was born in Prus sia, Nov. 16, 1851 ; came to Ripon, Wis., in 1868 ; resided there eighteen months, then came to Augusta, where he has since lived. He has worked at butchering business most of the time since he came to Wisconsin ; for the last eight years in business for himself. He is serving his second term as Village Trustee, and is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. societies. Besides his butchering business, he is engaged in farming and dealing in stock. Mr. Rick was married in Augusta, Dec. 25, 1878, to Mary Johnson. They have had one child, which died in early infancy. HARLOW E. RICKARD,' grocer and boot and shoe merchant, was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., May 26, 1858 ; came to Augusta in July, 1861 ; was employed in the boot and shoe business in the Fall of 1872. Since May, 1879, he has been engaged in business for himself. Mr. Rickard was married in Augusta, Dec. 25, 1879, to Myra A. Houghton. Mr. R. is a member of the Temple of Honor. CHARLES -RICKARD, grocer and boot and shoe merchant, was born in Massena. St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., June I, 1837 ; lived there un til February, 1863, when he came to Eau Claire, Wis.; resided there two years, then came to Augusta ; engaged in blacksmithing for five years since coming to Wisconsin ; also, farming some. He engaged in present business in October, 1880, in partnership with his nephew, Harlow E. Rickard. He was married in Louisville, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., July 4, 1861, to Maria H. Knip. She was born in Canada. Theyhave three children living — Lida M., Leonard R. and Pearl ; have lost two chil dren, Burt Charles, who died in 1877, aged twelve years, and one daugh ter died in infancy. P. HERMAN ROSE, dentist, Augusta, came to Wisconsin in 1853, located at Monroe for about a year, teaching school, and was afteiwaid engaged in practicing dentistry through Illinois and Wifcons-in foi seme years; came to Augusta in 1874. Was born in Virginia, in 1833, and graduated in medicine at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1850. He was married at Osseo, Wis., July 15, 1877, to Mary Hazelton, who was born in New York. They have two children, Eveline and Elizabeth. ROBERT E. SCOTT, retired farmer, Augusta, was born in Rox- buryshire, Scotland, Dec. 22, 1820 ; came to America in the Spring of 1844 ; first located in town of Oakland, Jefferson Co., Wis.; he. was en gaged in farming there until 1850, when he moved to Cambridge, Dane Co.; there he carried on hotel for three years; afterward in mercantile business until he came to the town of Otter Creek, Eau Claire Co., where he located on Sec. 9, in what is now known as Scott's Valley, it having acquired that name from the fact that he was the first settler in that lo cality. He resided there until 1877, when he removed to Augusta. For many years he was Chairman of the Town Board of Otter Creek, and for eighteen years held the office of Justice of the Peace in that town. He was first married in the town of Oakland, Jefferson Co., Wis., to Helen Moore, a native of Dumfrieshire, Scotland. She died Oct. I, 1876, leaving two sons, Charles W. and John M. Mr. Scott's present wife is Charlotte R. Ball, who was born in Ohio. They have two chil dren, Esther Pearl and Ruby Mary. Mr. Scott started the Otter Creek Farmers' Insurance Company, which is a successful and flourishing insti tution, now having a business of over $200,000. HARRIS SEARLE, born in Martinsburg, N. Y., July 4, 1818 ; moved to Ohio, where he learned the millwright business ; came to Augusta in 1859. ^e became a prominent man ; was Postmaster for years, and held various town and county offices ; was Clerk of the County Court, and a worthy Odd Fellow. He died March 13, 1876, universally respected. DUDLEY CARLTON SPENCER, physician and surgeon, came to Augusta, Wis., May 13, 1866 ; he was born in Dundee, Province of Quebec, Nov. 17, 1828, of New England parentage, his father being a native of New Hampshire, and his mother of Vermont. Dundee was his home until he was seventeen years of age ; he then went to Ft. Cov ington, Franklin Co., N. Y., where he attended the academy, and after ward commenced the study of medicine. He first attended Castleton Medical College, in Vermont, and graduated from the Albany Medical College, in December, 1854. He began practice at Hartford, Washing ton Co., N. Y., in partnership with Dr. J.B. Drummond ; remained there one year ; then located in Lakeville, in same county, where he remained until the Fall of 1857 ; then he was in practice in Cambridge, also in Washington County, until the Fall of 1862, when he entered the army as assistant surgeon of the 44th N. Y. V. I (the Ellsworth Regiment) ; was with that regiment until 1864 ; then he was on special staff-duty until March 26, 1866, when he left the service and returned to Cambridge, N. Y., where he made a short visit, and then came to Augusta, where he has since been engaged in practice of his profession. Since December, 1880. he has also been engaged in the drug trade, in partnership with Dr. J. R. Rundlett. The doctor was married in Ft. Covington, N. Y., June 4, 1855, to Lovina Russell, a native of that place. They have four children living — Francis Wayland, Esther Abbie, Hattie Maria and Mary Agnes. Dr. S. is a member of the County Medical Society. JOHN F. STONE, capitalist, was born in town of Mt. Holly, Vt., March 9, 18 14; he was removed to St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. when he was four years of age. In 1849, he came to Roxbury, Dane Co., Wis. ; resided there three years ; then settled on Sauk Prairie, where he remained until he came to Augusta, in the Fall of 1856, he being the second settler here (Charles Buck being the first). Mr. Stone immediately commenced building operations, constructing a saw-mill during the Winter of 1856-57 ; commenced sawing lumber in April, 1857; continued to operate it for about five years ; he also owned a grist-mill at this place, which he ran until five years ago. Twelve years ago he built a steam saw-mill, which he ran until four years ago. Besides his manufacturing business, he was for several years extensively engaged in merchandising, in partnership with M. Victory, until 1880. When he first settled here he had to go to Chippewa Falls for lumber, which required five days to make the trip. For several supplies he had to go to Sparta and La Crosse. In an early day his retail lumber business was large, often having from $15,000 to $20,000 outstanding among the settlers in notes and book accounts. He was first married in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Jan. 26, 1834, to Letitia Hutchins, who was born Oct. 3, 1818, and died in April, 1869. They had eleven children. The living are as follows: Fernando Decoella, Uriah Meeker, Hortentie Ranson, Theodore Caple, Carolus Frank, John Walden, Emmett Montgomery, Aldula Sophira (now Mrs. David Crocker, of Cumberland, Wis), Char lotte Fredona (now Mrs. J. C. Hackett, of Augusta, Wis.); lost two children, Morgan L., who was born Sept. 27, 1857, and died May 26, 1841, and Carilus Edwin, born May 12, 1852 ; died in January, 1871. Mr. Stone was married to Mrs. Hattie A. Pear, his present wife, Feb. 26, 1871. Her maiden name was Board. She was born in England, and is an early settler of Merton, Waukesha Co., Wis. She came to Eau Claire when there were but two houses there. URIAH M. STONE, real estate and loans, was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Dec. 21, 1846 ; came to Wisconsin, with hisfather, John F. Stone, in 1849. I" August, 1863, he enlisted in Co. K, 5th Wis. V. I.; served until June, 1865 ; when he returned from the army he en gaged in milling business, in partnership with his father ; afterward in same business in partnership with two of his brothers. He was manied in Walworth Co., Wis., in March, 1866, to Alida A. Douglass, a native 342 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. of that county. They have one child, Gilbert F., born Feb. 18,1876. Mr. Stone has served two years as member of the Village Board of Trus tees. He is a member of A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F ; he has been through all the chairs of the latter society. EMERY C. STEVENS, butcher and farmer, Augusta, came to Wisconsin in 1864; located at Augusta as a farmer, in which he has since been engaged, together with blacksmithing, for four years. He also deals in live-stock and produce. Born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1852. Is a son of Henry Stevens, farmer. JOHN TEBO, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes, was born in Lower Canada, April 26, 1828. Removed to Jefferson Co., N. Y., where he resided for twenty years prior to coming to Pleasant Prairie, town of Lincoln, Adams Co., Wis., May 3, 1863. Engaged in farming until 1S70, then went to Packwaukee, Marquette Co., where he was en gaged in hotel business for four years. In the Spring of 1874, he came to Augusta. Engaged in boot and shoe business for himself in the Spring of 1877. Mr. Tebo enlisted, Dec. 8, 1864, in Company B, 44th Wis. V. I. Served until June, 1865. He is a member of I. O. O. F., and Temple of Honor. He was married at Three Mile Bay, Jefferson Co., N. Y., April 30, 1849, to Helen Hutchinson, a native of the State of New York. They have seven children — Charles, Addie, Irvine B., Emma, Jennie, Willie M. and Archie M. THOMAS C. WALLER, wagon manufacturer, was born in Upper Canada, Aug. 20, 1851. Came to Fall Creek, Eau Claire Co., Wis., in 1872. Worked on a farm two Summers, one Winter in the pineries, and in the Fall of 1873 he came to Augusta and engaged in his present busi ness, which he has continued since that time. Mr. Waller also owns a farm in the town of Lincoln, in this county. He was married in Au gusta, Nov. 8, 1875, to Minnie Leidiger. She is a native of Wisconsin. They have two children, Charles S. and Clara L. MRS. CELIA WARD, millinery and dress goods, Augusta, was born in Whitewater, only daughter of Albert Woodbury, mechanic. Went to Plover, Portage Co., at the age of seven years, and was married there, Dec. 25, 1865, to Edwin Ward. He died in October, 1877, at Stevens Point. She came to Augusta in 1879, in July, and in January, 1880, commenced present business. There are four persons employed in the establishment. She has two children, Edwin Charles and Fred E. WILLIAM H. WATERBURY, merchant and postmaster, was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., April 12, 1830. That was his home until he came to Wisconsin, in May, 1850. Lived in Jefferson County about two years, then went to California, where he was engaged in mining, merchandising, etc., for seven years. Then returned to Jef ferson County, and after another year's residence there, he came to Eau Claire County, and has resided in Augusta and this vicinity ever since. Since coming to this village to live, he has been carrying on mercantile business, besides dealing in produce and farm machinery, and also lum bering and farming to some extent. For the last ten years he has held the office of Postmaster here, and he has been a member of the School Board for many years. He was married in Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wis., Oct. 15, 1856, to Miss Avis White, a native of Indianapolis, Indiana. They have nine children living — Louisa M., Killissa B., Avis A., Jesse- mine, Levi P., Frank, Ruth, Henry H. and an infant son. Lost one son, Charles S., who died in May, 1863, aged three and one half years. HENRY WATENFULL, carpenter and builder, Augusta, was born in Milwaukee, in 1852. Moved to Fairchild, Wis., 'with parents, and learned wagon trade at Humbird, where he was employed some four years, and afterward at ^Fairchild and other places. Came to Augusta and was married, in the Fall of 1878, to Hattie Lambert, who was born in Germany. They have two children, Frederick and Sophia. THOMAS E. WILLIAMS, Principal of Augusta Public School, was born in Mayville, Dodge Co., Wis., March 23, 1849. He is a son of G. W. Williams, who moved with his family to Portland, Dodge Co., in 1853. Three years later, they removed to Plainville, Adams Co., where they remained until 1863. Then located in Eau Claire, where the subject of this sketch remained until the Springof 1873, when he first came to Augusta. He was principal of the school here until the Fall of 1876. Then, for one year, again resided in Eau Claire. Then returned to Augusta and resumed his former position, and has remained in it ever since. He was educated in the east side graded school of Eau Claire and Cornell College, of Ithaca, N. Y. Mr. Williams was mar ried in Eau Claire, Aug. 2, 1873, to Alida J. Kemp. Mr. W. is a mem ber of the A. F. & A. M., Temple of Honor and Good Templar so cieties. L. L. WILLIAMS, merchant, was born in Kirtland, Lake Co., Ohio, March 14, 1843. That was his home until he came to Augusta, Wis., in May, 1869. He first engaged in book and stationery business here, in partnership with his brother, O. A. Williams, in the Spring of 1870, They added a jewelry stock to their business in the Spring of 1874. In 1875. they erected their brick store. In October, 1879, L. L. Williams purchased his brother's interest in the business, and early in 1881, he added a stock of dry goods and groceries to his former business. He has also been quite an extensive dealer in fruit. He has been agent of the American Express Co. since Aug. 25, 1876. He has been a member of the County Board since 1877, and is now serving his fourth year as Town Treasurer. He was married in Chardon, Geauga Co., Ohio, Feb. 2T, 1865, to Elvira A. Searl. She was born in LeRoy, Lake Co., Ohio. They have two children, Dorliska N. and Albert L. Lost one daugh ter, Sadie M., who died in August. 1877, aged three and one half years. Mr. Williams is a. member of I. O. O. F., Temple of Honor and Good Templars societies. JOSEPH C. ZIMMERMAN, barber, was born in Switzerland, Nov. 22, 1846. He is a son of Joseph and Agnes (Darms) Zimmerman, who came with their family to Honey Creek, Sauk Co., Wis., when Joseph was an infant of only eleven months. They lived in Sauk County four years, then removed to La Crosse County, being among the pioneers of that locality. Joseph went to Minnesota in 1865. A year later he en tered the 4th Regular Infantry, U. S. Army, as musician. Served three years, being stationed at Ft. Laramie considerable of the time, also at Ft. Sedgwick for awhile. In 1870, he returned to Wisconsin, and re sided at Tomah until 1871, when he came to Augusta. He has worked at his present business for twelve years. He was married at Osseo, Wis., in September, 1875, to Nettie Day. She was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. They have one child, Agnes M., born Aug. 23, 1876. FALL CREEK Is a smart little place of nearly 200 inhabitants, situated on Chicago, St. Paul & Minneapolis Railroad at the cross ing of Fall Creek, and ten miles from Eau Claire. Bartz Bros. & Zemple, J. Jacobson & Co., have large general stores. Cargall & Van Valkenburgh, Semmermeyer & Si- dell are grain dealers. C. J. Lessnor & Bro. and August Seigler deal in hardware. Julius Kaplin in boots and shoes. William Nierbuhr in furniture. Mrs. Otto in millinery. Gottleib Stolp grocer, and Ernst Brunski in harness. Thiel & E. Gessner have a saw mill, and John G. Miller a grist mill. Albert Lidigin and Frederick Voechting have each wagon-making shops, and E. R. Cone, J. W. Dagner and E. Zenke, have blacksmith shops. H. Mettelstadt con ducts the hotel and William Stolp and Henry Tarber have hotels and saloons combined. Ed. Wise and Kapplin & Henning have saloons. Thiel S. Gessner deals in agricul tural implements. The surrounding country being very productive gives good support to the business interests of the place. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EDWARD R. CONE, blacksmith, came to Wisconsin in 1866; lo cated at Eau Claire for three years, employed in the woods ; came to Fall Creek in 1869, farmed and in the woods for a year, then at Augus ta, employed in woods, and carried on a blacksmith shop for three years. Returned to Fall Creek in 1875, and has been at present business since. Was born in Clinton Co., N. Y., in 1844 ; married in Augusta, Aug. 6, 1870, to Mary Jane Miller, born in Pennsylvania. They have three children — Ernest E., Manly M. and Emma A. GUS E. B \RTZ, of Bartz Bros. & Zempel, dealers in general mer chandise. Came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; resided with his parents in Marquette for six years ; came to Fall Creek in 1861 ; farmed with his father for nine years, then farmed on his own account for five years. Commenced business July I, 1876, in company with Aug. Bartz and D. N. Zempel, and has continued since. Was Town Treasurer for 1877 and 1878, and Overseer of Highways for three years. Was born in Prussia, March 17, 1846 ; came to America in 1855. Was married in Fall Creek, Dec. 25, 1873, to Augusta Zemple. They have three chil dren — Alma, Agnes and one infant. J. W. DAGNER, blacksmith, Fall Creek. Came to Wisconsin in 1868. Located at Ripon for a short time and then at Augusta, Wis., for seven years, working at trade. Came to Fall Creek in 1876, and been in present business since. Born in Prussia, Jan. 5, 1837. Came to America in July, 1868. Married, in Augusta, Nov. 28, 1869, to Wil- heminia Redshley, born in Germany. They have five children — Hulda, Emil, Paulina, Herman and Gustave. EDWARD GESSNER, Postmaster and express agent, dealer in agricultural implements, etc. Came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; located near Milwaukee, with parents, farming for over two years, then in Dane County three years; then went to Pepin County, farmed for six months; then engaged as millwright, carpenter, etc., for eighteen months, Went to Eau Claire in 1857 ; was contracting builder there for ten years. Came to Fall Creek in 1867, and built and run a saw-mill, up to 1871. Was appointed Postmaster in 1S71, and also commenced his present busi ness. Was station mxster of W. W. Railroad from 1874 to 1878, and express agent since 1876. Has also been a member of Thiel & Gessner, HISTORY OF EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. 343 dealers in agricultural implements since the Spring of 1881. Was Town Supervisor for one year, and for four years was Town Treasurer. Was Justice of the Peace from 1878 to 1880, and was re-elected in 1881 ; has been Notary Public. Was born in Prussia, in 1837 ; came to Amer ica in 1850. Married, at Eau Claire, April, 1861, to Rosalia Herchlep, born in Prussia. They have ten children — Gus H., Charles, Henry, August, Frank, Emma, Anna, Edward, Helen and Albert. JULIUS KUEHL, foreman of Fall Creek and Kopplein flour mill. Came to Wisconsin in March, 1878 ; located in Warsaw for two months ; came to Fall Creek in April of the same year, and worked in above mills since. Was born in Germany, Nov. 12, 1855 ; came to America in 1877 ; lived in Ohio for a few months and learned his present business there. HERMANN METTELSTADT, proprietor of St. Charles House, Fall Creek, came to Wisconsin in 1857; resided in Green Lake County, farming with father, for a few years. Went to Charles City, Floyd Co., Iowa, and employed in brewery there five or six years, then farming for two years on own account. Came to Fall Creek in 1877, and built hotel building, and has run the same since. Born in Germany in 1843 ; came to America in 1856 ; was married at Charles City, Iowa, September, 1872, to Bertha Kopplein, born in Germany. They have three children — Clara, Frank and Walter. The hotel has accommodations for twenty- four guests and good stabling attached. JOHN A. O'BRIEN, agent ofC, St. P., M. & O. R. R., Fall Creek. Born in Hartford, Conn., Oct. 15, 1854. Came to Wisconsin in 1858. Lived at Sparta for five years and at Tomah for twelve years, learned telegraphy there. Entered the employ of the C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. at twenty-one years of age. Was at Augusta, Wilson, Lowrie, and other places in Wisconsin. Came to Fall Creek, Wis., May 20, 1880, and has been engaged in present capacity since. Married at Fall Creek, June 23, 1881, to Louisa Randall. Born in Eau Claire County. MRS. SIMON RANDALL, Fall Creek, born in Germany, is a daughter of Philip Ehrman ; came to America in 1848. Resided in Cincinnati, Ohio, for one and one half years ; lived in Eau Claire, Wis., for five years, and was married there to Simon Randall, Dec. 25, 1851 ; then resided at Augusta for a long time, and came to Fall Creek in 1873. Mr. Randall died July 22, 1875. He was the first settler in Eau Claire, built the first saw mill there and ran it for several years, and was for many years prominently connected with the lumbering interest of the county. Built the only grist mill at Fall Creek. Mrs. Randall resides with her children at Fall Creek. She has living, eight children — Allie, Simon, Jeremiah, Olive (now Mrs. E. P. Brown), Louisa, (now Mrs. J. A. O'Brien), Cora, Ida, Tamerlain, and there are two dead, Sarah and Frank. AUGUST THIEL, of Thiel & Gessner, agricultural implements, came to Wisconsin in 1855. Located in Green Lake County, farming with his father up to 1862. Enlisted in 8th Wis. I., Aug. 29; served one year ; was wounded in right shoulder at the battle of Corinth ; returned to Green Lake County and farmed until 1877. Then came to Fall Creek, and opened business in agricultural implements ; has been in company with E. Gessner since the Spring of 1881. Was born in Ger many, in 1844 ; came to America in 1855 ; married at Fall Creek, 1865, to Louisa Kading, born in Germany. They have six children — Her man, Edward, Louisa, William, Otto and Julius. FRED. VOECHTING, wagon-maker and blacksmith, born in Sheboygan County, April 28, 1852 ; resided with parents until seventeen years of age. Then went to Howard's Grove, Wis., and was employed for four years, learning trade, then at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., working at trade for six years. Came to Fall Creek in March 15, l87q, and com menced present business and has continued it since. Married at She boygan Falls, Oct. ir, 1876, to Sophia Dicks, born there. They have two children, Mata and Anthony. PORTERVILLE. This is a lumber manufacturing village about six miles below Eau Claire on the Chippewa River. Among the early settlers near the village were Washing ton Churchill and Nelson Cooley, who came, the latter in 1855 and the former in 1856. The mills, of which there are two, were built by Charles Warner, and subsequently bought by G. E. Porter. The establishment was once burned, but was rebuilt. It is now carried on by the Northwestern Lumber Company. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EDGAR BRIGGS, sawyer N. W. L. Co., was born in St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., Dec. 12, 1851. His parents, Ambrose and Ann (Eldridge) Briggs were an old New York State family. Came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1873, and engaged with Porter & Moon, now the N. W. L. Co., and has remained with them since. Married in Eau Claire, April 8. 1876, to Miss Addie Garnett. Has one son, Dwight Briggs. Is a mem ber of the Chippewa Lodge, No. 140, I. O. O. F., and also of the Temple of Honor. JAMES H. BROWN, engineer N. W. L. Co., was born in Orleans Co., N.Y., Jan. 26, 1836. At the age of fifteen years, he left home and went to Ellenville, Ulster Co., NY., where he learned his trade with John L. Cox. After spending three months in Sullivan Co., N.Y., he moved to Chicago. Came to Wisconsin in 1855, located at Green Bay, in the employ of the N. Y. Lumber Co. From there he went to Pen saukee with F. B. Gardner & Co., where he remained about eighteen months. After spending some time in Minnesota, he came up the Chip pewa River to Eau Claire in 1859, an(i engaged with the Eau Claire Lumber Co. On returning from a visit to New York State, went with Bussey & Taylor, of Gravel Island, as engineer one season. Was also engineer for Knapp, Stout & Co., at Waubeck. Mr. Brown was at times on boats running between Eau Claire and La Crosse. Came to Porter ville in 1867, and took present position. Married at Oxford, Marquette Co., to Elenora Fay, of Marquette Co., who died in Porterville in 1870, leaving one son, Charles Lee Brown. Was married to Miss Anna Faft, at Portage City, Nov. 12, 1872, by whom he has three children — Ella Marion, Bertha Mower and Frederick Dill. WASHINGTON CHURCHILL, farmer, town of Brunswick ; born in 1824, in Champlain, N. Y.; there he spent the first thirty years of his life, farming ; he was widely known for his noble character, honesty of purpose, and industry. He came to Eau Claire in 1857, and took up land, five miles from his present farm; in 1863, he bought the place where he now lives ; it is one of the best farms on the river bottom, be ing worked in the most scientific way; fine buildings, good fences, and always the best of crops. Mr. Churchill has been unanimously elected to the town offices for twenty-three years ; he is highly respected by all who know him ; has been successful in business, and those of his family in business are prosperous. In 1847, Mr. Churchill married Miss Lu cinda Converse, in Champlain, N. Y. The children are — Julius Csesar, Helen Maria, Edward W., Melinda A., Ferren W., D. Wilmer, Burne A. P. R. CLOVER, Porterville, head filer N. W. Lumber Co., was born in Armstrong Co., Pa., Nov. 22, 1847 ; enlisted, in 1863, in Co. D, 2nd Pa., as private ; re-enlisted, Jan. 16, 1864, in 3d Pa. H. A. ; mustered out Nov. 15, 1865. Was under Gen. Puller at Dutch Gap, and at For tress Monroe during confinement of Jeff. Davis. Came West in 1867, and settled at Hudson, St. Croix Co. Visited Eau Claire, and, after spending some years in Minneapolis, Minn., finally located at Eau Claire in 1876. Has followed milling and filing as a business. N. HANSON, sawyer N. W. L. Co., was born in Christiana, Nor way, Feb. 15, 1845 ; came to United States in 1870 ; came to Eau Claire in 1875, and engaged with Porter & Moon, now N. W. L. Co. Married in Eau Claire March 27, 1878, to Miss Sophia Bowman. Has one son, Walter Scott Hanson. B. G. McINTOSH, farmer, was born in Durham, Cumberland Co., N.Y., Dec, 25, 1823. His father, William Mcintosh, was born in Massa chusetts, June 15, 1796; mother, Nancy (Jennings) Mcintosh, born in Ohio, in 1801 ; came to Wisconsin, July, 1864, and settled in his present home. Married in Allegany Co., N.Y., to Miss Lydia Ann Burce, Dec. 11, 1852, who died, leaving four children — Laura, Nancy M. (now Mrs. F. A. Hall), John W, and Charles S. Was married to his present wife, formerly Miss Abbie J. Scott, at Arkansaw, Pepin Co., Nov. 19, 1873. Mrs. Mcintosh's family are now settled in Arkansaw ; formerly from Massachusetts. They have three children — Mary M., Martha M. and Wayne Scott. Mr. Mcintosh has a fine farm of 200 acres. SAMUEL MITCHELL, farmer, was born in Tioga Co., Penn., April 21, 1810 ; came to Wisconsin in 1871, and settled in Eau Claire, Married in Livingston Co., N.Y., to Miss Laura Hungerford, by whom he had four children— Henry, Miles, Jane (widow S. E. Leonard), Har riet (now Mrs. H. Olin). Was married to his present wife, formerly Miss A. Lumbard, of Livingston' Co., N.Y., in Livingston County, and has by her four children — Laura (now Mrs. James Cayton), Squire F., Thomas and Daniel. Had, formerly, a farm of 170 acres; now has ninety acres in home farm. S. F. MITCHELL, sawyer N. W. L. Co., was born in Allegany Co., N.Y., Nov. 4, 1852. Engaged in lumbering in New York with his father. Came West in 1871, and settled in Eau Claire. Spent three years in the employ of D. Shaw Lumber Co., and from there went to his present em ployers. Married in Eau Claire, Nov. 5, 1874, to Miss Laura Mcintosh. Has two children, Roy and Russell. JOHN POWELL, Sr., town of Brunswick, born in Wales in 1799, came to Fond du Lac in 185 1 ; took up his present farm in 1856. He has accumulated some wealth by his industry and keenness ; his family are well settled around him ; he worked ten years for Sir Robert Peele, on his farm in Wales. It was then sold to the Duke of Newcastle. Mr. Powell worked ten years more on the same farm. In 1825, he married Margaret Williams, of South Wales. The children are — John, Thomas, Robert, Ann, Mary, Edward, Elizabeth and Jane, 344 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. PETER ABNEY PRINCE, superintendent Northwestern Lumber Co., was born near Three Rivers, Canada East, June 29, 1836. His father, John E. Prince, was born and raised in Portland, Me. His mother, An gelina (Trucky) Prince, being of a French Canadian family. They moved to Canada West in 1845. Mr. Prince learned the trade of millwright with his father, and moved to the United States in 1865. Stopped at Chicago three months, and then moved to Wisconsin, locating at Chip pewa City, where he engaged as millwright with Webb & Rumsey ; moved to Porterville, Fall 1866, remaining till June, 1867. then engaged with Mitchell & Co., of Chippewa Falls. In November, 1867, went with the Eau Claire Lumber Co., and in April, 1868, returned to Porterville. Built Wheaton Mill, now belonging to the Northwestern Lumber Co. In 1870, built Eau Claire Lumber Co.'s water mill, which was burnt in 1879. Returned to Porterville in 1871, and built shingle mill, and the same Fall was appointed to present position. Married in Canada West, Ontario Co., Sept. 21, 1858, to Miss Margaret Coragan. Has two chil dren, John Enoch, in charge of saw-mill, Susan, now Mrs. Peter Eide, Mr. Prince is Treasurer of School District ; first elected in 1877, re elected in 1880; was also Pathmaster from 1873 to 1878. VAL RECKER, book-keeper N. W. L. Co., was born in Dayton, Ohio, March n, 1842. Parents came to Ohio from Baltimore, Md. His father, Frederick Recker, died in December, 1842. Enlisted in Dayton, Aug. 5, 1862, in Co. A, 93d Ohio, Col. Anderson ; mustered out July 8, 1865 ; was in Veteran Reserve Corps in Indiana in 1865. In 1869, moved to Spring Hill, Johnson Co., Kan. Kept books for J. C. Rodgers & Co., Spring Hill, ten years. Came to Porterville, March, 1881, and took present position. Married in Middletown, Butler Co., Ohio, Aug. 10, 1866, to Miss Kate Coons. Has had five children, of which three survive — Doc F., Fanny and Tillie. H. C. STAFFORD, Porterville, assistant superintendent of the N. W. Lumber Co, was born in Illinois in 1844, parents being formerly New York State people. They moved to Walworth County in 1846, and from there to Black River Falls, in 1855. Mr. S. enlisted May, 1861, at Sparta, Monroe Co., in Co. I, 4th Wis., as private, and was mustered out in July, 1865, as lieutenant of special scouts, serving a to tal time of over four years. Was taken prisoner at Baton Rouge, Jan. n, 1863. and sent to Cahoba, Ala., from whence he made his escape, get ting into the Union lines at Pensacola, Fla. Married at Baton Rouge, La., June 5, 1865, to Miss Mary Sauchez. Is a member of Eau Claire Lodge, No. 162 ; Temple of Honor, No. 140. FAIRCHILD. This is a thriving little lumber village in the town of the same name. It has several mills, which get their lumber supply very near. Fostercook & Co. and Pedrick & Co. are the leading firms. It has a Post-office. January 11, 1881, the mill of Fostercook & Co. was de stroyed by fire, but it was at once rebuilt. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BENNETT BROTHERS, lumbermen and farmers, saw mill situ ated five miles east of Augusta, where they own two sections of land ; the mill is a portable rotary, capacity, 2,000,000 feet lumber ; shingle product, about 800.000; lath, 500,000 or 600,000; also"; planing mill attached, where they do general work; employ in the Summer about eighteen men ; in Winter, thirty-five to forty in woods, etc. Their farm is located in the town of Pleasant Valley, Eau Claire Co. ; consists of 680 acres, of which 540 are now in cultivation ; devoted to grain, etc., but intend ultimately going into stock, of which they have a number of head now. Their crops this year are estimated at : 5,000 to 6,000 bush els wheat, 2,000 bushels oats and 2,000 bushels corn. Have a very com plete elevator and granary on their farm, capacity, 8,000 bushels. LORENZO BENNETT, firm of Bennett Brothers, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., May 14. 1826. Came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; lo cated in Columbia County ; engaged in farming ; came to Eau Claire about 1856, and followed same business, until he started mill in 1872 ; mill was burned in 1877, and en gaged in same business, and also established mercantile business, which he conducted successfully until his death, which occurred in September, 1S79. Elmore G. commenced his business career in 1869, as assistant in his father's store, and in company wilh R. F. Billings, succeeded to the business, April 1, 1873. The copartnership continued one and one half years ; Mr. Billings went out, and Parker A. Thayer took an inter est, remaining till October, 1877, since which time Mr. Boynton has been sole proprietor. He has commenced in a small way breeding fine wool sheep. He was married, in October, 1874, to Miss Julia Woodward, of Vermont. Green Lake. SEYMOUR M, KNOX, farmer, Green Lake, was born in the town of Russell St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Jan. 12, 1820. His father, James Knox, was a farmer, and a native of Massachusetts, and born Sept. 25, 1788. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts. Miss Betsey (Gross) Knox, the mother of Seymour Knox, was a native of New York, and born at Cooperstown, Nov. 18, 1792. Mr. Knox lived upon his father's farm in St. Lawrence County, until he came to Wis consin in Spring of 1845. He stopped during harvest in Walworth County, where he worked for one dollar a day. After harvest he came to Green Lake County (then Marquette), and pre-empted 160 acres of land in Section 32, which is now in the town of Dayton, and before his payment became due sold one-half of his claim which gave him money to pay for the other half; he then bought the claim where he now lives. He experienced many hardships, privations and discouragements during his first years in Wisconsin, but his indomitable will and perseverance carried him through and he now enjoys the fruits of his labors. From the first he had the confidence and respect of the citizens of Marquette County, and was intrusted by them wilh their money and delegated to go to Green Bay, the nearest Land Office, and transact business'for them. He made this trip afoot and alone, following an Indian trail. He was on the first and last Grand Juries of Marquette County, before the county was divided, and was on the first Petit Jury, and foreman of last Grand Jury of Green Lake County. He was Supervisor when three men did the work of the county, also Supervisor during four years of the war, and took a prominent part in building the court-house. He was a member of the Legislature in 1874, and elected upon the Republican ticket, and received the unanimous vote of both parties. While a mem ber he caused a committee, of which he was one, to be appointed to ex amine the State Prison, and if possible adopt some plan whereby it would become self-sustaining, it being an expense to the State of some $40,000 annually. The committee was successful. They introduced the manufacturing of boots and shoes which made the institution en tirely self-sustaining. Mr. Knox has always been a public-spirited man, contributing with a liberal hand to all public enterprises. Two of his sons were volunteers in the late war. ALBERT STEERS, farmer, Green Lake, was born at Long Cross, County Surry, England, in March, 1835. He is a son of G. R. Steers, who was a native of Kent and carried on in London the business of gilder and manufacturer of picture frames, looking-glasses, etc. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Steers was from Ireland, and was in gov ernment employ as Purser's Clerk on board the man of war, "Argo naut." His mother's maiden name was Anne Johnston, a native of Sterlingshire, Scotland. Mr. Steers was educated in London and at the Victoria Pensionnat College, Paris, and came to America with his par ents in June, 1849. They remained in Milwaukee during the Summer and in November bought and moved upon the land Mr. Steers now owns. It is now a. beautiful farm of 250 acres, and located on the shores of Little Green Lake. The father died here in August, 1864. Mr. Steers returned to London in 1S62, where he was employed as cash ier in a merchant house, conducted by a Mr. Vallentine, until 1865, when he returned to the farm. He was married, in November, 1870, to Miss Rebecka Evans, a native of London, and who came to Wisconsin in 1850. Manchester. CLARK S. WALKER, farmer and stock raiser, Manchester, was born in Charlestown, Sullivan Co , N. H., Nov. 22, 1 828. He is a son of Steven and Kezia (Convers) Walker. They were both natives of Charles town, N. H. His paternal and maternal ancestors were early settlers of Connecticut. He emigrated with his parents to Wisconsin in 1851. They bought 120 acres of land and located where Mr. Walker now lives and where his mother died, Aug. 5, 1853, and father Feb. 26, 1865. But two members of the family survive the subject of this biography, Annie K. (now Mrs. T. G. Haskins), living in Iowa, Mary E., having died, May 2, 1851, and Alice, May 27, 1863. Mr. Walker was married Oct. 27, 1853, to Miss Susan A. Hart. They have five sons. Mrs. Walker is a native of Northampton, N. H. Mr. Walker's farm embraces nearly 1,000 acres. 366 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN JUNEAU COUNTY. PHYSICAL FEATURES. Juneau County is bounded on the north by Wood County, east by the Wisconsin River, south by Sauk, and west by Vernon, Monroe and Jackson counties. It lies in the heart of the State. It extends forty-two miles from north to south, and at its narrowest point east and west, fourteen and one-half miles, with a total area of eight hundred and fifty square miles. Throughout the whole area, except the quartzite bluff at Necedah and points of limestone in the southwest portion, the lower sandstone is the sur face rock. The soil for the most part is a loose sand, derived directly from the disintegration of the lower sandstone, but showing many marshes (some of large size), and an occasional prairie. Except on the marshes, it is nearly everywhere covered with stunted oaks, and toward the extreme north with Jack pines. It presents the character of a level plain not worn into ravines, nor yet rising abruptly ; the entire surface is heavily drift- covered, with a gradual rise to the north and west, attaining an altitude of four hundred feet, on the southern edge, and along the Lemonweir about three hundred feet. Dotting the central plain and rising abruptly from the level portions are isolated mounds, or castellated peaks of rocks, "outliers," chiefly constructed of Potsdam sandstone, that constitute the most marked characteristic, except the quartzite mound of Necedah. None of these exceed a height of three hundred feet, and but few two hundred feet ; they register a denudation of fully five hun dred feet. The large outliers show more or less vegetation, the smaller, which are thirty and one hundred feet in height, often are of bare rock. There are also archean (Huronian) and Lower Magnesian limestone cappings in the south portion. The high ground that bounds the plain on the west, enters Juneau County on the west side of Township 16, Range 2 east (Fountain), carrying on the county line a -cap ping of Lower Magnesian limestone. It trends it way southeastward across Plymouth, Lindana, Wonewoc and summit, then veering more to the east, crossing the townships of Seven Mile Creek and Lyndon, where it is cut through by the Dalles of the Wisconsin. The Lemonweir and the Yellow are the principal rivers, the former crossing diagonally, entering at the middle of the west side and reaching the Wisconsin at Section 24, Township 15, Range 5 east. The latter entering the extreme eastern border and joining the Wisconsin after running nearly parallel with it at Township 15, Range 4 east. These rivers have archean and sandstone sec tions ; the former in the Yellow exceedingly rocky and much broken by rapids and falls. The sandstone sec tions are comparatively sluggish and without rock rapids. The upper portions extend into the pineries and much logging is done at times of high water. They are also very valuable for water-powers. SETTLEMENT. This history begins with the year 1832, at which date John T. De LaRonde, a native of France, and an attache of the Hudson Bay Company, came to the Lemonweir Valley — Ca-na-man-woi-Sipe, which means a child, or affluent. In the Summer of 1834, he estab lished a trading-post, for the Winter, near the head of the river, and in 1837, built a trading-post at To-kon- nee village, where Mauston is now situated, a small village of five or six wigwams, named after its chief, a mixed-blood of Winnebago and Menomonee origin, though his people were called Winnebagoes. In the Winter of 1840, De La Ronde made up a quan tity of square timber near his trading-post, taking his mill-site just where Mauston now stands. He was the first one to take square timber from the Lemonweir Valley, and also the first who undertook to construct a wagon-road from Portage to the Lemonweir and thence to La Crosse. This labor was begun the year of his arrival, 1840. Previous to the treaty of Fort Winnebago, in the F.ill of 1836, by which the Winnebago tribe of Indians ceded all of their lands lying south of the Lemonweir River and east of the Wisconsin to the General Gov ernment, the territory now embraced within the limits of Juneau and Adams counties was only known to trappers and Indian traders. After the treaty, Sauk and other counties west of the Wisconsin, began to be settled, but the country north remained a wilderness for some years ; and not until the lumbering interests began to call operators into the valleys of the Baraboo, Lemonweir and Wisconsin, were any permanent settle ments made. By the treaty of Lake Poygan, in 1848, the Me nomonee Indians ceded their lands lying west of the Wolf River and south of the Waupaca. The political history of this section dates back to the organization of Adams County, which formerly included Juneau. Adams County was established in 1848, by act of the Territorial Legislature and attached to Sauk County. It then included the country lying between ranges 2 and 7, embracing the present counties of Juneau and Adams and covering an area of fifteen hundred and sixty-six square miles. At that date the settlements were confined to the towns of New Haven and Dell Prairie, east of the Wisconsin, and the Lemon weir Valley on the west. Up to the year 1851, the lumbermen were the pioneer settlers west of the Wisconsin. In 1849, the boundaries of the county west of the Wisconsin were changed — Sauk County borrowing, by act of Legisla ture, all of Township 14 and the south half of Town ship 15, from Range 1 east to the Wisconsin. In 1853, Adams County was organized for judicial purposes and attached to the Third Judicial Circuit ; but later, dur ing the same session, the Seventh Judicial Circuit was HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 367 established, which included Adams. The boundaries of 1848 were restored, and the county seat located at Quincy. No important change in the political history oc curred until 1855, when Mauston, desiring to become the county seat, secured the passage of a bill through the Legislature, submitting the question of a division of the county on the line of the Wisconsin River, and the creation of a new county under the name of Juneau. The proposition of division was carried by vote of the people, and New Lisbon, by a little judi cious influence, secured the passage of an act formally organizing the county and locating the county seat at that place, the act to take effect January 1, 1857. Mauston suffered her defeat for two years only, and then secured the passage of a bill submitting the ques tion of removal of the county seat. A vote was taken at the general election in November, 1859. The returns showed 1,022 votes for removal and 1,522 against, New Lisbon polling 570 votes more than at the State can vass during the same year. The returns were protested by Hon. John Turner, of Mauston, one of the Board of Canvassers for that village, on the ground that over 500 votes had been cast fraudulently. From this time until 1864, the matter was in litigation, and was finally decided by the Supreme Court, Judge Pane delivering the opinion in favor of Mauston. Vide State ex rel., Field vs. Avery, 17 Wisconsin, 694-695. New Lisbon, in 1867, succeeded in again submitting the question of removal to the people ; but this time the vote was declared to be a tie, when, failing to secure a majority, the rival town gave up the fight. The first permanent settlement made in the county was in the month of October, or November, in the year 1838. At this date, Amasa Wilson, C. B. Smith and R. V. Allen made a location in company, and built a shanty at the Dells Eddy for the purpose of getting out square timber for the lower river market. The shanty stood upon the rise of ground at the foot of the Dells where the house of Mr. Allen now stands, and where he has continued to live since the date of his first settlement. Mr. Allen can justly claim the honor of being the first and oldest permanent resident in Juneau County. These parties continued to get out timber until the end of the next Winter, when, by that time, the supply was about exhausted. The timber was rafted, run out of the river and sold at Galena. Mr. Allen continued to make his home at the Dells Eddy, and turned his attention to piloting rafts through the Dells in high stages of water. His house was for some years the only sign of civilization between Point Bausse and Fort Winnebago (Portage City), except Grignon's Trading Post — a distance of seventy- five miles by the river — and became a very convenient stopping place for the raftsmen. One of the earliest settlers, for even a temporary purpose, was Provonsal, the father of Frank Provonsal, killed a few years since by Bill Dandy, an Indian. The elder Provonsal built and for sone years occupied a trading post near the bank of the Wisconsin, about two miles above the Pete-en- Well rock, in the present town of Armenia. About the year 1836, he built and occupied a trading post on the Lemonweir, near the present residence of Peter Arntz, in the town of Kil- dare. During ten or twelve years previous to his death Frank Provonsal lived with his family at Pete-en Well Rock, at which place he owned and run the ferry across the Wisconsin River. After the settlement of Allen, Smith and Wilson in Lyndon, at the foot of the Dells, in 1838, Charles Clemence was the next settler, locating in the town in 1850. Ephraim Kingsbury arrived in 1852, but re mained only about one year, when he sold out to Lyman Dickens and located in the town of New Lisbon. In 1854, Charles Leach, Cornelius Collins and David Truell made locations, and from this time the town settled rapidly and became quite a successful farming region. Some of these early settlers became quite prominent in county politics. Mr. Leach served one term as Treasurer. He subsequently removed to New Lisbon and engaged in mercantile pursuits, remaining there until his death. Mr. Truell was elected Register of Deeds, holding the office for two years ; in 1877, he served a term in the Legislature. He still resides on his farm at Lyndon. Lyndon was organized at the annual meeting of the Board of Supervisors of Juneau County, November 1857, and was formerly included in the town of Kil- dare. The lumbering facilities afforded by the Lemon weir Valley called the first settlers to Kildare. Henry Carpenter, of Portage, and one Randall were engaged in logging on the river as early as 1848 and commenced the erection of a saw-mill on the river in 1849, in the present town of Kildare. They completed the mill and improvements in 1850, and, after running it one season, sold out their claim to Jacob Rodgers, who operated the mill until the scarcity of pine timber compelled him to abandon the lumber business some years after. Peter Arritz located in the town in the year 1852, building a steam saw-mill on the Lemonweir, about two miles from its mouth. He also abandoned the business for the same reason a few years after. Previous to the settlement of Mr. Arntz, Frank Webster and George Walker made claims and located on the Wisconsin, at the foot of the Big Dells. Jacob Rodgers was at one time quite prominently identified with the political interests of the county, and was elected Treasurer for one term. He removed to New Lisbon, but some years since changed his resi dence to Iowa, near Dubuque. No permanent settlement was made in the town of Seven Mile Creek until 1851, although William Green made a temporary location in 1849. The only settlers in the town, as now organized, were William Taylor, Chauncey B. Strong, David Henry, Adam Stultz and Alonzo Andrews. When the boundaries of Adams County were changed, in 1849, Sauk County included all of Town ship 14 and the south half of Township 15, extending from the west line of the present county of Juneau to the Wisconsin River. This strip of country, nine miles in width, north and south, at that date contained nearly all the settlements of the Lemonweir Valley. It was attached to Sauk County until the session of 1853, when the original boundary line of Adams and Sauk counties was restored. The first election of officers was held at Delton, Sauk County, in 1851. Chauncey B. Strong was chosen Justice of the Peace, 368 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and was the first Justice serving in the valley, in what was afterward Juneau County. It was at that time that the town of Lemonweir included the whole of the southern part of the present county of Juneau. From 1851 to 1854 the valley of the Lemonweir was settled quite rapidly. Among the early comers after 1851 were L. E. Saxton, C. W. Fosbinder, James Heavey, a Mr. McEntee, Patrick Smith, Robert Doyle, Patrick Moylan, John Furgerson, David Hughes, M. Mulloney, Thomas Hyde, John and Michael Powers, James Welch, Nicholas Brown. The majority of these located in the present town of Seven Mill Creek, the remainder within the towns of Lyndon and Summit, since or ganized. The next election held in this district of the county was at the Stewart settlement. Fosbinder and Heavey were chosen members of the Town Board. Mr. Taylor was elected Assessor. His assessment district at this date included the present towns of Kildare, Summit, Lemonweir, Seven Mile Creek and a part of Lindina. The only main road leading to this section of the valley was the old road cut by the early logmen on the Lemonweir. This road crossed the Wisconsin at New port and followed along the valleys, avoiding the swamps and other natural obstructions, but as the settlements increased good roads on the most direct routes were opened. A State road was laid out, lead ing west through the county, through the village of Mauston and New Lisbon, thence to La Crosse and the Mississippi Valley. The old Troy coach soon made its appearance and continued its regular trips until super seded by the Milwaukee & La Crosse Railroad, in 1857. The town of Seven Mill Creek was organized by the Board of Supervisors of Adams County, November 16, 1655. The town of Summit was organized November 15, 1855, and the first town meeting held at the house of Alexander Noble. Elias Kingsbury, C. Blish and Mr. Noble came in 1852 or 1853; Philo Sterling, J. B. and H. F. Potter in 1854 ; Peter Sterling in 1855 ; H. D. and E. T. Boyington in 1856. At the first town meet ing after the organization, L. E. Saxton was chosen Chairman of the Board, and J. B. Potter, Clerk. The first school was established in 1855, in the "Potter District" — afterward known as "District No. 3." Miss Sterling, a daughter of Peter Sterling, now Mrs. Charles Huff, of Wonewoc, was the first teacher. The wages paid her were $1 per week, she boarding herself. The writer here acknowledges obligations for assist ance rendered in the compilation of this work to Hon. John T. Kingston, of Necedah, Mr. George Willard, of Wonewoc, and Mr. Amasa Wilson, of New Lisbon. PRESS. The first newspaper of Juneau County was estab lished in 1856, under the name of the New Lisbon Republican. R. B. Rice was its editor and proprietor ; but its existence was only temporary, giving place to the Juneau County Argus iu 1857, the leading Dem ocratic journal of the county. The Argus was estab lished in 1857, by James H. Wells, but the following year it passed into the hands of Edward Miller, who published, it until 1862, when it was purchased by its present proprietor, Mr. M. F. Carney. The Mauston Star was founded in 1857, by D. McBride. The fol lowing year McBride sold out to B. E. Stevens and Hon. John Turner. Mr. Turner subsequently became sole proprietor, and the Star continued under his man agement until September 1, 1878, at which date the present proprietors, Messrs. J.- F. Sprague & Son, bought him out. The Elroy Union appeared in 1873, but lived only a short time, failing to be a financial success to its owners, Messrs. Richards and Powers. The Elroy Head Light was established in 1874, by Messrs. Stokey & Cam. It existed under different managements until May, 1876, at which time it was succeeded by the Elroy Plain Talker, E. C. Ribbey, editor and proprietor. The Wonewoc Reporter, the only independent journal of the county, was organized in 1876, and is now published by Hon. T. K. Dunn. MAUSTON. In the Winter of 1838-39, John T. De La Ronde and Judge Silas Walsworth established a trading post on the site of the present village of Mauston. This was the first settlement or improvement made by white men at this point. They had in their employ a Canadian by the name of Norbert St. Germaine, who was left in charge of the trading post until the following Winter. The next settle ment made at this point was in 1842. During the Summer of this year, J. B. McNeil and two men, named Elmore and McAlleister, after exploring the river and finding sufficient timber upon the stream to justify it, entered into a copart nership to carry on the lumber business. They com menced the erection of a dam and mill, which they com pleted the following season. After running the milling and lumber business for three years, McNeil and McAlleister sold out their interest in the claim and improvements to Joseph Hewlett ; and Elmore having died subsequently without heir, Hewlett became sole proprietor, continuing the business until 1849. During the time Hewlett was operating the mill, he he- came connected in business with Gen. M. M. Maughs, of Galena, 111., and after Hewlett's death, Gen. Maughs came into possession of the mill and improvements, and event ually became the original proprietor of its village of Maus ton — the village taking the name of its proprietor. Gen, Maughs returned to Galena, leaving the property in charge of his brother, Nichols Moss, who conducted the business until 1850 or '51 ; at which time Gen. Maughs moved his family from Galena, made Mauston his future residence, and assumed personal charge of the business, which he maintained until his death, February 18, 1863. Gen. Maughs was widely known, and was universally respected for his worth and integrity. Previous to the incorporation of Mauston as a village, it was included in the town of Lemonweir, which, at this date, embraced nearly all of the southern part of the county west of the Wisconsin. The first settler for other than lumbering purposes, was John Gregory, a native of England. He located upon Spring Creek, in the west part of the town, in August, 1849. The next year, he was fol- HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 3^9 lowed by John McNown, John Smith, William McCallum, E. G. Shute, William Crane, Charles Minchian, John C. Webster. During the same year, William Stewart settled in the present town of Lindina, at what is now known as the Stewart settlement. The date of the organization of the towns of Lemonweir and Lindina, cannot now be de termined. The former was represented at the first meeting of the Board of Supervisors for Adams County, April 12, 1853, and was one of two towns represented on the west side of the Wisconsin. At the annual meeting, Nov. 14, 1854, the town of Lindina was represented in the Board, and the boundaries are described in the journal of proceed ings on the 16th of November, but no date of organiza tion appears. Martin Gray, Dr. Linos Johnston, Dudley Little, were among the first who settled at Mauston. Mr. Gray was proprietor of every important addition to the village, and at the time of his death, was a prominent busi ness man, and intimately connected with county politics. Dudley Little built the first tavern of the place. The old building, still standing upon its original site, on Union street, near the river. Hon. John Turner and F. Winsor . were the first lawyers to locate at Mauston, and for a num ber of years did the business for the surrounding country, coming here in 1854. Mr. Turner was editor and proprie tor of the Mauston Star, for many years, and has figured prominently in politics. Mr. Winsor was elected first District Attorney of Juneau County. From this time, the village began to grow rapidly, and in 1857, numbered fully 800 people. After the organization of Lindina, Mauston, for a time, was included in that town. Lindina was named in honor of Mrs. M. M. Maughs, wife of the General. General Maughs platted the village of Mauston, July 14, 1854, and it was incorporated as a village in April, i860. Mauston, situated on the line of the C, M. & St. P. R. R., 127 miles west of Milwaukee, surrounded with a rich and beautiful agricultural country, supplied with abundant timber and pure water, settled with intelligent, temperate, industrious people, making it a home for cultured thrift, of which its citizens are justly proud. It has a population of about 1,300. That public affairs are well managed, is proved by the fact that the tax rate for village purposes is less than 6y2 mills on the dollar of the assessed valuation. It gives every evidence of being most thriving and energetic in its business pursuits. The commercial trade report it as one of the finest of the many on this line of railway. To exhibit its prosperity, we present the following syn opsis in brief of the public institutions located here, show- • ing its interests in schools, churches, societies, and general business. County Offices. — It being the county seat, the public offices are located here.-, The county owns one of the finest ar ranged court-houses in the State. It is built of cream-colored brick, is approached both rear and front by flights of stone steps, is finished in a pleasing style of architectural art, and presents a beautiful and substantial structure, that gives evi dence of the taste and liberality of its citizens. It is located 24 upon what is known as the Public Square, embracing an en tire block, 320 feet by 200 feet, situated in the business part of the village. Its grass plots are crossed by serpen tine walks, and the whole square is thickly planted with rapidly growing and ornamental shade trees. The corner-stone of the court-house was laid July 4, 1875, with imposing ceremonies, by the various Masonic organizations of the State, the Grand Lodge, J. P. C. Cot- trell, Grand Master, having charge of the exercises ; and the building was completed in 1876. The court-room, jury and consultation rooms are on the upper floor, and in each appointment furnish the most convenient facilities for the transaction of business. On the lower floor are the public offices, for the use of the County Judge, County Clerk, Treasurer, Clerk of the Courts and Register of Deeds. All, with the exception of the Treasurer's office, are furnished with large, commodious vaults, with double iron doors and combination locks, so that all deem the public records rea sonably safe. The county jail was erected in 1878, and completed in January, 1879, the total cost of the building and furniture reaching $11,938.24. The plan was made by Messrs. H. C. Koch & Co., of Milwaukee. Situated at the head of Hickory and Mansion streets, to the eye of a stranger it presents the appearance of a stately mansion, the jail proper being in the rear and entirely concealed by the Sheriffs residence. The building is constructed with stone basement, sur mounted with three stories of cream colored brick, the architectural style being " Queen Anne." The entire build ing is furnished with all modern improvements, including hot and cold water baths, and is warmed throughout by furnace. It also is arranged for the accommodation of the insane of the county. The prison-yard is surrounded by a high wall, and the grounds by an iron fence ; experts deem it the most safe and complete jail in the State. Hon. H. H. Giles, of the Wisconsin State Board of Charity and Re form, recently made an official inspection, and in his report to the Legislature, says : " Arrangements for ventilation and sewerage seem quite perfect ; considered in all respects, we think it the most perfect and complete structure for jail purposes in the State." The old jail, built some fifteen years since, stands on the east side of the public square ; it is a small one story brick building, and is to be torn down and removed. Hon. John Turner, Windsor & Veeder, and H. W. Bar ney the present District Attorney, represent the legal pro fession in Mauston. Mr. Turner is the oldest practitioner, and stands at the head of the profession in this county. He located here in 1855. From 1859 to 1878, was editor and proprietor of the Mauston Star. He has held many important offices, among which are member of Assembly in 1859, District Attorney for the years 1871, 1872 and 1873, and was the first President of the village, which position he held five years. The firm of Windsor & Veeder are recognized as able, honest lawyers, and stand high in the profession. Judge Windsor has received official recognition and was once elected to the County Judgeship. He has 37° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. also held the office of District Attorney, and his partner, Mr. F. S. Veeder, has filled the same office. The pioneers of Lindina, which then comprised the vil lage of Mauston, early turned their attention to educational interests and elected the first School Board in 1854. Dr. Linas Johnson (Director), Martin Gray (Treasurer), J. M. Maughs (Clerk), G. R. Burritt (Supt). The first school organized was held at the house of John Brewer, now the Costley Farm ; the principal object being to obtain the benefit of the public school fund. Mrs. Luther Atkins, nee Miss L. A. Heath, of Mauston, was the first teacher, the school numbering twenty pupils, all of whom are now scat tered and living in other States. This Board divided the town into two districts, the west portion being called the Upper District, that of the east or Mauston proper, the Lower. In the Upper District the schoolhouse stood near the residence of Mr. L. C. La Tour ; that of the Lower, near the office and store of Judge Windsor. A Winter session was held at the Lower District, taught by Miss A. T. Short. These buildings were cheaply constructed and little better than board shanties, yet they filled the demands of these early times. Fuel was provided for by parents furnishing one-half cord of wood for each scholar instructed. The teacher "boarded around " with each family pro rata as to number of children sent to school. The records of 1855 show that Isaac Fuller was (Director), Dudley Little (Treas), Ira A. Livetland (Clerk), Rev. Harrison B. Train (Supt). Mrs. Atkins taught the Summer term at the Lower District, M. D. Morrison the Winter term, but farther than this they are silent. In 1856, the two districts, after conferring together, united in one, appointed a committee, of which Hon. John Turner was chairman, to select a site and build a new structure for school purposes, and appropriated $700. This committee constructed the main portion of the present building, which they completed during the year, the total cost reaching $2,068. This fact caused much dissatisfac tion, but it was accepted on the first vote and further pro vision made for the balance of the cost over the appropria tion. The building is situated at the corner of La Crosse and Oak streets; is a large two-story frame building, the main part sixty by forty feet, with a two-story addition forty by forty feet; erected in 1861. It has a seating capacity sufficient for 300 pupils, and is supplied with a val uable library, scientific and philosophical charts and appara tus. There are 367 children of school age in the district — 267 enrolled at the present time. Number attending High School, sixty. Number of present graduating class, eight per cent of attendance, ninety-four. Prof. J. Anderson, the present principal, is a graduate of the State University, and fulfills his duties in a manner pleasing to all. Under his careful tuition the schools have made rapid progress and show the advantages of thorough instruction and good dis cipline. The grammar department is in charge of Mr. M. S. Bunnell, a former graduate of the High School. Miss Mary Sherwood, of the intermediate ; Miss Aggie Burg, of the second primary, and Mrs. L. A. Cornish, of the first pri mary, and assistant in High School, Mrs. A. E. Goetting, have been employed for a number of terms, and have proved their ability as teachers. Among the teachers worthy of especial mention are Prof. H. G. Wood, who was principal for many years, and Prof. Barnes. During the coming year the village expects to erect a new building that shall cost $ 10,000. County Superintendent W. G. Spence has his office at Mauston. He was formerly principal of the school. He reports the present number of children of school age in Juneau County, 5,930. Present number attending school, 4,348. Per cent. of attendance, about 90 per cent. Number of teachers em ployed, 116. Value of school property, $40,306.75. Amount paid teachers, $18,164.46. Connected with the school, though in part supported by the young people of the vil lage, is the Lyceum. This society has grown to be one of the established institutions of Mauston, and the value of this kind of culture can not easily be over-estimated. The present officers are : President, Judge F. Windsor; Vice-President, Prof. J. Anderson ; Secretary, Miss Irma Grote ; Treasurer, Mr" M. S. Bunnell. In this village are six churches, three of which have parsonages. The organizations are Roman Catholic, Meth odist, Baptist, Congregational, German Presbyterian and German Evangelical. The first Catholic mission founded in Juneau County was at Kildare, in 1854, the attending priest, Rev. Father Gardner, of Sauk, Sauk Co. The church of this mission was situated upon the present site of St. Bridget's Ceme tery, in that town, and was called St. Bridget's Church. The first mission established at Mauston was in 1856, Rev. Father Steahle, attending priest, then located at Kildare. The first church was situated on State street, near the cor ner of Spring, and was erected in 1858. This was a small two-story frame building, 40 x 25 feet, afterward removed to the present site of the church, and an addition built on, 30x25 feet, in 1874. In April, 1880, this structure acci dentally took fire and was so badly damaged that it was torn down, and the present handsome brick edifice erected. The foundation was laid in July, 1880, and the church com pleted the following December. Situated at the head of Pine street, on a sufficient elevation to be commanding, it presents a solid, stately appearance. Inside it is beauti fully frescoed, and the sunlight, as it comes through the stained glass windows, sheds a soft, mellow light over the whole interior. The first resident priest was Father Mon tague, who settled at Mauston in the Fall of 1858. He re mained here about one year, removing to Lyndon. His successor was Father Roach, who had charge of the church for a period of two years. Father Roach was succeeded by Father Carrigan, who was followed by Father Casey in November, 1865. He remained here only two years, dur ing which time he purchased the church property of Messrs. McCafferty & Adler, being in turn succeeded by Father Larin in 1867. His successor was Father White, in 1870, who remained until his death, which took place in 1877. His remains were interred in the church-yard, and the spot is marked by a pure white marble shaft, emblematic of the HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 37i just and holy life he led. He was succeeded by Rev. Fa ther Gilbert, the present pastor and resident priest of the parish, who is also assisted by Father Gesseler. The juris diction of this parish includes St. Paul's at New Lisbon ; St. Francis Xavier, Necedah; St. Michael's at Lindina. He also celebrates a monthly mass at the missions of Camp Douglas and Wernerville. Father Gilbert is one of those conscientious, hard-working men who always command the love and respect of their people, and is an honor to the present year, the church has been moved back forty feet from the original site, enlarged and rebuilt, a fine large tower added, and now presents a fine appearance. It is valued at $2,600, and the parsonage, situated at the corner of Docksteader and State streets, a neat little cottage house, at $1,250. The church is situated on State street, at the head of Oak ; has a large audience room with a seating capacity of 350, on the first floor, and church parlors, lecture and ¦ i- ¦¦¦¦.:: ¦¦¦¦¦ ' MAUSTON. church he represents. He is a native of Italy, was edu cated at Rome, where he was ordained in 1865. He be longs to the Order of Franciscans ; completed his studies at Allegany, and from that place was sent to Mauston. His congregation numbers 600 members, and he has a most laborious mission. The Methodist Episcopal organization dates back to 1854, and was the first Methodist mission established in Ju neau County. It belongs to the West Wisconsin Confer ence, and is the principal church of the county, both in membership and wealth. It was organized by Rev. W. C. Armstrong, the original class consisting of Rev. Ira A. Swetland, wife and daughter and Rev. W. C. Armstrong, wife and daughter, from which time the church has had a slow but steady growth up to the present time, and now numbers 140 members. The church was built by Rev. R. Fancher in 1857. Intimately connected with the first six years of mission work' in the county is Rev. Ira A. Swet land, one of the early settlers of Mauston. During the class-room in the basement. The pastor, Rev. G. W. L. Brown, is now serving his second year. He is an honest, thoughtful, hard-working man, whose only interest is the welfare of his charge. W. G. Spence is superintendent of the Sunday-school, which numbers fifteen teachers, 125 scholars, and has a library of 300 volumes. The remaining societies are as yet in their infancy, their membership being small. Three of them are at present without pastors. Their property is valued at $3,500. The first and foremost among Mauston's benevolent so cieties, is the fraternity of Free Masonry. They have here a Blue Lodge and a Royal Arch Chapter. Their lodge- rooms are beautifully furnished, and they occupy a promi nent position among the leading and best ones of the State. The lodge is called Northern Light, No. 81, instituted Sept. 21, 1856, and has eighty-seven members enrolled. It is sound financially, and its deeds of charity have many times proved to be more than empty promises, bringing comfort to many distressed homes. The present officers are : B. F 372 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Parker, W. M.; S. W. Wilcox, S. W.; C. W. Barney, J. W.; C. Lyon, treasurer; W. G. Spence, secretary. The Chapter is called Mauston Chapter, No. 33, was. in stituted June 14, 1866, and its jurisdiction embraces Juneau and parts of adjoining counties. It owns a magnificent re galia and carries on its rolls the names of eighty-six com panions. The present officers are : P. R. Briggs, H. P.; M. Temple, K. ; W. G. Spence, S.; C. Lyon, treasurer; B. N. Souther, secretary. Mauston Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 290, was instituted h May 8, 1879, by District Deputy, C. K. Ervin, of Tomah. The charter members were : H. S. Spaulding, G. C. Gard ner, Abel Brownwall, W. R. Irish, H. C. Strong, P. C Nel son, George Cower; forty additional members have since been added, the lodge now numbering forty-eight members. The present officers are: W. A. Sikes, N. G.; B. C. Dock- stader, V. G.; William Russell, R. S.; C. N. Holden, P. S.; Andrew Ely, treasurer; William Koehler, trustee. The order of I. O. G. T. was introduced into Wiscon sin in 1856. The Grand Lodge headquarters are located at Mauston, and are in charge of Grand Secretary B. F. Parker, who is now serving his eighth year. At the time of Mr. Parker's election, the order numbered only 7,000 members and 112 lodges. It now numbers 20,000 members and about 500 lodges. The supplies of the order are kept at this office, and its receipts and disbursements amount to $10,000 per year. The lodge located at Mauston, Advance Guard, No. 261, was instituted in April, 1865, and has en rolled the names of over 500 members. There are sixteen lodges in this county, with a member ship of 800. The officers of the Grand Lodge of Wiscon sin are: Theodore D. Kanouse, G. W. C. T.; P. Allen, Jr., G. W. C; Mrs. J. A. Brown, G. V. T.; B. F. Parker, G. S.; Mrs. L. W. Parker, G. T.; M. Knight, A. G. S.; Miss Em ma Sprague, G. S. J. T.; Rev. L. F. Cole, G. C; H. L. Pound,G. M.; Miss Eva Goodrich, G. D. M.; Mrs. J. Gregg, G. I. G.; Joseph Becauhord, G. S.; H. Foster, P. G. W. C. T. The Ancient Order of United Workmen is an order an cient only in the foundation principles, which are mutual aid and assistance ; was first organized in Meadville, Pa , about twelve years ago, and has become so popular with the people that it has spread over the whole United States, and numbers nearly 100,000 members. It is distinctly an insur ance order. Each member who has taken the third degree is insured for the sum of $2,000 for the benefit of his family or friend named. The order in any State numbering more than 2,000 members may, by request, become a separate beneficiary jurisdiction. Wisconsin became such in 1879. There are 4,000 members in the State. The lodge in this village, Mauston Lodge, No. n, is in a flourishing condi tion, and under an efficient corps of officers. The Mauston Light Guards rank second to none, as a military organization, in the State. It was organized, August 31, 1869, with Hon. John Turner as captain, and was the third company organized in the State, the two older compa nies being the Sheridan Guards, of Milwaukee, organized June 23, 1869, and the Manitowoc Company, organized July 18, 1869. Its roster carries seventy-five men, and it holds itself ready to drill with any company in the State. The regular uniform is navy blue with white facings, the same style as the Seventh Regiment of New York National Guards, except the facings, which are bright red. It owns eleven tents, sufficient for the accommodation of the com pany, and a full set of camp equipage. It also possesses two beautiful silk standards of national colors, one of which was presented by the ladies of Mauston. They also own a Zouave uniform, consisting of blue jackets, red caps and breeches, with white leggings, which is worn on dress occa sions and exhibition drills. The present commissioned officers are : B. F. Parker, captain ; Richard Powers, first lieutenant; G. H. Winsor, second lieutenant ; Quarter-mas ter, Hon. John Turner. The Bank of Mauston is a well known, reliable institu tion, situated at the corner of Division and State streets. It was opened in 1869 by J. B. Rosecrantz, who after running it a short time was taken sick, and being unable to continue the business, sold out to Mr. P. R. Briggs, the present senior partner, who continued it until 1880, when he admitted his son, Mr. B. W. Briggs, as a partner. The business is now conducted under the name of P. R. Briggs & Son. The capital of the bank is $12,000, with resources reaching $25,000. The amount of its deposits average $25,000, be sides doing a [large collection and exchange business. It annually issues drafts and certificates of deposit amounting to $300,000, besides paying out $350,000 on checks drawn by business men and depositors. It has the confidence of the public here as well as elsewhere. The Mauston Mills are owned by B. Boorman, one of those energetic, careful business men who are always found intimately connected with the prosperity of every thriving village. The Lemonweir River furnishes an inexhaustible water power, and has a head of ten feet fall. The grist mill contains five run of stone, is furnished with all modern im provements for the manufacture of fine grades of flour, and has a capacity of 150 barrels per day. It annually consumes from 40,000 to 50,000 bushels of wheat, from 30,000 to 35,- 000 bushels of buckwheat, and grinds for customers 30,000 bushels of wheat. It manufactures some 60,000 bushels of feed, the bulk of which goes into the pineries. The busi ness of the mill reaches $100,000 per year, and gives employ ment to twelve men. The saw mill does a business of $20,000, and when in operation employs twenty-five men. In addition to these two enterprises, Mr. Boorman has added a third, that of a carding- mill, which also earns a handsome income for its owner, and is a valuable auxiliary to the gen eral business of the village. The New Process Grist and Flouring Mills, Mauston, White, Train & Co., proprietors. In size it is 22x48 feet, with an engine room 18x40; steam power engine 8x18, forty horse power. The mill has three run of stone and an iron feed mill ; has two twenty feet bolting reels, and is furnish ed with the most improved machinery, including one of Kurth's patent cockle separator and Richardson's dustless oat separator combined ; also Richmond's combined beater HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 373 and adjustable Brush smut machines, and one of Smith's purifiers. The Mauston Plow and Iron Works, Foundry and Plain ing Mill, Theodore Carter, proprietor, B. M. Carter, man ager. These works were built in 1870 by a joint stock com pany, B. Boorman, president. Size of buildings average length, 120 feet; average with, sixty feet; employs ten to twelve men ; has a capacity to turn out 2,500 plows, and 100 tons of castings annually ; manufacture planers, matchers, grist-mill and saw-mill machinery, iron rails and columns, iron fence and water-wheels,. steam engines built and re paired. The power used is from a twenty horse power en gine, 8x12. Although Mauston stands at the head of the county in temperance and good order, the brewery of Messrs. H. Run- kel & Co. is one of the most successful business houses of the village. It has a capacity of 2,000 barrels per year, and its reputation is among the first in the State. It brews an average of 700 barrels per year, and consumes 2,000 bushels of barley. It is a large, commodious structure, complete in every detail. The vaults are hewn out of the solid rock and show a temperature of 40 below zero. Its trade com mands not only the immediate vicinity but much is shipped to adjoining counties. Trade in farm machinery is one of the many business in terests of this prosperous little village. The principal houses are those of Case, Arntz & Co., and J. C. Wetherby. It is estimated that the receipts of this branch of business will net fully $75,000. Mr. Sanford Phillips is the proprietor of an elevator do ing a business of $50,000 per year. It also furnishes a market for all kinds of farm produce. The produce business is more particularly represented by Messrs. Plummer & Stewart. They handlealarge amount of live stock, besides dressed beef and all farm produce; also one of the heavy businesses of Mauston, in its season, is the purchase of railroad ties, cord-wood, piles, etc. Over 60,000 ties are sold annually. In addition to all this Maus ton has plow and iron works where any thing in the line of a first class machine shop can be found, and castings v are made, from the parts of a sewing machine to the heav iest shafting, of which Mr. B. M. Carter is proprietor. Mr. William More is proprietor of a large pickle factory which is a fast growing business, and becoming one of the perma nent interests of the town. It furnishes employment for numerous coopers and barrel makers, a market for hoop- pojes and stave bolts. Just outside the village is the nur sery of Mr. C. M. Potter, which disposes annually of about 14,000 trees and shrubs of various kinds, and bids fair to become a large business. To further show the business of Mauston, we here pre sent the following report, taken from the balance sheet of Mr. A. C. Carter, station agent in charge of the C, M. & St. P. R. R., at this village, showing the amount of freight per different commodities, shipped from Mauston annually: wheat, 52,700 lbs; buckwheat, 246,000; rye, 46,360; bar ley, 113,800; oats, 239,180; potatoes, 901,540; beans, 24,- 940; grass seed, 31,360; hops, 88,810; cranberries, 25,810 ; flour, 1,324,425 ; mill feed, 567,710; dressed hogs, 3,155; hay, 60,000; cheese, 630; eggs, 26,310; butter, 22,070; tallow, 4,380 ; wool, 19,540; hides, 22,940; scrap iron, 23,- 400; merchandise, 121,185; agricultural, 50,840; horses, 56,000; cattle, 572,000; hogs, 324,000; lumber, 1,245,740; stave bolts, 157,600; hoop-poles, 24,000; slab wood, 288,- 000; empty, 42,640; miscellaneous, 672,155 ; pickets, 246,- 710. Total, 7,592,357 lbs. Amount paid for freight on same, $9,223.74. Amount paid for tickets, $6,565.40. Total amount of freight received, 3,858,633 lbs. In this age of intelligence, the post-office is a sure indi cation of the success of any village. At Mauston it is located at the corner of State and Division streets, in the Bank building, and is in charge of Postmaster M. N. Briggs. The average number of letters received in a day reaches 500, other matter 150. The salary of the Postmaster is $1,200. The office has 309 private boxes, twenty-one lock boxes, and does a business of $30,000 per year. The first post-office at Mauston was situated at the junction of Mansion and Union streets, and was called Maughs' Mill, J. M. Maughs, Postmaster. It was kept in this part of the village until about the year i860, when it was removed to its present location. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN H. ALLISSON, Clerk of the Circuit and County courts, Juneau County, was born at Schellsburg, Bedford Co.. Pa., Jan. 13, 1846. When seventeen years of age, he enlisted in Co. E, 21st Pa. Cavalry, for six months ; served his term and in 1864, re-enlisted for three years in Co. I, same regiment. At the battle of Amelia Springs, April 5, 1865, he received a gun-shot wound in the left thigh, producing a fracture and subsequent ossification of the knee and ankle joints. He was transferred from one hospital to another until he finally was left at the Hicks Hospital, Baltimore, where he submitted to the amputation of the leg, Feb. 16, 1866. The surgeons deemed this *. case of such peculiar interest, that a report of it covering sixty-eight pages of manu script was filed in the Medical Museum at Washington. In May, 1867, he moved to Western, Linn Co., Iowa. Here he attended the Western College for five years. In 1873, he visited his native State, remaining a year, and in 1874, returned to Wisconsin and made his home at Elroy, Juneau Co. While at this place he served three years as principal of the High School. In the Fall of 1880, he was elected Clerk of the Court, and entered upon the duties of the office, Jan 3, 1881. Mr. Allis- son was married, Oct. 4, 1865, at Ontario, Wis., to Miss Fanny Munger, daughter of Elon Munger. Mrs. Allisson was bom in Oconomowoc. They have two children, James W. aged four years, and Cora A. aged two years. ISAAC L. ALSBACHER, of the firm of Alsbacher & Barker, deal ers in general merchandise and manufacturers of, and dealers in, har nesses, State street. Mr. Alsbacher is the son of A. Louis Alsbacher ; was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 3, 1838 ; served a regular appren ticeship at the harnessmaker's trade in his native country ; came to the United States in 1854, stopping at Cleveland, Ohio, about six months, working at his trade ; he then went to Coldwater, Mich., where he worked about the same length of time ; he then came to Wisconsin. After visiting several cities in this State, he finally located at Mauston, and opened the first harness shop in the county. He has since estab lished branches, for the sale of harness, at Wonewoc, New Lisbon and Lyndon. In 1867, in addition to his other business, he opened a farm in the vicinity of Mauston, and engaged in hop growing ; is now the largest hop grower in the county, having a yard of twenty-six acres. He was married in October, 1868, to Miss Mary E. Barker, daughter of Peter and Statira O. Barker. Mrs. Alsbacher was born in Genesee, Waukesha Co., Wis. They have two children, a son, named Louis I., aged twelve years, and a daughter, Lena M., aged ten years. In 1873, Mr. Alsbacher entered into partnership with his wife's father, Mr. Peter Barker, under the present firm name of Alsbacher & Barker, adding a stock of boots, shoes and general merchandise to the harness business. They are car rying at this time a stock of $7,000, and also manufacturing harness, employing four men in that department. Mr. A. has been a Trustee of Ihe Village several years, and Treasurer of School District four years, In the Spring of 1881, he was elected Supervisor of the Town, 374 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. J. C. BALDWIN, traveling agent for Case Wagon Company, Maus ton, is a native of Pennsylvania, born in July, 1844. He received a common school education, and helped his father, who was engaged in lumbering. At the age of seventeen, he came to Mauston, his parents having settled there the year previous, and engaged in farming, which he followed until the Spring of 1873, when he engaged in the agricult ural implement business for two years ; the following three years he spent traveling in the interest of Plummer & Stewart. He then traveled for William Case & Co. until June, 1880, since which time he has been traveling for the Case Wagon Company, of Wonewoc. He is a Demo crat, and a member of the A. O. U. W. In January, 1871, he was mar ried to Kate Corwith, who was born in Sauk Co., Wis., in 1856. They have three children — Grace, Mark and Bert. UA 'Xx'S^YkA^XjWv^ LUTHER BECKWITH, Mauston, was born in West Moreland, Oneida Co., N. Y. ; came to Wisconsin when he was twelve years of age ; was married in Delavan, Wis., Nov. 29, 1850, to Miss Elizabeth M. Mrs. E. M. Beckwith. Clute. Mr. Beckwith went to California in 1853, and remained there three years and seven months. After his return he moved to Mauston ; enlisted from Juneau County in the late war ; was elected Sheriff of Ju neau County, and served in that capacity in 1867 and 1868. At the time of his death he was Assessor of the village of Mauston, PETER BARKER, merchant, of the firm of Alsbacher & Barker, was born in Schuylerville, Saratoga Co.. N. Y., Feb. 26, 1818 ; came to Wisconsin in 1840, and located at Genesee, Waukesha Co. (then Mil waukee County) ; was engaged in farming a few years, and then formed a partnership with J. S. Loomis, in the village of Genesee, in the mer cantile business, under the firm name of Loomis & Barker. Mr. Loomis was succeeded by a Mr. Treadway, and the firm name changed to Tread- way & Barker. Mr. Barker continued this connection until 1865, when he moved to Mauston in December of that year. In 1867, he engaged in the mercantile business with Mr. S. Phillips, under the firm name of Barker & Phillips, and continued a member of that firm until 1873, when he engaged in his present business with Mr. Alsbacher. Mr. Barker was married, Jan. 14, 1840, at Sheridan, N. Y., to Miss Statira O. Loomis, daughter of Nathaniel and Desdamona (Simons) Loomis. Mrs. Barker was born in Sheridan, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. They have three children — Mary E. (now Mrs. I. L. Alsbacher), of Mauston ; Francis J. (now Mrs. John W. Remington), and Carrie D. (now Mrs. W. H. Craine), of Colorado. CHARLES W. BARNEY, Register of Deeds, Mauston, was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., May 6, 1842 ; came to Wisconsin in 1858, with his parents, locating at Ripon. In the Fall of that year, moved to Juneau County, and engaged in farming. Jan. 30, 1869, he was married, at Wonewoc, to Miss Mary H. Davis, daughter of Hon. R. H. Davis, one of Sauk County's earliest pioneers, and who was murdered near his mill, at Lemonweir, on the night of Sept. 22, 1869. Mr. and Mrs. Bar ney have four sons — Charles R., aged eleven years ; Arthur W., aged ten ; Robert D., aged eight, and Harry W., aged six. Right after his marriage, Mr. B. moved to Mauston, and engaged in blacksmithing, continuing in business at that place till the Fall of that year, when he moved to Lemonweir, and entered upon the same business there, and continued it till the death of Mr. Davis, when he engaged as book keeper at the mill for the heirs. The following August, he moved to Wonewoc, and engaged in a grist and flouring mill at that place ; was there only a few months, when, owing to the property changing hands, he left it and resumed his trade of blacksmithing, which he continued until the Fall of 1871, when he moved to Elroy, and engaged in the grist mill at that place for a few months, and then returned to Wonewoc and resumed his trade again, which he continued only a short time, when he engaged with Kieth & Paddock, at La Valle. In the Fall of 1872, he returned to Lemonweir, and formed a partnership with his brother- in-law, Robert H. Davis, in the milling business, continuing this con nection till the Summer of 1875, when he moved to Mauston and en gaged as clerk for Phillips & Case, merchants, where he remained until elected to the office of Register of Deeds, in the Fall of 1880. H. W. BARNEY, lawyer. The subject of this sketch was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1840, where he lived eighteen years, during which time he received a good education, attending the last four years at Union Academy, of Belleville, N. Y. In 1858, he came with his par ents to Juneau Co., Wis., and until 1861, was engaged in teaching school and surveying, when he went to New York City and served as clerk in the transcript department of the New York post-office for one year ; then he served as assistant secretary of the post-office one year. He was then employed in the cashier department of the New York custom-house un til 1866, when he returned to Juneau Co., Wis., and again followed teaching and surveying, until 1869. He then went to Menomonee Co., Mich., and was appointed County Surveyor, and served until Winter, when he again came to Juneau Co., Wis., and followed surveying until 1871. In 1871, Mr. Barney turned his attention to law, reading with H. H. Hatch, of New Lisbon ; was admitted to the bar in October, 1873. In October, 1874, he came to Wonewoc, where he has become one of the most prominent lawyers of the county. He is now District Attorney, to which office he was elected in 1879. March, 1880, Mr. B. was married to Emma Colebourn, born in England in 1858. They have one child, Godfrey W., born Dec. 17, 1880. BENJAMIN BOORMAN, proprietor of the Mauston grist, flour ing, saw and carding mills, is a member of the firm of E. L. Anderson & Co.. dealers in general merchandise ; also of the firm of Anderson & Boorman, dealers in wood and railroad ties. Mr. Boorman was born in Kent Co., England, in 1830 ; came to the United States with his parents in 1840, making his home at Avon, Livingston Co., N. Y. At an early age he engaged as apprentice in the Wadsworth flouring mills, where he served several years. In 1848, he came to Wisconsin with his parents, spending two years on his father's farm, near Delavan. He then went to Delton, Sauk Co., and built the City Mills, and engaged in the manu facture of flour and feed. Oct. 5, 1859, he was married at Bataviaj III, to Miss Elizabeth A. Gregg, daughter of John and Jane Gregg. They have had seven children by this marriage, of whom only three are living — William, Jane, and Winnefred ; Elizabeth died at the age of seven, and the three others in infancy. Mr. Boorman continued in business at Delton ten years. In 1864, he came to Mauston, Juneau Co. Here he bought a grist mill and saw mill, which he ran until 1859, when the whole property was destroyed by fire, by which he sustained a loss of $20,000. The following year, 1870, he built the Mauston grist and flouring mills. These mills are a wooden structure, situated on the north bank of the Lemonweir River ; size, 40x70 feet, three stories high ; and run by water power. They have five runs of stone, and have a capacity of 1 50 barrels of flour and twenty tons of feed daily. The power is abundant, having an eight-foot head; the pond extends four miles above the mill, and covers 2,003 acres. Mr. B. is making arrangements to build a second flouring mill, on the latest improved roller plan. In 1873, he built a saw HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 375 mill on the south bank of the Lemonweir River ; size, 50x80 feet. It is a double rotary mill, with complete sets of edgers, trimmers, and lath mill, and has a capacity of 40,000 feet per twenty-four hours. The logs sawed are from the Lemonweir Valley. He also built a building 22x40 feet, which is used for a carding mill, and is situated adjacent to the saw mill. The carding mill is run by C. E. Hungerford, and has a capacity of 200,000 pounds a season. Jan. 31, 1874, Mr. Boorman was called on to mourn the loss of his wife, whose death occurred at this date. He was married July 19, 1875, at Mauston, to Miss Margaret A. Hall, daughter of George and Mary Hall. Two children were born to them ; the eldest, George H., died when three years of age ; the second, an infant son, is unnamed. In the Fall of 1877, Mr. B. built a fine brick residence, at a cost of $12,000. P. R. BRIGGS, of the firm of P. R. Briggs & Son, proprietors of the Mauston Bank, Mauston, and of the branch bank at Wonewoc, called The Juneau County Bank. The Mauston Bank was established in the Fall of 1868, by Mr. J. B. Rosecrantz, who continued the business only about three months, when he sold to Mr. P. R. Briggs, who re-opened the bank in January, 1869, and has continued the business up to this time. Capital, $12,000. In the Spring of 1880, he took his son, Bert W., as a partner. The bank is located at the corner of State and Divis ion streets. Mr. P. R. Briggs, son of Jacob Briggs, was born in Auburn, N. Y., in 1825. While quite young, he moved with his parents to Yates County, and resided there a few years. Then to Buffalo, and from there to Fredonia, where he attended the academy two years. He then en gaged in the pail factory at Versailles, as turner, followed that business two years. March 16, 185 1, he was married at Versailles, N. Y., to Miss Mary C. Wood, daughter of Jonathan and Char lotte Wood. They have two children, a son and daughter. The son, Bert W., is married to Mary W. Zuell, and resides at Wonewoc, where he is conducting the branch bank, established April 4, 1881. The daughter, Alta A., is now Mrs. A. C. Carter, of Mauston. In 1856, Mr. Briggs moved his family to Juneau Co., Wis., where he located on a farm near Mauston, continuing on this farm only two years. He then moved to the village of Mauston, read law in the office of John A. Kel logg ; was admitted to the Bar, and elected District Attorney in 1862, to fill vacancy; was re-elected, and served until May, 1864, when he en listed in Co. E, 41st Wis. V. I., in the 100 day service, received a second lieutenant's commission, May 4, 1864, served until Fall, and then re turned home, where he enlisted in Cc. C, 47th Wis. V. I., of which he was commissioned captain, Feb, 18, 1865. He served until the close of the war, and was mustered out September 4, 1865. On returning from the war, he engaged as pension and bounty agent. While em ployed in this business, he secured the adjustment of 1,600 claims. May, 1866, he was appointed Postmaster, under President Johnson. Held that position until 1871, when, on being elected to the Legislature, he resigned his position as Postmaster, and at the earnest request of the people, his wife, Mrs. M. W. Briggs, who had performed the duties of the office for years, was appointed to fill the vacancy. This office being conducted so satisfactory, three small offices in the vicinity were discontinued, and this made a salaried office. Mrs. Briggs was re-appointed, under President Hayes. Mr. Briggs has served as President of the village one year, and as one of the Trustees several years. B. M. CARTER, manager of the Mauston Plow and Iron Works. Was born in Erie Co., N. Y., July 10, 1835. While quite young, he went with his parents to Chautauqua County to live. When nineteen years of age, 1854, he came to Wausau, Wis., remained only a short time, when he went to Dane County, and engaged as teacher. Dec. 25, 1855, he was married to Mary M. Carter, daughter of David and Abigail (Cooper) Carter. Mrs. C. was born in Oneida Co., N. Y. Two daughters were born to them, Lillie A. and Winnie M. After a residence of five years in Wisconsin, he returned to New York, and engaged in lumbering at Collins, Erie Co. ; continued this business until July, 1862, when he en listed in Co. B, 154th N. Y. V. I. ; was enrolled July 25. At the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, he received a gunshot wound that dis abled him for six months ; again he was wounded at the battle of Lost Mountain. June 15, 1864, he received two gunshot wounds almost at the same instant, one ball entered the left side near the point of the hip and came out at the back ; the other struck the left arm, laying the bone bare above the elbow. He continued in the service until the close of the war, and was mustered out June 25, 1865. He then spent one year in Cattaraugus County in the lumber business. June, 1866, he came to Mauston, and engaged in farming near Mauston. September, 1873, in company With his brother, Herman, he purchased the establishment. Jan. I, 1875, he bought his brother's interest, and continued the business alone until Nov. 22, 1877, when he sold to the present proprietor, Theda Carter. Since purchasing the foundry, to this time, Mr. Carter has been its manager. ROBERT H. DAVIS, proprietor of Mauston House, and a mem ber of the firm of R. H. Davis & Co., millers, Lemonweir. Was born at Baraboo, Wis., March 29, 1849. Received his education in the public schools, and in a three yeafs' course in the Collegiate Institute at Baraboo. He learned the miller's trade with his father, at Wonewoc, where he served two years. He next engaged with Mr. Boorman in the Mauston Mills, where he remained three years. March 19, 1867, he en tered into partnership with his father, in a lease of the Dustin mills at Lemonweir, under the firm name of R. H. Davis & Co., and continued to run these mills under the lease until February, 1869, when they pur chased the mill, and proceeded with the business. After his father's death, which occurred September 22, of that year, he continued the busi ness under the old name, though other parties have been interested in it. The mill is a three-story building, 40x50, with basement ; is run by water- power ; has three run of stones, with a daily capacity of fifty barrels. Jan. 1, 1881, Mr. Davis purchased the hotel property at Mauston, known as the Mauston House, which he is keeping at this time. He is perfecting his plans for a three-story house, to take the place of the old one, which is to be moved to the rear. Mr. Davis was married in Mauston, Oct. 12, 1879. to Miss Louisa Dick, daughter of John A. and Elizabeth (Curran) Dick. Mrs. Davis was born in Rock Co., Wis. They have one child, called Charles Keith. B. C. DOCKSTADER, proprietor of meat market and flour and feed store, Mauston, son of Christopher Dockstader, was born in Mont gomery Co., N. Y., April 15, 1823. In 1844, he came to Wisconsin, and took up a claim on Rock Prairie, now the town of Richmond, Walworth Co. Remained there two years, and then, at the request of his father, returned East and engaged in the lumber business and boating on the Erie Canal ; was proprietor gf five canal boats. In 1853, he went to Albany, and engaged as foreman of bridge building on the Albany & Rutland Railroad. In the latter part of that year, he returned to Rock Prairie, and in the Spring of 1854, he came to Adams County and made a claim of forty acres, on what is now a part of the village plat of Mauston, Juneau Co. He soon platted this land, and erected six build ings on the line of State street. Was engaged in this business and the sale of real estate until 1858, when he entered into partnership with Mr. F. Winsor, in the grocery business, under the firm name of Winsor & Dockstader. About i860, they added to their grocery a general stock of merchandise. In 1863, they established a branch store at Elroy, under the management of Mr. Jonathan Carter. This was the first store established at that place. They also started a branch store at Hillsboro, under the management of Mr. A. H. Holbrook. In 1865, he sold out to Mr. Winsor and formed a partnership with Mr. Carter, at Elroy, in a general store. Two years later, he sold out to Mr. Carter, and entered into partnership with Dr. Farr, at Mauston, in the same line. Continued this connection only eight months, when he bought out the doctor, and took Mr. A. S. Wetherby as a partner. At the end of two years, he bought out Mr. Wetherby and continued the business alone about a year, when, owing to causes that have wrecked so many mercantile houses, he was obliged to suspend business. In 1872, he opened the meat market and flour and feed store, which business he has continued to this time. Mr. Dockstader was married in Montgomery Co., N. Y., March 2, 1844, to Miss Edith M. Swartwout, daughter of Marvin and Mary (Johnson) Swartwout. Six children were born to them — -Maria, deceased, was the wife of F. B. Boroughs ; Marvin S., married to Ellen Godale, a daughter of Thomas Godale, and residing in Minnesota ; Louisa L., now Mrs. P. C. Nelson, of Whitewater, Wis. ; Fernando W., deceased, died in infancy ; Edith M. and Bennie reside at home. Mr. D. has served as member of the Village Board two terms. Was elected Village Treasurer in 1876, and re-elected in '77 and '78. In politics he is a stalwart Republican. As an old settler, he undoubt edly antedates all residents of Mauston. He built the first brick store in the village, also several other stores. In company with Mr. Winsor, he built the elevator, now Mr. Phillips's. Mr. D. and three daughters made the Centennial trip together, going via Suspension Bridge, spend ing a week in New York City and another on Long Island Sound, with a friend named Brown. Thence to Philadelphia, where they spent two weeks at the Centennial Exhibition. From there to Washington City, returning via Harper's Ferry, Sandusky, Detroit and Milwaukee. GRIMMER & SPENCE, dealers in drugs, medicines, perfumery, toilet articles, wall-paper, books and fancy goods, Mauston. Business established in 1859. Present firm organized in March, 1876. Stock, $6,000. Frederick E. Grimmer, senior partner of the above firm, was born in Saxony, Germany, July 15, 1829. In 1842, he came to America with his parents, and directly to Milwaukee, Wis., where he learned the harness- maker's trade, spending five years in that line. He then went to Lake Superior, and spent eight years in the mining regions. In 1853, ne moved to Juneau Co.. Wis., and engaged in farming in the town of Lem onweir. Continued on the farm until 1859, when he moved to Newport, Sauk Co. Went in the drug and grocery trade, remaining there two years, and then removed to Mauston, and continued in the same busi ness. Leaving this business in the care of an agent, he enlisted, Octo ber, 1861, as principal musician in the regimental band of the 12th Wis. V. Served one year with the regiment, and was mustered out in the Fall of 1862. On returning to Mauston, he resumed the care of his business. In 1863, he formed a partnership with Martin Gray, under the firm name of Gray & Grimmer. Mr. Gray only lived a few months after the business was started. Mr. Grimmer continued the business alone about three years. He then formed a partnership with Mr. William 376 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Case, as Case & Co., and after two years he sold out to Case & Reming ton. In 1869, he bought in with Mr. Sharp in the drug business, the firm name being Sharp & Co. During the next few years, until March, 1876, the firm underwent several changes of partners, when Mr. William G. Spence bought a half interest in the business, and the present firm of Grimmer & Spence was organized. Mr. Grimmer was married at New port, Sauk Co., Dec. 2, 1856, to Miss Casandra M. Temple, daughter of William Temple and Maria Pratt. They have two daughters and two sons — Emma R., Frederick E., William A. and Jessie M. William G. Spence, of Grimmer & Spence, was born in the town of Somers, Kenosha Co., Wis., June 21, 1848, son of John Spence. Spent his boyhood on the farm ; was a student at the Kenosha High School. Taught several terms of district school in the county; from the Fall of 1873 to June, 1874, he was assistant teacher in the Kenosha High School. On closing. the engagement, he came to Mauston to accept the position of principal of the Mauston schools. This arrangement prov ing mutually satisfactory, he was retained in that position four years. While filling his engagement of teacher, he had,- in March, 1876, formed the business connection with Mr. Grimmer, as given above. In 1877, he entered the store to assist in its management. November, 1879, ne was elected Superintendent of Schools for Juneau County, and entered upon the duties of the office January, 1880. Mr. Spence was married, April 6, 1875, at Somers, Kenosha Co., to Miss Ellen M. Strong, daughter of Alvin and Melissa (Trowbridge) Strong. Mrs. Spence was born in the town of Somers, Kenosha Co. CHARLES H. GROTE, County Judge Juneau County, Wis., son of H. G. Grote, was born in Rhine, Prussia, March 1, 1829, resided in his native country until 1849, when he came to the United States and directly to Wisconsin, making his home in the city of Watertown where he engaged in the distilling business. He erected his distillery near the old Red Mill and carried on the business until 1855, He was married at Watertown, Jan. II, 1854, to Martha H. Revell, daughter of James Revell. They have four daughters, named respectively Ella E., Emily L., Lulu P. and Irma D. February, 1857, Mr. Grote moved to German- town, Juneau Co., and opened a store as a dealer in general merchandise, continued that business until i860, when he sold out and engaged in farming near Germantown. In 1863. having been elected to the office of Register of Deeds, he moved to New Lisbon and entered upon the duties of the office. On the removal of the county seat to Mauston, he made his home in this village (1864). Served one term as Register. In 1866, he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1868. While holding this office he was elected County Judge, in the Spring of 1869. Resigning the position of Clerk of the Circuit Court, he accepted the judgeship and entered upon the duties of the office. As an evidence of the high esteem in which he is held by the people, it is only necessary to cite the fact that he is now serving the fourth term, which, when com pleted, will make sixteen consecutive years in that office. The Judge has a snug little farm of sixty acres adjoining the village. CHARLES HOLDEN, J. P., Mauston, was born at Fortress Mon roe, Va., April 30, 1832 ; was taken by his parents when two years of age to Ft. Moultrie, Charleston, where he was educated and resided until 1849, at which time he came to Wisconsin and settled in Columbia County, where he followed farming and clerked in a store, and from 1852 to 1855, was engaged in getting up the abstracts of Columbia County for A. B. Alden. He then went to Jefferson County and got up the Skinner abstracts, and, in 1856, removed to Stevens Point, where he resided about one year, since which time he has been a resident of Juneau County. Mr. Holden served four years in the civil war. Has been Clerk of the Court, Court Commissioner; is at present Justice of the Peace, and has held nearly all local offices. THOMAS P. NAUGHTIN, merchant, Mauston, was born in Kil- mallock, Co. Limerick, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1831. Son of Patrick Naughtin. In 1848, he came to the United States. Traveled through New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and the Southern States. He remained two years at Steubenville, Ohio, where he was married July 31, 1853, to Miss Bridget Naughtin. Seven children were born to them. The oldest, John M., is studying for the ministry in the college and seminary of St. Bonaven- tura, at Allegany, N.Y. The second, Patrick T., was married to Miss Nora O'Brien, and is a resident of Nebraska. Mary, Bridget. Catherine, Margaret E. and Anastasia are residing at home. In 1855, Mr. Naugh tin moved to Wisconsin, making his home at Madison for two years. He then came to Mauston, Juneau Co., in 1857. In 1S61, he was ap pointed Under Sheriff and served two years. Was elected Sheriff in 1862, serving in that office during 1863-64. Previous to the organization of the village, he was elected Assessor of the town of Lemonweir. Served as Village Clerk two years. In 1865, he made a trip to Iowa, remaining one season. On his return, he engaged in the Spring of 1866 in the mercantile business, as a dealer in general merchandise, and has continued it to this time. Has served as Assessor of Mauston ten or or twelve years, and as Supervisor of the Village, in the County Board from 1875 to 1880. It was chiefly through his instrumentality that the appropriations for the construction of the court-house and jail, at Maus ton, were secured, thus clinching the location of the county seat. He was appointed a member of the -Building Committee of both buildings. Mr. Naughtin has served as chairman of the Democratic County Com mittee twelve years, and is acknowledged the leader of that party in the county. He has also been an active member of the Catholic Church and aided materially in advancing its interests in this section. Mr. n] has a full agency for the Phcenix of Hartford Insurance Co., since July 1, 1865 ; is also agent of the Commercial Fire Insurance Co., of New York, and the Mechanics' Mutual Insurance Co., Milwaukee. He is also agent for the following steamship lines : Cunard, Guion Mail Line, the North German Lloyd, American and Red Star Lines ; also sells ex change on Europe. Was appointed Notary Public by Gov. Fairchild in 1868, and still holds that commission. B. F. PARKER, Grand Worthy Secretary of the Wisconsin Grand Lodge of Independent Order of Good Templars; also Grand Master of the Wisconsin Grand Lodge of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. Mr. Parker was born in Meadville, Pa., July 27, 1839. Received an academic education at the Academy of Meadville, and in 1853 came to Wisconsin and served a regular apprenticeship with his uncle at Waukesha, as a carpenter. On the breaking out of the late war, he was among the first to enlist. Being in the woods, distant from mails, he did not get the news in time to get into the ist regiment, but reached Milwaukee and enlisted, April 21, 1861, in Co. K, 2d Wis. Vols. After panicipatingin the battle of Bull Run, Co. K was transferred and reorganized into Co. A, ist Wis. Heavy Artillery. He was with his regiment throughout its service, until the Summer of 1863, when he was detailed with two other sergeants to recruit three batteries for the ist Battalion Heavy Artillery. He returned to Mauston, and recruited Battery C ; was commissioned second lieutenant, and returned to the front. He was promoted to senior first lieutenant, and served until the close of the war, without meeting with any mishap or getting on the sick list. He was mustered out, No vember, 1865. On leaving the Army, he came to Mauston and engaged in the furniture business. About this time he was admitted to member ship in the Independent Order of Good Templars. He continued the furniture business until 1873, when he was elected Grand Secretary of the above order. Two years later he was elected representative to the Right Worthy Grand Lodge, and has been the representative for the past six years. He has also been re-elected to the office of Grand Secretary each year to this time. In July, 1877, he was admitted as a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and was elected representative to the first Grand Lodge of the order, and to each suc cessive one since, in February, 1881, he was elected Grand Master, be ing the fifth in the State to hold that position. Mr. Parker was married Feb. 3, 1868, at Mauston, to Lucille W. Penniman, daughter of Capt. H. G. and Lydia A. (Coombs) Penniman. Mrs. Parker is the present Grand Treasurer of the I. O. G. T., and has acted in that capacity two terms. Mr. and Mrs. Parker have one child, a daughter, aged twelve years, named Addie M. CAPT. H. G. PENNIMAN, agent of the American Express Co., and dealer in drugs, medicines, paints, oils, jewelry, and toilet articles; also manufacturer of Wisconsin oil of life ; Opera block. Mr. Penni man was born in Rockland, Me., Dec. 29, 1829. When ten years of age, he went to sea as cabin boy in a coasting schooner. When of a suitable age, he was engaged as seaman. Was next third, second and first mate, in their usual order, until he was made master of a vessel. Sailed in the coasting and transatlantic trade, visiting all the principal ports of Europe. After sailing eighteen years, he quit the sea, and came to Wis consin, 1855, and located at Mauston. Here he clerked for some years. Getting homesick for a smell of the salt water, he returned to Maine and went to sea again, and sailed until the Fall of i860, when he returned to Mauston, and the Spring of 1861 he was appointed local agent by the American Express Co., which position he has held for the past twenty years. He also engaged as dealer in grain, hides, etc. In 1865, he en gaged in the drug business, having purchased the stock of S. W. Field, and C9ntinued the business until October, 1878, when he sold to his son, Herbert H. April 9, 1881, Mr. Penniman repurchased the stock, and resumed the business. Average stock, $4,000. In 1875, he formed a partnership with Mr. O. F. Temple, and together they erected the Opera block, a solid stone and brick structure, fifty-one feet wide by seventy- five feet deep, and thirty-seven feet high, in which they have two fine stores and a commodious hall, which is well furnished and has seating accommodations for 600 people. Mr. Penniman was married at Rock land, Me., July 15, 1848, to Miss Lydia.Coombs, daughter of Robert and Susan (Roberts) Coombs. Mrs. Penniman was born in Maine. They have two children living: Lucille W., born in Rockland, Feb. 2, 1850, now Mrs. B. F. Parker, of Mauston ; and Herbert H., born Aug. 30, 1855, at Rockland, married to Mrs. Jennie Winchell, also of Mauston. One daughter, Ella, died Sept. 13, 1*868, at the age of four years and eight months. SANDFORD PHILLIPS, dealer in dry goods, groceries, clothing, boots and shoes, crockery and glassware. Business was established in 1867 ; at this time, carries a $12,000 stock. Mr. Phillips was born in the town of Farmington, Oakland Co., Mich., May 8, 1830. When' fourteen years of age, he moved with his parents to McHenry County, 111., where he woiked on his father's farm two and a half years. In the Spring of 1848, he came to Wisconsin, locating at the village of Bara- HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 377 boo. Remained there until 1852, when he came to Juneau County, and made a claim on unsurveyed Government land, near the southwest corner of the county, in what is now the town of Wonewoc. Here he engaged in farming and lumbering. He had also secured a large tract of land in the adjacent township, in Vernon County, and con tinued this business until 1858, when he went to Missouri and engaged in the grain, fruit and stock commission business. This enterprise not meeting his expectations, he discontinued it, after not quite a year's ex perience, and returned to Wisconsin, locating in Monroe County, town of Portland. Mr. Phillips was married at Reedsburg, Sauk Co., March 3, 1853, to Miss Sarah Payne, daughter of Hiram and Calista Payne. Two children were born of this marriage, Ernest A., now aged twenty- five, and a daughter who died in infancy. After only six short years of married life, Mrs. Phillips was called to join her little one. Her death occurred April 22, 1859. On coming to Portland, Mr. Phillips built a store and engaged in the mercantile business, continuing in this line two years. He then sold out, and moved to his land in the town of Glen- dale. April 22, 1861, he was married to Miss Jennie M. LeRoy, daugh ter of F. L. and Mary LeRoy. Mrs. Phillips was born at Brockport, Monroe Co., N. Y. They moved to Mauston Dec. 5, 1863, where Mr. Phillips was engaged in the draying business and as messenger for the American Express Co. He continued this business until April 5, 1867, when he opened a general store with a cash capital of $3,000 and a stock of $4,000 or $5,000. At this writing (1881), he has two stores, adjoin ing, one a brick structure, the other of wood, in which he carries a $12,000 stock. In 1878, he purchased the Mauston Elevator, which has a holding capacity of 20,000 bushels, and is managed by his son, E. A. Mr. Phillips still retains the ownership of 170 acres of land in the town of Portland, and sixty acres in Glendale. During his residence in the town of Glendale, he served as Supervisor four years. Since living in Mauston, he has served two years in the same capacity. In the Fall of 1878, he was elected president of the Juneau County Agricultural So ciety, and has been re-elected each year since to this date (1881). SAMUEL C. PLUMMER, Sheriff of Juneau County, was born in the town of Pittston, Me., May 25, 1843. When five years of age (1848) he came with his parents to Wisconsin, locating at Fairfield, Sauk Co. Received a common school education and engaged in farming and deal ing in stock. In November, 1859. he came to Mauston and continued the business of stock dealer. In November, 1880, he was elected Sheriff of Juneau County for two years. He was married at Mauston Oct. 18, 1868, to Frances A. Piatt, a daughter of David and Miranda (McLean) Piatt. Mrs. Plummer was born in Jefferson Co., Wis. They have two children, sons, Eddie O. and Claude L. JOHN F. SPRAGUE, of the firm of J. F. Sprague & Son, pub lishers of the Mauston Star, was born at Bath, Maine, Sept. 5, 1821 ; received an academic education ; served a regular apprenticeship as a printer ; was the publisher for eleven years of a newspaper at Farming- ton, Me., called the Chronicle. In March, 1857, he went to Dubuque, Iowa, and in company with other parties published the Daily Sun; re mained in Dubuque three years and then went to Colorado in i860, where he was engaged in mining at California Gulch now Leadville ; was two years in the mountains when he returned to the States and made his home at Mauston, Wis. He opened a photograph gallery which he conducted until 1865, when he engaged with Mr. John Turner in the Star office. In 1878, he purchased the office and has continued to pub lish the paper to this time. In 1878, he took his son into the business. The Mauston Star is a weekly Republican paper, established in 1857, has a good job office attached. Mr. Sprague was married at Farming- ton, Me., Nov. 23, 1848, to Mary S. Church, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth Church. The mother, aged eighty-five years, is now living with her daughter. They have one son and one daughter, Gleason J. and Ella M. Mr. Sprague served as Village Clerk of Mauston eleven years. IRA H. STEWART, Mauston, son of William Stewart a pioneer of 1840, proprietor of livery stable and dealer in horses, and agricultural implements, was born in Rock County near Janesville, Jan. 7, 1843; while quite young went his parents to Dane County, where he lived nine years, then came to Juneau County, 1853, and located in what is known as the Stewart Settlement, four miles south of Mauston. In 1873, he engaged in the sale of agricultural implements at Mauston, being also an extensive dealer in horses, handling upward of 200 horses annually. In 1878, he established a livery stable at Mauston. His stock of agri cultural implements includes the Champion Ohio Reaper, Minneapolis Reaper, Warrior Mower, Aultman & Taylor Thresher, Chicago Pitts Thresher, the Courtland buggies and wagons, also the Watertown wagons, Moline plows and cultivators and Mishawaka chilled plows. Mr. Stewart was married at Mauston, Nov. 25, 1865, to Miss Ellen E. Harrison, a daughter of John Harrison. Two children were born to them, Bertha and Allie. Mr. S. is a member of the Village Board of Trustees, was a candidate for Sheriff in 18 — , and lost his election by only thirty votes. MARSENA TEMPLE, son of Barnard and Sally Temple, President of the village of Mauston, farmer, and dealer in wood and ties, was born in Middlefield near Cooperstown, N. Y., Dec. II, 1812. He re ceived an academic education, and was married in April, 1840, in his native town to Miss Caroline P. Stillman, daughter of George W. and Phebe H. Stillman. He studied law in the office of Judge Morehouse at Cooperstown, and was admitted to practice at Albany, after passing an examination before the committee appointed by the Supreme Court of the State. He continued in the practice of his profession three years when he was elected Superintendent of Schools for Madison County for two years. In 1850, he was elected to the Legislature during the ad ministration of Gov. Seymour. He continued the practice of his pro fession until 1855, when he came to Wisconsin and located in the then flourishing town of Newport, Sauk Co., now a "deserted village," there he engaged in the mercantile business with Dr. Cross, as dealers in drugs, groceries and provisions. He was elected Justice of the Peace several terms and Chairman of the town of New Buffalo, now Dillon, six times in succession. In i860, he was elected to the Wisconsin Legislature from the Northern District of Sauk County, and attended the extra ses sion at the opening of the war, and was appointed by the Governor Draft Commissioner for Sauk County. In 1865, he came to Mauston and bought an interest in a warehouse in partnership with Mr. Lyon. They converted it into an elevator and engaged as commission mer chants, dealing in hops, grain and produce, continuingthis business about four years. He next engaged in the wood and railway tie trade, and has retained his interest in the business until this time, though for the past three years it has been managed by his sons. On coming to Maus ton he was appointed Justice of the Peace to fill a vacancy, subse quently he was elected to the same office several times. When the county government was composed of three Supervisors, he was elected one of the three. Has served two terms in the County Board as Super visor from Mauston, was elected President of the village and re-elected the second time. Mr. and Mrs. Temple were blessed with three sons and three daughters. The eldest, Ada, is now Mrs. J. K. Lillie, of Mauston ; the second, Helen M.; third, Marvin F., is now in the employ of the A. T., & S. F. R. R. as civil engineer in New Mexico : the fourth Carrie E., is now Mrs. M. H. Case of Wonewoc ; Henry S., at home ; the youngest son, Edwin G., is a cadet midshipman at Annapolis, Md. O. F. TEMPLE, undertaker and dealer in furniture, Opera Block, Mauston, son of William Temple, was born in Madison Co., N. Y., Dec. 14, 1829. When quite young, moved with his parents to Muns- ville, same county. Here he learned the trade of carpenter and builder. Was married, Dec. 25, 1850, to Miss Eliza A. Willard, daughter of An drew and Jemima (Dean) Willard. Mrs. Temple was born in Mary land, Otsego Co., N. Y. They have four children — the eldest, Elenora, is now Mrs. H. E. Hoard, of Tawas City, Mich.; May and Willard are athome ; Jessie died at the age of two years. In 1854, Mr. Temple moved with his family to Newport, Sauk Co., Wis., where he was ex tensively engaged as a contractor and builder, during the palmy days of the ill-fated city. In 1864, he came to Mauston and engaged in the same business. Among the many buildings of his construction, may be mentioned the court house, jail, and many business blocks and dwell ings. In 1866, he opened a furniture store ; carried on this business successfully until March 15, 1872, when the entire property was de stroyed by fire, by which he sustained a moneyed loss of $3,500, besides being severely burnt while trying to save his books, the scars of which he will carry through life. He resumed business again, and in 1875, he joined with Capt. H. G. Penniman, and built the Opera Block, a building 51x75 feet, thirty eight feet high, containing two good stores, and a commodious hall, well furnished, and having a seating capacity of 600. Mr. Temple was architect and builder. The cost of the building was $8,500. Mr. Temple has served as a member of the Village Board six or eight years ; as Justice of the Peace two years, and Treasurer of the school district nine years. JOHN TURNER, attorney at law, Mauston, son of John Turner, was born in the county of Kent, England, Nov. 3, 1828. Having at tained a suitable age he became a law student in the office of Sir Rich ard Thornton, of London. When near twenty years of age he attached himself to the Society of Chartists at Blackfriars, London, and was elected secretary of its council. He was subsequently connected with what was known as the Potters' Emigration Society. As the operations of this society led them to establish a station in Wisconsin, it is deemed appropriate to give some explanation of the object of the organization. This was to effect the deportation of skilled laborers from Europe, and to provide for their settlement in the New World, with a view of forcing, by the law of supply and demand, better terms for those at home, when employed. Acting in the interest of this society, Mr. Turner visited Paris. Happening to hit the time of the emeute and the abdication of Louis Philippi, though only a spectator of the turbulent scenes of the day, he received a saber cut across the face at the hands of a careless trooper. Returning to England by the same ship that carried the royal fugitive, Louis Philippi, he found the political situation such that his blackened and disfigured face was very much to his advantage in con cealing his identity. Being assured that the choice lay between trans portation, and emigration, he chose the latter and made his way to the United States, commissioned to act as book-keeper and store-keeper for the society. On reaching Fort Winnebago, May 4, 1848, he selected a 378 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. site, eight miles below the fort, and on the opposite bank of the Fox River. Here a store-house was built on the unsurveyed Indian lands, and the town of Port Hope was founded. On completion of the store Mr. Turner proceeded to Galena, 111., where a large stock of goods was purchased, and shipped on the steamers " Tiger " and " Enterprise " and landed at Fort Winnebago, and thence carried overland to Port Hope. The plan was to give each immigrant forty acres of land a team and tools, and credit of $200 at the store without security. About 2,000 skilled laborers were so deported, quite a portion reaching the station at Port Hope and becoming settlers of the country. Like many another plan that has been adopted by earnest enthusiasts in the cause of over worked and poorly paid labor, it proved a beautiful thing in theory, but a failure in practice. The gigantic efforts of the few intelligent earnest workers were not equal to carry the many selfish, shiftless, or indifferent members, so after disbursing many thousands of dollars, the cause was abandoned. Mr. Turner spent two years at Port Hope and then moved to Fort Winnebago. In 1854, ne came to Mauston and opened a law office. June 10, 1857, he began the publication of the Mauston Star, a weekly Republican paper, which he published for twenty-one years and then, in 1878, sold it to the present proprietor, Mr. Sprague. In the Fall of 1857, he was admitted to practice in the Circuit Court. He was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of the town of Lemon weir for several years. Served one term as a member of the Wisconsin Legislature (1859), and on the organization of the village of Mauston he was elected the first President, and re-elected eight or ten times. Jan. 2, 1863, he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. Aug. 31, 1870, he organized the first military company of this section, and was elected its captain. The company has retained its organiza tion to this time. The old captain now being its quartermaster. He was elected District Attorney for Juneau County for the years 1873-74- 75. On the division of the State into two districts he was appointed United States Court Commissioner for the District and Circuit courts. Mr. Turner was married in Portage City, June 14, 1853, to Miss Ann Towers, of Sterling, Scotland, daughter of Walter and Janet Towers. Mrs. Turner was born in Sterlingshire, Scotland. Seven children were born to them — Rose (now the wife of Dr. E. C. Rogers, of La Crosse), Louis K. (married to Mabel Phillips, of Mauston), Lilly (now Mrs. Ken C. Sharp, also of Mauston), Alice (now Mrs. Nelson Carter, of Lisbon), Walter D. Mel. (deceased), John, Edna and Richard. FREDERICK S. VEEDER, of the firm of Winsor & Veeder, attor neys at law, Mauston, son of Samuel Veeder, was born in the town of Virgil, Cortland Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1846 ; moved to Illinois, with his parents, in 1855, ^ut> not being suited with that climate, they left that State the following September and came to Wisconsin, locating in the town of Woodland, on the north line of Sauk County. In January, 1865, he enlisted in Co. C, 47th Wis. Vols.; served until the close of the war, and was mustered out September, 1865. He was married, Nov. 5, 1869, to Miss Rena Horton. Three children were born to them — Adelbert, Daisy and Fred. I. In 1870, Mr. V. moved to Mauston, and began the study of law in the office of Judge Winsor, of this place ; was admitted to practice in the Circuit Court of Juneau County, in May, 1871, and to the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, April 24, 1877. On Sept. 22, 1877, he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife. He was elected to the office of District Attorney for the years 1877-78. Oct. 19, 1878, he was married at Mauston to Miss Nellie M. Bury, daughter of Frank Bury. Two children were born of this marriage, Harry and Nellie. NEW LISBON. In the Fall of 1837, Hon. JohnT. Kingston and Samuel B. Pilkington explored the Lemonweir Valley. They started from Racine with an outfit packed upon an Indian pony. Their route carried them through the present site of the city of Madison. From the Rock River they saw no signs of white men, except a blazed line of trees, indicating the road to the future capital of the State. From Madison they went to Ft. Winnebago, now Portage City. Procuring a supply of provisions, they proceeded on their journey ; passed the trading post of Silas Wadsworth, at the high point of land near the present railroad bridge over the canal, and also Provonsal's trading post, about two miles above the mouth of the river. On the morning of the seventh day they ate. their breakfast upon the present site of the village of New Lisbon, and, on the 29th of December, started on their re turn journey, reaching the fort December 31st, the third day after turning back, weaker, but not much wiser, men, merely learning that a supposed extensive pine forest was a myth, and that their anticipated lumber speculations was a failure. It is shown in the preceding portion of this history that in October or November, 1838, Amasa Wilson, C. B. Smith and R. V. Allen began the work of getting out square tim bers at Dells Eddy. After disposing of their timber in the Spring of 1840, Messrs. Smith and Wilson, leaving Mr. Al len in possession of the claim and shanty, at the foot of the dells, made a claim in Sauk County, about two miles below the present village of Newport. Remaining on the Sauk County claim only two years, they returned to Juneau County, in the Fall of 1842, and logged on the Lemonweir until the Spring of 1843, when they drove the logs down the river and boomed them at the present site of New Lisbon. Here they made a permanent location, and commenced the erection of a saw mill, which they completed and put into operation the same season. In the Spring of 1846, J. H. Findley and William Arm strong came up from Portage and contracted to run Smith & Wilson's mill by the thousand, but they afterward bought the property, agreeing to make certain annual payments, which failing to do, the mill and other property reverted to the original proprietors. Mr. Wilson subsequently became sole owner by purchase. He still resides at this place. Mr. Smith removed to Portage in 1846, where he becameaprom- inent merchant, and continued to live there to the time of his death, which occurred in 1855. Mr. Armstrong also returned to Portage, which is now his home. Mr. Findley subsequently settled on a claim near the mill, and remained in the neighborhood until 185 1, when he removed to the Black River country, and settled in the present county of Clark. In 1847, Andrew Dunn, of Portage, made a claim and located on the Lemonweir, in the town of Clearfield; com menced the erection of a saw-mill and other improvements, preparatory to engaging in the lumber business. Themen who were employed to build the mill tried to claim it in their own right, but this course not suiting the views of Mr. Dunn, he obtained a crew of men and took forcible pos session. Mr. Dunn employed D. L. Ward and Harris Searles to run his mill on the Lemonweir. They continued to live there until 1850, when they both located and built mills on the Yellow River, in Wood County. Andrew Scott and Thomas Buckley came into the Lem onweir Valley in the Fall of 1847 ; logged for Mr. Dunn about four years, then bought the mill, running it for a num^ ber of years. Mr. Scott now lives in the town of Lisbon, and Mr. Buckley in the town of Clearfield. The first set tlement made in the latter town, for other than lumber pur poses, was in the year 1854. John Sandford, deceased, was one of the oldest settlers in the town. Mr. Dunn bought an interest in the mill with Mr. Wilson, in 1856, and after ward, in 1866, Mr. Wilson sold his entire interest to him and Thomas Folvey. Mr. Dunn removed his family to New Lisbon, and became prominently identified with the county in business as well as politics, and at the time of his death, was widely known through the State. In 1844, Mr. Wilson built the first frame house, black- HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 379 smith shop, and barn erected at New Lisbon, near the pres ent site of the mills of J. & E. Smart. During the same year he broke a few acres of land near the fair grounds, which is probably the first attempt of farming made in Juneau County. In 1850, George Hinton, Peter Webster and W. I. Webster located in the town of Lisbon, and are properly recognized as the first settlers for other than lum bering purposes. In 1851, Erastus Emmons made a location within the present limits of the village. In 1852, S. D. Mc- Comber, H. M. McComber, M. C. Kenyon, J. A. Chase and G. Heriman arrived and located a short distance outside of the present village. From this date the Lemonweir Val ley began to attract settlers for agricultural purposes, par ticularly those portions lying south and west of the river. New Lisbon was organized as a town, April 13, 1853, by the Board of Supervisors of Adams County. The first town meeting was held in the house of J. H. Findley, and A. P. Ayers was elected chairman. In 1853, a post-office called Mill Haven was established about a mile south of the present village. Ephraim Kings bury was appointed Postmaster. In 1855, Amasa Wilson platted the village of New Lis bon. The addition of J. A. Chase was platted a short time after. During this year Wm. McDara, Dr. Little, L. Van Slyke, W. P. Carr, W. B. Surdam, John Boyler and several others settled in the village. Next year the post-office was moved to the village, but retained for a long time the orig inal name of Mill Haven. L. Van Slyke was Postmaster after the removal. The village of New Lisbon was incorporated by act of the Legislature, in March, 1870, and organized the follow ing April. At the first election under the charter, E. C. Sage was chosen President of the village. The towns of Clearfield and Fountain were originally a part of the town of New Lisbon, since changed to Lisbon. The latter was organized into a new town under the name of Fountain, November 16, 1855. The first settlement made in the town was by Abijah Ayers, in 1844. A few years afterward he sold the claim to Joel Bogart, who settled in the town in May, 1848. R. J. Clark came to Fountain in 1849, and built the house then known as Clark's Tavern. John Parks made a settlement the same year. But few settlements were made in Fount ain until the years of 1852 and '53, when it began to fill up, and the town of Orange was organized by order of the County Board, to take effect April 1, 1857. The village of Orange is a small place on Section 34. The village of New Lisbon is located on the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, thirty-five miles west of Milwaukee, sixty miles east of La Crosse, and is the junction of the Necedah Branch Railroad. It presents the appearance of. a neat, thrifty village, well supplied with public institutions, societies and hotels, and all branches of business are well represented. It has a popu lation of nearly 1,200, composed of all nationalities, the Americans and Germans being the leading elements. The Lemonweir River flows through the village, and furnishes abundant water-power for manufacturing interests. The assessed valuation reaches $215,900, and the tax for village purposes is two per cent of this sum. The sur rounding country is composed of excellent farming land and valuable marshes, adapted to the production of grains and the culture of cranberries. It has four churches — Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. The Methodist is the oldest, and organized its first class, with Rev. John Green as pastor, in 1856. Mr. O. B. Chester, of New Lisbon, was the first superintendent of the Sabbath school, which was organized in 1857. The church was built in 1856; has a seating capacity of 200, and is valued at $2,000. Its membership reaches forty, and at present the"pulpit is supplied. The Presbyterian Church was organized from the fol lowers of two missions — one Presbyterian, the other Con gregational — in 1865, with Rev. H. S. Clark as pastor. It has a membership of seventy-five, a Sabbath school num bering 125 scholars and fifteen teachers. The pastor, Rev. A. A. Young, is now serving his sixth year. Church prop erty valued at $2,000. The Catholic Church has nearly 200 members; was built in i860, and is attended by Rev. Father Gilbert, of Mauston, on alternate Sundays. The Baptist Church and Sabbath school were organized in 1853, with Rev. Mr. Knapp as pastor, and is the strongest society of the village. The present pastor is Rev. Cyrus Thomas, and the church property is valued at $2,000. New Lisbon can justly take pride in her schools. They are acknowledged to be the first in the county, and among the best in the State. Prof. G. T. Foster is principal, and in charge of the advanced departments. He is assisted in the grammar department by Miss Dedie Beebe. The in termediate departments are in charge of Misses Sarah Mc- Kinstry and Frances Ball, and the primary are in charge of Misses Helen Vandercook and Roxana Brewster. The town owns two large school buildings, with a seating capac ity of 400. Number of pupils attending school, 309; num- of school age, about 400 ; number attending High School, 66 ; number in graduating class, 11 ; average age of enter ing High School, 14; of leaving, 18. Amount paid teach ers, $2,440. Among the names of its past teachers are H. H. Hatch, of New Lisbon ; Prof. Johnson, of the White water Normal; Prof. John Breckenage, now of Iowa. It has five charter organizations — Juneau Lodge, No. 103, A. F. & A. M.,with sixty members; Siloam Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 267, forty-five members ; Ancient Order of United Workmen, New Lisbon Lodge, No. 38, with about fifty members ; New Lisbon Lodge I. O. G. T., with forty members. All are in a healthy working condition. The principal and pioneer industry is the New Lisbon Mills, which are run by water power, furnished by the Lem onweir River, and have a head of eight feet fall. They consume, on an average, 8,000 bushels of wheat, and grind for customers 15,000 bushels, a year. Two million feet of logs are sawed annually. The proprietors, Messrs. J. & E. Smart, are gentlemen fully conversant with the milling busi ness, and are energetic men. It has three wagon and sleigh manufactories, and one of 38o HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the best equipped breweries in the State, owned and oper ated by Mr. Henry Bierbauer. The sash, door and blind business is well represented in the manufactory of Mr. William McKnight. The Farmers' and Merchants' Bank is owned and con ducted by Messrs. H. E. & W. D. Macomber— H. E. Ma- comber, president, and W. D. Macomber, cashier. This is a safe, reliable institution, established upon a sound basis, and possesses the confidence of all here, as elsewhere, and does a general banking business. rf .u> /A>ajur*t*JLv The stock and produce business is well represented by Mr. Ole Oleson and Messrs. Carpenter & Butterfield. Country products include hay, grain and general farm pro duce, and stock raising, and the culture of cranberries re ceives special attention. The village possesses three public halls, is adorned with many handsome residences, and the whole is replete with large and beautiful shade trees. The extension of the Necedah Branch Railroad is contemplated north and south, and in the near future New Lisbon bids fair to become an important railroad point. The present officers of the village are: J. M. Barlow President of the Village ; Lars. Balgord, John Smart, C. E. Newman, Fred Boynton, Peter Klein, Trustees ; John H. Crandal, Clerk; M. F. Carney, Treasurer; William Mc Knight, Assessor; F. P. Butler, William McKay, Justices of the Peace ; Henry Clow, Matthew Horrigan, Marshals. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J. M. BARLOW, merchant. A native of the State of Massachu setts, born in 1833, was a resident of the State for seventeen years, during which time he received a good common school education. In 1850, he came to Wisconsin, and settled first at East Troy, Walworth Co., where he clerked in a store about six years. He then lived in .Waukesha County until 1864, when he went to the State of New York and was en gaged in the mercantile business in said State until 1870, at which time he returned to Wisconsin, and has since carried on a general mercantile business at New Lisbon. April 18, 1862, he was married to Miriam Evans, born at Williamsport, N. Y. They have three children— Harvey B., Miriam Lois and Lewis M. Mr. Barlow is a stalwart Republican in politics. Has held various local offices, and is at present serving his sixth term as President of the Village Board. He is also agent for the American Express Co. BENNETEAU & MACOMBER, attorneys, New Lisbon. E. T. Benneteau, the senior member of the firm, was born in the State of New York, in 1847. H's father, Samuel Benneteau, was an attorney, and with him he commenced the study of law. In 1863, he enlisted in the 5th N. Y. Artillery, and served until the close of the war, when he was mustered out as major of artillery. He then returned to the Columbia College, of New York, where he graduated in 1866, after which he prac ticed law in the State of New York until 1875, at which time he went to Chicago, and followed law practice until 1879, during which time, in 1878, he was married to Eliza Hudson, then of Chicago, but formerly of Canada. In 1879, he came to New Lisbon, where he carried on a law practice alone until March, 1881, when he formed a law partnership with E, C. Macomber, and are now carrying on a general law and col lection business. Mr. Benneteau is chairman of the Republican com mittee. E. C. Macomber, the junior member of the firm, was born in New Lisbon, Wis., in 1857. Attended the high school of New Lisbon and the Wayland University of Beaver Dam, graduating at the latterin June, 1879, and in the Spring of 1880, commenced the study of law, reading with Judge Elwell, of Beaver Dam, about one year, after which, in March, 1881, he was admitted to the Bar. He is a promising joung man, and will no doubt soon be among the leading members of the Bar. HENRY BIERBAUER, brewer, New Lisbon, one of the early settlers and prominent men of New Lisbon, is a native of Ba varia, Germany, Feb. 12, 1828. Emigrated to the United States in 1850, and first settled in New York City, where he worked at carriage work about three years, then engaged in grocery business, which he followed until 1858, at which time went to Utica, N. Y., learned the brewer's trade (with -his brother Charles), and in 1859, came to Wisconsin, and after looking around for a few months, concluded that New Lisbon was a good point for business, and therefore, in part nership with Peter Fauerbach, purchased the brewery and ran the same, under the firm name of Bierbauer & Fauerbach, about three years, at the end of which time he purchased his partner's interest, and has since carried on the business as sole proprietor, and has met with marked success. He was married in 1850, to Barbara Fauerbach, a native of Germany. They have ten children — Henry, Louis, Peter, Louise, Liz zie, William, Carl, Emma, Matilda and Eda. M. F. CARNEY, editor and proprietor of the Juneau County Argus, published at New Lisbon, was born in Ireland, in 1836, and came to the United States while a lad. Subsequently he became a resident of Mil waukee, where he lived for several years, during which he was engaged in active pursuits, as an employe, but devoted his leisure to study. He located at New Lisbon in 1858, and engaged in business for himself, at which place he has continued to reside. He has frequently been called to positions of trust and responsibility by his fellow-citizens. From i860 to 1864, he served as Town Treasurer; in 1867, as Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors ; in 1869, he was elected County Superin tendent of Schools ; in 1874, was elected to the office of County Treasurer; in 1877-79, he served as Village Treasurer, and was again elected to the latter position in 1881. He became sole proprietor of the Argus in 1863, and has continued at its head without change or in terruption since then. As a writer, he is terse and pointed in style, and in newspaper duties his ability is acknowledged by the reading public. Quiet and unassuming in his manners, respectful in his bearing, he aims at observing the Golden Rule in his intercourse with men, and will hew to the line at all hazard, let the chips fall where they may. The business methods of early life are traceable and easily recognized in his every-day work.J ^He possesses popular traits of character that secure for him the HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 38i esteem and confidence of all who know him. The nuptial ceremonies which united Mr. Carney and Miss Winifred E. Owens, of Watertown, Wis., were duly solemnized, Sept. 20, 1869, by Rev. P. F. Petitt, at St. Bernard's Church in that city. Of the seven children born to them, four died in infancy and three are living. The oldest of the living, a daugh ter, named Mary, was born Sept. 22, 1873 ; the second, a son, named Francis, was born Jan. 18, 1878 ; and the youngest, a daughter, named Agnes, was born Feb. 20, 18S1. W. H. H. CASH, speculator, New Lisbon, was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1843, where he was reared on a farm, and received but a small amount of schooling. In 1861, he came to New Lisbon, and as he was then a poor boy, he worked at all sorts of jobs until Jan. 4, 1864, when he enlisted in the 10th Wis. L. A., and was first assigned to Kilpatrick's command, of Sherman's army, afterward to the 12th Wis. L. A., and served until the close of the war. He then returned to New Lisbon, and as he had saved a little money while in the army, he engaged in mercantile business, keeping a meat market and general provision store about ten years, during which time he always kept his eye open to speculations, dealing extensively with the Indians, of whom he pur chased a great many cranberries, blueberries, etc. He also dealt in grain, and, in fact, anything he thought would prove profitable. After quitting the mercantile business, he dealt in live stock, and in 1877 was awarded the contract to build the Necedah branch of the C, M. & St. P. R. R., which he completed in a very short time, and as the scheme had proven a financial success, he, in 1878, in partnership with D. Van- dercook, under the firm name of Cash & Vandercook, concluded to build a railroad of their own from Sparta to Viroqua, and at once pro cured the right of way and commenced work, but before completion they sold the same to the C, M. & St. P. R. R., and by so doing cleared quite an amount of this world's goods. The town of Cashton, on said road, was laid out and started by Mr. Cash, after whom it was named. After completing the Viroqua branch, Mr. Cash, Sept. 19, 1879, was awarded the contract to build the extension of the Wis. Val. R. R. from Wausaw to Jenny (now Merrill), a distance of eighteen miles, the same to be completed by Jan. 1, 1880. He immediately commenced work, and at eight o'clock, P.M., Dec. 31, 1879, the last rail was laid and the first locomotive run over the road — but not without encountering con siderable trouble, as the month of December was a very cold one, and many of his employes Were badly frozen. One day, six were com pelled to leave the work on account of frozen hands, etc. The following year, he was engaged in speculating in wood, ties, piles, etc., and in the Fall of said year he started a stock ranch in Iowa and one in Nebraska, where he now has about 600 head of cattle and about 1,000 sheep. The present year, 1881, he has been investing in mining interests in Michi- igan, Wisconsin and Texas, and general speculation. Mr. Cash is a Republican in Politics, was a Member of the Assembly of Wisconsin in 1877, has held various local offices, and is a member of the F. & A. M. He was married, in 1865, to Miss Georgia Surdam, then of New Lisbon, but formerly of New York. They have five children — Charles F., Adel bert B., Jessie M., John Avery and William N. J. J. HUGHES, attorney. New Lisbon, is a native of Wales, born in 1841. Emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1856, and came direct to Wisconsin, settling first at Fond du Lac, where he re sided about fourteen years, during which he attended school at the Way- land University, of Beaver Dam, and in 1865 entered, the Lawrence University, of Appleton, wheie he graduated in 1870. He then followed teaching, having charge of the schools at Fox Lake one year, New Lisbon High Schools two years and the public schools at Portage City two years, after which he read law law, and in 1876 was admitted to the Bar, and has since carried on a general law and collection business. He was married, in 1873, to Nettie F. Beebe, born in Juneau Co., Wis , Aug. 2, 1854 They have four children — Avis E., Walter W., Mary J. and Eva A. F. E. HURD, merchant, New Lisbon, was born in Ohio, in 1847, and at nine years of age came with his parents to Juneau Co., Wis. Received an academic education at the New Lisbon High School, and also attended commercial college of Milwaukee. In 1864, he enlisted in Co. E, 41st Wis. I. V., and served 100 days. He then returned to Wisconsin, and clerked in the stores of William Runkle, W. P. Carr, Runkle & Ingersol and others until 1867. He then wen to Kewaunee, 111., and worked in a store about eighteen months ; then returned to New Lisbon, and in March, 1869, in partnership with C. D. Curtis, engaged in a general mercantile business, under the firm name of Curtis & Hurd, and carried on the same until the Spring of 1874, when he sold out his interest to Mr. Curtis, and in the Fall of the same year, engaged in a general mercantile business, and has since carried on the same. He was married, Dec. 26, 1870, to Libbie Gibbs, born at Delafield, Wis., in 1850. They have two children, Avery L. and Erie N. Is a Republican in politics. Was Postmaster at Camp Douglas two years — at which place he ran a branch store at the time. Has also been a member of the Village Board. PETER LA SARGE, barber, New Lisbon, is * native of Canada, born July 7, 1844, and when about six years of age moved with his parents to the State of New York, where he learned the shoemaker's trade. In November, 1867, he came to New Lisbon, Wis., and followed his trade until the Spring of .1877, during which time he learned the barber's' trade, and has since been engaged in that business. He was married, Dec. 2, 1867, to Idell Gunion, a native of Canada. They have one child, adopted, Lizzie. WILLIAM McKAY, Justice of the Peace, is one of the oldest set tlers of New Lisbon. He is a native of Ireland, born in the county of Tyrone, Dec. 23, 1823 ; received a good common school education, and at the age of nineteen emigrated to the United States, and worked at joiner work, in the State of Illinois, about two years ; he then went to New York City and followed the same trade until 1855, at which time he came to Wisconsin, continuing his trade at Waterloo until 1858. He then came to New Lisbon, and in 1864 enlisted in Co. E, 38th WisV. I., and served until the close of the war, when he returned to New Lisbon, and worked at his trade most of the time until May, 1881, since which time he has been engaged in restaurant business and attending to the office of Justice of the Peace. Was married, in 1856, to Martha J. Ken yon, a native of the State of New York. They have one child, W. J., born in 1857. „ CHARLES E. MACOMBER, druggist, New Lisbon, was born in New Lisbon, Wis., Aug. 13, 1858 ; attended New Lisbon High School and the State Normal bchool, at Oshkosh, during which time he taught two terms of school and kept books in the Farmers' & Merchants' Bank, of New Lisbon, a short time. April 1, 1881, he purchased the drug busi ness of E. B. Nichols, and has since carried on the same. He was mar ried. May 19, 1881, to Miss Gertie Carr, daughter of W. P. Carr, of New Lisbon. Politics, Republican. W. D. MACOMBER, cashier of the Farmers' & Merchants' Bank, was born in Juneau Co., Wis., in 1859 ; received an academic education at the New Lisbon High School, and in 1878 attended Business College at Davenport, Iowa, after which he was employed in the office of the Amer ican Express Company, at New Lisbon, until Jan. 1, 1880; he then went to Flandreau, Dakota Ter., and acted as book-keeper for the Bank of Flandreau until September, when he returned to New Lisbon, and has since acted as cashier of the Farmers & Merchants' Bank, of New Lisbon. D. H. MILLS, harness maker, New Lisbon, a native of Pennsylva nia, born in Erie, May 10, 1836 ; was brought West by his parents while he was but an infant, living in Illinois until 1843, at which time they came to Wisconsin, and settled at Madison ; there he learned his trade, and in 1853 removed to Portage City, where he followed his trade until 1866, during which time he served in the United States Engineer Corps about six months ; he then came to New Lisbon, and has since been in the employ of Charles Smith as foreman of the harness department. Was married, in i860, to Miss P. C. Jackson, a native of Pennsylvania. They have three children — Josephine, Abba and Frances. JOHN R. NEWELL, proprietor of Crosby House, New Lisbon. This jovial and accommodating landlord was born at Brockport, N. Y., May 27, 185 1 ; received a good common school education, and at twelve years of age entered the store of James Whelan, for whom he clerked two years ; then for George R. Ward until 1866 ; he then went to Rochester, and was employed in the Ocean Oyster House until the Spring of 1870, when he concluded to try the West, and accordingly went to Michigan, stopping at Coopersville, a few months after which he came to Wiscon sin, and soon engaged as advance agent of the dramatic troupe of Ed ward Clifford, which situation he held until the Fall of 1874. He then served in the same capacity for Frank E. Aikin about one year, at the end of which time, in 1875, he came to New Lisbon, and November 25th was married to Miss Delia Crosby. He then served as clerk of the Crosby House one year, after which he had the management of the house, and has been proprietor since 1880. The Crosby House has a good reputation throughout the State, for it is the place where travelers find the table well supplied with all the market affords, and all parts of the house neat and tidy. Mr. Newell is a Mason. PHILIP RUNKEL, merchant, New Lisbon ; a native of-Germany ; born Oct. 13, 1832; emigrated to the United States in 1849, and came direct to Wisconsin, settling first at Milwaukee, where he learned the carriage trade, and followed the same in that city (with the exception of about eighteen months, when he was at Mineral Point, and about the same length of time at Rochester) until March 1855. at which time he came to Juneau County and spent the Summer at Necedah, where he helped build a warehouse. The following year he engaged in mercantile business at Germantown, and continued the same until 1866, during which time, in 1864, he was elected County Treasurer, which office he held un til 1868. In 1866, he moved to Mauston. From 1868-73, he was en gaged in farming ; he then came to New Lisbon, and has since been engaged in grocery business. He also deals extensively in cranberries, shipping about 1,000 barrels per year, being the principal shipper of New Lisbon. Mr. Runkel was married, in 1857, to Charlotte Gund- lack, a native of Illinois. They have seven children — Anna E., Julius P., Harman E., Charlotte A., Henry P., George W. and Albert W. THEODORE SERRURIER, proprietor Commercial Hotel, New Lisbon, is a native of France. His grandfather, Jean Mathew Phillibert Serrurier, was Marshal of France under Napoleon I, from 1804 until his 382 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. death, in 1819. His father, Fredrick D. Serrurier, was a State officer of France. When but an infant Theodore moved, with his parents, into Germany, where he received a good education, after which he served as paymaster for a railroad company about five years ; he then engaged in the manufacture of iron and zinc ornaments, at Berlin, and followed the same until 1856, at which time he emigrated with his family to Austra lia, and engaged in mining, and while in said business he traveled over a great part of Australia and New Zealand ; afterward he was engaged in hotel business, and in 1867 he came lo the United States, and carried on a grocery business in Chicago about six years, and in 1873 came to New Lisbon, and has since been engaged in hotel business. He was married, in 1844, to Johanna Schmidt, a native of Berlin, Germany; born in 1825. They have had seventeen children, thirteen of whom are living — William, Cort Richard, Paul, Max F., Bertram, Theodore, Alex ander, Johanna, Theressa, Philip, Richard, George and Edith. ''Mm G. A; SINCLAIR, dentist, New Lisbon, a native of Scotland, born in 1853, and in 1855 his father, Alex. Sinclair, emigrated with his fam ily to America, and settled at Eaubu, Canada, where G. A. received a common school education, and learned the cabinet trade, which he fol lowed about five years, after which, in 1874, he turned his attention to dentistry, and followed the same till October, 1877, when he came to the United States, and has since continued his profession at New Lisbon, and is meeting with marked success. He has one assistant, J. Hus band, D. D. S., a graduate of the Philadelphia Dental College, and one student, J. H. Ramsey, who has served since September, 1880. CHARLES SMITH, New Lisbon, a native of Germany, born in 1825 ; learned the shoemaker's trade, and in 1856 emigrated to the United States ; came direct to Wisconsin and followed his trade at Port age City, about fifteen months ; after which, in 1857, he came to New Lisbon, which place at that time consisted of ten dwellings. Here he worked at his trade, also dealing in boots and shoes, until Aug. 9, 1864, at which time he enlisted in the 8th Wis. Battery, and served until the close of the war. Returning to New Lisbon, he again resumed his trade and boot and shoe business, to which, in the Fall of 1865, he added har nesses, and has since carried on the same. Is a Liberal in politics ; has held various town and school offices. Was married in 1858 to Mary Schumaker, a native of Germany. They have three children — Emma, Carrie and Otto. RICHARD SMITH, attorney, New Lisbon, was born in Hamburg, N. Y., in 1818 ; received an academic education, and at the age of twen ty-two turned his attention to the study of law, reading with James Mul let about three years, when he was admitted to the Bar, and soon after came West and practiced law at Joliet, 111., when he was admitted to the Bar of all the courts of the State, until the Fall of 1846. He then came to Wisconsin and followed his profession in Waukesha County until December, 1856, at which time he came to New Lisbon, at which place he was the first lawyer, and has since carried on a general law and collection business. He was married in 1846 to Miss Maria C. Moore, a native of New York. They have three children — Henry, Lizzie and Mellie. Mr. Smith is a Democrat ; has been Justice of the Peace and District Attorney. THOMAS H. WILCOX, station agent, New Lisbon, was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., March 26, 1845. When four years of age, his father died, after which he went to live with his grandfather, Thomas Wilcox with whom he soon came to Wisconsin and lived at Aztalan, Jefferson Co., about seven years, during which time his grandfather died. He then went to Beaver Dam and lived with his uncle, O. H. P. Fisher, until 1861. He then enlisted in Co. F, 29th Wis. V. I., and was rejected on account of his age, but served about a year as lieutenant-colonel's or derly, after which he returned to Wisconsin, but soon departed for the State of New York to visit his mother, who was then living at Palmyra, and remained about one year, when he again returned to Wisconsin, and soon afterward re-enlisted in Co. G, 40th Wis. I. V., and served 100 days, at the end of which time he returned to Beaver Dam, Wis., and at tended school at the Wayland University nearly two terms, then worked for his uncle nearly one year, after which he followed farming at Milford, Wis., about two years. At the end of this time, he turned his attention to railroading, learned telegraphy, and worked for the C, M. & St. P. R. R. Co. at Oconomowoc a short time, then, in May, 1870, came to New Lisbon, at which place he, with the exception of one year when he was in their employ at Tomah, has since served them as telegraph ope rator, and as station agent since Aug. 1, 1878. He was married May 12, 1874, to Eliza M. Daily, then of New Lisbon, but formerly of Pennsyl vania. They have three children — William M., born March 27, 1875 ' Kittie M., born July 16, 1876; Cecele J., born Dec. 9, 1880. Politics,' Republican, and a Mason. A. C. WILKINSON attorney, New Lisbon, a native of England, born in Wibsey, Yorkshire, in 1853. Emigrated with his parents to the United States in the Spring of 1858, and came direct to Wisconsin, set tling first at Ironton, Sauk Co., and after about eighteen months moved to Lavalle, where he received a good common school education, and in 1874 came to Mauston, Juneau Co., where he read law with his brother, R. A. Wilkinson, until 1877, when he came to New Lisbon, and has since carried on a general law and collection business. He was married Dec. 31, 1878, to Miss Agnes L. Harris, of New Lisbon, born March 22, 1861. They have one child, Lorraine Agnes, born July 9, 1880. Mr. Wilkinson is a Democrat, a member of the A. F. & A. M. and the AO. U. W. G.tWUtJ A. WILSON, retired, New Lisbon, the first settler of Juneau Coun ty, and has lived in said county, with the exception of about three years, since 1838. He was born in Windsor County, among the mountains of Vermont, in April, 1817 ; received a common school education, and with his parents came to Wisconsin in 1837, and lived at Ft. Winnebago, now Portage City, about one year, when he concluded to push on a lit tle farther west, and the Winter of 1838-9 found him lumbering near the Dells of the Wisconsin. In 1841, he cut the first timber on the Lemon weir River, and in 1843, he built a saw mill at what is now New Lisbon, and run the same until 1847. Up to this time, about his only neighbors were Winnebago Indians, but they were very friendly to Mr. Wilson and seldom stole anything from him. Once he had an ox taken, but on in forming the chief it was returned. He then went to Portage and en gaged in a general mercantile business, keeping the first store on the north side of the canal at said place, and continued the business until the Fall of 1850, when he returned to New Lisbon ; built a new mill on the HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 3«3 site of the old one, and concluded to make New Lisbon his future home. He continued in the lumber business about twelve years ; then operated in real estate with considerable success until about 1 870, when he was afflicted with sore eyes which resulted in the loss of sight in one eye, and . caused him much trouble with the other. He was married in 1862 to Harriet Colvin, then of New Lisbon, but formerly of Madison Co., N. Y. Mr. Wilson is a Republican in politics, and although political honors have been tendered him he has refused to have anything to do with politics more than to perform his rights as a faithful citizen. blind manufactory of Messrs. Fuller & Co., does a heavy business. In early times the lumber was all rafted down the Wis consin to the Mississippi, the cities of that valley furnish ing the market. Since the building of the railroad, the cities west and northwest provide a market. RESIDENCE OF A. WILSON, NEW LISBON. NECEDAH. Necedah is situated at the base of a high bluff, on the Yellow River, a few miles from its mouth, and opposite the famous Pete-en-Well Rock, a curiously constructed quartz ite mound, on the west bank of the Wisconsin River. It is the important lumbering town of this region, and is first in the county in manufacturing interests and wealth. Its as sessed valuation is $366,000, and the amount paid for taxes during present year, reached $8,439.53, besides a railroad indebtedness of $2,262, making a total tax of $10,701.53. The business of the town is the manufacture of lumber, and outside of the different supply and business houses of the various lumber firms, there is a fair representation of busi ness. Sixty-five million feet of logs are sawed annually, and employment is furnished for one thousand men in the various departments of this industry. The logs are cut chiefly in the counties of Wood and Clark, and driven down the Yellow River a distance of eighty miles. The arrange ments for booming them at Necedah are perfect and secure for all stages of high or low water. The lumber business is represented by the Necedah Lumbering Company, who manufacture twenty million feet per year; Lyman & Son, who manufacture thirteen million feet ; Birch & Co., who turn out nine million feet, and J. W. Bradford & Son, who have a large mill. The planing-mill, and sash, door and In the Winter of 1844-5, Thomas Weston and John Werner, Jr., both at that time living at the Grand Rapids, explored the Yellow River from a point now embraced in Wood County to its mouth. In 1848, Mr. Werner and Hon. John T. Kingston, made a further exploration of the river, and laid claims at points of the mouth of the river, and the present site of the village of Necedah. Taking formal pos session, according to claim laws and usages, they returned to the Grand Rapids and formed a company to operate on the Yellow River, und.er the firm name and style of F. Weston & Co. The firm consisted of Thomas Weston, John Wer ner, Jr., Hon. John T. Kingston and E. S. Miner, who held an equal interest with Mr. Werner. They employed Uriah Hill and Usal V. Jeffreys to run a raft of lumber to the mouth of the Yellow River, and erect a shanty, and to fur ther identify their claim by fencing in a small strip of land adjoining it. In November, Weston and Werner made a trip to the Yellow River country, selecting a place for logging operations for the ensuing Winter. Having found a suitable location, Werner returned to the Rapids, and Kingston continued down the river, meeting Weston at the shanty. They followed up the river, made a more thorough ex amination of the pine they had selected, and then took a direct route to Point Bousse, the nearest point for obtaining 384 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. supplies. Reaching the Rapids, they commenced their prep arations for the Winter's work. Three yoke of oxen, sleds and tools were procured, and a crew hired, consisting of Vanbunker, Daniel Dugan, Prospier Beauchane, John B. Savoy, Samuel Bean, George A. Peters, Gilbert Adams, Uriah Hill and Usal V. Jeffreys. Also a millwright and one or two assistants were engaged to build the wheel and other machinery of the mill, to be erected the next season. Messrs. Weston and Kingston accompanied the expedition. The party left the Rapids, December 21, 1848, crossing the Wisconsin at Point Bousse, and cutting a road to the location of their camp. The men employed during the sea son, were Alanson Eaton, Oliver Bourbon, Morris Thomas, Edwin Thayer, Anthony Philips, Jr., Nichols Bateman, Anthony Philips, Sr., William and Henry Harding, Levi G.irneau, Richard Baker, John Pottsveign, Uriah Hill and A. Wiltse, the millwright, in all twenty men, including Messrs. Weston and Kingston. This was the first settlement made in Juneau County north of the Lemonweir River. Early in the Winter of 1849, Burley Philbrick, Newell -Carleton, M. Larabee and J. Turner located on the Yellow River in Wood County, get ting out square timber and rafting it to the lower markets. Their rafts were the first run out of this stream. In May, 1850, E. S. Miner removed to Necedah with his family. A frame house had already been erected — a part of the pres ent Armstrong House — and was the first built in Juneau County north of the Lemonweir River. Mr. Miner's fam ily was the first to locate, and their daughter Ella, born during the same year, was the first white child born in the same territory. In July of this year, Robert Thompson and family located at Necedah, making the second family of the settlement. John H. Armstrong, John McGregor and William Adderly located at Necedah during this season, and by 1851 the new settlement began to put on the appear ance of a village. A second mill had been erected by Mr. Werner, which was one of the first steam saw-mills built in this region. The two mills were in active operation. A store had been opened by Messrs. Weston & Co., with a stock of general merchandise, additional houses had been put up, and new settlers were constantly coming in. In 1852, an election precinct was established at Necedah, by order of the Board of Supervisors of Sauk County, to which Juneau and Adams were then attached. An election for State and county officers was held the same Fall. At this time, the nearest post-office was at Dell Prairie ; but during the following Winter, the mail route was ex tended to Necedah, E. S. Miner was appointed Postmaster, and Messrs. T. Weston & Co. carried the mails for the pro ceeds of the several offices on their route. Necedah was organized as a town, April 5, 1853, with the following officers : Thomas Weston, Chairman ; John Werner, Jr., and Robert Dawes, Trustees ; Town Clerk, Hon. J. T. Kingston ; Treasurer, E. S. Miner ; Justices of the Peace, E. S. Miner, John Werner, Jr., Edwin S. Knapp ; Overseers of Highways, Charles Dawes and John T. Kings ton ; Constables, R. Huntley and E. R. Knapp. The origi nal village was laid out and platted by T. Weston & Co., in 1856, and incorporated as a village by act of Legislature, February 28, 1870. Necedah has two churches, Methodist and Roman Cath olic. The Methodist organized its first class in 1855, and held its services in the school building until the present church was built, which was dedicated in 1868. The mem bership reaches seventy, and the Sabbath-school has an aver age attendance of eighty scholars. The present pastor, Rev. D. D. Brothers, is a native of England, born July 10, 1830, came to the United States in 1840, was educated at Lowell, Mass., entering the Methodist Conference at Portage, in 1869. The Church property is valued at $3,000, and the parsonage, which was built in 1855, at $1,000. The name of the Catholic Society is Saint Francis Xavier, and is as yet a mission, attended by Rev. Father Gilbert, of Mauston. Necedah's schools are under the careful charge of Prof. O. N. Wagley, aided by an able corps of assistants. Value of school property, $7,200 ; number of children of school age, 488 ; number of children attending school, 344. The first school was opened by Messrs. T. Weston & Co., in 1852, and maintained by them until the organization of the District School. Miss M. C. Fay was the first teacher. On the 23d of December, 1854, the voters of Necedah met at the house of E. S. Miner, organized District No. 1, and chose the following District Board: Charles Dawes, Director; John Werner, Jr., Clerk, and J. T. Kingston, Treasurer. Miss Mary Morehouse was the first teacher after the dis trict was established. Zero Lodge, No. 169, A. F. & A. M., was organized in 1866. Has at present a membership of about eighty. A Lodge of A. O. U. W. was organized in 1880. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J. W. ALLAN, foreman Lyman & Son, Necedah. A native of Maine, born in 1834 ; worked at his trade as carpenter, also followed lumbering and fishing until 1868, when he came to Wisconsin, settled in Adams County, where he worked at his trade and farming for three years ; at the end of which time he came to Necedah and worked in the mill of Bradford, McCoy & Co., doing their saw-filing until 1880; since which time he has acted as foreman in the mill of Lyman & Son, successors to Bradford, McCoy & Co. Is a Republican, and a member of the A. 0. U. W., of which lodge he was the first master at Necedah and repre sented the same in the Grand Lodge at Madison, in February, 1881. Is now serving his fourth year as Justice of the Peace. Was married in the Fall of 1856, to Harriet M. Davis, a native of Maine ; born in 1837. They have five children living — Sofila, now Mrs. Newlin ; Ursula I., Nellie A.. Frank W. and Rena B. WARREN AUDS, attorney, Necedah. A native of New Hamp shire; born June 18, 1850; received an academic education, and also attended the Business College of Worcester, Mass. Commenced the study of law when twenty-one years of age, and continued the same until 1879, when he was taken sick from over study, and after about eight months, having somewhat recovered, he, in accordance with the advice of his physician, concluded to try the western climate, and accordingly came to Wisconsin, settling at Necedah. Was admitted on the fourteenth day of February, 1881, to the Bar of the Circuit Court of Juneau County, and the United States District and Circuit Courts for the western district of Wisconsin. Politics, Republican. J. H. ARMSTRONG, proprietor Armstrong House, Necedah. Is a native of New Brunswick; born in 1827; where he received a com mon school education, and worked at lumbering until 1848. He then went to Buffalo, N. Y., and was in the employ of Davis & Sutton, com mission merchants, acting as tallyman (that is keeping account of goods shipped and received) for about two years, after which he came to Ne cedah and followed lumbering, in the employ of T. Weston &Co„ for about seven years, when he engaged in farming, which he made a part of HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 38S his business until 1881. He has been clerk of the Yellow River Im provement Company for about seventeen years, which occupies most of his time. Has held various local offices, being at present Treasurer of both town and village, which offices he has held for seven years. On the first day of April, 1881, he purchased the Bentley House, changed the name to Armstrong House, and is now running the same. Was married in the Fall of 1851, to Mary Ann Young, a native of New Brunswick. Born in 1830. They have seven children living— Anna, William, Dora, Amelia, May, Martha and Nellie. A. BLAKE, foreman Necedah Lumbering Co. A native of New York, born in Oswego County, in 1830. where he received a common school education, and followed farming until 1856, when he came to Wis consin, settling first at Baraboo, Sauk Co., and worked at carpenter and joiner work for three years, at the end of which time he came to Necedah and worked as millwright for T. Weston & Co., until February, 1874, when he took charge of said company's mill, as foreman, until February, 1881, when said firm changed to the Necedah Lumbering Co., for which he is now foreman. He was married in 1854, to Angeline Brown, born in Wisconsin. They have eight children living — Emma, George, Alvin, Hulda, William, John, Nellie and Frederick. J. W. BRADFORD, manufacturer, Necedah. Was born in Piscata quis Co., Me., in 1820, where he learned the tanner's trade, and was en gaged in mercantile business until 1845. He then went to California, and remained three years, when he returned and settled at Quincy, 111., en gaging in the livery business, which he carried on until 1864, when in partnership with George Brown and R. McCoy, he engaged in lumber ing in Wisconsin, under the firm name of Bradford, McCoy & Co., running mills at Seneca, Wood Co., continuing under said firm name for three years, when Mr. Brown sold his interest to J. T. Bradford, and the business continued under same name, Bradford, Mc Coy & Co. (the place of business changed to Necedah, purchasing the mill property of McDonald Bros.) until 1880, when they sold to Lyman & Son. In 1876, Mr. Bradford purchased the Shorey mill property and organized the firm of Bradford, Duff & Co., and carried on the business two years when Mr. Duff retired, leaving the firm, Bradford & Son, as it now exists. Mr. Bradford is a Democrat and a Knight Templar. He was married in 1846, to Aletha W. Snow, a native of Maine, born in 1820. They have two children living, Angia and Joseph. F. ANTES CANFIELD, physician, Necadah. A native of Pennsyl vania, born in 1830; received an academic education at the Dickenson Seminary of Williamsport, and at the age of eighteen commenced the study of medicine with his father (Ira D. Canfield) as preceptor, continu ing his study at the Medical College of Philadelphia, receiving diploma in 1856, and diploma at the Rush Medical College of Chicago, in Jan uary, 1872. Practiced medicine at Ridgeway, Penn., one year; two years at Philipsburg, Penn., and two years at Little Falls, Minn.; after which on the third day of March, 1857, he came to Necedah, where, in connection with his profession he has carried on a drug business since the Fall of 1862. In partnership with St. German, has dealt in lumber since 1867, under the firm name of Canfield & St. German, and deals extensively in real estate. Is a Democrat in politics ; was President of the Village Board in 1878, but does not consider he has time to attend to it, neither does he wish to have public office. Dr. Canfield has many friends ; he has gained a good reputation as a physician, and has been a success financially as well as practically. J. E. DALY, jeweler, Necedah. A native of Pennsylvania, born in 185 1 ; received an academic education, and at the age of twenty-two commenced work at the jeweler's trade, and in 1873 came to Wisconsin, stopping at Watertown a short time ; when he went to Grand Rapids, where he worked at his trade for about two and a half years ; he then went to Spencer for about nine months, after which he went to New Lisbon and in partnership with N. E. Adams engaged in the jeweler's business for about two and a half years ; when he came to Necedah, bought out J. C. Link, and has since carried on a jewelry business' alone. Was married in 1878, to Ella Hurd, a native of Ohio ; born in 1856. Mr. Daly is a Mason, and in politics a Republican. W. F. DAWES, lumberman and cranberry grower, Necedah ; a na tive of Maine ; born in 1832 ; received a common school education, and at the age of seventeen, with his parents, came to Wisconsin, settling in Columbia County, and in less than two years after coming to Wiscon sin his parents died, and he engaged in lumbering on the Wisconsin River for about two years, at the end of which time he, with his two brothers, Charles F. and George S., came to Necedah and continued lumbering until 1861, when he recruited a company of 100 men, of which he was chosen captain, and assigned to the 16th Wis. V. I. Was in the battles of Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, and in many skirmishes, being with Grant until after the surrender of Vicksburg, after which the regiment (with but three exceptions) re-enlisted as veterans, and soon joined Sherman, with whom he remained until January, 1865, when his time having expired he was mustered out as major. Returning to Wis consin he again followed lumbering for about five years, since which time he has been engaged in the cultivation of cranberries, of which he has sold as high as 1,400 barrels per year. Is a Republican. Has been County Treasurer, and held various local offices. Was marriecLin 1857, 25 * to Ladora P. White, a native of Pennsylvania, and who died in 1868. In 1869, he married as his second wife, Minervia J. Austin, a native of Ohio. JOHN H. DONAGHUE, livery, Necedah, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1854 ; received a common school education, and in January, 1870, came to Wisconsin and settled at Necedah, and has since been dealing in cattle, wood and real estate. In May, 1881, in partnership with Ever Everson, engaged in livery business under the firm name of Donaghue & Everson. Is a Democrat in politics. M. G. DUSTIN, omnibus and dray, Necedah, a native of the State of New York, born in 1841. In the Fall of 1851, he came, with his parents, to Wisconsin andlived at Baraboo until the Spring of 1854, when he came to Necedah and helped his father who was engaged in hotel business until 1861. He then enlisted in Co. E, 16th Wis. V. I., and served about one year, when he was discharged on account of dis ability occasioned by sickness. Returning to Necedah he worked at vari ous employments until 1867, when he went to Baraboo and was married to Sylvia Holden, a native of Ohio, and who died in May, 1872, leav ing two children Elizabeth and Edgarbott, living with their grandpar ents, Henry and Elizabeth Holden, near Baraboo. In 1873, Mr. Dus- tin returned to Necedah, but was engaged in no regular business until the Fall of 1877, since which time he has been engaged in the omnibus and dray business, and is doing well. Is a Republican and & Mason. ANSON GREEN, Jr., attorney, Necedah, was born in Neillsville, Clark Co., Wis., in 1858, and graduated at the High School m 1876. In the Spring of 1878, he entered the Law School at Madison and grad uated in June, 1879. He then returned to Neillsville and prepared for the law practice until April, 1880, when he came to Necedah, since which time he has been practicing law with good success. He is a promising young man. Was married, October, 1880, to Mamie Dawes, born in Juneau Co., Wis., Dec. 10, i860. In politics Mr. Green is a Democrat. J. A. JENKINS, foreman J. W. Bradford & Son, Necedah, a native of the State of New York ; born in 1836 ; received a common school education and when not attending school was employed in the manu facture of lumber, until 1857, when he concluded to see some of the country, and accordingly traveled over the West and South of the Unit- ted States, for about two and one-half yearsKduring which time he at tended one term at the Oberlin College, of Ohio, and in i860, came to Necedah and was in the employ of Geo. B. Burch & Co. and T. Weston & Co. most of the time until 1869. He then went to Ohio and acted as foreman of a mill for four years. Then went to Keokuk, Iowa, where he had charge of the mill of B. P. Faber & Co., for nearly six years, after which, in April, 1879, he returned to Necedah and has since been foreman for J. W. Bradford & Son. Mr. Jenkins is a hard working man who is faithful to his employers, and a man who understands the manu facture of lumber, thoroughly. Was married in i860, to Sarah Jane Watkins, born in the State of New York in 1840, and who died in No vember, 1866, leaving one child, Carrie, now living in Allegany Co., N. Y., and in May, 1874, he married Mary Mclntyre, a native of Kentucky, born in 1852, They have three children — Grace, Glen and a small boy. C. D. LOOMIS, merchant, Necedah, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1848, where he received a common school education and worked in flouring mills until 1869, when he came to Wisconsin, stop ping in Green Lake County for three or four years, then spent one Sum mer in Iowa, after which he came to Necedah, where he took charge of the flouring mill of T. Weston & Co. until May, 1881, since which time, in partnership with Henry Galvin, has been carrying on a flour and feed business, under the firm name of Galvin & Loomis. Was married, in May, 1874, to Agnes Hall, a native of Ireland. They have one child, Nannie. Mr. Loomis is a Democrat. Has held local offices, and is a member of the A. F. & A. M. C. E. LYMAN, of the firm of Lyman & Son, was born in Sheboy gan, Wis., in 1850. When about one year of age, the family moved to Berlin for a few years, and then removed to Ripon, where they lived about fifteen years, C. E. helping his father, who was engaged in mer cantile business and pine lands, after which they went to Milwaukee and run a packing house for about two years. In 1874, Mr. Lyman, Jr., went to Fairchild, and engaged in lumbering until 1877, when he went to Texas, and engaged in the cattle business, purchasing a fine cotton plantation and fancy stock farm of 800 acres, which he still owns. In 1880, he returned to Wisconsin, and in the Fall went in partnership with his father, purchasing the mill property of Bradford, McCoy & Co., which they have greatly improved, and are now carrying on business under the firm name of Lyman & Son. He was married, in the Fall of 1878, to Alice M. Michell, daughter of G. W. Michell, of Milwaukee. She was born in Ripon, Wis., in 1.855. E. S. MINER, firm of Necedah Lumbering Company, was born in Madison, N. Y., March 20, 1818 ; received a common school education ; came with his father, who was a Presbyterian clergyman, to Green Bay, Wis., in 1828. In March, 1829, his father died, when he returned to New York, and remained until 1834, when he came to Illinois, and fol lowed farming until 1842. He then returned to Wisconsin, and en- 386 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. gaged in mercantile business at Grand Rapids until May, 1850, when he moved his family to Necedah, built a shanty on the ground now occu pied by the Armstrong House, being the first family that settled at Necedah ; has been engaged in lumbering and mercantile business ever since. He was a member of the firm of T. Weston & Co. from its or ganization until 1881, when said company changed to the Necedah Lumbering Company, of which he is now a stockholder. He was the first Postmaster of Grand Rapids, and held the office until he moved to Necedah ; is the first Postmaster of Necedah, having held the office the entire time, with the exception of two years, when he served as State Senator ; is the oldest merchant in the State of Wisconsin, having been engaged in mercantile business the entire time since 1841, and is, with the exception of one, the oldest living settler of Wisconsin. He has been a member of the Assembly two years, and a member of the Senate two years; was the first County Judge of Adams County, when that county embraced Juneau; was a member of the Board of Supervisors of Portage County, when that county embraced a vast amount of territory ; has been Justice of the Peace, Treasurer of Necedah fourteen years, and in 1870 was appointed by Gov. Fairchild one of the committee to visit the several State institutions. He was married in November, 1845, to Serena Elliot, a native of Canada. They- have six children — Edward, Ella, Frances, Julius, Mary and John. H. L. NYE, druggist, Necedah, was born in Vermont in 1825. When but four years of age, he was adopted into the family of his uncle, Richard Meriam, who lived in Canada, with whom he lived until he went to Steuben Co., N. Y., and en gaged in lumbering until about 1851. He then went to work on the N. Y. & E. Railroad, which was then in construction, working on the same until its completion, after which he served two years as roadmaster on the Western Division, at the end of which time, in 1856, he went to Ohio, and followed railroading for one season, as contractor on the S. & H. V. Railroad, when he returned to the State of New York for about one year; then, in the Spring of 1857, he came to Wisconsin, and settled near Watertown, where he engaged in lumbering for about one year, at the end of which time he came to Mauston (on the first train which ever came to Mauston), proceeded up the road to Tomah, near which place he graded two miles of the railroad. In the Fall of 1859, he came to Necedah, and engaged in lumbering, which he followed until 1861, when he enlisted in the 4th Wis. Cav., and served until April, 1863, when he resigned his commission as second lieutenant, on account of disability, occasioned by a gun-shot wound, when he returned to Necedah, and followed lumbering until March 26, 1881; since which time he has been engaged in the drug business. He is a Democrat in politics; has been Justice of the Peace six years, and held other local offices. He has been married three times — in 185 1, to Mary Herron, from whom he was di vorced in 1857 ; they had one child, Minnie, now living at Addison, N. Y. In 1864, to Jane Downing, who died in the Spring of 1875 ; had five children ; two died in the Fall of 1874, and one in the Spring of 1875; the remaining two are Lottie and Phcebe. In 1876, to Srintha A. Barringer, of Reedsburg, Wis. ; they have two children, Truman and "Earl. WILLIAM PECK, engineer and millwright, Necedah, is a native of New York, born in Allegany County in 1827 ; received a common school education, and followed farming until 1845. He then went to Illinois, where he worked at farming during the Summer, and in Winter seasons engaged in lumbering near Watertown, Wis., for two years, when he moved to Jefferson Co., Wis., for about two years, after which he went to Sauk County, settling at Reedsburg, of which place he was one of the first settlers, and was engaged in the manufacture of lumber for about four years, at the end of which time, in March, 1853, he came to Nece dah, and was employed in the mill of John Werner for three years, then in the mill of T. Weston & Co. for three years, after which he purchased an interest in a mill, and run the same for three years, at the end of which time he was employed as foreman in the mill of T. Weston & Co. until 1875, then as foreman in the mill of Bradford, McCoy & Co. until the Spring of 1880. He then spent the Summer in the Dilly Shingle Mill, since which time he has been in the employ of George B. Burch & Co. as engineer and millwright. He was married, in the Fall of 1848, to Eliza S. Ward, a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1830. They have six children — Theron, Martha E., Mary, Ver non and Elmer. Mr. Peck is a Republican in politics, and a great joker. The number of "gianthers and crockajoes" he has slain is un known. I. B. PICKARD, foreman, Necedah. Was born in Madrid, Me., in 1846. When five years of age he came with his parents to Wisconsin, settling first in Columbia County. Received a common school educa tion, and in 1861, enlisted in Co. E, iSthWis.V. I., and served until the close of the war; was a prisoner the last seven months. After the war, he returned to his home in Wisconsin, for four years, at the end of which time he came to Necedah, and was employed in the mill of T. Weston & Co. for a short time; then in the mill of Bradford, McCoy & Co. for four years, since which time he has been foreman of the mill of George B. Burch & Co. Is a strict Republican in politics. Was married in the Fall of 1868, to Cornelia Cone, a native of New York, born jin 1846. They have two children, Lottie A. and Miles A. J. H. PLUMMER, book-keeper. A native of Maine, born in 1837, Received a good education, and clerked in store until i860, when he en gaged in the boot and shoe business, and carried on the same until 1865 when he commenced book-keeping. In 1869, he came to Necedah and kept books for Bradford, McCoy & Co., until the Fall of 1880, since which time he has kept books for Lyman & Son, successors to Bradford, McCoy & Co. Is a Republican in politics. Has been a member of the Town Board three years, Treasurer of Town three years, and Secretary of high school six years. Jan. I, 1871, he was married to Emily F. Doe, a native of Maine, born in 1838. E. D. ROGERS, Justice of the Peace, Necedah. The subject of this sketch is a native of the State of New York ; born in Argyle, Washing ton Co., June 27, 1838. Attended school at the Argyle Academy until 1850, when he came to Madison, Wis. Worked in a store and attended school at the State University of Wisconsin until the Spring of 1855, when he came to Necedah, and at once engaged as clerk for T. Weston & Co., and served about six years. Was the first County Surveyor of Juneau County, being elected at the age of twenty-one, and served four years. Has been Justice of the Peace and Town Clerk for the last four teen years. Has also served as Deputy Sheriff. Is at present engaged in insurance, real estate and cranberry business. Enlisted, in 1863, in the 1st Wis. Artillery, and served until the close of the war. Is a Demo crat in politics. Served as a member of the Assembly in 1878, and is a Mason. Was married, in 1858, to Hellen A. Woods, born in Maine, in 1841. They have seven children — E. D.,Amy, Eva, John, Harry, Mary, Mabel and Hugh. S. B. SARLES, of firm of George B. Burch & Co., Necedah A native of New York ; born in 1831. Came wilh his father to Wiscon sin in 1842, settling at Racine, where he lived until 1850, when he went to California, follow ed mining, and served in the Indian wars of 1853-5. Returned to Wisconsin in July, 1856, and has since made Necedah his home/ On his return he was employed by T. Weston &Co., for three or four years, after which, in 1861, he commenced keeping hotel, which busi ness he followed for five years. He then sold out, and engaged in logging one season, and the following Spring went to Sabula, Iowa, carrying on a lumber business in co-partnership with George B. Burch and R.E.Pat terson, until the Spring of 1868, when Mr. Patterson died, and Mr. Sarles returned to Necedah, since which time he has been a member of the firm of George B. Burch & Co. He takes but little interest in poli tics. Was married in i860, to Kate Lewis, a native of the State of New York. They have two children, Emma J. and Kate O., both attending school at the State University at Madison. THOMAS WESTON, of the firm of Necedah Lumbering Company. Is one of the oldest settlers, as well as one of the most prominent and highly esteemed men of Northern Wisconsin. Born in Vermont, in 1818 ; was brought when quite young, by his parents, to the State of New York, where he received a common school education, and at the age of fifteen, commenced work in a woolen mill, and followed the same for three years, when he concluded to see some of the western country, and accordingly, traveled over a great part of the United States, until 1840, when he came to Wisconsin, settling first at Grand Rapids, where he followed lumbering during the Summers, spending the Winters South for two years. He then purchased an interest in a mill, and was engaged in the same until 1846. In 1848, he came to Necedah, and was a mem ber of the firm of T. Weston & Co. (of which a sketch is found in other parts of this book), until 1881, when said firm changed to the Necedah Lumbering Company, of which he is now a stockholder. Is a Democrat, and has held various local offices, but takes more interest in his business than in public office. He is a man who will long be remembered in Necedah as the friend of everybody; having no doubt done more forthe town than any other one man. In 1852, he was married to Elizabeth Dawes, a native of Maine. They have seven children — Helen, Hiram, May, Emma, Laura, Elizabeth and Dollie. JOHN WILLIAMS, hardware merchant; firm of Williams & Bro., Necedah. Was born in England, in May, 1846. When but two years of age, was brought by his parents to the United States, settling in Grant Co., Wis., where he received an academic education at the State Normal School of Plattville. In 1862, he went to California, and re mained four years, when he returned to Grant Co., Wis. In 1868, he went to Boone Co., Iowa, and engaged in hotel business for about nine months, at the end of which time, in the Fall of 1869, he came to Necedah, and in partnership with I. Oates, engaged in hardware business, under the firm name of I. Oates & Co., for about two years, when Mr. Oates withdrew, Thomas H. Williams taking his place, since which time the business has continued under the firm name of J. Williams & Bro. Is a Democrat in politics ; has been Deputy Sheriff two years, and held other local offices. Was married, in 1868, to Alice Cooper, a native of New York. They have four children — Ida L., Emil C, John and Frank H. THOMAS WILLIAMS was born in Grant Co., Wis., in 1852. Received a common school education, and lived in said county until 1.871, when he came to Necedah, and has since been a member of the HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY 3^7 firm of J. Williams & Bro. Was married, in 1874, to Arabella Squires, a native of England, born in 1854. In politics, Mr. Williams is a Re publican. ELROY. In i860 Messrs. James and John Hutchinson built a grist mill in the town, around which the present flourishing village of Elroy has sprung up. This village is situated in the township of Plymouth, on the line of the C. & N. W. Ry., 213 miles from Chicago and 197 miles from St. Paul. It is also the junction of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway, and is an impor tant railroad town. The total valuation of the township and village reaches $215,754, and the tax rate is three per cent of this sum. The population of the township and village is 1,499. The Baraboo River flows through the town and furnishes abundant water power. The principal business interests are the Star and Eagle flouring mills, and general business enterprises are well represented. The schools are in charge of Prof. H. M. Johnston. Value of school property $675. Number of children attend ing school 168. Number of children of school age 294. It has two churches, German Evangelical and Catholic. The former was built in 1880 but the organization of the society dates back some fourteen years. The church prop erty is valued at $2,000, and the pulpit is at present sup plied. The Catholic Church was built in 1878, and has a mem bership of nearly 500. Rev. Father Keller, of Union Cen ter, is attending priest. It has six secret organizations : Elroy Lodge, No. 202, F. & A. M., organized June 13, 1876, with a membership of twenty-seven ; Elroy Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 233, organ ized May 15, 1874, with thirty members ; Ancient Order of United Workmen, Elroy Lodge, No. 83, chartered April 8, 1880, with a membership of twenty ; and Perseverance Lodge, No. 556, of the Legion of Honor, chartered April 30, 1881, with thirteen members. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. O. A. BABCOCK, merchant, Elroy, was born at Freeport, 111., in 1851. Was brought by his parents, to Wisconsin when eighteen months old and lived in Vernon County for twenty years, during which time he received a common school education and followed farming. He then came to Elroy and clerked in the store of E. Hart for about one year, after which he lived in several different localities for a few years, then clerked for Doudson & Co. of Grand Rapids, for four years, at the end of which time he returned to Elroy and has since been engaged in a grocery business. In the Spring of 1877, he was married to Emma Pot ter, a native of Wisconsin, born in 1857. They have one child, Wert, born in February, 1879. Mr. Babcock is a Republican and a member of the I. O. O. F. M. E. BARRINGER, liveryman, Elroy, was born in Reedsburg, Sauk Co., Wis., Feb. 1, 1853. Received a common school education, and followed farming until the Spring-of 1873, when he came to Juneau County, purchased a farm of 100 acres, and worked the same about four years, at the end of which time he sold eighty acres of this farm, moved into the village of Elroy, and has since been engaged in livery business. He also owns a hotel and a good house and lot in said village. Was married, in November, 1877, to Clara M. (daughter of IJaniel and La- mira Whicher), born in 1852, and died June 3, 1880, leaving one child, Lois Pearl, born May 13, 1878, and is now living with her aunt, Celes- tia Bush, near Reedsburg, Wis. C. E. BOOTHE, M. D., Elroy, is a leading physician, and one of the most prominent men in Juneau County. He is a native of the State of New York, born in Dutchess County, in 1840, where he lived until eighteen years of age, during which time, when he was not attending school, he worked in his father's flouring and saw mill. In 1858, con cluding that he would like to see some of the western country, he went to Illinois, and spent the year in different localities in that State, and the following year he spent in Wisconsin, after which, in the Fall of 1859, he returned to his home at Binghamton, N. Y., to which place his parents had previously moved, and commenced the study of medi cine with Dr. Hall, continuing the same with Dr. Dart, of Colesville, Chenango Co., N. Y., until September, 1861, when he joined the army as a non-commissioned officer in the 89th N. Y. V., and after reporting at Washington, was attached to the Burnside expedition during his North Carolina campaign, participating in the battles of Roanoke Island, South Mills, South Mountain and Antietam. At the last named battle he re ceived a gun-shot wound, and remained upon the field, without cover, for ten days, at the end of which time he was conveyed to the hospital at Frederick City, where he remained about one month, when he was transferred to Camden Street Hospital at Baltimore, at which place he remained until the following February, in which month he was dis charged from service on account of disability occasioned by the gun-shot wound. Returning home, he again resumed the study of medicine with Dr. O. G. Orton, of Binghamton, N. Y. (who was at that time demon strator of anatomy in the New York University), as preceptor, and con tinued the study until the Winter of 1863, when, with rank as second lieutenant, he enlisted a company of 100 men for the 14th N. Y. Heavy Artillery, which at that time consisted of only five companies, stationed on Rickor's Island, N. Y. ; but on account of not applying for organiza tion papers, the regiment was filled by other parties before he made ap plication to it, and then, as the men were already mustered into the State service, in order that they might draw their State bounties, were distrib uted among other regiments. Whereupon Mr. Boothe immediately pro ceeded to Washington, joined the medical department, and was assigned to Auger General Hospital in Virginia, where he remained until the seventh day of January, 1865, at which time he returned to his home at Binghamton, N. Y. After remaining at home about two weeks, he went to Janesville, Wis., and obtained a situation as drug clerk in the store of George R. Curtice, and in connection with this and other occu pations, continued the study of medicine, also attending lectures at the Rush Medical College, and in the Spring of 1870, located at Elroy, Wis., as a practicing physician, graduating in medicine the following Winter, since which time he has gained a good reputation as a physician and sur geon. At the opening of the Elroy Seminary, he organized the depart ment of physiology (which proved to be one of its chief features), and gave the instruction, by lectures and demonstrations, for five or six years. He was also president of the institution for several years from its organ ization, and has been President of the village of Elroy ever since it was incorporated. He is a Republican in politics ; was elected as Assembly man from Juneau County in 1876, receiving 1,531 majority, against a Democratic majority of about 300 the previous year. In January, 1865, he was married to Helen J. Shumway, of Rock Co., Wis. They have one child, Laura M., born in 1866. E. ERICKSON, Justice of the Peace, is a native of Sweden, born in 1853 ; emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1854, and settled first at St. Charles, 111., in which vicinity he lived for seventeen years, at the end of which time he came to Wisconsin, and lived in Grant County one Summer, then in Vernon County about five years, after which he came to Elroy, and attended school at the seminary for two years, graduating in the English course, in June, 1878. He then had charge of the public schools of Elroy one year, since which time he has held various agencies; took the census of the town of Plymouth for 1880, and is at present Justice of the Peace. He was married, in March, 1877, to Mary Stone, a native of Wisconsin, born in Grant County, in i860. They have two children, Edith, born Oct. I, 1877, an(i Edward E., born Jan. I, 1879. Mr. E. is a Republican in politics, and is at present Town and Village Clerk.. R. A. FOWLER, farmer, Sec. 29, P. O. Elroy. The subject of this sketch is one of the oldest settlers of Juneau County. He was born in the State of Vermont, in 1821, and in 1836 the family moved into Illi nois, where they lived about four years, at the end of which time, in 1840, they came to Wisconsin and settled in Racine County, where Mr. Fowler was engaged in the manufacture of lumber for eight years. He then purchased a saw mill in Jefferson County, and ran the same about one year, when he sold his mill and removed to Sauk County, and fol lowed the manufacture of lumber at Baraboo for about two years, after which, in the Fall of 1851, he came to Juneau County, located where he now lives, and as soon as surveyed, purchased his present farm from the Government. He now owns 100 acres of choice land, most of which is well improved and has good buildings. Is a Republican in politics. Has been Postmaster and held various local offices. Has been twice married: in 1845, to Mary A. Pulford, a native of New York, born in 1826, and died in April, 1862, leaving five children — Dacatur, Delos, Mary, Mariah and Frank ; in the Fall of 1862, to Mrs. Phcebe Pearson, a native of New York, bom in 1837, who had one child, Emma (Mrs. Walsh), now living at Kendall, Monroe Co. They have one child, Alice May, born Sept. 1, 1866. GEORGE H. HOPPER, hotel keeper, Elroy, is a native of the State of New York, born in Jefferson County, in 1838. Was a resident 388 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. of the State for twenty-five years, during which time he attended school, worked on the farm, and learned the joiner's trade. In 1863, he came to Wisconsin, and was married to Martha A. Wentworth, born in the State of New York, in 1842, and the following Spring, returned to New York State, and remained about three years, after which, in the Fall of 1866, he went to Chicago and remained one year, when he came to Wis consin, living in Rock Co., where he was engaged in farming until Jan uary, 1874, when he came to Elroy and was employed in the railroad office for about five years, since which time he has been proprietor of the Railroad Eating House. Is a Republican, a member of the A.O.U.W. and a Mason. Has one child, Gertrude, born July 7, 1866. J. MAEBY, carpenter and painter, Elroy. A native of Canada, born in 1827 ; learned the cabinet maker's trade, and in the Fall of 1850 came to Wisconsin, settling first at Ripon, where he worked at the car penter and joiner trade for seven years, after which he removed to Co lumbia County and followed the same line of work, also did some farm ing, until 1873, when he came to Elroy and has since worked at carpenter work and painting. Is a Democrat in politics. Has held various local offices. Is a member of the American Legion of Honor, and a strict Temperance man, being a member of the Temple of Honor. Jan. 23, 1877, Mr. Maeby, J. W. Pulford, B. F. Nash, H. W. Nash and John Allison organized an association known as the Elroy Council of Honor, for the purpose of elevating the laboring classes, for mutual improve ment, for charitable and benevolent purposes, and to better provide for the poor and needy in all honorable and legitimate undertakings, of which Mr. Maeby drafted the constitution and by-laws. He was married Sept. 5. 1851, to Selecta Burlinghame, a native of Wisconsin, born in Milwaukee in 1833. They have five children living — Willis, Mary Ella, Albert L., Emma A. and Edith L. T. L. MOE, merchant. Elroy, is a native of Norway, born in 1852. Emigrated to the United States in 1872, and came direct to Elroy, Wis., and engaged in railroading about two years. He then clerked in the store of E. Hart for about four and a half years, since which time he has been carrying on a general mercantile business. Oct. 19, 1877, he was married to Julia Thompson, a native of Norway, born in 185S. They have one child, Lassineus, born in 1880. Mr. Moe is a Republican in politics, and is at present a member of the Village Board. O. P. PIERCE, blacksmith, Elroy, was born at Rochester, N. Y„ June 7, 1827, and in 1834 emigrated with his parents to Michigan, and resided in said State until 1S57, during which time he received a common school education, and learned the blacksmith trade. He then came to Wisconsin, and settled in Sauk County, working at his trade, with the exception of two years, when he was selling goods, until 1877, and Dec. 10, of said year he came to Elroy, and has since carried on a blacksmith business. He has been twice married: Sept. 23, 1849, to Mary A.Evans, a native of Canada, born March 17, 1832, and died July 28, 1850; and Jan. 1, 1851, to Martha N. Hunt, a native of the State of New York, born in August, 1836. They have five children — Anna E., Mary E., Major T., Martha and Eva Maud. Is a Democrat. Has held local offices, and has been a member of the I. O. O. F. since i860, being one of the charter members of the Westfield Lodge, No. 108, Sauk County, Wis. E. S. ROGERS, merchant, Elroy, was born in Keyport, N. J., in 1842, where he lived until 1864, when he came West and settled first at Janesville, Wis., where he was engaged in railroading until the Fall of 1875, when he came to Elroy and followed the same business until the Spring of 1878, since which time he has been engaged in the mercantile business. He is also express agent, a Republican, a member of the I. O. O. F., the A. O. U. W. and a Mason, belonging to the Chapter. Has held various local offices. In 1863, he was married to Emma Sleeper, born in Erie County, N. Y., in 1845. They have two children, Minnie, born Aug. 25, 1864, and Harry, born Oct. 30, 1868. B. F. SMITH, hotel-keeper, Elroy, was born at South Hadley, Mass., in 1824. At the age of 13, he went to Schenectady Co., N. Y., and lived with his brother for three or four years, after which he lived in different localities in the State until about twenty-five years of age, when he came to Wisconsin, settling first in Janesville, where he was engaged in farming most of the time for five or six years ; after which he was en gaged in staging in different parts of ,the State until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the 31st Wis. V., and served until July, 1865. Re turning to Wisconsin, he again followed staging until May 1, 1872 • since which time he has been engaged in the hotel business, at Elroy. Is a Republican, but takes little interest in politics, and is a member of the American Legion of Honor. Dec. 2, 1845, he was married to Sarah A. Soper, born in the State of New York. They have four children living — Anna E., C. Augusta, William Chauncy and Hattie E. E. B. STURDIVANT, foreman car repairs, Elroy, was born in Chautauqua Co.,N. Y., in 1829, and at the age of ten years, removed with his parents to McHenry Co., 111., where they lived two years. Then moved to Erie Co., Penn., and was engaged in the lumber business and worked in the oil regions until 1866, when he came to Wisconsin, living at Monroe, Green Co., until 1872, during which time he was en gaged in drilling wells. He then moved to Fond du Lac, and worked in the car shops one year ; at the end of which time, in February, 1873,- he came to Elroy, and has since been foreman of car repairing for the C. & N. W. R. R. at that place. In November, 1857, he was married to Julia Gray, born in Erie Co., Penn., in October, 1836. They have four children — Ida, Clara, Frank and Edith. Mr. S. is a Republican in politics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. O. C. WATERMAN, hotel-keeper, Elroy, was born at Beloit, Wis., in 1838. Received a common school education, and worked at lumber ing on the Wisconsin River until the Fall of 1873, when he came to Juneau County, and followed farming near Elroy until the Spring of 1881, when he moved into the village, and has since been engaged in hotel business. Was married to Hattie C. Elmer, a native of Wiscon sin. They have four children living — William W., Herbert, Amelia and Charley. DANIEL WHICHER, dealer in real estate, Elroy, one of the oldest settlers in Juneau County, was born in Vermont, in 1813, and was brought by his parents to the State of New York when three years of age. Was a resident of the State for about fifteen years, during which time he received a common school education ; after which, in 1831, he went to Indiana and attended school at the Institute of Hanover one year, after which he followed teaching school and painting, in Indiana and Illinois, until Nov. 13, 1836, when he was married to Lamira Car rier, a native of Vermont, born May 14, 1815 ; and in 1838 came to Wisconsin, settling first at Beloit, where he was engaged in farming for about fifteen years, after which, in 1853, he came Juneau County and continued farming near New Lisbon — where he was one of the first set tlers — until March, 1870, when he came to Elroy, purchased 100 acres of land, most of which he has since sold as village lots. He has built fourteen dwellings, and is at present engaged in real estate. Has four children living — Harriet (now Mrs. Fowler), Hester A. (now Mrs. Norlhcott), Laura A. and Inez Frances. J. W. WIGHTMAN, druggist, Elroy, was born in New London Co., Conn., in 1851, where he lived until thirteen years of age, when the family came to Wisconsin, settling at Werner, Juneau Co., at which place he remained, helping his father — who was engaged in the lumber business — until Jan. I, 1878, with the exception of one year which he spent in the State of Connecticut, attending school. At which time he removed to Wonewoc, where, in partnership with G. W. Bishop, he en gaged in the drug business, under the firm name of Bishop & Wight- man, continuing the same until November, 1879, when they dissolved partnership, and the following May Mr. Wightman came to Elroy, where he is now engaged in the drug trade. He is a Republican, has served two terms as Superintendent of the Schools of Juneau County, a member of the A. O. U. W., and a Mason, belonging to the Chapter. In August, 1878, he was married to Belle Ager, born in Sauk Co., Wis. They have one child, Bessie, born Dec. 17, 1879. JOHN WILCOX, car repairer, Elroy, is a native of England, born in 1849. Emigrated to the United States in 1863, and came direct to Wisconsin, settling first at Lavalle, Sauk Co., where he was engaged in farming for about eight years, at the end of which time he came to Elroy, and has since been engaged in repairing cars on W. Wis. Div. of the C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. Feb. 1, 1874, he wasjmarried to Miss M. E. Sprague, a native of the State of New York, born in 1855. They have one child, Ida, born Jan. 10, 1876. Is a Liberal in politics, a member of the I. O. O. F. and the A. O. U. W. N. B. WILKINSON, attorney, Elroy, is a native of Delaware. Born Jan. 29, 1853 ; was brought by his parents to Pierce Co., Wis., in 1865, where he received a good education, and at the age of eighteen, went to Michigan, and attended the State University, at Ann Arbor, graduating in the law department, in March, 1874. He then returned to Wisconsin, and attended two years at the Stete University at Madi son , after which he returned to Pierce County, and practiced law at River Falls about two years, when he came to Elroy, where we still find him, pursuing his profession in May, 1881, in partnership with D. C. Talbot ; purchased the Plain Talker, and is now publishing the same. Is a Liberal in politics, with Democratic principals, a member of the I. O. O. F., and the I. O. G. T. Was married, in 187b, to Delia Atwater, born in the State of New York, in 1857. They have three children— J., Zillai and Norris. WONEWOC. George Willard was the first settler in what is now known as Wonewoc Village. In August, 1842, in company with Don Carlos Barry and Alexander Draper, he visited this locality and explored the country. In the Winter of 1842-43, Willard, associated with J. Chrystie and Arch Barker, cut a logging road through to Pine Grove. Part of them worked a logging camp there, and Willard operated a camp near Rathburn's mill. During 3oO HW o > en W> o o n p o w o n ¦¦.¦*li! ¦•¦'.'ili ¦: !!i:i;i:!ii 'is "i'li ¦fii;; "lllilii. 'Ill P'1,1 •ii'il'lll! '"lllll.- !|'.h flliK'l •;¦; ii-i III III ¦"¦lllii'l: IIP '¦lir "I'll ¦ill II! Ill1 ¦¦W 'iiiii lilislilif lj|li|P»i B'lli- ''''il 11 • ;• "' ¦ *li',J|l||I "iiiiiiFl '-iiilil lif Sr *¦' llfflll ..mm 'Ml fillflllHIi ''iii! iiiiiiiii tils §¦ »11:;'/ MIMHMh 39° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the same year, they rafted the logs to Sauk City. From the Winter of 1842-43, Willard ran logging camps in the vicin ity of Wonewoc, and in 1849 he rolled down the bluff just back of the residence of Hon. T. K. Dunn over a million feet of logs. In 1851, Mr. Willard cut a road from the State road in Sauk County to Wonewoc, and built a log house on the place now owned by Samuel Veeder, in Plum Valley. In the Summer of this year, he built a saw-mill at Wonewoc, and also a frame building, now known as the Rock House, and moved his family into it. Mrs. Willard was the first white woman who came to this vicinity. Their son Fred, who was born in Wonewoc, November 18, 1853, was the first child born there. In 1854, Delando Pratt came to Wonewoc, purchased a water power from Willard, and the land now occupied by the village, whereon he had the site platted. At that time, the entire ground of the plat was a tangled jungle of bushes, trees and logs, without a house. In 1855, Pratt purchased additional water power from Willard, and built the first grist-mill. Joel Bishop arrived in 1854. He built the first hotel — a por tion of the Frazell House — which he sold the following year to J. Clements. Mr. Clements was the first Postmas ter; he received his commission in the Summer of 1856. The office was kept in his hotel, and Willard carried the mail from Reedsburg twice a week for the proceeds of the office. John Grant, Sr., located at Willard 's Prairie in 185 r. Abram Tawney on the ridge, about a mile and a half from the village. Messrs. Fisher and Ganser located at Union Centre about the same time. When the town was first settled, Plymouth, Wonewoc, Summit and Seven Mile Creek were organized into one town. Then Plymouth and Wonewoc were consolidated, and in 1857, Wonewoc was organized into a separate township, in pursuance to an order of the Board of Supervisors of Adams County. The first election for town officers was held in the office of Daniel Schermerhorn, then a Justice of the Peace, after ward County Judge of Juneau County. From that time onward, Wonewoc steadily increased in size and population. Hard times came with the hop decline of 1868, and con tinued until the opening of the railroad, in 1871. Since then it has improved slowly, but with a steady, healthy growth. Thomas Brown and Thomas Riddle made the first claim and settlement in the town of Plymouth. In May, D. M. Fowler, R. A. Fowler, John H. Fowler and Daniel Fowler made claims and settled in the same neighborhood, on what is now known as Fowler's Prairie. In 1852, a public road was laid out from Fowler's Corners to the Stewart settlement, in Lindina. From this time forward, the sec tion settled up more rapidly. The town was organized November 16, 1854. In 1856, J. M. Brintnall built a saw mill on the Baraboo River, at the east end of the prairie, and the following year, removed to building where the post-office was located ; R. A. Fowler, Postmaster. Wonewoc is a thrifty village, nearly surrounded by high bluffs, situated on the Madison division of the C. & N. W. R. R., in the southwestern town of Juneau County. The Baraboo River runs through it, which furnishes good water power. The various branches of business are well repre sented here, the most important of which, however, is THE CASK WAGON CO. This factory is a two-story frame building, about 300X 300 feet, with iron roof, situated about one half mile south of the railroad depot. It is operated by steam power, and has all the latest improved machinery in use in such estab lishments, both in the woodworking and blacksmithing de partments. It was built in the Winter of 1877-78, by the Wonewoc Manufacturing Company, and operated by them until their failure, in February, 1880, at which time anew company was organized, known as the Wonewoc Wagon Company, and in 1881 it was incorporated as the Case Wagon Company — of which Nathan Fisk is president; William Case, vice-president ; R. Fisk, treasurer, and M. H. Case, secretary — all of whom are men of energy. The business is under the immediate supervision of the last- named officer, who is known as one of the most careful, systematic and prudent business men in the county. The factory furnishes employment for about seventy-five men, and during the year 1881 will turn out about 3,000 wagons. Next to the Case Wagon Company, comes the flour-mill of Cooper & Cary, located on the Baraboo River. It has good machinery, and under the management of Mr. Cooper is doing a fine business. The Bank is owned by P. R. Briggs & Son. It was or ganized in the Spring of 1881, has a capital of $12,000, and is doing a general banking business under the name of The Juneau County Bank. Another important manufacturing interest is the stave factory of S. S. Daun. It is mostly employed in the man ufacture of tight barrel stock, and is one of the finest of its kind in the State. There are two churches in the place, the Methodist Episcopal and German Lutheran Evangelical. The former was built in 1875, has a good membership and a flourishing Sabbath school. Its pulpit is a present supplied by Rev. H. D. Jencks. The latter was built in 1880. Its pastor is Rev. Christian Sauer. The Spiritualists have a strong society, and a building ot their own. J. T. Potter lectures to them weekly when at home. Wonewoc has one of the best school buildings in this section, and always employs a good corps of teachers. F. W. Lee is principal. The first school organized was held in an out-building used as a granary, near the Rock House, in 1854, with Elizabeth Clements as teacher. The present school-house was built in 1874. Value of school property, $5,000. Number of children of school age, 277. Number of children attending school, 225. The secret and benevolent societies are well represented here. Wonewoc Lodge, No. 184, F. & A. M., has a good membership, and is constantly adding to their numbers. Wonewoc Lodge, No. 236, and Juneau Encampment, No. 66, I. O. O. F., have a wide-awake and hard working membership in both branches. HISTORY OF JUNEAU COUNTY. 391 Wonewoc Lodge, No. 64, of the A. O. U. W., is constant ly increasing its membership, and as several thousand dol lars have been paid to families of deceased brethren, it has the entire confidence of the people. Harmony Lodge, No. 251, of the I. O. G. T., has a good membership, is a flourishing society and is doing a good work. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. A. B. BOORMAN, a promising young man born on the Atlantic Ocean, Sept. 6, 1862. His parents lived at Castile, N. Y., about six years, when they moved to Homsville, N. Y,, where they lived about seven years, when they returned to Castile. On the return of the family to Castile, Mr. Boorman, then thirteen years of age, was engaged in a planing mill, where he spent the Summer, and attended school during the Winter. The next two years he spent in school and in the employ of the " Castile Water Cure." During the Winter of 1879-80 he was in the employ of the N. Y. & E. R. R., and in March, 1880, he came to Mauston, Wis., at which place his parents were already living. The year of 1880 he spent working in the mills at Mauston, and in the Spring of 1881 he was engaged by the Case Wagon Company, of Wonewoc, at which place he is now working. He is gaining many friends, being an honest young man, with good habits. M. H. CASE, manufacturer, Wonewoc, was born in Waukesha County, Sept. 2, 1849. In the Spring of 1857, the family moved to Por tage City, Wis., and at the age of fourteen Mr. Case entered the railroad freight office of the Milwaukee & Minnesota R. R., now known as the Northern Division of the C, M. & St. P. R. R., where he had entire charge of the business for three years, his father being freight agent at the time. He then clerked in the store of N. H. Wood & Co., and in January, 1867, he entered the Commercial College, of Portage City, where he graduated in March of the same year, after which he went to Winona. Minn., where he was employed as book-keeper and cashier in the dry goods house of N. H. Wood, and, as Mr. Wood was absent most of the time, Mr. Case had the entire management of the business for one year. In March, 1868, he went to Mauston, Wis., and became one of the partners of the hardware firm of S. S. Case & Son, where he had en tire charge of the business, and in March, 1880, he purchased his part ner's interest, and carried on the business alone until April, 188 1, when he sold to J. Marvin. In June, 1880, he purchased an interest in the Wonewoc Wagon Company, which has since been incorporated as the Case Wagon Company, and in July came to Wonewoc, and has since taken charge of the office. He was married, in 1872, to Carrie E. Tem ple, born in New York, in 1852. They have four children — Henry C, M. Louise, M. Eugene and Edwin L. Mr. Case is a Republican in pol itics, a member of the A. F. & A. M., and is considered one of the best business men in the Northwest. T. K. DUNN, publisher Wonewoc Reporter, was born' in the town of Groton, Vt., on the thirty-first day of December, 1836. At the age of six teen he commenced teaching school, and has since taught eighteen terms. He attended the Caledonia County Grammar School seven terms, and in August, i860, he came to Wisconsin, and settled at Prairie Du Sac, where he was engaged in farming and teaching school until 1870, when he re moved to Wonewoc, and engaged in the insurance, real estate and col lection agency, and on April 1, 1876, went into partnership with George Schlosser; started the Wonewoc Reporter. In 1877, he purchased his partner's interest, and edited the paper alone until May, 1879, when he took in Lem Reeves as a partner for one year, since which time Mr. Dunn has edited and published the Reporter alone. He has held various local offices ; has been Town Clerk eight years, and Village Clerk two years ; Justice of the Peace eight years, and was elected Assemblyman in 1881. In i860, he was married to Julia A. Bennett, born in Ver mont, April 15, 1843. They have six children — Nettie, Herbert H. (who is now editor of the Mocking Bird, a small paper published in the Reporter office), Willie, Ivan S., Charley H. and Jennie C. W. H. FILLER, merchant, was born in Ohio, in 1850, where he received a common school education, and worked at farming until 1875, when he came to Wonewoc, Wis., and clerked in the store of J. G. Funk until the Fall of 1877, when J.G. Funk died, and Mr. Filler, in partner ship with W. H. Funic, purchased the stock, and have since carried on a general mercantile business, under the firm name of Filler & Funk. In June, 1880, Mr. Filler was married to Sarah Lawsha, a native of Wis consin. He is a Liberal in politics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. NATHAN FISK, manufacturer, Wonewoc, is one of the first set tlers, as well as one of the most prominent men of Wonewoc. He was born in the State of Vermont, in 1830. In 1835, the family moved to Erie Co., N. Y„ where they lived about twenty years. In 1853, Mr. Fisk was married to Roda Fuller, born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1834. In 1855, he concluded to try the Western country, and accordingly started lor Wisconsin, arriving at Wonewoc in July. He at on'ce purchased 120 acres of land, to which he has since been adding, so that he now owns about 1,500 acres. Mr. Fisk is president of the Case Wagon Company, a sketch of which is found in other parts of the book. He has been Treasurer of Juneau County one term, and is a Liberal in politics, with Democratic principles. He has one son, Theodore, who is married and living in Wonewoc. R. FISK, merchant, Wonewoc. The subject of this sketch was born in the State of Vermont, in 1833, and in 1835 the family moved to Erie Co., N. Y., where he lived about twenty years. In the Spring of 1855, Mr. Fisk was married to Mary Pierce ; she was born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1836. Soon after their marriage, they started West, via the lakes, to Milwaukee ; thence by train, arriving at Wonewoc, July 5, 1855, and immediately purchased 200 acres of Government land, and commenced farming, which business, in connection with hunting and trapping, he followed for ten or twelve years, after which he worked in a store, hunt ed and trapped until 1876, when he engaged in mercantile business, which he is still following. Mr. Fisk is also one of the stockholders of the Case Wagon Company. He has held various town offices, is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the A. O. U. W. The children living are Julius B., Reuben H. and James W. JULIUS B. FRAZELL, deceased, was one of the old residents of Wonewoc, born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1824, and was a resident of that State until 1856, during the latter part of which time he was engaged in trade in Chautauqua County, when he removed to Michigan, and, in the Fall of 1858, he came to Wisconsin and settled in Wonewoc, engag ing the mercantile business until after the " hop crash " of 1868, after which he kept the Frazell House until his death, Jan. 13, 1877. Mr. Frazell served one term as one of the Commissioners of Juneau County, under the County Commissioner system ; was elected a member of the Assembly in the Fall of 1862, and, during the session of 1863, cast the first vote Matt. H. Carpenter ever received for the United States Senate, and, although diffeiing from Carpenter in politics, was a strong Carpen ter man during the Senatorial contest of 1875. The funeral ceremonies were held on Monday, Jan. 15, 1877, and, although a stormy day, there was a large attendance. He was buried with the impressive ceremonies of the I. O. O. F., of which order he was for a long time a member. He left a wife and two children, Etta and Clinton. Mrs. Frazell is now keeping the Frazell House, which is the leading hotel of Wonewoc. W. H. FUNK, merchant, was born at Ft. Atkinson, in i860, and was a resident f>f said place until 1872, when he came to Wonewoc and attended school most of the time for about two years, then clerked for his brother, J. G. Funk, for about one year, after which he attended school part of the time and helped his father, who was engaged in the timber business, until the Fall of 1877, when, in partnership W. H Filler, he engaged in the mercantile business, and has since been carry ing on the same under the firm name of Filler & Funk. Mr. Funk is a promising young man, having a good start in life, and will no doubt be a success. W. R. HILL, carpenter, Wonewoc, was a native of the State of New York, born in 1835, and, in 1840, went with his parents to Illinois, living near Elgin about ten years, after which the family moved into Michigan and remained one Winter, and in the Spring came to Wiscon sin, settling first in Racine County, where Mr. Hill received an academic education, and, in the Spring of 1854, came to Wonewoc, built the Ju neau County House, and, in partnership with his brother, carried on a hotel business. He then sold his interest and followed teaching school and carpenter work about five years, after which he was engaged in cabinet business until 1865, when he enlisted in Co. A, 52d Wis. V. I., and served until the close of the war. After the war, he returned to his home at Wonewoc, but was in very poor health for three or four years, since which time he has been engaged in cabinet work. In September, 1861, he was married to Angelina Rankin, a native of Wisconsin. They have four children living — William F., Lydia A., Oren L. and Ellen. Mr. Hill is a Republican in politics, has been Town Superintendent of Schools, Justice of the Peace, and held various other local offices. C. D. HUFF, retired merchant, Wonewoc. The subject of this sketch is one of the most prominent men of Wonewoc. He was born in Philadelphia, Penn., on the 2d day of August, 1828. At the age of twelve he commenced work in a store, which he followed until sixteen years of age, when he, being a poor boy, concluded he had better learn a trade, and accordingly commenced the carpenter's trade, which he fol lowed in Philadelphia until 1855, when he concluded to see some of the Western country, and so he started for St. l-ul, Minn., via railroad to Rock Island, thence up the Mississippi River, landing at St. Paul, May 4 ; but as there were already too many mechanics in St. Paul, he only remained three days, when he descended the river to Galena, and started for Madison, Wis., as he had been told that was a good point for mechanics ; but he found it but little better than St. Paul, and in a few days he met a man who advised him to go to Baraboo, to which place he went and spent the Summer. In the Fall, he came to Wonewoc and built the first frame house in the place, he being the first carpenter of Wonewoc. Mr. Huff followed his trade until 1869, when he engaged in the mercantile business which he followed until 1880, when he retired from business. Mr. Huff is a Republican in politics, and has held vari- 392 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ous town, village and school offices; is a member of the I. O. O. F., to which order he has belonged since 1849. In 1851, he was married I to Ella Hufnal, and had one son, William H., who is now engaged in the mercantile business. In 1853, his wife died, and, in 1858, he married his second wife, Helen Starling, born in Jefferson County, N.Y.,in 1841. They have had five children, two of whom are living, Florence Augusta and Ruth Devon. Wn«A J% - JEFF. T. HEATH, manufacturer, Wonewoc, was born in Jefferson Co., N.Y., in 1839, where he lived with his parents, receiving a good common-school education, in connection with which he was educated as an engineer and surveyor. In 1853, he came to Wisconsin, stopping in Walworth County about one year, after which he came to Juneau County, settling at New Lisbon, where he engaged in the mercantile business for ten years. He then came to Wonewoc and engaged in the mercantile and manufacturing business, and is still following the same. He built the Valley saw-mill in 1873-4, and ran thesame until 1879, when he sold it and built the mill at Crossman, which he is still running. He is also interested in lumber, produce and other business, dealing extensively in real estate. He also owns a stock farm of 500 acres, and other small farms and timber lands, so that his real estate amounts to nearly 2,000 acres. Mr. Heath has been Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Surveyor and is at present President of the Village Board. He is a Democrat in politics, and a Mason, belonging to the Chapter and Commandery. In December, 1868, he was married to Eva Smith, born in Ohio, in 1842. They have one child, Huberta, born Nov. 24, 1880. HIRAM D. JENCKS, pastor Methodist Episcopal Church, Wone woc. Is a native of the State of New York ; born in Livingston County, in 1826; where he received a good education, and in 1851 commenced the study of medicine, under Dr. J. H. Way, and followed the same until 1854, when he came to Wisconsin, settling in Dane County, where he followed farming for a few years. But as he worked along he con cluded that farming was not his calling, and accordingly, in i860, he commenced preaching, and in 1863, entered the Methodist Episcopal Conference ; after which he preached three years at Westfield, Marquette Co.; one year at Strongs Prairie, Adams Co.; two years at Oxford and Mon ticello, Marquette Co.; one year at Poynette, Columbia Co.; two years at Argyle, La Fayette Co.; two years at Juda, Monroe Co., and one year at Black Earth, Dane Co. He was then in the Fall of 1874, appointed by Bishop Ames, as State Lecturer and Organizer of the Sons of Tem perance, which appointment he held for about one year, during which time he organized ninety divisions, receiving the congratulations of the press and people wherever he went, and as he was found to be a success, he was appointed the following year, by Bishop Wiley, to the same posi tion in the State of Ohio, where he lectured one year with grand success. After which he returned to Wisconsin and preached two years at De Soto, Vernon Co.; then two years at Tunnel City and LaGrange, Monroe Co., and Oct. 1, 1880, he was appointed to Wonewoc, where he is now pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Jencks is an eloquent speaker, good reasoner, and a gentleman esteemed by all who know him. He was married in 1847, to Ann Mariah Larash ; born in Pennsylvania, in 1824. They have four children living — Herbert Duane, born Aug. 16,1850, and is now practicing medicine at Lake Benton, Minn.; Walter Cawasso born Oct. 7, 1852, engaged in the harness and saddlery business at Argyle, Wis.; Calvin Judd, born Aug. 25. 1855, is employed by the Case Wagon Co., of Wonewoc ; Estella May, born July 25, l86i,and is living with her parents. JOHN LAWS HA, retired, Wonewoc. Is a native of New Jersey born in 1820. In 1840, he was married to Lany A. Flickner ; born in New Jersey, in 1821, and engaged in farming. In 1855, he came to Wis consin and settled in Sauk County, where he followed farming until 1865, when he gave his farm to his two sons, who had just returned from the war ; and he moved into the village of Delton, where he engaged in the mercantile business. In 1872, when he came to Wonewoc and followed the same business until June, 1880, when he sold to Mrs. M. A. Huff, and retired from business. Mr. Lawsha is a Republican, a member of the A., F. & A. M., and the I. O. O. F. The children living are— Jona than R., born March 17, 1841 ; George, born Sept. 23, 1842 ; Jacob, born Jan. 19, 1844 ; Hannah, Oct. 3, 1846; Emma, born Aug. 1, 1849; Sarah, born Nov. 20, 1858, and John, born, Feb. 21, 1865. O. F. LEE, merchant, Wonewoc. Was born in Jefferson Co., N.Y., Aug. 25, 1847. When he was eight years of age the family came west settled in Jefferson Co., Wis., where they lived one year; they then moved to Marshall, Dane Co., where Mr. Lee learned the harness trade. In 1868, he came to Wonewoc and followed his trade most of the time until June, 1880, when he engaged as clerk in the store of A. Meinhold. Mr. Lee owns the store in which he clerks, and other real estate in Wonewoc. He is a Republican ; a member of the A., F. & A. M ; the I. O. O. F. and the A. O. U. W. Has been a member of the Board of Supervisors several terms, and is at present Village Treasurer. In 1872, he was married to Margaret Wolfenden, only daughter of Joseph Wolf- enden ; born in England, May, 1854. They have two children, Bessie F., born Feb. 15, 1873, and Rolland, born March 29, 1875. J. C. McCUTCHEN, station and express agent, Wonewoc. Is a native of Ohio ; born in Ashland County, in 1854. In 1857, the family moved to El Paso, 111., and in 1866, Mr. McCutchen went to Chats- worth, where he was engaged as clerk in the post-office until 1874, when he went to New Ulm, Minn., and entered the railroad office, where he served as clerk about one year ; then at Waseka about seven months ; after which he went to Baraboo, Wis., and acted as time-keeper at the railroad shops for two years ; then he went to Elroy, where he was em ployed as cashier for the C. & N. W. and the C, St. P., M. & O. R. R.'s for three years, after which, in June, 1880, he came to Wonewoc, and has since served as station and express agent. Mr. McCutchen takes no in terest in politics more than to perform his right as a citizen. He is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and the A. O. U. W. At Baraboo, Wis., Dec. 19, 1879, he was married to Ada Hull, born in the State of New York, in 1859. T. E. MATTESON, merchant, Wonewoc. Is a native of Vermont. Born in 1824. He lived with his parents until 1844, when he went to Boston, where he engaged in the mercantile business for about twelve years, during which time, in 1848, he was married to Sarah B. Dudley, born in the State of Maine, in 1822. In 1856, Mr. Matteson started west, arriving at Wonewoc in April, and at once engaged in the mercan tile business, and is still following the same. He is Postmaster at Wone woc, which office he has held since 1865. Is a Republican in politics. The children are, Mary, now Mrs. Hampton, and Ulysses. DUANE MOWRY, attorney, Wonewoc, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1853, and in 1856 the family came to Wisconsin, settling at Madison, where they lived until 1862, when they moved on a farm south of the city, and in 1863, moved to Windsor, where they followed farm ing. At the age of seventeen, Mr. Mowry commenced teaching school, which he followed during the Winter season for four years, attending school at the University of Madison during the Summer seasons. In September, 1874, he entered the Law School of Madison, where he grad uated in June, 1875. In 1876, he went to Niellsville, Clark Co., where he practiced law one year; then he went to Independence, Iowa, and followed law practice until Jan. 12, 1878, when he came to Wonewoc, and formed a law partnership with R. A. Wilkinson, with whom he practiced until August, when they dissolved partnership, since which time Mr. Mowry has been practicing alone. He is also agent for several insurance companies ; is Court Commissioner of Juneau County, Justice of the Peace, a Democrat in politics, and a Mason. At Independence, Iowa, Feb. 24, 1880, he was married to Josia M. Ensminger, who was born in Ohio. They have one child, Don E., born Dec. 13, 1880. ANTHONY OLDFIELD, farmer, Sec. 6, P. O. Elroy, is one of the first settlers of Wonewoc ; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1823. In 1853, he was married to Elizabeth Brown, born in Scotland in 1831, and in 1856 emigrated to the United States, and came direct to Wone woc, purchased land and commenced farming. In 1857, he purchased his present farm of 196 acres, and has since improved one-half of the same. Mr. Oldfield has been a member of the Town Board several terms, and is a Republican in politics. The children are ; Margaret, John B., William, Anthony and Jessie, HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 393 J. L. POTTER, lecturer, Wonewoc, is a native of Massachusetts, born in 1836, where he received a good common school education, and in. 1854 commenced lecturing on Spiritualism, and followed the same in the New England States until 1861, when he came West, lecturing in Iowa until 1868, since which time he has been following his profession in Wisconsin, living at Wonewoc since June, 1875. He takes no interest in politics, more than to perform his right as a citizen. JOHN PRICE, Jr., hardware merchant, Wonewoc, was born in Wales, in 1848, and in 1849 the family emigrated to the United States, and came direct to Portage City, Wis., where they lived eight years ; they then moved to Mauston, where they lived two years, thence to New Lisbon. At the age of fifteen, Mr. Price commenced teaching school, which he followed until 1868, when he entered the Wayland University, of Beaver Dam, Wis., where he remained eleven terms, when he gradu ated and returned to Juneau County, and again followed teaching until August, 1874, when he engaged in the hardware business with his brother Richard, under the firm name of Price Bros., and is still carrying on the same. Mr. Price has been Deputy Sheriff two terms, Supervisor of Vil lage two terms, and is at present Secretary of the High School at Wone woc. He is a Republican and a Mason, belonging to the Chapter. In December, 1873, he was married to Hattie A. Babcock, born in LaFay- ette Co., Wis., Aug. 28, 1851. They have one child, Clinton G., born Jan. 3. 1875. J. E. SMITH, M. D., Wonewoc, was born in Washington, Ohio, in 1848. A' the age of seventeen, he commenced the study of medicine, reading with Dr. H. T. Grierfor four years, during which time, in the Winter of 1867-8, he attended the Medical College at Ann Arbor, Mich. During the Winter of 1869-70, he attended lectures at the Ohio Medical College of Cincinnati, where he graduated, March 1, 1870, being but twenty-one years of age at that time. After leaving college, he returned to Washington, Ohio, where he practiced medicine, carrying on a drug business at the same time, for six years, when, in September, 1876, he came to Wonewoc, where he is now following his profession. Dr. Smith is a Democrat, a member of the A. O. U. W., and a Mason. On the eighteenth day of October, i87i,he was married to Mary H. Michener, born in Belmont Co., Ohio, June 3, 1S51. They have five children — Charles M., Frank D., Bessie Lee, Mary S. and Blanche. R. A. WILKINSON, attorney, Wonewoc, was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1847 ; emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1857, and came direct to Wisconsin, settling in Sauk County. When at the age of twenty-one, he was admitted to the Bar, and in 1867, he was married to Mary Jane Lycan. She was born in Sauk Co., Wis., in 1848. They moved to Mauston, Juneau Co., in 1869, where Mr. W. followed the practice of law until 1877, when he came to Wonewoc, and is now dealing in general produce, agricultural implements, etc. He is also proprietor of the Juneau House. Mr. Wilkinson has held various local offices, has been District Attorney two terms, Chairman of the County Board one term, a member of the same two termsj and is at present Chairman of the Town Board and President of the village of Wone woc. He is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. The children are Clarence R., Samuel, Claud and Mattie. GEORGE WILLARD, liveryman, Wonewoc, is the oldest settler of Wonewoc, a native of Vermont, born at Burlington in the year 1820. Moved into the State of Michigan in the year 1837, stopping at Allegan one year. Then in the Fall of 1838, he went to Chicago, where he lived about three years. He then came into the State of Wisconsin, living in Kenosha County about eighteen months, when he returned to Chicago and spent the Winter, and the following Spring came to Baraboo, Sauk Co., Wis., where he lived about nine years, during which time, in part nership with his brother Edmund, he built the second saw mill located on the Baraboo River, and as there were no railroads in Wisconsin at that time, he hauled the iron from Chicago with teams, a distance of 175 miles. In 1851, as they were getting all their logs from up the river, they concluded to build a mill nearer the forest, and accordingly came to Wonewoc, built a saw mill, and with the exception of J. T. Clement, who was their millwright, were the only settlers of the place for two years. In 1855, the mill was destroyed by fire, but they rebuilt it, and in 1858 sold the same, after which, for about twelve years, Mr. Willard followed various occupations, took a trip to the Rocky Mountains and other places of note. In 1869, he moved to Mauston, rented an elevator, and dealt in general produce for three years, when he returned to Wonewoc, living on his farm two years ; then he moved into the village, dealing in wood for the railroad company about two years, when he en gaged in the livery business, which he is still following. In December, 1847, he was married to Lucinda Washburn. They have seven children — Lucretia, Harriet E., Frederick, Emma, G. M., Edwin A. and Chester A. UNION CENTER. This thrifty station, located on Sections 16 and 21, in the town of Wonewoc, is two miles north and west of the village of Wonewoc, It? numerous business houses and prominent residents are represented by the following biog raphical sketches : BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HENRY BARNEY, manufacturer, Union Center, was born in Jef ferson County, N. Y., in May, 1852. When six years of age, the family came to Wisconsin, and stopped at Ripon about six months, at the end of which time they came to Juneau County, and settled at Wonewoc, where he lived until fifteen years of age, when they went to Mauston, where he finished his education and worked in a store two years ; then ran a peddling wagon one season ; then worked on a farm one season. He next spent one year traveling over some of the western country, after which he returned to Wisconsin and followed logging near Wonewoc a short time ; then burned lime two years; and Feb. 22, 1877, he was married to Hattie A. Sweet, => native of Wisconsin, born in Juneau County, July 12, i860. They have one child living, Ernest Waldo, born May 4, 1880. He then followed teaming at Wonewoc for two years, after which he purchased an interest in the saw mill of which he is now sole proprietor, and is doing a business of about $7,000 a" year. M. M. CORSAW, dealer in produce, Union Center, was born in Pennsylvania in June, 1832. In 1844, the family emigrated to Wiscon sin, settling in the town of Exeter, Green Co. At the age of seventeen, Mr. Corsaw went into Dane County, and worked at his trade as carpenter and joiner for about seven years, during which time he became a firm believer in Spiritualism, and performed some wonderful feats as a medium. But at present does not believe in spirits, attributing his feats more to electricity. He then came to Richland Center, where he fol lowed his trade for two years, when, on account of his wife's sickness, he returned to Dane County, in order to employ their family physician, Dr. Fox. After remaining in Dane County about two years, he went to Vernon County, and followed farming as an occupation for about sixteen years, when he sold his farm, and in 1873 came to Union Center, and engaged in the mercantile business, which he followed with success until March 19, 1881, when he sold his store, and is now dealing in general produce, also hoop poles, handling about $12,000 per year of the latter. Has held various local offices, is a Republican in politics, a member of the I. O. O. F. and a Mason. He has been married three times : in 1S55, to Harriet Johnson, born in the State of New York, and died in August, 1857, leaving one child, Lillian, now living near Milwaukee ; Aug. 29, 1859, to Martha Custer, born in Ohio, and died August, 1870, leaving three children — P. Earl, Chas. W. and Lester E., all living at home ; Aug. 21, 1872, to Mary Barge, born in Pennsylvania. They have one child, Carrie M., born June 18, 1879. Mr. Corsaw enlisted in the 43d Wis. Vols., in 1864, and served until June, 1865, when he was discharged on account of disability occasioned by a tumor on the liver. F. L. DAVIS, station and express agent, Union Center, was born in Cattaraugus County, N. Y., in 1848, and at the age of thirteen years, started out to battle with the world. Coming to Wisconsin, he stopped in Adams County about six months, and then went to Vernon County, where he was engaged in teaching school for about six years, after which he attended school at Jefferson one year, since which time he has been station and express agent at Union Center. He owns a fine lot, on which he is building one of the best two-story houses in the village. July 15, 1876, he was married to Laura Abbott, a native of Wisconsin, born in Vernon County in 1857. They have two children, Leora May and an infant boy. He is Republican. Has been Justice of the Peace two years, and is at present Notary Public. JOB N. GRANT, farmer, Sec. 8, P. O. Union Center, is one of the early settlers and prominent men of Juneau County. He is a native of England, born in 1832. When eight years of age, he was brought by his parents to the United States, and lived in the State' of New York until 1850, where he received a common school education and worked at farming. He then came to Wisconsin ; stopped in Jefferson County one Summer, after which he came to what is now Juneau County, and in 1851 settled on the place where he now lives. In the Fall of 1852, he cut the road from his place to Wonewoc, and also helped open the road to Mauston, over which he drove the first team. In March, 1853, he went to California and remained six years and three months, where he was engaged in farming and teaming, and cleared just one dollar above expenses during the entire time. He then returned to Wisconsin and purchased 160 acres of his present farm, but he now owns 240, much of which is well improved and has good buildings. Nov. 17, 1863, he was drafted into the army but paid $300 for a substitute. Is a Demo crat in politics. Has been a member of the Assembly one term and held various local offices. Was married in 1859, to Julia N. Huff, born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1840. They have five children — William R., Mary E., B. H., Phcebe L. and Charles N. REV. FATHER GEORGE KELLER, Catholic priest, Union Center, is a native of Europe, born in Alsace in the year of 1823, where he was well educated in French. Emigrated to the United States in 1854, and went direct to St. Paul, Minn., where he was ordained as priest, and in 1857 built the first German church in St. Paul. In 1858, he went to Faribault, where he had charge of several counties until 394 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1869. He then went to Duluth, where he remained until 1873, after which he came to the La Crosse Diocese and was located at Eau Claire, Eagle Point, Menomonie, Durand and El Paso, until the Fall of 1876, when he went to Prairie du Chien and remained about six months, since which time he has been at Elroy, Union Center, Greenwood and Wood land. Rev. Keller's principal business is to build churches, which he has done at nearly all places where he has been located. He is a very pleasant, sociable gentleman, liked by all who know him. R. G. KINGSLEY, merchant, Union Center, was born in Cleve land, Ohio, in 1853. In 1856, the family moved to Wisconsin and set tled first in Monroe, where he received a common school education, and at the age of fifteen commenced railroading as telegraph operator and station agent on the W. W. R. R. now the C, St. P., M. & O. R. R. and followed the same about seven years, being stationed at St. Paul during the last four years, after which, in the Fall of 1876, he went to Tomah and engaged in mercantile business for about fifteen months. He then went to Norwalk and followed the same business at that place until the Fall of 1880, when he came to Union Center and has since carried on a general mercantile business. June 9, 1879, he was married to Maggie M. Moore, a native of Canada. They h^tve one child, Mabel Louise, born Feb. 22, 1881. Politics, Republican. H. SCHUENEMAN, hotel-keeper. Union Center, was born in Ger many, in 1840; emigrated to the United States in 1864, settling first at Watertown, Wis., where he was employed in the machine shops of the O, M. & St. P. R. R. for two years, when he came to Juneau County, engaging in hotel-keeping for two years and saloon business for nearly five years at New Lisbon, when he sold out and came to Union Center ; built the Union Center Hotel and has since been keeping the same. June 12, 1873, he was married to Margaret Aegerter, born in Ft. Atkin son, Wis. They have one child, Louisa. Mr. P. is a Democrat in pol itics, a member of the I. O. O. F. and a Mason. CHARLES SLEEPER, manufacturer, Union Center, was born in Vermont in 1833, and in 1837 the family moved to Erie Co., N.Y. .where he received a common school education ; learned the wagon-maker's trade, and at the age of eighteen concluded to see some of the country, and accordingly traveled over a great part of the United States for about five years, working at his trade in different localities, after which, in i860, he was married to Julia Peterson, a native of Wisconsin, born in Dane County, in 1834, and lived in Illinois until 1864, when he moved into Wisconsin, settling first in Green County, where he was engaged in farming about one year, when his wife died, leaving two children, Mil dred and Ira. He then sold his farm and was traveling around in dif ferent localities until January, 1876, when he was married to Mary E. Jackson, born in Binghamton, N. Y., in July, 1851, and engaged in the manufacture of staves at Lavall, Sauk Co., which business he followed about three years, when he sold his interest and acted as machinist for the Wonewoc Manufacturing Co. about eighteen months, putting up all their machinery and making all their patterns and teaching their men how to build wagons by machinery, after which he was foreman of the factory until the company failed and changed hands. He then, in May, 1880, purchased the Forbs & Thompson mill property, which he has greatly improved, and is now running the same. Is a Democrat, but takes little interest in politics except to perform his rights as a citizen. GERMANTOWN. Germantown is a small village, situated at the junction of the Wisconsin and Yellow rivers. The important in dustries, are the mills of Messrs J. Arnold and McQueen, Davis & Co. The former manufacture annually, 5,000,000 feet of lumber and the latter, 7,000,000. Outside of the supply stores connected with the mills, there is the usual representation of business. The lumber manufactured is run down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi Valley, which furnishes a market. The village has a graded school and Masonic lodge, also a Lodge of Good Templars. The only religious institution in the village is a mission of the Methodist Church. WERNER. In the Winter of 1849-50, John Werner sold out his in terest in the firm of T. Weston & Co., at Necedah, and, in 1856, located at the present village of Werner, in German- town, and subsequently became its original proprietor. The first settlement made in the village of Germantown was in 1848, by Uriah Hill and Usal V. Jeffreys, for T. Weston & Co. The shanties and other improvements were situated on the present site of that village. In 185 1, Messrs. Weston & Co. sold all that part of their claim to Walter B. Gage and Jacob Gundlach. The land was purchased from the Government in the Fall of 1852, and subsequently Messrs. Gage and Gundlach laid out and platted the village of Germantown. In 1856, Messrs. William & D. R. W. Williams purchased an interest from Mr. Werner, and erected a saw-mill at that place. This property has changed hands several times, and is now owned by McQueen, Davis & Co. In 1859, Mr. Werner built another saw-mill a short distance below the village, and in i860, sold it to its present proprietor, Mr. J. Arnold. Michael Banfield and Frank Canfield made the first settlement in the town of Armenia, near Cranberry Creek, on the road leading from Necedah up the river. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. E. R. McQUEEN, manufacturer, Werner, was born in Oneida Co,. N.Y., in 1824. Received a common school education and followed lum bering in said county until 1861, at which time he came to Wisconsin and first settled at Necedah, where he acted as foreman of the mill now owned by J. W. Bradford & Son until April, 1870. He then went in partnership with L. F. Davis and John G. Wightman, purchased the mill property at Werner, and the business has since been carried on under the firm name of McQueen, Davis & Co. The firm employs on an average about 100 men, and manufactures about 10,000,000 feet of lumber annually. Mr. McQueen has been twice married — in 1859, to Elizabeth Hurd, a native of Pennsylvania. She died at Necedah, Wis., in 1863, leaving two children, Alonzo W. and Elizabeth, both living in Allegany Co., N.Y. In the Fall of 1868, he married Abba Haxton, a native of Rhode Island. They have two children, Henry and Mabel. JOHN G. WIGHTMAN, Mauston, was born in Connecticut, Ma ch 2, 1848 ; was a resident of the State until sixteen years of age. He then came to Werner and worked for the firm of E. D. Wightman & Co. until 1870, since which time he has been a partner in the firm of Mc Queen, Davis & Co. He was married in the Spring of 1880 to Miss Nel lie E. Goodrich, then of Werner, but formerly of Chicago, HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 395 JACKSON COUNTY PHYSICAL FEATUBES. This county is in the western part of the State, in the second tier of counties from the Mississippi River, and about the center of that portion bounded by the same stream. The surface presents great diversity being divided by numerous ridges into high and low lands. The soil in the central and eastern portion is a sandy loam, in terspersed with numerous swamps adapted to hay grow ing, where also are found extensive cranberry marshes. The soil of Trempealeau Valley is especially rich and the home of many of the wealthiest farmers in the county. The entire region is abundantly supplied with water, while numerous streams furnish complete drainage ; the Black River and its tributaries draining the east ern and southern parts, Trempealeau and its affluents the western and northern districts ; Black, Trempea leau, Beaver and Beef rivers each having its course through the valley lands and each separated from its neighbor by a series of ridges, forming divides, four in number, which are tillable only to a certain extent. The county is about equally divided into land suscepti ble of the usual cultivation, that adapted to hay grow ing and cranberry culture, and a portion that is a sand bed. The first is productive of all the cereals of the lati tude, especially wheat, with quantities of rye, oats, barley, hops and potatoes. Grasses grow luxuriantly, while clover, wild and tame hay return large crops. Apple, peach and pear do not flourish in this region, but small fruits and vegetables grow in abundance. In later years the finer breeds of horses, cattle and hogs, have been introduced into the county, and considerable interest has arisen in that direction. All kinds of game is found, and wolves are occasionally captured, where by sheep-folds are less liable to be visited by these mutton-loving animals, and premiums are secured for the scalps of the carniverous beasts. Railroad facilities are good, there being the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha, completed in 1869, which en ters the county on the third township west of the south east corner and departs from the second east of the northwest corner, crossing the county diagonally, with a branch line completed to Neillsville, in Clark County, during July, 1881, and the Green Bay & Minnesota, finished in 1874. It enters centrally on the east, and describing a curve two miles to the north, enters the Trempealeau Valley ; passing thence southwest it de parts at a central point on the western limit. The junction of the two roads is at Merrillan. The only one of the Lower Silurian formations oc curring in Jackson County is the Potsdam sandstone, which forms the basement rock of the southern por tion, the Archaean rocks rising to the surface in the northern portion, and the bed of Black River. The peculiar irregularities of the line of junction between the two formation, the extension southward along the stream valleys of long strips of crystalline rocks', the corresponding northward extension, along the divides of the sandstone and the difficulties met with in trac ing the boundary are very apparent. The larger portion of the sandstone area in eastern Jackson County is within the region of heavy timber, chiefly pine. In the western part small pines mingle With the small oaks that are characteristic of nearly all of central Wisconsin, the growth of timber in nearly all of these portions being scant and small and associated with a loose sandy soil. On the northern part of the divide between Yellow and Black rivers, however, the sandstone is deeply buried beneath clay drift, as a result of which excellent clay soils, and a heavy growth of hard wood timber are to be found. Usually the sandstone of Jackson County is but a thin covering upon the crystalline rocks, which appear in all of the deeper stream valleys. High bluffs of the sandstone, however, occur, carrying its thickness up in to the hundreds of feet, and bearing witness to the great thickness which once must have existed. Along Black River, from Neillsville to Black River Falls, sandstone is quite frequently exposed in or near the banks of the river, the bed of which is on the crys talline rocks. On the southwest quarter of Section 3, Township 24, Range 2 west, west of the river, is a sandstone outlier 175 feet high, and about one-third of a mile in length, the upper portions of which are perpendicular ledges of bare rock. The sandstone is heavily bedded, indurated, coarse grained and light colored. From the summit of the bluff a number of other similar outliers can be seen, dotting the country to the west and south and one or two to the north. At Black River Falls, the crystalline rocks are largely exposed, the river passing through a gorge in the gneiss and granite. The ground rises rapidly from the river on both sides, especially the western, and on both sides the granite and gneiss are overlaid by sand stone. At the top of the hill on which the High School building stands, wells pass through eighty feet of sand and gravel into sandstone. Opposite Ledyard's old mill in the bend of the river below the village, twenty-five feet of sandstone over lie the gneiss. The sandstone here is the usually coarse crumbly rock and includes layers of greenish and red dish shale, the lowest layer being a fine conglomerate eight inches in thickness. Near the railway depot on the west side of the river is a quarry in the sandstone layers belonging just above those exposed at the mill. The quarry face is fifteen feet high and traversed by strong vertical joints. The 39^ HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN stone is heavily bedded, much indurated, of a light color, and composed of alternating very coarse and finer grained layers, all being composed of rolled grains of glassy quartz. Some of the layers show cross-lam ination. About a mile southeast of the dapot is a very bold sandstone outlier, rising about 250 feet above its base. In the lower slopes the sandstone is mostly concealed. Above is a perpendicular, jagged crest, over 100 feet high, the prevailing rock, on which is a white to buff- colored, fine grained, firm sandstone, composed of sub- angular to rounded quartz grains, and containing near the top numerous iron stained impressions of obolella polita, but no shells. About one mile west of Black River Falls, on the road westward to the Trempealeau Valley, is an ex posure of thin bedded, coarse, brownish, crumbling sandstone, with numerous white fragments of shells, which, in some of the layers, make up most of the rocks. The outcrop appears to be 130 to 150 feet be low the obolella sandstone of the bluff near the depot. In the various exposures in the vicinity of Black River Falls we have a total thickness of sandstone of about 350 feet, with two fossil horizons made up, one 200 and the other 300 feet above the gneiss base upon which the pile rests, and both showing obolella polita. On the west side of Trempealeau Valley, in Jack son County, is a peculiar isolated bluff, known as " Silver Bluff." At the east end the bluff is 165 feet high, the lower slopes being covered with a talus from the ledges above. Near the summit is exposed a hori zontally and very plainly bedded, hard, white quartzite which rings like steel when struck with the hammer. The layers are alternately thin and thick, and brown ish weathered, and include interstratified layers of variable sandstone. The quartzite shows distinctly lines of lamination, and has a very plain granular text ure, being composed of grains of vitreous quartz which appear as if fused together, and is quite translucent. Following the bluff along the brow of its southwest face, the quartzite layers are seen to continue for about a third of a mile, when a sudden rise in the bluff of eighty feet exposes thin bedded, firm, dark reddish brown, highly ferruginous sandstone, of a medium grain, and composed of rounded grains of glassy quartz, which are stained, both externally and inter nally, by iron oxide. On the north flank of the hill, at the same elevation as the quartzite on the opposite side, an eight-inch layer of hard white quartzite is seen between heavy beds of white or variable sandstone. INDIAN OCCUPATION. The larger portion of Jackson County was origi nally the home of the Winnebagoes. Like most other Indians, but little is known of their origin and history. They are supposed to have come from somewhere on the Pacific coast, and during their progress eastward, encountered hostile tribes, with whom they engaged in war until their numbers were reduced to less than 2 000. In 1839, they were visited by Nicollet, on the shores of Green Bay. They afterward occupied the country about Winnebago Lake, the Wisconsin and Black rivers. In 1832, a small portion of them par ticipated in the Black Hawk war. In 1848, they were removed to Minnesota, from Iowa, but afterward be came possessed of a reservation in Blue Earth County, Minn., south of Mankato. They were well satisfied there, and made considerable improvement, but the mas sacre of the whites, in 1862, by the Sioux, put a veto upon their progress. About this time, the antipathy and indignation of the whites against all Indians, caused the Government to repossess itself of lands, and remove them to Crow Creek, in Dakota. In 1872, a memorial was presented to the Wiscon sin Legislature, asking for the removal of Indians re maining in Wisconsin to their reservation. Congress made two appropriations, aggregating $86,000, for that purpose, and the largest proportion were removed in 1874. About 200 still remain in Jackson County, liv ing on East Fork and Morrison's Creek. Some are engaged in agricultural pursuits, while others secure a precarious existence by the sale of berries, fish, etc. The number, however, is diminishing annually, and within the next quarter of a century it is believed the race will become extinct. SETTLEMENT. The earliest accounts of settlements on Black River date back beyond the memory of the proverbial oldest inhabitant, and are shrouded in obscurity. Legendary lore asserts, that as early as 1818, an expedition was fitted out at Prairie du Chien, under the direction of a French trader named Rolette, and after many advent ures by flood and field, succeeded in reaching the pres ent site of Black River Falls. At that time the territory bordering on, and contiguous to, Black River belonged to the Indians, who held title until 1838, when the same was ceded away. The Winnebagoes claimed the land from the east fork of Black River went to the Wiscon sin River and Beef Slough, on the Mississippi ; thence south to the mouth of the Wisconsin River. The Me nomonees were located on the east side of the last named river, and the Chippewas occupied a vast extent of country north of the Winnebagoes and east of the Mississippi. Upon the arrival of Rolette at the Falls, he erected a small saw-mill on Town Creek, to the rear of Squire's restaurant, but before it was fairly in operation the Winnebagoes burned the structure, and drove the lum bermen off down the river. From this date there was no attempt made to effect a settlement at the Falls for a period of twenty-one years. In the early Summer of 1839, an expedition was organized at Prairie du Chien for the permanent settlement and improvement of the water-power at Black River Falls. The com pany, which consisted of Jacob Spaulding, Isaac Van Austin, Hiram Yeatman, Joseph Stickney, Alonzo Stickney, Robert Wood Andrew Wood, Robert Saw yer, Patrick Linn, Richard Woleben, Jeremiah D. Spaulding, John McGarom, Daniel McLain, John P. Knight, Levi Tylson, Joel Lemon and John Angle Miller — seventeen in all — arrived at the Falls, August 27, of that year, and commenced the building of a saw mill, which was completed and began operations the succeeding Winter. Jacob Spaulding and the Woods were partners, the remainder who came with them being employes, and many with Mr. Spaulding continued in the country. HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 397 Mr. Van Austin subsequently returned to Trempealeau Prairie, west of the Falls ; the Stickneys to a point within a brief journey to the Falls ; Yeatman to Lewis Valley ; Sawyer to Chippewa River, where he shot a man and was imprisoned, and Lemon to Lytle's, where he was killed, in 1852, in attempting to snub a raft. Prior to the building of the mill, which stood on Town Creek, very near the point where the bridge now spans it, the company began the erection of, and in a short time completed, a double log cabin, located on the south bank of Town Creek, north and a little east of the present site of the Freeman House, on Water street. Late in the Fall of 1839, James O'Neill, with his brother and a limited number of assistants, came on to the river from Prairie du Chien and located for the Winter in the bottoms of what is now known as Rob inson's Creek, where he was engaged in getting out timber. About this time, Jacob Spaulding, accom panied by Andrew Wood, Joseph Stickney and Hiram Yeatman, departed in a canoe for Prairie du Chien, where Stickney and Yeatman disembarked, Wood and Spaulding, however, continuing to Warsaw, 111., where they purchased the necessary irons and machinery for the mill at the Falls. Wood visited Quincy, where he remained during the Winter ; but Spaulding returned to Prairie du Chien by steamer, thence hastened to Black River for the keel boat upon which he made his first journey hither, to convey the supplies he had in charge ; but the Indians had stolen the craft, which was recaptured near Decorah's village, a crew obtained and a start made for the supplies. These were ob tained, and a start made for home ; but upon reaching Winnesheik, the boat was frozen in, and Spaulding made his way to the Falls on foot. Here he rigged up what were called " moose sleds," in those days, calcu lated for a single ox, and returned to Winnesheik, where, procuring the cargo fast in the ice, he once more started for the Falls, reaching there in due time with out serious delay. Shortly after his return, Menomonee, with a party of forty bucks, arrived at the Falls, for the express purpose of forcing the whites to yield their claims and depart. They remained quiescent, as it were, for a few days, living off the whites, but finally peremptorily demanded that Spaulding and his comrades should vacate their claims and leave. The latter, however, had made up his mind to stay, and managing to get the Indians in one part of the double log-cabin, by strat egy, armed his companions and ordered Menomonee with his band to evacuate, which he did without delay, and was afterward a firm friend of his whilom foe. About the last of February, 1840, the supplies ran out, and Robert Wood, accompanied by the " hands," sought the lower country, leaving Spaulding alone in the wilderness. He was determined that his claim should not be abandoned, and, with his rifle, supplied himself with what meat was necessary to sustain life, dieting upon upon game, until the 21st of March. The country was overrun with elk and deer, the creeks were dammed by beavers from source to mouth, and no difficulty was experienced by the self-imposed hermit, in procuring that which he sought. The river opened in March and the Woods brothers returned with a party of eight men, including William Paulley, who shot Moses Clark some years after, at Neillsville. Soon after the arrival of this assistance, the mill on Town Creek resumed operations, and the Woods, concluding to dispense with the services of Spauldiug, ejected him from possession and interest in the venture. The latter, however, proceeded to Prai rie du Chien, where he procured legal process, and, returning with the Sheriff of Crawlord County, was again placed in possession as joint tenant. Before the opening of Spring, James O'Neill moved to the mouth of Perry Creek, where he got out the frame of a mill, and, in the Summer, Horatio Curtis, with Jonathan Nichols, arrived in the country and located at the mouth of what has since been known as " Nichols Creek," twelve miles below the Falls. About this time, Robert Douglas, William and Thomas Doug las came into the county. Robert and Thomas located a farm in the present town of Melrose and commenced putting in a crop — the first farm opened, and the first crop raised in Jackson County. The property is still owned and occupied by Robert Douglas, Thomas resid ing at Danville, Wis., and William near Walnut Bend, Ark. The next year, Andrew Sheppard, with John "Val entine, arrived and commenced lumbering operations below the Falls, and in the Fall Spaulding and the Woods raised the frame of their second and larger mill on the present site of the saw-mill of D. J. Spauld ing, which was not operated, however, until the follow ing Spring, by which time it became clearly apparent that Spaulding and the Woods could not dwell together in unity, and the former purchased the latter 's interest in the business for 400,000 feet of sawed lumber, pay able in three installments, at Quincy, Spaulding assum ing the firm debts, which amounted to about $5,000. The Woods then left the country, and were no more heard of, except in connection with subsequent attempts to regain the property thus transferred. The years 1840-41 closed upon the settlers without the occurrence of noteworthy incidents beyond those happening in a new country, excepting the arrival of Jacob Spaulding's family, which consisted of a wife and Dudley J. Spaulding, his son. She was, presum ably, the first white woman to settle permanently in Jackson County, and her daughter, Mary J. Spaulding, who was born the same season, was claimed as the first birth ; but this is an error. She still lives, the wife of S. P. Jones, one of the prominent merchants of Black River Falls. The advent of settlers into this almost undiscovered land, as elsewhere in northern Wisconsin, was not frequent in those early days, and improvements kept pace with the arrivals. But the high price^of pine lumber became an inducement in time, and to this, more than the excellent farming lands in the eastern and western portions of the county, is the building up of the county to be attributed. The first birth is claimed for the wife of William Douglas, who accompanied her husband on a raft down Black River. When they reached Snake Bend, she was taken ashore and made as comfortable as the cir cumstances would admit, when the child was born, its advent being witnessed and the mother congratulated by a number of Mormon women who came up the river 39§ HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. at the critical moment, and, landing, contributed their services to the occasion. The patient and child were removed without delay to the husband's home, near North Bend ; but death, with its skeleton finger, touched the new dispensation ere it reached its father's house, which became a house of mourning. This was, doubtless the first death in the county, though it has been heretofore supposed that the decease of Harrison Gillette, who resided up the river from the Falls, in the Winter of 1846-47, was the first. Early in the Spring of this year (1841), these iden tical Mormons from Nauvoo, under the charge of Elders White, Curts and Miller, came to the river to obtain lumber for their temple, and a claim of Jacob Spaulding was unceremoniously jumped by them. Upon being informed of the summary procedure, Spaulding secured a force of twenty men and came up with the interlopers after they had felled not less than 300 trees. Upon interrogating the Elder as to his rights on the premises, the latter responded that he would cut when and where he pleased. Spaulding replied with equal emphasis, and marshaling his forces, gave the Mor mons ten minutes to vacate their occupation. They loaded up their plunder and marched off, heading down stream, with doubts as to the Lord's supremacy that high up Black River. When this was brought to the knowledge of the Mormons who were located on Nichols Creek, and had purchased the interest of Hor atio Curtis in the mill there, they became exceedingly wroth, and sent a messenger to Nauvoo for men and guns. Spaulding hearing of this, communicated with the commander at Fort Crawford in person, and asked for assistance in case of trouble with the Mormons. He was assured of aid in the anticipated emergency, and the Mormons hearing of this, suspended prepara tions for war, and engaged in the more remunerative pursuits of peace. The following Spring, Spaulding sold them the Falls property for $20,000, payable mostly in lumber. It consisted at that time of the lit tle mill on Town Creek, the cabin first built, a large mill, built, but not furnished, a small frame boarding house, one other log cabin which stood on the corner of Main and Front streets, and a blacksmith shop. These " Latter Day Saints" were very devout it is said in all the outward observances of their peculiar re ligion, and had preaching every Sabbath, at which all the sect and many strangers were in attendance. Upon one occasion, Paul Knight, a well-known Gentile mill wright, considerably intoxicated, strayed into the church at the exact moment when Elder Lyman White promulgated as his ultimatum that he " would rather go to hell willingly, than be forced into heaven." This unexpected conclusion aroused the inebriated Paul, who raised himself from the bench on which he was sitting, and shouting " Bully for you by G — d," fell prone upon the floor, a frightful example of the effect of new and original theological ideas suddenly developed in men of Knight's sensitive nature and impulsive tempera ment. In 1844, when the death of Joe Smith reached the Falls, the Mormons re-transferred the property to Spaulding, and returned to Nauvoo to aid their brethren in avenging the death of the Prophet. Among the arrivals in 1841, were : Thomas Hall and Peter Hall, brothers, from Canada, and commenced lumbering about six miles north of the Falls, where they built a mill on what has since been known as Hall's Creek, the following year. Francis M. Garrett came in 1842, as also did Samuel Wright, Benjamin Wright, Augustus Harrington, at present a resident of Chicago, where he is empk^ed as counsel for the Northwestern road, William K. Levis, Sylvester Abbey, George R. Gillenger. the first carpenter, E. L. Brockway, and some others. Few engaged in agricultural pursuits, those who came devoting their time, capital and skill in lum bering. Quite a number of mills had been erected by Douglas, Levis and others, and the Mormons while in possession of the Falls finished up the larger saw-mill this year, and in 1843 or 1844, erected a commodious warehouse, besides some half a dozen dwellings, on the property. The wants of the people were few, the base of supplies at Prairie du Chien, 160 miles distant, and these wants, according to an old account book of a trader at the Falls in 1842-3, largely made up of whis ky and tobacco. There is a legend that the cargo of a keel-boat in those days would consist of ten barrels of flour, five of pork, and twenty-five of whisky. All used the latter as a beverage, and if there were excep tions, they were so few that the rule still held good. Flour or pork might give out without causing alarm, but let the whisky jug fail to " gin down," and "the camp was in an uproar, subdued only by a fresh supply. During 1843-4, emigration to the lumber district was by no means numerous ; Silas A. Wilcox arrived with the Mormons. Hamilton McCullom came in the former year, and Joseph Clancy, John Law, who came from Maine, and was accounted the most expert ox- driver on the river, commanding the highest wages of any man in this vicinity ; Andrew Grover, who served as a lumberman, as also as a pettifogger in justice's courts; John Monson, an honest, genial, quick-witted Irishman, who settled on what has since been known as " Monson's Creek," eight miles below the Falls, and doubtless others whose names, nativity and character istics have not been preserved. At the close of the year 1844, there were eight saw mills in operation on the river, though all were not within the present limits of Jackson County. But one of these was supplied with other than an up-and-down saw, the propelling power being the old-fashioned flut ter-wheel, by which the manufacture of logs into lum ber was a question of time and patience. The Winter, Spring and Summer of 1845, came and went without any particular change or incident worthy of mention occurring to any of the settlers in Jackson County as at present described. During the Summer, Levi S. Avery, among the first carpenters to locate in the village arrived ; the same season, Hon. William T. Price, who has labored so devotedly in behalf of his adopted home, and accomplished so much in that con nection, anchored here. Like all new comers, he en gaged in lumbering, and to a greater or less extent has been engaged in extensive operations of that character. Aside from this, he has been a successful lawyer, judge, legislator, merchant and operator, and is known as a man of the most undaunted nerve, as also the most unimpeachable character and integrity. The Fall of HISTORY OF 1ACKSON COUNTY. 399 this year, C. R. Johnson came up Black River to Douglas's Mills, in the employ of John S. Lockwood, of Prairie du Chien, but removed to the Falls the follow ing Spring, when he engaged as a hand to Spaulding. He is to-day a prominent lawyer, having passed through the various gradations of laborer, school teacher, student, soldier and advocate. Among those who came in during 1845, in addition to the above, were : Amos Elliott, Samuel Papple, Michael C. and James Conlon, Moses Clark, Zedekiah Root, Aaron Work, Joseph Gillinger, Ward and James Chandler, Abraham Mericle, L. T. Judd, Henry Atkinson, John O'Connell, James, William and Lemuel Hall, and pos sibly some few others. Life in those days is represented as having been de cidedly exciting, as also eccentric. Inebriety was the rule, sobriety the exception. The man who refused to drink was an enemy of the human family, and room made for him as for a leper. Card playing supple mented this vice, and large sums of money were night ly lost on combinations made up of " bowers " and " high low jack." Those who are familiar with that condition-of affairs in new countries will hardly recon cile the present absence of these agencies in Black River Falls with their frequency forty years ago. In 1846, the lumber commerce of Black River in Jackson County was estimated at from four to six mill ions of feet, part of which was rafted through Gibbs's chute, opened this season. At that time, the white women about the Falls were limited to Mrs. Jacob Spaulding, Mrs. Hiram Yeatman, Mrs. Joseph Stickney, Mrs. Joseph Clancy and Mrs. Henry Elmer, or " Bar bara," as she was more familiarly known in those days. Mrs. Stickney, nee Van Ostrand, was married this year at Prairie du Chien, where she resided, Mr. Stick ney going thither to secure a wife. His was the first marriage of a permanent resident of the county. In the Fall of 1846, the first marriage of residents of Jack son County occurred at the house of a man named Browning on the East Fork. William Levis was one of the contracting parties, and R. R. Wood, a Justice of the Peace, witnessed the contract, but the name of the happy bride can not be recalled. It might be stated in this connection that the marriage of James O'Neill and Isaac S. Mason to the Misses Douglas, on March 7, 1847, at North Bend, is claimed as having been the pioneer matrimonial ventures in the county. But au thorities contend that Levis anticipated their action by several months, and thus obtained precedence. At this time, the improvements at the Falls consisted of a frame boarding-house, 18 x 26, with a tolerable high roof, under which, upon a double loose floor there generally slept of a night from thirty to forty men, mostly "spoon-fashion." Mrs. Elmer, or " Barbara," did the cooking, and her bill of fare was made up of bread and fried pork for breakfast and supper, with bread and pork boiled for dinner. There was also a double log house where Hendrick's barber shop now is, a single log house at the corner of Main and Water streets, a blacksmith shop at the south end of the bridge over Town Creek, kept by one West, whose wife was known to the public, in the expressive vernacular of the times, as " Short and dirty," a frame barn where Sawyer's clothing store now is, and a double log house on property now occupied by the Agricultural Society for exhibition purposes. At North Bend there was the Douglas mill, a boarding-house and small clearing at tached. Robert and Thomas Douglas resided near the present village of Melrose, where they had improvised some limited improvements. At other points where mills had been built, there was some evidence of set tlement and improvements, but they were primitive. This year the 4th of July was first celebrated at the Falls, the ceremonies occurring on the hill to the west of the village. A procession was formed early in the day, and headed by a wheelbarrow on which was laden a ten-gallon keg of " Black-strap," being a composition of whisky, syrup and water, headed for the grove, where, after preliminary proceedings, a man named Burton read the Declaration and Andrew Gruver orated. At the conclusion of these formalities, the keg became an objective point for the celebrants, nearly all of whom, according to the chronicler of the event, became as " drunk as pipers." From this it will be apparent that the observations above made in regard to the habit of drinking through out this region in those days was not exaggerated. It was universal. In the pineries, in the settlements, on the hustings, at weddings, births and funerals, as also in the courts of common law and chancery, toddy was an inseparable concomitant. Justice Jacob Spauld ing held court in his store, the curule chair being the counter, upon which he sat, listening to the impassioned eloquence of Andrew Gruver and H. McCullom, who were alone in the field as lawyers, and accustomed to hurl legal and rhetorical thunderbolts at the court, be tween drinks. The latter were frequent and always sweetened, a decanter of liquor invariably standing on a barrel head within reach of his honor, counsel and jury, alongside of which brown sugar and tin spoons were ranged invitingly. Late this season, the Shanghai House, on the pres ent site of the Freeman House, was completed and oc cupied. It was built by Jacob Spaulding, and was the most prominent house on the river, having a frontage of sixty feet on Water street, two stories high, finished outside and in with dressed lumber, and regarded as a masterpiece of design and finish. Its distinguished name was not affixed to it by. the proprietor, but was affixed by others some time after the completion, and on the principle that a man who was better dressed than his neighbors would have been designated as a "Shanghai." After being completed, the hotel was opened by Isaac Van Nostrand, who came to the Falls this year with his wife and two daughters. The open ing was a grand affair and was attended by people who came from a distance of one hundred miles to be pres ent. Dancing was kept up for fifty hours, and the quantities of the " Pike " brand of whisky consumed at the bar appeared only to aggravate the intense de sire of every individual to enjoy a good time general ly, and they did it. During this season, Parson Snow and wife wandered into the county, and located a claim on Snow's Creek, embracing what was afterward known as the farm of Captain Kitchum. Snow instituted the first religious meetings on the river, which attracted considerable at tention. He preached what he claimed was Baptist 400 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. theology, and despised whisky as a beverage, although it is not of record that he ever declined any for the stomach's sake. Some years afterward, he removed to Iowa, where it is reported he was convicted and sent to the penitentiary for horse-stealing. Among others who came in during 1846, was Isaac S. Mason, who became part owner of the Perry Creek mill property ; Ebenezer Dickey, Joseph Clancy and wife, Richard Hulett, the Perry brothers, John Adams, who had first made his appearance in 1843, but went elsewhere, whence he returned, George Nelson and family, Eliphalet Hunt, who made the first settlement in Trempealeau valley, where he took up land upon which the present site of Alma Center has since been established, W. H. Marshall, etc. The year 1847 is remembered for the sudden, unex pected and remarkably unprecedented rise of the Black River. It was the highest ever known to settlers, be ing twenty-two feet above low -water mark. The large saw mill of Spaulding's at the Falls was carried away, and the wreck floated off in pieces with the logs in tended for Summer use. The Falls was thus left with out a mill, but immediate preparations were made to erect a successor on the site of the ruins, which was completed in 1848 by Thomas Patterson, in early times well known as a member of the Lower Falls mill of Patterson & Brockway. This year the first school enterprise and efforts to procure religious services at the Falls were undertaken. Mr. Spaulding fitted up a room in an addition to the old boarding house, which was opened by C. R. John son with fourteen pupils, sent by Jacob Spaulding, Hiram Yeatman, the Wilsons, Henry Elmer, and Isaac Van Nostrand, respectively. The religious interests of the place were not sought to be conserved until the following Summer, when the Rev. R. R. Woods was stationed at the Falls, who remained in the vicinity for years, though not infrequently he was obliged to send to the bar-room adjoining the Shanghai House dining room, in which services were held, for some one to start the tune of the morning hymn. Upon the breaking- out of the Mexican war, school sessions were discon tinued, Mr. Johnson, the teacher, abandoning the ferule for the musket, and enlisting as a soldier at Galena, in Capt. Holden's Company B, Twelfth United States In fantry, the only recruit obtained in Jackson County. During this year the first Government surveys of the Black River country were commenced, the contract being for the "running out of township lines." In 1849, the lands about the Falls came into market, and Andrew Wood took out a pre-emption, with which he secured a United States patent for the quarter section of land covering the water-power and all the improve ments at the Falls. He claimed that Spaulding had failed to pay him and his brother for the property, as agreed, and he adopted this summary course of pro cedure to recover what he was justly entitled to. When Spaulding heard of the pre-emption and entry thus made, he proceeded to Milwaukee, and caused the arrest of Wood for perjury. The latter was acquitted, however, when suits and counter suits were instituted by both, which lasted many years, but in 1860, the assignees of Wood compromised their claims with Spaulding, by which the latter secured all his improve ments and the larger share of the water power, besides a fair moiety of the land, the title to which had occa sioned almost endless litigation. The assignees had their share at once replatted, and for the first time in the history of the village a good paper title could be had for property therein. Previous to that, Spaulding's bonds for deeds were all that could be had, and they were not considered a sufficient guarantee to warrant the expenditure of much money, consequently improve ments in the village, which languished along without much increase in wealth and population until within the past fifteen or twenty years. During 1848 and 1849, the village received but few additions to its population, nor was the county more fortunate. At the beginning of 1850, the total number of inhabitants is said to not have exceeded 150, of a permanent character. These were principally as fol lows : E. K. Goff, Luther Nelson, Andrew Meek and family, David Robinson, Mahlon and William Levis, James Buchanan, his niece, Miss Julia Campbell, now Mrs. W. T. Price ; Buchanan opened the first store after Spaulding's ; Sylvester Abbey, James McLaugh lin, B. F. Johnson, Albert Tuttle, Charles and Darwin Whipple, Dr. Gibson, George Cottrili, James Hall, Parker Adams (the first lawyer), Peter Trudell, etc., all of whom came between 1847 and 1850. In addition to these, there were those who have been mentioned as having become residents at an earlier day. The village improvements were chiefly confined to Water and the eastern end of Main streets, those in the county being limited to mills and accommodations for lumbermen ; of these there were Douglas's mill, the mills of Nichols, Sheppard & Valentine, James Perry, Brockway & Patterson, Spaulding's, T. & P, Hall's, Hambleton's, put up by John Adams in 1846, and maybe one or two others that have been forgotten. In 1850, a mail route was established from Prairie du Chien to Stillwater, and a post-office was established at the Falls, with W. W. Bennett as Postmaster. It was kept in the residence afterward occupied by Albert Tuttle, which was the first dwelling house in the vil lage ornamented with a coat of paint. United States postage on a letter was twenty-five cents, newspapers being carried for somewhat less. The previous year a State road had been surveyed from Prairie du Chien to Willow River (now Hudson), and Jacob Spaulding, Hiram Knowlton and James Fisher appointed commissioners. During the latter part of that Summer they began their work, which was concluded, in October, to the Falls. At the time of their arrival there was a perfect dearth of all kinds of stimulants, but the commissioners possessed an un tapped keg of whisky, taken with them as an antidote for snake bites. During the evening, the keg was tapped, and all became very merry. [The anecdote connected with this event, while amusing, is hardly proper for these pages. Publisher. The arrivals during 1850-51-52, save those men tioned, were not numerous. Among those who came in, however, Dr. M. P. Bennett and Joseph K. French must not be omitted. The former was the first of the regular faculty that emigrated to this section, intending to remain in the country permanently, and as a frontier HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 401 physician he has always been regarded as a success. The latter resided at the Falls until his death. He is represented as a rough and ready lawyer, a keen, sharp practitioner, technical to the last degree, according to the practice as it then existed. Had he lived, he would have made his mark in the Northwest as an able jurist and successful lawyer. During the session of the Legislature of 1850-51, Bad Axe, now Vernon and La Crosse counties, was set off from Crawford County, La Crosse including the Black and Chippewa River territory. A town organi zation existed in Albion, which comprised the present county of Jackson, with Jacob Spaulding, Chairman, and Albert Tuttle, Clerk of the Board, and C. R. John son, Justice of the Peace. The improvements were not numerous, and the arrivals equally unsatisfactory in 1852, the most important event of that year, it is said, being the opening of a store at the Falls by Ho ratio Curts and James M. Garrett, under the firm name of Curts & Garrett. In the Fall of 1852, the first county ticket was nominated at Black River Falls, in anticipation of the organization of the county, which was made up of Thomas Hall for Judge, C. R. John son for Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, H. W. Hick- ox for Register, James M. Garrett for Treasurer, P Adams for District Attorner, Levi Avery for Sheriff, H. Curts for Coroner, and P. Adams for Surveyor. It failed of an election. In 1853, Jackson County "was duly organized by an act of the Legislature, passed in that year, with full powers after January 1, 1854, and the following ticket, in opposition to the one cited, was overwhelmingly elected : William T. Price, Treasurer ; L. S. Avery, Sheriff ; and C. R. Johnson, Clerk of the Board, of the Circuit Court, and Register of Deeds. During this year two hotels were erected, at oppo site corners on Main Street, by M. P. Bennett, M.D., and occupied by P. H. Howell, I. S. Mason, and Joseph Popham, respectively; it was burned down while owned by the latter, during the Spring of 1879. The other was first kept by T. J. Hill for a number of years, then used as a tenement house, since then as a store-room for merchandise. In 1854, there was an immense emigration to Trem pealeau Valley, which had in previous years attracted at tention by reason of its splendid agricultural resources. Lying on either side of Trempealeau River, the valley extends the entire length of that stream to its mouth, a distance of some forty miles, varying from one to three miles in width, with a soil which is not surpassed in the State for the production of wheat, oats and pota toes. Those settling there included the Pedrick and Holmes families, Joseph Berti, Samuel and Peter Hoff man, Jacob R. Sechler, John Morrill, etc. James and J. M. Vincent, and Noah Deuel located in Albion Township ; Harvey E. Brewer and William Horswill in Irving; Hugh B, Mills in Manchester; John Ed munds built a mill three miles below the Falls, and Harrison Burchard, Dr. Van Herset, R. D. Squires, H. A. Buck, W. W. Buck, George F. Has well, J. V. Wells and others located in the village and vicinity in 1855. A stage line to La Crosse was also started this year, and Ledyard & Farnam opened the largest stock of goods ever brought to the Falls. The county was originally one town, that of Albion. ?6 But, in 1855, the apportionment of townships was begun, and has since been continued up to the present time as follows : Alma and Bristol (now Melrose) were set off November 16, 1855 ; Springfield and Huelon, November 11, 1856; Irving changed from Spruce two days later; Manchester, March 23, and Northfield, November 13, 1857 ; Gordon Valley, March 3, 1868 ; Millston, June 20, 1874 ; Franklin, February 25, and Sullivan, December 31, 1878. During 1856, many of the prominent business men who identified themselves with the material interests of the village and county began operations at the Falls. S. W. Bowman opened a grocery on Water Street, in connection with Oliver Crossett ; John and H. D. Parsons abandoned farming in Trempealeau Valley, opened a stock of goods in the " Emporium Store buildings ; " James Barber and family re moved to the Falls and opened a dry goods store ; Carle C. Pope came in May and passed a season in the law office of Johnson & Price — afterward he hung out his shingle, and was subsequently elected District Attorney ; the Shanghai House was this year "bonifaced" by Trudell & Austin; H. E. Prickett was proprietor of a drug and stationery store on Water Street; Deacon A. J. Smith came in between two nights this season, but was in later years obliged to leave the Falls between two days, to avoid personal inconvenience by reason of scandalous charges against his moral character. J. V. Wells, who located here the previous year, began business in 1856, as dealer in tin and hardware. P. A. Potter settled in the county in the Fall, and John Specht, John H. Clapp with his family, Julius Schur, the first baker, and others, lo cated in the village. This season the Methodist church was erected, and the Jackson County Banner, the first newspaper pub lished at the Falls, was introduced to the public by Charles Stewart, its editor and publisher. The year showed a gratifying increase in population, improve ments, educational, religious and miscellaneous inter ests, that were checked by the panic which came the year following. From 1857 to 1865, the growth of the county was retarded by financial difficulties, calamities in the nature of extensive conflagrations in the villages and loss of crops in the country, by the war and a combi nation of circumstances against which no defense could have been urged. In 1857, a court-house was com menced, but its completion estopped by a visitation of the flames, in which its destruction was complete and irreparable. This is but one instance of the embar goes that were placed upon movements for building up and developing the county and village. June 8, 1858, the "Little Frank," Capt. Robert Douglass, landed at Ledyard's mill, the first steamer to arrive at the Falls. Yet there were some who braved the com binations and began business here, have since met with a success proportionate to their undertakings. Ulrich Oderbolz still operates the brewery he opened that year, and the Presbyterian church then erected still stands. But there are few incidents and fewer facts regarding progress here during these three years than at any previous period. The arrivals during that time are stated as including: Thomas Stewart, Jacob Post- 402 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. weiler, P. Roddy, Anton Wemgher, Frank Cooper, W. A. Thomas, James Darrow, R. G. Pope, Stephen Richards, Oliver Le Favre and others, most of whom settled in the village. The population of the county in 1860 is stated at 4,170, and when the note of war sounded in their ears, one year later, responses to calls for troops were lib eral, and composed of the type of men who snatched victory from the jaws of defeat on the Potomac, in the Southwest, at Nashville, and with Sherman on his march to the sea. Among those who went out under the first call was Capt. William Moore, W. S. Darrow, S. A. Wilcox, . O'Neill, . Hussey, C. P. John son, C. Taft, S. S. Story, D. Douglass, J. Clancy, C. Franse, C. Shenck, P. Trudell, E. Douglass, James Con- Ian, R. Grange, R. Squires, J. Q. Conlan, S. Kenyon, F. Reitz, C. Reitz, N. M. Clapp, O. H. Clapp and L. Spaulding. The county had companies in the Fourth, Tenth, Fourteenth, Fifth, Thirty-seventh and Forty- eighth regiments, and the draft was but lightly felt, owing to the fact that the quota assigned was, in near ly every instance, filled. During the war, but little occurred to attract the attention of settlers from the great panorama which was passing before the world ; those at the front were unfamiliar with facts as they happened at home, while those at home took no note of time or circumstance disconnected with the strife and struggle in progress, in which nearly every citizen of the county was di rectly or indirectly interested. Beyond a large dele gation of Norwegians, who came about 1862, and set tled in Melrose, Irving, Franklin and Springfield townships, it is not believed that many came into Jackson during the decade in which the war was the most prominent object. During the past ten years, the growth of the county has been gradual, but of a character both substantial and valuable. To-day, with a population of 15,000 and upward; with a total of 645,120 acres of land, of which but 70,000 acres are under cultivation ; with a water power unsurpassed in the country, quarries of inexhaustible resources, iron mines and excellent railroad connec tions, Jackson County offers inducements that must in the near future attract the multitude. The first session of Court held after the organiza tion of Jackson County sat in a building used for school purposes, located a short distance to the right of Pop- ham's present stable site. This was in 1854. In 1857, the County Board con tracted for the erection of a Court-house, on the second table-land west of the present structure. It was ap proaching completion, all remaining to be done was to add the finishing touches, when, on the morning of June 30, 1857, it was discovered in flames, and before aid could arrive to prevent its destruction the building was in ashes. The burning of this improvement v/as the work of an incendiary, and aroused, as well it might, the deepest feelings of sorrow and indignation in the hearts of the people. A meeting of citizens was held on the afternoon of the following day, at which a com mittee was appointed to report the names of those sus pected to be implicated, and whose presence was dan gerous to the peace and dignity of the village. The committee reported the names of Calvin Young and lady, Abe Carr and lady, and Billy Smith and lady. The latter male was arrested, taken to a grove a mile from the village and twice strung up, with the hope that he would confess, but without results. The par ties warned immediately left the vicinity, and were no more heard of. Subsequent to this calamity, buildings about the village were occupied for Court purposes, until 1862, when a new Court-house and jail, the latter insecure and unpretentious, were erected near the present county buildings. In 1878, the Legislature authorized the county to borrow $20,000 from the State for the purpose of build ing a Court-house. In addition to that amount, the County Board levied a tax sufficient to raise $5,000, to be used in erecting a jail. Work was commenced at once, under the direction of a building committee com posed of Hon. W. T. Price, H. B. Cole and W. S. Dar row, who returned a balance unexpended out of the original amount put into their hands. The contract was let to Nolan & Wilcox, of Janesville, who sub-let portions of it, and completed the structures the same year. It is two stories high, with a neat cupola ; of cream brick ornament, with cut stone facings. The first floor is used as county offices, the second story be ing devoted to the occupation of the Court room proper, neat, cozy, and capable of being well lighted and venti lated. Its cost, furnished, was $18,667. The jail is two stories high, of Milwaukee brick, containing one set of cells for female prisoners, one set for insane persons, one set for prisoners of a mild type, and one set for prisoners of dangerous and violent dis position. It is conceded by all to be one of the strong est, neatest and most convenient jails in the State, is well ventilated and lighted, and so situated that inmates are able to enjoy the advantages of pure air and sun light, so necessary to those living in confinement. Jackson County has nothing more to wish for in respect to county buildings. Previous to 1880, the paupers of the county were cared for by the authorities of the town wherein they were severally to be found. In that year a new dis pensation was agreed upon, and in the Fall the County Board negotiated the purchase of 206 acres of land, situated on Squaw Creek, about two and one-half miles west of the village, from W. S. Darrow, for a consider ation of $2,500. The improvements at that time consisted of a sub stantial farm-house, with the out-buildings usual to similar enterprises, and these not being considered suf ficient, the county erected an addition to the main house, in 1881, at a cost of $1,000. At present there are four inmates, one of which is insane, for the support of whom an average of $52 each it is estimated will be required. This, together with $700 paid the overseer annually, is derived in part by appropriations by the County Board, and in part from the product of 100 acres of cleared land, which is cul tivated. The institution is in charge of Martin Clark. The Jackson County Agricultural Society was or ganized at a meeting of citizens convened at the Court house, in Black River Falls, on Monday, July 24, 1867, at which Hon. W. T. Price was elected presi dent, F. Simpson, secretary ; J. V. Wells, treasurer, HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 403 and one vice-president from each town in the county. The association secured a lease for ninety-nine years of forty acres of land from D. J. Spaulding, at a nomi nal rental, upon which expositions have been annually held since the year of the society's organization. The present officers are : W. T. Murray, president ; B. J. Castle, secretary, and J. H. Mills, treasurer. The Press — The Press of Jackson County, though limited in some respects, exerts a healthful influence for good, and has been liberally patronized by the in habitants since the first journalistic issue, now more than twenty-five years ago. Early in 1856, the need of a weekly journal of cur rent events was experienced throughout the county, and through the efforts of Hon. W. T. Price, who con tributed largely of his means for that object, the Jack son County Banner was issued in May, to supply the demand ; Charles Stewart officiated as editor (though C. C. Pope, of the Falls, is said to have acted in that capacity in limine') until the ensuing Winter, when the sheet was sold to D. J. Spaulding and F. 0. Brainerd, the latter being editor. This continued until July, 1865, at which date J. A. Watrous secured title to Spaulding's moiety, becoming sole owner in October of the following year by the purchase of George W. Brown the interest in the paper sold him by Brainerd. In December, 1866, Frank Cooper bought a half interest, and the morning after the transfer was made a serious conflagration damaged his purchase, its escape from total destruction being accomplished as the result of united endeavor. In September, 1869, Hon. W. T. Price purchased Watrous's share, the latter removing to Fond du Lac, and one year later Cooper became sole owner. In 1871, C. J. Cooper became associated as publisher, remaining until 1873, when he retired, and was succeeded by George F. Cooper, who still partici pates in the profits of the business, which is conducted under the firm name of Frank Cooper & Son. The Banner enjoj'ed the field without opposition until 1875, when the Independent, which had been es tablished at Viroqua, in 1872, by T. C. Ankeney, was removed to Black River Falls, and its publication be gun. On May 5, 1877, the Wisconsin Leader was issued at Merrillan by B. J. Castle, who conducted its publi cation alone for six months, when R. H. Gile became a partner. The same year Ankeney sold the Independ ent to F. J. Bowman, and on June 29, 1878, Castle dis posing of his interest in the Leader to Gile, purchased the Independent, and thenceforward officiated as editor and publisher, in which capacities he is at present bus ily engaged. All these papers are Republican in poli tics. In 1880, another journal was added to the list, the Jackson County Democrat, by T. F: Holliday, a hand somely printed and newsy paper, Democratic in poli tics, and giving evidence of the care that is bestowed upon its weekly issue. LOGGING AND LUMBERING. Actual observation is necessary to give even a tol erable idea of the magnitude of the lumbering interests in the Northwest. The capital, talent, energy and mus cular force employed is immense, aside from the enor mous amounts invested in machinery. It has given im pulse and character in every branch of business, its influence permeates every grade of society and it would be scarcely more than a pardonable exaggeration to assert, that secular and religious education has a " piney " flavor about it that can be found nowhere else. It has shaped the destiny of many men, who have emerged from the surf of obscurity on its tidal wave and ridden into wealth and opulence. The logging and lumbering interests of Jackson County are confined to the townships of Albion, Alma, Sullivan and Millston, and are conducted on the most liberal scale, principally by Trow & Co., C. N. Paine & Co., Hayden & Smith, Putnam & Owens, Nichols & Co., Hugh B. Mills, Elliott & Burchard, Wm. Oleson, E. L. Brockway and Andrew Sheppard, severally of Oshkosh, Sparta, Juneau County and Black River Falls. The aggregate amount of lumber in the rough thus obtained is not less than 26,000,000 feet, requiring the services ot 400 men, at an average pay of $1 per day each. The following table, prepared by Senator Price, will furnish an adequate idea of the immensity of the busi ness : Value of raw material, 26,000,000 feet at $1.50 per thousand _ --- $390,000 00 Value of same in lumber at $10 per thousand, less value of raw material, or actual value of the wealth thus created 3,5 10,000 00 COST OF PRODUCTION. Wages of men... $120,000 00 Cost of supplies, including meat, flour, vegetables and groceries 380,000 00 Cost of creating $500,000 00 Net profit on 26,000,000 feet $3,010,000 00 All of which cost of producing is expended in the county, and $300,000 of which remains here. From which will be seen the value to the Falls and surround ing villages, as also to the country at large, is some thing almost beyond belief. To speak of the immense army of men and teams with their logging supplies, that will soon throng the great thoroughfares to the pinery regions, is to mention a single item in the great enterprise of lumbering. From ' daylight till dark this prodigious outlay of ani mal and human physical force is kept up with uninter rupted flow, when the woods are abandoned to the howling wolves that haunt this peculiar field of civili zation. BLACK RIVER FALLS. The settlement of Black River Falls as a village is so closely allied with that of Jackson County that it is difficult to describe the line of demarkation which divides the one from the other. It was here that the first landing-place was made by adventurous men thirty-two years ago in search of homes and wealth. It was here that a few years later, woman came to shed her blessed influence, to encourage, console and assist the opposite sex in their pursuit of these objects. Here her life was like a Summer's day, made up of bright things only. Here, amid the warm depths of azure skies where merry birds afloat on waves of sunshine poured out their sweetest songs, she baptized the world in which she lived, with melody. Here she walked with morning in 4°4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the dewey paths that led through nature's fairest haunts ; here she laid her hand on all things loveable. Where meadow-lands now lie basking in the sun ; where clover- blossoms shake their fragrance out on every passing breeze, flavoring the air with sweetness and delight, she was wont to go. Where laughing brook leaps from its shady hiding- place, low nestled in among cool grasses growing in the dusky woods, where lilies leaned their wondering faces over the brink, where weeping willows trailed their slender hands within the wave and then went loitering along its winding way, babbling music as it went, her footsteps could be traced. Her influence was everywhere for good, and to day her works do follow after. After all, her life was not a dreary Summer's day, but when she. laid aside her weary task and out across the " all golden afternoon," she walked intervening valleys. No weariness can come to one's sense of sight or sound in a land like this, where sound is full of rhythm and every scene a poem. If there are those who are indifferent to the spectacle and sigh for what they have not, they forget that in what they have there is enough of beauty to fill the measure of a fully rounded life. "History," says an old authority, "is the record of wrecked deeds and misfortunes," and the experience of residents at Black River Falls for the first half of the decade beginning at i860 would seem to confirm the truth of this apothegmatic assumption. By this time the village was, in form and appearance, rapidly becoming metropolitan in appearance. The original town plat had been laid out as early as 1854, by Price & Rublee, and was followed by that of Jacob Spaulding, W. L. Mason, D. J. Spaulding, J. Cole- ,r-0>>. amssaalPfi v; - M *Msasr- 1 1 B mMmm SgKW " JV'~ilt BLACK RIVER FALLS. on and on into her Father's open arms, there fell upon her brow the sister kiss of Heaven's happiest angel. God bless those pioneers, men and women who left an heritage of priceless value. The village, with a population of 500 in i860, now boasts of 2,000. It is situated at the Rapids of Black River, the capital of the county and one of the foremost towns of Northern Wisconsin. The business portion of the village is on a plateau, twenty feet above the river, while the court house, high-school, churches and residences are on a com manding table-land 100 feet above the river bank. On the opposite side of the river grand ridges of trap rock are to be seen, surrounded with weird rocky castles and towers that command the loveliest landscapes for miles in every direction. The musical murmuring of waters breaking the river's rocky bed is an appropriate accompaniment to the wilderness of scenery that surrounds this beautiful village. Farther out are long ranges of wooded hills and charming man, J. Stickney, Knapp & McLaughlin and Knapp & Williamson. Water street was compactly built, the improve ments, however, in the light of subsequent events, proving to be the sources of almost infinite ruin. Main street, too, from Water to Mason streets, was equally as pleasing to the eye of the visitor and resident, and Main street, too, paid tribute to the flames while yet the year was young. On the table land to the rear of the village center, private resi dences, surrounded by yards in which Flora and good taste combined, began to appear at briefer intervals, while beyond were soberer realms, wherein, during the russet season of the year, the dull thunder of alternate flails sent down the air a greeting to the mills as they ground their grists. All nature smiled upon the scene, and the cunning hand of man adapted itself to the building up and decorating what, in those days, promised to outstrip its youth and attain man hood as a thriving, wealthy city. This was the condition of affairs on the morning of the 19th of March, i860, when HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 4°5 the hand of the incendiary touched the business portion of the town with the torch of assassination, and in one night laid seven-eighths of the village in ashes. The fire began in a bowling alley, on Main street, near the present site of the Red Store, and driven in all directions by the hurricane of wind that was blowing, swept everything before it. No one can realize the horrors of that night, nor the scene of gloom which greeted the gaze of citizens with the dawn of day, when the sun, peeping through the daze and smoke and desolation that was heaped up full and running over, on places that but twelve hours previous rejoiced in the evidences of man's handiwork. Every house on Water street, and every house on Main street, except the Popham Hotel and the building opposite, now occupied by P. Roddy, was burned, and the territory thence to the river was deviated to vacancy. The guilty party was never apprehended, though his identity was believed to have been established. It was asserted that the crime grew out of the troubles between Spaulding and the Woods, relative to title to the property burned over, and that the author of this destruction re ceived $10,000 for the part he played in the action thus in stituted to quiet title. He remained here but a short time after the event, and when last heard of was residing some where in Minnesota. Notwithstanding this fearful blow to the business inter ests, nearly all the sufferers manifested a disposition to re build. A new survey of the village plat was made, by which new streets were laid out, and those already appro priated improved by widening and lengthening. The effects of the fire were contrary to what it was anticipated they would be. A new start was taken, and the village seemed, Antseus like, to gather strength with defeat. New comers, with brains and capital to consult their direction, came to the front, and the " burnt district " was speedily rebuilt with a new and better class of structures, while im provements at a distance from the scene of the conflagra tion were of a superior order. Business renewed its vitality and grew in strength with each succeeding day, and the population kept pace with the times, until, on January 1, 1 86 1, 1,000 inhabitants were claimed for Black River Falls. Then came the war, and an age intervened when the graces and amenities of civilized life were ignored for the signal sounds of strife and battle's magnificently stern array. A large delegation was taken from the village to serve in all branches of the army, the first year of the struggle, and each succeeding levy gradually drained the vicinity of very much of the enterprise and public spirit which had come in and manifested its presence by works in later years. As a consequence, improvements for the period between the fir ing upon Fort Sumter and the surrender at Appomattox were neither numerous, costly nor architecturally elaborate. The same is to be remembered with reference to the advent of future citizens, neither were they numerous or valuable, save, of course, in exceptional instances. The village, as will be readily conceded, escaped remarkable growth or development. This continued for the ensuing ten years almost without variation. In 1872, some limited building was undertaken, and during this " spurt " of progress a court-house and jail were built upon the first bench or table land on Main street, going west from the river ; also, a school-house, with accommodations for seventy pupils. This was a creditable undertaking, but the county buildings, which cost $2,500, are represented as having been decidedly " off," particularly the jail. This was made of pine plank bolted together, and the price paid for it, $300, was, con sidering its deficiencies, regarded as a piece of outrageous extravagance. Its accommodations were so ridiculously insufficient that the major portion of the prisoners refused to remain, leaving during the night through the side of the building, a window, or by lifting the door from its hinges. The grand juries used occasionally to inveigh against it, but the jail remained intact, so far as its substitution was concerned, until the erection of the present edifice, in 1878. After the war, the accessions to the population were gradual. There was no rush to the village, as might have been anticipated with regard to Black River Falls, and was realized in other parts of the West. Occasionally a build ing went up, but in every instance was of frame, and it was not until some years later that brick became a substitute, though it is now coming into more general use. The second plateau contained, it is estimated, about a dozen residences. Since then, that locality has been resolved into a village of tasteful, elegant homes. Indeed, what has been quoted in connection with the growth of the county applies equally to the village. Some came in, it is true; but few remained, and those few have led lives both devoid of enterprise and prominence. There was always in the Spring and Fall a floating population of lumbermen, raftsmen, etc., but none of them stayed beyond the period of service in the lumber regions, or sufficiently long in the village to acquire the rights of citizenship. In 1865, Drs. B. J. Baxter and H. B. Cole settled at the Falls, and began the practice of med icine. They were followed during the succeeding year by J. W. and F. W. Cole, who established a drug house under the firm name of J. W. Cole & Co. They also engaged in the jewelry business, and take the lead in their line of specialties. In the latter year, the village was duly incor porated by an act of the Legislature, the Town Supervis ors being ex officio Village Trustees. Since its organization there would be no extravagance in the statement, that a better governed or more orderly community, or a locality where there is less crime committed by the same number of people on any lumbering stream in the State. The people decided some years ago to prohibit the sale of liquors in the village, and this prohibition has worked an infinite good. Crime is an unknown quantity and inebriates unknown factors in the make-up of life at the Falls. Poverty is no where apparent, but in its stead the smiling face of thrift and prosperity is seen in the homes of citizens. To no one are the citizens more obligated for this condition of affairs than to Hon. William T. Price, who has labored with all the zeal of a nature enlisted forever in the cause of temper ance. 406 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. In 1868, the Universalist Church was completed, and in 1869, the precedent thus established was availed of by the Baptists to erect a house of worship. In the former year D. J. Spaulding erected a block of brick buildings on South Water street, adjoining Town Creek, comprising three stores below and a hotel above, known as the "Spaulding House." It was the first brick structure in the village, and cost $25,000; in 1870 it went up in smoke by the hands of an incendiary, but was rebuilt the same year on a larger and more extended scale after an outlay of $30,000. It still stands, one of the largest and most attractive blocks in the western tier of- Wisconsin counties. The ground floor is used for commercial purposes and there are but few stores in the State more conveniently arranged or generously fur nished. Two years previous the foundry of J. C. Hussey was established, since when the manufacturing resources of the village have been liberally cultivated and largely developed. The most important and interesting event of this period, however, was the railroad celebration, consequent upon the completion to the Falls of the West Wisconsin Railroad. It occurred in December, 1868, and was appropriately re cognized as an episode in the life of the town. To Judge Price belongs the credit of this enterprise, as much at least as any other man, who was instrumental in procuring the needed legislation, right of way and county aid neces sary to secure the building of the road, and his active ex ertions were in part recognized by the stockholders who elected him president of the corporation. The next year Bump's, or the Masonic Block, was erected on Main street. It is of brick, quite commodious, and an ornament to the thoroughfare upon which it stands. The ground floor is occupied for commercial purposes, the second floor for halls and offices and the third story is the Masonic hall. Originally the second floor was devoted to hall uses, with a capacity for seating an audience of 400, but this was subsequently altered to supply other needs. The building cost $30,000. In 1870 occurred the Spaulding block fire, as already cited, and in the Winter the village authorities organized a fire department, at the same time contracting for the Holly system of water works, since the completion of which, has been, twice, without doubt, saved from destruction by flames. To this improvement should be added the comple tion and dedication of the Presbyterian Church, and as the the years advanced a spirit of progress in harmony with the times has seemed to possess the citizens utterly. A superior class of buildings, where buildings have gone up, has been the rule, and private residences, equal to those to be seen in more pretentious municipalities, with surround ings of a character in which city and country have been happily blended, have taken the place of rude structures, the primitive times of the village gave birth to. The same year the high-school, unsurpassed by that of any other village in Wisconsin of equal wealth and population, was built, and the advantages in an educational sense here offered are nowhere superior. It is three stories high, of imposing design, and being located on one of the most commanding sites in the village, is the first building at the Falls to attract the eye of the stranger. These evidences of enterprise on the part of the village inspired citizens to renewed exertions, and as a consequence the Albion Mills, Spaulding's carriage factory and planing mill, with other undertakings of a similar character, were conceived and brought forth. Business continued to grow in volume, logging and milling were carried on with in creased vigor, capital was made to pay tribute by invest ments and other features of excellence were visible at nearly every point within a radius of several miles of the Falls. The schools, manufactories, and residences were supplemented by the erection of the Catholic Church, and this by the advent of men of intellect and brain who " came to stay," adding their mite to the general fund of intelli gence and enterprise, and soon taking rank with those ad vanced in the professional, commercial, mechanical and other walks of daily life. The Banner after nearly twenty years of undivided possession of the journalistic field yielded that possession in its entirety to a new venture in the newspaper world of Black River Falls. That venture was the Independent, established about 1876, by F. C. An- keny, and now owned and controlled by Byron J. Castle. Latterly the twain welcomed the advent of the Democrat, introduced by J. F. Hollister, and since 1880, a trinity of political creeds have severally sought recognition and pat ronage. Among the principal arrivals for the past decade, were : A. C. Farnsworth and H. M. Thompson, attorneys; W. R. O'Hearn, banker; F. C. Ankeny, B. J. Castle and T. F. Hollister, representatives of the Fourth Estate; E. F. Long, dentist; J. R. Chapman, Samuel Freeman, Henry Lake and Jacob Popham, hotel proprietors ; A. E. Sawyer, H. Nelson, N. A. Botcheller and W. J. Thompson, mer chants ; J. A. Eckern, jeweler; A. Mohnsen and S. Nom- dahl, tailors, with others of various trades and occupations added. All have located at the Falls permanently, and all have made improvements of a substantial and in some cases expensive character. During the past ten years much has been accomplished in nearly every direction to indicate the mettle of men who have contributed to the promotion of the growth and development of the Falls. The village bears the impress of their labors and the country round about rejoices in the results of their handiwork. Public high ways have been opened and rendered perfect so far as in dustry and public demand required; elegant churches and school buildings, first finding expression in the village, are duplicated all over the county, and all the elements of prog ress, comfort, convenience and the refinements of Chris tian civilization are cultivated to the highest standard. Within five years a handsomely arranged building of brick for banking purposes has been completed, also an opera house, or hall for the accommodation of dramatics, lecturers, Mrs, fetes and the like, has been completed. It is located on Main street in the most central portion of the village, is one story high, easy of access, furnished with HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 407 stage, scenery, etc, and will comfortably seat an audience of over 300. In conclusion it can no less than be conceded that the Falls and Jackson County, the interests of which are in separable, offer inducements to become part of their being. There is free scope for all energies, advantages which can not be monopolized by the few are open to all, and the opinion is ventured that when these facts are more gener ously disseminated among those who are seeking eligible sites for homes in the West, the reapers who will rejoice at the bountiful harvest, will increase beyond reasonable an ticipation. Educational. — The first school taught in Jackson County was in a frame addition to Spaulding's boarding-house dur ing the Summer of 1847. C. R. Johnson was the peda gogue, and he prepared the way for the future instruction of fourteen pupils, the sons and daughters of settlers in the embryo village. Mr. Johnson remained one term, when he joined the army of invasion of Mexico, and scholastic ex ercises were suspended until his return in 1850, when he resumed operations in a log house on the bottom. The next school was a frame one, near the corner of Mason and Brainard streets, still standing at the corner of Second and Brainard, occupied as a residence by Anton Cuber. This was used until 1858, when I. S. Mason erected a two-story school-house on Mason street, two blocks above Main street. This building cost $1,000, but is now occupied as a Nor wegian boarding-house. In the meantime, the village was divided into two districts, and about i860, additional ac commodations being necessary, another school edifice was built at the corner of Jefferson and Eighth streets. In 1 87 1, the districts were consolidated and the present brick structure commenced. The same was completed and ready for occupation in December of the year in which its foun dations were laid. It is of brick, 60 x 80, three stories high, with a mansard roof. It was designed by W. H. J. Nich olls, of La Crosse, and built under the supervision of Will iam Van Hoosear, of Black River Falls. The cost of the site, building and furnishing was $30,000. The building is divided into eight departments, viz.: kindergarten, first and second primary, first and second in termediate, first and second grammar, and high, furnishing employment to nine teachers and enjoying an average an nual attendance of 350 scholars. The cost of conducting the school is estimated at $5,000 per annum, and the present Board is made up of C. F. Ainsworth, Director ; H. B. Cole, Treasurer ; and R. C. Jones, Clerk. Black River Falls Library Association was established late in the '60 's, when it was known as the Young Men's Literary Association, with a library of 500 volumes. The society was re-organized October 14, 1872, with J. C. Hus- sey, president ; W. S. Darrow, vice-president ; and E. Le Claire, secretary. Since that date, books have been added to the library from time to time until now there are 1,600 volumes. Residents of the village enjoy access to the li brary, which is supported by a tax of one mill per annum on the taxable property of Black River Falls. The present officers are : C. R. Johnson, president ; B. J. Castle, secre tary and librarian ; also a Board of nine directors, elected annually. The library property is valued at $3,500. The Black River Falls Dramatic Society was organized August r, 1881, with twelve members. The object is a Winter's entertainment, but at present writing no officers have been elected. The Fire Department was organized May 20, 1872, when W. S. Darrow was elected foreman, J. W. Dewey, assist ant foreman and Milo Merrill, secretary. The department originally embraced a hose company, to which, however, a hook and ladder organization was subsequently added, an engine house erected, and sufficient apparatus obtained to promise security against the ravages of what has proved to have been an implacable foe to the growth and progress of Black River Falls. The department now numbers thirty members, officered as follows : F. Bartlet, foreman ; A. Er- rickson and C. K. Schenk, assistants ; W. J. Thompson, secretary; and J. B. Elmore, treasurer. Department prop erty is valued at $3,000. Water is supplied by the Holly system. Religious. — Methodist Episcopal Church. — In 1847, about fifteen citizens of Black River Falls united their ef forts for the purpose of building a church and parsonage. The logs were cut and arrangements completed, by which an edifice, 16 x 20, was erected the same season. It was completed after considerable trouble, but not until Hon. W. T. Price took the matter in hand, and put on all the necessary finishing touches. The Rev. Mr. Wood was the first minister, and was followed by a Mr. Snow, the Rev. Jesse Pardner and others. In 1856, the society became strong enough to erect a new edifice, and the present church building, of frame, 30 x 40, with a capacity for seating a congregation of 400, was built on Terrace street. In 1863, this house of worship was re-modeled and improved, and is to-day one of the most convenient and accessible church edifices in the village. The present congregation numbers about 100, and the Rev. Elbridge Bradford is the pastor in charge. Presbyterian Church was first organized as the Congre gational Church by Rev. Warren Bigelow, in 1855. In 1858 the little church now occupied by the Episcopalians was completed and occupied. In 1862, Mr. Bigelow removed to Minnesota, and the history of the Presbyterian Church begins from this date. The latter was organized by a com mittee of the Presbytery of Chippewa, and the Rev. Joseph G. Wells assumed charge. The present church edifice on Main street was commenced in 1867 and dedicated in No vember, 1870, the Rev. J. H. McNally, of Winona, preach ing the sermon. From March to August, 1873, the church pastorate was vacant, but in the latter year the Rev. D. B. Jackson was formally installed the first regular minister the society had employed. At present the church is without a pastor, though services are held at intervals by transients. St. Albans Protestant Episcopal Church was first organ ized in 1 87 1, through the efforts of the Rev. Mr. Dorsett, 408 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. pastor of the diocese of La Crosse. The following year, the society purchased the Congregational Church edifice on Main street, and for some time after was in a prosperous condition. This continued until about 1873, when the or ganization lapsed and so continued until 1877, when its re organization was effected by the Rev. W. H. H. Ross, and has yearly grown in strength and importance. The present members number twenty, and services are held alternate Sundays, morning and evening. First Baptist Church was organized August 15, 1858, at a meeting of the sect, convened at the residence of J. L. Loomis, when twelve members signed the roster, and P. Brown was elected deacon, with J. L. Loomis clerk of the society. Services were first held in the residences of mem bers and so continued until 1868, when the present church on Main street, west of the Court-house, was completed at a cost of $1,500, and taken possession of. At present, the society has thirty-eight members and belongs to the La Crosse Valley Baptist Association, with the Rev. D. G. Catchpole, pastor. Universalist Church. — The Universalist Society of Black River Falls was informally organized in the Fall of 1869, when the church edifice was built. In the Spring of 1870, the organization was perfected, with ten members, through the efforts of the Rev. Mr. Donley. Since that date until January 1, 1881, the church has been active, with a regular pastor and numerous congregation. At present, there is neither pastor nor regular services. The church property s valued at $1,600. Norwegian Lutheran Church. — The society which be came the nucleus of this Church organization was gathered together in 1867, under the auspices of the Rev. Mr. Frick, of La Crosse, and consisted of six families. For years the members worshiped in unoccupied churches and the school- house, but, in 1876, erected the present church edifice at a cost of $3,000. Since then it has been occupied by the con gregation, which now numbers eighteen families, on alternate Sabbaths. The present pastor is the Rev. H. Hokonson, and the value of church property is placed at $3,500. The Auxiliary Bible Society of Black River Falls was first organized in 1854, but re-organized, and a constitution adopted December 8, 1865, with branches at Manchester, Irving, Melrose, Hueton, Alma, Green Valley, North Bend and Merrillan. The first officers were D. J. Spaulding, pres ident ; F. O. Brainard, vice-president ; J. A. Watrous, sec retary, and R. C. Bryant, treasurer ; W. T. Price, J. R. Hoffman and S. F. S. Wason, directors. Since that date, the society has to some extent lapsed, and at present is regarded as enduring a passive existence. The officers now are J. C. Hussey, president ; D. J. Spaulding, vice-president; H. L. Cutts, secretary, and W. C. Jones, treasurer. H.C.Arnold, Joseph Winter and W. T. Murray, directors. Black River Falls Roman Catholic Church was organ ized, it is believed, during the year 1857, through the labors of the Rev. Father Kerrigan, a devout minister of the faith, formerly from Eau Claire. Services were held at occasional intervals in the private residences of members of the soci ety, until 1 87 1, when the present church edifice was erected at a cost of $1,600. Since that day the mission has increased in numbers, and is now one of the largely attended places of worship in the village. Services are now conducted semi-monthly by the Rev. Father Morse, and the congrega tion is composed of fifty families. Societies. — Black River Lodge, No. 74, A. F. & A. M., was chartered June 12, 1856, with nine members, and offi cers as follows : E. S. Crossett, W. M. ; W. T. Price, S. W. and J. R. Crossett, J. W. Since that date the membership has increased to seventy, and the lodge is in a highly satis factory condition. The present officers are J. J. McGillivray, W. M. ; W. C. Arnold, S. W. ; C. F. Ainsworth, J. W. ; G. M. Perry, S. D. ; W. C. Jones, J. D. ; T. B. Elmore, secre tary, and John H. Mills, treasurer. Meetings are held on the first and third Friday evenings of each month. Black River Falls Lodge, No. 41, R. A. M., was organ ized January 18, 187 1, by the election of C. C. Pope, H. P.; H. B. Cole, king, and W. S. Darrow, scribe. The present officers are A. LeClaire, H. P. ; H. B. Cole, king, and Sam uel Freeman, scribe. The present members are stated at sixty, and meetings are convened semi-monthly, on the sec ond and fourth Friday evenings. Black River Falls Council, No. 40, was instituted Febru ary 24, 1881, and has but few members at present, with the following officers : A. LeClaire, T. I. M. ; H. B. Cole, D. M., and Samuel Freeman, P. C. W. Albion Lodge, No. 134, I. O. O. F., was chartered Jan uary 16, 1868, with full membership and the following offi cers : H. J. Holmes, N. G. ; George C. Perry, V. G. ; D.W. C. Osborn, R. S. ; E. O. Jones, P. S., and A. Le Claire, treasurer. The lodge has prospered, both in numbers and influence, and is now the leading lodge of the order in Jackson County. The present members number fifty, and the officers are Charles Erdman, N. G. ; David Barclay, V. G. ; J. H. Edmonds, secretary, and Charles C. Wason, treas urer. Meetings are held weekly, on Wednesday night, and lodge property is valued at $500. Barnett Encampment, No. 26, I. O. O. F., was instituted January 19, 1869, at which date the following officers were selected : O. O. Hearn, C. P. ; S. W. Bowman, H. P. ; H. J. Holmes, S. W. ; E. O. Jones, J. W. ; F. H. Allen, scribe; and A. Le Claire, treasurer. The present officers are George F. Cooper, C. P. ; G. H. Monish, H. P. ; Charles Erdman, S. W. ; J. P. Crosby, J. W. ; L. L. Dimmick, scribe, and Charles Erdman, treasurer. The encampment now contains fourteen members. Meetings are held semi-monthly, on the second and fourth Wednesdays, and the property of the order is valued at $300. Victoria Lodge, No. 29, I. 0. O. F., was chartered No vember 23, 1879, but is not in active operation. Albion Lodge, No. 62, Temple of Honor, was chartered July 19, 1876, with fifteen members, and organized immedi ately by the election of D. T. Lindley, W. C. T. ; G. H. Perkins, W. V. T. ; N. A. Batcheller and S. G. Sharpless', secretaries; D. B. Jackson, W. T. ; Rev. G. Haigh, chap lain ; G. F. Cooper, usher ; F. Cooper, W. C. Jones and HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 409 John Parsons, trustees. The present members number fifty- six. Meetings are held on Monday evenings of each week, and the officers are B. E. Wheeler, W. C. T. ; D. Barclay, W. V. T. ; C. M. Hobart and Frank Johnson, secretaries ; George F. Cooper, W. T. ; J. C. Hussey, W. C. ; S. Sam- dahl, W. U. ; J. C. Hussey, D. T. Lindley and G. W. Miller, trustees. Lodge property is valued at $200. Independence Lodge, No. 149, I. O. G. T., was char tered May 9, 1873, wit;h twelve charter members. At the organization, J. A. Van Schaick, was elected W. C. T. ; Mrs. C. J. Cooper, W. V. T. ; C. J. Cooper and D. J. Lind ley, secretaries; Rev. J. D. Tull, W. C; Mrs. J. A. Van Schaick, W. T., and Benjamin Franklin, marshal. The present membership is twenty-five. Meetings are held weekly, on Tuesday evenings, and the officers are George F. Cooper, W. C. T. ; Miss Josephine Lindley, W. V. T. ; Mrs. D. T. Lindley and F. A. Parsons, secretaries ; Edward" Emerson, W. T. ; Mrs. F. Simpson, chaplain, and J. A. Johnson, marshal. Hope Temple, No. 142, Juvenile Templars, was char tered April 26, 1878, and was for a time quite prosperous. Latterly, however, it is comparatively inactive. Manufacturing. — Spaulding's Planing Mill, erected by D. H. Spaulding in 1872, at a cost of $15,000, is located near the bridge across Town Creek, on the Johnson street extension, and is one of the most complete in every respect of the manufacturing establishments in this portion of the State. The venture is supplied with machinery for the framing of sash, doors, blinds, etc., and was operated by its founder for many years very successfully. In October, I^79> J- J- McGillivray secured possession as lessee, and has since been conducting the establishment. He employs a total of twelve men, at a weekly compensation of $144, and does a business of about $12,000 per annum. The investment is considered worth $25,000. Hussey & Wheeler's Foundry and Machine Shop is lo cated on Mason street, adjoining Town Creek, where it was established by J. C. Hussey, in 1866. Within five years, his business became extended, and he was compelled to erect a stone building for molding purposes, In 1879, A. Wheeler became a partner in the venture, and so continues. The firm do a general foundry and machine business, em ploy five men at a weekly salary of $42, and turn out work estimated at $10,000 per annum. The investment is rated at $20,000. Black River Falls Brewery, the oldest of its kind in the county, is located on Spring street, where it was established in 1856, by Ulrich Oderbolz. The same year, he erected the frame building still used for brewing purposes, at a cost of $5,000, and has since made improvements as necessity demanded. He employs two hands, manufactures 500 bar rels of beer, and does a business of $4,000 per annum. Albion Mills are located on Black River, north of the village and contiguous to Town Creek, and were erected in May, 1871, through the enterprise of J. D. Spaulding. The building is of frame, 52x102, four stories high, and was completed at a cost of $30,000. Originally, they were sup plied with four run of stone, but in 1873 three run of stone were added, making the capacity 1 25 barrels of flour in twenty-four hours. In 1876, J. G. Heaton assumed charge of the enterprise, and has since conducted the same. He employs six men, at a weekly compensation of $150; and furnishes the market with the "Albion Cap Sheaf" and " Snow-flake " brands of flour. The investment represents a valuation of $75,000. Jackson County Bank is located on Main street, in Bow man's building, and is regarded as one of the most sub stantial financial corporations in the Northwest. The bank was duly organized, under the laws of Wisconsin, on Jan uary 1, 1877, with a capital of $50,000, and the following officers : W. T. Price, president ; H. B. Mills, vice-presi dent; W. R. O'Hearn, cashier, and J. H. Mills, assistant cashier. In December, 1876, the directory purchased Bowman's building, which has since been occupied by the Bank, which has not changed its officers since their election in the first instance, and is doing a business which footed up, at the close of the fiscal year for 1881, a grand total of $1,500,000. The first post-office opened in the county was at the Falls, during the Spring of 1850. The office was located in Albert Tuttle's residence, and here W. W. Bennett, as confidential agent for the distribution of the mail, exercised the duties thereunto belonging. In 1852, C. R. Johnson was appointed Postmaster, and established his headquarters in what was then known as the " Hole in the Wall," on Town Creek. He was followed by H. E. Prickett, who was in turn succeeded by John Lockhart, both of whom " kept "' on Water street. Subsequently, the office was re moved to Main street, where it still remains ; and after service by James Barber and Dr. S. A. Sheldon, John Par sons was commissioned officer in charge. This was twenty years ago, and the commission then issued is still recog nized. Two mails from east and west are received daily, and mails from points off the main line of railroads semi- and tri-weekly. The first cemetery in the present village limits was on the second table land west of the Falls, in the addition sur veyed and platted by Price & Rublee. In 1867, the asso ciation was organized by the election of W. T. Price, pres ident ; Peris Brown, treasurer, and C. R, Johnson, secretary, with W. T.Price, Peris Brown, Jacob Postweiler, J. Darrow, Capt. McSwain and J. M. Garrett. A lot, 400 feet square, on the hill east of the village, donated by D. J. Spaulding, was accepted, platted and decorated, and has since been used for burial purposes. Recently, an addition of three acres has been made to the cemetery proper, and in July, 1881, the custody and control of the society property was transferred to the town authorities, by whom the affairs have-since been managed. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J. H. ALLEN, Black River Falls, Sheriff of Jackson County, was born in New York, Jan. 13, 1839. Came to State of Wisconsin with his parents Oct. 15, 1853, and located at Janesville. Remained there four months, when they bought a farm fifteen miles west of the city and con- 410 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tinued on that until 1855. Then moved to Jackson County, town of Hixton, where they pre-empted 160 acres, and bought in addition, to make a farm containing 280 acres. He remained with his parents until twenty-one years of age, and on Jan. 21, i860, was married to Miss Ann R. Newell, She was born in New Portage, Summit Co., Ohio. In the Fall of 1870, Mr. A. sold out, and moved to Black River Falls, and started a livery stable, which business he followed until 1875, when he disposed of all the property there and moved to Virginia with his father, and farmed for two years. Returned to Black River Falls, and rented the Merchants' Hotel. Was also appointed Under Sheriff, and in 1878 was elected Sheriff. Has held several other offices in the town where he has lived. He is a member of the order A., F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter No. 41. Also the order of I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134. Have two children living, Rosa F. and James H. Also two dead, Jessie F. and Edwin N. H. C. ARNOLD, station agent and telegraph operator, Black River Falls, was born in Maine, Nov. 29, 1844. Came to Wisconsin in 1868, and located at Boscobel : commenced to clerk in the railroad office. Went to a station then called Baldwin in 1871, and went to work for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad. Went to Black River Falls in 1876, and has remained there ever since. Has been en gaged with the same company for ten years. Mr. Arnold is a member of A., F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter No. 41. He was married, Oct. 8, 1878, in Madison, to Alice H. Durrie. She was born in 1853, and is the daughter of D. L. Durrie, librarian at Madison. Mr. and Mrs. Arnold have one son, Henry C. N. A. BATCHELLER, undertaker and furniture dealer, Black River Falls, was born in Jefferson Co., Wis. Came to Black River Val ley with his parents in 1855, and settled at Galesville. His father, a millwright, was the man who erected the first grist and saw-mill at that place, in 1855-56. Mr. B. worked with his father till 1864, and then enlisted in the late war, 46th Wis. V. I. Served one year; then came home to Galesville. In 1867, went to Melrose, where he worked at the carpenter's trade till that Fall, then located at Black River Falls. Worked for D. J. Spaulding until 1869. Worked as book-keeper for the West Wisconsin Railroad. Continued as such for two years, then engaged with Mr. Spaulding, where he remained until 1878 ; then opened a furniture store where the Freeman House now stands. In October, 1879, moved where he now is, and still continues in the furni ture line. Mr. Batcheller married Agnes Wiltse, who was born in Platteville, Grant Co., Wis. Have one son, Hugh W. Mr. B. is a member of I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134. Is also a member of Temple of Honor, and is at present Justice of the Peace. FREDRICK BEST, dealer in meats, etc., Black River Falls, was born in Germany, Feb. 15, 1846. Came with his parents to America. In 1869, came to Black River Falls, Wis. He started a meat market there in 1877. Mr. Best does a good business, and in 1880 built an ad dition to his shop. He was married to Mary Fisher in June, 1878, by whom he has one daughter. His wife died in October, 1879, and in May, 1880, was married the second time, to Miss Minnie Peters. She was born in Milwaukee. They have one son, Edward. Mr. Best is a member of the Lutheran Church. SAMUEL D. BLAKE, County Treasurer of Jackson County. Was born in town of Hallowell, Kennebec Co., Me., in the year l848.l,Went to New Hampshire, and engaged in a cotton mill one year, and in 1857 went to Chicago, HI., and engaged as clerk in a commission house. Came out to Wisconsin the same year, and settled at North Bend, Jack son Co., and went to work in a saw-mill for $26 per month, which was being rebuilt by Thomas Douglas. When the mill was completed, Samuel engaged as sawyer, where he remained until 1861, when he en listed in the 1st Light Artillery Battery, Wis. V. I., at La Crosse, Wis. ; served for three years and ten months, and was mustered out as sergeant. Samuel was engaged in all of the principal battles of the Mississippi, and then came to Irving,' Jackson Co., and in 1866, took charge of a saw-mill for Olsin & Tibbets, in town of Manchester, and in 1867, was elected Clerk of Circuit Court, to fill vacancy, on resignation of Ira Pope ; held that office until 1868, when he was elected County Sheriff for two years, and in 1870, was Assessor of town of Albia, then in March, 1871, went to work for E. J. Spaulding, at Black River Falls, and 1873, he was ap pointed as Deputy County Treasurer, under Oliver O'Hearn, and at the death of O'Hearn, was appointed by County Board to fill his vacancy, then in 1875, was elected to the office he now holds. Samuel is a mem ber of A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter, No. 41, La Crosse Commandery, No. 49, etc., and of the Wisconsin Consistory, 320 S. P. R. S. Was married, Jan. 7, 1878, to Miss Frances O'Hearn, who was born in Dodge Co., Wis., in 1850. Have had two children, Henri D. and William O., who died Aug. 16, 1878, buried in Black River Cemetery. JAMES CHANDLER, retired farmer. Black River Falls. Was born Nov. 18, 1812, in West Granville, N. Y. Came to Wisconsin in 1846, and settled in Black River Falls, and opened the first grocery store in that town in 1858, on Water street. Continued at that business twelve years, adding dry goods, etc., to his grocery line, and in 1870, sold out and started a store at Greenwood. In 1878, sold out to E.F.Brown. Returned to Black River Falls and farmed for one year. In 1880, he went up the North Wisconsin Railroad, and got a post-office established at a station named Chandler, after him. Is a member of the A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 174, and was married to his first wife, Miss Harriett M. Woodworth, in 1844 ; she was born in New York State, and died Feb. 28, 1855, leaving two children, Caleb W. and Nettie G., now Mrs. B. F. Brown. Was married to his second wife. Mrs. William Her- riell ; she was born in New York, July 27, 1824. They have three chil dren—Jennie, now Mrs. W. G. Taylor, Virgil W. and George W., now in Florida in the mercantile business. They have lost one child, Jane A., who is buried in the Black River Cemetery. F. R. CHAPMAN, proprietor of Merchant's House, Black River Falls. Was born Jan. 16, 1828, in Ohio. Came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located in Racine County on a farm. Staid there for two years, then returned to Ohio, remaining there four years. Came to Black River Falls, Wis., in the Spring of 1853, and engaged in lumbering and farm ing until 1879, when he bought the hotel where he now is. Has been Assessor in the town of Albia, Town Clerk and Chairman of Town Supervisors. Was married, in 1845, to Sarah Nichols ; she was born in Ohio, Aug. 7, 1827. They have four children — Marshall J., Sarah F., Eveneene and Clara. H. B. COLE, M. D., Black River Falls. Was born in New York State, July 6, 1838. Came to Black River Falls, Wis., Oct. 1, 1865, and commenced to practice his pfofession, and has remained there ever since. Was a graduate of the University Medical College, New York City, in the class of 1859-60, which class consisted of 150. Dr. Cole read medi cine under Dr. J. L. Adams, at Cornell, N. Y., also under Dr. P. A. Aylett, New York City. He first practiced at Faribault, in i860, and left there in the Fall of 1862. Was appointed surgeon of the 128th N. Y. V. I., and continued in the service until 1865, stationed at New Orleans. Then came to Black River Falls, Wis., and was married to Clara A. Baxter, July 15, 1866 ; she was born in New York, May 5, 1848. They have two children, Cepha H. and Halbert B. Dr. Cole has been Chairman of County Board two years, and of Village Board one year, and a member of School Boaid eight years. Is a. member of A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter, No. 41, LaCrosse Commandery, No. 9, and Wisconsin Consistory, S. P. R. S., at Mil waukee. J. W. COLE & CO., druggists and manufacturers, Black River Falls. The firm was established in 1865, consisting of J. W. and Dr. H. B. Cole, and Dr. J. B. G. Baxter. Opened their first store on the corner of Main and Mason streets, and moved to the building they now occupy, Aug. 15, 1875, and have continued to increase their stock ever since, and now carry from $ 18,000 to $20,000 stock. In January, 1867, Drs. Cole and Baxter sold out to F. W. Cole, and the firm still remains J.W.Cole & Co. J. W. and F. W. are both natives of New York. J. W. wasborn Oct. 15, 1843, and F. W. was born Aug. 8, 1846, and was married to Miss Ella Bowman, Sept. 23, 1877, who was born in Wisconsin, Feb. 16, 1856. They are also proprietors of a large gents' furnishing house, at Neillsville, Wis. Both are members of the A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter, No. 41, and also LaCrosse Commandery. JOSEPH CLANCY, stone mason, Black River Falls, was born in New York, May 22, 1823 ; came to Black River Falls, Wis., in the Fall of 1844, and has lived there ever since, engaged, most of the time, in the lumber business, during the Winter. Enlisted in Co. I, 14th Wis. V. I., in the late war, serving two years, and was second lieutenant under Capt. C. R. Johnson. Mr. Clancy was married, Feb. 14, 1844, in Grant Co., Wis., to Miss Lucinda N. Daney. She was born in New York State. OSCAR F. CLAPP, dealer in books, stationery and fancy articles, Black River Falls, was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, Sept. 16, 1841 ; went to La Crosse, Wis., with his father, in the Summer of 1854 ; in the Fall of the same year came to Black River Falls and commenced clerking for W. B. Porter, druggist, continuing to do so for four years, after which he started in the.grocery business with his father, the firm afterward changing to Clapp & Perry. In 1872, Clapp sold out to Perry, and went to clerk ing for D. P. Spaulding. Remained there ten months ; then went back to work for W. B. Porter, and continued with him until he started in his present business. Is a member of A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge No. 74, and also oi Temple of Honor ; has been Town Treasurer two years, Town Clerk one year. Married to Sophia W. Thorpe ; she was born in Ohio, April 21, 1864. Have two children living, Charlie O. and MaudS' LUDOVICK L. DIMMICK, manufacturer and dealer in harness, saddle!,, etc., Black River Falls, is a native of New York, having been born at Oshen, July I, 1839 ; came, with his parents, to Wisconsin at the age of eight years, and settled in Dane County, where they lived six years, and went to Minnesota, remaining there until 1859. They came back to Wisconsin, first living in Monroe County for one year, and then re moving to Irving, Jackson Co. In 1861, Ludovick L. enlisted in Co. I, 10th Wis. Regt. V. I., and served until 1862, when he was wounded at the battle of Perryville, Ky., resulting in the loss of his left leg. He was married. Feb. 19. 1865, to Miss Mary E. Smith ; she was born in Pennsylvania, March 17, 1847. They removed to Black River Falls in HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY. 411 November of 1865, and have made that their home ever since. They have four children— Ruby B., Sarah E., Inez and Lytton. CARL F. W. ERDMAN, meat market, Main street, Black River Falls, was born in Germany, Aug. 13, 1840; came to America in 1865, and settled in Jefferson Co., Wis., where he worked by the day at farming until 1867, when he moved to Black River Falls, and started to work for H. B. Greenly until 1874, when he started a meat market for himself, and built the building which he now occupies the same year. Mr. Erdman is a mem ber of I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134, and was married to his wife, Mary ; was a native of Germany, and born Feb. 21, 1843. They have three children— Augusta E., Pauline W. and Fredrick C. A. Carl. F. M. GOODENOUGH, electro-magnetic baths, Black River Falls, was born in New York State, March 19, 1852 ; came, with his parents, to Wisconsin in 1854 ; settled in Jackson County, where he worked on the river until 1868 ; then worked in saw mill for j. B. Smith, and at the same time was studying his profession, which is electro-magnetic baths. He opened his first office Feb. 19, i88l,at Black River Falls, and is meeting with success in treating various diseases, and has indorsements from the best citizens in Jackson to prove it. JAMES ICE, lumberman, Black River Falls, was born in Pennsyl vania, Dec. 2, 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855 to look up a location, only staying two months and then returning to Pennsylvania. In 1859, came to Wisconsin with the intention of remaining here, and settled in Black River Falls and opened a hardware store in a building which stood where the Jackson County Bank now stands, said store being destroyed by fire in i860. Mr. Ice then opened a general merchandise store, in partnership with Frank Parsons, which he continued one year, and then started in the lumber business, but only followed it a short time ; moved to Hixton, where he kept a general merchandise store in company with L. G. Merrill. Remained there three years, and then returned to Black River Falls, and started in the lumber business again, at which he still continues, and has made Black River Falls his home since. He has held the office of Assessor and Supervisor in his town and county ; is a mem ber of the I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134, and of the Encampment. Was married to his first wife, Miss Sarah J. Shansbook, Dec. 25, 1852 ; she was a native of Pennsylvania. Mrs. Ice died in February, 1855, leaving two children, Ella J., now Mrs. A. D. Merrill, and Franklin S. Mr. Ice was married to his second wife, Miss Elizabeth Southern, April, 1859 ; she was born in Pennsylvania, in 1828, and by whom he has four children — James S., Laura J., Mary and Thuey. Mr. Ice now owns 3,200 acres of land in Texas, 200 in Kansas, and 800 acres of pine land in Wisconsin. C. R. JOHNSON, Black River Falls, was born in Norfolk Co., Mass., May 22, 1822 ; his parents soon after removed to Holliston, in Middlesex Co., where he received a common school education, ending his school life with several terms at the only academical institution in that vicinity. At the age of eighteen, acting under the advice of friends, and the better to develop his physical powers, which needed strengthen ing, he shipped as a green hand on board a New Bedford whaler, and for the two following years was cruising on whaling ground in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and returning home, after a successful voyage, he was soon possessed with a desire to go West, and acting upon the im pulse, he was soon on the way, reaching Monroe Co., Ill,, February, 1844, where he remained, among relatives, about one year, in the mean time making several trips between St. Louis and New Orleans, buying goods below and disposing of them above. In Spring of 1845, he landed at Dubuque, Iowa, and after disposing of some goods that he had on hand, he was, during the Summer following, engaged upon a surveying contract, covering territory west of Dubuque, at that date a wilderness of prairie. Returning to his starting point about the middle of September, he immediately engaged in a trip up the river to the present city of La Crosse, then almost a naked prairie ; from thence he went eighty miles up the Black River to Douglass Mills, so called, and being present site of the village of North Bend, in Jackson Co., Wis. The object of the expedition was to receive a raft of lumber at the " Mills," and run the same down to Dubuque, and, after accomplishing the contract, Mr. Johnson returned and spent the following Winter among his relatives in Illinois ; but, being very favorably impressed with the appearance and prospects of the Black River country — so much so, in fact, that he returned to the river in the early Spring of 1846, and located at the Falls, which has been his home ever since, with the exception hereinafter mentioned. That season he " roughed it " among the rough settlers, and enjoyed it. The following Winter, that of 1846-7, he was engaged by Jacob Spaulding, Esq., the owner of the mill property at the Falls, to teach the first school taught in Wisconsin north and west of Prairie du Chien. In the Spring of 1847, after assisting to run a raft to Galena, 111., he found an officer enlisting recruits for our army, then battling in Mexico, and with his strong love of adventure, he was easily induced to enlist, and reached Vera Cruz July 4, 1847, and became attached to the brigade of General Franklin Pierce (afterward President), then marching toward the City of Mexico. He was engaged in the battles of the Na tional Bridge, Contreras and Charubusco. After peace was declared, he returned from Mexico, and was discharged at New Orleans, and made his way back to Black River Falls, where he taught school again several terms, in the meantime being appointed Postmaster, elected Town Clerk, and Justice of the Peace. At the organization of Jackson County he was elected Clerk of the Board of Supervisors and Register of Deeds, and was re-elected to the latter office. In 1852, having qualified himself, he was admitted as an attorney at law, and commenced the practice, in con nection with W. T. Price, the present State Senator from the 32d Sen atorial District, and, with the exception of nearly three years' service in the late war of the Rebellion, has, since his admission to the Bar, been in constant practice of his profession. Has served, during that time, ten years as District Attorney, also two terms as a member of the Wisconsin Legislature, being elected for his last term while in the army. In Octo ber, 1861, he raised a company in Clark and Jackson Counties, which was mustered into the service at Fond du Lac, as Co. I, of the 14th Regt. Wis. Vols., and he as captain of the same. Ever since his advent on Black River, Mr. Johnson has been a prominent citizen, and has taken an active interest in all educational matters, as well as upon others of general interest to the people of his section. W. C. JONES, grocery, dealer in glassware, crockery, etc., Water street, Black River Falls, was born in Vermont, Sept. 30, 1844 ; came to Wisconsin, April 23, 1866, and settled in Black River Falls, and then first commenced to clerk for J. C. Spaulding & Jones until 1869, when he took charge of D. J. Spaulding's grocery and provision store, and re mained in that position until December, 1879, after which time started in business for himself, succeeding D. J. Spaulding, putting in an entire new stock of groceries, etc. Has continued to increase his stock up to the present, and now owns the largest grocery store in Jackson County. Mr. Jones is a member of the order of A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, also order I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134, and Temple of Honor. Was married, Dec. 8, 1868, to Miss Mary E. Campbell ; she was born in Grant Co., Wis., 1851. Have a daughter, Bessie. HENRY LAKE, proprietor of the River Side Hotel, Black River Falls, was born in Livingston Co., N.Y, July 30, 1823 ; came to Wiscon sin in 1849, and settled in Walworth County, on a farm, engaged in raising live-stock. Continued there until 1855, when he went to Trem pealeau Co., Wis., and raised fine Durham stock. In the Fall, of 1874, sold out his farm, which consisted of 720 acres of land, which he run in connection with his father, and bought what was then known as the " Sheppard property," which was situated three miles below Black River Falls, and consists of 320 acres. Erected the River Side Hotel in 1875, and has run it since. Was married, to Miss Elginette Prasens, Jan. I, 1855. She was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1831. They have three children — Robert Preston, first American child born in the northern half of town of Preston, Trempealeau County where they lived ; Henry Aleck and Nettie. ALGEROY LeCLAIR, hardware store, Main street, Black River Falls, was born in New York, Nov. 25, 1827. Came to Black River Falls in 1861, and opened a hardware store in the building he now oc cupies. Has held office of Town Treasurer ; been a member of the Village Board ; is a member of the order of F. & A'. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter, No. 41, and belongs to the order of I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134, and Temple of Honor. Was married to Miss Jenette Folson, April 8, 1854. She is a native of New York, born 1835. Have five children now living — Edgar A., Flora, J. V., A. F. and Georgie E. W. T. MURRAY, hardware and lumber, Black River Falls, was born in Pennsylvania, Sept. 19, 1838. Came to Jackson County and settled at Black River Falls in 1857. His first work was stage agent for Price & Douglass, on the route from La Crosse to Black River Falls, and in 1859 clerked in the County Treasurer's office under Hugh Doug lass, after which he commenced to study law with C. R. Johnson, but soon gave it up and went to work for W. P. Price. On the Ist of Janu ary, returned to Johnson's office and took charge of it for him while he was at Madison in the Legislature, and in April, 1861, commenced work for D. J. Spaulding in saw-mill, and continued there until 1879. Had charge of all Mr. Spaulding's business outside of the saw-mill, finally going in partnership with Mr. Spaulding. Has been connected in the hardware business with Mr. R. B. Jones since 1875. Mr. M. was a member of the County Board for two years, and in 1863 was United States Deputy Provost Marshal in Clark County. Was married, October, 1862, to Miss Sarah E. Cutts. She was born in New York, April 7, 1842 ; died Dec. 17, 1879. Are five children living — William Price, Anna, Maggie, Julia and Warren T. Two dead, Theodore and Sarah, both buried in Black River Cemetery. ULRICH ODERBOLZ, brewer, Black River Falls, was born in Switzerland, April 19, 1819. Came to America in 1852, and located at Canton, Ohio, and worked in a brewery there for six months, then left there and spent six months traveling down the Ohio and Lower Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, then on to Texas, and from there back up the Mis sissippi to Galena, 111., where he stopped and worked in a brewery unti[ 1854. He then went to La Crosse, Wis., and stayed there till 1856 ; came to Black River Falls and erected a brewery and lived in a little frame house between his present home and the brewery ; erected a brick residence in 1869. Was married to Anna Helbling, in June, 1857. She was born, Sept. 14, 1837, in Switzerland, and came to America with 412 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. her parents when seventeen years of age. They have eight children — Mary L., Annie M., George W., Julia, Frank, Charles, Emma J. and Edward. W. R. O'HEARN, cashier of Jackson County Bank, Black River Falls, was born in Canada, Jan. 15, 1843. Came to Wisconsin with his parents, who settled in Dodge County in 1845, and moved from there to Jackson County in 1855, where he has remained ever since, first farm ing with his father and going to school, but received his principal educa tion at Galesville University ; after which he engaged in the lumber business, also as book-keeper for D. J. Spaulding where he remained until Jan. 2, 1877, when he commenced as cashier in the bank where he still remains. Is a member of order of A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, Chapter, No. 41, and La Crosse Commandery, No. 9. Was married to Miss Flora Johnson, in 1869. She was born in North Adams, Mass., Nov. 24, 1846. Have two sons, Thomas and Harry. JOHN PARSONS, Postmaster, Black River Falls, was born in England, April 23, 1828. Came to America with his parents and set tled in Fond du Lac Co., Wis., on a farm, and at the age of sixteen went to live with D. C. Brooks, where he remained until he was twenty- one years of age. He then went to La Crosse, remained there two years, and helped to plaster the first frame house that was built in that city. In 1853, came up Black River to Jackson County and settled on a farm in the town of Alma, which place he sold out in 1855 and moved to Black River Falls, opened a general merchandise store on Water street and continued at that until 1861, when he was appointed Post master under President Lincoln and has kept that position to this date. Has also been Town Clerk for ten years, member of the School Board and chairman of Republican Committee of Jackson County. Is a member of the order of F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, also order of I. O. O. F., and Temple of Honor and Methodist Episcopal Church. For thirty-one years was married to Miss Almaria K. Foster, July 1, 1850. She was born in Massachusetts, April 18, 1833. Have four children all living — Amelia M. (now Mrs. W. H. Deming), Curtis P. (who entered the mail service at the age of sixteen, en route from Tomah to St. Paul, now settled in Minnesota, and Clerk of District Court, also superintendent of D. J. Spaulding's large farm of 4,000 acres), Erving W. (also in the mail service en route from Chicago to Ce dar Rapids, Iowa), Frank A. (Assistant Postmaster at Black River Falls). HON. G. M. PERRY, Judge of Probate Court of Jackson County, was born in the town of Albia. Jackson Co., Wis., Aug. 23, 1848. Re ceived his common school education at Denmark Academy, Lee Co., Iowa. Was one year at the Illinois Industrial University, of Cham paign, 111. Also one year at Howe Seminary, which was about all the high-school education he received. Studied law and was admitted to the Bar, March 23, 1870. Was elected to the office of Clerk of Court in 1876, re-elected in 1878. Resigned that office Feb. 4, 1881, to accept the appointment of County Judge, to fill vacancy of Judge M. Bump, deceased, for the term ending first Monday in January, 1882. Perry was also elected to the office of County Judge for a term of four years, com mencing, January, 1872, without one single vote against him. He is also County Deputy Clerk and Deputy Register of Deeds. George en listed in the late war, Co. G, 5th Reg., Wis. V. I., Aug. 22, 1864, and served for one year. Was engaged in the following battles : Hatcher's Run, Va.; Petersburg, first and second, and Sailor's Creek, at time of Gen. Lee's surrender. Returned home and went to work for his father in saw-mill. Was married to Miss Nellie Martin, who was born in Canada, 1853. Have got two children, Myrtie B. and Harry M. George is a member of the order of I. O. O. F., Albion Lodge, No. 134, also member of A. F. &. A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, and Temple of Honor, No. 62. T. H. PHILLIPS, book-keeper for D. J. Spaulding, Black River Falls. Born in Columbia Co., Wis., Nov. 24, 1851. Worked with his father on the farm in Summer, and went to school in Winters, until the year 1869-70, when he went to Madison University, after that taught school in La Crosse County, until 1873, when he came to Black River Falls, and went to work for Mr. Spaulding in the lumber yard, assorting and salesman, and in 1874, went into the office as assistant book-keeper with W. R. O'Hearn. In 1875, went to Madison, and attended the commercial college. In the Winter of 1875, taught school in Rock County, and in the Summer of 1876, went to Toledo, Ohio, and started a commercial school, which he conducted one year, returned to Black River, and accepted the position as head book-keeper with D.J. Spauld ing. Mr. P. is a member of the A. F. & A. M., Black River Lodge, No. 74, also Temple of Honor. Was married Sept. 10, 1879, to Miss Eugenia Jessil ; she was born in Jackson Co., Wis., Oct. 28, 1857. HON. CARL C. POPE. Black River Falls. Was born at Wash ington, Orange Co., Vt., July 22, 1834. After receiving an academic education, he entered the law office of Hon. J. P. Kidder, at West Ran dolph, Vt., in March, 1854, where he remained till January, 1856, when he was admitted to the Bar. He passed an extra examination in the law, and was highly complimented by the examining committee for his pro ficiency. In the Spring of 1856, he left Vermont, and came to Black River Falls, Wis., where he has since resided. Soon after his settlement in the West, he began to take a leading part in political matters, as well as in professional life. Being a forcible and eloquent speaker, he soon rose to public notice and popularity. In the Fall of 1857, he was elected District Attorney of Jackson County, and commenced his duties as such, Jan. 1, 1858, and held the office by re-election until Jan. 1, 1862. He also held the same office by election, from Jan. I, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1878. It is the greatest compliment that can be paid to the accuracy of Mr. Pope as a lawyer, to mention the fact that of all the indictments or in formations he drew, none were held insufficient by the courts. He was elected to the Assembly in the Fall of 1861, and held that office till Jan. I, 1864, and was elected to the Senate for the term commencing Jan. 1, 1864. Then four years of legislative duties, preceding the pendency of the civil war, and the influence of Mr. Pope was always on the side of the Union, and against its foes. At the head of the Committee on Fed eral Relations of the Assembly in 1863, and Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1865, he wielded a powerful influence in behalf of the cause of the Union. In 1864, he was a member of the National Republican Convention that nominated Lincoln and Johnson, and after their nomination, took a prominent and active part upon the stump to promote their election. In the Fall of 1876, he was again elected to the Assembly, and re-elected in the Fall of 1877. In the Assembly of 1877, he was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and the next year a mem ber of that committee, but not chairman, as the Republican party was in the minority in the Assembly. A leading Democratic paper, at the con clusion of the session of 1878, spoke of Mr. Pope in the following com plimentary terms : " The ablest and most industrious member of the last Assembly, or the last two for that matter, is Hon. Carl C. Pope, of Jackson County, and this may be said without disparagement to num bers of other very able members who have left enviable records. If there is anything lacking in his character as a legislator, it would take a very observing critic to point it out. From first to last, in appearance, in ability, in oratory and in parliamentary knowledge, he is deserving being pointed to as an ideal. Added to these qualities, he displays an untiring industry and a thorough honesty in the performance of his leg islative duties, that makes him invincible on the floor, and a host in the committee room. His seat in the Assembly has become an honored one." Mr. Pope also held the office of County Judge of Jackson County, by appointment, about six months, and was elected to that office and served about six months of his term, and resigned the office. He is also a mem ber of Black River Lodge, A. F. & A. M., No. 74, and of Black River Chapter, No. 41, of R. A. M., and of Ft. Winnebago Commandery of Knights Templar, at Portage City. He was for many years master of Black River Lodge, and was the first High Priest of Black River Chap ter, and filled these responsible positions to the entire satisfaction of the members of these bodies. He has ever been one of the most extensive and critical readers. His familiarity with the ancient classical writings is proverbial. He has also been an attentive and constant reader of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante, and many poets of less celebrity. And he has not overlooked in his reading, the sacred pages of the Bible. There is hardly a passage of importance in the New Testament that he cannot repeat from memory; and the more important parts of Shake speare and Milton are as familiar to him as household words. He pos sesses a vigorous constitution, an active temperament and retentive memory. And he is emphatically a self-made man. Until the com mencement of the civil war, he was a member of the Democratic party, but upon the commencement of that war, he became a firm supporter of the administration, in its effects to crush the rebellion, and maintain the integrity of the Republic. In this course he became estranged from the Democracy, and has ever since been a zealous member of the Repub lican party. As a lawyer he ranks high in his profession, and as an advo cate is not excelled in the State of Wisconsin. Laborious in his prepara tion, and consummate in his skill in the execution of his plans " amid the dust and heat " of forensic battle, he is a formidable antagonist. Respectful to the court, and honorable and obliging to the members of the Bar, he is universally respected among the members of his own chosen profession. And like every true lawyer, he has rendered a great deal of gratuitous services for the poor and oppressed. And such serv ices have not been rendered grudgingly, but with the same zeal as though he was working for a large fee. He is now forty-six years of age, and in the full vigor of manhood. M. M. POST, Freeman House, Black River Falls, was born in Ohio, Oct. 14, 1845. Came to Black River Falls in 1S69, and went to work on the river, driving logs for McMullan. Remained with him one Win ter, then went to work in the woods until 1879, when he went teaming for Mr. Spaulding, and on April 1, 1879, took charge of the hotel where he now is. He enlisted in Co. B, 2d Wis. C. V. in 1864, at La Crosse. Mr. Post was married to Fannie Freeman, April 20, 1880. She was born in Canada, Nov. 17, 1855, an 57.672 acres, valued at $175,155. In the Winter of 1876, hard wood was worth from $2 to $3 a cord. On the 23d of March, 1876, a Ladies' Aid Society was organized. Mrs. D. A. Klein, president ; Mrs. G. W. Stro- bridge, secretary ; Mrs. C. B. Donaldson, treasurer. The centennial celebration of the 4th of July, 1876, was not neglected in Merrill. Dan A. Klein led an appropriate procession of fantastiques. A glee club sang patriotic songs. M. H. McCord was. the orator of the day. E. B. Donald son was the chaplain. Charles O'Niell read a centennial poem. The lumber cut in 1876, was : Lumber, 4,175,135 ; shin gles, 2,040,000 ; hard wood, 175,000 ; pickets, 131,000 ; lath, 100,000. In the Winter of 1877, a bill was introduced into the Wisconsin Legislature, to divide Lincoln County and organ ize from the northern part the county of Manitowoc. Much excitement prevailed in northern Wisconsin, in 1876-7, in relation to taxing certain railroad lands. A law was finally passed, exempting them from taxation for a term of years. In July, 1877/ the section of the temperance cause, called the " Murphy movement," struck Merrill, and had an ephemeral effect. An election, in October, 1878, to see whether the county would give the Wisconsin Valley Railroad Company $110,- 000, was carried in the affirmative, but it afterward came to naught. Improvements in Merrill, in 1878, about $40,000. September 22, 1879, a dramatic company was formed, with Tip Caul, R. F. Vaughn, M. W. Sweeney, Harry Howe, Nellie Day, and others, as members. On Thursday, August 7, 1879, the county voted, nine to one, to exchange $55,000 in bonds for a like amount of railroad stock. Dwellings erected in 1880, 35; business buildings, 6. 1881, dwellings, 102 ; business buildings, 30. At the big freshet in June, 1880, there was an enormous jam of logs on the Grandfather, which was broken on the 16th. The Jenny Lumber Co.'s mill was burned on the night of July 19, 1881. McCord & Howe were proprietors. It was a great loss, $30,000, the insurance being but $8,000. There has been but little criminal violence in Merrill. In the Summer of 1881, Owen Lloyd shot and killed a girl named Jessie Adams, at the house where she lived. He was subsequently tried, adjudged guilty of murder, and sentenced to State Prison for life. February 6, 1881, near the depot, a meat market was burned. The real estate transfers, in 1880, amounted to 167,- 000,000 acres. THE GREAT DELUGE. The various floods on the Wisconsin, the most notable of which are mentioned in connection with the counties below through which the river runs, did comparatively little damage in Merrill up to the time of the great June freshet, in 1880. After a copious and long continued rain the river began to rise until it was higher than ever remembered here, and as the mighty waters went rushing onward, a great destruction of property was witnessed, the breaking of booms, mills torn from their foundations, bridges swept away, and millions of feet of logs hurried down the impetu ous stream. The railroad sustained heavy damage by being submerged, having washouts, bridges dislocated, telegraph lines disabled and communication effectually cut off. John B. Scott's dam was carried away. The Jenny Company's logs were in imminent danger, but they stood the awful pressure. The bridges on the Trappe River took the occa sion to make excursions down stream. The mill on the Pine was considerably damaged, and the bridge near its mouth conformed to the moving spirit and went with the current. Mr. Hazeltine had half a million feet of logs join their companions in the main river. John Callon's boom, dam and logs, a valuable trio, joined in the chorus of "the march to the sea." A temporary boom atMcIndoe's Island, containing about a million feet of logs, headed the proces sion for the region down below. Jenny, or Merrill, as it now is, or Jenny Merrill (to re tain for a dashing young city in her teens her Christian name), is so well set up above the river, with sloping banks that greatly magnifies its carrying capacity as it rises, that the highest flood is enjoyed as a spectacle, the damage it may be doing up and down the river exciting the same kind of sympathy given to the poor sailors by well housed peo ple when the tempest is howling without. The early Fall of 1881 was an exceptionally rainy one, and while with the moving out of the ice in the Spring with the melted accumulation of the snow of the Winter is expected, this flood and the long continued stage of high HISTORY OF LINCOLN COUNTY. 445 water was entirely a new experience, and a like visitation unremembered by that widely located individual, the "oldest inhabitant." Merrill's Honored Dead. DR. DUDLEY E. BLODGETT. The Doctor came here when Jenny was young, and when it was uncertain whether it would ever live to grow up. He had previously lived in Oshkosh, and he was well educated, and a man of extraordinary abilities, an extensive reader, familiar with the past and current literature. Originally, he had a vigorous constitution which became greatly undermined, although he rallied at times to evince a remarkable amount of activity. He used stimulants freely with periodical exacerbations, and step by step, he went down, and at the age of thirty-five, on the 31st of August, 1881, his earthly light went out. tie was an honorable, free and kind hearted man, and left none but friends. MISS MAY POOR was for several years, a resident of Merrill, as a successful music teacher. She died in the East, May 7, 1881, aged twenty-six years. She was a beloved sister of Mrs. G. W. Strobridge. JOSEPH S. SNOW. When sixty-eight years of age, on the 27th of August, 188 1, Mr. Snow departed this life, at the residence of Thomas Maloney. He was one of the oldest inhabitants of this section, having arrived forty years before his death, when he settled on the east side of the river, but subsequently moved on to the west side, where for the past twenty years, he was engaged in farming, having been in early days a successful logger. He was a broad shouldered man who never recoiled from any responsibility. TERESA J. ANDREWS was born in Middlebury, Tioga Co., Pa., Aug. 11, 1846. She was married with Mr. F. M. Andrews, Aug. 10, 1868, and immediately came West. She was a most estimable woman, kind and considerate, and with a quiet dignity and simplicity that won all hearts. She was a much beloved wife and mother. Her departure was on the 22d of February, 1879, leaving a husband and three children to keenly feel their great loss. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHARLES ARCHIBALD, contractor and builder, Merrill, was born in Montreal, Canada, Dec. 10, 1850. He served an apprenticeship of four years in Montreal before beginning his present occupation. He first settled in Green Bay ; remained there and in that vicinity six years, following his trade. Then he went to Wausau for about four years, and from there came to Merrill. He was married in September, 1879, to Mary R. Comb. She was born in Pennsylvania. WILLIAM AVERILL, dry goods, groceries, notions, etc., Merrill, was born in Mt. Vernon, N. H., Oct. 8, 1807. He came to Geneva in October, 1840, where he lived nine years, following farming. In 1849, he came to Merrill, and lived about two miles above the present site of the place ; here he remained until the Spring of 1865, engaged in lum bering and farming; he then went to Montello, and carried the TJ, S. mail from there to Pardeeville, which he followed about two years, then removed again to Merrill. Two years after his return he engaged in the mercantile business. He has served as Postmaster at Merrill for ten years. He was married, in 1842, at Geneva. His wife died in the Spring of 1856. They had six children — Chilli, William, Jr., and Ella, living, and Anna, Sarah and an infant, deceased. He was again mar ried, in the Summer of 1870, to Mrs. Agnes Baldwin, a native of Scot land. HENRY BAEHMAN, blacksmith, Merrill, was born in Prussia, Nov. I, 1847. He first settled in Granville, Milwaukee Co., in 1866, where he lived about one year, then he moved to Milwaukee, in 1867, and to Prairie du Chien in 1868, and to St. Paul, soon after, and went into the pine woods, running a blacksmith shop. He remained there one Winter then he went to Minneapolis. He returned to Milwaukee ; was there a short time and went to Weyauwega, from there he went to Wausau, and came to Merrill in Fall, 1874. He was married in town of Berlin, Marathon Co., October, 1873. to Lena Ninow, who was born in Prussia, Aug, 17, 1853. They have four children — Martha, Edward, Otto and Henry, Jr. CHARLES H. BARNUM, restaurant, Merrill, was born in Rosen- dale, Fond du Lac Co., Oct. 15, 1854. His parents lived there one year and moved to Wausau, where he spent his boyhood. He after ward visited various portions of the West and finally located at Marsh field, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad. He remained eight months in that place, and followed his present occupation, then sold out and came to Merrill. He was married at .Wausau, Oct. 17, 1877, to Mary I. Sarvis, who was born in East Oasis, Waushara Co., Oct. 20, 1857. They have one child, named Georgiana. JOHN BORNGESSER, proprietor of meat market, Merrill, was born in Hartford, Wis., Feb. 26, 1858. He lived there with his parents until he was sixteen years of age, then they located in Weyauwega. He was there with them, at different times, until April 13, 1881, at which time he began his present business in Merrill. He was married in Quinnesee, Mich., Feb. 21, 1881, to Amanda D. Tourtlott, who was born in Oconto, Oct. 5, 1853. HERMAN C. F. BOETTCHER, of the firm of Boettcher Bros., general merchandise and manufacturers of brick, Merrill, first came to Wisconsin, June 25, 1869 ; visited various places in the State and finally located in Merrill, October, 1870. He engaged in the pineries several Winters, taking contracts for piling lumber, etc. He began business in his store, Nov. 7, 1877. He was born in Plathe, Pommern, Prussia, Germany, March 2, 1844. Married, March 13, 1S73, in Caarzig, near Naugard, Prussia, to Friederika Kmaack, who was born in the same place. They have had six children — Otto, Richard, Martha, and an infant not yet named ; also, Robert and Charles, now deceased, WILLIAM. H. CANNON, District Attorney, and one of the pro prietors of the Northern Wisconsin News, Merrill, first settled in Plainfield, in the Fall of 1858. He spent his school days in the above village, and lived there until he was about twenty years of age, when he went to Neillsville, where he studied and practiced law for about four years, when he came to Merrill and has since been in the practice of his profession here. He was born in North Branch, N. Y., Septem ber, 1852. Was married at Ripon, Wis., Jan. 1, 1880, to Maggie E. Taylor, who was born in Fond du Lac County. DANIEL O. CHANDLER, of the firm of Chandler & Co., pro prietors City Bakery and Restaurant, Merrill, was born at Pitcher's Springs, Chenango Co., N. Y., Dec. 23, 1848. He came to Boscobel, in 1858, living at home until the Rebellion broke out, at which time he enlisted as drummer in Co. K, 12th Wis. V. I., at the age of thirteen. He served out his enlistment, when he re-enlisted and served until the close of the war. He was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 16, 1865. He then went to his home in Boscobel and remained until No vember, 1865, when he went to Wausau, where he resided until 1876, when he settled in Merrill, He was married in Wausau, January, 1865, to Mary E. Stephens, who was born in Marathon County, Aug. 25, 1858. They have one child, Garfield. HENRY H. CHANDLER, general merchandise, millinery and fancy goods, Merrill, was born in Bloomfield, Me., March I, 1836. He settled in Milwaukee in the Fall, 1857 ; engaged as a mechanic, and re mained until the beginning of the Rebellion, when he enlisted as a private in Co. B, 1st Reg., Wis. V. I. He served three months and was re-enlisted as first sergeant in Co. D, same regiment, for three years. He served nine months in that capacity when he was promoted to second lieutenant, served about one year when he was promoted to first lieutenant. He was soon after appointed captain in Ist U. S., V. V. Engs., under Col. William E. Merrill, and served until the close of war ; was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., when he returned to Milwaukee. From thence he moved to Green Bay, and engaged in the manufacture of shingles, remaining until the Fall of 1871. He then moved to Osh kosh, where he again began manufacturing shingles, until the Spring of 1874, when he moved to Manville. in the same business, also keeping hotel and store. In November, 1879, he came to Merrill and began his present occupation. During the season of 1880, he was identified with the Jenny Lumber Co. He was married in Milwaukee, Nov. 4, 1864, to Emily S. Prevo, who was born in Milwaukee, March 21. 1842. P. B. CHAMPAGNE, dry goods, hardware, provisions and lumber men's supplies, also dealer in logs and lumber, Merrill. Was born in Juliette, Canada East, Dec. 8, 1846. He located at Grand Rapids, in December, 1863, where he remained until 1870, in the lumber business ; from there he went to Wausau, where he was engaged part of the time in the mercantile business and lumbering until 1875, at which time he came to Merrill, and engaged in his present occupation. He was mar ried in Friendship, Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1871, to Alice G. Coon, who was born in Deposit, Broome Co., N.Y. Oct. 28, 1853. They have two children, Percy B. and Marie E. Mr. Champagne is the present Chairman of the County Board of Lincoln County. He is also Chair man of Supervisors of his town. He does an extensive business in the pineries, and employs 150 men. FRED H. CLARK, contractor and builder and architect, Merrill. Was born at New York Mills, Oneida Co., N. Y., Feb. 5, 1855. He came to Wausau, with his parents in 1859, where he spent his school days, and remained until 1870; he then went to Winnebago City, Minn., where he lived three years, and learned his trade; he then returned to Wausau, where he remained until 1876 ; since that time he has been in business in Stevens Point, Plainfield and Marshfield. He built a num ber of good buildings at the above places. He came to Merrill in the Spring of 1881, formed a co-partnership with Mr. Wm. La Selle, of Wausau. He was married at Plainfield. Oct. 17, 1880, to Lizzie Cope- land, who was born in the township of Maine, State of Maine, July 23, 1862. WILLIAM DEREG, Sheriff Lincoln County. Came to Merrill in the Fall of 1870, and worked in the pine woods and at lumbering. He was also engaged working on the Wisconsin River, driving logs and running the river, which business he followed about six years; then he began the lumber business for himself, which he followed four years 446 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. until the Fall of 1880, at which time he was elected Sheriff of Lincoln County. He was born in New Brunswick, May 22, 1857, and spent his school-days in Blackberry, Kane County, 111. THOMAS DE VALL, contractor and builder, Merrill. Came di rect to this place in June, 1880, from Europe. He was born in Here fordshire, England, April 28, 1847, and there learned his trade. He lived in various portions of the Southwest for eleven years, then returned to Europe on a visit, remaining two years, after which he came to Mer rill. He was married in England, November, 1878, to Beatrice Yapp, who was born in England, in 1852. MELVIN B. DILLE, foreman in Jenny Lumber Company saw mills, Merrill. First came to Wisconsin in October, 1849, and settled in Lomira, Dodge Co.; he lived there a greater share of the time until i860, and from there he went to Fond du Lac, where he lived five years, and there began milling. He went from there to Green Bay, remaining three years, then went to Oakfield, remaining two years, engaged in retail lumber trade. From there he went to Necedah, in 1870, where he pur chased one-half interest in a shingle mill, the firm name being, "The Shingle Mill Co.," composed of T. Weston & Co., and M. B. Dille. He remained at Necedah for ten years and then came to Merrill. He was born in Madison, Geauga Co., Ohio, July 27, 1833. He was married in Lomira, Nov. 17, 1859, to Mary J. Wade, who was born in New York. She died, March 24, 1877. They had three children, named, Wade M., Jennie L. and Rosa B. He was again married Oct. 27, 1877, to Marga ret Walsh, a native of New Brunswick. DAVID FINN, contractor and builder, lumberer and farmer, Mer rill. Settled with his parents in Oconomowoc, in the Spring of 1852, They lived there until the Fall of 1859, then moved into the town of Texas, Marathon Co.; they lived there until the organization of Lincoln County, when the subject of our sketch moved into the town of Pine River, where he at present resides. He was elected Superintendent of Schools in the Fall of 1874, which office he held for six years. He has held several town offices also. He was born in New York City, April 23,1851 Mr. Finn established the Northern Wisconsin News, and was proprietor of the same until 1880, at Merrill. JOHN J. FROEHLICH, manufacturer, cigars, of the firm of Neubauer & Froehlich, Merrill, was born in Milwaukee, July 23, 1851, where he spent his school days. After visiting various portions of the West, he finally located in Merrill, May 3, 1881. FRANCIS E. FULLER, photographer.Merrill; first setlledat Wausau in the fall of 1869, at which place he began photographing. He remained there four ye^rs, from there he went to Manchester, Iowa, and followed the hotel business, until January, 1879, then he went to Wausau, and again began photographing. July 6, 1880, he came to Merrill. He was born in Harvard, McHenry Co., 111., June 27, 1852. He has been twice married, and lost both wives, and also one boy. AUGUSTUS D. GORHAM, publisher, Lincoln County Advocate, was born in Green Bay, March 31, 1846. He lived there until the later part of 1867, and there learned the printer's trade. He went to Shawano, and followed his business in the office of M. H. McCord, where he remained until Jan. 16, 1875 ; from there he came to Merrill, where he has since lived. He served one term as Clerk Circuit Court, of Shawano County. After coming to Merrill, he also served three terms in the same capacity. He was married in Shawano, May 13, 1874, to Kate M. Bridge, who was born in Shawano, May 13, 1857. They have one boy, William A. JOHN M. GRIGNON, in shingle-mill of T. B. Scott, Merrill, was born in Green Bay, May 22, 1852. He lived there and other places in Wisconsin and Michigan, until the Spring of 1881, when he came to Merrill. He was married in Green Bay, Nov. 27, 1880, to Ellen E. McQuaid, a native of De Pere, Wis. H. CLARK GROUT, log and lumber scaler, Merrill. Was born Oct. 12, 1842, in Canada East. He went to Omro, in August, 1878, and lived there a short time, and went into the lumber woods on the Wolf River, where he remained about four months; from there he went to Marshfield, and worked in a saw-mill a short time; he then went to Wausau, and engaged in the lumber business; then he came to Men ill, where he has since remained. He was married in Oshkosh, Oct. 25, 1878, to Rachael T. Grout, who was born near Montreal, Canada, Sept. 22, 1857. LOUIS HAMMEL, hardware and agricultural implements, Merrill, was born in Hamilton, Canada, March 9, 1862. He settled in Appleton in 1866, and lived there eleven years, and attended school. He visited various places in the State and worked at the tinner's trade. He finally settled in Merrill, March 19, 1881. SIGMUND HEINEMAN, general merchandise and sewing machine agent, Merrill, was born in Greensfield, Germany, October, 1852. Upon coming to Wisconsin, he first settled in Stockbridge, was there a short time, and then went to Appleton. He was there occupied principally clerking in stores, the sewing machine trade, and also dealt in live stock. He remained in Appleton seven years, then came to Merrill, and engaged in the mercantile business. He was married at Appleton in June, 1879, l° Tena Strosser, who was born in Rome, Wis., April 19, 1861. They have one child, Harry Heineman. H. E. HOWE, in company with M. H. McCord, style of firm, Jenny Lumber Company, Merrill, first settled at Weyauwega, Wis., in 1868. He lived there about one and one half years, and followed the mercan tile business. From there he went to Shawano, where he was engaged in the same business, being one of the partners of Potter & Howe. Soon after, he purchased his partner's interest and assumed control, re maining there until the Fall of 1873. Since then, he has been engaged lumbering and milling, having been engaged in that capacity on the Wolf River. He also spent some time in Oshkosh, in the manufacture of lumber, and taking charge of the business. In this enterprise he was in company with J. D. Gillette, of Addison, N. Y. In the Fall of 1876, he engaged with C. M. Upham & Bro., as book-keeper, and re mained with them until the Fall of 1879. From there he came to Mer rill, where he immediately engaged with M. H. McCord and H. H. Chandler in the erection of the mill, and formation of the Jenny Lum ber Company. He was born in New York City, Jan. 1, 1834. His parents emigrated to Ohio in 1837, where he lived with them eighteen years. He was married, May 29, 1862, at Willoughby, Ohio. His wife was born Oct. 14, 1840, at Cleveland, Ohio. They have five children — Ella J., Mary, Henrietta, H. E., Jr., and Lewis L. The capacity of the mill of this firm is 40,000 in eleven hours; employing seventy men. SAMUEL M. HOYT, attorney at law, of the firm, Hoyt & Mead ows, Merrill, was born at Sparta, March 18, 1855, where he lived until he was nineteen years of age, when he began the study of law with Joseph M. Morrow. He was admitted to the Bar Jan. 5, 1878, and be gan practicing with the firm of Morrow & Masters, continuing with them two years. He then came to Merrill, where he began the practice of his profession. He was married in November, 1878, at LaCresent, Minn., to Christine Peters, who was born in Bloomingdale, Vernon Co., Wis. GEORGE W. KALLOCK, Lincoln House, Merrill, came to Wis consin in 1840, and settled at Waukesha. He lived there until 1849, making occasional trips to the pineries, and working at Grand Rapids in 1844. He began keeping hotel at Little Bull in 1849, an(i remained there until the Fall of 1852. He then went on a farm and remained until 1857, on what was afterward known as the Mclndoe place. He sold out and went again to Little Bull, and kept hotel one year ; then moved across the river, and kept hotel in Mosinee a year. He then moved to Jenny, and took charge of a store and boarding-house be longing to B. F. Cooper. The following Fall, he moved to Wausau and bought a farm, and later went to Buena Vista, where his wife died, in the Winter of 1861. He married a second time, in September, 1862 ; then he farmed for two years in the town of Almond. Thence he went to Jenny in the hotel business, and then went to Plover, Portage Co., and kept the Empire House for one year ; from there to Wausau, in the hotel known as the Cramer House, which burned down. From there he moved to De Pere, and kept the National House for sixteen months. From there to Chilton, in the same business, two years ; from there to Plymouth ; from there to Princeton for one year ; from there to Jenny for six months ; then to Wausau, in the Marathon House ; from there he came to Jenny, in the Lincoln House for five years, where may still be found the genial host. He was born in New Brunswick, Dec.*l5, 1825. His wife's maiden name was E. A. Beaumont. She is a native of England. BRYANT B. KIMBALL, harness maker, Merrill. Was born in Gouverneur, N. Y., July 10, 1828. He first settled in Stevens Point, in 1853, and lived there until 1861, following his trade. He then went to Plover, and remained about seven years, following the same occupation, in connection with a grocery store. He lived there five years, and ;from there he went to Wausau, where he remained until March, 1879. From there he came to Merrill. He was married, July 4, 1853, in Almond, Wis., to Eliza Grinm ; she was born near the line of France and Ger many, May 19, 1836. Has ten children living — Esmeralda E., Melinda M„ Ida I., Francis F., Richard B., Katey B„ Adaline E., Emily E., Nel lie H. and Frederick E. Charles W., William E. and Mabel U. are not living. Married again, Oct. 11, 1879, to Mary Elizabeth Ogden, who was born in Rochester, Racine Co., Wis., March 4, 1844. One child, Myrtle, by last marriage. DAN A. KLINE, logging and lumbering, Merrill. He came tothis place, Nov. 26, 1854. He was here one year, and then went to Michi gan, on the Menominee River, and began the lumber business, where he remained three years, then went to Colorado. Was there a short time, but returned to Merrill, where he has since been engaged in lumbering. He was born in Ridgebury, Bradford Co., Penn., Nov. 25, 1838. He was married at Mosinee, Wis., September, 1867, to Cornelia E. Golds- berry, who was born in Shorem, Madison Co., Vt., June 28, 1837. They have one girl, Belle R. EDWARD KLUETZ, general merchandise, Merrill. Was born in Prussia, Aug. 18, 1844. Came to America in 1871, and went up as far as Wausau, in the Summer of the same year. He remained there about one year, and taught a German school for a term of five months, at the close of which, he clerked in a store. He then came to Merrill, and clerked there for James McCrossen, of Wausau. He remained in the store for about thirteen months, and after that he clerked for August HISTORY OF LINCOLN COUNTY. 447 Kickbusch, until Sept. I, 1876, then Mr. Kluetz took full charge of the business, bought the goods, and began for himself. He was Justice of the Peace from 1874 to 1876. He has also held the office of Town Clerk. He was married in Prussia, in 1869, to Emilie Koepps, a native of the same country. They have five children — Herman E., Martha M., Eliza beth M., Emma M. and Clara E. GUSTAV F. KOEHLER, blacksmith. Was born in Germany, April 19, 1854. He came with his parents and settled in Bloomfield, Waushara Co., Wis., in 1859. They remained there two years, then they moved to Berlin, Marathon Co., where he spent his school days, until the age of seventeen, when he went to Weyauwega, and learned the black smith trade, lived there one and one half years, and went to Wausau, vi here he remained about the same length of time. He then came to Merrill, bought a shop, and began business with the firm name of Beh- man & Koehler. They were in company two years, then he went into another shop, under the firm name of Koehler & Adams ; they were to gether two years, then they built a shop, run it one year, and Mr. Koeh ler bought the whole interest, and is now alone. He was married, June 9, 1878, at Oshkosh, to Minnie Runge, who was born in Germany. They have one boy, Herman C. HENRY A. KYES, lumberman, Merrill. Was born in Colesville, Brown Co., N. Y., Nov. 10, 1834. First came with his parents, near Princeton, in June, 1850. As soon as he was old enough, he went into the pineries, and followed lumbering for other parties until 1861, at which time he began business on his own account. He was a member of the Board of Supervisors for some time, and was acting in that capacity at the organization of Lincoln County. He was married at Stevens Point, fan. 3, 1869, to Jane A. Hill, who was born in New York ; she died April 7, 1877. They had five children — Henry N., William A., James W., Fred and Melissa F. L. B. LA COUNT, M.D., physician and surgeon, Merrill, was born in Manitowoc, Feb. 28, 1843. He spent his school days in the above city, until-the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Co. A, 5th Wis Vol. Inf. Served three years, and was wounded at the battle of Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863. After he recovered sufficiently from his wounds, he was transferred to Seminary Hospital, Georgetown, and served the balance of his time as clerk, dispensing drugs, etc. He was mustered out at Washington, July 15, 1864, and then returned to his home, and soon after went to Chilton, Calumet Co., where he had a brother in the practice of medicine, named D. La Count. He remained with him about three years, studying medicine. Then he attended Rush Medical College, Chicago, and graduated Feb. 8, 1868. After that, he went into company with Dr. J. M. Adams, in Oconto, where he remained one year in practice. From there he went to Shawano, and practiced there twelve years. Leaving a fine business, he came to Merrill. He was married at Green Bay, April 12, 1869, to Olive Le Claire, who was born in Green Bay, Aug. 15, 1846. They have had two children, named Charles J. and Mary E., neither of whom are living. KNUDT LARSON, mason, Merrill, settled in Wausau, May 5, 1873. He lived there four years, and learned his trade. Then he came to Merrill, and is doing a prosperous business. He was born in Koughs- berg, Norway, March 19, 1855. M. F. LEONDUSKY, merchant tailor, Merrill. He was born in Fond du Lac, Aug. I, 1859. His first move was with his parents to Stevens Point, and he afterward went to Wausau, August, 1878, and there learned his trade. In the Spring of 1881, he located at Mer rill, and established his business in the firm name of M. F. Leon- dusky & Co. PETER U. LOYSEN, miller, of the firm of Loysen & Spiegelberg, Merrill, was born in Milwaukee, May 31, 1850. He lived there until he was seventeen years of age, when he went to Kaukauna, where he was employed as miller, and remained about two years, and then went to Minnesota and remained about four years. From there he went to Mary land, Wis., and from there to Centralia ; from there to Big Rib Falls, and from there to Merrill. He was married in Berlin Township, Mara thon Co., Aug. 31, 1879, to Paulina Plisch, who was born in Germany, April 15, 1855. They have one child, Laura A. Mr. Loysen manufact ured the first flour that was made in Lincoln County. MYRON H. McCORD was born in Ceres, McKean Co., Penn., Nov. 26, 1840. He came to Wisconsin with his father in 1854, reaching Oshkosh on the fifth day of August. On the 7th of August he started on the old steamer " Barlow " for Shawano, but that boat was destined never to reach there, for she had barely cleared her moorings when a boiler exploded, killing the engineer and fireman and badly injuring sev eral of the passengers. The next boat that left for Shawano was the old '' Peytona," which safely made the trip, and the subject of our sketch landed in Shawano on the eleventh day of August. He immediately hired out to work on a farm for the firm of Lewis & Andrews, which firm owned a farm, a saw-mill and a large tract of pine timber, that afterward became immensely valuable, some of it selling as high as $7 per thousand feet on the stump. He worked for them during the Fall and the follow ing Winter, for $13 per month. The next Spring he went on the log drive, and stayed with it until the logs were rafted out at the Bay, twelve miles above Oshkosh. For the Summer's hard work he was to receive $1.50 a day, but he never received it, as the man he worked for ran away and did not pay any of his men. These were about the first logs that were ever driven down the Wolf River from Shawano. Mr. McCord, when he learned that the man for whom he had worked so long and hard had run away, hailed the first steamboat that came up the river, and took passage for New London, which was as near Shawano as the boats ran at that time. When the captain called for his fare, he was informed of the situation, but only remarked that he did not carry passengers for nothing, and the young boy was put off at the next landing and compelled to make his way along the bank of the river as best he could. He managed, however, to get home, and went to work again. From that time on, for the next five years, he worked by the month in Summer M. //. W*JL^( time, and went to school in the Winter. He thus obtained experience which was valuable, and a fair education. When he was twenty years old, he began to do business for himself, putting in logs in the Winter, and doing public work, such as building bridges, roads, etc., in the Sum mer time. He continued in the lumber business on the Wolf River until 1874, when he closed up his business, which was very large, and removed to Jenny, on the Wisconsin River, with a view to engaging in the same business there. He did not, however, engage very extensively in business at that place until after the completion of the Wisconsin Valley Railroad. Then he formed what is known as the Jenny Lumber Co., of which company he is now president, and owns two-thirds of the stock. He is also a member of the firm of Ross, McCord & Co., bank ers, which is a solid concern, as both Mr. Ross and Mr. Scott are very wealthy men, while Mr. McCord is now considered well off. Mr. Mc Cord has held several offices of trust and honor, though he by no means can be classed as an office-seeker. In 1864, he was elected County Su perintendent of Schools for Shawano County, but declined a re-election. In 1869, he was elected Treasurer of Shawano County, and re-elected in 1871, without opposition. In 1872 he was elected to the State Senate, and served two sessions. He was unanimously renominated by his party, which was largely in the majority in his district, but he declined the proffered honor. In 1876, he was elected a Delegate to the Republican National Convention, and ardently supported Mr. Blaine's candidacy until the very last. In 1880, he was elected to the Assembly, and was a prominent candidate for Speaker, though he withdrew in the interest of 448 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. harmony in his party. Mr. McCoid has published a newspaper since he became a resident of Lincoln County, namely, the Lincoln County Advo cate, and has done much to build up his town and county, and in fact the whole Upper Wisconsin River Valley. That this is fully appreciated by his friends and neighbors, cannot be better illustrated than by stating the fact that at the election for member of the Assembly, in 1880, he re ceived every vote but twelve in the county where he lives. His contri butions to public and private charities are liberal, and even generous. He is a high-minded, honorable gentleman, who has honestly and con scientiously discharged every trust, both public and private, committed to his charge. He is a man of ability and integrity, and should he live and be inclined to look after political distinction, will undoubtedly be called to places of greater distinction than any heretofore held by him. GUSTAF H. MARKSTRUM, painter, Merrill. He first settled in Green Bay, in 1871 ; worked one season at his trade, then went to Osh kosh, where he was occupied one year ; then he went to Wausau in the same business, in company with his brother, K. S. Markstrum, until the Spring of 188 1, when he came to Merrill. He was born in Stock holm, Sweden, Oct. 1, 1850. He was married in Merrill, Aug. 18, 1879, to Augusta Dahm. She was born in Wausau, Dec. 18, 1862. They have one child, Edith. CHARLES W. MEADOWS, attorney at law, of the firm of Hoyt & Meadows, Merrill, was born in Trenton, N. J., Feb. 24, 1847. He settled in Leon, Monroe Co., and lived there ten years. He began read ing law with W, J. Hahn, of Lake City, Minn., and remained there a short time ; from there he went to Sparta, and remained until March, 1881, at which time he came to Merrill, where he entered upon the prac tice of his profession. He enlisted in Co. A, 3rd Wis. Cav., and served two years, or until the close of the Rebellion, and was mustered out Sept. 29, 1865, at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. He was married at Viro qua, Wis., March 3, 188 1, to Edna L. Irish, who was born in Elizabeth, Jo Daviess Co., 111., Oct. II, 1852. M. D. MORRIS, druggist, books, stationery, musical instruments, etc., Merrill, was born in Delafield, Waukesha Co., Nov. 11, 1848. He spent his early school days in Allen's Grove Academy, and then attended the Beloit College for about one year ; then engaged with Dr. G. H. Briggs, of Delavan, in the study of pharmacy. He remained there three years, then went to Beloit, and engaged with Mr. C. J. G. Collins, re maining two years. From there he went to Stevens Point, where he was employed by Mr. H. D. McCulloch, in the capacity of prescription and drug clerk. He remained two years, and went to Omro, in com pany with Mr. O. W. Jones, and purchased the drug store of F. F. Wheeler & Co. They were in business four years, then Mr. Morris pur chased his partner's interest, and run the business until August, 1879; divided the stock, and run the Omro store until January, 1S80; sold out, and has since made Merrill his permanent place of business. He was married, Feb. 24, 1875, to Delia Webster, who was born near Omro, in February, 1853. They have two children, Hiram W. and Richard. EDWIN W. MOWRY, dealer in real estate and tax paying agent, Merrill, first settled in Waupaca, in 1865, where he lived fourteen years. From there he came to Merrill and located, April 7, 1879. He was born in Lawrence, N. Y., June 5, 1829. He was married in Pennsyl vania, in March, 1855, to Julia Labar. She died, March 23, 1863, They had two boys, VVilber and Edwin, Jr. He was again married, May 23, 1864, at the same place as before, to a sister of nis former wife, Mary Labar. They have two children, named Mary L. and Minnie M. A. J. NEUSBAUM, furniture dealer, Merrill, was born at Lauvo, Alsace, France, April 13, 1841. He came to La Crosse in 1874, where he lived six years, engaged in the furniture business ; from there ne came to Merrill. He was married to Mrs. Anna Streeht, in July, 1876. She was born in Baden on the Rhine, Jan. 17, 1848. She had two children by her former husband, named Augusta and Hulda. They have one child, named John. CASPER NEWBAUER, of the firm of Newbauer & Frochlich, was born in Austria, October, 1855. He came to Schleisingerville, Wis., wilh his parents, in 1855, and spent his school days there. He went to Mil waukee in 1870, and began the cigar trade. After living there some time, he went to Rochester, M,inn., where he remained filteen months, when he returned to Milwaukee. In May, 1881, he came to Merrill. His wife's maiden name was Anna Froehlich, she was born in Mil waukee, Wis., May 6, 1857. They have two boys, Hubert J. and John H. ALANSON C. NORWAY, County Judge and proprietor of Merrill House, Merrill, settled at Elk Horn in 1848, and lived there two years; then he moved into Marathon County, and lived at Wausau, and at what is now Merrill, He was engaged for fifteen years in the lumber business, and kept hotel two years during that time. He has kept the Merrill House about thirteen years in succession. He was elected County Judge in November, 1878, and has been re-elected for the next term, to begin January, 1882. He was born in Lisbon, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., June II, 1825. He was married, Sept. 1, 1856, to Martha Crown, who was born in Groton, Caledonia Co., Vt., Sept. 13, 1838. They have two children living, Charles A. and Myron S. The deceased children were named Burton M., Clarissa, Elnora and Homer. CHARLES J. OSBORNE, Postmaster and book-keeper, Merrill, was born Aug. 27, 1854, in the town of Nepeuskun, Winnebago Co. He finished his education at Madison, in the classical college and school of B. M. Worthington. He then went to Chicago, and was engaged in the patent right business about one year. Then he went to Oshkosh, where he remained about a year, employed in the insane asylum. From there came to Merrill, and was engaged in the grocery business for two years, but sold out and began the drug business, which he followed for about two years. During this time, he was appointed Postmaster, Feb. 18, 1869. He was married in Oshkosh, in February, 1876, to Nellie Ben nett, who was born in Oshkosh, in June, 1856. They have two children, Birdie and an infant daughter. JOHN PHELPS, lumberman, Merrill, purchased upon coming here a tract of pine land, consisting of 35,000 acres, bordering the Wisconsin River, and beginning in Town 35, and ending in 42, in Ranges 9, 10 and 11, east, and said to contain when located 300,000,000 feet of pine. It embraces some of the best pine lands in Wisconsin. It is owned by the following gentlemen : Francis Palms, three quarters inter est, and John Phelps, one quarter interest, with his sons, who are now associated with him. Mr. Phelps settled in Wausau in May, 1878. He moved to Merrill in May, 1880. He was born in township of Rush, Monroe Co., N. Y., June 4, 1819. He moved to Michigan, November, 1830, and from there to Wausau. He was married, Oct. 25, 1840, in Addison, Oakland Co., Mich., to Samantha C. Dudley, who was born in Mendon, Monroe Co., N. Y., Dec. II, 1822. They have four children — George M., Milo D., Orlo and a daughter living at home, Eliza L. Mr. George M. Phelps enlisted in Co. A.., 9th Reg. Mich. Vet. V. I„ and served until the close of the Rebellion, and was mustered out at Nash ville, Teiin., in October, 1865. JULES POSE, proprietor Lincoln House, Merrill, was born in Montreal, April 18, 1821, and came to Wausau in the Springof 1849, where he was occupied in lumbering and logging. Then moved to Trapp River, where he lived four years, in the same business. From there he went to Rock Falls, where he kept the stage station, and re mained ten years. He then moved to Merrill, where he was engaged in lumbering for two years. Then he followed the hotel business for nine years, when his house caught fire and burned. In 1878, he erected the Lincoln House, a fine, large building. He was married, Aug. 9, 1858, in Marathon Co., Texas Tp., to Ann Kemp, a native of Scotland, born October, 1835. They have five children — James A. Posey, Julius W., Jr., John, Paul and Robert. GEORGE H. RIPLEY, mail carrier between Merrill and Rock Falls, was born in Perry, Washington Co., Me., Feb. 27, 1832. He came to Point Bois in 1848; lived there a short time, and then went to Grand Rapids, Wis., in 1850, following the lumber business until 1866. From there he went to Stevens Point, and followed running the river as pilot for eight or ten years. From there he went on the Northern Pa cific Railroad, and engaged in the restaurant business ; he was there one and one-half years, h rom there he returned to Stevens Point, and then went to Rock Falls, in the employ of the Improvement Company. He was married in Grand Rapids, July 8, 1854, to Nancy Gordon. She died July 12, 1854. HERMAN D. RUSCH, County Clerk of Lincoln County, Merrill, was born in Dodge County, Aug. 10, 1853. He spent his school days in Horicon, where he remained until he was seventeen years old, when he went to Merrill, working at lumbering, which included rafting and run ning the river. He then tried lumbering on his own account, and con tinued at it three years. He has been in the business occasionally since, during the Winter. He was first elected to his present office in the Fall of 1876, and has since been reelected for the terms of 1878 and 1880. He was married, Jan. 1, 1880, to Lizzie Kickbusch, a native of Ger many, born Nov. 23, i860. They have one boy, Walter H. ULRIC C. ST. AMOUR, principal clerk in dry goods store of T. B. Scott, Merrill. He first settled in Grand Rapids, August, 1856. He went to Minnesota in 1859, and remained until 1861, when he returned to Grand Rapids, and was elected Register of Deeds of Wood County. He served one term, which expired Jan. 1, 1863. He then clerked in a store until December, 1864, at which time he enlisted in Co. B, 46th Regt. Wis. Vol. Inf., served one year, and was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn, He returned to Grand Rapids, and worked for John Edwards & Co., where he remained two years. From there he went to Montreal, Canada, where he went into business for himself, in the mercantile trade, and remained but a short time. Returned to Grand Rapids, where he stayed a greater share ot the time, though he went to Dakota Territory, and took up a homestead, returning to Grand Rapids, where he remained until he came to Merrill. He was born in St. Paul, Canada East, Aug. 20, 1837. He was married in Henderson, Sibley Co., Minn., Oct. 8, 1857, to Christe Cormier, born in St. Charles, Canada East, June, 1841. They have three children — Albert C, Oswald H.and Delia C. CARL W. SCHIELD, of the firm of Schield & Kuhl, furniture dealers, Merrill, was born in Milwaukee, Nov. 26, 1858. He settled in HISTORY OF LINCOLN COUNTY. 449 Merrill in 1866, and began business. He was married Dec. 10, 1880, at Merrill, to Amelia Wilke, who was born in Germany, Dec. 19, 1858. JAMES W. SCOTT, proprietor Merrill livery stables, was born in Canada East, Sept. 6, 1842. He first settled in Oasis, Waushara Co., in 1855, where he lived seven years. Then he went to Minnesota, and drove stage for several years. From there he went to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and then to Denver, in the employ of the Wells & Fargo Stage Co. He lived there three years, driving between the latter place and Salt Lake City. From there he went on the Cheyenne and Wyoming stage ; then to the Kit Carson and Lake Station stage road, and from there to Baxter Springs, Ark., where he was a short time on the Baxter Springs and Sherman, Texas, route. From there he went to Ft. Smith, Ark., and drove to Pierce City, Mo. Then he drove from Ft. Smith to Muskogee, Ind. Ter. From there he returned to Sherman, Texas, and drove to Gainesville, Texas. Then to Ft. Smith, Ark., where he rigged up a four-horse team and wagon, took his family, and came overland to Wausau. They were two months on the route. Then he went to freighting, to Lake Somo, and then ran a freight and express between Wausau and Merrill ; also ran a stage one and one-half years, until the advent of the Wisconsin Valley Railroad. He was born in Canada East, Sept. 6, 1842. He was married Sept. 1, 1872, at Ft. Smith, Ark., to Mrs. Margaret Campbell. She was born in Indian Territory, Jan. 28, 1845. She has one son by her first husband, named John Campbell. They have one boy, named Clyde Scott. CHARLES E. SEARL, watchmaker and jeweler, Merrill, was born in Grand Rapids, Wis., March 14, 1851. He spent his boyhood in that city. Then his parents moved to Adams County, where he lived over a year, when he returned to Grand Rapids and learned the jeweler's trade. He lived three years and a half, then went to Wautoma. He came to Merrill, November, 1879. He was married at Wautoma, Dec. 23, 1875, to Emma A. Bean, who was born in Wautoma, Dec. 31, 1859. They have had three children — Eddie W., Glen C. (now deceased), and Karl. O. B. SMITH, lumberman, Merrill, was born in Erie, Pa., Sept. 10, 1823. He first settled at Trapp River, in 1844. He lived there but a short time, then went to Wausau, and made that his headquarters until 1853, dealing in lumber and logs. Then he located at Merrill perma nently, and has since followed his present business. He was married at Kanesville, 111., in 1856, to Sophronia Ravlin, who was born in Clymer, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Nov. 22, 1832. They have five children — Katie, Frank and Fred (who were twins), Dora and Charles. WILLIAM F. SPIEGELBERG, miller, of the firm of Loysen & Spiegelberg, Merrill, was born in Germany, March 28, 1850. He first settled in Wolf River Township, in December, 1854, with his parents, and lived there until the Fall of 1877 ; came to Merrill, and engaged in his present business. He was married, at Merrill, June 14, 1880, to Ida Plisch, who was born in Berlin Township, Marathon Co., Wis., Dec. 23, 1858. They have one child, Lenora F. The mill of this firm was completed in August, 1878, and has a capacity of from seventy-five to 100 bushels in twenty-four hours. MITCHELL W. SWEENEY, druggist, Merrill, was born in Grand Island, N. Y., June, 1850. He came, with his parents, to Milwaukee, in the Spring of 1855, remaining there about one year ; then went to Grand Rapids, Wis., where he spent his school-days, he also learning the drug business there. In 1870, he went to Wausau, first clerking in a drug store three years ; then beginning business for himself. This he followed three years ; then sold out and went into the lumber business. After following that three years, he came to Merrill, where he is in the drug trade. He was married, at Grand Rapids, 1871, to Lill A. Burdick; she was born in Deposit, Broome Co., N.Y., Sept. 3, 1853. They have two children, Albert H. and Ethel B. WILLIAM H. SWINEHART, County Treasurer, Merrill, was born in Avoca, Iowa Co., Wis., Feb. 9, 1855. He spent his boyhood days at the above place, and afterward attended a classical and musical academy at Madison. Graduated at Northwestern Business College, in Madison, June 1, 1874. He went to Merrill, in December following, and engaged in the employ of State Senator Thomas B. Scott, as book-keeper until Jan. 1, 1881, when he assumed the duties of his present office, having been elected in November, 1880. He was married, at Merrill, Dec. 17, 1877, to Rhoda J. Kline ; she was born at Gilletts, Bradford Co., Penn., January, 1862. They have one child living, named Leta T. Lena M., born Jan. 6, 1879, is not living. JULIUS THIELMAN, proprietor City meat market, Merrill, was born in Watertown, Sept. 21, 1858. He lived there until seventeen years of age, and then went to Grand Rapids, Wis. June I, 1881, he came to Merrill, and opened . his present market. He was married, at Grand Rapids, March 18, 1879, to Minnie Plaumer. She was born in Berlin, Prussia, March 28, 1858. They have one child, Amanda. ROBERT WEISS, hardware, Merrill, was born in Cassville, Wis., June 28, 1857. He spent his school-days there, and in the Spring of 1875 made a journey to Iowa, and located at Shell Rock ; he was there nearly two years, and learned the tinner's trade ; then he came to Mer rill, with a capital of $35 cash. He has been quite successful, as he car- 29 ries a good stock and is doing a good trade. He was married, at Mer rill, April 9, 1880, to Mrs. Martha J. Wells, who was born in Yarmouth, N. S. They have one boy, Anton. JAMES S. WESCOTT, County Superintendent of Schools and Deputy Register of Deeds, Merrill, settled in Horicon, in 1876. He lived there over one year, occupied in the Presbyterian pulpit. He came to Merrill as Presbyterian minister, and remained in that capacity until his election to the Superintendency of Schools in 1880, when he ceased preaching. He was born in Ramapo, Rockland Co., N. Y., Jan. 21, 1848, and was married, in Merrill, April 30, 1881, to Eva Walker. She was born in Friendship, Allegany Co., N. Y., Aug. II, 1864. JACOB F. WHITING, practicing physician and surgeon, Merrill. Was born in Bangor, Me., Sept. 24, 1844. He came to Oconto in the Fall of 1856, with his parents, where he remained until the Fall of 1877. He then went to Ann Arbor, Mich., where he studied medicine for two years, graduating from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, March 26, 1879. From there he went to Medary, D. T., and there began the prac tice of medicine. In the Fall of 1879, he returned to Oconto, and in October, 1879, he came to Merrill, where he entered upon the practice of his profession. He was married at Oconto, Sept. I, 1865, to Emma Lewis, who was born at Hillsdale, Mich., Feb. 2, 1846. They have four children — -Isabel M., Henry W., Annie C. and Jennie. JOHN WILEY, M. D., Merrill. Was born in Argusville, Mont gomery Co., N. Y., April 5, 1825. His parents settled near the State line of Wisconsin and Illinois, in the latter State, in 1848, where soon after their arrival, the subject of this sketch began the study of medicine with Dr. Lewis Wood. He continued with him four years, during which he taught several terms. He then practiced a short time with Dr. Blanchand, of Delavan, and from there went to Waukau, where he remained about two years in the practice of his profession. From there he went to Sha wano, having received inducements to go there, by_ the Government, as physician for the Indians. He remained about thirteen years in the above place, and during the time, he was elected County Treasurer of Shawano County, which he held ten years. He was also elected to the Legislature for the session of 1859-60. From there he moved to within three miles of Fond du Lac, and engaged in the lumber business and farming. He remained there about eleven years, then moved to De Pere, and practiced medicine. He remained in De Pere one and one half years, then moved to Merrill, where he is at present practicing his profession. He was married at Waukau, November, 1852, to Elizabeth T. Dousman, who was born in Green Bay, in 1827. They have four children — John D., Rosalie, Helen M. and William. VAN R. WILLARD, dealer in lands, proprietor of abstract office, real estate office and lawyer, Merrill. Settled in this place in the Spring of 1874. He was elected Register of Deeds, at the organization of Lin coln County, in 1874, re-elected in 1876, 1878 and 1880. He was born in Buffalo, Tioga Co., Penn., June 8, 1842. He lived at Neenah, where he spent his school days, until the beginning of the Rebellion, when he enlisted in Co. G, 3d Wis. V. I. He served three years, and was mus tered out at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., June 8, 1864. From there he re turned to Neenah, Wis., and soon afterward attended Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College, at Milwaukee ; graduated the following Winter. He afterward studied law, and was admitted to the Bar, at Green Bay, in March, 1873. He was married at Beaver Dam, May 24, 1867, to Cyn thia E. Perkins, who was born in Owasco, Cayuga Co., N. Y., in 1849. They have one child, Lee M. WILLIE G. WINCHESTER, groceries and provisions, at the upper part of town, in Prospect Park. Was born in Boston, Mass., Aug, 25, 1858. He came with his parents to Menasha, in 1866, and spent his boyhood days there for eight years, then he went to Oshkosh ; was there four years, and attended school, and clerking in a store. During this time, he went to Iowa, and made a short visit. From Oshkosh he went to Manville, on the Wisconsin Central [Railroad, and remained until October, 1879, employed for Mr. H. H. Chandler, also acting as Post master. From there he came to Merrill ; still in the employ of Mr. C, and remained with him until May 1, 1881, then he began business for himself. EDWARD F. ZASTROW, dry goods and groceries, Merrill. Came with his parents to Concord, Jefferson Co., in 1861, where he spent his school days. He came to Merrill, Feb. 16, 1879, ancl began in the mercantile line with a partner. After seven months, he purchased the whole interest, and soon after closed the stock out. He then bought a new stock of merchandise, and again began trade. He was born in Ger many, Nov. 5, 1852, and was married Feb. 29, 1876. His wife's maiden name was Johanna Oestreich, she was born in Milwaukee, Dec. 4, 1854. They have two children, Arthur F. and Ollie I. Union. — This settlement is partly in the town of Mer rill and partly in Rock Falls, and consists of a dozen fami lies from the prairies of Illinois. It is eleven miles to the city, and a road is to be built to the place. The location is on a ridge of hardwood timber, and they have made a good 45° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. beginning. Among the settlers are S. W. Monroe, W. Spaids, C. C. Monroe, G. Goodier, Sr., H. J. Monroe and G. Goodier, Jr. This makes the ^twelfth Union in Wiscon sin. Rock Falls. — This is the place that the old settlers call Grandfather, in honor of the falls, which tumble down a good many feet, well nigh a hundred. The average histor ian rejoices over any name, however awkward or inappro priate, if it is unlike any other name, and it might as well be said right here that Wisconsin has shown a want of in vention in this regard that is most exasperating. Names seem so scarce that three rivers had to be called Menomo nee, two or three Fox, not to mention hundreds of other evidences of a paucity of names that can offer no excuse for its existence except downright stupidity. Now these remarks are made for the benefit of Lincoln County and Northern Wisconsin generally, which will have so many names to bestow in the coming time. But to return to Grandfather. — This place has a stage line to Merrill, and it has hotels and saloons, and is logging head-quarters for the region. It has the elements of growth. Dudley — On Prairie River, eighteen miles northeast of Merrill. A new settlement. Two and one-half years ago it was an unbroken wilderness ; now it is dotted with dwel lings and openings for farms. Fifty families already have homes here. William West, Henry Dudley, M. M. East man, E. E. Sweet and others came from Winnebago and Calumet counties. Ackley. — This settlement, eighteen miles from Merrill, on the east, is filling up rapidly. John Nelson, Ben. Tyler, F. P. Kennedy, G. Berry, M. Berry, M. Lloyd and D. Hodgkiss are among the pioneers here. Pine River. — A settlement a few miles below Merrill, on the railroad and Pine River, with several hundred peo ple, and half as many transient men during a part of the time. Large amounts of cord wood are delivered at the station. There are good schools, and improving farms all around. Otter Rapids. — The location of a lumber camp, well up in the county. Joe Kathon, in 1880, put in 3,000,000 feet of logs, and G. Gumaer, a like amount ; John Wood- lock, 5,000,000, and McDonald's lower camp, 5,000,000. Prairie River. — This is an embryonic town, with ele ments of a future prosperity, a few miles up. that river from Merrill. LA CROSSE COUNTY. THE WINNEBAGO CONFEDERACY AND INDIAN OCCUPA TION. For this article we are indebted to Judge George Gale's valuable work, " The Upper Mississippi," to whose compilation lie gave years of labor and research, and which was the crowning effort of a most noble and useful life : When Sieur Jean Nicolet visited the O-chunk-o-raws, or Winnebagoes, at Green Bay, in 1639,* he spoke of them as then "sedentary and very numerous," but this fact has since been doubted, as, the following .year, they were nearly exterminated by the Illinois, and if so easily exterminated, it was thought they could not have been very numerous. Again, it was said by authors, that the Winnebagoes were only an insignificant band of the Sioux, speaking a dialect of the Sioux language. But later investigations into the language of the Ochunk- oraws and several other Western tribes, seem to estab lish the fact that they are the parent nation to a con federacy of an inciependent language, reaching from Lake Superior south to the Red River, and composed of the Winnebagoes, Menomonees lowas, Missouris, Osages, Kansas, Quapaws, Otoes, Omahas, Poncas, Man- dans, and perhaps others. On this subject, Rev. William Hamilton, who had for fifteen years been a missionary among the lowas, and had published a grammar of their language, in an dean Nicolet visited Green Bay in 1634, not in 1639, as has been stated by historians for many years. Recent investigation has developed this fact. Vide " History Northern Wisconsin," Western Historical Co., Chicago ; " Nicolet's Discovery of the Northwest," by C. W. Butterfield ; Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati. swer to questions from H. R. Schoolcraft, wrote as fol lows : " There is no more difference between the lan guage of the lowas, Otoes and Menomonees than be tween the language of a New Englander and a South erner. A few words are common to one tribe and not to another. They say the Winnebago is the full lan guage. This may be true ; if so, the Iowa, Otoe and Missouri languages would be one dialect ; the Omaha and Ponca another ; the Konza, Osage, Quapaw and Apaches (a band of the Osages), another ; or, perhaps, the Omahas, Poncas, Konzas, etc., might all be called one dialect. * * * The Osage, Konza, Quapaw, etc., are the same language. The Omaha and Ponca are the same. Many words of the Winne bagoes are the same in Iowa." — (" Schoolcraft's History of the Indian Tribes," Part IV, pages 405, 406.) In the same volume, page 227, J. E. Fletcher, Esq., Indian Agent to the Winnebagoes, writes : " The Win nebagoes claim that they are an original stock, and that the Missouris, lowas, Otoes and Omahas sprang from them. These Indians call the Winnebagoes their elder brothers, and the similarity of their language renders it probable that they belong to the same stock. Even in 1670, the Winnebagoes told Rev. Father Allouez that ' there were only certain people of the Southwest who spoke as they did.' " To this testimony we may add that of Mr. Saterlee Clark, an old Winnebago trader, and one of the few who ever learned the language, that he could converse with and understand the lowas, and that the lowas called themselves O-chunk-o-raws. Also the statement of the Winnebagoes to Gen. Sully, that they spoke the HISTORY OFJLA CROSSE COUNTY. 45 1 same language as the Omahas ; and the further state ment of James Reed, Esq., of Trempealeau County, Wis., to the writer, that he had not been able to learn the Winnebago language on account of its being so deeply gutteral, notwithstanding he had many years spoken Sioux, been a farmer and trader among them, and had a cousin of the chief Wabasha as his wife. This, we imagine, makes a strong case against the asser tion that the Winnebago is only a dialect of the Sioux. When Sieur Nicolet assembled four or five thous and Winnebagoes, Sioux, Illinois and Pottawatomies at Green Bay, in 1639 [1634 — see foot note] for a gen eral council, is it not probable that there came also the Menomonees, lowas, Osages and other kindred bands of the Winnebagoes, and from their numbers he cor rectly came to the conclusion that the Winnebagoes were "sedentary and very numerous ? " They then evidently occupied the territory from near Mackinaw, southwest to the Red River, extending east as far as the Illinois River, the Mississippi and the Lower Ohio Valley. For over thirty years later, and after the ad vent of the fugitive Algonquins, the eight Illinois bands were on Illinois River as their real homes, al though Marquette, January 25, 1673, found the Peo- rias on the Mississippi when descending the river ; but they had returned to the Illinois when he came back, some two months later. Rev. Father Allouez also found the Illinois on the Illinois River in 1677. Thus was evidently situated in the Winnebago Confereracy in 1634, "sedentary and very numerous." O-CHUNK-O-RAW. The tradition of the O-chunk-o-raw claims that the tribe was created at the Mok-kau-shoots-rawf on Red Earth Banks, on the south shore of Green Bay. They were known to the Algonquin tribe by the name of " Winnebagoec," or people of the salt water ; and as the Algonquin word for salt water and stinking water was the same, the French gave them the name of La Puants, or stinkards. They, however, call themselves O-chunk-o-raw. The tribe was spoken of by Sieur Champlain, who visited Lake Huron in 1615, and the singularity of their name probably induced the French Governor of Canada to send Sieur Nicolet, his Indian interpreter to visit them in 1634, in hopes of discovering the Western ocean.* They continued to occupy Green Bay, Fox River, and Lake Winnebago until modern times, and were generally allies of the Sacs and Foxes in the old Indian wars. They were, after 1754, allies of the French while they held Canada, and afterward of the British, until the close of the war in 1812. In 1816, the United States concluded a treaty of peace with the Portage bands, under the chief Choo- ke-kaw, or the Ladle, more commonly known by his French name, " De Cora." This band agreed to sep arate themselves from the balance of the tribe until they made a treaty of peace also, and delivered up their prisoners. The O-chunk-o-raws joined the tribes *Nicolet's mission was to confirm peace between the Hurons (allies of the French) and the Western tribes, for the purpose of increasing the trade in furs. His journey was not one of exploration, in a geographical sense, but was commercial in its character. He went westward to with in about three days' travel of the Wisconsin, not the Mississippi, as has been erroneously stated. at the great council with the United States, held at Prairie du Chien, August 19, 1825. This gave to the Winnebagoes the country bounded as follows : " South easterly by Rock River, from its source near the Win nebago Lake to the Winnebago village, about forty miles above its mouth ; westerly, by the east line of the tract lying upon the Mississippi, herein secured to the Ottawas, Chippewas and Pottawatomies of the Illinois ; and also by the high bluff described in the Sioux boundary, and running north to Black River ; from this point the Winnebagoes claim up Black River to a point due west from the source of the Left Fork of the Ouisconsin to the Portage, and across the Port age to Fox River; thence down Fox River to the Winnebago Lake, and to the grand Kau-kaulin, in cluding in this claim the whole of Winnebago Lake." In a second treaty, August 11, 1827, between the United States and the Chippewas, Menomonees and Winnebagoes, our Government stipulated that " the sum of $1,000 shall be annually appropriated, for the term of three years ; and the sum of $1,500 shall be annually thereafter appropriated as long as Congress thinks proper, for the education of the children of the tribes, parties thereto, and of the New Yoi'k Indians near Green Bay, to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States. In 1827, some Winnebagoes attacked and killed eight Chippewas near Fort Snelling, whereupon the Commandant of that fort took four of the offending Winnebagoes and delivered them to the Chippewas, who immediately put them to death. Red Bird's band soon after attacked two keel-boats at the mouth of Coon Slough, on the Mississippi, killing two and wound ing six whites; while Red Bird himself killed two whites at Prairie du Chien. The settlers at once or ganized for war, electing Gen. Dodge, commander. Gen. Atkinson, with a small force of regular troops, marched up the Wisconsin, and, joined by the forces of Gen. Dodge, advanced to attack the Winnebagoes in force at the Portage ; but on their arrival received overtures from the Indians, who delivered up Red Bird and six others as the guilty parties, which ended the difficulty. i The next year, 1828, the United States made an un successful attempt to purchase the Winnebago lands, including the lead mines, and failed. In 1829, by a treaty concluded at Prairie du Chien, concluded August 1 of that year, the tribe ceded their territory south of the Wisconsin River, and west of a line running south from Lake Puckawaj', by Duck Creek, Fourth Lake, near Madison, Sugar River and Pee-ku-tal-a-ka, by which the Winnebago interest in the mines was secured to the United States. The consid eration for the territory purchased was $8,000, paid annually for thirty years ; $30,000 in goods paid down, and 30,000 pounds of tobacco, and fifty barrels of salt, delivered annually for thirty years. By treaty, on September 15, 1832, the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all the balance of their lands south of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, for which the Government gave them an interest in the " neutral grounds" west of the Mississippi, an annual annuity for twenty-seven successive years of $10,000, and further agreed to establish and maintain a school at Prairie du 45 2 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Chien for twenty-seven years, at an annual expense not exceeding $3,000 ; support six agriculturists for twenty-seven years ; pay not exceeding $2,500 for twelve yoke of oxen and agricultural implements ; pay the Rock River band 1,500 pounds of tobacco per an num ; and pay $200 per annum each for the services of two physicians, one stationed at Fort Winnebago and the other at Prairie du Chien. The treaty contained some small grants of land to half-breeds, and required the surrender of eight Indians, charged with the mur der of some whites in the Black Hawk war. By another treaty, November 1, 1837, the Winne bagoes ceded to the United States all the balance of their territory on the east side of the Mississippi River, and certain interests on the west side, for which the Government paid $1,500,000. Of this amount, $100,- 000 was to be expended in goods, horses, provisions, opening farms and expenses of the removal of the In dians west of the Mississippi, where the tribe engaged to go in eight months after the ratification of the treaty. However, they did not perform that agree ment until 1840. A new treaty was entered into at Washington, D. C, October 13, 1846, by which the tribe surrendered all their interest in lands in the United States, for which the United States engaged to give the tribe 800,000 acres of land north of the St. Peters, or Minnesota River, for a residence, and pay in addition $190,000. The chiefs selected a tract north of the Watab, but the tribe was generally dissatisfied with the location, and the most of them remained scat tered about the country. In 1853, a new treaty was made, by which they were allowed to change their location to the Crow River ; but the ratification of this treaty was refused on the remonstrance of the people of Minnesota. The matter was compromised by the United States, and in February, 1855, the chiefs were permitted to select their land on the Blue Earth River, south of the Min nesota. Here the tribe settled the same Spring, high ly satisfied with their land, and immediately com menced building houses and improving land. So well had they succeeded that the Government Agent at St. Paul, in 1860, reported as follows : "There have been raised by individual Indians as high as sixty acres of wheat on a single farm. The reservation presents the appearance of as much im provement as the surrounding country, and, in fact, when viewing the comfortable log and frame houses that dot the reservation as far as the eye can reach, it presents a far different scene than is usual to be found upon Indian reservations, for wigwams are becoming as rare as houses were but two years since." The same year the teachers of the Indian schools reported one hundred and eighteen pupils enrolled, of which sixty-two were males and fifty-six females ; that they were instructed in the ordinary English branches, and had " as much educational capacity as can be found in any school of equal size." In the midst of their prosperity, when their civiliza tion had become almost a certainty, the occurrence of the " Sioux massacre," in June, 1862, dashed their fond hopes to the ground. Notwithstanding the Winneba goes took no part, but offered the services of their war riors to our Government to help punish that rebellious nation, yet the exasperated inhabitants of Minnesota demanded their removal, and Congress, by a special act, directed the President to transport them to the Missouri River with the friendly Sioux. Accordingly, in May and June, 1863, without any any treaty, they were loaded upon steamers and taken to the Missouri River, where, in the language of a missionary to the writer, " they were, like the Sioux, dumped in the desert 100 miles from Fort Randall." When the purposes of the Government became known to the tribe, the old chiefs, De Cora, Winne sheik, Dandy, and their families and some others, fled to Wisconsin, where, near the tunnel, in the Fall of 1864, the venerable old chief, De Cora, who captured Black Hawk in 1832, and sent him to the Government Agent at Prairie du Chien, died in poverty. Soon after the Winnebagoes were landed at Crow Creek, Dakota Territory, they pronounced the country not fit for cultivation, and were generally dissatisfied. They soon commenced the manufacture of canoes to return down the river. Brig. Gen. Sully visited their reservation, and July 15, 1863, sent a dispatch to Gen. Pope, in which he remarked : " I find both tribes (Sioux and Winnebagoes) very discontented, and if troops are not constantly kept here, I think there will be trouble. " The Winnebagoes I find hard at work making canoes, with the intention of quitting the agency and going to join the Omahas, or some other tribes down the river. I had a council with them yesterday, in which they said they had been promised, when they left their last reservation, to be settled on the Big Sioux River. How true that is, I can not say. They also stated that nothing would grow here. They dare not go out to hunt, for fear of the other tribes, and they would all starve to death. This I believe to be true, without the Government intends to ration them all the time. The land is dry, sandy and parched up." In a letter to the Secretary of the Interior, dated the following day, Gen. Sully remarked : " I state this from my own knowledge of the coun try. The land is poor, a low, sandy soil. I don't think you can depend on a crop of corn even once in five years, as it seldom rains here in the Summer. There is no hunting in the immediate vicinity, and the bands of Sioux near here are hostile to them. The Winnebagoes tell me they are friends of the Omahas, and speak nearly the same language. It is their wish to be united with them on the Omaha reservation, and, as they say, the Omahas are in favor of this also. Their last removal from Minnesota was hard for them, for they were not implicated in the late massacre." The Indian Agent for the Omahas, October 16, 1863, reported the continued arrival of small parties of Winnebagoes at that reservation in a destitute condi tion, and he was soon after instructed from Washing ton to provide for all that arrived. In September, 1864, over 1,200 had arrived, and the agent, with the consent of the Omahas, had assigned them a tract of land for temporary cultivation, and they had harvested 100 acres of corn. Soon after this the Winnebagoes contracted with the Omahas for nearly one-third of their reservation at about thirty-nine cents per acre, of which the Indian Agent said, September 13, 1865 ; " If this arrangement HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 453 be ratified by the Senate the coming Winter, they will become possessed of lands (240 sections) ample in extent for all the purposes of the tribe, abounding in wood and water, and for agricultural purposes equal to the best farming lands in Nebraska." This contract was finally ratified by the United States Government. Speaking generally of the Winnebagoes, the Indian Superintendent of the northern department, in Septem ber, 1865, said : "I can not too strongly recommend this unfortunate and much-abused tribe to the fostering care and protection of the Department. Hurried from their comfortable homes in Minnesota, in 1863, and located at the Crow Creek Agency, where it is impos sible, one year in six, to raise a crop, either of corn, wheat or potatoes, they have suffered more than any other tribe in the country. They are now subsisted by the Government on the Omaha Reservation, in Nebraska, whither they have all sought refuge to escape starvation, and, under the most favorable auspices, they must continue a charge upon the Government to a greater or less extent for nearly two years to come." In the August report occur these remarks : " This tribe is characterized by frugality, thrift and industry to an extent unequalled by any other tribe of Indians in the Northwest. Loyal to the Government and peaceful toward their neighbors, they are entitled to the foster ing care of the General Government." The removal and unsettled condition of the Winne bagoes broke up their schools and religious instruction, and in December, 1864, thirty-eight chiefs and head men, at their Omaha residence, petitioned their "Father," the President, among other things, as fol lows : " It is our sincere desire to have again established among us such schools as we see in operation among your Omaha children. Father, as soon as you find a permanent home for us, will you not do this for us ? And, Father, as we would like our children taught the Christian religion, as before, we would like our school placed under the care of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. And last, Father, to show you our sincerity, we desire to have set apart for its establish ment, erection and support all of our school funds, and whatever more is necessary." The population of this tribe has been variously estimated at different periods. Thus we find in a French document that they had 230 warriors in 1736 ; according to Sir William Johnson, in 1763 they had increased to 360 ; Capt. Carver, in 1766, reduced the number to 200. By a census of the tribe in 1859, they were found to number 2,256 souls, of which 1,055 were males, and 1,201 females ; but by the census of 1865 the whole number had diminished to 1,900. The latter census probably did not include the stragglers in Wis consin, which were still there in 1866. They have been a vigorous, athletic race, and received from the Sioux a name — O-ton-ta-kah — said to mean " the large and strong people." In the Spring of 1866, the Winnebagoes finally settled on their Omaha reservation and commenced building houses, of which they had been destitute these years; they also put od white men's clothing, and have cheerfully settled down, hoping to have a perma nent home. The Agent, in his report of August 20, 1866, said : " There have returned to the tribe, within the past few weeks, about one hundred soldies, who have served with credit to themselves and to their tribe, in the de fense of their country. I consider the Winnebagoes one of the best tribes of Indians in the country, and with proper treatment they will soon become a self- sustaining, prosperous and happy people." By the treaty with the United States, ratified and proclaimed March 28, 1866, the Winnebagoes released their Crow Creek Reservation, and accepted their Omaha Reservation, paid for by the United States. They also were to receive 100 cows, 400 horses, 20 yoke of oxen, and wagons ; have a steam saw and grist mill, and necessary buildings for a complete agency erected, and are to be paid the expenses of re moval and subsistence for one year. In the account of Rev. Alfred Barenson, of Prairie du Chien, he says : Some of Shea's authorities found them at Green Bay as early as 1639- Winnebago is the name given them by the Algonquins, which means " fetid." It was because they were said to have come from the salt water, which the Indians style fetid water. This name, however, is cor rupted. Wecne. means filthy or fetid, be water, go gives its character Weenebago is the name of the water in a marsh that is scented or filthy Ouinnebago is the French of it. The Algonquins called the Winneba goes a Dakota tribe, but as there is no analogy between their languages, there is no probability of such relationship. They called themselves Otchagras, but were nicknamed by the French voyager, Puants, fetid, probably translating the Algic into French, and no less than ten different names are given them by different writers. The various names, and the variations of the same name, are thus treated by an article relating thereto in the Wisconsin Historical Collection of 1856, page 137, which is taken in turn from the Jesuit Relations of 1659-60, 1669-70 : They are a Dakota tribe, and this name is that given by the Algon quins, and means " fetid." The French translated it by the word Puants, giving it as a name to the tribe and to Green Bay (Sagard). The early missionaries (Brussana, p. 64, and Marquette) state that they were so called by the Algonquins, as coming from the ocean or salt water, which the Indians style " fetid water." Nicolet called them more properly Gendes mer (men of the sea). The Hurons called the tribe Aweatsiwaent-rhorons, and the Sioux, Otonkah or Sturgeon (Schoolcraft), but they call themselves Otchagras (Charlevoix), Hochungara or Ochun- garand, or Trout Nation, or Horogi (fish eaters), Schoolcraft. Guynon states in his Recollections, page 286, that the name was given by the Menomonees, Win-ne-pa-go, or filthy. They were the original inhabit ants of Wisconsin, and were often troublesome and hostile. They were allies of Pontiac in 1763, were defeated by Wayne in 1794, and adhered to England in the war of 1812. From Capt. Carver's North America, page 13, the following statement is given of his first meeting with these Indians : On the 25th of September, 1766, I arrived at the great town of the Winnebagoes, situated on a small island, just as you enter the east end of Lake Winnebago. Here the Queen who presided over this tribe re ceived me with great civility, and entertained me in a very distinguished manner during the four days I continued with her. The time I tarried here I employed in making the best observations possible on the country, and collecting the most certain intelligence I could of the origin, lan guage and customs of this people. From these inquiries, I have reason to conclude that the Winnebagoes originally resided in some of the provinces belonging to New Mexico, and being driven from their native country, either by intestine divisions or by the extension of the Spanish conquests, they took refuge in these more northern parts about a century ago. My reasons for adopting this supposition, are first from their unalien able attachment to the Mandawessie Indians (Sioux), who, they say, gave them the earliest succor during their emigration, notwithstanding their present residence is more than 600 miles distant from that people. Secondly, that their dialect differs from every other nation yet discovered, it being very uncouth, guttral jargon, which none of their neighbors will attempt to learn. They converse with other nations in the Chippeway 454 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tongue, which is the prevailing language throughout all the tribes, from the Mohawks of Canada to those who inhabit the borders of the Missis sippi, and from the Hurons and Illinois to such as dwell near Hudson's Bay. Thirdly, from their inveterate hatred to the Spaniards. Some of them informed me that they had made many excursions to the southwest, which took up several moons. An elderly chief, more particularly ac quainted me that, about forty-six winters ago, he marched at the head of fifty warriors toward the southwest for three moons. That during this expedition, whilst they were crossing a plain, they discovered a body of men on horseback, who belonged to the black people, for so they call the Spaniards. As soon as they perceived them, they proceeded with caution, and concealed themselves till night came on, when they drew so near as to be able to discern the number and situation of their enemies. Fnding they were not able to cope with so great a superiority by day light, they waited till they had retired to rest, when they rushed upon them, and after having killed the greater part of the men, took eighty horses loaded with what they termed white stone. This I suppose to have been silver; he told me the horses were shod with it, and that their bridles were ornamented with the same. When they had satiated their revenge, they carried off their spoil, and being got so far as to be out of reach of the Spaniards that had escaped their fury, they left the useless and ponderous burthen with which the horses were loaded in the woods, and mounting themselves in this manner returned to their friends. The party they had thus defeated I conclude to be the caravan that annually conveys to Mexico its silver which the Spaniards find in great quantities on the mountains lying near the head of the Colorado River. The Winnebagoes can raise about 200 warriors. Their town contains about fifty houses, which are strongly built with palisades, and the island on which it is situated nearly fifty acres. It lies thirty-five miles, reckon ing according to the course of the river, from Green Bay. PRELIMINARY. Wisconsin was very early known, having been first visited by a white man in 1634, less than a score of years from the date of the landing at Plymouth Rock, and the introduction of slavery into the colonies. Most fortunately for the welfare of the State, it has always been the home of freemen. In the year above men tioned, it is established that an adventurous French man, Jean Nicolet, first set foot within the present State, and ascended Fox River to within three days' journey of the Wisconsin. It has previously been stated that he approached the Mississippi ; but this is now known to be an error. It is painful to add that this venturesome explorer met his death in 1642, in the St. Lawrence River, while engaged in a benevolent mission to rescue a defenseless Aborigine from a re lentless enemy. Nicolet visited Wisconsin but once, spending the Winter of 1634-35 at Green Bay, and then returning to his home near Quebec. No State in the Union, whose annals commence at a date so remote from the present, has been subject to so numerous a change of rulers or a more peaceful career in her history than Wisconsin. From 1670 to 1760, the territory was tributary to France. In the latter year, Green Bay was wrested from France by the English giving that nation virtual control of all the French possessions west of Lake Michigan, con firmed by the treaty of Paris in 1763. During their occupation the laws of Canada were enforced over the Northwest ; Jonathan Carver made his explorations ; the NortliAvestern Fur Company was organized, civil government established by the Quebec act, and its possession retained by the aid of Indians until 1783. In that year, the territory came into the possession of the United States, and by Jay's treaty, concluded in 1795, the donation was further vested, together with its forts, trading-posts and dependencies. Until 1800, Wisconsin Territory was attached to Virginia and Ohio, afterward transferred to Indiana, Illinois and Michigan ; its dependence upon these sev eral commonwealth continuing one hundred and sixty- six years. BEGINNING OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. All the territory now embraced within the State of Wisconsin was attached to the Territory of Michigan as early as 1818. On the 16th of October of that year, it was divided into two counties, Brown and Crawford, by an act of the Legislative Council. Brown embraced all the lands lying north of Illinois, and east of a line running due north, from the north ern boundary of that State, through the middle of the Portage, between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Craw ford, all of the State lying west of that line to the Mississippi River. A reference to the map will show that the latter county was probably one-third greater in extent than Brown. Within its limits was included the " Carver Grant," which excited great interest in its day, the confirmation of which would doubtless have invalidated the titles of settlers and dispossessed them of homes. This grant, it is claimed, was made to Capt. Carver, May, 1, 1767, for and in consideration of services ren dered to the Dakota or Sioux Indians, by How-no-paw- ja-len (Turtle), and O-toh-ton-goom-lish-con (Snake), two chiefs of the tribe. It extended from the Falls of St. Anthony to the mouth of Lake Pepin, thence east ward about one hundred miles ; thence north one hun dred and twenty miles, and thence west on a direct line to the place of beginning, comprehending about ten thousand square miles and six millions of acres. Every effort was made b}r the heirs of Capt. Carver to secure from the United States and Great Britain, a confirma tion of this grant, but without success. Thus was the Territory defined by metes and bounds until October 9, 1829, when Crawford County was di vided, and Iowa County created out of the land lying east of the Mississippi River. Four years later, Mil waukee Count}' was established and set off from Brown County, being bounded by the south and east lines of the State, the north line of Township No. 12, and the eastern line of Iowa County. The District Court for these counties convened once a year in each of them, the first term being held in October, 1824, at Green Bay, Judge Doty presiding. Among the cases, there were twenty-eight for illicit co-habitation, arising from the custom of traders and French settlers taking squaws to wife ; upon being arraigned, the accused pleaded guilty, but sentence was suspended till the close of the term, when all who were able to present a marriage certificate were released upon the payment of a nomi nal fine, while those who failed to procure the necessa ry certificate, paid an assessment, quoted at $50. The act of Congress establishing the Territorial Government of Wisconsin, approved April 20, 1836, provided that the territory included in the present States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and a part of Dakota should constitute a separate Territory, and that all power and authority of the government of Michigan should cease from the 4th day of July of that year. Territorial officers were appointed and qualified, and a census gave a total of 11,683 residents, divided between Brown County, which contained 2,705 ; Crawford County, 850; Iowa County, 5,234, and Milwaukee HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 455 County, 2,893. The apportionment made on this basis gave Brown and Milwaukee two Council and three Legislative members each j Iowa County, three mem bers of the Council, and six members of the Legisla ture, and Crawford County two members of the Legis lature. At that time, from Chicago to the Pacific, there were but three newspapers published, viz., the Adver tiser at Milwaukee, Green Bay Intelligencer, and Bel mont Gazette, the locality of the two last mentioned being indicated bj' their names, all of them being born in 1836, and tlie Belmont Gazette, in the hope of ob taining the Territorial printing. There were scarcely any landings on the Mississippi north of St. Louis, and no roads save those established by the Government be tween military posts, communication being either on foot or by horse, over well-worn Indian trails. Set tlers who were able to come hither either by keel boat or canoe were fortunate, but limited. Those who made their way by the slow and wearisome wagon from the last outpost of civilization at Milwaukee and Chicago, by no means numerous, left hope behind upon entrance to the gloomy forests or while crossing the low, lonely prairies. Yet it is to the glorious self-de nial of these bands of pioneers that the present pros perity of the Great West is due. On the 12th of June, 1838, an act providing for the division of Wisconsin and the organization of Iowa Territory was approved by the President of the United States. The census of May, 1838, showed an increase in the population of over 6,000, and a new apportion ment was ordered. In 1849, Crawford County embraced the territory included in its present limits in addition to that now contained in Vernon, La Salle, Monroe, Buffalo, Trem pealeau and Jackson counties, as also the southern tier of townships in Clark County. In February, 1851, the Legislature of Wisconsin adopted an act providing that the portion of Crawford County lying north of Town ship 14, north of Ranges 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, should be organized into a separate county to be known as La Crosse. It extended eastward to within twenty miles of the Wisconsin River, and north ninety miles for the entire width of Clark County. The election for town and county officers was decided to be holden on the first Tuesday in the following April. Chippewa Coun ty was attached to La Crosse for judicial purposes, and the county seat was located at the village of La Crosse, upon condition that the people of the township furn ished suitable buildings for county purposes. On the 11th of February, 1853, La Crosse County was divided, and Jackson County created, and the condition of af fairs was continued before that slice was taken off un til 1854. By that time, the inhabitants of the original county had become numerousj not to say crowded, and it was decided to cut out a piece or parcel of land of sufficient dimensions for county purposes and become independ ent. With a view to that end, a bill was introduced into the Legislature in January, 1854, providing for the creation of Trempealeau County, and on the 24th of that month became a law. Three mouths later, Monroe County was apportioned from La Crosse, and on the 3rd of March, 1857, the present boundaries of La Crosse County were defined and legalized by an act of the Legislature, approved on that day. So much for the incorporation of the county. ORIGIN OF THE NAME LA CROSSE. The origin of the name is a subject of interest, and there are several theories and statements in that behalf which will be referred to in the order of date as they occurred. The first is a tradition to the effect that Cath olic missionaries, at an early day, erected a cedar cross near the banks of the Mississippi, on which a crucifix was placed at the intersection of the cross-bar, or be low it, protected by a pane of glass held in place by wax. The date of locating the cross, or its location, of course is mere conjecture. As is known, the Span iards introduced the custom of setting up a cross upon their first discovery or landing, thus signifying to all comers that the land was claimed by Spain, which de rived its title direct from the Holy See. This custom also obtained with the adventurous, self-denying mis sionaries of the Catholic Church, who by this means indicated that the land was dedicated to the service of Christ. In a statement submitted by Henry B. Coons, of Potosi, published further along in this book, it would appear that the village whence the county obtained its name derived its nomenclature from French Catholic missionaries, who, en route to Prairie du Chien, which city they also settled and named, halted on their way down the Mississippi, and encamped, upon the prairie, where they erected a cross, and called it Prairie la Crossette, by which it was known among the Indians and half-breeds. Mr. William Staats Tippetts, of Tippetts' Landing, confirms the statement regarding the cedar cross, in a letter under date of May 28, 1881. He says : " In 1840, I went by steamboat to La Crosse, which I found to be covered with knolls and sand burs. The bank of the river was about forty feet high, and' sloped back about 100 feet from the water. Where Lloyd & Clark's store stands were five or six Indian graves, made in the usual manner. At the head of one was a cross made of red cedar, hewn out about six feet high. At the crossing, a small niche had been cut or carved out, and a piece of window glass had been inserted, behind which was a wooden image of our Savior, finely col ored, like I have seen in the residences of the Prairie du Chien people. This was a rough-hewn cross, very old to all appearances. ***** Now, Mr. Henry Coons, of Potosi, is right about the cross, as I have a most vivid recollection of it, and of its exact location." If set up as suggested by Mr. Coons, about the time Prairie du Chien was named, that would decide its erection to have been during the year 1728, when one Cardewell settled there. When the name was given, as already hinted, is a matter of conjecture, though it is believed to have been named from a chief, and was known as " Dog Prairie," the word chien being the Indian signification for dog. It is incredible a cross would have been left undis turbed so long, in view of the fact that steamers and hands on other craft betrayed no conscientious ecru- 45 < HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. pies in helping themselves to fuel of any description that could be found along the banks. The tradition may have originated among the friends, a son of De cora, who died in 1842, having placed a cross over his grave, which remained undisturbed for eight or ten years. The similarity of the name to the French word for cross, i. e., croix, will not bear investigation, especially in view of the fact that the name was used by the French in naming the river St. Croix, the junction of which with the Mississippi is said to bear a striking resemblance, on a near view, to that sacred emblem. Two other theories, one of the supposed but very im aginative likeness of a cross made by the Root River on the south and La Crosse River on the north, and that this spot was the favorite crossing place of the Indians ; hence the place of the cross or crossing seems too puerile to be worthy of more than passing notice. Before quoting the final and most probable theory, it may not be improper to notice several of the Indian names applied during aboriginal days. None of them, with possibly one or two exceptions, are especially felicitous ; but derived from nature or their likeness thereto, are suggestive of the scenery, for the beauty of which the vicinity of La Crosse is not altogether un known. The first of these was that of enook-wagera, from enook, woman, and wagera, bosom, from the supposed resemblance' of two bluffs near the mouth of the La Crosse River to a woman's breast. One of the Sioux names was Topaktaype, from Topa, four, and Ktaype, killed. The occasion for this is not known to the gen tleman who communicates it, N. Myrick, Esq., but that it refers to the slaughter of four men or animals is evi dent. Another name given by the Sioux, according to Dr. Bunnel, was Wazuvleca, or strawberry prairie. All the above are expressive, commemorative, and the last musical in its softness, as also most expressive in its meaning.It is to be deeply regretted that the great wealth and beauty of innumerable Indian names was not more largely drawn upon in the titling of towns, villages and hamlets. It would have been a just and fitting, albeit a small recompense, to have perpetuated the memory of the original inhabitants. Coming now to the facts in the case, it may be stated that La Crosse was the name by which it was known as early as 1805, during which year Maj. Z.M. P. Pike arrived, at which he calls Prairie de la Crosse. In 1823, Lieut. Martin Scott and command, in a journey to the St. Peter's River, halted there, and spoke of the prairie as " being very level, is admirably well calcu lated for the game of la crosse, which is very much in favor with the Indians." Maj. Pike speaks of having witnessed the game at Prairie du Chien nearly twenty years before. It was doubtless played here at as early and, in likelihood, at a much earlier date, as this was a noted and favorite resort for games from time immemorial. This is the uniform testimony of all the earlier settlers, who also bear witness that it was also that of the Indians. The etymology and signification of the name is of itself quite sufficent to convince any one of the great probability of this derivation of the name. In a note on page 189, Volume 2, " Historical Collections of Wis consin," it is expressly stated that the name originated from the French name of the game of ball played by the Indians at this point, viz., lejeude crosse. A com bination of the first and last syllables gives the modern ized name. N. Myrick, who was made the first Postmaster in 1844, thus speaks of his connection with the name : " The name of Prairie de la Crosse was, of course, French, and was changed by myself to La Crosse, and the post-office so called at my suggestion." What is said of the last name should be conclusive ; but, as some strenuously contend for the other theories, it is thought best to submit a presentation of the subject in full. THE GAME OF LA CROSSE. The earliest notice of this game as played by the Indians of Wisconsin, is probably that of Capt. Car ver, who visited the State in 1 766, and may be found on page 364 of his book entitled " North America," and is as follows : They amuse themselves at several sorts of games, but the principal and most esteemed among them is that of the ball, which is not unlike the European game of tennis. The balls they use are rather larger than those made use of at tennis, and are formed of a piece of deerskin, which being moistened to render it supple, is stuffed hard with the hair of the same creature, and sewed with its sinews. The ball-sticks are about three feet long, at the end of which there is a kind of racket, resembling the palm of the hand, and fashioned of thongs cut from a deer skin, in these they catch the ball, and throw it to a great distance, if they are not prevented by some of the opposite party, who fly to intercept it. This game is generally played by large companies, that sometimes consist of more than three hundred and it is not uncommon for different bands to play against each other. They begin by fixing two poles in the ground at about six hundred yards apart, and one of these goals belongs to each party of the combat ants. The ball is thrown up high in the center of the ground, and in a directed line between the goals, toward which each party endeavors to strike it, and whichever side causes it to reach their own goal, reckons toward the game. They are so exceeding dextrous in this manly exer cise, that the ball is usually kept flying in different directions by the force of the rackets, without touching the ground during the whole con tention, for they are not allowed to catch it with their hands. They run with amazing velocity in pursuit of each other, and when one is on the point of hurling it a great distance, an antagonist overtakes him, and by a sudden stroke dashes down the ball. They play with so much vehemence that they frequently wound each other, and sometimes a bone is broken ; but notwithstanding these accidents, there never appears to be any spite or wanton exertions of strength to effect them, nor do any disputes ever happen between the parties. BEGINNING OF SETTLEMENT. The first settlements, perfected by permanent occu pation in La Crosse County were not undertaken, it is believed, prior to 1840, though Mr. H. B. Coons, of Potosi, Grant County, avers his father was a resident of subsequent La Crosse as early as 1836. There may have been visitors into the present county before 1840, but if so, they were made up of transients and adven turers to whom no place was home, and the pressing experiences of the hour, the uncertain lines wherein their lives were cast. Settlements had grown up in the regions adjoining La Crosse at a date anterior to that mentioned herein, notably at Prairie du Chien, and other points which afterward became sources of supplies to pioneer hus bandmen aud miners, who in those early days ran the gauntlet of the mining district. Indeed it would seem strange, but is nevertheless true, that the settlement of La Crosse was procrastinated beyond that of other points possessing no more fruitful sources of wealth nor HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 457 advantages for settlers. Roving traders and agents of fur companies who operated throughout the Northwest could hardly have overlooked the value of sites since fringed with flourishing cities and villages that have been built up and have become the residences of intel ligence, enterprise and wealth. They may have come into the wilderness annually, and, remaining long enough to exchange their commodities for furs, return to their abiding-places without leaving any trace of their aboriginal existence to guide the historian in his pursuit of facts. But thus far, no records of such oc cupation have been discovered, and the only positive evidence of settlements available after decades have elapsed is to be found in the statements of those to whom, with but one exception, the award is made by universal acclamation. In this connection the surprise is expressed that among those who came during the first years of the building up of La Crosse, some one of them has not put in permanent and enduring form, a reliable record of events as they transpired here in those days. Possessing leisure which they have justly won, literary tastes and devoted attachments to the city to whose growth and prosperity they have so liber ally contributed, familiar with its early history, rapidly passing into tradition, it is truly strange that they have not perpetuated the material in historic form, which they can successfully command. At the date when the first settlement of La Crosse was ventured, the present county was almost an unin habited wilderness, possessing, as would seem from the presumed refusal of traders aud strollers to remain within its limits, but few attractions, and those few of the most limited character. The nearest towns were Prairie du Chien, Dubuque and Galena, at that time landings of some importance, but struggling for exist ence, though comparatively of the importance as St. Louis subsequently assumed. The population of Chi cago was then less than 5,000, while Milwaukee was yet in its infancy, and neither gave very promising in dications from location or immigration tending thither ward of what was reserved for the future to disclose. There was little then as compared with the present be tween the flourishing cities of the East and the im promptu municipal weaklings in the Great West which has since reflected back the star of empire. The con fines of civilization were then limited to the towns and settlements contiguous to the lakes on the west, and he who struck out for a home in the Territories was re garded as an adventurous soldier of fortune whose re turn was a question of chance rather than probability. This, then, was the condition of affairs as they ex isted forty years ago, according to sources of informa tion in that behalf, presumably correct. There was little to attract save the intrinsic merit of the location and surroundings, which combined with the hopes of a future, were sufficient to direct the residents of South ern and Eastern States to Wisconsin Territory. To those at home who were independent, the country fur nished inducements that would enable men of means to add to their accumulations. To the imprudent or impoverished, pulling with steady stroke against the current of an adversity, both pitiless and uncompromis ing, a hope for better days. To the speculator it af forded a field of operations incalculably valuable ; to the scientist an opportunity for discovery ; to the scholar, the Christian and the husbandman, the occa sion for labors that have since returned to bless their inventors. As a consequent, the class of people who established themselves in La Crosse County, and have since been identified with its growth and the development of its wealth, were men of rare excellence. Earnest, frank and kind, they made all men friends by being the friends of all men. Illustrating by example rather than pre cept, they bridged the brief interval between purity and sin by the power of kindness, and looked with eyes of charity upon the mistakes and failings of their fel lows. Brave but tender, they were, in short, the most generous of men who have ever left " the shore touched by a mysterious sea that has never yet borne on any man the image of a homeward sail," their deficiencies made up by the Recording angel, from the love they bore humanity. And so, too, the pioneer women, those who braved the absence of home, friends and congenial associations to accompany their fathers, husbands and sons into the trackless waste of the Northwest, and contemplated the present as also the future, the horizon of which was darkened by discouragement and gloom. And yet they faltered not, but sustained their husbands by a trust in the outlook that was constant, and bore an abundant harvest. As wives, they were the most agreeable of companions ; as friends, the most faithful and affectionate ; as mothers, gentle as children ever had the misfortune to lose, who corrected the most per nicious of evils by the most tender management. Pru dent from affection, though most liberal of nature, they practiced economy from the love they bore their hus bands, and at critical periods, preserved order in affairs from the care of which those husbands were relieved ; she reclaimed her choice from despair, urged his indo lence to exertion, and constantly admonished him to industry, integrity and manhood. In thet accounts furnished regarding the first settle ment of ehe county, it is found that the principal events have evr kept pace with the rapid improvements of the age. The site of the city seems to have been a resort for the Indians from time immemorial, and this is said to have induced French traders to meet them there at an early day for the purpose of trade. Who they were, where they obtained supplies, and other factors of importance regarding their occupation of the present county, either permanently or as transients, are wanting, and the conclusion seems irresistible to an unprejudiced juror of the facts, that the statements sprang from the fertile soil of romance. In the examinations made with a view to definitely determine the facts regarding the first settlement of La Crosse, the seeker after knowledge has been made the trustee of information in that behalf both cumu lative and persuasive. Mr. H. B. Coons claims the distinguished honor for his father, whom he alleges settled in La Crosse in 1836, while Col. L. Myrick is equally positive that Mr. Coons is in error, notwith standing his statements are in part supported by public documents, and that he was the first white man to es tablish a permanent occupation of the county. The weight of authorities, it is but proper to observe, indi- 45 8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. cate Mr. Myrick as the gentleman to whom this dignity properly belongs ; Morrison McMillan, in his history of the early settlement of La Crosse and Monroe counties, makes the award to Mr. Myrick. He states that no trading-post was established in the vicinity of La Crosse prior to 1840, at which time a man named La Batt or La Bathe opened a store one mile below the present city, but did not remain long. Mr. Coons insists that his father and Mr. Cubbage opened a trading-post in 1836, within the limits of the present city, which was destroyed by the Indians in 1837. It was rebuilt, but again burned, and in 1838 Messrs. Coons & Cubbage made a claim for damages thus sustained, which was allowed and deducted from the annuities due the Indians. The Interior Depart ment at Washington furnishes proof that the claim was made, but casts a doubt upon the allegation that the same was paid. From this it would appear that the averment made by Mr. Coons, in behalf of his parents, is entitled to considerable weight. A pro longed correspondence resulted from this claim. Among the pioneers of the county still living, the opinion ob tains that Mr. Myrick was the first settler to locate permanently on the present city site, and that Coons possibly located on the island opposite. MINING SETTLEMENTS AND MILITARY POSTS. The first settlements of Michigan Territory, as is known, were made at a comparatively early day by miners, who radiated from more thickly settled sections, attracted by the reports of rich discoveries of mineral, and this, too, notwithstanding the enforcement of rules and regulations formulated by mine Superintendents, and the danger to be apprehended from attacks by Indians. Neither of these embargoes delayed the settlement of La Crosse County at an earlier day, as the absence of mineral, a source of attraction else where, failed to woo the coming of venturesome delvers in mother earth, for the springs of revenue, which in other portions of Wisconsin had been tapped, and bounteous streams gushed forth. One reason quoted for the comparative delay in ef fecting a lodgment of settlers about La Crosse at an earlier day than during the forties, was the fact that the Eastern States, whence a large immigration subse quently proceeded, had not become over-crowded, and space by no means so contracted. Another cause of delay is attributed to the further fact that the countries of Europe, which now furnish so large a proportion of the population of the more Western States and Territo ries, had not at that time become familiar Avith the advan tages to be found here, and preferring to suffer the ills to which they had been subjected for generations, rather than to encounter others of which they were ignorant, their coming hither was delayed until a time when neces sity or inclination, prompted by the glowing accounts of life in the New World, led them to embark their hopes on a tide, which as the sequel in many instances has proved, led on to glory and to fortune. Military posts were for years the only habitations to be found on the frontiers, save the wigwams of the savage, and the only inhabitants the soldiers and offi cers who fraternized with the foe or aided in the efforts emplojred to accomplish their departure before the advance of a progressive civilization. Wars were car ried on as is known from the pages of history ; settlers were slain or driven off. and the effects of the Indian occupation were not entirely obliterated for years it might be said after the dusky warrior resigned the con test and ceded to the whites possession of the territory for which he had so valorously yet fruitlessly contended. When Mr. Myrick came into the country forty years ago, the Indian was still in the field, equally as treach erous, equally as uncivilized, and fully as savage as during the days when he ran wild in the sunshine. unrestrained by law or the force of arms. The dignity of character which romancers and poets are wont to ascribe to the red man, was nowhere visible, and his capacity for evil was only measured by his opportunities. He absorbed the vices of the whites, without seeking to emulate any of the virtues recorded of the most un conscionable in the book of life, and taken all in all was by no means a desirable quantity in the body poli tic, where law and order prevail, and where men are measured by their excellencies and not by the absence of them. A fragment of these aboriginal occupants are yet to be seen at occasional intervals in the cities of the Far West, but bear no impress of the position Fiction, rather than fact, has allotted them in the annals of the past. Indeed, it might be said without trespass ing upon the domain of exaggeration or prejudice, that they are the most heterodox samples of departed greatness to be seen without the pale of barbaric domination — living testimonials of moral and intel lectual deformity and a standing rebuke to the caste of citizens, rapidly becoming extinct, whose felicity in life is augmented in proportion as they can trace their pedigree to the daughter of Powhattan. Their shadow is assimilating with nonenity, so to speak, diminishing in a manner that, in view of the facts of the case, must not be other than gratifying. Many an old settler in the mellow evening of life lives to witness a fruition of hopes of earlier years in the rapid progress of the city and State, had not been spared if his lease of life forty years ago, was contingent upon the human ity of the Indian who greeted his advent here with threats and demands for fire-water. But he has survived the trials and dangers which attended his coming into the undiscovered land, that to-day teems with the fruit of labors he was instru mental in directing hither, conserved and facilitated through the system of education, he was the medium of establishing. The visitor to the country compre hended within the present limits of LaCrosse County as he bowls over the avenues that intersect one another in all directions, or gazes upon the fields of ripened grain ready for the sickle, or views the evidences of thrift, skill, enterprise and accreting capital, which greets his vision whithersover he may turn, in city and county,must not be unmindful of the labors and the industry which have been utilized to these results. Where once the savage dwelt secure in the fastnesses of the wilderness, churches and schools have been raised up, bringing the fullest fruition of their objects to the county and to the founders of these agencies for the amelioration and improvement of the race of which they were so promi nent and disinterested constituents. To these leading spirits who revived discouraged hearts, and checked HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 459 fading hopes born of disappointments and apprehen sions that were by no means retired figures in the days that passed away a third of a century ago, is the present condition of affairs wholly due. Long may they sur vive and see the perfect realization of works, the foun dations of which were laid when the heart of man was almost appalled by the unpromising outlook. A region inhabited by savages, jealous, revengeful and degraded. The nearest place at which supplies could be obtained, or social amenities cultivated, distant a journey of several days. In health it must have been cheerless, in sickness simply desolating. NATHAN MYRICK' S ARRIVAL. This was the condition of affairs when Nathan Myr ick, the pioneer settler of La Crosse County, landed op posite the foot of Main street, in the present city, on the afternoon of November 9, 1841. The scene was by no means encouraging to the enterprising visitor, who had, before attaining his majority, settled in the West, and, after serving an apprenticeship to B. W. Brisbois, a fur trader at Prairie du Chien, extended his field of observations, and decided to locate at La Crosse. He was confident of the future ; no doubt entered his mind of what the harvest would be, yet in spite of his hopes and ambitions, and determinations to realize from substantial foundations, there was little to en courage in the appearance of affairs for the time being. The season of the year, with its solemn, gloomy, mel ancholy days, the landscape that but a brief period be fore had rejoiced in an exuberance of flowers and foli age, was now drooping, dying, epitomizing, as it were, the closing scenes in a year that was cycling into the irrevocable past. Mr. Myrick, without companionship, save the presence of Horatio Curtis, Eben Wells, and a man named Reed, who accompanied him, and, while there was much to inspire him to acts, there was much to persuade him to retire whence he came, and identi fy his fortune with that of the friends and associates nearer the confines of civilization. The prompter's bell has rung down the curtain of forty years since that day, in the life of Nathan Myr ick. He has lived to see the prairies and bluffs blos som as a rose ; to see the narrow Indian trails yield precedence to roads made by the hand of man, to lines of travel connecting with the East and West through the darkness of the night ; to see a city created over the ruins of the Indian wigwams, and the mighty river overcome and bridged from shore to shore. The places he knew in those days primeval, have passed into obscurity, and their trials become as a tale that is told. The lives of men to-day are as holidays com pared with those of men who were identified with its development and cultivation. Life in those days must have been attended with unlimited hardships and pri vations without the possession of a compensating num ber of blessings and privileges. The mighty achieve ments that have since been made, are the result of small beginnings, supplemented by constant industry, daring enterprise and untiring energy. The waste places have been made to yield abundant harvests, vil lages and cities have arisen as if by magic, and civiliza tion and the arts "soar Phoenix-like to Jove." The marts of trade and traffic, and the work-shops of the artisan are thronged ; a common school system increas ing in value and influence with each succeeding year, has been established, and children of the rich and poor press forward, eager to participate in the benefits there by afforded. Churches have been built, and a Chris tian ministry ordained for a cultivation of a religious life, the promotion of piety, the inculcation of morality and virtue. The press, the Archimedean lever which moves the world, sends forth floods of light, to illum inate the land and benefit the sons of men. Railroads are completed to facilitate the acquisition of independ ence, and the electric telegraph shortens the intervals of space at the behest of mankind. As these pages are read, bright memories will blossom out of the shadowy past, glorifying and beautifying its dimness. Many herein mentioned have long since gone, like visions of the beautiful, to be seen no more. Many yet remain who have almost reached the Biblical limits of human life, and are waiting to say : "Now let thy servant depart in peace," leaving as a heritage to their descend ants in long years hence, the ripe and perfect glory of a domain of which they laid the foundations, while a large number of those who participated in the founda tion of the county, sleep after their labors, and their works do follow them, an equally large number remain who have survived the rush of matter and wreck of worlds and contemplate the scene as a Rock of Ages cleft for the good and faithful servant. At the time of Myrick's arrival, there was no one residing at La Crosse or on the islands contiguous thereto. The only resident in the vicinity, immediate or remote, was La Batt or La Bathe, a French trader, of whom mention is made above, but whose sojourn, as already hinted, was far from permanent. The voy ageurs had come from Prairie du Chien with the ob ject of establishing a trading-post, bringing with them a stock for that purpose. It was the intention of Mr. Myrick to erect a store at La Crosse and begin opera tions at once ; but the scarcity of material prevented this consummation, and so he located temporarily on the island opposite the city, where limited and com fortless accommodations were secured. Here he opened his kit of goods, and hither tended the wanderings of the Winnebago Indians, who having received their annuities, sought the disposition of what was paid them without any unnecessary delay. In these roughly improvised and contracted quarters Mr. Myrick and his companions passed their time, eating, sleeping, making sales of goods in exchange for furs or their equivalents in money, and doubtless dreaming of days when,' after patient watch and prolonged vigil, they would be rewarded with returns that should more than compensate them for the trials they had endured and the deprivations to which they had been subjected. Thus were the long Winter days and nights of that heroic period passed, and if the truth were known, they were doubtless the happiest days of lives that had not always been uncheckered or complacent. THE SETTLEMENT ON THE MAINLAND. In February, 1842, Reed and Wells, who had ac companied Mr. Myrick from Prairie du Chien in No vember, removed with him to the mainland, where La Crosse now is. The same month, H. J. B. Miller came 460 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. up the river and became an employe of Myrick. Dur ing the Winter the latter passed on the island, he had prepared the necessary timbers for a house, with the aid of Reed and Wells, shoved it across the Missis sippi on a hand-sled, and erected the first house in Prairie La Crosse, on the corner of State and Front streets of to-day, the site at present occupied by the Minnesota House of Alexander Whelan. At that time, Mr. Myrick is positive as to the ap pearance of the future city site, which, he asserts, furnished no indications of what was reserved in the future. There was no habitation of any description between the river and the bluffs, nor a sign of one, ex cept the puncheon protectors put up by the soldiers in 1840, as a means of safety against the anticipated raids of Indians. The prairie stretched out to the east, south and north, without the slightest vestige of civili zation to vary the monotony of the landscape, the log cabin of Myrick being the only evidence of the white man's handiwork visible, far or near. This conclusion •is borne out by the testimony of many who came into the vicinity soon after, notwithstanding the doubt that is sought to be attached to his claim of precedence in effecting the settlement of La Crosse. That year an occasional transient passed this way and tarried long enough to recuperate, when he con tinued his journey West, the majority of these being bound for the Black River country. Jacob Spaulding went up there in 1839, and removed his family thither two years later. In 1842, Andrew Shepard, William K. Lewis, John Lewis, Col. Johnson, and a Mr. Valen tine passed through La Crosse en route to that section of the country. The portion about La Crosse was the central point and rendezvous of the Indians, which may, doubtless, have worked some delay in its settle ment after Myrick & Miller (who, meantime, had be come partners in trading with them) had made a start. They gathered about the store, and at other eligible points in the vicinity in large numbers and were occa sionally disposed to be pugnacious, especially if the least affected by liquor or the want of it. Hand-to- hand contests were of frequent occurrence between travelers and Indians, as also among themselves, and, notwithstanding the paucity of numbers, the Caucasian was capable of maintaining his supremacy and become an interested spectator of the squabbles which the red men improvised in their own homes, when aggravated by a continued period of peace. THE FIRST SURVEY. As the year advanced and Spring was succeeded by Summer, the tide of immigration began to set thither ward, and an occasional settler was left with its ebb. Myrick & Miller procured a survey of the town site by Ira Bronson, of Prairie du Chien, which remained unchanged until 1851, when it was re-surveyed. These preparations had a tendency to invite visitations from earnest, enterprising men, who were on the qui vive for opportunities, and largely contributed to the future growth and development of the city and country. Among those who came to La Crosse during 1842, was one known as Dr. Mills, who put up a house at the corner of Front and Pearl streets, where the Inter national Hotel has since grown into prominence. He remained here but a short time, however, returning to Dubuque, whence he came, before the season closed. Another who came in was one who sailed under the impressive pseudonym of " Scotch Billy," the why or wherefore of this nom de plume, is not of record, nor are the events in this vicinity affecting his happiness and prosperity. These, with Mr. Miller, comprised the roster of inhabitants who came to identify them selves permanently with La Crosse, and aid in the "building of the city. Throughout the Fall nothing occurred beyond the routine of life on the confines of civilization to startle the nation, or blast or elevate the hopes of those immediately interested ; i. e., the limited number of inhabitants collected at La Crosse. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of the severest ever experienced in this latitude. Its ice and snow rendered travel to distant points comparatively easy, and its chilling blasts left the impress of their cheerless presence on the memories of those who were subjected to their penetrating influence. The season was protracted far into Spring, goods being transported on the ice from Prairie du Chien as late as April. THE MORMON INVASION. Early in 1843 the Mormons ventured into this por tion of Wisconsin under the charge of George Miller and Lyman Wight, who styled themselves the Trustees of the Nauvoo House Association and Elders of the church. They came direct from Nauvoo and located at Black River Falls, where they rented the mill of J Spaulding & Son for the manufacture of lumber to be used in the erection of their temple at Nauvoo. Myrick & Miller contracted with Miller & Wight to furnish them supplies during the Winter of 1843-44, the same to be paid for in lumber at La Crosse in March of the latter year. They ran the lumber down, and liqui dated their obligations ; and, in July succeeding, transported lumber to Nauvoo. In September of the same year, some twenty or thirty families returned to La Crosse, and encamped near the river, on what is now Front street, until they could look around for a place to locate ; and after some delay, selected the cooley at the lower end of the prai rie, which has since been known as " Mormon Cooley." This party was under the charge of Wight, Bird & Co., Elders of the church, and indulged all the latitude of the sect publicly. The form of sealings or marriage, which has of late years been recognized as an indispens able precedent, was never thought of by the Wight & Bird offshoots. In place of this, a revelation that a brother and sister should be " sealed" without any formal ceremony was all that was necessary, and the only agency employed to attract the brothers and sis ters into practically illustrating the true theory of Mormon theology. These and other features of their lives in La Crosse vicinity had the effect of making them generally disliked, and this dislike found such frequent expression that they finally departed hence. Myrick & Miller hired quite a number of the men to chop wood on the island, also to get out rails, and another party of them to proceed to Black River to make shingles. During the latter part of the Winter HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 461 of 1843-44, or during the early Spring of the latter -'ear, they seized flat-boats on the slough near the mouth of Mormon Cooley. Thus being prepared, the choppers on the island and shingle shapers on Black River,rendez- voused at the Cooley, put their household goods and ef fects on the flat-boats, fired their houses and departed in the night for Nauvoo. Luckily they were discovered before they were out of reach, and after some trouble the claims held by settlers against them were liquidated, when they were permitted to depart, and never re turned. The experiment of Joseph and Hyram Smith was sought to be established throughout the West during those early days particularly in Illinois and portions of Wisconsin. These efforts, however, were unattended with results anticipated, and meeting with a very pro nounced opposition from legitimate settlers, ceased to be more than the incident of a season. Some prose lyting was attempted with indifferent success. A very few converts were " led astray," as is known, and a still more limited number accompanied the successors of the Smiths to Utah ; but the people in the West at this time were hardly prepared to embrace a creed, the norner-stone of which was laid in superstition and im morality. MYRICK'S FIRST HOUSE. At this point it should be observed that during the Summer of this year (1843), Myrick utilized a quanti ty of hewn lumber obtained on Black River to the building of a comfortable dwelling, 20 x 30, finished on the inside with lath and plaster, and sheltered by a roof of shingles. This, with an addition 12 x 16, was the first residence making any pretensions to comfort, not to say rude elegance, erected in future La Crosse. THE PIONEER'S MARRIAGE. In June, Mr. Myrick left his adopted home and re turned to the home of his nativity (Westport, N. Y), and was married to Miss Rebecca E. Ismon, of that section, with whom he came back to La Crosse in Sep tember, accompanied by Miss Louisa Pierson. This was the first marriage wherein a resident of La Crosse was intimately associated, and Mrs. Myrick, with Miss Pierson, were the first ladies to visit this section of the country with a view to remaining either temporarily or permanently. Society in the days whereof mention is here made is not represented as being either numerous or critically select. There were no females in the coun try save squaws, and in spite of the poetic license which has colored the character of the sex, they were, if the statements made are founded on fact, the reverse of fascinating or attractive. Indeed, in some instances, if cleanliness is next to godliness, they were the fur thest removed from such a consummation. Miss Pier son, it is said, changed her coign of vantage as a look er-on in the west to Illinois, where she was married to " Scoots " Miller within a year, but Mrs. Myrick re mained and as the wife of the first white- settler in La Crosse, became part of the history of this section of the State. About this time, three small steamers made pilgrim ages at very long intervals, between Galena and Fort Snelling, landing at Prairie du Chien, Bad Axe, Win nesheik, Coon's Slough, La Crosse, etc., and were sources of convenient wonder and wonderful conven ience to the traders, Indians, and all who witnessed their maneuvers while making or returning from port. Their names were "Argo," "Otter" and "Little Beaver," to which was added the "Lynx" in 1845, when the num ber of annual trips was increased, and the wonder and convenience greatly augmented. Travel then was not what it has since grown to be with its palace cars and luxuriously furnished steamers. A trip hence to the East or from outer sections of the country hither was not one of pleasure, and only undertaken when every expedient designed to avoid it had failed. THE FIRST RAFT. In the Fall of 1844, the limited number of settlers were somewhat surprised at the venture of Myrick & Miller in floating a raft of logs from La Crosse to St. Louis. These men were engaged in every variety of business, from trading with the Indians to entertaining a traveling colporteur. Their house became the home ' of all who visited La Crosse, and for the first years of the city in embryo, was the only hotel between Prairie du Chien and Fort Snelling. When lumbering began to be prominent in this vicinity, they engaged in the business, and carried it on with such judgment and capacity as to secure them large returns. In time, they began to consider the feasibility and prospective returns that would attend a raft voyage to the "future great city of the West," as prejudiced residents of St. Louis are wont to fondly term their city, and this was the inaugural test, besides being the first of its kind to be made from the upper river. The craft, in the ab sence of data indicating a contrary result, arrived at St. Louis on time, and, it is to be hoped, gave the ven turesome consignors a liberal profit. MORMON NOTES. This was the year in which the Mormons returned and established themselves in Mormon Cooley, with a view of founding another Mecca. They were under the leadership of Elder Lyman Wight, and erected a number of cabins preparatory to permanent settlement in this vicinity. The females are said to have num bered among them some Welsh and [English girls of rare beauty, good singers and quite entertaining, but whose exclusiveness was painfully disagreeable to ad miring Gentiles. They enjoyed a closer communion than any other sect which had up to that time defined its principles, and when some of the most youthful, fascinating and irresistible of the Gentile residents ex tended them harmless attentions, Elder Wight pro tested, and the damsels were terrified into obedience. Wight is said to have been a Mormon and a sinner of the most pronounced type ; the hardest swearer and freest drinker in the vicinity ; a man who combined a love for wine, women and wassail with professions of temperance as earnest as they were often ill-timed for the sake of his professions. In his cups he was not only affecting but confidential, and Dr. Bunnell recalls an incident of this peculiar characteristic which came under his observation. The Elder upon one occasion, after bringing tears to the eyes of his audience by an eloquent discourse upon the evils of intemperance, and 462 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. drinking a half-pint of whisky left by his own son, told them that he was going to Texas because the climate about La Crosse was too cold for his constitution. He went as promised, followed by his neophytes and converts within a brief period, they going to Salt Lake while he went South. The land occupied by them was subsequently owned by John Connelly, and now by the Oehler brothers. Not many years ago, the build ings erected by them were still standing, among which a limekiln which had been used by them was dis covered, and pieces of mill-stone which had been de stroyed by them were found imbedded in a creek. THE ABSENCE OF SCHOOLS — TRAVEL TO BLACK RIVER. As yet there were no schools to educate aspiring youth, or churches to gather in their folds the citizens, Indians and lost of Israel generally. Such dispensa tions were not of as frequent occurrence, so to speak, as to-day, and their absence scarcely commented upon. They did not exist, and as blessings they were all the more appreciated when, as conservers of intelligence and morality, they came into the midst of the village, and have since gathered strength and multiplied in in fluence. In those days, as one of them remarked to the writer, the citizens were regarded by the world at large as cast-off heathens, whose redemption from ignorance and sin was of less consequence than the comfort and spiritual welfare of the Timbuctoo abo rigines and man-eaters. The travel to Black River, during 1844, was quite equal to that of preceding years, and made up of a superior class of men. They passed through La Crosse, and while never regarded as settlers, were mentioned as transients, and made purchases of the goods here in stock. Among these were O. B. Chase, a Mr. Miller, T. Wood, Andrew Gruver, J. Chauncey and possibly some others. Soon after, that is to say, from and after this year, rafts began to be made up for points down the river, and logs in the rough, as also lumber, came to be regarded as commodities for the shipment of which immense returns would be produced. That the regards entertained in this connection were the re verse of Utopian, the present logging and lumber trade carried on from La Crosse and points above, has fully justified. With the close of the year, the exhibit in all respects may be considered as by no means discouraging. Some accessions had been made to the inhabitants, some im provements completed in the future village. New lines of trade had been extemporized, and upon trial found to be only waiting encouragement, which would come with the flight of time. The days were prosperous and held out the inducement of wealth to those who perse vered unto the end. Communication was enjoyed with distant points that enabled the purchase and delivery of commodities at prices within the range of possibili ties. If schools and churches were absent, there was then no demand ; when that demand arose, they would spring up and bear fruit. Summing up, then, the facts and the evidence admitted of but one verdict, and this verdict was accepted with results that become more manifest as years drift into the past. FIRST DEATH to take place among the settlers. The death of a rafts man has already been referred to. His was the first death, properly speaking. He was en route from St. Louis to Black River, but, overcone with a consuming fever, halted at the Prairie, in hopes that rest and care would promote convalescence. But the blessing of re turning health was denied him, and he paid the debt of mortality. His remains were enclosed in a box, there being no such thing as a coffin, and upon the morning of his interment, some fellow raftsmen visited the blacksmith shop where the body lay, and rapping on the lid of the box, interrogated the corpse as to what he would have. Silence was returned, when they de parted with the commentary, " Well, he must be dead." He was buried in the cemetery on the knoll where Hirsheimer's plow works now are. The Summer of 1845 witnessed the first decease among the residents. For the first time in the history of the settlement, death entered into its quiet, peace ful precincts, gathered a young life within its chilling embrace, and departing left behind it the mark of its visitation on the door-post of Nathan and Rebecca Myrick. The home was made desolate, and tears and grief took the place of happiness and contentment. The son of Mr. and Mrs. Myrick, the victim, was ten derly shrived for the tomb, its coffin covered with a piece of blue Indian cloth, and left to repose in the old cemetery where the dead raftsman had been laid. It was subsequently removed to another churchyard, pro vided when the living city began to roar and swell around the one vacated, and its surf beat over and fell upon the sod. Full many a cherished memory to-day clings about that spot once sacred. Beauty was doubtless laid there, the tears of love mingled with the damps of death upon her brow. Age reposed there, too, until the mighty tread of life had need of the soil it occupied, and dust that was once rounded into life, warmed into love and folded in sheltering arms, was herein sepul- chered. But the living must have room, and the graves and the dead were made to pay tribute to the exacting demands of the living. To the stranger visitor of to day, there are no tokens by which its identity can be established. But to the pioneers who laid out the grounds and consecrated them to burial purposes, their location and that of their contents are as visible as they were forty years ago. Each resting-place is known to them, from the mound which rose above the friendless stranger to that which marked the resting-place of the most venerated citizen. Blessed be the memory of all. THE FIRST BIRTH. One of the most prominent events of 1847 was the first birth. This is always an important circumstance in every newly-settled community, and adds a cubit, as it were, to the reputation of the vicinity, and also to the stature of those more immediately interested. The case in point doubtless failed to prove the rule, by proving to be an exception. It was a daughter to the family of H. J. B. Miller, named Martha. The stranger who first announced her presence in HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 4^3 La Crosse, in notes of infant melody, was warmly wel comed, it is said, and made to feel as much at home as the oldest inhabitant. She was an object of interest to residents and strangers, and grew to womanhood under the name of Martha ; she lived, at last accounts, in Illinois. George Fetherlein, an industrious German, who came in this year with a company of five of the same nation ality, consisting of Fetherlein and wife, Valentine Dinn- inger and wife, and a young man named Phillip. Dinninger was employed by Mr. Levy, and lived in the log cabin put up by Asa White, near Gund's old Front Street brewery. He died in after years, and his widow became Mrs. Hogge, who resided after her second marriage on a farm near State Road Cooley. Phillip lived with Fetterlein and wife, passing his time during the Winter in renovating and mending saddles, harness, etc., for settlers. In the Summer, he was ac customed to supply customers and passing boats with fish, by which means be was enabled to make a com fortable living. In 1854, while he, in company with Fetherlein, were crossing the river in a skiff, the craft was swamped by the swell of a passing steamer, and sank, carrying the occupants of the frail boat to the bottom before aid could be provided to save them from a watery grave. FIRST LAND SALES. In 1848, the land of La Crosse County came into market, and entries were made at Mineral Point. This was ultimately the origin of land companies organized elsewhere to purchase lands in newly-settled portions of the country, from whose rapacity, however, La Crosse was in a measure protected. They were, in most instances, of spontaneous growth and develop ment, without any solidity or character, and in some cases were born, matured, and reached decrepitude and forge tfuln ess the same day. In subsequent years, it may be, land speculators and operators were numerous about La Crosse, in the city and county, but at this period they had not made their wolfish visitation, their manner of dealing aud the characteristics they mani fested when they did come being reserved for the fu ture to disclose. The first to put in an appearance at the land office in Mineral Point, upon its becoming accessible to set tlers from this section, were N. Myrick, Samuel Snow, Asa White, J. M. Levy and Peter Cameron, who went thither to prove up the claims they had made at La Crosse and vicinity. The route taken by the travelers was hence to the Ridge, and thence direct by military road to Mineral Point. The trip then occupied some thirty-six hours, and the same time back, those going being obliged to remain at Mineral Point two days be fore they could obtain their turn and dispose of their business. This done, they returned to La Crosse se cure in the title to their several claims, and more en couraged and prepared to offer inducements to settlers than ever before. But none came to either canvass, decline or accept these inducements. Considering the advantages of the site, it is somewhat remarkable that, for two years, no settlers expressed a desire to join issue with the situation, and the case thus being made up, submitted its decision to the logic of events that brawn and brain should in the future develop. REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS. In the Spring of 1848, arrangements were inaugur ated with a view to the removal of the Indians to some distant point where the aggressions of civilization had not yet manifested themselves, and to which it might be years before they would extend. And here may be related an incident of Indian character which will illus trate one of the reasons why their intimate association was not desired by the whites. During the Winter, their removal had been agitated, and a band laden with furs had encamped at the foot of the bluffs at some distance from the city, preparatory to negotiating the sale of their peltries. Having com municated their desires to Mr. Levy, and engaged with him to visit their camp the succeeding day, they departed. In accordance with this arrangement, Mr. Levy and an assistant started, at daylight the next morning, and traveled all day in the direction of the camp. Late in the afternoon, he reached the objective point of his journey, and halted at a distance from the Indian wigwams. It being late, he suggested to them that they postpone trading until the next day. But they'd none of it, and acting upon the apparent desire of the savages, trading was commenced while yet the light remained. By using expedition and avoiding dis putation, the trades were concluded by dusk, and each sought their camps for the night — the one to plan to prey, and the other to plan an escape ; for while the sales were in progress, the companion of Levy heard them conspiring to steal back the skins while their pur chasers slept, and secure them at any sacrifice. So as soon as the purchases could be securely packed on the sleigh, the traders hitched up their team, and by very careful management were enabled to elude the vigilance and cunning of the savages, and get out of their reach. They traveled all night, and reached home at daylight the next morning, happy in their good fortune, while the Indians, on discovering their escape, as was after ward ascertained, pranced about with fury and disap pointment. When the decision to remove the savages to Crow River Reservation was promulgated, as may be readily inferred, it was not accepted with a spirit of resigna tion or willingness to accept the situation. The Indian character is notoriously deficient of those characteris tics which breed these excellent virtues. On the con trary, they swore they would not go, and employed every means available or to be availed of to give em- phaisis to this determination. Dandy and his band were particularly severe in their denunciation of the move, and specially determined not to go. In May, the excitement ran high, and fears of trouble were ex pressed. During that month, a number of the head men among the Indians sought Mr. Levy and asked permission to hold a council in his house, which was granted on con dition that the participants remained sober and refrained from manifesting too much war spirit. They accepted those stipulations and returned to their camp, a short distance up the river. The next morning, the river was crowded with canoes, filled with Indians 464 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. painted to represent them in the most unamiable mood, with feathers in their hair and other evidences of war like intentions. The spectacle, while aboriginal, and in some respects attractive, was not calculated to inspire the settlers with a peace of mind indescribable, but the boats were rowed to the village, where they unloaded and the march to Levy's house began. Upon reaching that domicile, they were surprised to find it locked, as Mr. Levy had omitted to mention the matter to his wife, and she, fearful of an attack, had closed up the premises and retired to an inner room for safety. After some delay, admission was obtained and the powwow carried on in the dining-room each Indian with a pipe betwixt his teeth, smoking, reflecting and expectorating with a solemnity that would have defied the profundity of a philosopher to imitate or emulate, and secured for each the lasting disgust of Mrs Levy. Here they remained for two hours perhaps, when, hav ing concluded their business, they vacated the premises and returned whence they came, their canoes plowing the waves of the river, the surface of which appearing in the sunlight bright and sparkling as the burnished shield of Achilles. There was no trouble resulting from the council, neither was the decision to move them affected thereby. Communications were addressed the authorities at Washington by those kindly disposed toward them, to which no attention was paid, and in June, they were sent further West to grow up with country, accompan ied by White, Marks and Horton, settlers in La Crosse. In 1849, those who escaped the first emigration, fol lowed in the footsteps of their brethren, and a dissolu tion of the partnership of Levy & Snow was decided and accomplished upon the following basis : Snow re ceived the farm at the mouth of State Road Cooley, and Levy, the Spaulding claim, while the goods in stock were divided between them. Subsequently, Levy pur chased the claim of Ann While, and came into pos session of about one-fourth of the river front. The year 1849, was rather more eventful than 1848 had been. The country was then a paradise lost about the sources and tributaries of the Mississippi. It has since become a paradise regained, with enchanting, un limited possibilities. Previous to the departure of the Indians, a gigantic struggle had been in progress be tween them and the whites, between races, between the picturesque and civilization for the possession of the rich uplands and fertile prairies of the Northwest. To-day, drifting down the great water-way on a radiant morning, the voyager will recall nothing in his travels more varied and interesting than the city of La Crosse and its history. The home of the savages less than a half century ago, it is now the home of wealth, enter prise, education, refinement. New Year's Day, 1849, was celebrated with consid erable ceremony, and included among its attendant concomitants those usual to the season and occasion. Drinking, dancing and shooting were indulged until participants were incapacitated by reason of exhaustion or other and more persuasive influences. The Winter commenced early, and the roads in every direction be came permanently impeded at a comparatively early period. Communication was thenceforward during the remainder of the season by ice. The stores and empty rooms in and about La Crosse were packed with goods and wares, awaiting transportation, and unable, by rea son of the absence of facilities, to secure it. In this emergency, a party of French was obtained, and their services employed in conveying freight and passengers to points between Galena and St. Paul, by means of horses and sleighs. The result was that activity was apparent at La Crosse, and the travel near the present city quite large. Indeed, during the snow blockade experienced this year, the visitors to the new settle ment were unusually numerous, but scarcely any of those who came remained, and none of them were iden tified with the subsequent growth of the settlement, village or city. The embargo continued until late in the Spring, when its causes departed as unexpectedly and expedi tiously as they had come in. When the snow and ice were gone, which was in April, the river was opened and traffic resumed, with the arrival of the " Highland Mary," Capt. Atchison, a profitable and elegant steamer for the days in which it was operated. Thereafter, dur ing the Spring, the accidents and incidents of life on the prairie were similar to those previously encoun tered, save that they may have been rather more nu merous, as the number of the inhabitants increased. On the 5th of April the first death by accident is recorded, being that of William, son of J. M. Levy, who met his death under the following circumstances: Along on the evening of the day in question, he guided his horse to the river to water him, preparatory to con cluding the evening's chores. The spot selected was at a point opposite the foot of Pearl street, approached from an incline, and to the water's edge by a steep bank. The lad had reached the latter place, which he was carefully descending, followed by the horse, when he slipped, and falling, was thrown directly under the animal's feet. Before he could regain his equilibrium, the horse had stepped on the head of his victim, frac turing the skull, and inflicting wounds from the effects of which he died on the following morning, and was buried the same afternoon. The settlement at this time counted on its roster of inhabitants a shiftless fellow named Napoleon Frank, the height of whose ambition seemed to be to covet his neighbors' goods, become pugnaciously intoxicated, and after beating his wife into submission and helpless fear, lie down to sleep, undisturbed by any other agencies than those indigenous to Bacchanalian revels. During this Spring, " Scoots " Miller was robbed of flour which had been landed from a passing boat and left to await a purchaser, and the owner was in a quandary as to whom the guilty party would prove to be. Soon after, Napoleon procured sufficient money to purchase whisky enough to get him in that condition of muscular inebriety, when he hungered to thrash the madame, and thus ac- coutered he wasted no time in hunting up the object of his malevolence. She was found at home as usual, and having administered a thoroughly subduing course of discipline to the defenseless victim, laid him down to contemplate other conquests in the dim land of alcoholic romance. While he slept, Mrs. Napoleon, out of all patience at his brutality, and declining longer to act as a co-partner in his crimes, visited " Scoots," and after detailing the HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 465 abuse to which she was subjected at brief intervals, concluded with the story of his peculative acts, includ ing that by which he acquired title to the flour, the disappearance of which had proved to be a most inex plicable conundrum to its legitimate owner. When these dark ways and not altogether vain tricks of the sly Napoleon were brought to the knowledge of Justice Miller, there was not, as might be supposed, mounting in hot haste. On the contrary, " Scoots " and his con freres conferred for some time before deciding upon a course of action. But when a policy was adopted, there were neither lack or want of means employed to pro cure its exercise. In the case under consideration, di- plomancy and skill combined to release the wife, and relieve the settlement. To make a long story short, she was sent to St. Paul, and he given a certain length of time to make his exit in an opposite direction, which, candor compels the admission, he was not slow to avail himself of. But, embarking in a canoe, kept con veniently in order for emergencies, he turned its prow in the direction of the Gulf and sailed. This was the first citizen of La Crosse exiled from his adopted home, yet he was permitted to return after a brief absence, but the mysterious disappearance of portable property never afterward became frequent.. The foregoing suggests another case illustrating the presence of strong-minded women in La Crosse, as well as types of effeminacy requiring the arm of something stronger than law to urge their defense. When Levy & Snow dissolved, George Fetherlein was left a debtor to the former, with only an assurance to liquidate when able, to commend him to an unlimited indulgence. This was rather a discouraging outlook, but the cred itor accepted the situation, and agreed to wait Fether- lein's convenience. One day in the Summer, the latter unexpectedly offered a cow in settlement, and, to close up the account, the offer was accepted. When the chattle was delivered, the delivery was accompanied by a proposal to transfer a calf thereto belonging for a consideration. This was accepted, and the purchaser (Mr. Levy) gathering up a rope on the following morning, walked over to the vendor's cabin to take possession of and guide the youthful bovine to his herd. He reached the Fetherlein homestead while yet the sun was in the east, and, announcing the object of his visitation, prepared to bind his property, to the ei.d that its escape would be prevented. He had no sooner completed the preliminaries in that behalf before he was apprised of the presence of an opposing force, in the presence of Mrs. Fetherlein, who first protested, and, without waiting to ascertain the effect her elo quence would have, began an assault with such force and arms that retreat was the only defense which re mained for the victim. Acting upon this conclusion, he hesitated not to lend the enchantment of distance to his oppressor, and fled precipitately across the prai rie, followed by Mrs. Fetherlein. Both ran furiously through the damp grass, and, for a time, the successful competitor was extremely difficult to name. Mr. Levy gained some little advantage at the outset, but was handicapped by the loss of his slipper, and once it looked as though the " swift-winged " madam would overhaul and vanquish her nimble-footed antagonist. But, at the critical moment for him, she abandoned the 30 chase, and he reached home breathless and in his stock ing feet. When the coast became clear, Mrs. Levy ventured out and secured possession of the slippers, and both acknowledged that a cow without a calf was by no means the worst phase of existence in a new country. They had become resigned to the situation, when, on the following morning, the cause of the dis turbance was carted over to Levy's mansion by Fether lein, and delivered to its legitimate owner. " That was many years ago," observes Mr. Levy, when referring to its occurrence, " but I never will forget it, nor Mrs. Cameron's attempt to cause the arrest and prosecution of certain parties for an alleged assault," .while Mr. Levy was Justice of the Peace, for which that gentle man could not be charmed into issuing the papers. At this time, Mrs. Cameron occupied a position of prominence, assured, if not select or enviable. Scarcely any event occurred with which she was not identified, from a social gathering to a public meeting, from a picnic to a funeral. The Fourth of July was cele brated with pomp and circumstance this year, in a grove near the present cemetery, and largely attended. Citizens, Black River lumbermen and Mrs. Cameron were present, and the latter contributed materially to the entertainment and its conclusion. The speeches are represented to have been pointed and eloquent, the toasts appropriate, the edibles appetizing and the fluids inspiriting. Late in the afternoon, at a moment when satiety and surfeit were the prevailing features, Mrs. Cameron hurried to a safe distance and revived expir ing energies by publicly challenging the males in at tendance to catch her and exchange what, it was thought at the time, would be osculatory compliments. The crowd accepted the gauge thus proffered, and ran, pell-mell, in pursuit of the prize. There was racing and chasing over the prairie, into the forest, across gullies and cooleys, but, when the capture was effected, Mrs. Cameron rewarded her admirers with kisses manufactured by candymakers, whereupon the recipi ents became exercised, and, in the flush of disappoint ment, refused to be comforted. The crowd dispersed soon after, the orators and celebrants of the male per suasion, as a rule, returning to the village, where they became intoxicated, while the ladies recovered from the fatigues of the day. ORGANIZATION OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. In February of this year, a bill was adopted by the Legislature of Wisconsin, providing for the division of Crawford County, and the organization of La Crosse and Bad Axe Counties, the former to be constituted out of that portion of Crawford County lying north or west of the limits of Bad Axe County, which was de scribed as follows: Beginning at the northwest corner of the county of Richland, thence running south on the range line between Ranges 2 and 3 west, to the north east corner of Section 24 of Township 11, north of Range 3 west, thence west on the section line to the boundary line of this State, in the main channel of the Mississippi River, thence northerly on the boundary line of this State in the said river to the point of inter section of said boundary line, and the township line between Townships 14 and 15 north, thence east on said township line to the northeast corner of Town- 466 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ship 14, north of Range 1 east, thence south on the range line between Ranges 1 and 2 east, to the south east corner of Township 13 of Range 1 east, thence west on the township line between 12 and 13 to the place of beginning. The act further provided for an election for town and county officers to be holden on the first Tuesday of April next ensuing, for the location of the county seat at La Crosse upon condition that the people fur nish suitable buildings, and for other purposes of minor importance. Accordingly, an election was held at the time des ignated, when there were thirty-six votes polled, with the result as follows: Timothy Burns was chosen Chairman; Lloyd L. Lewis, Supervisor ; C.A.Stevens, Town Clerk ; Robert Looney, J. Bean and James Reed, Justices of the Peace; Lodowic Lewis, Treas urer, and Lorenzo L. Lewis, Town Superintendent. At this time, as has already been noted, La Crosse County embraced the present counties of Jackson and Trempealeau, and was of immense dimensions. Immediately upon the organization of the county, the town of La Crosse was surveyed by William Hood, a surveyor, who had settled here late in 1850, or early in 1851. The original plat was made on land owned by Timothy Burns and H. J. B. Miller, and now con stitutes the most valuable portion of the city, being com prehended within Fifth, River and Mount Vernon streets and the Mississippi River. There were origin ally 34 blocks and 266 large lots. While the survey was in progress, Levy, La Due, Stoddard and Cameron, foreseeing that La Crosse was at some time in the near future destined to become a large city, endeavored to procure an extension of the streets then being laid out down through their claims, and thus make at the be ginning, a village of straight streets, with some system, and suggesting the river front be vacated for levee purposes. But Burns and Miller decided to plat their own land only, leaving petitioners to lay their claims out as additions to the original plat. This fact gives the reason for whatever lack of symmetry there may seem to be in the surveys of some of the streets. In April occurred the first fire in the county ; the first case of cholera following in June, and that suc ceeded by an election of county officers in the course of the Summer. The fire was the result of a defective flue — of late years the inevitable cause cited by experts in their efforts to solve the mystery of a conflagration when no other explanation could be framed — located in Mr. Levy's domicile, and extinguished by the help of those attracted to the scene, with water- buckets and pails, before the loss was irreparable. As it was, the roof was charred and the interior defaced ; but these defi ciencies were at once made up, and the hotel continued as attractive as it had been when alone in the wilder ness. The first case of cholera occurred in June, John Col lins being the victim. It was at the time of Mr. Levy's building his frame house adjoining the hotel he had put up in 1847, and where now stands the International. The weather was excessively warm and sickly, and no surprise was manifested when Mr. Collins was taken down, though it was not anticipated that his attack would result in cholera. Through the day, Mr. and Mrs. Levy, who had seen some of the phases of the disease while it was epidemic in the United States four years previous, suspected the malady was gravitating in that direction, directed the treatment administered so as to harmonize with that recommended when the cholera had been the result of medical diagnosis. Their patient, however, seemed not to rally, but rather to grow worse. " The medicine didn't seem to ope rate," remarked Mr. Levy, when detailing the symp toms and process employed to afford relief. " In other words, the attack was so violent as to be beyond the reach of medicaments appeared to us all." Neverthe less, stronger medicines were applied, and after a criti cal period, continuing until daylight of the morning after which he was taken, the patient perceptibly im proved. About 2 o'clock in the morning, those having him in charge noticed that his shoulders and spinal col umn were very much discolored, and made up their minds that he was beyond the reach of mortal help. Notwithstanding which, he was cared for all the more solicitously with results both gratifying and permanent, as was evidenced when Mrs. Levy, who had retired late at night, resumed her watch. He ultimately re covered under careful nursing ; but the effects of this terrible experience were visible during his life-time, and he attributed his recovery, as do the surviving members of his family, to the treatment administered ¦ by and the attention of Mr. and Mrs. Levy. The case created some excitement among the inhab itants of the town, yet no panic followed, as would be the case in thickly settled communities. But in those days, men, and women too, for that matter, were cal loused to fear and insensible to circumstances that would to-day be regarded as critical. The type of men- and women who flourished in the early history of the West were radically different from those who came after, in many instances; more of bone and muscle, and less of superfluous matter than possess types of suc ceeding generations ; more of genuine gold and less of gilt ; more common sense and less of sugar candy. . As communities are built up and their influence is ex tended, they become wealthier and thereby educate an effeminacy which is expressed in the deterioration of the energies, capacities and endurance of those who are directly benefitted by these pecuniary accretions. The case of cholera was soon forgotten in the rush of events, to be remembered only by the beneficiary and his relatives, and the election came on, resulting in the choice of Timothy Burns as Judge of the Coun ty Court, William T. Price as Register of Deeds, Clerk of the Court and County Treasurer, and Robert Looney, Clerk of the Board. The officials had scarcely qualified before the regular election, provided for by the act organizing the county, to be held in November, took place, with the following result: George Gale, Judge; A. Eldred, Sheriff; F. M. Rublee, Treasurer; C. A. Stevens, Register of Deeds, and Robert Looney, Clerk of the Court and Clerk of the Board. On the 11th of November, the first meeting of the Board of County Supervisors was convened, the Town Supervisors having met during the Summer in the HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 467 frame building then in process of building by John M. Levy. At the latter meeting, Wyram Knowlton was the Chairman. THE COUNTY SEAT. The conditions under which the county seat was located at La Crosse were that suitable buildings be erected without delay. But the truth is there was no other point which could be so designated. Settlements were limited to the village, save, as already indicated, on farms which had not yet become productive. Yet there was necessity for buildings to accommodate the growing population, to accommodate public meetings, to provide ways and means for religious observances and educational privileges. To supply all these wants and to conform to the provisions of" the act of organ ization, it was decided this year to erect a court-house, and a court-house was erected that remained a monu ment to their ambitious and architectural ethics for nearly twenty years. It was constructed of lumber procured on Black River (all lumber was obtained from the lumber re gions which then bordered and still line that stream of peculiar color and eccentricities, creeping its way at times sluggishly from the north, until it empties into the Mississippi at its confluence with the La Crosse), late in 1851. The design had been prepared though, and when the material was delivered, little delay was experienced in putting it into shape, raising the frame and having it safely covered before Winter. Work was continued on it during the succeeding weeks with such advantageous results that a school was opened therein by Abner S. Goddard soon after the holidays. The court-house was 26x36 in dimensions, two stories high, and became the scene of many an adventure and other experience that should have been preserved for posterity. It was proposed and completed by men who have not passed entirely beyond the memory of some who still survive, and who will be preserved in the history of that city on the banks of the inland sea, the waves of which glide onward to the ocean, as long as the city continues. THE UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE. The land office was removed here in June, with Col. Theodore Rodolf, Receiver, and the Hon. Cyrus K. Lord, Register. This year, these gentlemen erect ed an office on Third Street, adjoining the Tallmadge House, and began business with no help but that furnished by themselves. But this did not last long. The entries became so numerous that a force of from ten to fifteen clerks was necessary, and then, al though laboring from daylight to dark, not nearly as much was disposed of as was hoped for or expected by thosew ho were anxious to enter claims. The scenes that were witnessed about this office were exciting, and of a character that, in these days even of push and mercurial uncertainty, seem calculated to excite the risibles of the least excitable persons. The motto was, first come first served, and the applicant who could first make his claim or present his bid, was the chief, it might almost be said, among ten thousand. Men began their vigil at the dawn of the day, and tarried late in the ranks to accomplish their object, while those who came late, like the foolish virgins who had failed to trim their lamps, were, to appropriate the vernacular of a later day, "badly left." Sometimes men remained in line all night to secure an audience when the office opened, while some hired substitutes and contained themselves in patience, biding their time. In 1853, the entries were comparatively nominal in number until the latter part of that year, but in 1854 they increased in a wonderful ratio — became epidemic, as it were, without benefit of clergy, metaphorically speaking. Then it diminished, and gradually dropped off until the railroads came in about June, 1856, and made their selections of lands, after which the office was temporarily closed and the duties of its officers sus pended. Early in 1853, the entries, it might be here observed, of lands in La Crosse County, as defined by the last survey, were made at Mineral Point, through Washburn & Woodman, Milton Barlow, Charles G. Hanscom and Kramer & Clinton — the latter, bankers, and, with those mentioned, residents of La Crosse. The entries of lands after the office was removed, included those in the pineries, as also those for agri cultural purposes. Among the heavy entries made, those of the following for themselves and the third parties for whom they acted as agents, were among the largest : Samuel Watson, J. T. Spaulding, Washburn & Woodman, W. T. Price, Kramer & Clinton, James O'Neill, Mr. Whitcomb, Milton Barlow, Charles G. Hanscom, W. J. Gibson and others. From 1853 to June, 1866, the total warrant and other entries amounted to 2,500,614 acres, involving the outlay of $3,098,317, and these were the purchases of land by individuals, not including the entries of pre- emptioners. The vast sums of money thus received shows to what an extent men of capital and character came to La Crosse in response to the representations made by citizens who had come, and newspapers which had been established, since the days when Myrick resented the attacks of savages, and traders supplied the Indian's craving for whisky with distillations of red pepper dashed with most execrable tobacco washings. Nor was the guarding of these amounts until they could be de posited at Dubuque attended with an ease of mind con sequent upon success to safe depositories as can be had to-day. Mr. Rodolf was frequently annoyed with the care of these funds, and subjected to ceaseless vigil and sleepless care until they were safely assigned to the cus todian to whom they were directed. Upon one occasion, sickness in his family made it almost impossible for him to venture away from home, even officially. While recounting this fact one day in his office, and regretting the affliction which had post poned his regular journey to Dubuque, a man present, with whom he was slightly acquainted, explained that he was about to depart for that point, and would be pleased to discharge any commission he might entrust to his discretion. Col. Rodolf interrogated him as to how he would go, and when, and retired with the re mark that he would consider the subject. It seems that the conversation between Col. Rodolf and the would-be messenger had been overheard by a citizen, and during the afternoon he admonished the colonel not to trust him with the amount to be depos- 468 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ited, $10,000, which confirmed suspicions that had arisen in the Receiver's mind, and decided his action in regard to the matter. The applicant was refused his proffer, and Col. Rodolf departed with the money for Dubuque. The same day the would-be messenger de parted in an exceedingly suspicious manner, accompa nied, as was afterward ascertained, by the wife of one of the original pioneers and best-known citizens of this portion of the State. His anxiety to carry the money became apparent when his escapade was discovered, and the Register felicitated himself upon the exercise of a caution that spared him subsequent woe. The absconding couple were heard of in California in after years, whence she returned and died, her husband de facto remaining there, while her husband de jure, who was left in La Crosse, lived to a hale old age before he was touched by the Master of mortality. This incident is not related as evidence of the class who came to La Crosse in early times. In truth, but very few, if any, of a questionable character found an abiding-place here. The men who remained were of a different grade — fair types of a generation that is rap idly assimilating with the past; of a grenadier of the old regime who never in any sudden storm or rally, desperate melee or sorrowful encounter, forgot to doff his plumed hat to an adversary, and cry out through his gray mustache, as he shortened his sword arm, " En garde." The improvements this year, in addition to those already mentioned, consisting of the hotels, Receiver's office, brick house on Front street, etc., also included a school-house on or near the present site of the Third Ward School-house, numerous dwellings, which num bered on January 1, 1854, upward of 100 in various parts of the village, as far out as Fifth street. NORTHWESTERN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. This society was organized December 26, 1879, with twelve charter members. The first officers of the so ciety elected were : J. W. Losey, president ; J. S.Har ris, first vice-president ; John Van Loon, second vice- president ; John Ulrich, third vice-president ; L. W. Brigham, secretary ; L. H. Pammel, treasurer. The object of this society is : " To improve the con dition of pomology, horticulture and gardening ; to dis cuss and disseminate information upon all questions pertaining to horticulture." The society holds its annual meetings on the first Tuesday in December, and otherwise provides for quar terly meetings occurring in March, June and September. At their meetings thus far, since organizing, various topics have been discussed, and papers have been pre pared, read and discussed also. The society now num bers fifty-two members with the present officers : John S. Harris, La Crescent, president ; A. J. Phillips, West Salem, first vice-president ; S. S. Luce, Galesville, sec ond vice-president ; Mrs. W. P. Powers, La Crosse, third vice-president ; L. W. Brigham, La Crosse, sec retary ; L. H. Pammel, La Crosse, treasurer. Their first fair was held in June, 1881, in connection with the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. One dollar procures a year's membership for gentlemen, ladies being honorary. The following fruits, trees and shrubbery are rec ommended by this society for this locality and the Northwest in general : Fruits — Apples : Dutchess, Wealthy and Tetofski. For favorable localities, Fameuse, Utter, Price's Sweet, Walbridge, Plum Cider, Willow Twig and Tollman Sweet. For trial, Pewaukee, Ben Davis, Alexander, Red Queen and Haas. Crab apples : for general planting, Transcendent, Whitney No. 20, Atkin's Winter, Early Strawberry and Maiden's Blush. For trial, Conical and Quaker Beauty. Grapes : for general cultivation, Concord and Dela ware. For trial, Beauty of Minnesota, Worden, Rog ers No. 15 and Brighton. Strawberries : for market, Wilson ; for family use, Green Prolific and Downer's Prolific. For trial, Charles Downing. Raspberries, red : for general cultivation, Turner and Philadelphia ; black : Seneca and Doolittle. Plums : De Sota. Blackberries : for trial, Snyder and Ancient Briton. Trees — For general planting, White Elm, Sugar Maple, Soft Maple, Blue Ash, European Larch, Box Elder, Basswood, Hickory, Mountain Ash and Butter nut. Evergreens — Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine, Hemlock, Red Cedar, Austrian Pine, Balsam Fir, American Ju niper, White Pine and American Pine. Hardy shrubbery — Snowball, Purple Lilac, White Lilac, Bush Honeysuckle, Tree Peony, Flouring Al mond, Syringa Grandiflora, Barberry, Wahoo, Wax- berry and Hydrangea. Bedding plants — Verbena, Heliotrope, Lantana, Pansies, Caladinus, Petunias, Coleus and Geraniums. Reminiscences and Personal Sketches. In the succeeding pages are given those historical and biographical facts which can be told only in con nection with the individual acts of the pioneers. The list contains some of the best known, oldest and most respected residents of La Crosse, some of whom are still living to enjoy the fruits of honest work well done. NATHAN MYRICK. This gentleman, who is universally regarded as the pioneer settler of La Crosse, was born at Westport, Essex Co., N. Y., July 7, 1822. His ancestors, both paternal and maternal, were among the first settlers of Westport, being pioneers like himself. He was educated in the academy at Westport, and was engaged as an assistant in the various woolen, saw and grist-mills of which his father was proprietor, until the age of nineteen, when he concluded to strike out for himself and make a home in the Great West. Leav ing Westport in May, 1841, he reached Praiiie du Chien in June, and was employed by Joseph Brisbois in the post-office, giving his services for his board. That Fall, acting on the advice of his employer and his own judgment, he decided to embark in trade with the Indians. Procuring a suitable outfit of goods, obtained largely upon credit, and the loan of a forty-ton keel-boat from Gen. Brooks, commandant of that post, he left Prairie du Chien November 4, taking with him H. Cur tiss, who was on his way with some goods to Black HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 469 River. Sailing and poling the boat by turns, they reached La Crosse at sunset, November 9. Finding no fuel on the shore, they crossed over to the island, which was densely wooded. A similar reason induced him to build upon it, there being no timber upon the prairie. In a week he had built and moved into a dou ble log house. At this time, to use his own words, "there was no white man in the vicinity." The In dians were absent at Turkey River, in Iowa, about fifty miles west of Prairie du Chien, to receive their an nuities — about $20 per head. Myrick thinks a total of $48,000 was paid them in these yearly payments. If so, the Winnebagoes must have numbered 2,400 souls. In a couple of weeks the Indians returned. Myrick drove a brisk trade, and by the middle of December was out of many articles. On the 18th of that month he crossed the river, partly on the ice and partly by canoe, and, taking an Indian trail under the bluffs, afoot and alone, wended his way to Prairie du Chien, which he reached December 22, having laid by one day on the route. He returned in January on the ice, with several teams loaded with goods and provisions. He employed two men during the Winter in getting out fuel for steamers, which Myrick banked, hauling it with a hand sled. Soon after his return, he was attacked by two In dians whom he had invited to take breakfast with him, one of whom fired on him when but a rod distant, the gun fortunately missing fire. Myrick sprang into the house and fired back, the Indians still firing at the door and window. Myrick and a companion sallied out and fired upon the Indians, who were re-inforced by their red brethren, there being some twenty camps or wig wams on the island. The two white men re-entered the house, which was barricaded and defended vigor ously for an hour or more. Soon after the firing ceased, a rap was heard at the door, which was not opened till it was known that a white man was seeking admission. This proved to be Alexis Bailey, on his return from a trip up the river, who had been attracted by the firing. He asked the Indians the occasion of it, but could get no explanation. As the originators had been seen pre viously at Mr. La Batts', an Indian trader four miles below, it was supposed he had instigated the attack to get rid of a rival. The actual occasion for the out break was never definitely ascertained. La Batts on ly remained till 1842, being unable longer to obtain goods of the American Fur Company, who now sold to Myrick only. In February, 1842, timber was hewed for a house on the prairie, and hauled to its place with a hand sled. H. J. B. Miller, who was then trading thirty miles be low, near the mouth of Coon Slough, came up with a load of provisions for the Indians, who were then en camped on Black River where Onalaska now stands. On his return, Myrick got his help a few days to put up the new residence and store, and moved in. In the Spring of 1842, Myrick. put his furs on the keel-boat used on his first venture up the river, and started for Prairie du Chien. On the way he overtook H. J. B. Miller, who was in a canoe. Taking him on board, they completed the journey together. Before returning, Myrick offered Miller half his claim and profits to become a partner, an offer with which Miller readily complied, and they returned together in a large canoe. In June Miller went down to Rock River, and bought five yoke of oxen. In his absence Myrick spaded a patch of ground for a garden, and on his re turn with the oxen the boundaries of their claim was marked out, and a piece of ground plowed which was planted with potatoes, on Blocks 6, 7 and 19 of the original plat. In the Summer of 1842-3, Dr. Snow and Philip Jacobs came and went into trade. At the same time Myrick had some hewed pine lumber got out on Black River, and put up a comfortable dwelling of 20x30, finished on the inside with lath and plaster, and outside with siding, and having a shingle roof. To this was added an ell, 12x16, and a cistern. This was the first good improvement on the prairie. In June 1843, Myrick returned to New York, where he bought a stock of goods, and in August was married to Miss Rebecca E. Ismon, of Essex County. He re turned in September, bringing with him Miss Louisa Pierson, who passed the Winter in his family, and then made a visit to friends in Illinois. These two ladies were the first white women to favor La Crosse with their presence. Of his return Myrick says he came via the Erie Canal from Troy to Buffalo, thence by steamer to Chicago, a trip of five or six days, then by stage for a week to Galena, waiting nine days at the latter place for a boat to La Crosse, the entire trip re quiring nearly a month. The first draft sent home to pay for goods was six weeks on the way, and did not arrive till after payment was due. On a second return from the East in 1847, he made the trip via Baltimore to Cumberland by rail, thence by stage to Pittsburgh, then by boat to St. Louis, and the same to La Crosse. Myrick and Miller were the owners originally of the river front, their claim extending from La Crosse River to the section line on Mount Vernon street, and extend ing east to Fifth street. This plat was surveyed in 1842 by Ira Bronson, of Prairie du Chien, the lots be ing made 60 feet front and 150 deep, with a 20-foot alley in the rear. Being laid out to correspond with the river, while the remainder of the city was made to correspond with the points of the compass, produces the peculiar angle so noticeable to strangers, which is confined wholly to the section included between the river and Jay and Sixth streets. In 1847, one of the heaviest freshets ever known oc curred in Black River. Myrick & Miller had made a large investment on that stream in logs, lumber, booms, etc., which were all swept away. This event made such a change in Myrick's affairs that he was induced to leave La Crosse and go to St. Paul. His losses in this flood footed up a total of over $20,000. He left in 1848, giv ing Miller a half interest in the town site. In 1851, he sold his whole interest in La Crosse to Lieut Gov. Burns, viz. : in the town site and the Bunnell claim. Afterwards Burns deeded Myrick one-fourth of the town site. At one time the whole site was held as follows: Myrick, one-fourth; Burns, one-fourth; Durand & Hill, one-fourth ; Miller, one-fourth. When Myrick & Miller held the original site of the first plat, the adjoining land was held as follows : The Cameron claim extended from Mt. Vernon street south to Division street ; Asa White's claim, from Division 47© HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. street to Mississippi street ; Dr. Bunnell's claim, tak ing in seventy acres at the lower end of the prairie, adjoining White. Myrick has never ceased to be a pioneer. Since going to St. Paul, he has established trading-posts at Watab, Long Prairie, Travers de Sioux, La Sieur, Pembina, etc. He has also made several ven tures in the lumber business, and met with severe and repeated losses, both in his investments in business and in faith in his fellow-man. His generous nature has repeatedly made him the victim of misplaced confi dence ; but all that he has lost, all that he has endured in a long and busy life on the very outskirts of civiliza tion, have not changed his inborn geniality, his gener ous disposition, or his confidence in humanity. In per son he is an Anakim, standing six feet four inches in his stockings, erect in form, and of most kindly ad dress and presence. JOHN MEYER LEVY, One of the first settlers in La Crosse, was born in Lon don, Eng., in the year 1820, his parents, Meyer and Eve (Worms) Levy, being natives of Germany. His father was a reader in the synagogue, though not a regular rabbi. John spent his younger clays largely at school, part of the time in Amsterdam, Holland. After living about six years with an older sister in Paris, he emigrated to America, in 1837. A short time was spent in traveling before he settled in St. Louis, and was there engaged in a mercantile house about four years. Early in 1844, he went up the Mississippi River to Prairie du Chien. He remained there till the next year, when he was induced to come to La Crosse, by Samuel Snow, who, finding him quite unwell during one of his visits, said : " If you will move up there with me, I will divide with you, and am sure you will never get sick in such a place." Levy accepted, and, in the Summer of 1845, they came through by team, the two being the first white men to make such a trip. On the way they passed through Mormon Cooley, of which Philip Young and James Conley were occupants. They took a farm near the mouth of State Road Cooley. They paid Jacob Spaulding $100 for his claim and shanty, on the site of the International Hotel, and at once com menced the erection of a store north of the shanty, which was situated on Front street. They sent to Prai rie du Chien for a carpenter, named Manahan, Levy meanwhile going to Black River for the lumber. The building was completed in 1846, and was the first frame dwelling erected between Prairie du Chien and Red Wing, on the river, a distance of 180 miles. At the time of Levy's coming, the total population was but eighteen, of whom thirteen were males and five females. Among the former were N. Myrich, George Fetherlein, H.' J. B. Miller, Asa White, Samuel Snow and G. Houghton, the first three of whom had families. These are believed to have been all who lived within the present city limits. For the first three years after Levy's arrival, the settlement remained almost station ary. At this time barely half a dozen steamers came up the river yearly, the trips being made in the Spring and the Fall, to carry supplies to the Indians and to the garrison at Fort Snelling. In 1847, commissioners came with surveyors to locate the school lands (16th section) and swamp lands for the State. Peter Burns was one of those employed in this work. During this year, Levy and Miller, in their capacity as delegates, went to a Democratic Con vention at Liberty Pole, in Crawford County, to nomi nate the first Representative to the Legislature. On the way homeward they became separated on the ridge, about twenty miles from La Crosse, Miller going ahead, after a severe fall, having been helped on his horse by Levy, whose steed escaped while engaged in his Samar itan work. Levy lost the way, and was absent for three days, subsisting on acorns till the third day, when he made his way to the house of a settler named Young, at Bad Axe, nearly a score of miles below, in an almost famished condition and nearly naked, his clothing being torn to shreds by the underbrush and bushes through which he was compelled to make his way. Miller, in the meantime, was called on to account for Levy's ab sence, which, of course, he was unable to do. The in quiries became more pressing and importunate each day, and Miller more and more dazed and bewildered. Had Levy never put in an appearance there is no question but that " Scoots " would have been held accountable for his disappearance. The first religious services were held this season in Levy's house by Revs. Buck, Mer rill, Wilcoxson and Holcomb on the first Sunday pre ceding St. John's Day, an anniversary of the Episcopal Church, falling upon June 24. Levy's house was pressed into service by his own free will and assent, by all denominations, and also for meetings of a secular character. Levy and Snow engaged in trade with the Indians from their first coming until 1849, when the latter were removed to their reservation on Crow River, whither Snow, and White, the Indian trader, with a squaw wife, accompanied them. This step necessitated a dissolution of partnership, which was effected on this basis : Snow took the farm and Levy the land claim purchased of Spaulding, while the goods and Indian supplies were equally divided. At the same time, Levy purchased White's claim, and thus came into pos session of about one-third of the river front. (As this was about the first transaction in real estate, it was deemed desirable to mark the boundaries of the various claims which was accomplished by running a furrow around the different tracts, which, it is needless to add, was soon obliterated by the shifting sand.) About this time, Levy built a frame hotel, containing ten rooms, on the corner of Front and Pearl, called the " Western Enterprise," of which Simeon Kellogg was the first landlord. During the year 1847, Levy had the con tract for carrying the mail from Prairie du Chien to Fort Snelling. He made the trips between the former place and La Crosse, while a partner, Snow, took charge of the northern end of the route. The round trip took two weeks, and the pay was about $80. In 1851, Willie Levy, a most promising child of seven years, while engaged in watering his horse at the foot of Pearl street, was so unfortunate as to fall before the animal as it turned to leave the river, and was instantly killed, having his head stepped upon, the sharp calks of the shoe penetrating the brain. It was all done in a mo ment, in his father's presence, who was powerless to aid. This was the first accidental death. About the year 1851, the first wharf-boat was built by Levy aud kept at the foot of Pearl street. It did not fully an- HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 47i swer the purpose for which it was intended, and, in the course of the next year, he took off the upper por tion, and, commencing the erection of a dock, extend ing beyond the boat, he included the hull in the work. This was the first dock, and proved a great convenience for years. It was 185 feet in length on the river, and extended back probably 75 to 80 feet. In the Winter of 1850-1, the charter of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad having been granted, the place at once became an object of interest, its future growth and prosperity now being regarded as a fixed fact. Hon. T. B. Stoddard, of New York, and A. D. La Due came that Spring and bought a half interest in White's original claim of J. M. Levy, which com prised sixty-three acres. Myrick, Miller and Burns, who held the plat extending from La Crosse River to Mount Vernon street on the south, and nearly to Sixth street on the east, were then having the streets run out in their original plat. La Due, Stoddard, Cameron and Levy tried to induce them to extend the streets through their claims also, thus insuring a uniform system of straight streets, and suggesting that all the river front be vacated for a levee. These were admirable sugges tions and it is strange they were not carried into effect. This year La Crosse made a wonderful stride forward. From a dozen shanties in the Spring, the number was doubled in the Fall, and an even greater increase of inhabitants. Among these were the most talented and prominent citizens who have ever made this city their residence, as Hon. T. B. Stoddard, Lieut.-Gov. Burns, F. M. Rublee, William Hood, Col. Carlton, Milton Barlow, O. F. and S. T. Smith, George Farnham, Mo ses Anderson, H. G. Hubbard, C. Looney, Hon. George Gale, Howard Cramer, Revs. Sherwin, Carr and Elder Reynolds and George Howard. About 1853, Levy built a warehouse, and, becoming agent for the steamboat companies, conducted a large forwarding business. This he continued until 1857, when he opened a bank, and in a few months failed, with thousands of other business men, paying, how ever, every dollar which he owed depositors. In 1858, he engaged in the grocery trade, but afterward sold his interest to Charles B. Solberg. He then engaged in real estate operations, which he continued until the Autumn of 1876, when he again became a forwarding and commission merchant. At sundry times during these years, Mr. Levy had many buildings erected, some for his own use and some to rent. He built the Augusta House in 1857, and was receiving the rent of it, when, in March, 1862, it was swept away, together with a dozen other buildings owned by himself, and three times as many owned by other parties. Although he has met with frequent reverses, he has never become disheartened. No man in La Crosse is more plucky or full of business. He saw the last wigwam disappear long since, and where, thirty-six years ago, he found but three families, he now sees a city of 16,000 inhab itants, who justly look upon him as one of the fathers of La Crosse, as he is at present the oldest living resi dent. He has been elected Mayor three times, has been an Alderman about eight years, and has always looked well to the interests of the city. Though not partisan in his politics, he has very pronounced views, and has been a firm upholder of the Democratic faith. He is prominent in his connection with the Masonic frater nity. He was Grand Treasurer of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons eleven years ; has been treas urer of both the Lodge and Chapter in La Crosse, and is the oldest member, in point of time in joining them. He is also one of the trustees of the Independent Or der of B'nai B'rith, a Jewish secret society. SAMUEL T. SMITH. Samuel T. Smith, the first man to run a temperance and anti-gambling steamboat on the Ohio and Missis sippi rivers, was born in Delaware County, N. Y., May 9, 1801. His maternal grandfather was a Revolution ary soldier. His father, Noah Smith, was a native of Long Island, and his mother of Lyme, Conn. His father lived in Delaware County until 1812, when, with six other families, he moved to Ohio. Reaching Wheel ing, W. Va., they built a flat-boat and floated down to Cincinnati, reaching there in October. The next year, he moved to a tract of land three miles from the city, and opened a farm ; Samuel, at the same time, becoming a clerk in a store, remaining in and near the city, merchandising and farming, until 1828. In April of that year, he visited the Galena lead mines, and, during the next month, went into Wis consin — at that time part of the Northwest Territory. Stopping about half way between the present sites of Potosi and Platteville, he built a cabin, and engaged in mining for one year. He afterward went to Galena and taught school two years, and there, in 1831, organized the first Sun day school in that part of the country. Returning to Cincinnati in 1832, he farmed a short time, and subse quently engaged in the mercantile trade in that city, and continued it until 1840. He then built his " Sun day-keeping " steamboat, and ran it and others for nine years on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and tributa ries of the latter. In 1849, while his steamboat was at the St. Louis Landing, it was burnt, with twenty-two other steam boats and seven blocks of city buildings. Immediately after this calamity, he opened a dry goods store in that city. In July, 1851, he removed to La Crosse, then a village of about fifty genuine settlers. Here he con tinued the mercantile trade between two and three years, and, in 1853, opened the land agency, which he has continued ever since, at the same time engaging more or less in farming. Mr. Smith was early taught that riches take to themselves wings, and he was im pressed with the truthfulness of the Scriptural state ments, when, in the crash of 1837, he lost a round $100,000, and half that sum in a similar visitation in 1857, to say nothing of the sudden reduction of his steamboat to ashes, just as he had painted it and was about to sell it, and minor losses in La Crosse by fires. Pecuniarily Mr. Smith is in comfortable circumstances. His wealth, however, is not all of this world — he is " rich toward God." Few Christian lives have been more consistent or more noteworthy. When he landed in what is now the State of Wisconsin, in 1828, he knelt down alone, in the solitude of the forest, under a large oak tree, and took possession of the land in the name of his Master. Shortly after reaching La Crosse on the 22d of January, 1852, he gathered the few Baptist 472 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. people (fourteen in all), and a church was organized at his house. He brought with him to La Crosse three or four families, seven members of which were Baptists. He was chosen the first Deacon, and has held that office for nearly thirty years. The Congregationalists met at his house on the same day and at the same hour, and the ministers present assisted each other in organizing the two churches. On the 22d of January, 1877, the two Christian bodies again met, and observed their quarter-centennial, upon which occasion Deacon Smith read an intensely interesting history of the Baptist Church. He has had two wives, the first being Miss Martha Ellen Longley, of Cheviot, Ohio, to whom he was married in 1827. She died in 1834, leaving two children, one of whom is now living. To his second wife, Miss Sarah Hildreth, of Cincinnati, he was mar ried in 1835. They have had eleven children, of whom five are living. Orrin L., the only child by his first wife, now living, is married and residing in La Crosse. The eldest daughter, widow of the late Jacob P. Whelp- ley, with her three children, is living with her father; another daughter is the wife of W. L. Card, of La Crosse, and a third is the wife of Spencer Way, of Rockford, 111. Of the many interesting anecdotes of Deacon Smith's nine years of steamboat life, we mention the following : As he was starting on his first trip from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, two fast young Southerners come on board, and before the boat was fairly under way began to in quire for the card table and the bar. Capt. Smith po litely informed them that there was nothing of the kind on board; that neither drinking nor gambling was allowed on his boat ; that he had a good library, and he hoped they would make free use of it, and that when they reached Pittsburgh, if they were not satis fied with their accommodations, he would refund the money. They used his books very liberally, one of them reading through Knowles' Life of Ann H. Jud son, and both becoming thoroughly absorbed in literary recreations. When near Pittsburgh, they went on the hurricane deck and reminded the captain that they were near the end of the voyage, and he asked them if they wanted their fare refunded. They told him frankly that -when they came on board and found no bar, they made up their minds to jump off at the first wood-pile landing ; that on the whole, however, they had been greatly pleased, actually delighted with the trip, and that if they had occasion to make the same trip again, if necessary, they would wait three days for the sake of getting his boat. PETER CAMERON. Peter Cameron, born in Deerfield, Oneida Co., N. Y., about 1810 ; a son of Donald Cameron. When young, about seventeen years old, he clerked for Colin McVean, in Caledonia, Livingston Co., N. Y.; at twenty-two he came West; he peddled all the way from Utica, N. Y., to the Mississippi. In Michigan, he met Mrs. Emma Clayton, a woman with a career and a history, even then, at that time, having a third living husband. She joined Peter, and together they came to La Crosse. To this day, it is claimed by many residents, that they were never married. The writer has assurance, from the very best authority, that they were married by H. J. B. Miller, the event being brought about by pruden tial reasons ; in other words, to avoid threatened crim inal prosecution. In 1843, Maj. Coons and Mr. Scott made a claim adjoining that of Myrick and Miller. Leaving it for a time, it was jumped by Peter, who succeeded in holding it. The claim extended from Mount Vernon, Division street, to Fifth and Sixth streets, and became very valuable. It is now occupied very largely by mills and manufacturing establishments. He also owned land across the river in Minnesota, di rectly opposite ; as both fronted the river at a common crossing, the spot became known as Cameron's Cross ings. After his arrival in La Crosse, he gave his time and attention to real estate. He died in 1855, at his residence below La Crosse, the old house still remain ing. JAMES M. GARRETT. An emigrant to La Crosse in 1846, coming on the steamer "Falcon," Capt. Morehouse commanding. The nearest settlement was at Winneshiek, so called after an Indian chief, now known as De Soto. The site of the city was most unpromising, consisting of barren land for half a mile from the river. The only residents here then were Miller & Myrick, E. A. Hatch, their employes, Dr. Bunnell, Dutch Charley, Husk Carrel, John Somerville, the two Nagles, and Henry Atchison, a refugee from the patriot war in Canada. The Indians were numerous, but the Winnebagoes were the only tribe in this vicinity, though an occasional Sioux came to trade or to fish and hunt. No trouble arose between the settlers and the Indians. There were four ladies, Mesdames Myrick, Miller and Cameron, and a daughter of Dr. Bunnell. The "Falcon" made three trips during the season, from St. Louis to St. Paul. Capt. Orrin L. Smith, now of Chicago, was then runningthe "Nominee" from Galena to St. Paul. He was a rigid observer of the Sabbath, tying up his boat at 12 p. m. of Saturday till the same time Sunday, regardless of his stopping place. Crops were raised with difficulty and consisted mostly of potatoes and Syrian corn. Garrett and Carrel were hired by J. M. Levy, at a dollar a day and board, for two weeks, to shoot blackbirds and preserve the corn of a five-acre field. Charles Solberg, who was at work for Levy at $8 per month, was put to the work of gathering it. The first cemetery was on the spot now occupied by Powers' pump shop, corner of Third and Badger streets. It was in use ten years or more. In warm weather, mails came by steamer, and in the Winter were usually taken to and from Prairie du Chien by some half-breed. MRS. BERKENMEYER. Mrs. Berkenmeyer came to La Crosse in July, 1847, with five French families who took farms in this vicin ity. There were eleven children among them. None of the original settlers of these families are now in La Crosse. At the time of her coming there were but three log -houses here, viz : Myrick & Miller's, near La Crosse River, Asa White's, an Indian trader with a squaw wife, on Front street, and Dr. Bunnell's, about where the International Hotel now stands. For a dozen squares back from the river the land was a waste of sand ridges and hollows. Mr. Ollivier, husband of Mrs. Berkenmeyer, died within three weeks after their arrival. HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 473 There was no preacher here or religious services of any kind. The first Catholic priest was Father Tappert. Wheat was raised and sent to Galena to mill. It was almost impossible to raise corn, owing to the depreda tions of coons, blackbirds, etc. The Nagle Brothers lost a field of forty acres in this way, about 1850, not getting back from it the amount of seed planted. The meal obtained was so coarse that they had to sift it through a mosquito bar. The first mill was built in Mormon Cooley by a Mr. Ehler. COL. THOMAS B. STODDARD. To none of the early settlers is La Crosse so much indebted for making the advantages of this location known to the world as the subject of this sketch, with whom it was the great aim and object of his being. He was a son of Richard Stoddard, of Le Roy, Genesee Co., N. Y., of which he was one of the original pro prietors. He was the first Sheriff of Genesee County, when it embraced all of New York west of the Gene see River, viz., Erie, Niagara and Chautauqua. He won great personal popularity, and was a leading politician of the Federal party of that section. Thomas B. Stod dard was born in 1800, December 11, at Canandaigua. His mother was a very superior woman, and had re ceived a classical education. His only sister, Cath arine, married John B. Skinner, of Wyoming, Genesee Co., in 1830, and died in 1833. In his youth, he passed some time in the lodge of the celebrated chief, Red Jacket, where he learned to speak the Seneca tongue most fluently. He was always held by them in great esteem, and was employed by them to settle their claims with the Government. He was very precocious, and at the age of seventeen wrote the play, "Fortune Favors the Brave." This drama had a run of fifty nights at one of the leading theaters in New York City ; at nineteen, he was a graduate of Columbia College, and at twenty, of Yale. He studied law in the office of the noted Aaron Burr. He was on intimate terms with such distinguished men as Chancellor Kent and Son, Judge Spencer, Silas Wright, DeWitt Clinton, and had the esteem and confidence of Presidents Jack son, Van Buren and Polk. He practiced law for a short time in Buffalo, and lived for a brief time at Cattaraugus Creek. In cast ing about for a location in the West, he was impressed with the favorable location of La Crosse as a point des tined to become of great commercial value, and this fact he was never weary of trying to impress on all with whom he came in contact. He early gave it the name of the "Gateway City," and predicted the building of every railway that has since been extended to this place. He came here in 1851, and was instrumental in having the county organized and set off from Crawford. In com pany with A. D. La Due, he bought a half interest in White's original claim of sixty-three acres, of J. M. Levy. They sought to have the survey made by Myr ick & Miller of their original plat extending through their land, thus making continuous and uniform straight streets. This was not done, and as the survey was made parallel with the river, while subsequent ones were made to run with the points of the compass, an angle has been formed at the intersection of all streets, outside of the Myrick & Miller plat, extend ing from La Crosse River to Mt. Vernon street on the south, and Fifth street on the east. He located a claim on what was known as the Stevens' Addition, and left Peter Burns upon it to hold it while absent on a trip to Sheboygan for his family, consisting only of his mother and an adopted sister, Miss Susan de France. In this interval, his claim was jumped by F. M. Rublee and C. A. Stevens, who drove Burns away. A litiga tion of three years ensued before the Colonel secured his claim. He formed a partnership with H. E. Hubbard, in the practice of the law, and on the organization of the city was made its first Mayor, being elected thereto by one vote, cast for him by his opponent, J. M. Levy. He had no political aspirations, his attention being given to the material interests of the place. He was a candidate for the Assembly in 1862, and was defeated by Hanchett, who died shortly after his election. Previous to coming to La Crosse, he was interested in a mining scheme in Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh, where the company of which he was a member had a claim of eight square miles. At one time, they had 100 men employed. The failure of a prominent capi talist brought matters to a standstill. Col. Stoddard was tall, spare and straight, fully six feet in height, with brown hair and eyes, and very nervous and quick in his movements. He was very athletic, a good shot, and a person of quick, high tem per. He was a strenuous advocate of the code, known as the duello, and had three affairs of honor, if not more. One of these was occasioned by some parties who spirited his carriage away while he was attending a theater, with two ladies in charge. As was expected and designed, the Colonel promptly challenged the offending party, who, having choice of weapons, chose knives and a dark room, probably expecting a back down. Stoddard accepted without hesitation, and dis abled his rival. In all these affairs it is not known that he received a greater injury than the disabling of a little finger. SUSAN E. DE FRANCE. This lady was the adopted sister of Col. Thomas B. Stoddard, who might well be styled the benefactor of La Crosse. Her parents, Christopher and Elizabeth (Fevre), were both natives of France. They emi grated to Buffalo, N. Y., where the subject of this sketch was born. Her father died in November, 1846, at the early age of thirty-eight, in Irving, N. Y., while in Government employ as Superintendent of Cattarau gus Harbor. She became a member of the family of Col. Stoddard in the Spring of 1847. The Colonel came to Wisconsin prior to 1850 ; his family, compris ing only his mother and Miss De France, followed in 1851, going to Sheboygan from Buffalo by steamer, thence by team to Tychida, on the Fox River, thence to Portage, on the Wisconsin ; here they took passage on the steamer " Onaota," having a very tedious trip, as, on account of low water and the many obstructions in the river, the boat was obliged to lay by at night. The journey from Sheboygan to La Crosse occupied eleven days. The first view of their future home was anything but inspiring ; a long reach of glistening, barren sand skirted the river front, behind which was 474 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. a rank growth of coarse grass, and innumerable sand burrs ; closer inspection, however, was rewarded with the sight of prairie flowers in great variety and pro fusion. The land now embraced between the river and Front, Second and Third streets was marked by sand hills and corresponding hollows. There were but five or six houses all told within the present city limits. The first residence occupied by Col Stoddard was the cabin of Asa White, an old Indian trader, with a most uncouth sample of a Winnebago squaw for a wife. He and Asa Snow, another trader, followed the Indians a year or two previous to their going to their reserva tion on Crow River. The condition of the cabin he left was one calculated to appal the stoutest nerves. The walls were black and grimy with smoke, dirt and grease, so that it was necesssary to scrape them down with a hoe to get at the original surface ; it possessed but one room and a loft. One corner was partitioned off for Mrs. Stoddard, the loft was given to Miss De France, and the remaining room was in turn a kitchen, sitting-room, parlor, office, bedroom, etc. The stair way was a steep ladder, and Miss De France was often made an unwilling prisoner in the loft by the pro tracted call or visit of persons who had business with the Colonel. A " lean-to" was soon added, which relieved the pressure upon the common sitting-room ; here they remained for two years and a half, when a new residence was built on the corner of Third and Ferry streets in 1854. It was built by A. D. La Due, and was one of the first erected out on the prairie. HON. GEORGE GALE. This gentleman was a native of Burlington, Vt., the youngest son of Peter and Hannah Tottingham Gale, and was born Nov. 30, 1816. He had the advan tages of a good common-school education, and, while not a graduate of any college, acquired an excellent knowledge of the higher branches of mathematics and the sciences. Commencing the study of law in March, 1839, he was admitted to the bar in 1841, during the last two years discharging the duties of Postmaster of Waterbury Center, to which office he had been ap pointed in 1840. Removing shortlv after to the Terri tory of Wisconsin, he settled at Elkhorn, Walworth County, where he began the practice of his profession, though still pursuing his studies with great diligence. During his residence he was elected to various town offices, being atone time Chairman of the Town Board, and also of the County Board of Supervisors. In the Fall of 1847, he was elected a member of the Convention to form a State Constitution, and served on the Judiciary Committee. The same Fall, he was also elected District Attorney of Walworth County, and, in the Fall of 1840, a State Senator for two years. The first year in the Senate, he was Chairman of the Com mittee on Privileges and Elections, and the second year, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. On the 4th of July, 1851, he received from the Governor of the State the appointment of Brigadier General in the militia. In the Fall of that year he removed to the Upper Mississippi and settled at La Crosse. That Fall, he was elected County Judge for the term of four years for the counties of La Crosse and Chippewa, the two being combined for judicial pur poses. Having jurisdiction in common law as well as probate, the office was an important one. This position he resigned January 1, 1854, and in April, 1856, was elected Judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, com posed of the counties of Buffalo, Clark, Jackson, Mon roe, La Crosse, Vernon and Crawford, for the judicial term of six years, commencing January. 1, 1857. The duties of this office he discharged with ability, and sarved the constitutional term. During Judge Gale's residence at La Crosse, he urged very strongly on the citizens of that place the importance of establishing there a college or institution of learning of a higher order, but the country beingnew, the project did not find favor with the people, and nothing was done to carry out this design. He shortly after determined to found a town and college on his own responsibility. In 1853, he purchased about 2,000 acres of land, including the present site of Galesville with the water-power on Beaver Creek, and in January, 1854, he procured from the State Legislature the or ganization of the new county of Trempealeau, with the location of the county seat at Galesville, and at the same time obtained a charter for a university, to be lo cated at that place. A Board of Trustees was organ ized in 1855, and the edifice commenced in 1858. In June, 1854, the village plat of Galesville was laid out, and subsequently mills were erected. The building for the university was carried through a monetary crisis by his great energy and financial ability. After the graduation of the first class in July, 1865, he re signed the presidency of the Board of Trustees and of the Faculty, which posts he had held for seven years. In 1857, he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Vermont University, and, in 1863, the in stitution which owed to him its existence, and to whom it was indebted for much of its success and prosperity, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was the pioneer of the press in Walworth Coun ty, where he started the Western Star, at Elk Horn, August 7, 1845, with which he was connected nearly a year. He made varied and successful ventures in author ship, in which he added much to the reputation he had acquired in other fields of labor. Of these, the first, the " Wisconsin Farm Book," was prepared and pub lished by him in 1846, was subsequently revised and republished in 1848, 1850 and 1856. It had a large circulation, and nearly 6,000 copies were sold. Taking great interest in the aboriginal history of the Northwest, and in the State Historical Society (of which he was an honorary member and subsequently a vice- president), he prepared an elaborate paper on the " His tory of the Chippewa Nation of Indians," which was read before the society. In 1866, he published at Galesville a " Genealogical History of the Gale Family in England and the United States, with an account of the Tottingham Family of New England, and of the Bogardus, Waldron and Young Families of New York," a volume of 254 pages, a work requiring a large amount of patient and persevering investigation. His last work, to the preparation of which he de voted many years, and to which the greatest general interest attaches, was published in 1867. It is entitled HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 4-5 " The Upper Mississippi ; or Historical Sketches of the introduction of Civilization in the Northwest," a work covering the period from 1600 to 1866. It is a work of much research, and is a most valuable contribution to the history of the West. His health partially failed him in the Summer of 1862, and the three following Winters he passed in the South and the East — most of the time in the service of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions. During Feb- urary and March, 1863, he had charge of the United States Sanitary Commission Depot on Morris Island, S. C, during the siege of Charleston. REV. BENJAMIN_W.^REYNOLDS. Rev. Benjamin W. Reynolds was a native of South Carolina, having been born in that State in 1812. He graduated from Middlebury College, at the age of twenty, in 1832. From this same college were gradu ated Judge Cameron, of La Crosse, and Rev. Sunder land, at one time Chaplain of the United States Senate. At the age of twenty-two, he graduated in theology from Lane Seminary, having Senator Foot for a pre ceptor. He went to Iowa to begin his ministerial labors as a missionary, and was called upon to open the first Legislature of the Territory with prayer. From there he went in succession to Missouri, and thence to Illinois. He came to Wisconsin in 1849, and located at Sheboygan. He left that point in 1851, coming to La Crosse in August of that year. At that time there were but eleven houses all told, on the site of the future city, which was most unpromising to the view, a large, deep hollow, twenty or more feet in depth, marking the spot now occupied by the store of Mons. Anderson and George Howard, and large sand hills on the sites of the court-house and the Esperson House. The latter of these was surmounted by the residences of Lieut. Gov. Burns. He located his claim on the marsh at the mouth of Black River, near the present elevator. What must have then seemed a most un promising location proved a most fortunate one. It was required by the C. & M. R. R. Co., who had it con demned for their use ; and for a strip of 250 by 600 feet, Mr. Reynolds was awarded the handsome sum of $7,300. It was developed in the evidence elicited at this time that it fronted the best landing on the Mis sissippi River in its whole length. River men and pilots were quite positive and unanimous on this point, claiming a depth of from fifty to sixty feet of water near to the water's edge. Messrs. Plankington and Rogers were appointed arbitrators in the case. For some time after his coming, his dwelling was claimed to be one of the only three log houses so occu pied, the other two being those of Peter Cameron and Col. T. B. Stoddard. His ardent Republicanism led him to warmly espouse the cause of the Free State men in Kansas, and^at his own expense, and with great inconvenience, he went to the great Buffalo Convention, in 1856, to throw his influence in the scale, to aid in making that contested region a free State. With hjm, religion and politics were so blended that the distinc tion was imperceptible. The struggle for freedom, wherever waged, commanded his earnest support and encouragement, and his influence, purse and person were all freely and enthusiastically given in its support. In 1861, on the accession of Lincoln to the Presi dency, he received the appointment of Receiver of the Land Office at St. Croix Falls, a position he held dur ing Lincoln's life. In 1865, he went to South Carolina, his native State, as a correspondent for the La Crosse Republican. His avowal of Republican sentiments, which he fearlessly proclaimed, both from the stump and through the press, soon excited such fierce, malig nant opposition, that he was compelled to fly for his life, and seek refuge in Georgia, and live in as obscure and secluded a manner as possible, so much so, indeed, that for several months even his own faniily were igno rant of his whereabouts. They knew he had been in deadly peril, and, while torn with doubts and fears, had their worst anticipations realized by vague, but all too probable, rumors of his death. Undeterred by his persecutions, he again made the State the scene of his labors, and in 1871, published a Republican paper at Abbeville. He also wrote the biographies of the lead ing citizens of the State. He was the choice of many Republicans for the position of United States Senator, and it is claimed, was sure of an election, when he generously made way for Patterson, who was elected in his stead. Returning to La Crosse, he again put on the editorial harness, publishing the North Star in North La Crosse, in 1876. This was sold out to A. S. Foote, the present convict, very greatly to the detri ment of Mr. Reynolds. The material is now claimed to be in use in the office of the Sun, at Milwaukee. Mr. Reynolds died in 1877. ORRIN L. SMITH. Orrin L. Smith, born in Galena, 111., in 1830 ; taken to Ohio at six months, and raised at Princeton till six teen ; from there to New Orleans ; stayed three years ; thence to St. Louis two years ; came to La Crosse in 1851 ; pre-empted a school section on prairie where Winona Junction is located, four miles from the city ; lived there till the Fall of 1853, then moved to the city ; clerked in the mills of Rublee, Smith & Simon- ton ; remained there till the Spring of 1854; became steamboat clerk on the " Dr. Franklin," next " Lady F.," next "Royal Arch," "Granite State," "Falls City," " Galena," Dubuque and Minnesota Packet Company, Capt. Orrin Smith, president. Remained in the line till 1859. For ten years, engaged in running teams and selling cordwood. In 1869, became City Clerk ; one year hotel clerk at International Hotel ; one year in Black River Implement Company, clerk ; since with Mr. Law in 'bus and freight line. On com ing to La Crosse, there were only six shanties within the present limits of the city, and perhaps a dozen in all in the vicinity. There were not to exceed seventy- five persons in the settlement. On the site of David Law's bus office, on Front street, was a sand hill and an old Indian burying-ground, numbers of skeletons having been subsequently exhumed. The place now occupied by Mons Anderson's block was a deep hol low, while from Mt. Vernon street to Badger street was a long, high ridge of sand, running parallel to the river. From Third street out, for a mile and a half, 476 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. there were no buildings, and the wolves made nightly music where is now the most beautiful part of the city. HARVEY E HUBBARD, Police Justice, was born March 17, 1830, at Pompey, Onondaga Co., N. Y. He attended district schools until thirteen years of age, when he entered Mandius Academy, remaining there until bis sixteenth year, when he removed with his parents to Milwaukee. There he clerked for a year or more in a grocery store ; studied law two years with Hayden Powers, a nephew of Millard Fillmore. He next studied law in the office of Smith & Palmer, until admitted to the Bar in May, 1851, at twenty-one years of age. Removed to La Crosse during the latter part of July of the same year, the journey requiring three days' staging from Milwaukee to Galena, and thence to La Crosse by steamer. Here he went into company with Col. Thomas B. Stoddard. That Winter, he was elected one of the Clerks of the State Senate. Returning to La Crosse in the Spring of 1852, was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Knowlton, to supply the place of Mr. Hart, who had gone to California. At the expiration of this term, he was elected to the same position. In the Spring of 1853, was appointed Postmaster, and also elected Justice of the Peace. He first held the post-office in a building owned by Lieut. Gov. Burns, on Front street, in which he put three dozen post-office boxes. At the expiration of a year or two, he moved into a building on Main street, near Front street. He remained here perhaps two years ; and then moved into a room under Barron's Hall, west side of Front street, remaining here two years ; thence to Levy's Block, on Pearl street, and lastly to the corner of Main and Third streets. In 1856, he was elected First Police Justice, and at the expiration of his present term has held the office for sixteen years. Mr. Hubbard has been and is very prominent in Masonry, having held the post of worshipful master in Frontier Lodge, high priest of the Chapter, and eminent commander of the La Crosse Commandery. He has also held next to the highest position in the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin. Mr. Hubbard drew the first charter of the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad, in 1852/ ALEXANDER MCMILLAN was born in Finch, Starmont Co., Ont., on the 23d of October, 1825, and is the son of Duncan B. and Mary McMillan, both of whom were natives of Inverness- shire, Scotland, whence they emigrated to Canada in 1815. His father, who was a Ruling Elder of the Pres byterian Church, at Finch, trained his children strictly in the doctrines of that faith. His boyhood and youth were passed in his native place, dividing his time be tween study in the common schools and work on the farm. When twenty-one years of age, he removed to the State of New York. Here he passed some time, and in the Spring of 1850, settled in Madison, Wis. Here he spent one year clerking, and at the expiration of that time removed to Portage, at which place also he passed one year. In 1852, in partnership with his brother John, "who died in 1865, he established himself in the lumber trade at La Crosse, which place be has since made his home. The business is more properly what is known as logging, the timber and logs being cut on the Black River and sold to manufacturers on the Mississippi. The business is a very extensive one throughout Wisconsin, and especially in this section of the State, and Mr. McMillan is one of its most promi nent representatives, being the oldest logger on the Black River. He is still extensively engaged in the business, although largely interested in other enter prises. He has always held decided views on the political and municipal affairs of his State and city, and been honored by his fellow-citizens with many positions of public trust. He was for three years a member of the City Council, for several years County Supervisor, and for two years Chairman of the County Board, a posi tion to which he was re-elected in 1875. He was Mayor of La Crosse in 1871, and in 1876 Chairman of the Board of Trade. In 1873, he was elected to the State Legislature on the Republican ticket. During the same year, it being that of the great financial crisis, he became President of the First National Bank of La Crosse. Aside from his activity in political matters, he has always shown a public-spiritedness and been deeply in terested in the public enterprises of his city. In 1869, the McMillan Brothers became the chief owners of the La Crosse Gas Works, which were incorporated in 1863. Alexander McMillan was made president, and Duncan D. McMillan vice-president. He has always been an earnest supporter of the temperance movement, and in 1873 was made President of the La Crosse Temperance League. He was married in 1858, to Miss Sarah L. Parker, daughter of Mr. Herrick Parker, of La Crosse, formerly a prominent citizen of Eiyria, Ohio. Mrs. McMillan is a lady of fine native endowments, highly accomplished, and has attained local celebrity for her skill in oil painting, many of her pieces having taken premiums at various county and city expositions. Mr. McMillan possesses excellent personal qualities, social and genial, and is a most agreeable companion. By promptness and industry, he has gained the reputation of being a thorough business man, and as a reward of his honorable and fair dealing, has the respect and es teem of all who know him, and lives in the enjoyment of an ample fortune. DUNCAN D. MCMILLAN. Mr. McMillan, a native of Finch, in the Province of Ontario, was born on the 20th of June, 1837. He is the son of Duncan B. and Mary McMillan. After re ceiving an ordinary English education in the common schools of his native place, he engaged for a time in lumbering in Canada West. His natural tastes and inclinations inclined him toward mechanism, but his circumstances were not such as to admit of his gratify ing his desires. In 1859, at the age of twenty-two, he removed to the West and joined his two elder brothers at La Crosse, where they had previously established themselves in the lumbering and logging trade. He at once went into their employment, in which he contin ued till 1861. The business not being congenial to his tastes, he abandoned it and entered the office of another brother, E. H. McMillan, and began the study of law. HISTORY'OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 477 He applied himself to this new pursuit with such dili gence that he was admitted to the Bar in the following year. He did not, however, at once enter upon the practice of his profession, but within a few months ac cepted a clerkship in the Quartermaster's Department, at Memphis, Tenn., under Col. A. R. Eddy, a position he held during portions of 1863 and 1864. Returning home, he purchased an interest in the lumbering busi ness of his brothers, and has continued in the same up to the present time. Upon the death of his brother John, in 1865, the firm name was changed to that of A. & D. D. McMillan. His attention, however, has not been wholly confined to the lumbering trade, but being a man of enterprise and thorough business qualifica tions, he has employed his capital in other enterprises, not only remunerative to himself, but also tending to and directly connected with the welfare of his city. He is one of the largest stockholders in the La Crosse Gas Light Company, and became its vice-president. Politically, he is a Republican. When he first became interested in political affairs, slavery was the great issue between the two parties. He naturally arrayed himself with what he deemed the party of liberty and progress, and cast his first vote for Abraham Lin coln. He is not partisan, and acts with great inde pendence, always exalting man above party and sup porting for office the one he deems most worthy and the best qualified. He has not, however, had any am bition to reap political honors, finding in his regular business ample scope for the exercise of his best talents. He accepted position as member of the Board of Super visors, during 1873 and 1874. His parents were staunch Presbyterians, and the principles and doctrines which they instilled in his early life have been strengthened and confirmed as he has grown older, and he is now an active and worthy member of that body. He was mar ried in 1866 to Miss Mary J. McCrea, daughter of Stephen McCrea, Esq., of Huntingdon County, in the Province of Quebec. JOHN S. SIMONTON. Mr. Simonton was born in Clermont County, Ohio, about sixteen miles distant from Cincinnati,May 4, 1807 ; lived in that and adjoining county till the Spring of 1852. In Warren County, he was on the farm adjacent to that of Tom Corwin, the famous natural orator and stump speaker, a niece of whom married Joseph Sim onton, a late resident of La Crosse, and who still resides in the city. Mr. Simonton emigrated to this place, from Ohio in 1852, making the journey entirely by steamer; from St. Louis, he came on the "Nominee," Capt. Orrin Smith, a pioneer of western steamboating, being in command. He arrived at this point, April 10, 1852. The present site of the city was diversifie'd by sand hills and corresponding hollows. The corner of Main and Third streets was marked by a sand hill fifteen feet high, on the spot where the Dunlap Broth ers erected the building which has been removed to give place to the La Crosse National Bank ; it was built about 1853. They bought the two lots on which their building stood for $50. A high hill marked the place where the city building was erected, part of which yet remains, and is occupied by the house of George Farnham. Another hill existed on the site of the present court-house. The highest was one south of the livery stable of J. Emery. During the Fall of 1852, he went into partnership with F. M. Rublee and S. T. Smith, and built the first saw-mill erected in La Crosse, at the mouth of that stream, on the site of the present tannery. The old stack remained standing till within a year or two. In a year he sold out his inter est, and the firm then consisted of Messrs. Dyer, White & Rublee ; the latter also sold out shortly after. In 1854, a grist-mill was added, which was run by night. The mill was burned to the ground in 1855 or 1856. While in the mill, Mr. Simonton had a third interest in a store on Front street, the other parties being Messrs. Clinton and Smith (S. T.) It was on the site of the present Juneau Block, and was destroyed by fire in 1856. He next went into the furniture business, on the spot now occupied by Giles & Goodland. This building was a two-story frame. His interest was soon sold out to W. Ustic. It had double store-rooms, and was for a while occupied by Mr. Robbins for a hotel. This building was burned in 1857 or 1858. Mr. Sim onton next engaged in running the ferry. At first he had charge of the " Gen. Pope," and was employed by Gen. Washburn. He was also in the employ of the S. M. R. R., and run the "Alice" and the " McGregor." In 1864, the "AJice" was sold, and the "McGregor" soon afterward,while the "Gen. Pope" was taken to Hudson. The ferry was below Barron's Island. In 1870, Mayor Rodolf appointed Mr. Simonton, Chief of Police. In 1873, he was elected Sheriff, and served one term, which is all that is permitted, without a term inter vening before a re-election. When the financial crisis of 1857 struck the country, it found him all unpre pared, and in one month the earnings and savings of a life-time, amounting to $10,500, mostly money on loan, were swept away. BY ETHAN ROBERTS. When I was a young man, my business was teaching district schools in the Winter seasons, and occasionally clerking in village stores in the Summer time. These occupations becoming somewhat monotonous, I hired out to travel with an electrician, who was engaged in lecturing on Experimental Philosophy. My place was to go ahead, make arrangements for the " exhibitions," and, when convenient, return to help the lecturer during the evening. I soon became quite expert in handling the instruments, and having quite a "gift of gab," was frequently put forward to do the talking. In a few weeks I bought out my employer, and started out on my own hook. My parents, who were steady-going Quakers, and my brothers and sisters, manifested much " concern of mind " about this new venture, but occa sionally returning to the parental roof in Livonia, Wayne Co., Mich., and counting before their aston ished eyes the dollars and dimes I had cleared in my absence, they soon became convinced that the business was legitimate. The Fall of 1851 and the following Winter, was spent lecturing in the northwestern part of Illinois and the southwestern part of Wisconsin, giving pleasure to my patrons and putting some coin in my own pockets. In the Spring of 1852, just as the frost was coming out of the ground, I concluded to " quit all worldly business," and take a trip to La 478 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Crosse County, to visit my brother-in-law, Luther Downer, and his family, who had settled in Lewis Val ley in 1848. Crossing the Wisconsin River at a place called the Packet, and leaving my apparatus at Hozen's Tavern, being assured there would be no further use for it, I followed the ridge which separates the waters flowing into the Kickapoo from those which flow into the Mississippi. After leaving the ridge road I fol lowed the wagon trail leading to Prairie La Crosse, until opposite Bostwick's Valley ; here leaving the main track, and following a still blinder one, after ty ing the two wheels on each side of the buggy together, I took old Jim by the bits and commenced the descent to the valley. At the steepest place of the hill my horse sat down on his haunches and quietly slid to the bottom. My intention was to ford the La Crosse River in the present town of Hamilton and, if possible, reach Lewis Valley before night set in, but a storm which had been gathering all the morning now threatened to burst with violence at any moment. So reining up to an humble cabin, I asked shelter for myself and horse. The man was living alone by the side of a small stream. His family was in the eastern part of the State, and he was preparing a home for them. With manly generosity, he welcomed me to the best the house afforded, and to one-half of his bed. His man ner of cooking was new to me ; he would take a cup of water from the brook, then turn it into the flour in the barrel and proceed to mix his cake ; this he baked in a frying-pan before an open fire. The same dish served to fry his meat in ; then making some strong tea in a tin cup, our frugal meal was ready. A sudden rise in the streams caused me to remain with him two nights, and each succeeding meal was an exact dupli cate of the first. My friend informed me that it was impossible, at that stage of water, to ford the river, and my only chance to reach Lewis Valley was to go down the river to a ferry, which must have been near where the junction now is. So bidding my kind host good-bye, in a few hours' time the ferry was reached ; after get ting a good dinner for myself, and a peck of oats for my horse, I continued my journey, not seeing a house or human being until arriving at Lewis Corners, where, in a little wood-colored schoolhouse, I found A. T. Fuller teaching about one dozen scholars, three of whom called me uncle. Taking them in my buggy, we drove to their home, two miles east, near the present village of Newton Center. Here was a niece which I had never seen before, and my sister proudly informed me that Hannah Lorette Downer was the first white child born in Lewis Valley. There was but few families in the valley, but all seemed happy and contented. During my stay, I visited the Douglas' settlement on Black River, made a trip to Prairie La Crosse, hunted in Black Walnut Grove, and fished in Fleming's Creek and its tributaries. The majestic hills and flowing rivers charmed me, and the good feelings among the inhabit ants served to make my visit pleasant. In a few weeks the "good-byes" were spoken, and I returned to Michigan. In the Spring of 1853, Sarah W. Dana, a Yankee schoolma'am from Amherst Mass., made my acquaintance, and she just hinted that Mr. Roberts t to stop " peddling lightning " and settle down. I frankly told her that if I could find a young woman who would do one-half the sparking, perhaps I might be induced to marry. She as frankly replied that she would willingly do two-thirds. We commenced busi ness on that basis, and nobly did she stand to her bargain. On the 27th of July, 1853, the Rev. Mr. Jackson, of Milford, received a marriage fee from my pocket. I told Mrs. Roberts of my travels in the West, of the deep rich soil in the valleys of La Crosse County, of the springs of pure gurgling water, of the nice timber on the hills, of the shiny speckled trout in the streamlets, of the deer that roamed over the mountains, of the bears among the bushes, of the large yellow rattlesnakes in the rocks and of the massasaugers on the marshes ; and she said : " Let us go to that beautiful land." In the Fall of 1855 (having previously sent money to purchase land in Lewis Valley), we left Michigan in an emigrant wagon, and in about three weeks' time we arrived at Luther Downer's. Leaving wife and baby with my sister, and taking two men with me, we went up the valley to build a house on the quarter-section, which my brother-in-law had selected for me, about seven miles east of Newton Center. We stuck two crotches in the ground, then laid a pole across them, and placed boards, one end on the pole and the other end on the ground, and our temporary shelter was completed. A log fire in front of this made it quite pleasant. We soon had logs cut and hauled for a house, 20x18 feet, and a stable 14x12 feet, and hands invited to help put them up. On the morning of the raising, a snow-storm set in which lasted all day. Of course no one came to, help us ; so we three rolled up the stable, muddied it outside and inside, put on a roof of boards, called it a house and moved in, and there, as snug as a " bug in a rug," we spent our first Winter in Wisconsin, often repeating — " Tossed no more on life's rough billows, All the storms of sorrow o'er." The county of La Crosse had been settling up quite fast during my stay in Michigan. La Crosse Valley and La Crosse City had improved very rapidly, while nearer home the Germans were locating about Burr Oak, and the Norwegians were opening up some splen did farms in the lower parts of Lewis Valley. A store, tavern, blacksmith shop and school-house had been built at Newton Center, and there were signs of thrift and energy all around. Luther Downer, who was a "mighty hunter," spent a part of the Winter with us and maii3r were the deer that fell before his trusty rifle. Little did we think at that time that he was so soon to fall before the reaper, Death. But in the Spring of 1856, after a short sick ness, surrounded by his weeping family and a few friends, the hardy pioneer peacefully passed away to that bet ter land. In the Fall of 1859, my hired man, Thomas Jones, taking a shotgun and dog with him, started out for the cows. When about half a mile from home, he discov ered a bear which the dog soon treed. With more of rashness than of prudence he went almost under the bear, and aiming at the fellow's heart, sent a charge of shot into him. The bear growled, and loosening his HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 479 hold of the limb with all but one paw, he hung sus pended in mid air for a short time and then dropped. As soon as he struck the ground "Peter" jumped upon him. With one stroke of his strong paw, the bear threw the dog to a respectable distance. The dog gave up the fight. Tom then stepped up to the bear, and with a powerful blow broke the bear's skull and ruined the gun. Tom was so elated that he took the bear on his shoulders, and brought him home in triumph. When his excitement was over he could not lift the animal from the ground. During the many years of the hard times, which commenced in 1857, poverty often stared us in the face and sometimes came very near looking us out of coun tenance ; yet, through all those long years of failures and successes, of sorrows and of joys, we never lost faith in the future, nor once regretted having made our home in Lewis Valley. As business or pleasure frequently calls us to different parts of the county, and we notice the great improvements every-where made, the easy grades over the ridges, the substantial bridges over the rivers, the well-cultivated farms, the neat and comfortable farm houses, the well-built railroads, the thriving villages, and the city of La Crosse, the pride of the western part of Wisconsin, making a market for the farm products of all the surrounding country, whose business men are the peers of any in the State, we are convinced that our early faith in the future of La Crosse County was well founded. And now, living on our third farm, having neither "poverty nor riches," surrounded by kind friends and good neighbors, our greatest ambition is — "To live contentedly between The little and the great ; Feel not the wants that pinch the poor, Nor plagues that haunt the rich man's door, Embittering all his state, until He Who notes the sparrow's fall Shall beckon us to that more 'beautiful land,' 'Just over the river.' " Mindoro, LaCrosse County, Wis., July 15, 1881. JUDGE CYRUS K. LORD. Judge Lord was born at East Parsonsfield, York Co., Me., on the 10th of June, 1811. Lived at home, work ing on the farm during the Summers and attending the common school and the chores alike in the Winter. In the Spring of 1832, he went into the office of Dr. Moses Sweat and studied medicine till in the Fall of that year, when he was called to take charge of the busi ness of an uncle in the town of Cornish, who had been elected to the Legislature. In the Spring of 1833, he bought out a stock of merchandise, and was at the head of a country store till 1834. He was in the business till 1836. In January of that year, he was married to Miss Abby Clark, the daughter of Hon. Nathaniel Clark, of Leamington, Me., a prominent politician, who was in public service during half of his life, mostly in the Legislature, serving in both branches. In the Spring of 1837, Mr. Lord came to the West, stopping for one season at Galena ; then went to Platteville, where he engaged in smelting lead ore in 1838, and spent two years and a half. He then entered the law office of Benjamin C. Eastman, who afterward became a member of Congress, and was admitted to the Bar in April, 1842. He opened an office in Potosi and re mained there till 1853. He was elected County Judge of Grant County in 1849, and served in that capacity till appointed Register of the land office at La Crosse in April, 1853, when he resigned the judgeship and came to this place, May 16, at once making arrange ments for the land office, which was transferred to this locality and opened June 1. He served as Register till July, 1856, and then resumed the practice of law. He has since kept an office. In 1854, he joined Col. Rodolf, his associate in the land office as Receiver, in buying out the La Crosse Democrat, with which he was associated for a year. He was also engaged in the lumber business from 1867 to 1871. Though the judge has reached the allotted age of three score and ten, he is, to all appearances, as hale and robust as in the prime of life. THEODORE RODOLF. The subject of this sketch, a native of Switzerland, was born in the canton of Argovia, October 17, 1815. He devoted his earlier years entirely to educational pur suits, and later graduated from a college of Aaran, the capital of his native canton, and from the University of Zurich. When he was about seventeen years of age, his father immigrated to the United States, with his family, and afterward died in New Orleans, of the yel low fever. In 1834, the mother and her children re moved to Southern Wisconsin and settled on a farm near Wiota, La Fayette Co. In 1840, we find Theodore Rodolf at Mineral Point, keeping store, em ploying miners, and trafficking in lead. Thirteen years later, he settled at La Crosse, and there assumed the duties of Receiver in the Land Office, under the ap pointment of President Pierce, a position which he held, by re-appointment of President Buchanan, until 1861. Since that time, he has been engaged largely in insurance and in real estate operations. Aside from this, Mr. Rodolf has held many other offices — has, in fact, been in some official position most of the time for thirty years. He was Captain of the Mineral Point Guards from 1848 to 1851, and of the La Crosse Rifles from 1856 to 1860. He was President of the village of Mineral Point two years, a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Crosse County about four years, and Chairman of the same one year. He was Mayor of the city in 1868 and 1870, and a member of the Assembly during the same years, and while in the Legislature did good service on the Committee on Railroads, Lumber, Manufacturers, etc. He received the Democratic vote for Speaker the second time he was in the Legislature, but, the Republicans being in the majority, he was de feated. He was Democratic candidate for Presidential Elector at Large in 1864, and the same party's candi date for Elector in the Sixth District in 1868, the Re publicans in both instances being in the ascendant. He was Democratic candidate for State Senator in 1876. He has always been a Democrat, and for a long time one of the leaders in Western Wisconsin, and is well-known throughout the State. During the administration of Gov. Fairchild, he was appointed by him a member of the Visiting Committee to the State institutions. He has been for several years Secretary of the La Crosse Board of Trade. In many ways, he has made and 480 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. still making a very useful man, and is an esteemed and most worthy citizen. Mr. Rodolf is a prominent mem ber of the Odd Fellows' fraternity, and in 1875 was Grand Master of the State. He*was Grand Represen tative, and attended the meeting of the Grand Lodge of the United States, held in Philadelphia in Septem ber, 1876. He was reared in the Reformed Church of Switzerland, but, having found no organized society of that people since coming to Wisconsin, although hold ing Christian people in high respect, has identified him self with no religious body. His mother, who died at Mineral Point in 1856, was a member of the Episcopal Church, and his sisters belong to the same body in La Crosse. The wife of Mr. Rodolf was Miss Marie Thomas, of New Orleans. They have had twelve children, six of whom are now living. Four died, within as many weeks, of diphtheria. The eldest son, Theodore F., who is a partner of his father in the insurance busi ness, married a granddaughter of Henry Dodge, first Territorial Governor of Wisconsin, and daughter of Gov. Clark, ot Iowa, when it was a Territory. She died in September, 1875, leaving two children, who live with their grandfather. Mr. Rodolf has two daugh ters married and living in La Crosse, the wives of Will iam Servis and F. A. Copeland. WILLIAM W. CROSBY. Mr. Crosby was born July 26, 1818, and is the son of Logan Crosby and Sally (Knox) Crosby. The an cestors of the Crosby family, consisting of three broth ers, came to this country from London, England, in the year 1660. One settled in the Massachusetts Colony on Cape Cod ; one at what is now Portland in Con necticut, and the other in the Province of Maine. Mr. Crosby's family sprang from the Connecticut branch, and tradition says the head of this family's name was David, and that he was a minister of the Gospel of the Baptist persuasion, and that he also took an active part in the Indian wars then being prosecuted along the banks of the Connecticut River. William's grandfa ther moved from Connecticut to Massachusetts, and settled in the town of Blandford. He had a family of ten sons and two daughters, and himself with eight of his sons surrendered with Gen. Hull's army. They were imprisoned at Detroit, and the small- pox broke out among the prisoners and two of his sons died of the disease while yet in prison. He, with his remain ing sons and some other persons, succeeded in making their escape from Detroit to Northern New York and Pennsylvania. His grandfather settled in Batavia, N. Y., at which place he died. Logan Crosby, the father of William, was born in Blandford, Mass., May 8, 1789, and made that town his home through life. He served in the war of 1812-14. March 2, 1815, he married Sally Knox. She was born in the town of Blandford, February 9, 1790, and belonged to the celebrated Knox family who claim to be descendants of the celebrated John Knox, the great reformer of Edinburgh, Scot land. On account of religious persecution, they fled from Scotland and settled in the north of Ireland, from whence they emigrated to America, and settled in the town of Blandford, Mass., where a remnant of the Knox family still remains, The fruits of their mar riage were two children, Alonzo K. and William W., the subject of this sketch. Their mother, Sally Cros by, died. May 12, 1822, aged thirty-two years, and Alonzo died in La Crosse, September 1, 1855. Logan Crosby married his second wife, and by her had two children, Sarah and Homer. Homer was killed in an accident, and Sarah married Mr. G. C. Hixon, now president of the La Crosse National Bank. She died in 1856. The subject of this sketch was married, April 4, 1841, to Sarah M. Wright, of Chester, Mass. They settled in La Crosse in 1854. Mrs. Crosby was killed by lightning, August 15, 1855. September 8, 1856, he married Mary Pennell, of Honeoye, N. Y. The fruits of this union are William Logan, born October 27, 1857, Charles Pennell, born August 3, 1859, Ho mer, born February 11, 1865, and Mary, born April 30, 1867. His father, Logan Crosby, died September 29, 1875, at the age of eighty-six years, but his widow is now living and draws a pension, for his services, of $96 per year. The following, in the words of the subject of this sketch, may prove interesting. "My father was a farmer in a small way and resided about four miles from the center of the town, which contained two stores, two taverns, a post-office and a "meeting house." Nothing but sickness was an excuse for not going to meeting on Sunday. We, boys, were conducted to the gallery by the " Tything " man, armed with a hickory whip-stock about six feet long. Here we were seated and not allowed to look in any direction except at the preacher. If we made a move we were sure to get a " rap " over the head with the hickory. The older ones were seated in the square pews below, that were owned by them and deeded the same as their farms were. In those days we bad to stand during prayer, which was from half to three-quarters of an hour long ; then listen to the long sermon on the doc trine of election from firstly to fifteenthly. In imagi nation I can now see the old men and women, the young men and maidens, and children, after the fore noon servies in Winter, eating their frozen lunch, and trying to keep warm by whipping their hands and stamping their feet, so as to be able to endure the severe cold for the afternoon services. This was from fifty to sixty years ago, before stoves for heating houses and churches were invented. In Winter they used to go to the meeting from the outskirts of the town with " ox-sleds." In Summer the husband mounted his horse, with a pillion strapped to the saddle, rode to the horse block where he took up his wife and child behind him. The young man waited on his sweet heart in a similar manner. No carriages or wagons in those days. My school advantages were limited to the district school, where the town appropriations were small, and the qualifications of the teacher were read ing, spelling, writing and arithmetic, and the wages for male teachers in Winter were from ten to twelve dollars per month, the teachers having to board around. I was called on to teach when I was but sixteen years old. I informed the committee that I was too young, and that I could not get a certificate, but no would not do, I must go forward and be examined. You can imagine how a green, bashful country boy would feel HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 481 to be brought in contact with the town committee, who were supposed to know everything, and have them ask questions that they did not know whether they were being answered right or wrong, then issuing certifi cates to country blockheads to teach. I among the rest got a certificate to teach and followed the business for seven Winters with success." Mr. Crosby engaged in the mercantile business, and followed that until the Spring of 1854, when he came to La Crosse, the then small village, claiming three hundred inhabitants. He immediately engaged in the lumber business, and has continued the same with suc cess. He has been identified with the interests of the city ever since his residence ; was elected Alderman in 1856 upon the organization of the city, which office he held for twelve years ; was also first United States Assessor ; raised the second company of militia, called the Light Guards, that afterward enlisted in the late civil war. When Mr. Crosby was appointed by Gov. Randall major general of Militia, Wilson Colwell was made captain of the Light Guards. This company served out their first enlistment of ninety days, and again enlisted and served till the end of the war. Captain Colwell was killed at the battle of South Mountain. Mr. Crosby has seen the little village of La Crosse grow to be a city containing 16,000 inhabi tants. CHARLES GREEN HANSCOME. Mr. Hanscome, one of the early settlers and attor neys of La Crosse, first came to the village of La Crosse in May, 1853, with the intention of making this his home, and commenced the practice of law, in which he was engaged until May, 1861, when he made a trip of observation and adventure to Colorado, from whence he returned, having made some investments in that Territory, his intention being to make La Crosse his permanent home, first securing an interest in the new Western Territories, on a trip to which he fell a victim to savage ferocity. The following extract "from an Eastern (Maine) paper gives so full an account of the life history of Mr. Hanscome, that it is transcribed as just and reli able: " Of the Class of 1845, Charles Green Hanscome was killed on the Upper Platte River, fifty miles east of Fort Laramie, on July 14, 1864, aged forty years. He was the eldest of five children of Oliver and Ruth (Rich) Hanscome, and was born in the town of China, Kennebec Co., Me., on the 13th of May, 1824. He was fitted for college in his native place, and entered Waterville College in September, 1841. After he graduated, he engaged in teaching for about a year, and then studied law with his uncle, J. C. Woodman, of Portland, Me., and was there admitted to the Bar. " In June, 1847, he left his home and removed to Wisconsin, whence, after three years' residence in the practice of his profession, he returned to Maine. He next spent a year in Central America, but returning again to the West, he took up and continued his. resi dence in La Crosse, Wis., till the year 1863, which year he spent in Colorado, where he was chosen a mem ber of the Territorial Legislature. " In May, 1864, he left La Crosse with his^brother, 3* William B., and others, on an overland expedition to Idaho. The tragic end of his journey may be best narrated in the words of a notice that has already ap peared in the village newspaper of that time : " ' On the evening of the 14th of July, the party, increased in the course of the march of over 300 miles, to the number of eighteen men and from twenty to thirty women and children, with its attendant train of sixty wagons drawn by many horses, cattle and mules, had encamped for the night, when a party of well- mounted Sioux Indians, about twenty-five in number, made a dash upon them, giving them a flying attack, and suddenly disappeared. " ' Mr. Hanscome had just gone over the hill a few rods to the river, for the purpose of watering some mules. Some of the party heard the report of a gun, when, seizing their arms, they ran to the river just in time to see the retreating of six of the Indians, who had made a rush upon Mr. Hanscome for the purpose of securing the mules, as was seen by one of the com pany, who was some distance from the scene. Mr. Hanscome, unable to relinquish them, held on to the ropes, whereupon one of the Indians raised his gun and shot him through the head, killing him instantly.' " Mr. Hanscome possessed an unusually cheerful disposition and ready wit, was a warm friend and genial companion ; his energy, quickness of repartee, self reliance, tact and love of adventure, qualified him ad mirably for the life of a pioneer, and gave him an easy ascendency over the class of men whom he met in such a life. Mr. Hanscome was married, Oct. 19, 1853, to Miss Anna J., daughter of Abram and Anna Anderson. Mrs. Hanscome and her two daughters still reside in La Crosse. HARVEY J. PECK. Mr. Peck was born in South Bainbridge, Chenango Co., N. Y., June 18, 1818. Resided there and in Cov entry, same county, until 1826, when he removed with his parents to Whitestown, Oneida Co., N. Y. Here he received a good common school education, and, at the age of twenty-one, getting the Western fever, and having some relatives at Green Bay, Wis., he started on a canal-boat for Buffalo ; then he took passage on the old steamboat " Columbus," which took him around the lakes to Chicago, Milwaukee and back to Green Bay, where he landed in September, 1838. He was married on his way West. Some time after, he, with five others, took a canoe and started up the Fox River to see the country ; hauling their canoe around the rapids of the Fox River, they entered Lake Winnebago, and worked their way to Oshkosh. He remained at Green Bay during the Fall of 1838, working at the carpenter and joiner's trade until Win ter, when he hired out to go down the bay lumbering at a saw-mill, where they lived on bread, salt fish and potatoes, with no tea, coffee," sugar or meat. After staying there about two months, he left and went to Fond du Lac ; here he remained until 1851, generally engaged in farming, doing some carpenter work, and. sometimes lumbering. During this period his wife died. In October, 1851, he hired out to Rev. William Card, to go to La Crosse, to assist him, in company with George Carlton, in building a store on Third 482 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. street. La Crosse was then in its infancy, but grow ing rapidly. About the 1st of December of this year, Mr. Peck, in company with two others, bought an ox- team and supplies, and started up the Black River to get out hewed timber and lumber ; they succeeded in rafting down the river in the Spring of 1852, four rafts of timber and two of lumber. They sold their timber to Rublee & Smith in La Crosse, and the lumber to R. C. Van Renssellaer at Onalaska. Mr. Peck did some work at La Crosse, and helped finish a wharf boat for J. M. Levy ; then went to Onalaska to reside, and there got out the hard timber and worked on the first saw-mill built at that place, the owners being Nichols & Tompkins. That Winter (1852), he hired out to George Farnham (who put a crew in the woods to get out logs for Nichols & Tompkins) to drive a tole team. During this Winter, he went to Madison twice for supplies ; from Neillsville to Yellow River, he followed a new road for fifty miles, along which there were no houses nor stopping-places, and being obliged to camp in the woods alone without supper, breakfast, or feed. or water for his team. After logging was done, in the Spring, he took charge of driving Farnham's logs. This is the first time logs were driven out of the Black River, and the first year of Sam Western being on the river, i. e., 1853. Subsequent to this, he took up his residence at Onalaska, working at the carpenter and joiner's trade, in company with H. D. Egerly. Here Mr. Peck held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Town Treasurer, and, for several years, Postmaster. In September, 1856, he married his second wife, Miss Carrie M. Lawrence. In 1864, having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, he removed to La Crosse and held the office six years ; then went into the insur ance business, and, in August, 1870, was appointed by the Judges of the United States Circuit and District Courts (Judges Drummond and Hopkins) their Clerk, which position he now holds. A. STEINLEIN. Mr. Steinlein is a native of Prussia, having been born in the old city of Treves in 1823, a place made famous as having one of the most renowned of all re ligious relics — the reputed coat worn by the Savior, which is exhibited with much pomp and ceremony once in fifty years, and is confidently claimed to work miracles. Mr. Steinlein was favored with a sight of this holy vestment — a knit garment, which he thinks is renewed as often as occasion requires. He received his education at the Gymnasium of that city, of which he was a student for five years. This institution is equivalent to the academy in this country, being inter mediate between the high school and the college. As his father was a professional teacher, he was a student from his earliest years. He graduated from the G}'m- nasium at fifteen, and then spent two years at the Nor mal school at Breuhl, from which he graduated at sev enteen, and was a teacher at Treves for two years, then emigrated just in time to escape service in the army. Mr. Steinlein came to New York City in 1843, and learned his trade (printing) in the publishing house of Ludwig. Came to La Crosse in 1856, buying a farm back of the bluffs in the town of Barre. That Winter he returned to La Crosse and helped found the Nord- Stern (North Star), with which paper he was con nected for a year, when he went back to his farm where he lived for six years. Here he was very active in es tablishing roads and schools. By great personal ef forts, he succeeded in having the first school-house built of brick, thus insuring a substantial, permanent structure on the- start, and also the most economical, as the expense was almost wholly obviated in following his suggestion and example to build it by their own joint labors, the only outlay being for brick-laying. About 1862, he became connected with Mr. Ulrich in publishing the Nord-Stern, with which paper he was connected for two years, when he was elected Register of Deeds, an office he held for four years. He has since held the office of Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, • Commissioner of the Poor, Commissioner of Schools, the latter continuously since 1874 ; is also an agent for steamboats, land, etc.; has been Police Jus tice since about 1864. He still takes great interest in all movements of a public character, and is an active member of the German Singing Society, which has for its object the culture of music, athletic exercises, art, literature and education, all worthy objects that should enlist the commendation and support of all good citizens. CITY OF LA CROSSE. In a former portion of this work the endeavor has been made to portray that period in the history of La Crosse when the primary steps were taken to found a colony and build a city, bringing the record down to a date when the early settlement, emerging from behind clouds of disappointment and uncertainty, took its al lotted place among the established evidences of West ern enterprise. It is now proposed to examine into a later period in the history of the same city, when with resources greatly enlarged and territory extended by a brilliant career of enterprise and industry it has progressed to a degree of perfection, invariably attending the exercise of these incentives. Such success, born of laudable ambition, may have excited the jealousy of rivals, but it has not bred a mischievous policy, nor nurtured the germs of domestic corruption which gradually culmin ate in dismemberment and decay. History and tradition unite in ascribing to the pres ent city site a semi-sacred character, as the resort of Indians, from time immemorial, to indulge in games of athletic sports and skill. Without the sanctity attach ing to grounds wholly devoted to religious usage, it was so far privileged as to be made a ground of neu trality and a common place of assemblage for the vari ous tribes of a large section of the country. Being easy of access by reason of its contiguity to Black and La Crosse rivers, both of which empty into the Mis sissippi within the city limits, and the mouth of Root River on the west, but four miles below, furnished ad mittance by canoe for a radius of one hundred miles. After the manner of the Greeks who, in ancient times, contended in the Olympic, Isthmean and Namean games at stated intervals, these red-browed contestants came from far and near to enter the list against foemen of rival tribes. One who witnessed the game of La HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 4«3 r> oow in W 484 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Crosse, speaks of seeing not less than three hundred of the most superb and renowned warriors of opposing tribes matched against each other. To avoid all in cumbrances to their movements, they were stripped almost to nudity, and the efforts made by the contend ing forces called into exercise every faculty of the sav age nature. The excitement was shared by friends of the respective parties who inspired them to renewed vigor and the exercise of every power of which they were capable, to the end that they might prevail. These gatherings are said to have occurred both in the Spring and Fall, and the contests were prolonged and bitterly conducted. As nearly as can be ascertained, the first resident of the city site was the one-eyed Decorra, so named from a French ancestor. He was born about 1772, and set tled at La Crosse when fifteen years of age. He aided in the capture of Mackinaw, took part in the expedi tion against Prairie du Chien, participated in the cap ture of Black Hawk, in 1832, and died during the month of August, 1854, at the advanced age of ninety- two years. THE FIRST VISITORS. The first account of visitors to the city of La Crosse relates that Maj. Z. M. Pike arrived there on the 12th of September, 1805, while en route to discover the source of the Mississippi. Maj. Stephen H. Long is said to have reached La Crosse on the 9th of July, 1817 ; six years later, Lieut. Martin Scott, of Maj. Long's command, arrived on the city's site. In 1835, rails were left at La Crosse, according to the statement of Gen. Sibley, for the purpose of fencing in a claim, but nothing came of it. These rails were cut and hauled on to the ground under the direction of Gen. Sibley, H. L. Dousman and Francois La Batt, to in close a considerable portion of the unsurveyed prairie, but La Batt, in whose hands the matter was intrusted by his co-laborers, neglected to carry out the measures necessary to secure the claim, and the rails were sub sequently appropriated by passing steamers for fuel. During 1835-6 and part of 1837, there are no evi dences, beyond the claims of Coons & Cubbage, already cited, of any visitations to this locality. While on a trip from Mendota to Washington, in the latter year, Gen. Sibley was frozen in at La Crosse and obliged to pack his baggage overland to Prairie du Chien. In May, 1838, Hon. William Hull states he was encamped for a night at a point near where the Bellevue House now is, and in 1839 and 1840, the Hon. H. M. Rice passed La Crosse prairie. In the lat ter year, says Nathan Myrick, a member of the Ameri can Fur Company hauled rails to a point near the river, with a view to making claim to land, but these were taken for fuel by steamers. He states, further, that a company of United States troops encamped on the present city site during the same year, for a few weeks, to prevent the Indians from crossing from the west side of the Mississippi, and the marks of their encampment were the only visible evidences of occu pation by the whites. It will be thus seen that, notwithstanding the ad vantages of locality and its accessibility, La Crosse was not thought of as a site for a city for a period between the time when Hennepin first ascended to the upper country and the year when Nathan Myrick visited the scene on that gloomy November day, and decided to establish himself here, and out of the wilderness fash ion a city which should some day be regarded as a city altogether lovely, altogether promising, the one among ten thousand to which the footsteps of active enterprise should be directed, and where the virtues of this life would be treasured and promoted through the instru mentality of agencies by which alone the maintenance of order and the perpetuity of nations are firmly secured. The efforts made in that behalf by Mr. Myrick, " Scoots " Miller, J. M. Levy, Timothy Burns, Col. Stoddard, F. M. Rublee, Col. Rodolf and others to build upon foundations not altogether secure at the time, have been cited. The failures that greeted their initiatory attempts, and the successes which followed their industry and perseverance, have also been quoted. To their constant diligence, indomitable energy, un tiring zeal and liberal policy is the city indebted for its location, for its growth, and for its position among prominent points in the Northwest which combinations and circumstances have united to project and aid in realizing. The city is a monument to their intelligence and enterprise that will survive when the superficial tokens of remembrance which ordinarily perpetuate the virtues of mankind shall have crumbled into oblivion. The early history of La Crosse as a village has also been submitted, its growth into a city detailed, and the features of that growth. The city stands on the east bank of the Mississippi, 660 miles from St. Louis and 197 miles from St. Paul. It is located on a beautiful prairie seven miles in length by two and one-half miles in width, with the Missis sippi Bluffs, which hug the river closely on the Min nesota side, here keeping at a respectful distance. The lower portion of the city is devoted to business ; further east, business houses are interspersed with pri vate residences, schools, parks and drives of superior beauty and excellence, the whole completing a picture both harmonious and attractive. Further east, the grounds on which the city is built rise above the level of the Front street plateau, ascended by admirably graded and macadamized roadways, and adorned with private residences, gardens and resorts, the homes of intelligence, wealth and liberality. Still further east are the Bluffs, from the summits of which is spread out before the observer a landscape rivaling in beauty and exquisite perfection the master-pieces of artists who touched but to adorn. A range of hills bounds the western horizon, between which and the Bluffs is a matchless panorama of groves, gardens, and gently-roll ing prairies. Nestling upon the bank of the river the city quietly reposes, while the majestic Mississippi rolls onward its mighty volume of waters from the bleak regions of the North, through the Missouri and Missis sippi Valleys, to empty into the Gulf amid the cane- fields and orange-groves of tropic Louisiana. Across the river, the whistle of the locomotive is constantly heard as hurrying trains come and go ; farther on are the green hills of Minnesota, while above them all stand the Bluffs, looking down with a consciousness of dig- HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 485 nity that comes of age and superiority. The scene is grand beyond description, evoking emotions of the sub lime and beautiful, and inspiring the heart with rever ence for nature and nature's God. Facing each other from opposite shores are immense monuments of a former geological period, that have braved the storms raging about their summits for centuries. Beside their antiquity, how brief is the span of historic lore 1 States, kingdoms and empires have risen and grown through their youth and manhood to old age, and disappeared, even from memory, long after these memorials of the ages past reared their heads above the earth at their base. Through countless centuries they have looked calmly down upon the Father of Waters and marked his varying, sinuous course as he rushed heedlessly on, even to the opposing battlements of the opposite shore. The site of the city is in latitude 43° 49', longitude 91° 14', and is nearly on the same parallel as She boygan, Kingston, Ticonderoga and Montpelier. It is nearly midway of the continent, and has nothing to fear from rivals within a distance of 100 miles in any direction. The scenery combines the simple and ro mantic. The rolling prairie, undulating for miles, and embracing within it's limits the city of La Crosse and town of Onalaska on the eastern shore, with the vil lage of La Crescent on the west, present a scene of quiet beauty hardly to be surpassed. The bold, lofty bluffs on either side, standing like grim wardens jealous of the trust, present their rocky bastions to the sun shine and the storm, regardless alike of the flight of years or the war of elements, and seem to defy the ravages of the gnawing tooth of time. Rejoice, oh hills, in your strength, but know that your lofty heads shall be brought low. Every particle that now forms your mighty bulk shall be disintegrated and become undistinguishable from the sands at your feet, the sport of the wind or prey of the river, to be borne where it will. Thus shall the valleys be exalted and the hills brought low. The river gives life and animation to the scene, winding in a serpentine course, now washing the bases of the inclosing hills or cutting through the midst of an extended plain, which sometimes parts to take the waters in its embrace ; it always moves majesti cally and triumphantly on its course. Swollen by the Spring rains or melting snows of Winter, it extends its channel to a distance of miles on either sides, till it be comes a long, continuous inland sea. Yielding to the Summer heats, it dwindles to a mere rift in comparison with the mighty volume it had so shortly before borne in triumph to the sea. The Mississippi never for two consecutive seasons probably pursues exactly the same course, and the changes furnish a variety to the land scape always pleasing to the sight, though often des tructive to the property of those having possessions within reach of the annual floods. From the summit of the bluffs, or any elevation, the scene is at all times one of rare beauty. The contrast of hill and vale, open prairie and woodland, of water and land, gives a variety most grateful to the eye. From the esplanade, at the foot of Main street, over looking the river, one never fails to see a glorious sun set, when the weather is propitious. The changing hues are modified by the bare tops of the bluffs, their wooded slopes and the plain and river at the base, so that almost every varying shade may be traced from the deepest hue to the almost inperceptible tint. The pencil of the artist and inspiration of the poet would alike fail in giving an adequate conception of the won derful loveliness of a La Crosse sunset. Commercially, the city is almost admirably situated, being accessible from large agricultural regions, east and west; on the direct route from Chicago and all eastern points to the Black Hills and other distant points in the' Territories, the sale and direct shipment of goods as also their tran-shipment is simply enormous, and every entire mile of road is said to embrace a radius of an entire township in area that is added to La Crosse, whose advantages of competing freights by car and steamer, must make it the great distributing point of all the new region to the westward, now being opened to settlement and traffic. This pre-eminence can no doubt will be held indefinitely by judicious management on the part of the commercial community. For two hundred miles to the northward, even to Lake Superior, is a vast pine region, the product of of which, following the natural highways of the numer ous rivers above, empt}'ing into the Mississippi, must of necessity pass La Crosse and pay tribute to the lumber mills which last year had a combined produc tion of one hundred and thirty-five million feet. The traffic on Black River has been directed hither from the settlement of the place, and the books of the Black River Improvement Company exhibit the immense traffic of that stream for the past thirteen years, in the statement that 2,061,491,300 feet of pine lumber has floated out of that stream since the company was organized. There are now ten mills at work in La Crosse, and as an instance of the work done by these mills, it may be stated that in one of them, during a run of 210 days in 1880, with but two circular saws, there were turned out 18,500,000 feet of lumber, 7,250,000 shingles, 7,500,- 000 cords of slabs and 1,000,000 lath. There are three flouring mills, with an aggregate capacity of 1,500 barrels of flour daily. The steamboat interests repre sent a valuation of nearly half a million ; while the railroad and other interests are estimated at nearly half a million. By the Winter of 1856, the population of La Crosse had increased to nearly 3,000, and the question of in corporation as a city was again seriously mooted. The subject was first agitated in the Fall of 1854, when it was suggested that a meeting be held to decide upon the principal features which were wished incor porated in a bill preparatory to becoming a city. It was even then considered high time that some effectual organization be had, whereby a system of permament improvements in the grading of streets and building of side-walks, etc., could be commenced. The matter fell through, however, and nothing was done until Dec. 17, 1855, when a meeting was held at the court-house to take into consideration the propriety of applying to the Legislature for a village or city charter. There was but a limited attendance, and again did failure attend the efforts. Finally a bill was adopted at the session of the Legislature, which convened in Madison, in 486 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. January, 1856, and La Crosse became a city by name, as also in fact. The charter divided the city into three wards, each ward electing three Aldermen the first year, who held their offices for one, two, and three years, respectively. The remaining officers were a Mayor, Clerk, Treasurer, Superintendent of Schools, Police Justice, Marshal and a City Attorney, with the usual complement of Justices of the Peace, Assessors, Constables, and the election was directed to be held on the first Tuesday in April next ensuing. When the intelligence of legislative action, in har mony with the ambitions of La Crosseans, was promul gated, the citizens became as enthusiastic as the boy with his first pair of new boots, and took immediate action looking to an acceptance of the conditions by making provisions for holding an election at the date specified. On Friday, March 14, 1856, the Democracy assem bled at the court-house, where Col. Stoddard was nomi nated for Mayor ; but declining, John M. Lev}r was substituted and headed the following ticket : F. A. Moore, Clerk ; J. H. Rogers, Treasurer ; H. E. Hub bard, Police Justice; Peter Burns, City Marshal ; C. R. Rogers, City Attorney, and the Rev. W. C. Sherwin, Superintendent of Schools. The Ward officers were : Edward Flint, William Denison, and Moses Clark, Aldermen ; H. E. Hubbard' Justice, and William Hood, Assessor. Second Ward — George Scharpf, W. H. Tucker and E. D. Campbell, Aldermen ; Z. P. Herrick, Assessor, and John Clos, Constable. Third Ward — James Whalen, Robert Looney and Chase A Stevens, Aldermen ; C. Walters, Justice ; J. S. Harris, Assessor, and F. Boker, Constable. On the succeeding day a meeting was held in the court-house also, at which the following ticket was adopted under the caption " Citizens' Nominations," Thomas B. Stoddard for Mayor ; David B. Travis for Police Justice ; W. W. Ustick, Treasurer; James M. Randall, Clerk, and L. A. Ellis, Attorney. First Ward — Jonas Mohr, W. W. Crosby and F. M. Rublee, Aldermen ; D. B. Travis, Justice of the Peace ; Elisa Whitlesey, Assessor, and Thomas McDowall, Constable. Second Ward — A. W. Webster, Allen Overbaugh and James W. Polleys, Aldermen ; J. S. Simonton, Justice of the Peace ; Simeon Kellogg, Assessor, and Abner Polleys, Constable. Third Ward— A. D. La Due, A. W. Pettibone and A. W. Shepard, Aldermen ; S. S. Snow, Justice of the Peace ; F. P. Bradish, Assessor, and J. A. Bowman, Constable. The campaign, though brief, was spirited and not altogether devoid of the features which characterize similar undertakings of the present day. The election was held on the day appointed, and is represented to have been quiet. It resulted in the choice of Thomas B. Stoddard for Mayor, with a majority of the Democratic ticket including the Aldermen, whom the opposition press did not hesitate to pronounce capable and honest, who would furnish a faithful administration and afford proper encouragement for all necessary, but not too expensive improvements. The Common Council convened at the court-house on Tuesday morning, April 8, 1855, at which Chase A Stevens was elected Chairman pro tern., though the Mayor elect presided, and the preliminaries of organiz ing a municipal government were disposed of. La Crosse, as a city, dates its beginning at this point. As was expected and predicted, La Crosse was full of strangers, and increased in numbers daily by the arri vals of from thirty to eighty ; some for business in the city, and some for the country thereto tributary. Houses went up as if by magic, new stores were opened, shops filled with goods, streets overrun with business, business men, drays, carts, speculators, farmers, and yet more coming. Rents and the prices of real estate ap preciated at once. Money was tight, provisions higher, labor higher ; every mechanic had all he could attend to, and all this in the course of business without any undue excitement. The hotels were crowded to reple tion, and difficulty was experienced in obtaining a place to sleep. There were no houses to rent, and many families were obliged to put up a shanty, and, covering it with boards, occupy this makeshift until different arrangements could be made. Notwithstanding the absence of houses, it would be impossible to notice one- twentieth part of the buildings put up during that year. Among the most important was that put up opposite the National Democrat office, which was erected at a cost of 120,000 ; the three-story building on the corner of State and Second streets built by Smith & Francis ; the three-story brick put up by John M. Levy, adjoin ing the Augusta House, corner of Pearl and Front streets ; the banking house of Lathrop & Co., adjoin ing the Democrat office, and the stores of Hoare & El liott, of Mark Gultman & Co., with others, all of brick, increased the facilities for business, and removed some cause for complaint of a lack of room. In June, what has since been known as North La Crosse, was added to the city, and now constitutes the Fifth Ward. It lay north of the railroad addition, and adjoining the city limits, where it was surveyed out of lands owned by Messrs. Rublee, Gillett, Cameron, Sill and Clinton, and has become a valuable and very con siderable part of the city. At that time, it was the locality of mills conducted by Gillett & Co., Crosby, Hanscome & Co., Shepard & Valentine and others, and during 1856 it was made the nucleus of this line of busi ness, which is to-day unsurpassed in the amount of lumber cut and amount of profits accruing by any other point in the Northwest. It has become the principal place to manufacture lumber from the logs cut on Black River and its tributaries. The price of lots there was placed at a comparatively low figure, and the terms made to suit those who desired to purchase. The re sult has been that North La Crosse has grown into a manufacturing point of immense resources, tributary to and yet a part of La Crosse proper. One great want said to have been felt was the lack of money to be invested in mechanical, commercial and residence investments. As a commentator observed at the time, " there is one thing the market here is sup plied with, and that is whisky shops." This year the educational advantages of the city were increased and enhanced. In May, an Education al Convention was held in the city, and a society or ganized for the promotion of popular education, for the HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 487 free discussion of all topics connected with the success of common schools, and for the support of a Teachers' Institute. Other measures were inaugurated by the city and county in behalf of the cause to make up for what had been left undone in the years when La Crosse was a settlement or a village. Through the Spring the system bore abundant fruits, and, when school re-com menced in October, it was with means and facilities to which the community had heretofore been stran gers. On October 7, a union school was commenced under the direction of Dr. Kennett, who came from Cincin nati to take charge, while those not sufficiently ad vanced in their studies attended at the brick school- house, in which studies higher than elementary were taught. A primary school was opened in the Baptist Church, and the intention of the School Board was to provide all who desired to avail themselves of the means of securing a substantial education. What was true of the schools will apply with equal force to the churches. The cause of religion was care fully nurtured and sustained. Among the corporations which organized and went actively to work, in addition to the railway ventures that were projected and halted this year, was the Ona laska Plank Road and Bridge Company, of which Francis M. Rublee was president ; George Gale, vice- president ; D. D. Cameron, secretary ; Albert T. Clin ton, treasurer ; C. A. Stevens, attorney, and William R. Sill, chief engineer. The company built the plank road from La Crosse north, and exercised the trust com mitted to it with fidelity. In the Spring, the " Northern Belle," then and since esteemed as one of the most elaborately built and fur nished, as also speedy, boats that ever landed at La Crosse, reached the city in charge of Capt. Lodwick, and on the night of Friday, August 6, following, the storm-cloud Euroclydon swooped down upon the city, unroofing the Augusta House, Crosby & Hanscome's saw-mill, and doing considerable damage to other build ings. One of the sad events of this year, and which brought sorrow to many hearts, was the death of Mrs. Emelyne J. Fales, nee Carlton, who will be remem bered as the belle of the ball given in La Crosse, Christ mas night, 1851. Seldom has death plucked a fairer flower or stricken the hearts of so many warm personal friends. She died April 7, 1856, universally mourned. With the advent of another year, new hopes clus tered around the hearts of the residents of La Crosse, and kindled a new zeal in the struggle for life. Im provement and progress had become as much of a ne cessity as existence, and the spirit of enterprise and liberality had new developments in every department of business life. The dawn of the new year was the signal for new plans and preparations in their behalf, all tending toward progress and the realization of hopes founded upon reason and practical common sense. The city was now in the sixth year of its growth, and contained a population estimated at 5,000. The activity apparent on all sides, the immense stocks stored" and on sale, and the bustle and excitement about her shops and manufacturing establishments, gave abundant evidence of ber prosperity and thrift. The city was well built, supplied with commodious stores, warehouses and hotels, two banks ; supported two papers, both wide awake to everything which af fected the interests of the city containing a "lively" class of residents, and fully confirming the destiny predicted of her to become one of the leading cities of the upper Mississippi. Among the more prominent of the merchants established here at this period, and who aided in pro curing for La Crosse the reputation of being the sec ond city in Wisconsin, were D. F. Harrington & Co., M. A. Gedney & Co., A. A. Stevens, A. G. Bagley & Co., Hoare & Elliott, Walter Brown, Brodish & Tur ner, Smith & Ustick Lloyd & Supplee, Gutman, Len- non & Co., McGibbon & Pennal and others. J. S. Pfouts, Mrs. M. E. Finney, M. D., McArthur & Cam eron and P. Brooks officiated as physicians ; D. Shil- lock, A. Johnson, J. R. Crossett, Dennison & Lyndes, C. G. & M. G. Hanscome, La Due, Armstrong & Co., O. T. Gilman and Price & Johnson pleaded law and collected claims ; George Sharpf was the fashionable draper and tailor, John Williams the barber, and Polleys & Williams entertained the hun gry and furnished amusements, as also supplies for the ennuied and thirsty; Mrs. Standish taught music; Mrs. Coudry and Mrs. Dennison catered to the aesthetic tastes of ladies of fashion, and submitted stocks of laces and what-nots to their approval and pur chase. The Mississippi, La Crosse, Augusta and other houses were esteemed hotels, and the Katauyau and City Banks, with J. M. Levy, Cramer, Clinton & Co., and Pike & Bacon, were advertised as places of dis count and deposit. The several church seats were represented by advocates of Him who taught peace on earth, good will to men, who were ready to point the way to life eternal, unite two souls with but a single thought, visit the sick, comfort the widow and orphan and bury the dead ; and every creed, profession and occupation was most generously represented. The amusements were of a simple and more unpre tentious character as compared with the class of enter tainments to-day submitted to the judgment and ap plause of fastidious audiences. A few of the young men of the city formed a Lyceum and amused them selves, as also their friends, while practicing in the art of speaking and debating ; a course of lectures was at one time proposed, but according to the Republican, the community delighted altogether too much in the " toe and heel exercise," and the project was abandoned. An individual, under the name of the "North Star" appeared at Barron's Hall once or twice during the year, to perform the difficult feat of walking forty hours without stopping, upon a platform fourteen feet long and three feet wide. At occasional intervals, the " Great Western Opera" and other troupes con tributed to the pleasures of the season, by negro delin eations, Irish characterization, etc., and after the per formance closed, the benches were usually removed from the hall to afford those who were without corns, an opportunity of tripping the light fantastic. Balls and parties were also added to the complement of amusements furnished, and were conducted with a de gree of dignity to be observed at the most distingue' receptions of to-day. Indeed, the glass of fashion 488 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. was as frequently consulted by the fair women and amusement-loving men as is done to-day, and they danced the happy hours away, taking as little thought of the morrow as the daughters of fashion of a later period were wont to do. But thus far circuses and combinations, crushed tragedians, Josh Whitcombs, Bernhardts and revised editions of Dr. Landis were among the "blessings" yet unborn. Early in the year the project of widening and im proving Fourth street was broached, and met with considerable favor among those interested. It was thought, in view of the future prospects of La Crosse, the consummation of this scheme was earnestly advo cated. It would fix Fourth street as the great artery and business thoroughfare, the Broadway of the com mercial emporium of Western Wisconsin. It was urged that a width and grade be established, also the distance at which streets should be set from the line of lots, and and that improvements be undertaken which should command public admiration. In the interest of this improvement, a meeting was called at the court-house, on the evening of February 18, to talk the matter over and take such action as might have been deemed neces sary to secure its accomplishment ; but nothing resulted, and Fourth street long since yielded precedence to Main street as the popular business street and public promenade. But if this venture proved the opposite of success ful, such was not the case with other undertakings. A musical association was organized and gave concerts occasionally, by particular request, at Barron's Hall, and the praiseworthy efforts of the society evoked a murmur of surprise at the " quantity and quality of musical talent " that was wasting in the city. Another success scored during the Spring was the organization of a fire company, the first in the city. This grew out of the constant alarms of fire raised, it is said, al most daily within the city limits. Its repetition pro duced an effect upon the public mind, and those who owned property began to fear that the streets of La Crosse would some day be made desolate. In Febru ary, three buildings caught fire and were only saved by the greatest exertions. Later in the month, an alarm from opposite portions of the city was sounded, and both houses were destroyed. The bucket brigade, with axes, comprised the department of that day, and their labors were considered as feeble in opposition to elements, against which only almost inexhaustible re sources can combat. The loss that would some day accrue, if measures were not taken without delay to prevent it, would be in the nature of a calamity, the reparation of which would be difficult, if not impossi ble. There was material in the city out of which to organize hook and ladder and engine companies, and be fore it was too late the citizens decided to do this. The members should be made up of young men, and for once in the history of the human family, to be youth ful was a condition of felicity super-terrestrial. Accordingly, a meeting of the " young men " of the city was convened at the court-bouse, on Saturday evening, February 21, and preparations in that connec tion concluded. L. D. Hubbard presided, with E. P. Drake, secretary. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, and the following officers elected : J. G. Ad ams, foreman ; A. A. Hobart and J. Turner, assistants; E. P. Drake, secretary ; D. Sturgis, treasurer, and C. R. Spoffard, hose master. Thus was the organization of the first fire company, according to the proper meaning of the appellation, in La Crosse, carried to a successful issue. In time the company obtained its " masheen." The water buckets and more primitive implements, which had theretofore been employed, were laid by, a sad farewell taken of their companionship, and one of the most indispensable and prominent factors of life in a city became one of the prominent and indispensable factors of life in La Crosse. The Winter prolonged its stay in La Crosse beyond all reason, and the supply of snow and ice continued provokingly plentiful until late in March. When the weather became warm, Winter released its rigorous grasp upon town and country, and life began once more out of doors. Some sales of property were made, both in the vicinity of La Crosse and over the river in Min nesota, but at rather lower figures, especially in the latter place, than the property transferred had been previously held. In the city the sales for February and part of March aggregated about $15,000, the pur chasers being C. Butler, W. R. Collett and McBurney & Co., and the prices regarded as fair. The sales of Rublee & Burnell for one week in May amounted to 120,000. Up to September, when the first shock to the finan cial world was experienced, the sales of real estate were in keeping with the history of former years, and the rates then charged generally maintained. After the failure of the Ohio Life & Trust Company, which precipitated the panic, real estate, like other subjects of barter and exchange, was without any value. On Saturday, March 14, the city was visited by one of the most disastrous conflagrations of record from that date to this, and particularly so at the time when the city was pushing forward so rapidly and satisfac torily, and when, also, the country was, as the sequel proved, on the eve of financial complications from the effects of which it was years in recovering. The flames were discovered in the New England House about 11 o'clock in the morning, and notwithstanding the exertions of citizens, the entire block on the east side of Front street, between State and Main, with the exception of Clark's saloon, was burned to the ground, entailing a total loss of 130,000, part of which was insured, and inflicting a blow upon the city's appear ance that was almost paralyzing. It had the effect, however, of augmenting the strength of the depart ment, and causing the passage by the Common Coun cil of an ordinance defining the city fire limits. The instrument provided that none but fire-proof materials should be used in the erection of buildings within the limits described — Second, Mount Vernon and Vine streets and the Mississippi River — and imposing the usual penalties for failure to be thereby governed. This action was timely, and ultimately resulted in much good to the business interests of the city, and more particularly to the holders of property within the prescribed limits. The fire was not less a warning against narrow streets, for nothing but extremely favorable circumstances and unceasing hard labor pre- HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 489 vented the destruction of double the amount of prop erty that was consumed. Among the leading sufferers by this unexpected calamity were Gordon & Loomis, Gutman, Lener & Co., Webausen & Hunt, S. T. Smith, Hart & Edwards, N. R. Smith, Daniel Bacon, Eckstorm & Co., C. Alter, C. Volner, Edwin Flint, George Farnum, Peter Burns, Bidwell & Coons, Walter Brown, Lloyd & Supplee, and Boycott, Summer, Hayes & Co. The burnt dis trict was, in time, restored to more than its pristine elegance, but its destruction is referred to as the first calamity that ever swooped down upon La Crosse. The fire had scarcely become part of the history of the city, when the location of county buildings by the County Board was made public. The site chosen was on the east side of La Crosse avenue between State and Main streets. This created considerable dissatis faction with a portion of the citizens, it was claimed, and was acceptable only to those who would be bene fited by the rise of property in the vicinity. The same can be said of the proposition to raise a fund for the erection of a court-house and jail. There was intense opposition in some quarters, and intense excitement as the result. The site was subsequently changed to its present location, and the court-house and jail were erected and stand to-day monuments to their founders, both pleasing and enduring. As the Spring advanced, and the river, released from ice, was open to navigation, trade resumed its wonted briskness, and boats (beginning on the 1st of April with the "Fall City"), their daily trips above and below. At this time, the speedy completion of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad was hailed as an item of special importance to the people of the Upper Missis sippi, as also to those seeking homes in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The completion and opening of this road was suggested to the merchants of La Crosse, that they direct their attention to the building up of a trade with Milwaukee. The completion of the road would have a tendency to depreciate the price of freight, and the citizens of Milwaukee would certainly consult their interests by seeking the trade of La Crosse. But these predictions were never verified, and the immense wholesale trade sought to be monopolized by Milwau kee was diverted elsewhere. Building this Spring, in fact throughout the year, was reasonably general, until after the commencement of the panic, when it diminished. The large piles of brick and stone awaiting the call of the artificer at the first blush of Spring gave evidence that a large in crease in the number of substantial buildings was in contemplation, and these tokens of prosperity were made the occasion for much congratulations. But be yond what had been contracted for, together with buildings erected to supply those destroyed in the fire of March 11, and the stone building at the corner of Main and Front streets, little else was accomplished. The Smith Building, still standing, was completed during the Summer, and was, at that time, considered one of the finest structures in design and architecture on the Mississippi River. It is of stone, 50x104, two stories high, finished and furnished with every acces sory convenience could suggest at the time, and was erected by Norton R. Smith at a cost that was then considered large. As stated, it still stands, somewhat decrepit in appearance, and not comparing with the handsome edifices which have gone up since in its im mediate vicinity. But the old building is the pioneer of its kind, and having experienced the trials and vicissitudes of pioneer life, and also participated in its subsequent triumphs, survives to-day the mark and mold of the times in which it was prominent. There is nothing worthy of note reported as occur ring from May to July. Between these periods, busi ness was prosecuted advantageously ; arrivals of emi grants were among the daily quotations, trade flour ished, commerce was carried on briskly, buildings went up in places that were newly selected, and all possible influences contributed their quota to promote success and secure a successful pursuit of happiness. Rail roads to and from La Crosse were in process of incuba tion, construction and completion, while the steam- boating business, which was centering at the city, was being husbanded and sustained, as also extended, for in June, the La Crosse & Minnesota Packet Company, a home enterprise, was established, with A. W. Shep ard, president; E. B. Pike, vice-president; W. W. Webb, secretary, and A. T. Clinton, treasurer, and arrangements were making for active operations when monetary affairs reached such a critical condition as to preclude the extension of lines of communication involving the expenditure of money. This was the appearance of the city on Monday night, July 6, when the ordinary current of events was violently assailed by the organization of a vigilance committee of citizens, with a view to the destruction of certain disreputable resorts that had become estab lished in La Crosse. On the night in question, citizens to the number of between three and four hundred col lected in the court-house square as if by general con sent, and perfected a thorough organization. Upon the completion of this preliminary, they proceeded to the lower part of the city, where these infamous places had been located, and, after warning the inmates of their intention, set fire to the premises and burned them to the ground. From here the crowd marched to the northern part of the city, and, after destroying the fur niture, windows and doors of a place known as the " St. Charles," set fire to that resort and burned it be yond repairs. They next went to a small house on State street, thence to a place on Second street, below the Napoleon Hotel, but, upon promises of the inmates to leave, refrained from interference. By this time, the doings of the self-constituted vigi lance committee had become public property, and the excitement throughout the city of a character described as wild. The streets were thronged. The Mayor and city police and officials sought to appease the commit tee and check the destruction of property, and it was not until the last expedients of eloquence and promise were had recourse to that the peaceful dispersion of those engaged, as well as the crowd of onlookers, was secured. The property destroyed was valued at not less than $2,000, but it was considered by those engaged in its destruction as the only effectual way of ridding the city of the characters which then infested it. lt should 49° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. be said that the proceedings were conducted by some of the leading citizens, and though severe measures were adopted they were such only, it was thought, as were applicable to the situation. Everybody was said to have been opposed to mob law, or of having a ne cessity for taking the law in hand by citizens, but the reckless character of the number of blacklegs, villains, housebreakers, thieves and rowdies of every descrip tion, which then sought to make La Crosse their head quarters, left no other alternative. Soon after the conclusion of the committee labors on that evening, a meeting of citizens was convened at Barron's Hall, presided over by William Hood, at which it was resolved to organize a vigilance committee of 150 to protect the property and families of citizens. The city officials were called upon to execute the laws if they desired to prevent further trouble, in default of which the people would. The effect of these proceedings was as varied as the people whom they affected or those who discussed them. It would be no exaggeration of the situation to assume that it was startling to all. By some it was considered unworthy the character of citizens, and in excusable, as the law furnished a remedy commensu rate with the imposition sought to be checked. There was no wrong, it was argued, that did not possess a legal remedy, and until all the remedies provided by law had been exhausted, there should be no resort to violence or measures in themselves not only extra legal, but of a type similar to those it was attempted to suppress. Another class of citizens insisted that relief could not be obtained — not because it did not exist, but be cause the laws were recklessly administered, and not always with regard to their spirit and letter. This be ing the case, there was no alternative but to employ such force as to the law-abiding was accessible, and compel the performance of that which the laws pro vided should be done, but which had been deficient in its execution, because of the laxness of those whose duty it was to administer them. Meetings continued to be held, and as threats had been launched against the persons of those who had been prominent in the movement, the greatest care was necessary to personal protection. Reprisals were also promised by those injured, and, in one or two instances, nouses were set on fire. Within a fortnight after the occurrence, the barn of Elisha Whittlesey was set on fire by incendiaries, and several attempts made to burn buildings in different parts of the city on the same day. But happily the fires were extinguished, and the citi zens, by watchful care, were enabled to avoid the damage that was attempted. The responsibility for this state of affairs was shifted by each paper on the party represented by the other, and the warfare which followed between the editors of the respective sheets, was something terrific to witness. Both, finally, resolved themselves to the conclusion that the remedy for evils complained of, as also for mob law, was to be found at the ballot box, and the primary meetings of political parties, when candidates are made. Men of character who have the best interests of the community — as a community and not as a politi cal faction— must see to it that this remedy was ap plied, and that men of character and responsibility were selected to fill public stations. And in local mat ters, this ought to be done without regard to political tenets of any man or set of men, but with a single eye to the public good. Until it was done, mob law might be expected.Before another year an application of the remedy recommended, was made in the election of those can didates for city officers nominated by the Democratic party. The material interests of the country for the devel opment of the internal resources and communication with distant parts were mostly carried on vigorously and with gratifying results. The La Crosse & Milwau kee road had been pushed westwardly with considera ble progress, and a corporation which two years pre vious was considered by many a " moonshine opera tion," was securely upon the highway to success. The grading was commenced this year west of Portage, and it was safely predicted that before another year the cars would be running into La Crosse. The Southern Minnesota, incorporated in 1855, organized for business this year, elected a board of officers, and advertised for contracts for grading the route west of La Crescent. Improvements continued to be made, and brick blocks were substituted for the inconvenient and con tracted quarters erected before La Crosse became a city. They were on a scale of finish and capacity al most equal to any east of the lakes, and were eminently adapted to the displays of stock made therein. The dwellings were also of a more modern type than any of moment previously erected, and added to the appear ance of the city in their neatness and finish. The schools were supported with characteristic lib erality, and counted upon their various rosters an ag gregate daily attendance of 500 pupils. An addition was built to the brick school-house, and its occupation was commenced in December, and the influence that , was exerted upon both scholar and teacher was of the most beneficial character. The labors of the one seemed to promote the true interest of the other, to lay broad and deep a foundation upon which to rear a noble superstructure that should be as enduring as time. The mail from Prairie du Chien to St. Paul via La Crosse- was carried by M. O. Walker this year, who received $100 per day, and delivered a daily invoice of 1,200 pounds, or thereabouts, to be distributed to consignees in the " Gateway City." There was a daily four-horse stage during the Winter from Prairie du Chien, Viroqua, Winona, St. Paul, Mauston, Sparta, Chatfield and Black River Falls, and nearly all the travel of the Northwest remained overnight in La Crosse. The arrivals of boats during 1857, from that of " Sam Young," on April 1, to that of the " Envoy," on November 19, amounted to 1,569, from which it will be apparent that travel was numerous, notwith standing the hard times. Indeed, from the 1st of January till the coming of dark days, which arrived unexpectedly late in the Summer, all interests seemed to conspire to promote the public weal. But while they continued, the plans HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 49I of none were realized ; those of all defaulted. Warn- at comparatively long intervals, gradually growing in ings of its effects in the East, caused by the suspen- frequency, until during 1863 it seemed as if the denials sion of the Ohio Life and Trust Company and other and privations to which the inhabitants had been corn- moneyed corporations, preceded the advent of that mitted for years were about to give way to an endless foe to prosperity on the banks of the Mississippi. And season of plenty. The crops were constantly on the while they may have occasioned speculation among move, and merchants experienced difficulty in keeping reflecting citizens as to how La Crosse would weather pace with the wants of their customers. Lands in- the storm, or apprehension of the commercial portion creased in value, and those which had been partially of the city to do so, no one was found bold enough to abandoned because of the excessive supply of produc- outline the impending troubles, which reached here tion were restored to vigor and sown for the harvest. too late, for the victims to even protect themselves The city, too, began to revive under these benign in- irom their violence. It did not come gradually as at fluences, and that better days had come, indeed, was a other points, emigration was not checked, and the can- conclusion both gratifying and universal. vas-covered wagons of pioneers were to be seen upon The assessment roll in the city for 1857 was — every highway, trundling forward to the rich prairies of the West, while the "panic" hovered above them. F^^t^^:::":::"":;;;"^:"". i?o,ooo But the crash came at last, and as the Assyrian cohorts, it came " Like a wolf on the fold," and burst above Total ----- $705,285 La Crosse before the commercial world were able to Excess over valuation of 1856 316,979 check its approach or temper its ferocity. The bright New Year's, 1858, was said to have been a happy dreams of wealth gave way to the actuality of want, season in La Crosse in spite of the hard times, which Anticipations, bred of confidence in one's ability to were then more prominent even than the festivities of "pull through," retired in the face of realities no pen this festal occasion. Everybody seemed to enjoy them- can describe. There was soon less business transacted, selves in a manner appropriate to the day, and there and stores were devoted to comparative quiet, with was a marked absence of that which has since become employes cast out upon the world to wrestle with the so seemingly indispensable to its celebration. There stern necessities of life. These signs were succeeded was a slight fall of snow on New Year's Eve, which by symptoms peculiar to a more advanced stage of the made possible sleighing, and the turnouts are described disease. Corner lots, which six months before were as numerous, and ranging in appearance from outre to held at fancy prices, were scarcely worth the assess- distingue'. The same can be said of the callers and ment of taxes. Men who had constructed air castles hostesses. The year dawned delightfully, and the hope in the realms of the bright ideal and indulged in the was indulged that its quiet beauty and almost trans- wildest and most absurd speculations, fled to the wil- cendent loveliness of the night which followed might be derness, appalled at the spectacle which by this time the prelude to a drama from real life, in which hard was rapidly approaching a climax. In October, Cra- times, failures, despondency and desolation would be mer, Clinton & Co., one of the oldest and most reliable characters unprovided for in the cast. of the banking houses, dissolved and proceeded to set- Many removals were made early in the year ; new tie up its affairs. This was precipitated by the finan- faces were to be seen on the thoroughfares and new cial epidemic then raging and the failure of their names on signs depending above the pavement. The correspondents, and but aggravated the condition of vote polled during the Fall of 1857, 690, was not con- affairs. Many were completely ruined, and the frag- sidered a fair criterion to adopt in estimating the pop- ments of the calamity were for some years after visible illation of Western towns, particularly those which had upon the streets, in the hotel, at the bar, on the hust- sprung up and improved as rapidly as La Crosse. The ings and at the household hearth. Some left the city, population of the city was considered at between five improvements were comparatively suspended, business and six thousand, and the advantages of La Crosse had was destroyed for the time being, and desolation and not been, it was claimed, materially diminished by the gloom reigned where once the voice of triumph had troubles which were still in existence. All projects resounded. for the improvement of the city and affording addi- In the country the effects of this untoward visita- tional attractions for strangers were encouraged, old tion were equally as pronounced. Farm lands lay idle, plans were revived and new plans improvised. Trade, and, in some instances, unoccupied ; farmers who har- the markets, etc., were fluctuating, but when the rail- vested crops were unable to dispose of them because of road connection with Milwaukee and the East was com- the absence of circulating medium. While these afflic- pleted, these fluctuations would not occur. Such was tions were abiding, there was still a silver lining to the the state of affairs in La Crosse January 1, 1858, and dark cloud, and, though all were pecuniarily short as such were some of the opinions ventured thereon by pie crust, disease and death and the horrors of starva- optimists. The embarrassments and distresses of the tion were stayed. previous months were the result of overdone business, From 1857 to 1863 were the most discouraging years which caused business men to rejoice in an imaginary experienced in La Crosse City and county. In 1861, and not real prosperity. Every thing thereby bore a the breaking-out of the war revived trade for a season, fictitious value. Lands, products and all marketable and gave a temporary impetus to business in the fitting fabrics were valued above their actual worth. Sell out and provisioning of volunteers. As the contest ers were rich in debts due and purchasers in their abil- continued, the demand for supplies held by dealers, ity to contract debts. But reverses came on the heels farmers and cultivators increased. At first these were of excess, as they always will to men who deal reck- 492 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. lessly and live extravagantly. The lesson taught by these experiences would make men wiser and better, and the ruin that had been wrought would work out an infinite good to the general country. From indications at the opening of Spring, it was thought that the Summer would be one of unusual prosperity. At an early season of the year, extensive and general preparations were concluded for the em ployment of mechanical labor, and steps taken for the erection of a great many buildings. This was in part due to the low price of materials, and in part to the diminished cost of labor. As the season advanced, the markets were stocked with lumber, lots changed hands daily, passing from speculators into the hands of per manent settlers ; contracts for building were closed, the mills started on time, and the machine shops, shin gle factories and other mechanical branches of business which had been dormant for months, were re-opened, and infused with new enterprise and energy. Commercial trade opened brisk with new facilities for a larger and more extended business, according to the demands of the increase of population ; confidence was gradually restored, and the wrecks of the panic were cleared away to make room for the energies of those who were not subdued by a money revulsion. There was an absence, too, of that reckless, headlong plunging for a quick, prospective wealth, but a larger and safer business was commenced to be done. It was clear that the foundations of prosperity had not been shattered, nor had the energies and enterprises of the people been strangled. In short, the citizens protested that the destiny of La Crosse was never more settled according to every indication than in the Spring of 1858. The confidence in its growth was never more strong, the hard times were past, and hopes for the fu ture were buoyant. The old stiength was renewed and additional strength attained, to concentrate the natural facilities of trade and traffic at La Crosse. With the railway communications which came this year, the city became the railway center of the Northwest, and trade was increased fourfold, and necessitated the employ ment of additional capital. fcOne of the earliest movements looking to the re-build ing of a prosperity that was in danger of being lost, was the re-opening of the land office, which occurred early in April, much to the gratification of residents and incoming emigrants. There were still thousands of acres of good arable and timber lands subject to entry, and many at the East who still desired to avail them selves of this privilege. They not only lay in counties contiguous to La Crosse, but in that county were acres of good farming land yet unclaimed. These were well watered and timbered, favorable to the successful cul tivation of all kinds and varieties of farm products sus ceptible of growth, and markets were easy of access and constantly growing better. Progress had been made in the matter of schools and churches that commended Northwestern Wisconsin as one of the most favorable portions of the West to the intelligent agriculturist, and to these advantages in La Crosse were added those of old and permanent settlement. With these inducements, the reader is prepared for a statement that times in La Crosse during 1858 were far from hard, though a scarcity of money may have caused them to seem so when compared with the flush times of half a decade before. Yet the contrary in fact was the truth. The great feature of the year was the completion of the La Crosse and Milwaukee road, passing through La Crosse Valley, and tapping for the benefit of the city a tract of country containing inexhaustible sources of wealth. The country affected by this improvement had mostly been settled within five years, yet a large part of it was under cultivation, and returned an ample reward to the husbandman. It was settled by an intel ligent and enterprising people, many of whom arrived here in destitute circumstances, and became, even at this early period, men of wealth who were ready to make any sacrifice in the elaboration of public improve ments, like that under consideration. The principal towns in the immediate vicinity of the city were like wise benefited, and other valleys which center at La Crosse, notably Burnham's, Adams', Feak's, Big Creek, Fish Creek, Dutch Creek, etc., were similarly directly blessed. As will be remembered, during 1857 the grading of the road west of Portage was commenced, and labor on the route prosecuted with a diligence inspired by the prospect of an early completion. The road had been built in five years in spite of adversities and delays, so serious and aggravated that as late as January of that year, the proposition was entertained by all but one of the road directors to abandon the enterprise and let the bondholders take it. But this was not to be, and early in October, 1858, the last rail was laid connecting La Crosse and Milwau kee with indissoluble ties and clenching the two cities of Wisconsin closer together with hooks of steel. The successful issue out of the troubles which had one time threatened the collapse of the enterprise was made the occasion of universal jublication, participated in by all without regard to political or personal prejudices or affiliations. On the evening of the 14th of October, 1858, a train of fourteen passenger coaches, laden with citizens and soldiers of Milwaukee, Chicago and else where, halted at the western terminus of the road, and were most hospitably welcomed by the citizens of La Crosse. A procession was formed, and moved through the principal streets to the open square, between Fourth and Fifth streets, where they were formally welcomed by Mayor Taylor and Col. Rodolf. The procession was then re-formed, and the guests escorted to the various hotels, where they were entertained by the city. In the evening a grand banquet was given at Barron's Hall, when speeches and addresses were made by Judge Gale, Dr. Blakeslee, Selah Chamberlain, Mr. Barnes, of New York; Aid. Phelps, of Milwaukee; Byron Kilbourn, Mr. Radcliff, of Albany, and others. The company separated at midnight, a portion of those from abroad visiting St. Paul, and the remainder re turning home by the same train which bore them here. Thus was the first railroad coming into La Crosse celebrated. In 1858, through the detective skill and perseverance of J. It. Coudry, a La Crosse official, four murderers and robbers were apprehended, and three of them brought to justice. Stated briefly, the facts are as follows : In the HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 493 month of July, 1857, an unknown boy landed at La Crosse, and, procuring a horse, visited the country near the city. Upon his return, and when paying for the hire, he was observed by a man - named William John to be possessed of a large sum of money — some thou sand dollars. The boy mysteriously disappeared, and two weeks afterward his naked body was recovered from the river, with marks plainly showing that he came to his death by violence. About this time the jewelry store of A. Patz, of La Crosse, was robbed of jewelry worth $8,000, and money to the extent of $800. At this point, it is proper to state that there were four Germans residing in La Crosse, named respectively August Kerchner, Albert Marlow, William John, above referred to, and John Reisner. Some time after these crimes had been committed, Marlow was arrested for firing the barn of a butcher named French, and upon being released on bail ab sconded. In time his wife became reduced to want, and pawned some of the Patz jewelry. A search warrant was procured, and the house in which she was living with Kerchner searched, when $1,000 worth of jewelry was obtained, and the clothing of the young man who was found in the river with the marks of an assassin upon his remains. Mrs. Marlow and Kerchner were arrested, and the search commenced for their accomplices. Marlow was pursued to Council Bluffs, Iowa, where he was appre hended and returned to jail in La Crosse. Charles Reisner was arrested at Peoria, with $2,000 worth of the jewelry in his possession, and William John near Leavenworth City, with $4,000 of the stolen goods in his possession. In March, the officer, with his prisoner, embarked on the steamer Sioux City, bound for St. Louis. When between Miami and DeWitt, on the Missouri River, he jumped from the guards, and, as was supposed, met his death by drowning. The prisoners were retained in jail until June 14, 1858, when they procured a change of venue, and were taken to Viroqua for trial. During its progress Marlow made a confession in open court, in which he stated that Reisner and John were the guilty parties to the robbery, and further, that John was not drowned, as was supposed. He was sent to Waupun for three years. In May, the citizens of La Crosse were thrown into a wonderful state of excitement by the report that a man named A. Leland, formerly of this county, had been horribly murdered and robbed in the neighborhood of Lewis Valley. In less than half an hour after the occurrence was reported, to appropriate the language of an active investigator into the alleged truth of this phenomena, a hundred men in the city were on the alert for the murderer, and every man found with a flannel shirt, either red or blue, and not well known, was watched from door to door and street to street, until he had ideutified himself to public satisfaction, and defined his position with regard to attacks in general, and that on Leland in particular. It seems that Leland had been found at the foot of the ridge leading into Lewis Valley by Mr. Buzzell and another gentlemin from Onalaska, apparently in the final pangs of dissolution, with his traveling-bag opened, his pockets rifled, and looking to all intents as though his experience had been the opposite of cheerful or encouraging. He was taken to the nearest house, when Dr. Heath was summoned, and when, for two days, the patient, according to appearances, and the testimony of thirty-five of those residing in the vicinity, hung glimmeringly between life and death. The story he related was so exceedingly shallow, and his return to consciousness accompanied by so much low comedy, as to create the impression that his story was without foundation in fact. The extraordinary mystery with which the circumstances were sur rounded, so exasperated the public credulity, that an investigation was instituted by J. W. Losey, the then District Attorney, assisted by C. W. Marshall, with re sults which confirmed the suspicions that had gradu ally become fixed. The verdict of the investigation committee was based upon the fact that Leland was a chronic fraud, and so esteemed in parts where he had been, as also by his wife, from whom he was sepa rated, and that the wounds were self-inflicted, to beget sympathy and create a demand for damages against the county. The excitement disappeared, as did Leland and the burlesque of the " thing." The assurance of the chief actor, the action of thirty-five residents of Lewis Val- le)', and other characteristics of the occasion, are to day recalled as the most ludicrous series of perform ances that were ever thrust before the intelligent gaze of the La Crosse body politic. While on criminal facts and statistics, it may be said that 1858 was, for some unexplained reason, the annual in which crime was hardly short of epidemic, from the attempt to rob Lothrop, Webb & Co.'s bank ing-house, in May, to the close of the year. Spiritu alism, also, first manifested its existence in La Crosse in 1858, and began a season of proselyting, but with what success no one of the present day seems able to decide. This year, among the improvements decided upon was the Methodist and Catholic churches, besides the very many in the line of business and residence houses that were begun and carried toward completion as long as the weather permitted the mechanics to work. The school system had reached a most gratifying degree of perfection the previous year, when the actual average daily attendance at the union school was 415, yet in 1858, considerable improvement was witnessed. This union school was held in what was known as the Brick school-house, and was divided into primary, secondary7, intermediate and high school departments, under the charge of Misses Knight, Gordon and Han scom, the whole under the supervision of Mr. Green, Principal of the High School. The curriculum em braced the studies usual to graded schools, and the teachers are represented as having been eminently qualified for the discharge of their respective offices. There was also what was known as the First Ward School, under the care of Miss Roosevelt and Mr. B radish, and the system was in a state of such perfect discipline as to merit universal approval. Examina tions were held at certain periods, also exhibitions, in both of which abundant evidence was furnished that the cause of education was benefited and advanced as 494 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. a result of the labors employed to that end. The school year was divided into three terms closing in March, July and December, and each term was begun with an increased attendance of scholars. One of the most memorable events of the closing year was the establishment of the electric telegraph at La Crosse, by means of which that city was placed in communication with the rest of the world. The office was established in the second-story corner room of the frame building which then stood on the northwest cor ner of Main and Front streets, over the American Ex press office, and forwarding agency of Webb & Rum sey. Thus and then was La Crosse brought into elec trical communion with the greater part of New Jer sey, much of America, and considerable of Europe. The holidays were unctiously celebrated, if one may be permitted to coin an expression, and the old year, pausing for an instant upon the threshold of departure, gazed mournfully and gleefully upon its experiences and passed from earth forever. It had witnessed much during its career of sorrow and sunshine ; joys and sorrows had been linked in its embrace, and in its arms had nestled friends and foes. The dreams of ambition had been realized to its view, and faded flowers had been dropped into the grave of forgetfulness. During its race with humanity, prattling infancy, buoyant youth, vigorous manhood and decrepit age, had come in the pride of their strength and yielded up their lives a sacrifice to death. The child from its mother had parted to accompany the rider on the pale horse, and the bride, who had gone out hopeful and beautiful as the first blush of the morning, returned no more. The career of 1858 was replete with trials to the sons of men gathered on the banks of the Father of Waters ; but time was not altogether harsh, for much that molded the happiness of life in La Crosse in after years, was dropped with no unsparing hand, and was anchored in the memory of days now gone. The new year was greeted as he made his bow to the millions whose destiny he bore " behind the curtain of futurity," and as he grew in strength and days, the history of the Gateway City was celebrated. The history of La Crosse for 1859, was the dupli cate of its history during 1858. The previous expe rience of her citizens in periods of distress and uncer tainties had taught them, and they came forth from their homes and their work-rooms, from their offices and their shops, fully armed for contest with the fu ture, like Pallas from the brow of Jove. Many of the old guard have retired to that low green tent whose curtain never outward swings, and, departing, left va cancies that have never since been entirely filled. Many still remain, and they yet remember the princi pal events of the period here referred to. Early in the year, the location of the county build ings was determined, and, in February, the county authorities contracted for the erection of a jail to cost $18,000. The decisio_ regarding the location of these buildings was a source of relief to citizens, but of sor row to editors. For nearly a year the latter had been engaged in a warfare of words as to the exact spot upon which these indispensables should be built. One alleged that the other was a member of a band of con spirators, whose designs were as deeply mysterious as the deliberations of a traverse jury, and wrapped up therein were plots to rob citizens of everything save their good name and reputation, etc., etc. Respondent retorted with sarcasms and reproofs against the with ering effects of which postponement seemed infallible and both agreed that the other should be treated to the fate of Guy Fawkes. When the decision was rendered, their ardor was temporarily chilled. The flank move ment of the county officers proved a Waterloo to the fund of arguments each reserved for his opponent. While they were silenced, the people rejoiced, and the preparations for the building were consummated. Work was commenced thereon during the Spring, under the direction of A. W. Shepard, the contractor, and so assiduously were the labors prosecuted that its completion and occupation were reached on the 12th of the following November, the lower portion being used for jail purposes and the second story for county offices. Navigation opened this year on St. Patrick's day, the 17th of March, and interest in this event was di vided with that experienced in regard to the election of city officers. The campaign, though brief, was sharp and decided. The candidates of neither party equaled the requirements of the occasion, it is said, and, in this crisis of affairs, a third or independent candidate in the person of the Hon. James I. Lyndes, a prominent lawyer, and serving as County Judge at the time of his nomination to the Mayoralty. Here- signed the latter and entered into the contest with such ardor that his election was conceded, and following, his induction into office was accomplished as provided by law. The Hon. S. S. Burton was appointed to the va cancy created on the bench by the retirement of Judge Lyndes, and discharged the trust to which he was accredited with fidelity, judgment and economy. In May, the German Lutheran Church at the north east corner of Cass and Fifth streets was consecrated, and its construction was in keeping with the times. This year, the improvements were general and of a superior order. Business being good, added an impe tus to all degrees of enterprise in which the erection of blocks, residences and buildings for public uses was generally indulged. The season was unprecedentedly cold and unpleasant — so much so as to cause some sickness and delay agriculture. As an incident of the eccentric weather, it may be stated that on the Fourth of July picknickers were obliged to build fires in the woods where they gathered to keep themselves warm. In June of this year, occurred the death of Mr. Henry Whitney, and one who is to-day remembered as the finest representative and type of the "old school of gentlemen" who had ever resided in the city was removed from the social forces of La Crosse. He was a native of Westfield, Mass., and after residing in Southeastern Wisconsin for several years, came with his family to La Crosse. Mr. Whitney regarded it as a privilege for which he was grateful that he had lived at a time when such a man as the immortal Daniel Webster was on earth. On one occasion, some young friend respectfully ad dressed him as a venerable gentleman, and inquired at what stage of life he had experienced the most happi ness. His answer was, "The present." His well-or- HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 495 dered life enabled him to so reply. Mrs. Whitney, a native of Derby, Conn., who was a lady of much re finement, survived her husband until March 9, 1870. Of the family, four sons and two daughters are living. Of the latter, the Rev. Mrs. Hayes (formerly Mrs. F. M. Rublee) resides at West Salem and Mrs. Walter Brown in La Crosse. On the 9th of August occurred the tragic death of Mr. William Denison, a prominent member of the La Crosse Bar, who was killed on the Kneifel farm in Mor mon Cooley under the following circumstances : It appears that Mr. Denison, who was extremely fond of the sports of field and turf, was also an ardent admirer of Izaak Walton and the pastime of that historic celeb rity. Accompanied by J. R. West, who was visiting in La Crosse, Mr. Denison visited the Cooley and cast his line into a stream which passed through the farm of Jacob Kneifel. The latter was a recent importa tion, and was informed by his acquaintances — espe cially a German Justice of the Peace, residing in the neighborhood — that he was legally authorized to resent the intrusion of any stranger upon his lands, if need be, with force and arms. When Mr. Denison was discovered fishing upon the Kneifel territory, the old man, followed by his wife, three sons, Martin, Franz and Thomas, and two daugh ters, Agnes and Mary, armed themselves with guns and clubs, and approaching the alleged trespasser or dered him off. This Mr. Denison declined to consid er, but crossing to where the family was gathered of fered to pay them for the privilege he sought. During the colloquy, one of the girls raised a hop-pole to strike the victim, who witnessed her movements and caught the blow in its descent. At that moment, Martin Kneifel struck Mr. Denison across the side of the head, crushing in the skull, and severing the menin geal artery. The unfortunate man was stricken to the earth, and his assassins witnessing the effect of their wicked assault, sought safety in flight. A crowd soon collected, and the dying man was removed to the house of a farmer named Capstack, where he was at tended by Dr. McArthur ; but, notwithstanding the application of every device known to the science of surgery, he survived the blow but thirty hours. His remains were brought to the city, where the ex citement upon his tragic death was extended and vio lent, and buried, while the Kneifel family were arrest ed and lodged in jail. They were jointly indicted and arraigned before Judge Gale at the November term, 1859, of the Cir cuit Court, at which Messrs. Lyndes & Losey and A. Cameron appeared for the State, the defense being conducted by E. F. Cook and C. K. Lord. The defense moved for a separate trial and change of venue for Martin Kneifel to Juneau County, which was refused, but decided to send the prisoner to Ju neau County for trial. Accordingly, when the case was reached on the docket of the Circuit Court of that county, the accused, except Martin Kneifel appeared and objected to the order of Judge Gale directing a change of venue. Counsel protested that they had sought no such order for any of the defendants save Martin Kneifel, and were not bound by its issue. Judge Gale decided that he possessed no jurisdiction in the premises, except to the trial of Martin Kneifel, and ordering that to pro ceed, directed the return to La Crosse of bis accom plices. The trial of the principal resulted in his conviction for manslaughter, and sentence to Waupun for seven years. He served four years, when he was pardoned out and returned to La Crosse. Some years after, meeting Mr. W. S. Burroughs, a lawyer of La Crosse, and a relative of the murdered man, Martin stated to him that he had no intention of committing murder, but that he acted from a misap prehension of the facts and his rights. He added that he was about to erect a stone on the spot where the crime was committed, and then leave the country. This he did, having placed a monument, so to speak, on the ground in sight of which the unfortunate gentle man received his death blow ; he left the vicinity, and has never since been heard from. When the family were remitted to La Crosse County for trial, Judge Gale decided that he was without ju risdiction to adjudicate the facts, which he reported to the Supreme Court, with an inquiry as to whether the Circuit Court had jurisdiction to try them. That tri bunal held that it could take no cognizance of questions brought before it in that manner, and the prisoners were released from custody. Mr. Denison was in many respects a remarkable man. He was a native of Massachusetts, but settled in Neenah, where he engaged in the practice of law, remaining until the California fever of 1849, when he - joined a party to journey thither. The adventurers encountered the most terrible experience, and all turned back at various stages of the route, but Denison, who sacrificed everything he had taken with him on the start, and landed in San Francisco shoeless and penniless. Here he remained until a fortune was ac quired, when he returned to La Crosse, where he re sided to the day of his death. He was a prominent lawyer, an able member of the firm of Denison & Lyndes, and extensively known throughout the State. His manner of conducting any business in hand was not of a conciliatory nature, it is said. In court, as elsewhere, he was aggressive and unyielding. He was slain without reason. It was a lamentable event, from which time has scarcely succeeded in dispelling as perities. This year, though still exhibiting signs ot depres sion in nearly all the departments of commercial and financial progress and prosperity, opened auspiciously, when the great strain experienced by the people in the preceding two years is considered. Business re vived ; the Hon. Daniel Wells, Jr., published a notice that he was principal owner of the La Crosse and La Crescent Bank, and would redeem its circulation, and on November 10, occurred the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of Schiller's birthday. Enter prises did not venture into existence with unlimited confidence in the results, and, to borrow from the syllabus of an orator of the times, it was " hard sledg ing." But in time, migration began to resume a shadow of its former importance, and the railroads, with extended facilities, to attract the trade of a greater extent of territory, roused business men and infused 496 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN new energies into corporations that had become almost lifeless from inactivity and embarrassments. The city, within a few short years, began to assume the appear ance of a metropolis, in the business blocks, halls, churches and other edifices that were slowly completed with the beginning of the succeeding decade. All things considered, the fate of La Crosse, previously held in the balance, possibly inclined in favor of a pros perity that has long since been realized. In the decade commencing with 1860, the whole country was convulsed by war between the States ; and, while this portion of the Union, being remote from the scene of active hostilities, was not so sensibly affect ed as the States in immediate proximity, or at a short / distance therefrom, the withdrawal of a generous por tion of the bone and sinew of the city and county was a sacrifice at the expense of the material prosperity. The population of the city was then upward of 7,000, and but little reflection is necessary to an appreciation of the effect on trade, commerce, agriculture and man ufactures entailed by requisitions made on its quota of troops made by the Government. As elsewhere, citizens of Southern politics and sym pathies, resided in La Crosse, and while all urged the enforcement of the laws and maintenance of the Union, there were many who differed honestly as to the means to be employed in that behalf. While repudiating the practical application of the resolutions of 1798, they insisted that violations of the Constitution defeated the objects sought to be gained. One class labored for the Constitution and Union, another for the Union with or without the Constitution. This division of senti ment caused interminable disputations, which were characterized by intense feeling on both sides, not alto gether obliterated by the lapse of years. For nearly a year after the war, business is said to have been the reverse of brisk. It was the calm that succeeds the storm. At the expiration of that period, the city again grew rapidly. Trade was extended to remote settlements in Minnesota and the Territories ; manufactures increased ; public and private improve ments began to become prominent in various portions of the city; additional schools were provided for the education of youth; new religious and secular societies were organized; agricultural interests prospered and increased, and mercantile ventures were vastly bene fited ; new railroads were incorporated, projected and built during this decade ; the bridge and internal im provements of immense value were mooted and pro vided for. As the years succeeded one another times became better and better, and, before the dawn of the centennial decade, steady progress, with every appear ance of ultimate success, was made in the departments essential to municipal, public and private growth, not withstanding the temporary paralysis of business caused by Black Friday. The year 1870 gave bright promise for the future, and the career to which this was the in troductory annual has not entirely failed of a complete fruition of such promise. Hard times have affected La Crosse as they did other points. The failure of Jay Cooke, followed by the panic of 1873, left its mark throughout the Northwest. THE PRESS. La Crosse has had abundant opportunities to test the value of newspapers as aids in building up a busi ness center ; and, as a general thing, its citizens have always manifested a liberal spirit or purpose toward the various journalistic enterprises that have been inaugu rated in their midst. It must be truthfully said that in dispensing their patronage to the press, the citizens of La Crosse have been tolerant and magnanimous, as they have been reasonably generous to journals of all parties. It may be difficult to correctly estimate the advantages derived by La Crosse, in a business point of view, from the influence of the press, which at various times has called into requisition respectable, if not em inent, talent in the advocacy of local interests, which have had a tendency to inspire its citizens, as well as friends, far and near, with hope and confidence in its prosperity. In every community there are shriveled souls, whose participation in the benefits of enterprises is greater than their efforts to promote the public welfare. These are the men who will never subscribe for a newspaper, but will always be on the alert to secure, gratuitously, the first perusal of their neighbor's paper. These are the croakers, who predict evil, and disparage enter prise. But, with very few exceptions, La Crosse has never been afflicted with such drones. On the con trary, as patrons of the press, La Crosse citizens have established a good name. As records of current hist ory, the local press should be preserved by city and county governments in their archives for reference.' But even now, it is difficult or impossible to find any complete files of the press of La Crosse. There should be some means devised by which press records might be preserved and made accessible, as part and parcel of the current history of the times. Still, by diligent search and much inquiry, enough data has been gleaned to supply a tolerably accurate record of the city press , but if any inaccuracies or omissions are noticeable, they may be attributed to the absence of completeness in the files. Nearly all of the issues of the first newspaper pub lished in La Crosse, the Spirit of the Times, have been scattered and lost. Several years' files of the second newspaper established here, the Democrat, have been removed from the State. The files for five or six years of the third newspaper instituted here, the Republican, were destroyed by fire in 1864. The presence of citi zens who have been familiar with the history of La Crosse journalism, and the existence of many volumes of these publications, enable us to give not only a fair sketch of the journals, editors and publishers of this city, but also to reproduce some items of local inci dents which the older settlers will verify, and which new-comers will peruse with interest. So, in order to impart value to this department, a feature of La Crosse history, we will endeavor to call up recollec tions of occurrences which will cause many of the older settlers to say, " that's so ;" while some of the more recent comers will confess that La Crosse pio neers were a lively lot of delegates. The Spirit of the Times, under the proprietorship and HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 49? management of Messrs. P. A. & A. D. La Due, in 1852, was the pioneer enterprise in La Crosse journalism. Their hand press, type and small stock of materials for a newspaper and printing office were brought hither from Prairie du Chien. It was a small paper and ably edited in the interest of Mr. A. D. La Due and his friends in the Democratic party. Its proprietors and patrons had various purposes in establishing the Times, and it soon became evident that a conflict was inevit able. The village of La Crosse was very small, but the county, as then organized, was very large. The Assembly District in which was La Crosse, in 1851 and 1852, reached from the Wisconsin River to the valley of the Chippewa, and included Black River. This Senatorial District was larger than our present Congressional District. Thus, while the land owners of La Crosse Village desired a journal that could keep the attractions of this locality prominently before the people far and near, this large tract of country em braced a good many bright and ambitious men, who had aspirations for political and legislative honors. It does not appear that the Times filled the bill as a sat isfactory exponent of local business enterprise ; but there is no doubt it kept Mr. A. D. La Due's claims for political honors prominently in view, to the annoy ance of his enemies. Hon. Albert D. La Due came to La Crosse from Eastern Wisconsin ; he was a man of no ordinary ability. He had little or no property to back his efforts in maintaining a position of influence in his party and in the community ; but his talents as a writer and as a political manager called into requisition a powerful com bination of ambitious and influential men to keep him in check. He had been in the Wisconsin Assembly of 1851 from Sheboygan, and succeeded in being elected in 1852, to represent the counties of La Crosse and Chippewa in the Assembly of 1853, after having en countered and overthrown the combined opposition of many able antagonists, including such men as County Judge, subsequently Circuit Judge, Hon. George Gale, who had removed to La Crosse from Walworth County, which he had represented in the Second Constitutional Convention, which framed the Constitution of Wiscon sin in 1847-48, and also in the State Senate in the years 1850-51 ; Mr. Francis M. Rublee, who came to La Crosse in 1851, from Eastern Wisconsin, and had been Sergeant-at-Arms in the Territorial Legislative Assem bly of 1840-41 ; Hon. William T. Price, who had rep resented the counties of Crawford and Chippewa in the Legislative Assembly of 1851 ; Col. Chase A. Stevens, who represented the counties of La Crosse, Buffalo and Chippewa in the Legislative Assembly of 1855, and other prominent citizens who did not relish the onward march of Editor La Due, who was backed by such in fluential men as Col. Thomas B. Stoddard, subsequently the first Mayor of La Crosse ; Dr. William J. Gibson, who represented this Senatorial District in the Leg islatures of 1855 and 1856, and many other gentle men of influence and ability, who co-operated with La Due. No one called another a carpet-bagger in those days, for they were all carpet-baggers. But there were bright, sharp, energetic and plucky men among those La Crosse pioneers ; and any adventurer who encount- 32 ered this crowd of vigilant citizens, and mistook them for unsophisticated "flats," would soon discover the mistake ; for he would not be long at work before he would find they were abundantly able to stand their hand in any contest that tested manhood. By reference to Mr. La Due's address to the electors of this large Assembly District, in 1852, there is no reason to doubt that the campaign was conducted with considerable bitterness. He was accused by Judge Gale of violating a written pledge about his action as to supporting Mr. W. T. Price for the State Senate, notwithstanding Mr. La Due's declared preference for Dr. Gibson for Senator ; and the result showed that a man from the south end of the district, Mr. Sterling, won the prize. La Due cautioned Democrats to " be ware of split tickets," as Mr. C. A. Stevens was circu lating Democratic tickets, with the name of Mr. George Farnum, the Whig nominee, in place of Mr. La Due, for Assemblyman. At the very outset of a truthful and candid statement regarding the press of La Crosse, the fact cannot be concealed that, here as elsewhere, it is difficult to determine to what extent or degree the proverbial industry, civility, docility and amiability of the average editor or publisher of a newspaper are at tributable to the salutary restraints that are thrown around him by that blessing in disguise — a chattel mortgage. Mr. La Due set the fashion in La Crosse, or brought it hither ; and if his successors, heirs and assigns in journalism have not all followed his example in this respect, the exceptions have been so few, and the violations so void of flagrancy, as to entitle those who have departed from Mr. La Due's example to lenient treatment. A chattel mortgage may be a spur to vigilance and industry, and perhaps prevents a newspaper from be coming arrogant, saucy, overbearing and dictatorial; but it is an awkward and troublesome encumbrance for a poor editor or publisher to carry, when he has foes who are on the alert to become his creditors long enough to foreclose the mortgage and strip him of his type and press. In thousands of cases, political vul tures have prowled around to find some poor fellow who is struggling for existence in a printing or news paper office, and demanded his servility or hurled him to ruin. Mr. La Due's Spirit of the Times was squelched by the foreclosure of the chattel mortgage within a year from its commencement. The rate of interest, or usury, in those days, on land entries and nearly all loans in the West, ranged from three to five per cent. a month, three per cent, a month having been regarded a moderate rate of usury on ample security. This mortgage was a small sum for a political and local organ of its importance. M. W. W. Ustick, who was in no way identified with the contending forces, except as a compositor on the Spirit of the limes, accidentally became the pur chaser on a bid that he regarded safe, and which he supposed would be raised by the other bidders, and sold the property to Col. Chase A. Stevens,^ who found journalism " a hard road to travel." Before he obtained possession or use of his printing materials, some por tions of the type and press suddenly disappeared, and are supposed to be yet in the bottom of the Mississippi. Truth permits the statement that this was probably 498 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the only press in La Crosse that ever took strongly to water. Mr. La Due, who had also held the office of Town Superintendent, left La Crosse for Minnesota in 1857, and became engaged in land business that yielded him better revenues than he derived from the Spirit of the Times, which ceased early in 1853. Mr. La Due's residence in La Crosse is now occupied and owned by Hon. John M. Levy, on South Fourth street, between Germania Hall and the dwelling of Messrs. C. & J. Michel. Mrs. La Due died at Wells, Minn., in the Autumn of 1880. Mr. La Due is yet in Minneaota. The La Crosse Democrat. — Col. Chase A. Stevens re plenished his printing-office, and secured in Madison, a partner and practical printer, Wm. C. Rogers, who had been trained to the printing business and political journalism in Albany, N. Y., under the examples, in spiration and discipline of the two political newspaper giants of those times, Thurlow Weed, of the Albany Evening Journal, and Mr. Croswell, of the Albany Ar gus. Col. Stevens was a Democrat, and Mr. Rogers was a Whig. The La Crosse Democrat, edited by C. A. Stevens, and published by Stevens & Rogers, com menced May 1, 1853. Those were eventful and stir ring times in the history of La Crosse. The pioneers were hopeful, enterprising and persevering. Strangers were welcomed as long-lost brothers. Everybody who arrived was cordially embraced by the residents as if he were just the person they were Avaiting for to send to Congress, or to become Governor. It is not easy for those who never witnessed the process of starting a city to comprehend the watchfulness and attentions of its founders in regard to visitors, explorers and new comers in search of homes in a locality which gives the best promise of growth and prosperity. La Crosse was remarkably fortunate in this respect, as it fell into the hands of bright, prompt, active, resolute men of hope, nerve and energy, and if they made vivid and gorgeous pictures of future greatness for this city, they certainly did their utmost to achieve success, and have their favorable predictions verified. John M. Levy's cordial welcome to La Crosse made strangers feel that they had found a father, who would adopt them as his children, and those pleasant greetings were invariably accompanied by substantial tokens of genu ine friendship. "Scoots" Miller, from Skaneateles,N. Y., with his inexhaustible fund of wit and humor, was more entertaining than a circus. Francis M. Rublee, who came to La Crosse in April, 1851, when there were only five families here, had no equal in setting forth the glorious prospects of the " Gateway City." He was a valuable friend of La Crosse, as he was ever lastingly engaged in business enterprises of various kinds, and inspired all who came in contact with him with hope and courage, and was determined this should -be a great railroad center and commercial metropolis. Lieut. Gov. Timothy Bums, Judge George Gale, Col. C. A. Stevens, Deacon S. T. Smith, Revs. J. C. Sher win and W. H. Card, were among the vigorous starters of La Crosse. With the incoming of such elements for building up society and business, it is not surpris ing the rapid progress of settlement in La Crosse dur ing the years 1852-53-54, should have ushered into existence newspaper improvements in keeping with the growing resources and demands of an ambitious and progressive community. The La Crosse Democrat, although lacking the support received by its succes sors, was an improvement upon its predecessor; but it was not a bonanza for its owners, who, after a year of unprofitable experience in journalism, gladly retired from the field of newspaper strife early in 1854, after doing valiant service for the Democratic party, and making La Crosse favorably known throughout the country. A perusal of the issues of this paper, during the year of its publication — 1853-54 — by Messrs. Stevens & Rogers, leaves a favorable impression of its ability and usefulness. Let us glance at some of its contents. Here is a choice item : Married. — In this village, July 21, 1853, by Rev. W. H. Card, Mr. Mons Anderson to Miss Jane Halverson, both of La Crosse. Timber Thieves. — From an article a column and a half long, in re ply to one from the Minnesotian, the Democrat seems to have been favorable to the timber thieves, and quotes the report of Capt. Estes, United States Superintendent of Public Lands for Wisconsin, to the effect that " the interests of the whole Northwest were so intimately blended with the lumber interests, that to enforce, to the full extent, his authority and the present laws, according to the old construction of them, would ruin hundreds of our best and most enterprising citizens, and destroy, in many instances, the growth of our most flourishing settlements — sound, judicious and discreet." Railroad. — Levi Burnell, secretary of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company, under date of Milwaukee, July 7, 1853, called in the second installment of $5 per share from the stockholders. Judge Gale was also announced to canvass the upper country for stock subscriptions. Mail Stage. — Announcement was made in issue of August 23, 1853, that Messrs. Parish & Heart, have the contract for carrying the mail be tween La Crosse and Baraboo, via Sparta, once a week each way ; and that they will run a good covered wagon on this route for the accommo dation of passengers, with stages twice a week between Baraboo and Madison, and between Baraboo and Portage. Only a few of the eleven columns of advertisers are now alive and doing business in La Crosse. Letuslook at them. At the head of the first column on first page, stands the card, and on the fourth page stands the ad vertisement, of the oldest druggist in La Crosse, and in the Northwest, our genial and excellent townsman, George Howard, on Front street, and here also, as we live, are the advertisements and cards of our popular and successful City Treasurer, George Scharpf, as dra per and tailor, on Front street ; M. M. Manville, as wholesale and retail dealer in stoves, tinware, etc., •on Front street; Howard Cramer, attorney, counselor and solicitor, and general land agent, Black River Falls, Jackson Co., Wis. ; W. W. Us tick, dealer in furniture, stoves, groceries, saws, etc., on Front street ; T. C. Fuhr, stoves, etc., on Front street ; John M. Levy, forwarding, storage and commission merchant, and wholesale and retail dealer in pork, flour, grain, liquors, provisions, dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, hard ware, crockery, stoneware, etc., etc., on Front street, opposite his wharf-boat ; S. T. Smith & Co., wholesale commission and forwarding merchants, No. 3 Front street ; N. Hintzen, groceries, provisions, etc., Front street ; F. M. Rublee & Co., two columns of announce ments of dry goods, groceries, crockery, boots and shoes, etc., etc., No. 2 Front street ; C. C. Washburn and C. Woodman, attorneys at law and land agents (offering to locate lands on credit), Mineral Point, Wis. ; and notice of United States Land Office sale, over the names of Cyrus K. Lord, Register, and Theodore Rodolf, Receiver. The year 1854 brought new and greater demands HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 499 upon the press of La Crosse. After the La Crosse Democrat was discontinued by Messrs. Stevens & Rogers, in the early part of 1854, arrangements were made for the publication of two newspapers instead of one. For the greater part of the previous year, the Democrat had to perform double service ; as, besides pleading the cause of the Democracy under the editor ship of Col. Stevens, a portion of every issue was at the disposal of Samuel D. Hastings (then a resident of La Crosse, subsequently State Treasurer from 1858 to 1866 inclusive, and now a citizen of Madison, Wis.), for the advocacy of Temperance, and a mild sort of anti-slavery Republicanism. Each of the two parties needed an outspoken and reliable party organ. Under the auspices of the United States Land Offices and prominent members of the Democratic party, the La Crosse National Democrat, owned, edited and published by Col. Theodore Rodolf and Judge Cyrus K. Lord (Receiver and Register of the United States Land Office), commenced July 6, 1854. On the 11th of October, 1854, Mr. Fred. A. Moore bought Col. Rodolf's interest in the National Democrat ; and Dr. A. P. Blakeslee bought Judge Lord's half of the concern on December 12, 1855, after which, until the sale of his interest to Mr. C. P. Sykes, November 10, 1859, Dr. Blakeslee was managing editor, and practically the sole publisher, as Mr. Moore contrib uted to the local department of the paper at pleasure, and left the doctor in undisputed control. Dr. Blakes lee was a sharp and pungent writer, a vigorous speaker, a great reader, a keen observer, and a terrible adver sary. He followed the political fortunes of that por tion of the Democracy that recognized Stephen A. Douglas, as leader. When stormy campaigns were in progress, the National Democrat was " a scorcher," and it was no child's play to encounter the vigorous doctor's trenchant pen, or withering speech. He could both write and talk, and any adversary who incurred his displeasure, felt admonished that the day of awful reckoning had surely come. Those who remember Mr. Moore's peculiar style of journalism will not need to be reminded that local items were his jewels. He cared little or nothing about politics ; but delighted in "happening around" when least expected, to seize upon occurrences and incidents which would be aired, sometimes to the deep chagrin of persons who little thought he would dare to publish the particulars of af fairs that they considered strictly and sacredly private, but which he regarded as " legal tender " and public property. The La Crosse Independent Republican — This paper, edited and published by William C. Rogers, com menced August 16, 1854. It was a thirty-two col umn weekly newspaper, neatly printed, with new ma terials, in the best style of the printer's art, and will compare favorably with any newspaper of its size and resources at the present day. The mechanical execu tion of the Independent Republican was perfect. The local department of the paper was fairly and fully worked up. The general news and miscellany received merited attention ; but the editorials of the Independ ent Republican lacked the vim, clearness and force which characterized the pointed and pungent produc tions of the National Democrat. It was, however, cus tomary in those days to enlist in editorial service such persons as felt inspired to instruct the people in regard to political and local affairs ; and thus both papers, al though somewhat lacking symmetry of purpose, con trived to " tell the truth, the whole truth," and some times, perhaps, more than the truth. At any rate, it is safe to say, they maintained the freedom of the press witliout mental reservation. Mr. Rogers' health was not robust. He was a practical printer, a shrewd poli tician and a straight Whig Republican ; but he was a quiet and unpretentious man, and did not attempt to splurge in his writings or business. He had in his of fice, as foreman and assistant for several years, a noted character, who would attract the attention of any mul titude at a horse fair, ward caucus or world's conven tion. The older residents of La Crosse, who were here from 1855 to 1860, will just lay down on the grass, or carpets, or floor, and roll over with contagious laughter at the. mention of " Gov. Seward's friend," Mr. Norman Eastman, he with the flat nose and slit lip. Of the year 1859, very few newspaper items can be gleaned until the latter part of the year, when three daily papers were ushered into existence. Without go ing into particulars as to the circumstances under which they were established, we will refer to the closing year of the La Crosse Weekly National Democrat, under the management of Dr. Blakeslee and ownership of Messrs. Blakeslee & Moore, and the closing year of the La Crosse Weekly Independent Republican, under the man agement and ownership of Mr. W. C. Rogers. Both of these papers had been ably conducted, considering the means and patronage at command of publishers in a new and sparsely settled country. The character istic features of the two papers were as distinct and unlike as their publishers. The National Democrat was vigorous and stormy ; the Independent Republican was steady and gritty. Typographically, Mr. Rogers' paper kept the lead, while the local and general news as well as the literary miscellany of the Republican had been admirably and evenly maintained throughout the six years of his editorial and business management. Its patrons stood by the Republican devotedly. It seems to have been judiciously and conscientiously conduct ed. In the meantime, politics had assumed an unpre- cedentedly intense form, and the Republican party did "carry the war into Africa" by its determined resist ance to the encroachments of the Pro-slavery Democ racy. The Democratic party became divided by the aggressive movements of the Republican party. BANKS AND BANKING. The Batavian Bank — Is the oldest existing banking institution of the city. It was organized in November, 1861, now over twenty years ago, under the State banking law of Wisconsin, by Mr. G. Van Steenwyk, then State Bank Comptroller, who became its presi dent, and has ever since been continued in the same office. Mr. E. E. Bentley has been an employe of the bank for upward of fifteen years, during the last twelve years as its cashier, and having served in every capac ity, has great experience in the details as well as in the general management of the business of the bank. The bank has, during all these eventful years of varying 5°° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. prosperity and disaster, weathered all financial storms unharmed, and invariably enjoyed a large share of the business patronage of the city and surrounding coun try. It justly attributes its success to careful admin istration, combining conservative management with as great liberality to its customers as sound business prin ciples do admit. Its large and prosperous business is doubtless the tribute which an appreciative community pays to its fidelity to sound principles. During the past years, it has more than once stood a bulwark be tween the safety of the community and commercial disaster, always recognizing that it owes a higher duty to its patrons and the community than to its stock holders. Its principal owners have from the organiza tion been its managers, giving their personal attention to its affairs. Trained for the business, with years of experience, the bank stands by their efforts to-day with unblemished record and in the enjoyment of extraor dinary prosperity. It has a capital of $50,000 and a surplus of $10,000, which the managers stand ready to increase, if at any time the business interests of the city, in their judgment, demand it. Its deposits are ranging between $400,000 and $500,000. Prospering as it does, it hopes confidently, following its honorable and straightforward course, to continue in the enjoy ment of the confidence experienced during so many years, as one of the leading financial institutions of the Northwest, having been recognized as such for many years, not only in this State and country, but also in Europe, where it has extensive and valuable connec tions. The La Crosse National Bank. — Was established and began business January 3, 1877, with a paid-up capital of $100,000, and is regarded as one of the re sponsible monetary corporations in the State. The bank pays no interest on deposits, deeming this policy preferable to the declaration of much larger dividends resulting from an increase of deposits by the payment of interest thereon, as it renders the bank much stronger, and absolutely safe in case of panic. Less hazard and less profits is the motto of the directors ; security to depositors their aim. The bank has now about $20,000 in surplus and undivided profits, and is doing a prosperous and increasing business. The pres ent officers are: G. C. Hixon, president; G. R. Mon tague, vice president ; S. S. Burton, cashier; G. C. Hixon, B. B. Healy, G. R. Montague, George Edwards, Charles Michel, John Pamferm and S. S. Burton, di rectors — all being residents of La Crosse, not borrowers of money, and representing a capital estimated at $1,000,000. Holley $¦ Borreson. — The banking house of Holley & Borreson, established July, 1879, is composed of John M. Holley and Emil N. Borreson. Besides tran sacting a general banking business, the house effects first class fire insurance, and sells passage tickets to and from all parts of Europe, in which latter depart ment they have already built up one of the most flourishing and reliable agencies in the Northwest. Both members of the firm are in the prime and vigor of life, and by energy, prudence and sterling integrity, are establishing such a business and reputation as entitle them to a prominent place among the sound fi nancial houses of the city. RAILROADS. The Chicago, Milwaukee Sp St. Paul Railroad. — The Legislature of Wisconsin, while the present flourishing State was yet a Territory, early took cognizance of the inestimable value of railroad facilities, and suggested measures which have since crystallized into corpora tions. The present corporation was chartered April 2, 1852, for the construction of a road from Milwaukee to La Crosse. Timothy Burns, S. T. Smith and B. Healy, of La Crosse, and others, commissioners. Di rect communication between the lakes and the Missis sippi was sought at an early period in the history of Western railway undertakings, but the project existed in the fertile brains of men without capital, and it was not until "after many days " that its complete fruition was realized. During the year in which the corporation was char tered, a meeting of the stockholders was convened at La Crosse, at which the company was organized, and Byron Kilbourn elected president. Early in the ensu ing Spring, the work of surveying the line of road was commenced, starting at Chestnut street, in the city of Milwaukee. The road was generally regarded, both at home and abroad, as the most important venture in the State. Its direction from Milwaukee to La Crosse was esteemed by surveyors as peculiarly eligible, and as the future grand trunk line of the West, and when its completion was reached, with tracks diverging from the main road and traversing different parts of the best sections of the State, the conclusion seemed irre sistible that the business would become immense. With this promise in view, little time was lost in com pleting preparations for work, but every influence was employed to insure the early completion of the road. During the year 1853, the survey to Kilbourn City was completed, and, late in 1854, the grading of the road to Germantown, its junction with the Fond du Lac Railway, was finished, during which year the Mil waukee & La Crosse was consolidated with the Milwau kee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Road, an organization chartered in 1853. The work upon the road completed was of the heaviest character, costing an average of $20,000 per mile, with deep cuts, and grading in some places thirty-five feet to the mile. Another incident which rendered the work costly was the nature of the ground, the entire eighteen miles being through dense timber with a sub-soil of hard pan, a composition of fine gravel blended with blue clay, which, in most cases, was proof against plowing and blasting, and had to be loosened by manual labor. In fact, in many of the sections its removal was attended with more labor than the removal of solid rock, as will be realized when the statement that a cubic foot of the solid pan weighed 130 pounds. Up to December, 1854, $600,000 had been expended upon the road, raised from cash subscriptions, city bonds and farm mortgages. At the time, two-thirds of the grading from the junction to Horicon had also been completed, and four miles of track from the depot in the Second Ward, Milwaukee, laid. The Winter of 1854-1855 was passed in the labors available at that season of the year, and the work was HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 5oi pushed with all possible expedition. With the Spring, the force of its various departments was increased as necessity demanded, and a most gratifying progress was made throughout the working season. By August 1, 1855, a section of track twenty-five miles in length had been laid, and a large number of men were employed to prepare the gradings for track to Hartford, thirty-four miles west of Milwaukee. At the same time, the grad ing between Noyes' Corners and Horicon was progress ing rapidly, and proposals were advertised for the con struction of the road from the former point to Newport on the Wisconsin River, but eighty miles from La Crosse. The prospects of the company, as will be ap parent from these citations, were most brilliant, and those to be benefited by the improvement took courage in the outlook. This feeling was further augmented when, early in September, 1855, the first train on the La Crosse & Milwaukee road started from the latter city and proceeded on an excursion to Schlesingerville, a station twenty-six miles west of the Cream City. At this point, it would seem proper to recapitulate the work accomplished, as also what the corporation was destined to accomplish. Further west, beyond Schlesingerville is Hartford, and thence passing through a country rich in mineral and agricultural resources, Horicon is reached, where trains from Fond du Lac, from Stevens Point, Berlin and Waupun connect. Pushing westward again, the railroad reaches Beaver Dam and Fox Lake, a,nd stretching over Portage Prairie, halts at Portage City, thence toward the great river of the West, debouching at La Crosse. During the remainder of the year, work was pushed with sur prising energy, more indeed than at that period was usually manifested in the progress of similar enterprises. Its Board of Managers was composed of prominent, influential and energetic business men, who were deter mined that the road should stand second to none in the country, and in their efforts they were ably seconded by W. R. Sill, long a resident of La Crosse, a gentleman of practical experience and unlimited enterprise, to whom the corporation is greatly indebted for the manner in which his important line of duties was fulfilled. i On September 12, 1855, the company ran an excur sion train to Hartford, thirty-four miles from Milwau kee, bringing the road to a part of the route whence it subsequently drew large amounts of revenue from the well-developed farming country adjacent, as also from the iron regions contiguous thereto. The advent of the road into the villages mentioned was at once felt, at both at those points and in Milwaukee. It afforded producers facilities for the shipment of their grains and stock, of which but a comparatively brief period before they had scarcely ventured to dream, and their employ ment of these advantages was in no degree diminished by the knowledge that to their helping hands and the aid by them furnished in its incipieney the railroad was indebted for its success. i*81 1 The Winter of 1855-56 witnessed its completion to Horicon, as also the survey of the road to La Crosse. The business had begun to increase after the first train left Milwaukee, in August, the earnings up to January I, 1856, amounting to $32,134.18, and the estimated receipts for that year, to $400,000. In December, 1856, the directors submitted a de tailed report of the cost, condition and resources of the road which went very fully into the operations of the company for the year then closing. The road was then running to Fox Lake, but completed to Portage, a dis tance of ninety-five miles from Milwaukee, or nearly half way to the Mississippi River. Contracts for the building of the road from Portage to La Crosse, it was contemplated, would be executed in January next en suing, and the line completed in eighteen months there after. The results arrived at by the circular, it may be stated briefly, that the company, when its divisions were completed entire, would own upward of 400 miles of track, affording ample business to pay good dividends, even if built in the usual way by stock and debt, but which, by the sale of lands granted by the State, would eventually cost the stockholders nothing, or at worst 33J per cent., and paying 20 per cent, divi dends on par. Early in 1857, the surveys of the western division of the road, extending from Portage to La Crosse, were sufficiently advanced to justify putting that line under contract upon favorable terms, with the under standing that the same should be completed by October 1, 1858. The same year, the cars began running from Milwaukee to New Lisbon, one day's travel from La Crosse ; the contract for work on the line to Tomah was executed and labors commenced, after the comple tion of which the route to the Mississippi was regarded as comparatively easy. But this was not accomplished until the undertaking had been subjected to difficulties and embarrassments invariably the attendant concomi tant of enterprises of value and importance. The affairs, it was claimed, had been mismanaged, much money sacrificed in usurious loans and sales of stocks as collaterals, etc., and other sins of commission and omission been endured, which had retarded the build ing of the road, affected the public confidence, and en tailed incalculable though not permanent injury. Early in October, 1858, the road was completed to La Crosse, the formal opening occurring on the 14th of that month, and being attended by guests from all parts of the country, who were received and enter tained by the military, fire and civic associations, after which the trip was continued to St. Paul by steamers. Selah Chamberlain, into whose hands the road passed as lessee, September 27, 1857, continued to ope rate it as such until 1860, when he surrendered control to Branson & Suiter, the trustees of the second mort gage bondholders. At that time, an order had been made in the United States District Court, appointing Hans Crocker, receiver of the division from Portage to La Crosse ; he was subsequently appointed to a similar capacity on the Eastern Division, taking possession of the entire road, June 11, 1860. He remained in charge for three years, when the Western Division was trans ferred to the Milwaukee & St. Paul, a corporation or ganized May 5, 1863, by Isaac Seymour, Horace Galpin, David H. Hughes, William P. Gould and George Smith, of New York, and Ashael Finch and William H. White, of Milwaukee. In 1865, the route from' La Crosse to Winona was surveyed by H. I. Bliss, at the instance of citizens of the latter city. In11867, the Winona cut-off was built 502 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. by the Chicago & Northwestern, and used by the Chi cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Companies until 1872, when the latter built the line through Minnesota, hence to St. Paul, and has since utilized that branch in con junction with their line to Portage, Milwaukee and Chicago. The Southern Minnesota Division. — Those convers ant with the facts aver that there is no enterprise or interest at present existent to which La Crosse owes so much of its prosperity, both past and present, as the Southern Minnesota Railroad. It is this which enables merchants to supply the rich country through which the road passes, making La Crosse its business town and capital. The road is essentially a La Crosse en terprise, the plan of its building having originated with Col. T. B. Stoddard, a pioneer citizen, and first Mayor of the city. He intended La Crosse should be the eastern terminus, the depot located in the southern part of the city, with a bridge crossing directly to the Minnesota shore from Isle La Plume, the western terminus to be at some point on the Missouri River, in Dakota. This route was deemed feasible and valuable, and the projectors of the enterprise secured not only the encouragement, but also the co-operation of all to whom the plans were submitted. As a result of the efforts thus briefly cited the Leg islative Assembly of the Territory of Minnesota adopted an act providing for the incorporation of the Root River Valley & Minnesota Railroad Company, bearing date March 2, 1855. Edward Thompson, Samuel McPhail, James Smith, Edward Bell, Ole Knudson and others were named as corporators, and clothed with such privileges and immunities as belong to similar prerogatives. The same act provided for the election of officers when $50,000 should have been subscribed to the stock of the corporation, and two per cent, paid thereon ; for the purpose of complying with this provision, the incorporators convened on July 4 following, when the charter was accepted, and subscription books opened. In 1867, the road reached Rushford, thirty miles from Grand Crossing ; and, in 1868, Lanesboro became the temporary terminus. During these years, the traffic of the road was, of course, confined to the coun try immediately tributary to Root River; but, with every foot of rail, the expansive power of the road increased fourfold, and the efforts to secure capital to push the road further west were amply successful. In this connection, it should be stated that La Crosse contributed $50,000 toward building the road, at a time when it was creeping with the feeble tread of infancy up the narrow valley of Root River. During the Winter of 1869-70, the gap between Lanesboro and Ramsay was in part graded and pre pared for iron, which was immediately laid ; and, in the Fall of the latter year, the track was in running order from Grand Crossing to Wells, a distance of 147-J miles. Later, it was completed to Winnebago City ; but, as years advanced, financial and other troubles crowded upon the company with the usual results. The work of extending the road westward was suspended, and came to an abrupt termination ; the stock depreciated in value ; foreclosure suits were instituted and prose cuted ; a Receiver was appointed, and its outlook was anything but promising. Fortunately for La Crosse, however, it finally fell into the hands of careful and honest men, and they managed it with an ability rarely witnessed in like cases. Its revenues increased; its stock appreciated in value, and its stability became un doubted. The Dubuque Division — Was purchased from the Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque & Minnesota corporation in February, 1881, and lias since been operated by the St. Paul Company. The road was commenced in October, 1870, and grew out of a desire on the part of Dubuque to connect that section with points in Minne sota, as far north as St. Paul. The necessity of this medium of communication was apparent to all, though it was not until discriminations made by the Illinois Central against Dubuque became apparent, that a decision was reached. It resulted in the creation of a company whose object was the building of a road along the west bank of the Mississippi to Minnesota, with a branch extending south, and to be known as the Dubuque, Bellevue & Mississippi road, having its terminus at Chicago. On October 9, 1870, ground for the former road was broken at Eagle Point near Dubuque, and in the follow ing Spring operations on the Dubuque and Mississippi route began. Some time after, arrangements were concluded with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy road, and the corporate name of Dubuque & Mississippi was changed to Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque, with a capital of $1,500,000, and the Dubuque & Minnesota to the Clinton, Dubuque & Minnesota, with a nominal capital of $70,000,000. In the Fall of 1871, the roads were consolidated ; in 1873, it was purchased under foreclosure proceedings by the bondholders, re-organized as the Chicago, Clin ton, Dubuque & Minnesota Railroad, and completed the same year to Clinton and La Crescent with a branch up Turkey River to Elport. It was operated by this organization until February, 1881, when, as stated, it was disposed of to the Mil waukee & St. Paul. Chicago & North- Western. — The Territorial Legisla ture of 1848 chartered the " Madison & Beloit Railroad Company," with authority to build a railroad from Beloit to Madison only. In 1850, by an act of the Legislature, the company was authorized to extend the road to the Wisconsin River and to La Crosse, and to a point on the Mississippi River near St. Paul, as well as from Janesville to Fond du Lac. Its name was changed by legislative authority to the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Company." In 1851, the line from Janesville not being pushed as the people expected, the Legislature of Illinois chartered the " Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company," with authority to con solidate with any railroad in Wisconsin. In 1855, an act of the Wisconsin Legislature consolidated the Illi nois and Wisconsin Companies with the Rock River Valley Union Railroad Company, and the new organ ization took the name of the " Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Company." In 1854, and pre vious to the consolidation, the company had failed and passed into the hands of the bondholders, who foreclosed and took stock for their bonds, The old management HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 5°3 by A. Hyatt Smith and John B. Macy was superseded, and William B. Ogden was made President. Chicago was deeply interested in reaching the Upper Mississippi region, then being peopled rapidly, by a line of railroad to run through Madison to St. Paul, in Minnesota. Its favorite road was started from Chicago on the wide (six feet) gauge. This was changed to the usual (four feet eight and one-half inches) width, and the work Avas vigorously pushed, reaching Janesville in 1855. The partially-graded line on a direct route from Janesville to Madison was abandoned. In 1852, a new charter was obtained, and the " Beloit & Madison Railroad Company" was organized, to build a road from Beloit via Janesville to Madison. A subsequent amendment to this charter left out Janesville, and the Beloit branch was pushed through to Madison, reaching that city in 1864. The "Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company" had built a branch of the Galena line from Belvidere to Beloit previous to 1854. In that year it leased the Beloit & Madison road, and from 1856 operated it in connection with other roads which they controlled. The consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Companies was effected and approved by legislative enactment in 1855, and a new organization called the " Chicago & North- Western Railway Company" took their place. The " Baraboo Air Line Railroad Company/' was in corporated in 1870, to build a road from Madison, Columbus or Waterloo via Baraboo to La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi River. It organized in the in terest of the Chicago & North Western, with which com pany it consolidated, and the work of building a con necting line between Madison and Winona Junction was vigorously pushed forward. Lodi was reached in 1870, Baraboo in 1871, and Winona Junction in 1874. The ridges between Elroy and Sparta were tunneled at a great expense and with much difficulty. In 1874, the company reported an expenditure for its three tunnels of $176,743.32, and for the 129 1-10 miles between Madison and Winona Junction of $5,342,169.96, and a large expenditure yet to be made on it. In 1867, the Chicago & Northwestern Company bought of D. N. Bar ney & Co. their interest in the Winona & St. Peter Railway, a line being built westerly from Winona, in Minnesota, and of which 105 miles had been built. It also bought of the same parties their interest in the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott Railway, a line being built from Winona Junction, in La Crosse County, to Winona, Minn. The latter line was put in operation in 1870, and is twenty-nine miles long. With the com pletion of the Madison branch to Winona Junction in 1874, it had in operation a line from Chicago, via Mad ison and Winona to Lake Kampeska, Minn., a distance of 623 miles. The " Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad" built a line from Onalaska, a station on the Chicago & Northwestern road, seven miles north of La Crosse, to the city of La Crosse in 1876, and the Chicago & North western road acquired the right to use that track, thus connecting its road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi River. The first train of the North western Railway ran into the city of La Crosse over this extension on the first day of April, 1876. Albert Keep, of Chicago, is president of the Chicago & North western Company, and Marvin Hughitt, a gentleman of great railroad experience, is general manager. Green Bay $ Minnesota Railroad. — The line of road operated by this company extends from Fort Howard tp the Mississippi River, opposite Winona, Minn. This line is 216 miles in length, and was built through a sparsely settled and heavily timbered section of the State. It began under most discouraging circumstances, yet was pushed through by the energy of a few men at Green Bay and along its line. It was originally char tered in 1866, as the " Green Bay & Lake Pepin Rail road Company," to build a road from the mouth of the Fox River, near Green Bay, to the Mississippi River, opposite Winona. But little was done except the making of preliminary surveys in 1870. During 1870-71, forty miles were constructed and put in operation ; in 1872, 114 miles were graded, the track laid, and the river, opposite Winona, was reached, sixty two miles further, in 1873. In 1876, it acquired the right to use the track between Winona and Ona laska, in La Crosse County, known as the " Winona Cut-off," and belonging to the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company, and built a track from Onalaska to La Crosse a distance of seven miles, thereby connect ing their road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi River. The city of La Crosse aided in this extension by subscribing $75,000, and giving its corpo ration bonds for that amount. A change in the name of the corporation is contemplated, to take place at the next election of officers, on the 1st of September, 1881, when the corporation will become the "Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Railroad Company. THE LUMBER INTERESTS. There is no city in the State that is more interested in the lumber business than La Crosse. The pine tim ber regions of Wisconsin and Minnesota lie north of it, and are in a measure tributary, since all the logs and lumber rafted on the Upper Mississippi, St. Croix, Chippewa and Black rivers must necessarily pass it while en route to down-river points. Many leading lumbermen have settled here, and given the city stand ing and reputation, as a lumber center, of unrivaled importance. The majority of the wealthy citizens of La Crosse are engaged in the lumber trade. Their residences are among the finest in the city, and they show a commendable disposition to give their time, useful labor and their capital to intelligent enterprise, unlike the majority of moneyed men in the East. They are, generally speaking, large-hearted and public- spirited men, and whatever conduqes to their interest contributes also to the welfare of the city. They have settled here to stay ; have become thoroughly identified with the growth and prosperity of the city, and are combining their operations and working to make this the distributing point of lumber for an area stretching off in different directions for hundreds of miles. Already La Crosse has made a name for itself, not only in Wis consin and Minnesota, but also in Illinois, Iowa, Ne braska, Missouri and Arkansas. It is every- where re garded as first-class, and the ready market it meets with proves that it has no superior in popular favor, and the demand for it is bound to grow. The sales of the past are scarcely a third of what the sales of the S°4 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. future may become, providing the supply can equal the demand. When we remember that there is scarcely any timber-land, and, consequently, no lumber, except such as is imported, in Southern and Western Minne sota, Western Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Wyo ming, Kansas, Colorado, etc., we can surmise what a vast area — what an exhaustible market — will open up to the lumbering interests of this vicinity as railroads are built, population increases, and towns spring up throughout that region. Owing to the scarcity of tim ber in all parts of that vast area, no lumber can be had short of exorbitant and virtually prohibitory rates, in consequence of which the farms remain unfenced, little or no wood can be obtained for fuel, and coal, costing in that vicinity an enormous price, is generally substi tuted. So pleased would the people be to have even pine wood, that they would not hesitate to pay $4 or $5 per cord for such slabs as can be had here at from fifty cents up. These facts sufficiently demonstrate what a great market is opening up to the west of here, and how im portant it is to push forward to completion railroad en terprises that will give full control of it. In this behalf, too, the lumbermen are manifesting commendable zeal, and they deserve well of the community, and are heartily thanked in proportion as they make any sub stantial progress in the matter. These points show of what great importance the lumber business is to Lake Crosse. Comparatively it stands in the relation of mines to San Francisco ; commerce to New York ; manufactures to Boston ; iron to Pittsburgh ; cotton and sugar to New Orleans; whisky to Louisville and Cincinnati ; agriculture and railroads to Chicago and beer to Milwaukee. The motives actuating us to de fine this industry are three-fold ; first, because it is by all means the largest and most important industry in this section of the country ; second, to show to the people of La Crosse the magnitude and importance to which these industries have grown ; third, to let the world abroad know how important is the city of La Crosse in a manufacturing point of view ; the great vitality it possesses, and the bright future its manifold advantages bespeak for it. We thus aim to give confi dence to those who have such interests here ; pleasure to such as were here of old, and remember the men and things of the past, and a spirit of inquiry, with a disposition to settle here to those who contemplate re moval from elsewhere, whether to engage in manufac turing, commercial, professional or any other business. As the center and pivot of the extensive timber and lumber operations, that transform trees into buildings and fences, La Crosse uses, manufactures, distributes and exports over 250,000,000 feet of pine annually ; for it must be remembered that besides the timber from the Black River and its tributaries, as well as that from the Chippewa and its tributaries, are received and shipped considerable quantities of lumber from the pine districts east of the Black and Chippewa Valleys, which reaches La Crosse for distribution as the most conve nient distributing point on the Mississippi River. With two exceptions, more lumber is manufactured at La Crosse than at any other point on the Mississippi River and its tributaries; and, in computing the value of this industry, account must be taken of several firms having headquarters here, but owning mills elsewhere ; of log gers, who do not manufacture ; of the firms engaged in rafting and towing, and of the remunerative employ ment furnished to a large number of men in booming, driving and various other ways. To show to the outside world the importance of La Crosse as a lumbering center, we will give some inter esting facts relative to this industry and the noted saw mills of the vicinity, dealing with them in strict im partiality. The first lumbermen in this vicinity were the Mor mons, who cut logs for their dwellings, etc., at Nauvoo, and persons from different localities, mostly Illinois, who were engaged in this industry here for a short time. In the Summer of 1852, George Farnham "established a lumber yard in La Crosse, obtaining most of his stock from the Chippewa River. His first raft, containing about 200,000 feet, he purchased from one Gilbert, and was rafted down to La Crosse by a half-breed Indian. In the following Winter, Mr. Farnham and Samuel Wes ton engaged in logging on the Black River. The 3,- 000,000 feet of logs cut by Mr. Weston were rafted to down-river points, while part of the 2,000,000 feet cut by Mr. Farnham supplied the saw-mill of Nichols & Tompkins, at Onalaska, which had that Winter been erected, the remainder being also rafted to down-river points. Among the other early lumbermen may be mentioned Timothy Burns, F. M. Rublee, S. T. Smith, John S. Simonton, W. W. Crosby and Messrs. Gregory & Dyer. In 1853, or 1854, the Black River Booming Log-Driving Company was organized, and the first boom built on Black River in La Crosse County, at Onalaska, was by W. W. Crosby in 1855. This booming and log-driving company finally, in 1864, were incorporated as the Black River Improve ment Company, with a capital stock of $50,000. They now have improvements extending fifty miles up the Black River. The shipments from the Black River each year since 1867, in feet, are as follows: 1867, 88,632,300 feet ; 1868, 57,376,3,60 feet ; 1869, 160,573,- 890 feet; 1870, 170,920,870 feet; 1871, 127,055,590 feet: 1872, 125,766,190 feet; 1873, 195,378,830 feet; 1874, 188,907,320 feet ; 1875, 188,344,640 feet ; 1876, 197,103,820 feet; 1877, 86,434,260 feet; 1878, 112,- 232,880 feet; 1879, 151,848,290 feet; 1880, 210,902,- 500 feet. For the decade including 1880, the total shipment foots up 1,583,974,420 feet. In this connection, it may not be inappropriate to give a short historical sketch of the struggles, reverses and successes of those who first engaged in the lumber business in La Crosse, before entering upon a descrip tion of the present vast lumbering establishments. The first saw-mill erected in La Crosse was called the La Crosse Lumber Company's Mill, and was built by Tim othy Burns, F. M. Rublee, John S. Simonton and S. T. Smith, in 1852. It was located where the lofty brick chimney stood as a landmark for so many years, and which was torn down, a few years ago, to give place to the tannery of Davis, Medary & Platz. The mill was started late in the Fall of 1852, and ran only a short time, when the river closed. In 1853, the mill did a thriving business, cutting about 30,000 feet per day. With the exception of 100,000 feet, all the lumber cut this season was readily sold in La Crosse. HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 5°5 In October, 1853, the firm lost one of its members by the death of Mr. Burns, and about the latter part of November of the same year Messrs Simonton and Smith sold their interests to Messrs. Gregory and Dyer. The mill was enlarged by these gentlemen by the ad dition of machinery by which they manufactured bran, flour, corn-meal, etc. The number of employes was about thirty, and the average wages paid about $1 per day. From 1853, the mill continued to run without any noticeable change until 1856 or 1857, when it burned down and was not rebuilt. The second saw-mill established in the city was erected in 1856 by Sherman & Griswold, and was lo cated on the flat below the city, a little west of where the Northwestern & Green Bay Railroad depot now stands. The mill had a cutting capacity of from 20,000 to 25,000 feet per day. Shortly after the mill began operations, a Mr. Steele, of Waukegan, 111., was taken in as a partner in the business, and in 1857, a Mr. Marsh joined the firm. In the Fall of 1857, partner ship was dissolved, and the business discontinued. The mill was erected by Messrs Denton & Hurd in 1856, and began operations in the Spring of 1857. It had a capacity of from 20,000 to 25,000 feet per day. During the season of 1857, Jacob Spaulding secured an interest in the mill. It was not until 1858 when busi ness was discontinued, C. L. Colman purchasing the machinery. The first mill erected in the Fifth Ward (formerly North La Crosse) was built by R. E. Gillett in the Spring of 1856. It had a cutting capacity of about 10,000 feet per day, and was operated about four years, but Mr. Gillett was not very fond of competition, and having decided hopes that the railroad would make Tomah a place of considerable importance, and that neighboring towns springing up would afford him a greater market for his lumber, he moved there, taking his mill with him. The second mill was built by Crosby, Hanscome & Co., which was also erected in the Spring of 1856, and its capacity was 12,000 feet per day. It employed from fifteen to twenty hands, and all the lumber cut was rafted to down-river points. It ran with reasonable regularity until September, 1863, when it accidentally took fire and was burned to the ground. Shepherd & Valentine built the third mill, in the Spring of 1856 also. This mill had a capacity of 15,000 feet per day, and employed about twenty men, to whom the average wages paid were $1.25 per day. The fourth mill was erected by Sill, Loomis & Root, in the same stirring, enterprising period referred to in the preceding instances, the Spring of 1856. It was started up in April, and ran seven months. Its capac ity was 15,000 feet per day, and eighteen or twenty men were employed, receiving as wages an average of $1.50 per day. The lumber was all rafted down the Mississippi to Sabula. Buttrick Brothers built the fifth mill in 1857, near where the Washburn Mill now stands. It had a ca pacity from 12,000 to 15,000 feet per day. It ran until the Fall of 1858, when it burned down. With this short nofice of the mills erected here in the early days of La Crosse, we will endeavor to give an idea of the vastness and importance of the great mills now in operation, which for size, capacity and general excellence can hardly be excelled. SAW-MILLS. C. L. Coleman's Mill. — Peter Cameron erected a saw-mill where Mr. Coleman's now stands in 1854, but did not fit it up with machinery. In the Spring follow ing the mill was purchased by Messrs Goldthwait & Brown, who put in machinery and commenced opera tions with a capacity of 5,000 to 7,000 feet of lumber per clay, which was then retailed at $27 per thousand. The mill was run by these gentlemen only a few years, when they discontinued business. Mr. Coleman erected a shingle-mill, in 1854, about forty rods south of the present location of his saw-mill. For two years a horse furnished the motive power, and the capacity was from 12,000 to 14,000 shingles per day. In 1856, an engine was added to the mill, and its capacity increased to 60,000 shinglei per day, the price of which was then $5 per thousand. In 1862, Mr. Coleman bought the machinery of the Denton & Hurd mill, which increased the capacity to 350,000 shingles per day. The mill ran from that time until 1868, when it burned down, and was never re built. In 1866, he purchased his present site, together with the old Goldthwait & Brown mill, refitting this so that it had a cutting capacity of 30,000 feet per day. The lumber then sold for $23 per thousand. In 1869, the boilers of his old shingle-mill were added, increas ing the capacity of the saw-mill to 50,000 feet per day. The number of hands employed at this time was about seventy, at an average daily compensation of $1.75. This mill burned down in August, 1875, but with char acteristic energy and determination, Mr. Coleman at once began the erection of his present colossal struct ure, in October, which was completed and put in oper ation in the following Spring, and has run until the present time without any mishap worthy of notice. The capacity of the mill is 25,000,000 feet per year. Everything in and about it is arranged in the most complete and convenient manner. The main building is 60x227, two stories high ; the shingle-mill addition, 36x36 feet, also two stories high ; engine and boiler house, 44x80 feet. The machinery is driven by one 500-horse power engine, steam being furnished by six boilers twenty-four feet long. The machinery consists of two double rotaries, with Prescott's steam feed ; two gauges, one of fifty-four-inch, and the other thirty- six-inch gate ; three gang edges ; three trimmers and a twelve-block shingle machine. The planing-mill is 53x110 feet, two stories high, with a brick and iron engine and boiler house, 24x70 feet. The machinery in this building is driven by one forty-horse power en gine, and consists of a surfacer, matcher, molding ma chine, re-sawing machine, table-saw, jig-saw, etc. The saw-mill was built at an original cost of $79,000, and the planing-mill at a cost of $16,000, regardless, in each instance, of the lots. The buildings and lots occupy now an area of thirty- one lots. In and about the mills are employed about 180 men, including a number of boys and girls, who are employed in packing shingles. The stock which supplies the mill comes from both the Black and Chip- 5°6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. pewa rivers, and the average amount of lumber on hand amounts to 10,000,000 feet. The genial and enterprising proprietor of this mill, Mr. C. L. Coleman, has been prominently identified with the business interests of La Crosse since 1854, during which time he has done as much toward advanc ing its prosperity, as any other person in the city. He is assisted by his son, Lucius, in conducting his im mense business, whose efficient services and good judg ment have contributed greatly to the welfare of the establishment. W. F. 8p P. S. Davidson's Boat- Yard and Lumber Mills. — The combined interests carried on by the David son Brothers, the largest individual interests in this por tion of the State, if not in the Northwest, is the result of small beginnings, which, under careful management and by strict attention to business, have grown to almost unlimited dimensions. The successful indus tries carried on by these gentlemen have redounded to their several and collective credits ; have contributed to enlarge the markets and increase the sale of com modities ; to inspire citizens, as, also, those contem plating citizenship, with confidence in the location of La Crosse and its importance as a trade center, and to attract capital hither for investment in the manufactur ing, commercial and speculative undertakings accessible to all. The first organization of the present boat-yard and lumber mills was made about the }'ear 1860. At that time the business was limited to the building and re pairing of river craft, and carried on under the name of the "Western Union Packet Company's Yards." In those days, notwithstanding the fact that marine inter ests were of a more extended and remunerative char acter, comparatively speaking, than at present, and the yard was constantly occupied with "jobs," etc., the re sources of the firm was limited to what they now are, and the number of hands employed less than one-fifth the present force. The improvements consisted of one mill edifice, sup plied with machinery sufficient only for supplying ma terials for use in the yard, marine railways that since have given place to improved machinery in that behalf, and other conveniences of a minor, not to say unim portant, pattern. But forty men were employed, and the hours of labor were regulated according to the ex igencies of the occasion and the usage of the period. In less than twenty years the enterprise has undergone a complete change in all its departments, mode of work, etc., etc. During the war, the yard was taxed to its full capac ity, and when the surrender estopped further hostil ities, it might be imagined work was diminished, as re gards both quantity and quality. But the contrary of this supposition is correct. During 1866, George S. Weeks, a shipwright and a man of decided executive ability, was placed in charge bjr the Davidsons, the resources of the undertaking were increased, and day and night the yard resounded to the songs of 150 artificers, mechanics and laborers. During this period and succeeding years the yard was extensively patronized by steamboat companies, and some of the swiftest and most elegant floating palaces that ever plowed the Father of Waters were fashioned or received their finishing touches on the ways of W. F. & P. S. Davidson. Among these are the "Alexander Mitchell," "Belle of La Crosse," "Mary Barnes," "An nie," "Grand Pacific," "Alfred Tall," "Flying Eagle" and others, in addition to fleets of barges, tugs and river craft of less prominent a type. In about 1876, the Messrs. Davidson became sole owners of the yard, and supplemented the repairing and building of boats with the manufacture of lumber. To do this successfully, required the erection of orig inal improvements, as also the rebuilding of such as had previously existed, necessitating the outlay of large sums of money, and reducing the business to an abso lute science. The consultation of the needs of the business resulted in machinery of the latest, most ap proved and expensive in pattern, which was substitut ed for the style which had become "stale" in compar ison with that of a more modern day ; facilities for the rapid preparation and handling of lumber were intro duced, and not until $25,000 had been expended in buildings, machinery and equipments, were actual operations begun in the new field of enterprise. This dispensation was conducted with the same system, skill, intelligence and industry that characterized Da vidson's prior engagements, and before the year had closed began to evidence the firm's foresight in the in crease of business that followed, requiring a force of between two and three hundred men occupied daily in conserving. In 1877, though work in that branch of the estab lishment, as already suggested, had measurably dimin ished, the old marine railways were abandoned, re moved, and their place supplied by an entirely new- line complete in the slightest detail. As built, they are said to be the finest on the river, with a capacity for unlimited tonnage, and supplied with tackle, ap parel and furniture so completely, as to be able in less than six hours, to raise a boat 300 feet long, and of proportionate capacity, high and dry and ready for the ship-carpenter to test his skill upon. This re-construc tion of the ways was made at a cost of $20,000. If the business of boat-building "slackened," that of the manufacture of lumber increased. So much so had this obtained, that in a few years after its com mencement, it was found that the means of supplying the demand were inadequate, and measures were at once inaugurated to make up the deficiency existing in that behalf. In 1880, the erection of the new mill was begun, and its completion attained during the Spring succeeding. The building is 170x50, two stories high, with the basement ; equipped with machinery, including rotaries and gang saws, also implements for the manufacture of lath and shingles, and the product placed upon the market, includes every variety of lum ber from rough to finished. The cost of this improve ment is stated at $30,000. The location of this vast establishment is on North Third street in North La Crosse. The property com prehends a river front of 1,200 feet and over, by an average depth of 550 feet to Third street, and is esti mated to be worth, with the improvements, not less than $250,000. These consist of the mills, the marine ways, machine shop, and otliaa." accessories. It requires seven engines of immense power to operate the ma- HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. S°7 chinery employed, by which a log in the rough is sub jected to a process, whence it is resolved into market able lumber, lath and shingles, which are made up into rafts containing millions of feet, and are towed to mar kets on the river and other routes, principally Du buque, Quincy, Clinton, St. Louis and elsewhere. The capacity of these mills are 300,000 feet of lum ber ; 200,000 shingles, and 100,000 laths, each twenty- four hours, in which fifty millions of logs are annually worked up, furnishing employment to 300 men at a weekly cost of not less than $5,000, and doing a busi ness of $5,000,000 per year. Polleys Saw Mill. — This mill is situated on French Island, opposite the Fifth Ward, and at the western end of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway bridge that spans Black River. The site, although somewhat inconveniently situated, is considered one of the best on Black River for milling purposes, it hav ing a river frontage of three-quarters of a mile ; 115 acres are occupied by the mill, boarding-house, yards, etc. In 1870, the mill was erected by W. H. Polleys, Messrs. Nichols & Jefferson being the contractors. Its capacity, which has not been materially changed since its erection, is 5,000,000 feet per year. When completed in October, 1870, it began operations and continued till February of the following year, the proprietor having piled a great number of logs on the bank before Winter set in. In 1871, the mill ran about seven months, cut ting in that time 3,600,000 feet of lumber, it all being rafted down the river. The number of men employed was about twenty-five, and the average wages paid was $1.30, the employes being boarded by the proprie tors. In 1872, the mill ran only five months, sawing something over 2,200,000 feet. This year was also manufactured 60,000 pickets, and 340,000 laths. In 1873, about 2,200,000 feet of lumber were cut, the mill running about same length of time as in the year previous ; about 300,000 laths were also turned out this year and the lumber was all rafted down the river. The mill ran for a period of six months during the year of 1874, cutting nearly 3,000,000 feet, 500,000 feet of which was retailed and the remainder rafted. Nothing was done in the picket line, but about 1,200,000 laths were turned out. In 1875, the mill was started the 19th of April and did not shut clown till the 19th of November. About 4,600,000 feet were sawed, together with 740,000 laths and 235,000 pickets. This year 1,800 cords of slabs were also turned out. The number of employes was increased to thirty and the average wages paid about $1.25 per day. During the season of 1876, the mill ran nearly seven months, cutting 4,500,- 000 feet being sawed with 1,000,000 laths and 40,000 pickets ; 1,000,000 feet of the lumber was piled and the rest rafted. About 1,800 cords of slabs were also sold. In 1877, the mill ran only three months and a half, and cut during that time 2,100,000 feet. Noth ing was done this year in the picket line, but about 1,200,000 laths were turned out, together with 1,000 cords of slabs. In 1878, the mill ran only three months, and cut 1,900,000 feet, 500,000 of that amount being piled ; no laths or pickets were made, but 1,500 cords of slabs were sold to different parties. In 1879, the mill commenced the 13th of May and cut between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 feet of lumber, of which 1,500,000 was piled and sold at retail ; neither pickets or laths were manufactured that year, but about 2,500 cords of slabs were turned out. In 1877, W. H. Polley sold the mill to his two sons, W. E. and E. H. Polley, who have since run it in a very proper manner. The number of employes is about thirty, and the average wages paid is about $1 per day. Hiram Goddard's Mill. — This mill is located on French Island, about half a mile northwest of the city limits. Its erection dates from 1875, when it was built by C. B. Dawes, of Muskegon, Mich., under the direc tion of Mr. Goddard. The land appurtenant to the mill, and used for a yard, etc., comprises fifteen acres. The mill has excellent machinery, and has a sawing capacity of 5,000,000 feet per year. The first Summer it was operated, the lumber cut reached 2,000,000 feet, of which amount 500,000 feet were retailed here and the remainder rafted to down-river points. In 1876, operations were begun in the second week in April, and kept up until September. The mill ran to half its capacity for a full season, cutting 2,500,000 feet of lumber, all being rafted, except 400,000 feet. In 1877, the third season, work was begun May 1, and continued until the middle of September. The busi ness done amounted to about the same as the previous year, 2,500,000 feet being cut, which, with the excep tion of 300,000 feet, was rafted. Of shingles, 2,000,- 000 were manufactured together with 500,000 laths. In 1878, work was begun the second week in April, and continued 120 days, during which time the timber cut aggregated 2,000,000 feet. Of this, all but 300,- 000 feet was rafted. The laths cut amounted to 400,- 000, and 140,000 shingles were also turned out. In 1879, the mill started up on the 10th of May, and run about five months, turning out about 3,500,000 feet of lumber, which, with the exception of 500,000 feet was rafted down the river. Between 500,000 and 800,000 laths were turned out this year together with about 2,500,000 shingles. The hands in this mill receive from $1 to $3 per day. There are employed around and about the mill about fifty persons, including a few boys and girls. The mill is substantially built and con veniently arranged, and is well and economically managed, and in the enjoyment of a fair share of pub lic confidence and patronage. Mr. Goddard is a thorough business man, and very far-seeing in the management of his mill and all the details looking to its success. C. H. Nichols Sp Co.'s Saw-Mill.— This mill is sit uated on the Black River, about two miles north of the city limits. Its construction was commenced in the Spring of 1856, by Messrs. Royse, Boice, Melville & Co., and completed in June of that year, J. S. Nichols doing the work, and Peter Sardin was the first sawyer, and a man named Mitchell was the first engineer. J. S. Nichols performed the duties of superintendent and manager. The first year the mill was operated, it showed a capacity of 16,000 feet per day, and the amount of lumber cut was 2,500,000 feet, all of which was rafted except 900,000 feet, which was sold at retail in this market. In 1859, the mill was sold to C. M. Nichols, but it remained idle until 1860, undergoing repairs in the meantime. It was then operated steadily until 1864, when it was not run at all, as the water in 5o8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the Black River was unusually low, causing a great scarcity in logs. The average price of lumber from 1857 to 1865 was between $13 and $15 per thousand. The price gradually increased from 1865 to 1868, which was the period of plentiful currency in good times, reaching, in the latter year, $22 per thousand. In 1873, the mill was purchased by C. H. Nichols & Co. The " Co." comprises two names, and the firm in full is Messrs. C. H. Nichols, F. E. Nichols and Frank Pooler. After these gentlemen purchased it, they materially changed it and increased its capacity, ena bling them to turn out 45,000 feet of lumber, 30,000 shingles, and 10,000 laths per day. These were rafted South as quickly as manufactured, and sold in the down-river markets. But very little attention was be stowed upon local or retail trade. The property was valued at $25,000. A fifty-acre lot is owned and occupied by Messrs. Nichols & Co., in connection with the mill. TheyT have a vested title of the riparian rights for a mile along the east shore of Black River, in the matter of handling logs, tying up rafts, etc. Twelve men are employed in sorting and rafting, at a daily compensation of about $25. Nichols & Co. also own a planing mill, which is run in connection with the saw mill. It is one-eighth of a mile east of the latter. It affords employment to five men, and is fitted up with machinery of the latest and most improved patterns. This mill runs about three months in the year. Messrs. Nichols & Co.'s mill was entirely consumed by fire, October 5, 1880. About ten da}'s after this, a corps of carpenters went to work, in laying the found ation for a new one, and their present large mill was completed and the first sawing done on the ninth clay of May, 1881. After running one and a half days, they shut down for the purpose of arranging some little defects. On the fourteenth day of this month, however, a full force of men went at work, and they have been in constant operation since. This mill is in size 36x144, and has a capacity of 120,000 feet of lum ber in twenty-four hours. They employ 102 hands in the mill — including a few boys and girls in the lath and shingle rooms — at a daily compensation of $160. They have now in pro cess of construction a number of rafting sheds. A larger portion of the lumber cut is rafted ; however, in the Fall, about 2,000,000 feet are piled in the yard at the mill. The entire cost of the mill amounts to $35,000. John Paul's Saw Mill. — In 1860, John Paul pur chased the ground upon which his saw mill is now built, from Nathan Myrick and Daniel Cameron, and erected thereon a saw mill, with a capacity of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet per day. His whole investment amounted to about $2,000. The mill ran about five months the first season, cutting 800,000 feet of lumber, all of which was re tailed here at about $8 per thousand. The capacity of the mill and its business gradually increased un til 1868, when it was destroyed by bursting of the boilers. With laudable energy and enterprise, Mr. Paul at once set to work to rebuild the mill, and in six weeks from the time of the calamity, another large mill was completed and put into operation. Since 1868, im provements were made each year, by the addition of machinery, and its capacity was increased from 130,000 to 150,000 feet per day. In 1878, about 14,000,000 feet of lumber were turned out, 9,000,000 feet of which were piled, and the remainder shipped. In the Winter of 1880 and 1881, new buildings throughout were erected, the dimensions of the main building being 64x190, with two additional wings, one 24x120, and the other, 20x32. The engine and boiler house, constructed of stone and iron, is 42x50. The motive power consists of two engines, each 22x24, with a capacity of 600 horse-power, and eight boilers, 44 inches by 24 feet, and also one steam double pump, which feeds the boilers. The machinery in the mill consists of two double log rotaries ; two gangs, one of for ty-one saws and the other twenty-eight saws ; two, five- saw edgers ; two, four-saw automatic slat and edging cutters, with lumber trimmers of a capacity to corre spond. The machinery for the manufacture of lath and shingles has a sufficient capacity to cut all the lath and shingles required in the manufacture of 150,000 feet of lumber per day. Connected with the mill is also one of Sumner's patent double dry-kilns; a log slide, which Mr. Paul patented in 1877, and on account of its worth is now in use in all the large sawmills throughout this section of the country ; planing and matching machines of a capacity to supply all the de mands of his immense trade. The entire cost of this structure amounts to $85,000. Mr. Paul has two lum ber-yards in La Crosse ; one at the mill, and the other on the eastern outskirts of the city. Besides these, he has also yards throughout Southern Minnesota and Dakota, at the following places : Rushford, Lanesboro, Fountain, Wykoff, Spring Valley, Dexter, Albert Lea, Alden, Wells, Mapleton, Good Thunder, Delevan, Huntley, Sherburne, Jackson, Lakefield, De Forest, Edgerton, Pipestone, Airlee, in Minnesota, and Flan dreau, Egan, Dell Rapids, Madison and Wentworth, in Dakota Territory. Of the amount of lumber sawed yearly, two-thircls of it is piled in the La Crosse yards and shipped to these branch yards, while the remaining one-third is rafted in the Mississippi River to Southern markets. About 10,000,000 feet is constantly kept in the La Crosse yards, and about 5,000,000 feet at the branch yards. The logs supplying this mill come from the Chippewa, Black and St. Croix rivers. In 1880, Mr. Paul sawed 30,000,000 feet of lumber, and manu factured 12,000,000 shingles and 6,000,000 laths, this being more than was ever before sawed by any individ ual mill on the Mississippi River. In the manufacture of such an enormous amount of lumber, Mr. Paul em ployed three hundred hands, at a daily compensation of $550. This is one of the largest mills in the North west. It is every-where regarded as first-class, and the ready market it meets with proves that it has no super ior in popular favor. N. B. Holways Saw-Mill. — This mill is situated on the Black River, in North La Crosse, near the railroad track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and its premise's include an area of four blocks. It was purchased from Robert Ross, by N. B. Holway, in 1876, and he worked it until June, 1877, when it was de stroyed by fire. In no way disheartened by the calami- HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 5°9 ty, he soon set to work to rebuild the mill, which was completed and ready to resume operations in the follow ing Spring. The size of the mill is 44x152, substan tially built, and the machinery introduced is among the costliest and latest improved in this part of the coun try, and the arrangements throughout the mill are the most complete. The capacity of the engine that drives the saw-mill and the shingle-mill is gauged at 100-horse- power, and there are five boilers. The engine house is built of brick and iron, and large fire-proof iron doors lead from the engine-room to the mill. The saw-filing room is on the second floor, on the south side, and near the center of the building. There are two steam car riages, one on each side of the mill. The cutting capacity of the mill is $100,000 feet per day. In the Fall of 1880, water-pipe was laid through the mill premises, and runs through the two stories and all along the roof of the building, enabling persons to cover the entire roof with water in case of fire. In 1878, the mill ran three months, during which time it cut about 4,000,000 feet of lumber. It would have run longer had not a somewhat serious accident hap pened to the machinery. Early in June, one of the bolts of the engine gave way and was carried into the machinery, breaking badly and causing incalculable damage. This necessitated the shutting down of the machinery for about two months. In 1879, work was begun in the middle of May, and the mill run steadily until November 11, having cut about 8,000,000 feet of lumber, manufactured 5,000,000 shingles, and about 3,500 cords of slab-wood. The year 1880 excelled all previous years, and with a steady run night and day, from April 6 until November 14, with the exception of two weeks in June during high water, the mill turned out 18,500,000 feet of lumber, 7,250,000 shingles, 1,000- 000 laths and 7,500 cords of slabs and all- of this with only two circular saws. Nearly all the lumber, shingles and lath manufactured by Mr. Holway is rafted down the Mississippi River to all lumber markets between La Crosse and St. Louis, the principal markets being Keokuk, Iowa, and Hannibal, Mo. Common lumber has sold for all the way from $7.50 to $12 per thousand ; first grade of shingles from $2.50 to $3 ; second grade from $1.75 to $2.25 ; lath, $1.50 to $1.75 per thousand. The cost of running the lumber down in rafts averages 75 cents per thousand. Slabs sell at the mill at $1.25 per cord ; $1.50 to $1.75 per cord, delivered at houses or on steamboats. The mill employs, 150 hands, including the employes of the shingle and lath mills. The wages range from $1.25 to $5 per day, averaging about $1.50. Mr. Holway is the only lumberman in La Crosse that pays any atten tion to the sale of saw-dust. This article is being sifted and kept clear of bark and sticks, and sell at 50 cents per cord at the mill, and is shipped to customers by railroad at $8 per car. The sale of this article is in creasing very rapidly. Withee's Saw-Mill. — This was a large mill, having several buildings as necessary appurtenances, all of which occupied in the aggregate an area of six acres. It was located on French Island — a short distance north of the city and opposite Onalaska on the west, and is reached by a bridge which crosses Black River. It was built by William Listman, who commenced work in October, 1872, and finished it the following May. The property was valued at $35,000 when the mill was com pleted in 1873. Hixon & Withee, with their customary enterprise and energy, lost no time in supplying it with machinery and getting the mill in fine working order, and active operations were begun without delay. They started out with sixty employes in all departments of the mill, who received an average of $1.75 per day. During the Summer of 1873, the lumber sawed amounted to 6,000,000 feet. All this was rafted down the Mis sissippi to Hannibal, where, in conjunction with Capt. Pettibone, a former resident and Mayor of La Crosse, Hixon & Withee owned auother saw-mill. The average cost of rafting lumber to down-river points is $1 per thousand, and men engaged in that work received from $2 to $3 per day in 1873. During the Summer of 1874, about the same number of hands was employed, and the lumber sawed amounted to about 5,000,000 feet ; of this, 3,000,000 feet was rafted to Hannibal, the remainder being piled up at the mill. During this same season, William Listman assumed control and management of the mill, while his son, Charles Listman, entered upon the duties of superintendent and book-keeper. During the Winter of 1874-75, from six to ten men were employed in re pairing the mill and enlarging the capacity, and con siderable new machinery was put in. In 1875, logs were plentiful, and the amount sawed amounted to 8,000,000 feet, of which all but 1,000,000 was rafted to Hannibal, the remainder being piled in the mill-yard, as were also 3,000 cords of slabs turned out that year. A like aggregate of lumber was cut during the Summer of 1876. Of this amount, 800,000 feet was piled in the yard, and the remainder rafted to Hannibal. During the Summer of 1877, on account of the lowness of the water, but few logs were available, and the mill was in operation only a little more than two months. The amount of lumber cut amounted to 3,000,000 feet, all of which was rafted. The Summer of 1878, in all essential particulars, was a repetition of the preceding one, the mill running only ten weeks cutting 3,000,000 feet, all of which was likewise rafted. In 1880, 11,700,000 feet of lumber was cut. This was a magnificent mill in all its apartments. The engine, which was manufactured at the shop of Thornely & James, in the city of La Crosse, is as fine a one as can be found any where in the East. It was put up in the Winter of 1875, had four boilers, and its capacity was rated at 100-horse power. The mill was two stories in height, and had a capacity of 60,000 feet of lumber per day. Duriug the same period it could turn out 26,000 shingles, or 2,500,000 per year. The aggregate expenses were $100 per day. The boom be longing to the mill is a large and strong one, and can easily and safely hold 5,000,000 feet of logs. This mill, a model of perfection, was entirely con sumed by fire on the 15th day of May, 1881. The loss amounted to $25,000, with an insurance of only $9,000. It is now being replaced by a new one of larger dimensions, being 48x192, and will, when fin ished, cost about $30,000, and will have a capacitv of 60,000 feet per day. La Crosse Lumber Company's Mill. — This fine mill was erected in 1871, the owners being C. C. Washburn, 5'° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Abner Gile, N. B. Holway, Ruel Weston, J. H. Wes ton and G. R. Shepherdson. It was constructed under the direction of Samuel Moffitt, of Muskegon, Mich. On June 17, 1872, it was started up for the first time. A large number of hands were employed, their average daily wages being $2.25. But very little work was done that season in the manufacture of shingles and laths. In 1873, work was begun in April and con tinued to September. During that time the lumber cut reached 11,000,000 feet, while 5,000,000 shingles were manufactured and 3,000,000 laths were turned out. The lumber was nearly all rafted. About 4,000 cords of edgings and slabs were sold during the season, the prices ranging from 75 cents to $1.50 per cord. The business of 1874 was almost a repetition of that of 1873, and it would be superfluous to enlarge upon it by giv ing the items. In 1875, C. O. Washburn bought up all the stock and the mill passed into his hands. No change worthy of mention was made in the ad ministration of the mill with the exception of I. L. Nevins assuming the management, and under his super vision the mill has since been run, with the able assist ance of F. A. Copeland. In April, 1875, it was put into operation and run about four months, cutting 9,- 000,000 feet of lumber. One-third of this was piled in the appurtenant yards and the remainder rafted to lumber markets down the Mississippi River. In "1876, the lumber cut reached the aggregate of 15,000,000 feet, the season lasting from the middle of April until the 1st of October. One-third of this was piled and the remaining 10,000,000 feet was rafted. The average daily wages that season was $2. In 1877, work was begun in the latter part of April, and con tinued until the middle of July, when, owing to scar city of logs, it had to be discontinued. For this brief season, however, the cut aggregated 6,000,000 feet. On June 7, of that year, the mill had a very narrow escape from destruction by fire, which originated in the ventilator over the boiler, and consumed the entire roof of the engine house before it could be extinguished. In 1878, the lumber cut was about 7,500,000 feet, a little over half of this was piled and the remainder rafted down the Mississippi River. About 4,000,000 shingles, and 1,500,000 laths were also manufactured. This year, work was started in May. It is intended to cut 10,000,000 feet, 4,000,000 of which will be piled and the remainder rafted clown the river. The pros pects for a big business are very flattering. There are from 150 to 175 men employed in and about the mill, with F. A. Copeland, assistant manager and book-keeper ; A. G. Nevins, manager of the yard ; G. L. Kingsley, superintendent of the mill; M. Erick- son, engineer. The dimensions of the main building are 56x156, and it is two stories in height. The ma chinery consists of double and single rotaries, and it has two gang-saws, one of which has thirty and the other forty saws. The shingle mill is 24x48, and con tains one double block machine, which cuts on an average 75,000 shingles per clay. Three engines im part the necessary motive power to this vast labyrinth of machinery. The largest of them is gauged at 600- horse power, the second in size at 500, and the third at twenty. A double pump, supplies the necessary drinking water, and is also available, in cases of emer gency, to extinguish fires. In addition to this is a regular fire-pump, which for safety is kept in a fireproof compartment. The planing mill, another of the aux iliary buildings, has notably fine machinery, consisting of one double surfacer, one flooring machine, a moldino' machine, etc. An area of twenty-seven lots is occu pied by the mill, its auxiliary buildings, and for yard purposes. This property, as it now stands, has cost at least $200,000, and La Crosse is justly proud of it. WHOLESALE BUSINESS. Mons Anderson, wholesale and retail dry goods. This house, now generally recognized to be at the head of the wholesale and retail dry goods trade in the Northwest, is located on the corner of Main and Sec ond streets. In connection with its wholesale and retail business, its extensive millinery, manufacturing and other departments, almost give it the right to be classed as a furnishing house. The building is l"20x 140 feet, four stories, five floors, airy, cheerful and per fect in every detail, affording every convenience to employe and patron. The basement is used for domes tics and full packages ; the main floor for retail depart ment; the third floor for carpets and offices; the fourth floor for wholesale dry goods ; fifth floor for notions. In 1878, the office building, 18x40 feet, two-story, was built and properly connected with the main building. Although giving employment in this establishment to sixty-seven persons, the character of its head is felt in every member, and order and system prevail through out. He is ably assisted by his two sons, Alfred H., as buyer and manager of the wholesale department, and Samuel W., book-keeper of the retail department, who are peculiarly fitted for their allotted duties; hence it follows that there is never a lack of efficient co-opera tion with the chief on all sides. Charles B. Solberg, wholesale dealer in groceries. — In 1861, Mr. Solberg opened his first stock of groceries, and up to 1870 conducted that branch of business in the Levy block, when he built on his present site, on the corner of Third and Pearl streets. The building was a three-story brick, 40x80. In 1876, a two-story addition was built on in the rear of the main building, 60x70, which is wholly devoted to the wholesale busi ness, while the first story of the original building is given to the retail trade, the two upper stories being rented for offices, a hall, etc. Mr. Solberg early se cured a large amount of the Scandinavian trade, and alwa3rs doing business in a prompt and strictly honor able manner, he has retained his old customers. Their indorsement of his character brought him new ones, and his business has gradually increased until it has assumed very large proportions. In 1861, the first year of his business, his sales amounted to $65,000. In 1880, they had increased to $385,000, and for the year 1881, will no doubt foot up $400,000. J. W. Toms Sp Co., wholesale dealers in crockery, stoneware and glassware, began business on Front street in La Crosse, in September, 1865, occupying one small room and basement. In 1877, their business de manded more room, and they secured the two stories above their first stand. Three years later they moved to more commodious and larger stores on Main street, but five years ago were compelled to secure still larger HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 5" quarters, and moved into their present location, No. 36 Main street, where they occupy five floors, 22 x 80, and have a larger storeroom on the river front contiguous to the C. M. & St. P. R. R. track. They began buying goods directly of the English potters in"l866,and have maintained those relations until two years ago, when the perfection to which American pottery had been, brought, and the favorable terms their immense handling enabled them to secure, induced them to rely Phcenix-like. Mr. Rati rose from the fire and established himself in the Esperson Block on Main street. In 1868, he began the erection of his present 80x35 feet stone building, which was completed in 1869. About 1872, his dry goods department was abandoned, and he has since given his whole attention to crockery, groceries and feed, at Nos. 14 and 16 North Third street. In 1880, he opened a wholesale department, and has since established an extensive trade through Wisconsin, MONS ANDERSON BUILDING. almost altogether upon domestic manufacture. Their trade has steadily grown until they rank among the largest and best known China houses in the Northwest. Their trade lies largely in Southern Minnesota and Eastern Dakota, but they also cover the western part of Wisconsin and Northern Iowa to a considerable degree. John Rau £ Son, wholesale dealers in crockery glassware and stoneware. The business of which this is a continuation was established in 1867, in the Block Building on Third street, by Rau Brothers under the firm name of John Rau & Bro. They continued to retail groceries and dry goods until 1869, when, in the " Third street fire " of that year, they were burned out. Iowa and Minnesota. In 1881, John Rau, Jr., was admitted as partner, and the firm became John Rau & Son. Connected with his store is a frame warehouse, 20x40 feet, and another on Main street of brick, 20x45 feet. Hogan $• Cook, wholesale grocers. J. J. Hogan, one of the earliest and most prominent of the business men of La Crosse, commenced his career in April, 1859, as a retailer of groceries and supplies for steamers and rafts. Commenced jobbing, in a small way, the second and third year. He remained on Main street six years. In 1864, removed to No. 12 Front street, becoming a partner in the Northwestern Union Packet Company, of which he was the purchasing agent. 5" HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN This company furnished all kinds of supplies for steamers, and, in addition, did a general jobbing busi ness. During the two years of his connection with the house the trade averaged $200,000 per year, having the largest custom as well as variety of goods of any ex isting establishment. He then opened business at No. 16 Front street, jobbing merchandise and groceries exclusively to raftsmen, and dealing in raft supplies of all kinds. The yearly returns footed up from $125,- 000 to $150,000. This was the era of high prices, as will be readily seen by reference to the buying prices of a few staples — sugar, 40 cents per pound ; coffee, 41 to 43 ; carbon oil, 75 to 90 cents per gallon ; rope, 25 cents per pound ; tea, $2.08. In October, 1869, moved to bis present quarters, No. — Front street, a three- story brick, 25xlU0, erected at a cost of $7,000. From the basement, goods are received orshipped directly by car or steamer, thus saving all the expense and delay of drayage. In 1868, he became interested with Dr. Chamberlain in pine lands in Clark, Marathon, Chip pewa and Jackson counties. In 1875-76, was engaged in logging on Black River and its tributaries, and brought out~10,000,000 feet of pine. On the last day of 1876, his partner, Dr. Chamberlain was killed by Oscar Wis- senger, who was afterward adjudged insane. This occurrence terminated the firm, and, in the Spring of 1879, Mr. Hogan resumed business in his former stand, which had been leased in the interval. His trade has been a growing one, and in July, 1880, his brother-in- law, F. P. Cook, became a partner. Sales the last year aggregated a qnarter of a million with hopeful promise of increase during the future. Davis cf Medary. — The connection of Mr. Medary with this extensive leather and saddlery house extends back to 1860, when he was employed by Jesse R. Grant, father of ex-President U. S. Grant, who was then its head. In 1862, Mr. Burke became a partner, and the firm name was known as Grant & Burke. It so contin ued till 1866, when they sold out to Davis, Medary & Hill. During this time the establishment was located at No. — Main street, on the site now occupied by Alex Forbes. In 1867, the new firm removed to their pres ent location, No. 12 Pearl street, into a building built expressly for their use, 23x100. In December, 1870, Mr. Hill retired from the firm. In 1872, the new firm added the adjoining building. No. 14, being the same size as No. 12, each having two stories above, all of which are occupied, the two rooms on the firstfloor be ing used for an office and sales rooms, and those above for manufacturing and storage purposes. The present year, 1881, on an adjoining lot, has been built an ad ditional storeroom, erected the same size as those now occupied, 22x100. Of this, forty feet in front will be given up for office purposes and sixty for a store, thus giving them a total of 68x100 on the first floor, and two stories of 46x100 for storage and manufacturing. Their work consists largely of the making of horse-col lars and fly-nets, of which there were turned out of the former one thousand dozen, and of the latter from two to three hundred dozen the past year. To this they have now added the making of riding saddles, which promises to grow into a large business. The firm keep a complete stock of saddlery, hardware, leather and shoe findings. MeCulloch, McCord £ Co., wholesale druggists. The large drug house of this firm had its beginning in a small way on the 27th of April, 1852, when Messrs. Howard & Hastings were its proprietors, under the firm name of Howard & Co. ' This was changed in 1855 to that of S. D. Hastings & Co. The next yearBayme& Wells succeeded. This was followed by the firm of Wells & Parry, and, in 1859 or 1860, by Uriah Parry, Jr. In 1864, the present firm came into possession, and are engaged in wholesaling exclusively, selling only to dealers. Their trade extends the whole length of the Southern Minnesota Railroad, Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, Clinton, Dubuque & Minnesota Railroad, Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, and branches. They have an extensive river trade with the counties adjoin ing the river, and with all that section lying eastward within a radius of 100 miles. Two traveling salesmen are kept constantly employed, one on each side of the river. The rooms occupied include three stories and a basement, on Front street, of 25x100, always well filled, so that it is necessary to use a storage lot in addi tion, of 50x100. In addition to drugs, paints, glass, etc, the firm make a specialty of oils, and are the sole agents of the Standard Oil Company for the sale of carbon oil, of which 6,000 barrels were disposed of in 1880, to which 2,000 barrels should be added of other oils, the tonnage of this single article alone amounting to 3,200,000 pounds. Adding to this such articles as white lead, 200,000 pounds, an equal weight in glass, 80,000 pounds of axle grease, etc., a total is soon reach ed of 5,000,000 pounds shipped by this firm yearly. The two members were employed at the same time in the drug house of John Price, in Milwaukee, both com ing to La Crosse in 1864, and at once entering into their present business. Gordon 8p Manville, wholesale dealers in foreign and domestic wines, liquors, etc., No. 9 Front street. The foundation of this firm was laid in 1858, by Milton M. Morse and Alexander Gordon, who entered into part nership under the firm name of Morse & Co., for the purpose of rectifying whisky, and made their first joint venture in business in the Union Block, State street. The time was very unpropitious for the establishment of any business enterprise, but they experienced a fair measure of success from the start, and, two years later, were in a position to take advantage of the business revival which then began to be manifested. They built and operated the first distillery established in the State, a work which would have been largely increased but for the difficulty of procuring a sufficient local supply of corn, which had often to be supplemented by pur chasing in Illinois and Iowa. In 1869, the late James D. Lyndes purchased the interest of Mr. Morse, and, in enlarged premises, the business was prosecuted with increasing success, under the firm name of Gordon & Langdon, till Mr. Langdon's death in 1874, whenthe present title was adopted, Mr. Manville having acquired Mr. Langdon's interest. The firm now occupies a build ing built specially for this trade, with all the facilities requisite for the prosecution of an extensive business. The progress and prosperity of the firm have never experienced interruption, have been in fact cotempora- neous with the growth of the city in which its interests are centered. Its business field covers the States of HISTORY OF LA CROSSE COUNTY. 5 '3 Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa and the Territory of Dakota, and demands the active services of three trav eling agents, including the junior member of the firm. Their stock is large and varied, comprising all the estab lished brands of Kentucky whisky, both free and in bond, together with a full line of foreign wines and brandies, indispensable to a well-organized establish ment of the kind. Isaac Tuteur tip Son, wholesale liquor dealers. In 1856, Isaac Tuteur commenced a wholesale and retail liquor business on Front street, and conducted this for about two years when he disposed of it and went into the lumber business. He soon afterward established a liquor trade again, and subsequently associated himself with J. B. Jungen, dealing in wholesale liquors and groceries. In 1868, Mr. Tuteur established his present business at No. 13 South Second street. September 8, 1875, he associated with himself his son, Joseph Tuteur, under the firm name of Isaac Tuteur & Son. They deal in all grades and all kinds of foreign and domestic wines and liquors, their yearly sales amounting to $65,- 000. John B. Jungen, wholesale liquor dealer, opened his first liquor and grocery store in the Fall of 1857, on Pearl street. He conducted this business at different places in the city, meeting with great success until 1876, when he associated himself with C. B. Solberg, this partnership existing until 1879, when he established his present business. Mr. Jungen now confines his attentions solely to the local trade, and accordingly keeps on hand such goods as are used and will supply that trade. When doing business for himself at first, his sales amounted to $75,000, but will now reach only about one-fourth of that amount. Fred Mueller established himself in the wholesale liquor business in 1874, on Third street, between Main and State streets, one door north of his present place of business. The first year his sales amounted to be tween $18,000 and $20,000, and for 1880 they amounted to about $30,000. His goods are sold throughout Wis consin, Minnesota, Iowa and Dakota, being shipped over all the railroads leading out from the city of La Crosse. He constantly keeps on hand and deals in all kinds and grades of both imported and domestic wines and liquors. Ignatz Schierl established a wholesale liquor house on Third street, between Main and State streets, in 1874, where the liquor house of Fred Mueller now is, conducting a business the first year of between $15,- 000 and $18,000. In 1876, he moved to his present place of business, on the east side of Third, between Main and State streets. His goods, consisting of all kinds of foreign and domestic wines and liquors, are sold throughout the northern and western parts of Wisconsin, eastern and southern parts of Minnesota, and the eastern and northern parts of Iowa. He sells yearly about 200 barrels of liquors, his yearly sales amounting to about $30,000. VILLAGE OF WEST SALEM. Beautifully located in the center of the town of Hamilton, and also of La Crosse County, on a level strip of land on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Chicago & Northwestern railroads, is the pleasant 32 village of West Salem. It is regularly and handsomely laid out into alleys, streets and avenues, and its citi zens, who have always the beauty of their village upper most in their minds, have made this location " to blos som as the rose." They have displayed taste in adorn ing and beautifying their streets and highways with rich foliaged shade-trees, which are not only a pride and benefit to her own citizens, but admired and en joyed by visitors and others who have the pleasure of gazing upon them and basking in their luxuriant shade during the sultry Summer weather. From a business point of view, West Salem stands at the head of ship ping points in this portion of the territory. In 1858, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail road was built through the town of Hamilton, and it was at this time that that public-spirited citizen, Thomas Leonard, gave to the railroad company the required bonus of ten acres of land lying east and northeast of the present depot, on condition that they locate a depot or station at this point. The donation was accepted and the depot built. Forthwith, Mr. Leonard, in com pany with M. L. Tourtelotte and Oscar F. Elwell, laid out the " original plat " of the village of West Salem. This plat consisted of twenty acres, and was surveyed by H. I. Bliss, of La Crosse, into alleys, streets, ave nues and squares. Soon after, " Leonard's Addition " was made, and the village assumed regular and hand some proportions. The streets were termed, Main, Franklin, Hamilton, Jefferson, intersected by Melville, Church, Leonard, and Mills streets. The first frame building erected in the village was built by Frank Bur gett, in 1857, and occupied by him for a store, in which he conducted a general mercantile business. He re mained but one year, however, when he sold out and left for Chicago. The first hotel in the village was established by Thomas Dutcher, who, in the Fall of 1857, built the frame building still standing on the cor ner of Main and Leonard streets. Here he catered to the taste of the public for one year, when he sold out to Mr. Johnson, who in turn disposed of the property to a Mr. Hickcox, and subsequently Ethan Allen be came proprietor, and finally, the present owner, A. El dred, took possession of the hotel and now occupies it for a residence. The first saloon in the village was started by John Hommell, on the corner of Main and Leonard streets. This was a favorite resort in early days. The first drug store was started in 1863, by A. K. Viets, and continued by him to the present time. Dr. William Stanley was the first physician to locate in the village, the date of his arrival being June, 1858. In 1856, a Dr. Palmer located in the village of "Neshonoc, and some years after, moved to West Salem. The first and only disciple of Blackstone to locate in the village, was a Mr. Harwood, who came to this vicinity in I860. He remained a few years when he took his departure for a less peaceable locality. Prior to 1860, the growth of the village was slow and uncertain, but during this year large accessions to the population were made and before Winter and his aged locks appeared, West Salem contained upward of three hundred inhabitants. The advent of the Chicago & N.uthwestern Railway brought others to this locality, and the business and improvements continued uatil now West Salem ranks among the leading villages in this portion of the State, Si4 STORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. MANITOWOC COUNTY. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. Manitowoc County borders the western shore of Lake Michigan, lying south of Brown and Kewaunee counties, north of Sheboygan and east of Calumet. It contains an area of nearly 600 square miles. The land is generally undulating, presenting the usual pleasant diversities of a section which bears evidence of never having been disturbed by any unusual convulsion of nature. The only marked natural feature of the county is the existence of what are called the " Potash Kettle Hills," a suggestive chain of elevations, in places rough and broken, which extend from south west to northeast. They are supposed to have been formed by glacial action, and are from one to ten miles in width. The underlying strata of rock are Niagara limestone, the lower coral beds, and those only, being exposed principally along the valley of the West Twin River, in Cooperstown. This regularity of surface, combined with the fact that the prevailing soils are a red marly clay, strongly impregnated with lime, make the county a favorable one for agricultural purposes. The soil is generally strong as well as fertile, and grows easily all the grains, fruits and grasses. In the valleys it is of a sandy mixture. Oats, wheat, potatoes, rye and barley are especially prolific, as will be seen by figures which follow. The dairy products are also a source of great revenue to the farmers of the county. During 1880, 459,565 pounds of cheese, and 478,068 pounds of butter were made. The surface of the country is watered by the Manitowoc and Twin rivers, the former draining over half the territory. In its southern and southwestern portion are numbers of small lakes, such as Prairie, Pigeon, Wilke and Cedar ; also little creeks which serve to add to its natural attractiveness and to its value as a grazing and farming country. The most valuable of the pine, oak and hemlock forests which formerly covered so large a portion of its surface, have disappeared before the ravages of saw-mills, ship yards and tanneries. There yet remain, however, for build ing purposes inexhaustible beds of limestone and clay of a superior quality. By nature, Manitowoc County is certainly rich, and as one source of her wealth is being exhausted, another springs to view. GENERAL HISTORY. The name " Manitowoc " is an Indian word, or a combination of two Algonquin words, translated " The Place of the Manitou," " The Home of the Good Spirit," or " The Den of the Devil." lt is uncertain whether the good or the evil spirit gives Manitowoc its name, but tradition runs to the effect that a spirit was wont to haunt the mouth of the river. The earliest tribes said to have inhabited the county were the Mas coutins, who, according to Canadian voyageurs, hunted the country lying along the western shore of Lake Michigan. Later came the Ottawas, Chippewas, Win nebagoes, Menomonees and Pottawatomies, who wan dered over this region, hunting and fishing. The Chip pewas and Menomonees seemed to have chosen the region near the mouth of Manitowoc River and along the coast for their " Summer resorts," and in Winter moved further back into the interior. The other tribes, except the Pottawatomies, had either disappeared from this section entirely, or merely held an undefined claim upon the territory, when the first white men commenced to appear in force. This period may be said to have commenced in 1822, when the trail from the south along the lake shore was first opened to Green Bay. Explorers from the North and South, and travelers with supplies for the garrison at Fort How ard, stopped, now and then, at different points in what is now Manitowoc County, and especially at the mouth of the river. The Indians were generally peaceable, and when travelers stopped to settle and put up their rough shanties, exchanged their venison and wild cranberries for the pork with which the pioneers were supplied. Their brisk and quite large settlements at Manitowoc and Mani towoc Rapids were abandoned, and their corn fields abandoned. The Menomonees and Pottawato mies relinquished all claim upon their lands, although in some portions of the county a few families remained to cultivate small tracts of land and obtain their living in a semi-civilized manner. At Cato Falls, in the town of Cato, near the center of the county, a corn-field was still in process of cultivation by some Chippewa In dians as late as 1837. This locality was the head quarters of a chief of that tribe named Mexico, who was a kind and re-assuring friend to the early white settlers- He died in 1845, and was buried at Manitowoc Rapids. In the town of Schleswig the Menomonee Indians had planting grounds as late as 1859. After the real set tlement of the county commenced in 1835-37, around Manitowoc, Manitowoc Rapids and Two Rivers, through the Manitowoc Land Company, Jacob W. Conroe and Judge Lowe, neither Chippewas or Me nomonees were seen in any numbers. In 1836, Mr. Conroe built a saw-mill at the Rapids, and the next year a second one was erected for Theyer, Rouse & Thompson, near Two Rivers, Judge Lowe, of Green Bay, having entered a large tract of land in that vicin ity. A mill was also built by G. Conroe, the same year, at Neshota, in the western part of the town of Two Rivers. He had bought 5,000 acres in that vicin ity, as a member of the Neshota Company. The panic of 1837 stopped work at all the mills, except Conroe's, who purchased the establishment operated near Manitowoc Rapids. After the effects of the panic had somewhat subsided, mills began to spring up again in different portions of the county. More attention also began to be paid to farming. The early settlers had, of course, generally raised enough grain HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 5i* and vegetables for their own use, but not until 1841 did the first farmer really follow agriculture as a means of livelihood. H. Conroe had cultivated a small farm previously, and removed from the county. In that year, Hiram McAllister, who had previously been en gaged as a lumberman and carpenter, purchased a farm in the present town of Manitowoc Rapids. It was subsequently purchased by John Landreth, and is con sidered one of the finest pieces of land in the county. Mr. McAllister was the first bona fide farmer in Mani towoc County, and carried on his farm for many years. Returning to the general settlement of the county, it is found that the towns of Two Creeks, Cooperstown, Kossuth and Mishicott, in the northern portion, were being populated quite rapidly by 1846. Capt. Edwards, formerly the mail-carrier from She boygan to Green Bay, settled in Cooperstown in 1840, and in 1847 a saw-mill for Pierce & Bruce was erected. After that, the growth of the town was rapid, although the early settlers were somewhat troubled by Indians. In 1843, Joseph Poquin came to Kossuth Town, and was for many years a tavern keeper. The influx of population took place in 1847, and two years later Michael Kellner settled in the northern part of the town, and gave his name to the village there. Mishi cott and Two Creeks, comprising the then wild country to the northeast of this vicinity, commenced to be set tled about the same time. In 1843, P. Rowley built the first house in the latter town, and K. K. Jones was the first to settle in the village of Two Creeks. Daniel Smith, the pioneer of what is now Mishicott, built a saw-mill in 1844, and another one two years thereafter. In 1846, Edward Brown settled in the region now in cluded by the town of Gibson, and three or four years thereafter, quite a number of families had located. In 1847, a man by the name of Adams located on what is now the site of the village of Centerville, and K. O. Oppen became the pioneer of the town of Liberty. These facts of early settlement are stated that the general remark may be borne out that by 1847 Mani towoc County had been mostly populated in its northern and eastern sections. From 1847 to 1850, and thereafter, immigration was brisk. The interior of the county settled up rapidly. In 1850, Ira Clark built a saw-mill and a grist-mill on the Manitowoc River, in the town of Cato, which was the basis of the thriving settlement of Clark's Mills. In the same year, D. Able located within the present limits of the town of Schleswig, and the villages of Kiel, Rockville and Millhome sprung up. The regions now comprised by the towns of Meeme, Rockland, Franklin, Newton and Maple Grove had, between 1847 and 1850 received their pioneers and first settlers, and were preparing, with the other portions of the county, to grow and flourish. One other important region within the present county bounds remains to be ac counted for — the town of Eaton. The town itself re ceived its name from C. Eaton, who engaged in lum bering in 1849-50. Its prosperity, however, dates from the time that Rev. A. Oschwald organized a colony from Baden, Germany, and planted it here in 1854. A saw-mill and a grist-mill were erected, a church and convent erected in 1858, and the settlement soon bore the marks of prosperity and growth. Later the colony became the Catholic Association of St. Nazianz. Thus, in general terms, has been given a picture of the early settlement of Manitowoc County. Those details which have merely a local interest, and have no bearing upon the general county history, have been omitted. POLITICAL. Manitowoc County was created by act of the Legis lature, December 7, 1836. It did not include the towns of Gibson, Cooperstown, Two Creek, or Town ship 21, Town of Mishicott, which were taken from Brown County and attached to it, by legislative act of February 9, 1850. The county seat was fixed at Man itowoc Rapids, the county being attached to Brown for judicial purposes. In 1837 it was set off as the town of Conroe, and was organized for county purposes December 17, 1838, the whole territory being included in one voting precinct — Conroe's. The first election was held at the house of P. P. Pierce at Manitowoc Rapids. Benjamin Jones headed the Manitowoc party, and J. G. Conroe the Manitowoc Rapids faction. There was the greatest rivalry between these places, and the canvassing and voting caused much excitement. Out of the thirty-three votes cast, the Conroe element received seventeen — one majority — and rejoiced ex ceedingly. H. Conroe, J. G. Conroe and John Rigney were elected County Commissioners; Peter Johnson, Treasurer ; O. O. Hubbard, Assessor, and J. W. Conroe, Register of Deeds. The first meeting of the Board was held at the house of J. G. Conroe, Manitowoc Rapids, March 15, 1839, the Legislature having set off the county into the town of Manitowoc during the pre vious week. It was also divided into two precincts — Conroe's and Two Rivers. During the Summer of 1840, J. W. Conroe completed the county building, a little one-story frame house, at a cost of $650. It was built on the hill to the north of the Rapids, and was destroyed by fire in 1852. In the Fall of 1849, a jail was built, which cost $235. It was not a very secure affair, and the next year, in the cause of public secur ity, its timbers had to be spiked together and its win dows barred more heavily. When the county building burned down in 1852, Manitowoc had so far gained the popular heart that her claims to the county seat were soon legalized by a vote of 498 to 60. This was in April, 1853. In May of that year, the Board of Com missioners held a special meeting to decide upon the erection of suitable county buildings. After some in decision, it was decided to locate them on the present site on Eighth street. Disagreements with the owners of the property and contractors delayed the work, so that it was not fully completed until 1857. John Meyer was the contractor. The cost of the court house, jail and sheriff's house, was $10,000. The county offices, a plain brick and stone structure adjoin ing, was erected by Benjamin Jones in 1860. The court-house is a substantial, conveniently arranged three-story brick structure. The county officers for 1881 are: Judge, M. Kirwin; Sheriff, M. H. Murphy ; Clerk of the Court, Hubert Talge; District Attorney, W. A. Walker; County Clerk, Henry C. Buhse ; County Treasurer, Gottleib 5i<5 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN Damler ; Register of Deeds, A. D. Jones ; Superintend ent of Schools, John Nagle ; Surveyor, John O'Hara ; Coroner, Franz Simon. As Manitowoc County remained attached to Brown for judicial purposes, until Wisconsin became a State, no Territorial term of court was held here. On Sep tember 25, 1848, Alex. W. Stow, Judge of the Fourth Circuit, held a session of court in Manitowoc Rapids, being, under the State constitution, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. Nothing was done further than to appoint E. Ricker, Clerk, and O. C. Hubbard, Sheriff, continue one case, and admit E. H. Ellis, James L. Kyle and J. H. W. Colby to practice. After the removal of the county seat to Manitowoc, in 1853, ses sions of the court were held in that city. Manitowoc County is now a portion of the Fourth Judicial Circuit, Norman S. Gilson, of Fond du Lac, Judge. Sessions of the court are held in the city of Manitowoc the second Monday in January and the first Monday in June. The County Judge is M. Kirwin. EARLY HISTORY. As has been intimated in the general early history of the county, the present site of the city of Manito woc was occupied at different times, previous to the advent of white settlers, by several tribes of Potta watomies, Menomonees, Chippewas and Winnebagoes, who disputed with each other the right to the territory. The Winnebagoes had nearly disappeared from this locality when travelers first commenced to pass over the future site of the city, at the mouth of the Mani towoc River, on their way along the shores of Lake Michigan, to the settlements of Fort Howard and Green Bay. The Pottawatomies, who are supposed to be the aborigines of this portion of the country, held an undefined claim upon the western shore of the lake, but by the treaty in Chicago, in 1833, relinquished it. Their presence was little noticed near the site of the city of Manitowoc for some years before that date, but the Chippewas and Menomonees were quite plenty, and had several settlements at the mouth of the river as late as 1822. A trail had been established by white men over nearly the same route now taken by the Chicago & Northwestern and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western, from Chicago to Milwaukee, from Milwaukee to Sheboygan and Manitowoc, and thence to Green Bay, the important difference being that Green Bay, and the settlements which had grown around it, and the garrison at Fort Howard, were the pivotal and starting points for the line of travel which set in before boats ran regularly or railroads were thought of. Four years before this trail had been opened, Col. A. Edwards made a trip from Green Bay to Chicago in a canoe, exploring the coast as he went. When he arrived opposite the mouth of the Manitowoc River, the site of the present city, he found many In dians busily engaged in spearing whitefish, and there must have been quite a settlement there in 1818. In 1821, Col. Ebenezer Childs took passage from Chicago on one of the Mackinaw boats, which were then making irregular trips, landed at Manitowoc, and then proceeded on horseback to Green Bay. Although generally peaceable, the old Indian spirit of revenge upon the " pale face " sometimes cropped out. It was about the same time that Col. Childs made his jour ney to Green Bay that Dr. Wm. S. Madison, army sur geon at the Fort Howard garrison, obtained a leave uf absence to visit his family in Kentucky. The party which accompanied him was some distance in advance when the present site of Manitowoc was reached, and hearing the report of a gun, returned to find that a Chippewa Indian had shot him from his horse. Be fore medical assistance could arrive from Green Bay, Dr. Madison had expired. The Indian, whose name was Ke-tau-kah, could give no reason for committing the cowardly act. The murder, which was the first to occur in the city or county of Manitowoc, was com mitted in the Spring of 1821. Ke-tau-kah was taken to Detroit, and after a trial in which no extenuating circumstances appeared, was executed December 27 of that year. After the trail had been opened along the lake shore in 1822, the presence of a white man to the Indians at the mouth of the Manitowoc River be came less a rarity. In 1825, Col. Wm. S. Hamilton, son of Alexander Hamilton, passed along the route with a drove of cattle for the Fort Howard garrison, and in 1827 Col. Childs again made his appearance on his way to Green Bay. It would seem that the native tribes began to understand that the white man "had come to stay," for in February, 1831, the Menom onees ceded their lands to the General Government, and gradually abondoned their corn fields, hunting and fishing grounds at Manitowoc. As stated, in 1833 the Pottawatomies relinquished their claim, and explora tions from Green Bay, Chicago and Milwaukee com menced with more earnestness. During that year, Daniel Le Roy, Morgan L. Martin and P. B. Grignon explored from Green Bay south to Milwaukee. Even then a small Indian village stood upon the present site of Manitowoc. In 1834 a land office was established at Green Bay, the first entries being made by Louis Fizette and Wm. Jones at Manitowoc. The latter was the brother of Benjamin Jones, who is regarded as the father of the village and city of Manitowoc. Fizette sold his lands, which comprised the present site of the city, to John P. Arndt, of Green Bay. During the wild land speculations of 1835-36, the latter dis posed of the property for $100 an acre. Jones's tract extended south three miles along the lake shore. The land survey of the county had been made by A. G. Ellis, of Green Bay, in 1835, and the region compris ing and around Manitowoc was soon alive with survey ors and agents of land speculators, who, in 1836, in dulged in the wildest dreams over the possibilities of the entire country lying along Lake Michigan. Rumors of extensive gold deposits in Kewaunee were about on a par with a supposititious railroad to the Pacific, which was to directly benefit Manitowoc. It was at this time that John P. Arndt sold the land he had pur chased from Fizette, and his was no isolated case. In the Spring of 1836, William and Benjamin Jones, of Chicago, and other land speculators, mostly from the former city, organized the Man itowoc Land Company. All of the present site of Manitowoc had come into their possession, being now mostly held by Benjamin Jones. The company was best known by the firm name of Jones, Clark & Co. They at once made energetic preparations to establish HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. Si7 a settlement at the mouth of the Manitowoc River. Mark Howard, E. L. Abbott and Farnham were sent to clear away the dense forests of tamarack which ob structed the site of the future Manitowoc. The timber, principally along the river banks near Sixth and Seventh streets, was felled, and cut up into wood for steam boats which had not yet appeared. The town was platted in the Summer, stakes marking the sites of future cities were being planted in the dense woods all around, land was bought and sold at fabulous prices — in fact Manitowoc was taken with the fever which rav ished the country for the next year. The settlement at the mouth of the river was the particular pet of Jones, Clark & Co. They purchased quantities of lumber from Jacob W. Conroe, who had erected a rough saw-mill at Manitowoc Rapids, and that which they did not use in the erection of buildings was shipped to Chicago, the first exported from the county. In April, 1837, the company sent a force of forty laborers, be sides carpenters, to Manitowoc to erect buildings, among others being Moses and Oliver Hubbard and D. S. Munger. A frame house was built for Benjamin Jones, senior member of the firm Jones, Clark & Co., then resided in Chicago, a cotemporary with William B. Ogden. It is still standing on the northeast corner of York and Seventh streets. At the time that Mr. Jones was about to make this important move, both for himself and Manitowoc, he was in his forty - third year, had been four years a resident of Chicago, having previously lived in Buffalo. When but a mere lad, he had seen service in the War of 1812, and all his various experiences had been such as to make him sturdy, brave and enterprising. In July, 1837, his dwelling house having been pre pared, he arrived in Manitowoc. He had become the owner of 2,000 acres of land comprising the present site of the city, and immediately commenced its upbuild ing, which he made his work for forty years. With him, on the schooner "Oregon" came P. P. Smith, then a boy of fourteen, whom he took into his family. His brother William remained in Chicago, became wealthy, and was one of the founders of the University of Chi cago. The arrival of the head of the firm which had already accomplished considerable for the settlement, put additional life into it. Building continued, new settlers came in, and lots were selling before the finan cial crash as high as $1,000 or $1,200. In the Spring of this year, Mr. Jones' daughter Addie was born. She is now the wife of Dr. S. C. Blake, and was the first white child born in Manitowoc and the county. Mr. Jones commenced the "National Hotel," adjoining the present "Windiate House" during this year. In July, E. L. Abbott, one of those sent out by Jones, Clark & Co., to clear away the town site, was united in mar riage to Maria Smith, sister of P. P. Smith, who was also a member of Mr. Jones' family. Benjamin Jones married the couple himself, having been appointed the first Justice of the Peace and the first judicial officer of any kind. But in the midst of this prosperity of a growing village, in the midst of the joys of christenings and marriages the dark panic of 1837 rushed over Manitowoc. Flourishing settlements had grown up at Two Rivers and the Rapids, so that the population of the county was 160. Manitowoc was the metropolis, however, with sixty souls. The money crash came al most like a clap of thunder, and the population of the whole county was reduced to sixty. All the mills shut down, with the exception of Conroe's at the Rapids, workmen were leaving in alarm with their families, the prices of land fell to their normal level and far below, and a general stagnation settled over the formerly brisk and prosperous settlement. Only four families were left in Manitowoc — those of Benjamin Jones, Oliver Hubbard, D. S. Munger and Joseph Edwards. In 1839 the first school taught in the county opened under the tutelage of S. M. Peak. P. P. Smith, then sixteen years old ; was one of the dozen scholars in attendance. The building was near Sixth street. After the panic up to 1846, the arrivals practically ceased. Those who did come were mostly lumbermen and French fishermen, who had no intention of making a permanent settlement. From 1848 to 1850, and thereafter up to the commencement of the war, the city and surrounding country rapidly increased in population. In 1854, Manitowoc received a temporary set-back in the form of the cholera, which proved unu sually fatal that year. It had been ^slightly visited during the seasons of 1849-50, but "during 1854 it caused much alarm, being especially prevalent on the north side of the river. THE WAR PERIOD. The county center of organization and excitement during the war was, of course, Manitowoc. When the news from Sumter was fairly digested, not only was a company of home guards raised to keep order in town, but a company of volunteers was formed. Tem ple Clark was elected captain, the organization becom ing known as Co. A, Fifth Regiment Wisconsin Vol unteers. Co. B, of the Ninth Regiment (German), F. Becker, captain ; a company which joined the Four teenth, and another (Norwegian) the Fifteenth ; a fourth which fought with the Twenty-first, and a fifth with the Twenty-sixth (German), Henry Baetz, cap tain; two companies for the Twenty-seventh, and many mustered in as artillerymen and cavalrymen, marched from Manitowoc during the early portion of the struggle, and did good service in the cause. Later three companies were raised for the Forty-fifth, Forty- eighth and Fifty-first regiments. The large volunteer force raised made but one draft in the county neces sary, and that took place in the city of Manitowoc. Among the higher grade of officers who went from Manitowoc were Maj. Gen. Fred. Salomon, now United States Surveyor in Utah; Lieut. Col. Ten Eyck, G. Olmsted (deceased), Maj. Charles H. Walker (de ceased), and Maj. Henry Baetz, of the State Board of Emigration, Milwaukee. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. Travel by water is unimpeded to the adventuresome. The trail of 1822, along the lake shore of Manitowoc County, and to which reference has been made, was the first regular course laid out through her borders. Later, private parties found it necessary to cut roads through the county for their own convenience. In 1839, a county road was surveyed from the mouth of the river to the Rapids and Two Rivers, J. W. Conroe 5*8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. being appointed by the Board of Supervisors to super intend its construction. As the county became more thickly settled roads were extended in all directions, and the subject of railroads became the one uppermost in the minds of the pioneers. For twenty-two years, the people of Manitowoc County strove to obtain con nection by railroad with southern and western points. If the Chicago, Milwaukee & Green Bay project had not been abandoned, in 1850, she would have obtained connection with Milwaukee. George Reed's schemes, a few years later, to make the place the nucleus of a grand system of railroads to connect with the Pere Marquette steamers, likewise came to naught. Work upon the Manitowoc & Mississippi Railroad was com menced in 1855, upon the section between Manitowoc and Menasha, but the line was abandoned in 1857. Although the people were enthusiastic and confident, so scant were their purses that they were obliged to abandon the task of connecting these points by means of a plank road. During all this period, however, they were discussing with more and more earnestness the necessity of improving the harbor and river of Manito woc, and after repeated, but not disheartening, failures were enabled, in 1866, to see the work fairly begun. This subject is fully treated in the history of Manito woc City. Having thus opened one avenue of relief, the countv seemed to have paved the way for better fortune. In 1872, communication was opened with Appleton, and the prosperous section tributary thereto, while the next year by the extension of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western line from Sheboygan, it was enabled to receive the benefit of direct rail communi cation with the Cream City of the South. This line is now its most important means of communication. The road extends northeast along the shore of the lake, passing through Centerville and Manitowoc City ; thence northwest and west through Reedsville. The southwest corner of the town of Schleswig is cut off by the Wisconsin Central Railroad, which touches the flourishing village of Kiel. There are forty-three miles of railroad in operation, the machine shops and round house of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Com pany being located in Manitowoc. Water communica tion, north and south, by means principally of the Good rich Transportation Company and the Chicago & Lake Superior lines, gives the county the benefit, with the railroads, of connections with all the commercial points. Telegraphic communications with Milwaukee was es tablished in 1864. A line had previously been par tially established between Manitowoc and Green Bay, but was abandoned. Mail routes were in existence almost as soon as the first trails were broken through the woods. But the first regular post-office was established at Manitowoc Rapids while J. W. Conroe was building his mill. That gentleman received the appointment of Postmas ter. The mail-carrier was one Francis Flinn, a hardy Irishman, who made two round trips a week from Green Bay to Milwaukee. This feat he accomplished on foot. In 1839, the business of the route had so in creased that Capt. Henry Edwards assumed the task of keeping these sections of the State in communication, and accomplished it on horseback. The post-office re mained at Manitowoc Rapids for ten years, when it was removed to Manitowoc, G. Malmrose receiving his commission as Postmaster. To enumerate the offices established at all points in the county, would be tire some, as well as uninteresting. With the advent of railroads, communication by letter increased in the usual ratio. For the year ending December 31, 1880, there were exported from the county, 614,000 of brick ; 466,310 pounds of butter; 161,698 dozen eggs; 988 tons of feed ; 2,927 tons of hay ; 8,400 posts ; 40,652 bbls. of flour ; 6,000 bushels of wheat ; 15,016 cords of wood ; 18,745 bbls. of peas. As assessed by the town and city assessors, and finally equalized by the committee of the Board of Su pervisors, in August, 1881, the following figures repre sent the total value of all property in the county of Manitowoc: Cato, $549,335; Centerville, 421,569; Cooperstown, 343,054 ; Eaton, 335,266 ; Franklin, 403,- 063; Gibson, 408,255; Kossuth, 668,848; Liberty, 437,211; Manitowoc, 422,924; City of Manitowoc, 916,175 ; Manitowoc Rapids, 814,751 ; Maple Grove, 436,908; Meeme, 564,799; Mishicott, 487,189; New ton, ; Rockland, 295,663 ; Schleswig, 479,175 ; Two Creeks, 102,732; Two Rivers, 212,809; City of Two Rivers, 201,327. Total, $8,863,966. The bonded indebtedness of Manitowoc County amounts to $216,000, which sum was voted to aid the construction of its railroads. Of the $129,818.30 in debtedness incurred by its towns, cities and villages, $114,000 was appropriated to the same purpose. The Federal census enumeration shows that the in crease in population from 1850, which practically ends the early history of the county, has been as follows : 1850, 3,702 ; 1860, 22,416 ; 1870, 33,369 ; 1880, 37,381. The detailed table of the last returns is found below : City of Manitowoc, 6,324 ; City of Two Rivers, 2,052; Town of Cato, 1,875; Eaton, 1,635; Franklin, 1,867 ; Gibson, 1,739 ; Kossuth, 2,165 ; Liberty, 1,385 ; Manitowoc, 1,276 ; Manitowoc Rapids, 2,076 ; Maple Grove, 1,523; Meeme, 1,609; Mishicott, 1,554; New ton, 1,867 ; Rockland, 1,236 ; Schleswig, 1,994 ; Two Creeks, 630; Two Rivers, 1,326; Centerville, 1,548; Coopertown, 1,700 ; total, 37,381. In January, 1842, the County Commissioners granted the petition of the citizens of Manitowoc Rapids, that the town hall be used as a school-house, when not needed for town purposes. In July of the next year a tax of one-half a mill on a dollar was levied throughout the county for educational purposes. In the Fall of 1844, two School Commissioners, Oliver Clawson and E. L. Abbott, were appointed. They divided the county into three districts, No. 1, including Two Rivers ; No. 2, Manitowoc Rapids, and No. 3, Manitowoc. ' On Octo ber 10, 1844, elections were held for the different dis trict officers, and the school organization was fully ef fected. The system continued substantially the same until the creation of the office of Superintendent of Schools. As the State increased in population, how ever, the original three districts were of course subdi vided. From the last report made to William C. Whitford, State Superintendent of Schools, by the Superinten dent of Manitowoc County, are taken the following statistics which show the present condition of the dis- HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 5J9 trict schools better than could any general language. There are 108 school-houses in the county, and 137 teachers are required. Of the 15,919 who are of school age, 8,403 have attended. The buildings will accom modate 9,901 pupils. The total valuation of school- houses in Manitowoc County is $104,366 ; of sites, $12- 437, and of apparatus, $6,043. These figures, it will be remembered, represent merely the district schools of the county. There are besides, a number of private and parochial institutions, which have an attendance of several hundred. In addition to the money -raised by taxation throughout the county for the support of her district schools in 1881, the apportionment of State money which has been made for this year amounts to $6,606.38. The whole machinery of the county system (which embraces the city schools), glides along smooth ly under the guidance of John Nagle, the present Su perintendent. the business and commercial center of the county. The in dustrious and thrifty German element prevails, and since the land has been cleared of timber, saw mills and ship yards have given place, under its influence, to every variety of manufacturing. Flour mills, foundries and machine shops, breweries, planing mills, tanneries, carriage works, etc., etc., have sprung up on all sides. Mercantile houses, which walk side by side in thrift with manufactories, are substantial and prosperous in Manitowoc. The resident portion of the city is chiefly on the North Side, where are situated many fine residences. Here is also its magnificent public school, which, with the Presbyterian Church, is one of the prominent landmarks of Manitowoc. The grounds adjoining the buildings form, in all essentials, a beautiful park. Two public parks, Washington Square on the South Side, the North Side Park, and a number of private gardens, MANITOWOC. The first meeting of the Board of Trustees, under the village charter, was held May 12, 1851, the Supervisors be ing : John Zinns and Charles Hottelman, First Ward; M. Fellows, James Bennett and J. E. Piatt, Second Ward. It was ordered that a set of by-laws be drafted for the village government, and that a map be made of its chartered limits. George Reed was chosen President, and S. A. Wood, Clerk. The village of Manitowoc was first platted in 1856, by F. Salomon. The plat was recorded on May 25 of that year, and acknowledged by H. Baetz. Manitowoc retained its village organization until 1870, when it was incorporated as a city. Manitowoc is a place of over 6,000 inhabitants, situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Manitowoc River. The city lies on both sides of that river, the land gradually rising both from it and the lake, thus providing a beautiful location and effective means for drainage. Manitowcc is add to the attractiveness of the city, and besides its business interests, its schools, its churches, its public and private gardens, and its societies, which all have their part in form ing a complete city, Manitowoc has a public library of 2,000 volumes, which is a credit to the city. Having thus given a preliminary and general sketch, the details will be found following. The city of Manitowoc was incorporated March 12, 1870, and the first meeting of its Board of Aldermen held April 13, of that year. Peter Johnston was elected its first Mayor, and served two terms. Charles Luling was chosen to the office in 1872. A. D. Jones was the incumbent from 1873 to 1877 inclusive, and John Schuette from 1878 to 1881. By the city charter, the municipal govern ment is managed by the usual officers : Mayor, Clerk, Treas urer, City Attorney, the heads of departments, which con sist of a Board of Health, Police, Fire, and Public School Department, and the Board of Aldermen, representing four wards. There is also a Harbor Master, Assessor and Street 520 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Commissioner. Mayor J. Schuette is one of the rich and popular Germans in which the city of Manitowoc abounds. Its health is in the hands of Drs. R. K. Paine and Frederick S. Luhman, while peace and order is preserved by Hugh Morrison, Chief of the Police Department and the force under him. The City Treasurer for 1881 is Charles Gelbke ; City Attorney, C. W. White; Clerk, Fred. Heineman; Sur veyor, Charles Ertz. Fire Department. — The first engine house, a frame build ing, was erected in 1857, on the North Side. During the same year the South Side house was built. The Third Ward structure, built of brick (?), was erected in 1875, at a cost of $1,400. The department, the Chief Engineer of which is William Stephani, consists of the Manitowoc Steam Engine Company, No. 1 (North Side), the South Side Steam Engine Company, No. 2, and the Phoenix Hook and Ladder Company. A company was first formed in January, 1857, after the village of Manitowoc had been incorporated about six years. The present organization was effected in 1872, the second steam engine being purchased in 1876. The department numbers forty members. Public School Department. — The public schools of Mani towoc are under the general supervision of the County Su perintendent, John Nagle. There are four buildings devoted to educational purposes, the most prominent of which is the magnificent edifice, corner of North Seventh and State streets, erected in 1872, for the accommodation of joint school district, No. 1, and the fine building in the First Ward, corner of South Eighth and Hamilton streets, erect ed in 1871. The former is a three-story and basement brick building, surmounted by an elegant and lofty cupola, sur rounded by extensive play grounds, and is, all in all, one of the finest structures of the kind in the State. J. M. Rait is principal. The First Ward building, convenient and tasty, was built at a cost of $25,000. Its principal is F. W. Young. There are two buildings in the Third Ward, one, corner of South Thirteenth and Marshall streets, the other on South Twelfth street. The former, of brick, cost $1,500; the latter, a frame building, was built at a cost of $1,200. O. S. Brown is principal of the district. Other salient facts in regard to the general condition of the schools of the city and county, have already appeared. The Public Library. — The Jones Library was founded in 1868, through the liberality of Col. K. K. Jones, now a resident of Quincy, 111. His donation amounted to $2,000, and the library was at first a private institution. In 1868, the "Jones Library Association " was incorporated. It has about seventy-five members. The library consists of 2,000 well selected volumes. THE PRESS. Manitowoc Pilot. — The Herald was established in 1850, by C. W. Fitch, the first numbers being printed in Sheboy gan. Four years later the Manitowoc Tribune was estab lished, and in August, 1858, the Pilot, by Jere Crowley. In 1 86 1, the Tribune, then under the management of Capt. Smith, devoured the Herald, and the former journal was consolidatLd with the Pilot, in 1878. The present editors and proprietors of the Manitowoc Pilot are Messrs. John Nagle and Edward W. Borcherdt, they having assumed the management in April of that year. The journal is issued weekly, is Democratic in politics, and an eight-column folio in form. Der Nord- Westen (German) was established by Carl H. Schmidt, its present editor and proprietor, in 1855. Its publication was suspended during the war, but was resumed in 1865. This journal is issued weekly, with a Sunday edi tion ; is Democratic in politics, and a six-column quarto in form. It is the oldest paper published continuously under one name in Manitowoc, and, with few exceptions, Mr. Schmidt has been longer in the service than any of Wiscon sin's editors. The Manitowoc Tribune was established in 1879, by H. Sandford, its present editor and proprietor. It is a weekly paper, six-column quarto, and is Republican in politics. The Manitowoc Journal is a five-column quarto paper, published by W. J. Christie, and is independent in politics. The Manitowoc Post (German). — In July, 1881, A. Witt- mann, an old settler of 1848, and well known throughout the county, established this journal. It is a five-column quarto, issued weekly, and is independent in politics. The Wisconsin Demokrat, a German Free-Soil paper, was established in 1852, by Charles Rcesser. When it passed into the hands of A. Wallich, some years afterward, its name was changed to the Union Demokrat. It was sus pended by him in 1866, and revived again in 1868, by Otto Troemel, under the name of the Zeitung. Fred Heinemann purchased it upon the death of Mr. Troemel, changed its name to the Journal, and. suspended its publication in 1877. Der Buschhaiier was published by Carl Pflame, from 1855 to 1857. A religious paper, called the Concordia, was established in 1875, published for about a year, and then removed to Green Bay. CHURCHES. First Presbyterian Church. — A meeting for the organiza tion of the society was held June 26, 1851, at the house of Fred Borcherdt, village of Manitowoc Rapids. The meet ing, as stated in the records, was composed of those residing both at " the Rapids " and " at the mouth of the river." Fol lowing are those who became members : Fred. Borcherdt, Mrs. Wilhelmina Borcherdt, James and Mrs. Isabella Patter son, Mesdames Sarah D. Herrit, Mary E. Hall, Margaret Al len, Abagail Sherman, J. S. Reed, Elizabeth A. Sherman and Dennis M. Thomas, Moses Tufts and the Misses Eliza and Hannah A. Tufts. Fred Borcherdt was the first ruling elder. Rev. M. Holmes began his labors as pastor in June, 1855, and in November a house of worship in Manitowoc was dedicated. It was known as " The Tabernacle." Rev. J. M. Craig, the present pastor, has been in charge since August, 1880. About sixty families compose the congregation of the so ciety. The elegant church edifice in which they worship was erected in 1872, at a cost of $20,000, the money being raised by subscription. St. Boniface Church (Catholic).— This church was organ- HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 521 ized in 1853. Rev. W. J. Peil is the present pastor. The church has a membership of 250 families. A school is con ducted in connection with the church, which has an at tendance of 250 pupils. St. Mary's Church (Polish Catholic). — The society was organized in 1875, and a building purchased the same year from the German Lutheran Congregation. Rev. J. Mus- chelevitch is its present pastor, and 100 families are under his care. The school, which has been established in con nection with the church, has an attendance of 120 pupils. St. Francis Convent.— A convent was organized in 1869 by Rev. Father Joseph Fessler. In 1873, a more commo dious structure than had been occupied was found neces sary, and a large and beautiful building was commenced on a high eminence overlooking Silver Lake, about four miles southwest of the city. Up to the time it was struck by lightning and destroyed by fire (September 1, 1881), eighty- seven sisters had been received and professed. Twenty- seven of them came from Germany with their private for tunes, being expelled from that country by its laws. A boarding school was attached, and about twenty of the sis ters are now engaged in teaching in different localities. The church building was erected in 1872. The building was the most costly in Northeastern Wisconsin, the loss upon it being $65,000, and the insurance only $5,000. Steps were at once taken to raise the necessary funds to rebuild. St. James' Episcopal. — The society was organized in Feb ruary, 1848. A room was rented for purposes of worship, and fitted up with benches to accommodate about fifty fam ilies. Thomas H. A. Edwards and Alden Clark were elected the first wardens. Rev. G. Unonius became the first pastor of the society. By 1851, the church member ship had so increased that it became necessary to erect a house of worship. A subscription of $1,745 was at once raised, a lot was donated by Benjamin Jones, and in Sep tember of that year, the corner-stone was laid. The church has at present no settled pastor. The First Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1853, with about twenty members, Rev. C. F. Goldammer being in charge. One year afterward a day school was es tablished. During the pastorate of Rev. P. Kcehler, who succeeded him, a second school was established. In 1873 a church building was erected at a cost of $16,000. The present pastor in charge is Rev. R. Pieper. The congrega tion consists of 300 families, and 260 pupils attend the two day schools. German Methodist Episcopal Church. — Organized in Sep tember, 1855, Rev. F. Klueckhohn became the first pastor of the church. The present congregation, consisting of ninety members, is in charge of Rev. C. Iwert. Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in September, 1849, by Rev. J. A. Ottesen. The church was built in 1867, and the property is valued at $2,575. The present membership of the society is about seventy families; its pastor being Rev. C. F. Magelssen. There are besides the above, a small Norwegian Metho- 'dist, pastor, Rev. Hougen, of Sheboygan; and the " Augus- tana Church" (Lutheran), consisting of twenty families, under the charge of Rev. Andersen. A small German Re form "Hoffnung's" church is also in existence, but without a settled pastor. The Evergreen Cemetery, north of the river, near the city limits, is municipal property, and is used as a park, although known under the above name. It consists of forty acres of land, the city having purchased all but a small portion of this amount in 1873. The Catholic Cemetery consists of a tract of ten acres of land, on South Main street, which is the property of the dif ferent churches of that denomination. SOCIETIES. Masonic. — The representatives of this order are Manito woc Lodge, No. 65, and Manitowoc Chapter, No. 16. They are in a flourishing and growing condition. Odd-Fellows. — Chickerming Lodge, No. 55, organized in 1850, has a membership of 125. Manitowoc Lodge, No. 194 (German), organized in 1871, has a membership of 107. A. O. U. W. — There are two lodges belonging to this order, Clipper City Lodge, No. 48, and Mozart Lodge (Ger man), No. 73. They are both strong. Knights of Honor. — Hope Lodge, No. 393, is the only organization of the kind in the city. Der Herman Soehne. — Thusnelda Lodge, No. 7, organized in 1857, has ninety-four members. Keener Lodge is the only other local organization. Manitowoc Turnverein. — The society was incorporated in i860, and its hall, corner of South Seventh and Washing ton streets, erected in 1865, at a cost of $8,000. It has a membership of 100. Bohemian Turnverein has forty-five members. Its hall on North Seventh street was built in 1864. The society's property is valued at $2,000. Manitowoc Temple of Honor, No. 69, was organized in 1876, and Sprague Lodge, 1. O. G. T., in 1850. The Lake Shore Council (Royal Arcanum), and the Bo hemian society, Slovanska Lipa, completes the list of socie ties, whose length is sufficient excuse for a less particular mention. HOTELS. As partaking partly of the social and partially of the commercial nature, the chief hotels of Manitowoc may be fitly placed as they are now seen. Windiate House. — 'The first hotel at Manitowoc was com menced in 1837, by Benjamin Jones, and called the Na tional Hotel. The building was not fully completed till some years afterward. It is a three-story, old-fashioned, frame building, and presents the marks of old age. Adjoin ing it is the Windiate House, on York street. This is a three-story brick structure; was commenced by Thomas Windiate, in 1857, and completed in 1864. Mr. Windiate is still carrying on the business. Franklin House. — This house was the next hotel built after the National, it being erected in 1841. The building then stood near the lake shore, but was moved to its present location, on Franklin street, in 1852. It then assumed its 522 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. present name. William Nollau has been proprietor since 1863. Williams House. — Next in chronological order of the early hotels now standing, comes the Williams House, built in 1850. Mrs. Williams, the widow of its builder, owns the present three-story structure, which was erected by her in 1867. During the previous year, the original frame build ing burned. H. A. Reuss is proprietor of the hotel. Northwestern House. — This hotel, a three-story brick building, was erected by M. Kettenhofen, its present pro prietor, in 1866-69. He had previously been engaged in the hotel business in Neshota, Manitowoc Co., and as pro prietor of the Williams House in this city. He is one of the oldest and most successful landlords in Manitowoc. COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGES. In early days, Manitowoc was the center of the ship building interests of the State. But, as has been stated, since the clearing of the timber from the county, this line of industry has been deteriorating. Her good situation as a commercial point also early called the attention of her people to the necessity of improving her harbor. Manitowoc Harbor. — The present project for the im provement of the harbor was adopted in 1866, and modified in 1872. The object of the improvement is to afford a channel of navigable width, and of not less than twelve feet in depth at the shoalest part. Before the present project was adopted, $8,000 was appropriated by the General Gov ernment. Up to June 30, 1880, the amount appropriated, $228,117.49. The estimates made originally and since to extend the piers to 18-foot curve, with dredging, amount to $248,142.54. It is estimated that for the completion of the present project, $8,362.54 will have to be expended for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1882. The piers of the harbor extend 1,500 feet into the lake, a light-house is at one side of the entrance, and there is at its mouth an average depth of 1 7 feet. Although the General Government has.been liberal in the amounts expended upon Manitowoc harbor to bring it to its present good standing as a refuge from the lake storms the city itself has done its full share. Its labors in this di rection are detailed in the following extract from a memo rial addressed to Congress by its Board of Aldermen: "In 1866 the city built a dredge and scows at an ex pense of about $20,000, and allowed the contractor doing Government work the use of the same at a nominal rent, by reason of which the Government was able to have the work of excavating 117,913 cubic yards done at the rate of 20 cents per cubic yard, while the same kind of work was paid for at other ports along the lake shore at the rate of 40 cents per cubic yard, being a net saving to the Government in one year on the cost of excavating, the sum of $23,582.60. That the city has, at its own expense, done dredging at various times as follows : "In 1868, 47,070 cubic yards; 1869,20,00051870,19,000; 1871, 18,000; 1872, 41,49°; l873» 33>665; 1874,32,700. That the city has also built about one mile of docks at an expense of about $50,000." During the year ending December 31, 1880, 461 steam ers arrived in the Harbor of Manitowoc, and 470 departed • 342 sailing vessels arrived, and 359 departed. Ship Building. — While the great oak forests of Calumet and Manitowoc counties " held their own " against the in roads of ax and saw, ship building continued to be the leading manufacturing industry of Manitowoc. The bulk of the building has been. done to supply the wear and tear of the immense traffic carried on by the Goodrich Trans portation Company. In 1847 the " Citizen" was built by Capt. Joseph Edwards. It was of but sixty-tons burden, and is worthy of notice only as being the first of a long line of descendants. She was lost on Lake Michigan. In 1860-61 the "Union," the first propeller, was built by Bates & Son for Capt. Goodrich. Its cost was $25,000. Next came the " Sunbeam," by the same, for the same," costing $40,000. G. S. Rand & Co built the steamer " Northwest'' for the Transportation Company in 1866. This was consid ered the finest craft of its kind on the lake, was of 1,100 tons burden, and cost $120,000. Since then the same yard (now Rand & Burger) have built a dozen steamers for the same line, at an aggregate cost of nearly $2,000,000, besides numbers of sailing vessels for other parties. From the time that Capt. Joseph Edwards built the " Citizen," in 1847 (64 tons burden), up to June 30, 1881, during which year James Butler built the steam barge " Reuben Richards " (815 tons), and Rand & Burger, the schooner barge "A. A. Carpenter" (541 tons), 123 sailing crafts of all varieties have been turned out from the ship yards at Manitowoc. Most of the schooner barges for the large lumber companies in Marinette and Menomonee, such as the "A. A. Carpenter," " S. M. Stephenson," "Henry Witbeck," and " J. Stephenson," have been built by Messrs. Rand & Burger. The following table shows the number of vessels, by classes, which have been built in Manitowoc from 1847 to June 30, 1881 : Class. No. Tonnage. Schooners 90 18,900 Schooner-Barges 7 3,756 Steam-Barges 4 1,523 Tugs 7 240 Propellers 6 4,109 Side- Wheel Steamers 9 5,686 Total 123 34,214 A sketch of the two oldest and the principal ship-yards of the city follows: Rand & Burger. — The predecessors of this old estab lished yard were G. S. Rand & Co., and G. S. Rand. Mr. Rand commenced ship building in Manitowoc, in 1853. The firm, G. S. Rand & Co., was formed in 1871, and that of Rand & Burger, in 1873. The yard employs 100 men. on an average, doing an annual business to the amount of $100,000. Hanson &* Scove. — These yards were established in 1866. under the firm name of Jones & Hanson. The present partnership was formed in 1868. They employ about sev enty men, and average $60,000 worth of business annually. The schooner, "Thomas L. Parker," launched fiom this HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 523 yard in August, 1881, is one of the finest vessels which has been built in the city. Besides these yards, the Goodrich Transportation Com pany has its stocks mostly for repairing boats of its own line. Jonah Richards also does some building, but only for him self. Bridges. — Manitowoc River is navigable to within a quar ter of a mile of the Rapids bridge, to vessels drawing six feet of water. Up to Peter Larson's ship-yard it has an average depth of twelve feet. It is spanned by a number of bridges, the most substantial of which are the Main and the Eighth Street bridges. The former was built in 1873, at a cost of $25,000, and the latter for $12,000, in 1875. BANKS. Richter & Volmer established the first private bank in 1852, carrying on the business for several years. Both of these gentlemen died in 1857. William Bach carried on a successful private institution from 1855 to 1857. The Lake Shore Bank was started by Adams & Bro., who continued in the business from 1858 to i860. During the latter year, the Manitowoc County Bank was removed from Two Rivers to Manitowoc, and failed like its prede cessor. The First National Bank was established as a State in stitution in 1856. C. C. Barnes became its president in 1858, having purchased a controlling interest in the Bank of Manitowoc. In 1865, it was organized as a national bank, under the above title, Mr. Barnes retaining the presi dency. Charles Luling has continued to act as its cashier. It has a capital stock of $50,000, and a surplus of $8,500. T. C. Shove's Bank is a private establishment, founded in 1858, by Mr. Shove, the present owner. Its capital stock is $25,000. These two are the only banking institutions in the city. MANUFACTORIES. Following are sketches of Manitowoc's leading manu factories, bearing out her claim to commercial prosperity and importance. Her important business houses, and the story of the lives of her business men, have a place in the biographical department. Oriental Mills were erected in 1869, by John Schuette and August Wahle. Both building and machinery have undergone many improvements since, until now the mills have ten run of stone, and a capacity of 200 barrels of flour per day. Wisconsin Central Mills were erected in 187 1-2, by August Wahle and L. Haupt. Upon the former's death, Messrs. Jacob Fliegler and Louis Haupt, present proprie tors, became the owners. An eight-run mill was established in 1878. Two years afterward, the capacity was increased to ten run of stone. The mills now turn out from 50,000 to 60,000 barrels of flour annually. Manitowoc Mills were erected by H. Truman, in 1874, They are operated at present by the firm of Truman & Cooper ; capacity, 200 barrels per day. Attached to the mills is a hay press. The dock of the Chicago & Lake Superior steamers is also at the mills, so that this vicinity presents a scene of unusual business life. William Rahr's Malt House and Brewery. — This estab lishment is one of the largest of the kind in the State. William Rahr, Sr., erected a small brewery and malt house in 1849. A few years later it burned down, and he com menced to rebuild in the same modest "scale. By a cau tious industry, however, he gradually added to his facilities, until, in 1878, he finished the malt house and elevators on Washington street, which now present so striking and sub stantial an appearance. The storage capacity of the ele vators is 180,000 bushels, and the malting capacity of the house is about 150,000 bushels per annum. The capacity of the brewery is 5,000 barrels of beer per annum. After the death of William Rahr, Sr., in 1880, William Rahr, Jr., assumed the management of the business, and is at present conducting it. Pjutz's Brewery was built in 1849, by Mr. Hottleman, he being the first to brew beer in the county. G. Kuntz pur chased the brewery of him in 1865. Messrs. Fred. Pautz and John Schreihart became the owners in 1875. In No vember, 1878, the former purchased the interest of the lat ter, and is now conducting the business alone. The capac ity of the brewery is about 1,600 barrels of beer per an num. Schreiharts's Brewery. — In 1879, John Schreihart estab lished himself in business, and is now conducting a brewery on Washington street. He has been brought up in the business and understands it. Sherman & Son, Tanners. — In 185 1, L. Sherman started a tannery, which is now being conducted by himself and son. It is one of the oldest in the county. About 3,000 hides are tanned annually. F. Schultz's Tannery was built in 1861, and he has since been at the head of the business. Its annual product is from 4,000 to 5,000 hides. H. Vits's Tannery. — M. Vollendorf erected the tannery in 1869, which, three years later, came into the possession of Messrs. Vollendorf & Vits. In 1879, Mr. Vits became sole proprietor. The establishment turns out 3,000 hides annually. Charles Dobbert's Tannery was built in 1865, he coming into possession of it the next year. It tans, on ah average, 3,000 hides annually. The Smalley Manufacturing Company. — In 1857, E. J. Smalley established a small manufactory for the making of agricultural implements. He continued to do a successful business, and although the building was destroyed by fire in 1873, another was at once erected. The territory in which the company operates has expanded from local dimensions into the limits of several States. About thirty men are em ployed, and an amount of business is transacted aggregating $40,000 annually. In August, 1881, the Smalley Manufac turing Company filed articles of association at Madison, the incorporators being E. J., C. F. and C. C. Smalley. Its capital stock is $25,000. 524 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Richards's Iron Works and Foundry were established by J. Richards, in 1864. The business is still conducted by him and H. C. Richards, his son. The works are princi pally employed in the manufacture of engines and agricult ural implements. Some twenty hands are employed. The annual amount of business transacted is $25,000. A. F. Dumke's Foundry and Machine Shop was estab lished by him and John Klein in 1865. Charles Haverland and William Wilharms purchased Mr. Klein's interest, and business was continued thus for five years, when Mr. Dumke became sole proprietor. A. C. Dumke, his nephew, is now in partnership. As Mr. Dumke is a practical millwright he has made the building of engines for flouring mills a spe cialty. His business amounts to $8,000. Willott's Edge Tool Factory is the only establishment of the kind in the State, and was founded by Martin & Wil- lott in 1872. The former retired from the firm, and the business has since been carried on by Joseph Willott & Sons. The factory turns out 1,200 dozen axes annually, be sides other edge tools, which find a market chiefly in Wis consin and Minnesota. Pankratz & Co.'s saw mill was built in 1871. The old one on its site was erected in 1855, by Lester Bros., and burned during that year. The mill is doing a good busi ness. Edward Zander's planing mill and sash, door and blind factory were built by him in 1870. He is conducting a business amounting to $10,000 annually. Charles Zander's planing mill and sash, door and blind factory were built in 1866. His business amounts to $5,000 annually. Henry Greve's planing mill and stave factory wereestab- lishedby him in 1873. He employs twenty hands and trans acts business amounting to $25,000 annually. Clipper City Carriage Works are the only ones of the kind in the city. Frank Shimek established the manufac tory in 1872, and his brother Joseph afterward became a partner. The business is good and growing. The cream-colored brick, for which Milwaukee has be come so noted, are also manufactured in Manitowoc. Ferdinand Ostenfeld, who has the largest yard, established his business in 1876, and makes 1,250,000 annually. The product is shipped mostly to Lake Superior and Mich igan. Also engaged in the same business are H. Wehausen) who makes over 500,000 annually, and G. Fricke, Adolph Kugler and Ferdinand Veith, who carry on the manufac ture on a smaller scale. Marble Works of Manitowoc. — In June, 1866, John Mandlik established the works, and has conducted them since. He has expended considerable money in the county in searching for good building stone, having discovered some of superior quality in the town of Rockland. His works are the largest in the city. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHRISTIAN ANDERSON, light-housekeeper, born Dec. 29, 1825, in Norway ; August, 1844, came to Racine, Wis.; in 1845, came to Chi cago ; July's, 1846, came to Manitowoc ; started a tailor shop which he continued several years. He afterward bought a vessel which he sailed several seasons, then sold and bought a farm where he worked about seven years. He then removed to Manitowoc and followed teaming about two years ; afterward ran a threshing-machine two seasons. He then opened a boarding-house which he continued till 1876, when he was appointed to his present position. Married, in 1866, to Sarah Torrison, of Norway. They have two children, one son and one daughter. He has four children by a former marriage, three sons and one daughter. JAMES S. ANDERSON, attorney and counselor at law, Manitowoc, first settled in Kossuth Township, Manitowoc Co., September, 1852, with his parents. He lived at home until he was about eighteen years of age. He enlisted in Co. A, 5th Regt. Wis. V. I., April 22, 1861, and served three years and four months, being in the battles of Antietam, Gettys burg, and many of the important battles participated in by the Army of the Potomac. He received several slight wounds, but same out sound, and was mustered out at Madison, Wis., August, 1864. He returned to Appleton and attended the Lawrence University, and graduated from that institution in the class of 1870, after which he studied law and was admitted to the Bar in Manitowoc, December, 1871 ; then he began the practice of law. He was born in Kelvin Haugh, near Glasgow, Scot land, Dec. 25, 1842. He married a daughter of the Hon. J. T. Mills, of Grant County, Miss Eva M. Mills, July 17, 1873. She was born April 15, 1846. They have two children, Minnie H. and Joseph M. O. R. BACON, M. D., druggist, Manitowoc, is a native of Still- water, Saratoga Co., N. Y. When about the age of fourteen years, his father removed to Otsego County, N. Y. There he attended school. At the age of 20 he removed to Rensselaer County, there studied medi cine, and graduated at Castleton, Vt. In 1854 came to Manitowoc, and was engaged in teaching school several years. He has also been Super intendent of Schools, Town Clerk, etc. In 1865 he established this business, which he has since continued, being now the oldest resident druggist in the city. J. W. BARNES, firm of Barnes & Mendlik, general merchandise, Manitowoc, is a native of Erie County, Pa. At the age of seven years he came with his parents to Naperville. Ills. There he worked at the printer's trade about three years, then removed to Waukesha, where he attended school. In 1862 came to Manitowoc; was employed a short time in his brother's bank. After spending about a year in Cincinnati and St. Louis he returned to Manitowoc and engaged in the merchan dising firm of Goodenow & Barnes. This partnership continued about three years. He then carried on the business alone about three years. Then the firm of Vilas & Barnes was established, which was continued about six years. Mr. Vilas retired from the business, and soon after Mr. Mendlik was admitted a member of the firm, which now continues. Mr. Barnes has been Chairman and Alderman of the Fourth Ward. ALBERT C. BECKER, firm of Becker & Teitgen, hardware, Manitowoc. Born Oct. 9, 1850, in Prussia. Came to Milwaukee with his parents in 1855. Two years later they removed to Manitowoc, where he has since resided. At the age of fourteen he commenced to learn the tinner's trade, and except four years railroading he has fol lowed this business since. He established this business in 1875. Mar ried, in 1877, to Alvina Teitgen of Manitowoc County. They have two sons. F. BECKER, saloon and billiards, Manitowoc. Born March 29, 1823, in Prussia. He emigrated to Milwaukee in 1853, and the follow ing year came to this city and opened a bakery, carrying on that busi ness until 1861, when he raised a company, being himself commissioned captain, the 9th Wis. I. He remained in the service for about two years, then returned to Manitowoc and opened his present business. He has been Chief of the Fire Department for two years. Married, in i847, Miss Mena Boate of Prussia. They have three children, one son and two daughters. JOHN BIBINGER, of the firm of Bibinger & Day, wholesale and retail dealers in all kinds farm machinery, Manitowoc, was born in Ger many, July 23, 1846. He came with his parents to America in 1848, and they lived in Pennsylvania about eight years. Moved to Milwaukee and lived four years. He went into business in 1873 in Manitowoc, He was married in that city, Sept 22, 1873, to Miss Augusta Teitgen. She was born in Newton, Manitowoc Co., 1855. They have two chil dren, Ellma A., born Oct. 8, 1874, and Arthur J., born June 9, 1876. SAMUEL COLEMAN BLAKE, M. D., one of the representative men of ManitowocCounty and one of the best read, and the most eminent physician and surgeon in Northern Wisconsin, was born in the city of Bath, Me., July 25, 1826. He was the oldest child of the Rev. S. P. Blake, of the Maine Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was educated at the Maine Wesleyan Seminary at Kents Hill, from which he graduated at the age of twenty with honors. During this time, his father's pecuniary circumstances were such that he could give his son no aid in paying his way through his educational course, and he was obliged to earn sufficient money for that purpose by his own efforts, during the time that he was prosecuting his studies. In 1850, he entered the Tre- mont Medical School, Boston, where he read medicine. In the years 1852-53, he was "house pupil" in the Massachusetts General Hospital, of Boston, and July 22, 1853, he graduated in medicine from the medi- HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 525 cal department of the Harvard University, having entered that institu tion three years earlier. After graduating, Dr. Blake became a member of the Massachusetts State Medical Society and of the Boston Medical Association, to gain a membership in which required a most thorough knowledge of medicine and surgery. He settled in the city of Boston, where he practiced his profession between three and four years. In 1856, the doctor removed to Chicago, and immediately became a leader in his profession in that great metropolis, which position he maintained through an active and extensive practice until 1877, when, on account of poor health, he removed to Manitowoc. Since living here, he has also been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. In the second year after going to Chicago, he was connected with the Spring course of lectures in Rush Medical College. Oct. 27, 1857, he was united in marriage with Miss Adaline Jones, an estimable lady of fine mental qualities, a daughter of Hon. Benjamin Jones, one of the earliest jef?s£. /^^ &. er. settlers of Chicago, and the founder of the city of Manitowoc. She has borne him three children, who are all living — the oldest being Charles C, born April 1, 1859; the next Benjamin J., born Aug. 22, 1864, and the youngest Otis Henry Tiffany, born Nov. 19, 1872. They were all born in Chicago. In the year 1858, Dr. Blake was associated with Prof. Daniel Brainard, De Laskie Miller and J. P. Ross, of the Rush Medi cal College, in organizing the old City Hospital, of Chicago, and with them composed its medical and surgical staff until he entered the medical service of the United States, at the commencement of the late Rebellion. The outbreak of the war found Dr. Blake in the midst of a large and lucrative practice, and the occupant of many high and hon orable positions in his profession, but with true patriotism, marked with that large-hearted generosity and forgetfulness of self-interests which has always characterized his acts through life, he abandoned his more lucrative practice, and offered his services to his country in her time of need. They were accepted with alacrity, and he was appointed by Gov. Richard Yates surgeon of the 19th Reg. 111. V. The regiment was immediately ordered to Missouri, passing via Quincy, 111. At the latter place, through appreciation of the eminent ability of the surgeon of the 19th, Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut detailed him from his regiment to act as surgeon on his staff. While in Quincy, the doctor organized a large division hospital, which remained in that city until the close of the war. In July, 1861, Dr. Blake was transferred to the 39th Reg. 111. V., and with his regiment went to St. Louis, and from there to East Virginia, and was with^en. N. P. Banks in his celebrated campaign through the Shenan doah Valley. During the several bloody battles of this campaign, the doctor was always found promptly on the ground, ministering to the many and grievous necessities of the wounded. Later in this campaign, the doctor was detailed from his regiment by Gen. Banks, and placed in charge of the general hospital of the division, which responsible posi tion he occupied during the remainder of that campaign. As a proof of the estimation in which the doctor was held by his companions in arms, we take the liberty of inserting the following extracts from among let ters received by him during and immediately after his service. They will explain themselves. Head-quarters 1st Dlv., Dept.of Shenandoah, near Edlnburg, Va. ADril 12 18K2 DR. SAML. C. BLAKE, Surgeon 39th Reg., I. V.—De. Sib: * * * I have had ample opportunity of estimating your services as a hospital surgeon, and feel much pleasure in being able to testify to the care and attention bestowed upon the men and to the professional skill displayed on many occasions, when the service re quired lt. In field hospitals, where many tilings needful for the comfort of the sick soldier have to be improvised, a faithful devotion to duty and self-sacrifice are qualities eminently needed; In your display of tnese I have also been witness. and put on record here my complete approval of, and satisfaction with, your con duct at the Brigade Hospital, Hancock. I am, doctor, Yours, Respectfully, „ , , „ „ , „ „ „ THOMAS ANTISELL, Brigade Surgeon Vols, and Medical Director 1st Dlv., Dept. of the Shenandoah. The next, which will suffice, is from Gen. Osborne, the first colonel of the 39th 111. V., afterward promoted to major general, and now Min ister Plenipotentiary from the United States to the Argentine Republic. Head-quarters 39th Keg. I. V., Harrison's Landing, James Eiver, Va Army of the Potomac, Aug. 5, 1883. DK. 8. C BLAKE— Mr DEAR OLD SURGBON: * * * * • If at any time you should need my good offices, they shall be freely given you for that good name and reputation which you won for yourself and my regiment in the medical depart ment of the army in the Held, and I cannot forget that high and never to be for gotten compliment paid me as your commanding officer by Maj. tieii. Williams in your behalf, for your distinguished services when iu charge of the general hospi tal. « » » » » Please accept the kindest wishes of, Yours truly, THOS. O. OSBORNE, Major General. In 1862, Dr. Blake was compelled to resign his position in the army on account of chronic diarrhcea, which he had contracted in the service during the severe and fatal Winter and Spring campaign preceding. After returning home to Chicago, the doctor was incapacitated from any active labor in his profession for more than a year. In 1863, hav ing sufficiently recovered from his illness to go into active practice, he was honored with the appointment of County Physician of Cook Coun ty, 111. In 1865, he was appointed City Physician of the City of Chica go, which responsible position he held two years, discharging the duties thereof with credit to himself and to the city. 'Ihe same year that he was appointed City Physician, he was one of a number of prominent gentlemen and ladies in Chicago who founded the present flourishing Women and Children's Hospital of Chicago, and was one of the con- . suiting physicians and surgeons until he moved to Manitowoc, in 1877. In 1869, he, in association with Dr. W. H. H. Byford and other promi nent physicians of Chicago, organized the Women's Hospital Medical College of Chicago, and became one of its faculty, occupying the chair of professor of the diseases of the mind and nervous system, a position of eminent honor and usefulness, for about seven years. In 1868, Dr. Blake, while a member of the Board of Supervisors of the County of Cook, in connection with the late Hon. James H. Reese, after long and faithful urging, prevailed upon the Board to occupy the old City Hos pital as a county hospital, and this was the beginning of the present magnificent Cook County Hospital, which is the pride of Chicago, and an honor to the State. After the doctor left Chicago to live in Mani towoc, recognizing his eminent ability in his profession and worth as a gentleman, the physicians and surgeons of his old home, Chicago, at a meeting of their society, elected him an honorary member thereof, and the following extract from a letter from his old and time-tried friend, Dr. Byford, will attest : DEAR DE. BLAKE— » • * The Society of l-hy*fciaiis''auad Surgeons took great pleasure in electing you an honorary member of that body. Several of the gentlemen spoke in terms of warm friendship, and with great good will wished you prosperity and happiness in your new home. ***** I am, as ever, your very true friend, W. H. H. BYFORD. Dr. Blake has been a member of the Massachusetts State Medical Society, Boston Medical Association. Illinois State Medical Society, Chicago Society of Physicians and Surgeons and the American Medical Association. He has many times been elected to represent his profes sion in both the State and national associations of physicians, and has always been an active and loyal member of his profession. In religion he is a Methodist, having been an active and conscientious member of that organization since he was a young man. He has ever sustained an enviable reputation as a man of honor and integrity, as well as for rare skill and success as a medical practitioner. No considerations of policy, professional or mercenary, affright him from the exercise of righteous judgment, or deter him from the expression of a conscientious opinion. He sturdily adheres to the path of rectitude in his profession, and looks upon quackery as an impious tampering with human life, and puts it aside with scornful detestation. Such a course has its reward, and gains the applause of all who behold it. It shames the mountebank, strength ens the young physician and crowns the profession with an honorable reputation. But the doctor is as highly esteemed for his qualities of heart as he is admired for his qualities of mind, talents and attainments. He is a gentleman of a kind and generous nature, with warm impulses, and generous to a fault. His charities are open-handed as well as open- hearted, and he is held in equal estimation by dwellers in cots and in palaces. He mingles with the latter with ease and grace, and associates with the former without endangering his dignity. He has no affecta tion or egotism to alienate the one, or haughtiness of behavior to repel the other. He has served his generation so well that its prayers would continue his term of service for many years to come. 526 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. P. J. BLESCH, general merchandise, Manitowoc, born.Jan. 6, 1827, in Germany; in 1848, came to New York; in 1849, came to Milwau kee ; in 1850, removed to Manitowoc, carried on the business of cabinet making three years. In 1853, he opened this store, and with the excep tion of about four years, has continued in this business since. Mr. Blesch held the office of County Treasurer during 1861 and '62. He was married in 1853, to Margaret Kellner, of Germany. They have three children — two sons and one daughter. G. BLOQUELLE, general merchandise, Manitowoc, is a native of Germany ; was born June 27, 1833. Came to this place in 1856, and opened a gun shop; continued this business till 1861, when he enlisted in Co. B, 9th Wis. Inf.; served his enlistment and returned to Manitowoc, and carried on a gun shop till 1867, when he established this business; he has been City Marshal one year. Married in 1867, to Kesena Schuette, of Germany ; she has one son by a former marriage, Emil Bench, now practicing law. CHARLES BOCK, general merchandise, Manitowoc, was born Dec. !5> '837, in Prussia. In 1852, he came to Manitowoc, where he has since resided. He occupied the position of clerk for fourteen years, and in April, 1866, he established his present business, beginning in small way. His business has increased, until now it amounts to about sixty thousand a year. He now owns and occupies a fine brick building, 30^x80 feet, two stories and basement, which cost about six thousand dollars. He was married in 1858, to Miss Albertine Zumach, of Rockland, Wis. They have eight children — four sons and four daughters. JONAS L. BRANDEIS, general merchandise, Manitowoc, born Nov. 14, 1836, in Bohemia. In 1858, came to Milwaukee. In i860, removed to Manitowoc; the following year he opened a small store and has now worked into a large and flourishing business, giving employment to six clerks. He was the first wheat buyer in Manitowoc, paying part in cash and part in goods. He was married June, 1861, to Miss F. Tweles, of Milwaukee. They have four children — three sons and one daughter. HENRY W. BROWN, Sec. 7, Manitowoc Tp. Owns 80 acres, 70 of which are under cultivation. Mr. B. was born in Vennor, Madison Co., N. Y., Jan. 7, 1815. He moved from New York to Norwich, Pa., with his mother, in 1824, where they lived until 1845, when they moved to Manitowoc and settled en his farm. There was only one board shanty between his place and Manitowoc City at that date. There were then three small stores on the north side oi Manitowoc River, in what is now a large city. The country was all heavily timbered, and nothing but the wilds of vast forests faintly echoed the sound of the hardy pioneer's ax. A number of years ago, Mr. Brown's mother visited the East and shortly after died there. Mr. Brown was married, June 26, 1845, in Lumber Township, Clinton Co., Pa., to Miss Rosanah Richey; she was born Oct. 12, 1824. They have five children — Sarah E., married to Samuel Hall, is living in Manitowoc City; Edward R., married and living at Bailey's Harbor, Door Co.; Claudius V. B., married and living in same place as his brother; Mary A., married to John A. Smith, and is at present at home, and William H., now living in the far West. F. C. BUERSTATTE, druggist, Manitowoc, was born Sept. 12, 1846, in Prussia. At the age of four years he came with his parents to this place; he enlisted December, 1863, Co. F, 26th Wis. I., and served to the end of the war ; participated in the battles of Resaca, Ga., Ken- esaw Mountain, Ga., Peach Tree Creek, Siege of Atlanta, and others. In 1867 he returned to Manitowoc, and at once commenced to learn the druggist trade ; after serving his apprenticeship, he established this business in 1872. Married in 1871, to Augusta Gennrich, of Germany. They have four children, three sons and one daughter. HENRY C. BUHSE, County Clerk, Manitowoc, is a native of Mechlenburg, Germany; born July 3, 1843; came to Milwaukee wilh his parents Aug. II, 1848. In the Fall they removed to Waukesha County, settled on a farm, where they remained till 1857, when he came to Two Rivers, where he attended school; afterward clerk in the Post- office. In the Spring of 1 861 he went to Madison, where he also at tended school. He enlisted in Co. B, 9th Wis. I.; served three years ; was promoted to orderly sergeant, September, 1862, and in 1864 was commissioned first lieutenant, Co. A, 45th Wis. December, 1864, he re turned to Two Rivers, followed the fishing business, then removed to Chicago, where he remained about a year; returned to Two Rivers, and was employed by the Two Rivers Manufacturing Co. He afterward went to California, Oregon, and other points. In the Fall of 1880, he was elected County Clerk ; he has also held various other local offices. HENRY B. BURGER, firm of Rand & Burger, ship builders, Manitowoc, is a native of Germany, born Dec. 17, 1839; came to New York in 1848, with his parents. In 1857 came to Milwaukee, where he commenced to learn the ship building trade, which he has since followed. In 1872, came to Manitowoc ; the following year he became a member of this firm. They are doing a very extensive business, and have built some of the largest vessels on the lakes. Married in 1863, to Miss Mary Esslinger. She was born in Buffalo, N. Y. They have four children. BYRON BURMEISTLR, dealer in fruit, and vessel owner, Mani towoc, was born April 20, 1852, in Mishicott, Wis. In the Fall of 1859, the family removed to Two Rivers ; in 1863 came to Manitowoc. At the age of sixteen he commenced to learn the carpenter trade, continu ing about six years, sailing at intervals. In 1875 he bought the schooner "Alice," 12 tons measurement. Sold her in the Winter of 1876, and bought the schooner "Eliza," of 30 tons. In 1879 he traded her for the "Ellen G. Cocharen," of 32 tons. Jan. 4, 1881, he, with his father, bought the schooner "Gertie Wing," of 17 tons, and in April, 1881, he, with his father and brother, bought the scow " W. R. Sloan," of 72 tons. They are employed in the bark and fruit trade. Their dock is on the south side of Eighth street, on the east side of the street, and has a frontage of 150 feet. They have also a cellar 20x30 feet, for the storage of fruit. HANS CHRISTENSEN, wines, liquors and cigars, 103 South Eighth street, Manitowoc, was born March 26, 1852, in Denmark. In 1870 came to Milwaukee; in 1872 removed to Two Creeks and worked for Pfister & Vogel, at their tannery six years. In 1878 came to Manitowoc and commenced this business. Married in 1873 to Emma Burmaster, of Manitowoc County. They have three sons. GEORGE COOPER, firm of Truman & Cooper, merchant millers and wholesale dealers in flour, feed, hay, coal, etc., Manitowoc, is a na tive of England. Emigrated to America in 1855, and located at Nesho ta, Wis. There he was employed in the lumber business till 1863, when he, with Mr. Jones, bought the property, consisting of one steam mill, one water mill, and a large quantity of land, store, etc., and continued in the manufacture of lumber veiy successfully till 1877, when he re moved to Manitowoc, and has since been a member of the above firm. GOTTLIEB DAMLER, County Treasurer, Manitowoc, is a native of Germany, born bept. 25, 1826; came to Sheboygan June 6, 1851, there he remained seven months, then removed to Two Rivers, followed there the boot and shoe business till 1873. He had learned this trade in his native country, having served there ten years ; he has also been engaged in the manulacture ot brick from 1873 to 1876, when he was elected County Treasurer, which position he continued to hold during his resi dence in Two Rivers. He held offices of Assessor, Town Treasurer four years, School Treasurer sixteen and a half years, has been Chairman of the Town and County Board of Supervisors during 1873, '74 and '75, and has been the recipient of many other public honors. JOHN DEN WAY, manufacturer of hosiery, etc., Manitowoc, em ploys forty-five hands, and manufactures on an average fifty dozen hose per day. He was born in Oswego, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1845, and lived there until he was about seventeen years of age. He enlisted in 1861, Co. B, 8th Missouri Zouaves, and served four and a half years, and was mustered out at St. Louis, Mo., in 1865. He participated in the battles Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Arkansas Post, and the first charge of Vicks burg, under Gen. Sherman ; he was in nearly all ot the western battles of any importance ; after being mustered out he went to Chicago, and went into the business of hose manufacturing for eleven years, then he went to Janesville ; was there some time in same business. He came to Manitowoc in January, 18S0, and began his present occupation. He was married in Chicago March 9, 1876, to Miss Minnie Pautz ; she was born in Manitowoc County, May, 1857. WILLIAM F. DICKE, firm of Lehmkuhl & Dicke, general mer chandise and sewing machines, Manitowoc, was born Aug. 30, 1857, in New Bremen, Auglaize Co., Ohio. When a child he came to Manitowoc with his parents. After completing his schooling he worked at various kinds of employment, was clerk for J. Schuette & Bros, from 1872 till the Fall of 1877, when this firm was established; married in the Spring of 1880 to Miss Bertha Wagner, of Manitowoc ; they have one son, Kurth. J. DONOHUE, assistant superintendent Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, Manitowoc, was born in Ireland, May.12, 1845. He emigrated with his parents to America, December, 1845, they settled in Pennsylvania, and lived until 1853, when they moved to Sheboygan Falls. The subject of our sketch lived there until Spring, 1861. He was sta tion agent at Glenbeulah until 1862. He then went to Milwaukee in the employ of Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien Railroad as fireman until March, 1865, and returned to Sheboygan County and went in employ of the She boygan & Fond du Lac Railroad as baggage master, Fall, 1866, and bought grain for same company until 1868 ; was superintendent also. In the meantime the railroad went into the hands of S. M. Barrett, Cincinnati, 0., when Mr. D. went in his employ until Spring, 1871. The railroad again changed hands to T. F. Strong, of Fond du Lac. Mr. D. remained with him until August, 1871, after which he went into the employ of M., L. S. & W., at Sheboygan, taking charge of the grading and laying the iron. After completing the same, he took charge of the passenger and freight train until Spring, 1S73, then took charge of grading and laying the iron from Sheboygan to Manitowoc City; aller completing the same to latter city, he was appointed roadmaster and assistant superintendent in Fall, 1873, and held the same until Fall, 1876, since which time he has held the position as above mentioned. He was married to Miss Abbie A. Clark, May 12, 1874, in Sheboygan County, She was born near Providence, R. I., June, 1844. They have two children, Abbie A. and Hazel B. AUGUST F. DUMKE, Manitowoc Iron Works, .first settled in Township Newton, Manitowoc Co., 1853, and farmed five years. In HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 527 1858 he moved to Manitowoc City and worked at millwrighting and as a miller in a grist mill. In October, 1861, enlisted in Co. B, gth Reg. Wis. V. I., going as first lieutenant. In Spring, 1862, he was promoted to the captaincy of his company; he resigned in March, 1863, on account of failing health ; he returned home and built the machinery for a planing mill; put the same in operation and followed the business until 1865, sold out, and in Fall, 1865, began his present large works in company with John Kline. This partnership continued two years, and Messrs. Haverland and Wilharms bought the interest of Mr. Kline. Mr. Dumke continued in company five years, and then .bought the entire interest, and has since operated alone. He was born in Prussia, Dec. 8, 1824. He was married in 1851 to Miss Wilhelmina Guhr ; she was a native of the same country, born June 20, 1825. JOHN FRANZ, real estate and insurance, Manitowoc, born Nov. 15, 1832, in Prussia, In 1856 he came to Two Rivers, worked in the factory most of the time till 1863. He then was elected to differ ent local offices, which he held till 1867, when he was elected Register of Deeds; held this office till 1877. Since then he has been engaged inhis present business ; he has been elected twice Alderman, married in 1854 to Catherine Heinz of Prussia. They have four children, one son and three daughters. Mr. Franz has held the office of Notary Public con tinuously since 1865. HENRY ESCH, general merchandise, Manitowoc, is a native of Prussia, born June, 1830, came to Vincennes, Ind., in 1853, there worked at the gunsmith trade three years; in 1856, came to Manitowoc, worked at his trade about two years ; he then opened a small store, and by strict attention to business he has worked into a large and flourishing trade, occupying two large stores and giving employment to six clerks. He was married, in 1854, to Elizabeth Bierhans, of Prussia. They have seven children, five sons and two daughters. HUBERT FALGE, Clerk Circuit Court, Manitowoc, is a native of Bohemia; came to Manitowoc County in 1868 ; has been engaged in school teaching till 1877, when he was elected to his present position. Married in i860 to Mary Ludwig of Bohemia, she died July 7, 1880, aged thirty- seven years; have five children, one son and four daughters. JACOB FLIEGLER, firm of Fliegler & Haupt, Wisconsin Central Mills, Manitowoc, born Nov. 6, 1837, in Baden, Germany. September, 1844, he came to Chicago, where he remained until 1852 ; he then re moved to Waukesha. Sept. 16, i8s8,,hecame to Manitowoc, where he has since resided. He built the first swing bridge in Manitowoc, which was in the Fall of 1858. He afterward was engaged by different firms in the lumber business for several years. In 1865, he, with Mr. Waldo, opened a flour, feed and grocery and provision store ; continuing this business till June 5, 1869, when he bought out the interest of Walter Lyons, consisting of saw and grist mills, lands, etc. Operating this business till 1873, he then bought an interest with Wahle & Haupt, pro prietor of the Wisconsin Central Mills; the firm then became Fliegler Wahle & Co., and in 1877 the firm changed to Fliegler & Haupt, which it has since continued. C. GELBKE, of the firm of C. Gelbke & Bro., manufacturers and dealers in boots and shoes, was born in Prussia, March 15, 1828. He emi grated to America in June, 1857, and settled in Manitowoc City. He worked at his trade first year for Mr. Roberts, and five years for Mr. Shultz. In 1863, they established their business as above noted and since continued the same. He was married, October, i860, in Manito woc County, to Miss Wilhelmina Haupt, she was born in Hessen, Ger many, 1836. They have one adopted daughter. HENRY GREVE, planing mill and sash factory, Manitowoc, was born Feb. 29, 1828, in Mecklenburg, Germany. At the age of fourteen years, he began to learn the trade of joiner and furniture maker. He followed his trade until 1853, when he emigrated to New York, working at his trade for two years in that city. In 1855, he came to Manitowoc and in 1866 he started a furniture business, which he conducted for five years. In 1868, he started a planing mill, and in 1879 added to his busi ness the manufacture of staves, all of which he is now successfully con ducting. He enlisted in 1862, Co F, 26th Wis. Inf., and was wounded at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va., in 1863, and was discharged on account of physical inability. He has been a member of the Board of Trustees and is an Alderman and member of the County Board and has been City Assessor, besides having held various other offices. In 1853, he married Miss Helene Lehmann, of Mecklenberg. They have one son. CLARENCE E. GRIDLEY, .dentist, ¦. Manitowoc City, was born in Rochester, N. Y., May 7, 1856 ; he left Rochester in 1872, and traveled through the West in the practice of his profession, having learned the same in Rochester, beginning in 1870 and finishing in Detroit, Mich. He also attended the Detroit Medical College. He went from the latter city to Winona, Minn., and practiced his profession a short time, and from there he went to Manito woc, Sept. 24, 1877, and began business in company with Mr. S. N. Buck, and at the end of one year, Mr. G. bought the interest. He was married in Manitowoc, Nov. 7, 1878, to Miss Lillian H. Randall, of Appleton; she was born in the latter city, Aug. 31, 1861. They lost one son, Sept. 4, 1880. They now have an infant son. H. GUTTMANN, manufacturer and dealer in harness, saddles and collars, Manitowoc, was born April 19, i83i,in Prussia. In 1856, he came to Two Rivers. He was employed by the Wisconsin Leather Co. for three years, when he moved to Manitowoc, and ran a tannery till 1876. In 1870, he opened a leather store, and two years later he added harness making to his other business. He has been Alderman two terms. In 1858, he married Miss A. Bertram, a native of Prussia, by whom he has seven children, five sons and two daughters. JOHN HALL, Sec. 7, Manitowoc Township, born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1831. He emigrated to America with his mother, three brothers, and one sister, and settled in Blackstone, Mass., where the brothers worked two years in a cotton factory. They moved to Dodgeville in the Fall of 1850, and worked at mining the following Winter, and in the Spring of 1851 they moved to Manitowoc City, where they lived eighteen months, and moved on their farm in Fall of 1852, where the family lived some time, and where he is now located. Followed lumbering twelve years on be ginning life in Wisconsin, since which time he has been engaged in farming. He was married in Manitowoc City, October, 1867, to Miss Jane E. Sniffin ; she was born in Kenosha, Sept. II, 1846. They have four children — Berlin, born Aug. 13, 1868; Jay, born Dec. 22, 1869; Gordon, born Sept. 3, 1872 ; Louisa, Dec. I, 1876. At the date of Mr! Hall's settlement there were only two families between his farm and the city. He has seen the county spring up from its early pioneer set tlement. He owns 227 acres of land, 200 under cultivation. ANDREW HANSEN, wagon-maker, Manitowoc, was born March 13, 1834, in Denmark. He learned his trade of blacksmith and wagon- maker in his native country. July 6, 1855, he came Manitowoc, where he has since resided. In 1878, he built his brick shop which he has since occupied. It is supplied with a steam boiler and engine of fifteen- horse power, the first of the kind ever used in the city. He has been Alderman several terms, besides holding other local offices. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Mary Andersen, of Norway, by whom he has four children, three sons and one daughter. JASPER HANSON, firm of Hanson & Scove, ship builders, Manito woc, was born in Denmark, Jan. 5, 1832. In 1854 he emigrated to Amer ica, and located in Manitowoc during the same year. He first worked in the saw mill of Benj. Jones & Co. The mill now operated by this firm stands on the same site as that occupied by the mill in which he was first em ployed. Mr. Hanson continued in this employment until 1856, when he commenced working in the ship-yard, as a carpenter and general workman, continuing until 1866, when he established business himself with A. D. Jones. Mr. Jones retired from the firm two years later, when H. M. Scove was admitted as a partner. The firm of Hanson & 528 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Scove has not changed since. The yards have turned out some of the largest craft on the lakes, both sailing vessels and steam tugs, among which may be mentioned " Guido Pfister," and " Thomas L. Parker." JOHN HARDOW, harness, Manitowoc, born in this place Aug. 3, 1854. At the age of fifteen he commenced working in a brick yard ; continued about one year ; in 1870 he commenced to learn the harness trade, and has since worked at this trade ; he established this business June, 1881 ; married Sept 16, 1878, to Frederica Kirchner. She was born in Saxony; they have one son, Charles. CHARLES HAVERLAND, Central House and saloon, Manitowoc, settled at Port Jarvis, N. Y., July 4, 1854 ; lived there one year and moved to Hawley, Pa., and worked in a machine shop of Pennsylvania Coal Co", until 1861 ; then came to Manitowoc. He first engaged in the millwright work, and in company with Messrs. A. F. Dumke and Wil- harms, ran the Manitowoc Iron Works five years, then he went into the milling business one year and from that into the hotel and saloon busi ness. He was born in Germany, Sept. 21, 1823. He was married to Miss Amelia Birkholz, March 26, 1854, and emigrated to America the same year. Mrs. H. was born in Prussia, Jan. 2, 1830. CHARLES F. HECKER, retired, Manitowoc. Born Nov. 26, 1819, in Prussia. In 1848, he came to this county, engaged in farming till about 1865 ; he then removed to the city and opened a general store, which he continued about two years ; since then he has been engaged in real estate. In 1874, he built the two-story and basement brick store now occupied by T. C. Buerstatte, druggist. Mr. Hecker has held va rious local offices. He was married in 1848, to Charlotte Hecker; she is a native of Prussia. They have two daughters, Miss Charlotte, now en gaged in teaching school, and Miss Augusta, engaged in music teach ing. She first took a course of studies with Prof. Buling, of Manito woc, and later, two courses with Prof. Luneng, of Milwaukee. W. H. HEMSCHEMEYER. Justice of the Peace, Manitowoc. Was born May 19, 1833, in Hanover, Germany. In 1848, he came with his parents to Manitowoc County, and until the age of nineteen he attended school and assisted on their farm ; he then engaged in mercantile pur suits till 1862, when he entered the army ot the rebellion. He held commissions both as lieutenant and captain, remaining in the service till July, 1865 ; he participated in ihe battles of Fredricksburg, Chan- cellorsville, Gettysburg, and in 1863, their corps was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and participated in the battle of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Sherman's march to the sea, and others ; he returned to Manitowoc and again engaged in mercantile pursuits till 1877. He has held the offices of City Clerk, Register of Deeds, and has been a member of the Assembly for the Third District, for 1879 and 1880 ; he was also a delegate in 1880, to the Republican National Con vention at Chicago, from the Fifth Congressional District. CHARLES HOYER, merchant tailor, Manitowoc. Was born Dec. 24, 1829, in Austria. In 1853, he emigrated to America, locating in Milwaukee, in which cily he opened a merchant tailor store, remaining in that business until 1865, when he removed to Manitowoc and contin ued his business. He carries one of the largest and finest stocks in this city. In 1855, he married Miss Wilhelmena Lutzer, of Prussia. They have three sons and two daughters. JOSEPH HOYER, boarding-house and saloon, Manitowoc. Born March 19, 1832, in Austria. In 1854, he went to Milwaukee; the fol lowing year he came to this city and opened a boot and shoe store, em ploying three or four men ; he continued this business until 1866, when he opened his present business. He married, in 1857, Miss Katherine Bourkhardt, of Baden, by whom he has four children, two boys and two girls. F. W. HUE3NER, deceased, family residence, Sec, 5, P. O. Manito woc, he was born, Jan. 6, 1809, in Prussia. Came to Manitowoc in 1845, in 1848, he settled on his farm, consisting of 160 acres, which is one of the oldest and best improved farms in the township. He was married in the Spring of 1837, to Julia Lissing, of Prussia ; she was born March 14, 1810; she has three children — Amelia, Fred, and William J. He has two children by a former marriage, Mollie and Hannah. He died May 28, 1881; their son William J., now the owner of this property, was born Oct. 28, 1854, on this farm. A. D. JONES, Register of Deeds. Born May 25, 1835, in Chicago. The following year he came with his parents to Manitowoc ; here he re ceived a common school education ; in 1853, he went to Monroe, Conn., and attended the academy there three years ; then returned to Manito woc and engaged in the lumber business, which he continued till 1865. Since this time he has been managing his father's business, which is now principally real estate. He was elected Mayor in the Spring of 1872 ; this office he held till 1877; was City Clerk from 1878 to 1881 ; he was appointed to the office of Register of Deeds, February, 1881, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Anton Brusch. His father, Benjamin Jones, who was the founder of Manitowoc, died Aug. 11, 1881. The following is an extract taken from one of the city papers : ?Benjamin . Jones, familiarly known to almost every person in this county as "Uncle Ben," died last Thursday morning at 4.45 at the residence of his son, Hon. A. D. Jones, in this city, after a lingering ill- ness of over two years. Mr. Jones was the founder of the city of Man itowoc and one of the early settlers of Chicago. He was born in the State of Massachusetts July 24, 1795, and was, at the time of his death, in the 87th year of his age. When a child, his father moved to the State of New York, taking his family with hiin, but soon afterward died, leav ing young Benjamin almost alone in the world to take care of himself at the tender age of ten years. At the age of sixteen, he enlisted in the War of 1812, and served until the end of the war. When about thirty years of age he was married, at Pendleton, Niagara Co., N. Y., to Miss Electa Smith, a sister of Hon. Perry P. Smith, now of this city. By her he had twelve children, only three of whom are living. In the year 1833 he moved with his family, then consisting of a wife and four children, to Chicago, taking with him a small stock of groceries. He sailed from Buffalo on the schooner "United States" in the latter part of the Sum mer of 1833, and arrived off Chicago in the month of October, having been six weeks on the passage. The vessel came to anchor off the mouth of the river, then a mere creek, with no pretensions toward a harbor, and Mr. Jones went on shore to secure a temporary place for his family tore- side until he could provide a permanent home for them. During the night a terrible storm arose, and in the morning nothing could be seen of the vessel which contained all of his earthly treasures. After a vain search for several days he came to the conclusion that the vessel had gone to the bottom, which however, luckily proved not to be the case. The vessel was torn from her moorings by the violent gale, and was drifting on to the shore where Michigan City now stands, but, by an opportune shift of the wind, she was enabled to make St. Joseph harbor, and was saved from destruction. After the gale subsided, she again set sail for Chicago, arriving this time in 'safety, bringing to Mr. Jones his family, restoring them, as it seemed to him, from the dead. He immediately set about building for himself a house and store, choosing for a site South Water street, between Dearborn and Clark, where he did a prosperous business for several years. Chicago had then about 3,000 inhabitants, and Mr. Jones was one of its principal merchants. He also speculated some in real estate, and when he left Chicago, a few years later, he had accumulated a large property. He at one time owned the block upon which the new Custom House now stands, and he sold it to Capt. Big elow for $7,500. Mr. Jones was contemporary in Chicago wilh Chas. Walker, Thomas Church, Wm. B. Ogden, Geo. W. Snow, B. F. Had dock and Bro., G. S. Hubbard, Major Kinzie, Wm. Jones, his brother, and that class of old citizens, and is among the last of them to pass away from earth. In June, 1836, Mr. Jones came to Manitowoc, then a wil derness, and purchased about 2,000 acres of land where this city now stands, and adjoining, and has spent more than forty years of his life here. He immediately entered extensively into the lumber and milling business, employing a large number ot men. In the Fall of 1837 he put up one of the first four houses ever built in this city, and in which his daughter Adaline (now the wife of Dr. S. C. Blake, late of Chicago), was born, she being the first white child in Manitowoc County. The house is still standing upon the corner of Seventh and York streets, and is well preserved. In 1854-55 Mr. Jones associated with him Hon. George Reed and Mr. Jacob Leups, and the three projected the Lake Michigan & Mississippi Railroad, intended to be run from Manitowoc via Nee nah and Menasha west to the Mississippi River. After two years' labor in grading, etc., a difficulty arose between the parties, and the project was abandoned, Mr. Jones losing thereby upward of $100,000. Every public charity of this city or county has associated with it the name of Benjamin Jones. Nearly, if not all, of the churches of this city are in debted to him for the sites they now occupy, as is the city for its parks and grounds for other public institutions. Mr. Jones was pre-eminently a man of sterling worth. His life and career has been one of assiduous industry and stern integrity. Charitable to the erring, kind and gener ous to the sick and needy, and just to all, he won the respect and love of all who knew him. He was one of God's noblemen — an honest man. In his long and extensive business career here, not one single spot is upon his record. In his habits he was remarkably correct. Strictly temper ate, he was never addicted to the use of either liquor or tobacco, and was of the highest morality. Mr. Jones was never sick until about three years ago, when he had an attack of apoplexy, since which time he has been absolutely helpless, and during all of which he has been faithfully and tenderly cared for by his only son, Hon. A. D. Jones. His three children now living, all reside here, the other two being Mrs. A. J. Blake, wife of Dr. S. C. Blake and Mrs. Emily J. Colby, the widow of Manito woc's first county judge. He will be mourned by them as a kind, faith ful, and indulgent father, and by the community as a generous, kind- hearted, sympathetic neighbor and pure, high-minded, patriotic citizen. His remains were conveyed to Chicago for interment in Oakwood cem etery, beside those of his wife, who died in Chicago in 1859. •Portrait of Mr. Jones not received in time to be inserted In this place. It will be found on page 31. HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 529 ERNST KERN, deceased, formerly engaged in general merchandise, at Manitowoc, was born Feb. 14, 1828, in Bavaria. In 1821 he emigrated to America, and located at Milwaukee, where he resided for two years. He then removed to Manitowoc, where, in company with Mr. Beer, he opened a general store. The partnership was continued until 1865, when Mr. Beer died. He then purchased his partner's interest, and continued the business alone until he died, May 21, 1876. Since his death Mrs. Kern has carried on the business, ably assisted by her son, Julius Kern. He married Miss Minnie Zinns, in 1861, who was a native of Alsace, France. They have two children, one son and one daughter. M. KETTENHOFEN, proprietor North-Western House.Manitowoc, born April 2, 1825, in Prussia; came to this county in 1854, Workedatthe lumber business till 1859, then clerked in a store one year. He then opened a hotel in Neshota, which he continued three years. In 1863, he came to Manitowoc and took charge of the Williams House, where he remained three years, when it was destroyed by fire. In 1869 he bought these premisesand erected this hotel,which he has since successfully conducted. When in his native country he served three years and four months in the Prussian army. CHRIS. KOEBKE, restaurant, saloon and billiard hall, Manitowoc. Born Oct. 7, 1838, in Mecklenburg, Germany. He came to Manitowoc in 1857, and was engaged in various kinds of labor for about eighteen months. Then went to St. Louis, and worked as gardener in Shaw's and O'Fallen's and Carter's garden, remaining in that city for about two years and one half. Sept. 15, 1861, he returned to Manitowoc and opened this business, which is now one of the finest in this city. He married in 1876, Miss Bertha Rode, of Hesse-Darmstadt. They have one son, Walter Koebke. J. A. KOEHLER, general merchandise, Manitowoc. Born Dec. 29, 1827, in Prussia. Came to New York in the capacity of a sailor in 1849. At the age of thirteen years he commenced sailing, continuing at this business until 1859, when he retired from the lakes and established his present business. He was captain the last five years he followed the lakes. From a small beginning he has worked into a large and pros perous business. Married in 1857, to Fredonca-Kanser, of Mecklenberg. They have five children, one son and four daughters. P. J. KOELZER, general merchandise, Manitowoc. Born Nov. 3, 1831, in Prussia. Sept. 15, 1851, he came to New York, and was there engaged in the manufacture of furniture seventeen years. In 1869, he came to Manitowoc, and opened a general store, which he has since successfully continued, being obliged to enlarge his store on account of his increasing business. Married in the Spring of 1853, to Sarah Doyle. She is a native of Ireland. They have five children, two sons and three daughters — two daughters are teaching school. Joseph assists his father in their business. ALBERT LANDRETH, seed grower and dealer in all kinds of seeds, Manitowoc, was born in Bristol, Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 4, 1858, and at the age of five years he went with his parents to Battle Creek, Mich., and lived there about thirteen years. His father, Mr. John Landreth, followed the above business there. Albert L. came to Mani towoc in 1876, and was in his brother's employ thiee years. He went to Sheboygan, and was there one year. He then returned to Manito woc, and began his present business. He was married, October, 1880, in the latter city, to Miss Anna F. Hoes. She was born in Manitowoc, November, 1861. CHARLES LEVERENZ, general blacksmith and manufacturer of wagons, buggies, etc., Manitowoc, was born in Germany, May 1, 1823. He came to America in 1851, and settled in Manitowoc City, and since then has followed blacksmithing, etc., as above stated. He was married, January, 1843, in Germany, to Miss Sophia Kousear. She was born in Germany, Feb. 22, 1826. They have seven children — Fredericka, Will iam F., Augusta, Henrietta, Charles F., Frank and Arthur. JOHN A. LIEBERT, merchant tailor, Manitowoc, was born in Prussia, Aug. 13, 1842, and emigrated to America in 1861, and settled in Manitowoc. Worked at his trade eighteen months, then went to Sheboygan a short time, and worked at his trade. He then enlisted in Co. L, 4th Wis. Cav., March 22, 1864. Served until May 28, 1866, and got his discharge. He returned to Manitowoc, and engaged in tailoring about two years, and went to Milwaukee, where he also followed his trade a short time. He finally returned to Manitowoc, and began busi ness July, 1869, with only $80, since which time he has built up a good trade. He was married in Manitowoc, Oct. 10, 1869, to Miss Amelia Reitz. She was born in Germany, Aug. 19, 1852. HERMANN LOHE, meat market, Manitowoc, was born Dec. 3, 1823, in Prussia. He emigrated to America in 1857. In the Spring of 1858, he came to Manitowoc County, and engaged in farming for one year. He then moved to Manitowoc, and opened a meat market, which he has successfully conducted ever since. He commenced on a small capital, and has increased his business until now he has the most exten sive store of the kind in the city. In 1861, he married Miss Sophia Reisenbichler, of Austria, by whom he had two children, one son and one daughter. 33 EMANUEL LORENZ, of the firm of Hecker & Lorenz, proprie tors meat market, Manitowoc, was born in Bohemia, Germany, May 15, 1851. He emigrated to America Juneg, 1877, and settled in Manitowoc and began his present business. He was married to Miss Emelia Pautz May 7, 1881. She was born Sept. 11, 1855, in Liberty, Manitowoc Co. JACOB LUEPS, deceased, Manitowoc, was born Sept. 16, 1817, in Otsoy, Prussia. In 1849 he emigrated to America and located in Buf falo, N. Y. In May, 1850, he came to Manitowoc, where he resided until his death, which occurred April 27, 1876. He was extensively engaged in buying and selling lands, and has owned at various times over one thousand acres, in and out of the city. The family residence is located on a tract of one hundred and one acres of land adjoining the city limits. Mr. Lueps began making meteorological observations in 1852, continuing the same up to the time of his death, since which time his daughters havo continued making their reports to the War Department. He was married November, 1846, to Katharina Hagen, a native of Prussia, born in 1823. They have one son, William G. Lueps, now fitting himself for the legal profession, and five daughters. DR. F. S. LUHMANN, physician and surgeon, Manitowoc, is a na tive of Sheboygan County, born May 29, 1851. After finishing his regular preparatory course of studies, he went to Madison, Wis., and entered the classical department of the State University, where he graduated in 1875. He also graduated from the Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1877; he then removed to Two Rivers, where he practiced till the Spring of 1879, when he went to Europe and studied one year in Vienna, and graduated at Ludwigs University, at Munich, with high honors, in 1880; married in 1878 to Miss Lena, daughter of Dr. F.Simon, of Manitowoc. They have two children, both sons. CHARLES LULING, cashier First National Bank, Manitowoc, is a native of Westphalia, Germany. At the age of nineteen years he came to Chicago, where he remained two years, then removed to Naperville, 111. ; there engaged in drugs and banking business seven years, then re moved to Fox Lake, also engaged in banking; in 1861 came to Mani towoc, and has since been engaged in banking. Has held the position of cashier of this bank since its organization, which was in 1865, formerly known as the State Bank of Manitowoc. Mr. Luling was a State Elect or in 1876, on the Republican Ticket, and now a member of the State Board of Supervisors. ALFRED MANHEIMER, manufacturer and dealer in cigars and smokers' articles, Manitowoc, was born in Earfurt, Province Saxony, Prussia, Dec. 25, 1853. He emigrated to America with his parents when he was a small child, and they settled in Milwaukee. When he arrived at a suitable age he visited twenty-nine States of the Union as journeyman in cigar making. He enlisted in the Navy of United States in 1871, and served three years, afterward went to Minnesota, lived there one year, working at his trade. He went to Oshkosh, then came to Manitowoc, and was married to Miss Augusta Fisk, May 5, 1876. She was born in the latter city July II, 1857. HERMAN MARTENS, general merchandise, Manitowoc, born Dec. II, 1823, in Holstein, Germany. In 1850, he came to New York, remained there two months, he then came to Watertown, Wis. In 1851, removed to New Holstein, Wis., remained a short time, then went to Chicago; soon after returned to Watertown, engaged in buying grain and teaming; continued here till 1855, when he sold out his property and removed to New Holstein, he then engaged in buying and selling pork, flour and other produce. In the Springof 1856, he removed to Manito woc and opened a flour store; he gradually worked from one line of goods to another, and now carrying a general stock and doing a large and pros perous business. He now occupies a brick store 25x50, two stories and basement, which he built in 1875. Mr. Martens was the first shipper of grain from Manitowoc. Married in the Fall of 1856, to Sophia Kansier, of Mecklenberg, Germany. They have five children, two sons and three daughters. A. B. MELENDY, photographer, Manitowoc, born Dec. 11, 1851, in Milwaukee. When a child, he came to Sheboygan County, with his parents, there he worked on a farm till 1873; he then commenced to learn this trade with Fay W. Manville, of Sheboygan. In about 1874, he removed to Manitowoc and opened this gallery. Since Mr. Melendy's residence here, he has devoted all his time and means, in making this a first-class gallery, and is now rewarded with the satisfaction of having one of the finest portrait galleries in the State. He was married, in 1872, to Miss L. G. Stewart, of Appleton. They have three children, one son and two daughters. HENRY MENDLIK, firm of Barnes & Mendlik, general merchan dise, Manitowoc, is a native of Bohemia. Came to Racine County in 1854, with his parents. In 1857, they removed to Manitowoc County, where he assisted his father on their farm. On the death of his father, the family removed to the city. He enlisted in 1861, Co. F, 26lh Wis. Inf., served nine months, was discharged on account of physical disabil ity. He then came to Chicago, and clerked in a flour and feed store a few months, then returned to Manitowoc, was employed with Vilas & Co., as clerk about fourteen years, and had also been a member of this firm. In 1879, he became a member of this firm. Married May 30, 1876, 53° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to Elizabeth Kolinsky, of Bohemia. They have three children, one son and two daughters. JOHN MENDLIK, Manitowoc Marble Works, is a native of Bohemia, born May 23, 1837, and came with his parents to Milwaukee, in 1854. He then removed with his parents to Racine County, where he assisted his father in farming for a few months. He next went to Racine, where he entered a printing office as an apprentice, working at this trade six months. Going to Milwaukee, he remained there about two years, for the purpose of completing the stone cutting trade, when he removed to Chicago and engaged in the stone and marble business about nine years, the latter portion of which time being occupied in carving. In June, 1866, he settled in Manitowoc, and at once established his present business, which he has since successfully conducted, having by his business talent and industry, built up a large and profitable trade. He was married, in April, i860, to Miss Anna Ferdinand, of Chicago. They have nine children, one son and eight daughters. H. J. MEYER, general merchandise, Manitowoc, is a native of this place. He established his business Nov. I, 1879, prior to which time he had been a clerk for the past ten years for Henry Esch. J. L. MILLER, proprietor Miller House, Manitowoc, was born Nov. 23, 1834, in Austria. He emigrated to America and located in Wisconsin in 1853. Engaged in farming until 1858 ; he then moved to Manitowoc County. Followed farming for about five years, then moved to Neshota, working in a saw-mill until 1873, when he came to Mani towoc and opened this hotel. In i860, he married Miss B. Bauer, of Kossuth, Manitowoc Co. They have had six children, four of whom are still living, two sons and two daughters. L. T. MOHRHUSEN, saloon and restaurant, Manitowoc, was born, March 18, 1841, in Oldenburg, Germany. In 1849, he came with his parents to Ozaukee County. Attended school and worked on a farm until 1862, when he enlisted in Co. C, 24th Wis. I., served to the end of the war and was mustered out as corporal. Returned to Ozaukee County, where'he remained about six months, then removed to Manito woc County, and opened a furniture store in company with his brother. Continued it about two years, when it was destroyed by fire. He then removed to Chilton, Calumet Co.; there opened a furniture store, which he continued five years. He then sold out to his brother and came to Two Rivers, and accepted a position as cabinet boss with the Two Riv ers Manufacturing Company; held this position five years. In 1876, came to Manitowoc and started the undertaking business, which he con tinued fifteen months. Since then he has been engaged in his present business. Was married, Feb. 15, 1868, to Katharine Shriefer, of Ger many. She died Aug. 5, 1881, aged thirty-two years. Have three sons. FRED P. MUELLER, Deputy Register of Deeds, Manitowoc, is a native of Canada, born in 1849. Came to Ozaukee Co., Wis., with his parents in 1850. Removed to Detroit, Mich., in 1867, where he taught school two years. In 1869, he went to Lockport, N. Y., where he clerked in a store, afterward taught school, about two years. Then removed to Buffalo, N. Y., attended Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College six months. He then went to New York City, where he held the position of book-keeper in a wholesale drug house about seven years. In 1876, came to Manitowoc. February, 1877, he was appointed to his present position, which he has since filled with marked ability. M. H. MURPHY, Sheriff, Manitowoc, was born May 8, 1853, in the town of Newton, Manitowoc Co. At the age of seventeen years, he commenced teaching school, which he continued about five Winters. He attended the Oshkosh Normal School during the Summer terms. From 1875 to 1878, he was engaged in the agricultural business. He held the office of Under Sheriff during 1879 and '80. Was elected Sheriff in January, 1881. JOHN NAGLE, of Nagle & Borcherdt, publishers of the^Manitowoc Pilot, Manitowoc, is a native of Canada, coming to this county with his parents when a child. He has since resided here. From 1873 to 1877, he was engaged in teaching at Sauk City and Two Rivers, being appointed County Superintendent of Schools in 1881. The present pro prietors of the Pilot assumed control in 1878, Mr. Na^le being its editor. He is a man of marked ability in his own profession, but is generally looked upon as a leading citizen in whatever responsibilities he has taken upon himself. Although still comparatively a young man, he is looked up to and respected for his maturity of thought and force of action. Not only has he established the leading paper in the county, but has made for himself, during the short time of his incumbency as County Superintendent, a record which is the pride of all educators. P. E. NAGLE, physician and surgeon, Manitowoc, was born in Ireland in the year 1852; in September, 1861, he came with his parents to Mil waukee. In 1864, the family removed to Manitowoc County. Eight years later he went to Minnesota to pursue his medical studies at the University. In 1874, he removed to Mobile, Ala., remaining one year; returning to Manitowoc, he taught school three years, and next pursued a three years' course at the University of Michigan. Having completed this, he was appointed secretary of the Medical Faculty, and assistant to Prof. Palmer in the State University. Dr. Nagle settled in Manito woc in the Spring of 1881, and has since resided here, practicing his pro- fession. JOHN NESPOR, proprietor Clipper City Marble Works, Manito woc, was born in Bohemia, Sept. 25, 1851, and emigrated to America in 1866, and settled in Manitowoc, He learned his trade in the latter city. He began business in 1875, beginning in a small "way, and now has a good business. He was married in Manitowoc, Sept. 28, 1873, to Miss Julia Marish. She was born in Kossuth Tp., Manitowoc Co., Dec. 24, 1857. They have one son and two daughters. WILLTAM NOLLAU, proprietor Franklin House, Manitowoc, was born Feb. II, 1826, in Saxony. In April, 1849, he came to Sheboy gan, thence to Manitowoc County ; worked in saw-mills, and was fore man for B. Jones & Co. several years. He then rented a saw-mill, and run it about eighteen months, when it was destroyed by fire. He then went to Mishicott, where he worked about six months. In 1863, he ex changed land with Mr. Esslinger for this property, and has since been engaged in the hotel business. He was married, in 1854, to Miss Lisetta Hacker, of Mecklenburg. They have seven children, three sons and four daughters — Nellie, now Mrs. Wolff, of Chicago ; Ida, now Mrs. John A. Root, of Minneapolis ; Arthur, now book-keeper for John Schuette & Bro. ; Emma ; Theo, now learning the harness trade ; Emil and Ada. line, now attending school. FERD OSTENFELDT, brick manufacturer, Manitowoc, is a na tive of Holstein, Germany, born July 18, 1829. When a boy he emi grated to America, and located in Calumet County ; there he engaged in farming. He cultivated about eighty acres. This land had been for merly entered by his brother. In 1862, he was commissioned first lieu tenant of Co. E, 21st Wis. I. ; the following October he was promoted to captain, and resigned, in 1863, on account of wounds received at the battle of Perry ville. He was United States Assessor in Calumet County from 1863 to 1870 ; has been Clerk of the County Board, Justice of the Peace, and was United States Census Enumerator in 1880. In 1876, he removed to Manitowoc, and has since been engaged in the manufacture of brick. He was married, Aug. 21, 1862, to Maria Friederichsen, of New Holstein, Calumet Co. They have two sons. DR. R. K. PAINE, physician and surgeon, Manitowoc, is a native of Washington Co., Vt., born in 1843. He removed with his parents to Fond du Lac, in 1853. After having received a good preliminary edu cation, and served eight months in the army, in 1870, he removed to Chicago to attend the Hahnemann Medical College, graduating there from in 1873. He then became resident physician of the hospital, which position he held two years, afterward removing to Manitowoc, where he has since resided, engaged in the practice of his chosen pro fession. ANDREW J, PATCHEN, dentist, Manitowoc, was born in Corning, Steuben Co., N. Y., Dec. 24, 1830. He left New York, July 4, 1849, and arrived in Wisconsin July 15, same year, and settled in Ply mouth, Sheboygan Co., where he clerked and followed various kinds of business. After this he went to Sheboygan and clerked a short time in a hotel ; from there to Calumet, following various kinds of business. In the Spring of 1854 he went to Fond du Lac and engaged as driver of a passenger carriage from the latter city to Sheboygan. This lasted one summer. He then clerked in a hotel about two years, and in July, 1856, he went into the dental office of Dr. A. L. Hoyt, and remained three years in gaining a knowledge of dentistry. He then traveled and prac ticed his profession until Spring, 1861, and enlisted in Co. I, 5th Reg, Wis. V. I., as first sergeant ; served about six months, and was discharged November, 1861, on account of failing health. In November, 1862, he went to Manitowoc and helped recruit men for the 32d Regiment, his health being such that he could not go into the service then. In Spring, 1864, he raised a company of one hundred days troops for 39th Regi ment. Enlisted and served as captain, being mustered out at Camp Washburn. Since then he has lived at Manitowoc and followed his profession, in which he has been very successful, securing a good prac tice and possessing a fine home. He was married, June 16, 1849, at Monterey, Steuben Co., N. Y. His wife's maiden name was Nancy M. Kellogg. She was born March 13, 1831, in Litchfield, Conn. They have had seven children — Libbie, George E., deceased, Ida E., Terah J., deceased, Josie, George and Ralph W. REV. WILLIAM J. PEIL pastor of St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church, Manitowoc, was born in Racine, in T849; commenced his studies at the seminary of St. Francis of Sales, Milwaukee, in 1862 ; graduated in 1872 ; was assistant at St. Joseph's, in Milwaukee, for ten months ; removed from that city to Caledonia, Racine Co., and in 1881 came to Manitowoc. ADOLPH PIENING, dealer in books, stationery, toys, wall paper, etc., Manitowoc, was born in Germany Dec. 23, 1834, and emigrated to America in August, 1856, and settled at Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co., where he clerked nine years. In 1865 he went to Manitowoc and en gaged in book-keeping until Jan. 1, 1870, when he took the office 01 Clerk of Court. He was re-elected to the same office, which he held until Jan. 1, 1878. In the meantime he began his present business in the Fall, 1875. HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. s$3i REV. REINHOLD PIEPER, A. B., pastor of First German Evan gelical Lutheran Church, Manitowoc, is a native of Germany ; born March 2, 1850. At the age of fifteen he commenced the study of French and Latin, and studied German in Berlin. In the Spring of 1869 he came to Watertown, Wis. ; there commenced his regular course of studies, and passed through all the classes in four years. Graduated in 1S73, with the title of A. B. He then went to St. Louis and attended the Concordia Theological Seminary, where he was examined for the minis try. He then received a call from Wrightstown, Wis., and was there ordained pastor in 1876. He continued in charge two years and four months. He then came to Manitowoc and has since been pastor of this church. He was-married in 1876 to Miss Emily Koehr, of Sheboygan. They have one daughter, Lizzie. ANTON PROCHAZKA, of the firm of A. Prochazka & Co., proprie tors of foundry and machine shops, Manitowoc. Their business was established in 1867. They employ eight men, and manufacture grist mill and steamboat machinery. Mr. P. was born in Bohemia, Jan. 10, 1836. He emigrated to America in 1850, and settled in Watertown, Wis., with his parents ; remained there about six months, and went to Milwaukee, and lived there seven years, and learned the trade of a ma chinist. He went to St. Louis, Mo., in the Summer of 1857, was there during the Summer, and went to Milwaukee in 1858, and to Manitowoc in December, 1858. First engaged in grist and saw-mill business in Reedsville, Manitowoc Co.; was there seven years, and came to Mani towoc in 1867. Since then he has lived there, engaged in machinery business. He was married in Reedsville, in i860, to Miss Elizabeth Stu- pecky-; she was born in Bohemia, Jan. 26, 1842. They have three chil dren- — Emie], Addie and Julius. '^^£4 , WILLIAM RAHR, deceased, a native of Prussia, born March 17, 1812. In 1849, he came here, and at once commenced the business which he continued till his death, which occurred Oct. 5, 1880. Mr. Rahr was eminently a self-made man, commencing with a very small capital. His career has been marked by gradual growth, and at the time of his death, owned and doing the largest business in his line in Northern Wisconsin. He leaves a widow and five children, three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, William, is the executor of this large estate. He with his brother is carrying on this business. WILLIAM RAHR, Jr., Eagle Brewery, Manitowoc, is a native of this place, born in 1855. R. RAHR, of William Rahr Sons, brewers and maltsters, Manito woc. Born April 21, 1859, in this place. After completing his studies in the high school of this city, he went to Chicago, there entered the College of Pharmacy, graduated in 1877. receiving the degree of phar maceutical chemist ; he then went to Ann Arbor, Mich., and entered the high school; graduated from that institution in 1878. He then entered the Michigan University, and finished the sophomore year, and took one degree in chemistry. On account of his father's death, he returned to Manitowoc, and has since assisted his brother in their business. GOTTLIEB RAATZ, proprietor of Farmers' Home, Manitowoc. Born February, 1843, in Prussia. There learned the wagon-maker's trade, which he worked at till 1871, when he came to Manitowoc. Here he followed the carpenter trade. He owns this property, which he took charge of July, 1881. Married in 1873, to Wilhelmina Schwartz, of Two Rivers. She died February, 1880, aged twenty-two years. He has three sons. J. M. RAIT, principal of the North Side school, Manitowoc. Is a native of Scotland. Came to New York City in 1850, where he re mained six years. In 1856, came to Portage County, assisted his father at farming, remaining till 1867, when he went to Platteville, and entered the Normal school, graduating in 1869. He then went to Marinette, and taught school one year. In 1870, he removed to Stevens Point, there taught school two years ; he then taught in Sheboygan three years, and in Brodhead, Green Co., two years. In the Fall of 1879, he came to Two Rivers, where he taught till January, 1881, when he removed te Manitowoc, and has since held his present position. Since the age of seventeen he has been engaged in teaching, and since 1869 he has taught in graded schools. Married, in 1874, to Miss Eva Crocker, of Sheboy gan. They have two children, one son and one daughter. CHARLES RAMUS, of the firm of Ramus, Smith & Co., livery, and also road master on M., L. S. & Western Railroad, was born in Germany, Dec. 14, 1844. He came to America in 1848, and settled in Sheboygan County, and worked as laborer, a few months, on Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad, then as foreman on grading same railroad. He then took charge of laying track M., L. S. & W. R. R., after which he engaged as conductor on different trains on same railroad, about four years ; then he engaged as walking boss six months, on construction train, and the following year, he held the latter position in connection with that of road master, since which time he has held the position of road master. He was off the railroad seven months during the time, and began the livery business, June 1, 1879, which he also carries on, as above noted. He was married in Manitowoc, March 13, 1872, to Miss Emma Coats, who was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Sept. 6, 1853. They have three children — Charles C, Ernestine and Charlotte. E. K. RAND, firm of Wagner, Rand & Co., wholesale and retail hardware, Manitowoc, is a native of Jefferson Co., N. Y. In 1848, came to Chicago, thence to St. Louis, in 185 1. He removed to Manitowoc, engaged in ship building, about five years. He then opened a general store, which he continued several years. He then, with his brother, formed a partnership, continuing about four years, his brother then withdrawing from the business. Mr. Reemer became a member of the firm, which continued till March, 1881, when the firm changed to Wag ner, Rand & Co. They have one store on the North and one store on the South Side, and are probably doing the largest business of any house in their line in Northern Wisconsin. Mr. Rand represented this county in the Legislature in 1862-63 ; has been Under Sheriff, Alderman, etc. G. S. RAND, firm of Rand & Burger, ship builders, Manitowoc, born, May. 1830, in Golden Hill, Conn. When a boy, he came to Jefferson Co., N. Y., with his parents; in 1847, came to Michigan, in 1848, to Chicago, in 1849, removed to Manitowoc. He then followed the lakes about four years. In 1853, he engaged in ship building, which he has since continued. He is also superintendent of the Good rich ship-yard, having built all of their steamers, and has built some of the largest vessels on the lakes. He has held the position of Govern ment Agent of the harbor, at Manitowoc. HUGO A. REUSS, proprietor Williams House, Manitowoc, born May 18, 1835, in Germany. Came to Connecticut in 1853 ; in 1855, to New York ; in 1857, he removed to Milwaukee ; was clerk for George Dyer, five years. In 1862, he came to Two Creeks, and was employed by Pfister & Vogel, the first year, as their book-keeper. He then had general charge of the tannery. This position he held till the Fall of 1877, when he removed to Manitowoc, and has since had charge of this house. During his residence in Two Creeks, he held about all the local offices. Married. March 29, 1857, to Crescentia Roetter, of Ger many. Have two children, John and Matilda. A. M. RICHTER, .vinegar, mustard and pickle factory, Manitowoc. Born May 18, 1822, in Prussia. July, 1850, he came to Sheboygan. In 1854, came to Manitowoc County, followed farming four years; he then engaged in school teaching, which he continued about ten years ; he also carried on the drug business, which he sold out in 1873, and at once es tablished this business. He has held the offices of City Clerk, City Treasurer, and was County Clerk from 1872 to 1874. He also repre sented the County in the County Board. Has been County Supervisor, Alderman, etc. Married Miss Christina Richter, of Prussia. They have three sons and four daughters. ADAM ROBERTS, general blacksmith, wagon and carriage man ufacturer, Manitowoc. Was born in Montford Bridge, County Shrop- 532 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. shire, England, Aug. 15, 1814. He emigrated to America in 1844, and landed in New York City July I, of same year, and settled in Racine, where he lived about two years, and followed his trade. He moved to Manitowoc, June, 1846. He built a shop, and has followed blacksmith ing since. Mr. R. counted the buildings soon after arriving in Manito woc, and found there were twenty-one, consisting of shanties and dwell ing houses. The light house was built in 1836. He was married in England, in 1833, to Miss Eliza Worrall. She was born in England, and is now dead. They had two sons and three daughters. He was again married in Racine, in 1848, to Mrs. Anna Butcher, who was born on Isle Ely, England, July 27, 1815. They have had eight children, three sons and five daughters. FRITZ RUDOLPH, wholesale liquors, Manitowoc. Born March 8, 1813, in Arnsdadt Germany. In 1848, he came to Philadelphia, was clerk in a drug store one year, then came to Manitowoc County ; fol lowed farming five years. He then removed to the city, and was clerk in a wholesale liquor store two years. In 1856. he opened a store which he has successfully continued since. He built his residence in 1869, which is beautifully surrounded with shade trees, graveled walks and flowers, and is one of the pleasantest locations on the South Side. In 1875 he built a block of two stores, corner of Eighth and Franklin streets; cost about $11,000. He was married, in i860, to Dora Solomon, sister of en-Governor Solomon of Wisconsin. She was born in Halber- stadt, Germany. They have one adopted son, William, now employed in a wholesale store in St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Rudolph has in his parlor a very fine painting of his grandfather, Christopher Rudolph, who was born May 27, 1750, and died in 1826. He was a dyer by trade. His son was also brought up to the same business. SANDER SANDERSON, boots and shoes, Manitowoc. Wasborn June 17, 1828, in Norway. 1854, he came to Manitowoc and at once opened a boot and shoe store, which he has since continued. He man ufactures to order, as well as carries a line of ready-made goods. Mar ried, in 1867, to Miss Gertrude Hansen, a native of Mornay. They have five children, three sons and two daughters. E. SCHINDLER, saloon, Manitowoc. Born Sept. 15, 1835, in Prussia. In 1851, he came to Chicago, went thence to Milwaukee, thence to Fond du Lac, and thence to Calumet County. In 1852, he re moved to Manitowoc, working at various kinds of work for several years, and in 1861 he enlisted in Co. A, 5th Wis. V. I. Served three years. He participated in the battles of Gettysburg, of the Wilderness and Fair Oaks, Spottsylvania Court-House and others. He then returned to Manitowoc, and established his present business in 1867. He mar ried, in 1869, to Margaret Deidreich, of Bohemia, by whom he had six chil dren, two sons and four daughters. A. J. SCHMITZ, attorney-at-law, Manitowoc. Is a native of this place. After receiving the usual course of studies in the schools of this city, he went to Madison, and attended the State University from 1870 to 1875. He also attended the Ripon College one year, In 1874, he commenced a regular course of law studies, and was admitted to practice in 1875. Mr. Schmitz was District Attorney from 1876 to 1880. He Wis married, December, 1877, to Miss Bertha Franz. She was born in Manitowoc County. They have two children, both daughters. CARL H. SCHMIDT, proprietor of the Nord-Westen (German newspaper), Manitowoc, came to this place in December, 1854, then nineteen years old, having been born in Luebbecke, Province of West phalia, in Prussia. Being a printer by trade, he was engaged as foreman in the printing office of the Demokrat (German) and the Tribune, both printed in the same office. This position he occupied till July 5, 1855, when he bought the material for the establishment of the Notd- Westen, and issued the first number of this paper on the 5th of September, 1855, being less than twenty years of age, and only a little over a year in America. He continued the publication of the Nord-Westen till No vember, i860, when he sold the material to a company, who published the Union newspaper. After arranging his business matters, Mr. Schmidt entered the army, enlisting Sept. 6, 1861, in Co. B, gth Wis. Inf., and was promoted first sergeant of said company, a position which he held with an interruption of four months, till March 10, 1863, when he was promoted to second lieutenant, In November, 1863, he was promoted to first lieutenant, and in October, 1864, to captain, and was mustered out of service with his company, Dec. 30, 1864. He was at the battle of Newtonia, Mo., Sept. 30, 1862, and Prairie Grove, Ark., Dec. 7, 1862, and served one year, from November, 1863, to November, 1864, as act ing regimental quartermaster. Returning from the army, Mr. Schmidt repurchased the printing material formerly owned by him, and in Febru ary, 1865, resumed the publication of the Nord- Westen, which he con tinues yet. In 1867, he was elected a Trustee of the village of Mani towoc; in 1869, a member of Assembly; in 1870-72, a Senator; in 1877-76, Alderman and Supervisor; and in 1878, a Justice of the Peace, refusing a re-election in 1880, and has not been a candidate for office since. HENRY SCHMIDT, of Ramus, Schmidt & Co., livery and sale stable, Manitowoc, was born Feb. 20, 1840, in Brunswick, Germany. In 1857, he came to Manitowoc County, and followed farming until Sept. 23, 1861, when'he enlisted in Co. B, 9th Wis. Inf. Served three years and three months, at the expiration of which time he returned to Manitowoc and was engaged in the saloon business for about six years, when he followed brewing and soda water business for three years; (hen returned to farming for two years. In 1875, bought an interest in his present business. Married, Jan. 7, 1869, to Julia Zinns, of Buffalo, N. Y., who was born May 28, 1844, by whom he has four children, one son and three daughters. JOHN SCHNORR, firm of Schnorr Bros., tannery, Manitowoc, was born in the city of New York, March 11, 1852. In about 1855, he came with his parents to Manitowoc. His father is a mason by trade, and has followed that business about thirty years. This business was established in 1876. HON. J. SCHUETTE, firm of Jno. Schuette & Bros, general merchandise, Manitowoc, is a native of Oldenberg, Germany. Came in 1848, with his parents to Ozaukee County. The following year, they removed to Manitowoc. His father then opened a general store, which he continued till 1857, when the firm changed to J. Schuette & Sons. In 1870, the firm changed to J. Schuette & Bros. They are also proprie tors of the Oriental flouring mill, which was established in 1867, together with a plaster mill and stave factory. This firm has been the most suc cessful of any in the county. Commencing with a business of about $6,000 a year, they are now doing a business of about half a million a year, Mr. Schuette has been the recipient of many important offices. In 1866, he was appointed by the Legislature Harbor Commissioner; in 1874, he was elected State Senator; served two years; he was elected Mayor for the city of Manitowoc, on the Republican ticket, in the year 1878; re-elected in 1879, 1880 and 1881, which position he now holds, and has held many other important offices. FRED SCHULTZ, tannery and leather store, Manitowoc, was born May 5, 1830, in Germany; emigrated to America in 1852, locating in Manitowoc. He secured employment as foreman with L. Sherman, where he remained till 1856; he then opened a boot and shoe store, which he continued till 1861. He then built his tannery, which he has since operated. He has been School Treasurer of Dist. No. 2 six years, Town Treasurer in 1859-60, and four years City Treasurer and other offices. He was married, in 1856, to Matilda Bruns of Hanover; had six children, four daughters and two sons. HANS M. SCOVE, firm Hansen & Scove, ship-builders, Manitowoc is a native of Denmark, born Feb. 15, 1837. Having reached the age 0 manhood, and being anxious to improve his circumstances, he emigrated HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY, 533 to America ; worked a short time on Long Island, and then removed to Manitowoc. Mr. Scove has, however, traveled through many of the Southern States, engaged in the business of ship-building. During one of these trips, he assisted in building Porter's squadron. In 1868, he became a member of the firm Hansen & Scove. From 1876 to 1880, he was captain of the Life-saving Station at Two Rivers. Resigning this position, he engaged in rebuilding the United States revenue cutter, "Andy Johnson." ^f^^,^^ ^^P JU For biography of Dr. Simon see page 32. FRED SEEGER, meat market, Manitowoc, was born Nov. 15, 1832, in Wurtemburg, Germany. In 1846, he emigrated to this country and located in Buffalo, N. Y., remaining in that city until 1853, when he came to Manitowoc and opened a meat market, which he has since con tinued. His is the oldest meat market in Manitowoc. He has been a member of the Fire Department for twenty-four years, and occupied the position of Chief of the organization for eight years. He is a member of the Masonic Order, Sons of Herman, and also of the Freier Saenger- bund since its organization, and the Turner's Society. He married, in 1856, Miss Mena Sommer, by whom he has six children, three sons and three daughters. ANTON SELSEMEIER, saloon, Manitowoc. He was born, Feb. 16, 1826, in Prussia. In 1852, he came to Sheboygan, where he resided for five or six years. He then moved to Fond du Lac County, remain ing there two years ; from thence he moved to Calumet County, remain ing there two years. About 1862, he again moved to Newton, Manito woc Co., enlisting in 1864 in Co. A, 45th Wis. I., serving until the ter mination of the war. He then returned to Newton, and engaged in farming until about 1872, when he removed to Manitowoc and opened his present business. In 1854, he married Miss Clara Zettler, a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, by whom he has seven children, three sons and four daughters. LEWIS SHERMAN, firm L. Sherman & Son, manufacturers of leather and dealers in shoe findings, Manitowoc, was born in Walpole, N. H., May 1, 1811. In the Winter of 1834-35, he came to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, and there taught a district school that season. In the Spring of 1835, he removed to Naperville, 111., and worked at the millwright business for several Winters thereafter ; removing to Essex Co., N. Y., where his father had established a tannery. He and his brother as sisted in the business. In 1840, he assumed the management of the tannery, remaining eight years, when he returned to Naperville, 111., and carried on the boot and shoe business for two years. In 1850, he went to Manitowoc Rapids, engaging in the manufacture of leather. Soon after, he built his present tannery in Manitowoc, and discontinued the boot and shoe business. T. C. SHOVE, banker, Manitowoc, is a native of Onondaga, N. Y., born June 3, 183J ; came to Manitowoc in 1850, where he has since re sided. He commenced the study of law in 1853 ; was admitted to the Bar in 1858. He has the agency for several fire insurance companies, some of which he has held since 1854. He soon after drifted into the bank ing business, which he has since continued. He was Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue from 1869 to January, 1876. Mr. Shove is one of the oldest settlers of Manitowoc, and a warm friend of education, and has had his full share of satisfaction and pleasure in its growth and pros perity. E. J. SMALLEY, of the firm of the Smalley Manufacturing Com pany, organized July 1, 1881, Manitowoc. Mr. S. was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., July 6, 1817 ; went West in 1847, and began a small factory in Sheboygan, being there, and in that vicinity, ten years ; ran his fac tory seven years during the time, and farmed three years. He sold out, and moved to Manitowoc, and soon began his present business, locating in the latter city in 1857. He was married, in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1840, to Miss Fannie Frick; she was born in same county, New York, Jan. 17, 1821. They have five sons — P. J, Smalley, married, and living in Cale donia, Minn., is editor and lawyer ; H. D. Smalley, married, and living in Manitowoc City, and is mail agent on M., L. Shore & W. R. R.; C. C. Smalley, married, and living in Manitowoc, and is superintendent Smalley Manufacturing Company ; E. H. Smalley, lawyer, and living in Dead- wood City, D. T., and C. F. Smalley, married, living in Manitowoc, and is secretary and treasurer Smalley Manufacturing Company. Mr. E. J. Smalley, father of the family, is the founder and president of the above works. 'The stock of the above works is owned within the family. FRANK C. SORGE, manufacturer and dealer in wagons and sleighs- Manitowoc, was born in Saxony, Germany, May 23, 1830. He emigrated to America in May, 1849, and settled in Green Bay; learned his trade of wagon making, and lived there until Spring, 1853 ; then he went to Chicago and followed his trade a few months, after which he went to Racine. In October, 1863, he came to Manitowoc, and began his pres ent business. He was married, in Racine, 1859, to Miss Hannah Huepner ; she was born in Germany. He had four sons and one daugh ter by first wife. He was again married, in 1873, to Miss Henrietta Hintz ; she was born in Prussia. They had three children, now deceased ^ — O. TORRISON, wholesale and retail dealer in general merchan dise, real estate, lumber, ties, timber, wood, pressed hay and grain, Man itowoc, was born in Norway, March 6, 1828. He emigrated and settled in Port Washington in 1848, and attended school there one year. He settled in Manitowoc Rapids 1849, which was then county seat of the county, and clerked in general store two years, after which he settled in Manitowoc City, then in its infancy, and clerked one year for Baker & Beardsley ; worked for E. R. &S. W. Smith in same store one year, as they had purchased the same. Mr. Torrison, in company with H. M. Nordoi, bought the goods and rented same store in 1853, under name of O. Torrison & Co., which they continued five years, at which time Mr. 534 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Torrison bought the entire interest, the store being then located on York street, which he continued until he built the store in the Fall of 1862, where he has since carried the largest stock of goods in the city, and doing an immense trade, He was married in Manitowoc, Dec. 26, 1856, to Miss Martha Hanson, who was born in Norway. They have ten chil dren — Thomas E., clerking in his father's store ; Amanda A., married to Rev. A. Bredesen, and living in Stoughton, Dane County ; Isaac H., who is a graduate of the Decorah College, in Iowa, and now attending a theo logical seminary at St. Louis, Mo. ; Oscar M., a graduate of the Decorah College, and now attending Iowa City Low School University; George A., attending the Decorah College; GustavH., Norman G., Orrin J., William L., and Agnes M., at home, attending city schools. Mr. Torrison has the finest residence and grounds to be seen in Manitowoc County. P. S. TILLSON, livery, Manitowoc, was born April 23. l843,in Wau kesha County. After attending school he assisted on the farm and man aged a livery; in 1868, he came to Manitowoc, bringing with him his livery stock, and has since been engaged in this business ; he, with other partners, own two stables with about forty horses ; they also have a con tract for sprinkling the streets of the city. Married, April 5, 1870, to Carrie L. Emerson, of Ohio ; they have four children, one son and three daughters. J. W. TOOMBS, agent Goodrich Transportation Company, Mani towoc, is a native of Cumberland Co., Me. ; came with his parents to New York when a boy ; in 1849 tnev removed to Menasha, Wis. ; Feb- uary, 1854, he came to Manitowoc, was employed as book keeper for B. Jones & Co., mamtfacturers of lumber, continued with the firm till 186 1, when he went to Nevada, where he was employed as cashier in a bank ; held that position two years, then returned to Manitowoc and was engaged in the drug business one year. In 1865 he was appointed to his present position, having also held the position of clerk on their steamer several seasons. Mr. Toombs has held the office of District School Clerk eight years, and has also been County Superintendent. HENRY VITS, tannery, Manitowoc, born, Jan. 21, 1842, in Prus sia. The family immigrated to America in 1856, located in Manito woc County. In 1869, he commenced to learn the tannery trade, and in 1873, he, with Mr. Vollendorf, formed a partnership in this business ; he was also a partner with Mr. Sherman three years. September, 1879, he bought out Mr. Vollendorf s interest, and has since been alone in this business. Mr. Vits was Alderman, Chairman of the Board, Clerk of the School Board, etc. He was married in 1868, to Mary Hockemeyer, of Hanover ; they have seven children, four sons and three daughters. ANTON VOGT, furniture and undertaking, Manitowoc. Was born Nov. 24, 1833, in Prussia. In 1855, he went to Chicago, thence to Two Rivers, and was employed by the Two Rivers Manufacturing Co, for eight years. He also worked four years in a ship yard. April 14, 1867, he removed to Manitowoc, and has since been engaged in his present business. Married Oct. 10, 1855, Miss Katharine Althen, of Prussia. She died Feb. 3, 1875, aged forty-three years. They have two sons and two daughters. He married for the second time on June 14, 1876, Emily Mueller, a native of Manitowoc County. WILLIAM WILLIAMS WALDO, Manitowoc, was born in the Town of Pultney, Steuben Co., N. Y., May 19, 1825. He received an academic education at Franklin Academy, Prattsburg, N.Y. In 1850, he re moved to Manitowoc, where he has since resided. On the eighteenth day of April, 1855, he was married to Dorothy Florinda Wood. Seven chil dren have been the result of this union, four of whom are still living. Most of Mr. Waldo's time, while in Manitowoc, has been spent in mer cantile pursuits until 1869, when he was elected County Judge, which office he held for the four succeeding years. He has served as Alderman for his ward and also as a member of the County Board of Supervisors. HERMANN WEHAUSEN, brick manufacturer, was born Nov. 3, 1820, in Hanover, Germany. He came to Washington County in 1849 ; two years later he moved to Manitowoc, following the carpenter trade for one year; since then he has been engaged in his present business, and manufactures about half a million brick a year, and employs twelve men. In 1851 he married Miss Sophia Ehrendreich, of Prussia, by whom he has six children, two sons and four daughters. CHARLES WERBKE, merchant tailor, Manitowoc. He was born in Prussia, Nov. II, 1827. He emigrated to America in 1854, and set tled in Manitowoc City, and began business as above noted. He en listed in 1861 in Co. B, 9th Reg. Wis. V. I. Served three years and two months, and was mustered out in Milwaukee. He then came to Manitowoc and began his present business. He was married in Manitowoc, in 1865, to Mrs. Minna Kullmann. She was born in Saxony, Germany, Aug. n, 1836. They have two chil dren living, Norbert and Herthe. Mrs. W. does all kinds of ladies' hair work. C. W. WHITE, attorney at law, Manitowoc, born July 4, 1826, in Oneida Co., N. Y. ; came to Green Bay with his parents in 1834 ; they removed to Lake Winnebago, Calumet Co., in 1838, where he as sisted at farming. He was admitted to the Bar in 1850. His father then went to California ; returned in 1851 to Calumet County, and in 1855 he went to Washington, D. C, where he has since been employed in the Pension Department. He was born in 1795, and now at the ad vanced age of eighty-six he still retains a fresh and vigorous intellect. ^-^T-t^eyv-, E. WAGNER, of the firm of Wagner, Rand & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in hardware, is a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, now a part of Prussia, was born in 1829. His parents came to America in 1849, and settled in Washington Co., Wis. ; and he, having accidentally lost his right hand on his passage to the sea- board, was necessarily detained from coming to this country until the following year, when he also came to Washington County, and found his family in a miserable condition ; his older brother dead, his father sick most of the time, and two small sisters. There they were, on a small farm of forty acres covered with woods, and no one to work but himself with one hand. It was a fearful task, but, " where there's a will there's a way." He cleared twenty-five acres of dense forest, working day and night, until his health failed him and rheumatism set in. He was compelled to seek other means for earning a livelihood, and accordingly came to Manitowoc in 1854* unable to speak a word of the English language. There he found a few good souls, who assisted him in getting a lot and putting up a small shanty, where he opened a saloon, and soon after added a small grocery store. He did quite well, his business continually increasing, and in 1874 went into the hardware business exclusively, and so continues to this day. The firm of Wagner, Rand & Co. are doing the largest busi ness in their line in Northern Wisconsin. Mr. Wagner is the owner of one of the finest residences in Manitowoc, besides owning considerable other real estate. P. W. WI EBOLDT, Under Sheriff of Manitowoc County, Manitowoc, was born in Hanover, Germany, Feb. 11, 1836. He emigrated to America in 1849, and lived in New York City about eighteen months. He went to California in 1851, and followed steamboating until 1854, when he re turned to New York City, and from there came to Manitowoc County of same year and bought a farm. He also began a general mercantile bus iness. His store was destroyed by fire. He was appointed Under Sheriff in 1880. He was married, in Manitowoc County, in 1855, to Miss Louisa Saxe, a native of Germany. They have two sons and one daugh ter. THOMAS WINDIATE, Windiate House, Manitowoc, was born in Hampshire, England, Jan. 9, 1828, and emigrated to America in 1837 ; settled in Oakland Co., Mich., where he followed the livery bus iness. He came to Manitowoc in 1854 and began the livery business, which he is yet following. He purchased the National Hotel and grounds in January, 1855. He began the erection of his present large brick hotel in 1857, and finished the same in 1864. He was married in Pon tiac, Mich., Nov. 13, 1851. Mrs. W. was born in Malone, Lower Can ada, Nov. 19, 1835. They have five children — Ida E., Thomas, Jr., Cornelia D., Arabella, and Burt. HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 535 MANITOWOC RAPIDS. The town of Manitowoc Rapids contains the post-villages of Manitowoc Rapids, located in the big bend of the river, and Branch, on Section 5, upon the Lake Shore and West ern Railroad. The diversified interests of this wealthy town are represented in the following personal sketches : BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JAMES CORLEW, farmer, Branch Station. Has eighty acres of land in Sec. 6, forty-five acres improved. He was born in Springfield, Windsor Co., Vt., Feb. 6, 1826. He lived in Vermont until he was sev enteen years of age, then went to Ticonderoga, N. Y„ and lived there, and in Crown Point ten years. He worked by the month at lumbering and farming and saw-milling. He then went to Pennsylvania, and was there about a year and followed sawing. He then returned to Orwell Tp., Vt., and farmed a year, then moved to Sun Prairie, Wis., lived there a short time, and went to Medina Tp., Dane Co., and farmed the following season, then moved to Manitowoc Rapids Township, and since has followed farming and lumbering. Has also dealt considerably in im proved stock horses. He was married in Orwell Tp., Vt., April 10, 1853, to Miss Evaline Pierce. She was born in that place, Dec. 12, 1828. They have three children — Adelia S., Charles F. and Albert J. HENRY COUTLY, farmer, Sec. 10, Manitowoc Rapids Township. Owns 68 acres, 62 improved. He was born in Cedar, Upper Canada, Nov. 14, 1827. He settled in Neshota, Manitowoc Co., May 14, i85i,worked in a saw mill and lumbered twelve years in succession, after which he lumbered in Winter, and in Summer farmed, since which he has made farming his exclusive business. He is one of the pioneers of this county. He was married in Neshota, Aug. 25, i860, to Miss Henrietta Lehmann. She was born in Milwaukee, Aug. 13, 1833. They have three children liv ing — Anna M., Ida M. and Flora R. Mary J., the second daughter, died. MAGNUS ERICKSON, farmer, Sec. 21, Manitowoc Rapids Town ship. Owns 180 acres land, 140 improved. He was born in Sweden, Dec. 29, 1 839, and emigrated with his parents to America in 1850, and settled on his present farm. He lived there until Fall, 1858, he then went to Cal ifornia, followed teaming and lumbering until 1863, returned to his home and lived two years, and began the livery business in Manitowoc, which he continued about two years. His stable burned, causing him considerable loss. He then bought a hotel on Sec. 11, kept the same one year, sold it, moved on his farm, and has lived there since. He also began selling agricultural implements in 1875, and followed selling the same until Fall, 1880, in connection with farming. He was married in Manitowoc, Feb. 6, 1866, to Miss Sarah S. McAllister. She was bornin Kalamazoo, Mich., Sept. 14, 1847. They have one daughter, Harriet V., born Sept. 12, 1878. ALBERT G. FULTON, farmer, Sec. 34, Manitowoc Rapids Township, has 95 acres land and 75 acres under cultivation. He was born in Cotril- ville, St. Clair Co., Mich., Feb. 28, 1832, and lived there until he was eleven years of age, at which time he began sailing as cabin boy. He was promoted to positions of trust, then to master and also became own er. He followed the business until 1862, after which he went in the wood and coal business in Chicago. About three years after this he moved to Manitowoc Rapids, since which he has followed farming, hav ing made a purchase of some of his land in 1852. He was married at Sheboygan, Dec. 10, 1854, to Miss Elizabeth Johnson, who was born in Eastport, Me., Oct. 16, 1836. They have had nine children — living: Henry A., married and farming in Cato Tp., Manitowoc Co., Emma J„ Charles E., Anna E., Alice M., Mary E., Laura A., Albert G. (deceased), Daisy E. CHARLES GUSTAVESON, farmer, Sec. 17, Manitowoc Rapids Township, has 105 acres of land, sixty-five improved. He was born in south part of Sweden, Dec. 20, 1821, and emigrated to America in 1846. Went to Milwaukee and enlisted in Co. F, 15th Reg. U. S. Vols., in Spring 1847 and fought in nearly all the principal battles until the capture of Mexico. He was mustered out in Covington, Ky., September, 1848; he returned to Milwaukee and lived a short time, then went to Manitowoc Rapids and took up some land, improved the same and sold it. He worked in a saw-mill two years. He was married in April, 1850. He dealt in land for some time. He enlisted a company of Scandinavians in Fall, 1861, and was mustered in Jan. 14, 1862, and got a commission as captain of Co. F, 15th Wis. Vol. He was at the bombardment of Island No. 10, and at taking of Union City, Ky., and at battles, PerryviUe, Ky., and Murfreesboro, and was wounded in his foot, was in field hospital a short time. He soon joined his regiment, and was taken prisoner in battle of Chickamauga, and was held one year and ten days in the'prisons of Libby, Danville, Macon Ga., and Charleston, S. C. He liberated himself and escaped in company with a comrade. He afterward joined his regiment and went to Chattanooga, from there to Bridgeport, and served until Jan. 14, 1864, and was mustered out at Chattanooga, Tenn. He returned to his home. He was appointed deputy provost marshal for Kewaunee County, and held the same until the office was abolished, he has been Supervisor four years in succession and was Under Sheriff one term. He now draws a pension. His wife's maiden name was Miss Amber S. Stephenson, she was born in Norway, March I, 1827. They have eight children living — Anna C, Mary E., Gustavus A., Christina C, Charles A., Emma C, Herman and Albertina. CHARLES KLINGHOLZ, flour mills, Manitowoc Rapids, was born June 27, 1812, in Prussia. He came to Manitowoc County in 1849, and at once engaged in the milling business, which he continued until 1874, when his sons rented his mill, and has since conducted the business. Soon after starting his mill, Mr. Klingholz opened a general supply store, which he conducted several years. He has served several years as Chair man of the County Board. He was also appointed one of the direct ors and was agent for the finance for the Manitowoc & Mississippi Rail road. While in Prussia, he was engaged in the coal and iron business, and owned ten vessels, which he used for the transportation of these com modities on the Rhine. He was, in 1840, married to Miss Herriette Augendt, a native of Wesel, Germany. She was born in 1827. They have five children, two sons and three daughters. MRS. ELIZABETH KUNZ, proprietor of a brewery, Branch Station. Her husband's name was Gottfried Kunz. The brewery was built in 1858. Mrs. Kunz was born in Germany, Nov. 8, 1836. Her husband was also born in Germany, Feb. 1, 1830. He died May 28, 1878. They have five children — Louisa, Charles G. L., Minnie C, Ida W., and J. Florian. EDWARD LENERVILLE, farmer, Sec. 14, Manitowoc Rapids Township, owns 100 acres, has eighty acres improved. He settled in Manitowoc Rapids, in 1834, and worked in a saw-mill two and a half years, then settled on his present place. He states there was not a house in Manitowoc City at that date, but one or. two in Manitowoc Rapids, -being no settlement in the country. He also states that he is the oldest settler, excepting Mr. P. Tebo,. in Manitowoc Rapids. He yras born in Canada East, April 12, 1835. He was married to Miss Jane Johnson; she was born in Lisbon, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., June 6, 1824. They have seven children living — Francis, Maria, Lizzie R., Edward L., Albert, Robert, and Lowa M. HIRAM MCALLISTER, Sec. 5, forty acres, Branch Station. He was born in Johnson, Vt., June 20, 1808. He settled in Manitowoc Rapids in Spring, 1839, having come to Manitowoc County in 1837. He has followed various kinds of business, having been engaged in lumber ing and milling in an early day. He has seen the country develop from a wilderness to its present standing. He was married in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., 1839, to Miss Caroline Shay ; she was born in same county in Vermont, 1819. They had two sons. Mrs. McAllister died from an injury received in being tipped out of a cutter in 1849. He was again married to Miss Harriet Burnet ; she was born in Lockport, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1819 ; she died in May, 1880. LARS MATHISEN, farmer, Sec. 32, Manitowoc Rapids Town ship, owns 122 acres and sixty-five improved. He was born in Norway, Dec. 18, 1814. He came to America September, 1849, and settled on his farm in Manitowoc Rapids. He was married in that place Feb. n, 1854, to Miss Rosine Hummel ; she was born in Germany, 1838. They have eleven children living, seven daughters and four sons. JOHN C. MEYER, farmer, Sec. 36, P.O. Manitowoc, was born March 4, 1819, in Holstein, Germany. In 1848 he came to Dodge County, and in the Spring of 1850 he came to Manitowoc and engaged in contracting and building. He built many of the public buildings in Manitowoc, besides the bridges which span the river. He owns a tract of eighty-three acres of land, upon which he now resides, as well a pro perty in the city. Married, in 1850, Miss Dora Auga, also a native of Holstein. They have one son and one daughter. PLINY PIERCE, proprietor saw and carding mill, makes farming his principal business, Sec. 14, Manitowoc Rapids Township, owns 120 acres, has sixty acres improved. He does a good business in carding wool. He also contemplates putting in machinery for a flouring mill. He was born in Essex County, N. Y., March, 1808, and moved into St. Lawrence County in 1830, following milling there seven years. He moved to Manitowoc County in June, 1837, and located at Manitowoc Rapids, and kept hotel and Post-office about four years, after which he lo cated at his present home. He was elected Register of Deeds in l840,also held the office of County Clerk and Assessor at same time. He made the first assessment of the town in 1839. There were only two or three families in the town when he first settled there, consisting of Mr. O. C. Hubbard, J. W. Conroe, and his own family. He erected his saw mill in 1849. Carding mill 1866. He was married in Hague, Warren Co., N. Y., in 1829, to Miss Susanna Phillips, who was born in Springfield, Ver mont, February, 1808. They have six children living — Alonzo C, mar ried and living near his father ; Pliny J. married, and living in Mani towoc City ; Dewit B.; Anson M. at home; Mary C, married to Mr. E. Bailey, and living at Kaukauna, and Hannah M. at home. 536 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. HENRY VOGELSANG, farmer, Sec. 33, Manitowoc Rapids Town ship, owns 120 acres, 100 acres improved. He was born in Hanover, Germany, Feb. 2, 1835. He emigrated to America in 1853, and set tled on his farm, where he has since lived. He was married Oct. 28, 1857, on his farm, to Miss Caroline Sieker ; she was born in Holland, Oct. 4, 1842. They have nine children living — Mary L., Ida R., J. Fred erick, Henry C, Minnie L., William H., Louis G., Eliza J. and Er nest E. HENRY WILLS, farmer, Sec. 35, Manitowoc Rapids Township, has 120 acres land, seventy acres under cultivation. He was born in Upper Canada, April 5, 1824, and lived there twenty-two years. He then visited many portions of Wise onsin and Illinois, and finally located in Manitowoc Rapids Township, in 1848. He followed lumbering six years, since which he has been engaged in farming. When he settled in the country, it was a complete wilderness, the largest town in the county being Manitowoc Rapids, then the county seat. He was mar ried to Miss Hannah A. Tufts, Dec. 16, 1851 ; she was born in St. James, New Brunswick, Jan. 6, 1829. Her parents moved from Maine to Manitowoc Rapids in 1850. They have had nine children — Millard A. (deceased), Wilmot H., James H. Elizabeth F. (deceased), Ward B., Eddie E., Jacob L., Ettie A., Millie M. (deceased). TWO RIVERS. Seven miles north of Manitowoc, on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, is the city of Two Riv ers. It lies on the lake shore, at the junction of the East and West Twin rivers, the two rivers from which it receives its name. In early days, Two Rivers was the center of a flourishing lumber district, and to this it owes its growth, The extensive forests of hemlock in this vicinity also made the establishment of the tanning business profitable. The waters were also plentifully stocked with fish, which was formerly the source of a large income to Two Rivers. But a constant and vigorous drain of these sources of prosper ity too soon exhausted them. A number still engage in the fish business, but it is not carried on to any great extent. Some $30,000 worth of whitefish is exported annually. The sole representative of the lumber business in Two Rivers is the first saw-mill, and the first building erected here, in 1836. It is still standing, but is idle. The legiti mate and wealthy successors, however, of -this rough branch of manufacture is the Two Rivers Manufacturing Company and Mann Brothers, who operate the extensive tub and pail and chair factories. The large tannery, owned by the Wis consin Leather Company, and started up in 185 1, is still in operation. Daniel Wells, Jr., S. W. Beal and Morgan L. Martin made the first entries of land on the present site of the city of Two Rivers, September 10, 1835. The first white set tler was a French Canadian by the name of Oliver Lou- grine, commonly called "Alonzo." In this same year, he entered 320 acres of land for actual settlement. The next year, Robert M. Ebbers and John Lawe, of Green Bay erected a saw-mill, which became the nucleus of Two Riv ers. It was run by "Alonzo." Lumber was plenty and good, and soon quite a settlement sprung up at the point where the Twin rivers meet, and where the logs from the two streams come together. Conroe's mill, a few miles to the west, operated by the Neshota Company, also assisted to draw settlers toward Two Rivers. In 1837, the panic came, and affected business at this point as it did the coun try's prosperity generally. The prospects of Two Rivers were on the up-grade again when H. H. Smith located here, in September, 1845. He immediately rented a saw-mill and after running it for two years, purchased the property. By the end of Mr. Smith's first five years' residence in Two Rivers, a majority of the village was dependent upon him and his business. Then, in 1850, the place was visited by the cholera, and its prosperity and prospects almost blight ed. The scourge first appeared August 6, 1850, on Mon day. On Sunday, a party of Menomonee Indians had been indulging in a regular jamboree, drinking fish oil and per haps something stronger. On Monday, they were taken with the usual symptoms, and six of them died. Six more followed soon after, and the twelve were buried in some pits near the lake shore. The epidemic soon spread, and be tween that Monday and the following, Two Rivers, which then was a village of about 300 people, received three dis tinct shocks. Out of the 300, fifty died ; many more, severe attacks which brought them nigh unto death. Among others, Mr. Smith's son was stricken in his young manhood, and Mr. Smith himself had a narrow escape. Eight of his mill hands died. The village was wild with dread. The last attack was a week from the first, on Monday. The boat from Chicago was to arrive on Tuesday, but it was de layed until Thursday. When it did pull up at the dock, the village, in effect, stampeded. Some families did not even stop to collect their household goods, but were satis fied to get on board with their lives. Although the visita tion of the cholera was a blow to both the heart and purse of Mr. Smith, he cheerfully assisted in lightening the bur dens of those suffering in body, soul or estate, even furnish ing many with the passage money by which they could get away. It was several years before Two Rivers regained her former standing. In 1 85 1, the firm of Aldrich, Smith & Co. was formed. Five years thereafter, William M. Honey came to Two Rivers, and organized the New England Manufacturing Company, building a small chair factory. In i860, the Two Rivers Manufacturing Company was formed, at the head of the business and the active manager of the improved and enlarged factory being H. H. Smith. The tub and pail fac tory, which is one of the largest establishments of the kind in the United States, was built in 1857. Further details in regard to these corner-stones of the prosperity of Two Riv ers will follow. Among the early causes of the city's growth was also the organization of the Wisconsin Leather Com pany, in 1850, and the erection of one of the largest tan neries in the West, two miles north. At this time, the fish eries of J. P. Clark, of Detroit, were in active operation. They were situated here and at the point south of Manito woc. From 1838 to 1853 they fairly coined money for their owner, and consequently increased the commercial impor tance of Two Rivers. Although the fish and the timber have about disappeared, in their stead have grown up quite a variety of manufacturing establishments. The city of Two Rivers has a population of over 2,000 people, and was incorporated March 12, 1878. Its population is mostly German. It has four churches, a number of secret and benevolent societies, a good jhigh school and district HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 537 school, a weekly paper, a fire department, and all the other width, and of not less than twelve feet in depth. The nat- adjuncts of civilized and growing Western life. ural channel was narrow, with not more than two feet in The Fire Department was first organized in 1872, but depth at the shoalest part. is now being re-organized as a paid department. The hand " The amount expended to June 30, 1880, is $132,539.62, engine has been replaced by a steamer, "Protection No. 1." and has resulted in securing a channel 100 feet wide, with There is also a hook and ladder company. The engine a depth of not less than seven feet over the bar, and a depth house, which is a neat, two-story structure, of brick, was of not less than nine feet in the east and west branches of built in 1874, at a cost of $5,000 In the second story are the river. The harbor is not yet open to commerce, though the firemen's hall, City Hall and municipal offices, and in used by small vessels. the basement, the jail. The present chief of the depart- Estimated cost for extending the piers to the 18-foot curve, ment is Julius Pelz. with dredging between the piers $265,588 80 The educational facilities consist of a free high school and APPr°Priated s™* - l6°'000 00 a graded district school of six departments. The average at- Amount to be appropriated.. $105,588 80 tendance is 360, A. Thomas being the principal. The build- , ... , .. . , , , , . t, c , . " Amount which can be profitably expended during the fiscal ings are of wood, two-story, with stone foundations, and year 1881-82 50,00000 surrounded by a large play ground. One of them was «The operations during the past fiscal year have con- erected in 1865, the other in 1872-3. The value of houses sisted in the completion of the sand.tight lining to the pile and sites is placed at $12,000. The Manitowoc County Chronicle was established by a P1C «"Duri the year> the United States dredge removed stock company, in 1872. H. S. Pierpont was its editor. from the channd between the piers goi cubic yards of The journal was purchased by W. F. Nash, its present editor A a 1 n(,>- t _/- K- a ^^ 3 . v J > r •-'«-"¦¦ >-uiiui sand and clay. Of this amount, 29,056 cubic yards were and proprietor, in 1875. The Chronicle is an eight-column removed during thfi seasop of ^ and ^^ cubic yards folio, published weekly, and is Democratic in politics. during the months of May and JunCj lggo [For details Churches.-St. Luke's Church (Catholic) was organized of this work> see the tabulated statement under Port Wash- as a mission to Manitowoc, July 19, 1851, but was formed ineton Harbor! as a separate society in 1853. Its first pastor was Rev. ' « This amount of dredging has opened a channel between Joseph Brunner. The present membership of the church is the piers about I>200 fcet in length> JS feet in width> and 243 families. Attached to the church is a large parochial whh a depth of „ feet The present limked extension of school, at which there is an attendance of 130. Rev. the piers renders the preservation of this channel problem- Father George I. Veith is pastor of St. Luke's Church. atica, . but upon thexompletion of the extension in progress German Evangelical Methodist Episcopal Church was and that pr0p0sed, it is expected that this difficulty will organized in 1856, by Rev. William Siekereik, and the build- disappear, and that the harbor can be opened and main- ing erected in 1859. The present membership is about 120 tained for hs local commerce » souls, Rev. George Harm being its pastor. The Hfg saying station at TwQ Riyers was established in German Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in lg78> a volunteer forCe having been organized two years 1861, the building having been purchased fromthe Episco- previous. The tasteful building which now accommodates pal society. The present membership is 120 families. The the crew and their apparatus, was erected in the Fall of church has no settled pastor. ^ Capt_ pi]on {s in charge of the crew of gight men The Union Congregational Church was organized in The tub and pail factory) probably the largest of the 1851. Its membership is small. It has, at present, no set- kind in the United States, was erected in 1857 by H. H. tied pastor. Smith. Over $50,000 in cash was expended upon it the Two Rivers Turnverein was formed June 21, 1857, and first year. Although twice consumed by fire, it was each the hall erected in 1867. The property of the society is time rebuiltj enlarged and improved. In July, 1881, Mr. valued at $5,000, and its membership is thirty-five. Smith soid his interest in the business to Mann Brothers, of There is also a large society of Sons of Hermann, a Milwaukee, for $60,000. The factory employs about 150 Good Templar's and a Knights of Honor Lodge. men> and does an annual business of $200i000. commercial advantages. The city, in the vicinity of the chair factory, presents the Two Rivers is the northern terminus of the Milwaukee, appearance of a small and uniform village, the two main Lake Shore & Western Railway, and has the advantages buildings being clustered around with smaller ones, devoted which every terminal point possesses. Its harbor has also to their several specialties. The small factory, erected in been improved at great expense. From the report of Mayor 1856, by William Honey, has grown to mammoth dimen- H. M. Robert for the fiscal year 1880, the following facts sions, and is now owned and operated by the Two Rivers' are selected, showing what has been accomplished, and at Manufacturing Company (Mann Brothers). The annual what cost: product of the factory amounts to $100,000 annually, and " The Harbor. — The present project for the improvement between 150 and 200 men are employed. Much of the of this harbor was adopted in 1870, and modified in 1877, chair seating is "given out," so that really these figures do the object being to afford a channeljof entrance'of navigable not represent the full number. Upon both of these im- 538 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. mense establishments nearly 400 men are depending for sup port. They are the business life and soul of Two Rivers. Operated in connection with them is a large general store, whose business amounts to $80,000 annually. Sash, door and blind factory. In 1873, a stock company was formed for the carrying on of this business. In 1880, H. H. Smith obtained control of it by purchase, and has since carried it on. The annual manufacture of the fac tory amounts to $80,000; thirty-five men are employed. Wisconsin Leather Company. In 1850, the Wisconsin Leather Company was formed by Rufus, George W. and William Allen, E. P. Allis and Cyrus Whitcomb, of Milwau kee. They erected a tannery two miles north of Two Rivers, in 1850-51, commencing business in May of the latter year. It has since continued under that management, employing at present seventy men, consuming 4,000 tons of bark annually, and tanning 20,000 hides. The main build ing is 350x45 feet. The bark is now obtained mostly from Kewaunee County and Michigan. Charles Winkelmiller and H. Lohmann are the owners and operators of small tanneries in the city of Two Rivers. Flour mills of A. Wehausen. The large and substantial three-story brick building was erected in 1878, at a cost, with machinery, of $24,000. A. Wehausen is the owner and proprietor. The mills have six run of stone, and a capacity of sixty barrels of flour and one ton of feed daily. R. E. Mueller's brewery. A small building, on the site of the present substantial structure, was erected by Edward Mueller, father of the present proprietor, in 1848. Upon his death, in 187 1, R. E. Mueller took charge of the busi ness. The capacity of the brewery is 2,000 barrels an nually. Wood Type Manufactory. About a year ago, J. E. Ham ilton commenced the manufacture of type from holly wood. He has since built up a profitable business, shipping some of his type to distant Western States. It is durable and gives a clean impression. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ANDREW BAETZ, wagon-maker and blacksmith, Two Rivers, was born Aug. 22, 1828, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany ; July, 1852, he came to Two Rivers, and has since followed this business, which he learned with his father when a boy ; married, in 1853, to Sophia Dep- ping, of Lippe-Detmold, Germany ; they have seven children, three sons and four daughters ; his brother Henry entered the army of the rebel lion, and was soon afterward promoted to major ; was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg ; there received his discharge ; he has been four years State Treasurer, and is now a resident of Milwaukee. N. BARTELL, foreman Two Rivers Chair Factory, was born July 7, 1835, in Erie Co., N. Y. In 1859 ne came to Sandusky, O.,. where he was engaged in the chair business, which he learned from his father. His father went to Buffalo, N.Y., in 1829, and carried on the chair and furniture business until 1849, when he fella victim to the cholera. In 1861, the sub ject of this sketch enlisted in the army and served three months. He then went to Toledo. In 1876 he went to Sheboygan, and in 1879 he moved to Two Rivers, and was appointed to his present position. He has invented two chair patents, which are now being manufactured by this company, upon which he receives a royalty. He married, in i860, Miss M. Dean, of Sandusky, who died March 4, 1880, aged thirty-eight years. They have three children, two daughters and one son. JOHN C. BOHM, deceased, Two F.ivers, was born Nov. 8, 1830, in Holstein, Germany. In 1850, he came to Wisconsin and settled in Two Rivers, and followed the mason trade several years, during which he built many of the principal works, including the Wis consin Leather Company's buildings. About 1856 he opened a hotel, known as the Lake House, which he conducted up to the time of his death, which occurred Dec. 23, 1877. The business has since been con ducted by his widow, who owns the property. They were married March 17, 1852. Her maiden name was Regena Klien, and she was born in Prussia, March 17, 1834. There were seven children — Charles, Henry E., John L., Emma, Matilda, Augusta, and Adaline. H. M. GEBHART, druggist, Two Rivers, is a native of this place- In 1869 he began learning the drug business with Dr. J. Oswald, and continued his studies for three years, when he moved to Manitowoc, where he followed the drug business for three and one-half years, then moved to Appleton, where he remained but a short time. On May 10, 1879, he bought out the drug store of Dr. F. S. Luhmann, and has since conducted the business. ALBERT KAHLENBERG, general merchandise and meat mar ket, Two Rivers, born, Oct. II, 1826, in Prussia, and in 1852 he came to Two Rivers and worked at various kinds of labor for two years. He then opened a meat market and has continued in this business ever since. In October, 1880, he opened a general store. He mar ried, in 1856, Miss Katharine Weis, of Hesse-Darmstadt, who died in 1868, aged thirty-four years. They have three children, one son and two daughters. He married, the second time, Bertha Albrecht, in 1868, a native of Prussia, "by whom he has one son and one daugh ter. LEOPOLD MANN, manager Two Rivers Manufacturing Com pany, was born, March 18, 1834, in Bohemia. In July, 1846, he came to Washington County with his parents, where he assisted on his father's farm, until 1850, aud then moved to Milwaukee and was employed by his brothers in the grocery and provision business until 1857. He then returned to Washington County and opened a general store, which he carried on until 1862, when he moved to Two Rivers and was employed by the Two Rivers Manufacturing Company, and in 1866 he was appointed manager of the company, which position he has since occupied. Married, in 1865, to Miss Clara Neustadt, of Bohemia, who came to New York with her parents at the age of four years. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. BENEDICT MAYER, general merchandise, Two Rivers, born, Dec. 28, 1833, in Baden, Germany ; came to New Orleans in 1854, thence to Cincinnati and Rochester, N. Y. In 1856, he came to Mani towoc County and followed farming for nine years. In 1865, he moved to Two Rivers and worked for the Two Rivers Manufacturing Company for six years ; in 1871, he established his present business. Married, in 1857, Miss Doratha Snidlemann, of Prussia. She died in 1859 aged twenty-eight years. They had two children, one son and one daughter. He married, for the second time, in i860, Frederica Meyer, a native of Prussia. RICHARD E. MUELLER, Two Rivers brewery, was born, Jan. 29, 1839, in Saxony, Germany. In 1847, he came to this place with his parents ; in 1848, his father built this brewery and continued the busi ness until his death, which occurred in 1871, aged sixty-three years. He then succeeded his father in the business. He has been Alderman and County Supervisor. In 1867, he married Miss Katherine Hobzkneight, who is a native of Bavaria. They have three children. W. F. NASH, editor Manitowoc County Chronicle, Two Rivers, is a native of Orleans Co., N. Y. At the age of four years, his parents moved to Rock County, where he remained until 1863, when he enlisted in Co. A, 13th Wis. I., and served until the end of the war, when he re turned to Rock County and attended the Lawrence University, Apple- ton, from 1867 to 1871. In 1874, he went to Manitowoc and managed the Manitowoc Pilot until 1875, when he moved to Two Rivers and pur chased the Manitowoc County Chronicle, which he has since edited. H. S. PIERPONT, railroad express agent, attorney and Court Com missioner, Two Rivers, was born, March 3, 1823, in Rochester, N. Y., and in March, 1856, came to Two Rivers and was engaged in the man ufacture of lumber until 1859; in 1864, he returned to Rochester, and in 1866 went to Green Bay; in 1868 to Watertown, in 1869 to Chicago, and in 1870 returned to Two Rivers, and edited the Manitowoc County Chronicle from 1872 to 1875. In 1876, he was appointed agent for M. L. S. & W. R. R., which position he still holds. In 1861, he was elected County Judge, which position he resigned in 1864. He was, in 1861, nominated State Bank Comptroller, but was defeated by William Reasey, of Port Washington. In 1872, he received the appointment of County Clerk, and was on an investigating committee, holding the position for one year. CAPT. OLIVER PILON, captain of Life-boat Station, Two Riv ers, was born in Ogdensburg, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1842. When a child, he went with his parents to Milwaukee, and in 1846 moved to Two Rivers, where he has since resided. He was engaged in fishing and sailing un til 1877, when he entered the life-boat service as No. 1 surfman under Capt. Scove, who resigned his position, and Capt. Pilon succeeded him, receiving his appointment April I, 1880. This station was built in the Autumn of 1876, and was run as a volunteer company for two years, since which time there has been a stationary crew, now consisting of eight men. They have two boats, one a life and one a surf boat, also a life car, mortar and beach apparatus. He was married, July 16, 1866, to HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY 539 Miss Emily La Clair, of Two Rivers. They have seven children, six sons and one daughter. B. F. RICHTER, book-keeper for the Two Rivers Manufacturing Company, was born, Jan. 20, 1836, in Saxony, Germany, February, 1851, he went to New Orleans, and afterward traveled through California and other States. In 1861, he came to Two Rivers and obtained employ ment in the chair factory, where he remained until January, 1865, when he enlisted in Co. D, 48th Wis. I.; served about thirteen months. After leaving the army, he went to Two Creeks, Wis., and was there employed in Pfister & Vogel's tannery, having a general supervision of all outside work. April, 1866, he returned to Two Rivers and had charge of the company's pier, besides occupying the position of agent for the Good rich Transportation Co. In December, 1874, he was appointed to his present position. Married, in 1862, Miss Bertha Baum, also a native of Saxony. Three bright children gladden their home. H. H. SMITH, retired merchant, Two Rivers. Was born in Windham, Conn., December 2, 1798. At the age of twenty-one he came to St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., where he was married to Miss Deantha Hale, of Putney, Vt. She was. three years his junior, and died in 1863. They had three daughters, still living. Miss Mary Hendricksen, who is a native of Denmark, became his second wife. In 1824 he removed to Cape Vincent, N. Y., and engaged in lumbering and merchandising, continuing in that line four years, when he went to Youngstown, Niagara County, N. Y., and engaged in the same business. At both of these places he carried on an extensive trade in lumber with Quebec com panies. Mr. Smith located in Two Rivers in 1845, purchasing an old saw mill and engaging again in lumbering and a general merchandising business. Thus he continued alone until 1851. The visitation of cholera in 1850 having so disorganized his business that he formed a partnership under the firm name of Aldrich, Smith & Co. This connec tion continued until i860, when the Two Rivers Manufacturing Com pany was formed. This corporation now has the controlling interest in the extensive tub and pail and chair factories, formerly owned and operated by Mr. Smith. His interest in both of these large and pros perous establishments was disposed of to Mann Bros., of Milwaukee, in July, 1881, of both he was the founder and the active manager for many years. The company has handled and taken up about 20,000 acres of pine land, and which has since been sold and cleared for farming. Mr. Smith is considered not only the founder but the father of Two Rivers. For nearly forty years he has resided in this vicinity, a large portion of the village depending upon him and the enterprises which he has carried on for their support and comfort. Although kind and generous, and virtually retired from business, at the advanced age of eighty-three Mr. Smith still retains a fresh heart and a bright intellect. ROBERT SUTTINGER, hardware, stoves and farming implements, Two Rivers. Was born Feb. 27, 1827, in Saxony, Germany. In 1840, he went to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he worked in a tin shop one year and a half. In September, 1850, he came to Sheboygan, going thence to Manitowoc, working in a tin shop three months. Jan. I, 1851, he moved to Two Rivers, and worked for H. H. Smith until 1855. He then opened a hardware store in company with Joseph Kalb, which they continued until 1859, since which time he has conducted the busi ness alone. Married, in 1852, Miss Caroline Preschky, of Prussia. They have two sons and five daughters. ALFRED THOMAS, principal Two Rivers Public School, was born May 28, 1852, in Winnebago County, Wis., where he attended school until the age of nineteen, when he went to Albany, N.Y., and entered the Normal School of that city, graduating in 1874. He went to Ft. Howard, occupying the position of principal of the high school for three years, and was also principal of the Green Bay High School for three years. January, 1881, he moved to Two Rivers, and was appointed to his present position. Mr. Thomas married, in 1874, Miss Christine Pow ers, of Brattleboro, Vt. Their union has been blessed by three love ly little daughters. ALBERT WEHAUSEN, Two Rivers flouring mill, was born March 22, 1828, in Hanover, Germany. In 1850, he came to Two Riv ers, followed the house carpenter's trade until 1858, when he married Margaret Dingeldein, of Hesse-Darmstadt. They have a family of two daughters and one son. After his marriage, Mr. Wehausen engaged in merchandising, until 1867, when he sold his store and bought a mill in Mishicot, which he operated until 1876. He attended the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. He then returned to Two Rivers and built this mill, which he has since conducted, and is ably assisted by his son, George. Mr. Wehausen has been County Supervisor and Chairman of the County Board. CYRUS WHITCOMB, superintendent of the Wisconsin Leather Co., Two Rivers, is a native of Windham, Vt., and was born Nov. 12, 1813. The family moved to Onondaga Co., N,Y., in 1826, where he worked on a farm until about the age of twenty, when he commenced to ieam the tanner and currier's trade. In the Winter of 1835-36, he moved to Cazenovia, N.Y., and there worked at his trade until 1850, when he came to Two Rivers, and he, with Mr. Allen and others, organ ized this company, since which time he has superintended the business. In 1841, he married Miss Harriote E. Whipple, a native of New York. They have three sons and two daughters. CARL W1NKELMILLER, proprietor Two Rivers tannery, was born Jan. 4, 1825, in Saxony, Germany. In 1847, he came to New York City, and worked at the currier trade for a few months, then moved to Delaware Co., N.Y., working at his trade for about five years. Then he took a trip to Europe, remaining absent for two months, returning to this country and locating in Detroit, where he remained for two years. About 1854, he came to Two Rivers, and was employed by the Wiscon sin Leather Co., for two years, when he established his present business, which he has since conducted. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Anes- tina Muiller, of Saxony. They have one son, Richard. E. H. YOUNG, foreman sash, door and blind factory, Two Rivers, was born June 24, 1840, in Geneva, Ashtabula Co., Ohio. In 1846, he came to Jefferson County with his parents, and, in 1861, enlisted in Co. A, ist Wis. C, and served three years. He participated in the battle of Chickamauga. He then came to Neenah, where he remained three years, at the expiration of which time he moved to Two Rivers and was employed by the Two Rivers Mnfg. Co., until 1874 ; since then he has been in the employ of the sash, door and blind factory, and for the past two years has been foreman. He married, in 1871. Miss Mary Conine, who is a native of New York. They have one daughter. CENTERVILLE. The village of Centerville (unincorporated) is situated near the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, twelve miles south of Manitowoc. It has a population of about 300 people. The town contains good farming land, and the village, therefore, carries on a fair general trade. In addition it has a brewery, a grist mill and a tannery. The latter is carried on by A. Knorr. Christian Scheiber's Brewery. — In 1857a small brewery was erected on the site of the present one by Simon Krause. In 1866 Chris. Scheiber removed to Centerville from Man itowoc and purchased it. He has since been its sole pro prietor, erecting the present building in 1874. The brew ery has now a capacity of 2,000 barrels per annum. A. Mill & Co. — This firm built a grist mill in 1867 which they are still operating. It has three run of stone, and a capacity of forty barrels of flour and 150 bushels of feed per day. The District School is in charge of W. T. Albers, and hag an attendance of eighty pupils. The "Turnverein" was formed six years ago, and has a membership of thirty. Hugo Knorr is first speaker. St. George's Church (Catholic), situated in the village, is in charge of Rev Father P. Van Trieck, and has a mem bership of about forty families. He also is pastor of the St. Wendel Church, just west of Centerville Station, which is about the same in membership. The Lutheran Society, formed twenty-two years ago, is under the pastorate of Rev. Julius Haase and numbers eighty communicants. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. W. T. ALBERS, school teacher, notary public, solicitor and con veyancer, P. O. Hika. Born, May 22, 1840, in Bavaria. Came to St. Louis in i860, and taught school. He afterward removed to Iowa. In 1862 he entered the service as first lieutenant, Co. C, 12th Iowa, and soon after promoted to captain and inspector of the first division, 15th Army Corps. Served on the staff of Gens. J. A. Mowrer and H. A. Smith. At the close of the war he came to Columbus, Ohio, where he remained about three years. He then went to Virginia and speculated in oil. In 1872, came to Milwaukee. In 1875, removed to Centerville, where he has since taught school. Mr. Albers holds the office of Justice of the Peace, Town Clerk and others. Married, Sept. 2, 1875, to Matilda Voll- brecht, of Sheboygan. They have one son and one daughter. REV. JULI US HAASE. pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Hika. Born, December 17, 1849, in Schlesien, Germany. In 1869 came 54° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to Watertown, Wis. There entered the North-western University, re maining nine months. He then removed to St. Louis, and entered the Concordia College. After studying one and one-half years he graduated from this institution. February, 1872, he received a call from Freedom, Outagamie Co. There he remained five years. In 1877 he came to Centerville, having received a call here, and has since been pastor of this church. Married, in 1874, to Miss Anna Popp. She was born in Hartford County, Conn. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. CHARLES KEUNE, firm of A. Mill & Co., grist and planing mill, Hika. Born, Sept. 14, 1836, in Hanover. Came to Manitowoc County in i860, removed to Centerville in 1867, and assisted in building this mill, which he has since been connected with. Married, in 1863, to Caroline Hecker, of Mechlenburg. They have eight children, five sons and three daughters. A. MILL, of A. Mill & Co., grist and planing mill, Hika. Born' Aug. 25, 1833, in Prussia. In 1861 he came to Sheboygan County and settled on a farm. In 1854, removed to Manitowoc County, where his father bought a farm and built a saw mill. They continued there till 1867, when he came to Centerville, and he, with others, built this mill. Enlisted in 1864, Co. E, 45th Wis. I. ; served to the end of the war. Has been Chairman of the Town ; was the first Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace of Centerville. Married, in 1862, to Johanna Martins, of Mechlenburg, Germany. Have seven children, six sons and one daughter. GOTTLIEB MILL, firm of A. Mill & Co., grist and planing mill, Hika. Born, March 12, 1836, in Prussia. Came to Sheboygan County in 1851, and removed to Manitowoc County in 1854. Was engaged in farming and other pursuits. In 1867, he assisted in building this mill, which he has since been connected with. Married, in 1866, to Catharine Doersh, of Germany. They have five children, two sons and three daughters. JNO. SACHSE, boots and shoes, Hika. Born, March 3, 1834, in Saxon Weimar, Germany. Came to Manitowoc County with his parents in 1852. Worked at this trade four years, then he opened a shop, which he has since carried on. Enlisted, in 1864, Co. B, 45th Wis. I., and served to the end of the war. Married, in 1858, to Paulina Rossburg, of Saxony. Have nine children, four sons and five daughters, CHRISTIAN SCHEIBE, proprietor Centerville Brewery, Hika. He was born Dec. 7, 1823, in Saxony, Germany ; immigrated to America in 1853; the following year came to Manitowoc, worked at the cooper's trade till 1865 ; he then bought the Hattleman Brewery, ran it one year. In 1867 came to Centerville and built this brewery, which he has since conducted. Married, in 1857, to Josephine Goetzler of Germany; they have four children, three sons and one daughter. REV. J. P. VAN TREECK, pastor of St. Wendel Roman Catholic Church, P. O., St. Wendel, born March 9, 1855, in Wilson Township, Sheboygan Co., September, 1877, he commenced a regular course of studies at St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee ; graduated June, 1880; he then returned to Sheboygan County, and was assistant with the Rev. Hamm, of St. Nicholas Church. Nov. 6, 1880, came to St. Wendel, where he has been in charge since ; he also has charge of two other churches — the St. George's Church of Centerville, and St. Fitel's Church of Meeme. KIEL. This is a pleasant little village of 400 inhabitants, situ ated in the town of Schleswig, on the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, a few miles southeast of New Holstein, Calumet Co. Located in the "midst of as good a farm ing country as can be found anywhere in the county. The general trade of the village is good. C. Heins, A. Mesch & Co., A. Lindner, F. Krieger and others, carry a large as sortment in the general line. J. Duecker & Co., and G. H. Simon, are the most prominent dealers in hardware. J. Rup- penthal operates the only wagon manufactory in town; and other trades are well represented. W. C. Reseburg, John and F. Duecker have just formed a partnership for the manufacture of syrup from sugar cane, this latter branch of agriculture being carried on to consid erable extent in the country around Kiel. The factory and machinery have been built and put into running order at a cost of $4,500. This is the only establishment of the kind in Manitowoc County, and is a gjreat addition to the busi ness interests of Kiel. During that portion of the season when the syrup factory would be idle, the proprietors will use the engine and machinery for planing purposes. Gutheil Bros.' Brewery was erected in 1858 by Bernhard and Ferdinand Gutheil. In 1866, the latter removed to Chilton, Louis Gutheil, the present member of the firm being taken into partnership. The capacity of the brewery is about 500 barrels of beer per annum. F. Mohr's cheese factory was erected in 1877, and is one of the leading manufactories of Kiel. Besides her business, which is good for so small a place Kiel has a district school, located in the village, taught by A.. Wittmann. It consists of three grades. There is a Cath olic church, in charge of Rev. Father August Schleyer, who also is pastor of the St. Anna society, Calumet County, and a flourishing Lutheran Church, under the pastorate of Rev. L. Zenk. Among the old settlers who have materially assisted in the growth of Kiel, and who still reside in the village, may be mentioned the Gutheil Brothers, August and F. Krieger, Charles Heins, J. Ruppenthal, John Barth and A. Guerbing. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHARLES MATTHEWS, proprietor Hotel De Matthews, Kiel, was born July 25, 1S46, in Germany; came to New York in 1867, and sailed on the ocean till 1868, when he came to Chicago, and followed the lakes four seasons. In 1872, he came to Kiel, and built this hotel, which he has since managed. He was married, March 17, 1870, to Anna Christiansen, of Germany. They have three children, all daughters. FRED DUECKER, of the firm of John Duecker & Co., hardware, stoves, etc., Kiel, was born March 17, 1854, in New Holstein, Calumet Co., Wis. ; there he attended school, and assisted on the farm. In about 1874, he was employed as clerk in a hardware store in New Holstein; held that position about two and a half years. In 1877, he came to Kiel, and has since been connected with this firm. LOUIS GUTHEIL, of the firm of Gutheil & Bro., brewers, Kiel, was born Aug. 31, 1842, in Saxony, Germany. In 1846, he came with his parents to Washington County ; the family removed to Kiel in 1856, and about three years later they built this brewery. He enlisted, in 1861, in Co. A, 9th Wis. I. ; served three years. He then returned to Chicago, where he remained about one year. In 1866, he returned to Kiel, and has since been engaged in this business. He was married, in 1874, to Johanna Ree, of New Holstein. JOHN BARTH, farmer, Sec. 19, P. O. Kiel, was born Dec. 28, 1826, in Germany; came to America in 1853. The following year he came to Ozaukee County. In 1855, he removed to his present farm, consisting of ninety acres. Mr. Barth has been Township Trustee, Township Supervisor, Chairman of the Board, Assessor, Justice of the Peace, and member of the Assembly from the First District, elected in the Fall of 1869, and served one year. He was married, in 1853, to Catherine Conrad, of Germany. They have eight children, five sons and three daughters. LOUIS C. LENGLAUB. general merchandise, Sec. 23, P. O. Louis Corners, was born June 2, 1851, in Sheboygan County. He attended school at Milwaukee, and at the age of eighteen, he was taken in as clerk in his father's store, and afterward became a member of the firm. In 1877, he removed to his present locality, and has since carried on this business. He has been Justice of the Peace, Notary, Township Clerk, etc. He was married, in 1873, to Miss Victoria Stoll, of Manitowoc County. They have four children, three sons and one daughter. HENRY STOLL, of the firm of F. Stoll & Son, saw and planing mill, P. O. Kiel, was born May 30, 1842, in Germany; came to Mani towoc County, with his parents, in 1850. He attended school and assisted on their farm till 1862; they then bought this mill, which they have operated since. He was married, in 1861, to Mena Wagner, of Sheboygan County. They have three children, two sons and one daugh ter. C. R. ZORN, farmer, Sec. 14, P. O. Louis Corners, was born Aug. 4, 1844, in Prussia. In 1854, he came with his parents to Manitowoc County, and located on this farm, which he owns, consisting of 160 acres. Mr. Zorn has been Chairman of the Board, Township Supervisor and member of the Assembly during 1873-4-6. He was married, in 1869, HISTORY OF MANITOWOC COUNTY. 54i to Johanna Heidemann, of Prussia. They have five children, one son and four daughters. OTHER SETTLEMENTS. Among the more prominent post-villages in the county is Mishicott, located about ten miles due north of Manito woc, in the town of Mishicott, and which promises to be come an active place. The business interests are repre sented by Christ Selk, general merchandise ; John H. Ter- ens, hardware ; Julius Lindstedt, brewery ; Peter Rau, grist mill ; A. C. Terens, hotel. Dr. H. M. Hittner is the resi dent physician and surgeon. Reedsville is a promising place, on Section 35, Maple Grove Town, at the crossing of railroad. Manufacturing is here carried on by Hubbard & Noble, makers of sleigh stock. Neahlo & Rusch are the millers of the place. Grimm's is a station on Section 5, town of Cato ; Mee me is located on Section 14, of the Town of the same name ; Kossuth Town has Francis Creek for its post-office ; New ton is a small station on Section 34, in the town of that name. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FRED BRAASCH, farmer and veterinary surgeon, Sec. 4, P. O. Mish icott, was born Nov. 4, 1806, in Holstein, Germany; came to Mishicott in 1850. and at once engaged in farming; he owns 160 acies of land. When first coming to Mishicott, he piacticed medicine, there being no physician here at the time. He has held the office of Postmaster, Town Supervisor and other offices. Married, in 1853, to Sophia Hansen, of Holstein, Germany. They have eight children, four sons and four daughters. LOUIS HEYROTH, farmer, Sec. 32, P. O. Mikhicott, was born June 10, 1824, in Prussia; in 1848, came to Sheboygan ; in 1849, came to Milwaukee ; thence to Racine County, where he worked on a farm ; in 1850, came to Two Rivers ; worked for H. H. Smith about six months. In 1851, removed to Mishicott and rented forty acres land ; he afterward bought other forty acres ; he then engaged in hauling lumber for the Wisconsin Leather Company, and since 1852 he has been engaged in farming. Owns 180 acres land, about eighty acres of which is improved. In 1872, he opened a store in Mishicott, which business he sold out to his son, in 1879. Married, in 1855, to Sophia Bohlman, of Hanover. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. DR. H. M. HITTNER, physician and surgeon, Mishicott, was born April 28, 1838, in Bavaria ; came to Rochester, N. Y., in 1849, wilh his parents. In 1858, came to Cincinnati, Ohio; there commenced the study of medicine. After taking his first course, he went South, and served in Ihe Confederate army two years ; then returned to Cincinnati and completed his studies, and graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1865; he then was appointed assistant surgeon of the West End Military Hospital. Held this position till the end of the war. He then continued his practice in Cincinnati till 1876; then came to Milwaukee, where he practiced about eighteen monihs ; then removed to Kiel ; prac ticed there till the Spring of 1880, when he removed to Mishicott. Mar ried, in 1862, to Margaret Doherty, of New Orleans. They have seven children, three sons and four daughters. JULIUS LINDSTEDT, proprietor Mishicott Brewery, was born April 27, 1836, in Holstein, Germany. In 1847 he came, wilh his par ents, to Mishicott, and assisted on a farm. In 1866, he became con nected with a planing mill; continued about two years; he then came to Mishicott and bought out this brewery, which he has since managed. Mr. Lindstedt has been Chairman of the Town Board the past seven years; was Chairman of the County Board in 1880, and has held most of the local offices. Married, in 1864, to Emma Schmidt, of Holstein, Germany. They have seven children, five sons and two daughters. PETER RAU, flouring mill, Mishicott. Born April 22, 1832, in Prussia. Came to Galena, 111., in 1854, where he worked at various kinds or labor. In 1855, he went to Allamakee Co., Iowa, following farming. September, 1856, he came to Mishicott, worked on a farm about one year. He then removed to Stevens Point, worked in a saw mill about six months, then returned to Mishicott, and worked on a farm. In 1858, he engaged with Mr. Charles Kuehn, as his coachman, where he worked about nine months. In 1859, ne removed to Grundy Co., 111.; there he was married to Catharine Scheuer, of Mishicott. They have a family of seven children, six sons and one daughter. In 1861, he re turned to Mishicott, worked for the Wisconsin Leather Company three years, then worked at Pfister & Vogel's tannery two and a half years. In 1867, he returned to Mishicott, and opened a hotel, which he kept about six years, afterward lived on a farm about four years. April, 1877, he traded this farm of 200 acres for this mill, which he has since operated. CHRIST SELK, general merchandise, Mishicott. Born May 31, 1847, in Holstein, Germany. Came to Manitowoc County in 1859, with his mother. In about 1865, Mr. A. E. Selk opened a general store, his son was taken in as clerk, and at the age of twenty-one, he was admitted as a partner. His father died in 1878, since then he has owned and con ducted ihe business. Married, in 1871, to Mary Kohnke, of Paterson, N. J. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. A. C. TERENS, proprietor of Badger State House, Mishicott. Born Oct. 23, 1842, in Prussia. In 1847, came with his parents to Sheboygan County. Enlisted, in 1862, in Co. H, 2d Wis. V. C. ; served to the end of the war. In the Spring of 1866, he entered the hardware business with his brother, continued until 1870, when he sold out his interest in that business, and bought this hotel, which he has since conducted. Mar ried, in 1867, to Bertha Meyer, of Mishitott. They have six children, two sons and four daughters. JOHN H. TERENS, hardware, etc., Mishicott. Born Nov. 3, 1833, in Prussia. November, 1847, he came with his parents to America, and located at Sheboygan. In 1856, he went to California, and two years later, he, with a partner, opened a tin shop, plumbing, etc., at Marysville ; continued about one year, then closed out the business, and worked as a journeyman. In 1862, he came to Mishicott, and enlis'ed in 1864, in Co. C, 27th Wis. V. I. ; served to the end of the war. Then returned to Mishicott, and opened a hotel, also a hardware store. Two years later, he sold out the hotel to his brother. He was married to Miss Ann Malone, in 1853; she is a native of Ireland. They have one son and one daughter. JAMES NOBLE, foreman for Hubbard & Noble, manufacturers of wood and sleigh stock, Reedsville. Was born April 2, 1844, near Ogdens burg. At the age of twelve years, he came with h is parents to Manito woc County, and assisted on their farm until 1862, when he enlisted in Co. K, 21st Wis. V. I.; served to the end of the war. Returned to Mani towoc County, and worked one year on a farm. He then commenced working at the millwright business, and continued until theFall of 1871, when he came to Reedsville, and has been connected with this mill. Married, in 186S, to Miss Jane Johnson, of Sheboygan. They have two children, both daughters. JOHN NENAHLO, firm of Nenahlo & Rusch, flouring mill, Reedsville. Born Oct. 13, 1859, m Manitowoc County. After attending school, he assisted on a farm until 1875, when hisfather built this mill, where he has since been engaged. His father died in 1879, aged fifty-six years. Since then he has had control of this business. Married, August, 1880, to Netta Schuster, of Manitowoc County. They have one son. PETER REINEMANN, grain, Reedsville. Born Jan. 30, 1848, in Prussia. In 1853, came with his parents to Sheboygan. In 1874, he came to Reedsville, and at once engaged in this business. Married, in 1873, to Miss S. Hermann, of Michigan. They have four children, one son and three daughters. JOSEPH CHLOUPEK, farmer, Sec. 10, Kossuth, P. O. Francis Creek, was born, Feb. 3, 1833, in Bohemia ; came to New York in 1848, with his parents. The follDwing year, he came to Milwaukee and worked at the harness trade for seven months. In 1850, he came to this locality, where he has since resided. The lown was, in 1853, divided from the town of Rapids ; he, with others, decided to name this town after the noted Gen. Kossuth. Mr. Chloupek was first employed at his father's saw-mill for thirteen years, since which time he has been engaged in farming. He was Postmaster from 1864 to 1868, and has held various other offices. He married, in 1856, Mary Sullivan, of Ireland, by whom he has five children, three sons and two daughters. Their eldest son, John, is a young man of marked ability and is a school teacher. HENRY SPENCER, farmer, Sec. 24, Kossuth, P. O. Manitowoc, was born Jan. 14, 1817, in England ; came to Rhode Island in 1843. worked in a manufactory till 1847, when he came to Manitowoc County and settled on this farm, which was entered by his family. He now owns 160 acres, a large portion of which is well improved. He has held various local offices, among which are Assessor, Town Clerk, Town Treasurer, School Treasurer, etc. Married, in 1840, to Eliza Hothersall, of England. They have seven children. JOHN H. BOHNE, farmer, Sec. 14, P. O. Meeme, was born Dec. 25, 1810, in Westphalia, Germany ; in 1838, came to New York; worked in a sugar factory a short time. He then removed to Schenectady, N. Y.; worked on a farm four years, then rented a farm where he also remained four years. In 1846, returned to New York and opened a grocery store, which he continued about eight years, then sold out and came to Manitowoc County, where he has since resided. He owns 120 acres of land. Mr. Bohne represented this county in the Assembly in 1868. He has been Chairman of the Town several years. Married in 1843, to 542 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Anna Mede, of Heiligenstadt, Germany. Had twelve children, nine living, four sons and five daughters. NICHOLAS DITTMAR, farmer. Sec. 29, P. O. Meeme, was born April 14, 1810, in Prussia; in 1840, came to Illinois; Nov. 19, 1847, he located this land, having owned one section. He has since deeded off 160 acres of this land to his son. He was a member of the Assemb'y during 1866-67. Married, May 9, 1848, to Caroline Eck. This was the first marriage in the town of Meeme. They had three children, two liv ing, one son and one daughter. D. ROEPKE, firm of D. Roepke & Bros., Silver Creek Mills, Sec. 34, P. O. Manitowoc, was born, March 23, 1853, in Germany. His fa ther was a miller, and he was brought up to that business, and has al ways been engaged in it. His present mill, built of stone and brick, was erected in 1880, costing about $8,000. They also have a saw-mil'l at tached to it, which has a capacity of 10,000 feet a day. In June, 1870 he married Miss Annie Wernecke, of Newton Township. They have one son. P. J. HAUCH, produce and general merchandise, P. O. Grimm's was born, Feb. 18, 1852, in Prussia. At about the age of one and one- half years, he came to Manitowoc County with his parents. After at tending school, he assisted on their farm, and later followed lumbering. In 1875, he opened a store at Reedsville ; continued there in business about one and one-half years, then removed to this locality, where he has since carried on this business. Married, May 15, 1877, to Mary Schutte, of Manitowoc County. MARATHON COUNTY. PHYSICAL FEATURES. This is one of the larger counties of the State, hav ing forty-four government townships. It is nine town ships long from east to west, and five from north to south. It would be a perfect parallelogram but for the fact that a town on the northwest corner is in Taylor county, and the same may be said of that, county re ferring to its southeast corner. The Wisconsin River goes clown through the county in the tier of towns east of the center from north to south, receiving accessions in its course through the county ; on the east, Prairie, Pine, Trap, Big Eau Claire, Bull Creek and others ; on the west Silver Creek, Rib River, Big Eau Plaine and smaller streams. Other branches in the county flow south and join the river in the county below. Most of these streams are large enough to float logs, and there are mills on them doing good work. Along these rivers the lumber is various, the pine predominates, but there is also hem lock, with rock maple, spruce, oak, elm and birch. Receding from the river the pine and hemlock disap pear, and the hard woods prevail with walnut, butter nut and other valuable trees. As to the character of the soil there is no question but that it is of the finest quality for agricultural pur poses, the yield has exceeded the expectations of those who early began the cultivation of the soil. The vari ous enemies of the farmer here seem to be reduced to a minimum, as is shown by an experience of more than twenty-five years. The county was first organized in 1850, and then had 160 government townships. As confined to its present limits it is a little northeast of the geographical center of Wisconsin. Its commercial center is Wausau, the county seat located on the Wisconsin River at Big Bull Falls, not far from the center of the county. Rib Hill is a fine mountain near Wausau, looming up above all the surrounding scenery. All farming products find a ready sale into consumers' hands. No county in Wisconsin surpasses Marathon in healthfulness. Pulmonary diseases are rare. Fever and ague and all the various malarial diseases are not indigenous here, and are unknown, except when imported. The average temperature for January for ten years is here given : 1865, 6 degrees above ; 1866, 9 above ; 1867, 12 above ; 1868, 4 above ; 1869, 15 above ; 1870,. 13.6 above; 1871, 15 above ; 1872, 15.5 above; 1873, 7.7 above; 1874, 12.7 above. The Winter of 1855-6 was a cold one here, the ther mometer showed twenty-eight below zero in Decem ber, and thirty-two in January. In 1874-5 the tom- perature was twenty-eight below in December, and thirty-three in January. In Januar}-, 1881, the glass revealed the mercury down to thirty-three below in January, and twenty-two in February. The Winter of 1858 was the mildest remembered, although 1869-70 was comparatively warm, as it also was in the Winter of 1877-8. The geological peculiarities of Marathon County can only be described in a general way. Political lines have a most supreme disregard of geological bound aries, and the county in this respect is a part of a vast territory which has been more or less carefully ex plored and its obvious characteristics noted. It may be premised that the country is an elevated region of crystalline rocks 900 feet in the northern part, and 400 in the southern, above the surface of Lake Michigan. It has an undulating surface, with low abrupt ridges and outcroppings of tilted rocks with occasional high points of quartz rocks. For the most part it is densely covered with pine interspersed with marshes and, by way of contrast, with hardwood ridges which, when cleared, yield excellent farming land, with rivers full of waterfalls, awaiting the enterprise which is certain to realize them to the fullest extent. This is covered by a drift material, and a complete knowledge of the history of a single pebble composing' this drift, would give its possessor more knowledge of geology than is now extant in the wide world. The Mosinee Hills are composed of a grayish white quartzite rock. Rib Hill is feldspathic and quartzose. The Wausau Falls are over a syenite with black hornblende. East from Wausau the country rises rather rapidly, and is underlaid with a porphyritic formation. The Lower Silurian formation just touches the southern boundary at a single point. The rest of the county may be set down as belonging to the Archaean system. In relation to the soil of the county it may be said that on either side of the Wisconsin there is a sandy HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 543 belt from one to six miles wide which originally was heavily timbered with white and Norway pine. Some of the other streams have like characteristics. On leaving this river belt the soil is dark clay loam, which, to use a sporting term, has remarkable " staying qual ities." There are numerous living springs and clear water brooks, with lakes in great abundance. SETTLEMENT. The settled policy of the fur companies who secured such rich rewards by cultivating the whole region of the Northwest with their trading posts was to convey the impression that the country was uninhabitable, sterile, forbidding, and the habitations of remorseless Indians and savage beasts, where no white man could exist or subsist. Adventurers coming up the Wisconsin River and striking the sandy streak which lies to some extent across the State, at once concluded that such was the character of the whole of Northern Wisconsin. This region had been so carefully explored that in 1836 its value was thoroughly established, and the treaty with the Menrimonees extinguished the Indian title to a strip six miles wide as far up as Big Bull Falls, where Wausau is now located, and the valuable points for water mills were soon taken. It was not till 1839 that Marathon County was invaded by the restless lumberman, John L. Moore. In this year began operations at Mosinee, and George Stevens, for whom the " Point/' was named, began at Wausau. The latter place began to be quite rapidly settled, so that in 1847 Mr. Owen estimated the num ber at 350. The strongly accented bovine names given to the Falls on the Upper Wisconsin and its branches were suggested by the sound of the Falls at Mosinee as it ap peared at a distance through the woods to an early ex ploring party as they approached it. The roar struck the ear like the gentle lowing of a bull, so it was named " Bull Falls." Reaching Wausau, which had a fall so much greater, that it was named " Big Bull Fall," and of course the other became " Little Bull," and then followed, carrying out the same conceit, " Grandfather Bull," " Jenny Bull," " Bull, Jr.," etc. Among the settlers who had located here in 1844 were Francis Brusette and his wife Jane, Milton M. Charles, Morgan Coles, Levi Fleming, Benj. F. Perry, John B. La Fontaine, E. G. Plumer. The Indians had kettles in which to boil their sap, obtained, probably, of fur companies' agents, before the white settlers came. And it is claimed by Mr. Green, that the art of maple sirup making was under stood and practiced by the Chippewas before even the white race came to America at all ; that they used birch bark boilers, which by careful management, over a fire with little or no blaze, can be used to boil in. Thomas Lynch and Martin Lynch, who live in Lin coln County, are the oldest living settlers now known. They came to Wausau in 1840. G. G. Greene, now living on the corner of Second and Jefferson streets, came in 1841, and is probably the oldest pioneer now in the city. He relates that the first year he was here, he counted, in one band, 800 Indians going up to make sugar above Wausau, in the maple groves. The first lumber run from here was made into rafts only nine inches deep, and was run in the Spring of 1841. The rafts were gradually thickened, until they were two feet thick. The first camp on the Eau Claire was put in by Or- lan Rood, in January, 1842. The first man drowned on the river in rafting was a Frenchman, named Cham- pigne, in 1841. In 1842, James Cunningham was drowned, and the next year, John P. Thomas. After that, the rafting became so extensive that drowning accidents were common. The Winter of 1842-3 was the most severe, so far as the amount of snow is concerned, of any remem bered here. Large numbers of Indians perished of hunger, and in the Spring they all came out thin and tottering. One of the chiefs, Mayig (the otter), who had a large family, killed his squaw, and he and the children subsisted on her remains. On the 24th and 25th of February, 1843, several feet of snow fell on top of a previous heavy layer. Provisions were not to be spared by the settlers, and the poor, miserable, wretched Indians, in their begging expeditions, had to be driven off with clubs. Among the old squaws who long hovered around the village of Wausau, was the sister of Little Turtle. She had some white blood of a Celtic cast, and was called the Irishwoman. George J. Moore and B. F. Berry ran a mill here, early in the forties, by the thousand. A. B. Crosby came in 1840. James Loup, Mr. Shepherd and P. B. Crosby had a mill that was burned when Shepherd pulled out, and Loup & Crosby rebuilt the mill. There was at this time little semblance of law, and apparently little need of it. The community was a peaceable one. Thieving was unknown, although there was an occa sional saloon row, or street encounter ; but quarrels were in some way patched up. Resort to Madison, the nearest Circuit Court, was very rare. As one of the old settlers quaintly remarked, there was no stealing, and but few crimes, until the lawyers and ministers arrived. In the Spring of 1843, there was a frightful Spring freshet, probably the highest on the river, as the re sult of the snow of the previous Winter. In June, 1847, there was another serious flood. Among the most daring and successful pilots on the river were : Hiram Stowe, who ran the first lumber from Wausau ; Joe Kerr, S. M. Woodward, Solomon Leach, and Solomon Story and Horace Judd, who were the best Grand Rapids raftsmen on the river. At that time, previous to 1845, there was no sem blance of a road anywhere. The river in Summer, and the ice on it in Winter, was the only highway, and then, with the numerous falls and rapids, it can be seen with what labor provisions and supplies were brought up. George Stevens was the first man to come up into the pineries and build a mill in Wausau. He ran the mill at first and actually started the lumber business here. He sold out to Mr. Barker, who operated the mill some time. It was afterward sold to W. D. Me- Indoe, and is now the valuable property owned by J. & A. Stewart. Among the early loggers were, Harvey Polk, John Forrester, Ed. Pierson and John Wiseman. 544 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. In those days the Chippewa Indians were very plenty here, coming into the village to trade their furs and berries, or to beg. Of course the contact of the two races, so unlike, would involve more or less friction, and create many ludicrous scenes and incidents. On one occasion, a gallant young man, now well along in years, undertook to carry three squaws across the river in a canoe. While crossing over, the party got in an altercation, and the young man threatened to tip over the canoe, and on making a feint to do so, over it went ; each of the squaws struck out lustily for the shore, while the young man had to cling to the frail craft as it floated down the river, finally landing a long way down. Among the early settlers and successful business men may be mentioned, the Single brothers, Alex. Stewart, J. C. Clark, B. G. Plumer, W. C. Silverthorn, J. A. Farnham, D. L. Quaw, Kelly Bros., S. H. Alban, Fred. Kickbusch, A. Kickbusch, B. Ringle & Sons, J. McCrossen, Porcher & Mason and others. Dr. William Schofield was the first man to introduce rotary saws on the river. The first mills had frame saws, with an occasional " muley ; " they were run by a flutter-wheel. The following is a list of old settlers, who were prominent men in 1857 : Hiram Calkins, W. S. Hobart, William A. Gordon, W. C. Clemson, William Kennedy, Asa Lawrence, Simon Stevens, J. H. Walter, William Hewins, John C. Clarke, William Gouldsberry, Joseph Paff, R. P. Mason, J. Lemessurier, John Tuttle, George C. Green, J. Bernard, D. W. Fellows, Hugh Mclndoe, N. T. Kelly, Ed. Nicolls, Charles Winckley, William Cuer, Joseph Taguey, George Silverthorn, Ransom Lilly, J. X. Brands, P. St. Austin, Dan Lilly, J. W. Chubbuck, Asa J. Kent, C. R. Crocker, Joshua Wink- ley, E. G. Chark, S. E. Stoddard, D. L. Plumer, W. W. DeVoe, William Wilson, J. P. Hobart. Pre-historie. — A mound was found near where the Lakeside House now stands, with a pile of rocks on top, and near the center several skeletons, buried head to head, in the form of a star. Political. — In 1851, Marathon and Portage were asso ciated as an Assembly district. In 1857, it was Mara thon and Wood counties. In 1862, Marathon and Wood. Since 1872, Marathon County has been a eom- plete Assembly district. Since the organization of the county the following gentlemen have been representa tives in the Assembly at Madison ; some of them the second time. or more: Thomas J. Moran, George W. Cate, Walter D. Mclndoe, Joseph Wood, Anson Rood, Burton Millard, J. S. Young, John Phillips, Orestes Garrison, Levi P. Powers, H. W. Remington, B. G. Plumer, George Hiles, Henry Reed, Carl Hceflinger, W. C. Silverthorn, Bartholomew Ringle, F. W. Kick busch, John Ringle. The present county officers are : Judge, Hon B. Ringle ; Sheriff, R. P. Mauson ; Treasurer, J. R. Bree- neau ; Clerk, Henry Miller ; Clerk of Circuit Court, Hugo Peters ; Register of Deeds, A. W. Schmidt ; Municipal Judge, Louis Marchetti ; District Attorney, C. F. Eldred ; Coroner, F. Neu ; County Surveyor, William Allen. The post-offices in the county are Wausau, Bean's Eddy, Colby, Hartsville, Hutchinson, Knowlton, Maine, Mannville, Marathon City, Mosinee, Naugart, Romeo, Rozellville, Spencer, Stettin, Trapp, Unity. The population of Marathon County since its organ ization, by semi-decades, is shown to have been : 1850 489; 1855, 447; 1860, 2,892; 1865, 3,678; 1870, 5,885; 1875, 10,111; 1880, 17,121. Before 1855, the county had been reduced in its proportions. The present Senatorial District is composed of Mar athon, Waupaca and Portage counties, electing one State Senator every alternate year, to serve two years. The county indebtedness, total, in 1880, was $6,- 735.25. The valuation of property — real estate $3,- 045,777 ; personal, 13,833,352. The court-house is on Third street, Wausau, be tween Jefferson and Scott streets, on a public square, with an imposing band stand near the northwest corner, and the jail on the corner opposite. It has Grecian pillars in front, and is a good specimen of a temple of justice. Its cost and the time of its construction are alluded to in another place. The county jail is on the square with the court-house. It has the Sheriff's residence, with offices for the Dis trict Attorney, etc. The jail proper is 32x34 feet. The residence portion is 36x40 feet. The cost of the struc ture, which is of brick, was $11,000. John Mercer was the architect. A special election under the act authorizing the or ganization of the new county was held on the 2d of April, 1850. John Stockhouse, J. Harrison and Reu ben M. Welsh were Inspectors ; C. R. Clements and John Kenedy, Clerks. Tuesday, April 9, the Board of Canvassers met. Charles Shuster, Justice of the Peace, John Stockhouse and E. A. Preston, members present. The result was declared to be as follows : Sheriff, Will iam Wezinton; Clerk of Court, County Clerk and Reg ister of Deeds, Joshua Fox; Supervisors, Andrew Warren, James Moore, E. M. Pancoast and John Stock- house ; Surveyor, Henry E. Goodrich ; Attorney, John Q. A. Rollins ; Justices for the town of Wausau, James Moore, Morril Walrad, E. M. Pancoast ; Constables ; Isaac Gansolly, Alva G. Newton ; Town Clerk, D. R. Clement. The regular election for county and other officers was held on the 5th of November, 1850. The result of this election was as follows : Sheriff, Charles A. Single ; Coroner, Tim. Soper ; Clerk Circuit Court, Jchn G. Corsey, who was also elected County Clerk and Register ; Treasurer, Morris Walrad ; Surveyor, F. C. Goodrich. The offices up to this time have been filled with the leading men in the county, as a rule, and the administra tion of couuty affairs has been honest and economical. WAUSAU. This is the shire town and is situated on the Wisconsin River, in Government Township 29, Range 7 east. It was first settled in 1845, and its chief business has been the manufacture of lumber. It is the outfitting point for lumber men on the river, and the amount of trade for its size, is equal to any city in the country. As a manufacturing point, it is not excelled in its advantages, the river has at this point an available fall of twenty-two feet, only a fraction of which is utilized. The available horse-power of the river, HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 545 in this town, at its low stage, is between 20,000 and 30,000. And the unoccupied power is always for sale with eligible sites at low figures. The city is on an elevation, rising gradually from the river, which is well sunk between its banks and at this point has several islands, with rocky foun dations and well elevated above the highest river level. The city is mostly on the right bank of the river, but the larger islands are occupied, and also, the west side of the river, is quite rapidly building up. The city is regularly laid out, very nearly coincident with the cardinal points of the compass. There are fire limits, out side of which only wooden buildings can be erected, parallel with the river, the streets are named Second, Third, etc. Third street with the cross streets are now the principal business points, and there are many fine brick blocks. Wausau is forty miles north of Stevens Point, Shawano is Street Commissioner; C. A. Single, D. B. Wylie, Fire Wardens. Tavern licenses were fixed at $25, and saloon licenses at $50. 1862 — B. Ringle, President of the Board of Trustees, Th. Single, Clerk. 1863 — B. Ringle, President; M. H. Barnam, Clerk. 1864 — R. P. Mauson, President ; M. H. Barnam, Clerk. 1865 — Aug. Kickbusch, Presi dent; William Wilson, Clerk. 1866 — Aug. Kickbusch, President; R. P. Mauson, Clerk. 1867 — Jacob Paff, President; J. W. Chubbuck, Clerk. 1868— Jacob Paff, President ; J. W. Chubbuck, Clerk. ' I869— Jacob Paff, President; J. W. Chubbuck, Clerk. 1870— C. Woefiinger, President; J.W. Chubbuck, Clerk. 187 1 — C. Woefiinger, President; J. W. Chubbuck, Clerk. ORGANIZATION. Wausau was incorporated as a city March 18, S872. It was named by Hon. W. D. Mclndoe, and signifies " far ipiiMiill{f§ji^$igg£Egg WAUSAU. sixty miles east of Wausau ; Merrill twenty miles north ; Neillsville, sixty miles west. It has fourteen saw-mills, eight within the city proper and the other six near. The daily capacity of these mills is 10,000 ; the river boom capacity is 100,000,000 or more. It has door sash and blind factories, foundries, machine shops, and other manufacturing shops that will be alluded to in detail. It has brick blocks, railroads, fine schools, good churches, plenty of business, no idlers, and no prevailing diseases. Wausau was first platted in 1852; it having been seen at that early day, to use a military expression, that it was a strategic point to capture business and trade, although it it was not finally incorporated until 1862. Wausau existed under a town organization, until April 8, 1 86 1, when in accordance with the corporate act, a village organization was effected. F. A. Hoffman was President of the Board of Trustees. The other members were Charles A. Single, Jacob Paff, John Irwin, John C. Clarke, Th. Single, Clerk. The first meeting provided a village seal. F. A. Farnham was appointed Surveyor; Henry H. Lawrence, 34 away." On April 9, 1872, the city government was organ ized. August Kickbusch, Mayor; John Schneider, C. A. Single, August Leemke, R. P. Mauson and Fred. New, Al dermen ; John Patzer, Clerk. Since that time the following men have been Mayors of the city : Jacob Paff, August Kickbusch, C. Hoeflinger, B. Ringle, J. C. Clarke, D. E. Plumer and J. E. Leahy, who is the present Mayor, and has held the place since 1879. The following men have been City Clerks : John Patzer, Henry Miller and J. W. Miller, the present Clerk, who has held position since 1878. Fire Department. — There is a volunteer fire company, which responds at an alarm of fire. The apparatus of the department consists of a steam fire engine, built by Ahrens of Cincinnati, hose carriage, hooks and ladders, etc., with a first-class hand engine. The engine house is well appointed with horses trained to the gong. Chief engineer, F. W. Kickbusch ; engineer of the steamer, Mike Coughlin, who has an assistant and firemen. Police Department. — The police are very efficient in keep- 546 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ing order, with remarkably few arrests, as they have the correct idea that a policeman's usefulness should be gauged by the fewness of the arrests, and not by a reverse standard. The Mayor, ex officio, is Chief of Police. Dave Burnett is the present Marshal. The others on the force, who are uniformed, are : Thomas Dunn, Henry O'Brien, Louis Har vey, Fred. Tank. It is gratifying to be able to state, that since the first organization of the city government its affairs have been honestly and economically administered. The present officers are: J. E. Leahy, Mayor; J. W. Miller, Clerk; George Wesheim, Treasurer ; Phillip Ringle, Assessor ; Dave C. Burnett, Marshal ; M. M. Charles, Justice ; Coon Seim, Street Commissioner ; Justice of the Peace, J. Jones ; Charles W. Nuther, Surveyor ; City Attorney, C. H. Miller. The Rebellion — During the war the history of Wausaw and Marathon County is not unlike that of all the other counties in Northern Wisconsin. The drum and fife were not unfamiliar sounds in the pineries. The impassioned eloquence of tve backwoods orators had its due effect. The enlistments were equal to the demands. Of course, at that time Wausaw was young; there were no railroads, and the river, with its numerous falls and rapids, was of little value as a thoroughfare. The men who enlisted went to Stevens Point, or to their former homes, to go to the front with their friends. The reputation of the soldiers from the pineries was first-class. Among the most prominent of those who joined the Union army, and lived to return may be men tioned the following : L. B. Folsom, V. Ringle, Robert Johnson, J. W. Lawrence, W. W. DeVoe, M. H. Barnum, Rev. Theodore Green, H. L. Wheeler, Levi Fleming, J. E. Leahy, J. W. Jones, C. A.. Single, Th. Youlser, George Reeder, W. C. Silverthorn, M. M. Charles, W. P. Filbrick, C. Hoeflinger, I. A. Kellogg, S. S. Armstrong, C. P. Hazel- tine, D. L. Quaw, Dr W. W. Searls. W. D. Mclndoe was the provost-marshal here. HISTORICAL EVENTS. April 22, 1857, the first newspaper in the county was is sued, under the name of the Central Wisconsin, by J. W. Chubbuck and John Foster. About this time a division of the Sons of Temperance was organized. It was numbered 140. William H. Ken nedy, W. P.; L. W. Slosson, W. A.; and William Wilson, R. S. In May, 1857, there was quite a freshet in the river. In 1857, Mr. B. F. Cooper owned most of the water- power at the Falls in the city. The firm was Cooper & Smith. During the Winter of 1857-8, a debating club was in operation in the village. They had little trouble in decid ing questions that afterward took the country four years to settle. In the Summer of 1858, a road to New London was completed. The first fleet of lumber left Wausau in the Spring of 1857, on the 22d of March. But it was not until the 29th of April, 1858, that the first fleet got away. Early in the history of Wausau and other river towns, the drowning of men while running lumber on the river, was not uncommon. Wausau, having some of the most dangerous places and the longest run, suffered quite severely in this regard. April 21, 1866, there was an unusual rise in the river ; bridges were swept away, logs, lumber, shingles, etc., went out, entailing a large loss. On the nth of May, 1866, there was a serious fire, which destroyed the steam mill of Daniels & Corey, lum ber, shingles, Mr. Corey's barn and other property was de stroyed. Aug. Andrews, James Kitchen, John Schneider, Herman Millard and others were losers. In the early Summer of 1866, important improvements were made in the running part of the rapids and dam. During the Summer of 1866, there was a ripple of ex citement over the alleged discovery of petroleum in the county. The list of voters in 1866, embraced about 200 names. The court-house was constructed in the Summer and Fall of 1867, at a contract price of $7,500. The agricultural show ground was cleared off in the Fall of 1867. In the Fall of 1867, the Big Bull Falls were blown up at various points to facilitate rafting. A brass band was organized in 1867. On the 17th of June, 1869, there was a destructive fire, the loss was at least $18,000. July 4, 1869, the people had a celebration of the day, with the usual splendor. Dr. W. H. Searls was the orator of the occasion. July 18, 1869, there was a severe freshet, the river rose a foot an hour for eight hours. The Pine River went up nine feet. The losses in Wausau footed up $20,000; di vided among J. C. Clarke, W. D. Mclndoe, A. C. Norway, Alex. Stewart, R. E. Parcher, Gid. Young and several others. A fire engine arrived July 22, 1869. It was named Wausau, No. 1. August 27, 1869, a post of the G. A. R. was organized, with the following officers and members : M. H. Barnam, W. W. DeVoe, M. M, Charles, Robert Johnson, Alphonso Poor, O. M. Priest, Steve Durkee, Charles Miller, L. B. Fol som, King Young, T. W. Clark. October 8, 1869, J. C. Clarke's saw-mill was burned- Loss, $12,000. The Rib Mills, west of Wausau, were burned in July, 1 87 1, with a loss of $20,000. Benjamin Single was the owner. July 25, 1871, the lumber yard of J. C. Clarke caught fire, threatening serious loss ; but the fire company, by great ex ertion, stopped it with little loss. October 21, 1871, at a special election, to determine whether the county would assist the railroad, was decided in the affirmative. During the Winter of 1871, Wausau being outside of the line of travel of dramatic companies, a dramatic company was formed, and it is presumed that no candidate for his trionic honors ever called more vehemently for a horse, with HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 547 the offer of his kingdom, than did the redoubtable Richard III of that ambitious club. There was the same Winter a Pine-knot Literary Club, the name signifying the substitution for the midnight oil of greater antiquity. The construction of a bridge across the slough at Clark's Island was contracted for with D. W. C. Mitchell for $2,- 990, in 1872. The improvement of the falls in the Winter of 1873, with D. W. C. Mitchell as engineer, and B. F. Cooper as con tractor, was entered upon. A hook and ladder company was organized in 1873, on the 1 8th of April. J. C. Clarke was foreman ; William Wil son, second foreman; R. E. Parcher, treasurer; William Collins, secretary. In September, 1873, a new bridge across the Wisconsin River was completed by John Brown. In 1873, the following lumbermen were in business in Wausau : J. A. Stewart, Joseph Single, Benjamin Single, Cohn & Curran, Kickbusch & Bro., Lawrence & Peters, B. G. Plummer, Ed. Zastrow, J. Leahy, J. C. Clarke, John Callon, Robert Parcher, H. Daniels, Mclndoe & Co., Rufus Mason, Kelley Bros., M. Stafford, Herman Miller and James McCrossen. The whole number of buildings erected in 1873 in the city was 108. The amount of logs in the boom in 1875 was estimated at 30,000,000. 'July 6, 1875, there was a fire. The losers were H. Was- hauer, August Kickbusch and S. Messeneir to the amount of $6,000. The log crop for 1878 was 54,000,000 feet. In the Winter of 1878, Mason & Co.'s mill on the Mar athon City road, eight miles from the city, was built. It has a 65-horse power engine. The Forest House was burned on the 2d of August, 1878. The loss was $25,000; insurance, $5,000. It was owned by C. A. Single. The Wisconsin River Log-driving Company was organ ized on the 4th of October, 1878, with a capital of $50,000. T. B. Scott, president ; C. P. Hazeltine, treasurer ; W. J. Scriver, secretary. There was a fire early in February, 1879, involving in losses, C. H. Mosher, G. W. Casterline, J. C. Gebhart, J. A. Cowan and Ch. Wessner. June 12, 1880, the river rose thirteen feet above low-wa ter mark. Railroad communication was cut off for several weeks, and business for days was at a standstill. Much damage was done to the mills, bridges, lumber, etc. Valuation of the city in 1880: real estate, $646,417; personal, $354,453- August 10, 1880, the whole community was thrown into an intense state of excitement by the shooting of Dr. E. L. Hogle, a dentist from Stevens Point, who had just located here to practice his profession, by Dr. J. C. Bennett, who had been for some time in business as a dentist here. Dr. Hogle was instantly killed because he was a rival as Bennett alleged. He was subsequently tried for murder, adjudged guilty and sent to Waupun State Prison for life. A fire in September, 1880, consumed $4,000 worth of lumber for the Wausau Lumber Company. Sept. 26, 1880, the Central Wisconsin newspaper was printed for the first time on a power press, the first machine of the kind in town. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Railroad was completed to Wausau on the 8th of November, 1880. Improvements in Wausau, in 1880, amounted to $111,- 580. In the year 1880, Clark, Johnson & Co. came from Mich igan and put a complete outfit of Stearns's machinery into their mill on the island. The lumber cut for 1880 in the county: Lumber, 49,000,- 000; shingles, 28,720,000; lath, 5,900,000; pickets, 480,- 000. Feb. 3, 1881, Mr. Bardeen's restaurant was burned from the explosion of a kerosene lamp. On the 12th of January, 1881, Wausau had arousing visit from the mayor and other citizens of Oshkosh. Mayor Dale addressed the citizens of Wausau and Gen. Kellogg responded. The hospitalities of the city were freely extend ed. The single men of the party were consigned to the hotels, while men with their wives and the ladies were en tertained by the citizens in their own homes. It was an enjoyable time. In October, 1881, the visit was repaid with interest by the people of Wausau, who came down upon their Oshkosh friends in cohorts that led them to think the pineries were deserted. Early in September of 1881, the Wisconsin River, in consequence of protracted and unusual rains, rose to an un usual height, but not enough to endanger property. Below at Stevens Point, on account of the rise in the branches coming in below Wausau, it rose relatively higher than here. The great freshet occurred on Thursday and Friday, Sept. 29 and 30. The river was already up at ordinary high water mark, when three and one-half inches of rain fell in a few hours, and the river rose rapidly during Thursday night, and men and teams were put to work on the guard lock, weighting it down with rocks and filling in on the east end at 3 o'clock, a. m., a fire alarm was sounded, and at day light 500 men with teams were at work. The water Crept up to the highest water mark of June, 1880. The upper boom gave way, and 60,000,000 feet of logs came struggling, crushing, jamming, tumbling down upon the jamb piers by the lower divide. They proved equal to the emergency, and stood the awful pressure of logs piled twenty feet high from the solid bed of the river. By noon the water was at its highest, being fifteen inches above the highest point ever known, and fourteen feet six inches above low water mark. The water rushed over the west end of the guard lock and cut away the track of the Lake Shore road. The railroad bridge foundations were washed out, but were kept from floating away by cables. Herchenback's old mill was undermined and went down, 548 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. his house was submerged and the stone dam carried away clean. The boom at Clark, Johnson & Co.'s mill gave way, carrying out 725,000 feet of logs belonging to Leahe& Beabe. The losses only in a general way can be recounted. The Railroad Co., $5,000 ; Frank Hushenback, $4,000 ; Clark, Johnson & Co., $12,000; Ely Wright, in goods, $2,500. Other losers by their buildings toppling over, lumber washed away, etc., were B. G. Plumer, J. & A. Stewart & Co., P. B. McKeller, G. Werlich of Big Rib, B. Single on Lit tle Rib and John Callan on Trapp River. The trains up the river were delayed two weeks by washouts and for a week below on the St. Paul road. One man was drowned at Rib Falls. It was a mighty flood. The roar of the rushing waters could be heard for miles. At the Falls, it was a spectacle seldom witnessed. The foam-crested waves, rolling and tumbling, hither and thither, a mighty contend ing force, surging on, tossing and hurling giant timbers, an angry resistless torrent. The Land Office, formerly at Stevens Point, was removed to Wausau, in August, 1872. The land district, with head quarters here, embraces all that part of the State lying north of the line between Townships 14 and 15, north of the base line; west of the line between Ranges n and 12 east of the principal meridian, and east of the line between Ranges 1 and 2 east. The officers of the Land Office are S. H. Alban, Register, and D. L. Quaw, Receiver. These gentlemen have long held their positions, and are thoroughly acquainted with the whole land business, and impart their information in a most cheerful and accommodating spirit, and any land buyer must be, indeed, bewildered, if he can not there have all the perplexing intricacies of the subject made plain. Within a year or two a very gratifying amount of land has been entered by actual settlers, especially in the Spring Brook settlement. After the panic of 1873, the sales were light until recently. There are still many thousand acres of land in the district, subject to entry, embracing lumber and farming lands. K. S. Markstrum presides over the internal revenue de partment, dispensing licenses and stamps to the anxious contributors to the interest on the public debt. R. H. Johnson is Postmaster, and last year built a fine office on Third street, in front of the court-house, which is remarkably well adapted to its purpose. The Central Wis consin office is in the second story. W. L. Beers is the Assistant Postmaster. The business of the year 1880 was as follows : Stamps sold, $2,830.37 ; money orders issued, $14,234.91; money orders paid, $14,787.94; number of let ters registered, 600. Six hundred letters a day, as an aver age, passed through the office, besides the papers and cir culars. Educational . — The schools of the city are controlled by a Board of Education and a City Superintendent, chosen by the City Council. The principal school-house was erected in 1874, at a prime cost of $21,000. It contains seven departments, fitted up with modern improvements, and has a seating capacity of 550. It is in a central posi tion, and will, at no distant day, be used exclusively as a high school. The primary schools occupy two smaller buildings, well adapted to the purpose. The First Ward School-house is on the west side, and is a model, built of brick in 1879. As the city increases it is contemplated to build other ward buildings. The following named persons constitute the present Board of Education : R. P. Mauson, President ; B. W. James, Secretary ; J. E. Leahy, William Wislon, John Ringle, John Patzer, R. P. Mauson, Herman Miller. C. D. Abbey, Principal and Superintendent of Schools. The teachers for 1881 are : High School — Principal, C. D. Abbey ; Assistant, Fanny Le Gros ; Anna M. Inez, first grade; Clara Brown, second grade; Angie B. Crocker, first intermediate; Lelia V. Arm strong, second intermediate. First Ward — Mrs. Maggie Highes, Lavina E. McCros sen, Ida E. Briery. Second and Third Wards — Mrs. M. J. Armstrong, Lute Judson, Alzina Mercer, May B. Remington. Fourth Ward — Amelia Hase, Nellie Single. Fifth Ward — Nellie L. Wilson, Emma R. Briggs. The schools were reorganized in 1881, with the High School Principal as Superintendent, and a graded system perfected. The course of study embraces twelve years — three years primary, three years intermediate, two years grammar, and four years for the high school, which fits the pupil for the State University, or for a business life. The high school building has six rooms, well furnished, and five departments. It is located on the corner of Jefferson and Sixth streets. Number of scholars in 1880, 1,130; attend ance, 868. In 1881, 14,086 ; attendance in 1881, 1,000. Churches. — In the early history of Wausau, there were but two English-speaking churches, and these were very poorly supported. The six days' labor which pioneer life involved was compensated for by a general deshabille, it being too much like work to prepare even for church, and the day was more of a general holiday than a New England Sunday. The Methodists were the first in the field, and built a church which was soon burned ; but the particulars can be gathered in the special record at each church. The first minister in Wausau was Rev. X. Cleary, a Con gregational colporteur. The next was Rev. Y. Lane. In 1854, the Rev. Z. Turner organized the Presbyterian Church, making it monthly visits from Stevens Point. There were four members, and the few Methodists here united with them ; but not having a constant service, it soon fell to pieces. A Methodist Presiding Elder, Rev. W. Yocum, soon after organized a church of that denomination, the Presby terians uniting with them with the understanding that they would withdraw when a Presbyterian minister should come. The next year, the Rev. A. Bartow, of Baraboo, re-organ ized the Presbyterian Church, and Rev. S. Halsey was pas tor for five years. The society obtained a room over a saloon on First street, where Mr. Fernald's store now is. After ward the place of meeting was moved to a house on Forest HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 549 street. The church was then received into the Fox River Presbytery. Soon after this, there being no minister, the church well nigh expired. Mrs. Poor was the only resident member, and with Mrs. Gouldsbury, of Mosinee, constituted the whole membership. During the following year, Rev. W. Stevens officiated, followed by Mr. Payne, a student. The following season an enthusiastic clergyman put in an appear ance ; but the frigidity of the Winter and the unapprecia- tive character of the people soon cooled his ardent temper ament, and he noiselessly withdrew. The Rev. Angus McKinnon next undertook the culti vation of this reluctant field. He applied to the Methodist Episcopal Church for the use of their place of worship, at some stated times when not in use ; but the presiding elder, who happened to be more of a sectarian than a Christian, said, " No, we don't want the Presbyterians here. Stamp them out, root and branch." This excited the sympathy of the German Church, which invited them to their building. Rev. J. Farwell followed, and ministered for six months. This brings the history of the Presbyterian Church up to December, 1875, a period of twenty-one years. Up to this time, the total number of members taken into the Church was twenty-four. At this time, through the recommenda tion of Rev.'B. C. Riley, the synodical missionary, who rep resented that Wausau was the wickedest place in the State, the Rev. J. Winthrop Hageman, from the East> came, and, as he says, found his friend's statements not exaggerated. When his work commenced, meetings were held in the court - house. Five years afterward, a fine brick church was dedicated, having been built in 1877, with a member ship of 157, against nine communicants when his ministra tions commenced. Previous to Mr. Hageman's time, $4,000 had been expended by the home missions to support this church, and there was serious talk of discontinuing the mission. It is now the third in size among the churches of the presbytery. In October, 1881, Mr. Hageman left to take general charge of the forty churches in the presbytery. Following the usual rule, the Methodists early started services in the frontier town of Wausau. In 1854, the Rev. Mr. Greenleaf, of Stevens Point, had started meetings here in the school-house. In 1855, the mission at Mosinee was organized, with occasional preaching by Rev. C. Baldock. In 1856-7, Rev. M. D. Warner had a class organization, Judge Kennedy assisting ; Rev. M. H. Barnum, on a call from the people, preached here about this time for a year. In the year 1858, at the Conference in Beloit, May 12, Bishop Morris made Wausau a regular appointment, send ing Rev. R. S. Hayward as the first regularly stationed pastor. Two lots were secured, on the corner of Second and Grant streets, and Mr. C. Philbrick and the minister struck the first blows scoring timber for a church. As reported to Conference in i859,the church and parsonage was completed. In 1859, Rev. C. D. Cooke was here; i860, Rev. W. J. Olm- stead was assigned to the post, and had a successful year. For the year beginning in the Fall of 186 1, Rev. C. Baldock had Wausau and Mosinee. In 1862, Rev. Mr. Olmstead was returned, remaining until 1865, when Rev. E. Bassett came. In 1866, Rev. William Willard was here, when the parsonage was burned, with his goods. He remained two years. In 1868, Rev. J. T. Gaskell, who also preached at Jenny, was on this circuit. In 1869, while Mr. Gaskell was still here, the church was burned ; and before the embers were extinguished, Dr. W. H. Searles was on the street with a subscription paper to rebuild. In 1870, Rev. E. T. Briggs was the minister. In 1871, Rev. H. B. Crandall. 1872, Rev. Thomas Walker, who did good work for three years, having the lots graded, fenced, etc. Following him were Revs. G. Fallows, Jesse Coles, J. T. ChynOweth, W. W. Stevens and Benjamin F. Sanford, the present pastor, now on second year. The church has fifty-two active members. A fine Sunday-school, of which Dr. Searles was a long time superintendent; H. S. Alban is the present superintendent. The present edifice was dedicated March 10, 1872. Rev. George C. Haddock and Rev. J. C. Wilson were present, and took part in the exercises. The Evangelical St. Paul German society has a good church, erected in 1863. There had been preaching here in this faith by an itinerant preacher. The first regular pastor was Rev. Mr. Mohldenke, followed by Rev. Mr. C. Stoeffler, Rev. A. Loup, Rev. P. A. Albert, Rev. F. Kern. The present pastor is Rev. F. G. Reinicke, who took charge in March, 1872, and is still the pastor in charge. Mr. Reinicke opened a school on coming here, with thirty scholars ; he now has ninety. Besides Wausau, he is a general missionary, holding occasional service in the towns of Maine, Berlin, Texas, town Wausau and other places. The Universalist church was built in 1869, before there had been a Universalist sermon preached within 100 miles of the place, as it is stated. It was designed and constructed by a ship carpenter, and had sufficient timber to withstand very serious assaults from the elements, and the proportions of the structure would be admirable if one- third of it were submerged. It is in contemplation to rar.e it several feet lower than it now is, to improve its top-heavy appearance. The first regular minister was Rev. E. Sultz who did not succeed in securing the confidence of the com munity to an alarming extent, although he was an able man in some respects. The Rev. Mr. J. S. Fall was the next pas tor. He was an active and energetic man, with positive opinions which antagonized the prevailing theological be lief, and his doctrines were not presented with that per suasiveness that did not repel those who had conflicting ideas. Mr. Fall was a man of blameless character, and he had the full confidence of the Church, and of those who knew him best. Since he left, a few years ago, there has been no service in that church, notwithstanding some of the first people in Wausau are adherents to that form of belief. It may be mentioned as a singular fact, that, in Northern Wisconsin, there are very few of the so-called "liberal churches." The St. John's Episcopal Church was organized Septem- 55° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ber 13, 1857. Thomas Youles, senior warden; John C. Clarke, junior warden ; Vestrymen — W. Beer, Jr., W. Clem- son, Burton Willard, J. W. Tyler, P. N. Calkins, Thomas Single, Benjamin Single, William Kennedy; J. W. Tyler, secretary. Before this, however, Rev. Thomas Green, who was at Stevens Point, came up here at the request of Charles Single, who had conferred with Gen. Ellis on the subject, and held service for several days in succession. This was in March, 1854, and the stage was six days on the road. On Mr. Green's return, he had service at Mosinee, in the log-house of Mr. William Blair. The lot upon which the church was built was deeded to Bishop Kemper in 1857. The next year, a frame was erected, and it stood in an in complete state until 1863, when, in a violent gale, it was blown down. After remaining a time at Stevens Point, Mr. Green came here, remaining until 1873, when he was succeeded by Rev. Phillip McKim. Since that time, the pastors have been Rev. Joshua Davenport, Rev. W. C. Armstrong and Rev. William Wright, the pres ent rector. The church now has sixty members. The Sunday-school twenty-five scholars. The re-building of the church was commenced in 1867, and pushed to comple tion soon after. The Lutheran Church also has a school largely attended by German children, and in the Fourth Ward thereTis a large private school building with a select German school. Be sides these, are several other select schools taught by teach ers of experience and ability. Catholic Church, St. Mary's. — The first mass said in Wau sau was at the house of W. D. Mclndoe, on Main street, in 1849, by Rev. Father Dale. Rev. Father Itchmann afterward officiated at the resi dences of Mr. Stafford and Hugh Mclndoe's, and at differ ent halls. Rev. Father Pollock and several others. Rev. Father Richards, as his first charge, came here in 1875, ar>d still remains. The church building was begun in 1868, and finished in 1875, and dedicated. It is in a flourishing con dition. Marathon County Bible Society, organized February 17, 1867; Thomas Hinton, president; G. A. Lawrence, vice- president ; Jacob Paff, treasurer ; Justin W. West, secretary. Newspapers. — The city is well supplied with newspapers, the oldest being the Central Wisconsin, which was estab lished in 1857; the first number appearing April 22, with J. W. Chubbuck & Co., as publishers. The number for September 30th and October 7th, was issued in one sheet, on dark green paper, no other being obtainable so far from market. The paper was discontinued for some time, but was finally resuscitated by R. H. Johnson, who still pub lishes it as a Republican paper. The Wisconsin Pilot, was started as a Democratic paper, in 1865, by V. Ringle, who is still at the helm, with a Ger man paper, the Wochenblatt, and a well-appointed job office. The Torch of Liberty, a " National Greenback" paper, was established by Mark H. Barnum, August 9, 1877. He also published for a time the Wmachter, a German paper of like persuasion, which is now published in the Central office, as a Republican sheet. These papers are weekly, and will compare favorably with any papers in the pineries of Wis consin. Fraternal Orders. — The various fraternal societies now flourishing in the country are well represented here. Among the most prominent may be mentioned Forest Lodge, A., F. & A. M., No. 130 ; H. Alban, W. M. ; H. L. Wheeler, sec retary. Wausau Chapter, No. 51; S. H. Alban, M. E. H. P.; W. J. Scriver, secretary. Wausau Lodge, No. 115, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; J. W. Miller, N. G.; L. Marchette, secretary. Moved into their new hall, April 26, 1877. Wausau Temple of Honor, No. 80. Knights of Honor, No. 871. Home Lodge, No. 20, Ancient Order of United Work ingmen, instituted February 14, 1878; Pat Delaney, M. W.; Ch. Heppner, secretary. The Catholic Total Abstinence and Benevolent Society. The Sons of Hermann, and other orders, all seem to be in a flourishing condition, with a large membership and fine lodge rooms, handsomely furnished and carpeted. The Germans have a Turn Society, with a large member ship, and rooms fitted up with the implements and parapher nalia of a regular gymnastic club. The Ladies' Literary Society is a flourishing association, which has good rooms on Third street, opposite the court house. Weekly meetings are held, and there is a library, the use of which is, singularly enough, confined to the use of the members. This society has acted as a bureau, to pro cure lecturers, and the city is indebted to it for having the opportunity to hear some of the prominent celebrities of this prominent field of literary labor. The several church denominations have ladies' societies to promote those interests, denominated Aid Societies, Mite Societies, Sewing Circles, etc. Driving Park Association. — In the Fall of 1881, a socie ty, with the above name, was organized among the most prominent citizens of the city. There is a race track, where meetings are held to develop the trotting stock of the county. The Germania Guards, a regular company in the Wis consin National Guards. The armory is at Concert Hall. The men are regularly drilled and properly equipped, and on occasion turn out with full ranks. Attempts are being made to organize a new company. Catholic. — St. Mary's Congregation. In 1851, when there were in Wausau but twenty-five families and 100 people, the first Catholic priest to visit the place was Rev. S. Dale, who held services in the house of Hon. W. D. Mclndoe. In 1852-3, Rev. Mr. Itchmann, of Madison, visited Wausau and said mass. In 1857, Rev. James Stehle, of Stevens Point, held service in C. A. Single's hall every two months. His brother, N. Stehle, followed him, until the Summer of i860, when Rev. John Polock came. He officiated in B. HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 5Si Ringle's hall. By united efforts, a lot was about this time obtained, and a deed secured on the 20th of July, 1861, for $80. In September, 1861, Rt. Rev. Bishop Henni visited Wau sau, on his way to Marathon City, to bless their new church. Rev. L. Lux was the next priest, then Rev. M. Schme- back; he had monthly services in the engine house. Rev. Ch. Hengin next officiated. In July, 1867, the corner stone of the church was laid with proper ceremony. In 1869, the Rev. John Zawistowski was sent as the first resi dent priest. In 1870, he left, and Wausau was again a mission of Stevens Point. That year, Rev. L. Cornelis was occasionally here, and in March, 1871, the church was so far completed that mass was said in it. Rev. L. Spitzelberger was the next man. The foundation of the priest's house was laid in 1874, and there were forty Catholic families here then. Rev. W. Gunderbach became the resident priest in August, 1874. During 1875, Rev. M. July officiated four times. March 22, 1875, the Rev. Theodore J. Richards was sent here as his first charge, and he still remains, respected by the town, and beloved by his people. He has finished and improved the church and parsonage, paid off the debt, grounds have been added, and the congregation put in a flourishing condition. Number of Catholic families now eighty, or about 400 members. The Sunday school has twenty scholars. The present trustees are John Byrne, John Joe Sherman and August Ganthier ; R. A. Johnson, treas urer. Wausau Cemetery Association have grounds south of the city. The Catholic Association also have a burial place near the same spot. Railroads. — The Wisconsin Valley Railroad was the first to reach Wausau, although the Wisconsin Central had al ready cut across the southwest corner of the county, and skirted it on the west from north to south. The Wisconsin Valley road reached Wausau on the 31st of October, 1874, and regular trains began running on the 9th of November. The local celebration on that occasion is noticed elsewhere. This road has since fallen into the hands of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Company, and now extends from their main line at Tomah, in Monroe County, to Merrill, the cap ital of Lincoln County. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad Company is the second road to connect Wausau and Marathon County with the lower part of the State. It was formed by the consolidation of several roads, and runs into the Chicago & Northwestern depot at Mil waukee. It reached Wausau in the Fall of 1880, and does a very large lumber business, which only seems to be lim ited by the amount of rolling stock. In the Spring of 1881, "The Great Northern Timber Belt Railway " was incor porated with a capital of $2,000,000. The proposition be ing to build a road from Green Bay through Brown, Ocon to, Shawano, Langdale, Marathon, Taylor, Chippewa, Lin coln, Price, Barron, Polk, Burnett and Douglas to the St. Croix River. Incorporators— W. C. Silverthorn, R. E. Parcher, H. Naher, D. L. Plumer, T. B. McCourt and F. A. Healey. This road will bisect the richest part of Wis consin. On the 31st of October, 1874, the Wisconsin Val ley Railroad reached Wausau. The occasion was duly cel ebrated by a regular gala day, on Wednesday, November 11. The train, with the railroad officials, and a large number of invited guests, was met at the depot by a pro cession, headed by the cornet band, the fire department, and the best the city could display. Mrs. Winkley got up the dinner, Mr. L. Paradis presided at the tables. The dinner was at Forest Hall and Music Hall, both. Hon. W. C. Silverthorn welcomed the guests; responded to by F. O. Wyatt, superintendent of the road. That Wausau did credit to itself on that occasion, may be inferred by the fol lowing list of names of the committee of ladies having the matter in charge: Mrs. James McCrossen, Mrs. George McCrossen, Mrs. Parcher, Mrs. French, Mrs. Schofield, Mrs. James, Mrs. Peters, Mrs. Mormon, Mrs. Parenteau, Mrs. McKimm, Mrs. Armstrong, Mrs. Thayer, Mrs. Gotche, Mrs. Sullivan, Miss Kate Schofield, Miss Lina Williams, Miss Mary J. Thompson, Miss Josie Thayer, Miss Nellie Mc Crossen, Miss Josie Bradford, Miss Hattie Meriam, Miss Ida Brightman, Miss Nellie Blair, Miss May Connolly, Miss May Poor. American Express. — This company is fortunate in its office agent here, A. C. Clark, who is uniformly pleasant and accommodating. The business of the company is constant ly increasing. Stage Lines. — Up to 1874, the river and stages were the sole dependency for transportation, and a daily line to " Jenny " was one of the institutions until the completion of the road to that town, now transformed into Merrill. Now there are two weekly lines, one to Marathon City, west ; the other to east to Spring Brook. Hotels. — The city has quite a number of hotels, some of them quite large and well appointed. Up to the Fall of 1881, however, it not unfrequently happened that all the rooms were filled, boarding-houses and all, and considerable skirmishing was required by a belated party to secure even a "cot" or a "shakedown." The Bellis House is a large, first-class hotel, built by Bellis & Mosher, in 1881, who are the managers. Dan Giles is chief clerk; Mrs. Jane Bellis, housekeeper. There are forty rooms, with large dining room, sample room, and all the adjuncts to a well appointed hotel. It is of brick, and is on Third street,, opposite Court-house square. The Adams House is a large brick building on the cor ner of Fourth and Jackson streets. John Adams is the manager. It has large and pleasant rooms, and good ac commodations. The Winkley House is the oldest and was the largest in the city. C. Winkley is proprietor, with Mrs. Winkley as matron. It is pleasantly situated on Jackson street, and is noted for its good cheer and a free bus. Mr. Winkley be gan the hotel business here in 1858. The Marathon House, located on the corner of Main and Washington streets, owned by Mrs. W. D. Mclndoe, is a good-sized and well furnished house. G, W. Kallock took 552 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the house in 1877, and by careful management it does a good business. Mrs. Kallock is an amiable landlady, and gives good fare and pleasant accommodations. The Riverside House, formerly the Hunt House, is on the corner of Jackson and Main streets. It is managed by William H. Deakin, with his mother as housekeeper. The house has been recently enlarged and improved, and is in all re spects a comfortable place to stop. The Railroad House. — This is on Washington street, near the depot. W. J. Empy is proprietor and has been there since 1876. He is a pleasant and accommodating landlord. John Sloan keeps a boarding-house on Jackson street ; Caspar Seim, on Forest street ; A. Scharnotta & Co., Wash ington street ; P. A. Winneburg, near the depot ; C. Up- dahl, Jefferson street; M. E. Philbrick, next door to Bellis House ; Mrs. Noiseux, on Jackson street, and several other boarding-houses, all doing good business. The Medical Profession, in numbers, ability and skill, is not behind other northwestern cities. As to numbers, there is a doctor to each 650 people, which, with the characteristic healthfulness, must make hard times for those in the rear of the procession. The following M. D.'s are in active prac tice : Mrs. Elsie H. Clark, A. T. Koch, S. G. Higgins, W. H. Searles, T. Smith, I. W. De Voe, D. B. Wylie, Wm. Wy lie. Dr. Searles is about to remove to Salt Lake City. There are two dentists to supply the place of the two so summarily disposed of last year — J. C. Bennett shooting his rival, E. L. Hogle, and getting himself into Waupun for life. The present practitioners are E. E. Lawrence and C. J. Bradley. The Marathon Bar is represented by twenty-one lawyers, all of them but three residing in Wausau. They are an able body of men. Here are their names : C. V. Bardeen, M. H. Barnham, E. L. Bump, Neal Brown, M. M. Charles, C. F. Crosby, C. F. Eldrend, District Attorney ; H. H. Grace, H. B. Huntington, M. Hurley, B. W. James, J. A. Kellogg, E. B. Lord, Louis Marchetti, Municipal Judge; C. H. Mueller, B. Ringle, County Judge; T. C. Ryan, W. C. Silverthorn, all of Wausau ; Charles Grow and R. B. Salter of Colby ; and G. I. Follett of Spencer. There are four public halls: Music Hall, Jacob Koulter, proprietor; Forest Hall, C. A. Single, proprietor ; Bernard's Hall and Ruder's Hall. Music Hall is the largest, has a stage, scenery, etc. Banking. — The first regular bank in Wausau was the Bank of the Interior, which went into operation on the ist of July, 185S. Linus R. Cady, L. A. Richards and W. H. Clark were interested in its operations. It was finally merged in the Marathon County Bank, with J. A. Farnum as president, and A. Jeffry as vice president. The Marathon County Bank was started in January, 1875, with a capital of $25,000. Since that time, it has done a large banking business. The banking house is on the corner of Third and Jefferson streets, and the vault is protected by a chronometer lock. Total resources, 1881, $146,613.71. Officers: C. P. Haseltine, president ; C. W. Harger, cashier. The other stockholders are|Daniel Jones, A. Lolliday, Julia E. Harger and Helen H. Gallup. Silverthorn & Plumer, bankers, began operations in 1866. They do a large land business, paying taxes, etc. Their disbursements in the Spring are $250,000 a month. Total resources, $159,130. Wausau Board of Trade has been in operation several years. A seat at its board is valuable, but not quite up into the thousands, as like institutions in New York now figure. What it may be in 1981, no one can even conjecture. The present officers are: J. M. Smith, president; W. C. Silver thorn, vice-president; D. L. Plumer, treasurer; T. C.Ryan, secretary ; John Single, N. A. Anderson, Alex. Stewart, R. P. Pratt, Aug. Kickbusch and William Knox, directors. BUSINESS INTERESTS. Responsible land and real estate agents are most valu able to those seeking investments in a new country particu larly, as well as to non-residents. The following list of dealers in real estate will be of service : Silverthorn & Plumer, Allen & McEwen (who are also surveyors), B. W. James, Henry Miller, J. R. Bruneau, John Ringle and Charles V. Bardeen. Thompson & Smith are the agents for the Wisconsin Valley Railroad lands, which are held at $3 per acre and upward. The Wausau Boom Company is perhaps the most im portant institution connected with the lumber interest, as its prosperity depends very largely upon the success of its management. It was incorporated in 1874, and the cost of the construction of the booms, which extend six miles up the river, has been over $30,000. The storing capacity is 30,000,000, and nearly 100,000,000 feet of logs are handled yearly. Twenty-five men are regularly employed, and in the Spring, during the busy season, 150 men are at work there. The officers of the company are : R. E. Parcher, president; J. M. Smith, treasurer; and H. L. Wheeler, secretary. The Wisconsin River Log Driving Company, organized October 4, 1878. Capital, $50,000. T. B. Scott, president; C. P. Hazeltine, treasurer ; W. J. Scriver, secretary. The Wisconsin Boom Company, organized October 8, 1872. L. S. Cohn, president; N. T. Kelley, treasurer; H. Beck, secretary. Capacity, four to five million feet. John C. Clark has a well appointed lumber mill ; can cut 100,000 feet in twelve hours. Employs from seventy- five to 115 men. The establishment includes an extensive planing mill. Mr. Clark owns his own pine lands. The mill has a double rotary, for slabbing, and sawing cants for shingle mill, a single rotary, a gang edger, a trimmer, a lath and picket mill, a shingle mill, a planer and molding ma chine, a siding machine, a slab grinder. There is a force pump with 300 feet of hose, besides other machinery re quired in such a mill. There are three large water wheels, run from a head of twelve feet. These mills are the oldest in the city, but are now filled with modern machinery. The mills are on an island of nine acres, with plenty of room. The C, M. & St. P. Co. has a side track to the mill. HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 553 Wausau Lumber Company, incorporated May 17, 1879. R. E. Parcher, president; D. L. Plumer, treasurer; V. A. Anderson, secretary ; N. L. Alderson, George Silverthorn and Alonzo Stephens were the other directors. Capital, $20,000. Present officers: James M. Crossen, president; William A. Knox, secretary; D. L. Plumer, treasurer. Manufacture lumber, lath, pickets and shingles. Capacity of the mill, Spring to Fall, 12,000,000 feet. The power is derived from a 100-horse power steam engine. The mill has all kinds of first class machinery, rotary gang edger, trimmer, shingle, lath and picket machinery. They also have a planing mill near the railroad track. John Langdon is the lessee of the mill, and is operating it. Seventy men are employed. J. & A. Stewart & Co.'s mill is located at the foot of For est street on the east bank of the river. The power is fur nished by four large water wheels of the most approved form. The mill runs two double rotaries with a capacity of 75,000 feet every twelve hours. It also has gang edger, trimmer, shingle, lath and pick et machines, and everything is kept in first-class order. Adjoining the saw mill is the planing mill, where lumber is put in any desirable shape for the market. Employ ment in the several departments is given to 160 men. The following represents a season's cut : Lumber, 16,000,- 000 feet ; shingles, 8,000,000 ; lath, 1,000,000 ; pickets, 300,- 000. The firm is composed of John and Alex. Stewart and Walter Alexander, substantial, active and energetic men Merheim & Kickbusch's mill is located on Scott street, near the railroad track. It contains the latest improved machinery for the manufacture of doors, sash and blinds, floorings, siding, moldings and shingles. Large stocks of these articles are constantly carried and the sales are mostly for home construction. About twenty men are em ployed, and $18,000 or $20,000 worth of work is annually executed. B. G. Plumer's mill is situated on Plumer's Island, be tween Clark's and Stewart's mills. It contains a double ro tary, gang edger, trimmer, shingle machines, lath and pick et mill, planer, siding and molding machines. The daily capacity of the mill is 30,000 feet of lumber and 50,000 shingles. The piling ground is convenient. The night and day run keeps sixty men on the alert. Mr. Plumer came into possession of the mill in 1863 and has run it ever since, having personal supervision of the entire business. H. Daniels's mill is devoted exclusively to the produc tion of shingles. It is on the west side of the river above the dam and is propelled by steam. The machinery is of the very best. Mr. Daniels started the business in 1865 and has kept right at it ever since. He makes 7,000,000 or more shingles a year, which, as he cuts all the logs into shingles without assorting them for other purposes, have a very high reputation. When in full running trim, thirty men are employed. Curtis Bros. & Co., of Clinton, Iowa, have a branch in Wausau, manufacturing doors, sash and blinds. It is a mammoth concern. S. E. Anderson, Supt. The repre sentative of the firm here is J. E. Carpenter. Mill, 80x100, three stories; engine room, 40x40; wing, 20x20; sales room, 80x80. Clark, Johnson & Co.— This is a first-class mill in all respects, employing fifty-five men, turning out lumber in an unremitting stream. The Marathon Lumber Co. finished their mill in June, 1881. It is 40x120 feet; wing, 30x30 feet; engine room, 33X 40 feet. The firm is C. F. Dunbar and D. and F. McDonald ; everything is first-class. Herchenbach's flouring mill is on the north end of Clark's Island, and has a remarkably efficient water power. The mill was purchased by the present proprietor in 1878, and was thoroughly overhauled and repaired and put in ex cellent running order with modern machinery, and the pro ductions meet with instant sale for local use. The flood of September, 1881, washed through the basement of this mill and did other damage. Wausau Iron Works. — The building for this extensive company was erected by Ely Wright, in 1873, and he be came the proprietor and operator until 1877, when it was sold to D. J. Murray, the present proprietor. The location is on Third street, near the railroad. It is'fully furnished with the latest designs in machinery, such as lathes, planers, boring machines, bolt machines, etc.; with devices and tools to prepare patterns. It is also supplied with an iron and a brass foundry. The blacksmith shop is well appointed with tools for heavy work. The establishment is fully prepared with skilled labor, and the requisite tools for building steam engines and miH machinery, and doing all kinds of casting in iron or brass. Rather a specialty is made of trimmers for saw mills. Quite a large amount has been done for the railroad. The annual amount of business is over $50,000. Eighteen men are employed. Mr. Murray is his own super intendent, with George Clayton as book-keeper. J. A. Frenzel's Iron Works is located in the south eastern part of the city ; is remarkably well equipped with steam power and the requisite appliances for successful business. As a specialty, the shop turns out plows of an excellent pattern, straw-cutters, and like implements. Be sides this, repairing is largely attended to. The business of the concern foots up $10,000 a year. Porter Bros., of Red Wing, Minn., established a tan nery here, with seventy-two vats, in the Summer of 1881. The firm is J. A. & J. F. Porter. C. Althen & Co. is one of the oldest firms in the city ; dealers in general merchandise and farm produce. Amount of business, $25,000 annually. R. Bauman established the hardware business here in 1867 ; now carries a stock of $10,000, and sells $15,000 a year. He has a fine store. M. Duffy started business in 1868; carries a neat stock of groceries on Jackson street. The year after the railroad reached Wausau, in 1875, Mr. Homier came here and opened up a mammoth stock of dry goods, hardware and groceries. The stock aggre gates $20,000 in value, and the sales foot up nearly, or quite, 554 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. $50,000 each year. Farming implements and a tin-shop are a part of the establishment. In 1873, the firm of Nathan & Benjamin Heinemann began business here, at first doing a light business in cloth ing. They now deal in general merchandise, sewing ma chines, pianos and organs. A. Dengel & Co., formerly Dengel & Sherman. Mr. Dengel commenced business here in 1875. His son-in-law is now associated with him. They are in Paff's Block, on Third street, and deal in general merchandise, carrying a $12,000 stock, and disposing of $25,000 worth a year. John C. Gebhardt deals in general merchandise, having started in 1875, in a small way, but now sells $40,000 worth of goods a year. Aug. Kickbusch began business here in 1860, and now has a huge establishment, consisting of a dry goods and grocery store and two warehouses. The stock is worth $20,- 000, and sales to the extent annually of $75,000 are made. John Kiefer, groceries and general merchandise, of a select variety, for retail trade. F. W. Kickbusch, in 1879, put up a fine, large store on the corner of Main and Scott streets, and put in an im mense stock of dry goods, groceries, flour, feed, and crock ery. He has one of the best store in the city. A. W. Krueger deals in groceries on Jefferson street ; keeps a good stock. H. P. Maynard, dealer in groceries, crockery, glassware, and farm produce. His store is on Scott street. His sales are $20,000 a year. Mueller & Quandt, corner of Third and Washington streets, deal exclusively in boots, shoes and rubbers. The sales foot up $20,000 annually. John Oelhafen deals in general merchandise, on Forest street, with a well stocked store and'large sales. Parcher, Mason & Fernald. This is one of the heaviest firms in the city. They carry a heavy stock of general merchandise, and do a very large business, particularly in supplying logging camps. G. E. Fernald has general su pervision of the business, which is located on Main street. J. McCrossen & Co., dealers in general merchandise. James McCrossen, the senior member of the firm, estab lished the business in 1868, which has grown to large pro portions, amounting to $125,000 a year. They supply a large number of logging camps, and have a wide reputation for square dealing. Anton Schuetz, corner Fourth and Jackson. Dry goods, groceries, crockery, notions, etc. M. E. Philbrick & Co., fruit house, confectionery, fancy groceries, with restaurant and lodgings. James Montgomery, hardware and cutlery, direct from the manufactories. J. P. Briggs deals in books and stationery, fancy goods, albums, toilet articles, paintings, engravings, frames, etc. B. Bick & Co.'s ladies' bazar, Main street, near the post-office. John Ringle deals in general merchandise to the extent of $20,000 a year. John Schneider, all kinds of heavy and shelf hardware tinware and farming implements. His store is near the rail road track. Charles Wiskow, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes, corner Second and Washington streets. C. Althenn, clothing, hats, caps, dry goods, groceries and genera] merchandise. C. F. Dunbar, a fine location on Third street, with a large stock of goods, attracts a large business. He came to Wausau in 1874. Will Davenport came here in 1877, with a stock of goods owned by C. Claflin, of Stevens Point, He afterward bought out the concern, and now has a fine place and a good business on Third street. L. J. Rhodes is on the corner of Third and Washington streets ; an experienced man, doing a good business. A. Engle, a practical mechanic, does repairing of clocks, watches, etc., at his place on South Line road. The drug business is represented by A. C. Clark, corner of Third and Washington streets ; H. O. Beneneng, the Main-street drug store ; Dr. H. A. Frost, Forest City drug store, who also deals in dry goods and ladies' furnishing goods ; F. H. Morman, on Third street, and Wernich Bros., Main and Washington streets. Rudolph Felling, a merchant tailor, on Jackson street; began in 1877 ; now does a good business. D. A. McCullough, on the corner of Third and Jackson streets, is an old business man in his line, carries a good line, and does a good business. Charles Wcessner, on Washington street ; established in 1861; now does over $20,000 a year. He has ready-made clothing and furnishing goods. Frank Mathie commenced the brewing business in 1871, and now makes about $12,000 worth annually. George Ruder manufactures 1,500 barrels of beer each year. The livery stables are owned by James Edee, proprietor of the Jackson-street stable, and W. H. Osborn, Washing ton street, started in 1877. N. B. Orr, Grant street, keeps a good stock of furniture. Fred. Neu has a fine stock of furniture of his own and other manufacture. K. S. Markstrum, painter; established in 1874; has a stock of paints, oils and glass, and is a practical work man. Berg & Nelson, house, sign, fancy and ornamental work. Mr. Nelson is a good landscape painter as well. A. Dern, Frank Wartman, John Merklein and Whiting Brothers attend to the butchering business. Shoemaking, which requires special skill to meet the lumbermen's wants, is well cared for here. H. W. Bock- man, H. Munt, P. Mayer, Anton Mehl, P. Ruth, Henry Seim and C. Wiskow are the most prominent among the Crispins of Wausau. The principal sons of Vulcan are Andrews & Bolin, F. Bothnes, Gruetzmacher & Brandt, Julius Quade, Radant & Schwantes, Otto Schockow, Robert Thompson. HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 555 Ernst Felling and D. B. Wyle do a good business as har- nessmakers. F. Lee Goff, corner of Third and Jackson streets, and M. D. Phelps, on Third street, make sun pictures to order. Mrs. Addie De Voe has a large dressmaking and milli nery establishment on Third street. Mrs. J. P. Partridge also carries on this business on the same street. C. Oswold, baker, corner Washington and Fourth streets. Gustav Kischel, on Scott street, also has confectionery, fruits and nuts. Wagon-makers. — F. Jamart, on Second street. Aug. Lem- ke has been in the business since 1861. H. Voelz com menced wagon-making in 1879. Jacob Paff, tanner. His shop is filled with machinery and appliances in first-class style. John Immhoff, gunsmith. Shop on Washington street. Kreuger Bros, and Charles Steckmest have good stocks of tobacco-users' materials, and manufacture largely of cigars. Barbers. — H. Dern, J. Haskins, J. Dern, and others. News-dealer. — C. W. Chubbuck. Pictures and frames. — M. M. Partridge. Feed Store. — L. W. Thayer, Third street, Abstract of Titles.— A. W. Schmidt. Contractor and Bridge-builder. — D. W. C. Mitchell. Wood-turning. — Lippel Bros., West Side. Architects. — J. A. Jones, J. Mercer, F. W. J. Becker, A. Leslie, O. Lamphier, W. LaSalle, A. M. Millard and J. Miller. H. L. Wheeler is one of the oldest insurance agents in town. He represents ten or more of the leading fire com panies in different parts of the country, and the Washing ton Life, of New York. Mr. Wheeler is also lumber in spector of the tenth district, and secretary of the Boom Company. J. A. Kellogg formerly had an extensive insurance agency, which was transferred to E. C. Zimmerman. He represents the ^Etna, of Hartford, and eight or more other companies. Real Estate Dealer. — A. Warren, Jr. Saw Works. — James Adams. From the account here given of the various business firms, a good idea may be obtained of Wausau as it existed in 1881, and it is hoped that a comparison with its condition in 1981 will not be an unpleasant retrospect. The Wausau Cornet Band and the Forest City Band furnish music for the city. These bands are well up in musical proficiency. ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD. WALTER D. McINDOE, deceased, Wausau. Mr. Mclndoe went to Wausau, Wis., in August, 1845, and, taking some merchandise with him, expecting to deal in cranberries, and calculating to put them on rafts and run them to market by the river. He went to Wausau again in 1846, with some goods, as before. This time he bought a saw-mill of Messrs. Boswell & Coleman, and engaged in the lumber and mercantile business. Mrs. Mclndoe came Aug. 1, 1847. He was engaged in the lumber and mercantile business until 1872. He was a member of the Legislature in 1850, 1854 and 1855. Prior to this, in 1852, he was ap pointed by the large land owners in that part of the State, to go to Washington and labor for their interests. He continued in the Legisla ture, as lobbyist, until 1863. Then he was elected as Representative to Congress, to succeed Mr. Luther Hanchett, who died before the expira tion of his term of office. Mr. Mclndoe was afterward elected for the two succeeding terms, after serving out the unexpired term of Mr. Han chett. He was Presidential Elector in 1856, i860 and 1872, casting his vote, on these several occasions, for John C. Fremont, Abraham Lincoln and U. S. Grant. He was also elected as delegate tothe National Con vention at Philadelphia, Pa„ at the second nomination of U. S. Grant. His health had been failing for some time previous, and he never recov ered. He returned to his home June 20, and died Aug. 22, 1872. He was a man who was universally esteemed for his kindness of heart, straightforwardness in life, and his superior ability in business matters, and the citizens ol Wausau felt deeply their loss. He was born in Dunbartonshire, Scotland, March 28, 1819, and came to America in 1837, He was married Feb. 20, 1845, at St. Louis, Mo., to Miss Catharine H. Taylor. She was born in Stafford Co., Va., July 11, 1826. Mrs. Mc- Indoe's parents were Virginians by birth, and quite prominent in the early history of that State. ^rwjiffjitrW' O-Q*. ^4 ^^ CHARLES A. SINGLE, died April 30, 1880, at the age of fifty- eight years. Was born in Hartford England, and came to America in 1836, with his brother Benjamin. They first stopped in Milwaukee, but in 1844, made their way into the Wisconsin pineries. He worked with his brother for a time, but afterward built the Forest House, which he operated until just before it was burned in 1878. He was frequently in the City Council, a good citizen, with a fervent love of his adopted coun try, frank and warm hearted, and an earnest Mason. He left a wife and seven children in good circumstances. MARTIN F. KICKBUSCH came to Wausau in 1857, with his family. He was an energetic citizen, highly respected. His death was on the 22d of July, 1873, at the age of seventy years. He left a wife, three sons, and two daughters. HENRY DERN, was an old resident of the city, and interested in its welfare, and connected with its government, was a member of the fire company, and an Alderman at the time of his death, which was March 13, 1876, after twenty years' residence. He left a wife and six children. BENJ. BERRY died May 17, 1876, in his sixty-ninth year. He was born in Luzerne Co., Pa., Feb. 9, 1808. While still a youth he went into lumbering. He was one of the pioneers of Marathon County, coming here in 1846. The first saw mill on Trapp River was built by him. He left a wife and five children. Was for a long lime in poor health. Was buried with Masonic honors. GEORGE W. LAWRENCE lived in the county twenty-two years; a brother of J. W. Lawrence, He left a wife and one child. He was characterized as having many good qualities. His death was on May 22, 1877, at the age of forty-six years. 556 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. WM. P. KELLEY, came from Ithaca, N. Y., in 1857, and engaged in the lumber business. He was senior partner of the firm of Wm. P. Kelley & Bro. Being engaged in log driving, he was severely exposed to the vicissitudes of a Wisconsin Winter, and his health being pre carious, he went to Florida with his family and spent the Winter of 1876. He afterward went to Colorado and returned as far as Chicago, where he was overtaken by death Aug. 14,1877. He was a kind and court eous gentleman, unassuming and kind. He left a wife and several children. Was buried under Masonic rites. MRS, EMILY S. FARNHAM. Born in Wheelock, Vt., and came to Wisconsin with her parents when twelve years of age. On the 5th of March, 1848, was married to Dr. H. W. Johnson, and in 1855, removed to California, where he died in 1859. She returned to Jefferson County, where they had lived, and in September, 1864, was married to J. A. Farnham, and they came to Wausau, where he had previously lived. In 1878, on account of her failing health, they went to Kansas. A year there did not improve her case, and they came back, and at first there was a visible improvement, but the severe Winter carried her off, April 12, 1881. She was a woman of keen perceptions, and more than ordi nary intelligence, her impulses were benevolent and her life above re proach. She was an acknowledged society leader. CAPT. SIMON LUMBARD. Died at his residence in Weston, June 8, 1881, seventy-nine years of age. The captain was born in Turner, Maine. When a young man he went to New Orleans, and be came a Mississippi steam-boat captain. He then went to Joliet, 111., and afterward to the lead mines, at Galena, and finally in 1848, came to Marathon County and located at Schofield, where he began lum bering quite extensively until 1858, when he sold out to Dr. Schofield, and went on a farm. He was highly respected and esteemed ; prompt and energetic in business affairs. HUGH McINDOE. Mr. Mclndoe was born in Holdensmill, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, Feb. 26, 1832. He had made his home in Northern Wisconsin, since 1854. His death was caused by a boiler explosion, which happened in Wausau a year before its final fatal termi nation. He was widely known and leaves a wife and six sons. He died in September, 1881. EDWARD JOLLY. Born in Lancashire, England, June 17, 1819. Died March 7, 1867, of apoplexy. Came to America while yet a boy, and to Wausau in 1856, with his family. He was a good engineer and machinist, and found employment with B. Single. Afterward rented a mill with G. L. Judson, which they ran some time. After that he en gaged in various kinds of business ; held several offices, which he faith fully filled. He was a good citizen. Left a wife ahd six children. THOMAS HINTON. Born in Ohio, Aug. 13, 1813. Came to Wausau in 1843. Engaged in lumbering. Was particularly active in the early government of the county. He was a very kind-hearted, hon est man, and a year or so before his death exhibited much enthusiasm on religious subjects, devoting his time to fighting the evils visible in the community. He died in the early Summer of 1867. WILLIAM BEERS, Jr., was one of the best pilots on the river. On the 6lh of April, 1858, he was knocked from a raft by an oar, while running the Little Bull Falls at Mosinee. The raft ran over him and he struck out for life, but the surging waters soon engulfed his lifeless form. He left a wife and three children. MICHAEL STAFFORD. Born in Wexford, Ireland, in 1825. Settled in Wausau June 13, 1851. In 1853, he went into the lumbering business. He was drowned, in 1874, on the 23d of April. He went to Mosinee, where he had a fleet of lumber tied up that the boys feared to run. On looking at the stage of water, he said, " I will run it myself." He started with a "rapid piece," and was knocked overboard by the oar- stem. He was an industrious man. ALPHONSO POOR. Was a soldier in the 5th Wis. V. I. Born in Denmark, Me. He was a social, kind-hearted man, who was long a resident of Wausau. His death was on the 3d of June, 1871. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JAMES ADAMS, repairer of and dealer in saws, Wausau. Settled in Berlin, Oct. 15, 1880. He lived there a short time, then came to Wausau, Wis., November 1, 1880, and began his present occupation. He was born in the town of Ossian, Livingston Co., N. Y., Oct. 17, 1834. He was married in Cincinnati, in 1872, to Anna Leech. She was born in Shelbyville, Ind., Jan. 6, 1856. They have two children, James N. and Arthur. He enlisted in Co. B, 13th Regt. N. Y. V. I. He engaged in the first battle of Bull Run, and was afterward discharged on account of disability. STEPHEN H. ALBAN, Wausau, was born in Tuscarawas Township, Starke Co., Ohio, April 7, 1836, and lived there until his par ents removed to Wisconsin, locating at first at Blue Mound, Dane Co., late in 1837. Three years later they moved to what is now Sauk Cily, Sauk Co., living there until 1842, when they returned to Ohio, and re mained six years. In 1849, he came to Plover with his father, James S. Alban, who was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in October, 1810, and who was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. His mother died in Prairie du Sac, in 1842. Her maiden name was Amanda Harris, and she was born in the same town as her son, Stephen. Mr. Stephen Alban was admitted to the Bar in 1857, and commenced practice at Grand Rap ids the same year. A year later, he returned to Plover and was in practice there until 1861, when he was appointed Register of the United States Land Office, which position he has held ever since. Mr. Alban came to Wausau in August, 1872. He was married at Peshtigo, Mich. Sept, 29, 1869, to Helen N. Cowan, who was born at Fort Covington, N. Y. They have three children — Edith L., Helen L. and Anna A. WALTER ALEXANDER, Wausau, was born in Glasgow, Scot land, June 14, 1849, and came to Wausau, Wis., in 1856. He worked at lumbering in his present mill for fifteen years, and, in 1876, became a member of the firm. He was married in Wausau, Feb. 11, 1874, to Sarah Strobridge, who was born in Jenny, Lincoln Co., Wis. They have three children — Walter D., Judd and Jane. Mr. Alexander has been Alderman. VICTOR A. ALDERSON, real estate and lumber, Wausau, was born near Toronto, Canada, July 21, 1850. He settled in Wausau in April, 1869, and first engaged as cashier in Silverthorn & Plumer's Bank. In 1877, he bought an interest in the Wausau flouring mill, and took charge of the same and the business connected with it. Then he sold his interest in the mill, and has since been engaged in real estate, lum bering and saw mills. In the Spring of 1880, he sold his interest in the mills, and since that time has made real estate his principal business. He was married in Wausau, Oct. 3, 1872, to Ida L. Corey, who was born June 8, 1854, in Wausau. They have two children, James C, born Sept. 5, 1873, and Caroline B., born Jan. 18, 1875. Mrs. V. A. Alderson was a daughter of Mr. Montraville D. Corey and Mrs, Britta- nia Corey. Mr. Corey moved to Wausau in 1846, and engaged in the lumber and saw— mill business, and followed the same until 1866, at which time he disposed of his interests and engaged in a flouring mill. He died Dec. 24, 1871. He was born in Allegany County, N. Y., Aug. 11,1822'. He was married, April 30, 1851, to Brittania McLaughlin, who was born Nov. 1, 1825. They had two children, Mrs. V. A. Al derson and Jessie A. Corey. WILLIAM N. ALLEN, County Surveyor, Marathon County. Resi dence, Wausau. First settled with his parents at Manitowoc Rapids, in the Fall of 1856. His parents still reside there. He lived there about seven years, then went to Marquette, Mich., arriving there in the Spring of 1863. He engaged in helping surveyors, and gained a knowledge of the business. He remained until 1866, when he went to Stevens Point, also Grand Rapids, and was back and forth, and followed a raftsman's life until 1871, when he came to Wausau. He has followed the life of woodsman and surveyor since. He is sometimes known as the Shanty Boy Poet, and has the title of Red Squirrel among the Indians. He prides himself as being the homliest man in Wisconsin. He has seen as much of pioneer life as perhaps any person in the Northwest. Some of his productions of poetry are claimed to have received flattering notices by the press, such as the "Big Pine Tree," etc. He was born in St. Stephens, N. B., Dec. 20, 1843. CONRAD ALTHEN, Wausau. Was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Aug. 6, 1826, and came to America in 1854, living in Mil waukee about two years, and coming to Wausau in 1856. He has been engaged in tailoring here about twenty-four years. Since 1862, he has carried on mercantile business, and since 1874, engaged in lumbering. He was married in Germany, in October, 1853, to Kathrina Schuetz, who was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. They have four children —Katie, Charles, Albert and Otto. Mr. Althen has been Alderman, and is president of the German Aid Society. VICTOR ANDERSON, foreman in Werheim's planing mill, Wau sau. First came to Wausau in 1872, and worked on the railroad a short time ; then he worked in the pine woods about four months ; then worked for Werheim & Kickbusch, in the sash and door factory, eight years ; after which he engaged in his present place. He was born in Christianople, Sweden, December, 1849. He was married, in Wausau, 1877, to Mary Lellmquist, who was born in Sweden, 1857. They have two children, John E. and Frank O. CHARLES V. BARDEEN, lawyer, Wausau. Was born in Brook field, Madison Co., N. Y., Sept. 23, 1850, and lived there until 1854, when his parents, Rasselas and Maria (Palmer) Bardeen, came to Al bion, Dane Co., Wis. His father was accidentally killed in Albion, Dec. 8, 1874, by a wagon running over him ; his mother still lives on the old homestead, where Charles Bardeen lived until 1871, when he went to Colorado Springs, Col., staying there one year; then in Pueblo six months, and in Del Norte about six months, when he returned to Albion, remaining there until 1874. He graduated from the law department of Wisconsin University, having attended in the classical course prior to that time. He read law in Edgerton, Rock Co., Wis., before going to Madison. He came to Wausau, June 28, 1875, with Roger Spooner ; they were in partnership about eight months. Since October, 1878, Mr. Bardeen has been in partnership with Gen. J. A. Kellogg. He has been District and City Attorney. Mr. Bardeen was married, in Albion, Dane HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 557 Co., Wis., June 17, 1876, to Frankie H. Miller. They have two chil dren, Eleanor M. and an infant son. Mrs. Bardeen is a. daughter of Benjamin S. and Martha (Coon) Miller. MARK H. BARNUM, proprietor and editor of The Torch of Lib erty, Wausau. Was born in Syracuse, N. Y., March 14, 1834. He set tled in Rosendale, Fond du Lac, June, 1856, where he lived about one and one-half years. He then came to Wausau, where he kept a board ing house for one of the mill companies. Then he practiced law for about eighteen years. He was occupied for two years as local editor of the Wisconsin River Pilot, and then he established The Torch of Lib erty. He was married, in Glen Aubrey ,;N. Y., Dec. 6, 1854, to Phceba T. Reynolds, who was born in Albany County, in June, 1836. They have six children— Charles H., Ada I., William M., Mark H., May and Bessie G. RICHARD BAUMANN, hardware merchant, Wausau, was born in Germany, Sept. 24, 1839, and came to America in 1859, locating m Milwaukee, Wis., where he lived five years. In 1864, he came to Wau sau (he was employed as a tinner in Milwaukee) ; engaged in hardware, tinware, and stove trade for himself, since locating in Wausau. Now he has the largest stock of hardware in Wausau. He was married in Mil waukee July 9, 1864, to Emma Lattermann, who was born in Turin- gen, Germany. They have two children, Anna and Agnes. Mr. Bau- mann was Alderman one term, and has been a member of the fire depart ment for a year and a half. JOHN J. BECKER, general superintendent of F. W. Kickbusch's planing mill, sash and door factory, Wausau. He settled in Oshkosh in 1861, and followed the lumber and manufacturing business until he en listed in Co. E, 32a Wis. V. He served until the close of the war, and was mustered out July, 1865, at Louisville, Ky. Then he returned to Oshkosh and engaged in his former occupation, and remained until the great fire there in April, 1875, at which time he suffered the loss, which left him without business. He came to Wausau in April, 1877, and has since followed his trade there. He was born in France, June 3, 1839. He was married at Oshkosh, December, 1867, to Emma Gustavus, who was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1845. They have six children — John B., Albert F., Frederick R., Alma R., Mary L., and Helen E. M. P. BEEBE, lumberman, Wausau, was born in the town of Ches ter, Warren Co., N. Y., in September, 1833, and in 1851 moved to Cat taraugus Co., N. Y., and lived in Portville and that vicinity for one year. In the Spring of 1852, came to Mineral Point, Wis., and in 1853 came to Wausau, and has been in this region ever since. His business and residence were at Pine River seventeen years of the time, prior to four years ago. He was engaged in millwrighting until the war, since then he has been engaged in lumbering. Mr. Beebe was married in Wausau, in March, 1874, to Martha Annette Armstrong, who was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. They have one child living, Belvia C. Lost three children ; Walter, who died at the age of eighteen months ; Edmond, who died at the age of four years and nine months, and Frederick, who died in infancy. GEORGE F. BELLIS, hotel and restaurant, Wausau, came to Ber lin, Wis., in 1854, and began the restaurant business. He remained there about eight years, and then went to Plainview, Minn., where he lived two years ; from there he returned to Berlin, remaining six years ; then he went to Waupaca,, where he remained about two years ; then he came to Wausau. He was born in Dundee, Yates Co., N. Y., April 21, 1829. He was married in Weyauwega, Sept. 10, 1858, to Mary Jane Young ; she was born in Central Square, Oswego Co., N. Y., July 15, 1839. They have two sons, Lewell R., and Mark G. JAMES D. BOLIN, blacksmith, Wausaw, came to this place the latter part of April, 1877, and began his present occupation. He lived in Minnesota from his boyhood until he settled in Wausau. He was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, April 5, 1844. He was married, April 17, 1870, to Lydia A. Young, who was born in Vermont, May 2, 1850. They have four children — Emma A., Walter A., George A., and an infant son. AUGUST BRAATZ, dealer in agricultural implements, Wausau, came to Berlin with his parents and lived there on a farm until 1872 ; then he began farming for himself, and soon after bought a farm in the town Meeme. He moved to Wausau May 23, 1881, and engaged in his present business. He was born in Germany, August 16, 1845 ; he was married in Berlin Township July 21, 1870, to Mary Jacobi ; she was born in Germany, May 26, 1846; they have seven children — Ada H., Otto H., Albert A., EmmaE., Amil F., Robert R., and Matilda L. JACOB X. BRANDS, Wausau, was born in Knowlton, Warren Co., N. J., March n, 1818, and moved to Galena, 111., in 1846; in hotel business there for two years ; afterward kept what was known as the " Four Mile House," between Galena and Hazel Green. In 1850, he came to Grand Rapids, Wis., and engaged in lumbering for two years ; then built the " Half Way House" between Grand Rapids and Plover, keeping it for two years. He was then Under Sheriff at Plover for one year, and kept the Twin Island House at what is now known as Knowl ton for two years, when he returned to Grand Rapids, built the Mag nolia House and kept it for two years. In 1859, he returned to Plover, and kept the American House for two years. He was then for two years United States Marshal for the Northern District of Wisconsin, with headquarters at Plover. The Winter of 1863 he passed in Washington, D. C. He then engaged in farming near Plover for two years ; visited in the East and South about two years; kept the Falls City House at Mosinee, Wis. ; traveled through the West with a team ; was weigh- master for a coal company at Moingona, Boone Co., Iowa, for two years, and was then foreman of the Northern Division of the Wisconsin Cen tral Railroad, from Ashland, Wis., to Penokee, Wis. Mr. Brand came to Wausau in 1874, and was in real estate business the first year; Justice of the Peace from 1876 to the Spring of 1880; farming until 1881, and now advertising agent of land department of the Wisconsin Valley Division of the C, M. & St. P. R'y. Mr. Brand was married in Plover, in June, 1855, to his second wife, Jane Bacheler, who died in April, 1866, leaving four children — David H., Jacob I., William G., and Belle. Mr. Brand has one daughter, Mary, by a former marriage. He was mar ried in August, 1876, to his present wife, Anna M. Rose, who was born in Connecticut. ALBERT BRANDT, blacksmith, Wausau, was born in Germany, May 19, 1852. He settled in Wausau in 1874. He was married in Marathon County; they have one boy, Otto. JEREMIAH R. BRUNEAU, Wausau, was ,born in Maskinonge, Lower Canada, May 20, 1838. and came to Grand Rapids, Wis., Sept. 15, 1856, where he lived until May 21, 1857, when he came to Mosinee, Mara thon Co., residing there until the Fall of 1878. He was elected County Treasurer, and re-elected in 1880. At Mosinee he was salesman and then book-keeper for Joseph Dessert, from 1857 to 1866. From 1866 to 1870, he was engaged in mercantile business, and since then in lumber ing. He was Town Treasurer for thirteen years. Mr. Bruneau was married at Mosinee, July 3, 1874, to Ellen M. Smith, who was born in Aberdeen, Scotland. He is a member of the A., F. & A. M. ELISHA L. BUMP, attorney at law, Wausau, was born July 10, 1849, m Otsego Co., N. Y., and reared in Allegany Co., N. Y., living for a time in New York City. He came to Almond, Portage Co., Wis., in 1863, living there until the Summer of 1870, when he went to Waupaca and was admitted to the Bar in the December term of 1870, and com menced practice in Waupaca. He came to Wausau in the Fall of 1871, and was in partnership with Willis C. Silverthorn, until 1875 ; then with E. L. Brown, of Waupaca, until the Spring of 1879, when he returned to Wausau. Mr Bump is senior partner in the law firm of Bump, Hetzel & Canon, of Wausau and Merrill. He was District Attorney of Mara thon County in 1873, and has been City Attorney of Wausau. He was Chairman of the County Board of Waupaca County. He is a son of Barnet and Clarissa Simons Bump ; his mother died in 1876 and his father in 1877. Mr. Bump was married in Waupaca, Wis., in March, 1873, to Lillie Gurley. They have three children — Franklin E., Mary E., and Florence M. He is a member of the A., F. & A. M. Lodge and Chapter; he was educated at Allegany Institute, of Almond, N.Y., and in the schools of Wisconsin. DAVID C. BURNETT, City Marshal, Wausau. First settled in Sauk County, with his parents, in 1856, where they lived a short time, and then removed to Lodi, and lived until 1864, when he went with his parents to near Coldwater, Mich., where they lived about five years. His father died at Corinth, Miss., in the meantime, having gone South, to work for the Government. Then himself and mother returned to Lodi, where he made it his home, until the Fall of 1876. He then sold his place, and moved to Wausau, where he has since lived, engaged in lumbering. He was elected City Marshal in the Springof 1881. He was born in Gorham, Fulton Co., Ohio, Sept. 1, 1849. He was married in Lodi, in the Fall of 1874, to Louise Stahl ; she died Oct. 11, 1876. He was again married, in Wausau, June 6, 1880, to Elnor Haskin, she was born in Wisconsin, March 29, 1849. He has one child by his first wife, named Samuel D. THOMAS FRANCIS CAFFERY, foreman in J. H. Clark, Johnson & Co.'s saw-mill, Wausau, was born in Montrose, Pa., Sept, 3, 1844. He settled in Grand Rapids, September, 1867, and lived there a short time, then going to Pine River Mills ; he worked there fourteen months, as mill-man; from there he went to Merrill, and worked at saw filing and millwrighting, etc., and remained three and one-half years; then he came to Wausau, and has since followed his trade and railroad bridging. He was married in Preston, Wayne Co., Penn., Oct. 20, 1868, to Margaret A. Kane ; who was born in Ireland, in 1843. They have four children living — Mary B., Isabella, Richard F., and Thomas W. Caffery; Margaret R. is not living WILLIAM CALLON, Wausau, was born in County Armagh, Ireland, Feb. 24, 1833, and came to America alone, arriving June 10, 1849. He was in Susquehanna Co., Pa., one year ; in Clearfield Co., Pa., two years; then in Cattaraugus Co., N.Y., until October, 1854, when he came to Stevens Point, where he was engaged in lumbering for three years. In 1857, he came to Wausau, and has since been engaged in manufacturing and dealing in lumber, and to some extent farming. Mr. Callon has been a member of the Town Board of Weston, and is now Receiver in the United States Land Office. He was married in Lumberville, Clearfield Co., Pa., in August, 1854, to Nancy Atcharson ; who was born in the 558 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. town of Burnside, Clearfield Co., Pa. They have two children, Mary Jennie and William A. Mr. Gallon is a member of the A., F. & A. M., andK. of H. CHARLES W. CHUBBUCK, bookseller and stationer, Wausau, was born at Stevens Point, Wis., March 21, 1856, and came to Wausau with his parents, Jerome Walker and Caroline S. (Sanborn) Chubbuck ; when less than a year old. He worked with his father, at the printer's trade, for some time, then engaged as book-keeper for mercantile establishments ; for a time with the " Bank of the Interior;" He com menced business for himself in September, 1876, in the Post-office build ing, where he still continues, dealing in books, stationery, confectionery, fruits, etc. JEROME WALKER CHUBBUCK, Wausau, was born Sept. 24, 1813, Goffstown, N. H. Learned printing at Morrisville, N. Y., after ward conducted newspapers at Hamilton and Cazenovia, N. Y. Came to Milwaukee June 20, 1837, where he helped as foreman to establish the Milwaukee Sentinel. Married to Caroline S. Sanborn, of Jefferson, Wis., June 17, 1855, who was born in Wheelock, Vt., March 4, 1832. Came to Wausau February, 1857, where he established the Central Wisconsin, April 22, 1857, the first paper published in Marathon County; sold out to Hoffman & Hoeflinger in 1862. Held the office of Clerk of Circuit Court from January 1863 to January 1875 ; was also Village Clerk for a number of years. Has been engaged in the printing business, and as editor or contributor to the city papers up to January, 1880, when he was stricken wilh paralysis and been confined to his room ever since. He has two children living, Charles W., born March 21, 1856, and Emily Helen, born April 23, 1858. Lost one daughter, Mary Everetta, who was born Nov. 18, i860, and died May 13, 1872. j&Ax^d&S JOHN C. CLARKE, Wausau, came to this city in November. 1845, and ran on the river as raftsman, etc., and for several years was cook on the drives until 1851. He then commenced running saw mills, and was pilot on the river and dealt in lumber until i860. Mr. Clarke was born on the Isle of Anglesea, North Wales, Feb. 17, 1831, and came from there to Dane Co., Wis., in June, 1845. His parents, William and Mary Ann (Burwell) Clarke never came to this country. He was mar ried in Sycamore, DeKalb Co., 111., Oct. 31, 1854, to Rhoda J. Put- nam, who was bom in Somerset, Co., Me., in August, 1830. They have four children — Fannie E., Ann Margaret, Rhoda Jane and Mary Ann. JOHN H. CLARK, of the firm of Clark, Johnson & Co., (the partners of which are W. D. Johnson, C. W. Johnson and Richard Clark) Wausau, was born in Easton, Md., Dec. 20, 1829. He came to Wisconsin, October, 1880. His residence is at Fort Wayne, Ind. He was married in the latter city, October, 1854, to Lydia M. Shippy She was born in Rutland, Vt., in 1828. They have had six children — Flor ence ; Nathan, died April 13, 1880; Richard, now at Wausau, engaged in the mill ; Jesse, Mortimer and Oliver, the three latter being at their home in Indiana. The mill of this firm was erected in 1881, and is sit uated on the island opposite the city in the Wisconsin River. Its ca pacity is 80,000 in eleven hours, and employs 150 men. RICHARD CLARK, firm of Clark, Johnson & Co., Wausau, was born in Fort Wayne, Ind., April 5, i860. He is a son of Mr. J. H. and Mrs. L. M. Clark, of the latter city. He went as far as the high school there, but preferring business moved to Greenville, Mich., where he re mained one year. From there he went to Coral in the same State, and lived there about one year. In June, 1881, he came to Wausau, where he is acting as book-keeper and general overseer for the firm, in which he has an interest. WILLIAM F. COLLINS, merchant, Wausau, was born in Water- town, Wis., April 8, 1849 ; lived there three years, afterward at Lake Mills five years; then lived in the town of Dayion, Waupaca Co., unlil he came to Wausau, May 6, 1871 ; clerked for James McCrossen until Aug. 25, 1876, when he entered into partnership with him and his son, Julian Adelbert McCrossen, which partnership continues. Mr. Collins is a member of the A., F. & A. M. LEOPOLD S. COHN, proprietor Cohn's Mills, one mile, above Wausau, on the Wisconsin River. His mills were erected in the Sum mer of 1877. The capacity is 40,000 lumber, 35,000 shingles and 10,000 lath, besides pickets, in one day. They employ twenty-five men in the mill and ten outside. Mr. Cohn was born in Prussia, Aug. 27, 1843, He was married at Mayville, Dodge Co., Aug. 28, 1872, to Idella Bick. She was born in Saukville, June 14, 1853. Mr. Cohn first settled at Berlin, Wis., in 1856. He lived there two years with his parents, then he went to Milwaukee, where he remained two years. He then be came engaged in produce business, buying furs, wool, etc., going as far north as Lake Superior, which business he followed unlil 1869. Then he became engaged in the lumber business on the Wisconsin River. He moved from Berlin to Milwaukee in 1876, where he lived until October, 1877, following the lumber business. From there he came to Wausau. MICHAEL J. COUGHLIN, engineer of the fire department, Wau sau, was born in Zanesville, Ohio, March, 1S46. He came with his parents to Milwaukee, in May, 1856. His father was a railroad contractor and worked in the construction of several divisions of the C, M. & St. P. R. R. They were in Milwaukee a short time and then went to Horicon, and from there to Ripon where they remained more than a year. From there they went to Holland Township, Brown Co., and went to farming, and in the Spring of 1859, Mr. M.J. Coughlin went to Milwaukee, and worked in the railroad shops as machinist, September, 1S60, he went to Memphis,Tenn.,and was engaged as railroad engineer. June, 1861, he left on account of the war, and returned to Milwaukee on the Prairie du Chien division of the railroad and run an engine. In March, lS62,he engaged in the fire department for Milwaukee City, in which capacity he remained until September, 1876; he then became assistantchief engineerand super intendent of machinery for the above city. In 1S76, he went to Stevens Point, and run a steam fire engine for that city, until May 1880. Then he worked for Mr. John Wicks on the Big Eau Plaine, in the capacity of engineer, and was there until August, 1880. He then went to Stevens Point, and worked repairing engines until Sept. I, 1880, then to D. Hutchinson's mill, on the Little Eau Plaine River, and run the engine there until he came to Wausau, November, 18S0. HON. CHARLES F. CROSBY, attorney at law, Wausau, was born in the town of Waterloo, Jefferson Co., Wis., Dec. 12, 1S47, and when he was nine years of age moved with his father, Elisha F. Crosby, to Dell Prairie, Adams Co., Wis., living there until the Spring of 1871, when he went to Luverne, Rock Co., Minn., and engaged in the prac tice of law there. Mr. Crosby was educated at Bronson and Kilbourn Institutes, pursuing a collegiate course expecting to enter Lawrence Uni versity. He was admitted to the Bar in the Fall of 1870. While in Minnesota, he was District Attorney, County Judge, and member of Assembly. He came to Wausau July 29, 1875, and was District Attorney in 1878, and elected State Senator in the Fall of 1880. He was married, Nov. 18, 1873, in Benton, Kennebec Co., Me., to Adassah C. Spencer, a native of Benton. JOHN C. CURRAN, lumberman, was born in St. Amicet, Canada, Aug. 22, 1838. He settled in Jenny, Lincoln Co. in 1855, where he followed his present business, and remained two years ; from there he HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 559 moved to Eagle River, and helped cut and put in the first logs in that section ; he remained there two and a half years, from there he moved to the mouth of Pelican River in the same county on the Wisconsin River, where he still does business. He occasionally lives in Wausau. He was married September, 1870, to Lizzie S. Sloan, who was born in Saint Edwards, in the Province of Quebec, March 20, 1849. They have four children — Mary J., Thomas B., Lizzie P., and Muriel J. MORGAN G.DANIELS lumberman, Wausau, was born in Wash ington Co., N.Y., Jan. 28, 1831. He settled in Wausau in 1854, and worked at his trade, the millwright, for twelve years ; then he went into his present business. Pie was married at Stevens Point, in November, 1869, to Lydia E. Clement, who was a native of the State of New York. She died Jan. n, 1872. WILBUR C. DAVENPORT, jeweler, began business at Stevens Point, September, 1873, and continued there three years and six months He afterward located in Wausau, where he again engaged in the same business. He was born in Portage County, Sept. 13, 1857. PATRICK DELANY, dealer in wines, liquors and cigars, settled in Foud du Lac in 1856 ; lived there two years, then went to Oshkosh, and remained several years ; from there he went to Baraboo Valley, Sauk Co., for five years, then returned to Oshkosh. In the Fall of 1872, he came to Wausau. He was born in Montreal, Canada, March 3, 1846. He was married in Oshkosh, April 28, 1870, to Joanna Sheehy, who was born in Ireland, April, 1846. They have five children— Alva M., Sarah B., Joanna E., Margaret E., and Jennie M. ADAM DENGEL, merchant, Wausau, was born in Prussia, June 27, 1832, and came to Wisconsin in the Summer of 1846, with his par ents. They located in the town of Addison, Washington Co.. living in that county until 1866. He was, for thirteen years, proprietor of the Hartford House, at Hartford, one of the first hotels in the place. Re moved to Appleton in 1866. He kept a grocery in the latter place un til 1876, when he came to Wausau, and engaged in general merchan dising. Mr. Dengel was married in the town of Hartford, Washington Co., Wis., in November, 1853, to Mary Schwerbel, who was born in Hesse-Darmstadt. They have two children, John and Mary, now Mrs. John J. Sherman. Lost one daughter, who died June 26, 1867, aged seven years. HENRY DREWSEN, saloon, Wausau, was born in Germany, Jan. 23, 1829. He settled at Two Rivers in 1856, where he lived twelve years, following the lumber business, after which he went to Manitowoc, and kept hotel until 18S0, when he came to Wausau, and began his pres ent business. He was married, in New York Cily, in 1854, to Dora Thea, who was born in Germany, Jan. 29, 1832. They have eight chil dren — Tony, Charles A., Amelia E., Theckla, Lewis, Delia, Lula and George. His wife died June 24, 1880. MICHAEL DUFFY, groceries, provisions, liquors, etc., came to Wisconsin in April, 1866, and, at first, worked at the carpenter trade ; afterward ran a stage between Wausau and Stevens Point, for one and one-half years. Then he opened in the grocery business, and followed it until 1875, when he engaged in lumbering. In 1878 he returned to his present business, and has followed it since. He was City Alderman for two years. He was born in Seneca County, New York, Nov. 1, 1833. He was married at Wausau, Jan. 20, 1861, to Paulina A. Kopp- lin, who was born July 4, 1840. They have ten children living — Mary J., Anna, Charles T., Paulina, Henry, Frank M., Edward, Laura, Mabel and Florence. They lost one son, Robert J. CHARLES F. DUNBAR, jeweler and lumber manufacturer, Wau sau, was born in Belchertown, Mass., Oct. 8, 1845, and learned the jew eler's trade in Amherst, Mass. He came to Wisconsin in 1867, locating in Hudson in 186S, engaging in jewelry business there until 1872, when he removed to Menasha, carrying on the same business there for two years. In March, 1874, he came to Wausau, and, besides his jewelry business, is considerably interested in real estate, having purchased a forty-acre tract of land — the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 26, Town 29, Range 7, East, which he has recently platted and divided into city lots, and has already (June, 18S1) sold thirty-six lots. He has been in the lumber business for about three years. He is a member of the firm of Dana, Dunbar & Co., manufacturers of "The National Portable Forge," and is one-half owner of the Marathon Lum ber Co., manufacturers of pine lumber, shingles, lath, pickets, etc. ; he owns considerable tracts of pine lands. Mr. Dunbar was married, in Wausau, Nov. 20, 1876, to Letitia Single, who was born in Wausau. They have had two children, Mary Elizabeth, born March 31, 1881, and Roy Earl, born Dec. 25, 1S77, and died June 16, 1881. JOHN EGELER, boarding house and saloon.Wausau. Came to Wau sau in the Fall of 1868, and kept a tin shop for nine years, when he sold his interest and began his present business. He was born in Germany, March 21, 1837. He was married in Canajoharie, N. Y., April, 1865, to Margaretta Shwartz, who was born in Germany, November, 1836. They have eight children— Mary S., Katie M. C, Delia, John, Otto, Louisa, Caroline and Margaret. They have lost two, Emma and Carl. CHARLES F. ELDRED, Wausau. Was born in Warren, Warren Co Pa Feb. 28, 1841, and was reared at Honesdale, Wayne Co., Pa., coming from there to Grand Rapids, Wis., and then to Wausau. Mr. Eldred was admitted to the Bar in December, 1861, and engaged in practice until the Fall of 1S62, when he enlisted in Co. A, nth N. Y. Cavalry and served until May 28, 1865. He entered the service as a private, and was mustered out as first lieutenant of Co. A. Returning to Honesdale, he was engaged in ihe practice of law there until he came to Wisconsin. He has been District Attorney of Marathon County since January, 1880; also was District Attorney of Wayne County, Pa., for two terms, and served as Assessorof Internal Revenue from 1866101869. He was married at Honesdale, Oct. 18, 1866, to Emma A. West, who was born in Bethany, Pa. They have four children — Nathaniel B., Mary H., Arthur G., and Nina O. GEORGE E. FERNALD, merchant, Wausau. Came to Rural, in the town of Dayton, Waupaca Co., Wis., in 1865, and lived there until September, 1866, when he went to Waupaca, and engaged in clerking for two years. He then came to Wausau and was book-keeper for John C. Clark for two years, then ran a store at Jenny for James McCrossen, and kept books for Scott & Andrews, at Jenny ; then, for a year and a quarter, with R. E. Parcher, and with Parcher & Mauson fifteen months. He then purchased from Parcher an interest in the business, and the firm was Parcher, Mauson & Fernald for four years; since then it has been Mau son & Fernald. Mr. Fernald was born December 19, 1836, in Portland, Me. In December, 1862, he enlisted in the 19th U. S. Infantry. He was in the Army of the Cumberland, and served as sergeant-major. He was mustered out in December, 1865. He was married in Portland, Me., in July, 1855, to Eliza S. McCrossen, who was born in Carrolton, New Brunswick. They have three children — Clara E., George E., Jr., and Frederick. ANSON A. FERGUSON, millwright and engineer, Wausau. He first located at Seven Mile Creek, in Fond du Lac Co. He remained there a short time, afterward going to the Town Friendship, where he remained four years. From there he went to Stockton, Portage Co., at which place he remained for a number of years ; from there to Wausha- 56° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ra County, where he lived two years. From there to Seneca, Wood Co., where he began business for himself, and remained until the break ing out of the war, when he enlisted in Co. K, 1st Minn. H. A., where he served one year and four months. He was discharged for general disability, at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 27, 1863. He then went to Olm- stead Co., Minn., and worked at the carpenter trade for three years, when he went to Marinette, on the Bay Shore, where he was engaged in build ing and working mills. He remained one and one-half years, then he went to Sherwood, Calumet Co., and remained four years, and then went to Colby, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, where he built a mill and ran it for two years, and then began business for himself. He was born in Cape Vincent, Jefferson Co., N. Y„ Sept. 7, 1842. He was married at Shiocton, Outagamie Co., July, 1873, to Jennie Foster, who was born June 30, 1849. They have two children, Earl and Perlie. \Jt$£Ui~Jic JEFFERY A. FARNHAM, Wausau. Came to Wisconsin in No vember, 1844, and taught school the following Winter in Wauwatosa; spent part of the next Spring and Summer in Milwaukee. In the Winter of 1845-46, taught school in Troy, Wis. In the Spring of 1846, he lo cated in Watertown, Wis., and commenced land surveying, being by profession a civil engineer. He continued surveying until the Spring of 1848, when he laid out and engineered the construction of the Milwaukee and Watertown Plank Road between those points, which occupied his attention about two and a half years. In the Spring of 1851 he went on the Illinois Cen ral road, and had charge of division con struction in Illinois until the Fall of 1854. He was City Engineer of Watertown until he constructed the Watertown & Madison Railroad. He was in Watertown until June, 1858, employed as Engineer of Railroads, and at other work. He came to Wausau the last day of June, 1858, and organized and commenced a banking busi ness under the corporate name of the " Bank of the Interior," being himself president and manager. When the war broke out, Mr. Farnham had virtually become proprietor of the bank, and continued the business until Jan. I, 1875, when the bank was merged into the Marathon County Bank. Mr. Farnham was president of the latter institution until 1877, when on account of the ill health of himself and wife, he sold his bank stock' and moved to Clyde, Kansas, where he lived nearly two years, returning to Wausau in the Fall of 1879, and since then has been en gaged in the real estate and tax paying business, dealing in scrip, land warrants, tax certificates, etc. In 1859, he was appointed County Treas urer by the County Board. He was a member of the School Board and held other offices before going to Kansas. Mr. Farnham was born in the town of Scipio, Cayuga Co., N. Y„ Oct. 27, 1817 and was married in Jefferson, Jefferson Co., Wis., Sept. 12, 1864, to Mrs. Emily S. John ston (nee Sanborn),- who was born in Vermont, and died April 2, 1881. She had one son by her former marriage, George S., who was born June 18, 1858, and resides in Wausau, being now in the employ of Dunbar & McDonald, lumber manufacturers. He was educated in the schools and academies of Wisconsin. J. W. FLACK, proprietor of livery stable, Wausau. Was born in Geneva, Walworth Co., Wis., Oct. 27, 1845, and lived there fourteen years, removing to the town of La Fayette in the same county, where he resided for seven years, when he came to Burlington, Wis., and has since been engaged in stock raising. He was then in Missouri one year; in Ripon, Wis., in the livery business one year, when he went to Mackford, Green Lake Co., and on a stock farm of his own, where he developed some of the best trotters of the ages of one, two, three and four years. Mr. Flack was on his farm until 1879, when he was appointed Deputy United States Marshal, with headquarters at Sparta, Wis., where he lived until December, 1880, when he came to Wausau. He was married at Markesan, Green Lake Co., Wis., June 25, 1871, to Esther A. Bedell, who was born in New Hampshire. They have two sons, Eddie R. and Bertie. JOHN A. FRENZEL, proprietor of foundry, Wausau. Was born in Germany Sept. 15, 1832, and lived in New York one year before coming to Wisconsin in 1850. He lived in Sauk City, Sauk Co., until 1873, when -he came to Wausau and established foundry and machine shops. He built his present shops seven years ago ; he employs from seven to eight men, and does general work — manufactures plows, straw cutters and saw machinery. Mr. Frenzel has been in the foundry and machine shop business for the last sixteen years. He was married in Sauk City, Wis., in 1858, to Louise Steidmann, a native of Germany. They have eight children — Charles, Ida, Lena, Hermann, Mena, Emma, Othelia and Edwin. HENRY FROEMMING, mason, contractor and builder, Wausau. Was born in Germany, Jan. 24, 1845. He settled in Wausau in Septem ber, 1868, and has followed his trade there since. He is one of the lead ing men of his occupation. He was married in Wausau, June 9, 1872, to Mary Buhse, who was born in Germany, April 24, 1853. DR. HYATT A. FROST, druggist, Wausau, was born in the town of Dix, Chemung Co., N. Y., Jan. 22, 1838, and moved from there to Hainesville, 111., living there until 1852, when he came to Almond, Port age Co., Wis.; after residing there twelve years, he moved to Waupaca, and commenced the practice of medicine, continuing there ten years. In 1873, he came to Wausau and engaged in drug trade and practice of his profession. In 1-874, he discontinued all practice except office busi ness, which he was able to attend to in connection with his drug trade. Dr. Frost was married, in the town of Almond, Portage Co., Wis., Nov. 12, 1862, to Harriet A. Robinson, who was born in Conneaut, Ohio. They have one child living, Hiram Edgar. JAMES T. FRY, engineer in George Werheim's planing-mill, Wau sau, located near Stevens Point, and followed farming one year ; came to Wausau in July, 1880, and worked at the carpenter trade until Jan, 24, 1881, when he entered his present position. He was born in Iowa, June 26, 1847. He was married, in December, 1874, to Philleoman Tay lor, a native of New York. JOHN C. GEBHART, general merchandise, lumber, etc., wasborn seven miles north of Milwaukee, in what is now Milwaukee County, Jan. 17, 1849 ; came to Wausau and clerked five years in his present place of business. He then went to the opposite side of the street from his present location, and began business for himself; followed it for two years, and was then burned out. He then took possession of his present quarters. He was married, Nov. 23, 1875, at Wausau, to Maggie Krembs, She was born in Germany. They have two children, Olka M. and Alina, JACOB GEUSMANN, dealer in lumber and saloon keeper, Wau sau. He lived in Washington County for ten years with his parents, and in 1862 came to Wausau, where he followed shoemaking for six years. Then he opened a saloon, and after three years, went into the lumber business and saw-mill, etc. He was born in Prussia, Germany, Feb, 24, 1844. He was married in Wausau, Feb. 14, 1867, to Amelia Welde, who was also born in Prussia, March 16, 1845. They have eight children living— Jacob F., William, Emma, Henry, Edward, Matilda, Leo and Ferdinand. MRS. ELIZABETH M. GIFFORD, Wausau, was born in Jack son, Ohio, Sept. 1, 1829, formerly Mrs. Judge Kennedy. She settled in Mosinee, with her sister, Mrs. John L. Moore, in 1845, and lived there two years. She was married, to Mr. William H. Kennedy, Nov. 28, 1847, and moved to Big Rib River, where he was engaged in the lumber business. After three years, they moved to Wausau, where Mr. Ken nedy followed the practice of law, together with his lumber interests. Mr. Kennedy was born in Philadelphia, in 1809. He was elected to the second Constitutional Convention from Portage County. He went to St. Louis, Mo., to dispose of his lumber, in the season of 1859, and died there, August 29, of the same year. By their union in marriage they had three children, Annette, William A. and James F. Mrs. Kennedy was again married, to Mr. Peter Gifford, at Wausau, June 15, 1866. Mr.Gif- ford made lumbering his business for some time, and is now engaged in HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 56i a saw-mill. He was born in New York, in 1825. They have one son, Phillip S. FRANK L. GOFF, photographer, Wausau, was born in Macomb Co., Mich., Feb. 28, 1852. He first settled at Neenah, where he re mained three years, following the carpenter and joiner trade ; from there he went to Fond du Lac, where he remained about five months, and learned the art of photographing ; from there he went to Manitowoc, and followed this occupation. His next move was to Wausau. He wasmar- ried in Wausau, May 20, 1879, to Fanny Thayer, who was born in Wau sau, Nov. 30, 1857. They have one daughter, Katie L. HARRY H. GRACE, attorney at law, Wausau, was born at Little Lake Village, Adams Co., Wis., April 1, 1856, and reared at Grand Rapids from his second or third year. He is a son of Robert H. and Caroline L. (Hicks) Grace. His father died at Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1879. His mother still resides at that place. Mr. Grace attended the State University for five years, and studied law with Benton & Benton, of Minneapolis. He was admitted to the Bar at Minneapolis in March, 1877, and commenced practice at Beaver Falls, Minn., remaining there about six months, then coming to Wausau, having been associate in business with Charles F. Eldred ever since. He is also a member of the firm of Grace & McCrossen, proprietors of the oniy abstracts in titles in Marathon County. Mr. Grace was married in Wausau, Sept. 25, 1878, to Lizzie A. McCrossen, who was born at Rural, Waupaca Co., Wis. They have two children, Zoe Agnes and Robert J. REV. THOMAS GREENE, B. D. and County Superintendent of Schools of Marathon Co., Wausau. Mr. Green attended the Theological School at Nashotah, and was ordained to the Holy Ministry, Trinity Sunday, June, 1853. He was then appointed missionary to Ripon, Ber lin, Green Lake, Fox Lake and Rosendale. In 1854, he was elected rector of the Church of the Intercession at Stevens Point, and also had a parish school there, which was attached to the church. In 1858, he resigned this parish and came to Wausau, where he gathered in a large congregation and built the church of St. John in the Wilderness. In 1861, he resigned charge of the church and removed to Monroe, Mich., and became rector of the Trinity Church there, being rector from 1861 to 1864. In May, 1864, he became chaplain of 17th Reg. Mich. I. V., in which capacity he served until the close of the war. He was mustered out in Tenelly Town, Va., June, 1865. Then he removed to Fayette, Mo., and became rector of St. Mary's Church, where he re mained two years. He then returned to Wausau, Wis., and was ap pointed County Superintendent of Schools. He was born in Atherstone, Warwickshire, England, June 4, 1819. He held the first service that was held in Wausau in the ball room of the Forest House, March 12, 1854. He had a very large congregation, people coming from a long distance to hear him. CHARLES GRITZMACHER, blacksmith, Wausau. Came to Wausau in 1859, and has followed his trade here since. He was born in Prussia, Germany, March 30, 1848. He was married, Nov. 29, 1875, to Katie Mies, who was born in Kenosha, June 19, i860. They have two children, Anna M. and Libbie L. CHARLES W. HARGER, cashier of Marathon County Bank, Wausau, was born at Stone Mills, Jefferson Co., N. Y., Sept. 11, 1842, and came to Wausau from Watertown, Jefferson Co., Wis. He was married in Wausau, Wis., November, 1877, to Kate Scholfield, who was born in the town of Weston, Marathon Co., Wis. They have one child, Anna Gertrude. Mr. Harger enlisted in Co. B, 29th Wis. V. I., and served about one year during the late war of the Rebellion. CHARLES P. HASELTINE, lumberman and banker, Wausau, was born in the town of Sullivan, Madison Co., N. Y., April 10, 1836. In 1854, he came to Lockport, 111., living there until August, 1865, when he came to Wausau and engaged in milling. He now cuts from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 ; formerly from 5,000,000 to 7,000,000 ; it is a double rotary mill and employs on an average 100 men. He has a plan ing mill and a shingle mill. Mr. Haselline lived at Scholfield's Mills until the Fall of 1877, when he moved to Wausau. William Scholfield's widow is a partner in the business ; they have a large store at the mill. Mr. Haseltine was married in Lockport in September, 1871, to Ella Gooding, a native of Lockport, and daughter of William Gooding. They have four children — Annie, William E., Emma and Ada. H. S. HASELTINE, overseer of Scholfield's mills, Scholfield. First located at Stevens Point in 1861, where he was employed three years as clerk in a drug store ; from there he went to Lockport, where he remained two years in the same capacity, and from there came to Scholfield. He soon after went to Keokuk, Iowa, and had charge of a lumber yard for three years. Then he went to New Sharon, in Central Iowa, and retailed lumber on his own account, remaining one year. He finally returned to Scholfield. He was born in Canaseraga, N. Y., July 28, 1846. He was married, in New Sharon, Iowa, November, 1875, to Laura C. Smith, who was born in Union Springs, N. Y., July 13, 1850. They have three children — Maria, Richard S. and Sarah. CHARLES F. HEPPNER, clerk for F. W. Kickbusch, Wausau. Was born in Germany, July 17, 1851. He settled in Wausau in i860, 35 where he spent his school days. He first clerked for Mr Otto Siegnst, and was in his employ about five years ; then clerked for Mr. August Kickbusch about six years; he was also with Mauson & Fernald for two years ; then he engaged with Mr. F. W. Kickbusch. He was married, at Wausau, October 2, 1879, to Anna M. Steltz, who was born in Ocon omowoc, July 14, 1861. They have one daughter, Etta M. /».!!-£ /%£ &*A MICHAEL ANGELO HURLEY, lawyer, Wausau. Son of Will iam and Mary Fitz Allen Hurley, was born in Ottawa, Canada, Oct. 22, 1840, and moved to Ogdensburg with his parents when a child. He came to Wisconsin originally in 1856, remaining eleven months in the vicinity of Wausau, then was at Stevens Point and Berlin until the Fall of 1862, when he went to Chicago, living there until 1867 ; then re turned to Berlin, and remained there until November, 1873, when he came to Wausau, having formed a partnership with Willis C. Silverthorn, his present partner. ?tr. Hurley resigned the position of District Attor ney in Green Lake County when he came here. He commenced the study of law in 1857, and was admitted to the Bar of Wisconsin in 1869, and has been engaged in practice ever since. On account of failure of his health, he engaged in active business for five years after commencing the study of law. Mr. Hurley is in every sense a self-made man, and ranks among the foremost lawyers of the West. He was married, in Berlin, June 16, 1874, to Clara H. Leonard, who was born in Berlin, Wis., her parents having been among the early settlers of Green Lake County. Mr. and Mrs. Hurley have two children, Fred Norris and Jud son Byron. BENJAMIN W. JAMES, of the law firm of James & Crosby, Wausau. Was born in Otsego, Columbia Co., April 2, 1847, where his parents still reside, having been among the first settlers of that county. He attended the common schools there, and afterward the State Univer sity at Madison, graduating from the college proper in 1872, and from the law school in 1873 ; after which he came directly to Wausau, and began the practice of his profession. He was married, in Lincoln, 111., Sept. 15, 1873, to May Haines, who was born in Upper Stillwater, Me., Dec. 14, 1849. They have two sons, Benjamin W., Jr. and Allan. They lost one son, Stephen. ROBERT H. JOHNSON, proprietor of the Central Wisconsin, and. Postmaster, Wausau. Was born in Milwaukee, in 1845. He lived at home until the death of his parents, which occurred when he was about twelve years old. He was sent to school in Indiana, where he remained four years. In February, 1862, he enlisted in Co. A, 58th 111. V. I., at Chicago ; re-enlisted in June, 1864. After the last battle of Nashville, he was detailed as special orderly on the staff of Brig. Gen. Gerard, of Pennsylvania, brigade commander ; was afterward detailed as orderly at the head quarters of Maj. Gen. Charles R. Woods, commanding Depart ment of Alabama. He participated in the following battles : Ft. Don- elson, Shiloh, Siege of Corinth, last battle of Corinth, Ft. de Russey, Sa- 562 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN, bine Cross Roads, Marksville, Prairie Hill, Yellow Bayou, Nashville, Ft. Blakely, and numerous skirmishes, through all of which he went without a scratch. He was discharged on the first day of April, 1866, "by reason services being no longer required." On the eighteenth day of April, 1866, he came to Wausau, where he has resided ever since, work ing in saw-mills, in the logging woods, and running down the river on lumber rafts, until Oct. 14, 1868, when he bought the Central Wisconsin newspaper, then Democratic, and changed it into a Republican newspa per, enlarging and improving it as the years and times progressed. On the thirteenth day of January, 1876, was appointed Postmaster of Wausau for four years. Was reappointed Jan. 14, 1880. Has just completed anew brick block, with post-office below and printing office above. Has a beautiful new house in the best part of city, and all the surroundings to make life enjoyable. Was married, in Wausau, Dec. 27, r876, to Miss Caroline Alban, daughter of Col. James S. Alban, commander of the 18th Wis. V. L, who was killed at Shiloh. His wife was born in Plover, June 23, 1856. They have three children, two daughters and one son, GEN. JOHN A. KELLOGG, Wausau, was born in Bethany, Wayne Co., Pa., March 16, 1828, and lived there until 1840, when the family came to Prairie du Sac, Sauk Co., Wis., where his father, Nathaniel Kellogg, died in the Fall of 1856, and his mother, Sarah Quidor Kel logg, died in 1854. John A. Kellogg lived in Prairie du Sac most of the time after his arrival until 1857 ; from 1853 to 1855, he was engaged in studying law at Madison ; he was admitted to the Bar at Baraboo, Sauk County, in 1857, and commenced practice in Prairie du Sac. In the Summer of 1857, he moved to Mauston, Juneau County, living there until April, 1861, when he helped raise Co. K, 6th Wis. V. I., and was commissioned first lieutenant at the organization of the company, May 3d, 1861 ; was promoted to captain Dec. 18, 1861, to lieutenant colonel Oct. 19, 1864 ; colonel Dec. 10, 1864, and assigned to command of the iron brigade in February, 1865 ; made brigadier general by brevet, for highly meritorious service, April 9, 1866, with rank from April 9, 1865 ; discharged at Jeffersonville, Ind., July 14. 1865. He was in the battles of Rappahannock Station.'Gainesville, second Bull Run, South Mount ain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, first and second, Chancellorsville, Mine Run, Gettysburg, three days, July 1, 2, 3, Wilderness, May 5, Hatcher's Run, Warren's Raid, Boydton, Plank Road, High Bridge, Five Forks, Appomattox, and commanded the iron brigade that opened the battle of Appomattox. At the battle of the Wilderness, he was wounded and re ported dead, but was taken prisoner May 5, 1864, and confined at Lynchburg Va., then at Danville, Va., at Macon, Ga., then taken to Charleston, S. C, being there from July to Oct. 5, 1864. On the way to Charleston, he jumped from the train in the endeavor to escape, but was pursued by bloodhounds and recaptured, but while being transferred from Charleston to Columbia, he, with four others, escaped (near Branchville, S. C, Oct. 15, 1864), from the train, and finally reached the Federal lines at Calhoun, Ga., Oct. 26, 1864, having traveled a distance of 350 miles from the place where they escaped, and been followed by bloodhounds for eight days. General Kellogg was appointed Pension Agent at LaCrosse, Wis., in 1866, and remained there until July, 1875, when he came to Wausau, having resigned his position as United States Pension Agent in April, 1875. He was District Attorney when he entered the service, and was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate in 1879 a"d 188c. He was married in Prairie du Sac, Oct. 5, 1852, to Adelaide Worthington, who was born in Huntington, Luzerne Co., Pa., and is a daughter of Thomas B. Worthington, who came to Wisconsin about 1849. They have three children — Ida D., Elsie W„ and Stella L. NATHANIEL T. KELLY, of the firm of W. P. Kelly & Bro., owners of a saw mill on the Big Eau Claire River, six miles east of Wau sau. Mr. Kelly first went to the Big Eau Claire River Sept. 17, 1850. When he arrived at Mr. Goodhue's mills, on the above stream, he had twenty-five cents as capital, to begin with. He worked by the month for eight years, and having a speculative mind, he soon engaged in the lumber business, on his own account, and he now owns half interest in the same mill, in company with his sister-in-law, Mrs. W. P. Kelly, who owns the other half interest. Their mill was erected in 1874 ; the ca pacity of which is $75,000 in twenty-four hours. They employ about 100 men. They have a large, fine tract of pine and hardwood timber in that vicinity. Mr. Kelly was born in Ithaca, N. Y., Oct. 5, 1834. He was married, Aug. 5, 1861, at Stevens Point, to Nellie M. Karner, who was born in Egremont, Mass. They have three children, Lou, Frank, and Mabel. AUGUST KICKBUSCH, Wausau, was born in Pomerania, Prus sia, Oct. 15, 1828, and lived there until he came to America in 1857, landing at Quebec, and coming from there to Milwaukee by railroad, and from Milwaukee to Stevens Point and Wausau on foot. He re mained in the woods, selected and bought 364 acres of farming lands in the present town of Hamburg; then returned to Milwaukee and was engaged in teaming until i860, when he came to Wausau to reside. He came here first with a load of merchandise and, disposing of the goods to advantage, decided to come here and engage in mercantile business. He commenced business on Clark's Island, building a shanty, 16x28, in which he lived and carried on trade ; it was situated where Jack Clark's red building now stands. Mr. Kickbusch lived for eight days in a wagon, being unable to find other shelter. He remained two 'years and a half on the island, and then bought his present store building on the corner of Main and Washington streets, and has carried on business in that building ever since. In the Spring of 1865, he built a hardware, stove and crockery store next to his grocery. In 1872, he built his brick store on Washington street, and in 1878 his feed store on southwest corner of Main and Washington streets. In March, 1867, Mr. Kickbusch went to Europe, and when he returned, June 20, 1867, he brought with him on the "American " of the North German Lloyd line of steamers, a large number of German emigrants, every one of whom he located in Wis consin. He has been emigrant agent ever since he came here, and has kept emigrants for weeks without charge ; is now agent for the Inman, Anchor, White Star, and North German Lloyd lines, and is doing more to settle this section of the country than any one else. He has had railroad contracts and been one of the most active business men of the country ; he started the first brick yard in Marathon County about 1865, just a mile east of his grocery store. In 1867, in company with B. G. Plumer, he bought the fair grounds, donating them to the Society, and expending considerable money in making them what they are; he is now president of the Marathon County Agricultural Society, which position he has held ever since its organization, with the exception of three years. He has been the Village President three terms, Chairman of the County Board five years, he was the first Mayor after the incorporation, has been Mayor two terms, and is director of the Board of Trade. He started the German Guards, a military company, and in 1867 started the first brass band in Wausau, and still maintains it, the " Wausau Cornet Band." He has dealt in lumber for the last fourteen years. Mr. Kickbusch was married, March 3, 1854, in Pomerania, Germany, to Matilda Schochou, a native of that place. They have four children — Otto, born in Germany, Martha, now Mrs. Wm. Osborn, of Wausau; Robert and Emma. They lost one son, Gustave, who died in Milwaukee in 1859, aged about three years. FREDERICK W. KICKBUSCH, was born in Pomerania, Prus sia, Jan. 25, 1841, and came to America in 1857, living in Milwaukee until i860, when he came to Wausau, where he has since resided. He engaged in farming one year, was in business with his brother August ten years, and since then has been in the luml er business most of the time. He was County Treasurer six years, serving five. He has been Chairman of the Board for five or six years; is now serving in that capacity, he was elected member of the Assembly in 1878. He estab lished a planing mill, manufacturing sash, doors and blinds, 1872 ; it was the first mill of the kind within forty miles of Wausau; it employs twenty men and manufactures from $12,000 to $15,000 worth per year. In 1879, he commenced his present mercantile business. He has been president of the State Firemen's Association for three years. Mr. Kickbusch was married in Wausau, Oct. 28, 1864, to Matilda Braatz, who was born HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 503 in Pomerania, Prussia. They have four children— Emma B., Matilda M., Frederick W., and Paulina. Mr. Kickbusch is a member of the A. O. U. W., and the American Legion of Honor. OTTO KICKBUSCH, merchant, Wausau, came to America in 1857, and learned the mercantile business in his father's store. In 1872 he engaged in business with his father, August Kickbusch, dealing in dry goods, gents' furnishing goods, clothing, boots and shoes. He was married, March 15, 1874, to Emma Schroeder, who was born in Prus sia, and is a daughter of Charles Schroeder, deceased. They have one daughter, Stella M., born in March, 1879. Outside of his mercantile busmess, Mr. Kickbusch has given much of his attention to trotting stock of the Blue Bull family. He has brought many good horses to Wisconsin (more than any other man in the State) eight that have beaten 2:40 time, two of whom have beaten 2.25. He owns one of the best trotters in the State ; confines himself to the Blue Bull stock. He is secretary and treasurer of the Wausau Driving Club ; he laid out and built the track, constructed the stables, etc. Mr. K. ranks among the most reliable horsemen of the West ; being a business man of sagacity and honor, his judgment can be relied on. AUGUST KLOSTERMAN, mason, contractor and jobber. He came to Wausau in 1871 ; was born in Germany, Jan. 8, 1853. WILLIAM H. KNOX, Wausau, was born in Pembroke, Merri mack Co., N. H., Nov. 28, 1834, and lived there until 1856, when he came to Oxford, Wis., where he was engaged in mercantile business for four or five years, and then engaged in farming until 1866. He com menced lumbering in 1865, and the manufacture of lumber in 1867 and 1868 with his brother, Sam G. Knox, on the Wisconsin River at a point known as Crooked Riff, Portage County. They built a mill there and ran it until the Spring of 1874, when they built a mill at Stevens Point, beginning operations there the same year; selling out in 1877, they came to Wausau aud bought a three-eighths' interest in the Wausau Lumber Co., of which he has been president and is now secretary. In 1877 and 1878, they had their logs sawed at Stevens Point, but in 1879 their work was done at Wausau. They have a lumber yard at Flan dreau, Dakota. Mr. Knox's brother lives at Ripon. Mr. William H. Knox was married in Oxford, July 14, 1865, to Mary S. Axford, who was born in Grant Co., Wis. They have two children, Hiram and Gracie. ALBERT T. KOCH, physician and surgeon, Wausau, was born in Prussia, Nov. 9, 1839, and came to America in 1856, living in Water- town, Wis., for four or five years ; then in Minnesota and Iowa, until the Spring of 1877, when he came to Wausau. He is a graduate of the Bennett Eclectic College, and also attended Rush Medical College, at Chicago. He has been engaged in the practice of medicine about nine years. He enlisted in the 2d Minn. C, and served about two years. Dr. Koch was married in Owatonna, Minn. JACOB KOLTER, Wausau, was born in Rhein, Bavaria, Aug. 15, 1839, and came to America in 1855, arriving in New York, May 6, 1851, coming from there to Wausau, Aug. 27, 1857; two years later, he went to St. Louis, living there and in Belleville, Jacksonville, Winches ter and Griggsville for two years. He returned to Wausau and was for a time employed as a cook. In 1862, he built and opened a bakery, which was burned down in 1869. He was in the drug business, and in 1869 built a music hall on the corner of Washington and Third streets. He is also engaged in farming and lumbering. Mr. K. was married in Wausau, Dec. 1, 1867, to Bertha Janke, who was born in Prussia. They have six children — Emma E., Augusta S., Bertha M., Rosa A., George R., and Jacob H. CHARLES KRUEGER, cigars, came to Wisconsin, Nov. 4, 1867, staying in Milwaukee a short time. From there he came to Wausau, and began the shoemaker's trade, which he followed for six years. In August, 1874, he began in his present business, and has since followed it. He was appointed second lieutenant of the Germania Guard, Wis consin National Guards, on June 3, 1879. He was promoted to first lieutenant, June 28, of the same year. He went to Oshkosh, Wis., Sept. I, 1871, stayed there a short time, from there to Milwaukee, and re mained until June 8, 1874; followed his trade and obtained his military education. He was born in Immenhoff, Kreis Kamin, Prussia, Dec. 6, 1851. He was married in Wausau, Feb. n, 1876, to Elizabeth Steltz. She was born in Milwaukee, April 6, 1859. They have four children — Matha A., Theodore W., Laura M. A., and Leo A. W. WILLIAM LASELLE, contractor and builder, Wausau, was born in Oshkosh, Nov. 26, 1846. He lived there at different times for twelve years, then went to Hancock, Waushara Co., for six years, then to Stevens Point, for one and one-half years, and attended school. From there he came to Wausau, and engaged in his present occupation. JOH-N E. LEAHY, Mayor of Wausau, now serving his third term, was born in Dover, N. H., Feb. 15, 1842. He, with his parents, settled near Waterloo, in 1849. During that time he attended the State Uni versity, at Madison, for five years. When the war broke out, he enlisted in Co. E, 35th Regt, Wis. I. V., and was elected first lieutenant of the company. He was promoted to the captaincy of the same company be fore the close of the war, and was mustered out, in Texas, in the Spring of 1866. He intended to remain in the South, and engage in the pro duction of cotton, but, after living there a short time, he came home on a visit, where he met an old friend, who was engaged in the Wisconsin pineries. He visited that region, and finally moved to Stevens Point the same Spring. The following Fall he came to Wausau, where he en gaged in the lumber business, which he has followed since. He was married, in Wausau, Dec. 31, 1872, to Mary D. McCrossen. She was born in New Brunswick, at Linfield, April 18, 1849. MICHAEL LEMERE, saloon, Wausau, was born in Montreal, Can ada, Feb. 26, 1841. He settled on the Eau Claire River, three miles be low Wausau, in the Spring of 1858, and worked there six years in a saw mill. He came to Wausau, in October, 1864, and worked in the Mclndoe & Steward's mill, in the capacity of mill-man. In 1870, he worked for B. G. Plumer, in the same capacity, for two years, when he met with an accident, breaking one of his limbs. He then built his present place of business. He was married, April 19, 1863, to Caroline Zastrow, who was born, in Germany, in 1844. They have five children — Frank, Louis, Alice, Clara and Michael, Jr. HENRY J. LOHMAR, editor of the Wausau Wochenblalt, Wau sau, was born in Hallerbach, Prussia, March 5, 1853, and came to Sauk City, Sauk Co., Wis., in 1855. He learned the printer's trade there, and, in 1872, came to Wausau, and, since 1873, has been connected with the Wochenblatt. He was married, at Sauk City, June 5, 1876, to Louise Clos, a native of that place. They have two children living, Ida and Armin. Mr. Lohmar is a member of the I. O. O. F. WILLIAM H. McAULAY, contractor and builder, Wausau, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, June 15, 1843. He went to Stevens Point November, 1871, and lived there three years, following lumbering and building ; then he went on the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and followed his business there for one year. Then went to the Black H ills, D. T. In 1878 he returned to Stevens Point, when he engaged in his present occupation, and remained there two and a half years ; then came to Wausau in the Spring of 1881. He was married, in Grand Rapids, May 20, 1872, to Helen E. Bremmer, who was born in Champlain Co., N. Y., in 1846. Mr. McAulay enlisted in the regular army, at Ban gor, Me., in Co. A, which was on escort duty. JULIAN ADELBERT McCROSSEN, Wausau, was born at Rural, town of Dayton, Waupaca Co., Wis., May 21, 1854. He has been in mercantile business with his father ever since his youth, and has, for the last four years, been a member of the firm of James McCrossen & Co. He was married, Aug. 11, 1879, to Carrie G. Woodward, daughter of George Woodward, a resident of Greenville, Wis. They have one son, Jay W., born in Wausau, July 10, 1880. Mr. McCrossen is a mem ber of the I. O. O. F, JAMES McCROSSEN, merchant and lumberman, Wausau, was born in Carrolton, New Brunswick, Feb. 13, 1829; when he was four teen years old, he went to Calais, Me., and was there until he came to Wisconsin in 1850, living in Oshkosh until 1852, when he removed to Rural, in the town of Dayton, Waupaca Co., where he was engaged in mercantile and flouring mill business until 1870, when he moved to Wau sau, having commenced mercantile business here the previous year. He engaged in lumbering in 1877, and in the manufacture of lumber in 1 880, purchasing a three-eighths interest in the Wausau Lumber Company, and is now president of the company. Mr. McCrossen was married at Rural, Waupaca Co., Wis., July 4, 1854, to Cornelia A. Jones, who was born in the town of Sherman, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. They have six children living — Julian Adelbert, Ellen, James M., Lizzie A., Charles A., and Henry G. Their daughter Kittie died Jan. 2, 1881, aged two years, five days and eight days. J. M. McCROSSEN, Wausau, was born at Rural, town of Dayton, Waupaca Co,. Wis., Feb. 24, i860, and was engaged in clerking in his father's store until he entered the Northwestern Business College in 1878, graduating from that institute Feb. 1,1881. He became interested in the abstract business in the Fall of 1880, and when returned to Wausau, he engaged in the business in partnership with H. H. Grace, who had con ducted it while Mr. McCrossen was in Madison, after the purchase of the abstracts. They deal in real estate, enter homesteads, pay taxes for non-residents, etc. RANALD D. McDONALD, Wausau, was born in the Highlands of Scotland, Jan. 3, 1849, an£f came to America with his parents, Dun can and Mary McDonald, who settled near Cornwall, Province of Onta rio, when he was about five years old. Mr. McDonald lived in Canada until 1863, when he came to Wausau, Wis., and engaged in lumbering. He was pilot on the river, worked in the woods , lumbering for himself until 1876. In April, 1877, he went to the Pacific coast; after spending about six months there he returned to Wausau. March 10, 1879, he commenced the liquor business, and in 1880 resumed lumbering on his own account, and cuts about 1,700,000 feet of logs annually. FINLAY McDONALD, of the firm of McDonaldjBros., proprie tors of a saw-mill, Wausau, was born in Providence, Nova Scotia, April 14, 1846. He moved to Fond du Lac during the Winter of 1863, and at first worked at any thing he could find to do. In the Spring of 1867, himself and his brother Daniel began a jobbing business of. putting in logs, which they followed three years. Then they engaged in the sash 564 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and door business at Green Bay, which they continued until 1872. They then moved to Oshkosh and went into logging on the Wolf River, and followed it until 1875. In that Winter, he went with his brother and Mr. James Simple on the line of the W. C. R. R., and built a saw-mill at Medford, Taylor Co., where they remained seven months. They then sold their interest and came to Wausau. Their saw-mill was erected in the Spring and Summer of 1881. The capacity of their mill is 50,000 in eleven hours. They employ sixty men. DANIEL McDONALD, of the firm of McDonald Bros., owners of saw-mill, Wausau, was born in Nova Scotia, March 22, 1839, of Scottish parents. He located, with his brother, at Fond du Lac in 1863. He began working by the day in a shingle mill, owned by A. C. Merriman. He hired for $1 per day, but, on settling, his employer paid him $1.25 for his energy and attention to business. He was then given charge of a gang of men who were logging, and in the Spring took charge of the log drive. He then went into the shingle mill and worked for $50 per month and board, and remained during the Summer, and from there he went to the Bay Shore at Dykesville in the employ of Messrs. Spear & Hunter, and remained a short time, when their mill burned and he lost all he had previously earned. He then began logging in the Bay Settle ment at New Franklin, where he remained one year. Then he again went to logging for T. R, Willard of Green Bay, where he remained one season ; afterward, went into the same business for himself, living in that vicinity until 1868. In the meantime, his brother Finley engaged in the sash and door business, in which they were both interested. From there, he, with his brother, went to logging on the Wolf River and re mained until 1875. Then they went in company with Mr. J. Simple of Medford, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, where they erected a saw mill and began business; but they soon sold their interest to Mr. Simple. They then dealt in pine lands, in which they were very successful. Af terward, they engaged in logging on the Wisconsin River, during the Winter of 1878—79, and have followed it since during the logging sea sons. He was married, in Appleton, August, 1870, to Mary E. Whirry, who was born in Randolph in 1847. They have one daughter, Marian. Mrs. McDonald's mother was a sister of Hon. James Buchanan, former President of the United States. JOSEPH Mc. McEWAN, surveyor and land agent, Wausau, was born in Curlsville, Pa., April 27, 1833. He settled in Plattville, Grant Co., in 1851, for a short time, and in the Winter of 1852-3 was on Gov ernment Survey. He also followed the lumber business and remained there until the Fall of 1855, when he moved to Milwaukee, where he re mained until December, 1856, when he went to Chicago. In 1857, he went to Manitowoc and followed the lumber business until the Fall of 1861, at which time he enlisted in the 8th Wis. Battery and served until the Fall of 1865. He was mustered out in Milwaukee. He traveled in various portions of the South, and located at Napoleon, Ark., and en gaged there in the lumber business. He returned to the North and spent the Winter of 1866-7 in St. Cloud, Minn., and came to Wausau the following Spring. Was married in the Spring of 1869 to Helen M. Slos- son. They have three children — Georgia, Clay and Wade. GEORGE W. MAUSON, Wausau, son of Rufus P. and Catherine N. Mauson, was born in Wausau, Wis., Aug. 23, 1855, and has resided in that city ever since. He was employed in the bank of Silverthorn & Plumer, about one year, then in the store of Parchart & Mauson for two years, and since then has been with his father in the lumber business. He has been Under Sheriff since Jan. I, 1881. HON. LOUIS MARCHETTI, Wausau, was born in Vienna, Aus tria, Jan. 21, 1846, and came to America in the Spring of 1867, locating in Wausau, Wis., where he has since resided. He was engaged in lum bering until the Fall of 1869; then taught school until 1871 ; was book keeper and clerk in mercantile establishments until 1874, when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, being re-elected in 1876. In the Spring of 1878, he was elected Municipal Judge, and re-elected in 1880. He was elected County Judge in the Spring of 1881, having been admit ted to the Bar in the Spring of 1880. He was Alderman from 1877 to 1878. Mr. Marchetti was married in Wausau, July 7, 1872, to Emma Blisch, who was born in Austria. He is a member of the Catholic Church and of the I. O. O. F., having held various offices in the lodge. K. SELFRED MARKSTRUM, sign and carriage painter, Wausau, first settled in Oshkosh, September, 1847 ; remained there a short time, then went to Wausau and began his present business in December, 1874. He was appointed United States Internal Revenue Collector for the Sixth District of Wisconsin, Third Division, July I, 1881. He was born Feb. 18, 1854, in Stockholm, Sweden, and came to America, June 5, 1854. Mr. Markstrum is in company with his brother, G. H. Mark- strum, at Merrill, in the painting business. HENRY MARTINI, grocer, Wausau, was born, March 26, 1846, in Hundheim, Kreisbernkastel, Regirungsbezirk Trier, Prussia, and came to America in 1864. In the Spring of 1871, he removed to Wausau, where he was engaged clerking until 1876, when he went into business for him self. In 1879, he was engaged in the store of John Ringle, but this ar rangement terminated in June, 1881. He was married in Grand Rapids, June 19, 1870, to Barbara Paulus ; who was born in Rupprick, Kreis Saarbrucken, Regirungsbezirk Trier, Prussia, April 18, 1844. They have five children— Susanna Elizabeth, born June 30, 187 1 ; John B., born May 8, 1873 ; Albert H., born Oct. 30, 1875 ; Angela E., born Feb. 3, 1878 ; and Carrie L., born April 28, 1880. Mr. Martini is a member of the I. O. O. F., and Sons of Hermann. His parents, John and Susanna Winkel Martini, are both living at Grand Rapids (June 1881). JOHN MERCER, architect and builder, Wausau, was born at Mona Mills, Ontario, Canada, May 10, 1838. He settled in Waupaca, in the Spring of 1864 ; from there he went to Grand Rapids, where he built many buildings, both public and private, as well as nearly all of Port Edwards, about four miles below the latter place. He came to Wausau in August, 1872, and has been here since, having built some of the best buildings here. He was married in Canada, June 12, 1859, to Agnes Moore ; she was born in Lisbon Centre, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., March 2, 1839. They have three children — Alzina A., Nettie M.,and Tommie. JOHN MERKLEIN, Wausau. Came to America in June, 1852, and was in New York about a year, then in Chicago, thirteen years, engaged in the butcher business. In 1866, he came to Wausau, where he still con tinues to reside. Mr. Merklein was born in Germany, April n, 1829, and married in Chicago, October II, 1855, to Caroline Meyer; who is also a native of Germany. They have six children living — William, George, John, Charles, Carolina, and Henry, and have lost two daughters and one son. WILLIAM MERKLEIN, Wausau, was born in Chicago, July 14, 1856, and came to Wausau with his parents in 1866. He was engaged with his father in business, from his youth, until 1880, when he com menced for himself. He was married in Wausau, Nov. 14, 1878, to Louise Ringle ; who was born in Herman, Dodge Co , Wis., and is a daughter of the late Hon. Bartholemew Ringle. They have two children, Paul and Amelia. Mr. Merklein is a member of the I. O. 0. F., and of the Fire Company. JOHN W. MILLER, Wausau, was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Oct. 9, 1849, and came to America in 1865, locating at Milwaukee, Wis., in December of that year, a year later coming to Wausau, where he has been engaged in various kinds of work. He was in the insurance business five or six years, was Assessor one year, and is now holding the office of City Clerk, it being his fourth term. He was married in Wausau, in November, 1872, to Anna M. Lemcke; who was born in Prussia. They have five children — Martha E., Richard C, Laura C, Paul, and Lucy. Mr. Miller is a member of the I. O. O. F. and Sons of Hermann. HENRY MILLER, County Clerk, Wausau, was born in Hesse- Darmstadt, Feb. 19, 1849, and'came to America in June, 1868, locatingat Friendship, Allegany Co., N. Y., until September, 1872, when he came to Wisconsin. He was engaged in teaching school about three years. He was elected City Clerk in 1875 in 1876 and 1877, was also engaged in clerking, during that time. In the Fall of 1878, he was elected County Clerk and re-elected in 1880, without opposition, being the nominee of both parties. He was married at Friendship, N. Y., Aug. 31, 1872, to Helen A. Matthews, a native of that town. They have three children — Harry Lawrence, Leon Charles, and Nina Viola. Mr. Miller is a member of the A., F. & A. M., of the I. O. O. F., Sons of Hermann, and was vice- president of State Firemen's Association in 1879, and Foreman of the Fire Company from 1880 to 1881. HERMAN MILLER, lumber and real estate, Wausau. Came to Stevens Point, April, 1856, and removed to Wausau in November of the same year. He clerked in a store until 1864. He was elected Register of Deeds, in the Fall of that year, and re-elected in 1866 and 1868. He was Chairman Supervisor in 1878, and is a member of Supervisors at present. He is also Chairman, County Poor Committee, and a Member of School Board. He was born in Prussia, Germany, Nov. n, 1836. He was married, July 2, 1864, at Wausau, to Sarah J. Duffy; who was born in Constableville, Lewis Co., N. Y., in March, 1844. They have six children — William H., Mary, Herman O., Sarah, Nellie and Maud. D. W. C. MITCHELL, Wausau, was born in the town of Kings ton, Washington Co., R. I., Nov. 13, 1822, and moved to Clinton County, N. Y., with his parents, when he was six years of age, and lived there until he came to Wausau, Wis., in January, 1855. Heengaged in build ing and running saw mills until 1869, when he commenced bridge building, constructing dams, piers, booms, and mills to some extent. He has also been engaged in lumbering. Mr. Mitchell was married in Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., N. Y., Jan. I, 1845, to Martha Stanton, who was born in Plattsburgh, and died Jan. 20, 1868, leaving two children, Martha A. (now Mrs. Joseph McBride, of Manchester, Delaware Co., Iowa), was born July 11, 1847 ; DeWitt Clinton, born May 28, 1861, re sides in Wausau, and is in partnership with his father in business. FRED H. MORMAN, Wausau, was born in Hanover, now Prussia, Aug. 8, 1834, and came with his parents to Wisconsin when he was about twelve years old. He lived near Milwaukee about a year, and then lived in Cedarburg until he was twenty-one years of age, when he came to Wausau. He was employed in operating saw mills for five or six years ; then in teaming, stage driving and general work until 1861. He was then engaged in clerking about ten years, when he commenced the hardware business, having a partner for a year and a half. . Then HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 565 went into the drug business, two years later adding groceries to his stock. Mr. Morman was married in Mosinee, Wis., July 14, 1863, to Lucy P. Blair, who was born in Galena, Jo Daviess Co., 111., Dec. 21, 1844. They have five children living — Charles Blair, Florence Helen, Fred H., Mabel Cornelia, and Lucy Inez. They lost one son, Robert P., who died Jan. 5, 1881, aged about six months. CHARLES H. MOSHER, lumberman, Wausau, was born in Ithaca, N. Y., March 4, 1841. He settled at Wausau in April, 1862, and remained there thirteen years, engaged in the lumber business. Then he went to Lanesboro, Minn., and started a lumber yard, remaining two years, when he sold his interest and returned to Wausau. In connection with lumber, he engaged in the mercantile trade, but had the misfortune to be burned out. He still deals in lumber. He is also a partner with Mr. George F. Bellis, in the large hotel now being erected on Third street, opposite the Court-house square. He was married in Tamero, 111., Dec. 2, 1870, to Gertrude A, Halsey, who was born in New York, July 17, 1849. They have four children— William K., Isabelle, Charles H. and Gertrude. GUSTAVE MUELLER, of the firm of Mueller & Quandt, general merchandise, Wausau, first settled in Wausau Nov. 26, 1867, and was engaged in general work a short time. Then began clerking in a store, where he remained three years. Then entered upon his present busi ness. He was married in Wausau, April 7, 1872, to Elizabeth Ringle. They have five children — Louisa, Ida, Otto, Caroline and Emma. DONALD J. MURRAY, Wausau, was born near the city of Wick, Scotland, April 12, 1849, and came from Scotland to Wisconsin in 1867. He lived in Menominee, Mich., until 1874, when he came to Wausau, and became superintendent of the Wausau iron works, established in April, 1874. They manufacture all kinds of saw-mill machinery and builders' supplies, and employ about fifty men. For the last three years, Mr. Murray has conducted the business alone. They manufactured about $160,000 worth of goods in 1880, and ship theii goods largely to the South. Mr. Murray was married in Dundas, Minn., May 24, 1871, to Ellen R. Van Alstine, who was born in Lower Canada. They have three children — Nellie J., Gertrude I. and Mollie. FREDERICK NEU, furniture dealer, first came to Wisconsin in April, 1858, and worked in a saw-mill for a short time, then followed the carpenter trade for about eight years, and then began the furniture busi ness in company with Nathan Oer, and continued with him for two years, until August, 1873, when he assumed the entire management. He was City Alderman for three or four years ; also Assessor in 1870. He was born in Prussia, Germany, at Tiefenbach by Wetslau, near River Rhine, Jan. 18, 1827. He was married in St. Clair, Schuylkill Co., Pa., July 15, 1856, to Ann Reinhard, who was born in Geor, Hersochdam, Baden, Germany, Aug. 31, 1833. CHARLES W. NUTTER, civil engineer, Wausau, was born in Portsmouth, N. H., Sept. 4, J833. He settled in Wausau in the Fall of 1856, and has made civil engineering his principal business. He has occupied the position of County Surveyor for about ten years, and is at present City Engineer, which office he has held for the past four years, or since the first officer of that kind was elected. He was married in Wau sau, Sept. 22, 1867, to Helen M. Coulthurst, who was born at Pine River, Marathon Co., Nov. 4, 1849. Mrs. Nutter was the first white child born at Pine River. They have four boys — Charles A., George E., John L. and Willie H. JACOB PAFF, Wausau, was born in Prussia, Nov. 5, 1824, and came from Germany to Wisconsin, locating in Wausau, in the Fall of 1849. He was engaged in building houses and mills for seven years, and then dealt in general merchandise, on the corner where Deugel's store is now located. He owns the building where Mr. Deugel and Mr. Morman are, and is erecting a large double brick building, two stories in height, next to Morman's. Mr. Paff was in the mercantile business about six teen years, then engaged in insurance and lumbering. In 1879, ne dis continued insurance business, but is still interested in lumbering. He was County Treasurer for two years, County Clerk two years, has been Mayor of the city one term, and member of the County Board several times. Mr. Paff was married in Wausau, Jan. 20, 1856, to Sophie Louise Doell, who was born in Prussia. They have five children — Ma tilda, Charles, Jacob, Albert and Willie. They have lost three children — Libbie, Bertha and Sophie. ROBERT E. PARCHER, Wausau, came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1858, and lived in Plover until the next October, when he came to Wausau. He was employed as a clerk for Taylor & Ellis for one year and a half. Ellis retired about six months after Mr. Parcher entered the store. Mr. Parcher succeeded Thomas Taylor in the busi ness, and continued till August, 1880, being alone until 1875. In July, 1876, George E. Fernald became a partner. Mr. Parcher has been inter ested in lumbering ever since he came to Wausau ; he is now in the lumber and real estate business. For five years was president of the Boom Company. He was one of the founders of the Wausau Lumber Company; now engaged in shingle manufactory on Thorp River, ten miles above Wausau. The mill has a capacity of 50.000,000 shingles per year. The average number of men employed is eighteen. Mr. Parcher is one of the directors of the Timber Belt Railroad Company. He was born in Troy, Vt, Dec. 6, 1837, and reared in Morrisville, La moille Co., Vt., living in Stowe, Vt., about one year before coming to Wisconsin. He was one of the Village Board and City Assessor one year. He was married in Wausau, June 12, 1865, to Mary H. Single, who was born in Wisconsin. C. G. PASSALT, an enterprising restless river man, who has had a varied experience, who has run lumber, driven logs, broken almost un breakable jams, and been a useful citizen generally. Born in New York State, Oct. 29, 1836; came as far as Cleveland when young; then to Milwaukee, attending school at both places. When of age, began to branch out for himself on a farm, on the railroad, in a machine shop, run a stationary engine; went to rafting on the Wisconsin and on the Wolf Rivers. Enlisted in the army in 1861, with Captain Smith, after ward went into the sheep-raising business. These enterprises carried him to many points in the Northwest, finally coming to Wausau, where there is plenty of room for his versatile abilities. He was married in July, 1871, and has several children. JOHN PATZER, liquor merchant, Wausau. Came to Wausau, June 28, 1866, and engaged in teaching German about one year ; taught an English district school seven months, clerked in a general merchan dising store one year and a half, in a hardware store one year, and in the Spring of 1869, engaged in the liquor business. He was elected Register of Deeds in 1870; re-elected in 1872, 1874 and 1876. In No vember, 1876, he commenced the liquor business in present location. Mr. Patzer has been a member of the County Board for the last two years. He was the first City Clerk after the incorporation of the city, and served three successive terms, and was Alderman one year. He was born in Prussia, April 1, 1843. and came from there to Wisconsin. He was married in Neillsville, Wis., Oct. 2, 1873, to Anna Paulus, who was born in Germany. They have four children — Anna, Otto, John and Fred. Mr. Patzer is a member of the I. O. O. F , A. F. & A. M. and A. O. U. W. HUGO PETERS, Clerk of the Court, Wausau. Was born in Prussia, Dec. 17, 1847, and came to Wisconsin in November, 1863, living at Milwaukee six months, and since that time at Wausau. He was engaged in general work until 1876, when, having lost his left foot in a saw mill, he learned the photographer's art. In May, 1878, he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court ; was elected to that office in the Fall of 1878, and was re-elected in 1880. Mr. Peters was married in Wausau, September 21, 1868, to Antonia Schnieder, who was born in Prussia. They have six children — Augusta, Emma, Paul, Laura, Elizabeth and Clara. DANIEL L. PLUMER, banker. Came to Wausau in 1857; en gaged in lumbering and civil engineering, making land surveys, etc. In 1869, he made the first preliminary survey for the Wisconsin Central Railway from Unity to Bayfield, and was engaged to some extent in civil engineering up to 1876. He is now engaged in banking and lumbering with George and Willis C. Silverthorn, and is also one of the directors and is treasurer of the Wausau Lumber Co. The firm of Silverthorn & Plumer did a general real estate business from the time they opened their banking institution in 1 868, until 1880. Mr. Plumer was County-Surveyor for twelve years, member of Assembly in 1873, member of the County Board for several years, and Member of the Board cf Aldermen at the same time. He was City Surveyor several years, and in 1878, was Mayor. Mr. Plumer was born in Epping, Rockingham Co., N. H., July 3, 1837, and came from Epping to Wisconsin, in 1857. He was educated at Epping, Nottingham and the Academy at New London, N. H., and married at Schenevus, Otsego Co., N. Y., Sept. 13, 1869, to Mary Jane Draper. JUDSON A. PORTER, in company with his brother, J. F. Porter, in the tannery, at Wausau. Settled at Wausau, in November, i88o| and selected the site and began the erection of their tannery. He was born in Autioch, Monroe Co., Ohio, April 20, 1854. He went to Min nesota at the age of seventeen and engaged in the tannery business at St. Paul, with the firm of J. B. Tarbox & Co. From there he went to Red Wing, where he remained until he came to Wausau. He was mar ried in Red Wing, Sept. 12, 1876, to Emelia Richm, who was born in Traverse, Minn., May 21, 1858. They have one daughter, Bessie May, JOHN F. PORTER, of the firm of Porter Bros,, proprietors of tan nery, on the west side of the river, half a mile south of Wausau. Mr. J. F. Porter resides at Red Wing, Minn., where he also owns a large tannery, They erected their tannery and began business in Wausau in the Summer and Fall of 1881. The capacity is 22,000 sides per year. They employ fifty men during the year. They came to Wausau, Novem ber, 1880, and selected the site for their tannery. Mr. Porter lived in St. Paul six years before going to Red Wing, Minn. He has followed the tannery business since he came West. He was born in Antioch Monroe Co., Ohio, May 7, 1843. He was married in Winchester 111. March I, 1870, to Louise Machatanz, who was born in Germany, June 1847. They have four children — Bertha L., George F„ Edward H ' and Ina. S66 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN DAVID L. QUAW, Wausau, was born in West Almond, Allegany Co., N. Y., Dec. 13, 1836, and lived there until June I, 1856, when he came to Friendship, Adams Co., Wis., and, in partnership with Willard Burbank, built a grist mill. In 1859, he went to Mauston, Juneau Co., and read law, staying there until April 20, 1861, when, with Gen. J. A. Kellogg and Congressman Dawes, of Ohio, he raised Co. ,K, 6th Wis. V. I. At the organization of the company he was elected[second lieuten ant but relinquished the office to Mr. Holden, a drilled soldier, and took the place of first sergeant. A month later he was elected second lieutenant and soon after appointed first lieutenant, by brevet, of the Signal Service, Regular Army, but declined it, and two months after^organization he was appointed first lieutenant, and five months later he was detailed to build bridges for the Army of the Potomac. He was appointed captain in June, 1862, and served with the company in thirteen battles. At the battle of Bull Run, July 29, 1862, he was wounded in the left side by a shell explosion, and after examination by the surgeon general of the Army he was given indefinite leave of absence, and in October he resigned and was appoint ed in the recruiting service of Wisconsin as Deputy United States Mar shal, and continued in that service until the close of the war, with head quarters at La Crosse. From 1865 to 1867 he was in the western part of New York, settling business affairs. He then returned to Friendship, Adams Co., and was elected Sheriff of that county, serving two years, and took the census of Adams County, in 1870. In 1871, he was appointed United States Receiver of Public Moneys for the Wausau Land District, and served until March, 1880, having resigned the previous January. Since 1872, he has been engaged in lumber business. Mr. Quaw is a son of Henry and Jane (McGibeny) Quaw; his father died in 1864 and his mother resides in Wausau, in good health, at the advanced age of eighty- two years. Mr. Quaw was married in Friendship, Adams Co., Wis., in April, 1864, to Lydia E. Hendrick, who was born in Fulton, N. Y. They have three children — Clayton D., William and Dick. SAMUEL M. QUAW, lumberman, Wausau, was born in West Al mond, Allegany Co., N. Y., March 1, 1839. He employs about sixty men in the logging season, and ten men during the Summer. He settled in Friendship, Adams Co., in 1857, and lived there ten years. He en listed September, 1861, in Company H, nth Reg. Wis. V. I., and served three years and three months, and was mustered out at Madison, Jan. 9, 1865. He then returned to Friendship and began farming. In March, 1867, he moved to Strong's Prairie in same county, and built a grist mill in company with a Mr. Woock, where he remained two years. He then sold his interest and went to Sioux City, Iowa, and began farming and stock raising, which he continued until the Fall of 1872. After various other business ventures he came to Wausau. Was married October, 1874, at Wausau to Susie H. Mauson, who was born in Jackson, N. H., in June, 1846. GEORGE W. REAY, contractor and painter was born in Stafford shire, England, in city of Wasil, Dec. 8, 1836. He arrived in Baltimore, Md., May 16, 1844, and remained there until the Rebellion broke out, when he was obliged to leave on account of his Union sentiments. He walked fifty-eight miles through the Rebel country into our lines. In a short time he was commissioned by the Regular Army officers to raise volunteers. He enlisted in Co. G, 3rd Md. Vol. He acted as first lieu tenant two years and was discharged for physical disability. He recruit ed another company of home guards and was elected Captain and served sixty days. He was elected president of the Hancock Iron and Steel Co., in which capacity he remained a year. He came to Wausau in 1876. He has been married three times. REV. THEODORE J. RICHARD, priest, Wausau, was born in Arlesheim, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 185 1. He was educated in Einsiedln and University of Frieburg, Baden, and graduated from there in July, 187 1, from there he emigrated to Saint Francis, near Milwaukee, and studied in Saint Francis Seminary for Theologians; he remained there until July, 1872, and then attended the Seminary of Our Lady of An gels, at Suspension Bridge, N. Y., from that time until July, 1873. He was yet too young to be priest, he therefore went to Green Bay and re mained with the Right Rev. Bishop Melcher until his death, Dec. 20, of that year. He continued there until March 21, 1875. He was ordained priest in Chicago, Jan. 4, 1875, by Right Rev. Bishop Foley. Then he was sent to Wausau, and took charge of Saint Mary's Congregation there March 22. 1875. GEORGE RIBENACK, proprietor Lake Shore House, Wausau, came to Kilbourn in August, 1866, and located there. He kept the Tanner House, and was in business twelve years. Hespeculated, boughthopsand farmed for two years, and then went to Wausau, and began business in his present place. He was born in Germany, Sept. 12, 1834 ; he was married, Jan. 28, 1862, to Henrietta Lintner, who was born in Germany, Nov. 3, 1836. They have six children — George, Henry, Albert, Eddie, Bertha, and Willie. *HON. BARTHOLOMEW RINGLE, Wausau, was born in Ing- weiler, Land Comisariat Zweibrucken, Rhein Bairen, Germany, Oct 16, 1814, and received a common school education. He is, by profession, a lawyer. He emigrated to Germantown, Washington Co., Wis., in 1846, living there about two years ; he was then in Herman, Dodge Co. •As we go to press, notice Is sent us that Mr. Ringle died In Wausau, Oct. 27, 1881 . until the Spring of 1859, wnen he came to Wausau. He was Postmaster for six years, Town Cterk, Chairman of the Board and Justice of the Peace of the town of Herman. He has been County Judge for twenty years continuously. Was Clerk of the Board of Supervisors six years ¦ President of the Village ; Justice of the Peace, and Police Justice. He was a member of the Assembly in 1864, 1872, 1875, 1876, 1877, and since then his son, John Ringle, has been a member for three winters. Mr. Ringle is in the land agency business, deals in tax abstracts, tax paying, etc., and this year, for the first time, has dealt in lumber. He was married in Germany, in June, 1834, to Magdelena Pick ; she is a native of the same place as Mr. Ringle. They have eight children liv ing — Charles, Bartholomew L., Philip, Valentine, John, Elizabeth, Caroline and Louis, and have lost four children, two dying in infancy. JOHN RINGLE, merchant, Wausaw, was born in Herman, Dodge Co., Wis., Oct. 2, 1848, and lived there until May, 1859, when he came to Wausau. He clerked in the County Clerk's office several years, and in 1872, was elected Clerk, and re-elected in 1874 and 1876. Two years prior to entering upon his duties as County Clerk, he had engaged in ab stract and real estate business. He has been City Assessor, and in the Fall of 1878, he was elected Assemblyman, and was re-elected in 1879 and 1880. He has been Supervisor for the last two years, and is Chair man of the County Board at the present time. He has been engaged in lumbering for the last three years. Mr. Ringle was married in Wausau, September, 1872, to Augusta Engel, who was born in Germany. They have five children — Gustav Charles, Edward Bartholomew, Annie Louise, Oscar Louis, and Caroline Beatrice. Mr. Ringle is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and of the I. O. O. F. PHILIP RINGLE, Wausau, was born in Bavaria, July 3, 1843, and came to Wisconsin with his parents. He came to Wausau in 1859, and two years later returned to Herman, Dodge Co., Wis., living there four years; he then went to the town of Utica, Winona Co., Minn., and engaged in farming until the Fall of 1873, when he re turned to Wausau, and eugaged in lumbering for one year. He was Deputy County Clerk from 1874 to 1878 ; City Surveyor in 1876, and again elected in the Spring of 1881. Mr. Ringle was married in the town of Herman, Dodge Co., Wis., Jan. 12, 1865, to Elizabeth Neeb, who was born in Hesse-Darmstadt. They have six children living- Louis B., William, Charles, Emil, Otto, and an infant son, and have lost two daughters and one son. VALENTINE RINGLE, proprietor of the Wisconsin River J'ilot, Wausau, was born in Germantown, Wis., June 8, 1847, an(l engaged in teaching when he was seventeen years old. He taught two terms, and, in December, 1865, established the Wisconsin River Pilot, and has been proprietor of that paper ever since. He learned the printer's trade when he was twelve years of age. In January, 1870, he established the Wausau Wochenblatt. Mr. Ringle has been City Treasurer twice, and Alderman two terms. He was married in Wausau, Aug. 29, 1869, to Aurora E. Engel, who was born in Germany. They have five children — Aurora E., Clara L., Martha, Antoinette L., and an infant daughter. Mr. Ringle is a member of the A. O. U. W., and of the Wausau Cornet Band. GEORGE RUDER, brewer, Wausau, was born in Bavaria, Sept. 7, 1827, and came from Germany to Stevens Point, Wis., in 1854, living there until i860, when he came to Wausau, and engaged in the brewery business. He built his brewery in i860, began operating it in 1861, and has continued it ever since, with the exception of eight months' time spent in lumbering. He employs on an average five men in the brew ery, and manufactures about 3,000 barrels of beer a year. Mr. Ruder was married at Stevens Point, in April, 1857, to Louise Schmidt, who was born in Prussia. They have ten children — Louis, Emil, Hermann, Clara, Emma, Edward, Henry, William, Helen and Ella. Mr. Ruder is a member of the I. O. O. F.; he has been village President, and was Alderman four terms. LEWIS SCHLECHT, proprietor Adams House, Wausau, settled in Milwaukee, May 10, 1852 ; lived there eleven years, and enlisted in Co. D, 14th Regt, Wis. V. I., April 26, 1865 ; served ten months; was mustered out Dec. 22, 1865. Then he engaged as sailor, for two years, on the Goodrich Line ; then went to the Lake Superior mines, and worked six months ; then to Stevens Point, and ran the river, and fol lowed lumbering until 1870. He then located at Stevens Point, and started a boot and shoe shop. Followed that until 1881, then came to Wausau. He was born in Bavaria, April 19, 1847. He was married at Stevens Point, July 2, 1869, to Catherine Stenger, who was born in Germany, Dec. 12, 184s. She was reared in Callicoon, Sullivan Co., N. Y. They have four boys — Lewis, Frank, William and George. AUGUST W. SCHMIDT, was born in Prussia, Sept 15, 1830, and came to Wisconsin from Germany, arriving at the town of Berlin, Mar athon Co.. in September, 1856, living there until 1879. He was elected Register of Deeds in the Fall of 1878, and re-elected in 1880. He has has held various town offices ; was Town Clerk six years, County Com missioner five years, Chairman of the Town Board several years, and Justice of the Peace for a number of terms. He was married at the town of Berlin, in 1859, to Charlotte H. Neimann, who was born in HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 567 Prussia, They have four children — Louise M., Robert F., Albert H., William O. Mr. Schmidt is a member of the A. O. U. W. CHARLES SCHNEIDER, mason, contractorand builder, Wausau, was born in the province of Posen, in Germany, Feb. 21, 1851. .He came to the United States, in March, 1870, and visited various portions of our country, going from place to place for five or six years, finally settling in Oshkosh, in 1876, where he lived until 1880. He then moved to Wausau. OTTO SCHOCHOW, blacksmith, Wausau, was born in Pomern, Germany, Dec. 25, 1841. He came to America, in June, 1867, and settled in Wausau. He was married, in Wausau, January, 1869, to Au gusta Merquardt, who was born in his native place in Germany. They have six children — Bertha, Gustaf, Martha, Robert, Otto and Emma. WILLIAM SCHOLFIELD, deceased, first settled near Mineral Point, on coming to Wisconsin, about the year 1856. He bought a farm, and went to what is now Scholfield, to get lumber to to fence it, being in company with Captain Lumbard. Up on arriving at the last mentioned place, then a wilderness, he bought a saw-mill of a Mr. Martin, which he operated for some time, but after having rebuilt the mills, they were burned. Then he purchased the whole interest and rebuilt them alone. From that time until his death he followed the lumber business. Since his death the business has been conducted by Mrs. Scholfield and her brother, in the firm name of C. P. Haseltine & Co. Mr. Scholfield was born in Salem, Ohio, March 7, 1810. He was married, in Joliet, 111., Oct. 28, 1852, to Mary S. Hasel tine, who was born in Canaseraga, Allegany Co., N.Y., April 2, 1833. They had five children — Kate M., now married, Wm. B., deceased. Elizabeth R., Mary V., and Margaret A. Scholfield. WILLIAM B. SCHOLFIELD, book-keeper and general overseer of Scholfield's mill, Scholfield. The firm name is C. P. Haseltine & Co. Scholfield's mills were erected in 1855 and 1856. The capacity is 125,- 000 in twenty-four hours. They employ 125 men. Mr. William B. Scholfield was born in Stevens Point, Nov. 15, 1856, where his parents lived until he was eight years of age, when they moved to Scholfield, and remained about nine years. They then moved to Wausau, where he attended school for some time ; then he attended the school at Jefferson about five years. Since then he has made his home at Scholfield. He was married, in Wausau, September, 1880, to Zoa Mauson, who was born in Wausau, Sept. I, 1858. Mrs. Scholfield is a daughter of R. P. Mau son, of Wausau. ERNEST SCHULZE, saloon, Wausau, was born in Germany, April 16, 1836. He came to Wausau, July 22, 1862, and went into co-part nership with Jacob Gensmann, remaining with him two years, in the boot and shoe business. Then he worked alone, at same business, un til 1879, when he began in his present occupation. He was married, Dec. 26, 1872, at Wausau, to Augusta Luepky, who was born in Ger many, April 12, 1844. They have four children — Emma, Bertha, Ed ward and Henry. ALBERT SCHWANTES, blacksmith, Wausau, of the firm of Schwantes & Raddant, was born in Maysville, Dodge Co., March 19, 1855. He came to Wausau in 1872, but afterwards returned to Mayville and learned his trade, coming to Wausau again in 1877. He was mar ried at Wausau, April, 1877, to Caroline Reddant, who was born in Germany. They have two children, Lizzie and Ottelia. JOHN JOE SHERMAN. Mr. Sherman is one of the compara tively late comers in Wausau, but by his intelligence and accommodat ing spirit, coupled with energy and enterprise, he is winning a wide cir cle of friends. He was born in Addison, Washington Co., Wis., Aug. 28, 1535. From the public school he went to St. Gall's Academy, Milwaukee, and attended the Normal at Whitewater, teaching, mean time in all, ten terms in his native county, and two seasons in Milwaukee, at times, keeping an evening commercial school, afterward engaged in mercantile pursuits at Hartford and Schleisingerville. Married, Feb. 18, 1879, Mary E. Dengel. They had one son. Went into business with his wife's father, under the firm name of Dengle & Sherman. Another son of Mr. Dengel is now in the firm, which is A. Dengel & Co. They sell general merchandise, dry goods, crockery, and glassware, boots and shoes, farmer's produce, farming implements, etc. Mr. Sherman is one of the Trustees of the Catholic Church, and a rising young man. HON. WILLIS C. SILVERTHORN, lawyer and banker, Wausau, was born in Toronto, Canada, Aug. 30, 1838. His parents, George and Sarah (Austin) Silverthorn, came to Oakland, Jefferson Co., Wis., when he was three or four years of age, probably in 1842, and that was his home until he came to Wausau, in 1864. Commenced the practice of law here, having been admitted to the Bar in the Fall of 1863. He was educated at Albion Academy, in this State, and the Wisconsin Univer sity. In 1869 he also engaged in banking business with D. L. Plumer, and George Silverthorn, his broher. Mr. Silverthorn has been District Attorney, twice member of the Assembly — in 1868 and 1874 — and was State Senator in 1875 and 1876. He was first married in Madi son, April 20, 1865, to Maggie Virginia Myers, who was born in Bowl ing Green, Ky., and died Jan. 29, 1878, leaving three children — Willis V., Margaret G. and Nellie C. Mr. Silverthorn was married in Wau sau, June 20, 1879, to his present wife, Ida M. Single. They have one son, James C. GEORGE SILVERTHORN, Wausau, was born in Toronto Town ship, Canada, Feb. 13, 1832, and came to Wisconsin in October, 1843, living in Oakland, Jefferson Co., Wis., until the Spring of 1850, when he came to the Big Eau Claire, and was engaged in lumbering, except the time spent at school at Baraboo, and later at Lawrence University in the Winter of 1856 and 1857. In the Fall of 1858, he went to St. Louis and dealt In lumber for John Slothower, until the Spring of 1861, when he came to Wausau to remain permanently. He has been inter ested in the lumber business ever since he came here ; he has dealt in real estate, looking after his own interests principally. In 1852 or 1853, he helped put in the dam. Mr. Silverthorn was married in Summer- ville, Canada, Jan. 6, 1874, to Mary A. Alderson, a native of Summer- ville. They have one child, Caroline Sarah. BENJAMIN SINGLE, proprietor saw mills on the Little Rib River, four miles west of Wausau. The first mill was erected in 1844, it being run by water. In 1851 they abandoned that mill and built a steam saw mill near by, which they operated about twenty years, when it burned. Their present saw mill was erected in the Summer of 1873, the capacity of which is 40,000 in twelve hours. They employ thirtyl five men. Mr. Single settled in Milwaukee in June, 1836, and lived there and in that vicinity three years, and followed the carpenter and joiner trade, then he went to Grand Rapids, arriving in the Winter of 1839. There he engaged in lumbering, which he followed until the Summer of 1845, at which time he settled in his present location, except 1850 and 1851, when he resided in St. Louis, Mo. He was born in Bayford, Hertfordshire, England, Aug. 20, 1820. He was married in Wausau, Aug. 23, 1849, to Jane S. Boswell, who was born in London, England, May 28, IC27. They have one daughter, Rozetta W., now Mrs. Lyman W. Thayer. JACOB SLIMMER, dealer in gents' clothing, furnishing goods, boots and shoes, Wausau, located at Mineral Point, Wis., May 2. 1875 ; lived there one year and clerked in a store ; from there he went to Austin] Minn., where he remained four years ; then came to Wausau in April, 1880. He began business here May 10. He was born in Obersitzke, Germany, March 27, 1854. He was married at Austin, Minn., Jan. 6, 1877, to Lizzie A. Wagner, who was born in Springfield, Dane Co., Jan. 4, 1854. They have two children, Max D. and Felix R. JOHN SLOAN, proprietor Sloan House, Wausau, settled in Wau sau, April 22, 1864, and labored at various kinds of employment for ten years. He kept hotel, corner Jackson and Main streets, until February, 1881 ; then moved to his present locality. He was a member of City 568 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Council two years. He was born in St. Edward's, Canada, March 18, 1844. He was married in Portage County, July 29, 1873 ; his wife's maiden name was Lina Brossoit; she was born in Bohornway, Canada, June 29. 1843. They had two children, both of whom died. JUDSON M. SMITH, Wausau, came to Wausau in August, 1874, and engaged in the construction of the Wisconsin Valley Railway, build ing the road from Knowlton to Wausau in about sixty days. Mr. Smith was associated with William F. Thompson in the contract for building. The road was opened for business Nov. 9, 1874. Since January, 1S75, Mr. Smith has resided in Wausau, his family coming here to reside in February of that year. He deals extensively in lands of his own and those belonging to the railroad company. Mr. Smith was born in Braintree, Orange Co., Vt, Jan. 18, 1827, and lived in Roxbury and West Randolph, Vt. When the Vermont Central Railway was built, he engaged as foreman in its construction, probably in 1846; during the last half of that year until the Fall of 1847, when he came to New York State and engaged upon the Ogdensburg and Rouse's Point road (now a part of the Vermont Central); he was there, in different capacities, until 1852, when he be came interested in the construction of the Great Western Road, of C?n- ada. He was employed upon that for two years and a half; he was then engaged in building, as contractor, the extension from Stamford to Niagara Falls ; was with the Erie & Ontario Company one year. He then had a contract on the Sarnia branch of the Great Western, and built the Grand Trunk from Mt. Clemens to Detroit. In i860, he built railroad bridges in Tennessee. He was in the tannery business for six years in Canada, the only time he was out of the railroad business from 1846 until the Fall of 1874. He was connected with the Buffalo & Erie road, on the Chicago, Michigan & Lake Shore line, and in 1872 built the double track of the Michigan Central from Detroit to Chicago. He was then engaged on the Big Rapids branch of the Chicago, Michi gan & Lake Shore road. Then built the Wisconsin Valley, and several smaller roads, building over 200 miles through the woods in a little over two years. Mr. Smith was married, Sept. 15, 1858, to Thirza D. Booth, who was born in Brockville, Ontario. They have one child, Helen E. They are members of the Presbyterian church, and Mr. Smith is a mem ber of the A., F. & A. M. CHARLES STECKMEST, cigar manufacturer, Wausau, was born in Milwaukee, Oct. 27, 1856. He spent his school-days in that city, and in 1877, went to Chippewa Falls, where he lived three years and worked at the cigar trade. He then came to Wausau, and began business for himself. He was married, in June, 1881, to Ida Butter, who was born in Mayville, Do Ige Co. ALEXANDER STEWART, Wausau, was born in York Co., Prov ince of New Brunswick, Sept. 12, 1829, and came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating in Wausau in May of that year, and engaging in lumbering and logging. He commenced the manufacture of lumber in 1871. His mills had about the same capacity as his present mills, except the addition of a planing-mill, in 1874, and a shingle-mill, in 1875. The capacity of the mills is 70,000 feet in eleven hours. The amount cut in 1879 was 19,000.000; in 1880, 16,000,000; in 1881, it will be from 18,000,000 to 20,000,000. They employ from 140 to 150 men, in all departments, and manufacture from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 shingles. John Stewart, who is a partner in the business, was born in York Co., New Brunswick, Aug. 10, 1825, and came to Wausau in 1849, residing here until 1856, when he moved to the town of Campton, Kane Co., 111. Walter Alexander is a partner, who came to Wausau in 1856. Mr. Alexander Stewart was mar ried, in Chicago, to Margaret Gray, a native of York Co., N. B. They have three children, Margaret J., Mary E. and Helen G. ALONZO C. STEVENS, Wausau. Was born in Knoxville, Tioga Co., Pa., Feb. 24, 1841, and lived there .until 1863, when he came to Stevens Point, Wis., and engaged in mill business with Campbell & Mil lard, at Jordan. He came to Wausau in the Fall of 1865 or 1866, and was employed in mill work with George Alcott, four miles west of Wau sau, for two Winters. Since then, has been engaged in the Wausau Mills, and has been connected with the Wausau Lumber Company, and its pre decessors for four years. He is one of the stockholders and a director, also superintendent of the company. He has been engaged in milling busi ness since he was seventeen years old, and worked at it earlier in life. Mr. Stevens was married at Stevens Point, Aug. 19, 1869, to Mary Conley, who was born in Ireland. They have two children, Frances M. and Joel. FRED W. STROUD, of the firm of G. F. & F. W. Stroud, dealers in paints, oils, glass, etc., Wausau. Was born in Oshkosh, Aug. 4, 1857, and at a proper age, he attended the schools of that city, and lived there until March, 1881, when he went to Wausau with his brother, and began in their present business. He was in the employ of George F. Stroud, of Oshkosh, for the term of nine years, previous to coming to Wausau, and it was there he gained a knowledge of his present business. EUGENE B. THAYER, printer and proprietor of the Central Job Office, Wausau. Was born in Princeton, Green Lake Co., April 30, 1853. His parents settled in Green Lake County at an early day. From there they moved to Waupaca County, and lived some time, then they moved to Wausau in 1854. At a suitable age, Eugene B. attended the public schools at Wausau ; he also entered the printing office at the age of ten years, and began learning the trade, which he has since made his pro fession. He was married May 20, 1879, to Delia F. Gooding, who was born at Lockport, 111., Nov. 20, 1858. They have one boy, Robert G. LYMAN E. THAYER, Wausau. Was born in Battle Creek, Mich., June 23, 1849. He is a son of Napoleon B. Thayer, who came to Green Lake Co., Wis., when his son was about five years old. He is now a resident of Wausau, having located here in 1862. Mr. Lyman E.Thayer was engaged in milling with his father until 1876, and since then has been connected with the mercantile establishment of J. McCrossen & Co., as book-keeper. He was married in Wausau, in October, 1875, to Ellen I., daughter of James McCrossen ; she was born at Rural, in the town of Dayton, Waupaca Co., Wis. They have two children living, Mack, born Aug. 20, 1876, and Lyman E., born Aug. 18, 1880. Lost one son, Raymond, born March 18, 1878, and died March 8, 1879. JOHN TUTTLE, lumberman, Wausau. Was born in Warren Co., Penn., July 22, 1831. Came to Wausau in 1852, and was employed in a lumber mill ; has continued at Wausau, or near there, ever since, in the same business. He was married Jan. y, 1854, to Miss Mary S. Slosson, of Clinton Co., N. Y. They have five children — John F., William E., George W., Henry A. and Charles. JOB B. VAUGHAN, one of the Overseers of the Fire Department, Wausau. First settled in Waupaca in the Spring of 1865, and had charge of Walker's stage line, from Gill's Landing to Stevens Point He was in that capacity one year, then clerked in a store for about a year ; then he went to Helena City, M. T., and engaged in mining, where he remained one year ; then he went down the Missouri River, and to Min nesota, and worked for the Minnesota Stage Company for six years, going into many portions of the West while in their employ. He then went to Stevens Point and clerked in the Mansion House for one and one-half years ; from there he went to Plover, in the Empire House in the same capacity for a short time ; then to Negaunee, Mich., to clerk in a hotel, where he remained one year ; from there he went to Green Bay, and worked in the Fox River House, remaining but a short time ; then to Wausau, where he lived two years ; from there, again to Montana, where he remained two years, engaged in mining at Helena City, and in the Fall of 1879, he again returned to Wausau ; again he moved to Rock Falls, Lincoln Co., where he kept the hotel one year, then returned to Wausau, and worked in saw-mills until the Fall of 1880, at which time he engaged in his present capacity. He was born in Glens Falls, N. Y., April 9, 1845. He was married in Green Bay, September, 1873, to Mary Marbel, who was born in Jefferson, March, 1855. They have two chil dren, Nellie and Bently T- FRED. WARTMANN, Wausau, was born in Prussia, Oct. 9, 1836, and came to America in the Fall of 1855. He was in Cleveland, Ohio, about eight months ; in Illinois four months, and then came to Wausau and worked in saw and flouring mills for six or eight years ; he was then engaged in hauling freight from Wausau to Berlin and vicinity for eight years ; since 1872, has been in the butcher business. Mr. Wartmann was married in Wausau twenty-three years ago to Augusta Hartel, a native of Germany. They have eight children — Lizzie, Anna, Carl, Lena, Bertha, Augusta, Emma and Louis. GEORGE WERHEIM, proprietor of planing mill and sash, blind and door factory, Wausau, was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Jan. 6, 1834, and came to America in 1852, living in New York City about one year and a half; then in Chicago until 1856, when he came to Wisconsin and engaged in business as a carpenter and builder until 1872 ; when he built a planing mill with F. W. Kickbusch, continuing with him until the Fall of 1880. In the Spring of 1881, he built his present planing mill, em ploys about forty men and manufactures sash, doors, blinds and mold- dings. Mr. Werheim has been City Marshal, Under Sheriff, Alderman and Village Trustee. He is City Treasurer and has held that position for four terms. He was married in Chicago, in June, 1855, to Theresa Meyer, who died in August, 1877, leaving five children — Emma, Theresa, Philip, Mary and George. He was married in December, 1877, to his present wife, Elizabeth Paulus, who was born in Prussia. They have two children — Mallie and Louis. Mr. Werheim is a. member of the A. O. U. W., and Sons of Hermann. HENRY L. WHEELER, insurance agent, Wausau, was born in New York City, Oct. 7, 1835, and in 1851 went to California, remaining there about a year. He engaged in steamboating before coming to Wisconsin and was fiist officer of the steamship " United States," came to O'Plain, Kenosha Co., Wis., in October, 1855, and lived there until November, 1861, when he enlisted in the 8th Wis. Battery"; must ered out of service at Milwaukee in August, 1865. He was in all the battles of his battery, except the second battle of Cornith. In the Fall of 1865, he purchased a half interest in a flouring mill at Amherst, re maining there until 1867, when he went to Stevens Point, living there from Spring to Fall of that year, then coming to Wausau and manufac tured lumber in partnership with D. B. Wylie until January, 1868, when the mill was destroyed by an explosion. He then engaged in dealing in and running lumber to market until he began the insurance business, Mr. Wheeler was Lumber Inspector for this district from 1874 to the HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 5<59 Springof 1880, when he resigned; he was Under Sheriff in 1879 and City Assessor in 1874 and 1875 ; is secretary and treasurer of the Broom Company, and has been Alderman. He is engaged in general fire insurance. Mr. E. C. Zimmerman has been associated with him since the Spring of 1880. Mr. W., was married at O'Plain, Wis., June I, 1856, to Lida R. Wylie, who was born in Pennsylvania. They have three children living — Frank E., Lida E„ and a daughter unnamed. Lost two children, Fanny J., died at the age of fifteen years, and their son Henry L., died in infancy. Mr. Wheeler is prominently connected with the A., F. & A. M. and K. of .H CHARLES WINKLEY, proprietor Winkley House, Wausau. He settled in this place in the latter part of July, 1851. His first work was by the month, and he then went 10 making shingles and logging on a small scale, which business he followed, more or less, for fifteen years. Then he built a part of the Winkley House, lived there and kept hotel, and was in the lumber business until 1868. In that year he finished the hotel. He was born in Lincolnshire, England, Sept. 1, 1829. He was married, Dec. 30, 1850, in England, and emigrated to America, Jan. I, 1851. His wife's maiden name was Susanna R.Huckbody; she was born in Lincolnshire, England, June 24, 1830. They have had six chil- • dren — Letitia A., who was married to Mr. G. A. Higgins, in September, 1874, she is now living near Waverly, Bremer Co., Iowa ; John T. Wink ley, married in December, 1880, and living with his father in the hotel, where he was born ; four have died — Mary E., Charles J., Sarah A. and Charles Winkley, Jr. JOHN T. WINKLEY, livery and city bus line, Wausau, was born in Wausau, Oct. 2, 1858. When he arrived at a suitable age, he at tended the city schools for some time, and afterward attended school in St. Paul, Minn. He was married at Wausau, Nov. 24, 1880, to Clara L. Babcock, who was also born in Wausau, Aug. 12, i860. She is a daugh ter of James H. and Mary A. Babcock. CARL WCESSNER, general merchandise and tailor shop, Wausau, came to Cambria, Wis., in June, 1857. He remained there about three years, then went to Portage, and remained one yeaT ; then he went to Grand Rapids for a short time, and from there he came to Wausau. He busied himself at various kinds of labor, tailoring, etc., for two years, then built his store, and followed tailoring and dealing in furnishing goods. In 1881, he added a large stock of general merchandise. He was Alderman two years, and City Treasurer in 1877. He was born in Braunfels, Kris, Wetzlar, Rhine Province, Germany, May 31, 1833. He was married in Wausau, Dec. 26, i860, to Juliana Seymor, who was born in Villigen, Grossherzogthun, Hessen-Darmstadt, Germany, April 18, 1841. They have seven children— George, Maggie, Carl, Jr., Louis, Albert, Bertha and Julia. ELY WRIGHT, one of the proprietors of the P. G. Murray Iron Works, Wausau, was born in Athens, Bradford Co., Pa., Jan. 5, 1838. He came to Marinette in 1864, and remained there seven years, en gaged as superiniendent and cashier of the Menominee River Lumber Company, after the expiration of which time he embarked in the mer cantile business, which he followed five years. He then bought the Me nominee Iron Works, and run that in connection with a sash, door and blind factory ; he also kept a broker's office. In the Winter of 1876, he moved the iron works, and erected them at Wausau. He was married in Marinette, Nov. 23, 1865, to Ella L. Fairchild, who was born in Maysville, Va., May 24, 1840. They have six children — Nellie M„ Robert E., Fred, Ralph, Jessie F. and Leah. ERNEST C. ZIMMERMAN, insurance agent, Wausau, was born in Prussia, Aug. 31, 1857, and came to America in 1867 or 1868. He lived at Waterloo, Wis., about a year ; then at Eau Claire until September, 1878, when he came to Wausau. He has been a member of the present in surance firm of Wheeler & Zimmerman since March, 1880, having been in the insurance business since he was fourteen years old. Mr. Zimmer man is secretary of the I. O. O. F. Lodge. MARATHON CITY. Was originally settled by Germans in 1856-57. It is on the Big Rib River, west of Wausau ; has mills and village appurtenances. The Catholic Church was dedicated in October, 1877. It has 150 inhabitants. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EDWARD C. HERMAN, grist, Marathon City. Was born in Germany, Jan. 14, 1849. Came with his parents to Jefferson County in 1850, where he lived until he was fourteen years of age. He then went to learn the miller trade at Waterloo, where he remained four years. In 1868, he went to Watertown one Summer, working in a flouring mill. Then he went to St. Paul, and from there to Manchester, where he re mained but a short time. He lived in Wausau during the Winter of 1869, working in a shingle mill, and in the Spring of 1870, made a trip on the Wisconsin River. Then he worked at home two years, near Cambria, where his parents had removed ; from there he returned to Wausau, and worked in the mills again, and went down the river in the Spring of 1873. In the Fall, he came to Marathon City, and worked in his father-in-law's grist mill, where he has remained ever since. He bought the mill in June, 1879. He was married, June 25, 1878, at Marathon City, to Augusta B. Fricke, who was born at Two Rivers, April 20, 1858. They have had two children, Laura A. and Helen V., neither of whom are living. HENRY C. FRICKE, Marathon City. Was born in Germany, June 28, 1835. He settled at Two Rivers in 1861, and rented a grist mill, which he ran one year. Then he worked at Mishicot one year in a grist mill, but made his home at Two Rivers. He then moved to Kos suth Township, where he remained three years. Then lived at West Bend a short time, and moved to Nashota, where he rented the grist mill for three years. He moved to Marathon City in 1870, built a grist mill, and he has improved and added to it a saw-mill, finally selling both in 1879 to his son-in-law, Mr. E. C. Herman. He was married, March 20, 1862, in Manitowoc Township, to Veronika Simonis, who was born in Germany, Feb. 9, 1835. She came to America alone. They have three children — Augusta B., Nellie H. and Henry A. SEBASTIAN KERSTEIN, proprietor hotel, Marathon City. Was born in Germany, Oct. 2, 1837. He came to Marathon City in the Fall of 1856, where he lived a short time, and went to Wausau, and followed shoemaking until the war broke out. He then enlisted in Co. G, 1 2th Wis. V. I., Veterans. He served until the Fall of 1865, and was mus tered out at Louisville, Ky., at which time he returned to Wausau, and went in company with J. Gensman in the boot and shoe trade; they were in business about three years. Then he followed farming five years in Stetten Township, and then built his hotel in Marathon City, where he has since remained. He was married, Jan. I, 1866, to Mary T. Vogedes, who was born in Germany. They have four children — Mary, John, Joseph and Charles. JOHN P. LEHMAN, general merchandise and Postmaster, Mara thon City. Was born in Westphalia, Clinton Co., Mich., Jan. 23, 1852. First settled in Milwaukee, Wis., in the Fall of 1872, where he lived three and one-half years, and finished learning the tinner trade. He then went to Barton, Washington Co., and began the hardware and tinner business, where he remained until the Spring of 1878. Then he went to Marathon City, and embarked in general merchandise. He was married, in Fond du Lac, Oct. 21, 1875, to Maggie Serva- tius, who was born in Fond du Lac. They have three children — Minnie, Nora and Tille. FRANK NOLDEN, wagon-maker, Marathon City, was born in Prussia, on the River Rhine, April 22, 1830. He came to Marathon City in the Spring of 1868, and has a farm near the village. He has fol lowed wagon-making since, except two years, when he was drafted, July 10, 1863. He was placed in Co. B, 62d Regt. Pa. I. V.; he was trans ferred, after one year's service, into the 155th Pa. Zouaves. He served in the army two years and was mustered put at Harrisburg, Pa., July 3, 1865. He was married in Pittsburgh, Pa., August, 1861, to Mary E. Hahe, who was born in the Kingdom of Hanover, August, 1840. They have nine children — Barbe, Mary, William, Lizzie, Anna, Zezeleger, Charles, Rosa and Frank. FERDINAND QUADE, blacksmith, Marathon City, was born in Germany, Feb. 12, 1855. He first settled with his parents in Stetten Township, Marathon Co., in 1866. He lived at home until he was six teen years of age. Then he went to Oshkosh and learned his trade, re maining one year, and went to Wausau and worked for his brother in his shop at blacksmithing eight years, and from there he came to Marathon City and began his present business. He was married in Berlin Town ship, in 1877, to Albertina Achbrenar, who was born in Germany, May 19, 1855. They have two children, Laura A. and Matilda. REV. IGNATIUS REISSER, priest, Marathon City, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, Feb. 28, 1828. He was educated in the city of his birth, beginning at the age of fourteen years. He went from there to Munich and attended three years and graduated from the school there in 1856. He came to America and settled in Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 6, 1856, and took charge of St. Mary's Congregation in Allegheny, where he remained ten years. He then had charge of St. Mary's Church in Pine Creek, Pa., three and one-half years ; from there he went to East Liber ty, Pa., and took charge of St. Peter's Church, remaining three years. From there he went to Manchester, now Allegheny, and took charge of St. Mary's Church, until 1875, when he came to Marathon City and took charge of St. Mary's Congregation. Here he has since remained. He was ordained at Pittsburgh, Pa., Feb. 4, 1856, by the Right Rev. D. O'Conner, bishop. MOSINEE. This place, called Mozinee by the natives, is at the head of slack water, above Stevens Point, at what is called Lit tle Bull Falls. Cate & Dessert had a saw-mill here in its 570 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. early history. Blair, Walton & Phillips laid out the vil lage. Joseph Dessert's mill cuts 8,000,000 a year ; Lawrence & Peters, 4,000,000. It has 300 inhabitants. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GEORGE A. H. BACHMANN, of the firm of Paup & Bachmann. dealers in general merchandise, drugs and medicines, Mosinee, was born in Germany, in April, 1857; first came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1875 and settled at Mosinee, where he began work for Mr. J. Dessert and continued three years. He took a job of logging and making rail road ties during the Winter of 1878, and in the Spring went to Dakota, where he remained a short time, but returned to Mosinee. He then worked in the pineries, and in the Spring of 1880 he went into his pres ent business. CLITUS S. BLAIR, proprietor Fall City House, Mosinee. He was born in Mosinee, March 29, 1856. He attended the public schools at Mosinee, and afterward he entered the University at Appleton, where he remained a short time, and was obliged to discontinue his , contemplated course on account of ill health. He was married Sept. 18, 1878, to Ella M. Wilcox, who was born in Ohio, July 18, 1853. WILLIAM CUER, dealer in provisions, Mosinee, settled at Wau pun in 1847, where he lived about nine months. He came to Mosinee in January, 1848 where he worked at various things for about thiee years. Then he opened a saloon, but in 1862 went to teaming and logging. He was married July 4, 1869. He then began farming and his present business. He also followed piloting rafts on the Little Bull Falls, from 1851 to 1876 inclusive. These rapids are said to be the most difficult and dangerous on the Wisconsin River. FRANK L. DEMERS, dealer in general merchandise, drugs and groceries, boots and shoes, Mosinee, was born in LeCadie, Lower Canada, Dec. 25, 1842. He came to Jenny in the Fall of 1856, and spent the Winter logging, and in the Spring, went to Mosinee and worked in the saw mill of J. Dessert, where he remained until 1865. Then he rented a store, and began in the mercantile trade, following it one year. He then worked for Mr. Dessert again, and continued with him until 1871. He then built a large store building, and embarked in his present busi ness. He was married at Stockton, Portage Co., November, 1870, to Adelia Moyer, who was born in Rochester, N. Y., July 23, 1845. They have four children — Zelda G., Frank L., Jr., Clarence O. and Edward N. JOSEPH DESSERT, saw and planing mill, Mosinee, was born in Maskenonge, Lower Canada, Jan. 8, 1819. He first came to the Lake Superior country, in the employ of the American Fur Co., in 1840, where he remained until the Spring of 1844. He came to Mosinee in October, 1844, where he began working by the month and by the job in the lumber business until the Fall of 1849. He then rented a saw mill, in company with Henry Cate and James Etheridge, and operated it until 1852, at which time they bought the same and ran it until 1854, when they bought the interest of Mr. Ethridge, and in 1859, Mr. Dessert bought Mr. Cate's interest, and took full control, which mills he operated until 1880, when he took in Mr. Louis Dessert, a nephew of his. They are now doing a large business. Mr. Dessert was married in 1862, at Waukesha, to Mary S. Sanford, who was born in Oswego, N. Y., in 1837. They have had two children, Stella L. Dessert and an infant now de ceased. Mrs. Dessert died, July 1, 188 1, at her home in Mosinee. Mr. Dessert's saw mill was erected and in operation in 1874. The capacity is 85,000 per day. They manufacture 50,000 shingles, 15,000 laths and 8,000 pickets in eleven hours. The planing mill was erected in 1878, the capacity of which is : surfacing, 35,000 per day ; dressing, flooring or ship lap, 15,000. They employ 100 men, and have a home market for all of their lumber, etc. WILLIAM G. GRAVES, of the firm of Roberts & Graves, dry goods, groceries, hardware, etc., Mosinee, was born in Champlain, N. Y., July 15, 1856. He came to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1878, and settled in Mosinee, and first clerked for W. Rannels about two years. Messrs. Roberts & Graves bought the goods Jan. I, 1881. He was married in Canada, June 7, 1881, to Emma Edwards, who was born in Hemingford, Canada, Sept. 3, 1856. SEBASTIAN KRONENWETTER, proprietor of a saw-mill, one mile above Mosinee, on the Wisconsin River, was born in Germany, Jan. 20, 1833. His mill was built in 1863, the capacity of which is 18,000 a day. He came to Mosinee in 1857, and worked in the pineries for two years ; then kept hotel at Mosinee two years. Then he moved to Wau sau, where he kept hotel two years. His hotel burned and he lost all he had. He then returned to Mosinee, and after a year or two began log ging and lumbering on his own account. In 1870, he settled in his pres ent location, then a complete wilderness. He was married in St. Marys, Pa., Oct. 13, 1856, to Mary Biry. She was a native of Alsace, France, and born Dec. 24, 1836. They have seven children living — Helen O., Carl A., George S., Clara M., Henry M., Mary T. and Annie O. EDGAR E. LADU, saw-filer in Daniels& Hutchins' mill, Hutchinson, Marathon Co. He first settled in Mosinee in the Fall of 1866, being then engaged in the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He remained there two years, but his health failing, he was obliged to dis continue preaching. He was ordained at Beaver Dam, September, 1867, and the above was his first charge, and, a portion of the time of 1867 and 1868, he preached at Wausau, Jennie, Knowlton and Eau Pleine. He still resides in the township of Mosinee, and occasionally follows preaching. He was born in Verona, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1833. He was married in Richmond, Pa., 1852, to Sarah J. Ayres. She was born in Penn Yan, N.Y., May 1, 1834. They have five children — Willis F., William S., Miles E., Francenia and Charlie E. JAMES O. PAUP, of the firm of Paup & Bachman, merchants, Mosinee, was born in Washington Township, Clarion Co., Pa., Jan. 26, 1846. He lived there with his parents until 1871. He then went to Jackson Co., Minn., and remained two years, taking up a soldier's home stead, which he subsequently sold. He came to Mosinee and worked for Mr. Kronenwetter about two years. He then worked for Mr. J. Dessert on a farm, where he was engaged four years. Then he began in his pres ent business in June, 1880. He enlisted at Fryburg, Pa., July 25, 1862, in Co. G, 155th Regt. V. I., and served until the close of the war, and was mustered out at Braddock's Fields, near Pittsburgh, Pa., June, 1865. He was married, March 28, 1875, at Mosinee, to Mary E. Bean, who was born in Mosinee, June 2. 1861. They have two children, George E. and Homer W. DAVID ROBERTS, senior partner in the firm of Roberts & Graves, dealers in ready-made clothing, hats, caps, groceries, boots and shoes, Mosinee, was born in La Prairie, Canada, near Montreal, June 6, 1831. He came to Mosinee in 1850, and worked in the pineries and in the saw mills about four years. Then he engaged in the lumber business on his own account, which he followed ten years, after which he engaged in the tannery business four years, since which time he has followed farming and lumbering. He, in company with Mr. Graves, engaged in the mer cantile trade, Jan. I, 1881. He was married, May II, 1863, to Jennie Morrey, who was b >rn in Milwaukee, April 19, 1844. They have one daughter. Marion E., who was born Feb. 14, 1873. Mrs. Roberts died July 10, 1879. Mr. Roberts was again married, June 15, 1881, to Eliz abeth Lemmer, a native of La Porte, Ind., and born May 23, 1857. DELOS W. WORDEN, foreman in Mr. J. Dessert's saw-mill, Mosi nee, was born in Middlefield, Otsego Co., N.Y., Feb. 15, 1832; came to Oshkosh in 1856, where he worked for C. N. Payne & Co., seven years, in the capacity of foreman in their saw-mill. He then worked for D. L. Libby, in the same capacity, one year. From there, he went to Big Su amico ; engaged, as before, one year for M. E. Trumbull & Co. ; also one year for J. H. Weed & Co. He then returned to Oshkosh, and worked in the saw-mil!, for the first-named company, nine years, after which he came to Mosinee and engaged with Mr. J. Dessert. He was married in Tioga Village, Pa., Aug. 3, 1854, to Sarah J. Drake, who is a native of Steuben Co., N.Y., born 1834. They have five children — Na thaniel J., Margaret A., Oscar B., William H. and Nellie C. KNOWLTON. This is a stirring village on the Wisconsin River, eight een miles above Stevens Point. Including the mill hands there are 200 inhabitants. It is a mill village. The town is not yet all taken up to farming, but as the lumber is cut up, it will be promptly under cultivation. Stark Bros, have a saw mill near the village cutting 2,- 000,000 feet a year. Wallace & Redford's mill is two miles south, and cuts 6,000,000 feet a season. John Redfield's mill is three miles north, and cuts 3,- 000,000 feet a year. The village proper has fifteen dwellings, a hotel, store, and Catholic Church supplied from Wausau. Leonard Guenther settled here in 1848, when it was the center of a very valuable pine tract, some of the forties yielding 1,800,000 feet. Guenther Brothers, sons of the old gentleman, who died in 1876, keep the hotel, store and post-office. KNOWLTON STATION. is on the Wisconsin Valley road, one mile west of the vil lage. HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 57i C. E. & A. Guenther at this point are building a planing and a feed mill, all to be first-class in every respect, with ample steam power. A fine village must spring up here. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEONARD GUENTHER, the father of Charles E., Anton, Thomas, Mary and Leonard, Jr., was born in Baden, Germany, Nov. 30, 1828. He settled at Watertown, Wis., in 1844, when he followed the bakery business ; then he went to Beaver Dam and was engaged in the same business for some time; from there he went into the Wisconsin pine ries about four miles above Knowlton, at Drake's mills, and engaged as head sawyer, where he remained four years. He afterward went to Knowlton, made shingles and followed the lumber business, run ning the river, etc., for seven years. He was married in 1854 in Por tage Co., Wis. They moved in their present home, and kept hotel and began the mercantile business about 1874, which is continued by the family. Mr. Guenther was the founder of the Catholic Church in Knowlton, he was one of the pioneer settlers in the then wilderness, and did much to improve it. He was a member of the County Board several years. Mrs. Guenther's maiden name was Rosalia Stark. She was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, Feb. 20, 1828. The family consists of five children. The two oldest boys are married. Charles E. lives near the old homestead, and is at present engaged in the lumber busi ness. Anton, the next oldest, lives at home with the rest of the fam ily. Mr. Leonard Guenther, the father of the family, died some time ago. NEWTON W. HARVEY, millwright and foreman Wallace & Redford's saw-mill, Knowlton, was born in Tioga Co., Pa., Dec. 1, 1837. He came to Weyauwega, Oct. 4. 1855, and worked at the car penter trade for ten years. He then went as repairer in Weed & Gum- ear's saw-mill, where he remained one year, then he took charge of the mill and remained in that capacity eight years, after which he went to Stevens Point and vicinity, and was employed principally as foreman, up to the present writing. He was married in Waupaca County, Oct. 31, 1861, to Elizabeth A. Tibbits, who was born in Gardiner, Me., Feb. 13, 1840. They have three children — Jessie L., Charles E. and William N. ALOIS STARK, of the firm of Stark Bros., proprietors saw-mill, Knowlton, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, July 29, 1838. He came with his parents to Knowlton in 1853. They first began logging and the shingle business, which they followed until 1863 ; then they began the erection of a saw mill one mile below their present site, which mill burned in 1870. Mr. A. Stark was married at Knowlton, October, 1870, to Josephine Wetzel, who was born in his native village in Germany, November, 1850. They have three children — Thomas, Helen F. and Agatha F. The other brothers, Anthony Stark and Wendell Stark are both married, and have families living near their saw-mill. They erect ed this mill in the Summer of 1873. Its capacity is from 15,000 to 20,- 000 in one day, employing nine men. HENRY R. WEED, lumberman, Knowlton, was born in Illinois, May 5, 1848. He came with his parents and settled at Bean's Eddy, three miles north of Knowlton, on the Wisconsin River, in 1856. He began work on his own account at the age of eighteen years, working in a saw mill by the month, and running a mill by the thousand until 1869. Then he began his present vocation. He was married July, 1869, to Ricky Pickard, who was born in Germany. They have one daughter, Carrie L. SPRING BROOK AND EAU CLAIRE, virtually one place, was first settled by W. L. Ackley, in 1859, who began lumbering, but soon settled down to farm ing. Mr. Chancy Vaughn came in 1875, followed by Messrs. Moses Tinney, J. S. Nelson and O. J. Beardsley. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ERW1N A RED FORD, of the firm of Wallace & Redford, saw mill, Eau Claire River. Mr. R.'s father first went to Milwaukee, in 1833, and moved his family there in 1836. He kept a boarding house and boot and shoe shop for three years, then moved to Waukesha County, where his family were reared, they being the first family that moved in the country from Milwaukee, and raised the first crops of grain. They lived there until 1870, and followed farming and made themselves a good home. Mr. R., the father of Erwin A., was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., and died at the age of eighty at Monroe. Mr. E. A. Redford lived in Waukesha until 1850, then he went to the Wiscon sin pineries and worked two years. Then he went into the logging business on his own account, which he followed until 1861. Then he went into the milling business in the capacity of engineer, and followed it until 1869. Then he went in company with Mr. R. G. Wallace and bought a saw mill. He was born in Perrysburg, N. Y., June 5, 1831. He was married in Marathon County, October, 1856, to Lora Ed wards. She died June 2, 1869. They had two children, Anna J., de ceased ; and Nellie M., now Mrs. Chas. Guenther, of Knowlton. Mr. R. was married again, June 18, 1872, at Milwaukee, to Sophia A. Klein- stiber, born in Germany, May 10, 1842. They have two children, Anna J. and Erwin A., Tr. ROBERT G. WALLACE, of the firm of Wallace & (Redford, saw mill, was born in Belfast, Ireland, Oct. 24, 1839. His mill was erected in the Summer of 1871. The capacity is about 24,000 in one day, and after cutting lumber they manufacture usually about 40,000 shingles per day, employing about twenty-four men. He came to Stevens Point, April, 1862, and was there a short time, when he settled in his present place of business, thirteen and one-half miles north of Stevens Point, and three miles east of Hutchinson, township Eau Pleine. He has made lumbering his principal business since settling there. He was married at Stevens Point, April 22, 1871, to Ann E. Whitney, who was born in Miramichi, N. B., Sept. 19, 1846. They have five children— Sarah J., born March 13, 1873 ; Alexander Y., born Aug. 29, 1874 ; George W., born March 17, 1876 ; John H., born April 22, 1878 ; Ann G., born Dec. 17, 1879. Their first child, Robert G., was born Jan. 25, 1872, and died July 22, of the same year. EAU PLEINE. JOSEPH P. HANLEY, engineer in the Eau Pleine Saw Mill, Eau Pleine, was born in Newburg, Ohior March 8, 1834. He came to Green Bay in the Fall of 1875, and began running an en gine there, where he served a part of his apprenticeship. He lived there about two years, then went to Oshkosh on a steamboat plying on the Wolf River. He followed this during the proper seasons for two years, after which he went to Wausau, and engaged a short time as en gineer with the Wausau Lumber Company. He came to his present place of business in the Spring of 1880. THOMAS W. HILTON, fireman in the Eau Pleine Saw Mill, Eau Pleine, came to Sparta in 1872, and has followed the lumber busi ness since living in Wisconsin. He was born in Boothby, England, May 14, 1845. He came to America in 1866, and first settled in Nova Scotia, where he lived two years, occupied as a foreman on the railroad. Then he went to Canada West and followed lumbering principally until 1872, when he came to Sparta. During the time he lived in Canada he visited England and remained a short time. WILLIAM H. SKINNER, head sawyer in the Eau Pleine or Brick- ley saw-mill, Eau Pleine, was born in Big Flats, Steuben Co., N. Y., July 12, 1846. He came to Oshkosh in 1854, with his parents, and lived there twenty years. He began business for himself at the age of fifteen years, his first occupation being head sawyer. He went to Green Bay, and engaged in the same business, where he remained two years; then to Oconto, where he followed saw filing one year; from there he went to Shiocton, where he remained two years ; then to Stevens Point, also for two years ; from there he came to his present place of business in the Springof 1881. He was married at Neenah, March 29, 1870, to Emma A. Jones, who was born in Neenah, July 24, 1849. They have four chil dren — Eva M., Tina E., Carrie Z., and Grace M. HUTCHINSON is on the Wisconsin Valley Railroad, near south line of the county. It has two large lumber and shingle-mills, a planing-mill, a shingle and lumber yard, and a general store. It is strictly a lumber town. HENRY CALVERT, operator and agent Wisconsin Valley Rail road, Hutchinson. Mr. Calvert was born at Salesville, near Waukesha, Wis., Nov. 30, 1851, and lived there until he was twelve years of age, and from there he went with his parents to Durand, Wis., and where he worked on a farm for his father, Mr. Alfred Calvert, about four years. Then his father went into the mercantile business, and Henry Calvert clerked in the store six years; and from there he went to Tomah, and clerked for Kibby, Vincent & Co., about two years ; then he went to Me nomonee, Wis., and went to selling pumps and wind-mills, about a year after which, he went to Watertown, D. T., and took a homestead, but not liking that country, soon returned to Tomah, where he remained a a short time ; then went to Hutchinson, where he has since lived. He was married at Durand, Wis., in 1873 ; his wife's maiden name was Eliza Baker. They have two boys, named Eddie and Harry Hutchinson, and an infant daughter. JOSEPH T. DANIELS, one of the firm of Daniels & Hutchinson. Their saw-mill was erected about 1851, but has been re-built since. The capacity is 45,000 in eleven hours, and about 30,000 shingles. They manufacture about 6,000,000 annually, and employ twenty men. Mr. Daniels first located in Neenah, Wis., in Spring, 1868, and began the manufacture of shingles under the firm of Hungerford & Co., they having bought a mill there, which they operated five years ; then put in a rotary saw, at which time Mr. Daniels sold his interest. He still lives at Neenah, and after selling his mill he engaged in lumbering on the 572 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Wolf River three years, getting his logs manufactured at Oshkosh, after which he went to Hutchinson, Wis.,, and bought the saw-mill, June I, 1856, calculating to let his son, Frank Daniels, run it ; but after operat ing it until Nov. 19, 1877, his son died. Mr. j. T. Daniels was, there fore, obliged to take charge of the business. Mr. Daniels was born in Paris, Me., Aug. 16, 1816. He was married, 1850, same village; his wife's maiden name was Sarah J. Richards. She was bom in Oxford, Me., 1823. They had two children, named Frank W., now dead, and Alfred D.Daniels, M. D., now practicing medicine at Winneconne, Wis. SAMUEL M. HUTCHINSON, of the firm of Daniels & Hutch inson, proprietors saw-mill, three-quarters mile east of Hutchinson, a station on the Wisconsin Valley Railroad. He first settled in his present location with his brothers, Alpheus H. and Cyrus Hutchinson, in the Spring, 1870, where they bought the saw-mill and began operating the same. After a time, Mr. Daniels and son bought the interests of A. H. & C. Hutchinson, and Mr. S. M. Hutchinson has continued to operate the mill as mentioned above. He was born in Monterey, N. Y., June 17, 1842. He was married in Hutchinson, Dec. 18, 1877. His wife's maiden name was Azelia M. Bixby ; she was born in Norfolk, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1851. GEORGE T. POWELL, of the firm of Powell & Slothower, propri etors planing mill, Hutchinson, Wis. Their mill was erected in 1873; the capacity is 30,000 per day, in dressing all kinds of lumber ; they employ eight men. Mr. Powell first settled at Mill Creek, Wis., in 1847. He assisted to build the first wagon bridge across the Wisconsin River Dells, above Kilbourn City, in 1849. The whole country at that time was a complete wilderness, inhabited only by Indians and the wild ani mals of the forest. He began lumbering, running the river, etc., remain ing at Mill Creek two years. He has since spent his time in the lumber business, except five years, when he returned to England, July 18, 1851, and returning in Fall, 1856. He spent the following Winter at Stevens Point ; then he went into the vicinity of his present location, and remained there until the Spring of 1871, and visited England the second time ; remained a short time and returned to Wisconsin. Mr. Powell was born in England, July 18, 1830. He was married in England, Dec. 25, 1856. His wife's maiden name was Mary Brooks ; she was born in the same vicinity, Aug. 18, 1830. They have four children, whose names are — George J., Ermina J.. Roscoe R., and Frank J. Powell. SAMUEL WELLAND, dealer in dry goods and groceries also, Postmaster. He came with his parents from New York City and set tled in Knowlton, Wis., October, 1858. Mr. Samuel Welland was then fourteen years of age, and he remembers well the complete wilderness in which they had taken up their home. His father followed the business of bank note engraver, previous to going West. On his arrival he began the lumber business, building a saw-mill, and after his sons reached ma turity they took charge of the business. The father was born in Wood stock, England, in 1805. He died July 4, 1871. Mr. Samuel Welland was born in Bellville, N. J. He was married at Wausau, Wis., in 1871. His wife's maiden name was Eveline J. Humphrey ; she was born in Eldred, Pa., November, 1850. They have six children, whose names are — Thomas H., Maryette, Joseph, Margarette, Alicia, Coral Welland. TURFIELD LEMMA, saw filer in Curren Bros, saw-mill, Stevens Point. He first settled in Stevens Point in April, 1858, and has followed fil ing during the Summer. He moved to Eau Glaire River, and worked for C. Goodhue & Co., during the Winter of 7858 and 1859; then he went three miles above on the river and worked for M. Kelly the following Summer, then he went back to Scholfield's Mills and worked there, and for R. P. Mauson, of Wausau, about twelve years. Since that time, he has been engaged with different parties, at Wausau and vicinity, up to the present time, making filing his business. He resides at Scholfield and keeps a hotel, known as the Weston House. He was boln in Poultney, Vt, July 3, 1836. He was married at the village of his birth. His wife's maiden name was Elmyra Peabody ; she was born in Vermont. They have four children, named — Jennie, Eugene, Feely, and Hugh Lemma. JOHN T. CALLON, lumberman and proprietor saw-mill on the Trappe River, eight miles north of Wausau, was born in Ireland, Sept. 12, 1828. He first settled at Three Rivers, Mich., and was there a short time in the lumber business, in the Summer of 1850. He then went to Stevens Point in the same business, and remained until September, 1868, when he went to Wausau and remained there until the Fall of 1873, ex tensively engaged in lumber. From there he went to Trapp River, and bought a saw-mill. His mill was erected in the Fall of 1866, its capacity is 50,000 in twenty-four hours. He employs seventy-five men in the Winter and forty at other seasons of the year. He was married in Wausau, Oct, 7, 1866, to Martha A. Welland ; who was born in Bellville, N. J., Sept. n, 1845. They have two children, John T., Jr., born Aug. 8, 1867, and Nellie, born July 7, 1876. SPENCER. The settlement of this village dates from soon after the completion of the railroad to this point. In May, 1874, the erection of the Pioneer House was begun, and other build ings soon followed. Up to 1874, the town was a part of Hull. It was then set off as a part of Brighton, and in 1877, it became Spencer. April 2, of that year, the first town meeting was held at the house of M. Waters. It was voted to raise $600 for general town expenses, and a special sum of $1,000 as a road tax. The following officers were elected ; the Inspectors being J. W. Lowe, H. M. Bennett, with C. K. Richardson, Clerk: J. K. Hayward, Chairman ; Ch. McMiller, J. H. Mann, Supervisors; Frank Whipple, Town Clerk; John Dimond, Treasurer ; H. M. Bennett, W. S. Benedict, R. H. Wright, Justices of the Peace ; G. H. Reas, P. Crammer, Consta bles ; Ed. Heath, Assessor. Whole number of voters registered, 157. Town officers for 1878 : H. H. Chandler, Chairman ; John Gardiner, W. 0. Wade, Supervisors ; Frank Mann, C. K. Richardson, W. S. Benedict, Justices; J. W. Lowe, J. S. Sidmore, Constables; James Wright, Assessor. Registered voters, 193. Officers in 1879 : A. J. Brock, Chairman ; F. M. Thompson, D. W. Bodle, Supervisors ; Frank Whipple, Clerk ; John Dimond, Treas urer; A. J. Wood, F. H. Johnson, Justices; George Houer, P. Crammer, Constables ; James Vought, Assessor. Number of voters, 202. Officers, 1880: P. A. Thayer, Chairman; J. S. Damon and W. S. Benedict, Supervisors; C. K. Richardson, Clerk; J. Hanneywell, Treasurer; P. H. Coonon, W. S. Benedict, H. W. Raymond and C. H. Richardson, Justices ; George Hauer, P. Crammer and J. J. Campbell, Constables; F. F. Damon, Assessor. Number of votes, 228. Present officers, 1881 : M. C. Clark, Chairman; John Dimond and John Whiting, Supervisors ; T. S. Norton, Clerk ; Frank Whipple, Treasurer ; B. J. Dent, C. F. Pierce and T. S. Norton, Justices ; George Hauer and Patsey Brusnihan, Constables ; P. P. Furguson, Assessor. Num ber of votes, 352. Among the earliest comers were Oscar Lattin, T. S. Norton and J. K. Hayward, who lived down the road a short distance. In June, 1874, J. L. Robinson bought the eighty-acre tract where the village now is ; A. J. Brock started a hotel; W. S. Meach, a butcher shop. Mr. Robinson began the mill in June, 1874. About the 4th of July four blocks were laid out of the village site, and called Irene, but this name has gone into desuetude. Patridge, Truman & Co. came the same Fall, built a mill, ran it about one year, when it was burned. Blake, Wood & Co. soon rebuilt the mill, but it soon burned again. It was rebuilt by W. J. Clifford. This mill was again con sumed by fire on the 5th of July, 1880, and reconstructed in about sixty days. Frank Whipple came in the Fall of 1874. Soon after, John Gardiner, who went into general merchandising. In 1875, Kerr, Kelter & Co. built a shingle mill, which HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 573 afterward went into the hands of L. Richardson. W. J. Clifford now has the machinery. Hall & Co. have a hard wood saw-mill. P. A. Thayer has a lumber and shingle mill, built in the Spring of 1881. Josep'i Mayer, saw-mill east of the village, on the Little Eau Pleine, run by water-power. Blacksmith and Wagon Shops. — G. W. Wendall and Nel son Ziegebour. Shoe Shops. — Anton Schafer and William Hasfelbring. Jewelry, etc. — M. H. Du Cate. Meat Mirket. — Miller, Kissinger & Co. and John Eich- ert. Barber. — M. Langdon. Brewery. — Knethe & Walter. Hardware and Tin. — Neils Bros. General Merchandise. — J. Dimond, John Gardiner, A. Prentice & Ci., D. M. Hanson & Co., W. J. Clifford, W. J. Hallock & Co. Millinery. — Mrs. O. K. Richardson. Drugs and Medicines. — Frank Whipple and E. Heath. Physician and Surgeon. — J. M. Adams, M. D. Lawyer. — G. I. Follet. Real Estate and Collection Agency. — Th. S. Norton. Hotels. — Blackstone House. G. I. Follet. Pioneer House. Mrs. H. Pool ; P. J. Brusnehan, clerk. Railroad House. Anton Schafer. Spencer House, James Barber. Newspaper. — The Spencer Tribune, A. B. Barney, pro prietor. Started in the Fall of 1881. Churches. — There are three churches. This church was built in 1879, and has worshiping in the same temple the Free Will Baptist, with Rev. E. W. Stevens as pastor. The First Baptist Church was built in 1878. Rev. Mr. Sweet is the pastor. Spencer has good schools. In the Winter of 1881, the school-house was consumed by fire, but was at once rebuilt, improved and enlarged. It has two rooms, with two de partments and three teachers. Logging is a great business here, and among the suc cessful loggers may be mentioned J. J. Kennedy, Ferguson Bros., Damon & Son, A. J. Black, J. W. Lowe, T. H. March. The station agent is W. E. Young, with David Van Kecke, assistant. Spencer is on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, in the southwest corner town of Marathon County. It is a level spot, surrounded by heavy pine and hardwood timber, and must have, at this time, at least 1,000 inhabitants, and is growing rapidly. Mannville is in the town of Spencer. C. J. Kershaw & Co. have a saw and shingle mill. Buckstaff Bros, own a shingle mill. Tyson & Pierce have a planing mill. B. F. McMillan & Bro. have a mill on the Little Eau Pleine, and ship from Mannville. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J.M.ADAMS, physician and surgeon, Spencer, born in New York, June 12, 1865. The family moved to Wisconsin in the same year, first to Sheboygan Falls and then to Fond du Lac, where he remained and began studying medicine) under the medical firm of Wyatt & Gray. He went into practice in the Fall of 1877 ; then went to Medford, in Taylor County, where he remained during the Summer, spending the Winter in Phillips, Price County. He then went to Negaunee, Mich. and afterward attended Wooster Medical College, at Cleveland. Return ing, he practiced in Medford and Phillips again, and then went to Dakota. In 1879, came to Spencer, where he practiced till 1880, when he went to Keokuk, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons there. Returned to Spencer in 1881, and resumed his piactice. He has certificate for specialties on eye and ear, another on chemistry and an alysis of the urine, also on anatomy and practice. D. W. BODLE, 'boarding house, Spencer, born in Orange Co., N. Y., May 24, 1837, and was raised on alarm in Pennsylvania, where his parents had moved. He entered the mercantile business, first in Green Lake County and afterward tried hotel keeping, opening the Adams House, which he kept till coming to Spencer in 1876. He kept the Max well, Wood & Co.'s boarding house, then went into the Bodle House, and from that he built his present house on Main street. In 1867, he married Miss Anna Groff, of Green Lake County. They have two children, Jessie, three years old; and Harrie, eight. Mr. Bodle served as Supervisor in 1878, also in other town offices. C. L. CLARK, foreman with W. J. Clifford, Spencer, born in Orleans Co., Vt, June 7, 1838. Removed to Canada with his parents, where his fatiier ran a trausp irtatioa train from Montreal to Stanstead Plain and to Vermont. C. L. attended school in Canada, and upon coming to She boygan County, began farming. When twenty-one years of age he learned the millwright's trade, and went to work in Oshkosh. In 1861, he enlisted in the Wis. Ist I. V., Co. I ; was mustered out in ihe Fall of 1864. He then entered the quarter-master department, but later went to millwright ing and running mills He tried farming in Sheboygan County, in 1868, and clerked the next year in Green Bay. In the great fire that devastated the pineries in 1871, he lost everything, scarcely saving the lives of his family. Under the most distressing necessity, they plunged into the mill pond, throwing in the women and children, and there they were kept for ten or twelve hours, with heads submerged part of the time. The women never recovered the shock and at the end of the year, were all numbered with the dead. He then once more started in lite and with varied experi ence. At different times he worked at the mills along the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, from Chelsea down to^pencer.where he came in 1876, and built a mill for Blake, Wood & Co. Hejjought an interest which he soon sold, and went to Yellow River. In 1879, ne returned to Spencer and built a mill for Clifford and acted as foremen, in which po sition he is still. In 1866, married Miss Sarah Cady, of Omro ; who died in 1872, leaving three children — FredericC., Bertha, and Blanche. He married Miss Emily Wood, of Spencer, in 1877. They have a family of two, Elmer and Bell. Mr. ClarK belongs to the Temple of Honor. W. J. CLIFFORD, lumber, Spencer, born in Ireland, 1836. Came to America in 1851 and landed in Canada. Went first to Boston, Mass., then in 1863, to Stevens Point. In 1876, he opened business in Spencer, running a saw and shingle mill. This mill was burned, July, 1879, but was rebuilt and started again. It was burned again in May, 1881, but the new one finished in July, 1881. His store was burned also in 1879, but he resumed business at his present location. They carry a stock of $2,500, and do a business including lumber of $100,000 a year. He moved his family up to Spencer in 1880. In 1856, he married Miss Anna Nugent, of Ireland. They have six children — Maggie, John W., Ella, Mary, Alice, and Theresa ; all Catholics. L. CULVER, lumberman, Spencer, was born in Madison, March 29, i860. In 1874, he went to Bloomington Grove, where he stayed till 1876; was then engaged in lumbering till 1880, when he came to Spencer, and is now with T. H. March. His parents, Andrew Jackson Culver and Asena Bennett Culver, lived in Dane County on a farm. His mother married, after his father's death, Mr. Crippes ; they, with a sister and step-brother, make up the family now at the old place. J. S. DAMON, farmer and lumberer, Spencer, was born in town of Shallott, Washington Co., Me., April 21, 1827. He lived in the State till 1868, when he came to Adams County, bought a farm, and went to lumbering and farming. He began with $3, and came to Spencer, in 1874, with $1,400, with which he bought three village lots and a farm of forty acres. J. S. Damon & Sons are lumbering, having harvested in the Winter of 1880-1, 1,200,000 logs. He married the first time, in 1850. His wife died, leaving one child, Paulina S., now Mrs. McLoughlin. He married again, in 1853, Miss S. S. Clark, of Maine. They have five children — Fred F„ Gustus A., Florence A., Jabas P. and Maudie S. Mr. Damon has been Constable in Adams County. He enlisted in 1862 in 28th Me. Vols., Co. C ; mustered out in 1863. He is a Mason, a member of the Temple of Honor and the Free Will Baptist Church. 574 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. JOHN DIMOND, merchant, Spencer, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., July 2, 1843. He went to Iowa in 1868, and engaged in bridging for the Northern Iowa Railroad. In 1873, he began the man ufacture of mattresses and upholstering furniture in Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. He then went to Yankton, Dak., prospecting, but came back, and located in Spencer, in 1875. He established himself in busi ness at first wiih his brother, but after six months took full charge of the store. In 1875, he married Miss Jennie Murphy. They have two chil dren, Catherine, five years old, and Daniel J., three years old. Mr. Dimond has served as Town Treasurer and Supervisor. G. I. FOLLETT, lawyer, Spencer, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y. They moved to Upper Canada, where his father was engaged in the distillery business. He went to Seneca Falls, N. Y., in '60, but returned to Canada and stayed till '62. He then went to Illinois, and engaged in teaching. In '63 he clerked in a mill store in Kansas ; he then returned to Ohio, where he attended Mt. Union College. He enlisted in the Va. Vol. I., 3d Brig., 2d Corps. On being mustered out, went to New York, and studied tor the ministry in Ames University. He then taught school in Missouri, but, returning to the East, attended medical school in Cleveland. He afterward went to Wisconsin, and located at Neills ville, where he studied law and taught school, his wife teaching with him. He then came to Spencer and opened law office and Brighton Blackstone House, in 1878. In 1868, he married Miss Eliza Wilson, of Ohio. They have two children, Pearl and Allie ; have lost one, Forest. Mr. Follett has been Deputy Sheriff and Town Clerk. His wife is a Presbyterian. JOHN GARDINER, merchant, Spencer, was born in Canada, Dec. 29> '837. His early youth was passed at Turtle Creek, seven miles above Beloit, where his parents, in 1840, located on a farm. When four teen years of age, he went to Stevens Point, where he worked on the river and teamed till the time of his taking a trip to Colorado. When he re turned to the Point, he went to work in the woods; was freight agent and was City Marshal at one time. In 1874, he came to Spencer, going into the lumber and mercantile business, and now carries a stock ol $3,- 000 to $4,000, and does a business of $15,000 a year. In 1869, he mar ried Miss Jennie Swan, of Portage. They have four children — Oscar R., Elizabeth, Mira M. and John W. Mr. Gardiner has been Assessor, Supervisor, and belongs to the Masonic Lodge at Stevens Point. G. W. GREENMAN, lumberman, Spencer, born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Jan. 21,1828. In 185 1, the family moved to Manitowoc County, and set tled on a farm, where he remained till 1858. He then started for California, and arrived in Virginia City, when there were only twenty men there. He went on to California, from there to Virginia City again, and up to Oregon. He had about fifteen thousand dollars, which he lost in prospecting for more in Idaho ; he returned to California and farmed and lumbered ; at one time owned 320 acres in Vera Cruz Co., Cal. He finally returned to his native county ; he then logged on the Chippewa and Black rivers ; and came to Spencer in 1874. In 1870, he married Miss Sarah Brown, of Manitowoc County. They have two children, Maude L., and Archie C. HENRY HARDING, teamster and jobber, Spencer, born in Birm ingham, Staffordshire, England, July, 1851, came to America in 1867, landed in Quebec, where he remained until '71. He came to Stevens Point in 1871, and went to engineering, then to farming and teaming. He took up a homestead, but lost it, and went to logging. He now teams in Spencer, handling logs for Robinson's saw mill. In 1872 he married Miss Rosa Miles, of England. They have two children, Jane, fourteen years of age, and Annie, nine. Mr. Harding and family are members of the Baptist Church. S. H. HARVEY, lumberman, Spencer, born in East Montreal, Canada. His parents came to Crawford County, and located on a farm in 1855. In 1864, he traveled through the South, and since coming back he has, at various times, worked in Jackson, Clark, Wood and Marathon, the latter place being his present residence. He married Miss L. Wilcox in 1879. He belongs to the Temple of Honor. JOHN K. HAYWARD, farmer, Sec. 8., P. O. Spencer, born in Oswegatchie, N. Y., Oct. 29, 1834, came to Wisconsin in '49 ; stayed in Waupaca County until 1872, working at lumbering and carpenter trade. In 1862, he enlisted in the 21st Wis. V. I., Co. C ; discharged on 24th of January, 1865, having received wound in his foot during the charge at the battle of Resaca ; returned and worked at his trade then for Put nam & Roberts, contractors on the W. C. R. R. He then took up his present farm as a homestead, and has been engaged in its cultivation since. A Mr. Ring was the first settler in these parts, and Mr. Hay ward was next, and is now the oldest living settler in Spencer. He helped organize the town ; kept the station, and was Postmaster. In 1855, he married Miss Rachel Blazier, of Waupaca County. They have eleven children — Asenath, Etta, Algine, Meda, Hattie, Mary, Mara thon R., John F., George P., Thomas W., and a babe not named. Mr. Hayward has been Supervisor, and belongs to the Masonic Lodge, of New London. J. A. HONEYWELL, hardware, Spencer, born in Canada, March 18, 1848. His father, S. C. Honeywell, brought the family to Clarke County in 1852 on a farm Sec. 3 town of Eaton, on which is now part of the village of Greenwood. J. A. was brought up on the farm, and took a commercial course in the institution for that purpose, located in La Crosse, in '69 and '70. He then gave his attention to farming and lumbering till 1879. He came to Spencer in 1879, and established him self in business, and has now nearly completed a fine store building on Clark street. He does a business of about $15,000 a year. In 1873, he married, but lost his first wife, and in 1880, married Miss Mary J, Hodges, of Greenwood. He has three children — Minnie E., Atwell J. and Lottie. Mr. Honeywell was Town Treasurer in 1880, and is a mem ber of the I. O. O. F., and Temple of Honor. F. W. JOHNSTON, lumber, Spencer, born in Upper Canada, eight miles from Peterboro, Jan. 1, 1851. In 1857, went to Detroit, Mich., where he worked in the woods. He went to Oshkosh and worked for J. S. Ferson, and in 1855 to St. Croix, where he commenced jobbing for himself. He came to Marathon County in 1875, and went to teaming in Spencer; also working in the woods. In 1875, he mar ried Miss Edna Miller, of Fond du Lac. They have one child, Marshall Lilian. They belong to the M. E. Church. J. J. KENNEDY, lumberman, Spencer, commenced business in this place in 1877, and now represents as large lumbering interests as any individual in the place. He has been alone, with the exception of his brother, who was interested in one of his camps last Winter. He put in about eleven million logs last season — on the Oglemon, five million • on the south fork of the Yellow River, four ; and on the Eau Plaine, two million. He has Duncan McLennan managing his business for him. Mr. McLennan was born in Canada, Jan. 21, 1846. In 1868 he went to New York, where he gained his knowledge of business, while working for C. C. Petty, a contractor, and, in 1878, came to Spencer and entered the employ of Mr. Kennedy. He belongs to the Temple of Honor, and a member of the I. O. O. F. His mother is now living in Canada; his sister is the wife of his employer. KUETHE & WALTER, brewers, Spencer. Mr. Kuethe was born in Verstenstund Waldeck, Germany, Oct. 24, 1844. Came to Wis consin in 1868, first to Appleton, then to Menasha, making wagons and keeping saloon. He then came here and opened the brewery. In 1872 he married Miss Augusta Friska, of Germany. They have six children — Amelia, Bertha, Emma, Frederick, Matilda and Ameil. Mr. Kuethe belongs to the Lutheran Church, and was a member of the I. 0. 0. F., the Concordia, the Turners, and Schutzen. His partner, John Walter, is from Guttenburg, Germany. Born in 1853, Aug. 19. Came here from Milwaukee, where he was working in a brewery. In 1876, he mar ried Miss Lena Loelcher, of Wisconsin. He belongs to the Lutheran Church. The brewery was established by Kuethe, in 1879, and the firm organized in 1881. They manufacture about eight hundred barrels a year. H. A. McCLATCHIE, with A. Prentiss & Co., Spencer. Born in Walworth County, March 29, 1858. His parents moved to Grand Rap ids and opened an hotel, called the McClatchie House, while he was at tending to school, under Prof. Chittenden. He then went into the flour and feed business, but sold out to take charge of A. Prentiss & Co.'s business, in 1879. He has interested himself in logging, having put in about one million last Winter. He belongs to the Temple of Honor. T. H. MARCH, lumberman, Spencer. Born in the town of Albion, Oswego Co., N. Y., Aug. 2, 1839. Until leaving his native State, he was engaged in milling and lumbering. In 1869 he went to Southern Illinois, and began farming in connection with his mill. He came to Waupaca Co., Wis., and went into his old occupation, in Stevens Point, then went to Manville, and, in 1874, to Spencer, where he built and run J. L. Robinson's mill, In 1875 he built the hotel, calling it Spencer House ; then built Blake & Co.'s mill, and went to logging and farming. He owns 480 acres. In i860 he married Miss Almira Cole, of New York. They have five children — Flora, Nelson, Herbert, Carrie and Jennie. He lost his first wife, and married again, in 1877, to Miss Mil lie McGwinn, of Portage. They have a child named William Thomas. Mr. March was a soldier in the 110th N. Y. Vol., Co. K. His son, Nelson Henry, was born Dec. 6, 1862, in Oswego Co., N. Y.; is now at home, in Spencer. T. S. NORTON, Town Clerk and real estate agent, Spencer. Born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, Jan. 18, 1848. In the same year the family moved to a farm in Fond du Lac County, where he grew up, attending O. P. DeLand's commercial school. He afterward went back to the farm, and gave some time to the carpenter trade. He came to Spencer in 1874, and opened a butcher shop, bringing his family there in De cember, same year. He then opened his office, having been elected Justice in 1875, and Deputy Sheriff, under Phelps first, and then under Ghoca. Was elected Clerk, in 1881, of the town of Brighton. He has a farm of eighty acres, in Clark County. In 1871 he married Miss Emily A. Clark, of Fond du Lac County. They have two children, Jessie E. and Carrie E. Mr. Norton is an Odd Fellow and member of Masonic Lodge, in Oakville. Was on the Town Board in 1876, then the town of Hull. HISTORY OF MARATHON COUNTY. 575 C. K. RICHARDSON, lumber, Spencer. Born in Province of Quebec, Canada, February 18, 1832. He came into Sauk County, in 1850, and farmed, lumbered and taught school there. In 1861, enlisted in the 12th Wis. Vols., Co. E, but, his health failing, he was discharged in 1863. He returned to Sauk County, and gave his attention to farm ing and teaching, and then moved to Adams County, and followed the same livelihood. He went to Spencer, in 1875, to teach school ; moved his family up in 1877, his wife opening a millinery establishment, which she continues at the present time. He has lumbered some, and is now in Robinson's mill, when able to work, his health being still poor. In 1861, he married Miss Amanda M. Tyler, of Columbia County, who is the daughter of Rev. Amos Tyler, of Newport, same county. They have two children, D. Victor and Verna. One has died, Vinton. Mr. Rich ardson served as Town Clerk, in 1880, Justice of the Peace for three years, Chairman of the Board, while in Adams County, and himself and wife belong to the Free Will Baptist Church. J.L.ROBINSON, lumberman, Spencer. Born in Maine in 1824. Came to Fond du Lac in 1849. From there he went to Adams County, in 1852, where he engaged in logging on the Yellow River, and from there came to Spencer in 1874, where he built his saw-mill, which has a capacity of 30,000 of lumber and 40,000 of shingles per day. He mar ried Miss Irene Dawes, of Maine, May 21, 1850. They have six chil dren — William J., Etta, James A., Rena, Alvah and George H. Mr, Robinson's business is conducted by James, who took it in 1880. James A. was born in Adams County, Oct. II, 1859, and attended Curtiss' Busi ness College, in Minneapolis, in 1878. He is a member of the Temple of Honor, and belongs to the Spencer Cornet Band. S. C. SANFORD, lumberman, Spencer. Born in Oneida Cp., N.Y., Sept. 18, 1836. He learned the blacksmith trade before leaving home, and went to Portage City, in 1858. Enlisted, in 1861, in the 18th Wis. V. I., Co. E; was mustered out in March, 1865. On his return to Por tage, he tried hop farming. He then followed railroading until 1872. He went to Knowlton, and to Colby, and finally arrived in Spencer in 1875. Here he acted as foreman for Tom March, then for Robinson until 1878, and then for Ferguson Brothers until 1880, then for McCurdy & Loveland, for P. T. Stone, Chicago, and now for Sanford & Rowell, Freeport, 111. In i860, he married Miss McGwin, of Marquette County. They have two children, Ella and Carrie. ANTONE SCHAFER, hotel, Spencer. Born in Germany, March *4> 1855. Came with his parents to Hartford, Washington Co., where he stayed until he was thirteen years of age, when he learned his trade, that of shoe making. He then went to Calumet County, where he worked on a farm, and going to Sherwood, worked at his trade ; then to Marshfield, where he opened a shop with $35, to begin with, and when he sold out five years afterward, he had $1,750. He then came to Spen cer, and bought the Brock House. In 1878, he married Miss Carrie Schmitt, of Marshfield. They have one child, born Oct. 24, 1879. Mr. Schafer and wife belong to the Catholic Church. P. A. THAYER, merchant and lumberman, Spencer. Born in Jef ferson Co., N. Y., Dec. 10, 1835. Upon first coming to Wisconsin, he went to Green Lake County, and commenced business with E. J. Boyn ton. He afterw,ard came to Marathon County, where he opened a mer cantile store in 1877, and a mill in 1881. This mill has a capacity of 40,000 feet of lumber and 35,000 shingles. On the forty acres he owns in Marathon County, he has platted village lots, and called it Thayers. He was drafted into, the army during the late war, but was exempted. He married Miss Elizabeth Parker, of Jefferson Co., N. Y. They have two children, Mary and Sarah. Mr. Thayer was Supervisor of Spencer in 1880, and organized the Spencer Cornet Band in 1879. W. H. TILDEN, furniture, Spencer. Born in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, May 24, 1848. He came to Wisconsin in 1850, with his parents, and re mained on the farm until he was sixteen ; then went to work in the woods, and in 1866, enlisted in the regular army, 23d Reg., Co. K. He was afterward transferred to Co. C, and received his discharge in 1869. He came to Jefferson County and rested awhile, and then went to work on Black River for D. W. Spaulding ; returned to Jefferson County, and then went to Clark County. He worked in various ways and places until 1874, when he located in Spencer. In 1881, he opened his furniture store. In 1871, he married, but lost his wife; and in 1878, he married Miss Emma J. Leatherdale, of Clark County. They have had two children, but have lost both, Ida May and Ethil C. Mr. Tilden belongs to the Free Will Baptist Church, and is a member of the Tem ple of Honor. FRANK WHIPPLE, Postmaster, Spencer, was born in Winnebago County, Feb. 26, 1849. When he was thirteen years of age, the family moved to Portage County, where they located a farm, Frank attending Knox College and the Commercial School of Galesburg, 111. In 1871, returned to the farm, where he remained till October, 1874, when he came to Spencer and worked in Partridge & Freeman's saw-mill. In '75 and '76, for J. L. Robinson as a clerk in the store. Was Assistant Post master till 22d May, 1877, when he was appointed Postmaster, and has held the appointment since. He is also clerk for John Dimond, in whose building the office now is. In 1873, he married Miss Florence Hooker, of Waupaca County. They have one son, named Earl. Mr. Whipple has been Town Clerk for five years, and also holds the office of Town Treasurer. COLBY. [See history of Clark County.] A village on the dividing line between Marathon and Clark counties, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad. The population is about 500, mostly Americans. It has two saw-mills, one flouring mill and one planing- mill. There are sixteen stores, one Catholic and one Meth odist Church. With eleven schools, other manufacturing establishments will center here. There was considerable disappointment that the branch railroad to Chippewa Falls did not connect here instead of a few miles above. This village has an Odd Fellows Lodge, Colby Lodge, No. 234, instituted July 8, 1874. N. A. Barry, N. G.; J. C. Gotchy, V. G.; John Eggleston, R. S. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. H. J. BLANCHARD, saloon, Colby, born in Canada, Nov. 18, 1838. He began his travels in 1859, and went first to Pennsylvania, then to Minnesota, working as stone mason, and came to Wisconsin and worked in saw-mill at Stevens Point. In 1873, he came to Colby, lumbering and working in mill for Graves. In '74, opened saloon in George Ghoca's old store building. Was appointed Chairman of Board in '78, and elected again in 1879. He here secured * loan which completed the Wausau road to Colby. Then, in '79-80, he took the hotel of G. Ghoca, then bought his present building on Front street. He was in the 2d Pa. V., and is S. W. of,the I. O. O. F., a member of the Masonic Lodge, and was Justice for four years. J. E. BORDEN, merchant, Colby, born in Steuben Co., N. Y., Sept. I, 1828. Parents moved to Tioga Co.. Pa., in 1843, where he remained on the farm till he had reached his nineteenth year. At this period of his life, he visited the lead mines of Grant and Iowa counties, but re turned to his home in Pennsylvania. In 1856, he came to Plainfield, Waushara Co., working at the trade of joiner and carpenter. When the war broke out, he enlisted, and on the 5th of May, 1864, in the battle of the Wilderness, he lost an arm. He got his discharge at Baltimore, and visited New York, Michigan and Indiana on his way home. In 1872, he came to town of Hull, Marathon Co., and took a homestead, where he was busy till opening this general merchandise store in 1876. In 1875, he married Miss Sarah Jane Gilford, of Washington County. They have two children, Frank and Mary. Mr. Borden was the first Town Treas urer of the town of Hull, which office he held four years. A. H. BOOTH, with J. E. Borden, Colby, was born in Wayne Co., N. Y„ Nov. 3, 1840. His parents lived on a farm, and there he passed his early years, until 1853, when they moved to Fond du Lac County, where they again located on a farm. At the age of twenty, he learned the mason's trade, and with that and by work on the farm, maintained his parents for seven years. He lost his mother in 1880, but his father, a man eighty-seven years of age, is now one of his family. In 1869, he opened a store in Loyal, Clark Co., under the name of Graves & Booth • but, his health failing, he sold out and went to Minnesota. Getting better, he came to Loyal and went into business as Booth, Gwin & Co. In 1872, he came to Colby. In 1865, he married Miss L.'R. Graves, of Clark County. They have had five children — Andrew Duane, deceased ; Francis Ray, deceased ; Lulu R., Claudia C. and Deette. Mr. Booth belongs to the I. O. O. F. J. B. CARPENTER, farmer, Sec. 20, P.O. Colby, was born in Jef ferson Co., N. Y., Jan. 31, 1848. When sixteen years of age, he came to Fond du Lac County. He enlisted in 1865, in the 16th Wis. Vols., Co. B ; was mustered out in July of the same year, and returned to Fond du Lac County, where he farmed till 1867, when he went to Marquette Co., Mich., and clerked in a store. In 1878, he came to town of Hull, and purchased his present farm and home. In 1868, he married Miss Aurelia Couse, of Sheboygan County. They have two children, Freddie and Florence May. He has held office as Supervisor and Treasurer of town. Is now treasurer of Colby Public Library Association. D. J. ETSELL, hardware, Colby, was born in Province of Ontario, Canada, Feb. 2, 1850. His parents lived on a farm, and he engaged in that work until 1878, when he came to Colby, and located on the Mara thon side of the village. He opened his hardware store January, 1879, and the same year bought a farm of 160 acres. In 1877, he married Miss Rosa Sage, of Milwaukee, a niece of Peter Engleman, founder of the 576 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. English and German Academy of Milwaukee. Mr. Etsell is a member of the Good Templars. He does a business of $12,000 a year. ANDREW FLAIG, merchant, Colby, was born in Germany, Aug- 24, 1852. His parents, on coming to America, located in Wisconsin and went to farming in Sheboygan County, where he remained until 1879, when he came to Marathon County, and took possession of the store which his father had managed previous to his death, which occurred at this time. Besides this business, he is engaged in lumbering, dealing in tanning bark and general merchandise. In 1874, he married Miss Au gusta L. Fiebig, of Germany. They have two children, Minnie and August. Mr. Flaig belongs to the Lutheran Church. GEORGE W. GHOCA, proprietor and landlord of the Colby House, Marathon, was born in Lockport, Jefferson Co., N. Y., March 15, 1845. He came to Wisconsin in 1867, locating in Portage County, at Stevens Point, where he remained till 1873, when he came to Colby, putting up the first store building in the place. In 1874, he built the Colby House, and the same year he built another hotel in Spencer. He enlisted, in 1861, in the Ist N. Y. Light Art, Bat. C, and came home a sergeant. In 1875, he was appointed Chairman of the Town Board. In 1877, he was elected Chairman of the Board, and again in 1878. That Fall was elected Sheriff of Marathon County, and is now on the Board of 1881. He belongs to the Masons, being the first Master of the Colby Lodge, and belongs to the Chapter and Commandery at Stevens Point. In 1868, March 7, he married Miss Elizabeth A. Sterling. They had three chil dren. Mary N., Allen, " adopted " ; Edith, deceased, and Ora Merle. I. C. GHOCA, with G. W. Ghoca in the Colby House, Colby. Born in St. Clair Co., Mich., June 19, 1842. His parents moved lo Detroit, where his mother died in 1855. Leaving there he came to Fond du Lac in 1856, lumbered some and went to the Green Bay shore, then north to Portage on Lake Superior and worked in the mines ; returned to Fond du Lac and enlisted in the Ist Wis. Infantry, Vol. Co. K. and in 1864 re-enlisted in Tennessee, was transferred to Sherman's headquarters as special mail agent, where he was till 1865. He then went to La Crosse and up to Neillsville, went to work in the woods, working in A. W. Clark's saw mill till 1870. While there was Deputy Sheriff and Justice of the Peace for two years. ' He came to Colby in 1873, went into busi ness with G. W., then established a hardware store and acted Postmaster till 1876 ; sold out to G. J. Walbridge, and was elected Chairman of Town Board of Hull in 1875. He then bought a farm in the town of Loyal, but went west to Kansas, where he farmed till 1880, when he sold his claim and came back overland to Colby, and is now in the hotel with his cousin, Geo. W. Ghoca, as clerk. In I869 he married Miss C. S. Stowe of Loyal. They have two children, Laura and Albert. He is an I. O. O. F. and belongs to the encampment at Neillsville, also Masons at Colby. D. B. HULL, farmer, Sec. 20, P. O. Colby. Born, in New York, Feb. 25, 1832. When about 23 years of age he left his home, his father being a farmer and wheelwright. D. B. came to Wisconsin and located at Stevens Point, Portage Co., where he worked in the woods and farmed till 1872. In the meantime he had enlisted, 1862, in the 3d Wis. Cav. Co. H, and was mustered out in 1863, and returned lo Stevens Point. He moved to his present home on Sec. 20, Town of Hull, then called Wein. He helped organize the town of Hull and it was named after him ; he still farms his Homestead, and in 1858 married Miss Mary Christian of Clinton Co., N. Y. They have two children living, M. J., now Mrs. Parker, and Mary A. Five have died, Wm. H., and Freddie, and three not named. Mr. Hull has been Assessor and Supervisor, belongs to I. O. O. F., and Good Templars. N. P. PETERSON, blacksmith, born in Denmark, June 10, 1840. Came to America in 1867, and to Wisconsin and worked at blacksmith ing in the town of Fairweather, Fond du Lac Co. Went back to Den mark and then came to Waupun where he worked till 1869, then re moved to Waupaca. His health failing he was compelled to give up his trade and went on to a iarm. Here he lost his wife and sold his farm and went to Wausau, where he stayed until 1872, when he decided on coming to Colby, and while building shops here worked in Spaulding's mill at Unity. Opened business in Colby March 14, 1873. His first marriage was to Miss Christina Nelson, who died 1871, and in 1872 he married Miss Gunderson ; they have two boys living, twins, Ole and Nels, lost three, Sirina, Otto and Martin. Had five by first marriage — Emma, Christian, Mary, Martin and Hans. Mr. Peterson has held many Town offices and is Justice now. J. W. WICKER, farmer, Sec. 30. P. O. Unity. Born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., June 19, 1849. Father moved to Washington County and opened a store and hotel in the village of Barton. In 1863 the family moved to New York City ; he soon followed and was soon employed in a wholesale tea house, were he remained till 1864, when his brother and himself enlisted in the 78th N. Y. Vol., and was transferred to the Metropolitan Guards ; was mustered out and stayed in New York till 1866 then himself and sister came to Wisconsin locating at Barton on a farm- came to town of Hull in 1872, to Township 27, Range 2 east, where he pre-empted 160 acres letting his brother have eighly of it. He is farming and lumbering, having stocked LaMotte's saw mill for four years. In 1870, he married Mrs. A. Stevens of Washington County. They have three children — Oliver, Anna Bell, and Willie. He has been constable for two years and belongs to the I.O.O. F. WESTON. This place is on the Big Eau Claire. It is known as Schofield's Mills. The mill here is now under the general management of C. P. Haseltine. There are two rotaries two gang edgers, a shingle, lath and picket mill. Lumber each day, 75,000; shingles, 30,000 ; laths, 10,000. UNITY. [See history of Clark County.] Here is a town bisected by the line between Clark and Marathon counties. Its population is German and Ameri can, estimated at 800. In the two towns there are several schools. Two hotels entertain the stream of drummers and others who visit the twin village, and there are two saw mills and five stores, wilh room for more. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. S. G. ABBOTT, physician and surgeon, Unity. Born in Portage County, Sept, 2, 1856, he was reared on the farm, where he remained till 1869, when he changed to a neighboring farm, and commenced his career by studying dentistry, which branch he still operates as an auxiliary. In 1876, he started his study of medicine, at Fremont, Ind.; read with Dr. Lyman Abbott. He attended Ft. Wayne Medical College in 1877- 78, and, graduating in 1879, was admitted, to hospital practice in St. Josephs. He then went into regular practice in Fremont, but went to Strong's Prairie, in Adams County, and came to Unity in 1881. In 1879, he married Miss Minnie Fiegel, of Strong's Prairie. Dr. Abbott belongs to the I. O. O. F. J. H. COOK, druggist, Unity. Born in Toronto, Canada, Feb. 14, 1841, he grew to manhood on a farm, and at the age of fourteen years, came to Fond du Lac, and finally located in Calumet County, which place he considered his home till 1874. He enlisted in 1861, in the 5th Wis. Vol. Inf., Co. I, and served till 1864, having been promoted several times ; in June, 1861, to second sergeant ; then to first sergeant, January, 1862 ; to second lieutenant in March, and first in May, receiving his captain's commission in August, 1862. He was wounded at Cold Har bor, and on this account was mustered out, in 1863. He went to farm ing in Calumet, then in Rock County ; and having learned something of drugs in Canada, he opened a drug store in Spencer, in 1874. He was burned out, and moved to Unity, opening a drug store in 1875. He married Miss Anna E. Halsted. They have three children — Jennie, Adel, Harrie W. and Leslie. They have lost two, Anna E. and a babe named Ilia. Mr. Cook has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Brighton since the town was organized in 1874, president of the Unity Literary Society, captain of the Unity Guards, is a member of the I. 0. O. F., also of the Encampment ; belongs to the Masons, A. F. & A. M. and R. A. M. He once had a narrow escape from a watery grave, being one of the passengers saved from the wreck of the "Lady Elgin," in i860, where his mother and oldest sister were lost. His father died in 1868. S. A. COOK, merchant, Unity, was born in Canada, Jan. 28, 1849, and with the rest of the family moved to Wisconsin, on a farm in Calu met County. In 1864, he enlisted in the 2d Wis. Cav. ; was mustered out in 1865, and returned home. In 1866, he took a trip around the States, looking lor a homestead, but returned to Fond du Lac and opened a livery stable. Leaving this, he worked in the woods and in saw mills, and then, with a capital of $400, he opened a store in Unity in 1873. He now carries $8,000 stock, and does a business of $50,000 a year, having a branch store at Abbotsford Junction ; is also interested in lumbering. In 1876, he married Miss Jennie Christie, of Calumet County. They have two children, Maud and Harry. Mr. Cook has been Treasurer of the town, and Notary Public, and is one of the charter members of the I. O. O. F. here. Miss Maggie Christie is one of the family, and has a millinery store. E. CREED, farmer, Unity, born in Somersetshire, Eng., Feb. 3. 1833 ; came to America in '52 ; stopped in New York two years. He then came to Marathon County, locating on the line between it and Portage County, and went to making shingles, which he sold on the low er river. He carried on this business for a number of years and then bought stock at Stevens Point ; opened general merchandise store at Nelson's Mills. In 1871, he came to Unity, and put up the first house built here. He owns the eighty acres on which is part of the village, and laid out first lot in 1873. He also operates 120 acre farm and hay marsh. In 1867, he married Miss Amy Noies, of Plover. They have HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 577 three boys — Charles, Willie and Homer. He has been Assessor for five years, and held other offices, and is recording secretary of the I. O. O. F. F. H. DARLING, carpenter, Unity, born'in Chenango Co., N. Y„ June lo, 1833. His parents went to Cortland County when he was only four years old, where his father, who was a carpenter, worked at his trade. The son learned the same trade and worked with his father till 1855. He then went to Canada and from there came to Portage Coun ty. He enlisted in the 8th Wis. Battery; served till 1865 ; re-enlisted at Nashville, but returned to Waupaca County. In '68, went to Am herst, and in the Fall of '72 took up a homestead, and now the village occupies part of it. He now follows his trade and jobbing in the woods. In 1869, he married Miss Ellen Lee, of Portage County. They have five children — Francis E., Ellen M., Elsie G., Etta H. and Maggie M. He has been on the Board of Supervisors and is now Treasurer of Town of Brighton. Belongs to, I. O. O. F. and the Masons. G. H. HADDY, physician and surgeon, Unity, born in Springfield, 111., Aug. 15, 1858. At a very early age, he came to Dodge County, where his parents located on a farm, on which they, together with one of his brothers, died of the small pox. The subject of this sketch attended the high school of Cleveland, Ohio. Returning home, he went to Minnesota, where he commenced studying medicine under Dr. Wood ward, of Cannon Falls. He then attended Wooster Medical College in Cleveland and afterward took a course of lectures in Miami Medical College, finishing his course in the Louisville Medical College. He com menced his practice in Spencer, taking Dr. J. M. Adams's practice while doctor was absent, and in 188 1 he located at Unity. GUS. HOMSTED, proprietor of the Forrest House, Unity. Born in Maine July II, 1840. His parents came to Pennsylvania in 1852, and to Wausau in 1854. He went to Stevens Point, where he learned the druggist's business. In 1861, he enlisted in the Navy; went to Bos ton and was transferred to the 2d Me. Cav.; returned to Stevens Point in 1866 and soon after took a homestead in town of Holton. After clearing twelve acres and building, he went to Colby and run the Colby House; then came to Unity and on Aug. 3, 1880, took the Forrest House. In 1880, he married Miss Eva Ferguson, of Colby. He has been in most of town offices, and is now Town Clerk and Justice. He belongs to the A. F. & A. M., of Colby, and the R. A. M., of Stevens Point. MELVIN B. ORMES, settled in Unity, where he still resides. He was fireman and engineer for D. J. Spaulding & Co,, four years; then he came to Wausau in his present capacity. He was born in West 36 Chazy, Clinton Co., N. Y., March 2, 1832. He was married in New London, Ont, in 1859, to Jane Steward, who was born in Scotland. They have four children — Martha, May, Eugene and Melvin, Jr. JOSEPH RENSIMER, farmer and jobber, Unity. Born in Lehigh Co., Penn., February, 1830. He went to Ohio with his parents, and helped clear two farms. In 1852, went to Michigan, having learned the trade of hatter in Ohio, but on going to Michigan, he bought a farm ; and his health failing, he returned to Ohio, where he remained till 1861. He went to Christian Co., 111., and then to Columbia County ; from there he enlisted in Co. A, 37th Wis. V. I.; served until 1865. Came back to Wisconsin, and went into the wagon-making business. In 1870, he took up a homestead and remained on it until 1876, when he sold out and came to Unity, where he owns a farm of eighty acres just out of the village, besides his house and lot, and ten acres adjoining. In 185 1, he married Miss Barbara Ebinger, of Wooster, Wayne Co., Ohio. They have six children — Mary, now Mrs. Peterson, John E., Maggie C, Corwin, Florence E. and Carrie E. Mr. Rensimer has been a member of the Town Board, and held school offices ; belongs to the I. O. O. F., and treasurer of the Encampment, and is also sergeant of the Unity Guards. J. W. SALTER, principal Unity High School. Born in Washing ton County, Feb. 5, 1852. At the age of eighteen, he attended Lawrence University, and taught school the Winter following. He went to commer cial school in Fond du Lac, and in 1873, read law with Norman Gilson, of Fond du Lac. He then took the Saukville school, and taught till the time he attended the Port Washington High School. He afterward took a scientific course in the State University. He assumed charge of the Unity school in September, 1880, establishing the high school grade in the Fall of same year; and now, in 1881, it is entitled to State aid, the school having a graded course for four grades : primary, intermedi ate, grammar and high school. The attendance is 96. Mr. Salter is a member of the I. O. O. F. MANVILLE. This is rather a new place, mostly filled with Americans — about 200 in number. It has two schools, two or more stores, with boarding-houses, saw-mills, a shin gle mill and a planing mill. It is on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and has the elements of growth and prosperity. 578 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. MARINETTE COUNTY. INCLUDING A HISTORY OF MENOMINEE, MICH, GENERAL FEATURES. In March, 1879, Marinette County was set off from the eastern and southeastern portions of Oconto. It was divided into the towns of Marinette and Peshtigo, and the county seat located in the former. Preparations were at once made for the building of a court-house. The site, just north of the N. Ludington Company's store, was donated by Isaac Stephenson, who had much interested himself in the organization of the new county. The sightly two - story brick structure was substantially completed in the Spring of 1881, at a cost of $26,000. The present county officers are : Jerre O'Leary, Marinette, Sheriff; P. Doyle, Marinette, Under Sheriff; John Holgate, Clerk of the Court ; A. M. Fairchild, Marinette, Deputy Clerk ; H. O. Fairchild, Marinette, District Attorney ; F. J. Bartels, Peshtigo, County Judge ; J. A. Van Cleve, Marinette, Surveyor and County Clerk ; C. Ross Johnson, Marinette, County Treasurer ; J. K. Wright, Marinette, Register of Deeds ; L. W. Winslow, Peshtigo, Superintendent of Schools ; F. Armstrong, Coroner. That the new district was fairly entitled to a county organization is sustained by the figures returned in 1880 by the census enumerators and assessors. The population of Marinette Town was 5,412, including the following unincorporated villages : Commonwealth, 84; Florence, 267; Marinette, 2,750; Menekaune, 1,274. Peshtigo Village (unincorporated) was not returned separately. The town's population was 3,517. Total population of the county for the year 1880, 8,929. The combined population of Marinette and Menekaune, which are one village except in name, is now placed at 4,500, while the village of Peshtigo claims 1,200.- The assessed valuation of property in the two towns was, in 1880, $1,527,490.50. The county is divided into two school districts, Marinette, No. 1, and Peshtigo, No. 2. At the last re port of the Superintendent, the enrollment of scholars in No. 1 was 1,331, attendance 492; in No. 2, enroll ment 1,203, attendance 718. The estimated value of school-houses and sites in the town of Marinette was $15,500, and in the town of Peshtigo, $9,018. Agriculture in the county has not yet assumed im portance, although when improved, the land is good. The lumber business is far too productive, and gives employment to all who desire work, and any earnest tilling of the land is some years off; some place it at ten, some even at twenty. Marinette County is watered by the Peshtigo River, with its tributaries, and the streams flowing into the Menominee. Along these water courses are located some of the great tracts of pine land owned bjT the lumber companies of Marinette, Menominee and Pesh tigo. The transportation needs of Marinette County are met by the Goodrich line of steamers, and by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company, which was extended from Green Bay in 1871, and. the next year from Menominee to Escanaba, Mich., which there connects with the Peninsula Division, and thus with the Lake Superior region. Its facilities are to be fur ther increased by the construction of the Wisconsin & Michigan road, which is noticed in detail in the history of Brown County, wbich locality is the center of the enterprise in this State. This road is to pass through its western towns. EARLY HISTORY. An Indian trader, Louis Chappee, or Chappieu, came to Menominee in 1796, and as an agent of the Ameri can Fur Company established a post on the Wisconsin side of the river, near where Marinette's house now stands. He was a bold, energetic man, a soldier in spirit and' a trader by instinct. For many years he re tained the monopoly of the trade. When William Farnsworth, also an agent of the company, and Charles R. Brush, came in 1822, they saw the flourishing nature of the trade, and effecting the release from Fort How ard of two chiefs who had been imprisoned through Chappee's influence, so obtained the favor of the Chip pewas, that it was but a question of time and oppor tunity when they should obtain control. One day when Chappee was absent, Farnsworth and his fol lowers took forcible possession of the post, and when its proprietor returned, not feeling strong enough to resist the outrage, he loaded his goods into canoes, bore them to the foot of the rapids which bear his name, and established himself again. But his days as the only successful trader were numbered ; for when William Farnsworth came to Menominee, he brought with him a help-mate, the blooming and intelligent Marinette. She was esteemed one of the best Indian traders in the Northwest, and wonderful stories are told of her business genius. Marinette was a grand-daughter of Wabashish, a Men ominee chief, and Bartholomew Shevalier, a white man. Her birth place was Post Lake, a tributary of the Peshtigo River, and the year, 1793. She was first married to John B. Jacobs, a Canadian fur trader, at Mackinaw. They had several children, two of whom are now living — John B. Jacobs, of Green Bay, and Elizabeth, wife of Charles McLeod, of Menominee. She lived several years with William Farnsworth at Mackinaw, before removing to Marinette. To him she bore several children, one of whom, George P. Farns worth, of Green Bay, is still living. The young woman was brought up in the Catholic faith, was kind and helpful. Her life with Jacobs developed in her a busi ness talent seldom possessed by a woman. It is stated HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 579 that she would sometimes carry on the large business of the post for days at a time, during her husband's absence, and although unable to keep memoranda of the transactions, be able to render an account to the last penny. She was never caught in a blunder at figures, notwithstanding she sometimes would be deal ing — buying and selling — with forty or fifty at a time. No wonder that Farnsworth found, her of invaluable aid to him in his business ; but for some reason which has not been explained, he left her, as did Jacobs. Marinette died at Green Bay, June 3, 1865, while on a visit to Mr. Farnsworth, her son. At the time of her death, she was in her seventy-third year, and was uni versally respected by the Indians and old settlers for her good works and Christian spirit. William Farns worth, her second husband, was lost on the " Lady Elgin," he having settled in Sheboygan. Her little house, where she spent the latter years of her life in quiet and benevolent work, is still standing. THE FIRST MILL. Although their mode of deposing of Chappieu was not legitimate, Messrs. Farnsworth & Brush were more like the business men of to-day than the former, and the result itself was, therefore, advantageous. The scope of their aims was much broader than Chappieu's, and consequently, although there was no immediate market for lumber, they erected a saw-mill in 1832, the first on the Menominee River. It was situated on the wiDg dam, above the Dr. Hall place. John Last, an old resident of Green Bay, worked there in the Sum mer of 1833. After going through several changes in proprietorship, the dam, which was located near where the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad track crosses the river, broke away, and the mill was shut up. Charles McLeod built the second mill, at Twin Island, in 1841, but it was abandoned after running a few years, owing to the low price of lumber and the difficulty of getting the supply to market. Dr. J. C. Hall built a mill in 1844, on the Menominee side, higher up the rapids than the Farnsworth & Brush mill had been located. Of course, a dam was built. John G. Kittson, who came to permanently locate in this vicinity after Farnsworth and Brush, in 1826, and who for many years lived at Chappee Rapids, when he heard of it was very wroth. He was living then at Wausaukee Bend, where he operated a trading post and a farm, the latter being the first piece of ground worked in the county. Both he and Chappee had been in the habit of transporting their supplies of provisions and merchandise up the river, dragging their boats after them over the rapids. But this dam seemed to be too much for the patience of Kittson. He collected his post followers, and cut the obstruction away suffi ciently to admit a passage of his boats. Farnsworth, one of the principal owners of the mill property, attempted to get out a warrant for Kittson's arrest, at Green Bay, but in those days the purchase of the law was even more expensive than now, and nothing came of it. The owners of the mill, however, put in a lock and slide, which appeared to have satisfied the irate Kittson, as no further trouble occurred. After pass ing through a checkered financial existence, the mill was burned in 1856. Messrs. Hackbone & Boyden built a water-power mill at Cedarville, in 1854. A steam mill was erected by Messrs. Hamilton & Lynn about this time. They had come into possession of the former, and when their steam establishment started up the water-power mill fell into disuse. THE GREAT FIRE OF OCTOBER" 8, 1871. For months previous to that shocking human sacri fice of October 8, 1871, earth and air seemed to have entered into a conspiracy to lay the foundation of the altar broad and raise its structure high. The previous Winter had been scant of snow, the Spring had with held its cooling showers, and July, only, finally vouch safed a refreshing drought to the parched land, which quickly and greedily drank it. The atmosphere panted, and everything on the earth right in sight of Lake Michigan's grand old arm — Green Bay — was parched and cracked. The swamps of tamarack and the marshes of cedar which stretched along both of its shores were black, dry and cheerless. In September the clouds opened and sifted down a scanty shower, which served rather to tantalize than to satisfy. The panting of air and earth went on. One might almost imagine that some fiery atmosphere of judgment from above was yoking itself to the infernal breath of the pit and preparing to ride, flaming and rough-shod, over the villages and forests of the land. The swamps and marshes were peat, prepared for burning, the forests of pine were tinder, ready and anxious for a suicide by fire. All nature was so dry and so miserable that it cried out for death. The human victims for the com ing holocaust were not yet prepared for death, if they ever were. Little adder tongues of flame first shot in and out, darting down among the roots of trees, steal thily following their prey underground, then springing up to the air and licking a bush or a small tree. Soon a whole body came into sight, the spirit of destruction grew bolder, a forest pine was wrapped in its folds and came tumbling to earth, its enemy hissing and darting around it. Then, as if by magic, a whole forest of pines was surrounded and invaded, and eaten by a grand mass of fire, and all the world was in the flames. To be more historical, the local fires commenced to be really noticeable and create wide-spread alarm up both shores of Green Bay in the early part of September. A dark pall of smoke already hung over the pine for ests, or was wafted and wandered slowly over the country. Red and lurid flames were dancing among the tree-tops on both sides of the bay. People in the farming sections were commencing to look with alarm in each other's faces, and, with the enemy in the rear, to take their families and their household goods to the settlements, or the villages, where, they thought, a more effective stand could be maintained. The large settlements, such as those located in the "Upper, Mid dle and Lower Sugar Bushes," a few miles southwest of Peshtigo, breathed easily in comparison with isolated farmers scattered over a broad expanse of country. Especially was the feeling gloomy on the eastern shore of the bay, where the farming settlements were few and small. By the middle of the month the forest fires were raging up and down the shores of Green Bay, encompassing and apparently dooming to destruc tion Sturgeon Bay, Little Suamico, Pensaukee, Oconto, 58o HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the Sugar Bushes, Peshtigo, and all the settlements and villages where such crowds were fleeing for safety. The whole population of the bay counties turned out to fight the flames, and for the time they were driven back. With the exception of the thousands of acres of valuable timber destroyed, and the burning of rail road ties, bridges and camps belonging to the Chicago & Northwestern Company, whose line was then being built from Fort Howard to Menominee, Mich., up to the middle of September the loss of property was light and the loss of life nothing. After that date the fire drew closer and closer around the settlements. It had fed upon the forests, even eating the upper soil of the land, leaving in its place nothing but ashes. Like a hungry lion which, after he has cleared the forests of lower game, is driven by gnawing and fierce hunger to rush for his prey even into cities and the haunts of men, what were to be the great fires of October, 1871, raged around the villages of Northeastern Wisconsin, preparing in their famished state to sweep into them and bear away their victims. Twice did doomed Pesh tigo escape only by the brave resistance of its people. On the twenty-first, Little Suamico fought nobly. Oconto, Pensaukee, all the villages on the west shore were being glared at by hungry eyes. To add to the horror of the situation, by the latter part of Septem ber not only were earth and heaven in flames, but tele graph communication with Green Bay, and thus with the remainder of the State, was completely severed. Anyone who has observed the intimate association be tween these towns and settlements on the western shore, which were so sorely pressed, can realize to some extent the horror of uncertainty, in addition to the horror of reality, which was born of this fact. Green Bay and Fort Howard also were entered by the foe, and narrowly escaped being swallowed. While the cities and villages were trembling in doubtful fear, isolated saw-mills and farm-houses were being de stroyed throughout Oconto, Shawano, Marinette, Brown, Kewaunee and Door counties. A terrible bat tle had been waged and won, on the twenty-fourth, by the people of Peshtigo. The fire finally gave up the battle and swept around the town, burning large quan tities of hay in the marshes between it and Marinette. The latter village itself was threatened, and only saved by being soaked with water and covered with wet blankets. By the end of September there was no sleep for the people of five counties, who rested upon their arms and waited in dread the approach of a fear ful enemy, and one with whom they so seldom had to deal. Thus had the drought of six months, which made the earth tinder and the air gaseous and explosive va por; the destruction of all the unpopulated districts of the State around those which were thickly settled, and the exhaustive conflict with the insatiable flames which raged for weeks, led up to that fatal Sunday — that fatal union and onset of tornado and fire — which makes the 8th of October, 1871, a sadder day to the people of Northern Wisconsin than to the business men of Northern Illinois. How, in that immense ocean of fire which rolled over Chicago and bore away so much of its pride and wealth, so few souls were car ried, too, is the mystery. But the blank made on this earth by the loss of a thousand souls is not to be filled in a day. It is uncertain when or where the tornado first formed, which was to put the finish upon this already desolate region. It is uncertain whether one tornado formed near the lower waters of the bay and there split, one-half rushing up its eastern shore and the other along its western banks, or whether each was formed alone and pursued its own destructive course. But certain it is, that the whirlwinds drove the flames to gether into one mass on both the shores and then swept the newly formed body swiftly along. As it passed over the peaty swamps and marshes, gases were there generated which it rolled together and threw before it in great balls. These exploded and set fire to what ever material had escaped the local conflagrations, and so the phalanx moved on, pushed from behind by an irresistible tornado, and fed and sustained, and strength ened by its prey before. It lashed itself and roared, like a wild beast. Nothing in its way could withstand it. Oconto escaped its fury. Then it swept upon the settlements of the Sugar Bushes, and here the scene was sickening. The forward movement of the wind was not rapid, but its rotary motion was so fearful that great trees were uprooted and twisted like twigs. It tore up the earth ; it threw fire-balls in all directions; it hurled torrents of fire after flying families. Houses and barns were swept away like toys. Amid the war of the tempest and fire and the falling of trees, sounded agonizing shouts and screams for help. Some fell to the earth, and with their mouth upon its hot bosom, man aged to sustain the breath of life until the fury passed over them. Others fled to the highest points they could find and were swept away, not to be distinguished from charred limbs and trunks of trees.. Some who escaped fire were smothered by gases. Others were drowned in the streams to which they had fled, and lay there with the dead fish, who rose to the surface in thousands. Fathers became crazed, and taking their children in their arms ran wildly before the flames and were swallowed up. One father seeing that escape was hopeless, cut his own throat, and killed his three chil dren in the same way. Many suicides occurred in crouching moments of the horror which every one feels toward death by fire. Poor women, in that scene of confusion of death, gave birth to life. The fire passed over death and ruin, on to Peshtigo. In the three Sugar Bush settlements, consisting of three hundred families, but eight houses remained, those of A. Phil lips, A. Place, JShn Hutchins, and Jacob Empy, in the upper; Mr. Fetterly, in the lower; Daniel Sage and Joseph Vallier, in the middle, and Charles Schwartz, in the village. In the Lower Bush settlement but four persons escaped death, and they by setting down in a shallow pool of water. It is impossible to tell the ex act number of persons who perished in this region, but the number can not be less than three hundred. It was now about 9 o'clock on that Sunday night. As is usual with the atmosphere in advance of a tor nado, the air was oppressive and heavy around Pesh tigo. Fires in the woods had raged around for weeks, and this particular Sunday night was no exception. The smoke from burning and smoldering forests just HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 58i dimmed a faint illumination, which was beginning to spread up from the southwestern horizon. The churches were dismissed ; a breeze which had been briskly blow ing in the afternoon, had died away into a pretentious calm ; faint hearts beat fast, and strong ones were op pressed, and some restlessly walked the streets, to be taken, if need be, at their best. By 10 o'clock, many had " retired to rest ; " little they knew how long a one. There had come a great change. A hot wind was blowing strongly from the southwest, the whole sky in that direction was ablaze; a distant roar swept toward the village, the flames could now be plainly seen galloping and surging over the tree-tops, then the air was afire, and the earth and Peshtigo was doomed. Men, women, children, cattle, horses, every thing, every body, were borne along toward the river and plunged in. Crowds rushed for the bridge, but found it in flames. Many rushed upon it, notwithstanding, to escape the flames pursuing them, and when it fell, were drowned. Debris from the burning town was cast upon the mass of strugglers in the water, and some even who were not drowned or burned, were killed by shooting timber and bricks. Burning logs hissed as they floated flaming down the river. Roofs of buildings were lifted almost entire and cast along like sheets of paper. Some seventy persons, who con sidered themselves fortunate at the time, rushed for the Peshtigo Company's boarding-house, and there sheltered themselves from the fury of the fiery storm. In a few minutes the hurricane had reached them there, passed on and left their charred bodies there. In less than one hour Peshtigo and 800 people were annihilated. The only building which escaped in a measure was one unfinished dwelling house on the east side of the river. When Monday morning came, this stood alone, as -if in mockery, while the victims of the fire, and the ruins of the fire, were heaped together, oftentimes in inseparable confusion. It is unnecessary to picture the shriveled and blackened bodies of the dead, in detail, or draw the scenes of suffering in dis tinct lines. Every one is content to forget all this, and will be satisfied with obtaining a general view, which is much more difficult of successful and correct execu tion. In addition to the loss of 800 lives, the loss of property in the village was large. At the time of her calamity, Peshtigo contained a population of 1,500, and was one of the most brisk places for business on the bay. Among the principal losers were the Peshtigo Company, whose immense factory of wooden ware (the largest iii the United States), lumber mill, machine shop, sash, door and blind factory, grist mill, boarding house, and a large number of tenant houses, were de stroyed. Judge F. J. Bartels, Harter & Horvath, Charles Johnson, McDonald & Murray, P. J. Marshall, Williams Brothers, who mostly carried on general stores ; Nicholas Cavoit, a small saw-mill ; David Lis ter, foundry and machine shop ; Edward Kittner, wagon and blacksmith shop ; and the Congregational and Roman Catholic societies, which lost fine churches. It has been estimated that a quarter of a million of dol lars were lost in Peshtigo and vicinity, of which the Company suffered to the extent of one-half. Peshtigo, aud half her people, many of them strangers who had fled to her for protection, was as completely destroyed as if by an earthquake, and in taking a sad leave of her and following the path of the destroyer, it would be inexcusable not to pay tribute to the useless yet heroic endeavors of such men as William A. Ellis, general manager of the Peshtigo Company, and Judge F. J. Bartels, with many mill hands and private citi zens, less well known, and who afterward, when the worst had been accomplished, labored so earnestly in the noble work of relief. The fire, after leaving Peshtigo, swerved a little in its course to the eastward, and sweeping along toward Marinette and Menominee, half a dozen miles distant, was broken in its course by the " sand hills," mounds formed of that material which lie midway between the Peshtigo and Menominee rivers. This was all that saved Marinette. The main tornado of wind, fire, gas, sand, and burning debris, passed along to the west of the village, taking with it the planing mill of Messrs. Bagley & Curry, and saw-mill of McCartney & Co., and the Catholic church. The branch caused by the divide enveloped and destroyed the village of Mene kaune, and then made a grand leap of nearly a quarter of a mile at the business life of Menominee across the river. From the large saw-mill of Spalding, Houghtel- ing & Johnson, now the Menominee River Lumber Company, leaped the river and soon leveled to the ground the "Gilmore mill," owned by R. Stephenson & Co. The fire then swept out over Green Bay, but as the shipping there narrowly escaped, its destruction was checked at this point. The body of the divided fire, which scorched Marinette, passed on to the west of the village and following the Menominee River for fourteen miles, swept away thousands of acres of val uable timber, making a dreary and barren waste of the entire tract. The total loss in property which had been caused along the west shore of Green Bay by that fierce sweep of fire, of only a few hours duration, has been placed at $5,000,000. The heaviest loss at Menekau ne was sustained by Spalding, Houghteling & John son — $116,000. Besides their fine saw-mill, a large boarding-house and ten tenement houses were con sumed. Two saw-mills, thirty-five dwellings, three stores, one planing-mill, sash, door and blind factory, two hotels, a number of scows, nearly 1,000,000 feet of lumber, the bridge to Philbrook's Island, warehouse and dock at the steamboat landing, Philbrook's ship yard and shops and the Catholic church were de stroyed. So far as known, no lives were lost directly by the fire, though several deaths undoubtedly oc curred from fright and exhaustion. Had it not been, however, for the excellent management of some of the prominent citizens of Marinette, Menominee and Me nekaune, it is doubtful if either of the first two places could have escaped the fate of the latter. When Me- nekaunee was given up as lost, Messrs. Isaac Stephen son, A. C. Brown, A. C. Merryman, D. C. Prescott, Fred. Carney and other mill owners marshaled their men, put them to work hauling water, digging trenches, wetting down buildings and putting blankets upon them for protection from the falling cinders and flying debris, etc. They and their co-laborers did all that human strength could accomplish, and carried the day. Both Marinette and Menominee were saved. 582 HISTORY! OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The men worked with greater coolness and effect from the fact that they knew their wives and children were safe, as they had seen the dear ones on board the steamer " Union," and pass between the fires of Mene kaune and Menominee to a place of refuge below. What a contrast between the fates of Menekaune and Peshtigo ! But the flames were not yet satisfied. Birch Creek, to the northeast of Marinette, about a dozen of miles, received the visitation before midnight of that October. Sunday. It was a farming settlement, of 100 people. Its property was swept away, and nineteen persons perished. Here the tornado seems to have exhausted itself and rested, after thus desecrating the Sabbath with its wicked work. In four hours, the fire had cut a path forty miles in length by ten in width, destroy ing millions of dollars worth of property, and twelve hundred human lives. Having followed the course of the fire up the west ern shore of Green Bay, its track and destruction should be traced along its eastern shore. The settle ments here were fewer and less populous, and for that very reason, those whose property was destroyed, and who escaped only with their lives, suffered more than those who were burned out in the western counties. Relief was longer in coming to them. The destruction at New Franken and Robinsonville, in Brown County, northeast of Green Bay, have been described in the history of that county, with the progress of the flames through that region. The fire continued, with about the same rapidity, up the eastern shore as it did along the western shore, the tornado moving it northeast. Passing out of Brown County, it swept over fully half of Kewaunee County, the loss being particularly heavy in the towns of Casco, Red River, Lincoln and Ahnapee. The villages escaped. One hundred houses were burned, the loss to property being estimated at $250,000. School-houses were burned — everything perishable in the path of the tempestuous fire disap peared. Hundreds of families were made homeless, and many deaths occurred through fright, as well as by actual burning. The fire sped up the peninsula into Door County, and clearing the timbered land and scattering houses and barns, and human and brute be ings, before it, approached Williamsonville. This was a small settlement of about eighty persons, six miles south of Little Sturgeon, which had been built up by the Williamsons, father and sons, who were operating a flourishing shingle mill. Connected with it was a store, boarding-house and a number of dwelling houses. The other buildings were such as would go to make up a growing and hopeful little village. The family of eleven, and the mill hands, had, for two weeks previous to the great fire, been fighting the flames in the woods, all around the settlement, and had appar ently subdued them. A clearing of ten acres had been made, and around this the fire continued to burn in spots, but with no appearance of concerted action. On Sunday afternoon, it entered what was called the potato-patch, but was extinguished without trouble. Water was hauled to the mill, as a measure of precau tion, but the general opinion was that the worst of the danger had been met. Late at night, after the same hush which preceded the death-blow at Peshtigo, heavy puffs of wind commenced to surge up from the southwest. Next the fire balls appeared in advance of the tornado — and to this phenomena nearly every sur vivor bears witness ; then the rumbling and the roar was heard, and the huge body of the fire came rolling through the woods and over the trees. The woods fell and crackled, and. the Williamsons, and the whole village of men, women and children, were either busy changing their clothing for woolen goods, wetting down the buildings and covering them with blankets, or huddling together'in the clearing. The women and children had at first all gathered in the boarding-house, but were led to the potato-patch clearing, when it be came evident that the fire was advancing rapidly toward the settlement. It reached the village, and the scenes of Peshtigo were repeated, only on a smaller scale. Men and women fell on their faces, and attempted to get a breath of air not charged with blinding fire and smoke and stifling vapors ; others rushed wildly on, and when they saw the race was useless, attempted to dash out their brains against stumps or trees ; some perished in their houses ; groans and screams of agony pierced even the roar of the tempest; "horses galloped and snorted, in speechless terror, through the whirling flames ; oxen bellowed. But the fury of the tornado passed quickly on, and out of four score, only seven teen escaped. Of the Williamson family, only Mrs. Williamson and her son, Thomas, remained. They saved themselves by wrapping wet blankets around their bodies. Thirty-five of the dead lay together in one heap, in the center of the clearing. A few feet off sat Mrs. Williamson, badly burned, but alive, with the charred head of a dead woman resting upon her blan ket. Of seven persons who jumped into a well, five came out alive. These fortunate cases were excep tions. Williamsonville was nothing but a name. The town of Nasewaupee suffered severely. Gardner, Union, Brussels, Forestville and Clay Banks were swept, and hundreds of narrow escapes are recorded. Green Bay and the drenching rain of Monday night, October 9, stayed the further progress to the north of this awful devastation.AFTER THE FIRE RELIEF. Monday morning dawned over a scene of waste and death. The dead lay in every conceivable posture of agony throughout the Sugar Bush district, and in what were, the day before, the streets of Peshtigo. Surviv ors flocked into Oconto, Marinette and Menominee, hun- grv, blistered, some with limbs hanging useless, blind and heartbroken. The first news of the Peshtigo ca lamity reached Marinette through John Mulligan, who walked to the latter place, and at once conveyed the soul-sickening news to Isaac Stephenson and A. C. Brown, of the N. Ludington Company. Teams loaded with provisions were soon on their way to the cold and hungry people of Peshtigo. Some on foot, and others maimed and helpless were already on their way to the settlement at Peshtigo Harbor or Marinette. The Dun- lap House, its proprietor then being J. M. Belanger, was transformed into a hospital. The local physicians volunteered their services free, private houses even were thrown open, and the village was soon engaged in one grand effort to alleviate the suffering of the stricken HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 583 survivors. At Menominee, also, the same generosity prevailed. No one could be too open with his purse. Tables were spread for the famished at the Kirby House and other hotels, business houses loaded them with food, physicians, without hope of reward, were en gaged in allaying other bodily suffering, and generosity reigned- supreme. At this point, special mention is made of the untiring labors of Dr. G. L. Brunschweiler, of Appleton, who happened to be in Menominee, and Dr. Jones, of Marinette. As tales of suffering and pathet ic evidences in the persons of the victims themselves continued to pour into the two villages, it became evi dent that the calamity was even more fearful than at first supposed. Through the suggestion of Isaac Stephen son, the Mayors of Green Bay, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac and Milwaukee, and Governor Fairchild, were tele graphed to for assistance, as the needs of the stricken counties were greater than the places which escaped the fire could satisfy. Gov- Fairchild was not in Madi son when the message reached the city, but his noble- hearted wife, seeing the terrible urgency of the situa tion, through her own individual efforts, had clothes and food on the way to Marinette in an almost incredi ble short space of time. When tidings reached the Governor, he established a hospital at the latter place, and put it in charge of Dr. B. T. Phillips, of Fond du Lac. He himself visited Peshtigo, at once, and proved that he possessed the same kind and humane spirit which had animated his wife. When news of the calamity reached Chicago, William B. Ogden, the father and business life of Peshtigo, took the first train for the desolated village, and soon was upon the ground and in Marinette, to en courage, cheer and assist the sufferers. The relief com mittee, which was organized in Marinette, consisted of D. Clint. Prescott, chairman, A. C. Brown and A. C. Merryman, and what effective work they did not do for the next few days after the fire, would be beyond the power of strength and executive force to perform. They had more than 1,200 people under their care, and not only distributed clothing, food, etc., but lumber and building material to replace farm houses and barns which had been so ruthlessly destroyed. But even after the central committees of relief had been formed in Green Bay and Milwaukee, and money, clothing and food poured from all over this country and Europe, it seemed almost impossible to replace in any marked de gree the loss which had been sustained by the bay coun ties. The bodies maimed and burned, and the hearts made to ache could never be replaced or healed. The work of relief continued for months, by private effort, State and national aid. Capt. A. J. Langworthy, who acted as general agent for the burned districts, has the praise which earnest labor merits. Up to March 1, 1872, the total cash receipts at Green Bay and Milwaukee are estimated at $350,000. Large sums were also sent direct to local relief committees, and private charities, which will only see the light of heaven, were unbounded. The one compensation which Providence holds out for the raging of such calamities as the Chicago and Northern Wisconsin fires, is that men's liearts are softened and expanded thereby. The particular work of relief carried on at Green Bay, one of the central depots, is set forth in detail in the histo ry of Brown County; also the progress of the fire through the northern sections of that county, and its near approach to Green Bay and Fort Howard. Its grand and irresistible sweep of October 8, 1871, has been sketched as a continuous narrative, however, to preserve its grandeur and present a general, yet it is hoped a forcible and truthful, account of its ravages. MARINETTE. Menekaune, which is considered apart of Marinette, was laid out by the New York Lumber Company in February, 1856. Additions were afterward made by T. Stephenson & Co., N. Ludington Co., Menominee River Lumber Co., etc. The latter platted all below N. Ludington Co. addition in 1874. The original plat of Marinette was laid out and re- corded'by John B. Jacobs, the son of Marinette, in April, 1858. He had come into possession of the site of the old Chap- pieu trading post and erected a dwelling house in 1846. Additions have since been made, principally by the differ ent lumbering companies. The original plat made by Mr. Jacobs embraces the land between John and Wisconsin and Third and Maine. In the Fall of 1857 the families depending upon the Kimball and Brown mill made an earnest plea for school accommodations of some kind, and, through the exertions of Dr. J. J. Sherman, a class was opened in the upper story of Burleigh Perkin's old building. During the next Summer the New York Lumber Company, operating at Menekaune, built a small school-house on the site of the building erected for the same purpose in 1879. The school districts were consolidated in 1863, and the union school erected. This is soon to be displaced by a fine structure costing $16,000. The Ella court-school-house was erected in 1875, at a cost, with site, of $6,500. The three buildings have accommodations for 980 pupils. Marinette and Menekaune are in District No. 1, which comprises the Weisnaar, Winesville, Rawnsville, Cook, Flor ence and Commonwealth districts. The Florence build ing accommodates 120 scholars. The Marinette Fire Department was organized in December, 1871. It is composed of two companies — one engine company and one hook and ladder — with a strength of 16 members. A new engine house on Main street is about to be erected, which will cost $8,ooo. THE PRESS. The Marinette and Peshtigo Eagle was established at Mar inette in June, 187 1, the first number being issued June 5 of that year. It was first published as an eight-column, four-page, folio sheet — four pages. It was a successful ven ture from the start, and received a liberal support. In June, 1875, Luther B. Noyes, its founder and owner, sold the paper to Henry Harris, who afterward changed the form to a five-column quarto. In January, 1880, Mr. Noyes, the former owner, repurchased the office and again assumed proprietorship, enlarging the Eagle the following Summer to a six-column quarto and adding about $3,000 to the presses and material in the office. The Eagle has a very 584 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. large circulation for a local weekly paper, is as neatly print ed as any paper in the West and is rated among the best local journals in Wisconsin. One feature of its present management is particularly noticeable, and that is its free dom from foreign humbug advertisements. It is Repub lican in politics, but makes a specialty of the local transac tions of Marinette, Peshtigo and the surrounding country. From an insignificant affair in 1871 it has grown into a large, well edited and influential paper, and is worked off by steam weekly. Its enterprise has always fully kept pace with the wonderful development of the locality where it is published and it is justly held in great esteem by all of the oldjsettlers and substantial citizens. The North Star was established October 21, 1880, by Russell & Murphy. The firm continued to publish the paper until June 1, 1881, when Mr. Russell sold out to Jerre C. Murphy, present editor and proprietor. It is a five-column quarto, issued weekly, on Friday, is crisp and readable, and Democratic in politics. CHURCHES. St. Mary's {Catholic). — In the Summer of 1868, the Catholics commenced the erection of a church edifice, which was completed the next year. In 1870, a priest's house and school building was erected, but the fire of 1871 swept everything away. Rev. Father Pernin was then in charge of the Church, and at once went to St. Louis for the purpose of raising money to put it on its feet again, so successful was he, that in the Spring of 1872, the present fine edifice was commenced and completed, ready for occupancy in 1874. In the meantime the Sisters' House or convent, was used as a church. The foundation of the church was laid by Bishop Melcher, in the Spring of 1873. The entire property, in cluding the priest's residence, which was erected later, is valued at $25,000. Father A. T. Shuttlehoefer, is the pas tor of the congregation, which numbers 300 families. Con nected with the Church is a Total Abstinence Society, which is growing in numbers and influence. Pioneer Presbyterian Church was organized in 1863, by Rev. John Fairchild, and the building erected in 1870. A parsonage was built in 1879, which with the land donated by the N. Ludington Company, will make the value of the church property, $10,000. Rev. John Fairchild continued in his pastorage until 1871, from which time to 1873, there being no settled pastor. In that year, Rev. G. S. Woodhull, present pastor, assumed charge, and has continued in that position, with the exception of one year spent in Europe and the Holy Land. The present membership is 100, the society being strong and flourishing. The Methodist Episcopal Church, organized April 3, 1870, and the building erected the same year and the next. Its first pastor was Rev. H. B. Crandall. The Church has a membership, at present of 85, Rev. G. S. Hubbs being in charge. The value of the property is $4,500. St. Paul's Church {Episcopal), organized in 1873, by Bishop Armitage, Rev. F. Moore being its pastor. The building was not erected until 1881, the value of the prop erty being $3,500. Rev. William Dafter, present pastor, took charge in 1879. The membership of the Church is 60. The First Baptist Church, organized in 1878, by Rev. H. W. Stearns, State Sunday School Missionary, and Dr. Hanshaw, of Fort Howard. In September, 1880, Rev. A. C. Blackman, present pastor, was put in charge. The mem bership is forty-five and increasing. The congregation worships in Temple of Honor Hall, but money is being raised for the erection of a church building. Our Saviour's Congregation {Lutheran), was organized in 1872, by Rev. John Olsen, and a church building erected in 1877, at a cost of $1,600. Present membership made up of a varied foreign population, is no, Rev. T. H. Dahl, pastor. There is a German Methodist Episcopal Church, which worships in a neat edifice, and is increasing in number and influence. SOCIETIES, Marinette Lodge, No. 182, A. F. & A. M., organized June 19, 187 1, receiving its charter on that day. D. C. Prescott was its first W. M., its present officer, A. M. Fair- child. Its membership is fifty-eight. Marinette Lodge, No. 189, I. O. O. F., organized March 21, 1871. Dr. J. J. Sherman was its first N. G., and John Dean its present. Membership, fifty. Temple of Honor, No. 116, organized March 17, 1877. Its present membership is 100. William Gothard, C. T, United Workmen, No. 50, organized in December, 1879. Dr. H. E. Mann, M. W. Present membership, forty. Sam uel Wells, M. W. A growing lodge of Royal Arcanum and several minor organizations sustain Marinette's reputation as a locality fully up to the average in the particular of possessing the benevolent and reformatory spirit, outside its churches. The free library is also getting to be quite asocial force. It is in charge of C. M. Fairchild. PRESENT MANUFACTURES. Menominee River Lumber Company. — A mill was erected on the Menominee River by the New York Lumber Campany, in 1856, being situated near its mouth at Menekaune. It is said $80,000 was expended upon it be fore a board was sawed. In 1858, the company went into bankruptcy, and the mill was run by various parties for three years, when it came under the able management of Jesse Spalding, of Chicago, and A. C. Brown, of Marinette. Philetus Sawyer afterward held a large interest, and was president of the company. Although the mills were totally destroyed by fire in 1869 and 1871, men were at the helm who could not be buffeted, and, in 1872, a new establish ment was in operation upon the same spot where these dis asters occurred. During this year the company was incor porated, under its present name, with the following officers; W. D. Houghteling, president ; H. Williston, secretary and treasurer. O. R. Johnson, of Racine, is now president, and Jesse Spalding, of Chicago, vice-president. The mill has a capacity of 175,000 feet of lumber, 200,000 shingles and 175,000 lath per day. M. Corry is superintendent. HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 5«5 Most of the lands of the company are situated on the Me-' nominee side. N. Ludington Company. — In 1856-57, N. Ludington & Co., of Chicago, erected the mill on Mission Point, which formed the nucleus of their immense business in this section of Wisconsin. The firm then consisted of Nelson Luding ton, of Chicago, and Harrison Ludington and Daniel Wells, Jr., of Milwaukee. During the first year the mill was run under a contract by Kimball & Brown. May 15, 1858, Isaac Stephenson bought a one-fourth interest from the company, which was then known as N. Ludington & Co., of Chicago, and I. Stephenson & Co., of Marinette. manufacture for this season is placed at 36,000,000, so that the company has no occasion to dread a timber famine for some years to come, even if no more land is bought. This organization, the strongest in the Northwest, owns and operates a water-power mill on the Escanaba River, Mich., four miles from the village, which has a capacity of 50,000 feet per day, and a shingle mill at Marinette, of 55,000 capacity, beside its principal establishment at the latter place, of 175,000 capacity. Its carrying fleet consists of the tug " Bismarck," the largest in the trade, and nine barges of which the company owns a third interest, and the schooner " Bertha Barnes." This barge line, the most ex- MARINETTE. In the Winter of 1863, Harrison Ludington sold one-eighth of his interest to Anthony G. Van Schaick, of Chicago. In 1867, Mr. Stephenson sold one-eighth of his interest to A. C. Brown, of Marinette. The next year the former pur chased the interests of Messrs. H. Ludington and VanSchaick, and the company was incorporated under the name by which it has since been known, " N. Ludington Company," with officers as follows : N. Ludington, president ; A. C. Brown, vice-president ; E. B. Rice, secretary. Mr. Brown was superintendent until 1872, when Mr. Stephenson pur chased his interest, after which the officers were : N. Lud ington, president ; I. Stephenson, vice-president ; E. H. Denison, secretary ; Caleb Williams,'superintendent. The N. Ludington Co. owns 130,000 acres of land in Marinette and Oconto counties, Wis., and in Menominee, Delta and Mar quette counties, Mich., and the estimated amount of timber "in sight" is from 500,000,000 to 600,000,000 feet. The tensive on the lakes, is used in the transportation of lumber to Chicago, and the transit business, like every other de partment of the immense system, has been so thoroughly arranged that three of the barges are always loading at the mills, three are unloading at the yards in Chicago, and three are on their passage between the two points. The .entire product of the mills is retailed in Chicago. In the carrying on of the immense industry and trade of the N. Ludington Company, 400 men are employed. To the foresight and enterprise of three men is the up-building of this powerful corporation mostly due — Nelson Ludington, Daniel Wells,. Jr., and Isaac Stephenson. The Hamilton &• Merryman Company originated in the business firm of Hamilton, Merryman & Co., who com menced the erection of a mill in 1868. Soon after the es tablishment of the partnership, Messrs. Hamilton and Mer ryman bought out the smaller interests. The principal 586 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. buildings, which go now to make up the quite imposing col lection, were erected in 1868. Among others, a large boarding-house was built for the accommodation of em ployes and their families. The firm, which consisted of I. K. and W. C. Hamilton, remained intact for six years, when the McDonalds purchased the interests of the remaining partners, and Messrs. Merryman & Hunter bought what was then known as the Hawkins' Mill. This they operated from 1861-67, at which time Mr. Merryman removed to Marinette, the business of Hamilton, Merryman & Co. hav ing been established several months previously. His con nection with it since then will be traced in the sketch of the corporation given above. The company also own, in addition to the mill property, the Perkins Mine, in the Me nominee Range, east of the Norway. It was leased, how ever, to the Saginaw Mining Company, under whose aus pices it was opened in the Winter of 1878-9. Subsequent ly, the lease was transferred to the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, and the name of the mine changed to the Perkins, in honor of Capt. John Perkins, the superintendent. The product, this season, will amount to 60,000 tons. The H. Witbeck Company. — What was known as the Fred. Carney Mill was erected in 1867 by Daniel Wells, Jr., of Milwaukee, Andrew Stephenson, of Menominee, and Louis Gram, of Marinette. The last two sold their inter ests to Fred Carney and Hemy Witbeck, and in 1870 the company was incorporated under its present name, with of ficers as follows-; Daniel Wells, Jr., president; Henry Wit beck, vice-president ; John Witbeck, secretary; and Fred erick Carney, superintendent. The company owns large tracts of pine lands, the capacity of its mill being 175,000 feet of lumber daily. About 140 men are employed. The McCartney Mill. — In 1866, William McCartney built a mill below that erected by Daniel Wells, Jr., the Fred Carney Mill. It was burned in the fire of 1871, and another completed in the Summer of 1872. In April, 1881, Edward Scofield leased it of Mr. McCartney, and is- now operating it. It has a capacity of 100,000 feet daily. R. W. Merryman Mill was commenced in April, 1878, and completed the same Fall. It is owned and operated by Mr. Merryman, who employs forty men. The capacity of the mill is 50,000 feet of lumber per day, 90,000 shin gles and 18,000 lath. It is running full force. Sawyer, Goodman 6° Co. — The mill operated by this firm was erected in the Summer of 1880, and has a capacity of 60,000 feet of lumber per day, 75,000 shingles and 15,- 000 lath. The company owns lands on the Menominee, and* is officered as follows : President, Philetus Sawyer, Osh kosh; Vice-president. Edgar P. Sawyer; Treasurer, Wm. O. Goodman ; Secretary, James B. Goodman. James Tweedie's Planing Mill. — In 1867, William Goth- ard, W. K. White and William A. Ellis, of Peshtigo, erected a sash, door and blind factory on the Joe Bart Island. In 1870, it was burned, with the D. Clint. Prescott Machine Shop. Ely Wright purchased the machinery and built on a smaller scale, taking James Tweedie into partnership. The mill was burned again in 1875. The present structure was erected in 1879. The business has been managed by James Tweedie, present proprietor, for nearly two years. The mill employs thirty men, and this season's business is esti mated at $75,000. The Menominee River Manufacturing Company was in corporated in 1866, its first officers, elected in 1867, being: Harrison Ludington, president ; Isaac Stephenson, vice- president; Augustus C. Brown, secretary and treasurer. It was organized in the interest of the prominent mill owners in this region, for the purpose of sorting and dividing their logs. A dam at the head of the rapids, between Marinette and Menominee, other dams below, piers and dividing booms were constructed, so that now the system is com plete. The company controls all future improvements of this kind. Its present officers are: H. Ludington, presi dent; I. Stephenson, vice-president; Charles J. Ellis, sec retary and treasurer; Harrison Ludington, I. Stephenson, F. Carney, A. C. Merryman, S. M. Stephenson, Jesse Spald ing, A. A. Carpenter, W. O. Goodman, board of directors. THE IRON INDUSTRIES. The Menominee Mining Company was formed in Novem ber, 1876. Explorations and examinations, however, had been made four years previous. With the advice and con sent of the late Capt. E. B. Ward, J. J. Hagerman, as gen eral manager of the Milwaukee Iron Company, took the first practical, decisive and effective steps in the development of the Menominee districts ; and to Thomas and Bartley Breen, the late Judge E. S. Ingalls and S. P. Saxton belongs the credit of having first aroused the interest and enthusiasm of capitalists to the grand wealth of this region, the Breen mine having been discovered by the two brothers named above, in 1867. The explorations of 1872, put on foot by the Milwaukee Iron Company, were under the charge of N. P. Hulst, and were continued until early in 1874,. with encouraging results, the Vulcan mine having been discov ered in 1873. During the same year, John L. Buell made explorations which led to the opening of the Quinnesec mine. In 1872, the Iron Company did some work at the Breen, under an option for a lease, but, in the Fall, opera tions were transferred to the Vulcan, four miles west. As stated, the Mining Company was formed in 1876, but the lack of proper railroad facilities delayed further advance ment. Through the combined efforts of the Mining Com pany, generaled by J. J. Hagerman, and H. H. Porter, a director in the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Com pany, the Menominee River railroad was built, being com pleted to the Breen and Vulcan mines in 1877. The line extends north from Menominee forty miles, to a point within twelve miles of the Breen and Emmet mines, and from thence east to Escanaba, twenty-four miles. From this time dates the rapid growth of the Menominee District, and the prosperity of the Menominee Mining Company. From August, 1877, to the close of 1880, the product of the Vulcan mine was 187,343 tons. The Norway mine was first worked in August, 1878, under a lease from the Portage Lake & Lake Superior Ship Canal Company, and since then up to the close of the season of 1880, the shipments HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 587 have been 279,060. The product of 1880 was 198,165 tons, said to be the greatest amount ever produced in the world by a mine so recently opened. The Cyclops was opened in October, 1878, and the shipments, up to the close of 1880, amounted to 66,554 tons. Shipments from the Quinnesec mine were first made in the Spring of 1878, and the product for the three years aggregated 120,315. The first shipments from the Chapin mine, operated under a lease — as is the Quinnesec — were made in June, 1880, and amounted, that season, to 34,556 tons. This is considered one of the most promising mines on the 7ange. The Vul can, Cyclops, Norway, Quinnesec and Chapin mines are all in Michigan. One only, operated by the Menominee Min ing Company, is in Wisconsin^the Florence mine, situated eighteen miles northwest of the village of Quinnesec. Discovery of ore was originally made by H. D. Fisher, in October, 1874, but work was not actively commenced until in the Winter of 1879-80, the railroad not having reached the mine until October, 1880. About 30,000 tons were mined during the Winter, and work is now actively progressing. These six mines are owned by the Mining Company, either in fee simple or by leasehold, and explorations are being pushed in every quarter, under the able and energetic su perintendency of N. P. Hulst. Since the incorporation of the company, he has held this position. A. C. Brown, who from the start has remained President Hagerman's right-hand supporter, is its general agent, and to him is its position as one of the most successful mining companies in the world, greatly due. J. H. Van Dyke, of Milwaukee, vice-presi dent, has also given time, money and earnest endeavor to make the Menominee Mining Company what it is. The company, this season, will ship 500,000 tons of ore, and its railroad facilities are being extended from Florence to Crystal Falls, seventeen miles. The Marinette Iron Works Company. — In 1867, D. Clint Prescott, with Messrs. Trumbull and Cruver, erected build ings for a machine shop, the repairs and manufacture of saw-mill and mining machinery having been previously done in Green Bay or Chicago. The power was derived from the planing-mill. The works were run under the firm name of D. Clint Prescott & Co. until 1870. When about to move into new quarters, on Main street, his shop was burned, with the James Tweedie planing-mill. In the same year (1870), the Marinette Iron Works Company was incorporated, and business established at the present loca tion. Its officers are : Austin Cruver, of Chicago, presi dent ; R. H. Trumbull, treasurer ; D. Clint Prescott, secre tary and general manager. Saw-mill machinery, car wheels, and pumping machinery for mining operations are princi pally manufactured. About 140 men are employed. The large foundry building, now nearly completed, will double he capacity of the establishment, and make it the most complete of any outside of Milwaukee — hardly second to any there, excepting E. P. Allis's Reliance Works. This is one of the industries in which Marinette takes a just pride. MISCELLANEOUS. Marinette Paper Company. — Although incorporated un der this name in the Winter of 1880, the works are situated on the Michigan side. The works were really first put in operation in the Summer of that year, experimenting having been going on for some time previous. The manufactory turns out wood pulp by a new process, the patent of its superintendent, W. R. Patrick. Ten tons a day is the present amount manufactured. Thirty hands are employed. The company's property, buildings, land, water power, etc., is valued at $40,000, C. M. Smith, of Chicago, being presi dent, and J. W. French, of Three Rivers, Mich., vice president. McGinty, Wahle &> McGloin, flour mills.— -This is the only establishment of the kind in Wisconsin, north of Oconto. The building was erected in the Fall of 1879, and the mills commenced to grind in January, 1880. Their capacity is 100 barrels of flour per day, and ten tons of feed. BANKING FACILITIES. The Stephenson Banking Company. — Both Marinette and Menominee rely upon the above company for their banking accommodations. It was organized October 28, 1874, by Isaac Stephenson, Samuel M. Stephenson, Augustus Spies, J. W. P. Lombard, and Robert Stephenson, the present directors. It does a general banking business, and has a capital of $25,000. Present officers : Isaac Stephenson, president; S. M. Stephenson, vice president; J. W. P. Lom bard, cashier. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. D. O. BABBITT, foreman C. & N. W. R. R. round house, Mari nette. Born in Ontario County, N. Y., when four years old he came to Allegany County, N. Y., with his parents. He remained at home till the age of twenty-one, then went to Pennsylvania and worked at the lumber business six years. He enlisted in 1864, Co. M, 21st Pa. Cav. Served six months, and returned to Allegany County, N. Y. In about 1868, came to Chicago; thence to Marengo, 111. Worked on a farm till the Spring of 1874, when he came to Marinette, and has since been in the employ of this company. WILLIAM S. BAKER, insurance, Marinette, is a native of Wash ington County, N.. Y. Came to Menominee, Mich., in 1867. Was em ployed as book-keeper for R. Stephenson & Co. till the Fall of 1871, when he came to Marinette. Was book-keeper for Hamilton, Merryman & Co. till the Spring of 1874, when he commenced his present business. He has been four years a member of the- Board of Supervisors, two years Chairman of the Board. Has also been Assessor. ANTON BARTOL, meat market, Marinette, is a native of Luxem burg, born in 1836. When two years and a half old, his parents came to Port Washington, Wis. There he was raised. In 1861, he came to Peshtigo, and worked in a meat market till 1871, when he came to Mene kaune and opened a meat market. Was burned out in the Fall. He then opened a shop in Marinette, and has since continued this business. J. BRINNAN, saloon and music hall, Marinette, is a native of Ireland. Came to New York City in 1836, with his parents. In 1844, came to Oswego ; in 1859, came to Chicago ; in 1861, he returned to Buffalo, N. Y., where he enlisted in Co. I, 193d N. Y. Inf. Served two years and nine months. He participated in the battle of Winchester and others. In 1864, went to Saginaw. There followed the lumber business till 1869, when he came to Muskegon, Mich. In 1870, came to Oshkosh, Wis.; thence to Green Bay. In 1878, came to Marinette, and started this business. A. C. BROWN, general agent of the Menominee Mining Co., was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Feb. 10, 1833. He worked on his father's farm and was engaged in lumbering up to 1855, when he re moved to the West, and settled in Pensaukee. There he was employed 588 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. five years by F. B. Gardner, the lumberman. Coming to Marinette, he connected himself with Wells & Spalding, afterwards the Menominee River Lumber Co. Mr. Brown remained with them seven years, next buying an interest in the N. Ludington Co. In 1872 he sold his inter est, and engaged in the banking business until March, 1877. Upon be coming general agent of the Menominee Mining Co. he closed out his private business enterprises, and has since devoted himself to it exclu sively. He has, however, been active in all that relates to the growth of Northern Wisconsin, being largely instrumental in the extension of the Chicago & Northwestern Road, from Green Bay to Marinette, and also in building the line from Menominee River Junction to Florence. He has continued to be a stockholder in the Fifth National Bank, of Chicago, and has lately become one in the Stephenson Banking Co., of Marinette. Mr. Brown has also been honored with public confidence outside his business relations. He has been Town Treasurer, Register of Deedsof Oconto County, and served as Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for twelve years. With all his success and prospects of a greater future prosperity, he is unassuming and courteous to all. GEORGE H. CANNON, Marinette Iron Works, is a native of Sussex Co., Del. ; came to Rochester, 111., in 1871 ; taught school two terms ; in 1873, he removed to Blakely, Minn. ; there engaged in gen eral merchandise business about one year ; after this he was employed by the C. & N. W. R. R. Co., about five years at different stations ; in the Spring of 1877 he secured employment with the Marinette Iron Works, and has now charge of their store and office of the company. These works employ about 125 hands, and are doing a very extensive business. GEORGE CLARK, civil engineer, Marinette, is a native of Lon don, England. When a boy he commenced to learn this business with his father, where he worked about eight years ; he then went to Calcutta, East Indies, built the gas works and lighted the city, this being the first gas used in East India. He re nained there about five years, and then returned to London. He then went to Hong Kong, China, and Bahia, South America ; there built their gas works and lighted the city ; re turned again to London. Came to America in 1871 ; was employed as civil engineer by the Union Pacific R. R. ; remained with this company about three years ; in 1874 he came to Marinette, where he has since re sided ; he has built all of the public buildings here, consisting of the courthouse, opera house, school-house and others. CHAS. C. DAILY, attorney and Justice of the Peace, Marinette, is a native of Rome, N. Y. ; came to Fond du Lac County in 1865 ; worked on his father's farm till 1871, when he came to Fond du Lac and at tended the commercial college and taught school three seasons; com menced reading law in 1874 and was admitted to the Bar in 1876; has been in constant practice since May, 1879 ; he came to Marinette, was elected Justice of the Peace April, 1880. Juay&./jK- CHARLES J. ELLIS, Postmaster, is a native of Maine, coming to Wisconsin in the Fall of 1863, and to Marinette in the Spring of 1864. Mr. Ellis has held the position of secretary and treasurer of the Menom inee River Manufacturing Co. sincel870; was also Town Treasurer from 1871-76. He received his appointment as Postmaster, Nov. 19, 1877. His war record, although short, is good, as he retired with a severe and honorable wound. In 1861, on the first call for troops, he enlisted in Co. K„ 2d Reg., Maine V. L, taking part in the first battle of Bull Run, the siege of Yorktown and the Campaign of the Peninsula, attaining the rank of sergeant-major. Mr. Ellis was discharged in July, 1862, on ac count of disability from a wound received at the battle of Hanover Court-House, May 27, 1862. JOSEPH ENDERLIN, tallyman for Boom Co., Marinette, born April 18, 1832, in Alsace, France ; in 1851, came to Manayunk, near Philadelphia, worked there for his uncle three years ; in 1854 came to Green Bay, Wis., worked in the saw mill that cut the plank for the first plank road built to Fond du Lac ; he then went to Kaukauna ; worked on the dam till the middle of October ; then hired out to Samuel Wright, of Wrightstown, where he worked during the Winter ; in the Spring re turned to Green Bay ; in 1855, came to Oconto and worked at Jones water mill till 1 856, when he came to Menekaune ; worked for the New York Lumber Company till 1870. Since then he has been with the Boom Company, except a trip taken to Alsace, France, to visit his mother. Married in 1859 to Mary J. Delain. She was born in Belgium. They have six children, one son and five daughters, HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 589 GEO. EVENSON, livery, Marinette, is a native of Norway ; came to ^Muskegon, Mich., in 1865 ; removed a few months thence to Black River, Wis., worked at the lumber business about fifteen months ; here he was disabled by a log, an d was about two years in recovering ; in 1 867 he went to Sparta, Wis., and clerked in a store there about two years ; in 1870, came to Menominee ; worked for R. Stephenson & Co. three years ; he then started a livery there and ran it three years ; in 1876 he came to Marinette, and since then has run this stable. C. M. FAIRCHILD, firm of Fairchild Bros., druggists, Marinette is a native of Fountain Co., Ind., came to Marinette with his parents, in 1863. His father is a native of St. Albans, Vt., where he studied for the ministry and graduated at the Andover Theological Seminary in 1830 ; he afterward removed to Virginia, then to Indiana ; in 1863 came to Marinette, was pastor of the Presbyterian Church here from 1863 to 1871. On account of his advanced years he has since been living retired. C. M. associated himself with his brother in the drug business in 1870; he has held the office of secretary of the library board several years, also Town Treasurer. A. M. FAIRCHILD, of the firm Fairchild Bros., is a native of Fountain County, Ind., receiving his education at Wabash College, Craw- fordsville, Ind. After leaving college in 1863, he enlisted in Co. A, 75th Ind. I., taking part in all the engagements of Sherman's army, including his March to the Sea, and through the Carolinas, to the end of the war. In August, 1865, Mr. Fairchild settled in Marinette and was employed as book-keeper by the N. Ludington Company until 1868, when he es tablished his present business — the drug. Two years later his brother was admitted into the partnership. That the people of Marinette repose the utmost confidence in Mr. Fairchild is evidenced by the fact that he has held many local offices. For the past ten years he has been Chief of the Fire Department, whose efficiency is greatly due to him. He is also Treasurer of the School District, which position he has held nine years. Mr. Fairchild also served one term as Town Clerk, and is at present Deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court. He is much interested in secret, benevolent and reformatory organizations, being a member of the Marinette Lodge, No. 182, A. F. & A. M., of which body he is the Wor shipful Master. He is connected with the Warren Chapter of Green Bay, and with the commandery of K. T. at Oshkosh, Wis. ; is the present Grand Deputy of the Marinette Temple of Honor, chairman of its Board of Trustees, and has passed the chair of W. C. in the same organization. He is also secretary, superintendent and treasurer of the Marinette and Menominee Commercial and Fire-alarm Telephone Com pany, and vice-president of the Marinette Mineral Land Company, of which he is a stockholder. Mr. Fairchild is an enthusiastic Republican, and withal a good, public-spirited and respected citizen. ALBERT GEARTTS, proprietor Travelers' Home, Marinette, is a native of Prussia; came to Milwaukee in 1848 ; worked at various kinds of labor till 1865, when he came to Marinette ; followed the lumber busi ness about twelve years. In 1877, he commenced this business. Mar ried, in 1867, to Kate Tisen. She was born in Brown Co., Wis. They have one child, Mary. Members of the Catholic Church. W. C. GREEN, proprietor Central House, Marinette, is a native of Franklin Co., Vt. Came to Chicago in 1856. Since the age of fifteen years, he has followed the railroad business. March, 1880, he took charge of this hotel. Married, in 1862, to Josephine Church. She was born in Michigan. They have two sons, Fred and William. P. R. GREENE, proprietor of the Dunlap House, Marinette, was born in Plattsburg, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1829 ; came to Green Bay with his parents in 1833; remained there till 1847, when he went to Missouri, and was in the employ of Choteau & Valle. as salesman, for ten years ; then went to Dubuque, Iowa, and engaged in mining up to 1864, when he returned to Green Bay and entered into partnership with George E. Hoskinson, and engaged in the grain trade ; continued there up to the Spring of 1881, when he moved to Marinette and took charge of the Dunlap House, which he is renovating and improving, putting it in first- class shape, and is going to run it as such. He has good sample rooms for the accommodation of commercial men. JOSH HODGINS, foreman in the tinshop for Watson Bros., was born in Canada, and came to Chicago with his parents when quite young, and to Marinette in 1873, and has been in the employ of that firm ever since. He is a member of the Masonic order. J. P. HODGINS, Policeman, Marinette, is a native of Canada ; came to Appleton, Wis., in 1866 ; followed the lumber trade ; in 1873, came to Marinette, where he has since resided. He has just been appointed on the police force. AMOS HOLGATE, attorney and Justice of the Peace, Marinette, is a native of Leeds, Yorkshire, England. When a boy, he came to Massachusetts, thence to Chicago and to McHenry Co., 111., where he attended school several years. He then went South and followed steam- boating and railroading till the breaking out of the war. He then re turned to McHenry County and enlisted in Co. D, 15th 111. V. I. ; was mustered out in 1864, He then went to Vicksburg and engaged in the hotel business, where he continued till 1867. He then came to Peshtigo and was employed by the Peshtigo Company about one year; then came to Marinette and was book-keeper for the Marinette Iron Works till 1874 ; since then he has followed law and insurance. He has been, the past six years, Justice of the Peace ; Town Clerk, two terms. He now holds the office of Town Treasurer. He was admitted to the Bar January, 1878. A. F. HOSKA, firm of A. F. Hosl?a & Co., wholesale saddlery, hardware, whips, etc., Marinette; born Feb. 28, 1851, in Chicago; in 1865, came to Oconto; there learned the harness trade with Frank Fisher; in 1868, came to Chicago and worked at this trade till 1870, then to Colorado, where he remained till 1873, when he returned to Illinois. In 1875, he came to Marinette ; opened a shop with a very small stock. He is now doing an extensive wholesale and retail busi ness, and is the only wholesale house north of Janesville. This firm have also opened stores at Quinnesec and Florence. Married Oct. 15, 1877, to Mary McCue. She was born in Canton, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., July 10, 1857. They have two sons, Frank C, born July 25, 1878, and Irvin E., born Sept. 18, 1879. C. R. JOHNSTON, merchant and County Treasurer, Marinette. Is a native of Canada, and came to Peshtigo in 1868, and to Marinette in the Spring of 1872, and established his present business at that time; when Marinette County was organized, he was appointed by the Gov ernor County Treasurer, and in the Fall of 1879, was elected to the same office. He carries a good stock and is driving a fine trade. GEORGE. T. JOHNSTONE, dealer in groceries and provisions, flour, feed, stucco, cement, and plastering hair, Marinette. He was born in New Brunswick, came to Marinette in 1869, engaged in the lumber business up to 1874, when he established his present business. He served as Deputy Sheriff one term, and he is a member of the I. O. O. F., also of the Masonic order. ARTHUR T. JONES, agent C. &N.W.R. R., Marinette. Is a native of Turin, Lewis Co., N. Y. Came to Ogdensburg, N. Y., in 1867, worked for the O. & L. C. R. R., two and half years. In the Fall of 1S69 he came to Chicago, and was employed as telegraph operator for the C. & N. W. R. R. In the Fall of 1875, he came to Marinette. Has held this position since. DR. S. P. JONES, physician and surgeon, Marinette. Is a native of Oneonta, Otsego Co., N. Y. Came to Fond du Lac in 1845. Com menced the study of medicine in Chilton, Wis., with Dr. D. La Count. 59° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Graduated in 1867, at the Chicago Medical College. He at once came to Marinette, and has since been engaged in his profession. GEORGE LA FOND, firm of La Berge & La Fond, saloon and billiards, Marinette. Is a native of Green Bay, Wis. Came to Mari nette in 1870. Worked at teaming, driving logs and various kinds of work, till March 10, 1879. He and Mr. La Berge opened this business, which they have continued since. JAMES E. LEESON, steward Boom Co. boarding house, Mari nette. Is a native of Milwaukee. When a child came to Green Bay. Worked on a farm at the age of fourteen. Came to Oconto, worked there three years. He then enlisted in Co. F, 12th Wis. Inf., 17th Army Corps. Was mustered out in August, 1865, participated in the battles of Vicksburg, Atlanta and Athens. Returned to Green Bay; followed boating one season and teaming two seasons. In 1868, came to Fond du Lac, in 1872, came to Marinette ; worked one season in the mill. Since then he has followed cooking. Since 1880, he has had charge of this boarding house. J. W. P. LOMBARD, cashier Stephenson Banking Company, Marinette. Is a native of Cape Cod, Mass. In 1864, came to Chicago, was employed with the Fifth National Bank ; first served as messenger. He left the employ in 1874, having been promoted to paying teller. He then came to Marinette, and has since had charge of this bank. H. M. LONGHEAD, jeweler, dealer in clocks, watches, jewelry, etc., Marinette, was born in Ohio. Came to Marinette in 1876 and es tablished his business at that time. His means at that time were very limited, but by close attention to business he has accumulated means to build himself -a. shop, and has a fair stock of goods. He has also built him a good residence. This has all been done in the last five years. WM. McCARTNEY, proprietor of saw-mill, Marinette, was born in Belmont Co., Ohio. Went to Wheeling, Va., in i860. He came to Osh kosh and was engaged in the lumber business up to 1867, when he sold out and moved to Menominee, Mich., and in 1868 came to Marinette, and has been engaged in the same business since, J. J. McGILLIS, proprietor of post and tie mill, also dealer in gro ceries, Marinette, is a native of Canada, and came to Marinette in 1869 and was engaged at contracting and building up to 1865, and in 1876 established his grocery business; before the'division of Oconto County he served one year as constable and Deputy Sheriff, and he is just building and starting his mill. JOHN McGLOIN, proprietor of flour mill, Marinette, was born at Corning, N. Y.; came to Menasha in 1874 and to Marinette in 1879, and built his mill that year. When fully completed, it will have the ca pacity of 150 barrels per day. JOHN McLENNAN, retired, was born in Scotland. His parents moved to Nova Scotia when he was quite young, and in 1856 he came West and located at New London, Wis., and has been engaged in the lumber business, contracting, building, etc. He worked on the first merchant dock and the first ore dock that was built at Escanaba. He came to Marinette in 1867 and run a billiard hall. He has built two good store-rooms, one of which is covered with iron, the other partly so. About nine years ago he bought eighty acres of mineral land in Mar quette Co., Mich., in the Felch Mountain Range. He also owns other lands and some other improved property in the town of Marinette. Dr. H. E. MANN, was born April 23, 1844, in Braintree, Orange Co., Vt. When he was nine years old, his father died, leaving a widow and two sons, of which he was the elder, in destitute circumstances. Two years afterward his mother, with true maternal bravery, believing that the West possessed opportunities for her boys not found in New En gland, moved with them to Fond du Lac, Wis. Here young Mann attend ed school until sixteen years of age, when he was obliged to discontinue his studies and contribute to the support of his mother and brother. Ob taining a position in the Post-office, he continued in this employment most of the time Until 1862. The Rebellion was now at its height, and, una ble longer to withstand his patriotic impulses, he enlisted in Co. H., 32d Wis. V. I. While his regiment was on provost-duty at Memphis, Tenn., he was detailed for special service in the Marshal's office of that district. Here he remained for sixteen months the greater portion of the time as Chief Clerk of the Prison Department, having almost entire control of the famous "Irving Block Military Prison," with its hundreds of inmates. While thus engaged, his executive ability and fine military bearing attracted the attention of Col. S. O. Shorey, who was raising a battalion of cavalry composed of Southern Union men, who had been compelled to leave their homes on account of loyalty to the "old flag." He was about to accept the position of adjutant to the regiment known as the "ist Mississippi Mounted Rifles," when Gen. Sherman, in the course of his preparations for the famous " March to the Sea," ordered all enlisted men absent frona their commands to report at Atlanta. Not having received his commission, he was, of course, included in the order, and accordingly reported to his old regiment, there stationed, and par ticipated in the campaign until the army reached Beaufort, S. C. There he received his commission from Sec. Stanton as adjutant of the ist Mis sissippi Mounted Rifles, with orders to report at Memphis, Tenn. He served in this capacity until mustered out of the service, with his regi ment, in June, 1865, when he returned to his home in Fond du Lac. Next locating in New London, he lived there about a year, when, being offered his former position in the Post-office, he returned to Fond du Lac, retaining that situation six years. At the end of that time he resigned JftfJfacMA on account of failing health and the requirements of private business He had, in the meantime, studied medicine under the advice and direc tion of Drs. A. Smead, T. F. Mayhum and others, buying his books as he needed them, and also investing his savings in a drug store at Me nominee, Mich. Devoting his attention to this business, he removed, with his family, to that place, and resided one 'year, when he left the drug store in charge of a partner to enter the Rush Medical College, of Chicago. After attending one course of lectures and hospital clinics, he finished his medical studies at Long Island College Hospital, B.ooklyn, N. Y., where he graduated in 1874. While at college he sold his inter est in the drug store, and, on returning, removed to Marinette, where he still resides. Dr. Mann is a member of the Wisconsin State Medical Society, and is especially well known and esteemed in northern Wiscon sin. His library is one of the largest and best selected in this part of the State, and the volumes are not for show, but are faithfully and prof itably read. He has built up a large and successful practice, which, like every other prosperity with which he is surrounded, he has acquired unaided, by sheer manhood and manly effort. C. MARCHANT, millwright, Marinette, is a native of Montreal, Canada. In 1855 came to Marquette, Mich., remained there a few months, then came to Stiles, Wis., and worked for Balcom & Eldred, repairing their mill, and for the past twenty years he has followed this business as well as house carpentering. He built the Stephenson Opera House and other buildings here. Married, in 1864, to Miss Delia Coty. She was born in Montreal. They have seven children, two sons and five daughters. FRED F. MARTIN, meat market, Marinette, was born in Green Bay, Wis. He first commenced to work at this business with Mr. Hag- ermaster, afterward with John Koulp. In 1875 he came to Ishpeming- In 1876 came to Marinette and worked for H. J. Place till 1880, when he opened this market, Married, in 1880, to Louisa Bergman. She was born in Fort Howard. Her parents still reside in Brown County. R. W. MERRYMAN, proprietor of saw mill, Marinette ; he was born in Maine, and came to Fond du Lac in 1855, and was engaged in the manufacturing of lumber up to the time he came to Marinette, and built his present mill. Its capacity is about 8,000,000 per year, day run, and he employs at his mill, on an average, sixty men, HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 59i A. C. MERRYMAN, secretary and general manager of the Hamil ton & Merryman Company, was born in Bowdoin, Me., Dec. 22, 1831. He commenced to work his way early in life, and was engaged in ship building up to 1855, being employed in the yard of J. P. Smith & Co., at Pittston, on the Kennebec. In the year last mentioned, Mr. Merryman located in Fond du Lac, and engaged in the lumber trade with J. S. and Alex. McDonald, R. W. Merryman and H. Hunter, the style of the firm being McDonald, Merryman & Co. Started in 1867 as Hamilton, Merry man & Co., in Marinette. Then, in 1872, incorporated as Hamilton & Merryman Company, with officers as follows: I. K. Hamilton, president and treasurer ; A. C. Merryman, secretary and superintendant. The capital stock was fixed at $350,000. The present officers of the company are the same, except that W. C. Hamilton is vice president. The company operates a saw-mill — capacity 100,000 feet ; shingle mill, capacity 50,000, ^Y^Q/Ml^^p^^i^*^^ and also turns out 25,000 lath. The season's sawing at the mill in Mar inette will aggregate 20,000,000 feet, to which must be added 5,000,000 sawed by outside parties. In connection with these establishments, be sides the large boarding-house, is a thriving general store, whose trans actions are on a scale with all else. The company owns 62,000 acres of fine pine landon the Menomonee and its tributaries, employs 100 men, and possesses property in Marinette valued at $100,000. It is needless to say that the Hamilton & Merryman Company is not only financial strength itself, but is gaining ground daily. Mr. Merryman has never sought for office. He has not had time — his business life having been filled with hard work, to the very brim. He served, however, from 1876 to 1879, as Chairman of the Town Board ; but his life, as a rule, has been spent as a working man, among working men, and his warm heart and broad nature are the results which have bound the community to him, and him to it. It was such men as Mr. Merryman who came out in royal colors during the terrible havoc and suffering caused by the fire of 1871. JOHN MINEAU, proprietor Marinette House, Marinette, is a na tive of Canada ; at about the age of twelve years, came to Oconto, and has been working in the mills and lumber business; in 1876, came to Marinette ; worked in the mills here till the Spring of 1880, when he took charge of this house; married, in 1880. to Mrs. Wills; she was born in Canada. They have one son, John W. She has four children by a former marriage. ROBERT H. NELSON, blacksmith, Marinette, is a native of Canada; when a child, came with his parents to Washington Co., N. Y.; there he learned this trade with his father ; worked at it about thirty years ; in 1868, came to Pensaukee, and run a shop for F. B. Gardner, about seven years ; then came to Oconto and run a shop there about two years; then to Neenah, where he remained about four years ; in the Spring of 1880, he came to Marinette. N. J. NORDEN, clothing, tailoring, and gents' furnishing goods, Marinette, is a native of Sweden, came to New York, October, 1870; remained in the State about one year; in 1871, came to Chicago; in the Fall of 1872, came to Marinette, worked for Mr. AckriU about nine months. In 1873, he started business with a very small stock, and is now the leading store in Marinette, doing a business of about $30,000 a year ; married, July, 1876, to Emma C. Johnson ; she was born in Menekaune ; they have two children, Lillia A., and Ella. JUDGE LUTHER B. NOYES, Marinette, born in Cincinnalus Courtland, Co., N.Y., Dec. 17, 1830, left motherless at the age eighteen months, reared to the age of fifteen by his grandfather, Luther Osgood, at Preston, Chenango Co., N.Y., came to Wisconsin in the Summer of 1845, in company with his father, Dr. Isaac Noyes and a younger brother, and settled on Du Lac Prairie, at Milton, in Rock County; attended school two terms at what was then Milton Academy; taught common school several Winters ; entered the law office of H. E. Connit, Esq., at Horicon, Dodge Co., Wis., in the Spring of 1852 ; remained there till the Fall of 1853, when he entered Lawrence University, at Appleton, Wis., and continued in school till the Winter of 1855 ; was elected Dis trict Attorney of Outagamie County, in the Fall of 1855 ; married Fran ces Belle Woodward, daughter of J. W. Woodward, of Appleton, in April, 1855 I moved to Bradford, Iowa, in the Fall of 1856 ; returned to Wisconsin and settled at Kilbourn City, in the Fall of 1857, engaging there in the practice of law ; moved to Sparta, in Monroe County, in the Spring of 1861, engaged as an editor of the Sparta Eagle, by William H. Farnham, publisher; enlisted in the 18th Regiment Wis. V. I., in De cember, 1861 ; went with the regiment as its hospital steward, to Pitts burg Landing, in April, 1862; yas left in hospital at Savannah, Tenn., suffering from a severe attack of typhoid pneumonia, followed during convalescence by chronic diarrhoea; detailed as clerk at Halleck's head quarters, corner of Washington avenue and Fourth street, St. Louis, Mo., in June following; remained there till the following September, when he was discharged for disability ; was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, in November, 1862; at the close of the term, enlisted in the 36th Regiment Wis. V. I., and was commissioned first lieutenant of Co. C; was wounded at Petersburg, Va., June 17,1864, and honorably discharged at officers' hospital, at Annapolis, Md., for wounds received 592 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. in action; was appointed County Judge of Monroe County, by Gov. Lucius Fairchild, to fill vacancy occasioned by resignation of Judge Pratt ; purchased the Sheboygan County Herald, published at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., in the Fall of 1868, and removed the same to Sheboygan in the Winter of 1870, and established the Sheboygan Herald, in connec tion with one Marsh as partner; dissolved partnership with Marsh soon after, and, in the Spring of 1871, established the Marinette and Peshtigo Eagle, at Marinetle, Wis., and has published it since, with the exception of four years, during which time it was published by Henry Harris; is now engaged in the same business. J. O'LEARY, Sheriff of Marinette County ; he was born in Ireland, and came lo America in 1853, and located in Worcester, Mass.; in 1865, went to Ottawa, Canada, and was engaged as superintendent in a factory manufacturing woodenware, up to June, 1870, when he returned to Massa chusetts ; in 1871, he, with his family, came to Peshtigo, and was en gaged as foreman in the painting and finishing department of the Pesh tigo Woodenware Company factory, and they passed through the terri ble fire of that year, and lost everything they owned, barely escaping with their lives. Hehas served four terms as Deputy Sheriff.and in 1879, was elected Sheriff of Marinette County, which office he still holds. PETER OLSON, yardmaster at H. Witbeck Company, Marinette, is a native of Sweden ; came to New York City in 1869, then to Chicago ; in 1872, came to Marinette, and has been in the employ of this company since ; for the past three years, he has had charge of their yards. GEORGE H. PAGE, marble carver, with MarinetteMarble Works. is a native of Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. At the age of thirteen he went to Clarenceville, P. Q, and at once commenced to learn his trade; has followed it constantly the past nine years. In 1875, ne came to Port Henry, N. Y , where his parents resided, remained there about three years; August, 1878, he came to Ahnapee, Wis., where he remained about fifteen months ; part of the time when there he carried on this business. Nov. 28, 1879, he came to Green Bay, carried on business there a short time; March, 1880, came to Manitowoc, was foreman for John Mendlek ; remained there till Nov. I, 1880, when he came to Mari nette. SAMUEL PALMER, Marinette, manager boarding house at Mc Cartney's mill, came from England in 1851, locating in Waukesha County, where he remained for about two years, engaged in farming. Finding it unprofitable to continue in that business, when oats were sell ing for one shilling a bushel, he removed to Pensaukee, and took charge of the boarding house owned by F. B. Gardner. It is remembered that the " Fanny Gardner" was then building, and some of the men em ployed on her were obliged to sleep on the vessel. One night, a heavy storm prevailed, and the mast of the craft was struck by lightning. Al though the mast and a part of the deck sustained serious injury, the shock did not awaken the men sleeping below. Mr. Palmer removed from Pensaukee to Stiles; and thence to Oconto. He was steward of the " Queen City,'' the first steamer that entered Flat Rock (now Escanaba], in 1854. After working at Marinette one year, he returned to Stiles and remained there five and a half years. At the close of that period he engaged with Kirby Carpenter Company, of Menominee, and was in their employ eight years. While here, Mr. Palmer suffered the loss by theft of a $500 Government bond, which was saved from his first earnings ; but his employers gave him a handsome gold watch and chain, as evidence of their appreciation of his services. Seven years ago he went to Mari nette, and accepted his present position with M. W. McCartney. W. R. PATRICK, superintendent Marinette Paper Company, Ma rinette, is a native of Dutchess Co., N. Y., born in 1845. At the age of about fifteen years he came with his parents to Dover ; there assisted his father in farming about three years; he then went to Hartford, Conn. ; thence to New Milford, Conn., and was appointed superintendent of a a. paper mill; he held that position till 1872, when he came to Marin ette ; worked for R. Stephenson & Co., two Summers. The following Winter after coming here, he went to Fond du Lac, put in the machin ery and superintended running a mill there about six months ; then returned to Marinette, and had charge of Stephenson's steam-tug till Sep tember, 1874, when he went to Kankakee, 111., put in the machinery and started the Kankakee Paper Company's Mill. Then he went to Fond du Lac and wasappointed superintendent of the paper mill there ; continued there till the Spring of 1875, when he hired out to Hamilton, Merryman & Co., of Marinette, as their chief engineer ; continued with them till 1879; he tnen erected a small experimental mill at the lower falls, which has since been removed and a large mill erected in its place, by Bradner Smith & Co., of Chicago. Mr. Patrick is the inventor of a great many valuable patents and these works are being operated under his patents. The pulp manufactured here is unsurpassed by any mill in the country. CHARLES E. PETERSON, furniture and undertaker, Marinette, is a native of Sweden. Came to Boston, Mass., 1861 ; came to Peshtigo, in 1864; worked there at this business till 1867, when he came to Mar inette ; he commenced this business with a small stock. He now car ries on a very prosperous business. This is the- first furniture store opened in Marinette. Married, in 1869, to Miss Jennie Church. She was born in New York. They have four children — Mary Maud, Frank Otto W. and Clara J. Members of the Presbyterian Church. H. J. PLACE, meat market, Marinette, is a native of Hinesburg, Vt. Came with his parents to Peshtigo, in 1855. He assisted his father in the hotel and farm, till 1870, when he removed to Marinette, and at once opened this market. His father died Nov. 16, 1875, aged forty-three years. JOHN PORTERFIELD, grocery and hotel, Marinette, is a native of New Brunswick. Came to Marinette, June, 1858 ; worked at the lumber business for I. Stephenson, about ten years. Since then, he has been engaged in the grocery and hotel business. He has been Con stable three years. ANDREW C, POST, manager of Mr. Bainbridge's store, in Mar inette. He was born in New Jersey ; came to Menominee, Mich., in 1873, and has been engaged in various kinds of business, up to the Spring of 1 88 1, when he took charge of this store. He was in the ' army; enlisted, August, 1861, in Co. I., ist N. J. C, and served about four years. JOHN H. RICHARDSON, superintendent Marinette Iron Works. Is a native of St. Joseph Co., Ind. When a child, his parents went to Seneca Co., N. Y. At about the age of fifteen years, he com menced to learn the machinist trade at the Seneca Falls Iron Works ; woiked here about three and a half years, then came to Indiana, and worked one season at the St. Joseph Iron Works, and a short time at the La Porte Railroad shops, then came to Litchfield, 111., and worked at the St. Louis & Terre Haute shops, about three years. He then made a trip to California on account of his health ; returned in i860, and worked for the C. & N. W. R. R., at Chicago; in their shops and yards. He, with Mr. Tobias, opened a machine-shop, in Chicago, and ran it about one year ; then returned to the employ of the C. & N. W. R. R. Co. ; had charge of their shops, about eighteen months. In 1869, he was employed by the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad Company; continued about one year; then returned to Chicago, and took charge of the Phoe nix Iron Works, under T. K. Holden. May 9, 1871, he came to Mar inette, and has since been with this company. JAMES RUSSELL, of Russell & Murphy, editors of Marinette North Star, is a native of Hartford, Washington Co., and his father was a farmer in that town ; such an education as the village school afforded the subject of this sketch, he obtained until he was fourteen years of age. At that period of his life, his parents removed to the then immature town of Mankato, Minn., and it was there that the boy's journalistic twig was inclined as the tree has become bent. As will be seen, he tried to evade the spell, but unsuccessfully. There was a Democratic paperpub- lished in Mankato called The Record, and it must have been a progress ive office, for Russell learned his trade there in less than a year. Mr. J. C. Wise was the editor, and possibly the same had something to do with the influences surrounding ;the establishment. Mr. Russell, now passing from boyhood to manhood, was becoming to be recognized in newspaper circles. He was offered, and accepted, a position as foreman and local reporter upon the Herald, published at Garden City, in the same State. Mr. Russell counts several months of not particularly happy experience in that connection. Although his inclinations had been in that direction, his pecuniary successes had been few, and Mr. Russell made up his mind to become a lawyer. With that object in view, he returned to his native State, and entered the University of Wisconsin for a course of studies. His health became poor, and he was ordered by medical advice to retire from his class temporarily. He did so, and sought rest at home again. In February, 1870, he was offered a posi tion on the Fond du Lac Journal, a weekly newspaper, then conducted by Messrs. Beeson & Bohan, Mr. Bohan being an uncle of Mr. Russell. From this time on, the gentleman's career is well known in Wisconsin newspaper circles, and the details can be condensed. Connected indi rectly with the Journal office, at the date last mentioned, was the Star Job Printing Office, one of the largest and most completely equipped steam printing houses in the State. Into this concern Mr. Russell pur chased, and the business was conducted under the firm name of Leonard, Bohan & Russell. In September, 1873, he purchased a one-half interest in the Journalfrom Mr. Bohan, theother halfbeing sold to Mr. T. F. Strong, Jr., and the firm of Strong & Russell became the proprietors of the publica tion. The job department was at the same time re-organized by transfer, and passed into the property of Leonard, Russell & Strong. In 1874, the stock organization known as the Star Printing Company was chartered, and on the following 1st of January, the job and newspaper interests were consolidated, and the company commenced business with Mr. Rus sell as a principal stockholder, and in the position of editor. Since then, until July, 1880, the management has never passed from him. At that time, he sold his interest to E. Beeson. In 1875, he accepted the nomi nation of the Democratic party for State Senator, as a leader of a for lorn hope, and polled a vote in excess of his party strength in the dis trict. In the year following, he was elected Clerk of the Court for the county, after a desperate political fight. He is now practically out of politics, further than his journalistic duties lead him. Mr. Russell was HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 593 married, on Christmas Day. 187S, to Miss Katie Riley, a society lady of Fond du Lac. Mr. and Mrs. Russell are protfd in the possession of one boy. In October, 1880, he, with Mr. J. C. Murphy, established the North Star, at that time. It may not be out of place to state that Mr. Russell's rapid rise in journalistic prominence is due, undoubtedly, to his keen perception of human nature, as established in his business. He does not allow anybody about his premises an hour longer than he thinks his presence is worth the territory he occupies. Mr. Russell has enjoyed the distinction of being the editor of one of the oldest news papers in Wisconsin Territory or State. FREDERICK SCHALE, saloon, Marinette. Is a native of Prussia, came to Menominee, Mich., 1872, worked for R. Stephenson & Co. about one year, then came to Marinette and tended bar one year. Returned to Menominee and tended bar at the First National Hotel. June, 1876, he went to Milwaukee, and enlisted in the U. S. Cavalry, went to Fort • Abraham Lincoln, Dakota Territory, fought the Indians at Standing Rock Agency, October, 1876. They then marched to Fort Totten, where they were stationed during the Winter. March 14, 1877, they left in search of the Nez Perces Indians, overtook them in June, when they fought this tribe. They then marched to the Black Hills in search of the high-way robbers, captured some of them at Sulphur Springs, re turned to Fort Totten ; there they wintered. May 24, 1878, they left in search of the Cheyenne tribe, fought them Oct. 22, 1878. He then was sent forty miles through the Indian Territory for re-enforcements, and for this daring adventure was granted a furlough of four months. Returned to Menominee and again joined his regiment April 28, 1879. They started again in pursuit of the hostile Indians ; was disabled June 14, taken to the hospital where he remained till Sept. 4, when he returned to Menominee. Worked for Stephenson & Co. till May I, 1881, when he bought out this business. fc DR. J. J. SHERMAN, physician and surgeon, Marinette. Is a native of Dutchess County, N. Y. Came to Marinette in 1853. He commenced the study of medicine in i860, with Dr. J. C. Hall. He also attended a course of lectures at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1863-64, then returned to Marinette and commenced practicing with Dr. Hall, and has since been in constant practice. In the Fall of 1880, he again went to Chicago; there attended the Rush Medical College, and graduated Feb. 22, 1881. He has been Town Assessor, Treasurer and Clerk; has been Justice of the Peace; was the first Sheriff of this county; he has taught school here eight terms, and has held all the school offices; he was Postmaster at Menekaune from 1862 to 1871, and again appointed in 1879. He was the U. S. Enumerator for this dis trict in 1880. Was chairman of the relief committee in 1871-72. J. D. SMITH, of J. D. Smith & Co., general merchandise, Mari nette. Is a native of Lycoming County, Pa. In 1858, he came to Mene kaune, was engaged in the lumber business with the New York Lumber Co. till 1861, when he enlisted in Co. F, 12th Wis. Inf. In 1862, he was transferred to Commissary Department of the 4th Division of the Army of the Tennessee ; was mustered out in 1864, then returned to Menekaune, and again worked for the New York Lumber Co. till the Spring of 1872, when he established this business. They also carry on another store at Quinnesec, Mich., firm name Smith & Loughrey. Mr. Smith has held the office of Town Treasurer three years and Town Clerk one year. W. E. SMITH, firm of Woodward & Smith, general merchandise, Marinette. Is a native of Boonville, Oneida County, N. Y. Came to Sheboygan Co., Wis., with his parents, when about two years old. He learned the printer's trade in Fond du Lac; worked at it there about four years. He enlisted in 1865, in the 47th Wis. Inf., afterward transferred to Co. E, 50th Wis. Inf.; was mustered out April, 1866. In 1871, came to Marinette. Was foreman of the Eagle office till June, 1880, when this business was established. Mr. Woodward became a member of this firm March 16, 1881. He was married October, 1879, to Miss Elizabeth A., daughter of D. E. Woodward, who was born at Syracuse, N. Y. At the age of nineteen years he commenced the study of medicine, and graduated at the Gen eva Medical College in 1857. He came to Hortonville, Wis., in 1851, and practiced his profession in Wisconsin about seven years, also dentistry about seventeen years. He has also been engaged in mer chandising about twenty-one years. He owns the finest farm in Outag amie County, consisting of 240 acres, 170 acres cleared. This farm is pro vided with all the latest improvements in watering stock, tilling the soil, etc. ; it has an orchard of over goo trees. He built a house which cost over $5,000, which was burned in April, 1878. ED. SCOFIELD, manufacturer of lumber, Marinette. He came to Oconto in 1868, and was in the employ of Mix & Hall, as foreman, for eight years, up to 1876 ; then he leased the Orr mill, and ran it four years ; then he ran the Speice mill for one year, and in the Spring of 1881 came to Marinette, and took charge of the McCartney mill. He employs forty hands on an average, and cuts about 100,000 feet yearly, clear. Feb. 10, 1878, he was appointed Timber Agent, by Gov. Smith, the position he still holds. He is also a member of the Masonic Lodge. 37 ISAAC STEPHENSON, vice-president of the N. Ludington Company, was born near Frederickton, New Brunswick, June 18, 1829. Scotch, Irish and English blood runs in his veins. His great-grand father was a Scotchman, his father, Isaac, was born in Ireland, and his mother, Elizabeth, was of English ancestry, her birth-place being Lon don. His father came to New Brunswick when nineteen years of age, and settled near Frederickton, where his son was born. In 1840, Mr. Stephenson emigrated to Maine with his family, and his son had a chance (and improved his opportunity) of receiving a practical education in the forests of the old Pine Tree State. Young Stephenson remained in Maine until 1845, when he removed to Milwaukee, and entered into business relations with Jefferson Sinclair, one of the most prominent lumbermen of that State, and with whom he had previously been acquainted. Mr. Sinclair built the great Penobscot boom, previous to locating in the West, and superintended it for six years. When young Stephenson arrived, the former had purchased an interest in the Esca naba mill, and bought a fine tract of farming land near Janesville, Wis. In the Summer of 1846, he put in 400 acres of wheat, of which his sturdy young friend from Maine broke up 130 acres himself. In the Fall of that year, Stephenson is found at Escanaba driving a six-ox team in live, Yankee fashion, putting in logs and spars. In the Winter he proudly took charge of an enormous 107-foot liberty pole, cut at Escanaba, and hauled from Milwaukee to Janesville, to be there planted, where it remains to this day. The huge piece of timber was given to Rock Co., Wis. Mr. Stephenson continued in Mr. Sinclair's employ, either as contractor or foreman of camps, until 1854. He spent most of his Summers in Milwaukee, engaged principally in sailing, owning a controlling interest in, and being master of, a schooner before he was twenty-one. In the Spring of 1854, he went to Masonville, Mich., for Holt & Mason, locating pine lands and taking a contract to stock the mill with logs for three years. In 1857, he bought a half interest in the property, from Mr. Mason, but the panic of 1857 broke up the transaction, and the purchase was abandoned. In May, 1858, as stated, he bought a quarter interest in the N. Ludington Company, and located in Marinette, where he has since resided. In the Fall of 1863, he became one of the owners of the Ludington & Wells, now the Ludington, Wells & Van 594 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Schaick Company. He had a sixth interest, but sold it in 1868. In 1867, Mr. Stephenson was authorized by leading lumbermen to com mence the erection of dams, booms and piers, now controlled by the Menominee River Manufacturing Company, for the purpose ot divid ing, sorting and handling the logs which were cut and hauled to and into the river, there to intermingle and cause every imaginable trouble and confusion to the owners. The result of his labors is seen at Marinette, and the supply is now brought to its destination regularly and systemati cally, without jam or confusion. Each man is as sure of his own as if the logs had been branded. Mr. Stephenson still remains vice-president and manager of the corporation, which controls all log-driving improve ments, or those to be made, upon the Menominee River and its tribu taries. In 1867, he obtained an interest in the Peshtigo Company, Will iam B. Ogden, president. Mr. Stephenson was vice-president and man ager, and under his direction was erected, at the mouth of the river, one of the largest mills in the country. He also built the immense tub and pail factory at Peshtigo, destroyed in the fire of 1871. The barge line of the Peshtigo Company, the first one on the lakes, and considered im practicable on Lake Michigan at the time, was established by him in 1867. He was also one of the original promoters of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Company, and is one of the executive committee. In a word, there has been no important move accomplished in the lumbering in terests of Northern Wisconsin in which Mr. Stephenson has not taken a leading, and oftentimes the leading part. In 1866, Mr. Stephenson was elected a member of the Assembly from the district comprised of Door, Oconto and Shawano counties, and re-elected in 1868 from the district comprising Shawano and Oconto. He has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, Justice of the Peace for fourteen years, and held other lncal offices. Those of more importance have been within his reach, but the magnitude of his business interests, if not inclination itself, preclude him from political indulgence. He took a leading part in the organiza tion of Marinette County in 1879, and donated the site for the court house. As to his political faith, he was originally a Whig, became a Republican as soon as the party was created, and has remained steadfast ever since. Mr. Stephenson's enterprise and public spirit extends into many channels. As an evidence, he has recently erected an opera-house, costing $10,000. His benevolences, however, are many and unosten tatious. He is, especially, a friend to the churches, and sites for their buildings which he has donated are on both sides of the Menomonee. From this sketch it must be inferred that Mr. Stephenson is a self made man. In his business relations, either as a member of his own firm or in his transactions with others, his characteristics are integrity and fairness, sound judgment and clear perception. He is a man of remarkable memory, and his mind is therefore well stored with that which both profits and entertains. In his friendships he is warm and firm, and his insight into character makes of him a man who seldom has a twinge of regret at misplaced confidence. In fact, after a residence of twenty- three years in Marinette his character still remains intact in its solidity and probity. ISADORE S. STRASS, proprietor Fond du Lac House, Marinette, is a native of Austria. Came to Escanaba, Mich., in 1867 ; there he clerked in a dry goods store about one and one-half years. In 1869, came to Green Bay. In 187 1, came to Marinette, where he has since resided. He owns this house, which he built in 1878. It contains about thirty rooms, and is doing a very fine trade. W. J. SUELFLOHN, proprietor of billiard hall and sample room. He was born in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1846, and came to Marinette, Sep tember, 1879, and established his present business. He is a member of the Turner Society. S. M. STEPHENSON, vice-president of the Kirby-Carpenter Co., was born in New Brunswick, in the vicinity of Woodstock, Dec. 25, 1831, When nine years of age, his father removed with his family to Maine, and until young Stephenson was seventeen years old he lived and worked in the pineries of the Aroostook. His elder brother, Isaac, had already settled in the West, being in the employ of Jefferson Sinclair, the noted Maine lumberman. Samuel, therefore, was induced lo come to Escanaba, where he remained, working for Mr. Sinclair one year ; then went to Maine. After returning, worked for Mr. Sinclair two years, and Holt & Mason two years. Then went to Menomonee, in 1866. He has since resided there, being among its leading spirits, both in business and public enterprises. His money finds its way into many channels outside the business to which he has devoted his life. He is now erecting a fine hotel on the corner of Main and Lud ington streets. It is to be built of red brick, with stone trimmings, three stories in height, 120x67 feet with " L" in the northeast corner, and will be first-class in all its furnishings and accommodations. The building, which will cost $65,000, is to be ready for occupancy by the Summer of 1882, and will prove a most useful adornment to Menominee. That Mr. Stephenson's sound common-sense is developed in more ways than those which make of him a successful business man, is evident from the fact that he has repeatedly been called upon to represent, not only a home constituency, but an extensive section of the State. He has held the office of Supervisor since the County of Menomonee was organized, in 1863. He represented his Assembly District in 1877, and served his constituents in the Senate during 1878-9. In 1880, Mr. Stephenson was chosen as an elector at large on the Republican ticket. He has al ways been a firm believer and advocate of Republican principles, and means to die in the faith. In short, his character may be summed up in these worSs : whatever he believes and whatever he does, he believes and does with all his might and with all his soul. EDMOND TO BIN, manager and patentee of the Alarming Combi nation Sash Holder and Sash Lock, Marinette. At the age of nineteen years he came to Marquette, Mich., learned the millwright trade, and remained there about three years. He then traveled through Wiscon sin, working at this trade. In about 1867, came to Oconto, and has been a resident of this locality since. For many years he has devoted his time to this patent, and is now rewarded by the grandest production of inventive genius, having just sold a bill of $700 in Marinette. His sales will be enormous when once placed upon the market. JAMES TWEEDIE, proprietor Marinette Planing Mill, Marinette, is a native of New Brunswick. At the age of about twenty-four years, he came to Masonville, Mich. There he worked at the lumber business till 1859, when he came to Menominee, worked for the Kirby Carpenter Company about eleven years. In 1870 he, with Mr. Wright, bought this mill, and ran it about three years, when it was consumed by fire. He at once rebuilt and ran it till 1879, when it was again destroyed by fire. He at once rebuilt it, and has since been running it. WATSON BROS., hardware and stoves, Marinette. This business was established in 1873 ; first started in this store with a very small stock. The store then was 22x36. They have now worked into a large and prosperous trade, being obliged to enlarge their store, which is now 22x120 feet ; doing a business of about $70,000 a. year, and constantly increasing. D. G. WEAVER, firm of Mendlek, Weaver & Co., Marinette Mar ble Works, is a native of Chemung Co., N, Y. Came to Green Bay in 1855 ; worked in a shingle mill. Afterward removed to a farm, where he worked a few years. He then followed the lakes one year. In 1863 HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY 595 he enlisted in Co. H, 39th Wis. Inf. ; served to the end of the war. He was transferred, in 1864, to the 9th Wis. Battery. Participated in the battle at Memphis, Tenn., Corinth, in the Red River expedition, in Sherman's march to the sea and others. He then returned to Oconto, and followed the lakes again, about eleven years in all. In 1876 he com menced to learn the marble trade, and established this business Nov. 22, 1880. DR. L. E. WHITMAN, druggist, Marinette. Is a native of New York. Came to Marinette, Wis., in 1867, where he remained till 1872; when he went to Menoninee, Mich., and opened a drug store ; continued it till l875,when he again returned to Marinette, and since then has carried on this business. He commenced the study of medicine in Bourbon, Ind., in 1865 ; practiced till about 1873. S. J. WHITNACK, foreman for James Scott, livery and sale stable, Marinette. Was born in New York State ; came to Neenah in 1856, and was engaged in farming and milling. He enlisted, in 1864, in Co. E, 42d Wis. V. I., and served till the close of Ihe war. In August, 1880, he came to Marinette, and has been engaged in his present busi ness since. CALEB WILLIAMS, superintendent N. Ludington Company, Marinette. Is a native of England. Came to Palmyra, N. Y., when a boy. In 1867, came to Racine County. Worked in a grist mill about one and one-half years, then clerked in a store about one and one-half years. He then, with his father, carried on the commission busi ness about one year. May 8, 1867, he came to Marinette; worked for Stephenson, Gram & Co., in the lumber business. A few months later he took charge of their books ; held that position till September, 1872, when he was appointed superintendent, which position he has since held. In the Fali of 1871, he was treasurer of the Relief Society. E. B. WILLIAMS, of the firm of Williams Bros., dealers in hard ware, Marinette. He was born in England and came to Peshtigo, and was engaged in the same business. Burned out in 1871, and lost every thing except some of their tools, which they took and went to Missouri, and worked at the tinner trade for about five years. Came to Marinette and established their present business in 1876. Were burned out again in 1879, and immediately rebuilt their present store. J. K. WRIGHT, one of the firm of Wright Bros., dealers in general merchandise, Marinette. He is a native of Pennsylvania, and came to Marinette in 1867, and they are the first in that line, aside from the lumber company's store in Marinette. They have a good trade, selling from twenty-five to forty thousand dollars per year. They also have two branch stores, one at Quinnesec, and one at Cornell, Minn. He en listed, May 16, 1861, in Co. F, 23d N. Y. V. I., and served the term of his enlistment ; and when the county of Marinette was organized, was appointed by the Governor, Register of Deeds, and in 1879 was elected to the same office for the next term. MYRON YOUNG, proprietor Northwestern Hotel, Marinette. Is a native of Port Huron, Mich.; there he was raised, and followed the lake till 1876, when he came to Green Bay; engaged in painting till the Winter of 1879, when he came to Marinette and at once took charge of this hotel. Married, in 1877, to Miss Elmira Charles. She is a native of Grand Rapids, Mich. MENEKAUNE. REV. J. R. ANDREWS, pastor Swedish M. E. Church, Mene kaune, is a native of Sweden. At about the age of fifteen he com menced to study for the ministry ; came to Evanston, III., and continued his studies ; was ordained September, 1878 ; he then came to Ishpeming and had charge of a Church there two years. In 1880, he came to Menekaune, and has been pastor of this Church since then. JOHN O. LINDQUIST, general merchandise, Menekaune, is a na tive of Sweden ; In 1854, came to Chicago ; in 1856, came to Mene kaune ; followed painting about two seasons ; he then followed various kinds of work for several years; then bought a small vessel, and en gaged in furnishing supplies along the bay and river ; continued at this till 1867, when he opened a store with a very limited stock, and has now worked into a very fine trade, doing a business of $25,000 to $30,- 000 a year. When he came to Menekaune he had nothing. CAPT. A.V. LINDQUIST, master of tug "A Burton," Menekaune, is a native of Sweden; in 1854 came to Chicago with his parents ; they lost a daughter there ; in 1855, they came to Menekaune, where he has since made his home. His father removed to Ephraim, Wis., in i860, followed farming till 1870, when he returned to Menekaune, where he now lives. Captain Lindquist has been engaged in boating ever since coming to Menekaune. He ran a tug for the New York Company three seasons, and the past ten seasons, he has commanded this tug in the em ploy of Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Company. Married Amelia Hanson, in 1871. She was born in Norway. They have four children, two sons and two daughters. CAPT. P. A. LINDQUIST, master of the tug "Thomas A. Tilling- hast," Menekaune, is a native of Sweden ; came to Chicago in 1854. The following year, the family came to Menekaune. In 1857, he worked for the New York mills ; he met with a very narrow escape on one occasion, his clothes were caught by a revolving shaft, which, in an instant strip ped him of all he had on. The following year he engaged in sailing on the bay, and so continued about eight seasons; he owned a vessel named the "Menominee Belle;" when near Death's Door, and in the Fall of the year, a squall suddenly came up and capsized her; he remained in the water about six hours, clinging to the boat; the wind then shifted, and he was driven ashore, where he was cared for by the settlers, nearly frozen to death. The past ten years he has been master of this tug; married in 1861, to Kate Hanson ; she was born in Norway ; they have seven children, five sons and two daughters. J W. LOUGHREY, proprietor Exchange Hotel, Menekaune, is a native of Louisville, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; came to Cleveland, and was employed with Henderson, Punderson & Palmer ; the oldest whole sale and retail druggists in the city; was with the firm during 1847, 48 and '49 ; he then went to Kentucky, and followed civil engineering about six years. In 1855, came to Peshtigo, worked in the woods for the Pesh tigo Company, afterward employed in their store, where he remained one year ; he then came to Menekaune and took charge of John Jacob s store and Post-office, remained with him about three years. He enlisted in 1861, Co. F, 12th Wis. V. I., 3d Div. 17th Army Corps; served to the end of the war; in 1866, he was employed by Kirby Carpenter Company, scaled for them in the woods ; in 1867, he scaled for them in their mill ; in 1868, he scaled again for them in the woods ; the following year, he commenced the hotel business, which he has since followed ; has been Town Supervisor three years. LEONARD MILLER, meat market, Menekaune, is a native of Harrisburg, Pa., came to Detroit in 1852, with his parents, they after re moved to Monroe County, where he worked on a farm till the Fall of 1863 ; then came to Menekaune, and has worked at the engineer busi ness till 1880, when he started this business ; married in 1864 to Mary Patton ; she was born in Ohio. They have seven children, three sons and four daughters. S. V. D. PHILBROOK, of the firm of Philbrook Bros., shipyard, Menekaune, is a native of Maine. In 1859 he came to Green Bay, where he remained about four years, and then came to Peshtigo. In about 1867 he came to Menekaune. They have worked at this business for the past thirty years, and have built many fine steamers and vessels, among which may be mentioned the propellor "Boscobel" for the Pesh tigo Company, and others. CAPTAIN W. C. RODGERS, retired, Menekaune, was born July 22, 181 7, in Middlebury, Vt. When a boy he came with his parents to St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. He commenced sailing in 1836, and followed the lakes till i860. At the age of eighteen he had charge of a vessel, and since this time has had charge of many different vessels, among which may be named the "Harriet Calvin," "Cleopatra," "Rocky Mountain," "Mary," "Palmetto," and others. He has been in the employ of the New York mills about twelve years. Has served as Constable two terms. Has been Deputy Sheriff four years. He has now retired from active du ties and has provided himself with a very comfortable home, fitted up with all conveniences. His son, George H., served in the late war. PESHTIGO. Peshtigo is a place of 1,200 inhabitants, situated on the river by that name, six miles south of Marinette. Although settlements were made in its vicinity at quite an early day, there are no "ancient landmarks" standing to keep alive an interest in its youthful times — all swept away, with hundreds of human lives, in that awful baptism by fire in 187 1. The history of Peshtigo, as it is, dates from October 8, 187 1. The village is located on the Peshtigo River, about seven miles from its mouth, and six miles directly south of Marinette. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The Peshtigo Company, a business power in Northern Wisconsin, was organized in October, 1856, as the Peshtigo Lumber & Manufacturing Company. The name was afterward changed to that by which it is at present known. When the company was organized, a mill on each side of the river had been operated for years. The one on the west side was torn down and a very large mill erected on its site in 1857. This was burned in 1867. The old building on the east side was enlarged, containing finally a circular, 596 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. lath, planing and grist mill, sash and door factory and ma chine shop, all in one. It was burned in the fire of 187 1, and has not been rebuilt, but a saw-mill, with two large cir culars, was erected on the west side in 1872, and is now in operation. Its capacity is 100,000 feet of lumber, and 33,- 000 lath per day. It is run by water power and employs fifty men. To facilitate the transportation and marketing of this large manufacture, the Peshtigo Company has con structed a railroad line from Peshtigo to Peshtigo Harbor, eight miles, where it connects with its line of barges, and thus a continuous route is opened to Chicago. At Peshtigo Harbor the company owns and operates a steam saw-mill, the largest and most productive in this section of the State. It was built in 1867-68, going into operation during the Spring of the latter year. Its capacity (eleven hours per day) is 200,000 feet of lumber, 33,000 lath and 40,000 shin gles. The number of men employed in the mill is 125. The barge line, mentioned above, consists of a magnificent $50,- 000 tug, "The Boscobel," which was built this season, and six fine barges. The company has also in operation at Pesh tigo a flourishing general store, and a first-class boarding house. Its lands comprise 160,000 acres, located on both sides of the Peshtigo River. This season's estimated manu facture is 50,000,000 feet. Present officers of the company : President, Wm. E. Strong; Vice-president, Isaac Stephen son ; Secretary, Wm. A. Ellis ; Assistant Secretary and Treasurer, George C. Hempstead. Machine Shops and Planing Mill of S. G. Lister, is the only manufacturing establishment in Peshtigo, outside the mill and shops owned by the Peshtigo Company. The shops were first erected in 1870, by David Lister & Son, but were burned in the great fire. They were rebuilt the next year, the senior proprietor selling out to his sons, David Lister, and S. G. Lister, who operated them until 1876, as Lister Brothers. The former disposed of his interest to F. J. Bartels, who remained in partnership with the latter for a year, since which time S. G. Lister has been sole proprietor. About a dozen hands are employed in the foundry, machine shop and planing mill. Peshtigo has, of course, a number of general stores, which do a good business, and has after ten years grown up to be the only settlement of importance in the county, out side of Marinette. Its school accommodations, as the village is not incorporated, are those of District No. 2, in which it is situated. The figures have been given. CHURCHES AND SOCIETIES. Church of the Sacred Heart (Catholic), was organized in 1863, and a church building erected the same year. It was destroyed in the fire of 187 1, and a second one, the edifice now standing, was erected in 1871-72. The site was do nated by the Peshtigo Company, the value of the property being at present, $3,500. Rev. John Seubert has been in charge of the Church since August, 1880. The membership is 100 families. The Congregational Church was organized April 3, 1868. The first house of worship had just been completed at the time of the great fire and was destroyed with the rest of the village. Eight of the members are known to have perished in the fire and others were scattered. All records were burned. The present house of worship a. fac simile oi of the first, was built by money contributed from different parts of the country, together with $2,000 insurance. Rev. H. T. Fuller, of St. Johnsbury, Vt. Evangelical Lutheran Church (German). Its former edifice was burned at the time of the fire. In 1871-72, the present one was erected. Rev. H. Hillemann is pastor of the society, which numbers about 175. There is also a Scandinavian Lutheran Church, in charge of Rev. J. H. Dahl, of Fort Howard, and a small Epicopa- lian Society, which worships in Temple of Honor Hall, and whose pastor is Rev. William Dafter, of Oconto. Peshtigo has a lodge of Odd Fellows, a Masonic Lodge, a Temple of Honor, and a band of Juvenile Templars. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EDGAR ANNIS, farmer, Sec. 35, P. O. Peshtigo. Born in Chitten den County, Vt. He came to Oconto in the Spring of 1855; he removed to Shawano County, thence to Iowa, and Minnesota. In the Fall of 1856, he came to New London, Wis.; in 1865, he came to his present farm. He owns, in all, 200 acres of land. Married, in 1865, to Sophia Chestnut ; she was born in Cattaraugus County, N. Y. JUDGE F. J. BARTELS, Postmaster, Peshtigo, was born in Cri- vitz, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, Oct. 31, 1832. Coming to Buf falo, N. Y., in 1852, he worked a year and a half in an edge-tool factory, and then settled in Peshtigo. At the breaking out of the war, he en listed in Co. F, 12th Wis. V. I., as a private. For his soldierly bearing and bravery in action, he passed through the gradations of promotion up to the captaincy of the same company. Upon being mustered out of the service, he engaged in the general merchandise business, the firm being Marshall & Co. It afterwards became Marshall & Bartels, and finally the latter obtained entire control of the business, managing it alone un til the great fire of 1871. Although Mr. Bartels suffered himself to the amount of $30,000, he was among the foremost in the work of relieving HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 597 others, serving, for a time, upon the committee organized for that pur pose. The next year, 1872, he became Postmaster, was appointed Coun ty Judge by the Governor in 1879, to fill out the term ending Jan. I, 1882, and elected to this position for the term ending Jan. I, 1886. Judge Bartels has also held the position of Chairman of the Board of Supervisors and Justice of the Peace. He is a man of ability and deter mination, and has retained the confidence and esteem of the community in which he has resided for twenty-eight years. This is circumstantial evidence, which amounts to proof, of an unusually strong and sincere character. MARCUS H. BICE, filer for the Peshtigo Co., is a native of Canada. Came to Peshtigo in 1863, and commenced on the carriage in the mill the second season; ran one of the saws up to the time of the big fire, and after the new mill was built, took a saw and ran it till August, 1879, and since that time, has been engaged as filer. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. MARTIN BIES, saloon, Peshtigo; he is a native of Prussia, and came to America in 1867, and to Peshtigo in 1869, and was employed by the Peshtigo Co., and worked for them and others up to 1875, when he established himself in his present business. L. C. BROWN, assistant manager at Peshtigo Harbor Steam Mill, is a native of New York, and came to Peshtigo in 1875, and has been in his present position since 1878. He enlisted in 1862, in Co. C, 5th Reg. Penn. C, and served three years and three months. NICHOLAS CAVIOT, livery and sale stable, Peshtigo, was born in France, Dec. 6, 1824 ; came to New York in 1856, stopped there for a few months, then to Chicago, April, 1857, and then to Peshtigo, Nov. 28, 1858, and engaged work with the Peshtigo Company up to the Spring of 1861 ; established himself in business, butchering and meat market, up to 1871, when the great fire burned the entire town. He had man aged by close application to business to accumulate a nice start ; he con sidered himself worth about $20,000, a great portion was in improved property, wliich was all lost, but he was not discouraged, but went to work and built the first house that was built after the fire, and has a sign placed on it stating the fact ; he also built a saw mill four miles south of the N. W. R. R. track, and ran it for thirteen months, when that took fire and burned down, and he has built two other saw mills since and sold them out to other parties. RICHARD CHAPMAN, farmer, Sec. 12, P. O. Peshtigo, has eighty acres ; he was born in Marinette County ; moved on his farm in 1880 ; he was married, April 8, 1876, to Maria A. Sage. She was born in New York State. They have two children, Maud A. and John. A. M. CHOLETTE, saloon and boarding, Peshtigo, is a native of Can ada, came to Alpena, Mich., in 1865 ; worked at the lumber business till 1867, when he came to Menominee ; 1868, came to Marinette ; in 1870, came to Peshtigo ; in 1873, went to Negaunee, Mich. ; in 1874, to Chi cago; came to Oconto in 1875, thence to Green Bay in 1878; returned to Peshtigo, and has followed the hotel business since 1868 ; he was also engaged in the grocery business here from 1872 to 1873. SAMUEL CURTIN, farmer, Sec. 17, P. O. Peshtigo. Born in Quebec, Canada, July 12, 1833. Came to Saratoga County, N. Y., in 1847 ; in 1854, he removed to Upper Canada ; in 1856, he came to Pesh tigo, and bought this farm of eighty acres of land ; he has since im proved it with a house, barn and other improvements. J. B. DAWSON, wagon and blacksmith shop, Peshtigo, is a native of Canada; came to Peshtigo in 1862, worked for the Peshtigo Company till 1876 ; since this time he has been carrying on this business ; this trade he learned in Canada. THOMAS DENIS, head sawyer, Peshtigo Lumber Company, is a native of Canada. In 1866 he came to Lake Superior, where he re mained eighteen months, then came to Peshtigo and worked in the mill two or three years. He then built a. hotel, which he ran till he was burned out in the great fire of 1871. He then followed jobbing for two Winters. Since then he has been in the employ of this company. HENRY DREES, foreman at the stables of the Peshtigo Company. He was born in Germany ; came to Chicago, May, 1858, and in Nov ember of the same year to Peshtigo and commenced work for this com pany at the Harbor up to i860, when he took his present position, which he has occupied ever since ; when he first took it he had in his care and charge about 125 head of horses, harness, wagons, and everything pertaining to the teaming line, and has twenty-four men to assist him ; he is an efficient man for the company, as he can speak, read and write three different languages — German, French and English, and also doctors all of their horses, besides others ; is a member of the I. O. O. F., and the Encampment ; he was elected Overseer of the township roads in 1880 and 1881. JOHN DUNLAP, manager of the Peshtigo Company's saw mill; he is a native of Ireland ; came to America in 1856 and located in Manistee, Mich., for a few months in 1857 ; moved to Peshtigo and was engaged by the Peshtigo Company at various kinds of work up to 1868, when he was placed in his present position ; he has forty-six men under bis charge. E. D. ELLIS, book-keeper for Peshtigo Co. He is a native of Maine, and came to Peshtigo when four years of age with his parents, and after completing his education was employed in the Company's store as clerk up to 1871, when he was promoted to assistant book-keeper under Mr. Shepherd, and is now ¦ serving his second term as Town Treasurer. WILLIAM A. ELLIS, secretary and manager of the Peshtigo Company, at Peshtigo, was born in Topsham, Me., April 23, 1828. He is ihe son of William and Miranda Ellis, and previous to his settlement in Peshtigo. in 1857, was engaged principally in the mercantile business at Oldtown, a village of Upper Stillwater, to which place his parents re moved. There they resided up to 1875, when they came West to live near their son. When Mr. Ellis located in Peshtigo, he at once took charge of the company's store and books, and thus continued _up to 1868. He then became general manager of all the business at this' place and continues to hold that responsible position. Mr. Ellis is also a dealer and has considerable interests in pine lands, and is, all in all, one of the business leaders in his part of the State. Like most of the substantial men of this section, he came early and has remained to see his former home in the wilderness surrounded by brisk life. He has, in addi tion to his business engagements, been called to many positions of trust. In 1857, he was appointed Postmaster, and served up to the time of his resignation in 1873. Hehas held the office of Town Treasurer for eighteen years, and has been Chairman of the Board since the organization of Mari nette County in 1879. In 1880, Mr. Ellis was elected to the State Senate for the term 1881-2. That he has had his share of private and public con fidence and esteem, the above record shows, even to those who do not know his life. HARVEY ENGLAND, farmer, Sec. 8, Town 30, Range 22, P. O. Peshtigo, has 160 acres. Was born in New York State ; came to Peshtigo in 1864, and has been engaged in farming and lumbering. He was married in 1870, to Caroline May. She died May 15, 1880, and left one child, Leola M. Mr. England's second marriage was to Miss A. R. Winens, Feb. 21, 1881. She was born in Oconto Co., Wis. M. H. ENGLER, Town Assessor, Peshtigo, is a native of Luzerne Co., Pa. In the Spring of 1868, he came to Columbus, Iowa ; in the Fall of this year he came to Peshtigo, where he remained till the Spring of 1874, when he took a trip to California, Australia, Japan and embrac- 598 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 'ng the whole Pacific slope; returned in the Fall of 1876, and has since been employed by the Peshtigo Company in surveying and looking after their lands, etc. PHILIP FETTERLY, farmer, Sec. 12, P. O. Peshtigo, has 240 acres. He was born in Canada, and came to Peshtigo in 1861, and en gaged with the Peshtigo Company, lumbering for about two years ; then commenced to improve his farm. He has one of the finest apple or chards in the county. He has served the office of Treasurer of his school district for three years. Has eight children — Elizabeth (Mrs. Charles Paetz), Elias C, George J., Allen, William, Charles, Frank and Eddie. JAMES GLASS, farmer, Sec. 27, P. O. Peshtigo. Is a native of Ireland ; born in 1833. At the age of about ten years he came to St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; in 1856, he came to Ozaukee County, Wis., where he remained a short time, then to West Bend, Washington Co., there he remained three years; in 1859, he came to Brown County; July I, i860, came to Peshtigo, and has since been engaged in farming. He owns fifty-five acres of land ; he was the first director of school No. 7 ; held that office nine years. He has been Constable two or three years, and Overseer of Highways two or three years. J. W. GOULD, proprietor of the Gould House, Peshtigo. He is a native of the county of Kennebec, Me.; came to Peshtigo in the Spring of i860 and engaged in lumbering for the Peshtigo Company, and has been their foreman, more or less, for the eleven years up to October, 1875, when he contracted for the house he now runs, and it is one of the most complete kept houses in the State of Wisconsin, for the amount of business done. B. GRANDEAU, foreman of the carpenter shop of the Peshtigo Company, was born in Lower Canada, and came to Peshtigo June 7, 1864, and has been at work for this company ever since. Was married in 1840, to Sophia Miller ; she was born in Lower Canada. They have seven children — Elizabeth, Amelia, Sophia, Annie, Anton and Archie. ACHILLE GRANGER, millwright for the Peshtigo Company, is a native of Canada. Came to Menominee in 1867, where he worked for three years. Since this time he has been working the mills. In about 1876 he came to Peshtigo, and has since been working for this company. Married, in 1876, to Laura Lavoie. She was born in Canada. They have two children, Charles and Clara. J. A. GRIFFIN, has charge of the Peshtigo Company's boarding house at the Harbor. He is a native of Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Pesh tigo with his parents in 1848, and has lived here most of the time ; has been in the employ of this company for the last fifteen years steadily, and took charge of the house that is still running, in the Spring of 1879. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and Temple of Honor. LEVI HALE, farmer and stock raiser, P. O. Peshtigo. Born in Jefferson Co., N. Y. When a boy, his parents moved to St. Lawrence County, where he was raised. He followed the lakes a few years, and in the Fall of 1841, he came to Menominee River, and was engaged in prospecting in the copper mines of Lake Superior about one year. In 1846, he came to Peshtigo, and followed lumbering and various kinds of work. In 1859, he built a hotel, and ran it seven years ; afterward fol lowed building and renting till 1871, when his buildings were all swept away in the great fire. He was the heaviest loser, aside from the Pesh tigo Company. Married, in 1856, to Miss Hannah, daughter of John Windross, formerly of England. They emigrated to Utica, N. Y., in 1833. She came to Green Bay in 1836, and has lived in Oconto County since 1847. They have a family of three children — Elizabeth, now Mrs. Woodward, Martha, now Mrs. Murphy, and Miss Kittie. B.-F. HARPER, furniture, and undertaker, Peshtigo. Born in Rockland Co., N. Y. Came to Peshtigo in 1867. When in New York, he learned the trade of architect and builder, and still carries on this business. He has been foreman carpenter for the Peshtigo Company since coming here. He commenced the undertaking business in 1877, and two years later added furniture. He enlisted, in 1862, in the U. S. Navy, from Philadelphia, serving in the Gulf Squadron one year. DAVID HENRY, farmer, Sec. 9, P. O. Peshtigo. Is a native of Ireland. Came with his parents to Lockport, N. Y., at the age of four years. In 1858, he came to Muskego, Waukesha Co., Wis.; here he held the office of Town Superintendent of Schools two years ; Town Clerk two terms. He was elected Justice of the Peace, but refused to qualify ; was Postmaster five years. In 1868, he came to his present farm, eonsisting of eighty acres of land. ROBERT A. HURD, farmer, Sec. 35, P. O. Peshtigo. He was born in New York State. Came to Peshtigo in 1868. Is a mason by trade, and he has followed that and farming since he has been in the country. He was married, in i860, to Emerly Philips. She was born in Cornwall, Canada West. They have four children — William A., Ella C, Robert N. and Pearl M. Mrs. Hurd is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. FRANK JACOBS, filer in the Peshtigo Company's mill. He is a native of Hungary. Came to Peshtigo in 1850. When he first came to this place, was engaged with Levenworth & Beebe, and when the Peshtigo Company started their works, Mr. Jacobs went with them( and has been in their employ ever since. He is a member of the I. 0. O. F., also the Encampment. JOHN G. KUSTERER, druggist, Peshtigo. Is a native of Wur temburg, Germany. In 1848, came to Philadelphia ; there learned the lithograph trade, which he followed about six years. He then went to Toronto, Canada ; worked at the trade there about two years. He came to Chicago about 1856, where he remained about one year • then to St. Louis. In 1858, he went to Louisville, Ky.; worked at this business till 1861, when he enlisted in the Union Army; served about four months; returned to Louisville, where he remained till 1866, when he entered the hospital at Newport, Ky., as steward, where he remained about fuur years ; then returned to Louisville, and again worked at the lithograph business till the Spring of 1879, when he came to Menekaune, Wis., where he ran a drug store till November 1879, when he came to Peshtigo, and has since carried on this business. GEORGE LAISURE, farmer, Sec. 12, P. O. Peshtigo. Is a native of Canton, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. In 1868, came to Peshtigo and worked for the Peshtigo Company three or four years ; since then he has followed farming. He owns eighty acres, which he has improved with a barn 36x48, built in 1877, cost $600. He is now about completing his house, cost $700. Married, in 1874, to Mary M. Bucklin; she was born in New York. They have three children, one son and two daughters. E. B. LEBBOND, salesman at the Peshtigo Company's store. He is a native of Canada, and came to Peshtigo in 1869, and was en gaged for the company on outside work till 1871, when he was pro moted to assist in the store, and in the Spring of 1879 was placed in his present position. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. LEVI LESLIE, farmer, Sec. 26, P. O. Peshtigo. Is a native of Lower Canada. At about the age of seventeen years he came to St. Lawrence County, N. Y. Came to Peshtigo in 1864, where the family have since lived. He owns 240 acres of land; all the improvements on this farm has been made by the family since coming here. He has been Treasurer of the School Board. Married in 1851, to Miss Maria An drews ; she was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. They have ten children, four sons and six daughters. S. G. LISTER, foundry, machine shop and planing mill, Peshtigo Is a native of England, and came to America with his parents when quite young. Came to Peshtigo in the Fall of 1870 and established the present business, and was burned out in 1871, and immediately re built, and his father ran the business for one year. Then he took it, and has run it since. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and Encamp ment, and has passed through all the chairs of both orders, and he is also a member of the Masonic order. SAMUEL McCULLOUGH, with F. J. Bartels, Peshtigo. Is a native of Ireland. When an infant, he came to Canada with his parents. In 1858, came to Milwaukee. Followed book-keeping, as well as hav ing full charge of Lansing Bonnell's business, holding this position about eight years. In 1877, he came to Oconto, was employed as book-keeper for Anson Eldred & Son ; finally became sole manager of their business ; this he held till January, 1881. He has just assumed charge of Judge Bartels' business. D. R. McDONALD, Policeman, Peshtigo. Is a native of Canada. In 1863, he came to Peshtigo, and has been in the employ of the Pesh tigo Company since then, until the Spring of 1881, as a general overseer of their business. He has lately been appointed Police Officer. WILLIAM McFARLAND, farmer, Sec. 12, P. 0. Peshtigo. Has 120 acres. He was born in Canada West. Came to Michigan in 1865, and in 1868, to Oconto, and was engaged in lumbering. In 1871, moved on to his farm. Has been one of the School Directors for four years. He was married in 1869, to Ellen Coopleston ; she was born in Westport. They have one son, William. F. E. McGRAW, station agent C.& N. W. R. R., Peshtigo. Isanative of McGrawville, Cortland Co., N. Y. At the age of about five years, he came with his parents to Hartford, Wis. When about ten years of age, he commenced to learn telegraphing, and at the age of fifteen, he took charge of the office at Horicon Junction ; held this two and one-half years, in the employ of the C, M. & St. P. R. R. He soon after ac cepted the position as operator and clerk, at Jefferson, Wis, ; worked there two years and three months. He then went to Chicago, and was placed in charge of the C. & N. W. R. R. wires as night operator. With the exception of one year, he has had charge of this office since 1873, and has been in the employ of this company for the past twelve years. JAMES McGREGOR, livery and sale stable, Peshtigo. Is a native of Canada, and came to Peshtigo in 1873, and worked with the Peshtigo Company and farming. He owns a farm of 120 acres, about seven miles from the village. Was elected Constable, and served some years. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. JAMES L. MELLEN has charge of the mechanical department of the Peshtigo Company Works. His parents were located in Boston, Mass., where he was raised, educated and served his apprenticeship as machin ist, with J. & S. Adams, of South Boston Iron Works. In 1856, he moved to Green Bay with his family, and was employed by Otto Zank, who was HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 599 engaged manufacturing machinery ; was with him for two years. In June, 1858, came to Peshtigo and took the position he still occupies. He and his family are members of St. John's Church. CHARLES J. MOORE, assistant harbor master for the Peshtigo Company. He was born in Chicago. Attended the Franklin school, then graduated at the high school at the age of fourteen. Then went into the office of C. P. Kellogg & Co., clothing house, for two years, and then various other important positions up to 1871, when he came to Peshtigo, and was employed by the Peshtigo Company as scaler and clerk in the store, and had charge of the Company's store at the Harbor for one year, and then assistant harbor master for two years. Took a trip to the Pacific, first, to Colorado, and took charge of the McClure House, Canyon City, then to the Pacific, and traveled through that country for three years, then returned to Peshtigo, and took his present position. CAPT. JNO. P. MOORE, harbor master, Peshtigo. At the age of twelve years he resolved to be a sailor, and was placed on board a ship at Liverpool, and served an apprenticeship of four years. His abil ity as an able seaman soon being discovered, he was soon after promot ed to captain of one of the Black Ball Line. He sailed in this capacity about five years. He then resigned this position, and, in 1849, he came to New Orleans. Two years later he came to Chicago, and fol lowed the lakes, most of the time as captain, till 1867, when he was ap pointed, by this company, harbor master, and has charge of all their outside business at the Harbor. He has been in the employ of this com pany since 1859. He commanded the "Hans Crocker" and others of their fleet. He has owned property in Chicago ever since coming there, and where part of his family still reside. OTTO NELSON, watchmaker and jeweler, Peshtigo. Is a native of Denmark. Came to Neenah, Wis., in 1873, there he commenced to learn this trade, where he worked some years. He then commenced traveling, repairing clocks, etc. He afterward returned to Oshkosh and finished his trade. Aug. 20, 1878, he came to Peshtigo, and started a repair business ; soon after put in a small stock, and now carries a very fine line of goods, and doing a very nice trade. Paul B.Wood, now making his headquarters with Mr. Nelson, is a native of Canada ; when a child of two years of age came to St. Lawrence County, N. Y. In 1855, he came to Manitowoc County, and engaged in teaching most of the time from 1858 to 1867, in Manitowoc and Brown counties. He also practiced surveying. Came to Peshtigo, December, 1867, was elected County Surveyor, served one term, refused to run a second term. For the past ten years he has been employed as surveyor for the Peshtigo Company. A. NEWTON, farmer, Sec. 4, P. O. Peshtigo. He has in his home farm 147 acres. Is a native of Canada, and came to New York State when quite young, and in 1859, came to Peshtigo and bought his farm from the Government at that time. Has made fine improvements, and is now serving his second term as Justice of the Peace. Has also been Treas urer of No. 2 school district one year, and has performed the marriage ceremony of eleven couples. Both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he has been class leader since its or ganization. Has eighty-four in full membership, and thirty-two on pro bation in his class. S. D. D. NEWTON, meat market, Peshtigo. Is a native of St. Lawrence County ; born in 1838. At the age of eighteen years, he came to Peshtigo, worked in the lath mill one Summer. He then worked at Menekaune in the Winter and followed farming in Summer. He then worked in the woods and other kinds of work. Soon after he bought a farm of eighty acres, and at once commenced to clear it up, following lumbering in the Winter and farming in the Summer, till 1872. He then started a general store in Peshtigo, and engaged in live stock and farming till the Spring of 1880 when he disposed of his stock. He still owns this store building, also four farms and other property in town. He has been Justice of the Peace, Assessor and Constable. PHILLIP NOLL, proprietor of Peshtigo House, Peshtigo. Is a native of Prussia, born in 1831, came to Peshtigo in 1853, worked for the company eighteen years. He then started this hotel, which he built. Married, in 1859, to Sophia Pristine, who was born in Mecklenburg. They have seven children — Henry, John B. (now in charge of this business), Nicholas, Phillip, Mary, Sophia and Lena. When Mr. Noll came to Peshtigo he had nothing. He now owns this hotel, a farm of eighty acres land, also 340 acres of timber land. All this property he has acquired by his constant attention to business. W. C. OAKES, firm of Oakes & Woodward, general mer chandise, Peshtigo. Is a native of Upper Stillwater, Me., in 1863, came with his parents to Peshtigo. He worked on booms and attended school Winters about three years. In the Fall of 1866, he went to Appleton, and attended the Lawrence University one year, then returned to Pesh tigo and took charge of the telegraph office in the Peshtigo store, as well as clerk. Held this position till the fire of 1871. He was soon after this appointed station agent of the C. & N. W. R. R. Held this position till the Spring of 1872, when he accompanied his father's remains to his native State for burial. He there was taken sick and was confined to his bed one year. After his recovery he returned to Marinette, remained there till the Spring of 1875, when he returned to Peshtigo, and was in the employ of F. J. Bartels where he remained till 1878, when he and Mr. McGregor started a grocery store. This business has been con tinued with some changes till 1880. Since then the firm has been Oakes & Woodward, they having added to their stock a general line of merchandise. JAMES J. O'LEARY, billiard hall and saloon, Peshtigo, is a native of Ireland, and came to America in 1863, and located in Worcester, Mass. His trade is that of a painter. Came to Peshtigo, April 1, 1871, and worked at his trade up to December, 1876, when he engaged in his present business. He enlisted, in 1865, in Co. C, of the Engineer Corps, in New York. The war coming to a close, he was soon mustered out. NELSON OLSON, farmer, Section 4, P. O. Peshtigo, has forty acres in his home farm, and 120 acres on Mud Creek. He was born 'in Sweden. Came to Peshtigo, in 1869, and worked in a saw mill a short time ; then he and a brother bought a farm, and when the fire of 187 1 burned them out, he sold his interest to his brother, and bought where he now lives. SWEN OLSON, farmer. Sec. 2, P. O. Peshtigo. Born March 27, 1842, in Sweden, he came to Peshtigo in 1867. Worked in a mill a short time, then went to Marinette, where he worked about two years. In 1869, returned to Peshtigo, where he has followed farming since. He owns 120 acres of land. Married in 1874, to Lucinda C. Troutwine. She was born in New York. They have three children — Margaret Ellen, Elizabeth Jane and Clara. A. M. OTIS, Peshtigo, dealer in cedar posts, railroad ties, hard and soft lumber, logs ; also dealer in real estate ; is a native of New York State, and came to Peshtigo in the Fall of 1876. In the Spring of 1881 he was elected Justice of the Peace. THOMAS PAYNE, farmer, Sec. I, P. O. Peshtigo, is a native of Scotland; came to Montreal in 1857. He had learned the printer's trade in Liverpool ; worked at it ab ..ut ten years. In 1863, he came to Peshtigo, and worked in the company's store as clerk ; afterward had full charge of the store several years. Then engaged in farming about four years. Returned, and had charge again of this store six years. He ran a meat market a few months. He now owns 355 acres of land ; fifty acres of this are improved. O. F. PECK, farmer, Sec. 10, P. O. Peshtigo, is a native of Monroe County, N.Y. In 1840, came to Milwaukee; in 1846, he came to Peshtigo. At this time there were no frame houses in the township. He worked for the Peshtigo Company twenty-four and a half years, lo cating lands and general outdoor work. He owns a farm of 320 acres with his homestead, 160 acres in another section, and a large tract of unimproved land. This property he has acquired since coming to Peshtigo. During the fire of 1871, he lost buildings on this farm valued at $2,000. He has been Town Supervisor the past seven years. EDWARD M. PERKINS, farmer, Sec. 3, Town 30, P. O. Peshtigo, was born in Tioga Co., Pa. Came to Peshtigo in 1867, and started the first livery stable in the town of Peshtigo. In the fire of 187 1, he lost all he had ; then moved to DePere, and was engaged in the restaurant business for two years ; then returned to Peshtigo, bought a farm, and has continued farming since. Was married, in 1856, to Leonora May. She was born in New York State. They have four children — Genevieve A., Charles A., Georgiana C. and Mark S. Georgiana married Charles H. Seymour, March 30, 1879. He was born in Michigan, and came to Peshtigo with his parents when young. Is a carpenter by trade, arid has built quite a number of good houses, among which is the Methodist Episcopal Church building. He enlisted March 24, 1864, and served till the close of the' war, and has been engaged for three Winters by the Peshtigo Company, as foreman at their lumber camps. They have one child, Leonora. PETER PETTERSON, boots and shoes, Peshtigo, is a native of Sweden. There he learned the shoemaking trade. July, 1866, he came to Peshtigo ; worked for the company about one and one-half years. In the Spring of 1869 he opened a boct and shoe shop, which he has since continued. During the fire here, in 1871, he saved his wife and infant child, one week old, by carrying them from the flames to the river. A. B. PHILLIPS, dealer in general merchandise, Peshtigo, is a na tive of Winchenden, Mass. When a child, his parents removed to New York. At the age of six years they came to Naperville, 111., remaining there two years, then came to Chicago. In 185 1 he came to Peshtigo, worked in a lath mill about two years, afterward worked on a farm a few years, then commenced jobbing for the Peshtigo Company, and so continued till the Fall of 1871, when he and Mr. Johnson built a hotel, and ran it a few years, which they afterward sold. He now owns about 400 acres of land. One hundred acres of this is under cultiva tion. In the Spring of 1879 he, with his family, drove through Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota, with a view of locating, and, not -finding any thing desirable, returned, after being absent three months. He again commenced jobbing for the Peshtigo Company, and continued through the Winter. In the Spring of 1880 he bought out the stock of S. D. D. Newton, and has since been carrying on this business, as well as jobbing and attending to his farm, which is now being run on shares. 6oo HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. SIMON PICHEE, millwright for the Peshtigo Company, is a na tive of Canada. Came to Oconto in 1859, and at once commenced work in Jones' saw mill, where he remained ten or twelve years. He then came to Peshtigo, where he has since lived. The past seven years he has had charge of the millwright business at the Harbor. JOHN PLACE, farmer, Sec. 2, P. O. Peshtigo, is a native of Bombay, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. In 1855, came to Peshtigo and worked five years in a saw mill, as sawyer. Soon after, he located on his present farm, consisting of forty-six acres of land. Married in 1858, to -Paulina Shappey. She was born in Peshtigo. They have five children, two sons and three daughters. ABRAHAM PLACE, farmer, Sec. 3, P. O. Peshtigo. Born Jan. 20, 1818, in Chittenden County, Vt.; when about twelve years old he came with his parents to St. Lawrence County, N. Y. In 1837, he came to Green Bay, Wis. In the Spring of 1838, he removed to Peshtigo, where he has since lived. He first worked in Bailey's mill, where he continued about six years. Then he commenced trading with the In dians, and has followed this more or less ever since. He has acted in the capacity of agent for the Indians, in paying and otherwise attending to their wants. He owns over 800 acres of land, which he entered. 420 acres of this is in his homestead farm. He is largely engaged in jobbing for the Peshtigo Company. He has been, for the past ten years, Treasurer of the School Board. EDWIN PLUMB, farmer, Sec. 31, P. O. Peshtigo. Born April 5> 1824, in Jefferson County, N. Y., in 1867 he came to Peshtigo, and at once settled on this farm, consisting of eighty acres, which he has im proved since coming here. He has been, for the past ten years, Clerk of School District No. 2. He served in the late war as teamster. Mar ried, in 1870, to Mrs. Weed. She is a native of Canada. W. J. POPE, in charge of circular saws, Peshtigo Company. Is a native of Geneva, N. Y. Came to Oconto, Wis., with his parents in 1862 ; he attended school Winters, and worked in the mills Summers, for several seasons. He enlisted in Co. H, 39th Wis. I. ; served 100 days ; returned to Oconto, worked in the mills there some years ; he then re moved to Menominee and worked for R. Stephenson in his mill four years; returned to Oconto, where he remained one Summer; in 1876, he came to Peshtigo Harbor, and has been in the employ of this company since. JAMES POWERS, farmer, Sec. 8, P.O. Peshtigo, has eighty acres I he was born in Ireland ; came to Canada when nine years of age, with his parents, and lived there up to 1865 ; then came to Chicago, and in 1867, to Marinette, and was engaged in lumbering up to 1875, when he went into business at Marinette, and in 1879 commenced to improve his farm. L. C. RACE, groceries and provisions, Peshtigo, is a native of Mas sachusetts. At the age of about seven years, he came, with his parents, to Peshtigo. He has worked at farming about one year ; was then taken sick and confined to his bed about four years. In 1876, he commenced clerking for Mr. Newton, and so continued till May, 1880, when he com menced with a very small stock, and is now doing a very successful and increasing business, RICHARD RALEIGH, farmer. Sec. 11, P.O. Peshtigo, has 100 acres. He was born in Washington Co., Wis. ; went to Chicago ; was there for a few months. In December, the same year, came to Peshtigo, and engaged with the Peshtigo Company, lumbering that Winter ; then went to Minnesota ; was there for a short time ; then returned to Pesh tigo and engaged in lumbering, which he followed up to 1881, when he moved on to his farm. JOHN RAMSAY, farmer, Sec. 31, Township 31, Range 22, P.O. Peshtigo, has eighty acres. Was born on Prince ?Edward Island ; came to the States in 1864, and stopped in Maine, and in 1865, to Michigan ; in 1870, to Peshtigo, and in 1872, he bought his farm, where he has since lived. While in Michigan, he held the office of Justice of the Peace, and since here has held the office of Town Assessor, and in the Spring of 188 1 was elected Justice of the Peace ; is a member of the Presbyterian Church. GEORGE M. READ, millwright for the Peshtigo Company, is a native of the State of Maine ; came to Peshtigo in the Fall of 187 1, and helped to build the company's mill from its foundation to completion • he has been foreman for outside work for the company. Built some' eighty piers in the Peshtigo River for the protection of booms, and has been their millwright ever since his arrival into the county. REV. JOHN SEUBERT, pastor of Sacred Heart Church, Pesh tigo, was born in Bavaria, Germany, and came to America in 1858, and located in Washington Co., Wis.; received his education at Fond du Lac and Milwaukee, and completed his education at Lavalle University, in Quebec. Canada, and was ordained at Menasha, July 4, 1880. Came to Peshtigo, Aug. 18, same year, and took his present charge. W. T. SEYMOUR, farmer, Sec. 35, P. O. Peshtigo, has eighty acres ; was born in Michigan, came to Peshtigo in 1856 with his parents, and has been engaged in farming ; enlisted, in 1862, in Co. I, 3d Wis. Cavalry; was promoted to sergeant, and served till the close of the war ; he has been Treasurer of School District, and is one of the Direc. tors at the present time. JAMES SHAUER, farmer, Sec. 21, P. O. Peshtigo, has fifty-seven acres, came to Peshtigo, 1871 ; is a native of Canada. He has been to California, Black Hills, and other places, and returned in 1877 to Pesh tigo, and bought his farm, and has been engaged on that since. DR. O. T. SHENICK, Peshtigo, is a native of London, Canada, and comes of along line of physicians, nearly all of his antecedents following physic for a livelihood. When but a year old, he removed with his parents to the States. He was born a doctor, educated for a doctor, and will edu cate his son for the same calling. There is probably no physician in Northern Wisconsin who has possessed advantages superior to Dr. She- nick. He graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, and then took private clinical instruction in general diagnosis, minor surgery, etc., together with a certificate from the Illinois State Board of Health. He also acquired a vast amount of knowledge in Cook County Hospital, Chicago, the finest institution of the kind in the world. After giving a few years of his time to city practice in Chicago, he removed to this place, and is now the oldest practicing physician and surgeon in Pesh tigo. His reputation for the treatment of throat and lung affections is justly earned. Honest in his dealings, skillful in his profession, kind and considerate for the welfare of his patients, he makes friends wher ever he goes. WILLIAM J. SHEPHERD, cashier for the Peshtigo Company; he is a native of Washington Co., N. Y., came to Wisconsin with his par ents in 1844, and they located at Racine ; after completing his educa tion in 1862, he was elected Register for that county, and served four years, and then served six years as Deputy for the same office. April 1, 1867, he landed in Peshtigo, and took charge of the outside work for the Peshtigo Company as assistant manager, and in 1874, was promoted to the position he now occupies. Since his arrival to this county, has served his town seven years as Clerk and Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for two years, and Town Treasurer for one year. W. M. SHEPHERD, in charge Peshtigo Harbor store. Is a native of Argyle, Washington Co., N. Y. Came to Racine, Wis., in 1843 ; fol lowed farming six or seven years ; he was then elected Register of Deeds ; held this office two terms ; he then secured an appointment in the U. S. service as postal clerk, his route was running between Racine and Rock Island ; he held this position thirteen years. During this time he had formed the acquaintance, and had become intimately acquainted with, Gen. Garfield. In 1875, he came to Peshtigo, and has since had charge of the company's store at the Harbor. When in Racine County, he held the office of Town Clerk and School Commissioner, in the town of York- ville. H. C. SIBREE, M. D., Peshtigo, is a native of New York City, graduated at Chicago Medical College, March 17, 1878; came to Pesh tigo in March 23, the same year. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and Encampment, also a member of the Masonic Order. M. STEFFEN, dealer in general merchandise, Peshtigo. Is a native of Luxemberg, Germany. Came to Peshtigo in 1871, worked at the blacksmith trade about five years. This business was started soon after the fire with a small stock, and is now doing the largest trade in Peshtigo, except the company's store. JOHN STUART, proprietor of Stuart House. Peshtigo. Is a native of Canada ; he first came to Peshtigo in 1862, where he remained one year, then returned to Canada, and has been a resident here since 1865; first carried on the boot and shoe trade about three years, when in Can ada he had carried on the grocery and bakery business; since 1868 he has carried on the hotel business. HENRY TROUTWINE, farmer, Sec. 11, P.O. Peshtigo; he has 160 acres. Was born in the northern part of Germany ; came to America in 1856, and located in Vermont for two years, then came to New York State; enlisted Dec. 28, 1861, in Co. D, g2d Reg. N. Y. Vol. Inf., and served three years. Came to Peshtigo and commenced to improve his farm. Was married in Vermont, to Lena E. Vandyne, she was born in Canada ; they have four children — Lucinda, Mary J., Frederic and Littie. HENRY L. WEED, lumber, Peshtigo. Is a native of Wayne Co., Pa.; at the age of about twelve years he came to Delaware County ; there he learned the carpenter trade; in 1853 he came to Illinois, worked at his trade till 1857, when he returned to Delaware County ; remained there till 1863, when he came to Peshtigo and has worked at his trade here till about 1873, since then he has followed the lumber business. He has just completed his residence, which is one of the most complete and best constructed houses in town, CHARLES WENZEL, blacksmith, in the employ of the Peshtigo Co. He is a native of Prussia, and came to America when quite young with his parents, learned his trade with his father ; he is also a member of the Peshtigo band ; his father, John Wenzel, is foreman in the black smith shop for the Peshtigo Co., and has been since 1876, and has been in their employ since the Spring of 1869, being the year he landed in America. HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 601 DR. WM. WINDROSS, physician, Peshtigo. Is a native of En gland, came with his parents to Utica, N. Y.,in 1833; in 1837, the family came to Green Bay, there he commenced the study of medicine, and has been practicing the past twenty-five years ; he has lived in Oconto County from 1852 to 1877, since then he has been a resident of Peshtigo. His father, Jno. Windross, Sr., died April 28, 1859, aged seventy years ; his mother died May 17, 1868, aged seventy-seven years. REV. LYMAN W. WINSLOW, pastor of the Congregational Church, Peshtigo, is a native of New York State. Came to Wisconsin with his parents when quite young. Took his preparatory at Han over, N. Y.t and graduated at Beloit, and also graduated at the Theo logical Seminary at Andover, Mass., in 1867. Was ordained August, 1869, at Hidesville, California, where he went, after completing his ed ucation, for his health. He crossed the plains, partly by team and the rest horseback. He remained there a few years, and when the war broke out, after his return, he enlisted, in 1864, in Co. B, 40th Regt., Wis. V. I., the term of his enlistment being one hundred days. He came to Peshtigo, in 1872, and took his present charge. In the Fall of 1877 he was elected Superintendent of Public Schools for the county, which was Oconto at that time, but soon after the county was divided, and Marinette taken off. He then resigned, and was appointed by the Governor to serve out the balance of the term in the new county, and, in 1879, was elected to the same office. S. D. WOODWARD, firm of Oakes & Woodward, general mer chandise, Peshtigo, is a native of La Crosse, Wis. When about two years old, he came, with his parents, to Peshtigo. After attending school, he was employed as clerk for R. O. Philbrook, and afterward for the Peshtigo Company. September, 1880, he, with Mr. Oakes, formed a partnership, which they have since continued. C. F. YEATON, teacher district school No. 7, P. O. Peshtigo, is a native of Lowell, Mass. In i860, he came with his parents to Pensau kee, Wis. He has been teaching in 'he town of Peshtigo for the past three years. MENOMINEE, MICHIGAN. LOCATION. Menominee is situated at the southern extremity of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, just across the river from Marinette, Wis. But for its intimate connection with the iron region of Lake Superior, it might for all practical pur poses be considered in all its interests a city of Northern Wisconsin. To treat of Marinette, and neglect Menomi nee, would be like cutting open a remarkably plump apple and throwing half away. Menominee lies between the mouth of the river and Green Bay, and on the western bank, similarly situated, is Marinette. THE HARBOR. Some time previous to 1871, surveys were made for the improvement of Menominee harbor, Michigan and Wiscon sin, in charge of Maj. H. M. Roberts, U. S. A. In that year, the south pile pier was commenced and 1,150 feet com pleted before the close of 187 1-2. Work continued for the next three years on the north and south sides, and dredging commenced, to deepen the channel of the river and remove the bar across its mouth. Although the extension of the piers and superstructure has been carried on more or less since 187 1, the improvements are not completed. Up to the close of the fiscal year 1880, $163,000 had been appro priated for the work. The estimated cost of extending piers to sixteen-foot curve in Green Bay, with dredging a channel fourteen feet deep between the piers, is $212,000. Nearly 200,000 yards of material have been dredged from the channel already. The continuation of the pier exten sion for the season of 1881-2 is under the charge of Col. Bradley, and is progressing satisfactorily. The present pro ject for the improvement of the harbor was adopted in 187 1, and was modified in 1874, the object being to afford a chan nel of navigable width and not less than twelve feet deep. The natural channel was narrow, not more than four feet deep in its shoalest part. Although Menominee has a brisk population of 3,500 people, it has never been incorporated, even as a village. It evidently does not long for municipal honors and taxes. FIRST PLATS. John Quimby, one of the fathers of Menominee, and who owned much of the land on which it now stands, had his lots platted near the river, in the vicinity of Kirby and Guy streets, in February, 1862. This is the first plat and is recorded on the 24th of that month, as " John Quimby 's Lots," by which it is now known from among the additions since made. Main street cut the plat in two, and First, Second and Third streets intersected it into eight blocks. It is transcribed from the Marquette Register Office, Bleek- er County, of which Menominee was a part, and of which it remained two years, as long as the county lived. Menom inee County was organized in the Winter of 1863, the pas sage of the act being due to the late Hon. E. S. Ingalls. Although Anson Bangs, of Marinette, had lobbied Bleeker County through the Legislature in 1861, expecting to make some money out of his lands on this side, as he did not consult Menominee, Menominee refused to organize under that name, which left his financial schemes high and dry from the tide-line of success. When Menominee County was created and organized in 1863, the township and set tlement of Menominee became cheerfully a part of it. By the provisions of the act, the county seat was to be fixed in Town 31 north, Range 27 west, and John Quimby, Sr., Nicholas Gewehr and E. S. Ingalls, appointed for the purpose, located it, in the Spring of 1863, opposite the Quimby Hotel, afterward the Kirby House. In 1874, the location was changed to the present one on Ogden avenue, chosen. A court-house, two stories and basement, built of red brick, with stone trimmings, was constructed at a cost of $32,000, and is a decided credit to Menominee. EARLY HISTORY. The early settlements near Menominee and Marinette are so linked together that it is useless to draw any distinct line and say, "This man belongs to Menominee," or " This woman first located in Marinette." Before Marinette gave the settlement on the Wisconsin side of the river its name, the region was all known as the Menominee. The first white man to really establish himself was the Indian trader and agent of the American Fur Company, Chappieu, who built his post on the Wisconsin side, in 1798. As his ex perience is so closely connected with Farnsworth, the hus band of Marinette, his life here is depicted somewhat in detail in the sketch of the Wisconsin town. Many of the descendants of John G. Kittson, who came to Menominee in 1826, four years after Farnsworth located on the opposite side of the river, are still living in this place. Mr. Kittson was a clerk of the Fur Company, opened the first farm in the county, at Wausaukee Bend, above Grand Rapids, was all his life an energetic business man, and died in 1872. 602 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Though he escaped instant death in the great fire of 187 1, it is believed the shock which his system then sustained hastened his death. Next, in the same year, came Joseph Duncan, a packer of the company. Then followed Baptiste Premeau and Charles McLeod, in 1832, the latter still living on the Menonnnee side, the husband of Marinette's daughter, Elizabeth Jacobs. Mr. McLeod built the first frame house m the county, and still resides in it. Andrew Eveland located m 1842, and built the first frame house within the numbers thirteen members, has also a hook and ladder anrl very complete headquarters in the lower part of the Town Hall on Mam street. The building, a substantial one of red brick, was erected by the township of Menominee in 1874, at a cost of $8,000. The upper part contains th" town hall and office, and a library room, stocked with books As far back as 1857, « school was kept " in Henry Na' son s house, near the shore of the bay, and in the same year Mr. Nason, E. N. Davis, Andreas Eveland and W G MENOMINEE, MICH. present limits of the village. John Quimby settled here in 1845, and may be called the pioneer landlord, the scene of this busy hfe being the site of the present Kirby House sTulers6 "^ ™S ^^ d°SeS the Hst of ^ Although Menominee is unincorporated, it has all the facilities, comforts and appearance of a city Its hotel accommodations are good. It has an efficient fire depart ment. Educational advantages are within the reach of all through the district system. It has a well-conducted news ' paper, a number of flourishing churches and societies and its full share of the business and trade of this section' In 1872, a hand engine, the first one, was bought and George Harter became foreman. About the same time, the Kirby Carpenter Company purchased another. In 1874 an Amoskeag steam engine was bought. The company, which well built the first school-house in the county, on what is now Ogden avenue. School District No. 1, which embraces Menominee, was organized in i863, the year the county was created. Various buildings were used for school purposes, as the population of Menominee increased, two wooden buildings having been erected by the town and one house rented between 1864 and 1880. During that year and 1881, a fine edifice, of red brick, two stories and basement, with lofty tower, was erected at a cost of $I7)0oo. The property is valued, in all, at $20,000. The attendance is 250, the school having a grammar department, where the higher branches are taught. The Herald was established September 10, 1863, by E. *>. Ingalls, as a Republican paper. Andrew R. Bradbury took charge of the paper in 1866, and conducted it until 1871, when James A. Crozier bought it. In 1874, he sold HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 603 out to Dudley S. Crandall, who, after publishing the journal one year, disposed of it to Mr. Crozier, its former proprietor. That gentleman, in June, 1881, sold the Herald to H. O. Fifield, an old and experienced editor. The paper is Re publican in politics, a nine-column folio, issued weekly, and has the field in Menominee to itself. Churches. — St. John's (Catholic). This Church was organ ized in the Fall of 1872, under the late Father M. A. Fox, and the edifice erected in 1872-73. A parsonage was built in 1878. The value of the property is $10,000. Father Hilliare, present pastor, has in his keeping, 600 families, or 3,000 souls. The Catholic Knights of America, an insurance society of a benevolent nature, is connected with the Church. The First Presbyterian Church is the oldest religious organization in the county. The society was formed by Rev. John Fairchild, of Marinette, a home missionary. It was through the enthusiastic determination of Henry Loomis, a young theological student of Auburn, N. Y., that the church building was erected. The Kirby Carpenter Company donated the lot. The building committee con sisted of Samuel M. Stephenson, E. S. Ingalls, and William P. Newberry, the church being] dedicated July 18, 1869. The property is valued at $6,000. Rev. A. W. Bill, the present pastor, has charge of the most flourishing Protestant congregation in the city, numbering seventy-two members. The Episcopal Church. — The society worships in the Temple of Honor Hall. Rev. William Dafier is the pastor. German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — The society was organized in June, 1873, and the church building com pleted the next year. The value of the property is $3,000, and the Church membership forty. Rev. Henry Hilleman, of Peshtigo, is pastor. German Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in the Fall of 1880, and a building completed during the past Autumn. The site was donated by Isaac Stephenson. A parsonage adjoining it was also erected. The property is valued at $2,000. Rev Michael Entzininger is pastor of a congregation of forty members. The Methodist Episcopal Church, also, has had an or ganization and church since 1874, but has at present no settled pastor. Societies. — Menominee Lodge No. 269, F. & A. M. Its dispensation was received Aug. 9, 1869, William Somerville, W. M. Its present membership is sixty, Andrew Gram, W. M. Menominee Lodge No. 131, I. O. O. F. Instituted Oct. 15, 1869. Its first N. G. elected in 1870, was George Hartner. Present membership, thirty-seven ; Joseph Bernheim, N. G. Societe St. Louis de Secours Mutuels de Menominee. — This society, composed of Frenchmen, and a member of the union of the French Societe of the United States, was incor porated September 13, 1874, and became a part of the national organization on the 21st of that month. Its objects are purely benevolent. Theodolph Trudel was its first president. Present membership of the society, eighty. President Joseph Bonin. The Turnverein was formed in 1877, and a large hall, 58x100 feet, built in 1880, at a cost with furnishings of $6,000. Present membership fifty ; president, Jacob Leiser. The hall is on Ogden avenue, near Main street. Stephenson Company's Branch Bank. — For the conven ience of the people of Menominee, the Stephenson Banking Company, of Marinette, established a branch here, in March, 1875. The certificate was filed as " The German Bank," in the name of Jacob Muth, cashier, who conducts the busi ness. Two banking institutions, Hunt & Fraser's " Men ominee Bank " and " The Exchange Bank," established in 1873, have since discontinued. MANUFACTURES. The situation of Menominee and the education of its people fix it, for some years to come, as a prosperous manu facturing center. By common consent, the Kirby Carpenter Lumber Company is accorded the first place in the list of its richest and most flourishing establishments. In 1856, Abner Kirby, of Milwaukee, commenced a saw mill, and completed it the next year. The locality was then a sand bar, near the mouth of the river, just opposite Me nominee. The land has since been filled up by the refuse from the Kirby Carpenter mills, and is now solid ground. The origin ?1 Kirby mill, however, is still standing. In 1859, S. M. Stevenson took entire charge of the business, becom ing a partner in it. Since then, he has continued its active manager. In 1861, Augustus A. Carpenter, and, soon after, William O. Carpenter, entered into partnership, and the Kirby Carpenter Company was incorporated April 29, 1872. Its first officers were : President, Augustus A. Carpenter ; Vice-President, S. M. Stephenson ; Secretary, S. P. Gibbs. The new mill, further down the river, was built in 1868, and has a capacity of 200,000 feet per day ; the old one, 130,- 000 feet. During the same year in which the new mill was erected, a large boarding-house for the accommodation of employes was built, and in the Fall of 1870 a general store was put in operation. Its transactions amount to $125,000 annually. The Kirby Carpenter Company, whose capital stock is $50^,000, owns 110,000 acres cf lanr*, located in Michigan and Wisconsin. It has, for the transportation of the product of its mills, a magnificent fleet of six barges, two vessels, one propeller, the " Favorite," and a tug. A third interest is also owned in a dredge. A new vessel is about to be built in Manitowoc, which will materially increase the carrying capacity of the fleet. This season's sawing will amount to 70,000,000 feet, of which the mills in Menominee turned out 55,000,000. Besides the supply from its own lands, it bought, last year, 175,000,000 feet. Between 600,- 000,000 and 700,000,000 feet of lumber are growing on its own lands. The company is, without doubt, one of the wealthiest and strongest in the Northwest. Its present offi cers are the same as those serving when the company was incorporated, in 1872. R. Stephenson & Co. — In 1863, when the first mill of 604 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the now Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Company was built in Menominee, a copartnership was formed by Daniel Wells, Jr., Harrison Ludington, Isaac and Robert Stephen son. The mill was known here as the R. Stephenson & Company's mill, and was the best on the river. It was burned in 1864, and two years later Isaac Stephenson sold his interest to Anthony G. Van Schaick, of Chicago. In 187 1, the " Gilmore Mill," on the point, was purchased, and shortly afterward burned in the great fire. In 1873, another and a better one was completed, and the firm was incorporated as a company the next year (1874), July 1. Its officers were : Harrison Ludington, president ; Daniel Wells, vice-presi dent ; Anthony G. Van Schaick, secretary and treasurer, and Robert Stephenson, superintendent. The officers are at present the same, except that C. S. Burdsal is secretary. The capacity of the Bay Shore mill is 160,000 feet, and of the River mill 120,000 feet of lumber, daily. At the for mer, 150 men are employed, and at the latter, seventy-five. The season's sawing will aggregate 45,000. The company own extensive tracts of land on the Menominee and Oconto rivers. Ramsey & Jones's mill. — Simon Strauss, who had for merly been a successful general merchant, erected the mill in i860. During the next year, he got it in running order, but it did not make any money for him. After operating the concern two years he closed out his business. Next came William McCartney, who, after a brief season of en deavor, sold out to John L. Buell, who made many improve ments, but still failed to make the enterprise a success. It has since passed through many hands, until it came into possession of David H. Jones & Co., who went into bank ruptcy. Charles H. Jones bought an interest in 1877, and commenced running the mill the next year. It is now oper ated by Ramsey & Tones — B. Ramsey and Charles H. Jones. It has a capacity of from 90,000 to 100,000 feet per day, and sixty-five men are employed. Improvements have been made, both within and without, until now it is one of the flourishing mills on the river. Two saw-mills, of small capacity, operated by Messrs. Hall & Crozkr and Spies & Martin, have just started oper ations, and must be given time to make history and lumber. The Menominee Iron Company was incorporated in 1872, and the construction of the furnace commenced in October of that year. It went into blast in August, 1873, being erected at a cost of $140,000, under the superintend ence of James White. It was incorporated as the Menomi nee Furnace Company, in 1876, and run for three years, under a lease, by Culbert, Spring & Co. A. B. Meeker, first president of the iron company, is at the head of the present corporation ; W. L. Brown is secretary and treasurer, and J. A. Wagg, superintendent. The capacity of the furnace is forty tons of pig iron per day. About Seventy men are employed. The company is pushed and crowded with busi ness, and will turn out 12,000 tons this season. The works are situated on the bay shore, in North Menominee. The first buildings of the Menominee Bay Brewery on a small scale, were erected in the Fall of 1872. Additions were afterward made, but in May, 1878, fire swept away the property. A three-story structure, the present one, was then erected, which, with subsequent improvements, is now valued at $15,000. The capacity of the brewery, which is the only one in the place, is 8,000 barrels of beer per year. Its pro duct is sent all over the northern part of the State. Pro prietors, Messrs. Jacob Leisen and John Henes. In the Winter of 1880-81, the machine shop on Ogden avenue, which had been for so long idle, was put in working order by Matthew Horrocks, of Muskegon, Mich. It was getting fairly started in business, when it was leveled to the ground by fire, in August, 1881. COMMUNICATION. The building up of Menominee's business interests, of which the above sketches give an index, is due to her good commercial situation and transportation facilities, as much as to the energetic character of her people — rather it is due entirely to both circumstances combined. In 1871, the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad was extended from Green Bay to Menominee, and the next year continued, by way of Escanaba, into the rich mineral regions of Lake Superior. From the time that the " New York " stopped at Menomi nee in 1836, with Daniel Wells, Jr., aboard, up to 1869, when the Goodrich Transportation Company commenced making regular trips with its boats, the point has been looked upon as one destined to grow and supply life for the transporta tion business in this section. The dock of the company is in Menominee, but the free and friendly communication be tween this place and Marinette, draws the traffic of the two places there, as if like conveniences had been provided for the Wisconsin side. The bridge which connects the two cities, was built in 1867, by the N. Ludington Company, and repaired by the Hamilton & Merryman Company in 1874-5, each county bearing one-half the expense. The railroad bridge was constructed in 1872. Thus are Menomi nee and Marinette riveted together in every possible way, short of being in one State, and being incorporated as one city. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. S. W. ABBOTT, agent American Express Company, Menominee, born in 1820, in Steuben Co., N. Y. In 1830 came to Calhoun Co., Mich., with his parents ; here his father kept a tavern and ran a farm, and he assisted his father in the business ; in 1842 returned to New York and worked on the Erie Canal five years ; he then came to Joliet ; in the Spring of 1848, came to Sheboygan Co., Wis. ; ran an ashery and farm till 1856, when he came to Menominee; when the post-office was established here he was appointed Postmaster, which position he held till April, 1881. He has been the agent of the Express Company since it was established ; he was the first County Treasurer of Menominee County ; held the office about fourteen years ; has also held the office of Coroner. A. P. ANDERSON, assistant engineer at Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co.'s Shore Mill, Menominee. Born Feb. 28, 1842 in Sweden. In 1867, came to Menominee, Mich., and has since then been in the em ploy of this company ; he first worked at various kinds of labor about this mill, and in 1874 he was appointed assistant engineer under the supervision of M r. Gram, still continuing in this capacity. Before com ing to America he had served two years in the Swedish army. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. JOHN ASCHEN, blacksmith, at Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Company's Mills. Born July 18, 1837, in Prussia. Came to Menom inee in 1866, and has since been in the employ of this company; first worked in the mill a few months, then came into the blacksmith shop as helper, and for the past twelve )eais he has 1 ad full chaige of HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 605 this department. Married, 1876, to Miss Seamon ; she is a native of Mecklenburg, Germany. WILLIAM BENTHOUSE, boarding-house keeper for Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., Menominee. Mr. Benthouse is a native of Ger many. Born July 9, 1847 ; he came to America with his parents, in 1849, and settled in Milwaukee. In 1869, came to Menominee, Mich., and worked in saw-mill for Ludington, Wells &Van Schaick Co., till 1873, when he took charge of the Realy House for the same company, which position he held for three years and seven months. He was then assigned the position of keeper of their large boarding house on the bay shore, where the employes of the mill are well cared for under hismanagement. Mr. Benthouse married, in 1873, Miss Mary Soko, of Bohemia ; has one daughter, Hanna, a bright little girl, six years old. A. Z. BIRD, born in Bradford Co., Pa. ; lived on his father's farm until, at the age of sixteen, he entered school at Knoxville, 111., where he remained about two years, teaching during vacation. He then ac cepted a position as salesman in ihe Menominee River Lumber Compa ny's Store, at Menekaune, Wis., where he remained a short time until the fire of 1871, when he, with the rest of the Menekaune people was burned out, barely escaping with their lives. He then returned to Menom inee, Mich., and followed the same business until the Summer of 1878, when he became a partner in the firm of Bird Brothers, at its organiza tion putting in a heavy stock of groceries, provisions, crockery, etc., and engaged largely in general mercantile and shipping business. HARLAN P. BIRD, Menominee, Mich. Like many others living- near the State boundary, his past history has been largely identified with Wisconsin. He left the homestead in Bradford Co., Pa., in 1858, to " seek his fortune " in the outside world. For two years he was em ployed as an assistant accountant by the contractor building the Brooklyn water works. On the completion of this work in i860, he was engaged by the same employers to go to their lumbering establishment at Mene kaune, Wis., as clerk and assistant book-keeper — before the completion of the year for which he had engaged, the well remembered call for soldiers to defend our country was heard throughout the land— and Mr. Bird, although a " stranger in a strange land " and barely of legal age was among the first to enlist. "No act of his life" he stated, was ever done under a deeper sense of duty, nor at a greater sacrifice of cherished hopes and plans for the future. His great aim had been to obtain a thorough education, now all was war — darkness, nothing to cheer save duty. He was enrolled in Co. F, 12th Wis. Inf. as private, and continued in the service until the close of the war in 1865. The history of the 12th Wis. Regt., and the 17th Army Corps is well written and well known. In all its active campaigns and engagements Mr. Bird participated, being off duty for sixty days only during the entire time of enlistment which was caused by a severe gun shot wound received during the Siege of Vicks burg. Having no friends nor acquaintances whatever in Wisconsin, pro motion in army life came slowly. Finally he was promoted regimental sergeant major, then second lieutenant, then first lieutenant. He was detailed as regimental adjutant and quarter master, brigade adjutant, acting assistant quarter master of 17th Army Corps while commanded by Gen. Frank P. Blair, and ordance officer of 3d Div. 17th Army Corps, commanded by Gen. M. D. Leggett. The most im portant army operations in which he was engaged were the Kansas and Missouri Campaign — the sieges of Vicksburg and Atlanta — " March to the Sea," and from Savannah north to the Carolinas. At the close of the war, and after spending some time with eastern friends, Mr. Bird re turned to the lumbering establishment where he had formerly been en gaged (now known as the Menominee River Lumber Co.,) and remained several years as accountant and general assistant. In 1871, he engaged in mercantile business in Menominee, Mich., which he conducted with characteristic energy, and excellent success, establishing a large trade and very favorable reputation. In 1877, he was drawn into financial difficulties by his connection with building a mill at Stephenson Village, twenty miles north of Menominee, but taking hold ot the matter with a determination to win, he removed to Stephenson, completed and operated the mill until the last dollar was paid in full and the concern put on a good basis for future work. He has recently leased the Stephenson mill and returned to Menominee, where he now resides. In spite of the drawback mentioned, Mr. Bird has been successful financially, and has accumu lated property of considerable amount, which yields a generous income. He has long held the position of Elder in the Presbyterian Church, and is identified with moral and religious work. In 1869, he married the daughter of Rev. John Fairchild, of Marinette, Wis.; they have three children. JAMES WESTON BIRD. Descended from the Bullocks, Mortirs, and Birds of New England. Born in Bradford Co., Pa. Through boy hood manipulated a hand hoe on the rugged hills of the Keystone State. Engaged in teaching school at the age of nineteen, and in land survey ing at same time. Was assistant teacher in the Genesee Valley Seminary at Belfast, N. Y., during the school.years of 1865 and 1866. Declined an associate principalship in the same school and accepted the position of superintendent and principal of the graded school of Knoxville,-. 111., in 1866. This position was held six years, during three of which years Mr. Bird was City Surveyor. In the Summer of 1872, he removed to Menominee, Mich., where he had three brothers, two in business and one a physician, and here in this new lumbering town with a mass of scholars from a dozen different nations, speaking different tongues, som e rich, some poor, he set about the task of working up a graded school. At the end of four years the Centennial historian said : " For the last four years J. W. Bird has had charge of this and the other schools in this district, and we may safely claim that our schools are as good as any in the State. Centennial History, p. 51. Mr. Bird was County Surveyor one term of two years. Resumed charge of the Knoxville, 111., school for a year in 1876, and then resigned the position, gave up teaching after a service of some fifteen years ; returned to Menominee, Mich., and engaged suc cessfully in the mercantile and shipping business, and is now senior part ner of the firm of Bird Brothers. He maintains an active connection with the fire department, with temperance work, Sunday school and church. Physically, Mr. Bird says : " I don't know what pain is, and have rarely been tired." He married Miss Eva Twitchell of Pulaski, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1879, and he has by a previous marriage, a son Harlan M., and a daughter Clara. WM. BLOM, firm ofW. Blom & P. Sibenaler, furniture and un dertaking, Menominee. Mr. Blom is a native of Holland, born Jan. 18, 1818 ; he learned the trade of cabinet-maker in Holland. In 1856, came to America and went into the employ of John Greenwood, at She boygan Falls, and remained with him for several years, also a short time at Appleton, then removed to Menasha, Wis., and engaged in furniture business, which he followed for thirteen years. In 1875, came to Me nominee, and kept a hotel until February, 1877, when it was destroyed by fire;, he then opened a furniture store, and is now senior partner of the firm of Wm. Blom & P. Sibenaler. Married, April 7, 1848, Miss J. W. Sourmont, of Holland ; has three daughters married, W. H. Copp, conductor C. & N. W. R. R.; J. S. Warner, conductor C. & N. W. R. R. and John Bushey, of Menominee ; one single daughter and son. W. G. BOSWELL, retired, Menominee, born in New Hampshire in 1819 ; at the age of twenty he left his native State and went to Illinois; in 1844, came to Green Bay and engaged in building a saw mill with Mr. Clark at White Fish River. Mr. Clark having the contract for carrying the mail from White Fish River to Copper Harbor in 1845 ; Mr. Boswell engaged to him to carry it the overland route ; it being the first time it had been taken lhat way he found it to be a very laborious undertaking, but being a strong and healthy young man he followed if for nine years, making his head- quarters at Green Bay. In 1850 he drove seventy-five head of cattle from Lake Co., 111., to Leaunts, Lake Superior, making a two months' trip. In 1851, he built a saw mill at Leaunts Bay, Lake Superior, which he continued to run for five years; came to Men ekaune, Wis., and engaged in building what is known as the New York mill, and then engaged in jobbing for the firm for some time. In 1863, he returned to Lake Superior and contracted with the Northern Iron Company, Marquette County, to furnish fuel for five years. In 1868, he removed to Brown County and engaged in farming until 1874, when he finally returned to Menominee, and laid out Boswell's addition to Me nominee, consisting of forty acres; is now engaged in real estate. He was three years Supervisor in Marquette, and four years Justice of the Peace in Menominee. J. R. BROOKS. Under-Sheriff, Deputy U. S. Marshal, and Special Police, Menominee. J. R. Brooks, one of the early pioneers of Me nominee County, Mich., born in Eastport, Me., in 1833 ; left home when a boy and sailed out of Milwaukee for three years ; in 1850, he came to Menominee and worked at lumbering for about three years; then en gaged in fishing, which he followed for twenty years. He was Deputy Collector of Customs for nine years, and also engaged in the fire insur ance business. In June, 1876, he resigned his position of Deputy Col lector of Customs, and is now Under-Sheriff, Deputy U. S. Marshal, and Special Police. Married, in 1858, Miss Caroline A. Abbott, daughter of S. W. Abbott, Esq., of Menominee ; have three sons and five daughters. JOHN B. BUSHEY, boarding house keeper for the Kirby Carpen ter Company, Menominee, a native of Vermont, born 1835 ; left his na tive State in 1865; and was employed in the livery business in Men asha, Wis., for about ten years ; he then came to Menominee, Mich., and run the Kirby House in company with W. Blom, Esq., till it was de stroyed by fire ; he then engaged with the Kirby Carpenter Company, March, 1874, to take charge of one of their mill boarding houses, which position he has occupied since. Enlisted Aug. 23, 1861, in Co. G, 5th Reg. Vt. Vet. Vol., and served during the war ; was orderly sergeant, and be fore the final close, was promoted to the rank of sergeant-major. Mar ried, in 1874, Miss Mary J. Blom, of Menominee, and has two bright children, a son and daughter. LEON COTA, proprietor Montreal House, Menominee, born in Montreal, Feb. 24, 1823, came to Green Bay in 1848, came to Menomi nee in i860, and opened this house; he also engaged in farming, and owns 200 acres land, also three other houses in French Town. He has been engaged in the livery business, and also run a butcher shop ; has been Overseer of Highways, and Treasurer of the School Board. 6o6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. W. H. CROSBY, agent N. W. R. R. Co., is a native of Belvidere, 111.; in 1869, commenced to learn telegraphing in the office of the com pany ; worked for this company at Chester, Wis., Fond du Lac, Wis., Boone, Iowa, Clinton, Iowa, Sac City, Iowa ; there he was engaged a short time in the hardware business, then returned to Fond du Lac, con tinuing with this company ; December, 1878, came to Oconto, was ope rator and clerk till February, 1880, when he came to Menominee, and has been agent for this company since. DAVID DIVOST, filer at Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co.'s Bay Shore Mill, Menominee, born, Oct. 6, 1847, in Lower Canada, re moved to Maine in 1867, worked there in a hotel ; in 1868, came to Menominee, worked in Spafford & Gillmore's mill two years, then worked in the Kirby Carpenter Co.'s mill two years; in 1872, he se cured employment with this company, where he has since worked. Married, in 1873, to Mary Gangraw, of New York State; they had three children — Delia and David William, lost Laura November, 1878, in her second year. HENRY ERBE, wagon maker, Menominee, born in Germany, in the year 1840; he learned the trade of wagon making in his native country ; came to America in 1866, and worked a short time in Ply mouth, Sheboygan County, Wis., and at Watertown. In 1867, he came to Menominee, Mich., and opened the first wagon shop in Menominee, since which time, he has been engaged in manufacturing wagons ; being a skilled workman, his business has rapidly grown. Mr. Erbe married, in 1868, Miss Caroline Kramer, of Germany, they have two bright chil dren, a son eleven years old, and a daughter nine years. ANDRUS EVELAND, fish dealer, Menominee, born in Canada, London District, Dec. 16, 1816, came to Chicago in 1836 ; followed sail ing seven seasons ; in the meantime, he had removed to Racine, and worked on the Government works two seasons; in 1842, came to Me nominee; has been engaged in fishing and lumbering since. He has taken as high as 1,000 barrels of fish in a season. He built the first frame building in Menominee, which is standing north of his residence ; he also opened the first road, and started the first school, hiring a a teacher at his own expense. JOHN J. FARRIER, County Treasurer, Menominee, is a native of Waukegan, 111. He worked at farming until the year 1863, and being a young man of industrious habits, enterprising and energetic, he only laid the foundation of his subsequent success as a business man. He went to Cairo, 111., in the year 1863, and engaged as shipping clerk on the wharf boats, which he continued to follow until 1865, when he re turned to Waukegan, and soon after broke his arm ; this accident caused him to be laid up _ one year. In 1869, he came to Menominee, and opened a, boot and shoe store. Sold out his interest in 1873, and re opened again in 1874, and has continued in the same business since. He has been Town Clerk for the past nine years, and on account of be ing elected County Treasurer in November, 1880, he resigned the office of Town Clerk. He has been a member of the Brass and String Band for the past twenty years. HENRY O. FIFIELD was born in Corinna, Me., Oct. 7, 1841. He came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1854, locating at Prescott. In 1858, he entered the Transcript office, then the property of Charles- E. Young, where he learned the "art preservative." In the Spring of 1861, he enlisted in Co. C, ist Minn. I., being the first person to volun teer in Pierce County. He served with his regiment three years and six days, during which time he underwent all the hardships of active serv ice, only being three days off duty. His command joined the Army of the Potomac in June that year, and participated in the famous battle of Bull Run, losing nearly 200 of its members. It followed the fortunes of that army until within a few months of the expiration of its term of enlistment, when the command, 300 strong, out of 1,700 men all told, were sent back to "whence they came " and received their discharge. After passing through twenty-three battles and an untold number of skirmishes, he escaped without being seriously hurt, but met with many narrow escapes. Discharged from the army, he resumed work in the printing office. He worked for Lute A. Taylor, one of Wisconsin's no blest editors, several months, when he secured a " case " in the St. Paul Daily Press office, where he remained during the Summer of 1865. In September of that year, he joined his brother, Hon. Sam S. Fifield, at Osceola Mills, Polk Co., Wis., and engaged in the publication of the Polk County Press. On the twenty-fifth day of September, 1866, he was married to Miss Emma L. Walker, of that place, who still lives to grace his happy home. After four years' residence in the St. Croix Valley, Mr. Fifield moved to Bayfield, Lake Superior, where his brother Sam and himself established the Press, Henry taking full charge as printer and editor. He printed a six-column, all-at-home sheet, for one year and a half, when the brothers decided to move it to Ashland. This was ac complished in June, 1871. Sam sold his Polk County paper and joined his brother that year, and for the two years following they issued the pa per as equal partners, when H. O. sold his interest to Sam and returned to the St. Croix Valley. There is a bit of pioneer life connected with the publication of the Ashland Press that may be of interest to the readers of this volume. The Bayfield material was placed upon a lum ber-laden scow and was towed to Ashland late at night. When the boat reached that point quite a sea was raging and it became necessary to re- move the cases that were scattered over the lumber. This was done suc cessfully, and before daylight the following morning he had packed the entire outfit to his new quarters, and promptly at 7 o'clock picked up "stick and rule " and " stuck " the first type ever set in the county. Previous to the removal of the paper to Ashland, he printed the first is sue in a barn at Bayfield, and he was not joined by his brother until he had struck off the second number in the new office in Ashland. Since his retirement from the Press, Hon. S. S. Fifield has continued its pub- lication. From September, 1874, Mr. H. O. Fifield has been engaged in the printing business in various capacities. During the Winter of 1879, he obtained a clerkship in the Wisconsin Assembly, and in February of that year was engaged by Mr. James A. Crozer, of the Menominee (Mich.) Herald, to take charge of his business as local editor and busi ness manager, in which capacity he was employed up to June 8, 1881 when he purchased the Herald, and is now the editor and proprietor. He is publishing a nine-column folio, doing the entire editorial labor and much of the job work. He is meeting with excellent success and issuing an able and interesting paper. He is a man of good abilities, is a sober and industrious citizen, and can always be found on the side of right and justice ; is doing a good work for his town and county, and pro poses to pass his remaining years in the home of his adoption. JOSEPH FLESHIEM, insurance and real estate, Menominee. Born in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1867, he went to Lower Michigan, and engaged as journeyman in manufacturing cigars, and remained there until 1870 ; and in April, 1871, he came to Menominee, Mich., and con tinued to work at the same business until February, 1872. He being a talented young man, and of exemplary habits, received the appoint ment of Deputy County Clerk and Register of Deeds under Ed. Leake, Esq., which position he held until Jan. I, 1875. In November, 1874, he was elected County Clerk and Register of Deeds, the duties of which he had faithfully and competently filled while acting as Deputy under Mr. Leake. In January, 1875, he qualified and entered upon the new duties of his office, and was re-elected three successive terms, during which time he prepared an abstract title of real estate, and in 1876 he purchased Ed. Leake's abstract and insurance business. He is a stock holder and secretary of Lumberman Mining Company. Was elected Town Treasurer in Spring of 1881. He is also secretary of the Menom inee Fire Department, and one of the first members. Is now doing a very extensive business in insurance and real estate. MAX FORVILLY, proprietor Forvilly House, Menominee. Is a native of Belgium. In 1855, came to Green Bay, where he lived till the breaking out of the War. Then he enlisted in Co. G, 17th Wis. V. I. Served three and one-half years. Participated in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg, Tupelo, Tenn., Nashville, Pleasant Hill, La., Booneville, Mo., Kingston, N. C, and others. Returned to Green Bay, and married Miss Theressa Lambert, of Green Bay, in 1866. They have eight children, five sons and three daughters. In 1867, came tp Menominee. The following year he built this house, which he has since managed. ANDREW GRAM, chief engineer and machinist for Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Company, Menominee. A native of Denmark. Born Jan. 9, 1841. Came to America in 1855, and settled at Ft. How ard, Wis. Being desirous of learning the machinist trade, he was ap prenticed at the Tank Foundry, and remained there three years. In 1858, he went to Milwaukee and worked in the Watertown & Baraboo Railroad shops one year. Then returned to Green Bay and worked at East River Foundry, and remained there till the breaking out of the War. He enlisted, in 1861, in Co. H, I2th Wis. V. I. He partici pated in the Siege of Vicksburg, Atlanta and others, and served three years. Returned to Green Bay in 1865, and came to Menominee, Mich., and went into employ of Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Company, and has held his present position ever since. He was first engineer of the Menominee Fire Department, and still holds the same position. Married, in 1865, to Hannah M. Campbell, of Green Bay. She died in 1869, age twenty-three years, One son, John A. Second marriage, in 1875, to Miss Anna Evans, of Waukesha. Has four children— Clinton W., Louis M., Jennie and an infant not named. NELS P. GRAM, engineer Fire Department, Menominee. Is a native of Denmark. Born May 15, 1848. Came to Milwaukee in 1864, where he remained three years. In 1867, came to Menominee. Was employed as engineer for R. Stephenson & Co. Remained in that em ploy seven years. Since then he has been in the employ of the Fire Department as engineer. Married, in 1878, to Netta Thompson, of Milwaukee. They have one son, Jesse H. ROWLAND HARRIS, foreman in the Kirby Carpenter Company's saw-mill, Menominee. A native of Wales. Born in 1843. Came to America in 1852, and worked about seven years in a saw-mill at Escan aba, Mich. In the Spring of 1859, he came to Menominee, and went into the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Company, as sawyer in one of their mills. His ability soon became recognized, and he was advanced to position of foreman of what is known as the old " K. C. Co. s saw- HISTORY OF MARINETTE COUNTY. 607 mill," which position he has occupied for the past twelve years. His sister is the wife of Hon. S. M. Stephenson, of Menominee. Mr. Harris married Miss Melisha Eveland, of Menominee, in 1864, and has a family of five daughters and three sons. EDWARD HATTON, filer for Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., Menominee. Is a native of Pennsylvania, born Sept. 14, 1844. Came to Van Buren Co., Mich., and worked at sawing and filing till 1866, when he came to Menominee and engaged with Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., as circular saw filer, having remained with this com pany ever since. Married in 1868, Miss Catharine McGuire. They have three sons — Edward Henry, Thomas and Alfred James. DR. JOHN F. HICKS, physician and surgeon, Menominee. Is a native of Canada, he commenced the study of medicine in Victoria, graduated at Ann Arbor Medical College, in 1865, returned to Canada, and again graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1866. He came to Menominee in 1877, and has followed his profession since. In 1880, he became a member of the firm of Hicks & Hoska, furniture and undertaking, He has held the office of County Physician, and is now Health Officer of Menominee. A. H. HILL, proprietor Menominee R. R. Planing Mill. Born in Rhode Island in 1841. He followed the millwright business until 1870, when he went to Colorado and accepted a position as engineer wilh the Boston Silver Mining Association and remained in their employ for two years. In 1873, he went to Saginaw Valley and followed milling until 1879, when he came to Marinette, Wis., and engaged with Mr. Tweedie in the planing mill, and also worked a short time in employ of Marinette Paper Co. Being a practical millwright and an energetic man, he built a planing mill in Menominee in the Spring of 1881, com pleting it in June, which is styled Menominee Rail Road Planing Mill. WILLIAM HOLMES, woods superintendent "The Kirby Car penter Co." Is a native of New Brunswick. At about the age of seven teen years he came to Maine, there worked at the lumber business about four years, then came to Minnesota, where he lived four years, then re moved to Escanaba, in 1858, came to Menominee, Mich., and has since then been with " The Kirby Carpenter Co." He first engaged in job bing, and for the past seventeen years has been their outside superin tendent, locating camps and overseeing logging, driving, etc. He owns one of the finest residences in Menominee, built in 1876, situated in one of the most pleasant locations. Married, in 1859, to Miss Augusta J. Chandler, of Maine. They have five children — one daughter and four sons ; they have been bereaved by the loss of their much cherished child, Hellen J., who died in the Fall of 1880 ; aged eight years. MATTHEW HORROCKS, foundry and machine shop, Meno minee. Is a native of England; in 1863, came to New Jersey, worked there at his trade for several years, then came to Muskegon and was foreman for A. Rogers several years. In 1880, came to Menominee, and took charge of this business. Married, in 1873, to Miss Margaret Taylor, of England. They have two children, one son and daughter. GEORGE HORVATH, dry goods and clothing, Menominee. Is a native of Austria, in 1852, came to Chicago, was employed in a clothing store. In 1867, came to Menominee, and at once opened this business, commencing with a stock of about $1,000. His business has now in creased, requiring a stock, which he carries, of $20,000, all of which he has acquired by attention to business since coming here. Married, in 1869, to Laura Sherman. She was born in Indiana. They have one daughter. Has been trustee and treasurer of the Catholic Church, of which he is a member. CONRAD L. HOSKA, firm of Hicks & Hoska, Menominee. Born in 1856, in Chicago, 111. He commenced to learn the trade of wood carver in 1S68, and has since worked at this trade. In the Fall of 1879, came to Marinette and opened a furniture store, firm of Hoska & Duplen ; continued it one year ; he then came to Menominee, and in company with Dr. Hicks, opened this store. GEORGE INNES, boarding-house keeper, for Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., Menominee. A native of Scotland Came to America in 1873, and settled in Menominee, and worked at mill labor for about six months, and ther. went into the employ of Menominee Furnace Co., as " bank boss," which position he held for three years, and then took charge of the Realy House, located on State road, on the Menominee River, for Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., which he continued in for one year, and in the Spring of 1877, returned to Menominee and took charge of the mill boarding house, for the same company, which position he now fills. Married, Nov. 29, 1872, to Miss Jennie Innis, of Scotland. Has one son, Charles Alexander, a bright young lad. L. JACKMAN, time-keeper for the Kirby Carpenter Co., Menomi nee. Is a native of Germany, born in 1854. Came to America in 1870, and went into the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Co., as clerk, which position he held for about two years ; being an industrious and talented young man, he advanced to the position which he has occupied for the past eight years, having full charge as time-keeper over about three hundred men. Married, in 1880, to Miss Mary Evans, of Waukesha, a highly accomplished lady. C. H. JONES, firm of Ramsey & Jones, lumber manufacturers, Me nominee. Is a native of Orange County, Vt. At about the age of six years, he came with his parents to Menasha, Wis. In 1869, he removed to Menominee, and has since been identified in the manufacturing of lumber. He enlisted in 1864, in Co. D, 41st Wis. I.; served his enlist ment, three months. JOSEPH JUTTNER, retired, Menominee. A native of Prussia, born in 1833. Came to America in 1856, and worked a short time in Chicago, and at Masonville, near Escanaba, Mich. In 1857, came to Menominee, and followed mill work until i860, when he engaged in the fishing business, which he continued until 1872, and then built what is now known as the First National Hotel, a three-story building, main part 24x96 feet, and wing 32x34 feet, containing about thirty rooms for guests. Mr. Juttner had been proprietor of this hotel until May 2, 1881, when he leased it to Mr. Norcross. He was Commissioner of Highways in 1876, 1 877 and 1878, and was the first Commissioner that caused the streets in Menominee to be graveled ; he has also been Trustee of Schools, and is now Commissioner of Highways. ANTON LADUKE, proprietor Lincoln House, Menominee. Was born near Montreal, Canada. In 1S49, he came to Menominee, Mich., when seventeen years old, and worked at lumbering for Dr. Hall, and continued to engage in lumbering until 1876, when he built his hotel, which is known as the Lincoln House. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for three years, and was one of the first Constables in Me nominee. GEORGE LAW, foreman at the Bay Shore mill of Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., Menominee, is a native of Scotland ; born May 20, 1837. Came to Montreal, Canada, in 185 1. He came to the United States in 1859, and settled in Menominee, Mich., and went into the em ploy of Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., where he has since re mained. Being a practical man of natural ability, he advanced to the responsible position of foreman of the Bay Shore saw-mill, which he has competently filled for the past ten years. Married, in 1868, to Miss Jennie Stewart, of Wisconsin. Three bright children now gladden their home — Charles H., George S. and Robert. WILLIAM LEHMANN, wagon and blacksmith shop, Menominee, was born Sept. 15, 1822, in Prussia. Came to New York May 5, 1852. The following year, he came to Chicago, where he remained a short time, then went to Manistee, Mich.; thence to Muskegon. In 1857, came to Escanaba. Came to Menominee in 1862 and started this busi ness, this being the first blacksmith shop started here, aside lrom the mill shops. Married, in 1846, to Ernstine Jachmann. She was born in Prussia. They have one son, four daughters and sixteen grand-children. Mr. L. received a classical education, his father wishing him to study law, but his natural inclinations were to learn this trade, which he has followed since a boy. His father was engaged in merchandising. His brother is now a Lutheran minister, in his native country. LEISEN & HEINES, proprietors of Bay Brewery, Menominee. Jacob Leisen, a native of Prussia, came to America in 1853, an Menominee, is a native of Tioga Co., N. Y. Came to Flint, Mich., in 1855 ; there he worked at filing till January, 1857, when he removed to Oconto Wis. ; was in the employ of N. W. Norton & Co., where he remained till the Fall of 1861, as foreman of their mill. He then enlisted in Co. F, 12th Wis. I. ; 17th Army Corps; served three years; was mustered out November, 1864, at Chattanooga Tenn ; returned to Oconto ; remained there till 1865, when he came to Menominee, Mich., and assisted in building the Ludington, Wells, Van Schaick Co.'s mill, where he was foreman for eleven years. He was also foreman of the mill located at the head of Little Bay de Nock, Mich.; returned to Menominee, Mich, in 1878, and has since then been in the employ of this company. W. REINDL, boots and shoes, Menominee. Bom July 8, 1851, in Austria ; came to Manitowoc in 1870 ; in 1872 came to Menominee, and established this business in 1874; he learned this trade in his native country, and has followed it the past sixteen years. He keeps on hand a full line of ready-made goods ; also, manufactures to order. Married Therrissa Ertliz, in 1873 ; she was born in Austria. They have six children, four sons and two daughters. THOMAS B. RICE, attorney, Menominee, isa native of Franklin Co., Vt. In 1858, commenced the study of law at Glens Falls, N. Y. ; afterward at Albany, N. Y., where he graduated March 4, 1864, at the Albany University Law School ; then came to Morris, 111., and opened a law office, where he remained two years ; then came to Aurora, remain ing two years ; then came to Chicago, and entered the law office of Hig gins, Swett , & Quigg, as clerk ; remained there about three years ; in 1871, came to Menominee, and has since followed his profession here. He has held the office of Prosecuting Attorney four years, and Judge of the Probate Court eight years. A. L. SAWYER, attorney, is a native of Dodge Co., Wis. He com menced the study of law with his brother, in Hartford, Wis., in 1876; was admitted to the Bar in 1877, in Washington, Wis. ; he then prac ticed with his brother till June, 1878, when he came to Menominee, and succeeded the practice of Judge E. S. Ingalls, now deceased ; he also holds the office of Circuit Court Commissioner. Married, April, 1880, to Miss Josie, daughter of the late Judge E. S. Ingalls, who edited the first paper published in Menominee. R. J. SAWYER, druggist, is a native of Dodge Co., Wis. He at tended school at Burnett, and afterward taught school there, in all twelve terms. He then engaged in the drug business at Neillsville, Wis., and was Superintendent of Schools of Clark County three years ; he continued this business eight years in Neillsville ; in 1879, came to Menominee and established this business. PETER SEIDL, firm of Pauli & Seidl, merchant tailors and gent's furnishing goods, Menominee. Mr. Seidl is a native of Austria. Come to America in 1868, and engaged in tailoring, which he followed until 1877, when he came to Menominee, Mich., and associated with George Horvath, Esq., in the clothing business for one year, and then formed a copartnership with Mr. Pauli, titled Pauli & Seidl, doing an extensive business. Mr. Seidl married, in 1873, Miss MaryZipprer, a native of Austria. They have two sons and one daughter. JAMES C. SHERMAN, Postmaster, Menominee, a native of Ca yuga Co., N. Y. When a boy he came to Illinois with his parents ; in 1853 came to Menekaune ; engaged in the drug business with his brother, and became afterward a partner. In 1861, he enlisted in Co. F, 12th Wis. I., 17th Army Corps ; served to the end of the War; returned to Menekaune, and continued in the drug business till 1868, when he re moved to Menominee, and was in the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Company as agent for the Goodrich Transportation Company. This position he held till he was appointed Postmaster. PETER SIBENALER, firm of Blom & Sibenaler, furniture and undertaking, Menominee, was born Sept. 20, 1853, in Luxemburg, Ger many. In 1871 he came to Menominee, and worked for R. Stephenson & Co. two seasons, and then removed to Muskegon and worked there in a mill seven years. He then returned to Menominee, and on Nov. 19, 1880, associated himself as the junior partner of W. Blom & P. Sib enaler in the furniture and undertaking. Married, May 10, 188 1, to Miss Gurtie Gobelius, of Green Bay, Wis. PHILIP SMITH, engineer of the Kirby Carpenter Co's old mill, Menominee, is a native of Lincolnshire, England. Came to .Waucon- 38 da, 111., in June, 1S54, followed farming till December, 1863, when he came to Menominee, Mich., and entered the employ of Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick, where he remained eight years as engineer. He then worked for Fay & Jones one season. In the Spring of 1872 he came into the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Co., where he has since been. Married, in 1867, to Sarah Stewart, of Milwaukee. She died in 1869. They had two children, which he has also lost. JOSEPH H. SOMERVILLE, agent Goodrich Transportation Co., Menominee, is a native of Kingston, Ontario. In the Fall of 1869 he went to Manitoba in the capacity of quartermaster for the Canadian Light Infantry, and returned in 1876. The following year he came to Menominee, was in the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Company three years, and one year with H. Bird, in the mill business. He was appoint ed to his present position in May, 1881. WM. SOMERVILLE was born in Kingston, Canada, in 1837. Re ceiving a common school, at the age of fifteen, he entered the employ of J. Carruthers & Co., wholesale grocers. He continued in their employ until the Spring of 1865, when he moved to Chicago. The seasons of 1866 and 1867 were spent steamboating on the Fox River. In January, 1868, Mr. Somerville moved to Menominee to enter the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Company, with whom he has remained ever since, as accountant and cashier, besides having general supervision of their large mercantile business. Mr. Somerville has held many local offices during his residence in Menominee, having been School Inspector for several terms, and is at present a member of the School Board. He was elect ed Probate Judge of Menominee County in the Fall of 1880, by a large majority. Mr. Somerville is also much interested in secret and benev olent societies, having been elected W. M. of Menominee Lodge, A. F. & A. M., five terms. He is a member of the board of trustees of the First Presbyterian Church. Family of seven children. Politics, Repub lican. C. SPRONG, iron master, Menominee, is a native of Berkshire Co., Mass. In 1868 he commenced to learn the furnace business, and has since followed it. He came to Menominee in 1873, and took charge of the blast furnace, which position he held till November, 1880. In the Summer of this year he built and operated a furnace at Charlevoix, Mich., sold out his interest in the Spring of 1881, and is now engaged in building a furnace at Florence, Wis. HON. R. STEPHENSON, of the firm of Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick. lumber, Menominee, is a native of Ne«v Brunswick. Came to Minnesota in 1852, thence to Escanaba, in 1858. Came to Menominee where he has since lived. He commenced in jobbing, which he contin ued till 1863, when this firm was established, of which he has been a member since. They employ about 550 men Winters, and about 250 men about the mill Summers, and about 200 men at their yards in Chi cago. They also own three farms where they employ about twenty-five men. He was elected a member of the Legislature in 1880, representing the counties of Menominee and Escanaba. Has been Town Supervisor and Treasurer, and has held most of the local offices. HON. S. M. STEPHENSON, vice-president and secretary of The Kirby Carpenter Co., Menominee. Is a native of New Brunswick. In the Winter of 1856-7, he came to Menominee and assisted in building what is known as the old K. C. Co.'s mill, located on the Island. In i860, he bought an interest in this mill, and has since been a member of the firm ; in 1867, they built a new mill, which they are operating in connection with their old one. About eight years ago this firm organized as a stock company, styled " The Kirby Carpenter Co." The sawing ca pacity of both mills is about 50,000,000 feet, day sawing, a season. He was the first Supervisor of this county ; he was a representative for Me nominee County in 1876, and a member of the State Senate in 1879 ; he was elector at large in the Presidential canvass of 1880 ; has always taken an active part in all public enterprises, and has been the recipient of many public honors ; he has contributed largely to all churches and other public buildings. A. B. STRYKER, manufacturer of cigars, Menominee. Is a native of Berks County, Pa. Commenced to learn this trade' at about the age of fourteen years, which he has since followed. In 1870, he came to Chi cago; in 1871, came to Milwaukee, thence to Menominee ; established his business in 1873. He holds the office of Township Clerk ; was elected in the Spring of 1881. DR. BYRON TAYLOR, physician and surgeon, Menominee. Is a native of Iron Ridge, Dodge Co., Wis. Commenced the study of medi cine at Hartford, Wis., graduated in 1879, at the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago ; he then came to Menominee, where he has since fol lowed this profession. J. N. THERIAULT, retired, Menominee. A native of Quebec, Canada. In 1853, he left home and spent one year in Chicago, and came to Menominee, Mich., and worked at lumbering till 1857, then at millwright work for about thisee years ; he then engaged in hotel business. In 1862, he enlisted in Col. Mulligan's brigade, and served till the end of the war. For three months he was a prisoner of war, in Libby prison ; after his release, returned to Menominee, and was mustered out in Springfield ; then returned and went into the employ of S. M. Stephen- 6io HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. son, as millwright, which he followed till 1868, when he built a brick block and opened a grocery and provision store, and continued in busi ness until Jan. 4, 1879. RICHARD UNDERWOOD, yard boss, Bay Shore mill of Lud ington, Wells & Van Schaick Co., Menominee. Born May 13, 1849, in England. Came to Menominee in 1868, and has since then been in the employ of this company ; four years of this time he was night watch man ; the past two seasons he has had full charge of the yard. Married, Dec. 25, 1879, to Mary E. Beach, of Illinois; she died November, 1880, aged twenty-two years. He has one daughter, Mary. PETER A. VAN BERGEN, superintendent of The Kirby Car penter Co. saw-mills, Menominee. Born in Greene Co., N. Y., in the year 1826. At an early age he engaged in mechanical work, and fol lowed it till 1867, when he came to Menominee, Mich., and went into the employ of The Kirby Carpenter Co., as superintendent of their saw mills. From the fact that he has held this position for the past four teen years, and being a practical mechanic, of wide experience and nat ural ability, is evidence that he has competently discharged the duties of trust confided in him. Mr. Van Bergen was elected to the office of County Clerk in 1872, and held it one term, and is now Supervisor of the town of Menominee. P. VAN HAZEN, with the Menominee Fire Department, born Sept. 4, 1848, in New Jersey. When about one year old, his parents came with him to Menominee ; when about the age of thirteen years, he en gaged in cooking in the woods. In about 1862, he went to Chicago ; there learned the trade of house and sign painting, where he remained four years. Then returned to Menominee, and at once secured employ ment with the Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Company, continuing in their employ ten years. April, 1881, he entered the employ of the Fire Department. Married, in 1880, to Eliza Schroader, of Manitowoc, Wis. J. A. WAGG, general manager Menominee Furnace Company, is a native of Maine. In 1866, he went to Minnesota, and was engaged as civil engineer for the Northern Pacific Railroad, also Assistant City En gineer in Minneapolis ; came to Wisconsin and was superintendent of saw-mill in Brown County for two years. He had a large contract for furnishing coal for the National Furnace Company. Came to Menomi nee to superintend the Menominee Furnace Company, and at a meeting of the directors, held in Chicago, he was appointed secretary and general manager. JAMES H. WALTON, manager of the Kirby Carpenter Company's store, was born in Bloomington, 111. He came to Menominee in 1869, and went into the employ of R. Stephenson & Co., and remained with that firm four years and a half. In 1872, he was elected County Treas urer, and held that office for eight years. Is now one of the Trustees and Director of the School Board. In January, 1881, he came into the employ of the Kirby Carpenter Company. Married, in 1870, to Miss Flora E. Drum, of Bloomington, 111. They have one child. JOSEPH WANEK, harness-maker, Menominee, is a native of Aus tria; born March 13, 1839. He learned the trade of harness-maker and saddler in his native country, and, in 1866, came to America, and re mained a short time in Boston and Chicago, and worked at his trade one year in Oconto, Wis. In 1868, he came to Menominee, Mich,, and opened a harness shop, and by his close attention to business and supe riority of work, has established a large trade. Married, in 1869, to Miss Annie Buhman, of Austria. They have three sons and four daughters. J.W.WELLS, of firm of Culbertson & Wells, manufacturers of lumber and shingles, Menominee, born in Davenport, Scott Co., Iowa, in 1870 came to Menominee and engaged with the Menominee River Manufactur ing Company as book-keeper, and remained one year ; then general super intendent for Carter & Jones, of Chicago ; in their interest North, until 1873, then entered into partnership with Mr. Carter, in manufacturing lumber and shingles, in Oconto County, till 1875. In the Winter of 1875, the firm, Culbertson & Wells, built their saw mill in Menominee- they employ about sixty men. The sawing capacity is about 100,000 feet in twelve hours. Mr. Culbertson is from Girard, Pa., and Mr. Wells is a relative of Daniel and C. K. Wells, of Milwaukee. R. H. WENDT, County Clerk, Menominee, is a native of Chicago » and where he was raised ; he served three years at the architect busi ness, and a short time engaged in plumbing ; September, 1872, came to Menominee ; the balance of the season he worked in a mill, the follow ing year worked at the carpenter trade. Soon after he secured employ ment in the County Clerk's office, and in 1874, was deputized as Deputy County Clerk, and Deputy Register of Deeds ; held this position till Jan. I, 1881, when he assumed his present position, havingbeen elected in the Fall of 1880 ; has also been Clerk of the Probate Court. G. A, WOODFORD, jeweler, dealer in watches, clocks, fine jewelry, pianos, organs, etc., Menominee, is a native of Hartford Co., Conn., came to Kilbourn City, Wis., at the age of seventeen, and engaged in buying grain for his uncle. In 1868, he went to Grand Rapids, and en gaged in the jewelry business, and came to Menominee in January, 1870, and established his present business, which rapidly increased, owing to his just dealing and strict adherence to business ; his sales amounting to about $28,000 yearly. Married, Miss Mary E. Freeman, of Grand Rapids, January, 1871 ; has two sons and one daughter. Mr. Wood ford held the office of School Inspector for about four years. LOUIS YOUNG, proprietor of Menominee Boiler Works, born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, came to Chicago in 1850, when he com menced to learn this trade, living there about thirteen years ; he then came to Fort Howard, Wis., in 1872, came to Menominee, and he, with D. Burns, of Fort Howard, started these works, continued till 1875, when he bought ont Mr. Burns ; he is also carrying on a boiler shop at Quinnesec ; he enlisted in 1861, in the three months' call, and again re enlisted in Co. C, 19th 111. Infantry, V. I., served about two years, returned on account of sickness ; he again entered the service in 1864, and served to the end of the war. WILLIAM ZIPPEL, dealer in fresh and salt fish, Menominee, a native of Germany, born June 20, 1844. In 1863, came to America, and remained in Grand Haven, Mich., until 1866 ; engaged in business for himself, except ten months ; he visited St. Louis, and other large places of commercial interest, and settled in Oconto, Oconto Co., Wis., Sept. 15, 1866. Worked at fishing for seventeen months, and then engaged in business for himself. May, 1880, he came to Menominee, Mich., and established a large trade in fresh and salt fish, which business he is now engaged in. In 1875, he visited his native home, and made quite an ex tended trip through Germany. HISTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 611 MARQUETTE COUNTY PHYSICAL FEATURES. Lying between the counties of Waushara, Green Lake, Columbia and Adams is the county of Mar quette. The surface is undulating, and the soil a sandy loam, which becomes clear sand in certain locali ties. Marshes are found near the streams,, and these produce hay in abundance ; while, with proper atten tion, they might easily be redeemed from wildness to a condition of profit by the introduction of cranberry culture. The county may be generally described as one of oak openings. The native timber has been re moved from large areas, and considerable land is under cultivation. The region is well watered and supplied with power. Neenah Creek runs through Oxford, Douglas Center and Briggsville, with improved mill privileges in each town. The Montello furnishes power for mills and factories at Lawrence, Westfield, Har- risville and Montello. The Mecan drives one mill at Germania, and White Creek supplies a mill and foun dry at Neshkoro. The only elevation is in the north west corner of the county, called Liberty Bluff. It is several acres in area, and rises on three sides abruptly, fifty to eighty feet, with a ragged wall of sandstone. Norway pines grow upon its summit, and are not found elsewhere in the county. The village of Montello, the county seat, has a charming location upon the shore of the placid Buf falo Lake, with towering bluffs and encircling rivers. A marked geologic feature of the place is the huge outcrop of granite rock, projecting boldly upon the side of one of the main business streets. Some of the surrounding lands are sandy. Most are oak openings, while perhaps one-fourth of the county is marsh or rich alluvium. PRE-HISTORIC AND ABORIGINAL. This county is rich in evidences of the presence here, at some remote period, of the race, long since extinct, which is the delight of antiquarian research, and the object of curious consideration by all. The Mound Builders have left innumerable tumuli, near the river and lake. The mounds possess the varied forms . peculiar to this class of pre-historic works. Most of them are conical or oblong, but some are cruciform, while others resemble birds and animals. The age of the mounds is attested by the growth of huge trees on the summits, and by remains of immense trees thereon, which have lived, died and decayed since the germ was first implanted in the upturned soil by the order ing of that economy of Nature which is at once the source of admiration and marvel to the thoughtful mind. These mounds, like all others constructed by this mystic people, are of surface soil, yet the immedi ate vicinity shows no disturbance of the surrounding alluvium. When, and how, and why were they built ? Exceptional ones on the bluffs at bends in the river, or on the promontory on the lake, were, perhaps, for de fense ; some, possibly, for tombs, as bones exhumed would indicate. Excavation usually yields little re sults, though sometimes are found pieces of coarse pottery, and rude implements. Moundville, as its name indicates, abounds with these antiquarian puz zles. The Indian found a home on Buffalo Lake, which extends for over fourteen miles through this county, being a widening of Fox River. At an early day, this body of water was a lavorite resort for ducks, and also abounded with fish. The facility with which food could be obtained induced the indolent savage to pitch his wigwam here. As late as a quarter of a century ago, hundreds of Winnebagoes and Menominees fared sumptuously on the wild rice and game of the region. Many Indian graves are still distinguishable by their decaying palings. The pioneers of thirty years ago remember the burial scenes and dance orgies of the tribes which were the final aboriginal occupants of the county. SETTLEMENT. The first settlement within the present county limits was made in the town of Buffalo, in the Spring of 1848, by H. F. Owen and J. I. O'Blanis. A school- house was built shortly afterward, and the first term of school was taught by a man named Birdsall. The lands south of the lake were placed in market by the Government several years prior to the offering of those lands situated north of that body of water. The first religious services were conducted by a Cath olic priest, who officiated at a mission on an island in Spring Lake, in the town of Shields. This was as early as 1848. The first Protestant clergyman was Isaac Smith, a Primitive Methodist, who held meetings in the different settlements in the Autumn of 1848. S. A. Pease came to this county in 1850, and was its first practicing physician. The first entry of govern ment land was May 11, 1836, by John Noyes, in the present town of Packwaukee. This name is given in honor of a friendly Winnebago chieftain. For several years, the village promised to become the chief busi ness point of the county. It is remembered that the Fourth of July was appropriately celebrated here, upon the shore of Buffalo Lake, in 1850. James Cook, the first lawyer in the county, delivered the oration. The blessing of the God of nations was in voked upon the unfurled flag, by Rev. Jonathan Post, a resident of the county, who, with his wife, was after ward murdered and shockingly mutilated by an insane son. This town is the only one in the county having both river and railroad communications ; its situation upon the navigable Fox River, and also upon the Wis- 6i: HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. consin Central Railway, gives it rare advantages as a center for shipping and exchange. The first act of the Circuit Court, organized Sept. 4, 1848, was the issue of a document to Thomas Allen, wherein he declared his "intention" of becoming an American citizen. The first deed of land in Marquette County (then in Brown County) was dated August 22, 1836. The first steamboat up Fox River ran in 1851, and was regarded as the most remarkable evidence of progress and civilization. The southern division of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, which extends from Stevens Point to Portage City, passes through the western townships of this county. It was completed in 1876, and the revived industries and quickened activity of the county attest its beneficial influence. The western townships are peopled mainly by Americans, while in the eastern and northern portions of the county the foreign element is well represented, there being about equal numbers of Germans, Irish and Americans. The chief exports of the county are wheat, corn, rye, pork, butter and cranberries, together with the products of the various factories. A large amount of fish, pickerel and bass, are annually caught in the rivers and lakes within the county limits. Fire wood can be had for the cost of cutting and marketing. A county agricultural fair is annually held at Montello, upon the well fitted grounds of the " Horse Trotting Association." The water-power furnished by the dif ferent streams is but partially employed in profitable manner, although sufficient water runs to waste to turn the wheels of scores of mammoth factories. The. people of the county are largely well-to-do, and a goodly per centage are blessed with a competency. The prevail ing sentiments are hospitable and moral in their char acter. ORGANIZATION. This county was formed from Brown by an act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 7, 1836. It embraced twenty-one townships, including a portion of the present limits of the county. The county seat was established at the village of Marquette, and the county was attached to Brown for judicial purposes. By an act, approved January 22, 1844, to take effect the first of March, the county of Marquette was organized for county purposes, and an election ordered to be held at the house of S. W. Beall, on the first Tuesday of April following, the returns to be made to the Town Clerk of the town of Marquette. By one of the provisions of an act, approved February 22, 1845, the county officers were authorized to keep their offices where best suited their convenience. It was organized for judicial purposes in 1848, and made part of the Third District. The first county of ficers under the State constitution were : John S. Horner, County Judge; D. R. Shailer, Clerk of the Board ; F. B. Hawes, Clerk of Court ; Thomas Will iams, County Treasurer ; C. Meade, District Attorney ; Paul D. Hey ward, Register of Deeds ; J. Luce, Sheriff ; C. H. Larrabee, Circuit Judge. The boundaries of the county were enlarged in 1849, by the addition of thirty-five townships, including most of the present Marquette and Waushara, with a small part of Green Lake County. As at present constituted, this county- contains twelve full and two fractional townships, em bracing 266,442 acres, and has a population of 8,907. The -name of the county commemorates the Jesuit - Father Marquette. The last division of this county was in 1858, whereby Green Lake County was de tached. During their brief history, the people of Marquette County have been called upon to vote seven times on the question of changing the county seat. The coveted prize was hotly contested, and for years it was the main issue in local elections. The ill passions engendered have given place to an era of good feelinc and the county seat rests at Montello. The court house is a plain, substantial building, erected in 1864, of stone and brick. The building for the county offices was erected in 1880. MONTELLO. This flourishing little town of 8oo inhabitants, the coun ty seat of Marquette County, being in the historic highway of the Fox River Valley, was at one time the site of an Indian village. Being so near the portage, Father Marquette is said to have done much missionary work at this point when he landed from his canoe, preparatory to making his voyage to the Mississippi, via the Wisconsin River. Mis sionary work by the Catholics was also continued when the first white settlers commenced to locate in 1849. Jason Daniels, still living, was the first white settler upon the site of the village, locating in June, 1849. About the same time, the Dartts, J. N. and Joseph R., located at Montello, which had been named " Seralvo" by Mr. Daniels. In the Fall of 1849, a meeting of half a dozen villagers was held at the house of J. N. Dartt, to give the settlement a name, as a post-office was about to be established. Five or six propo sitions were made, but Joseph R. Dartt had read of" Mon tello " in a novel, and his enthusiasm carried his favorite through. Between 1850-52, came John Lewis, Dr. H. J. Pratt, the Kelseys, and others. Phillips & Giddings erected a store, and E. K. Smith opened a hotel. July 3, 1 85 1, the first plat of the village was made- Henry Menton, surveyor, and' G. H. Barstow, E. B. Kelsey and Henry S. Candell, proprietors. The village, however, as now located, covers the plat made December 31, 1S55 — W. H. Gleason, surveyor, and E. B. Kelsey and George H. Dartt, proprietors. Montello was incorporated as a village by act of the Legislature, in 1868. S. D. Perkins is President, and W. J. Gorsline is Clerk of the Village Board. The church history of Montello commenced with the missionary labors of the Catholic priests. Then comes the formation of St. John's (Catholic) Society in 1856, when the first church was built. While the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers was going on in 1848-9, and which was virtually the origin of Montello, a priest traveled on foot among the workmen, engaged in religious labors. Until he disclosed his identity, his occupation was not suspected. Father A. Fagan was the first resident priest. In April, HISTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 613 1876, Rev. John Larmer, the present pastor in charge, came to Montello, and in August the commodious and tasteful structure now occupied by the society was completed. The church and priest's house stand on an eminence overlook ing the village and the Fox River. From this locality can be obtained as charming a view as may be found in this part of the State. The value of the property is placed at $10,- 000, and the membership of the church at 800. The Methodist Episcopal Society was formed in 1869, the church built in 1873, and the membership is twenty ; Rev. D. Brown, pastor. All Protestant denominations wor ship in the church. A good village school adds to the advantages of the place as a residence locality. Within the past year Montello has taken a long step for ward in a business point of view. The Montello Granite Company has brought in a large amount of general trade, furnishes employment to nearly 100 men, is about to draw a railroad to the place, and has in every way enlivened and improved it. C. B. King, of Chicago, in looking round for good paving material, heard of the fine Montello deposit of granite, came, saw, and assisted by James H. Anderson, the extensive granite and marble dealer of that city, set the' quarries in successful operation. In May, i88i,they were opened and in addition to furnishing splendid building blocks cut on the ground and sent to Chicago, the waste is crushed into material for McAdam pavement. Grading is now pro gressing so rapidly between Packwaukee and Montello, that it is expected a railroad line will be opened during the Fall of 1881. The distance is eight miles, connection is made with the Wisconsin Central Road, and capital furnished, both by that company and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. W. B. Dodge, operates a good flouring mill; John Lewis, a gristmill; and Norcross Brothers (J. F. and David), a sash, door and blind factory. The Montello Woolen Mills Company run a small mill, which is one of the manufactur ing establishments of the village, joining with the Montello Granite Company, to make it a growing town. C. P. Gors- line and Henry North, are prominent business men. The two hotels are the American and Fountain houses. E. McCaffery and Ennis Brothers (J. S. and William), pro prietors. The Montello Express was removed from Oxford in the Spring of 1862, being then known as the Marquette Express. Its editor and proprietor was Dr. S. A. Pease, this being the occasion of his settlement in the village. Dr. Pease conducted the paper until February, 1874, when it was sold to Goodell & Cogan. In March, 1877, the firm became Cogan (J. B.) and Bissell. In 1879, Bissell (C. H.) and Cogan (J. T.) assumed control of the Express, and are its present editors and proprietors. It is an eight-column folio and in dependent in politics. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHARLES H. BISSELL, editor, Montello. Was born in Chau tauqua Co., N. Y., March 20, 1852. In 1856, he came with his parents to Wisconsin, and settled in Waushara County. In 1S58, they movtd to Harrisville. In March, 1868, our subject came to Montello, and enleied the office of Pease & Goodell, then editors of the Montello Express. He remained there three and a half years, then went to Winneconne, and. with W. H. Walker, edited the Winneconne Items a year and a half. He then went to Minnesota and spent three years in printing, when he returned to Montello in the Spring of 1877 and bought out Mr. Goodell s interest in the Express, and, with J. B. Cogan, conducted it till Mr. Co gan disposed of his interest to J. T. Cogan. Since that time, Bissell & Cogan have conducted it. J. T. COGAN, editor, Montello. Was born in this place in 1855* His boyhood days were spent in attending school. In 1871, he entered the Montello Express office as an apprentice under Pease & Goodell. He has worked in that office since 1871. In 1879, he became one of its proprietors, under the firm name of Bissell & Cogan. MARK DERHAM, farmer and speculator, Montello. Was born in the County of Sligo, Ireland, about 1829. He worked with his father on a farm till he was eighteen, then commenced in the mercantile busi ness for himself, and continued in it till he came to America.in February, 1847. Stayed in New Jersey two years. Then came to Marquette County in September, 1849, and settled on 200 acres on Sec. 21. Re mained on it six years, then moved into the American House at Mon tello, and ran it twelve years. In 1866, he was elected County Treas- urer, and re-elected to that office in 1868-70. Has been Chairman of his town twelve years, and is at present Chairman of the village. WILLIAM & JOHN ENNIS, proprietors of the Fountain House, Montello, are the second and fifth sons of John and Mary Ennis, who were born in Ireland in 1804 and 1816. In 1840, the parents came to Kingston, Canada, then to Marquette County, and settled on Sec. 36, town of Buffalo, in October, 1849. William was born in Ireland, Aug. 20, 1839. His early life was spent on a farm with the rest of the family. By strenuous efforts, he succeeded in obtaining an education which fit ted him for teaching, which occupation he followed for several years, in connection with his farm labors. He has been Chairman of his town, and held various local offices. John J. was born in Canada, June 17, 1843. His younger days were spent in labor on their farm. In the Fall of 1862, he enlisted, with his brother Thomas, in Co. G, 32d Wis. V. I.; shortly after leaving the State, and at Jackson, Tenn., Thomas died. John served with his gallant regiment in all its victories and defeats. In the early part of their service, they were in Tennessee and Mississippi. They were finally transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and served with Sherman in his memorable Atlanta campaign. From 1865 to 1S70, he was agent for the Dodge County Insurance Company. He was the only licensed auctioneer in the county. William and John have been intimately associated in business from boyhood. In the Fall of 1878, they bought out and took charge of the Fountain House, which, in connection with their 1,200-acre farm, receives their time and attention. EDWARD MCCAFFREY, landlord, Montello, was born in Mas sachusetts in 1833. His early life was spent in one of the large cloth manufactories of his native State. In 1850 he came to Packwaukee. He secured a farm there, and continued to farm it till 1875, when he moved to Montello and bought the American House, and has continued its gentlemanly and obliging landlord ever since. In 1861 he associated with him Wm. C. Rood, and bought the steamer "Lady Jane," and ran it, for three years, between Portage and Green Bay, carrying as high as 60,000 bushels of wheat a year, besides general freighting. He has held various local offices, and been Chairman of Packwaukee nearly fifteen years. He owns a farm on Sec. 9, Packwaukee, of 520 acres. A. M. MORRILL, trader, Montello, was born in Essex Co., Vt., in 181 1. His early life was spent on a farm. When nineteen years old he clerked in a store awhile, then went to Massachusetts, upon a rail road, then went back to Vermont, in the mercantile business for him self, and continued in that till he came to Wisconsin, in 1848. He set tled at Prairie du Sac, in Sauk County, and went into the mercantile business, which he followed till he bought an interest in a flouring mill. That burned, and he lost nearly all his means. He then went to West Canada, and engaged in boring oil wells. From there he went to Mad ison, and, in 1872, came to Montello, and entered mercantile business. In 1854 or'55he was one of the stock-holders of, and helped to build, the bridge across the Wisconsin River, at Prairie du Sac. HON. S. A. PEASE, lawyer, Montello.wasbornin the town of Spaf ford, Onondaga Co., N. Y., Feb. 23, 1817. At the age of seventeen he went to the village (now city ) of Auburn, and attended school there till the age of twenty. In the Spring of 1836 he came West, coming to Buffalo on the canal, thence by steamboat to Detroit, then by a new stage line to LaPorte, Ind., where he remained till January, 1837, when he came to the town of Salem, Kenosha Co., where he remained till 1849. While in Kenosha he studied medicine with his brother-in-law, Dr. Paddock. He is a graduate of Rush Medical College, Chicago. In June, 1850, he came to Marquette County and commenced the practice of medicine at Packwaukee. In 1859, moved to Oxford, and commenced publishing the Marquette Express, in connection with his profession, till 1862, when he moved to Montello, and continued his practice, in connection with the publishing of the Montello ExpresstiW 1875, when he disposed 614 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. of that paper. In 1856, while Marquette and Green Lake counties were one, he was elected County Treasurer. In 1865-6-9 and 70 he was a member of the Wisconsin Assembly. In 1866 he was a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention. In 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention, at New York, that nominated Seymour for President ; and, again, a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore, that nominated Greeley for President. In 1861 he commenced the practice of law, though he had studied and practiced it before commenc ing the study of medicine. JUDGE W. H. PETERS, lawyer, Montello, was born at Summer- hill, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Nov. 26, 1825. Till seventeen years old, he worked on a farm, then worked on the Erie Canal till '48, when he came to Wisconsin. He stopped at Milwaukee a short time, then with his family came to Montello, forded the Fox, and proceeded to Packwaukee and settled on a farm on Sec. 15. He read law with E. B. Kellsie, and was admitted to the Bar in September, 1857, Judge Charles H. Larribee presiding. He and Capt. Walker formed a law partnership and opened an office in Harrisville, hanging out the first shingle in the county. In '58, he was elected District Attorney, the first one in the county. In i860, was elected County Judge; in '78, was elected to the Assembly. Since that time he has been engaged in the practice of his profession and farming. He has a farm of 177 acres of fine land, which is bounded on three sides by lakes. JUDGE S. R. ROOD, Montello, was born in Washington Co., Vt., in 1820. He had only the advantages of a common school, with the ex ception of four terms at a select school. In '44, he moved to Janesville ; remained there till September, 1848, when he went to Stanton. In '51, went to Packwaukee ; in '54. was elected to the Assembly ; in '57, was deputized County Treasurer, and moved to Marquette County ; remained there till the division in the county in '58, when he moved to Mon tello. In the Fall of '58, was elected County Treasurer; in '65, was elected County Judge, and again in '69. Has been Chairman of the County Board three years in succession, and held various local offices. ASH SPENCER, merchant, Montello, was born in Lewis Co., N. Y., in 1836. At the age of fourteen, he commenced running a grocery store. In 1854, he, with his parents, came to Wisconsin and settled at Mar quette. His parents soon after returned East, while our subject remained and engaged in the lumber business. In a few years he bought out his employer and conducted the business for himself five years. At that time Marquette was the most lively town in the county, and Mr. Spencer has sold 1,500,000 feet of lumber a year. He also carried on a general merchandise business in connection with it. In the Winter of 1864-5, he was at Nashville in the Quartermaster's department. In '77, he dis posed of his lumber and bought the Lake House at that place and ran it till the Spring of '81, when he moved to Montello and opened a store at the old stand of Perkins, Newhall & Perkins. WESTFIELD. This is a small village (unincorporated), of about 400 people, situated on the line of the Wisconsin Central Com pany, in the western part of the county, twelve miles from Montello. It is the center of a large agricultural district, and is comparatively a large shipping point for produce and stock. Its general trade is good for a village of its size. In the nature of manufactories are the wagon shops of Philo Lackey, and Fuller & Bissell, and the cabinet shop of Lawton & Pond. Westfield has a fine graded village school, whose princi pal is E. H. Phillips. There are three churches — the Con gregational, about thirty members, Rev. Mr. Dugan, pastor; the German Methodist Episcopal, Rev. Mr. Reichardt ; and the Methodist Episcopal Church, Rev. W. P. Hill. The latter society was formed in 1857, the church built in 1863, and the present membership is sixty. The Central Union, a Republican journal in its sixth volume, is edited by S. D. Forbes. The village was platted in 1856, by Pickens Boynton for Robert Cochrane, who with his brother, H. B., was the first settler within the limits of the town. They came in 1849, and located on the site of the present village. When the town was organized in 1854, H. B. Cochrane became one of the three supervisors. After the Cochranes came Samuel Crockett, Austin Stone, William Phillips and others, to settle in the village. The Cochranes built a house on the bank of Duck Creek, just south of the saw-mill in the village. It was a log structure 16x24 feet; with an addition in which the proprietors lived. They boarded fifteen mill hands and kept hotel. This was the first house erected in town. In 1850, the saw-mill was built ; the post-office was also estab lished this year and Robert Cochrane appointed Postmaster. He brought the first mail-bag, containing one letter on his back, from Packwaukee. There were no wagon roads in those days. In 1853, Joseph Wood built the first hotel in the village. Among the earliest general merchants were Aldrich & Olden. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ROBERT COCHRANE, proprietor grist and saw mills, and dealer in grain and farmers' produce, Westfield. Settled at Waupun, in 1845, and lived there until September, 1849, at which time he went to West- field, Wis., and made his claim of land and began the erection of a saw mill, that being in Spring, 1850. He built his grist mill in the Summer of 1853, since which time he has been engaged in the mercantile, grain and milling business. He was also present at the organization of the township of Westfield, taking part in the same. He made the first town plat of the village of Westfield, July 19, 1856. He was a member of the Legislature, in 1864, and has done much to make Westfield the thriving village it is. He was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., April 25, 1822. He married Miss Lucy R. Emerton, January, 1858, at Ft. Win nebago, Columbia Co. She was born in New Hampshire, in 1838. They have four children, Jennie E., Lucy A., Robert L. and Thomas H., all living at home in Portage City. Mr. C. also made another vil lage plat, Oct. 23, 1876. The village is having a healthy growth. ARCHIBALD CRAWFORD, of the firm of Winkie & Crawford, lumber and farmers' produce, Westfield. Was born in Henryville, Canada East, Aug. 9, 1855. He came West with his parents in 1861, and settled at Oxford, Marquette Co. He lived there twelve years with his parents on a farm, and then followed teaching for four years; after which he learned telegraphy at Westfield. He entered the office, April, 1878, and after learning the art he was employed as agent at Bancroft, White River, and at Westfield, for about two years. He finally resigned his position and began business for himself. He was married, Aug. 25, 1879, to Elizabeth A. Lawson. They have two children, Elva I., and Edith B. SAMUEL CROCKETT, general merchandise, Westfield. Was born in Manchester, England, May 10, 1821. He came to America in 1843, and settled in Oneida Co., N. Y. In 1849, he went to Wisconsin, and remained a few months, and returned to New York City. In 1850, went to Easton, Pa., and in Fall, 1851, to Stewardsville, N. J., where he lived until March, 1856. He followed his trade of tailor in the above cities. He was married in the latter place in September, 1852. He moved to Wisconsin, and settled at Westfield, April 19, 1856, and has since resided there. He was a member of the Legislature in 1877. He has served as County Coroner sixteen years. He went to Europe in Summer of 1874, to visit to the city of his nativity. While abroad, he visited Scotland, France and Belgium, and returned home in the Fall of 1874. He is one of the early'pioneers of Marquette County,and thecoun- try on every hand was a comparative wilderness at the time of his settle ment. Mrs. Crockett's maiden name was Eliza Snyder. She was born in Stewardsville, N. J., June I, 1818. They have one son living, named George B., born Oct. 9, 1858, in Westfield. He is a graduate of the Oshkosh Business College, and assists his father in their store. SELOFTUS D. FORBES, editor Central Union, Westfield, settled at Sun Prairie, in 1848, with his parents, where they lived about one year, and then moved to Mayville, Dodge County. In i860 he went to Marquette County and taught school ; in August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. G, 32d Reg. Wis. Vol. I. ; served about eighteen months in that regiment, going as sergeant and being promoted to second lieutenant ; he resigned in December, 1863, on account of his health. He afterward re-enlisted in Fall of 1864, in Co. I, ist Heavy Artillery, and at the organization he was appointed orderly sergeant, and was soon promoted to second lieutenant. He was mustered out at Alexandria, Va., June, 1865. He returned to Pack waukee. and lived there until 1867, when he went to Milwaukee, and was engaged on the staff of the Evening Wisconsin as commercial, news and as sociate editor, but on account of ill health he resigned his position and re turned to Packwaukee and was principal of the Montello school in the Win ter of 1870-71; intheFall he was elected County Superintendent of Schools in Marquette County, where he served one term. He followed teaching HISTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 6*5 Winters until 1877, and in the Spring he established his newspaper, as above noted. He was born in Medina Co., Ohio, May 12, 1836, and was married at Horicon, June 30, i860, to Smilde E. Pond, who was born in Addison, Steuben Co., N. Y., June 12, 1840. They have five children — Annie E., Wilber E., Florence E., Clarence A., and Frederick L. CALEB F. FULLER, Postmaster, Westfield, was born in Smith- field, R. I., Feb. 2, 1829. He settled in Newton Township, Marquette Co., in 1856, and lived there about three years and followed farming. He was elected Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, and moved to Mon tello in i860; he held the office four years. In 1863, he erected a woolen mill at Harrisville, and moved there January, 1865, where he lived until 1874. He made the first cloth manufactured in the county on a power loom. He moved to Westfield afterward, and has lived there since. He was appointed Postmaster Feb. 19. 1881. PHILO LACKEY, manufacturer of wagons, carriages and sleighs» and dealer in agricultural implements, Westfield, settled in Newton, Marquette Co., in 1853 ; lived there about five years and followed farm ing and carpenter work. He then moved to Westfield and lived until 1861, following carpenter and wagon work. He enlisted in December, 1862, in Co. A. 34th Reg. Wis. V. I., and served until the close of his term of enlistment, which was nine months and twenty day's, and was mustered out in Fall of 1863 at Milwaukee. His health was impaired in the army, and he was sick for some time. On being able to resume labor he built the Westfield House, etc., and kept hotel about four years, or until 1869. He sold his hotel and visited the States of Missouri and Kansas in November and December, 1869, remaining a short time. In 1870, he returned to Westfield ; visited Northern Wisconsin now on the line of the Central Wisconsin R. R. Took the first homestead in Hull Township, Marathon Co. He soon gave up his claim and bought the lots he now occupies. In 1872, he erected his blacksmith and wagon shops. In 1881, he built another shop in connection with his increasing business. He was born in Stanbridge, Lower Canada, Jan. 27, 1830. He was married in Waukesha County, May 2, 1852, to Mary Stuart, born in Vermont, June 14, 1828. They had six children — named Ara- minta C, married to E. W. Lowe, and living in Minnesota; Ada L., married to George A. Whitney, living in Minnesota ; Thomas H. B., also married and living in Minnesota ; Lillian F., married to Mr. Sam uel E. Smart, and living in Minnesota ; William II., assisting his father ; Zelia M., at home. Mrs. L, died March 3, 1875, and he was again mar ried Oct. 21, 1875, to Miss Jane Stuart, a sister of his first wife. She was- born in Canada East, May 29, 1850. Mr. Lackey was elected Sheriff of his county in the Fall of 1877, and served one term. He has also been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, etc. WILLIAM PHILLIPS, insurance and real estate, Westfield, set tled in Waukesha in 1844, and lived there about seventeen years, two years of which he was engaged as jobber in timber. He then moved to Oshkosh, and lived there until 1850 ; from there he went to Wrights town, Brown Co. In the Spring of 1853, he moved from the place, but returned and spent the Winter of 1854-55, and >n March he went to Beloit, and was there married, March 15, 1855. He then moved to Marquette County, and has since lived there. He followed jobbing in timber until 1864 ; then he embarked in the mercantile business, keep ing a general store. He continued in that for eight years, and met with the loss of his store, goods and dwelling, including all his personal effects, by fire, since which time he has been engaged as noted above. He was ordained a minister of the Free Baptist, in April, 1873, and was a pastor of that denomination six years. He was born Cayuga Co., N. Y„ May 10, 1827. Mrs. Phillips's maiden name was Isabella Watson ; she was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, Oct. 8, 1831. They have three children — Frank W., born Aug. 12, 1856, and now married and living in Chicago ; Merritt W., born Aug. 13. 1858, now a student at Ripon College, and George W„ born Nov. 9, i860, now fireman on the railroad at Monroe. HENRY R. ROBERTS, of the firm of E. Roberts & Sons, hard ware, Westfield, was born in Friendship, Adams Co., Jan 31, 1856. He lived with his parents until August, 1877, at which time he moved to Westfield, and began the business in which he is now engaged. OTHER SETTLEMENTS. A number of towns were settled about the time Mon tello was founded. Moundville is one year older, having been settled by men sent out by the Potters' Society, of England. The association paid the expenses of emigration to this country of a certain number of potters, in order that those who remained in the old home might derive benefit from increased wages, incident to the decrease in skilled hands. It appears that Isaac Brown, W. L. Gaylord, H. Brown, L. Felton, R. Wells and D. Coon had settled there prior to the arrival of the English colony. Packwaukee was settled in 1849 by E. Pettengill, E. T. Older, C. G. Barker, Jesse Older, William Ewen, David Phelps, S. A. Pease, John Chapman, E. King and Samuel Wayman. In 1855, F. A. Hoffman established the Montello Young American. E. B. & C. S. Kelsey afterward became the pro prietors, and changed its name to Montello Ledger. C. K. Simonds acted as editor, in 1858. In 1862, publication was suspended. S. A. Pease purchased the press on which the pioneer journal was printed, using it in the publication of the Express, at Oxford, which was begun in 1858, and moved to Montello in 1862. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. MARTIN G. ELLISON, Jr., County Clerk of Marquette Co., Moundville. Was born in England, in 1841. His father, Martin G. Ellison, was born in England, March 8, 1808. He was an engraver by trade, and followed it through life. In 1849, ne with his family came to Marquette County, and settled on 120 acres, town of Moundville. He afterward went to Dover, N. H. He died in Moundville, Jan. 5, 1878. Our subject remained on the farm and helped to improve it, and has now 500 acres of land, 200 of which are improved. In 1853, he went to Dover, N. H., and entered the Dover Academy, where he re mained five years. He then returned to Moundville ; in January, 1862, he enlisted in Co. E, 2d Wis. Cavalry. He was captured near Yazoo, Miss., Dec. I, 1864; was exchanged in March 1865, joined his regiment and was mustered out at Austin, Texas, Nov. 16, 1865. He returned home, and in the Fall of 1876, was elected County Clerk, and re-elected to that office in 1878 and 1880. He is now drawing pension from Government. CHESTER FRINK, farmer, Sec. 34, P. O. Packwaukee. Was born in Connecticut, in 1844. His parents are natives of the same State, and came to Marquette County and settled on their present farm in 1857. By hard labor and good management, they have secured one of the best farms in the county. They have 200 acres of fine land with excellent buildings. In October, 1880, the father of our subject died, being eighty-one years old. Chester assumed charge of the farm, and is the support of his aged mother who lives at the homestead with him. He has been Chairman of this town and held various local offices. TOWNSEND W. WHITSON, farmer,. Sec. 28, P. O. Packwaukee, Was born in New York City, July 2, 1848. He is a son of Abraham U. and Hannah C. Whitson, who were born on Long Island, in 1810. The family spent five years in New York City previous to coming to Wisconsin, in August, 1851. They settled on their present place and began active operation for making a home. They now have over 250 acres of fine land, 140 acres of which are improved and under a high state of cultivation with fine buildings upon it. Mr. Whitson died in October, 1879, and the splendid farm he left is a monument to his untiring energy. His widow is still living with her son Townsend, who has charge of the farm. He has been on the farm since its settlement, with the exception of the time he was attending the Portage Business College, from which he received a diploma. 6i6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN MONROE COUNTY. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. Monroe County is nearly thirty miles square. It abounds in fertile valleys in the southwestern section, and has a rolling prairie in the central portions, while in the northern and eastern parts there are extensive cranberry marshes, where the berry grows in its native state, though there has been in some instances, consider able attention paid to its cultivation. A range of hills runs from the southern boundary to the north ernr divid ing the county and turning the course of the streams east and west. These hills presented such a formidable obstruction to the builders of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and the Northwestern railroads, that they were obliged to tunnel them ; the former road having one tunnel, about 1,200 feet long, three miles west of Tomah, the latter three, the longest of which is over 3,800 feet in length. The Baraboo and Lemonweir rivers each has its source in this county, upon the east side of the range, while upon the west side are the La Crosse and Little La Crosse rivers. The Kickapoo, run ning toward the south, also rises in this county. In addition to these there are a number of creeks and brooks, which are well stocked with the choicest speckled trout. The farming lands of this county are very fine. Beaver Creek, La Crosse and Leon valleys are settled by a thrifty class of farmers, who have many of them realized wealth from patient cultivation of the soil in these valleys. The general product is wheat, oats and corn, while in some localities the hop culture is quite extensive. The quantity of berries which are gathered yearly, form quite an article of export, the villages of Tomah and Tunnel City having shipped the past year over twenty-four car loads of blueberries alone. The soil is in the south and southwestern portions of the county, a rich loam slightly mixed with sand. Along the northern sections of the county there are a great multitude of swamps of more or less extent, upon which the cranberries grow wild. The surface of the county is drained by La Crosse, Little La Crosse, Lemonweir and the Baraboo rivers. The two latter, as already explained, having their source in the county, upon the east side. The Kicka poo running toward the south, also rises in this county. The Baraboo heads in this county, at an elevation of about four hundred feet ; runs southeastward through Sauk County, where it breaks into the valley between the two east and west ranges, through a narrow gorge in the northern range. Turning then east, it runs along the middle of the valley, between the two ranges for about fifteen miles, and then breaking again north ward, through the north range, follows its northern side east to the Wisconsin, into which it empties on Section 28, of Township 12 north, Range 9 east, in the town of Caledonia, Columbia Co. The Baraboo is a stream of considerable size, and yields a number of very excellent water-powers. The three different kinds of sur face in Monroe County, as to vegetation are the prairies marshes and timber lands. The prairies or treeless por tions, are not the same in extent now, as when the county was first settled, for the reason that in some places, once prairie, there has been an invasion of tim ber growth, this formerly being checked by the annual prairie files. The prairie areas are not always flat, in deed the flat prairies are the exception, and are seen oftener along the bottom lands of the Wisconsin River. The prairie ordinarily is very rolling, commonly showing abrupt changes of level, even up to fifty or a hundred feet. These changes are generally caused by unequal denudation of the rocky strata. The marshes of Monroe County are usually small. With regard to forest trees, it may be said that the whole of the county outside the prairie region, is covered by a prevailing growth of small oaks of different varieties, frequently interspersed with other forest trees. There are a few groves of heavy oak in different parts of the county. INDIANS. In the middle of the 18th century, this region of country was occupied by the Fox tribe of Indians as their hunting ground. Toward the latter part of the century, however, they moved southward from their homes on the Wisconsin River, and possessed territory on both sides of the Mississippi. As they withdrew, the Winnebagoes came in from the east, and have ever since been recognized and mentioned as the rightful owners of the lands in this part of the State of Wiscon sin. The Winnebagoes occupied the lands until the year 1837, when they parted with all that portion east of the Mississippi, and were removed to Turkey River, Iowa, in 1840. Many of them, however, soon returned to their old hunting grounds, and lived in a half civilized condition, subsisting by hunting and fish ing, some few of them by cultivating small portions of ground. They have never, since their return, com bined against the settlers, although the ea'rly settlers claim that they have just cause to complain of the predatory bands. Franklin Petit, the first settler in the La Crosse Valley (afterward settling in Sparta), had to leave the valley on account of them. They fre quently visited his house at night and upon one oc casion turned the whole household from their comfort able beds, which they occupied themselves until morn ing. Mr. Petit feeling himself powerless to avoid their insolence, was compelled to leave. This was as late as 1849. At the present time they cause no complaint, other than is induced by their lazy, indolent manner of life. SETTLEMENT. Monroe County is an offshoot from La Crosse Coun ty. The first settler was Esau Johnson, who looabed HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTY. 617 on the Kickapoo, near where Oil City now is, in the town of Sheldon. On the first day of October, 1842, he, with his family, stopped about two miles above Oil City, and built there a house. Mr. Johnson says : "In the year 1842, I came with my family down the Wis consin River, on a log raft, to the mouth of the Kick apoo, and went to what was then known as Haneys, in Richland County. We stayed there, I working on his land until the Fall of same year, when I took an ax and some provisions and started on a prospecting trip up the Kickapoo, until I came to the mouth of Moore's Creek, in what is now Monroe County. Was very fa vorably impressed with the locality, and determined to return and bring my family up. Not wishing to walk back to the farm, I hollowed out a tree, made myself a couple of good paddles, and sailed down in my improvised boat. I reached the farm next day, and soon had the boat in good condition for moving my family and what few household goods I had up to our new home. I finally left the Haney Farm, Sept. 10, 1842, and hired two brothers named Clark to help me move, they agreeing for a consideration to stay with me until I had my house built. On the first day of October, we reached the location I had fixed upon, and we arranged a temporary shelter for my family until we could cut the logs necessary for the new house; three of us getting to work at it, we soon had it under way, and on the sixth day of October, just five days after landing, myself and fam ily moved in. This I positively assert was the first house, and me and my family the first white people to make a permanent settlement in Monroe County. The two Clarks stayed with me until the next day, when they took the boat and returned to Haney's Farm." Mr. Johnson also states that on the tenth day of October he started for the mouth of the Kickapoo to get four head of oxen that he had left there, from there to Prairie du Chien where he got a load of pro visions and hired two men to return and work for him. In this trip Mr. Johnson claims to have been the first to make the present road between Oil City and Prairie du Chien. Mr. Johnson was "monarch of all he sur veyed" until 1846. In the Spring of that year he was joined by Sylvester Bacon and William Clark, who worked for him until Spring of 1849. Shortly after this, in the same year, Thomas Lewis and Thompson Hazen came and built them a house in the pines about one mile and a half from Johnson, and went to lum bering. They stayed until May, 1847, when they sold out to Mr. A. J. Martin. Lewis leaving this, and set tling in Grant County. Hazen left the pines and set tled about five miles south of Cashton, where he took up a farm and opened a tavern. The first saw-mill was built by Mr. Johnson in 1849. The first marriage ceremony performed in the county was that of Mr. Johnson's two daughters. One was married to James Hoover, and the other to B. Rhodes. The double ceremony was performed by a traveling missionary, in the Winter of 1850. The first birth was a son of Esau and Mrs. Johnson, September, 1846. In 1849 a State road was opened between Hudson and Prairie du Chien, passing by the way of Eau Claire (then Clear Water P. O.), Black River Falls and the point where Sparta now is. Subsequently a road was laid out between Portage and La Crosse. The latter road followed a well-worn Indian trail, which led to the Mississippi River. Previous to laying out the road be tween Hudson and Prairie du Chien, there had been no means of ingress or egress to the settlements in West ern Wisconsin, except by the rivers. No post-office nearer than Prairie du Chien, the lands unsurveyed, and consequently not in the market. Upon the laying out of the road, post-offices were established at Eau Claire, Black River Falls, La Crosse and at one or two other points. During the years of 1849-50, the lands were surveyed and brought into market, which caused a tide of immigration to flow in to this section, Monroe County taking its share. In 1850 Charles Clute came with his family, and went to work for Mr. Johnson, at his saw-mill on the Kicka poo. He afterward took up land in the northern part of the county. In 1851 E. E. Shaw, Frank and Will iam Petit, Nelson Currier, and a man by the name of Metzgar settled in the county. In July of the same year R. S. Kingman and his two brothers, twins named Rosalvo and Alvarado came to the county from Ash tabula, Ohio, and settled with E. E. Shaw and Nelson Currier, in Leon Valley. R. S. Kingman is at present a very prominent citizen of Sparta, being one of the banking firm of Thayer & Kingman. The first regu larly laid out highway or road Monroe County had was the State road, running from Prairie du Chien to Hud son, through the present village of Sparta. This road was run through early in 1849. Two years subsequent to this the "Portage" road was laid out, following the Indian trail from Portage to La Crosse. Previous to the laying out of the former road, there had been no means of ingress or egress to the settlements in West ern Wisconsin except by the rivers. Records of the olden time are very interesting, and are not without their lessons of instruction. By the light of the past, we follow in the footprints of the enterprising pioneer. We see him amid the labors and struggles necessary to convert the wilderness into a fruitful field. We sit by his cabin fire, partaking of his homely, but cheerfully granted, fare, and listen to the accounts he gives of frontier life ; of the dangers, trials, hardships and sufferings of himself and others, in their struggles to make for themselves homes in re gions still unexplored, save by wandering Indians and wild beasts. Through these old records, we make our way along to the present, showing the mighty achieve ments of industry, the daring enterprise, the creative energy and untiring perseverance ot the early pioneer. Following on in the path of progress and improvement, we see once waste places rejoicing under the kindly care of the husbandman; beautiful farms are spread out before us ; villages and cities have arisen, as if by magic ; common schools, academies and colleges have sprung up ; young and ardent minds may press for ward in the acquisition of science ; churches are built, and a Christian ministry sustained ; the press is estab lished ; railroads are built, to bring the products of every clime, and the people from afar, to our doors. Let the records of olden time be preserved ; in after years, our children's children will look over them with pleasure and profit. The first important business of a pioneer settler is to build him a house. Until this is 6i8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. done, he has to camp on the ground, or live in his emi grant wagon, perhaps the only shelter he has known for weeks. The style of house is of very small mo ment — it is shelter he wants ; "a roof over his head ;" a something to protect himself and family from the stress of weather, and wearing exposure. The poor settler very rarely has either money, or the necessary mechani cal appliances for building himself a house. The pros pect of a house, however small — one to be erected by himself — a future home — gives courage to the rough toil, and zest to the heavy labors. He is content, in most cases, to have a mere cabin, or log hut. Some of the most primitive constructions of this kind were half faced, or, as they were sometimes called, " cat- faced" sheds, or "wike-ups," the Indian term for house or tent. The better class of houses were termed " claim cabins," and were a little more in the shape of a human habitation, made, as it was, of round logs, light enough for two men to " lay up," about fourteen feet square — sometimes larger, and sometimes smaller — roofed with bark or clapboards, and floored with puncheons (logs split in two, flat side being laid up). Sometimes the flooring was made of earth. The fire place was usually composed of a wall of stones and earth. Sometimes they built these fire-places so large as to occupy the entire width of the house. Any con trivance that would convey the smoke out of the building, answered as a chimney. Some were built of sod, plastered upon the inside with clay; and others were made of clay and sticks, or, as they were some times called, " cat in clay." For doors and windows, the most simple contrivances that would serve the pur poses were brought into requisition. The door most in use was composed of split boards put together, hung upon wooden hinges, and held shut by a wooden pin, inserted in an auger hole. Greased paper, pasted over sticks crossed in the shape of sash, sometimes was sub stituted for window glass. This admitted the light, but, of course, lacked transparency. The furniture of a cabin in those days varied in pro portion to the ingenuity of the occupants, unless it was where settlers had brought with them their .old household supply, which was very seldom done, owing to the great distance that most of them came. Tables and chairs were made of split logs. The bedstead was a very important article of furniture, necessary to the comfort of a faniily, and was made thus : a forked stick was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the room, and at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each were laid. The wall ends of the poles were either driven into auger holes, or rested in the cracks between the logs. After the house had reached this stage, it was left to the care and deft devices of the wife to complete its comforts, and the head of the house was free to superintend out- of-door affairs. The first year's farming consists generally of a " truck patch," planted with corn, potatoes, turnips and other vegetables. Sometimes the crop fell far short of the supply needed, and the most rigid econ omy would have to be observed. Such articles as flour, bacon, coffee and tea the settlers usually brought with them, in quantities sufficient to last for several months. The game, in the days of the early settlers, was very plentiful, and helped to eke out their limited supplies. The mills for grinding the corn were usually at such long distances, that the people were compelled to resort to more primitive means for bringing it to a state fit for consumption. Some grated it, and others used a coffee-mill for grinding it. Not the least of the early settler's tribulations was the going to mill. The almost total absence of bridges and roads, added to the fact that they had to use ox teams, made it very slow, the distance traveled often exceeding forty miles. In dry weather it was rendered comparatively easy, but during floods was proved very troublesome, as well as being dangerous. To become stuck in a swamp or slough, and be de layed for two or three hours, was by no means unusual. In regard to roads, they were very uncommon, and until 1849, were none worthy of the name in the county. The Indian trails were followed, but were unfit to travel on with vehicles. They were mere paths, about two or three feet in width, this being all that was required to accommodate the single file man ner of Indian traveling. The innumerable trials and deprivations of the pioneer might fill a volume of no ordinary size. The struggle was not for ease or lux ury, but a constant one for the means necessary for sustaining life. ORGANIZATION. On the twenty-first day of March, 1854, an act of the Legislature of Wisconsin was approved by the Governor to divide the county of La Crosse and organ ize the county of Monroe. This comprised all the present county boundary except the northern tier of townships, which were added from Jackson County to Monroe by an act of Oct. 14, 1856. By the organic act, it was provided that the county should be organized for all the purposes, both of coun ty and judicial government, and that it should enjoy all the rights, privileges, immunities and powers of the other counties of the Territory. It was further provided that an election should be held in the several towns of the county, such as were then, or might thereafter be, established by law, on the first Tuesday in April of that year for the election of all such town or county officers as the county, by virtue of its organization and the provisions of the organic act, should be enti tled to, who were severally to hold their offices until the next general election and until their successors were duly elected and qualified, provided that nothing in the act should be so construed as to render the Sher iff of the county to be elected, ineligible to a re-elec tion at the ensning annual election. It was further provided by the act just mentioned that the first elec tion to be held in the county should be conducted in all respects in the manner then provided by law for holding general elections, and the votes cast were to be returned and canvassed as therein provided ; and the judges of the election were authorized to issue certificates of election to any person duly elected to office in the same manner as the Clerks of the Board of County Commissioners were authorized to do in other counties. The county seat was located at Sparta, and the first officers elected were : A. H. Blake, Coun ty Judge; E. Walrath, Sheriff; W. Fisk, Register of HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTY. 619 Deeds; John Barker, Clerk of Court; Samuel Hoyt, County Treasurer, and A. B. Cornell, District Attor ney. There was a great deal of opposition to the division of La Crosse County and the establishment of the • county of Monroe, many of the opposition party re siding within the precincts of Sparta. There was also a great deal of feeling evinced, which culminated in a contest between Sparta and Leon in regard to the county seat. The latter, however, were defeated, and the seat established at Sparta. Court-house. — The question regarding the county seat having been definitely settled by locating it at Sparta, the next thing in order was to supply suitable buildings for the public offices. The officials occupied the upper part of Mr. Allen's store, on the north side of Oak street, between what is now Water and Court streets. The old building is still in existence, and still occupied by Mr. Allen as a dwelling and store. In 1863, the subject of a county building was agitated, but the report was laid on the table. In 1864, it was brought before the Board again and a resolution to make an appropriation for a court-house not to exceed $25,000 put and passed. In the follow ing year, the present large and handsome brick build ing, including the court-house, Sheriff's dwelling and jail, was erected at a cost of $22,000. The site was presented to the county by the citizens of Sparta. The building is a model of architectural neatness and sim plicity. Its dimensions are about 80 x 60 feet, con structed of cream-colored brick, with dark trimmings. It is two stories high, with a well-proportioned dome, and stands in beautifully laid out grounds. To the right of it, upon entering the square, is a beautiful fountain of mineral water. Entering at the front of the court-house, the visitor finds himself in the spa cious hallway, leading through the building. The first door on the left and near the entrance, is the room ot the County Judge, the next office on the same side is that of the Clerk of the Circuit Court. Following this is one bearing the ominous inscription of " Sher iff." Directly opposite the room of the Judge are the offices of County Treasurer and County Clerk; back of this office is the vault and Register of Deeds' of fice. On the same floor are the court-room and jury- room, the former being very comfortably furnished, with seating capacity for 350. County Jail. — Within the walls of this institution are placed individuals of a retiring disposition, who forego the pleasures of freedom and out-door exercise for definite periods, unless death or the Governor in terferes. The County Jail, as before stated, is included in the court-house and is situated at the western end of the building. It is well ventilated, neat and com fortable, has two departments, one for male and the other for female prisoners, each department containing eight cells. The jail is under the control of the Sher iff and one Jailer. The Political Divisions of the county are the town, city and village. The town government is intrusted to a town board of supervisors, consisting of three members, elected annually at a town meeting. The other town officers are : town clerk, town treas urer, one or more assessors, four justices of the peace, overseers of highways and constables, not more than The justices of the peace hold office for two years, two being elected at each annual town meeting. The other officers are elected annually at the town meeting. The form of city government depends upon the char ter granted by the State Legislature. There are gen erally a mayor, the chief executive officer; a common council, consisting of one or more representatives from each ward in the city, and the city officers — a city clerk, city treasurer, city attorney, chief of police, fire mar shal and city surveyor. A village is governed by a village board, consisting of a president and six trustees, elected at the annual charter election. At such election there are also chosen a village clerk, treasurer, supervisor (to represent the village in the county government), marshal and con stable, and when necessary, a justice of the peace and police justice, each of whom holds office for two years. The county government is in charge of a county board of supervisors, consisting of the chairman of each town board, a supervisor from each incorporated village, and one from each ward of every city in the county. The county officers are, clerk, treasurer, sheriff, coroner, clerk of circuit court, district attorney, register of deeds, surveyor and superintendent of schools, all elected biennially. Where a county has more than 15,000 inhabitants, the County Board of Supervisors may, if they choose, divide the county into two superintendent districts for school purposes. The following county officers have served from 1854 to 1881: County Judges.— 1854, A. H. Blake ; 1858, W. W. Jackson ; 1864, G. E. Pratt ; 1868, L. B. Noyes ; 1871, T. D. Steele ; 1879, C. M. Masters. Sheriffs.— \85i, E. Walrath; 1857, John Foster; 1859, C. W. McMillan ; 1861, J. H. Allen ; 1863, J. A. Gilman ; 1865, C. W. McMillan ; 1867, G. A. Fisk ; 1869, D. B. Bon; 1871, L. Johnson; 187H, G. B. Rob inson ; 1875, C. W. McMillan ; 1877, N. P. Lee ; 1879, C. W. McMillan; 1881, E. Bartells. District Attorneys.— -1854-9, A. B. Cornell ; 1859, L. W. Graves; 1861, C. E. Rice; 1863-5, R. Bunn ; 1867, G. E. Pratt ; 1869, G. A. Richardson ; 1871-5, J. M. Morrow; 1877, A. E. Bleekman; 1879-81, J. M. Morrow. Clerks of Circuit Court. — 1854, John Barker ; 1857, G. B. Holden ; 1859, Cyrus Curtis ; 1861, E. Nutting ; 1863, L. B. Noyes; 1865, S. H. Stearns; 1867-9, S. H.Stearns; 1871, Jacob Rood ; 1873-5, S. H.Stearns; 1877, Joel Brown ; 1879, S. H. Stearns ; 1881, J. E. Perry. County Clerks.— 1857, L. S. Fisher; 1859, A. F. Childs ; 1861, S. Aldrich ; 1863-5, T. D. Steele ; 1867, S. D. Hollister; 1869. James Lowry; 1871-3, S. D. Hollister; 1875, W. P. Palmer; 1877, J. E. Perry; 1879, H. H. Cremer ; 1881, O. C. Berg. Treasurers. — 1855-7, Samuel Hoyt; 1859, A. A. Kendall; 1861, L. S. Fisher; 1863-5, G H. Ledyard; 1867-9-71, Eli Waste ; 1873-5-7-9, Francis Avery ; 1881, W. F. Lee. Registers of Deeds.— 1855, Wilber Fisk ; 1857, R. S. Kingman; 1859, A. H. Condit ; 1861, P. Rawson : 620 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1863-5-7, M. A.. Thayer; 1869-71, J. M. Tarr; 1873-5, J. W. Curran ; 1877-9, W. G. Williams ; 1881, J. R. Lyons. Surveyors. — 1854, Isaac Thompson ; 1857, F. A. Childs; 1859, A. S. Ingalls; 1861, L. E. Amidon ; 1863, L. S. Ingalls ; 1865, W. Kenyon ; 1867, O. R. Dahl ; 1869, C. C. Miller ; 1871, G. Spurier ; 1873-5-7, A. S. Ingalls ; 1879-81, A. B. Holden. Coroners.— 1859, 0. P. McClure; 1861, C.W. McMil lan ; 1867, C. W. McMillan: 1871, David Bon; 1875, G. B. Robinson ; 1877, C. W. McMillan ; 1879, D. J. Enderby ; 1881, C. W. McMillan. County Superintendents. — 1869, C. W. Kellogg ; 1871-3-5-7-9, N. H. Holden ; 1881, C. F. Brandt. BAILBOADS. The present Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail road Company has grown out of the former La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company. It will only be necessary to give a brief outline of the lines belonging to this great corporation which af fect Monroe County. The La Crosse & Milwaukee Company was incorporated by an act of the Legisla ture approved on the second day of April, 1852. The first president of the company was Byron Kil bourn. In 1854, stock subscriptions were procured, surveys made, and the general line of the road estab lished. Previous to this, in 1851, the Milwaukee & Fond du Lac Railroad Company was incorporated, and in 1853, a company chartered, called the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Railroad Company. By an act of Legislature, approved June 27, 1853, these two roads were authorized to consolidate with each other, which they did, and commenced the construction of a rail road toward Fond du Lac. In 1854, the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Company consolidated with the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company, assuming the name of the latter, proceeding with the construction of the road already commenced, but turning it in the direction of La Crosse. The first officers elected after this consolidation were as follows : President, S. Judd. Directors : H. Barber, Byron Kil bourn, Chase A. Stephens, Edwin H. Goodrich, E. Lud ington, E. D. Clinton, William Daws, M. M. Strong, S. L. Rose, Moses Kneeland and Russell S. Kneeland. Daws resigned and C. D. Cook was elected in his place. The western portion of the land grant donated to the State, by Congress, in 1836, was conferred to the State, on the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company. On the fourteenth day of March, 1857, the road was com pleted as far as Portage, ninety-eight miles from Milwau kee, and just half way to LaCrosse. In this year, the com pany, owing to the financial depression of the times, suffered very much, and there were repeated charges in its board of officers. At the close of the year 1857, the debt of the road reached $8,263,660.91, while the stock of the road amounted to $7,687,540.26. In the annual report for that year the story of the financial embarrassments are given, in which they admit in guarded language, the disastrous results to the com pany, of the legislative and other official corruption, by which the land grant of the previous year was ob tained. On the twenty-seventh day of September, 1857, the road passed into the hands of Selah Cham berlain, as lessee, by whom, as contractor, a large por tion of it had been built. He leased from the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company, and continued the construction of the road till October 1, 1858, when the whole line was opened to La Crosse. In 1860, Mr. Chamberlain surrendered the control of the road to Messrs. Bronson & Sutter, the trustees of the second mortgage holders, at which time an order had been made by the United States District Court, ap pointing Col. Hans Crocker receiver of the Western Division of the road, from Portage to La Crosse. Col. Crocker was also appointed receiver of the Eastern Di vision. Taking possession of the whole road, Col. Crocker operated it until the twelfth day of June, 1863, when on an order from the court, he surrendered the Western Division to the Milwaukee & St. Paul Com pany, as purchaser, and the Eastern Division to the same company to operate under him as receiver, he continuing to act as receiver of the Eastern Division until January 9, 1866, when it was surrendered to the Milwaukee & Minnesota Railroad Company. This company operated it until March 6, 1862, when they surrendered it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul Company, under a decree in the Circuit Court of the United States. On the 1st of January, 1872, the Milwaukee & St. Paul Company formally effected the purchase of the Chicago & St. Paul Railroad. The purchase was made by giving the bonds of the St. Paul Company for £800,000, or about $4,000,000 in gold, payable in Lon don in 1902, at 7 per cent. The line of the road be tween Mihvaukee and Chicago was not completed until the Fall of 1872, and its formal transfer to the Milwau kee & St. Paul was made in the following year. The route between Milwaukee and St. Paul, a distance of 410 miles, was then completed. The Legislature of Wisconsin, which met in Janua ry, 1874, passed a law, limiting the rates for transport ing passengers and freights, and also for providing a Board of Railroad Commissioners. This was known as the " Potter Law," and went into effect May 1, 1874. The commissioners appointed were George H. Paul, John W. Hoyt and Joseph H. Osborne. There was considerable feeling at this time on the part of the peo ple against the railroad company, who regarded the " Potter Law " as unconstitutional, and refused to ac quiesce in the reduction of charges until compelled to do so by the final decision of the Supreme Court. This road continued to operate under the name of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad until February, 1874, when by an act of the Legislature, the name was changed to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. In 1876, the " Potter Law " was repealed, and a law passed establishing maximum prices for freights. The present officers of the company are Alex. Mitchell, president ; Julius Wadsworth, vice-president ; R. D. Jennings, secretary and treasurer, and S. S. Merrill, general manager. The main line of this road runs di rectly across Monroe County, passing through the towns of Sparta, Angelo, Greenfield, Tomah and Oak- dale. The first train passed over the county in 1858, running east as far as the tunnel, from which place the passengers were compelled to drive over the ridge, tak- HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTY. 621 ing the train for the East, from that side, the tunnel not being completed. The Chicago Sp Northwestern Railroad Company. — In the year 1873, the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad was constructed to and through this county. In view of this fact, a brief history of this, the most extensive railroad in the world, will not be out of place. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway was first organized as the Illinois & Wisconsin Railway Company, intended to be run from Chicago to the Wisconsin State line. It was consolidated with the Rock River Valley Union Railroad, which was to run from the State line to Fond du Lac. There the two formed the St. Paul & Fond du Lac Air-line Railway Company. In 1859, the road was sold, and re-organized under the present name. Since this time, the Dixon, Rock- ford & Kenosha, and, in June, 1864, the Galena & Chi cago railroads have been consolidated with this com pany. In October, 1864, it received the Peninsular, and in 1869 the Detroit & Madison, and in 1871 the Baraboo Air Line, running from Madison. In due course of time, the following roads were absorbed : The Winona & St Peter, running from Winona to New Ulm, and thence extended to Lake Kampeska, Dakota, 320 miles from the Mississippi River. The line was then pushed from Madison to Elroy, where it formed a junction with the West Wisconsin road, and thus formed the shortest line from Chicago to St. Paul. There was still wanting the link to fill the gap between Winona and Elroy. The company then bought the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott Railroad, from Winona Junction, finishing it to Sparta, Monroe Coun ty, and opening it for regular traffic, with a grand excursion from Chicago, on the twenty-fifth day of September, 1873. The line from Madison to Sparta passes through the most picturesque portion of Wis consin, and nowhere in the State can as grand and beautiful scenery be found as along this line. Passing at Madison the celebrated lake country, it soon skirts Devil's Lake, the dells of the Baraboo River, and runs into the hill country between Elroy and Sparta. On this part of the line can be seen work more difficult and expensive than can be found on any other road in the middle West. Among the difficulties met with by the engineers, were numerous springs that gave such volumes of water, that many devices had to be resorted to, in order to continue the work in the vicinity. Three long tunnels had to be made through mountain spurs, in this county. The largest, known as "No. 3," and situated in the town of Ridgeville, near Sparta, is 3,800 feet in length, costing nearly $1,000,000 in its construction. The other two, Nos. 1, and 2, are about 1,700 feet in length. This great corporation now owns and operates over 2,000 miles of road. Radiating from Chicago like the fingers of a man's hand, its lines reach in all directions and cover about all of the country north, northwest and west of Chicago. With one branch it reaches Racine, Kenosha, Milwaukee and the country north thereof; with another line, it pushes through Janes ville, Watertown, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, Green Bay, Escanaba, to Nagaunee and Marquette ; with still another line, it passes through Madison, Elroy and St. Paul and Minneapolis ; branching westward from El roy, it keeps on through Winona, Owatonna, St. Peter* Mankato, New Ulm, and on through until Lake Kampes ka, Dakota, is reached ; another line starts from Chicago and runs through Elgin and Rockford to Freeport, and via the Illinois Central to Dubuque and the country beyond. The present officers of the Chicago & North western Railway Company are Albert Keep, president ; M. S. Sykes, vice-president ; Marvin Hughitt, second vice-president and general manager. THE PRESS. The first regular newspaper in the county of Mon roe was established in Sparta, in the Spring of 1855, by Milton Montgomery and James D. Condit, and was christened the Sparta Watchman. The hand-press and type used in its publication were procured in Beaver Dam, and brought to Sparta by wagon. Prior to this, however, an eccentric old printer, named L. P. Rising, from Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., with a press of his own construction and a few fonts of old type, had issued, at irregular intervals, a publication about the size of fools cap paper, which he called the Monroe County Citizen. He issued probably about fifteen numbers during the years 1854 and 1855. His office was at his residence, some two miles west of Sparta, where he increased the duties of publisher and editor by cultivating a small tract of land. The Watchman was published about a year by Montgomery & Condit, and was then transferred to Lucius M. Rose, who had formerly been connected with the Watertown Chronicle. This gen tleman changed its name to the Monroe County Freeman, under which title it was published by him for about two years. In the Spring of 1858, the office and busi ness was purchased by D. McBride, who had formerly been publishing the Mauston Star. Upon taking the paper he, too, altered the name, calling it the Sparta Herald, under which name it is still published, though it suffered a temporary suspension from 1867 to 1869, during which time the office material was used in the publication of the Sparta Democrat, by William J. Whip ple, who since that time has published the Winona Democrat. The publication of the Herald was resumed in 1869 by Messrs. D. McBride & Son, its present pro prietors. In politics it has been uniformly Republican. In the Summer of 1859, the Sparta Democrat, a Democratic paper, was started by two young men, then recently employes in the Herald office, named Richard M. Copeland and George Babcock. It had a very short existence, having run about six months, when the firm in Milwaukee from whom the proprietors had bought their press and type on time, seized it in part payment. In 1860, a slight dissension among the Republican leaders led to the establishment of a rival Republican paper called the Sparta Eagle, published by William H. Farnham, assisted by L. P. Noyes. The latter left the paper in about a year ; the former continuing to publish it until 1868, when it was bought out by a gentleman from Ohio, named George Redway. The paper from this time seemed to lead rather a checkered career, and frequently changed hands — Redway, in less than a year, turning the office over to his brother, R. E. Redway. In the Summer of 1869, it was purchased by D. B. Priest, of Viroqua. About the same time, William Nelson, also of Viroqua, and who has since 622 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. been United States Marshal for the Territory of Utah, had a brief connection with it. In 1871, W. R. Finch came into possession, but soon left it, giving R. C. Bierce, of Viroqua, charge, who formed a partnership with Henry Rising, a son of the former editor of the Monroe County Citizen. In the Fall of 1871, D. W. C. Wilson and Theodore F. Hollister bought it, and after a few months' trial, they, too, gave it up, and the Eagle expired. Mr. Wilson subsequently purchased the type, presses and material, and started the Monroe County Republican, a Democratic paper, which he continued to publish until January, 1879, when negotiations which had been in progress for some time culminated in the purchase of the concern by Messrs. F. A. Brown and G. A. Foster, who had been publishing the Monroe County Democrat, at Tomah. The latter was discon tinued, and Messrs. Brown & Foster merged their un expired subscriptions with the list of the Republican, at Sparta, which they published under that name for about one year, and then changed it to the Monroe County Democrat. In August, 1880, Mr. Foster retired from the paper, and Mr. Brown has since continued its pub lication up to the present time. The first number of the Wisconsin Greenback was issued June 29, 1876, Dr. J. Lamborn editor. The paper, as its name indicates, was an organ of the Green back paper, which, in that period of its rise, counted many prominent Republicans in this region among its recruits. For a time the firm was Lamborn & Need ham, the latter a practical printer, but he left the paper some time during the Fall, and the publication was continued by Dr. Lamborn and his son, Arthur B. Lamborn. It worked zealously in the cause which it advocated, during the Cooper campaign of 1876, and early the following Summer, after the nomination of the Greenback State ticket, at Portage, headed by Hon. E. P. Allis for Governor, the paper was removed to Milwaukee* and, backed by Allis, George Godfrey and other leading Greenbackers, took rank as the lead ing organ of the party, in the State, during the guber natorial campaign of 1877. It still claimed to retain a nominal residence at Sparta, however, and after the battle was over, in 1877, was removed back to Sparta. The Tomah Journal was started in 1867 by the pres ent editor, J. A. Wells, and has been published ever since, never having changed its owner or name. About the same time, a paper called the Tomah Democrat was started by a Mr. Averill, but died out in about six months. The Badger State Monitor, published at Tomah, is sued its initial number July 1, 1881, and is edited by J. R. Hinckley. At the present time the newspapers of Monroe Coun ty are as follows : Sparta Herald, D. McBride & Son, and Monroe County Democrat, F. A. Brown, both pub lished at Sparta; Tomah Journal, J. A. Wells, and Badger State Monitor, J. R. Hinckley, published at Tomah. MONROE COUNTY AGRICULTUBAL SOCIETY. This was the first society of an agricultural nature in Monroe County. In 1857, Mr. Robert E. Gillett, of Tomah, a prominent man, and an earnest worker in all that pertained to the welfare of the county, made the suggestion that an agricultural society be organized, and the idea met with great favor, culminating in a special meeting of citizens who were favorable to the project. Those who showed great interest in the or ganization, were Robert E. Gillett, Samuel Hoyt, T. B. Tyler, L. S. Fisher and Amos Kendall. After some discussion, the society was formally organized early in 1858, under the statute provided by the State law of that year, providing for the organization of State and county agricultural societies, and was known as the Monroe County Agricultural Society. The first officers elected were Samuel Hoyt, president; L. S. Fisher, secretary, and Amos Kendall, treasurer. The first fair was held in Sparta, September, 1858, on " Denny's Lot," situated on South Water street, and now owned and occupied by O. L. Irvin as a lum ber yard. The receipts were rather light, but exceeded the disbursements. The society were unanimous in claiming the gathering to be a success. In 1863, the society became the purchasers of their present capacious grounds, situated in the western por tion of the village of Sparta, for which they paid 1725, receiving the deed on tlie third day of September, from William King, the former owner. The plat consisted originally of one entire forty, but this being too much for their purpose, the society sold all but twenty-five acres, which they inclosed as the fair ground proper. The Monroe County Agricultural Society has for its object, the advancement of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical and household arts, using the fair held annually as a medium. At the annual gathering may be seen the best products of the soil and dairy, the most improved machinery, and implements for aiding agriculture and lightening the burdens of the house hold. Farmers, merchants, manufacturers, artisans and representatives of all other activities, which help make a thriving and prosperous community, meet on the fair ground annually, and make exhibits of their specialties. No pains have been spared to give the institution a na tional reputation, and to establish upon a lasting basis an exposition that would afford to the whole county facilities, heretofore unattainable, to meet under the most pleasing and favorable circumstances. Liberal premiums are offered in all branches of industries, and . has the effect of stimulating the exhibitors to a sharp but friendly rivalry. The annual exhibition is held in September of each year, lasting through three days. In the early days of the society, when it was in its infancy, the fairs were not so successful as they otherwise would have been, but the executive committee, being gentlemen who were all earnest and thorough workers for the prosperi ty of the county, would not allow the interest in the association to flag, but by their example stimulated those, who at the best were but lukewarm in its inter ests. For four years the society labored against all the disadvantages, such on organization is sure to meet with in a new country. In 1861, the balance in the hands of the treasurer, received from all sources, amounted to but $99; 1862, $35; 1863, $593.85; 1864, $745.37; 1865, $796.93; 1866, $893.99; 1867, -$614; 1868, $391.52; 1869, $571.75 ; 1870, $775.64 ; 1871, $520.6!) ; 1872, $576.47 ; 1873, $832.35 ; 1874, $981.30 ; 1875, $1,834.08; 1876, HISTORY OF MONROE COUNTY. 623 $924.28 ; 1877, $313.59 ; 1878, $726.05 ; 1879, $999.45, and 1880, $1,055.18. The donations received from the county are as fol- fows: November, 1869, $200 ; November, 1870, $300, and 1871, $300, aggregating total amount received from this source, $800. In September, 1873, the village of Sparta presented them with $250, raised by subscription among the citi zens. The financial affairs of the society were, until June, 1880, in a flourishing condition. At this time the tornado which passed through this section of coun try, caused them to suffer severe loss, and in conse quence, became somewhat indebted ; the buildings of the fair grounds being completely demolished, causing an expense of some eight or nine hundred dollars to repair them. By prudent management, however, the debt has been paid, and a solid financial footing again secured. The receipts of the present year, up to the 1st of August, amount to $209.92 ; disbursements, $170.02 ; leaving a balance on hand of $39.90. The fair grounds are well situated, the buildings which have been improved since the tornado, in good order, with plenty of room for those requiring space, for outside exhibits. The driving track may well claim to be one of the best half mile tracks in the State, being well laid out and carefully cared for, by men employed by the socie ty for that purpose. The present officers of the society are as follows : R. H. Rogers, president ; C. E. Hanchette, vice-presi dent ; Frank Bloomingdale, secretary ; J. A. Clark, financial secretary, and T. B. Tyler, treasurer. Execu tive Committee are A. T. Colburn, J. W. Smith and Roswell Smith. During fair time there are nine departments, with a superintendent over each, who are appointed by the executive committee. The different departments are as follows : 1st, horses ; 2d, cattle ; 3d, sheep ; 4th, swine ; 5th, fowls ; 6th, farm and field crops ; 7th, agri cultural implements ; 8th, domestic manufactures, and 9th, department of flowers and plants. Each of these departments are divided into classes. CRANBERRY CULTURE. The cranberry culture in Monroe County as in that of Jackson and Wood counties, is one of its most ex tensive productions, as well as being one of the best paying investments to the cultivator. At the present time in the State of Wisconsin, there are more than 16,000 acres under cultivation, and about 40,000 acres in wild marsh where the berry grows to almost as great a state of perfection as in the cultivated marsh. Ow ing to the fact that for the last few years the demand for this fruit having been in excess of the yield, a great many capitalists are embarking in it, and it bids fair to become one of the greatest productions of the West. To those who are unaware of the great commercial im portance of this berry, which is appreciated as the last fruit of the season, a few remarks on the subject will not be amiss. In the first place the culture of the berry is very simple. It consists in ditching, draining, damming and flooding the marshes, at the proper seasons of the year. The plants are always flooded in November, re maining under water in most cases until the following May. This is to protect the plants or vines from the exposure to snow or frost, to which they are very sus ceptible. Upon occasions it is found necessary to flood or cover the plants during other periods of the year, to protect them from an accidental frost. _ To do this it is necessary to have the troughs or drains of suffi cient depth to overflow them at a very short notice. By damming and draining carefully, all danger of a blight from frost is averted, and the cultivator can in all cases have a good yield. One of the first to enter into this business were Messrs. Brooks & Wise of New Lisbon, who bought marshes in the northeastern part of the county before railroads were built in that section. They had to haul berries thirty miles to New Lisbon for shipment. This was before cultivation began, and the berries were mostly raked. Since then a large amount of money has been put on the marsh for improvement, such as walks, dams, ditches, buildings for pickers, storehouses, etc. A post-office was established at Dodge's mill called Nor way Ridge. Mr. Wise sold out some years ago, and has a marsh at another point. One of the finest and most carefully cultivated marshes in Monroe County is that of Mr. Stillwell, lo cated near La Fayette. This marsh is a very small one, but as Mr. Stillwell says as much as he cares to handle. The marsh consists of fourteen acres, and is divided into fourteen separate sections of one acre each. He has located about one hundred yards above the marsh proper a large reservoir, with an average depth of three and a half feet, which amply supplies the flood neces sary to manure, keep the vines and destroy the bog moss. Each section of this model marsh has the ditch boarded, and sluice or flood gates arranged by which the flooding can be easily regulated, and which enables him to flood at any time one section, leaving all the others free from water. In 1879 the yield from this marsh was 1,400 bushels. In 1880 the yield was 1,600 and in 1881, Mr. Stillwell says it will average about 135 bushels to the acre, or about 1,900 bushels to the crop. The peat bed of the Stillwell marsh is five feet thick, and if cared for inexhaustible. There are other marshes in the county, but none of them will yield a crop to exceed Stillwell's. Wm. Kerrigan, of Sparta, who is proprietor of the Pine Hill marsh, Jackson County, which contains thirty-two forties (1,280 acres), says his yield this season will far exceed any preceding it. Mr. Kerrigan has but a very small portion of his marsh under cultivation, but says he will average from forty to forty-five bushels to the acre on about 400 acres, which he has partly ditched and dammed. This marsh will probably be one of the most prolific in the State of Wisconsin, Mr. Kerrigan intending to devote his whole time to the culture of the berry. Other important marshes are the "Hitchcock" marsh which is owned by a corporation ; J. I. Case, of Racine, being one of the principal stockholders. F. O. Wyatt's marsh, Runkel & Freeman's marsh and others. The Agricultural Associations throughout the dif ferent counties are beginning to take an active interest in the success of this product, and as in the case of the 624 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. State Agricultural Society intend to offer premiums for the finest specimens of the fruit. There is an enor mous quantity of these berries shipped from Sparta and Tomah, and is fast becoming the principal shipment. The demand is growing greater each season. SPARTA. Sparta, the county seat of Monroe, was incorporated May n, 1857, under Chapter 52, of the Revised Statutes of the State of Wisconsin, and comprised all that area de scribed as follows: Commencing at the center of the northeast quarter of Section 13, in Township 17 north, of Range 4 west, of the fourth meridian ; running thence west, on the one-eighth line, to the center of the northwest quarter of Section 14, in said township; thence east, on the one-eighth line, to the center of the southeast quarter of Section 24; in said town; thence north, on the one-eighth line, to the place of beginning, making an area of thirty- six forties, or 1440 acres, according to Government survey, being in the town of Sparta, Monroe County. The officers of the said corporation consist of one President, and six Trustees, one Clerk, one Treasurer, one Police Justice and one Constable, who shall be ex-officio Marshal of the village, and such other officers as the Trustees shall ordain. In 1 85 1 two brothers, by the name of William and Frank Petit, settled on the site of the present village, the latter having settled prior to this in the La Crosse Valley, but had to leave it on account of trouble with the Indians. On the fifth day of July, 1851, William Petit built a log cabin on the bank of Beaver Creek, near where the old Globe Hotel now stands, on corner of Court and Main streets. This was the first building, of any kind, in Sparta. During the years 1849 and 1850, the lands had been surveyed and brought into market, causing a flow of immigration almost immediately. Owing to this, and feeling the necessity of finding a resting-place for the numerous travellers who passed through the village, Petit decided to turn his dwell ing-place into a tavern, although it contained but one room and a loft. Travellers wrapped their blankets about them and laid down upon the rough boards or slabs, which were put down loosely. Among the first settlers of the village, were Rev. Fred erick Walrath, his son, Ed. Walrath, R. S. Kingman and his two brothers, Rosalvo and Alvarado, Richard Casselman, William Kerrigan, Lyman Andrews, J. D. Dammon, A. H. Blake (first County Judge ), and Russell Hill. In the year 1852, William Petit laid out the Court-house Square, and a row of lots around it. A meeting of citizens was called, and a resolution passed, to the effect that the embryo city should have a name. After much discussion and many names being proposed and rejected, it was finally agreed that Mrs. Petit, mother of the two Petit men, should have the privilege of choosing the name, and she called it Sparta. Later in the same year, Lyman Andrews built the first frame house in the village, upon a lot given for the purpose by Mr. Petit, who was offering to give lots to all who would build on them. The lot was at the northeast corner of the square, and the building erected was opened as a tavern, and called the Sparta Exchange. In this same year, Daniel Fisk and family arrived. They lived in the house with Casselman until they could build one of their own. The latter was located where the C. & N. W. R. R. depot now stands. George A. and W. Fisk are sons of Daniel Fisk. In December, Samuel Hoyt, the present Justice of the Peace, arrived and bought the lot wheie the Sparta House stands of Mr. Harroun for $16, and built upon it. Sparta was at this time, and as late as 1854, a part of the town of Leon, and in the county of La Crosse. The first election was held in 1852, at which were polled seventeen votes for the town. Lyman Andrews be came Justice of the Peace at that time, and held the office for some years. The first post-office was opened in 1853, and William Petit appointed as Postmaster, the mails being delivered at Mr. Casselman 's house, who had been appointed deputy by Mr. Petit. The office was changed in a short time, and lo cated at the Sparta Exchange, and Lyman Andrews ap pointed deputy. A short time after this, Mr. Petit sold out his entire interest to A. F. Bard, and left the place; where upon, Casselman was appointed Postmaster, and served as such for several years. The first saw-mill was put up in 1853, by A. H. and Hilton Blake, upon the bank of Beaver Creek. Were it still standing, it would be in the middle of Water street. The first store was opened in a log house by G. H. Led yard, a Portage man. On the first day of July, 1854, George W. Root arrived in Sparta. Mr. Root bought Lyman Andrews' house, known as the Sparta Exchange, and having come provided with a stock of goods, he opened a store. J. M. Snyde-, who came the same year from St. Louis, built the first chimney in the place fcr Mr. Root, in this house. The pleasant residence which is located on the corner of Main and Court streets, opposite the Court-house square, is now the property of the Root family, and stands exactly where the Sparta Exchange once stood. The first marriage in Sparta was that of Henry Talmadge and Anna Bradshaw, in July, 1853, the ceremony being performed by Lyman Andrews. The first death was the little daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Harroun, in 1852. The first child born was a daughter of Mr. Casselman 's. The first Fourth-of- July cel ebration was held in 1854. Judge Flint, of La Crosse, de livered the address. A bounteous dinner and a dance fin ished up the festivities. In the year 1854, there were but fourteen houses in Sparta. In June of this year, the surveyors for the Mil waukee & St. Paul Railroad passed through the village, the route of the road having then been determined on. The first train running through from LaCrosse was in 1858; the tunnel not being completed, the trains ran east and west from that point, the passengers being obliged to take stage from one side to the other. When the "track, was first laid, the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was one mile from i^mf^m View of court house and sc^ua^e, SFAKTA . RESIDENCE or rVlfl.THOS.B.TY L E r\, WATE^ ST, S Yf\ KJfi , W I S . RESIDENCE o< MAJ. JAMES DAVIDSON, WATEF^ ST- SPARTA WIS. RESIDENCE o433J. 889 River, where' it enters the Oconto, near the John Doyle p auke'e 'ast' 4 ---295 place. The builder wasDuncan Cameron. The first Peshtigo.---------"-" - 566 bridge across the Oconto was built in the Springof 1856. stiles. — - 654 It is called the Patterson bridge, and situated near tiie Suamico .. - 1 3 Oconto Company's flour mill. . trade. Mrs. Effie A. Leigh, of Leighton, was the first white child born in the county. Her birth-place was seven In 1860, the amount of the fur trade in Oconto was miles up the Oconto River, and the date, July 25, 1851. $75,000. J. M. Couillard, her father, was the first white settler in Here are the prices at that time : that portion of Oconto County. He came from Mil- Musk rat $0 10 to $0 20 waukee, making the journey with an ox-team and being Mink — . 1 25 to 200 four weeks on the road. Marten \ £ to 2 50 At that time, Indians were constantly seen in large p-ox ._ 1 00 to 150 groups in the streets. Fisher 4 00 to 6 00 July 4, 1859, was celebrated in great style. Joseph Beaver — 100 Loy, of Green Bay, was the orator of the day. A. Bear ........ .\\\........ '.'.'. ------ 6 00 to 9 00 Lawrence read the Declaration of Independence. Wolf 1 00 to 150 George B. Farnsworth gave the ball. Deer, undressed 02510 030 In July, 1859, the Board voted $3,000 toward Deer, dressed.. 1 50 to 200 building the road from Green Bay to Menominee. political organization. On the 5th of June, 1859, the dam ot Jones & Co. and R. W. McClellan was swept awav. By July Oconto County was formed in February, 1851, and 30, it was restored, aud the mills were running. attached to Brown for judicial purposes, being organ- A destructive fire occurred on the 3d of August, ized in April, 1852, into the town of Oconto. The 1S59. The Brunquest Building was burned. S. W. first election for county officers was held June 10, of Spencer, A. Aspinwall, John Remick and Mr. Mitchel that year. The electors met at the house of Col. David were sufferers. Jones, and their balloting resulted as follows : Rufus In August, the Board of Supervisors voted $750 for Heald, Treasurer ; Merrick Murphy, County Clerk ; road purposes. Edward Hart, Assessor ; William Brunquest, Register Judge Arnt built a saw- mill at Pensaukee in 1825, of Deeds ; William W. Delano, Surveyor, Jonathan obtaining the privilege of doing so from the Menomo- s- Hale was Chairman of the first Board of Supervisors, nee Indians, on the annual payment of $15 a year and which met July 5, 1852. The county was organized all the boards they wanted— which did not exceed six f°r judicial purposes in February, 1854, but the act was boards a year — to make coffins. repealed, and it remained attached to Brown County In September, 1859, a sidewalk was built from the until 1857, when a reorganization was effected. Oconto Empire House to Senk's saloon. has remained the county seat from the first, it being In November, 1859, a Sunday-school was started in originally fixed at " Jones' Mill." The Court-house Hart's Hall. was erected in 1860, and the county building in 1869- In December, the close of navigation stopped the 70. Col. David Jones, owner of the orginal city plat, daily- mail — only once a week during the Winter. donated the site for the latter. The present county The new school-house of the Second Ward was officers are : Sheriff, Thomas McGoff; Treasurer, George completed December 10, 1859. Beyer ; District Attorney, H. H. Woodman ; Clerk, During the season of 1859, Bailey & Coull manu- B. G. Grunert ; Register of Deeds, Huff Jones ; Judge, factured 23,125 feet of lumber. A. Reinhart ; Clerk of Court, Charles Hall ; Superin- January 1, 1860, a new stage line was put on by R. tendent of Schools, Dr. H. Allan; H. M. Royce is J. Bogart, to run between Green Bay, Stiles and Ocon- Chairman of the County Board. to. Wolves were reported as too plentiful for the comforts of civilization. oconto is the war. The fact that 1860 was leap year, was celebrated Company F, Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry, was raised in an enthusiastic way by a sleigh ride to Stiles. in Oconto County, and, with its regiment, did efficient In the sugar season of 1860, a very large amount service during the war, taking part in all the battles 656 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. and marches of Gen. Sherman's campaigns, from Chat tanooga, Tenn., to Raleigh, N. C. Company H, of the Fourth Cavalry, was composed of men from Oconto County. The company was called the " Oconto River Drivers." It was in various en gagements and battles, and was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, September 29, 1865. The Eleventh Battery, , in 1862, eighty-four men, were enlisted by John McAfee, of Oconto, in tending to become a part of the Seventeenth Regiment, under the name of the " Oconto Irish Guards." When the company reached Camp Randall, the Seventeenth was found to be fully organized, so they were trans ferred to the artillery service, and attached to the " Irish Brigade," then being organized by Col. James A. Mul ligan, at Camp Douglas, Chicago. 111. A second lieu tenant, with a number of recruits from Illinois, joined the company at Camp Douglas, and the Eleventh Bat tery was organized under command of Capt. John Rourke, of Milwaukee. Capt. McAfee was commis sioned as first lieutenant. The other officers of the " Oconto Irish Guards " retained their positions. Oconto had a number of men in the Seventeenth Infantry, in Thirty-sixth, Thirty-eight and Thirty- ninth Infantry, and in Second and Third Cavalry. Oconto's quota of troops was 311 ; total credits, 292. CITY OF OCONTO. Oconto is a growing city of 4,500 people, situated at the mouth of the Oconto River, midway between Marinette and Green Bay, on the west shore of the body of water of that name. Its people are industrious and alive, and the trend of its leading business organizations is upward- Banking facilities are obtained through the private house of Farnsworth & Smith. The city of Oconto was incorporated under chapter 449 P. and L. L. 1869, March n. It is divided into four wards, the North, South, East and West, and its system of government is in accord with that of other cities. Its mu nicipal officers for 1881 are: Mayor, William H.Young; Clerk, A. M. Martinean ; Treasurer, S. W. Ford; Assessor, Peter Don Levy; Superintendent of [Schools and City Physician, Dr. H. Allan; Marshal, Frank Leroy. The Fire Department of Oconto consists of two com panies of fifteen members each. There are two engine houses, also. J. H. Driscoll is Chief Engineer, and Gil bert Morrow, Assistant. Oconto's educational system consists, as is usual, of a School Board and a City Superintendent, composed as fol lows : School Board — President, W. J. McGee — O. A. Ei- lis, James Don Levy and George Beyer. Superintendent, Dr. Hamilton Allan. J. H. Gould is President of the Free High-school. There are five schools and ten depart ments. The Jefferson school building was built of brick in 1879, at a cost, with site, of $5,500 It is proposed this Fall to erect a new school edifice at a cost of $6,000. Of the 1,239 children of school age residing in the city of Oconto in 1880, 678'attended the public institutions ; 329 patronized private and parochial schools. THE PRESS. The first newspaper published in the county was the Oconto Pioneer, issued by George C. Ginty in 1859. In 1864, he formed a partnership with C. S. Hart. The next year they sold to J. W. Hall, who had established the Lumberman in 1864. The Oconto Reporter, founded in 1871, was bought out by A. R. Bradbury, who, in turn. sold it to A. Reinhart. This gentleman, with others, con ducted the paper until September, 1873, when it passed into the hands of C. S. Hart. In the Spring of 1875, the Oconto Times was absorbed by the Reporter. In July 1881, the Reporter was merged with the Republican, estab lished by P. H. Swift in October of the previous year. That journal, under the name of the Oconto County Reporter is edited and managed by the latter, a strong Republican. The Lumberman was founded by J. W. Hall in 1864, and there has been no change in proprietorship since. It is a six-and-a-quarter-column quarto, independent Republican in politics. The Enquirer was established in July, i88i,by Messrs. Sharp & Brazeau, F. C. Sharp, editor. In poli tics it is Democratic. Form, a six-column quarto. CHURCHES. Methodist Episcopal Church. — Was organized, in 1854, by Rev. G. D. Donaldson. The church was built in 1865-6. The society is under the pastorate of Rev. E. Yager, and numbers about thirty members. First Presbyterian Church. — Was organized in 1856, and a building erected two years after. The present edifice, the finest in the city, was built, in 1878, at a cost of $8,000. The church has no settled pastor. Its membership is fifty. St. Peter's Church { French Roman Catholic ). — Was or ganized twenty years ago, and a building erected at the same time. The membership is 200 families. Its present pastor, Rev. Father Vermare, has had charge of the church ten years. St. Joseph's Church is a limb of St. Peter's Church, and was formed ten years ago. Rev. Father Sweibach is pas tor over 100 families. A nunnery is situated on the church grounds. Connected with the church are the St. Joseph's Total Abstinence and Benevolent, and the Altar societies. Ten years ago the St. Marks' Church ( Episcopal ) was formed by Rev. Mr. Tenbroeck. It has a membership of thirty-five, and Rev. William Dafter is pastor. There are also small societies of German and Scandina vian Lutherans. The secret and benevolent societies of Oconto consist of the following : An I. O. 0. F. lodge, J. K. Davis, N. G.; F. and A. M. (Pine Lodge), Dr. H. Allen, W. M.; Temple of Honor, George McCartney, W. C; I. O. G. T., Robert McGee, C. T.; A. O. U. W., George Beyer, M. W.; C K. of A., J. Noman, Pres. The Oconto Library Association was organized as a stock company in 1878, with Judge H. W. Hubbell as president. The library has 700 volumes. W. B. Mitchell is now pres ident. ono¦zHO 41 65 8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Oconto Turnverein was organized in June, 1871, and a hall, costing $4,000, built in 1876. The Verein is fifty members strong, and Fred Schedler is first speaker. MANUFACTORIES. The Oconto Company. — This was incorporated in the Fall of 1878, under the above name. Its present saw-mill was built in the Spring of 1867. It has a capacity of 120,000 feet of lumber per day, and 25,000 lath. A shingle mill and a planing mill were erected in 1872. The former has a ca pacity of 130,000 shingles per day. Since the Summer of 1868, the company has also operated a flour mill, which turns out eighty barrels per day. In the Summer of 1881, the construction of a foundry building, to be operated in connection with its machine shop, was also commenced. A large general store and a boarding-house in Oconto, and two farms, one up the river a few miles, and the other at Brookside, do not complete the possessions of this rich corporation. It also owns and runs a box factory and a barrel factory in Chicago. The material for the latter is manufactured by a mill in Defiance, Ohio. A very large saw, shingle and tie mill, at Big Bay de Noquete, on Stur geon River, is in course of erection. The capital stock of this company is $250,000, but fully $500,000 is invested in the business. Its interests are so diversified, and extend in so many directions, that to enter into detail would be an almost endless task. Its present officers are : President and General Manager, George Farnsworth ; Vice-President, Nathan Mears ; Superintendent, O. A. Ellis. Holt&r' Balcom. — Their mill was erected in 1856. The firm of Holt & Calkins was established in 1863 and remained the same until the latter part of 1865. Mr. Balcom was at the time a partner, although his name did not appear in the firm title. A. C. Calkins, of Chicago, disposed of his interest to Messrs. Holt & Balcom, both now of that city, in the Fall of 1865, and from that time on, dates the exist ence of the present firm. In 1872 a partnership was formed with James C. King, and the firm remained Holt, Bal com & King until 1874. Additions and improvements to the small mill of 1856 have since been made, until now it has a capacity of 125,000 feet of lumber and 40,000 lath per day. This season's manufacture will amount to 20,- 000,000 feet of lumber. The 100,000 acres of land owned by the firm are situated in Oconto and Marinette coun ties. In addition to the mill, a large general store and a feed mill are in active and profitable operation. Four farms are worked, three of them near the city, and the fourth, and largest, in the town of Maple Valley, thirty- five miles up the river. Upon this farm is a hotel for the accommodation of the men and teams going to the pineries, and the company has a large boarding house connected with the mill in Oconto. Messrs. Holt & Balcom have $300,000 in their business enterprises, and employ 250 men. The members of the firm reside in Chicago. The manager of their interests at Oconto, and who has held that position since 1866, is Augustus Cole. The Holt & Balcom mill is one of the most profitable in the county. Mr. Balcom, during his residence in Oconto, from 1856 to 1866, was among the foremost and most active of its business men in opening up the country of the pineries and connecting it by way of good, passable roads with Oconto and the Green Bay region. He was for a number of years a member of the Board of Supervisors, and when the county lost him, it lost one of the most useful of citi zens. S. A. Coleman's Mill. — The mill was built in 187 1, and has a capacity of 40,000 feet of lumber, 15,000 lath and 75,000 shingles daily. His lands are in Marinette and Oconto counties. Jacob Spies' Mill. — This mill, one of the oldest on the river, situated just east of the city, was built in 1850. Its proprietor, Jacob Spies, also operates a good general slore in Oconto. The saw mill turns out 40,000 feet of lumber, besides manufacturing lath and shingles. Albert Halbach 's Foundry and Machine Shop. — The build ing was erected in the Fall of 1871 by Lister, Carson & Co., who continued in charge of the business for three years. Mr. Lister then retired, and Carson & Co. oper ated the manufactory from 1874 to 1878. Mr. Carson's interest was then purchased, the firm becoming Halbach & Noonan. The latter sold out in the Summer of 1881, and Albert Halbach assumed entire control. With the exception of the works connected with the Oconto Com pany, this is the only establishment of the kind in the city. Mr. Halbach does a business amounting to $15,000 per annum, and employs about a dozen men. Besides the above manufactories, there is a small planing mill owned by A. W. Gray, and built in 1878, and a post and tie mill operated by T. A. Chisholm. eldred's mill burned. On August 16, 1 88 1, one of the three most complete mills in Oconto, owned by A. Eldred & Son, of Fort How ard, burned to the ground. The mill was built by Messrs. Mix & Orr in 1869. The firm had been running it but a few years. Two scows loaded with lumber near the mill were also burned. The total loss was estimated at $60,000 ; insurance $25,000 ; 130 men were thrown out of employ ment. As the mill is not to be rebuilt in Oconto, the con flagration was a blow to the city's business. The firm will at once commence the erection of a saw-mill in Fort Howard. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HAMILTON ALLAN, M.D., County and City Superintendent of Schools, was born in Ottawa, Canada, Nov. 8, 1844, the son of James and Jane Allan. He received his preliminary education in the public schools and the Kemptville Grammar School. In 1862, he became principal of one of the ward institutions. He then entered the Ottawa Collegiate Institute, graduating in June, 1865, with the honor of being awarded the Brough gold medal, for superiority in classics and math ematics. Being appointed a teacher of the classics, he remained in that capacity until January 1868, when he entered the office of Dr. James A. Grant, as a medical student. Removing to Montreal, he entered McGill University, and, taking the full four years' course, graduated in the Spring of 1872. Dr. Allan retired with the highest honors, receiving the Holmes gold medal for the best examination in all the branches, both primary and final. Having obtained his diploma, he settled in Smith's Falls, near Brockville, Central Canada, and took charge of Dr. Ander son's practice, that gentleman being absent in the Old Country. After practicing his profession successfully one year, in the Spring of 1873, he HISTORY OF OCONTO COUNTY. 659 came to Oconto. He first formed a partnership with Dr. I. S. Johnson, and remained with him one year. He then bought his partner's interest in the business, and established himself alone. Dr. Allan has since resided in Oconto, with the exception of nine months in 1877-78, which he spent in Milwaukee. He has not only built up a successful practice, but has established a reputation as an efficient educator. This is his third year as City Physician, also as City Superintendent of Schools. He has been County Superintendent since 1879; is one of the foremost in the formation and maintenance of a library ; is, in fact, what his edu cation has made him, an intelligent, clear-headed, popular and successful gentleman. Dr. Allan was married in 1875, to Mary, daughter of Hon. John Leigh, of Leighton, Oconto County. They have one son. B. ARNOLD, saloon and billiards, Oconto, born June 22, 1823, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany ; in 1854, came to Chicago ; in 1856, he came to Oconto ; has followed the carpenter and joiner trade most of the time since ; he has built over half of the buildings in Oconto, consisting in part of the court house, music hall, etc., also the bridge which crosses the river at the court house ; he built and owns this property which he oc cupies. Married, in 1850, to Anstena Denss ; she was born in Nassau ; died Feb. 14, 1880, in her fifty-first year ; have five children, three sons and two daughters. GEORGE A. BALDWIN, superintendent tie and shingle mills, Oconto Company, is a native of St. George, N. B.; June, 1859, came to Boston, Mass., thence to Bangor, Me., followed lumbering till l86l,when he enlisted in Co. K, 8th Maine Inf., served to the close of the war ; re turned to Boston, where he remained a short time, then came to Osh kosh, Wis., worked there at the lumber business'till 1874, when he came to Oconto. The past six years he has held his present position. GEORGE BEYER, County Treasurer, of Oconto, was born in Wingerode, Prussia, Oct. 21, 1843. When but a boy of thirteen he em igrated with his parents to Milwaukee, but the following year removed to Oconto. Here his father died in 1857, and his mother in 1859, an on tne corner of College avenue and Mor rison street, and was erected in 1873. A. GALPIN, Jr., is a native of England, came to America in 1848' settled in Waukesha County with his father's family; removed to Neenah in 1864, and was in the National Bank of Neenah prior to com ing to Appleton, in 1871, as cashier of the Manufacturer's National. Commercial National Bank, capital $100,000. This is a new organization, incorporated in the Fall of 1881, and had not fully commenced operations when our notes of Outagamie County were taken. The incorporators are J. D. Witter, Grand Rapids, Wis.; E. C. Goff, W. G. Wharton, J. H. Wharton, S. K. Wambold and W. S. Warner. Work was commenced on their bank building in July, 1881, and it was rapidly pushed to completion. It is a three-story, ornate brick, fronting sixty-one feet on College avenue, and 90 feet on Oneida street, occu pying the site of a building erected about ten years since and known as Masonic block. E. C. GOFF, real estate dealer and capitalist, is a native of Canton, N. Y., of which city he was Postmaster under Pierce's administration. In 185 1 he removed to New York City, and four years later to Apple- ton, and until 1858 was more or less engaged in mercantile business. For the past twenty-two years he has been exclusively engaged in real estate operations, holding large landed interests in this county. His residence and grounds on Prospect street afford one of the finest views obtainable of this city and valley, and are themselves unsurpassed by any in the city. Mr. Goff devotes himself exclusively to business and the management of his farms lying contiguous to the city. He was May or of the city in 1871. The Gas Works were erected in 1877, being located on the north side of Fox River. The works are substantially built of brick, and have a capacity which would meet the demands of a city double the size of Appleton. The suc cess of the enterprise is largely due to George A. Farwell, its wide-awake practical superintendent. Its management has now passed into the hands of home capitalists, the own- . ers having already paid out $17,500 upon the improvements. Officers of the Appleton Gas Light Company : E. C. Goff, president ; W. S. Warner, vice-president ; S. K, Wambold, treasurer ; George A. Farwell, secretary and superinten dent. GEORGE A. FARWELL, superintendent of the Appleton Gas- Light Co., is a native of Worcester, Mass., graduating from the high school department of his native city in the class of 1850; he removed the following year to Detroit, where, for twelve years, he was connected with the old Detroit Gas Company, closing his services therewith in 1867. He was then in charge of the gas works at Lawrence, Kas., for six years and superintendent of the works at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, three years ; from which place, in 1866, he went to St. Joe in charge of the gas com pany's works at that place. In 1877 he came to Appleton, having ac cepted the superintendency of the works here. On the re-organization of the company in 1881, Mr. Farwell became a stockholder and was elected secretary of the company. The efficiency of his management is evinced from the fact that not only has the stock of the company rapidly risen in value, and the investments of the holders become a paying one, but in mid Summer last, it became necessary to enlarge the capacity of manu facture to meet the growing demand, which, even at that season of the year had exhausted the means of supply. The company have now laid five miles of pipe— with fifty street lamps and 200 consumers. The Hotels. — The leading hotel of Appleton is the Wa verly House, corner of Appleton and Lawrence streets. It is a large, imposing three-story brick building, with Man sard roof, and under the management of W. H. Cottrili is carried on in splendid style. The Briggs House, on Ed wards street, which has been so much enlarged and im proved within the past year, is deservedly popular. Its land lord, L. S. Townsend, is a veteran in the business. The Northwestern Hotel, on Appleton street, A. Hettinger, pro prietor, is the most patronized by the German element. The Broadway, Appleton, Forest City, Levake houses and the Crescent Hotel also stand well and are doing a good business. MANUFACTURING. Appleton Paper and Pulp Company is a joint stock company, incorporated in 1873 by H. J. Rogers, A. M. Hastings, Gustave Ames, William M. Van Nortwick and A. B. Brown, with a capital stock of $200,000, of which only one-half has been called in. The manufactory and offices of the company are on the north side of the river, just he- low the upper dam, and their water-power is computed at 1,000-horse power, of which they utilize about one-half. The paper and pulp mills are under one roof, the main building being 30x90 feet, three stories in height, with one wing 40x50, and another 24x60 feet, and a third 50x140 feet. The machinery consists of seven 600 pounds, and one Jordan engine, three Otis wood grinders, two Fourdri- nier machines, one sixty-eight inch and one ninety-inch, with a capacity of six and one-half tons of print paper daily, this article of paper being the exclusive manufacture of the mills. The works give constant employment to a force of seventy hands, and the market is principally at Chicago, St. Louis and Milwaukee. The tracks of all rail roads at this point are laid to the doors of the manufactory, and facilities for receipts and shipments of freight are most complete. H. J. ROGERS, the only resident member of the company, and its secretary and treasurer, is a native of New York, from which State he removed to Colorado, in 1859, residing there and in Wyoming until his coming to this city, in 1873. He is vice-president of the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company; one of the directors of the Gaslight Com pany ; a stockholder in other individual concerns, and the present Alder man of the Third Ward. Atlas Paper Company. — This joint stock company was organized October 1, 1878; has a paid up capital of $250,000, and its present officers are; J. T. Averil, presi dent; J. A. Kimberly, vice-president; W. H. Stowell, sec retary and treasurer; C. B. Clark, general manager. This company is engaged in the manufacture of wood-pulp and paper, a part of the pulp product being used in their paper mill. The pulp mill is a two-story frame, 150x75 feet, situ ated on the north side of the river, supplied with 1,000- horse power from the upper level, runs twelve stones and has a daily product of five tons of pulp. The paper mill consists of the main room, 75x150, one story and basement and an engine room, 80x120, two stories and basement, supplied with fourteen 600 pounds and one Jordan engine, one 68-inch double, one 68-inch three cylinders, and_one 78-inch Fourdrinier machines, and has a daily capacity of HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. '77 ten tons of manila and news paper with a motor of 500- horse power. The wood-pulp is manufactured from pop lar, spruce and pine, prepared blocks of which are ground by mechanical pressure upon immense grindstones, The operations of this company give employment to a force of 135 hands and two teams. Kimberly & Clark Company was incorporated as a joint stock company January 1, 1881, by J. A. Kimberly, C. B. Clark, H. A. Babcock, F. C. Shattuck, and is the outgrowth of a co-partnership formed by the same parties in 1872. The capital stock of the company is $400,000, paid up, the principal office is at Neenah, and the present officers are : J. A. Kimberly, president; H. A. Babcock, vice-president ; C. B. Clark, secretary ; F. C. Shattuck, treasurer. The business of this company at this point consists in the manu facture of paper and flour, the principal shipment of pro duct being in the home market, although they supply some foreign demand. Their flouring mill, a substantial brick, 75x75, was re-built from an old frame mill in 1879, at which time the company purchased that property. It is a mer chant roller, with a capacity of 500 barrels daily, its average product being about four-fifths that amount, and gives em ployment to a force of fifteen hands. Their Vulcan Paper mill, a solid brick and stone structure, 150x85, three stories and basement, was built in 1881, and operations com menced July 20 of that year. It is provided with eight 600-pound and one Jordan engine, and one 86-inch Four- drinier machine. It has a daily capacity of five tons of No. 1 print and super-calendared or book paper. It manu factures from stock, not pulp, gives employment to a force of fifty hands, twenty per cent of whom are skilled labor ers, and markets its product principally in Chicago, Mil waukee and Minneapolis. These mills are located on the south side of the river, and draw their water directly from the upper level, utilizing in their operations about 800- horse power. Facilities for shipments are unsurpassed, all railroads centering at this point receiving and discharging freight at their doors. C. B. CLARK, business manager of the company's operations here, is a native of New York, from which State he came to Wisconsin in 1855. Entered the service during the late Rebellion as a member of the 21st Wis. I., was mustered out as first-lieutenant, and returning to Nee nah, was engaged in hardware trade until 1872, when he entered into a business partnership with the gentlemen now forming the Kimberly & Clark Company. Western Wood Pulp Mills, J. Bradner Smith Company. — This company is a non-resident one. Their manufactory is upon the south side of the river on the wing of the upper dam, and is a two-story frame building, 66x159 feet- Their business is the manufacture of wood-pulp, of which they turn out from five to six tons of dry product every twenty- four hours, employing thirty hands and consuming from six to eight cords of poplar wood. The establishment is pro vided with twelve grinding and one wet machine, utilizes about 700-horse power of their unlimited supply, O. W. CLARK, superintendent of the works, is a native of New York ; has been a resident of this city thirty-one years, and followed his trade as a millwright until 1871, at which date he put the machinery into the pulp mill of which he is now superintendent, and then assumed charge for the proprietors. A staunch Republican, he was made Mayor of city in 1879, though at that time it had a decided Democratic majority. Richmond Brothers, manufacturers of paper, mill on fourth lock, water drawn from Government Canal. Business established in i860; manufactory proper consists of the main building, 40x60 feet, three stories, and two wings, one 30x48 feet, two stories, and one 40x^90 feet. Busi ness consists in the manufacture of paper, principally man ila and wrapping, of which they produce about four tons daily, employing a force of thirty hands. The manufactory was completely overhauled and refitted in 1877, and put in first-class order, and new machinery added. The members of the firm are G. N., N. and C. P. Richmond. G. N. RICHMOND, is a native of New York, from which State he came to Wisconsin in 1851. He was engaged in merchandising at Port age City until the breaking out of the war, when he entered the service with the 2nd Wis. V. C, and was mustered out as major in 1864. The fol lowing year he removed to this city and took active direction of the paper manufactory. He was for two years Mayor of the city, was three times elected to the State Legislature, and was State Senator, session of 1877-78. C. P. RICHMOND is also a native of New York. He came West in 1849, ai>d f°ur years later removed to this city, and built a paper mill on the upper dam, which was burned down in 1859. The same year operations were begun for resuming business on the present site, and the following year the work was completed aud the new manufactory started. Mr. Richmond is a member of the City School Board. N. RICHMOND is a native of New York, and coming West with his brother, C. P., has been associated in business with him. Valley Pulp Paper Mills, of this city, was organized under the direction of Welcome Hyde, in 1880, with a cap ital stock of $50,000, and officered as follows : Welcome Hyde, president; W. A. Clark, secretary; D. M. Hyde, treasurer. Operations were commenced the same year, with the erection of a pulp mill 50x60 feet, two stories in height, at the bulkhead on the south channel, and manu facturing continued one year, when the paper mill was ad ded. This was in the form of two additions to the old building, one, 33x60, and one 83x85, boiler house 14x30 feet, and office 12x16 feet. The mills are supplied with two Allen & Jones wood grinders, three 800 pound beater en gines, one rotary boiler, six and a half feet in diameter and twenty-four feet between heads, and one sixty-eight Four- drinier machine. Pulp product averages from one and a half to two tons daily, and is all utilized in the manufacture of "bogus manila paper," of which the average daily product is two and a half tons. Number of operators employed forty. Appleton Manufacturing Company was incorporated February 9, 1875, by B. T. Rogers, G. D. Rowell and J. N. Morris. Capital stock $25,000. The present officers of the company are: J. B. Berge, president; D. J. Woodard. secretary, and G. D. Rowell, treasurer. Office and sales room at No. 423 College avenue. The manufactory of the company is on the north sideof the river, just below the At las Company's paper mill, and their business consists in the manufacture of all kinds of agricultural implements, seeders, cultivators, plows, harrows, etc., under patents owned and controlled by themselves. Their buildings are, the manu factory proper, 160x36 feet, two stories high, the upper story used for wood shop and paint room ; a foundry 42x48 feet ; two. warehouses, one 24x30, and one 24x36, two stories ; a blacksmith shop and grinding room, 24x90 feet; a pattern room, 18x18 feet, and office, 18x24 feet. The operations of 678 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the firm give employment to a force of from twenty-five to thirty-five men, and their last year's product footed, 650 seeders, 900 cultivators, 300 ^harrows, 600 plows, 200 road scrapers, 200 feed cutters, besides repairs and small lots. Product is principally sold to the Wisconsin and North western trade. The present members of the firm are, J. B. Berge, D. J. Woodard and G. D. Rowell. They are also en gaged in a general machine shop andfoundry business, their work in this line being principally shafting and other mill work. J. B. BERGE is a native of New York, from which State he came westward in 1851, settling in Dodge County, where, for ten years, he was engaged in business as a builder, and then commenced the manufacture of agricultural implements, which he carried on until his removal to Ap pleton in 1870, where he was two years engaged in livery business, be fore resuming his old business, as manufacturer of agricultural imple ments. D. J. WOODARD is a native of New Hampshire; from which State he came to Wisconsin in 1857, and was principally engaged in mer cantile business at Watertown, until his removal to this city in 1873; at which time, in company with J. B. Berge, he opened a livery stable, and commenced dealing in farming machinery, which business he conducted until 1875 ; since which time he has devoted his entire attention to the interests of the manufacturing company. G. D. ROWELL is a native of New York. Came to Wisconsin with his father's family, in 1842. Was bred to his present business, in his father's shop, from a boy, and has always followed it. He has been a resident of this city since 1872. A. D. Flemming & Co., manufacturers of reaping twine, tow and flax. This manufactory, yet in its infancy, is one of the most important industrial movements in the Fox River Valley, opening, as it does, a new source of revenue to the agriculturists of Northern Wisconsin. It is located on Grand Chute Island, near the lower end of West's Canal, upon which their premises front 280 feet, running to the center of the river, in the rear, a distance of about 500 feet. Their water is drawn from West's Canal, and the estimated power is 270-horse power. Their buildings are : a twine factory, 50x100 feet, three stories, with a brick wing, 24x36 feet, for carding-room ; two warerooms, respectively, 50x100 feet, and 60x125 feet, with a wing, 40x60, for scutching and breaking flax ; all with solid stone and pile foundations. Their machinery is from one of the largest machine shops in Great Britain, where the production of flax machinery has long been made a specialty. Additions will be made, from time to time, as the industry develops, until the whole will be complete, with oil and twine mills fully equipped, when a force of from 300 to 500 hands will find constant employ ment. The stripping of flax was begun August 24, 1881, at which time there were in store about 500 tons of raw material, but the machinery was not in place for manufactur ing twine until the following October. The members of the firm are A. D. Flemming and John Flemming. A. D. FLEMMlNG is a native of Belfast, Ireland, where his father was extensively engaged in the culture and manufacture of flax, with which industry Mr. A. D. Flemming was practically acquainted before his coming to this country, in 1869, since which time he has been engaged in dry goods trade, principally in Indiana. He has been a resident of this city since 1878, at which time he opened a large dry goods house on Col lege avenue, but ceased operations in the Fall of 1881, to give his atten tion entirely to his manufacturing interests. JOHN FLEMMING came to America in 1874, since which date he has been associated in business with his brother. Briggs & Beveridge, sash, doors and blinds, manufactory and office on the north side of the river, just above Second Ward bridge. This business was established in 1861, a lit tle west of its present location, by Cross & Bartlet ; be came Cross & Briggs in 1878, and was conducted by Briggs alone from 1869 to 187 1, when the manufactory was de stroyed by fire. In 1872, the present manufactory was built, and two years later the firm became Briggs & Wam bold, by whom the business was conducted until 1877, when Mr. Wambold sold out his interest to B. Beveridge, Jr., and the firm became, as at present, Briggs & Beveridge. They have now upon their premises — the main building, erected in 1872, 40x84 feet, two stories, brick veneer; a wing2ox84- an office and glazing room 32x34, and their operations give constant employment to a force of twenty men and one dray. The members of the firm are A. B. Briggs and B. Beveridge, Jr. Shipping facilities are good; the premises having easy access to the tracks of the Chicago & North western, the Wisconsin Central and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western. A. B. BRIGGS is a native of New York ; has been a resident of Wis consin since 1846, and of this city for the past thirty-two years. He is a practical mechanic, and was engaged in house building previous to en gaging in his present business, in 1868. B. BEVERIDGE, Jr., is a native of New Brunswick, in which province he was engaged in general merchandising previous to his removal to this city, in 1877. Marston & Beveridge, manufacturers of hubs, spokes and wagon stock, factory on Grand Chute Island. This business was established by Jerard & Mason, in 1862; be came Mason & Marston in 1864, and Marston & Beveridge in 1872. Their premises front 175 on Wert's Canal, and run to the middle of the channel. Their buildings are — the hub and spoke factory, a story and a half building 50x112 feet, furnished with a double set of machinery; paint -house, 30x70 feet ; office, 30x1 2 feet, besides dry houses and shed room, having a capacity of 4,000 sets. They em ploy a force of thirty-two hands and'two teams, and turn out stock for 18,000 wagons annually. The members of the firm are J. H. Marston and C. A. Beveridge. J. H. MARSTON is a native of New Hampshire, but his business life has been principally spent in this State to which he came in 1843, settling in Racine, and from there removing to Appleton, in 1851. In 1861, he enlisted forty men for Co. E, 6th Wis. I., and on July 12, of that year, was mustered into the United States service as second lieuten ant. He was subsequently promoted captain of his company, and, as such, was mustered out in 1864, and returned home. He was Mayor of the city in 1878. C. A. BEVERIDGE is a native of New Brunswick, and previous to coming to this city, in 1871, was engaged in mercantile business in that province. Syme & Jones, manufacturers of flour barrel stock. The manufactory is located in the First Ward, just south of the track of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, on a tract of six acres of land, upon which are the following buildings : manufactory, 36x60 feet, with a wing 22x24 feet; engine room 32x37; dry kiln, 20x50; a two-story wareroom, 22x32 feet, with a wing 22x40 feet and an office 12x16 feet. Stock is delivered by team and rail, about three-fourths of that used being found on the timber lands in this vicinity. The works employ a force of from twenty- five to sixty hands, according to seasons, and have a capa city of 1,500 sets daily, the average yearly product being about two-thirds the capacity. The boiler has capacity for HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. 679 a 70-horse-power engine, though only a 40-horse-power engine is employed, the surplus steam being used in the dry-kiln. Shipments are general throughout the North western market outside of Chicago. DANIEL JONES, the resident member of the firm, is a native of Vermont, where he was brought up on a farm. He came to Wisconsin in 1849, settled at Menasha, and the following year, in partnership with Messrs. Beckwith & Rice, engaged in the manufacture of wooden-ware. This business he sold out in 1858, and engaged in the manufacture of hubs and spokes, under the firm name of Fisher & Jones, which business he continued until 1870. He then commenced the manufacture of staves, as a member of the firm of A. Syme & Co., which was followed until their manufactory was destroyed by fire, in 1879. Business was then closed up, and Appleton being considered a more desirable location for that business, a removal was made to this city, and operations commenced the following year. Excelsior Manufactory, Thomas Patton, proprietor, was established late in the Summer of 1881 in a three-story building, 30x60 feet, on the bank of the Government Ca nal, below Grand Chute Island. The business consists in the manufacture of upholstering material from soft wood — principally basswood. The machinery consists of six double machines, each with two sets of knives, and their capacity is about 7,000 pounds of manufactured product in a run of ten hours, calling for a force of eight hands. The machines are constructed solely by S. A. Forsaith & Co., of New Hampshire, under close patents, and the product is put upon the market in 250-pound bales. THOMAS PATTON is a native of Massachusetts, and was engaged in the manufacture of furniture there previous to coming to this State in 1880. T. W. Brown, manufacturer of pumps. Location, on the north side of the river, below middle dam. Premises front 250 feet on canal, and run to the center of the river. Man ufactory is 30x50 feet. Turns out 1,000 pumps annually, and gives employment to three persons. MR. BROWN is a native of Maine, and was engaged in the manu facture of wooden- ware there, previous to his removal to Appleton in 1854. Here he was engaged in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds until 1868, when he commenced the manufacture of pumps on the upper water power, removing to his present location three years later. Of late years, he has given his attention principally to the improvement of his real estate within the city limits, upon which he is erecting dwell ing houses. He built the first brick dwelling house erected in this city, in 1856, and the second brick building of any description. He was for six years a member of the City Board of Education. His present wife, whom he married in 1880, Miss Ophelia Forward, is one of the trustees of Laurence University, and for three years previous to her marriage was preceptress in that institution. Billings & Morrison, manufacturers of spokes, Grand Chute Island, just below Second Ward bridge. Premises front fifty feet on dam, run 150 to the rear,have an available power of 140-horse power, and their capacity is 2.500 wagon spokes daily, to produce which they employ a force of fifteen hands. They commenced business in 1874, and market almost exclusively in Wisconsin and Illinois. The members of the firm are H. M. Billings and C B. Morrison. MR. BILLINGS is a native of Walworth Co., Wis., and previous to establishing business here, in 1874, was engaged in clerking in the central part of the State. Appleton Furnace Company was organized in 1876, by A. L. Smith, H. D. Smith, and E. C. Foster. The fur naces were built by the Appleton Iron Company, the first stack in 1870, the second in 1872. This company conducted operations until the property was turned over to the present company in 1876, who now run both stacks of these. One is stone-cased, the other iron; they are each forty feet in height, and the diameter at their bases is respectively eight feet three inches and eight feet four inches, their capacity from forty to forty-five tons daily. Ore is drawn from the Mar quette and Menominee ranges, and all shipments of ore and iron are by rail, principally over the tracks of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. Coal is furnished by teams from the vicinity of the furnaces and from kilns along the lines of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad. The furnaces are located at the lower end of Grand Chute Island where the company have a tract of seven acres, and the buildings upon these premises are, a double casting house, 60x40 feet ; machinery house, 60x60 feet ; stock house, 60x60 feet; besides the usual sheds, stables, wood and iron repair shops, offices, etc. Power is supplied by one hor izontal blowing engine, 3x6 ; one upright, 4^x55^; one water wheel for blowing engine, 55 inches diameter, affording 81-horse power ; one wheel for crushing, 31 inches diameter, giving 22-horse power; and one, 17^ inches diameter, for elevating, giving 6-horse power, a total of 385- horse power. The premises have a river front of over 1,000 feet and about 400 feet of available dock. The number of hands at the furnaces is about forty-five on an average. This is independent of the number employed at the kilns, wood cutters and teamsters, who swell the number of actual employes on the rolls of the company to 350. H. D. SMITH, secretary, treasurer and general manager of the com pany, is a native of Ohio, from which State he went to Ann Arbor, Mich. in 1859. He pursued his studies there until his junior course was finished at the university, then spent one year in the law department and was admitted to practice at the Bar there in June, 1864. He then removed to Marquette in the Northern Peninsula, for the practice of his profession, was elected District Attorneythe same Fall, served two terms. In 1871, upon the organization of the Citizen's Bank of Marquette, he became its cashier and retained that position until he sold out his interest there in 1873, and removed to Appleton, to assume charge of the furnaces of the Appleton Iron Company. Mr. Smith is also president of the National Furnace Company, having stacks at De Pere and Green Bay. He was the last President of the village of Marquette, holding that office at the time it was incorporated as a city. Alfred Galpin's Sons, hardware, on College avenue, be tween Morrison and Durkee streets. This business was established by Ira Cummings, in 1853, who was succeeded by Walter Russell, Alfred Galpin becoming a partner of the latter in 1864. Two years later, the business passed entire ly into the hands of Mr. Galpin, who, having trained his sons to the trade, turned it over to them in 1877. The present members of the firm are A. S. Galpin and H. Gal pin. The store building, Owned by Alfred Gnlpin, is a two- story brick, fronts twenty-two and one-half feet on College avenue, the upper story used as a storeroom and workshop. Business gives employment to a force of ten hands, and includes a small wholesale trade with country merchants. ALFRED GALPIN is a native of England, where he was engaged in dry goods trade prior to coming to Wisconsin, in 1848. He first set tled in Waukesha County, and from there, in 1856, came to Appleton, engaging in hardware trade, as previously stated. Has served his ward as Alderman, and was for some years Justice of the Peace. A. S. GALPIN is a native of Waukesha County, and was bred to business in the hardware house of his father. H. GALPIN came to Wisconsin in his infancy, is a printer by trade, served three years in the 21th Wis. I., and stuck to his stick until 1877, when he became a member of the firm of Alfred Galpin's Sons. 68o HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Morgan & Bassett, foundry and machine shop, on Grand Chute Island. This business was established in 1856, by C. Ketchum, and was at that time the only manufactory on the island. Ten years later, Mr. Morgan became interested in the business, and in 1879 the present partnership was es tablished. Their shop is 30x90 feet, two stories and base ment, with a foundry 30x60. They employ a force of twen ty-five hands ; are engaged in general mill machinery, foundry work and repairs, and give special attention to the manufacture of water wheels, both Monitor and Turbine patterns. J. G. MORGAN is a native of Vermont ; followed cabinet making until he was twenty-one years of age, when he removed to New York, and was engaged in his present business, practical pattern maker, until 1866, when he came to Wisconsin, settled in this city, and became a member of the firm of which he is now the senior partner. The Champion Horse Nail Company, the only manufac tory of the kind in Wisconsin, was organized January 25, 1878, as a joint stock company, with a paid up capital of $50,000. The present officers are : S. M. Door, Rutland, Vt., president ; W. H. Steele, secretary and treasurer; E. F. Decker, superintendent; William R. Door, general agent. Their manufactory is in the Fourth Ward, south end of middle bridge, and consists exclusively in the manu facture of horse nails, the raw material for which is import ed direct from Norway. Their manufactory is 80x40 feet, with two wings, each 28x40 feet. The manufacture is by patent machines, patents upon which are owned and con trolled by the company. Manufactured product is from 100 to 150 tons annually, and is put up in twenty-five pound packages, chiefly for the Western trade. The works give employment to a force of twenty hands, and three traveling salesmen are constantly upon the road. The gentlemen conducting this business are from New York and the New England States, but some of them have been doing business in the West for the past eighteen or twenty years. Appleton Woolen Mills, successors to Hutchinson & Co., established in 1858, by J. W. Hutchinson, on the site of the present manufactory. The original establishment was burned out in 1862, rebuilt the same year, and, with some changes in its management, continued business until 1871, when it was sold out. The new firm conducted oper ations two years and closed business. In 1875 W. W. Hutchinson, son of the original founder of the mills, pur chased the property, and, in connection with J. T. Har- wood, who became his partner the following year, operated the mills until June 17, 1881, when they were destroyed by fire. This manufactory was situated on Grand Chute Is land, just below the bridge, and consisted of a main build ing 24x65 feet, two and one-half stories, and a wing 25x60 feet, two stories high. It gave employment to a force of 118 hands; the sales for the year aggregated $204,000. Their total loss was $65,000 ; net loss over insurance $39,000. June 30, thirteen days after the fire, a joint stock company was organized to rebuild the manufactory and continue op erations, which, it is expected, will be resumed about the beginning of the year 1882. The capital stock of the new company is $75,000, and its officers are A. P. Harwood, president; C. A. Beveridge, vice-president; W. W. Hutch inson, secretary and treasurer ; J. F. Harwood, manager. Ground was broken for the new building Aug. 1, 1881 which will be 54x100 feet, with a wing 40x40 feet, the whole two stories and a basement. It is intended to give employ ment to the same number of operatives as the late estab lishment, but business will be the manufacture of yarns ex clusively. W. W. HUTCHINSON is a native of Nova Scotia, and came from that province direct to Appleton with his father's family, in 1858, the same year that the first manufactory was built. Young Hutchinson was educated in this city, and at eighteen years of age commenced business as a jeweler and bookseller, which he followed until 1873, and sold out. Two years later he began operations as a woolen mrnufacturer. J. F. HARWOOD is a native of New York. Came to this State in 1874, settling at Ripon, and was with the packing company of that city until coming to Appleton in 1876, since which time he has been identi fied with woolen manufacturing in this city. Riverside Mills, M. T. Boult, manager, was erected by Mr. Boult in 1879, on the north side of the river, at the end of the Second Ward bridge, and draws its water from the middle level. The premises are fifty-five feet deep and ex tend along the street over the bridge to the middle of the river, a total frontage of about 700 feet, and are well pro vided with shipping facilities, being crossed by the tracks of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Wisconsin Central railways. The mill is a brick structure 40x60, four stories in height, provided with modern machinery, does both cus tom and merchant work, gives employment to six hands, and has a capacity of 200 barrels daily, the average product being about 150 barrels. M. T. BOULT is a native of New York, from which State he re moved to Michigan in 1857. He resided for several years in Battle Creek, in that State, where he was engaged in the manufactory of all kinds of wood working machinery. He is the patentee of Boult's carver, mould er and paneler, a most ingenious machine for carving, sinking panels in solid wood, dove-tailing, working mouldings and ornaments of vari ous kinds, to which several uses it is easily and rapidly adjusted. Mr. Boult came to this city May 14, 1879, broke ground for his mill five days later, and completed it the following November. Wambold, Hanert & Co., millers, mill on Second "Ward water power, just above middle bridge, known as Lawrence Flour Mill. This business was established in i860, at which time the "old stone mill," 36x36 feet, four stories high, was built by Charles Morey, by whom it was operated until 1875, when it came into the possession of Hanert & Wayland. During their possession a brick addition, 36x36 feet, four stories in height, was made. In November, 1879, Wayland's interest was bought out by S. K. Wambold, who took charge of operations, and in the following year the mill was remod eled as a roller mill at an expense of $10,000, and now does both merchant and custom business. It has a daily capac ity of 225 barrels, and its actual product averages 150 bar rels. The operations of the firm give employment to a force of nine men and one dray. Shipments are principally to New York, by rail, the tracks of the Chicago & North western and the Wisconsin Central railroads, running on either side of the mill, affording special facilities for receiv ing and discharging freight. The present members of the firm are S. K. Wambold, Jacob Hanert, Sr., and S. S. Shaver. S. K. WAMBOLD is a native of Pennsylvania, from which State he came to Milwaukee in 1846, and settled in that county, where he was en- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. 681 gaged in the mercantile business for nineteen years prior to his coming to this city in 1874. In January of that year he purchased a half interest in the sash, door and blind manufactory of A. B. Briggs, which he retained un til 1877, when he sold out to B. Beveredge, Jr. Mr. Wambold repre sented the Second Ward in the City Council for two years, is treasurer of the Appleton Gas Company, and a trustee and treasurer of Appleton University. L. A. Pfeifer & Co., tanners and curriers, business estab lished in 1877 as a branch of their Chicago house, organized in 1865. Their manufactory here is on Fourth Ward flat, and water is drawn from canal or middle level. Their op erations are exclusively tanning, all finishing being done in Chicago. Their force here is twelve men, and their vats forty-two in number, from which they turn out 300 hides a week. E. Mundt is resident partner and manager. Appleton Boot and Shoe Company, a joint stock com pany, was organized January 1, 1881, with a capital stock of $20,000, by H. J. Rogers, J. V. Buck, B. T. Rogers, G. F. Steele and 0. P. Conklin. The manufactory is in the upper story of the Champion Nail Factory building, but preparations are being made for building and enlarging op erations, the first six months' business having demonstrated the insufficiency of their present quarters for the demands of trade. Their present force is from forty to fifty hands, and their product about forty-five cases a week of men's, boys' and youths' hand-made kip, calf and stogas, which are marketed in Chicago. O. P. CONKLIN, bnsiness manager and superintendent of the manufactory, is from Worcester, Mass., where he was for many years engaged in boot and shoe manufacturing previous to his coming to Ap pleton in 1880, his practical acquaintance with the business extending over a period of twenty-five years. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. C. G. Adkins, dealer in general merchandise, corner College avenue and Morrison street, Appleton. This busi ness was established by the proprietor, in 1853, in the same block, but a little westward of the present location, ^o which, after some changes, it was removed about twelve years since. The store has a frontage of twenty-two feet on College avenue and runs through to Market street in the rear, a depth of 120 feet, and the business occupies a force of four hands. MR. ADKINS is a native of New York, and was engaged in mer cantile business in Oneida County previous to coming to this city in 1853. Upon the organization of the Manufacturer's National Bank, in 1871, Mr. Adkins became its president, a position he still holds. He is a member of 'he Board of Trustees of Lawrence University, is second vice-president of that institution, and was for several years its treasurer. His is the oldest house now doing business on the street. REV. J. B. ANDREWS, pastor, Appleton, is a native of Lemont, Pa. His education was received at Boalsburg High School, Tuscarora Academy and Lafayette College, from which he graduated in the class of 1872. His theological studies were pursued at the Presbyterian The ological Seminary of the Northwest at Chicago, from which he graduated in 1875. His studies, however, were intermitted during the late war. Leaving Boalsburg in 1862, he enlisted in the 148th Regt. Pa. I.; re mained in the service three years, and was mustered out at Harrisb'urg. During this time, he was eight months on detached service with the med ical department and saw constant service and some severe fighting with Hancock's corps until the battle of Gettysburg, where his left side was paralyzed with a shot, from which he still suffers. After his ordination, Mr. Andrews spent a short time with the Presbyterian Church at Oswe go, then accepted the pastorate of the church at Columbus, from which, after two years' acceptable service, he was sent to Appleton by the Win nebago Presbytery as a missionary to organize and build up a Presbyte rian Church in this city. In this work he has been pre-eminently suc cessful, having built a beautiful structure, costing $20,000, now about free from debt, gathered a good congregation, a church numbering 100 members, and a Sunday-school of 175 scholars. D. B. Bailey, hardware, groceries and crockery, Apple- ton. This business was established in 1867 as a grocery and crockery house, to which the hardware department was added in 1874. The firm occupy a basement, 40 x 100 feet, for goods and packing operations, a salesroom, 20 x 100 feet, and a store-room, 70 x 20 feet, on the floor above. This is the oldest grocery house now doing business on the street, and its operations employ eleven men and two de livery teams. D. B. BAILEY, the head of the firm, is a native of Ohio ; received his education at Grand River Institute ; read law in Hon. Benjamin Wade's office, and was admitted to the Bar in i860. Came to Wiscon sin the following year, intending to practice law, but engaged in teach ing ; removed to Appleton in 1863, ceased teaching in 1865, and two years later embarked in trade, in which he has been most successful. Bailey & Wright, grocers, College avenue, west of Dur kee street, Appleton. This business was established only last year by two young men, natives of Wisconsin, and theirs now ranks as the second house of the kind in the city. The memhers of the firm are G. E. Bailey and F. E. Wright. G. E. BAILEY is a native of Waukesha Co., Wis., and was there engaged in farming until his removal to this city in 1879, where, pre vious to engaging in trade on his own account, he was with the grocery house of D. B. Bailey. F. E. WRIGHT was born in this city; received his education here. and after a special course in book-keeping, was two years with the gro cery house of D. B. Bailey, and then joined his fellow cleiK i ¦. the busi ness they have so successfully established. LOUIS BUONINI. meat market, 608 College avenue, Appleton. Mr. Buonini is a native of Italy, and came to this Stale in 1855. He began the lumbering and milling business, which he carried on actively for sixteen years, after which he turned his attention to his present busi ness, which he has very successfully conducted since. In 1864, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Hartung, who was, born in Germany. They have a family of two sons and three daughters. We find Mr. Buonini an active and enterprising business man and citizen. JOHN B. CAREY, proprietor Forest City House, corner Col. av enue and Drew street, Appleton. The subject of our sketch was born, reared and educated in the province of New Brunswick. At the age of sixteen, and on the first day of January, 1850, he came here and located, and has been actively identified with the public and private interests of the State since, as a citizen, soldier and business man. For the first few years after his arrival, he was engaged in the livery business, which he abandoned in time for the more prospectively successful business of lum bering and milling, which he followed for the space of twenty years. He then turned his attention to mercantile enterprises, with which he was connected for seven years, closing his connection in that line in the Fall of 1880. In the meantime, he prosecuted an extensive deal in real estate transactions, during which time he purchased a large farm, which industry he has been connected with for several years, and was pr- cti- cally engaged with it this year. In 1863, he enlisted for a term of three years in the service of his country, Co. G, 3d Wis. C, but after an active service of two years, he was mustered out and honorably discharged. ' He had, in 1858, seen service for the same length of time in ihe Uiited States service in Utah. In 1862, Nov. 14, he was married to Miss Anna E. Harris, who was born in Herefordshire, England. They have a fam ily of one son and daughter, Orrin Benton and May L. We find Mr. Carey a representative pioneer and citizen, fully devoted to the im provement and development of the many different industries of the State as a citizen, and active and efficient as a soldier. Collins & Pierce, attorneys at law, Appleton — A. L. Collins and H. Pierce. Partnership established in 1874. A. L. COLLINS is a native of New York, from which State he re moved to Ohio in an early day ; received an academic training, read law in the office of Hon. J. W. Allen, of Cleveland, was admitted to ihe Bar at term of Court held in Washington County, same State, in 1835, and practiced there until 1842, when he came to Wisconsin and settled in Madison. In 1854, he was elected Circuit Judge for the Ninth Judi cial District of this State, which he resigned in 1858. on account of ill health, and temporarily retiring from practice, settled on a farm near Neenah. Three years later, he visited the Pacific coast, remaining three years and a half, when, finding his health materially improved, returned to Wisconsin. In 1868, removed to Chicago, but the duties of his pro- 682 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. fession in that city were too exhaustive, and in 1870 he returned to his farm from which, in 1875, he removed to this city and resumed his .law practice. Mr. Collins was prominently identified with the early politi cal history of the State and Territory of Wisconsin. He was a member of the Territorial Congress, sessions of 1846-47-48, until the State was admitted to the Union. He is a brother-in-law of Gen. Doty, so well known the earlier history of Wisconsin, and until the organization of the Republican party, was an ardent Whig. He was the nominee of that party for Congress in 1848 ; its candidate for Governor in 1849; a mem ber of the National Whig Convention in 1852, in which he supported Daniel Webster for President, and also chairman of the State Executive Committee, and the candidate of his party for United States Senator. COL. THEODORE CONKEY, deceased. Was born at Canton, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Dec. II, 1818. His father, Asa Conkey, served his country honorably as a soldier in the second war with England, and was a man of marked strength of character. The first twenty years of Col. Conkey's life was spent upon the old farm near Canton. He enjoyed all the privileges which the common schools of that day afforded, and afterward concluded his studies at the academy of Cazenovia. In 1841, he moved to Wiscon sin, locating in Fond du Lac, where there were but four or five white families then living. During the succeeding three years, he taught school in Madison. About 1845, he engaged in the Government Survey, with Gen. A. G. Ellis. Large portions of the territory comprising Northern Wisconsin, reaching as far north as Lake Superior, and from Lake Michi gan to the Mississippi, were surveyed for the first time by them. In 1849, Col. Conkey settled in Appleton, and acquired that year considerable property interest, in company with Hon. Morgan L. Martin and A. B. Bowen, upon the site which the city of Appleton now occupies — includ ing real estate and water-power franchises. This was the execution of a plan previously formulated. Upon his first and subsequent visits to this section, he recognized the physical features and natural advantages here favorable to the upbuilding of a prosperous city. During the succeeding thirty-one years he was prominently identified with the growth and de velopment of Appleton. Any and every legitimate enterprise promising such a result has always received his hearty encouragement. He was re garded by his fellow-citizens as a man of mature thought, excellent and correct judgment, and his council was always sought and highly valued. Col. Conkey was one of the incorporators of the Fox & Wisconsin Im provement Company, and his enlistment in this important enterprise was regarded as a most fortuitous event for the Fox River Valley. He fully comprehended the importance of this route, and to what extent its im provement involved the development of the then latent resources of this region. He was an active member of the company, and superintended its most valuable work. The improvement of the water-route, connect ing the lakes with the Mississippi, alwavs had in him a staunch advocate. At the breaking out of the Rebellion, Col. Conkey tendered his services to the Government. He raised a company, and joined the 3d Wis. V. C, in January, 1862. His regiment was assigned arduous duty in Southern Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and upon the plains, and continued in ac tive service until the October following the close of the war. As a sol dier, Col. Conkey was faithful and valorous. As an officer, his rare exe cutive ability was well known He had the full confidence of his super iors, and was frequently entrusted with important commands above his rank. He was courageous, but prudent, aggressive, but deliberate and reliable, and though a strict disciplinarian, was always considerate of his men. During his term of service, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel of his regiment. Within a few months after his retirement from the army, he was tendered a colonel's commission in the regular army. He had a taste for military life, and had not duty to those whom he loved, dictated otherwise, he would have accepted. He had served his country honorably and efficiently in its great distress, and now felt at liberty to enjoy peaceful vocations. Upon his return home, he engaged in the mill ing business, and until a year before his death, conducted one of the largest establishments in the State. He was a representative man of this important industry — having been several times elected vice-president of the State Millers' Association. Col. Conkey was frequently honored by his fellow-citizens with positions of importance and responsibility. He served several terms in the County Board and Common Council. In 1851, he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1856, to the General As sembly. In all of these positions he acquitted himself with credit, and reflected honor upon those whom he represented. Had he been a man of more ambition, he might have advanced to greater political prefer ment, to which his abilities so well entitled him. In politics, Col. Conkey was a Democrat, but the party lash had no terrors for him. He always reserved the right to criticise the defects, as well as to approve of the merits of any policy which his party enunciated. A friend, writing of his death, says : "Like all characters having broad dimensions, Col. Conkey's was difficult to comprehend. But to those who had come to know him, his peculiar traits appeared as pickets thrown out to guard the entrance to the finer chambers of his nature. And such as passed this sentry line in safety, found a magnificent and regal soul, full of noble thoughts, good impulses, honorable promptings and kindly sympathits. The rank of those seeking admission was never considered. The poor and lowly were quite as likely to find favor as those of more exalted sta tion. And many of those who were the recipients of his quiet benefac- tions and unostentatious charity still live to cherish the memory of the departed. But numerous as were his virtues, the greatest of these was his tender attachment to his family and his home. These lo him were the sacred things of earth. To his own fireside he always brought an unruffled brow, a cheerful smile and a jolly heart. Happiness reigned in his presence and abided until his return. His charity was broad and his sympathies ever keen and active for those whom he loved. His great heart was the willing receptacle of confidences attired in joy or draped in sorrow. His boundless resources were ever responsive to the demands for condolence as well as congratulation. Like the stalwart oak of the forest to which the ivy clings for succor and support,- so this strong man gave strength, security and comfort to others through the delicate ten drils of human affection." Col. Conkey was united in marriage to Miss Cynthia Foote, of Canton, N. Y„ June 23, 1848. They have had four children, one dying in infancy, and three of whom, with their mother still survive, one son and two daughters. Conkey & Briggs, insurance agents, No. 119 College avenue, Appleton. (Partnership established in 1872.) This firm represents an aggregate protection of $60,000,000 fire insurance, $25,000,000 marine, $1,000,000 life, and accidents nominal. Members of the firm are, A. H. Conkey, F. W. Briggs. A. H. CONKEY, City Superintendent of Schools. Is a native of New York, received his classical education at Hamilton, in his native State, and went South in 1847, to engage in teaching. The following year he went into Mississippi, and in 1852 organized the Chickasaw Female College, under the care of Chickasaw Presbytery, and conducted it until 1867, during which time, under the blessing of Providence, he had seen it increase from a small school of fifteen members, to a large boarding school, with 125 pupils, and employing from ten to twelve teachers. Impoverished by the war, he abandoned that enterprise, to which he had given all his means and so many of the best years of his life, and after two years with the Okoloma Female College, came North and settled in Appleton. In 1870, in company with T. W. Briggs, he opened an insurance business in this office ; was soon after elected City Superintendent of Schools, which office he has held by successive re- elections from 1871 until the present. Mr. Conkey is one of the active members of the Presbyterian Church of this city, and was chairman of the building committee during the erection of the new church, of which the city is justly proud. F. W. BRIGGS is a native of New York, from which State he came to Appleton in 1853, and three years later commenced life as a eierk, which business he followed until 1865 ; then engaged in mercantile busi ness, to which, in 1867, he added insurance, and so continued until 1870, since which time he has been engaged in insurance business exclusively. WILLIAM COMERFORD, livery stable, Appleton. Mr! Comer- ford came to Wisconsin from Ireland, in 1846, at the age of ten years. In 1867, he came to Appleton, and soon after engaged in the livery busi ness, which he has successfully conducted since. In 1867, he was mar ried to Miss Mary Ann Cragen, a native of New York State. They have a family 0/ two sons and five daughters. We find Mr. Comerford one of the enterprising men of this part of the State. Evan Edwards, dealer in dry-goods, on College avenue, two doors south of Appleton street, Appleton. This business was established by the present proprietor in 1868, and has steadily increased its volume until it now gives constant employment to a force of nine persons. MR. EDWARDS is a native of Wales, from which country he came direct to Wisconsin in 1850. He was bred to the dry-goods trade in Oshkosh ; came to this city to establish business for himself in 1868. His operations were at first very small, but his business has gradually increased until he now owns one of the best dry goods houses iri the city. Mr. Edwards is one of the city fathers. REV. P. BONAVENTURA FREY, Appleton, is a native of Switz erland. He was educated at the University of Bohn.Tulingen, complet ing his studies in 1854, and the same year was ordained priest i.t St. Gallien. In 1856, he came to America, locating in Milwaukee, and, in 1858, with Rev. Father Francis Haas, he established the order of Capu chins in Wisconsin, at Mt. Calvary, Fond du Lac Co., where he remained until 1866. The same year, he went to New York and established a house of his order in that city. In 1879, ne was made provincial of the order in the United States, with headquarters at Appleton. PORTER J. GATES, livery stables, Morrison street, Appleton. Mr. Gates came here from Oneida Co., N.Y., 1849, at the age of twenty three. After prospecting the country, he returned to New York, in the Fall of 1850, and was married to Miss Juliette Arnold, only child of Da- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. 683 vid and Lucretia Arnold, of Oswego, N.Y., returning here the same year. He engaged in the mercantile business his first year, and the milling his second year, and subsequently built a building for general cooperage, which he carried on till 1876. In the Spring of i860, he made an ex tensive trip through the Rocky Mountains, returning in 1861. In 1862, March 20, he enlisted in Co. I, 3d Wis. C, and remained in the service till the end of the war. Was honorably discharged July 12, 1865. In 1875, he was engaged to carry the mails from Appleton to Shawano, which he conducted until 1879, since which he has carried on the pres ent business. Mr. and Mrs. Gates have a family of one son and three daughters. REV. S. N. GRIF-FITH, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Appleton, is a native of Wyoming Co., N.Y., where he remained unti' his twenty-first year, when he came to Wisconsin, in 1854, and for the next ten years was engaged in study, teaching and as agent for the Bible Society, in which latter work he traveled by carriage throughout South ern Wisconsin. In 1856, having determined to enter the ministry, he . came to" Appleton, and five years later graduated from Lawrence Univers ity, having supported himself by teaching and preaching while pursuing his course. After graduating, he continued his connection with the University, as mathematical tutor and adjunct professor of mathemat ics, until 1863. Entering Garrett Biblical Institute, he took the full three years' course, and graduated B. D. in 1867. He was licensed to preach in 1855, and ordained Sept. 23, 1866. During this interval of study, he was supplying pulpits, under the direction of the presiding elder. Mr. Griffith is a thorough student, and takes great interest in educational work, having had considerable experience in public school work. While in charge of the church at Oak Park, 111., he was for two years principal of the Mosely School, Chicago, and, in addition to his school work, preached three sermons every Sunday and built a church. His standing in Conference is evidenced by the character of the appointments given him, as instance, Princeton and Oak Park, 111.; Kalamazoo, Mich.; Fond du Lac, Milwaukee and Appleton, Wis., to which latter charge he was appointed in 1880. J. E. HARRIMAN, Judge of County Court, Appleton. Judge Harri man is a native of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., from which place he came to Wisconsin in 1852, and to this city four years later, where he was en gaged in trade until 1868. In 1869, he was elected Justice of the Peace, which position he resigned in 1873 to accept the office of County Judge. , to which he was then elected and which he has since continued to hold by successive re-elections, his present term expiring Dec. 31, 1885. Upon the organization of the Appleton Cemetery Association in 1872, Judge Harriman, as its secretary and treasurer, took direction of the prepar ation and improvement of the grounds, which embrace a beautiful tract of sixty-five acres, being just below the city on the river bluff opposite Telulah Park. The wonderful transformation wrought in this beautiful city of the dead, during the eight years of the Judge's supervision is simply incredible, and will always remain a monument of his disinterested serv ices and the skill of his foreman, Dennis Meidam, who is the pearl of cemetery keepers. GEO. C. JONES, attorney at law, Appleton. Is a native of New York; moved to Michigan with his parents in 1843, settling in Pontiac, and received his education in the schools of that city. Read law in the office of Hon. S. L. Stevens, was admitted to practice in 1853, and the following year removed to Ontonagon, Lake Superior, and was in practice there until he came to this city in 1868. While a resident of the Upper Peninsula, Mr. Jones became financially interested in the copper mines of that district, and in the iron mines on the Menominee range. This interest he still holds, and since coming to Appleton, (which he did for the purpose of educating his children), much of his time is given to his mining operations in the North. He organized the. Appleton Iron Company in 1872, superintended it one year and sold out. JOSEPH KOFFEND, Treasurer of the city of Appleton. Mr. Koffend was born and raised in Austria. In 1855 he came to this country with his people, who settled in Appleton. Mr. Koffend took up the vocation of tinsmithing and followed it for seventeen years, when his health became such as to not warrant -a further prosecution of it. In: 1876 he was elected the incumbent of his present official position to whtch the people have attested to their appreciation of his ability by continuing him in the office for each succeeding year since. He has also been actively interested in the school industries of his city and has been prominently connected with the schools of his ward as director. He also carries on a real estate business. In 1875 he was married to Miss Julia Weinfeld, a native of Austria. They have one son and daughter. WELCOME HYDE, dealer in pine lands, lumberman and real estate operator, Appleton, is a native of Vermont ; came to Wisconsin in 1842; settled in Waukesha County, and in 1849-50, commenced opera tions on Wolf Creek as a lumberman, with two yoke of cattle. He was not engaged in the manufacture of lumber until 1880, his business being the supply of logs to mills, dealing in pine lands and locating them for outside parties on commission. He has probably located more land and entered it in the offices of this State and Michigan than any man now living in the State. In the Fall of 1866, he removed to Appleton and purchased a tract of 200 acres of land, lying within the corporate limits, most of which is now platted and a considerable part occupied by dwell ings. Within this tract is embraced Telulah Park, and the land on both sides the Telulah water power canal, in which he owned until very recently a half interest. Mr. Hyde's acquaintance with this section of Wisconsin began four years before any attempt at settlement was made at Appleton, and in his passing to and fro from Oshkosh to Green Bay, has frequently camped out with his tent on the site of the present city. Since 1880, he has been engaged in the manufacture of lumber at Bear Creek and Marion, Waupaca Co. His lumber offices are at the mills. JOHN A. LEITH, County Superintendent of Schools, Outagamie County. Mr. Leith was born in Stromness, Scotland. In 1857, he came here with his people, who settled in the county, where he was reared and educated in the common schools, and also took a select course of five years in the Lawrence University, but did not graduate in conse quence of litigation arising in connection therewith, in which he formed a prominent party. After his collegiate course was finished he turned his attention to teaching, and has been identified prominently with that industry since. In 1879 he was elected to the incumbency of his present position, which he has very successfully conducted since. A. H. LEVINGS, M. D., Appleton, is a native of Illinois. He re ceived an academic education in Rockford, in his native State, and grad uated from the Chicago Medical College, class of 1871-2. On the com pletion of his course he removed to Wisconsin, practiced one year in Janesville, and came to this city, where for the past eight years, he has been successfully engaged in the practice of his profession. H. W. MEYER, editor and proprietor of the Appleton Volks Freund, Appleton, is a native of Hanover, and from that country came to Wis consin with his parents while yet an infant. Graduating at Concordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind., class of 1862, he engaged in teaching until 1869, when he came to Appleton. The following year, he purchased an interest in the paper, of which he is now the head, and in 1871 became its sole proprietor. Mr. Meyer has successfully held office as City Clerk, Treasurer and Assessor; was printer's devil in the office of ihe Appleton Crescent, when that paper was first issued, in 1853. He enlisted for the United States service, but was not accepted. He held an interest in the Crescent, and edited that sheet during the absence of its editor, his brother, in the field, from 1861 to 1864. GEORGE M. MILLER, Postmaster, Appleton. Mr. Miller was born, reared and educated in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. In 1865, at the age of eighteen, he came to Appleton and engaged in the mercantile business, which he followed for six years, after which he turned his at tention to the business of journalism, and, in company with Mr Reid, of the Post, they bought out that institution and cbnducted it until his ap pointment as Postmaster in 1876, which position he still retains, having severed his connection with the Post in 1878. A. NITSCHKE, dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hats and caps, flour, etc.. 316 College avenue, Appleton. Mr. Nitschke is a na tive of Prussia and came to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1843. In 1861, he en listed in the Urion cause, Ist Wis. V. I., for three months service. In 1862, he enlisted again in the 26th Wis. V. I. and remained in the serv ice till the end of the war, at which time he was honorably discharged ; w s wounded at the battle of Resaca. After his return from the war, he engaged in the mercantile business here in 1866, which he has success fully conducted since. In 1868, he was married to Miss Mary Ostertag, who was born in this country. They have a family of one son and two daughters, and one boy and girl buried in the German Catholic Ceme tery of Appleton. PEERENBOOM & KOBER, general merchandise and merchant tailors, 314 College avenue, Appleton. The firm consists of Julius I'eer- enboom and Jacob Kober. The business was established here in Janu ary, 1872, and has been so successfully conducted since that their busi ness has increased three hundred per cent. Mr. Peerenboom, the senior member, is a native of Holland and came to this country in 1858. In 1869, he began his career in the mercantile business, which he has so successfully conducted since. Mr. Kober is a native of Prussia, and crme to this country in 1854, in March. In November, 1861, he enlisted in Co. A, 2d Wis. C, and after an active service of nearly two years he was honorably dis charged on account of disability for that service. After a few months, he again enlisted in the infantry department, 32d Wis. Vet., and after an active service of two years more he was honorably discharged. After his valuable war service, he turned his attention to the peace industries and engaged in the mercantile business, which he has very successfully conducted since. L. B. PENNOCK, Appleton. Mr. Pennock is a native of Canada, born and reared in York Mills, near Toronto. At the age of fifteen, he engaged at the trade of carpentering, which he prosecuted successfully for six years, at the end of which time he came to Appleton, Wis., in 1871. In the Spring of 1872, he engaged with the Fox & Wisconsin River improvement, in the employ of the Government, as foreman of the engineering department, with which he has been reputably connected since. In February, 1878, he was married to Miss Rebecca A. Clark, 684 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. who was born in Winnebago Co., Wis., her people having come to Wis consin from England, and are among the early settlers of the State. They have one little girl, Margaret A. J. C. J. Pettibone & Co., dealers in dry goods and notions, corner College avenue and Appleton street, Appleton. This business was established in 1862 by C. J. Pettibone as a branch of the Fond du Lac house, established in i860, which was a branch of the Portage City house, established in 1846. Their store fronts twenty-seven and one-half feet on the avenue and is 120 feet deep. The business of the house occupies both floors, and an addition was made last Fall by the purchase of the store-room directly adjoining them on the east, 25 x 120 feet. This affords them a full frontage of fifty-two and one-half feet, a depth of 120 feet, two floors, which is fully occupied with the transactions of the house, and giving employment to a force of twenty per sons, including the millinery establishment. The present firm was organized in 1873, and they have labored most suc cessfully in building up a trade in the finest lines of silk and dress goods, so that to-day they are able to furnish from their stock as rich and choice patterns as are sold over any metropolitan counters. The members of the firm are C. J. Pettibone and George F. Peabody. C. J. PETTIBONE is a native of Connecticut, and, previous to coming to Wisconsin, in 1846, wa<, engaged in dry goods trade at Fre mont, Ohio. The same year that he came to Wisconsin, he established business at Portage City, and in 1864 had no less than ten establishments scattered throughout the State. These were gradually discontinued un til, in 1870, he had in operation only his Fond du Lac and Appleton houses. GEORGE F. PEABODY is a native of Connecticut ; came to Wis consin with his parents in 1847 ; remained thirteen years and returned East. In 1866, he came again to the State and entered the dry goods house of Pettibone at Fond du Lac as clerk, and in 1873 became a part ner in the house and removed to Appleton in charge of the business at this point, since which date sales of the house have increased two and a half times. H. PIERCE, present Mayor of the city, serving his second term. Came to this State from the East a little over thirty years since, and settled in Milwaukee. He soon afterward removed to Illinois, where he received a collegiate education, read law, was admitted to the Bar, and one year later, 1867, came to Appleton for the practice of his pro fession. He was elected District Attorney, and served in 1872-73; was three or four times City Attorney, and, as before stated, is serving his second term as Mayor of this city, in which he owns large landed prop erty, to the improvement and sale of which much of his time is now devoted. J. T. REEVE, M. D., Appleton, the senior physician of this city. Is a native of New York ; he graduated from Castleton Medical Col lege, Vt., in the class of 1854, and the following year, again took his parchments from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and settled for practice in De Pere, Wis. Remained there, and at Green Bay, until 1861, when he tendered his services to the United States Govern ment, and was mustered in as assistant surgeon of the 10th Wis. Inf. ; was promoted surgeon of the 21st Regiment the following year ; was cap tured at Chickamauga, and was held a prisoner nine weeks, and at the close of the war was mustered out as acting chief surgeon of the Ist Division, 14th Army Corps. He then returned to Wisconsin, and settled in this city for medical practice,' in which he has since been successfully en gaged. His professional abilities are abundantly testified by the public recognition accorded them. A member of the State Medical Society, he has been successively elected as secretary of that body for the past ten years, with one exception. 1875, in which year he was its presiding offi cer. He was an original member of the State Board of Health, organ ized in 1876, and has been its only secretary to date. Since 1872, he has been a member of the American Medical Association, and president of one of its sections at the session of 1880, held in Richmond, Va. He was a member of the International Medical Congress of 1876, and is State Inspector of Oils under the act of Legislature of 1880. As secre tary of the Board of Health he has issued numerous tracts on sanitary matters, and given tn the citizens of the State much valuable informa tion concerning the health of home and the family. ALEXANDER J. REID, Appleton, the present. editor and proprie tor of the Appleton Post, while one of the most unassuming journalists in the Northwest, is, at the same time, one of the ablest, gifted with'an exceptionally correct insight into all of the phases of human nature • he combines with this a general editional talent of the most exalted nature Naturally, in the highest degree unobtrusive,' the aim of his existence does not lie in the domain of a seeker after official preferment, but in that of an earnest, honest desire to give his patrons the best possible newspaper for the money ; naturally of a retiring disposition it is given to, but a few persons outside of his office to know him intimately, in other words as he is. Those thus admitted, however, to his confidence, bear willing testimony to his many noble qualities, especially his keen sympathy for the sorrowing and suffering. Mr. Reid was born at Nunda, Livingston Co., N. Y., Sept. 22, 1846. In 1866, in partnership with a brother he published a newspaper at Oconomowoc, this State. In September. 1867 he came to Appleton for the purpose of graduating at Laurence Univer sity. In 1868, however, while in his junior year, he left college, and as sisted in editing the Appleton Post. In the Summer of 1869, in com pany with James M. Miller, (now postmaster,) he purchased the Post the business of the establishment being conducted under the firm name of Reid & Miller. Nine years later, the business of the office having been put upon a permanently prosperous basis, some of the fruits of tlie hard work performed were swept away by fire, and after the change of base thus necessitated, Mr. Reid purchased Mr. Miller's interest, and became sole proprietor of the paper, which position he continues to ho'd. JACOB REGENFUSS & SON, proprietors Northwestern Hotel, corner Appleton and Edwards streets, Appleton. The house is located on the most central part of the city, and has a very ample accommoda tion for the travelling public. In connection with the house are exten sive stables for the convenience of about fifty-six horses. A free bus is always in attendance at the railroad and steamboat depots. The enter prising managers make it their motto to be reasonable in their demands, and to furnish the traveling public with all the conveniences incident to hotel accommodations. H, D. RYAN, attorney at law, Appleton, was born at Fort Howard, Wis., Oct. 7, 1837; received bis education in the public schools of Brown County, and in Lawrence University, this city, which institution he attended two years. Read law in the office of Hon. W. S. Warner, of this city, and was admitted to practice at the term of court held here in November, 1867. The following year he formed a law partnership with his legal preceptor, which continued until 1877. SAMUEL RYAN, Appleton (he dropped the Jr. in 1878, two years after the death of his father), was one of the first Trustees of the village of Appleton, and for a year was its Clerk ; was Clerk of Ihe Circuit Court, both by appointment and election, nearly two terms; served a term in the State Assembly, in which body he was subsequently First Assistant Clerk ; was twice elected County Judge; five times a Justice of the Peace ; was twice a candidate of the Democracy for Presidential Elector, and once for Secretary of State ; and has for many years been also a prominent Odd Fellow, having been for two terms Grand Master of the State Grand Lodge, and for two terms, also, a representative from Wisconsin to the Sovereign Grand Lodge of that order. JAMES RYAN has filled the position of Treasurer, Alderman, and Mayor of Appleton, and served a term in the State Senate with much credit to himself and his constituents. He has always been averse to political life and its honors, preferring the business department of his vocation. W. A. SIEKMAN, livery, boarding and sale stables, Johnson street, Appleton. The stables contain a full and complete stock of livery. They were established by the enterprising proprietor in 1870. In 1876, he enlarged upon his already extensive capacity, and built the present beau tiful stables. The traveling public will find it to their interest to give him a call ; his terms are reasonable, and his outfits first-class. Mr. Seekman came to Illinois fiom Prussia in 1850, with his people, who settled there. In 1870, he came here, and established the present suc cessful business. He was married to Miss Clara Kehoe. Theyhaveone little boy, Oscar Fred. EMORY STANSBURY, M. D., Appleton, is a native of Balti more, Md.,but removed with his family to this State in 1851. He grad uated from the Janesville high school in i860, then under the able direc tion of Levi Cass, and commenced reading for his profession in the office of Monroe Dodson ; entered the United States service as a private in the ist Wis. Cav., and, on leaving the service, where he was attached to the medical department, resumed medical study in the office of his old pre ceptor, with whom he was for some time associated in practice. He then entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and graduated from that institution in the class of 1867, and the following year established him self in practice in this city. The doctor is a member of the State Med ical Society, and, with one exception, is the senior practitioner of this city, reckoning the years of practice here. REV. F. TANGUAY, pastor, Appleton, is a native of Laval, Prov ince of Quebec, Dominion of Canada ; pursued his studies in Quebec, and completed them at the Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, at Niagara Falls, in 1871. The same year, he came to Wisconsin, was ordained priest in Green Bay, and appointed to the charge of the church at Grand HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. 685 Rapids. In 1875, he was assigned to the charge of the Irish Catholic church in this city. LOUIS TOEPEL, proprietor and owner of " Valley House," Ap pleton. The house is located at the M., L. S. & W., and C. & N. W. Railroad depots, and is convenient to the business and manufacturing centers of the city. Mr. Toepel was born in Germany, but was raised in Wisconsin, his people having settled in the State about 1847. At the age of twenty-seven he began business for himself, and has very successfully conducted it since. In 1874, he was married to Miss Mary Weiler, a native of Wisconsin. They have a family of two little girls, Amalia and Clara. Mr. Toepel's motto in his business is reason able terms, good accommodation and strict attention to business. L. S. TOWNSEND, proprietor Briggs House, Edwards street, Ap pleton. The house is located in the most central part of the city, is newly fitted and furnished with the most approved conveniences inci dent to the requirements of the traveling public, and is in point of con venience, second to none in the place. The enterprising and genial land lord, Mr. Townsend, whose extensive experience in this line of business thraugh the State, well qualifies him to administer as host to the travel er, the pleasure-seeker and tourist. In connection with the house are extensive stables for ample accommodation of horses. His motto is rea sonable terms, good accommodations, and strict attention to business. A free bus is always in attendance upon the railroad and steamboat depots. REV. GEORGE VERNOR, pastor, Appleton, is a native of New York; removed from that State in early life, and came to Wisconsin in 1858. He graduated from Racine College, class of 1862, and from Nashotah Theological Seminary, Waukesha County, in 1865. The same year he was ordained deacon, and settled over the parish of Grace Church, Union City, Mich., and the following year was ordained priest. In 1867, he returned to Wisconsin, and was for two years mis sionary along the line of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad. From 1869 to 1872, he had charge of the diocesan school at Fond du Lac, the later date being that on which he assumed charge of his present parish. WALMBOLD COMPANY, proprietors Lawrence new roller mill, Appleton, Wis., S, K. Walmbold, S. S. Shaver. The mill is located on the immense Fox River water power here, and is built upon the latest and most approved plans, having been remodeled in 1880. It is four stories high, has an unlimited water power, and a capacity of 200 barrels per day ; four run of stone, nine sets of rollers, and two extra stones for feed and rye ; has a local trade of S6o,ooo, and a general milling busi ness of equal account, making an annual trade of $120,000 per annum. It is, in point of capacity, quality of manufacture, and trade, second to none in the State, and the best on Fox River. Their Royal Baker" has a first class record in the State. Mr. Walmbold, the general mana ger, is a native of Pennsylvania, and came to the Slate in 1846, with his people, who settled in Milwaukee ; at the age of eighteen, he began the mercantile business in Menomonee, Waukesha Co., which he conducjed very successfully for twenty-two years, after which he came here and con ducted the business of the firm of Briggs & Walmbold, sash, doors, and blinds, for two years, after which he engaged in extensive real estate transactions, which he in turn forsook for the more prospectively success ful business of milling, which he has devoted himself to with such energy as to make it the representative business that it now is, and which stands second to none in the State. Mr. Shaver is the practical man, and con ducts the milling operations ; he has had an experience of thirty years through the great wheat districts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, and is prepared to retain for the mill the very successful credit for good work turned out hitherto. He was the first miller to run rolls in this section of the country, and whose experience in all the different brands of flour manufactured, make him practically second to none in that department of the business in the State. H. F. Weise, crockery, glassware and house furnishing goods, Appleton. This business was established August 1, 1880, at No. 414 College avenue, and is the only exclusive glassware and crockery house in the city. H. F. WEISE is a native of Green Bay, Brown Co., Wis., has been for the past fifteen years engaged in the glassware and crockery trade, thir teen years of the time as principal, beginning with the establishment of the bouse of Poole & Weise at Green Bay in 1868, when he was but seventeen years of age. Prior to coming to Appleton, Mr. Weise was in business at Wenona, Minn., to which point he removed in 1876. J. C. Weissenborn, No. 131 College avenue, Appleton, dealer in furnishing and household goods; business was es tablished in 1881; employs five persons and the business is steadily improving. MR. WEISSENBORN is a native of Wisconsin, born in Dane County in 1853 ; he removed with his parents to Germany in 1859 ; pursued his studies there until he was sixteen years of age, when he returned to Amer ica. He acquired some insight into business in his father's establishment — a wholesale clothing house in Germany — and for three years a clerk in a furnishing house in this State, and prior to 1880 was in business with his father-in-law at Sauk City. In 1880, he went to Milwaukee as floor walker for the house of Rich & Silver, and in the Spring of 1881, opened a store in this city. MATHIASjWERNER, Treasurer Outagamie County, Appleton. Mr. Werner was born and reared in Austria. In 1852, he came to this county and began a regular pioneer course of life, and developed by dint of pa tient industry and hard labor a tract of land from its wild state to that of the thrifty husbandman. In i860, he was elected County Treasurer for the term of 1861-2. In 1864, he nobly responded to his country's call for soldiers, and enlisted in the ist Wis. C, in September ; was mustered out July, 1865, and honorably discharged. In 1S66, he was elected again to the office of County Treasurer for the term of 1867-8. Mr. Werner soon after turned his attention to the development of the agricultural industry in Kansas, but after a thorough trial of it for seven years he concluded to return to his adopted county in Wisconsin, where the peo ple attested to their appreciation of his merits by electing him as their Treasurer in 1878 for the terms of 1879-80, re-electing him again in 1880, to which honorable position we find him the present incumbent, a worthy officer and a representative pioneer and citizen. EDWARD WEST, Appleton, was born Nov. 20,1818, and was educat ed at Washington College in Pennsylvania, his native State. In 1836, he came to Wisconsin, settling in Milwaukee, and in the Fall of that year opened the first public school in the new Territory of Wisconsin. He con tinued his work as teacher and land surveyor in that county for fifteen years, during which time for several years he held the office of County Surveyor. In 1849, he removed to Winnebago County, where he held the office of County Treasurer and was variously employed, farming, sur veying, etc. In 1853, he removed to Appleton, and two years later purchased a tract of 600 acres of land on the south side of the river, in cluding " Grand Chute Island," his property lying in the Fourth and Second wards of the city. His time and labor has been since largely expended in the improvement of this property, the development of his water power privileges and the encouragement of manufacturing indus tries. B. C. WOLTER, real estate agent, County Clerk of Outagamie Co.. Appleton, Wis. Mr. Wolter was born in Mecklenburg, Germany. In 1854 he came to Wisconsin with his people, who located here, and pur sued the vocation of farming. Mr. Wolter was educated primarily, in the common schools of his county. At the age of sixteen he entered the high school at Neenah, graduating therefrom, at the end of a year. He then took a course of civil engineering, and graduated, 1875. He then turned his attention to teaching, and engaged in the public schools of Oconto County, with which he was connected for three years, at the end of which time he returned to Appleton, to accept a position as teacher in the Third Ward school, from which he was elected to the honorable position which he now holds. Elected 1878 for the term 1879-80 ; re elected 1880 for the term 1881-2. Town of Grand Chute. H. W. CARTER, Sec. 33, town of Grand Chute, proprietor Apple- ton brickyard, farmer and stock-raiser. Mr. Carter is a native of New Hampshire, and came to Wisconsin in 1857. He settled in Waupaca County, where he carried on the farming industry for nine years, after which he went to Calumet County, and carried on brick-making for nine years. He then came here, and has been actively identified with his present industry since. He is now preparing for doubling his capacity for manufacture, on account of the rapidly increasing demand for his brick. He is an active and enterprising business man, fully alive to the progress and improvements of the age. S. FAIRBANKS, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 21, town of Grand Chute. Was born and reared in Jefferson Co., N. Y. In 1848 he came here, and located on the present section, which he developed from its wild state to that of the present. When his country called her citizens to arms, he nobly responded, and enlisted in Co. B, 1st Wis. Cav., September, 1864, and remained in her service till the end of the war, and was hon orably discharged. In 1849 he was married to Miss Clarissa Smith, in Jefferson Co., N.Y. She was born in Otsego County. They have a family of two sons and two daughters. TIMOTHY HEENAN, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 6, town of Grand Chute. Is a native of Ireland, Co. Tipperary. In 1849 ne came to Outagamie County, and settled upon the present place, 1856, with his wife, who shared with him the many privations incident to the pioneer here. With the ambition characteristic of his countrymen, he braved danger and misfortune, and succeeded in developing his land, and estab lishing for himself a reputation as an active official ever since his arrival here, being elected latterly to his office from all sides of politics, the clerkship of his township. In 1848 he was married to Miss Mary Maroney, in the Co. Tipperary, Ireland. They have a family of one son and four daughters living, and one daughter buried in the cemetery at 686 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Appleton. Mr. Heenan deserves great credit as an active and efficient pioneer. HECTOR McKAY, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 32, town of Grand Chute. Was born in the Co. Sutherland, Scotland. In 1831 he went to Nova Scotia, whence, after a stay of ten years, he came to the New England States. In 1850 he came to the present place, and has been actively engaged in the farming industry since. In 1852 he was married lo Miss Sarah A. Murch, who was born in New York State. They have a family of three sons and two daughters, all grown to man's and woman's estate. We find Mr. McKay a representative pioneer and citizen, devoted to the development of the agricultural industry. PATRICK MORRISEY, Sec. 32, P. O. Appleton, town of Grand Chute, farmer and stock-raiser. Mr. Morrisey was born and raised in the Co. Waterford, Ireland. In 1849, and worked at his trade in New York, Iowa, and Illinois, before he came to Pepin, Wis., in 1856. He enlisted in Co. A, 6th Wis., in January, 1865 ; was wounded at Hatch's Run, Feb. 6, 1865, in the foot, and was mus tered out at the close of the war. He was married, Oct. 22, 1856, to Miss Mary Pfaff, of Pepin, Wis. They have six children — August, Frank, Louis, Matilda, Amelia, and Otto. He has been Constable two terms, and is now a member of the Town Board. EMIL LANGERS, druggist, Pepin, Wis. Came to Pepin in July, 1876, and commenced business here as druggist and dealer in fancy goods, Yankee notions, paints, oils, and sewing-machines, in May, 1880. He was born at Belgium, Ozaukee Co., Wis., Feb. 14, 1856. Resided there and at Port Washington, where he learned his occupation of drug gist, until he came here, in 1876. In addition to the usual common school education, he spent two years at the St. Francis Teachers' Col lege, near Milwaukee, He is a son of Nicholas and Elizabeth Langers, who still reside in Ozaukee County. JOHN McCAIN, farmer, Pepin. Was born in Indiana Co., Pa., Feb. 21, 1814. Afterward he lived in Jefferson County, until he came West, in 1840. Jan. 1, 1841, found him in Rock Island, where he stayed until the opening of navigation on the Mississippi, when he came to Dubuque, and joined a party of Government surveyors, and spent the season with them in Iowa. The last of October he went to Prairie du Chien, and from there, in company with David Black, took passage in a keel-boat, bound for Menomonee, Wis., where they arrived the last of November, and engaged in logging Winters, and piloting on the Chip pewa and Mississippi during the Summers. In the Fall of 1845 he went hunting for desirable lands, on which to settle ; came across and was delighted with the lands he now lives on, and in the following Spring took formai possession of them, and in the Fall of 1846 commenced cultivating them. His farm contains about 600 acres, and is situated about one and one-half miles above the present village of Pepin, near the lake, and is called by him " Lakeport." At the time he settled here, the nearest post-office was at Prairie du Chien, and the nearest farm was at the Indian agency, at Winona. When the Government surveyors reached " Lakeport," Mr. McCain had 130 acres of his farm under culti vation. He continued to farm, and pilot the river during the season, until i860, since which time he has devoted himself exclusively to farm ing. He was married, March 28, i860, to Miss Elizabeth Barry, eldest daughter of Hon. James Barry, of " Lakeport," formerly of Pittsburgh, Pa. They have one child living — Maggie. Mr. McCain was one of the three County Commissioners of Dunn County, when Pepin was a part of Dunn County, and has been Treasurer of the town of Pepin. CAPT. N. O. MURRAY, owner of steamer " Pepin," Lakeport. Came to Lakeport (near Pepin), March I, 1855, and carried on a black smith shop there. At the time he came, Lakeport was the largest settlement on Lake Pepin. He is a carpenter by trade, and in 1872 built the steamer " Pepin," to run the lake, and with it, every season since, the captain has made his daily trips to each of the towns on the lake. He was born in Evans, Erie Co., N. Y., Feb. 7, 1832. Lived afterward in Buffalo, N. Y.; then eight years in Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis.; then came to Lakeport. He was married, March 4, 1858, to Miss Mary J. Lenhart, of Lakeport, formerly from Pennsylvania. They have six children living — Orlando L., engineer on the "Pepin;" Ida Belle, Carrie Robertie, Walter, Guy, and Glenn. He has been Justice of the Peace several terms, Constable, Sheriff two years, and Under Sheriff two years. He is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, and a mem ber of the A. O. U. W WILLIAM B. NEWCOMB, farmer and pilot, Pepin, came to this vicinity in 1845 ; lived on the other side of the river one year; then came on this side in 1846; made a claim where now is the village of Pe pin, split some rails and plowed apiece of ground. He did not do much more on his claim until about the time ot his marriage to Miss Esther Foster, of Ft. Madison, Iowa, which occurred June 19, 1849. During most of this time, he was working for J. H. Knapp, of Menomonee. He built a dwelling on his claim and commenced residing there, carrying on the farm and piloting on the Mississippi River in the season of it, piloting, in all, about twenty-five years. He laid out the village of Pepin in 1855, and engaged actively in building up the village, which grew rapidly until the financial crisis of 1857. Mr. Newcomb was born in Jefferson Co., Pa., near Brookville, Nov. 24, 1822; he came to Lee Co., Iowa, in 1843, and in 1845, to Wisconsin, as above stated. He has held, most of the time, some town or county office since the organiza tion of the territory, where he resides. He was Register of Deeds for Dunn County when Pepin was part of Dunn County, also Register of Deeds of Pepin County after it was organized ; also Treasurer of Pepin County and Justice of the Peace for the past ten years ; also Postmaster at Pepin for many years. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He has five children living, and all residing at Pepin — Orin James, Mary Eliza, John, Isaac and William B. HISTORY OF PEPIN COUNTY. 7°5 PHILIP PFAFF, miller and grain dealer, Pepin, came to Pepin in May, 1855. He was by occupation a carpenter and glazier. In 1861, he established a store and built the first elevator in Pepin, which was used also as a warehouse, and commenced dealing in general merchandise and buying grain and all kinds of produce. This he continued until 1874, when, on account of ill health, he was obliged to quit business almost entirely. He built a steam mill on Roaring Creek in 1875, on the ruins of an old water mill, which mill he still owns and runs ; he also owns and operates an elevator, and has commenced to build a store. He has held the office of Town Clerk some ten years, been Town Treasurer three years, County Commissioner two years, Justice of the Peace three terms, and Deputy Postmaster seven years. He was born in Michel- stadt, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Sept. 11, 1828 ; came to the United States in the Spring of 1853 ; lived in Allegheny City, Pa., nearly two years, then came to Davenport, Iowa, and, soon after, to Pepin. He was married, Jan. I, 1859, to Miss Frederika Schultze, of Pepin, form- erlyof Mecklenburg-Schwerin. They have seven children living — Au gusta, Ida, Justinian, Lonia, Belle, Ernest and " the baby." GEORGE TOPLISS, wagon manufacturer and general blacksmith, Pepin, landed with his family at Pepin, in January, 1869, with $107.50; bought a place for $350, paid $100 down and had left $7.50, with which to commence business and meet family expenses. The household furni ture was very meager and very primitive, consisting, for the first three years, of such things only as he himself made for the emergencies. From such a straitened beginning, he has built up an increasingly large and prosperous business. He was born at Castle Dunnington, Leicestershire, Eng., June I, 1842. When old enough, he learned the trade of wagon- making, painting and blacksmithing. He left England, June 24, 1866 ; arrived at New York in July, and went to Slatington, Lehigh Co,, Pa., where he lived until he came to Pepin, in 1869, He was married, April 30, 1864, to Miss Fanny Wade, of Derby, Eng. They have five children living — George Robert, Clara Emma, Eliza Ann, Sarah Ellen, Fanny. His father, William Topliss, was killed on Christmas day, 1841, and his mother (Sarah) was left destitute, with five children to support. This she did by laundry work. She died in 1877, at the age of seventy-five years. His brothers and sisters are all living in England. ARKANSAW. The village of Arkansaw, situated in the town of Water ville, was first settled in May, 1845, by George and W. F. Holbrook, who built a log house, moved into it, and com menced building a saw-mill and furniture shop. The next year, H. M. Miles built a small grist-mill upon the site where his present large mill stands. One of the best in the Chip pewa Valley. Previous to these settlements a small settle ment had sprang up on the Dead Lake Prairie, a short dis tance west of the village of Arkansaw, but this locality offer ing better facilities for the investment of labor and capital than the prairie, a number of the settlers moved into Ar kansaw. The first marriage was solemnized, November 30, 1857, the contracting parties being W. F. Holbrook and Mary Ames. The first death was old Mrs. Cascaden. The first birth was a child of Mr. and Mrs. Grant Stev ens, in March, 1855. The first religious services were held at a log house on Dead Lake Prairie, a short distance west of Arkansaw, in l8SS» by a Rev. Mr. Kellogg. The years intervening between 1855 and 1870 was char acterized by hard struggles and no very rapid advancement. In the year above named, James Pauley, of Read's Land ing, entered into partnership with Holbrook. They en larged their nvll, built a large furniture manufactory, a large store, potash and pearl-ash room, and during the next year, H. M. Miles and Miletus Knight started in business, under the firm name of Miles & Knight, in the general merchandise business, and in 1872, F. Hillard and V. Rounds started a drug and variety store. 44 In 1869, the first church was built, by the Methodists, at a cost 01 $2,500. It is 30x40, and a monument to the vil lage. The saw-mill and furniture factory built in 1855, by Hol brook, now employs about thirty-five hands. The yearly sales from his furniture amounts to $30,000. In addition to the manufacture of furniture, he saws about 1,000,000 feet of lumber per year, about one-half of which he uses, and the other half sends to down-river markets. Besides this they operate an extensive pearl-ash factory, which has proven more successful than was anticipated. Arkansaw is situated just on the border of the large tract of hard wood timber, lying in Pepin, Pierce and St. Croix counties, and two and one-half miles from the Chippewa River. To farmers seeking homes, or capitalists seeking a locality for investing their money, it offers superior induce ments. The facilities for manufacturing from hard wood, bass and butternut, are not excelled. There are eight good water-powers within a distance of two miles from the place, only part of them being improved. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. STEPHEN CLIFF, proprietor of Cliff House, Arkansaw. Came to Arkansaw in July, 1864 ; is a wagonmaker by trade, and followed that business until 1873, when he started the Cliff House. He was born in Lower Canada, near the Vermont line, Jan. 25, 1828. His father was from England, his mother from Vermont. In 1849, he went to East Berkshire, Franklin Co., Vt., and worked there at his trade until he came to Arkansaw. He was married, Jan. 11, 1855, to Miss Phebe Kelton, of Montgomeiy, Franklin Co., Vt. They have four children — Fred, Mary and William, born in Vermont, and Jesse, born in Wisconsin. FOREST H. HILLARD, druggist, Arkansaw. Came from East Troy, Wis., to Arkansaw, May 23, 1871, and commenced business as druggist in 1872, under the firm name of Hillard & Rounds. He has kept a strictly temperance drug store, the first one in all ihis section of country, and for several years the only one. He was born in East Troy, Walworth Co., Wis., Dec. 28, 1848. His parents were among the ear liest settlers, having settled there in 1837. Early in 1865, when just past sixteen years of age, he enlisted in the army, but it was so near the close of the war, that he did not see much service. When eighteen years old, he joined the Wisconsin National Guards, the " Badger Battery " of Wal worth County, and he helped to organize the Pepin County Guards, at Arkansaw, July 19, 1879. He went into the company as fourth sergeant, and now is second lieutenant. He was one of the charter members of Waterville Lodge, No. 305, I. O. O. F., organized April 19, l88i,alsoof Good Templar, Arkansaw Lodge, No. 166, organized Dec. 9, 1876, also a member of the Young Men's Literary Association at Arkansaw. He was married, June 4, 1873, to Miss Kate Rounds, daughter of J. H. Rounds, Superintendent of Schools of Pepin County. They have two children, Archie H. and Mary A. WILLARD F. HOLBROOK, manufacturer of furniture and hard wood lumber. Came to Wisconsin in August, 1852, and lived about three years not far from the Eau Galle Mills. In 1854, he selected the site of his present mill property on the Arkansaw Creek, and com menced to build a dwelling, and in 1855, built the saw-mill, and com menced sawing in February, 1856. He also began in a small way the manufacture of furniture, in one corner of the mill, employing at first only two hands, increasing the number from time to time as needed. In 1866, he built a separate factory, employing from eight to ten hands, and in 1871, a large factory, which burned in 1872. In 1873, he rebuilt, and at present employs from thirty to thirty-five hands, and the sales of fur niture amount to $25,000 to $30,000 per year. For many years he has had a store also in addition to his other business. He was born, April 27, 1827, at Wrentham, Mass., afterward resided in Mansfield, Mass. He commenced at the age of eighteen to run a cotton factory, employing twenty-two hands, making cotton cloth, afterward he engaged in the manufacture of straw goods. He was manied, March 15, 1848, to Miss Sarah Jane Dunham, of Mansfield, Mass. ; she died June 5, 1852. In August of the same year he came to Wisconsin. He married Miss Mary Ames, of Waubeek, Wis., formerly of Mansfield, Mass., Nov. 30, 1857. They have eight children living— Alia F., Willard A., now at school at West Point Military Academy, Merigen (now Mrs. W. B. York), Martha Jane, Benjamin Franklin, Mary. Lilian, John Snell and Roy. 706 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. JACOB S. McCOURTIE, merchant and farmer, Arkansaw. Came to Pepin County wilh his family in October, 1S54, and settled on the lower end of Dead Lake Prairie in the present town of Frankfort, where he built a dwelling and store, on Sec. 2, Township 24, Range 14 west, which be bought when it came into market. The next year a post-office was established here called Frankfort, and hewasappointedPostmaster,,i position which he held continuously until 1878, when he moved to Arkan saw, where he still resides. Grant and Elisha Stevens were the only settlers on the prairie when he came, they having settled here some six months before. He was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., May 31, 1813. His father, William, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, came to Saratoga County, where he lived a few years, he then went to Cayuga County in 1816, where he died in September, 1822. The next year, when only ten years old, Jacob left home and woiked for $3 per month until he saved money enough to attend school a year, when his school year was up he clerked in a store in Onondaga, N. Y., a year, then went to Port Byron, where he clerked for Smith & Draper some time, then to Galena, 111., three years ; then returned to New York and was married in August, 1839, to Miss Sophia M. Bushman, of Westbury, Cayuga Co., bought a farm there and went to farming. In 1844, sold out and went to Carroll Co., 111., and farmed there eight years, then sold farm, moved to Savannah, 111., and started a general stock store, thence to Pepin County in 1854, biinging his stock of goods wilh him. They have had nine chil dren, five of whom are still living — Chailes, now in business in Zum- brota ; David B. now in business in Arkansaw ; Eugenia, now Mrs. Ganse, of Frankfort ; Alvira, in Arkansaw ; William, in Frankfort. His sons Charles and David were in the Army. HON. SAMUEL L. PLUMMER, farmer. Came to the north of Bear Creek (now in Durand Tp.), early in the Spring of 1855. At that time Perry Curtis had a log house there, the only one east of the Chippewa for many miles. C. N. Averill came into the town of Lima two days before Mr. P. reached his place. He selected a mill site near the mouth of Bear Creek, built a saw-mill which he sold out the next year to a cousin, who ran the mill as long as there was pine in the vicinity to saw. Mr. P. then built a saw-mill at Durand for Prindle, Ellsworth & Co., of Massachusetts, and ran the mill about eighteen months^ then built a wagon shop and a sash and door factory at Durand. In 1861 he moved to a farm on Dead Lake Prairie, near Arkansaw, and has engaged in farming since. His residence on his farm of 420 acres is on Sec. 35, Township 25, Range 13 west. He was born in New Hampton, N. IL, March 5, 1828. At sixteen years of age he went to Massachusetts and lived there four years, then to New Orleans one year, and in 1849 came to Wisconsin and lived a while near Beloit, afterward near Brodhead in Green Co., where he worked at his trade of carpenter. He was married, May 30, 1852, to Miss Eunice Belknap, of Hartley, Canada. They have nine children living — Forest, David, Frank, Arthur, Mary, Willie, Carrie, Lillie and Lane. Mr. P. is descended from a long-lived stock. His great grandfather, Jesse Plummer, lived to a great age. His grandfather, Nathan Plummer, one of nine brothers, lived to be eighty- five years old, and the ages of the nine averaged over eighty years. His maternal grandfather, Daniel Cooley, of New Hampton, N. H., lived to the age of one hundred years. Mr. P. was member of the Assembly for the year 1874 ; is president of the Pepin County Agricultural Society ; has held the office of County Judge since 1S61; has been member of the County Board most of the time since then, and Chaiiman of the Town of Waterville all but three of the twenty years he has resided in the town. STOCKHOLM. This place is situated in the town of Stockholm, in the western part of Pepin County, and on the shore of Lake Pepin. It was first settled in 1852, by Erick Peterson. He remained only a short time, but relumed to Norway, and in the Fall of 1854 came again, with his family. In the Springof 1854 came Jacob Peterson, John Anderson, Erick Frieck, Lars Olson and Frank Nelson, with their families. Most of these came from Norway in 1853, and wintering in Illinois, came to Stockholm as above stated. They at first built a log shanty, which served as a shelter for all until each one could build for himself a separate house. John Ander son built the first frame house, in 1854. This house is now standing. The first birth was Matilda Peterson, daughter of Erick Peterson. She was born on the day of his arrival from Norway with his family, in the Fall of 1854. The first marriage was [consummated., in the Spring of 1856, the contracting parties being Abram Josephson and Annie Peterson. The first hotel was kept by George Rickerd, in 1856. A church was also built during that year. The church building was subsequently sold and converted into a school- house, in which the first school was taught by Amelia Smith, in the Summer of 1859. Their present school-house was built in 1877. The first religious services were held in 1856, by a Rev. Mr. Norerius, a missionary from Red Wing. The post-office was established in i860, John Rosenberg being the first Postmaster. Stockholm was laid out in 1858, by Eric Peterson. A. W. Miller did the surveying. It has now four stores, representing a considerable amount of capital. A neat little school-house and a Lutheran Church are evidences of a moral, religious and intellectual culture. Stockholm Lodge, No. 363, I. O. G. T., was organized April 4, 1877, with sixteen charter members, and now num bers thirty-four members. The first officers were: A. F. Peterson, W. C. T.; Matilda Peterson, W. V. T.; Alfred Josephson, secretary ; Anton Peterson, financial secretary G. Stille, treasurer ; Agnes Peterson, I. G.; John Mattson O. G.; Isaac Windberg, chaplain ; Charles Tidbolin, mar shal. The present officers are : Anton Peterson, W. C. T. Miss C. O. Bock, W. V. T.; H. J. Bock, secretary ; 0. Matt son, financial secretary ; G. Stille, treasurer; Amanda An derson, I. G.; R. B. Nelson, O. G.; A. F. Peterson, chaplain John Mattson, marshal. In 1868, Paul Sandquist started a lemon beer manufac tory, which he has since operated. He now manufactures between 400 and 500 cases per year. John Gunderson started a spruce beer manufactory in 1878, and now manu factures about 500 dozen bottles per year. In 1874, Andrew Stromberg established a wagon manu factory. Soon afterward, Charles Plann went into partner ship with him, and subsequently G. Stille became a partner. They manufacture about twenty-five wagons per year, besides doing general repairing work. A. D. Post built a warehouse in 1873. Martin Nelson purchased it in 1876, and now buys about 50,000 bushels of grain per year. The capacity of the warehouse is 30,000 bushels. Stockholm is situated on the edge of the richest farming country in Pepin County, and its growth has been slow but permanent, and when it is in possession of railroads, we an ticipate a more flourishing village. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ERIC PETERSON, farmer, Sec. 12, Town 23, Range 16, came to Stockholm in the Fall of 1S62, selected his claim and settled on it. He was the first settler at Stockholm, his nearest neighbor, this side of Pepin, being Nelson Doty, who lived some distance below here. He engaged in farming, and in addition, for several years, owned and operated a grain warehouse and a store. He was born in Hernias Bjurkarn, Sweden, March 2, 1822, came to the United States in 1849, tarried in Illinois one year, traveled in the pineries of Minnesota another year, then came to Wisconsin and settled as above^ Early in 1854 he went back to Sweden for a wife, and in July of lhat year was married to Miss Louisa Josephson, of Carlskoga, Sweden, and with her soon after re turned to Stockholm, Wis. She died in the Fall of 1856, leaving one child, Matilda, now Mrs. Karl A. Peterson. He married Miss Maren HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 707 Olson, in Stockholm, Wis., November, 1858. She was born in Nor way. They have five children — Anton, Agnes Cecelia, Amelia, Hilda Frederika, and Julia. Mr. Peterson has held many town offices, and is now Justice of the Peace. KARL A. PETERSON, merchant, Stockholm, son of Lars and Maria Peterson, was born in Herrnas Bjutkam, Sweden, Dec. 14, 1852. He came to the United States in 1S72, and settled in Stockholm, where he found employment for awhile, as clerk, and, in 1875, engaged in the mercantile business on his own account. He was married, June 23, 1876, to Miss Matilda Peterson, daughter of Eric Peterson, of Stock holm. They have one child, Cordelia Disederia Aurora. He is agent, for this vicinity, for the various lines of steamers to Europe, for the sale of passenger tickets. LOUIS PETERSON, merchant, Stockholm, came to Stockholm in the Spring of 185S, wilh his stepfather, Lars Grand, who came with bis family to the United States, and settled in McGregor, Iowa, in October, 1857, and, in May, 1858, came to Stockholm. Mr. Peterson was born near Gtffle, Sweden, April 18, 1847. Dec. 26, 1829, he was married to Miss Hannah Johnson, of Stockholm, Wis. They have three children living — Mary, Charles Edward and Edna. In 1874 he commenced selling agricultural implements, and, in 1878, under the firm name of Youngquist, Peterson & Co., engaged in general merchandise and the sale of farm machinery. He has held several town offices; was Chair man of the Bsard four years in succession, Register of Deeds for Pepin County one term, and Sheriff one term. He is a member of the order of Good Templars. AUGUST SAHLSTROM, hardware merchant, Stockholm, com menced about a year ago here in Ihe hardware business. He came to Stockholm first in 1867 directly from Sweden and followed farming for about three years, then moved to Chicago and went to manufacturing refrigerators, was burned out in (he gieat Chicago fiie, then went to Pie City in the southwest part of Missouri, where he remained until about two years ago, when he returned to Stockholm, Wis. He was born in Amal, Sweden, June 11, 1824, and afterward lived in Orebeo, Nerike, until he came to the United States in 1867. He was married Nov. 2, 1842, to Miss Louisa Larson, of Nerike. They have four children living — Anna Louisa (Mrs. Loeffler), Lars August, Caroline Sophia, Hans Gustaf. GEORGE L. WAKEFIELD, physician and druggist, Stockholm, was born in Plymouth, Vt., Oct. 18, 1845. His high school studies were interrupted by his enlisting in the 91I1 N. H. Regt., Co. G, on the 12th of July, 1862, for three years. His regiment was under Gen. Burnside in the 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 9th Army Corps. He was with his company except a short time in the hospital, when he was wounded in the right elbow, but he reported for duty before it was healed, still having his arm in a sling. He received five wounds in all, none of the others being very serious, although he participated in every skirmish, battle, or engagement that his regiment was in, among which are second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, the chasing of Morgan, Vicksburg, Jackson, siege of Knoxville, then east wilh the Army of the Potomac again, Wilderness, Mine Run, Spotlsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and at the springing of the " Mine" his regiment did guard duty over the "Mine" while it was being prepared and Lieut. Drew and himself were the ones who raised the Stars and Stripes over the crater of the " Mine" after it was exploded and his regiment captured lhat day sixteen stand of rebel colors. He commenced the study of medicine wilh Dr, Moulton, a. homoeopathic physician, while in the army, and purs-ued it as he had opportunity. After the war was over he went to Ludlow, Vt., and in 1866 came to Pepin Co., Wis., where he has resided since. He followed several pur suits here, then took up again the study of medicine and has practiced about six years, lie was married Jan, 1, 1870, to Miss Sarah Ann Conger, of Lima, Pepin Co., formerly of Bangor, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. They have two children living, George Herbert and Electa Estella. PIERCE COUNTY. LOCATION AND NATURAL FEATURES. This county was named in honor of President Franklin Pierce. It is situated in the western part of the State, and lies immediately south of the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, between ninety-two and ninety-three degrees of longitude west from Green wich, and is consequently west of the fourth principal meridian. It is triangular in shape, the hypothenuse being formed bj'Lake Pepin, the Mississippi River and Lake St. Croix, which secure to the county one of the longest navigable water-fronts of any of its size in the State. The boundaries on the north and east are St. Croix, Dunn and Pepin counties. It embraces an area of 600 square miles, or 364,583 acres, the greater part being owned by actual settlers. About one-sixth of the land in the county belongs to railroads. The county is situated at the junction of the Mis sissippi River with Lake St. Croix, the lake forming its western boundary, its southern border resting on the Mississippi. Along the river, it presents the usual features of valley succeeded by bluff, broken at fre quent intervals by ravines, through which the streams seek communication with the " Great River." Toward the north and east, the hills become less elevated and the valleys more extensive. This gives a diversity to the scene, though less bold and grand than is found in mountainous districts, yet one strongly marked. The luxuriant sward, clothing the hill-slope to the water's edge, the steep cliff, shooting up through its mural es carpments, the streams, clear as crystal, now quiet, now ruffled by a temporary rapid, now forming a ro mantic cascade over some terrace of rocks, trees, dis posed in a manner to baffle the landscape gardener, now crowning the height, now shading the slope, the intervening valleys giving the picture of cultivated meadows and rich pasture lands, irrigated and drained by frequent rivulet and stream, along which and on the hill-side are seen the farm-house and village — scenes of wealth, happiness and comfort — all these and many more are features of the county. On the summit lev els spread the wide prairies, abounding in flowers of the gayest hue, the long undulations stretching away till sky and meadow mingle in the horizon. The coun try is sufficiently level to allow of the highest grade of cultivation, perhaps two-fifths of the county being in active state of agriculture. The principal part of the farming land is in the western part of the county, which was originally oak openings and prairies, the eastern part being timbered land, and covered by the big woods. This is a belt of hard-wood timber that ex tends from the Mississippi River to Lake Superior. In the limits of Pierce County the timber is of hard wood varieties, such as the red, white and black oaks, sugar maple and butternut, all timber of first-class grade for the manufacture of farm and other implements. There are numerous large streams distributed over the county, such as the Kinnickinnic, Rush, Trimbelle and Isabelle rivers, with many smaller creeks, which drain the region completely, and empty into Lake St. Croix, the Chippewa and Mississippi rivers. The cur rent of the streams is generally swift,_and affords mag nificent water power, a resource that is used only to a small fraction of its capacity. Springs are numerous, and give origin to streams in which abound that gam- 708 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. iest of fish, the speckled trout, with bass, bull-heads, pike, pickerel, carp and catfish, in the rivers. The lover of wild game, of wood or prairie, here may gratify his taste. The elevated portions furnish high and dry pasture lands ; the bottom grounds, hay and grain, leaving little to be desired by the shepherd and stock farmer ; for this reason in later years, wool-growing and stock-raising is becoming a considerable feature in the rural districts. The majority of the people are engaged in agriculture, the principal crop being wheat, which will average, from year to year, fifteen bushels to the acre. A fact worthy of notice is that, flour from wheat of Pierce County took the prize at the world's fair at Paris in 1855, and in 1860, Pierce County farmers took home the great prize banner from the State fair at Madi son. Hay, oats, corn, barley and potatoes follow in the order of enumeration, and in 1880 the following number of acres of each were raised : Hay, 14,608 ; oats, 11,105 ; corn, 7,897 ; barley, 2,289 ; potatoes, 796. The milling business, both lumber and flouring, is a considerable industry, and as the expense is light, it is quite remunerative. Lake St. Croix, the Mis sissippi River and the Hudson & River Falls Rail way are the highways to market. Fruit growing is not practicable, the climate being too severe for the pear and peach. The apple will endure for a few years, but eventually succumb. The small fruits, however, both wild and domestic, yield an abundant fruitage. The surface of Pierce County is exceedingly diver sified, presenting a succession of high ridges and deep valleys, the general course of which are south and southwest. In the western portion of the county, in the valleys of the Kinnickinnic and St. Croix rivers, traces of glacial action are very apparent. Underlying the surface soil there is a deep deposit of sand with lay ers of gravel, interspersed with bowlders of compara tively small size, showing that the grinding action of the ice rivers was very complete. The particles of sand and gravel indicate that the original rocks were of primeval origin, as there are large quantities of quartz, granite and trap-rocks, while pieces of copper and agates are frequently found in the moraines. On the higher lands the moraines vanish, and we find instead, deposits of large bowlders, generally granite or trap. In the southwest of the county, there is a remarkable plateau, extending from a point near the mouth of the Trimbelle River to that of the Isabelle River. This table land has an average elevation above the Missis sippi of about one hundred feet, and presents the ap pearance of having, at some date, been the bed of an expansion of the Father of Waters — similar to Lake Pepin. Indeed, it is not difficult to trace what may have then been the channel, near the base of the bluffs on the north side, there being a depression having such an appearance, extending from the northwestern part of the plateau to a point below Trenton. Between the depressions are numerous elevations of moderate height, which may have been islands when the Father of Wa ters formed at this point an inland sea. The soil of this tract is a sandy loam overlying a deep bed of fine sand and gravel. The soil of the mounds is a heavy, tenacious, clay loam, well adapted for grass and wheat. In the valley of the Kinnickinnic and other streams near the northwestern line of the county, there is a rich black sand, containing a large proportion of lime, which is exceedingly fertile and produces excellent crops of grain. Underlying the loam on the mounds of the Trimbelle is found a tenacious, bluish-green clay, similar to slate in some of its characteristics, and still lower down there are strata of a sandstone in reg ular layers, and which afford a good building stone for the coarser grades of work. It is nearly identical with the .beautiful St. Paul stone, but is yellow instead of mottled blue, and cannot be found in as large masses. Under this sandstone is the Potsdam sandstone, which in this locality is an exceedingly friable stone,, not being sufficiently tenacious to be of any value for build ing. This layer is about one hundred feet in thickness and beneath it is a tough limestone known as the Lower Magnesian limestone, which in the kiln affords an ex cellent brown lime, well adapted for all grades of mason work except finishing. Still lower down is an other strata of the sandrock, possessing features simi lar to those above the limerock. In the south part of the county along the Mississippi bluffs there is a stone which would work well under the chisel and be of con siderable value if economic transportation were at hand. In that portion of the county lying west and north of the head waters of the Trimbelle, the action of glaciers and possibly icebergs is very apparent. The soil is filled in many places with large bowlders of hard trap or granite rocks, evidently rounded by the action of water or ice, while numerous moraines have changed the course of the Kinnickinnic, or in other places, are piled up into hills of considerable size. In excavations in the village of River Falls, there has been found abundant evidence to show that several chan nels have been cut through the lime-rock underlying the present site and have in turn been filled up with deposits of sand, gravel and soil. Back of the business portion of Prescott is a plateau composed of a coarse gravel, and many feet in depth. It is a notable feature, however, that comparatively few pebbles are found in the beds of streams composed of the primitive rocks, those that form the bed of the streams being very gen erally similar to the ledge-rock near at hand. The sur face of Pierce County is about three hundred feet above Lake Michigan. The soil derived from the decompo sition of the different geologic formations is always of excellent quality, rich in organic matter, as well as in the salts. This gives a rapidity of growth to plants, and a durability that enables it to withstand a long suc cession of crops. This fact is strongly verified in this region by fields that have returned an average of fifteen bushels of wheat per acre for the past twenty years, having deteriorated but little during that period. EARLY HISTORY. As early as 1827, a company was organized at Fort Snelling, on the Mississippi, composed of the leading United States officers : Col. Plympton, Capt. Scott, Col. Thompson, Capt. Brady, Dr. Emerson and Phil ander Prescott, the latter being Indian interpreter for the Government, for the purpose of securing the land at the present site of Prescott. Twelve hundred acres were claimed, and Prescott appointed to take possession. HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 709 A cabin was accordingly built, and for the sale of Indian goods, a trading-post was established. This claim was protected until 1841, when an act was passed by Congress, denying all such organizations the right to hold claims, but giving to any one land upon which he was living at the date of the act. Prescott secured 160 acres of land under this law. The Sioux Indians ceded to the United States Government all the lands east of the Mississippi River, and all' the islands in that stream, in 1837. The chiefs removed their bands to the west side of the river, during the follow ing year, 1838. This purchase, together with the St. Croix lumber ing interests, drew pioneers from the States, and many attempts were made to dispossess the Fort Snelling company of their claim. Each attempt, however, proved a failure, as power in high places was too strong for the weak hand of private enterprise. The fur company became interested about this time, and all hope of settlement, at this point, was abandoned until the Government should give titles to the lands. In the meantime, Prescott had been called to the fort in performance of his duties, as Indian interpreter, and a man by the name of Reed, a discharged soldier, held the claim for the officers of the fort. Hilton Doe, S. J. Hodgeden, from Ohio, and J. T. Truse and J. D. McBully, from New York, arrived in 1838. In about a week, Doe was left alone. On his arrival, he found only the lone soldier, Reed, and a community of Indians and half-breeds. Doe remained only a short time, when he went below on the river, and held the position of Indian farmer for seven years, returning again in 1845. The settlement grew very slow, a fact due to the company excluding all settlement on their claim. William Schaser arrived in 1841, but immediately withdrew, returning again in 1845, and bringing with him his wife, the first white woman in the county. Dr. Aldrich came in 1843. The Thing brothers and the Cornelison brothers came in 1847; W. Lockwood, in 1846 ; W. McMurphy and L. Harnsberger, in 1848 ; N. S. Dunbar, Lyman Smith and J. D. Freeman, in 1849 ; Dr. O. T. Maxon, W. J. Copp and Dr. Beardsley, in about 1850. This county was still a portion of St. Croix County, but in 1849, the town of Elizabeth was set off, and comprised what is now the county of Pierce. The first officers elected at the organization of this new town, were Wilson Thing, Chairman of the Board ; Aaron Cornelison, L. N. Harnsberger, Supervisors ; Hilton Doe, Clerk ; George W. McMurphy, Treasurer. In 1851, by an act of the Legislature, the name of the town was changed to that of Prescott, in honor of Mr. Prescott. Among the other settlers of Pierce County, are : Joel Foster, in the present town of River Falls, in 1848; next to follow and settle in this place were D. McGregor, James and Walter Mapes, in 1849, Mr. Hayes W. Tozer, Mr. Penn and Ira Parks, in 1850. Following them were N. N. Powell, Clark Green, O. S. Powell, Capt. Woods and C. B. Cox. In 1854, a man, named Dexter, had located on the spot later known as Bay City. Incautiously speaking of his claim, the spot attracted the attention of some specu lators, who sought to obtain the tract by the summary process of jumping it before Dexter, could obtain a ti tle, and after making the entry at the land office, they sent down Mr. Markle, then both attorney and survey or, to run out the tract. Dexter was aroused by this supposed invasion of his right, and, meeting Markle, shot and killed him. Harvey Seeley settled near the present village of Maiden Rock, in 1850; A. Chapman, in 1854 ; J. D. Trumbull, Amos Harris, G. H. Steele, J. Fuller, M. J. Paine and J. A. Guitteau, in 1855. During that year the movement of emigration was at its flood, and any attempt to mention individual names any farther, would render this sketch tedious. Could we evoke the genius of memory, and draw from those who are passing away so rapidly now, the reminiscen ces of that time, how many stories we should glean of hairbreadth escapes in the wilds or in the waters — how the hunters returned from the hunt laden with spoil, or of the adventures of the land-hunters, who had found some new paradise in their wanderings over the pathless prairies. We can imagine how, after the long days had passed in toil, and the semi-occasional mail had come in, that those few old settlers would gather around their respective hearthstones and, with their pipes in their mouths, and after carefully perus ing the papers, not more than a month old, review the events of the times, and compare notes as to progress in breaking and clearing the lands. And especially when the shorter days of Winter came, and alone in the wilderness a month at a time, removed from communication with friends or relatives at their east ern homes, how the ties of western friendship would seem to draw closer, and the gatherings come oftener, and when the shades of evening came, the ox-sled would be hauled up, the box filled with a generous supply of hay, and the whole family take seats in the bottom, and hasten to visit their neighbors, half a dozen miles away. And then the sorrow, when some loved one was nearing the grave, and the doctor, hasti ly summoned from a score of miles, gave no hope ; how the sympathies of all the country around was shown in kindly offers — watchers coming a long distance to give their aid, and the funeral gatherings, comprising the neighbors for miles around. There were many bitter trials and hardships not conceivable in these days, but they had their compensations, too, in the enlargement of the love of humanity, in the earnest and true-heart ed sympathy, and in the unbounded hospitality. Every house was a hotel, but it was a hotel without money and without price, every traveler was wel come to come and go at free will, and the thought of compensation never entered the minds of those free-hearted dwellers in the wilds. And what was true of the western portion of the county from '45 to '49, was equally true of the eastern portions, until within a few years. All the change that would be made in the picture, is of dates. It seems as if there was something in partial isola tion of mankind that develops the kindlier feelings of the human soul, enlarges its better impulses, and re creates mankind into more nearly the image of the true man. And this is true even of these men, many of whom led wild lives, and this was but the excres cent growth of the circumstances in which they were 7io HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. placed, and in no way affected the manliness of char acter which developed itself. It seems, indeed, as if it were a wise provision of nature that the opening of new countries should be attended with a renewal of the simpler life of man, and thus introduce new blood into the world of civilization. The first death in the county was that of John Lock- wood, about 1851. He was supposed to have been buried on the point, but the body was afterward removed and deposited in the present cemetery. The first white child born in the county was Eliza, daughter of George Schaser. The second was David, a son of John Rice. April 24, 1848, Geo. W. McMurphy was married to Maria Antoinette, a daughter of John Rice, this being the first marriage in this county. The first frame house in the county was built by Geo. W. McMurphy, near the site of his present resi dence, in 1849. In 1851, Mrs. Olive opened a day school in a small building no longer standing, and instructed seven or eight pupils. This was near Prescott, and the first school taught in the county. Pierce County was or ganized in 1853, with full powers, there being small settlements at various points within its limits. Such was the beginning and early life of Pierce County, which, from its natural resources, and from the energy and character of her early settlers, has developed and matured, till now it is one of the richest of its age in the State. It is divided into seventeen civil townships, one village and one city, the townships being organized as follows: Elizabeth, afterward Prescott, 1849; Greenwood, afterward River Falls, 1854 ; Martell, 1854 ; Isabella, 1855 ; Trimbelle, 1855 ; Diamond Bluff, 1853; Clifton, 1857 ; Oak Grove, 1857; Perry, after ward Ellsworth, 1857 ; Pleasant Valley, afterward Maiden Rock, 1857; Hartland, 1857; Trenton, 1857 ; El Paso, 1858 ; Salem, 1862 ; Rock Elm, 1862 ; Spring- Lake, 1868 ; Deerfield, afterward Gilman, 1868. The valuation of all personal property in the county in 1880, was $1,008,455, and of real estate $2,982,572. There are at present eighty-eight schools in the county, in charge of a competent corps of teachers, and the to tal valuation of the school property is $47,588. In 1880, the amount of school money received was $49,- 382, and the amount paid out was $38,468.55. In con nection with the schools in the towns of El Paso, Gil man, Hartland, River Falls and Trenton are libraries, which are doing much toward the diffusion of useful knowledge. OFFICIAL. Pierce Connty was organized from St. Croix County by a special act of the Legislature, approved March 14, 1853, and organized with full powers. By the same act, the county seat was located at the village of Pres cott, with liberty to change the same to any other point at any general election. The same act called for an election of county officers in November, of the same year, and made the Town Board of Prescott the County Board of Supervisors, which board was formed of Os born Strahl, Chairman of the Board, with Silas Wright and Sylvester Moore, Supervisors. On motion, H. Teachout was appointed Clerk, pro tern. The first meeting was held at the house of S. Moore, November 15, 1853. The following persons were appointed as Judges of Election : J. R. Freeman, J. Hewitt and 0. T. Maxon, Justice of the Peace. At this meeting, they proceeded to canvass the votes of the preceding elec tion. There were 110 votes cast, the majority of which elected N. S. Dunbar, Sheriff; J. R. Freeman, Treas urer ; S. R. Gunn, Clerk of the Court ; Henry Teach- out, Clerk of the Board ; J. Oliver, Coroner ; P.V.Wise, District Attorney ; J. F. True, Surveyor. At the first meeting of the County Board, held November 16, 1853, three County Superintendents of the Poor were ap pointed : R. G. Thompson, Jonathan Bailey and J. R. Freeman. At the same meeting, a tax of fifteen mills on the taxable property of the county was voted, for the current expenses of the county. At the same meeting, a license was granted to Lovejoy & Tell, to run a ferry across the mouth of the St. Croix River, between Prescott and Point Douglas, said parties required to give bonds to the county for a faithful fulfillment of the law in such cases required. At the special meeting called at the house of O. Strahl, January 18, 1854, J. M. Whipple was appointed to the office of Register of Deeds, the vote being a tie at the general election. It was voted to allow Whip ple the usual fee, as regulated by law, for transcribing the records of St. Croix County to the records of Pierce County. At the same meeting, Greenwood, now River Falls, was set off, embracing what is now known as River Falls, also the eastern part of Clifton, the north tier of sections of Trimbelle, and six sections of Oak Grove. The following is an aggregate valuation of personal property as taken from the Assessor's list, of November 16, 1853 : Real estate, $24,452 ; personal property, $3,616 ; total, $28,068, as certified to by P. V. Wise, Deputy Clerk. That year, at the November election, W. J. Copp was chosen Circuit Judge, receiving in Pierce County ninety-six votes ; and during the same Fall, Mason Stone was elected County Judge. The place of holding the County Court at this time was somewhat varied, using whatever hall or empty room they could secure, the jail being the only county build ing then erected. The following are the returns of the county election held November 7, 1854 : Congressman, C. C. Washburn ; State Senator, Moses S. Gibson ; Assemblyman, Smith R. Gunn ; Sheriff, J. Oliver ; County Treasurer, J. Bailey ; County Surveyor, O. Strahl; Clerk of Circuit Court, John Truax; District Attorney, A. C. Stowell ; Register of Deeds, S. T. Otis ; Clerk Board of Supervisors, N. N. Powell ; Coroner, C. B. Cox; County Judge, Mason Stone; Sealer of Weights and Measures, William McMurphy. In ac cordance with an act of the Legislature, approved March 15, 1861, the question of the removal of the county seat from Prescott to Ellsworth, was submitted to the people with the following results : 973 votes were cast, of which 600 were for removal, the remain der opposing. At the next session of the County Board, the officers went directly to the point designated in the act, and did business in a board shanty erected for their comfort. Soon after this, there was a meeting of the board held, at the new county seat, and this meeting was the scene of a lively contest. The eastern HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 711 delegation presented and contended for a bill calling for an appropriation for the erection of permanent county buildings. The Prescott faction opposed it, wishing only those of a temporary character. No ami cable settlement could be made, and the meeting adjourned sine die. The following year, April 1, an act was approved, calling for an election to return the seat of justice to Prescott. The effort, however, was a failure, and the seat of government has since remained at Ellsworth. At a meeting of the Board held April 7, 1861, the sum of $2,000 was voted for the erection of suitable buildings for holding the courts of the county, also for a jail for the use of the said county, the buildings to be erected on the southwest quarter of Section 17, or the southeast quarter of Section 18, or the northeast quarter of Section 19, or the northwest quarter of Section 20, in Township 26, Range 17 west, on any part of said land as may be determined by the Board of Super visors. The vote stood nine for and five against. At a meeting, July, 1861, it was voted to add $4,500 to the sum already voted. The temporary buildings subse quently erected, were, used until 1869, when an appro priation of $30,000 was made, and buildings of a sub stantial kind were erected. During the same year, an appropriation of $3,000 was made, for the purchase of a " poor farm," which is located near Ellsworth, and affords a comfortable retreat for the poor of the county. At a meeting of the Board, held June 19, 1872, it was voted to issue bonds of the county, to the amount of $5,000, for the Normal school fund, said bonds payable March 1, 1873. The first records of the judicial courts, held at Pres cott, in 1854, were kept on sheets of foolscap paper and fastened together with wafers, such as were used to seal letters in days of yore. The first case before the court was as follows : " State of Wisconsin, Pierce County; William Woodruff, versus Charles D. Stevens, August Lochmen, and Charles Peschke. In court of said county. In equity. On reading and filing the bill of complaint, in this case, on motion of S. J. R. Mc Millan and H. M. Lewis, solicitors for counsel, J. S. Foster, it is ordered that a writ of injunction be issued in the case, pursuant to the prayer of said bill, upon said complainant. Some one, in his behalf, filed with the clerk of said court, a bond for damages, and costs in the sum of $1,700, with surety to be approved by the clerk or judge of said court. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 22nd day of May, A. D. 1854, (signed) Hiram Knowlton, Judge of the Sixth Judicial Dis trict." The present officers of the county are as follows ; A. H. Lord, Sheriff ; Jens B. Jensen, Clerk; K. W. Lewis, Register of Deeds ; F. B. White, Treasurer; J. S. Rounts, Clerk of the Court ; F. A. Ross, District Attorney ; H. P. Ames, Judge. The Press. — The first newspaper published in the county, was at Prescott in 1855, by C. E. Young. The first copy appeared February 14, under the title Pres cott Paraclete, the editor thinking that to mean " mes senger." Afterward, learning that the proper meaning of Paraclete was "Holy Ghost," he changed the title to Prescott Transcript. In 1857, The Journal was estab lished at River Falls, under the auspices of the Taylor Brothers. Shortly after, Horace Taylor sold his in terest to his brother, L. A. Taylor, who continued its publication until the Fall of 1868, when he sold it to Messrs. Flint & Weber. In June 1871, the material of the Journal office was destroyed byT fire, and the sub scription list sold to Messrs. Kimball & Morse, of the Pierce County Herald. After fifteen years of conflict with various adverse circumstances, the Journal once again appears on the very soil where it was first planted. This time started and published by A. Morse & Co., Friday, August 2, 1872. November 15, of the same year, it appears as published by A. Morse & Son. Nov ember 15, 1876, J. D. Moody purchased an interest in the Journal, and the firm became C. R. Morse & Co., which continued until February 24, 1881, when J. H. Wilkinson purchased Mr. Moody's interest, and the firm became_ Morse & Wilkinson. It is Republican in poli tics, and has a large list of subscribers. In 1857, Messrs. Lusk, Wise and Bailey com menced the publication of a Democratic paper, en titled the Pierce County Democrat. This, however, soon sought the "shades." The Pierce County Herald, published at Ellsworth every Wednesday, was founded by G. W. and M. B. Kimball, in January, 1868, and has been published continuously ever since, never having failed of its regu lar issue in any week during all this time. It was ed ited by M. B. Kimball until May 29, 1869, when Dr. D. W. Woodworth was associated with him. The publication of the Prescott Journal was discontinued July 13, 1871, and its subscription list, with the good will of its owners, was transferred to the Herald. At this time, C. R. Morse purchased a half interest, and Dr. Woodworth retired from the position of associate editor. For some time following these changes, the Journal was the only paper published in the county. On the 20th of November, 1872, C. R. Morse trans ferred his interest back to G. W. Kimball, who again sold it, this time to E. F. Case, October 1, 1875. M. B. Kimball sold his share to E. S. Doolittle, February 22, 1877. Since that time, it has been published by Case & Doolittle. The Herald is Republican in politics, but is moderate and liberal in its views, and devotes more space to local news and the discussion of ques tions relating to the public good, than to partisan war fare, and consequently it finds favor and patronage among all parties. It is the only paper that has a general circulation in the southern part of the county, and is, therefore, the only medium through which ad vertisers can reach the people through that section. Its circulation is 552 copies. In 1873, April 1, M. B. Kimball commenced the publication of what was known as the Prescott Clarion, at Prescott. He sold his interest to E. C. Kibbe the same year, who changed its name to the Pierce County Plaindealer. July 1, 1876, E. H. Ives purchased the paper, and has published it since. Tlie River Falls Press was established July 23, 1874, by George B. Merrick, editor and proprietor, with strong Republican sentiments. 'In 1877, Walter S. Fowler bought one-half interest, and assumed entire control of*the mechanical department of the paper. Though much younger than the other papers of the 712 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. county, it still has many warm friends, and a fair list of subscribers, and is flourishing like a "green bay tree." County Agricultural Society. — The Pierce County Agricultural Society was organized March 15, 1859. The officers at the date of organization were : O. T. Maxon, president, with one vice president from each town ; George M. Powell, secretary. The grounds of the society are located about one-half a mile east of the city of Prescott, on the higher grounds. They are nicely finished, with a one-half mile race track, and buildings suitable for the display of products of the county. The present officers of the society are : W. T. Bunker, president; Col. D. J. Dill, secretary. The meetings of the society are well sustained, and fine displays are made each year, with a good attendance from this and adjoining counties. ELLSWORTH. Ellsworth, the county seat of Pierce County, is situated on Sections 18 and 19, Town 26, Range 17, in about the central part of the county, and in the edge of the "big woods." It sprang into existence in 1861, by the selection of that point for the county seat of Pierce County. Among the first settlers of Ellsworth, Anthony Huddleson has the honor of being the first. He settled on Section 19, Town 26, Range 17, in the Spring of 1855, and at once began the opening of a farm. He also built a log-house, the first in the place. Among those who immediately followed him and settled during that year, were David Klingensmith, on Section 19, Town 26, Range 17; C. B. Bruce, on Section 20, Town 26, Range 17; Wilson Kinney, on Section 18, Town 26, Range 17 ; E. W. Bruce, on Section 18, Town 26, Range 17. These men all brought their families with them, built log-houses, and began clearing up the country. The first hotel was built in the Summer of i860, by William Crippin. This building burned down in 1877. A store was also opened about this time by C. S. Dunbar. The first school was taught in the Summer of 1857, by Mary Filkins (now Mrs. G. H. Sargeant, a resident of Minnesota) in a small school-house, built of logs, in the Spring of that year. The next school-house was built of frame, in 1863. This is now standing, and is used as a saloon. The first religious services were held at the house of E. B. Bruce, by a Rev. Rogers, of Prescott, a Baptist mis sionary. The first death was Mrs. J. Youngman. This occurred in the Winter of 1855. The post-office was opened in i860, with Seeley Strick land as the Postmaster. He was succeeded by J. W. Winn, and he in turn by E. L. Davis, the present incumbent. Mr. Davis has been Postmaster since 1867. Ellsworth became county seat of the county in i860, and the county officers first held their offices in the base ment of the hotel erected by Mr. Crippin. During that year the few citizens built a log structure in which the first term of court was held in Ellsworth, S. S. N. Fuller, pre siding. In 1862 the citizens also erected a town hall, in which court was held until the present court-house was built. In 1864 a stone building was erected for the county officers. This is used by them at the present time. Ellsworth was laid out and platted as a village in 1862, by William C. Kinne, Norris Kinney and Ira Williams. J. D. Trumbull did the surveying. It is now a village con taining about five hundred inhabitants, and is situated in the center of a thrifty farming district. The most impor tant figures in this little place are the county buildings, which were erected, in 1869, at a cost of $30,000. It has its stores, hotels, churches, societies, and manufacturing in terests, such as might be expected in a place of its size. The first saw-mill erected in the place was by John Barnes, and for a short time did a considerable amount of business. It was subsequently burned down. The next one was built by Evans & Sanderson. It is now owned by G. W. Kimball & Son, and has a capacity of about 5,000 feet of lumber per day, but is operated only to supply the local or custom trade. One of the most prominent features of Ellsworth is a barrel-stave and heading factory, which was established in 1874 by Obadiah Eames. In 1880, this institution turned out 2,000 cords of staves and 3,300 cords of headings. Twenty-two men are employed, and the factory represents a total investment of $20,000. The product of this mill is sold mostly in Minneapolis and some in Red Wing. Mr. Eames died a short time since, and the property is now in the hands of his heirs, and under the control of G. W. Fletcher, who has been its foreman since the time it was established. The religious portion of Ellsworth is represented by a neat little church, which was built by the Methodist Epis copal society in 1876, at a cost of about $2,000. The church society was organized in about 1861. The present commodious brick school-house, built in 1874, at a cost of $4,000, is a credit to the village and one of the evidences of a high moral and intellectual culture. The schools are kept open from eight to ten months during the year, and the attendance is good, all of the departments being full. I. O. O. F., Ellsworth Lodge, No. 150, was instituted July 1, 1868, with six charter members; their charter is dated January 21, 1869. The first officers were M.B.Will iams, N. G.; John C. Anderson, V. G,; A. E. Michael, re cording secretary; H. B. Doolittle, treasurer. The present officers are Jacob Schuemaker, N. G.; G. R. Thurston, V. G.; M. M. Sanderson, recording secretary; J. S. Beatty, treasurer. The order is in a flourishing condition, and has a membership of fifty-seven. Ellsworth, from time to time, has had organizations of different temperance societies, but, like all their lives, have been spasmodic, and at present there is only one such or ganization — Ellsworth Lodge, No. 224, I. O. G. T. — which was instituted by Jennie Nash in the Winter of 1876, and is now in a prosperous condition with a good membership. HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 7i3 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HENRY P. AMES, Judge of the Probate Court of Pierce Co., Ellsworth, was born in Oxford Co., Maine, Oct. 18, 1831. After re ceiving a seminary education, he went to Delaware, where he com menced teaching school in 1849; followed that vocation until 1856, when he came to Wisconsin, and pre-empted a claim of 160 acres of land in Pierce County. In the Fall of 1858, located in the village of Prescott, and was elected Sheriff of Prince County. In i860, he was appointed County Treasurer, serving one term, after which, he commenced farming again, being also County Commissioner under the old system. Since 1867, he has dealt in real estate, and in 1868, erected the hotel, now known as the Keith House, which he ran for two years. He was elected to his present office in the Spring of 1877, re-elected in 1S81 ; was mar ried, in the Fall of 1857, to Miss Augusta C. Betts, who was born in New York. JOHN S. BEATY, proprietor of Forest House, Ellsworth, was born in Crawford Co., Pa., Nov. 20, 1837. Came to Wisconsin in June of 1864, and settled in Pierce County, on a farm. In the Spring of 1865, he enlisted in the late war ; in the 50th Wis. Vol. Inf., Co. G, serving until June of 1866, when he returned to his home on the farm, where he lived until February, 1876. He then moved to the village of Ellsworth, and started a general merchandise store, in company with B. Elliot, which he ran until 1879, when he sold out to his partner, and has since been running the stage line from Ellsworth to Prescott and Red Wing. In September of 1881, he commenced keeping hotel. He was married, in 1 861, to Miss Martha Mumford, of Iowa, who is also a native of Pennsylvania. Mr. Beatty was Chairman of the Town Board of Hart land in 1867, and is a member of the I. O. O. F., Ellsworth Lodge, No. 150. BENTON ELLIOTT, merchant, Ellsworth, was born in Michigan, Feb. 22, 1846, and lived there with his parents until 1861, his father R. B. Elliot, being an old settler of that State. He enlisted in the ist Michigan Cavalry on detached service, with Sergeant D. K. Johnson, of Grand Rapids, Mich. Served for one year, and then returned to Michi gan. In 1864, he went to Idaho, where he engaged at mining until the Fall of 1866. At one tine, in crossing the plains, his train had a despe rate encounter with the Sioux Indians. He then came to Wisconsin, locating at Ellsworth, where he started a restaurant, which he ran until 1869, when he sold out and bought some land, which he farmed for one year. In 1870, he started a general merchandise store, which business he has pursued ever since. He is a member of the F. & A. M., River Falls Lodge, No. 109. He served one term as Town Clerk of Ells worth ; was married, in 1.868, to Miss Emma J. Johnson, a native of Iowa. CORNELIUS FENTON, lawyer, Ellsworth, was born in New York, in January of 1838. He enlisted in the first three months call of 1861, and again in October of 1865, serving until the close of the war. In the Fall of 1866, came to Wisconsin, locating at River Falls, where he purchased a farm, and was also engaged at teaching school until 1869; he then moved to Ellsworth, where he continued farming until 1878, then moved into the village. He has served as Town Assessor of Ells worth for three years, also three years as Chairman of the Board of Su pervisors, having been Justice of the Peace for three years, still holding that position. He was appointed Court Commissioner by Judge Bundy, which office he now fills, and is a. member of the I. O. O. F., Ellsworth Lodge, No. 150. Was married, in 1870, to Miss Maggie D.Travis, anative of New York, and by whom he has four children, two sons and two daughters. GEO. F. FLETCHER (P. O. Ellsworth), superintendent of the stave-mill of O. Earns, deceased, of Red Wing. Was born in Bloomfield, Me., May 31, 1819, and came to Wisconsin in April of 1855, locating in the town of Hartland, Pierce County, where he entered some land from the Government. In the Spring of 1856, he, in company with Joseph and Wright Sleeper, erected the first school-house in said town, situated on Sec. 15, on the Isabella Creek, near Sleeper's mill. Mr. Fletcher enlisted, in the Spring of 1865, in the 50th Wis., V. I., Co. I, of the late war, serving until four months after the close of the war; after which he returned to his farm, living there until he engaged with the above firm, which was at the time the business was established, in 1874. He has served one term on the Town Board of Hartland, and was Treasurer of his school district for fourteen years. He was married, in 1844, to Miss Hannah A. Savage, who was also a native of Maine. JENS B. JENSON, County Clerk, Ellsworth. Was born in Nor way, Feb. 16, 1851. He immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1862, settling in Pierce County, where the subject of this sketch remained until the Fall of 1878, when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, in Pierce County. In the Fall of 1880 he was elected County Clerk, which office he still holds. He was married, in 1879, to Miss A. M. Isaacson, who was born in Pierce County, and whose father, Jens Isaacson, was one of the first settlers in the town of Martell. Mr. Jenson served as Town Clerk of Gilmanton for two years, and both himself and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. J. G. KEITH, proprietor of the Keith House, Ellsworth. Was born in New Brunswick, on the 20th of April, 1846, He left home in 1866. coming to Wisconsin, where he located at Trenton, Pierce County, and commenced farming. Here he resided until 1873, when he moved to the village of Ellsworth, and commenced keeping hotel, which he has run ever since, having added a large addition for an opera hall. Mr. Keith was married to Miss Annie Drake, in the year 1870, she being a daughter of John Drake, of the town of Hartland. GEO. W. KIMBALL, proprietor of the steam saw-mill, Ellsworth, was born in the State of New Hampshire, Jan. 28, 1821, and in Decem ber of 1867 came to Wisconsin, locating at Ellsworth, where he founded the Pierce County Herald, in company with his son, Morris B. This paper was Republican in its politics, and was first published on a sub scription list of 285 copies, but in 1872 had increased to a circulation of 1,472. In 1868, at the time they first edited the paper, Morris B. was the youngest editor in the State of Wisconsin, and his sister Minnie set type, when only five years old, in her father's office. Being too small to hold the stick in her hand, she used to set it on the case and call some of her older fellow-workers to space out her line. At the age of eleven years she was a good compositor and could set up an entire tax list. The subject of this sketch was married in September ot 1844, in Porter, Ind., to Adelia A. Dillingham, who was born April 3, 1822, in Huron Co., Ohio, and by whom he has had six children, three of whom are living, Morris B., Martha and Minnie J. They lost one son, Mon roe D., who enlisted in the war, in the 21st Ind., V. I., Co. I, and was killed in the battle of the Wilderness. His son, Morris B., also served five months in the war, being only sixteen years old. He is now warrant clerk and proof-reader in the Secretary of State office, at Madison. Mr. Kimball and son ran the Pierce County Herald until 1876, when they sold out to the present proprietor. He was also in company with A. Sanderson in erecting the Ellsworth steam saw-mill, said firm exist ing until 1876, when Mr. Kimball bought out his partner, and it is now run under the firm name of G. W. Kimball & Son. The subject of this sketch is a member of the I. O. O, F., Ellsworth Lodge, he being greatly instrumental in organizing said lodge, although not a charter member. WILLIAM C. KINNE, farmer, Sec. 19, P. O. Ellsworth was born at Green Mountain, Vt., May 1, 1815. He left his native State in 1841, and came with his parents to Wisconsin and bought a farm and was among the first settlers in Rock County. Here he resided until i860, when he moved to Pierce County and purchased the farm on which he now lives. He was one of the organizing members of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Ellsworth, which society built the first church in the village, Mr. Kinne donating four lots for that purpose, himself and wife having been members of that denomination for thirty years. He was married in New York State in 1841, to Miss Lucina Jacobs, who is a native of that State, and they have now a family of six children. They lost one son, Warren O., who was a soldier in the war, having enlisted in the 20th Wis. Vol. Infty. Co. A, in July of 1862, and died in the Regimental Hospital at Missouri, on the 9th of November, 1862, LLOYD L. LEWIS, retired farmer, Ellsworth, was born in Onon daga Co., N. Y. July 18, 1807. He came to Wisconsin in 1846, and made a claim in what is now known as Lewis Valley, in La Crosse County, moving his family there during the same year. He then com menced improving his farm, and also erected a saw-mill, which was the first one in that locality. He continued in this business until 1857, when he moved to Trempealeau, where he engaged at merchandising for one year, and in 1858 removed to Pierce County, buying a farm in the town of Hartland. In May of 1881, he moved into the village of Ellsworth. He has served as Register of Deeds in Pierce County, and also Clerk of the Court, and has held various town offices. His son, Knox W. Lewis, is the present Register of Deeds in Pierce County. J. B. MAYNARD, Jr., furniture store, Ellsworth, was born in Washington Co., Wis,, Feb. 13, 1851, and lived there until 1862, when his parents removed to Pierce County, settling in the town of Ells worth, one mile north of the village. Here the subject of this sketch lived at home until 1874, when he began work in the village at the car penter trade, which he followed for two years, after which he started a furniture store in company with C. V. Bisell, occupying the building which now joins his store on the east. In 1878 the firm dissolved, Mr. Maynard continuing the business, and in the Fall of the same year moved into the building which he now occupies. He was married in the following December to Miss Annis M. Beatty, who was born in Iowa. Mr. Maynard is a member of the I. O. O. F., Ellsworth Lodge, No. 150. JOHN L. MOODY, druggist, Ellsworth, was born in Vermont in August of 1851. Remained there until 1873, when he cnme to Wiscon sin, going to River Falls, Pierce County, where he engaged in the office of the River Falls Journal. Here he worked for one year and then commenced clerking in a drug store, at which he continued for three years, when he bought in as partner in the River Falls Journal. After engaging at this for four years, he sold out and removed to Ellsworth in the Sprint of i83t, and started in his present business. He served two years as Town Clerk of River Falls, and is a member of the F. & A. M., River Falls Lodge, No. 109. 714 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. THOMAS L. NELSON, retired merchant, Ellsworth. Was born in Cumberland Co., Penn., on the ist of September, 1831. His parents moved to Monroe Co., Mich., and the subject of this sketch came at the same time to Wisconsin, when he pre-empted a claim in the town of Hartland, Pierce Co., in the year 1855. He started a brick-yard the same year, where the present village of Bay City now stands, and after ward engaged at contracting and building, at Red Wing, Minn., and Prescott, Wis., until 1859, when he took a trip to Colorado, where he worked at mining. In 1861, he returned to Pierce County. He enlist ed in the late war, in Co. A, 20th Wis. V. I., in December, 1862, serv ing until the close of the war, afterward returning to his former home, where he followed farming and contracting until 1872, when he was elected Sheriff of Pierce County. In the years 1854-55, he represented that county in the Assembly, and in 1876 was re-elected Sheriff, and in the same year started a hardware store at Ellsworth, which he ran until April, 1881. He is a member of the F. & A. M., River Falls Lodge, No. 109, and has served as a member of the County Board for three years. Was married, in 1874, to Miss Sarah Stone, daughter of Col. Nathan Stone, of Prescott, who became a settler of Pierce County in 1853. JOHN PETERSON, blacksmith, Ellsworth. Was born in'Nor- way, April 11, 1833, and in 1869 came to America, locating at Eau Claire, where he remained for some time. He afterward moved to Red Wing, Minn., where he lived until 1872. He then removed to Ells worth and engaged to work for E. L. Davis, and in 1873 he started a shop for himself, where he still does business. In 1875, erected his present residence, and in the Fall of the same year, was married to Mary A. Kile, who is a native of Pennsylvania, and by whom he has one daughter, Lizzie. They are both members of the Lutheran Church, and Mr. Peterson is a member of the I. O. O. F., Ellsworth Lodge, No. 150. PERRY D. PIERCE, lawyer, Ellsworth. Was bom in Delaware Co., N. Y., Dec. 8, 1821. His father, Ebenezer Pierce, was born in Taunton, Mass. His mother, Martha Foster, was born in the town of Wilton, Conn. The subject of this sketch received an academic educa tion, and afterward read law with Abraham Becker at South Worcester, N. Y., and in 1843 was admiited to the Bar of the Supreme Court. He first practiced at Rensselaerville until 1854, and then came to Wiscon sin, locating at Prescott, where he continued his profession, being the first practiced lawyer in Pierce County. He served as District Attor ney of that county for two terms, and has been County Judge six years, and has continued his practice of law ever since, with the exception of four years, when he farmed in the town of Clifton. In 1870, when he took the seat of County Judge, he moved to Ellsworth, where he has made his home ever since. In the years 1864-65, Mr. Pierce was en gaged with the Government on the construction corps of the Railroad Department. He was married, in i860, to Miss Lucy E., daughter of William E. Scarsdale, at River Falls, and they have now two daughters, Lulie E., now Mrs. Frank Walsingham, and Grace A. MARK M. SANDERSON, of the firm of Sanderson & Campbell' merchants, Ellsworth, was born in Tioga Co., Pa., on the nth of April' 1854, where he lived until 1859, when he came West with his parents. first locating at Red Wing. Minn. In 1869, he came to Ellsworth, and clerked for'E. L. Davis. In the Fall of 1875, went to St. Paul, Minn., engaged in the wholesale house of N. B. Harwood & Co. ; continued in their employ until the Winter of 1877, and in June of the next year, opened a store at Ellsworth, in company with his present partner, and now does a business of $12,000 per annum, being also engaged in buying and shipping stocks. Mr. Sanderson is at present Town Treasu rer of Ellsworth. He was married, Nov. 6, 1879," to Miss Annie M. Schumacher, who was born in Indiana. SELAH STRICKLAND, real estate dealer, Ellsworth, was born in Massachusetts, June 8, 1829. In 1839, ne went with his parents to Port age County, Ohio, where his father, Willis Strickland, still lives, at eighty years of age. The subject of this sketch left home in 1850, and clerked in a warehouse until 1856, at which time he came to Pierce County. He bought a section of land in the Spring of 1857, and in company with his brother Seth, and Joseph Sleeper, erected a saw-mill on Isabella Creek. Remained there until i860, when he sold out his interest, and in the Fall of the same year, was elected Register of Deeds in Pierce County, which office he held two years. In the Spring of 1863. he commenced to improve his land, at which he continued until 1866, when he sold his farm and went back to Ohio, remaining two years. In 1869, lie returned to Wisconsin, and in 1870, settled again at Ellsworth, which has been his home ever since. He was the first Post master who served in the office at that place. He was married, in March of 1862, to Miss Eliza W. Woodworth, of Ohio, by whom he has one son, William W. FRANK B. WHITE, County Treasurer of Pierce County, and of the firm of Spinney & White, general merchants, Ellsworth, was born in New York, July 19, 1845. Came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1S51, locating in the town of Salem, Pierce Co., on a farm, where they resided until 1869, when they moved to the village of Maiden Rock. Here the subject of this sketch clerked for Merrill & Clifford, merchants which occupation he followed until 1878, when he was elected County Treasurer of Pierce County, being re-elected in 1880. He has served three years as Town Clerk of Maiden Rock, and is a member of the Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 196, F. & A. M. He was married, in 1877, to Miss Mary Holbrook. L. G. Spinney, of the above firm, was born in New Haven, on March, 185 1, and was married, in 1878, to Miss Bell Skinner, of Lake City, Minn. He is a member of the F. & A. M. Lake City Lodge, No. 22. MAIDEN ROCK. The place is in the southern part of the county, on Sec tion 15, Town 24, Range 16. It was first settled by A. Chapman in 1854, being then a part of the town of Pres cott. In the Winter of that year J. D. Trumbull entered all the land where Maiden Rock now is, settling there him self in the Fall of 1855, and began the erection of a saw mill, putting in a twenty-four horse-power engine. Among the other settlers of 1855 were Amos Harris, I. H. Steele, J. Fuller, M. J. Paine and J. A. Guitteau. Those of 1856, were J. D. Brown and family, Geo. Davis, R. W. Harvey, and G. R. Barton in 1857. Most of these men of the lat ter date worked in Mr. Trumbull's mill. The first blacksmithing was done by I. H. Steele in the Winter of 1856, and the first dwelling house was built by J. D. Trumbull during the same year. In the Winter of 1856-7 Mr. Trumbull built a shingle-mill in connection with his saw-mill. The first hotel was run by G. R. Barton, in a house built by J. D. Trumbull. This house has since been enlarged and remodeled, and is now the Lake View House, kept by H. Richards. The first religious services were held in the Spring of 1856, at the house of J. D. Brown, by Father Gurley, a Methodist missionary from Pepin. The first schcol was taught by Lottie Isabel, from Batavia, 111., in a shanty be longing to J. D. Trumbull. She had thirteen scholars. The first store was opened by William Kyle, in 1859. The first birth was Ida, a daughter of William Trum bull, in April, 1858. The first death occurred in August of the same year, and was William Trumbull. The first mar riage ceremony was performed during the same year also, by J. D. Trumbull, the contracting parties being Harry Brown and Percilla Nettleton. The village was laid out and platted by J. D. Trumbull in 1857, he doing his own surveying. The first lots were purchased of him by Joseph Hull. In 1856, Mr. Trumbull, procured the establishment of a special post-office, which received mails at the expense of the Postmaster, save the few dollars received for postage. As the nearest post-office was Wacouta, Mr. Trumbull found his expenses $50 for the year's supply of mails, while the receipts of the office were the large sum of $11. He was succeeded as Postmaster by S. A. Green ; he by George Davis ; he in turn by A. P. Merrill, when Mr. Trumbull again assumed the duties of the office, and has been the Postmaster since 1870. The growth of the town continued to be slow, the main channel of Lake Pepin being, accord ing to steamboat men on the west side of the lake, oppo site the place, and there being few settlers in the interior HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 7i5 to demand the convenience of transportation for crossing the lake and obtaining communication with the outside world. But the energetic disposition of Mr. Trumbull could illy abide by those disadvantages, and so we find him, in 1857, constructing a steamboat, to run regularly on the lake, making Maiden Rock a regular stopping place. This was the first boat that navigated only the waters of Lake Pepin. The first school-house was built in i860, and is the same one now in use. In 1870, James Walsingham erected a building, which was purchased in 1877 by J. D. Trumbull, and converted into a church, the only one in the place. Maiden Rock Lodge, A., F. & A. M., No. 196, was granted a dispensation May 20, 1873. The first regular communication was held May 31. Their charter bears the date of June 9, 1873. On June 27, the lodge was duly constituted and the following officers installed : J. B. Hull, W. M.; H. M. White, S. W.; J. W. Hancock, J. W.; J. D. Trumbull* Treas.; S. A. Green, Sec; A. P. Merrill, S. D.; Charles Smith, J. D.; T. B. Otis, tiler. It is now in a flourishing condition, with a large membership. Maiden Rock Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 268, was organ ized in April, 1877, by J. A. Young, with six charter mem bers. Their charter is dated December 7, 1877. It is now a prosperous order, with a good membership. Maiden Rock Lodge, I. O. G. T., No. 259, was organ ized January 12, 1877, by Jennie Nash, with thirty charter members. It now is in a prosperous condition, with a membership of thirty-six. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. AMBROSE COOK, lawyer, general collecting agent, and insur ance agent, Maiden Rock, was born in Vermont on the 12th of June, 1835. He came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1845, and settled in Milwaukee. Here they lived until 1850, when they removed to Dodge County. The subject of this sketch worked at farming for some time and then returned to Milwaukee, where he worked in a ship-yard for two years. He then went back to Dodge County where he worked at carpentering for thirteen years, giving his spare time to studying law. He then moved to Juneau County. In 1878 he came to Maiden Rock where he has practiced law ever since. He was admitted to the Bar in Juneau County, March 14, 1877, andhas served one year as member of the Town Board of Maiden Rock. Mr. Cook was married, in Dodge County, March 26, 1854. to Miss Elizabeth Sampson, who was born in Rochester, N.Y. They have four children — Henry H., Alford and Alvin (twins), and Elda S. Mr. Cook is a member of the I. O. O. F., Maiden Rock, Lodge No. 268. JEREMIAH FULLER, meat-market and stock-buyer, Maiden Rock, was bornin Washington Co., Ohio, Jan. 29, 1819. He first came to Wisconsin in 1851, settling on Rush River, about four miles north of what is now the village of Maiden Rock, Here he bought a farm of 200 acres from the Government, and immediately erected a small shanty, having brought his family with him. His wife was the first white woman in that vicinity, and it was seven months before she saw another white woman. Continued to live on this farm until 187S, when he moved into the village of Maiden Rock and started his present business. He has served on both the Town and County Boards where he lives. He was maried in Ohio, in 1849, to Miss Hannah K. Riley, by whom he has four children — William W.. Sarah (now Mrs. A. M. Keith), John D. and Lucy H. Himself and wife have been members of the Baptist Church since 1844. FRANK N. McVEAN, dealer in hardware and machinery, Maiden Rock, started in his present business in 1876, being successor to J, D. Trumbull. His business in 1880 amounted to $40,000, which had only amounted to $15,003 the previous year. He also owns a farm of 160 acres in the town of Maiden Rock. He was elected Chairman of the B^ard of Supervisors in the Spring of t83i. He is a native of Wis consin, and was born in 1851. He was married, in 1877, to Miss Kate Green, daughter of S. A. Green, who settled in Pierce County in 1859. Mr McVean is a member of the I. O. O. F., Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 268, being one of the members who founded it. Is also a. member of the F. & A. M. Lodge, No. 196, at that place. ALBERT P. MERRILL, general merchandise, Maiden Rock, was born in Wyoming Co., N. Y., July 22, 1832. He remained there until 1854, when he came West to the State of Michigan, and became station agent on the Michigan Central Railroad. He afterward taught school, residing there until 1865, when he removed to Pierce County, locating at Maiden Rock, where he established a general merchan dise store in company with V. C. Clifford, in the building which now forms a part of his present store. It then stood a little west of what is now known as the Lake View Hotel, and was the first store of the kind in the village. In 1866 he moved the building to where it now stands, and in 1869 his present store was completed. He buys and ships grain and also runs a lumber yard, doing an annual business of $35,000. He has served two years as Assessor of the town of Maiden Rock, and is a member of the Presbyterian Church at that place. He is a charter member of the A., F. & A. M., Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 186, and also of the Good Templars Lodge there. Mr. Merrill was mar ried to his first wife, Catherine Simpson, in Michigan, in 18:5. She died in April of 1857. He was married to his second wife, Miss O. A. Clifford, on the Ist of November, 1857. HORACE RICHARDS, proprietor of the Lake View Hotel, Maiden Rock, was born in New York State on the 2d of November, 1826. He came to Wisconsin in 1869, first settling at Pepin, Pepin Co. In 1875, he was elected Sheriff of that county. He then moved to Durand, where he was proprietor of the Ecklor House, and lived there until May, 1879, when he removed to Maiden Rock, and took charge of the hotel there. He is at present Constable of the town of Maiden Rock. lie was married in 1853. in New York, to Miss Mary Morgan, who was a native of that Stale. Their family consists of six children — Porter A., Laura E., now Mrs. Geo. F. Heslin, of Frontenac, Minn. ; Cora, Grant, John M. and Horace, Jr. JOHN D. TRUMBULL, merchant and Postmaster, Maiden Rock, was born in Massachusetts, Dec. 19. 1823. In the year 1845, he engaged with the Northwestern Fur Co., and in 1846 came to Wisconsin and es tablished a trading post at Fox Lake, Dodge Co. After remaining there one year he removed to Chicago, where he engaged as a merchant. In 1850 he went to Stillwater, Minn., where he continued as merchant for one year, and then became proprietor of the Minnesota Hotel, at that place, it being then the largest hotel in the city. Here he made his home until 1856. In 1854, he entered the land where Maiden Rock village now stands, and in 1855 began to erect a saw-mill. In 1857, be gan surveying lots preparatory to starting a village. He built the first sail boat run on Lake Pepin for local trade, and in 1857 built a small steamer to take the place of the "Lottie Lyon," erecting during the same year a grist and shingle mill in connection with his saw-mill, lhat being the first mill in the town. In 1857, the village of Maiden Rock was or ganized, and Mr. Trumbull was a member of the Board. He has since been Justice of the Peace for seventeen years, and was School Superin tendent there under the system of 1856-58. In 1867, he represented Pierce County in the Assembly, and was a charter member of the A,, F. & A. M., Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 196, organized in 1873, and also of the I. O. O. F., Lodge No. 268, organized in 1876. He was married at Baiavia, 111, to Miss Betsey Lyon, the daughter of Col. J. Lyon, an of ficer in the war of 1812. They have one daughter, Hattie J., now Mrs. E. J. Stevenson. MARONI WARE, physician and surgeon, Maiden Rock, was born in Grafton Co., N. H., Feb. 9, 1843. He came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1846 his father buying a farm from Ihe Government in Fond du Lac County, on which they resided until 1856, when they removed to Kansas, his father engaging in stock-raising and farming. The sub ject of this sketch afterward went to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and then returned to Eau Claire County, and in August of 1864, enlisted in the 51I1 Wis. Vol. I., Co. K, serving until the close of the war. He received a flesh wound in his left hip at the battle of Sailor's Creek, and after the war returned to Wisconsin and commenced to read medicine with Dr. E. O. Baker at Durand, Pepin Co. He afterward attended the Chicago Medical College, where he graduated in 1874. He first practiced at Lake City, Minn., in company with Dr. Baker, remaining there until 1876, when he moved to Maiden Rock, his present home. He was mar ried in Eau Claire County, in 1872, to Miss Martha Cooley, who was born in the town of Bornston, Canada, her parents coming to Eau Claire County in 1856. Dr. Ware is a member of the Pierce County Medical Society. PRESCOTT. Prescott is situated at the junction of Lake St. Croix with the Mississippi. At this point the bank is eccentric in form, and the land leads back by a gentle rise forty or fifty rods from the water's edge. On this plat of ground the 7i6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. lower city is built, which represents the business portion of the place. From the base of the bluff it rises more abruptly forty or fifty feet, and spreads out into a semi-circular pla teau, extending back about half a mile. The front of this elevated portion is worn off into scallops, ornamented by frequent Indian mounds. Therview from this elevation is grand and commanding. Looking to the south are seen the emerald hills of Minnesota on the opposite shore ; the Mis sissippi with bold and precipitous banks, and inset with is lands, leading off to the right and left, while the placid waters of the lake stretch away to the north. These, to gether with the peculiar arrangement of the city, combine to make the spot an attractive one. In the early history of Prescott we find an organization of some of the leading United States officers located at Fort Snelling, for the pur pose of securing the land at the present site of the city of Prescott. This organization was effected in 1827, and was composed of the following parties : Maj. Plympton, Capt. Scott, Col. Thompson, Capt. Brady, Dr. Emerson and Philander Prescott, the latter being an Indian interpreter for the Government. A claim of twelve hundred acres was made, and Prescott appointed to take charge of it until it came into market. The claim was pro tected until 1841, when an act was passed by Congress, denying the right of any organization to hold claims. Under this law, Mr. Prescott secured his claim of 160 acres, and a few years later he added 100 more, all of which ter ritory occupied a large portion of the present city of Pres cott. In the meantime, Prescott had been called to the fort, in performance of his duties as Indian interpreter. One Reed, a discharged soldier, was sent to hold the claim for the organization, but was afterward succeeded by a Frenchman by the name of Moshia. The same year, Hil ton Doe and S. J. Hodgeden, from Ohio ; J. T. Truse and J. D. McBully, from New York, landed at this point. In a short time, Doe was left alone with Reed and a small com munity of Indians and half-breeds. The settlement grew very slowly, from the fact of the company excluding all settlers from their claim. In 1841, William Schaser arrived, but only remained for a short time. He, however, returned in 1844, bringing with him his wife, the first white woman in this region. Mr. Schaser claims to have built the first frame house in Prescott. Their daugh ter, Eliza, was the first white child born in the county. In 1847, additions were made by the arrival of J. R. Rice and family, W. Lockwood, L. N. Harnsberger and George W. McMurphy. Mr. McMurphy was married to a daughter of Mr. Rice, April 24, 1848, which was the first marriage performed in the place. From this period the settlement began to grow rapidly. Prior to 1850, the improvements were very slow, when Dr. O. T. Maxon and W. J. Copp purchased the site. Pre vious to this, Mr. Prescott had sold several lots, and William Lockwood had opened up a small store, and was trading in a small way with the Indians. He afterward extended his trade as the settlers gathered in, by placing in a more gen eral stock. Mr. Lockwood died soon after. He was the first white person who died, and was buried in the town. Messrs. Maxon and Copp had their site surveyed and platted soon after their purchase. From this time on im provements began to increase rapidly. In 1853, Prescott became the county seat of Pierce County. The city charter of Prescott was granted in the Winter of 1856-7. At the election held in the Spring of 1857, the following officers were elected : J. R. Freeman, Mayor; N. S. Dunbar, Thomas Dicker- son, Seth Ticknor, Hilton Doe, George M. Oakley and N. A. Miller, Aldermen; P. V. Wise, Attorney; William Howes, Surveyor ; Thomas Dickerson, Superintendent of Schools. The city at this time was divided into two wards. Soon after this all the necessary municipal officers were elected or appointed, and thus we find the embryo city equipped with all the legislative power for self-government. It now contains three wards. Prescott continued to flourish as the county seat till 1861, when by a vote of the people of the county, it was removed to Ellsworth. This was a great blow to the city, and since that time but little advance has been made. It has a population of about 1,000, and is well supplied with churches, schools, hotels, and the various industries of a river and agricultural city. The first post-office established in Prescott was in 1845, by the appointment of J. R. Freeman as Postmaster. The means of transportation in those days being by the river during the Summer months, and on the ice, or by a slow and tedious trip through the forests toward the east ern part of the State in Winter, the mails did not reach this point very often. Such being the case, no post-office was needed, and for convenience, the mail was deposited in the Postmaster's hat. So the early settlers say. The fol lowing have performed the duties of Postmaster since Mr. Freeman: J. M. Whipple, O. T. Maxon, Andrew Rader, George A. Dill and the present incumbent, William Gates. The first bank was established in 1858, with Charles Miller, president, and W. P. Westfall, cashier, with a cash capital of $25,000, which was afterward increased to $50,- 000. In 1877, the bank succumbed, but in June of that year the doors were again opened by H. S. Miller, who is doing at present a general banking and exchange business. Manufactories. — The manufacturing interests of Pres cott are not as great as the people would wish. Several enterprises have been started, but their life has been of short duration. In 1856, Messrs. Silverthorn & Dudley started a saw-mill, which they operated until about 1861, when Mr. Dudley purchased Mr. Silverthorn 's interest, and erected his present steam mills, which consist of a flour and saw-mill. The flouring mill is used exclusively as a custom mill. The manufacture of wagons and carriages is carried on to some extent by F. Menicke. He established his busi ness or present shops in 1862. He turns out, of new work, twenty-five lumber wagons and fifteen carriages, HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 717 besides doing quite an extensive repairing business. J. Neinstadt also carries on quite an extensive business in the way of manufacturing heavy farm wagons. He commenced business in 1875. He also manufactures about twenty-five wagons, together with quite an amount of repairing. The Prescott Brewery was established in 1866, by N. P. Husting. He manufactures yearly about 800 barrels. The Prescott Machine Shop was established in 1876 by H. B. Failing. The shop is well equipped with all kinds of machines necessary to enable him to do first-class re pairing. Societies. — The Northwestern Lodge, A., F. & A. M., was first instituted in 1856, and worked under a dispensa tion until June 12, 1858, when they received their charter. E. A. Meacham, W. M.; H. Harvey, S. W.; G. H. Nich ols, secretary. The present officers are : W. F. McCray, W. M.; John Wicks, S. W.; N. S. Dunbar, treasurer; A. B. Failing, secretary; B. Catzenberger, S. D.; A. M. Ru dy, J. D.; S. Johnson, tiler. The Lodge is in fine work ing order, with a membership of fifty-eight. Prescott Lodge, I. O. O. F., was instituted September 6, 1868, with five charter members. Its first officers were; D. J. Dill, N. G.; S. Small, V. G.; H. C. Colton, secretary; David Lord, treasurer ; W. R. Gates, W.; B. F. Paine, C. Its present officers are : E. R. Welch, N. G.; W. H. Leav- itt, V. G.; A. L. Roberts, secretary; D. J. Dill, treasurer ; A. Edwards, W.; N. McGill, C. The Lodge is in a pros perous condition. I. O. G. T., Lodge No. 319, was organized September 26, 1876, with eighteen charter members. This Lodge has been in a prosperous condition ever since its organization. They have at present over 100 members. Prescott Juvenile Temple, No. 108, was organized March 17, 1877, by Lillie J. Robinson. It had ninety char ter and twenty-one honorary members. The children have collected a library of fifty-four volumes, through different entertainments given by the Lodge. It is now in a flour ishing condition, with fifty-six members. Prescott Temple of Honor was organized December 27, 1878, with forty-five charter members. This order is in a prosperous condition, and has initiated 130 members since its organization. Churches. — The first class in connection with the early history of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Prescott was formed in the Fall of 1853, under the labors of Rev. Norris Hobert, a missionary. The first services were held in the school-house. In 1854, the society was organized, and in 1856 their first house of worship was completed. Their present church was completed and dedicated September 8; 1870. Their present membership is eighty. The First Baptist Church sprang from the labors of E. W. Cressy, a missionary, who was sent to Prescott in 1853. Their first meetings were held in a house owned by Mr. Holman. The society was organized February 6, 1854. The Church has labored under many difficulties since its organization. They hold occasional services. The foundation was laid for the establishment of the Lutheran Church in 1865, by Rev. C. Hayer. In March, 1874, the society was organized. In the Fall of that year, they purchased the old Methodist church, in which their services are held. Th"ir present membership is thirty-five. The Episcopal Church was organized under the auspices of the Calvary Mission, in 1872. They have at this time twenty-five communicants. The Congregational Church was organized, February 15, 1852, by Rev. R. Hall. They first held their services in the school-house. Their church was commenced in 1855, but not finished until 1858. The Presbyterian Church was organized in 1855. Their church was erected in 1866. The Catholic Church was organized by Rev. Father Ver- vais. The society erected their present church in 1868. The membership consists of about fifty families. Schools. — The first steps taken in the matter of educa tion was by Mrs. Olive, in the Spring of 1851. She opened a school in her house, and gave instruction to all the chil dren she could gather together in the neighborhood. The first school-house built by the district was a portion of what is now the public school building. In 1859, the subject of a graded school was agitated, and a commodious school- house was subsequently erected, and now valued at $2,500. The schools are in a flourishing condition, with five depart ments, under supervision of a corps of efficient teachers. RIVER FALLS. The village of River Falls, located on the banks of the beautiful Kinnickinnic River, has a population of about fifteen hundred inhabitants. The line between St. Croix and Pierce counties divides the village plat, and one-third lies in St. Croix County. The river goes dashing through the central part of the village with a current so swift that the frosts of Winter are unable to check its course or con geal its surface. On its banks are located four flouring mills and one saw and feed mill, which are propelled night and day by the power gathered from its water. Quite an extensive merchant flouring business is done, and the flour shipped by rail to distant markets. Various religious socie ties have their pleasant places of worship. The different secret societies have their organizations and comfortable lodge rooms. The public school building, located on the west side of the village, is a large, imposing structure of brick, with all the late improvements, and will accommodate nearly three hundred pupils. The Fourth State Normal School, in the southeastern portion of the village, is built of brick, and cost twenty-five thousand dollars, a large por tion of which was donated by the adjoining towns. A more particular history of these institutions is given elsewhere. The early settlers of the Kinnickinnic Valley, at and near the village of River Falls, will next claim our atten tion. First, came Joel Foster, in the Fall of 1848, to this then wild, but beautiful spot which had hardly been visited save by the red man of the forest. Next to follow and set tle in the Fall of 1849, were D. McGregor, James and Wal ter Mapes. In 1850, Mr. Hayes, W. Tozer, Mr. Penn, and 7i8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Ira Parks, settled here. Following them came N. N. Powell, and Clark Green, and soon after, O. S. Powell and others of the family. Captain Woods settled on Big River, and C. B. Cox in Clifton Hollow. The settlers now began to come rapidly, each making his claim. The Powell brothers made claim of a large portion of the land on which the village now stands. Quite a nucleus of settlers were gathered around this point, which, with the valuable water-power, made it a desirable location for a manufactur ing center. The spirit of enterprise came with the new set tlers, many, if not all of whom were at this time from New England. With an eye to the future, N. N. and O. S. Pow ell laid out and platted sixty acres of land, in 1854, a por tion of their claim bordering on the river, and called it Kinnickinnic. The same year they erected the first store, which they filled with a stock of general merchandise. In 1856, they made another plat of one hundred and twenty acres, across the river, on the west side. Additions have since been made at different times by others. The first hotel was built by W. H. Winchester; the first blacksmith shop by R. Griffith; first wheel-wright, N. Wales; first cooper, C. J. Riker. Among the first thoughts of the people coming to this far away country, is writing back to the loved ones left be hind in the dear old home. This led to early measures for establishing a post-office. As the settlement increased and the facilities for transporting the mails improved, the Gov ernment was importuned, and Charles Hutchinson received the first appointment as Postmaster in 1854, and the first office was opened in the pioneer store. The following have since served as Postmasters : J. E. Webb, W. A. Tozer, Milton Webster, George P. Brackett and J. E. Flint, the present incumbent. The Bank of River Falls was organized January 1, 1874, with J. M. Smith as cashier. They are engaged in general banking and exchange business, also in foreign exchange. The extensive milling interests of the town furnish a large amount of banking business. Like most other towns, River Falls has had its draw backs, in the shape of fire and flood. Its worst mishap was the great fire of 1876. The fire broke out at half-past one o\ lock on the morning of the 30th of January, in the office of E. B. Homes, next to the post-office. The wind, at the time, was blowing a terrific gale from the south, which swept the fire with fearful rapidity. There being no fire de partment or organized company, the fire continued its course until it had destroyed some of the most valuable property in the village. The morning light found the labor and savings of years lying in ashes. The aggregate esti mate of losses in this great conflagration was $30,000. Manufactories. — The first saw-mill erected in the Kinnic kinnic Valley was in 1850 by C. B. Cox, at what is now known as Clifton Hollow ; the following year, he erected the first flouring mill, at or near the same point. In 1852, N. N. and O. S. Powell built a saw-mill a short distance be low where the Greenwood Mill now stands ; this mill was destroyed by fire in 1856. They erected a saw-mill a short distance below the Junction Mills in 1865, which was also destroyed by fire in 1872. Prairie Flour Mill, located on the north branch of the Kinnickinnic River, was built by C. B. Cox in 1854. It was run as a custom mill until i860, when he commenced to do merchant work. In 1874, J. D. Putnam & Co. pur chased the entire interest in the mill and overhauled it putting in new machinery for manufacturing the patent process flour, and adding another run of stone, making, in all, three run of stone, and have since run it as a merchant mill exclusively, with a capacity of sixty-five barrels per day. The same year, this company built a substantial ware house and grain elevator, with a capacity of 45,000 bushels of grain. In 1881, they added another story and remodeled the whole inside structure. On the same branch of the Kinnickinnic, a short dis tance to the south, is located the Greenwood Mills, built by C. B. Cox and Caleb Green in 1858, with two run of stone. In 1873, Messrs. Pomeroy & Bowron purchased the entire interest. In a short time, Mr. Pomeroy sold his interest to Messrs. McKay & Woodruff. In 1877, George Fortune purchased the entire interest and rebuilt the mill, making extensive improvements. It now has three run of stone and a capacity of forty-five barrels per day. Still further to the south, on the same branch, aie the Foster Mills, built in 1854, as a saw-mill. Mr. Foster run his first mill until the Spring of 1868, when he removed it ai.d erected a new mill. At the junction of the north and south branches is located the great flouring mills of Freeman & Stevens, known as the Junction mills, which were built in 1867, by C. B.Cox and A. D. Andrews. The original mill had five run of stone. In 1870, Mr. Cox sold his interest to A. D. Andrews. The same year, George Fortune purchased one-fourth interest. Three years afterward, A. A. Freeman purchased an in terest in the mill, and extensive improvements were made. In 1877, Mr. Freeman purchased the entire interest in the mill, which he still owns, except one-fourth interest in the business, which he sold to E. R. Stephens, of Minneapolis. In 1879, an engine was added to the motive power and the mill now has a capacity of 400 barrels per day, and gives employment to twenty men. They also have cooper-shops giving employment to twenty or thirty men, turning out from 300 to 400 barrels per day, and a large elevator with a ca pacity of 60,000 bushels. South of this mill, located on the south branch, is the " Cascade Mills," built in 1868, by William Barker. In 1876, another run of stone was added, making in all three run, with a capacity of forty barrels per day. It is used only as a custom mill. The River Falls machine shop was established in July, 1872, by the Young Brothers. The power for the shop was furnished at the Foster Mills, until 1878, when the firm erected a two story shop in the south part of the town. The firm was engaged in the manufacturing of brass work, turn ing and lath work, with a general repair shop. The motive power is a six-horse power engine. HISTORY OF PIERCE COUNTY. 719 The River Falls Lime Works were first established in 1868, by Messrs. Oakley & Nichols. In 1869, Mr. Oakley purchased Mr. Nichols's interest and ran the works until 1879, when Mr. Oakley put in the patent kiln. In March, 1881, Mr. J. Hale purchased an interest. With the improve ments being, added, the firm expect to turn out 40,000 bar rels during the season. Amber Cane Sirup Manufactory. O. S. Powell em barked in this new enterprise in the Spring of 1880. Its capacity is 500 gallons per day. In 1880, he manufactured 10,000 gallons. He manufactures a superior quality of sirup, a fact attested by the Cane Growers Association. Among the other manufacturies in River Falls, are seven blacksmith shops, three wagon shops, one stave mill, one marble shop and one cooper shop. Societies. — I. O. O. F., No. 199, was first organized Feb. 2, 1872, with five charter members. The fire of 1876 de stroyed the building in which their hall was located, and their charter, together with their furniture and fixtures were also destroyed. The charter was re-issued in December, 1876. The lodge is at present in a flourishing condition, with the following officers : W. S. Ensign, N. G.; C. G. Knowles, V. G.; P. F. Lowell, Sec; T. Martin, Treas. The Masonic Lodge of River Falls was chartered June 15, 1859, with ten charter members. The first officers were : C. E. Abbott, W. M.; A. Saunders, S. W.; W. A. Tozer, J. W.; J. A. Short, Treas.; Benj. Wilcox, Sec; P. H. Tain, J. D.; C. H. Rossman, S. D.; S. K. Rolling, tiler. Their present officers are : T. McLeary, W. M.; Joseph Stevens, S. W.; D. D. Proctor, J. W.; O. Strahl, Treas.; W. H. Saun ders, Sec; W. A. Bennett, S. D.; Frank Scribner, J. D.; F. W. Hammond, tiler. The A. O. U. W., received their charter June 8, 1878, and was organized with twenty-two charter members. The organization was effected by the election of the following officers : O. C. Hicks, P. M. W.; E. E. Getchell, M. W.; P. F. Lovell, G. F.; W. A. Burnett, O.; L. W. Austin, record er; William G. Cheever, financier; D. D. Proctor, receiv er ; E. G. Farnsworth, G.; M. Healy, O. W. The society is in a prosperous condition with a membership of thirty- six. The present officers are as follows : S. J. Oakley, P. M. W.; W. G. Cheever, M. W.; O. C. Hicks, G. F.; D. D. Proctor, 0.; W. A. Burnett, recorder ; E. W. Jackson, finan cier; George E. Reed, recorder; John Scott, G.; C. P. Butler, I. W.; E. G. Farnsworth, O. W. The Temple of Honor was instituted May 31, 1878, with thirty-five charter members. Much good has been ac complished by this lodge, in reclaiming the fallen and throwing around the pathway of the young protection from the evil influences of bad company. The Juvenile Temple of Honor was organized March 15, 1877. The oldest temperance organization of River Falls is the I. 0. G. T., the first organization of which dates back sev eral years prior to the present organization. The last char ter is dated March 15, 1877, with sixteen charter members. The lodge has initiated over 175 members since its last or ganization. Churches. — The early settlers of this region were accus tomed to gather for religious worship at the house of Mrs. Penn, about a mile and a half north of the village. A Sun day-school was organized in 1853. In July, 1854, Rev. Richard Hall, superintendent of the Home Missionary So ciety, preached the first sermon in River Falls, in the pio neer store, which had not, as yet, received its stock of goods. After that, services were held at different places un til the school-house on the corner of Fourth and Maple streets was finished. The Congregational Church was organized Feb. 3, 1855, with seventeen members. The edifice they now occupy was built in 1857, and dedicated in 1858. In 1867 steps were taken to build another church. Lots were purchased, the foundation laid and the frame erected and inclosed for a house, to cost $10,000, when a hurricane prostrated the structure. In 1879, a beautiful parsonage was erected adjoin ing the church at a cost of $2,000. They have at present 158 members. The First Baptist Church was organized April 12, 1857. In 1861 their first house of worship was commenced and finished in 1862. Since July, 1878, they have held no reg ular service. The Catholic Church was organized by Rev. Father Connelly, in 1875, with a membership of thirty-eight fam ilies. Their house of worship was built in 1876. There are now connected with the church forty-six families. The Episcopal Church was first convened under the la bors of Rev. John Williamson, a missionary, in 1859, hold ing services in the school-house. In 187 1 Rev. Charles Thorp became pastor, and during his ministry the church was regularly organized with sixteen communicants. Their house of worship was completed in 1872. Schools. — The same spirit of enterprise which had, from the first, manifested itself in the early settlers of this beau tiful valley in other matters, was manifested in matters of education. The first step taken toward providing means for the education of their children was the building of a school-house, in the Fall of 1854, at a cost of $500. Miss Helen Flint was the first teacher employed, and her salary was paid by subscription. A joint stock association was organized in 1856, and in corporated as the River Falls Academy Association, and another school building was erected during the same year, at an expense of about $5,000. This building was de stroyed by fire in 1879, since which time there has been built, on the site of the old academy, a brick structure, at an expense of $15,000. The donating of $25,000 and ten acres of land, secured to River Falls the Fourth State Nor mal School. The building stands on an elevated plat of ground in the southeastern part of the village. It is a com modious brick building, built in 1874. The school opened in 1875, with a corps of ten professors and teachers and an attendance of 200 hundred students. There are other small villages in the county, such as Diamond Bluff, Trenton and Bay City on the Mississippi; Clifton on the St. Croix; with Spring Valley, Rock Elm 720 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Center, Plumb City, El Paso, Esdaile and Martell distrib uted over the inland districts, each one being built on the bank of a perennial stream, and will in time, as the county develops, become large and prosperous villages. DIAMOND BLUFF Is a small village situated in Pierce Co., Wis., on the banks of the Mississippi River, about forty-three miles below St. Paul. It derives its name from the many particles of dia mond-shaped stones found on the huge bluff which rises to a great height, immediately back of the town, and is almost perpendicular, and has always been a guide for the pilots to run the channel of the river by. This village was first set tled in 1848, and among the early settlers of from 1850 to 1855, are, Enoch Quimby, August R. Mero, and John R. Niles, of the firm of Wethering & Niles. There are two general merchandise stores, two grain warehouses, one hotel and a post-office. It also has an extensive wood yard, ope rated by the above firm, which supplies wood for a great many of the boats on the Mississippi. There is a district school and a Methodist Episcopal Church, which was or ganized with five members, in the year 1855, in the back room of what is now known as the residence of Mr. Quimby. In the year 1866, it reached a membership of thirty, when they erected the building in which they now hold service, having at this writing fifty members. About a mile and a half below Diamond Bluff is a cluster of Indian mounds, containing from seventy-five to 100. They are situated on ground slightly elevated above the natural banks of the Mississippi, and cover from three to four acres, being one of the largest clusters of mounds of this character in the State. They are perfectly round or circular at the base, being con ical at the apex and vary in height from five to fifteen feet, and have the appearance of a regularly laid out village. No excavations have ever been made. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. AUGUST R. MERO, grain, wood and stock dealer, Diamond Bluff. Was born in the State of Maine, March 4, 1832. In 1858. he came to Wisconsin, and bought a farm in the town of Diamond Bluff, Pierce Co.. on which he lived until 1869, then moved into the village, and started a wood yard, which he ran in connection with his farm. In the Spring of 1874, commenced buying grain, in addition to his other business. In 1876, he shipped 44.000 bushels of grain, but as a general thing, averaged about 30,000. He was married, in 1861, to Miss Mary Niles, who was born in Maine, and by whom he has three children — Alice, Clara M. and Aug. H. JOHN R. NILES, of the firm of Wethering & Niles, dealers in general merchandise, and proprietors of wood yard, Diamond Bluff. Was born in Maine, April 10, 1833. He went to St. Paul, Minn., in 1854, and worked in the pineries during that Winter, and then, in 1855, came to Diamond Bluff, where he entered 240 acres of land east of the village. He commenced farming, and furnishing wood for boats on the Mississippi River, also working at the carpenter's trade. In 1879, ne opened a store in company with Mr. Wethering, and now does an an nual business of $7,000. Mr. Niles was the third settler in what is now known as the village of Diamond Bluff. He was married, in 1S67, to Miss Eleanor Rogers, who was born in Nova Scotia. LAWSON C. BURKE, merchant, Postmaster and wood dealer, Diamond Bluff, was born in Vermont Sept. 14, 1830, In 1856 he went to Minnesota locating at Hastings, where he commenced clerking in a hotel, at which he continued but a short time and then went lo Red Wing and ran a hotel for two years. He then commenced farming, and after doing that for six years, he returned to Red Wing, living there until 1870. At this time he came to Diamond Bluff and opened a store. He now holds the office of Town Clerk of Diamond Bluff, and has served three years as Chairman of the Town Board. His business amounts to about $6,000 per annum. He was married in New Hampshire, in 1854, to Miss Fannie R. Carriel. CHARLES H. GRANT, carpenter and builder, Diamond Bluff, was born in Augusta, Me., March 30, 1834. In the Springof i855went with a colony from Massachusetts to Kansas, settling on the Neosho River, Here he remained but a shoit time and in the Fall of the same year came to Wisconsin, locating at Diamond Bluff where he has made his home ever since, erecting the first hotel kept in that place. In 1862 he enlisted in the 30th Wis. V. I. Co. F, of the rebellion, serving until the close of the war, and was commissioned second lieutenant at Louis ville, Ky., in March of 1865. After the close of the war he returned home, and then moved his family to Hastings, Minn., where he had charge of Henry Butruff 's sash and blind factory for eight months. He then re turned to his former home, building the Methodist Episcopal church there in 1866, He has been Chairman of the Town Board for one year, also Clerk for the same length of time, and has been Town Treasurer for twelve years, and is a member of the F. & A. M., Northwestern Lodge, No. 105, at Prescott ; was married, in i860, to Miss Susan Rogers, who is a native of St. John, N. B. Their family consists of Carrie B„ Nellie H., Mabel C, and Ethel V. BERNARD D. ENGLEY, teamster, Diamond Bluff, was born in Lincoln Co., Me., May 5, 1826. He came to Wisconsin Sept. 20, 1857- and located at Diamond Bluff, where he farmed for four years, being also a wood dealer. He then returned to Maine and remained there two years, after which he came back to his former home and com menced in the wood business again, and has continued at that ever since. He has served as a member of the Town Board a number of terms. He was married in Maine in 1849 to Miss Lucy J. Prock, by whom he has two daughters, Laura B. and Addie M. ESDAILE. The village of Esdaile is situated in the southwestern part of Pierce County in the town of Hartland, on a small stream, a distance of six miles from Maiden Rock. It is an unpretentious village, quietly nestling among the hills and valleys, which relieves the monotony of the scenery in that section of the county, and is surrounded by heavily timbered lands. The principal industry is the manufacture of hubs, spokes and bent-wood work, operated by Charles Betcher, of Red Wing, Minn. They employ seventy-five men and ten teams the year around. The village has also two gen eral merchandise stores, a post-office, one hotel, one church and a school-house. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOSEPH GILLESPIE, proprietor of the Esdaile House, was born in Allegheny Co., Penn., in 1819. He worked at farming and coal mining in his native State until 1861, when he enlisted in the 4th Penn., Vol. Cav., Co. E, and served until March, 1863, when he was wounded in the right foot, which disabled him from further service. He then re turned to Pennsylvania, remaining there until 1867, when he came to Wisconsin, and bought a farm in the town of Hartland, Pierce Co. After purchasing his farm he returned to his native State, and brought his family to their Western home. They lived on this farm until 1877, when they moved into the village of Esdaile and built the hotel where he now lives. He was married in Pennsylvania, July 26, 1838, to his first wife, Catherine Koons, who died in 1858, and by whom he had seven children. He was married to his present wife, Mrs. Martha Bur dick, who is a native of New York State, and by whom he has three children. SAMUEL E. McDONALD, general book-keeper for the firm of Charles Betcher, hub and spoke factory, Esdaile, town of Hartland ; was born in Canada, on the 19th of September, 1850. Upon coming to Wisconsin he located in the town of Hartland, Pierce County, where he worked by the month. In 1871 he was employed by the above firm, first in the mill, and afterward in the office for two years, and in 1876 he started a general merchandise store in Esdaile, which he run in com pany with his brother William, until 1878, when he commenced farming, at which he continued unlil 1881, when he re-engaged with Charles Betcher. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace in Esdaile, for three years. He was married, March 14, 1874, to Miss M. J. Mc- Clenand, of Freeborn Co., Minn. The hub and spoke manufactory where he is engaged, employs about seventy-five men the year around, and ten teams, and in the year 1880, the wagon material shipped from there amounted to $60,000. WILLIAM MONRO, superintendent of the Betcher hub and spoke manufactory, Esdaile, was. born in Canada, on the 17th of August, 1838. He came to the United States in i860, and first located in the State of Michigan, where he worked at his trade (that of machinist) for six months. He afterward went to Nashville, Tenn., and lived in HISTORY OF POLK COUNTY. 721 the South until the close of the war, when he removed to Chicago, where he accepted the position of manager of the Cooper & Bro. bent timber manufactory ; remained there until 1869, when he came to Wis consin, and was foreman of Webster & Lawson's bent timber manufac tory at Menasha. In 1S79 he engaged in his present position. He is a member of the F. & A. M., Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 196. He was married in Chicago in i860 to Miss Nancy J. Wilson, who is also a na tive of Canada. ARTHUR J. MUMFORD, assistant foreman of the Betcher hub and spoke manufactory, Esdaile; was born in Pennsylvania, July 29, 1844, and came to Wisconsin in 1868, locating first at Ellsworth, Pierce Co., where he started a wagon shop, which he run until 1873. He then engaged with the above firm at Esdaile, as foreman in the wagon manufactory, which position he held until the firm abandoned that branch of business, when he assumed his present position. He enlisted in the late war, in November, iS6i, at Davenport, Iowa, in the 16th Iowa, Vol. Inf., Co. G, and served until July of 1862, when he was discharged on account of poor health. He re-enlisted in December of 1864, in the 50th Wis., Vol. Inf., Co. G, and served until June of 1866. He was married at Ellsworth in 1866 to Miss Elsie Brown, who was born in Waukesha County. They have four children — Wellman L., Nefadell, Lois and Martha B. WALTER E. WARREN, Postmaster and merchant, Esdaile, was born in Waukesha Co., Wis., September, 1857. In 1867 moved with his parents to Rock Elm, Pierce Co., where his father started a wagon- making shop. In 1879 he went to Esdaile, where he staried a store in company with Henry Doughtry, which they continued to run under the same name, until April, of 1880, when Mr. Warren bought out his partner, and was also appointed Postmaster. He has a trade of $5,000 per annum in his store and holds the office of District School Clerk. He is a member of I. O. O. F., Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 268, and also of the F. & A. M., Maiden Rock Lodge, No. 196. He was married, May 17, 1880, to Miss Jennie Campbell, by whom he has one daughter. POLK COUNTY. PHYSICAL FEATURES. This county lies between St. Croix, on the south, and Burnett, on the north, with Barron for its eastern neighbor, and the St. Croix River for its western limit. The land is generally high and rolling in the western portion, near the river, but in the center and eastern parts is level. Numerous large meadows abound, fur nishing large crops of wild grass. Some fine prairie land is found in the western portion. Pine, oak, birch and maple timber is found in large quantities. The land is fertile and susceptible of agricultural develop ment. The underlying rock is sandstone, and large deposits are found in different parts of the county. In dications of iron, copper and lead exist in the eastern and southwestern portions of the county, and there is a very extensive deposit of lime rock on the St. Croix River, one and. one-half miles south of Osceola mills, from which large quantities are taken yearly. The improved land is in a good state of cultivation, the staple crops being wheat, oats, barley, rye, Indian corn and potatoes. Stock raising is becoming of con siderable importance. Small fruits are grown in con siderable quantities. The seasons are more favorable to the raising of corn, and other small crops, than they were at the first settlement of the county. The first agricultural society was formed in 1860. Its fairs were successful, and did much to awaken an interest among the farmers. The principal exports are wood, lumber, wheat, lime, furs and mineral water. All the small grains raised find a ready market at home among the lumbermen, either in their natural or manufactured state. The manufacturing interests are principally of lumber, and water-power is used extensively. The products find a ready market in towns along the Mis sissippi River. The region is amply drained by the Clam, Wood, Trade, Wolf, Apple and Willow rivers, while the St. Croix is one of the principal streams of the State. St. Croix River rises from St. Croix Lake about one hundred miles above St. Croix Falls, in Douglas County, and forms the boundary line between Minnesota and Wisconsin, from Burnett to Pierce counties. The scenery of the river is a panorama of beauty that varies constantly as we pass slowly along. Now the banks 45 are formed by perpendicular cliffs, worn and scarred by the waters of centuries ago ; again, by fields of golden grain, or by a few tall pines, which have escaped the general destiny. Here and there may be seen white cottages and thriving villages ; numerous islands,. cov ered with willows, and a never-ending succession of logs, either afloat or stranded along the shores, are passed on the journey, and, at one place, perched on the pinnacle of a rocky height, two hundred feet above the river, is an old church, calling to mind the legends of Jesuit missionaries, who came into the country when it was but a wilderness for savages. It is not far from this church where the pilot will show you the hoof-prints of his satanic majesty's horse, left there ever so long ago, and believed to be imperish able. One of the notable points is that called the lime kilns, which have been in operation to some extent for the last thirty years. The lime is made from a natural deposit of almost pure silicate, which has formed of the drippings of water from the banks above. The deposit makes a valuable lime for blast furnaces. A short distance above the lime-kilns is the St. Croix mineral spring, which bursts out at the foot of a preci pice in a deep gorge, a few rods from the river, and yields water enough to cure the nation of all the ills that flesh is heir to, but most especially diseases of the kidneys and blood. A handsome hotel stands on the bluff, some 200 feet above the water. A stairway leads from the ravine to the top, and the view up the valley is well worth the climb to see. A little further on is Osceola, where the boat may stop long enough to allow you to walk up a beautiful glen, to see its cascade — Osceola cascade — as fine as Minnehaha. The village of Osceola, the county seat of Polk Count}*, has attrac tions of its own ; in its wild beauty it stands peerless among the sister villages that skirt the banks of the St. Croix, which should make it one of the most popu lar of Summer resorts. Picturesque surroundings, healthful locality, with trout streams and ponds, the mineral springs near by, and a class of people who are generous and hospitable ; what more need one desire ? Nothing but good hotels. A few miles above Osceola we enter the Dalles. Its strangely wild and inimitable scenery must be seen 722 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to be fully realized. For a distance of some three or four miles, the locality is peculiarly remarkable for its rugged character ; huge piles of rock rising on each side to a height of nearly or quite two hundred feet — in some places, three hundred — whose jagged fronts frown upon you, inspiring the beholder with awe for the grand conceptions of the Great Architect. The foundation is mostly trap rock, thrown up by some mighty effort of nature in apparently confused masses. Yet in this seeming disorder the geologist detects the most perfect order, as it emanates from the unvarying hand of nature. He will also tell you that the strata is almost as perfect as when it occupied its normal po sition ; that it has merely been heaved to the surface, a little displaced and filled with fissures, on an angle of some twenty or thirty degrees. To the casual observer, it looks as though it had required several earthquakes, with a sprinkling of two or three volca noes, and centuries of glacial action, followed by an innumerable number of years of wear of water, to create the landscape. It is chaotic to an eminent de gree, except where worn into perpendicular walls or deep wells by the water. These are wonderful curi osities, that are worth months of examination and careful study, each examination developing some new and profound effort of nature. The walls of the wells are circular, with sides worn as smooth as a revolving stone can polish them — in places, like burnished glass — and vary in depth and diameter from a few inches to forty or fifty feet. The people have named many of the wells, and true to old traditions in such cases, have made the devil a very prominent feature in the chris tening; the "Devil's Kitchen" is frequently filled by guests, who take advantage of his satanic majesty's absence to cook their dinner and eat their lunch on the substantial and rocky table he has provided, and many a shout of laughter and of song rises from his dominion, which indicate little fear of the alleged owner. The " Devil's Chair " is also a great curiosity, and is frequently visited by ambitious and adventurous youngsters, who do not seem to have much fear of its proprietor's return. There is considerable copper in the rock in this region, and whoever takes any interest in it can find the copper mines, which are now being worked to some extent. The rocky formation that begins at the foot of the Dalles, and forms the falls above, is the beginning of the copper-bearing formation that extends to Lake Superior, and there is little doubt that it will be found in the coming years a profitable mining district. St. Croix Falls has pleasant surround ings, and the attractions of the falls and rapids, and of the brooks, which are filled with trout, and the good hotels, make it a favorite point for passing the Summer months. A great many invalids visit it for the benefit of the pines, which grow abundantly along the shores and rocky cliffs. The Dalles House, on the Taylor's Falls side, kept by H. Netterfield, has long been a popular resort, and there is a probability that a fine new hotel will be built soon, with him for proprietor, who is very successful as a landlord. SETTLEMENT. The country now called St. Croix County, was originally occupied by the Chippewa Indians. Two hundred years ago, in 1681, Daniel Greysolon Du- Lhut, or Duluth, and five French Canadians, visited the territory, trading with the Indians. Father Louis Hennepin also visited the St. Croix during 1681, and for a long period, the region was famous as a fur-pro ducing locality. Jonathan Carver, not only visited the valley in 1766, but he made a map thereof. What must be called actual settlement, dates from July 30, 1837, at which time Franklin Steele, George W. Fitch, Col. Stambault, Emerson Maginnis, and three others, made claim to and " squatted " on land where St. Croix Falls now is. The claim antedated Government survey some eight years. The treaty at Fort Snelling, between the United States and the Chippewas, was made July 29, 1837, whereby the latter ceded to the United States the upper valley of the St. Croix. In 1842, the Indians ceded their right to all lands, in this region, since which time no organized bands have had permanent foothold in the valley. In 1838, a company known as the " St. Louis Company," composed of W. S. Hungerford, James Livingstone, Franklin Steele, Dr. George W. Fitch, James Libbey, B. F. Titcomb, and W. S. Holcombe, living at St Louis, Missouri, and near Alton, Illinois, was formed to carry on a general lumber, manufacturing and trading business. This company built a dam, large saw-mill, several stores and shops, about twenty dwell ings, did a flourishing business for a few years, and then failed. The property soon came into the possession of James Pennington, an experienced lumberman from Maine. Returning from a journey East in 1847, he met Caleb Cushing on a steamer on Lake Superior. Mr. Cushing visited the Falls, was delighted with the location, invested largely, and formed a new company with a cash capital of $60,000. Many improvements were made, and business was prosperous for several years. Prominent among the traders who were here about 1845, were M. M. Samuel, at Balsam Lake and St. Croix Falls ; J. D. Ludden, at Butternut Lake; Sylves ter Partridge, at Round Lake ; and Anson Northrup, at St. Croix Falls, one-fourth of a mile east of the present village, on the northeast quarter of the north east quarter of Section 30, Township 34, of Range 18. From 1844 to 1848, William Kent, H. N. Setzer, Smith Ellison, J. L. Taylor, Daniel Mears, John Mower, William Nobles, Martin Mower, William J. Vincent, Harvey Walker, William Mahoney, Perkins, William R. Marshall, Philip Jewel, William S. Hungerford, John Weymouth, Harrison Schultz, Joseph Bowron, Robert Kent and Anson Northrup were among the prin cipal leading men who settled here. ORGANIZATION. The county was named in honor of James K. Polk. Although tlie first election was held in this county in 1844, it was as a voting precinct. The county was not organized by act of Legislature until 1853. The county seat was located at St. Croix Falls. The first general election was held in November, 1853. There were then two voting precincts in the county — Leroy and St. Croix Falls. Sixty-four votes were cast. George DeAtley was one of the judges of election. The first county officers elected were Isaac Freeland, HISTORY OF POLK COUNTY. 723 Clerk of the Court; E. C. Treadwell, Sheriff; O. A. Clark, Surveyor ; Isaac Freeland, Register of Deeds ; William Kent, Treasurer ; Harman Crandall, Coroner ; Nelson McCarty, District Attorney ; Isaac Freeland, Clerk Board of Supervisors. The first meeting of the County Supervisors was held in Osceola, in a house built by R. Webb, in which building the county offices were located for many years. At the first general election, in the Fall of 1853, after the county was organized, there was a contest over the location of the county seat. A vote was taken to remove it to Osceola. The record shows forty-two votes in favor of the proposition and none against it. The county records were then moved to Osceola. One year after, at the general election, in 1854, another vote was taken to move it back to St. Croix Falls. The vote was forty-six in favor of returning it to St. Croix Falls and fifty-eight in favor of having it remain at Osceola, where it has since been located without contest. The first court was held at Osceola, Judge Wyram Knowlton presiding. There were grand and petit jurors in attendance. The sessions were held in the school-house, Isaac Freeland was the first attorney admitted to practice by the Court. Isaac W. Hale was the County Judge. The first grist-mill was built at Osceola by the Kent Brothers, in 1848, and the first public hotel building, a large three-story structure, by Caleb Cushing's Com pany, at St. Croix Falls, the same year. The first bridge was built across the St. Croix River, between St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, and Taylor's Falls, Minne sota, in 1856. The first mail route was up the St. Croix River, from Stillwater to St. Croix Falls, carried in a bateau in the Summer and on the ice in the Win ter, by Dr. Aldrich. It was a weekly mail, and the route was established in 1840. The first overland mail route was from Willow River, now Hudson, to St. Croix Falls, a weekly, established in 1847, carried by Dr. Aldrich through the woods. The first stage line was from Hudson to St. Croix Falls, commencing in 1855. The first lawyer was Isaac Freeland ; first physician, Dr. Carli, of St. Croix Falls. The first newspaper in the county was the St. Croixian, started at St. Croix Falls, by Reymert and Bartlett, December 1, 1860. One year afterward it was changed to the Polk County Press and moved to Osceola by Sam S. Fifield, who had the previous year bargained for the material of the office. Fifield was succeeded by Charles E. Mears, the present proprietor. The North Wisconsin News is published at Clear Lake, by E. O. Johnson. There was considerable strife in 1854, when rail roads began to be talked about, between speculators and actual settlers, in the entry of the public lands. One notable instance was in the town of Farmington. Several settlers had pre-empted some valuable land, but failing to make their final entry at the proper time, a wealthy speculator, named Ovid Pinney, entered their lauds from them. This so enraged the settlers that they collected a band, seized the old gentleman, and, after carrying him several miles, held a council, and decided to drown him in the St. Croix River. Finally better judgment prevailed, and he was released. The first pre-emption and entry of land was made in what is now the town of Farmington, in 1848, by Har mon Crandall. The land at St. Croix Falls was claimed as mineral land for some 3rears, and was held by the " squatter's right. The swamp, pine and mineral lands embraced an area of some 12,946 acres, and was dis posed of to the State by grant of the General Govern ment, and to lumbermen and settlers. During the Sioux massacre in 1862 this county and the upper St. Croix Valley were threatened with an In dian raid. The settlers armed and prepared to defend themselves, but were not molested. The first railroad in the county, the Northern Wis consin, was built in June, 1874. It extends across the southeast corner of the county, in the town of Black Brook, for a distance of twelve miles. Apple River was thus denominated because of the great quantity of wild ground nuts, or roots, called by the Indians apples, that grew on its banks. Willow River received its name from the immense willow marshes near the stream. Clam River was thus called on account of the large quantity of fresh water clams found in its bed. Namekoggan is the Indian for swampy river. OSCEOLA. The county seat was founded in 1854, by the Kent Brothers. They built the first grist-mill in the county, and the second saw-mill, and enjoyed a well-earned prominence for many years. The place was named by James Living stone, after Osceola, the Seminole chief, of Florida. Immense deposits of Potsdam sandstone exist at Osceo la. Many fossils are to be found there, prominent among them the trilobite. Large deposits of calcareous tufa are also found near the limestone beds south of Osceola. Large numbers of ancient mounds exist in the town of Osceola, some of them being twenty-five feet high. Skele tons of human beings have been taken from all these mounds that have been opened. Some of the bones are very large, which would indicate that a race of people larger than those who now live here were buried therein. William Kent located his saw-mill and settled at Osceo la in 1844, and with his brothers, was afterward the founder of Osceola. He was the first County Treasurer, and has long been a prominent steamboat-man on the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. H. N. Setzer is now a well-established lawyer in Duluth. Daniel Mears came from Boston in 1848, as an agent of the mercantile house of Dexter, Harring ton & Co., and first located at St. Croix Falls, afterward at Willow River Mills. He was State Senator in 1858 and 1859, and has been for many years a prominent lumberman and leading citizen. Williarn R. Marshall afterward be came Governor of the State of Minnesota. Joseph Bow ron founded the town of Bowron's Mills, on Willow River, and was in the Assembly in 1849, representing the counties of La Pointe and St. Croix. William J. Vincent held many important civil offices, and was County Clerk for seven years. Robert Kent was County Judge for ten years. The first organized religious society was at Osceola, in 724 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1852, of the Methodist denomination, with preaching by Rev. Eddyvin ; afterward by Rev. George Hilton, in 1854. The first church building erected was by the Baptist society in Osceola, with Rev. S. T. Catlin as pastor. The first steamboat built in the St. Croix Valley, or in Polk County, was built at Osceola, by Holmes & Cummings, in the Winter of 1854 and 1855. The first school-house was built at Osceola in 1845, and in St. Croix Falls in 1861. The first school in Osceola was taught by W. A. Talboy, in the Fall of 1854. ST. CROIX FALLS. This village derives its name from the falls in the river opposite it. The village was platted in 1845 ; Flint's Addi tion to the same, August 28, 1857 — the original survey be ing made by Maine T. M. Chandler. Osceola was platted April 26, 1855, by F. G. Murray; Clam Falls, July 17, 1873, by John Ekwurtzell. In 1857, R. C. Murphy and Col. Bodfish, of Maine, en deavored to build up St. Croix Falls, but after one year's work failed. In 1870, the European and American Emi gration Society was formed, Count Taub, of Sweden, repre senting the European interests, and Caleb Cushing the American. The design of this company was to build a city at St. Croix Falls. They brought out many settlers, but after one year's work abandoned the enterprise. St. Croix Falls is located on what was the Indian's and trapper's trail, from St. Paul and Fort Snelling, on the Mis sissippi, to La Pointe, on Lake Superior. The first birth was that of Charles Northrup, in 1842, at St. Croix Falls ; first marriage, Louis Barlow, by Rev. Mr. Boutwell. The first school was established at St. Croix Falls in 1848, and was taught by Mrs. Tainter. The scarcity of provisions in the Springof 1844, created what has been since known as the " starving time," when the trials of the Jamestown colonists, in Virginia, in 1609- ro, came near being re-enacted at St. Croix Falls. None died, but those who were able, cut a road through the wil derness, fifty miles, to Fort Snelling, where they took shin gles and traded them for condemned army pork. They also picked meat from the refuse and garbage that had been cast aside through the Winter. George W. Biownell, a geological surveyor, of the Government, passing through this vicinity at the time, gave the settlement all the pro visions he had. Thus the starving pioneers lived for two months, when a steamer came from St. Louis, loaded with supplies. The first religious services among the whites was held at St. Croix Falls in 1852, by Rev. Boutwell, from Pogema Lake, a Congregational missionary among the Indians. Settlers came in slowly until 1866 and 1867. The first store was built at St. Croix Falls, also the first black smith shop, first frame house, first hotel or boarding-house ~" for mill hands — known as the "Planters' House," and " Soap Grease Exchange" — by the St. Louis Lumber com pany. HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 7«5 PORTAGE COUNTY PHY/SICAL FEATURES. Portage County is geographically near the center of the State, and is composed of twenty-two Government townships, being five of these in length from north to south, and five between east and west for the two upper tiers of towns, and four for the other three. It is joined on the north by Marathon, on the east by Waupaca, south by Waushara and Adams, and on the west by Wood County. It contains 892 square miles of territory. The Wisconsin River enters the county in the town of Eau Pleine, in the northwestern part, and runs in a southeasterly direction about four miles below Stevens Point, leaving the village on the left bank. It then turns rather abruptly west, and leaves the county be tween the towns of Plover and Linwood. Mile Creek starts in an easterly direction, in the town of Carson, and finally, going south, enters the Wisconsin. Mead ow Creek arises in the counties above, runs southwest through the town of Hull to join the Wisconsin, three miles above the city of Stevens Point. The Waupaca starts in Sharon, moves southeast through New Hope, Amherst, and leaves the town and county in Lanark. The Plover starts north of the county, runs south, and enters the Wisconsin below Stevens Point. The county is well watered, and, in the eastern part, are numerous lakes, not exceeding a mile in their largest diameter. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad runs through the county near the center, nearly east and west. The Wisconsin Central Railroad comes into the county about six miles south of the northwest corner, runs in a generally southeast direction, and leaves the county eleven miles north of the southeast corner. The Portage division of this road is located from Stevens Point, south, leaving the county near the center of the south ern boundary. The Wisconsin Valley road, now in the possession of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Com pany, lies diagonally across the northwestern part of the county. A railroad is also building from Plover to Stevens Point. The whole county is remarkably level, being slightly inclined to the south, without marked elevations or depressions. The altitude is about 200 feet above Lake Michigan, and is quite free frem swamp land or barren places that can not be utilized. The county was first visited and settled along the river, for the sake of the lumber, but the distance to haul provisions, and the trouble of bringing them so far up the river, called early attention to farming, and labor in this direction has not been disappointing. Up to the very time when the land was shown, by the crops raised upon it, that it was most valuable for agri cultural purposes, it was reported and generally believed to be swampy, sandy and sterile. Indeed, the early geological reports characterized the whole region of Northern Wisconsin as practically worthless after the removal of the pine lumber, which was supposed only to exist along the large streams. That the idea of the poverty of the land was soon corrected, may be obvious from the fact that within four years after the land office was opened in Stevens Point, nearly one-half of the land was sold, although on its establishment there were grave doubts as to whether it would pay expenses. The title of most of the land went into the hands of actual settlers. As to the extent of the pine, it embraced originally but about one-eighteenth of the county, as the pine as a rule gradually diminished at a distance from the river, giv ing place to hard timber. Beside, there were beautiful openings of prairie, extending the whole length of the county. The geological formations to which the county be longs are the Archaean and the Lower Silurian. The dividing line, running in an irregular way across the county, leaving the northeast corner and the north west corner of the county, with a strip down each side of the Wisconsin River as the Archaean portion, and the lower part of the county and a tract coming near a point east of the center of the northern boundary of the county, as the Lower Silurian. It is quite likely that at no great depth throughout the whole county, the Archaean rocks will be found. The rocks that crop out, near the various falls par ticularly, are of a crystalline character, and make a su perior building stone. And with skill in selecting and combining various tints and shades, beautiful architect ural effects could be secured. At Conant's Rapids, a fine-grained, pinkish-gray gneiss is found, interlaid with white quartz and feldspathic granite layers. At Shaurette's Rapids, at Stevens Point, the rock is a moderately coarse, laminated brownish micalaceous gneiss. The rapids are in each case over schistose and gneissic beds, and where the river is embanked with sand, there is often near the bottom or at the water's edge, an outcrop of similar rocks. The surface of the county is more or less undulat ing, with broken bluffs and uneven ridges. The line of the glacial drift is across the lower part of the county. If there is limestone, it has not been uncov ered. There should be some kaolin beds, which will some day prove valuable. The brick made from the clay in the county ap pears to be too sandy, but this may be due to improp er or insufficient manipulation in the process of manu facture. South of Plover is a great marsh, where there is a vast bed of peat, covering about four townships. With the abundance of wood, this is not utilized for fuel ; this formation must belong to the Pliocene or the post-Pliocene accumulations. 726 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The large marsh alluded to is in the towns of Plo ver, Pine Grove, Buena Vista and Grant. Almost eveiy town in the county has several marshes upon which cranberries are grown. These patches are usu ally irregular in form, their outlines representing fan tastic animals, birds and other familiar objects. Prop erly handled, this soil is the most valuable of any in the county. The elevation along the river varies from 450 to 550 feet above Lake Michigan. Back from the river it is much higher. At the railroad station at Stevens Point the altitude is 484 feet above Lake Michigan, and 1,065 above the sea. Most of the soil is inclined to be sandy, although it is not uniformly so ; but sand is the basis of all soil, and it is true here that with what measure you meet, it shall be measured to you again. The soil of the timber lands is unlike in many par ticulars that of the prairie lands, which has been formed mostly by the decaying roots of grass and the ashes resulting from the periodical burning of the uncut hay. The timber lands have not been burned over, only in exceptional cases, and the heavy coat of vegetable mold which everywhere covers the ground is made up of successive generations of decaying leaves and other vegetable forest growths. In the marshy places there is a heavy black loam like the prairies of Illinois, of wonderful richness. The finer varieties of hard-wood like the white oak, hickory and ash do not grow on sandy soil. So we find in portions of the county usually away from the streams, the soil is of a rich heavy black loam, underlaid by a heavy clay subsoil. Practically, as soon as the timber and debris is re moved, the crop can be at once scratched into the ground without plowing, and this can be repeated the second time, until the atmospheric action has complet ed the decay of the rootlets near the surface, when it is ready for the plow. As to the durability of the soil, there is as yet, after successive croppings since the first settlement, but lit tle if any diminution of its ability to produce. An analysis of the soil, gives about this average re sult : Organic matter, 9.60 ; insoluble silicates, 80.36 ; alumina, 2.90 ; peroxide of iron, .90 ; carbonate of lime, 1.01 ; carbonate of magnesia, .86 ; water, 3.15. The capacities of such a soil is undoubted. The climate of the county as exhibited by the tem perature and humidity, the two principal factors in mak ing it up, is not unlike that of the same latitude east and west, although the distance from large bodies of water and of immense treeless prairies prevents those sud den changes which are so disastrous in so many ways. Cold can be endured with little discomfort on ac count of the dryness of the atmosphere. The average annual temperature is probably about forty-seven degrees, that of the Winter being twenty, the Spring forty-six, the Autumn forty-eight and the Summer seventy -three. As to the rain-fall, thirty-seven inches, including the melted snow, would approximate the truth. There are no malarial diseases, and the county has a remarkable small death rate, a large proportion of the deaths being from hereditary causes. THE INDIANS. Up to the year 1820, all the territory west of Lake Michigan was Indian country. It is true there were two small settlements which had been occupied by the British during the war of 1812, and still were trading- posts, but they were occupied by permission of the War Department, the only authority by which any white man could place his foot upon this soil. John Bowyer was the energetic Indian Agent at Green Bay, and he succeeded in securing from the Menomonees a cession of forty miles square, with Fort Howard as the center. When the treaty came up for ratification in the United States Senate, it was opposed and defeated by the New York Senators, because they were interested in the removal of the Onondagas, Tusca rawas, Stockbridges, Ma-nic-a-nicks and Oneidas, from New York to the Menomonee country, west of Lake Michigan, and these tribes had obtained permission to visit the Menomonees for the purpose of making an ar rangement to that effect. In relation to the removal of the New York Indians, which was subsequently par tially carried into effect, it may not be stepping aside too far to remark that this plan was first formally suggested to the Indians by Rev. Dr. Jedediah Morse, who was their friend and adviser. The plan was eager ly caught up by Rev. Eleazer Williams, who saw vis ions of a vast Indian empire in the West, and it was urged with all the skill and genius inspired by pecunia ry interests, by the New York Land Company, composed of such men as Thomas L. Ogden, and in behalf of the Stockbridge Indians, the Presbyterian Board of Missions was enlisted to promote a consent to the removal. This land company had" secured the pre emption right of purchase of most of these Indian reser vations, as well as the Senecas, near Buffalo. In 1828, certain private land claims, which had been allowed by act of Congress some years before, were or dered surveyed. This survey only covered these patents, so that Wisconsin was not yet open to settle ment. Samuel C. Stambaugh appeared as a new Indian Agent at Green Bay in 1830. He at once addressed himself to the business of securing the land for white settlement, and early in September, called a council of the Menomonees. He asked fhem why they were so poor and miserable ? Why their woman and children were so destitute ? And informed them in glowing terms of other Indian tribes who had plenty of money and goods furnished them every year by the Govern ment, and then inquired as to what use to them was the vast wilderness of swamps and woods, while they had no blankets or money ? By this simple reasoning, they were very soon persuaded that they had too much land and too little money or goods. So it became easy to arrange a visit to Washington to see the Great Father. In October, following, the delegation started — Mr. Stambaugh, Indian Agent, fourteen chiefs, two women and two interpreters. They arrived in Decem ber, and Mr. Eaton, who was Secretary of War, soon concluded a treaty, ceding all their land east of Green Bay, Fox River, Winnebago Lake and the Milwaukee River, to the Government. HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 727 On account of the acquired rights of the New York Indians, already alluded to, this treaty had trouble in the Senate ; it was, however, ratified with a clause pro tecting the rights of the New York Indians. As to the Winnebagoes, who occupied the country west of the Menomonees, in 1820 they had five villages on Win nebago Lake, and fourteen on Rock River. At St. Louis, in 1816, on the 3d of June, they had concluded a treaty of peace with the United States, as a supplement to the treaty of Ghent, as they had been engaged with the British in the war then just closed, and received annuities from that Government. No land was transferred at this time, and the tribe continued to levy tribute on all who passed up the Fox River. Their territorial claims were quite extensive, reaching from the Chippewa, on the north, to the small streams run ning into the Mississippi and into Illinois, on the south, and the Menomonees on the east. In 1829, a large part of their territory in Southwestern Wisconsin was sold to the General Government, and in 1831, the resi due lying south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox River of Green Bay was transferred. The treaty of 1825, by which the boundaries between the several tribes was established, conceded the Win nebagoes to be the owners of the territory now sub stantially covered by the counties of Clark, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Green, Grant, Iowa, Jefferson, Jackson, Juneau, La Fayette, La Crosse, Marquette, Monroe, Richland, Rock, Sauk, Vernon, Winnebago and Wood. The consideration for the land ceded in 1829 and in 1831 was fl,500 000, to be paid in annual payments of $50,000 a year for thirty years. The treaty which finally took the last acre from the Winnebagoes was secured in this way, as related by the Hon. Henry Merrill : " Gov. Dodge, living at Portage, in 1837, invited the Winnebagoes to send a delegation to visit their Great Father at Washington. Suspicious of a purpose to ob tain their lands, they asked, 'What for? to make a treaty ? ' The Governor evaded the point, suggesting that they could get acquainted with their Great Father and obtain presents, and, after much persuasion, it was agreed to send a delegation — Yellow Thunder, One-eyed De Koury, Little De Koury, Winno Sheek and six other chiefs, with some young men, sons of chiefs. Satterlee Clark accompanied them as one of the conductors. " As soon as they reached Washington, they were beset to hold a treaty, and cede their lands to the Gov ernment. They finally declined, saying they had no authority for any such purpose ; that the most of their chiefs were at home, who alone could enter into such a negotiation. Every influence was brought to bear upon them, and they began to get uneasy lest Winter should set in and prevent their returning home. They were without means to defray their expenses back, and those managing Indian matters in Washington availed themselves of the necessities of the delegation, keeping them there, and urging them to enter into a treaty. " At length they yielded, not to their judgments, but to the pressure brought to bear upon them, and yet while reluctantly signing the treaty, all the while stout ly protesting that they had no show of authority to do so. The treaty, as they were informed, permitted them to remain in peaceful occupancy of the ceded lands for eight years, when, in fact, it was only that number of months, and as each went forward to attach his name, or rather mark, to the treaty, he would repeat what he understood to be the time they were to remain — ' eight years.' And thus the poor red men were deceived and outwitted by those who ought to have been their pro tectors." One of the young men who was a party to this treaty dared not visit his father, a prominent chief, for some time. Yellow Thunder declared he would not go to Turkey River, in Iowa, where a reservation had been made for them. He and young Black Wolf were inveigled into Fort Winnebago, under pretense of holding a council, seized, manacled and started West, but he managed to escape, returned and entered forty acres of land from which he has never been driven. It is related that when a young chief "Dandy" learned that theyr were to be sent away he went with an inter preter to Gov. Dodge. " Well," says the governor, " what in do you want ? " " Tell him," said Dandy, "that I came to see him, and if he had come to see me, I should have received him in a gentlemanly way and waited patiently to learn his business ! " " Well," said the governor, "what is it?" Dandy then produced from under the folds of his blanket a book. " Ask the Governor what book that is." " Oh, yes, that is the Bible." ' • Ask him if he ever read it, if he is acquainted with its contents." " Yes, certainly." " Ask him if it is a guide for human conduct, if it points out the whole duty of man." " Yes, Dandy, you will find it all recorded in that book." " Well," says Dandy, " if that book says I shall go to Turkey River, I will go, but if it don't say so, 1 won't ! " This fraudulent treaty of November 1, 1837, embit tered the Winnebagos and cost the Government a large amount of trouble and expense, which is not over yet. This treaty of 1837 granted a perpetual annuity to the Winnebagoes of $50,000 a year, and they were to have a fixed habitation, and be taught agriculture and the mechanical arts. At this time as many as could be collected were re moved to Turkey River, Iowa. In a few years they were removed to Long Prairie, Minn. Here mills were built, farms opened, houses built, and other improve ments made, as it was supposed to be their permanent home. From here they were forcibly removed to Blue Earth, Minn., which was guaranteed to them as their future home. Here, also, valuable improvements were made and they remained as a barrier between the wild tribes of the plains and the steady oncoming of civili zation. On the breaking out of the rebellion, 100 Winneba goes out of 600 male adults, enlisted in the army of the Union. In the Sioux outbreak, in 1862, the Winnebagoes refused to join, but assisted the whites and actually 728 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. prevented it from being much more serious than it was. This Sioux massacre was seized upon by interested parties to have the Winnebagoes removed from Min nesota, and in 1863 Congressional sanction was ob tained for their removal to the Missouri River, in Dakota, where they were taken and left without prop er supplies, or agent, or supervision. Hundreds died from want and exposure, and many were killed by the Sioux. Realizing that they were practically abandoned by the Government to their fate among their hereditary enemies, they organized into two bands, one of which returned to Wisconsin, the other went to Nebraska and made a bargain with the Omahas for a part of their reservation, which was afterward ratified by Congress. On the 25th of June, 1864, Congress, to repair to some extent the injustice practiced upon these people, passed an act providing that " the proportion of the annuities which would have been paid the stray In dians if on their reservation, should be retained in the Treasury to their credit from year to year, to be paid to them when they should unite with their tribe, or to be used by the Secretary of the Interior in settling and subsisting them on any reservation which hereafter might be provided for them." In 1871 Congress passed a joint resolution, appro priating $15,000 for the removal of these stray Indians in Wisconsin. No action in the matter was taken until January, 1873, when Mr. C. A. Hunt, of Mel vina, Wis., was appointed special agent to remove them from the State. Various devices were employed to induce them to go, and about 600 were got together in camp near Sparta. H. W. Lee, Esq., was employed as attorney by the Indians, and on conferring with Mr. Delano, Secretary of the Interior, he was informed by Ed. R. Smith, Indian Commissioner, that there was no authority for the forcible removal of the Indians, " that the act simply appropriated money to defray the expense of removal, but did not provide that they should be re moved." On the receipt of this information the Indians at once left the camp and went about their usual work, cutting wood, harvesting, picking hops and berries, and whatever they could get to do. The special agent, being without Indians to trans port, secured the assistance of United States troops from Fort Snelling, who, with the assistance of the civil authorities, corraled the Indians and succeeded in transporting between 700 and 800 of them to Nebraska, where 240 died, and the rest found their way back to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1874. And now about one-half of them are scattered about the State and the other half on their reservation in Nebraska. Many of them are now actual settlers in Portage, Marathon and Jackson counties. It is claimed that there is now due them from the General Government about $100,000 as their just pro portion of the annuities due them for their proportion of the pa}'ments for their lands. The Winnebagoes originally came from the South and conquered the territory in Wisconsin, which they occupied for perhaps 300 years, from the Sacs and Foxes, This sketch embraces a brief history of this tribe since the advent of the white settlers upon their domain. EARLY HISTORY. The history of Portage County is intimately con nected with the lumbering business on the Wisconsin River from its very first commencement. Fort Winnebago, at Portage, between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, was built by lumber got out on a small island in the Wisconsin River, a few miles above, and floated down. What little sawing was required was done by hand. At the request of John Jacob Astor, the head of the American Fur Company, a military post was estab lished at the Portage, where there had been a trading post for several years occupied by Peter Pauquette, the agent ; John Kinzie, the sub-agent ; and Francis Le Roy and a few half-breeds. The exactions of the Winnebagoes, who believed in a high tariff for revenue, seemed to demand this military occupation. The troops came in the Fall of 1828, and the lumber alluded to was floated down in the Spring of 1829, which marks the time of the first log driving on the Wisconsin River, and it was under the direction of Major Twiggs, afterward the general of Mexican war fame. The next lumbering operations, and practically the beginning of the business on the Wisconsin River, which was then Indian Territory, was in 1831, by Daniel Whitney, of Green Bay, who obtained a permit from the War Department, which then had control of such matters, as the Interior Department had not then been created, to build a saw-mill and cut timber on the river. The mill was erected in 1831-2, at Whit ney's Rapids, below Point Bas. In 1836 Amable Grignon and Samuel Merrill ob tained a like permit and built a mill at Grignon's Rapids. The establishment of these mills, foreboding the more extens.ve encroachments of civilization, excited the apprehension of the Indians and they began to make serious complaints to the Government agents, and a treaty was made with the Menomonees in 1836, at Cedar Point, on the Fox River, by Gov. Dodge, by which the Indian title was extinguished to a strip of land up the Wisconsin, six miles wide, from Point Bas, forty miles up the stream, to what is now Wausau. The great demand and high price for lumber down the stream had stimulated the business to a consider able extent. Exploring parties immediately went up the river, and during the years 1837-8 and '39 every eligible place on the river as far as Big Bull Falls, was occupied. Bloomer & Strong and George Cline secured Grand Rapids ; Fay, Kingston & Draper occupied Biron's Rapids ; A, Brawley was at Mill Creek ; Perry & Veeder were on the same stream ; Conant & Campbell were located at Conant's Rapids ; on the Plover, at McGreer's Rapids, were Harper & McGreer. Such was the activity on the river that these parties had all commenced in 1837. The depressing panic of that year prevented new enterprises until 1839, when John L. Moore began op- HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 729 erations at Little Bull Falls, now Mosinee, and Geo. Stevens at Big Bull Falls, now Wausau. The tract ceded in the Cedar Point treaty was or dered surveyed in 1839, and it was accomplished by Joshua Hathaway, of Milwaukee. The whole tract was offered for sale in 1840 at Mineral Point. Since that time for forty years there has been a constant sup ply of lumber to furnish the business below. The first family to locate in the original county of Portage, now Columbia County, was that of Wallace Rowan, who entered a quarter section of land near what is now the village of Poynette, in Columbia County, at the land office in Green Bay on the sixth day of June, 1836. He had a double log house and was engaged in trade with the Indians, and being on the military road between Prairie du Chien and Fort Howard via Fort Winnebago, he also enter tained travelers, whom he and wife and his daughters always strove to make as comfortable as possible. John B. DuBay's father, who was an old Indian trader, claimed that he spent a Winter, in 1790, at the very place where his son subsequently located at Du Bay's Trading Post, as it is still called, some twelve miles above Stevens Point, and where he yet lives. In 1840, although most, if not all the mill sites on the upper Wisconsin, as it was then called, had been secured, the number of persons within the limits of what is now Portage County, was small. Those who are remembered as being in the county at that time were, John Boucher, Valentine Brown, Porter Bar nard, Abraham Brawley Gilbert Conant, Peter Cane, Daniel Campbell, John Eckels, John G. Hebbard, Thomas Harper, James Harper, Horace Judd, H. W. Kingsburn, Solomon Leach, Th. McDill, Hugh Mc- Greer, E. H. Metcalf, Orrin Maybee, Charles Maddy, A. M. McCauley, Antoine Pricourt, Conrad Rather- man, John Raish, Solomon Storey, James Sitherwood and Richard Veeder. The fame of the Wisconsin pineries spread far and wide, and the opening of the six mile strip was exten sively known, and settlement from Southern Wiscon sin and Northern Illinois was rapid. S. A. Sherman came to Plover in October, 1848. A. L. Sherman and Charles P. Rice staked out their claims at a mere venture as to boundaries, as there had been no survey. General Albert Galatin Ellis is supposed to be the oldest settler living in Wisconsin, having come with the New York Indians to Green Bay in September, 1822, whence he came to Stevens Point. John R. Mitchell and Fannie Luther were the first couple married by E. G. Bean, magistrate. Mrs. M. Bliss was the first school teacher. The early experience of S. A. Sherman is thus stated by himself: " On the 5th of October, 1848, I left Worcester, Mass., to go West, taking Greeley's advice. I took the cars to Schenectady, and from there to Buffalo, by packet on the Erie Canal ; from Buffalo to Milwaukee with the noted Capt. Blake on the steamer * Nile ;' ar rived at Milwaukee on the 14th. After stopping three or four days, I fell in with Charles P. Rice and my cousin, A. L. Sherman, and came through with them to Plover. I arrived at Plover on the 25th of Octo ber. From Strong's Landing (now Berlin) to Plover there was not a house. While I was in Milwaukee, a treaty had been concluded with the Indians for all of this territory known as the Indian Lands. When we arrived at Plover, we were the first to bring the news of this treaty. Our nearest post-office was Portage City, and mail came only once in two weeks. The next day after our arrival, Rice, A. L. Sherman and myself went out to what was called Little Prairie, and each of us made a claim and were the first who made a claim in this country. There never having been a survey made, we stuck our corner stakes at random, then paced off and stuck the others. The claim I made was what is now known as the John Morgan farm, in Stockton ; but I have never been to look up the corner stakes since. At about this time, Matt, and John Campbell started a small store at Stevens Point and employed me to put up some shelves to hold their goods. In going to the Point I took the wrong track and got lost, but upon hearing some one chopping I went in that direction and came to a small hill or knoll, covered with brush, with some graves upon it ; I then saw the river and discovered my whereabouts. That knoll is now in the thickest settled part of the city of Stevens Point, and about where Dr. Rood's house stands. That night I was stowed away in the attic of the building, with Dr. Phillips as bedfellow, where we put in a long and tedious night, contesting our claim with an army of bed-bugs, but by perseverance and good generalship we held the fort and came out victo rious. On my return to the county seat, I found per sons fitting themselves out for an exploring expedition to look up water power for mill sites. I joined the party for the Wolf River, consisting of William Dun- ter, Goolsbery, Dave Lacount and others. Another party, consisting of Miner, Weston and Kingston, went to the Yellow River, and located at Necedah. At this time, the excitement in making claims was mostly for mill sites and hotels, the supplies for the pinery being brought from Illinois and Southern Wisconsin, and the country being considered of but little account for farm ing purposes. Mr. Hartwell and Franklin were the first to experiment in farming in the pinery. On my return from the expedition, which was the hardest siege I ever experienced, I found Mitchell & Brown, who were keeping a hotel at Stevens Point, had made a claim at Buena Vista and erected a board shanty. Sherman & Rice were keeping a hotel at the county seat, at what is now called the Empire. At that time, it was the only house north of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers that was plastered or painted, or had chimneys. Before reaching home, I met them with a load of lum ber, on their way to make a claim at the forks of the road leading to Berlin and Portage City. I built the building for them, which was the first frame building put up on the Indian land. This was near where the thriving village of Plainfield is now located. Mitchell and Brown went on beyond us four miles to the four lakes on the Berlin road, and built another set of shan ties, making three hotels they were running. Then I went on beyond there to the edge of Big Prairie and made a claim and built a shanty, and stopped in it over night. In the Spring, I went down the river on lum ber to Galena. On my return, I visited my claim, and 73° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. found a man by the name of Firman had jumped it, so I sold out to him. And that claim is the one that Fir man and Cartwright had so much trouble about, and which cost them and two others, Troop and Langdon, their lives. Shortly after that, I built a house on Lit tle Prairie for John L. Moore, which was the first house in Stockton. There being so much strife about hotel- keeping, and just after the battle of Buena Vista, in Mexico, we named Mitchell & Brown's first shanties Buena Vista, and the place has gone by that name ever since. We also named Lone Pine. In 1850, I went East, and married in '51. Moved to Fond du Lac in 1852, and ran the first planing mill there and north of Milwaukee. Moved to this place in 1853, bought Gil bert Conant out, and built at the Bloomer Rapids, about half a mile below Conant's, where I now reside." THE WHITE PINE. A few words in relation to this tree, the object of the early settlement of most of Northern Wisconsin : Unlike the oak and most other trees, the pine is not reproductive ; when a generation matures or is cut off, it will not again produce a crop on the same soil. It is confined to its peculiar territory, and when we re member that the average age of a pine tree is only about 300 years, is seen that our pine forests were not in existence when Columbus discovered America. The pine evidently succeeded some growth that could not be reproduced, and it evidently exhausts the soil of the special material for its growth, leaving it, however, in a condition to grow oak and a variety of other productions. In the growth of a pine forest, there is a constant death and decay of inferior or over shadowed trees, and comparatively a small number come to a condition suitable for the lumberman's ax. The pine has several causes of decay. There are no known insects that originate decay, but several that hasten it, when once started from any cause. The three most prominent causes of decay in the pine are punk or rot, wind-shakes and loose knots. The punk is a kind of cancerous growth on the side of a tree, that eats into its very vitals. A low state of vitality will produce it. The black knot is a decayed limb that has not been closely grown around, and in duces decay. The wind-shake is a most exasperating defect of lumber, occurring near the butt, and is caused by the bending of the tree in high winds, when the annual growths are separated by sliding upon each other. Another external enemy of the pine is fire. A pine tree that has been scorched must be promptly utilized, or the insects will render it useless. Among these is the pine weevil, tornicus zylographus, who goes for a sound tree, but not a live one. There is another worm that goes straight to the heart, leaving a small black hole. The hurricane may also be stated as one of the causes of destruction. A full-grown pine is from ninety to 160 feet high, averaging 125. A log sixteen feet long will average 250 feet of lumber, although some have yielded ten times this amount. The roots of a tree are supposed to equal one-half the lumber above ground. The di ameter of a log averages thirty inches ; sometimes it is six feet. A pine, as found standing in the forest, has branches for the top third of its height. The task of reproducing the pine forests that are now falling with such remorseless rapidity, is a hope less one, and science and art will combine to produce a substitute, for it is only a question of time as to when an article made of so common a material as pine, shall be eagerly sought after as a curiosity, to be carefully preserved among the bric-a-brac of future generations. In years to come, when the pine lumber which is so plentiful to-day may have been superseded by a mate rial resulting from the combined art and skill of the chemist and mechanic, it will be interesting to read an account of the peculiarities of lumbering on the Wis consin ; the hazardous, uncertain and excitable part of which is even now among the things that were, having been supplanted by railway transportation al most exclusively. Realizing the rapidity with which old things are passing away and all things becoming new, the meth ods of conducting the lumbering operations on the Wisconsin will be here recorded. Lands are purchased up the river by the various lumber companies, who send an expert to estimate the amount of lumber per acre. This is done in various ways; the most simple is to count the trees, noting their average size, and by well tried rules estimating three, four or more trees to the thousand feet, arrive at a close approximation of the yield. On the ap proach of Winter, camps are sent into the woods — so many teams, so many men, so much feed and so much provision. Contracts are sometimes made at a cer tain price per thousand. The logs are cut in lengths of twelve, fourteen and sixteen feet, and exceptionally longer for specific purposes ; hauled to the river to await the breaking-up of the ice and the rise in the river, in the Spring. Every lumberman has a regis tered mark, which is one or more initials or some other device, which is cut into the log. When the freshet comes on, the logs consigned to the stream float on with the current ; but in the sometimes nar row and tortuous stream there is not infrequently a jam, where millions of feet will be piled up, tier upon tier, to finally break loose and, with the ac companying flood, hurry on, to be caught in the booms below. The boom is a floating dam kept in position by piers or wing rudders, which can be ad justed to maintain its position by the current itself. From the boom connected with the mill, the logs are hauled up by various devices, and sawed into timber, scantling or boards, as it will best work up. The boards are sawed one and one-eighth of an inch thick, so that they can be dressed down to one inch with little waste. The old New England method of marking the number of feet upon the board is not followed here. The manner of shipping by the river, formerly the only method of getting lumber to market, was by means of rafts, after being sawed. A raft was formed in this way : The lumber is laid up in cribs composed of three grub planks at the bottom, about five feet apart, with three two-inch auger holes to insert the grub-pins of hard wood, four feet long. The crib is made up this way'12xl6 feet, or twelve feet square, HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 73i by alternating the layers lengthwise and crosswise, un til from twelve to twenty tiers of boards are laid, when they are securely pinned together. Six of these are placed end to end by coupling planks, and a stick of timber is secured across each end. To this is piv oted the oar, a stick thirty-six feet long, with a board blade on the water end. By means of a spring pole, the forward end of the raft is turned up to some ex tent, to facilitate its movements over the various ob structions. Thus arranged, it was called a "rapid piece." A rope rap from end to end, to enable the raftsmen to hold on, as the piece would become sub merged on diving over the rapids. Each crib would contain about 3,500 feet. It would take from two to eight men to manage one of these pieces. And what was called a fleet consisted of twenty of these pieces, all under the charge of a pilot with his gang. The Wisconsin River above Point Bas is a succession of rapids and eddies, surging over uneven and rocky bot toms with a swift current, broken and ever changing, offering serious obstacles to navigation, yet over all these the lumber had to pass. And the guidance, of these rafts required courage, skill, practice and the hardest labor, and was attended with extreme peril. The pilots were a remarkable race ; they were indis pensable in getting the lumber to market, and could make their own terms, at from five to fifteen dollars a day. Getting something ahead, they would contract to take the lumber from the pile, place it in the river, and deliver it in St. Louis or Dubuque at so much a thousand feet. They were energetic, honest and trust worthy, and imbued with generous impulses. Large amounts have been expended on the river in putting in improvements, such as slides or sluiceways. But such improvements were mostly short-lived, the ice in the Spring generally sweeping them away. A raft was worked down in this way: On nearing a fall, a rapid or slide, the whole fleet was tied up in the eddy above, and a single piece, suitably manned, was run over, to be tied up below, when the men would "gig" back, as they called it, for the next piece, and so on until the whole fleet had run the rapids. Such was the extent of the business before the railroads, that the eddy room was insufficient for the prompt handling of the lumber. Sometimes as many as twenty fleets would be seen at the same eddy. The rafts were generally tied up at night, the raftsman cooking, and sleeping in his blanket on shore or on the raft. Having got below the Grand Rapids, two pieces were coupled side by side to run the Dells. It may be worthy of remark that the various names of the remarkable objects now seen by so many thou sand tourists every year, in their visits to the wonder ful Dells, and which have such a sulphurous odor, were bestowed by the Wisconsin raftsmen, who were familiar with this weird and wonderful scenery long before it became a place of such popular resort. Several rafts were usually joined together below the Dells, and on reaching the broad Mississippi, the whole fleet was made up into one huge raft, with rude cabins and cook houses. And down that stream the men served watch and watch. The raft was driven by the current, but an exact knowledge of the location of bars, sloughs and islands was required, and the utmost vigilance was necessary not to miss the right channel ; for the wrong one was destruction and loss, as there was no backing out. Notwithstanding all this expense, the cost of getting the lumber to market in those days was but about five per cent of its value. The time occupied in running a fleet from Wausau to St. Louis might occupy but twenty-four days. But on account of the shoal water in the Lower Wisconsin, weeks were sometimes spent there in a vain endeavor to enter the Mississippi. There is still some lumber rafted down the river, but the amount is small as compared with the early times, when there were no other means of transportation. About 4,000 feet of logs is a car-load. In 1873, 13,- 000,000 feet of logs were secured on the river, and to transport this amount on the railroad would require 3,250 car-loads. In the years 1840-41-42, all the advantageous points on the river and its tributaries received accessions, mills having been erected with surprising celerity. This business of felling the gigantic pine, hauling it to the river, floating it to the mills, and converting it into boards and shingles, and running the rapids with it to market, is no child's play. It involves great outlay of capital and labor, with imminent risk of life, limb and money. But regardless of all these hazard ous chances, the business was embarked in by thous ands, and the woods were soon full of them — choppers, loggers and teams — and the rivers were struggling with logs and lumber. The question of supplies was always a serious one, and the expenditure of muscle in bringing a single small load of provisions to the pineries was prodigious, and can hardly be realized in this day of steam. Many who came with lumber in the eye quietly changed their objective view, and transposed their weapons of assault upon the denizen of the forest into agricultural implements. The change into tilling the soil from that of laying low the towering pine which for centuries had its gigantic branches tossed, defying a thousand whirlwinds, was like passing from a state of war to one of peace. This change, for those who adopted it, was a suc cess. But still the lumber business, regardless of its perils, kept ahead in the race, and so early as 1857, 3,000 men were bending their energies to the produc tion of lumber, so that the amount floated down in a season represented $4,128,000. About one-quarter of a million of this money would come to Portage County, or about one-sixth of the whole. Everything went by the river, and detachments were landed at every point from Portage City to St. Louis, and made the erection of all those cities possible. The delay in getting to market, and the uncertainty as to the time when re turns would arrive, was sometimes most exasperating, and added very materially to the amount of capital re quired to successfully carry on the business. Now the transportation is largely by railroad, and correct esti mates can be made as to when the sales will realize for the operators. A treaty with the Winnebagoes on November 1, 1837, at Washington, secured all their land in Wisconsin, for $55,000 a year, perpetually, and on the 18th of October, 1848, at Pow-aw-hay-kon-nay, the Menom- 732 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. onees surrendered all their lands in the State, wher ever found, the consideration being $350,000 to be paid in a specified way. The public survey soon followed, but the people of Portage County had to go down to Mineral Point to the nearest land office to enter their land. This, of course, was a great hardship, and Gen. A. G. Ellis made a map of the State, dividing it into three land dis tricts, with headquarters of one of them at Stevens Point, the others at La Crosse and Hudson, inclosing a petition for a land-office here, and sent it to Wash ington. A very few weeks later it was so ordered, with Gen. Ellis as Receiver and Abraham Brawley as Register, and the amount of land entered and paid for here must have originated the phrase "doing a land of fice business." The office was opened in 1853. Spec ulation was rampant and became gigantic in propor tions. The air was heavy with schemes to amass un told wealth, and with visions of colossal fortunes, only awaiting the clutching of those who possessed the genius to see them. In 1856-57 advantage was taken of the flood tide of prosperity and a project to extend the Milwaukee & Horicon Railroad to Portage County was diligently worked. Although not even a preliminary survey had been made and not a dollar expended on the line, the operators carried off, it is estimated, more than a half million dollars worth of deeds, bonds and mortgages in exchange for their worthless stock. The historic commercial collapse of 1857 was an eye- opener most potent, but the obligations then entered into, continued returning long afterward, unfortunate ly, not to plague the inventor, but to annoy and dis tress the victims of the confidence game. Years after this, Hon. George Reed, with Colby and Phillips, being honorable business men, secured sub stantial aid, and, with the assistance of a land grant, built the Wisconsin Central Railroad. The county seat was first established at Plover, but in 1867 a vote of the people removed it to Stevens Point, the business center of the county. Railroads. — The history of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, like almost all the others in the State, em braces changes of ownership as well as name. In 1870 the Milwaukee & Northern Railway Company was or ganized to build a road from Milwaukee to the Fox River below Winnebago Lake, and thence to Lake Su perior. In 1873 the road was completed from Mil waukee to Menasha, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay. Congress had, in 1864, a land grant to the State to assist in the construction of a road from Berlin, Doty's Island, Fond du Lac, or Portage, via Stevens Point to Bayfield. The legislative contest over this grant was not decided until 1866, when provision was made for two companies, one to build to Stevens Point from Portage, and the other from Menasha to Stevens Point. These two roads were the Winnebago & Lake Superior, and the Portage & Superior. Hon. Geo. Reed was president of the Winnebago & Superior Company, and at once began the road from Menasha. In 1871 these roads were consolidated, with the addition of the Man itowoc & Mississippi road and called the Wisconsin Central. Gardiner Colby was president and Geo. Reed vice-president. The Phillips & Colby Construc tion Company was incorporated the same year, and contracted with the Central Company to build the road from Menasha to Lake Superior. This road thus went through Portage County, and to secure the land grant the road had to be built from Portage to Stevens Point, which was completed in 1876, the other having ar rived at the Point in 1871. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad runs from Fort Howard to the Mississippi at Winona ; originally it was tlie Green Bay & Lake Pepin ; it bisects the country from east to west. It was built between 1870 and 1873. "The Wisconsin Valley Railroad cuts across the north west corner of the county. It was incorporated in 1871. The construction was commenced in 1872, at Tomah, and reached Centralia in 1873 and Wausau in 1874. It is ninety miles in length. Its junction, with the Wis consin Central, and with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, which company now runs it, gives Marathon County an outlet most valuable for ;the development of its interest. POLITICAL HISTORY. In 1836, Portage County was set off from Brown, and it comprised what is now Columbia County, and as the celebrated portage between the Wisconsin, and the Fox River was within its limits, that name was given to the new county. In 1841, the county was ex tended west and north, so as to embrace what is now represented by fourteen counties or more. Columbia County was set off in 1846, and was nearly identical with the original county of Portage. So that the early history of the county blends with that region. Adams County was clipped off in 1848, Marathon in 1850, and Wood in 1856, leaving Portage with several counties between its original home and its present lo cation, so that the county has been an apparent, if not a real itinerant. At first, the county was attached to Dane for judi cial purposes. A census taken June 1, 1842, shows the whole number of persons in the county as 646, of these, 133 were females. This census was taken by Andrew Dunn, and its correctness certified to by A. A. Bird, Sheriff of Dane County. The names of " masters, stewards, overseers, or other principal persons," was given in one column, and were as follows : Peter L. Brown, M. Benjamin, A. Armour, E. Ledbetter, C. Spencer, S. W. Woodward, H. H. Haw, J. Kerr, John Elmore, P. J. Kelley, A. Baker, George Stevens, B. Moon, H. McFarlin, S. Merrill, Thomas Kelsey, J. B. Ramshory. St. John, Andrew Dunn, J. Enspinger, C. M. Young, Charles B. Whitney, Alexander Seaman and William Fitzpatrick. In the list of heads of families, appear the names of Sat. Clark, John Du Bay, and others. This list must em brace the leading citizens at that time, when the coun ty was the largest as to territory in its history. In 1844, the county was fully organized, and on the 18th of April an election was held, and the interesting question decided, as to the location of the county seat. Fort Winnebago and Plover were the contending aspi rants for the honor. It seems that a settlement up the HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 733 river, at what was then called Bull Falls, now Mosi nee, and in Marathon County, went solid for Plover, and thus established the seat of justice there. In the Fall of 1844, the first regular election for county offi cers was held with this result : County Commis sioners, Mathia Mitchell, Benjamin F. Berry, and Luther Houghton ; Sheriff, Nelson Strong, who ap pointed George W. Mitchell, his deputy ; George Wyatt, Clerk of Court, Clerk of County Board, and Register of Deeds ; John Batten, Treasurer. The first court was opened at Plover, on the first Monday in April, 1845, in a building owned by Keith & Miles ; Judge David Irwin, Jr., was on the bench. Under the Territorial Government, no Representa tive from Portage County is noted, until 1842, when it was associated with several other counties. Albert G. Ellis was a Representative, and so continued until the Winter of 1844. In 1846, at the first Constitutional Convention, Henry C. Goodrich was sent from Portage County. In the second Constitutional Convention, William H. Kennedy represented Portage. After the county was organized, a special election was held on the fourth Monday in March, 1842. The County Commissioners met on the 20th of April. There were two Commissioners, Henry Jones, chairman, and Andrew Dunn. C. Abbott was ap pointed Clerk, and S. Clark, Treasurer. At this meet ing, the county was divided into three road districts, which were also made election precincts. Elections were to be held in Winnebago Portage, at the house of Capt. G. Law ; in Mill Creek, at Dunn's Mill ; in Big Bull Falls, at the house of George Stevens ; in Grand Rapids, at Stewart's Mill; in Dekorry, at the house of La Fayette Hill ; in Columbus, at Shrand & Dickin son's Mill. The Assessors were Gordon Merrill, Clark Whitney and Joshua Rhodes. At a meeting of the Board on the 28th of April, 1842, Thomas C. Nelson appeared and took his seat as a member. It was voted that but two tavern licenses be granted in Winnebago Portage. Gideon Lane and Henry Carpenter were duly licensed, for $15 each. James Mason and La Fayette Hill were licensed for Dekorry. Pat. Casy and John Crudeu also took tavern licenses. A grocery license was granted to Richard T. Vehder, for $100 worth of good lumber. Tavern-keep ers had to give bonds in the penal sum of $250, and grocers, for $600. Peddlers' licenses were fixed at $10. An election precinct was fixed at Little Bull Falls. Merrill and Rhodes resigned as Assessors, and W. W. Hoskins and Andrew Dunn were substituted. June 13, 1842, the Board again convened. G. W. Merrill gave bonds as auctioneer, in the sum of $500. The bond of S. Clark, Treasurer, was accepted for $20,000, and Z. H. Bird's, Collector, for $15,000. _ The County Clerk was ordered to prosecute all violation of the license law. January 12, 1843, Andrew Dunn, W. Roods and R. T. Veeder constituted the Board, C. Abbott, Clerk. Several roads were projected. The Territorial tax in 1843, was, for Portage Coun ty, $624.44. In 1844, Benjamin T. Berry and Luther Houghton were on the Board, and the tavern licences were graded from $1 5, in Winnebago, to $5 in other parts of the coun ty. C. Abbott having resigned, Charles Temple was. chosen Clerk and also Register of Deeds. George Wyatt was Clerk part of this year, with Alex. Lawson, as Deputy. In 1845, Matthias Mitchell was Chairman, and Thomas Western and Joseph S. Walworth, the other members, with C. P. Rice as Clerk. In 1846, the Board consisted of Thomas Weston, Chairman, M. Mitchell, Hiram Piersen, John W. Perry, J. M. Campbell, Clerk; John Wyatt, Deputy, In 1847, the Board was Thomas Weston, Chairman, William V. Fleming, Th. H. McDill. In 1848, E. S. Miner, Chairman, Th. H. McDill and William V. Fleming. John S. Kingsbury, Clerk. In 1849, the county government was changed from Commissioners to Supervisors, in accordance with the constitution. The first Board of Supervisors consisted of G. Mitch ell, Chairman ; S. R. Merrill, B. W. Finch, William V. Fleming, I. T. Kingston, Clerk ; J. S. Allan was Treas urer. In 1850, Abraham Brawley was Chairman and J. D. Rogers, Clerk. The taxable property in the county, as returned this year, was as follows : Stevens Point, $81,398 ; Plover, $42,308 ; Grand Rapids, $31,- 262.91 ; total, $154,968.91. In the first Constitutional Convention, which con vened in Madison on Monday, October 5, 1846, Hon. H. C. Goodrich represented Portage County. His res idence was in Plover, the post-office address of which was Plover Portage. He was a lumberman and a miner, and soon afterward left the State. The second Constitutional Convention, which assem bled in Madison on the fifteenth day of December, 1847. was represented by William H. Kennedy, also of Plover. At the special election to see if the people would ratify the constitution, held on Tuesday the 6th of April, 1847, the county of Portage voted 164 for and 209 against its ratification. At the election held on Monday, the 13th of March, 1848, in relation to the second constitution, Portage County voted 208 for and fifty-eight against its ratification — the county, on both occasions, voting with the majority in the State. The county now has one city and seventeen towns. The following is a list of the towns and villages, with the population according to the census of 1880 : Albion 210 Almond 872 Amherst _. 1,375 Belmont 535 Buena Vista 830 I Carson _ _. 426 ( Junction Village 239 Eau Plaine __ 598 Grant __ 309 ( Hull — _ 1,044 ( Jordan Village .'. 94 Lanark _. 663 Linwood __ 406 New Hope 801 Pine Grove 339 Plover -_ 1,220 Plover Village - 412 Stockton _ - i>346 Sharon - ^639 Stevens Point _ - _. 569 Stevens Point City - - 4449 Amherst Village 298 Amherst Junction — 45 Nelsonville 54 Total 10,588 734 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. In 1880, there were 167 marriages, 146 births, and ' 35 deaths, a very remarkably small mortality. The population of the county, at the several periods of taking the census, was as follows : 1840, 1,623 ; 1842, 646 ; 1846, 936 ; 1847, 1,503 ; 1850, 1,280 ; 1855, 5,151; 1860,7,507; 1865,8,181; 1870, 10,660; 1875, 14,856 ; 1880, 17,801. The assessment for the county in 1853 was $1,432 ; the valuation of the county, 1880, $2,741,202, the total State tax being $7,390.58 ; the total taxes in the county for all purposes, $77,260.80. Indebtedness of the county, railroad aid, $42,500. Total of every de scription. $81,746.98. The Post-offices in the county are : Stevens Point, Alban, Almond, Amherst Junction, Badger, Bancroft, Blaine, Buena Vista, Custer, Ellis, Keene, Junction, McDill, Modely, Meeham, New Hope, Polonia, Run- kels Mills, Sherman, Surrey, Stockton. The present county officers are : Gilbert L. Park, Circuit Judge ; J. R. Kingsbury, County Judge ; Mi chael Roseau, Sheriff ; John R. McDonald, County Clerk ; S. H. Sawyer, Treasurer ; A. F. Wyatt, Clerk of Circuit Court ; John A. Murat, Register of Deeds ; W. H. Packard, District Attorney ; Henry Curran, County Surveyor ; R. A. Williams, Deputy Surveyor. Schools. — The common school system of the State is in thorough operation in the county. There is a good average attendance of scholars, and competent teachers are employed at liberal salaries. The present County Superintendent is Andrew P. Een. There are eighty-six school districts. In Am herst, Plover and Almond, the schools are graded. In the Summer, as a rule, the teachers are women, and their wages, on a rough estimate, are $25 per month. In the Winter, perhaps, one-fourth of the teachers are young men. THE "WAR PERIOD. Of course the headquarters of the excitement inci dent to the commencement of hostilities and of re cruiting was Stevens Point. On the 4th of May, 1861, the first meeting was held to raise a company of volunteers, J. B. Robb coming in from Amherst as a drummer to arouse the citi zens. On the 15th of May, the Hon. Luther Hanchett, the member of Congress from the district, addressed a rousing meeting, on the issues of the hour. Captain Warren Perkins received his commission on the 5th of June. By this time the Stanton company was nearly full. Early in June, 1861, the Home Guard was formed, Samuel Stevens, captain ; M. J. McRaith, first lieuten ant ; Homer Drake, second lieutenant. On the 4th of June, Hon. Moses M. Strong deliv ered a stirring speech on the war question. The Pinery Rifles, Captain Raymond, started on the 7th of July, to join the Seventh Regiment ; and Cap- taiu Howell, of Grand Rapids, came up to the Point and was stationed here for drill. A company called the " Pinery Boys " was organ ized in October. The Grand Rapids company which completed its re cruiting here, was called the " Evergreens." The offi cers were : Daniel Howell, captain ; Charles M. Wells, first lieutenant ; W. W. Botkin, second lieutenant. The next company organized was " Lyons' Pinery Battery." Captain Stephen J. Carpenter opened his recruiting office on the 9th of October, 1861, for this battery, which was to be a flying artillery. By the 7th of De cember, it was so far recruited that it was duly organ ized under the authority of the State, S. J. Carpenter was unanimously chosen captain, G. E. Armstrong, of Wausau, first lieutenant ; H. E. Stiles, second lieuten ant, and J. D. McLean, third lieutenant. In the even ing the officers elect gave an oyster supper to the com mand, at the Avery House. It was superb in all its appointments, and an enjoyable time was had by all, and will be long re membered. In March, 1862, Sergeant E. R. Parks, of the Thir teenth Regular United States Infantry, was stationed at the Avery House, on recruiting service. The call for 300,000 men, in July, 1862, caused the newspapers to print earnest appeals to men to enlist. In August, 1862, the quota of Portage County un der previous calls was set down as 412, and as 373 had already enlisted there were but 39 to raise. August 21, 1862, a war meeting was held in Jordan at which Wilson Muzzy presided and made a war speech. George Buffam and Mr. Pool were among the speakers. In August, 1862, John Robb, of the Third Wiscon sin, came home on recruiting service. Another company, " The Pinery Stars" was raised about this time to go into the Twenty-seventh Wiscon sin, and it started to go into camp with fifty men, in December, 1862. A Soldiers' Aid Society was flourishing under the inspiring influence of the best women in the city. H. H. Wheeler, of the Eighth Wisconsin Battery was home on a recruiting tour in December, 1862. At the battle of Murfreesboro, Capt. Carpenter was killed, and also quite a number of others. Lieut. Stiles was then promoted to be captain of the company. Capt. J. N. Stout, of Company H, Third Wiscon sin Cavalry, died at Fort Leavenworth, January 27, 1863, aged fifty-five years. He was a journalist, and when he went to the front was publisher of the State's rights newspaper at Stevens Point. Daniel McAuliff, of Company G, Seventh Regiment, died, August 18, 1863, of disease, after two years serv ice. About the middle of November, 1863, a draft took place at La Crosse, the headquarters of this district. The following names were drawn for Portage County: Stevens Point — George A. Stewart, William Wells, J. B. Hawley, Henry Miller, Timothy Sullivan, Nich olas Schonmeiller, John Singleton, John Richie, An drew Anderson, John Hearn, Patrick Sullivan, H. J. Moe, N. P. Clements, A. Belcher, James Gardiner, Edward Dunnigan, Hobart Bush, Edward C. Bost wick, John Pickert, H. Welch, John Purdy, Jacob Nogt, D. E. Catlin, H. Halverson, Daniel Nauthic, Alexander Krembs and John Patrick. Town of Stevens Point — Andrew Merrett. HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 73S Sharon — A. G. Warren, Michael Clark, John Yanki and James Smarlock. Eau Plaine — James Hall, D. McGregor, Edward Creed and O. W. Owen. Hull — M. Sweeney, Elijah Smart, Jr., George Ross, John Banker and Frank Chamberlain. Plover — John Aplin, William Packard, James Aikens and William Glover. The official quota for the next draft was put down as 102. |In December, 1863, Capt. J. W. Van Myers started to raise another company for the war, the required num ber being, to fill the quota, 23. The whole number liable' to be drafted at that time, was 147 of the first class, and 95 of the second. Vigorous efforts were made to avoid the draft, the most honorable, and cer tain in the individual case, being to enlist. Veterans, for re-enlisting received $402, raw recruits received $302, and a vote of the city added $100 to this amount. Capt. Van Myers left the first week in January, 1864, with twenty-five men. On the 17th of March, 1864, a special election was held to see if a special bounty of $150 should be paid to fifteen volunteers still required. Charles Fox, quartermaster-sergeant of the Seventh Regiment, died at Ripon, February 26, 1864, twenty- six years of age. The Eighth Wisconsin Battery was at home on a leave of absence earned by re-enlisting, and on the 6th of April were welcomed by a cotillion party and sup per. Gen. A. G. Ellis made the welcome address which was responded to by Lieut. McNair. The whole affair was arranged and carried out by the ladies. Mrs. A. Eaton, Mrs. William Walton, Mrs. Green, Mrs. Stout, Mrs. Mann, Mrs. Curtis, Mrs. Cooper, Mrs. McCulloch, and many others assisted in the entertain ment. Another party was inaugurated ,in behalf of the soldiers at home on furlough, on the 3d of June at Central Hall. It was a pleasant affair, revealing the interest and earnestness of the ladies in the success of our cause. A public meeting was held August 4, 1864, to raise a bounty fund to prevent a draft to fill the President's call for " 500,000 more." At this meeting $200 was added to the Government offer, as an inducement to enlist. September 2, 1865, Capt. Van Myers left for Mad ison with ninety-one men ; Capt. G. L. Park having re turned, was supported for the State Senate. In February, 1865, the quota of the county was filled without a resort to the draft. Several companies were organized at Stevens Point, as already alluded to, but the county had representatives in almost every regiment from the State, as many men coming from other parts of the State, or some other State, would return to their former home, to enlist among their old friends. There were members or companies in the Third Cav alry, in the Third Battery, and in the Fifth, Seventh, Eleventh, Twelfth, Fourteenth, Seveuteenth and Eighteenth, the colonel of this Regiment, James S. Alban, being from Plover, Portage County. The several local and general re-unions, have devel oped numbers of the brave boys, pursuing the peaceful vocations of civil life, and those who still live, can speak for themselves. An alphabetical list of the commissioned officers who went from the county, is here presented, commencing with the lamented colonel of the Eighteenth Regiment, who fell at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862 : James S. Alban, Stevens Point ; John Baker, Stevens Point ; Joseph H. Baker, Plover ; William Bremmer, Stevens Point; William J. Baker, Plover; DeWitt C. Brown, Stockton ; William W. Campbell, Plover ; L. N. Car penter, Plover; Sidney B. Carpenter, Plover ; Stephen J. Carpenter, Stevens Point ; Orin Clough, Plover, Walter W. Clough, Plover ; John T. Consaul, Stevens Point ; John T. Cooper, Stevens Point ; Henry Curran, Plover; Homer Drake, Linwood; Samuel Drake, Plover; Irwin Eckels, Plover; Hugh Evans, Stevens Point ; Henry T. Fowler, Sharon ; Aug. H. Guernsey, Almond ; John W. Hutchinson, Stevens Point ; John O. Johnson, Stevens Point ; Leonidas Lombard, Lan ark ; John D. McLean, Stevens Point ; Thomas B. Mc Nair, Stevens Point; Jerome Nelson, Amherst; John H. Horrick, Stevens Point ; Gilbert A. Park, Stevens Point ; Franklin Philips, Stockton ; Orrin A. Phillips, Stockton ; Royal L. Patten, Stockton ; Jackson L. Prentice, Stevens Point ; James O. Raymond, Plover ; C. D. Richmond, Stockton ; Jere. D. Rogers, Plover ; Oneisme Rondeau, BuenaVista; Louis Schuetze, Stevens Point ; Nathan L. Stout, Stevens Point ; Henry E. Stiles, Stevens Point ; John Stumph, Plover ; Edwin Turner, Amherst ; Andrew J. Welton, Stevens Point ; Henry L. Wheeler, Stevens Point ; John W. Van- Myers, Eau Plaine ; George R. Walbridge, Plover. There are now living in the county quite a number of men, who served in regiments from other States. Among these may be mentioned : William Welton, Forty-fourth, New York; William B. White, Fifth Battery, New York ; Cyrus Dopp, Nineteenth, Michi gan ; Capt. H. B. Moore, Twenty-seventh, Michigan ; who now resides in Plover, and S. J. Dobb of the regu lar army at Stevens Point. It is believed that Plover sent the largest propor tion of her men to the front. STEVENS POINT. This is a city of 4,500 people, located on the left bank of the Wisconsin River, which, at this point, is on the northeast side. It is the capital of Portage County, and is laid out in long blocks, without alleys, in part rectangular, and partly lozenged form. Some of the streets coincide with the cardinal points of the compass, and some do not, so that a stranger has considerable trouble in preserving his bearings. The spot is rather level, and is ten or twelve feet above the river, when in ordinary stages. In the case of a rise, a part of the water goes around the city, on the south, a natural depression, called Rocky Run, affording this facility. At the freshet in June, 1880, a part of the city was submerged. A bay makes up into the city several squares from the river, in the northwestern part, which, as the city increases in population, will have to be filled for sanitary reasons. The city is healthy, and the pine still stands on the north side, away from the river. The streets 736 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. are named and the buildings numbered. The streets are, as yet, unpaved, but most of the sidewalks have wood for their material. The buildings are substantially built, most ly of wood. Some of the public and other buildings are of stone or brick. Stevens Point is in Town 24 north, and in Range 8 east, of the public survey. It is 164 miles northwest of Milwau kee, 87 miles west of Green Bay, and 162 east of St. Paul, and near the center of the county. The city is at the foot of the line of slack water, extending up to Mosinee, where the Little Bull Falls are located ; and it is at the head of Conant's Rapids, the first of a great chain, extending down to Pointe Bas, some sixty miles. Opposite the city is Shaurette Rapids. Formerly the fall was three and one-half feet, but it now has a dam which gives eight feet fall, furnishing an excellent water- power, which is utilized by saw and grist mills. The city is a base of supplies for lumbermen and rafts men, as well as for the neighboring farmers. Every class of goods required in the pineries, or anywhere in the vicin ity, can be found in the stores and warehouses, which are being constantly added to as business increases. The le gal, medical and clerical professions are well represented, and in the biographical sketches, the personnel of many of the most prominent of these will be found. The history of the county is inseparable from that of the city. Some points, however, of special interest to the residents of the city, will be presented in this connection. The building of a city at the point was not the result of a deliberate plan or scheme, no one contemplated such a thing ; but being at the end of a road past the rapids, and at the foot of a long stretch of smooth water, it naturally became a depot and an entrepot for supplies, and so the town grew. In 1857, Gen. Ellis published "A hand-book of Stevens Point and the Upper Wisconsin." Thousands of copies were circulated in the East, and it probably had more to do with the settlement of the pineries than the citizens would be willing to admit. The first man to come up the river with a load of goods, to be relayed over here, was George Stevens, from whom the place is named. He came up with an ox-team, loaded with goods, for Big Bull Falls, unload ed them at the foot of the present main street, covering them up. He went back down the river for another load, and, on his return, loaded the whole upon a " dug-out," and went up the river. And the place was soon called Stevens Point. A "dug-out" in those was often quite a large boat. One of the biggest clear logs would be taken, and with ax and adze skillfully converted into a vessel of no mean proportions, or carrying capacity. Business be gan in this small way, warehouses were built, one after an other, and a tavern started. The raftsmen from above had to get outfits to enable them to run the great chain of rap ids beginning here. In a few years a few lots were laid out for building purposes, which were soon occupied, and so a village unconsciously sprang up. As to the first house or building at Stevens Point, there is conflicting testimony. It is asserted that Abraham Braw- ley built a log house just above the Falls, that Mathias Mitchell built a shanty at the foot of Main street, that Charles Maddy and Henry Mularky built a warehouse at that point, and that" Mathias Mitchell built a tavern as the first building. Whichever is entitled to priority as to loca tion here, it may safely be recorded that these men were the pioneer residents. Richard Gardiner next erected a house, and in 1845 Richard Johnson built a log house near Shawrette Rapids, and began building the dam, which was not completed un til 1847. Mr. Kingsbury built a tavern on the south side of Main street in the Winter of 1845-6, which, not long afterward, was burned. The first stock of general merchandise remembered was that of Robert Bloomer. The first saloons were the " Star '' and " Ocean Wave," which did a lively business, it being soon understood that there were " no mixed drinks during a rush." About 1847, there were some semblances of civil ization — women began to dawn upon the scene. Miss Amandina Hale (afterward Mrs. N. F. Bliss) opened a school in a building where the Mansion House now stands. Dr. Bristol, a highly respectable physician and surgeon, came in 1846, and died in 1848. He was buried in what was then the outskirts of the town, nearly in front of the new post-office. As to lawyers, Wm. L. De Witt, Thomas Morman and John Delaney were the first. John Willard was the first banker and broker. The first civil engineer and surveyor was the above men tioned DeWitt, a son of the surveyor-general of that name in New York, and was employed by the State to make a survey of the Wisconsin River from Big Bull Falls to Pointe Bas. This work was done in an admirable manner in 1850, and the result published in 185 1, and was a valuable con tribution to the knowledge of the river. Abraham Brawley was the first magistrate to perform the marriage ceremony, which he did in the case of Henry Blancker and Mrs. Rome. Mr. Brawley was an energetic and versatile individual. He was a lumberman, was in the county government, was the first representative in Madison, and planted corn and potatoes near the location of the present court-house, and the crop of garden truck was an astonishment. It was in 1845 that farming thus began in the city. In those early days Stevens Point had a floating popula tion, swelling into huge proportions when the ice went out in the Spring, for then the "suckers" as they were called, would begin to run ; they came up in immense shoals, fill ing every nook and corner. The streets were alive with them, but they soon dispersed to work in the mills or run the rafts. When the river went down they would make a dive for the Point to the imminent risk of a whisky famine, if the dry time was prolonged. They were not a bad lot of boys, an occasional row of a harmless character would vary the monotony of frontier life, but they were laborious and useful citizens, whose characters did not warrant the HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 737 reputation given the place by the staid people of Plover and other refined localities, which might profit by the com parison. These loggers and raftsmen were the foundation upon which the prosperity of the river towns are built, and they are borne in grateful- remembrance by the early settlers, who insist that they were not the fearful roughs that de luded imagination may have pictured them. The County Commissioners, in April, 1847, created a school district in the town, constituting the village. It was District No. 2. The school election wat held at the house of A. H. Bancroft. In the first division of the county into towns, three were instituted ; the center one embraced Stevens Point, and was called Middletown. thirty girls. The teacher was Miss B. McLaughlin, who re ceived $20 a month for her services. In the Fall of 1850, the population of the village was estimated at 200, and it was at that time the jumping off place for teams, as there was no practical wagon road be yond here. Mills had sprung up, above, as far up as Wau sau, but at the Point, every thing had to take to the river. That the extent of the settlement at that time may be fully realized, we here present a complete business directo ry of Stevens Point in 1850 : Hotels — Mitchell House, Joseph Phelps; City Hotel, Brown & Granger ; Star Saloon, Walton & Wadsworth ; The Ocean Wave, Sailor Jack & Watts. Hardware — Matt and STEVENS POINT. In 1850, Stevens Point was recognized as a political di vision, and the election was ordered at the house of Hinton S. Phelps. The result of this election was a regular set of town officers, who took command of this fragmentary ship ship of State. N. F. Bliss was Justice of the Peace; Abraham Brawley, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ; Orrin Maybee was also a Supervisor ; J. S. Young, Town Clerk ; Lea Vaughn, Assessor and Collector ; Mr. Holden, Superintendent of Schools. William Griffin was the Postmaster, and he had to manage some way to get the mail from Plover, as there was no post route to this place. A school-house was erected in 1849, at a cost of $300 ; it was reported in September, 1850, that there were sixty-six children in attendance upon the school ; thirty-six boys and 46 John Campbell, successors to Robert Bloomer. General Merchandise — John Strong. Lumber Dealer and Owner of the]Town Site — Mathias Mitchell. Lumber Dealers — Young & Maybee, Thomas Hinton, B. Finch, Campbell & Bro., also merchandise. River Pilots — Valentine Brown, Horace Judd, Azro Mann and Angus McCauley. Boarding House Keep ers — Francis Lamere and James Crandall, Boot and Shoe Maker — Seneca Harris. Builder and Merchant — Anson Rood. Hotel Keepers — J. Young and O. Wiswald. Money Lender and Brcker — John Weland. In the Summer of 1853, a new land office was created, with Stevens Point as the location. Abraham Brawley was ¦ appointed Register, and A. G. Ellis, Receiver. The tide of prosperity was now on the flood, and it kept rising higher and higher, until the sudden ebb of the tide in the Fall of 1857, which left everything stranded high and 73? HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN dry. Some of the methods and results of that wild specu lating era are elsewhere recorded. In 1858, a disastrous fire occurred, which swept away one-half the business part of the town, and the vacant houses in the outskirts of the village, which had been aban doned after the collapse of the year before, became valuable to the occupants of the burnt district. The city charter was granted in 1858, embracing nearly two and one-half miles square, with 4,200 acres of land. The first city election was held in June, on the twenty- sixth day, 1858. The City Government was organized July 1, 1858. Will iam Schofield was the first Mayor, serving two years. The first members of the Council were : A. Rood, President ; V. Brown, H. Ferguson, M. Perkins, S. W. Homsted and A. G. Hamacker ; J. J. Pine, Clerk. The Mayor ex officio is chairman of the board. G. L. Park was City Attorney ; H. B. Martin, Treasurer ; C. B. Jackson, Police Justice ; Will iam B. Agnew, Surveyor; John Phillips, School Superin tendent ; A. J. Aldrich, City Marshal ; J. J. Cone, Asses sor. The following gentlemen have served as mayors : W. W. Schofield, A. G. Ellis, many years ; D. D. Long, B. L. Shop- ston, A. Eaton, Matt. Waddeigh, Owen Clark, J. D. McLean, W. W. Spraggon, and John O. Johnsen, the present Mayor. The city officers for 1881 are : John O. Johnsen, Mayor; John Stumpf, Treasurer ; James F. Houston, City Clerk ; H. W. Lee, City Attorney ; Count S. Bielski, Marshal ; John Stumpf, Police Justice. There is an efficient fire department; E. M. Copfar is chief engineer. There is one steam fire engine ; N. M. Tomle is engineer. Steam is constantly kept up by modern appli ances, and the horses are trained to the gong. The com pany is a volunteer one. The engine-house is of stone, and serves as a city hall. On the south side, is " Fire King, No. 1," a hand engine with a volunteer company. The county seat remained at Plover long after Stevens Point was the business center of the county. The agitation of the question of removal of the shire town finally resulted in an act, passed by the Legislature in 1867, submitting the question to a vote of the people. This vote designated Stevens Point, and so in 1879 it was removed, and a stone court-house and jail erected, at a cost of $32,000. CHURCHES. Episcopal Church — Church of the Intercession. — In De cember, 1852, A. G. Ellis started a subscription to build a church, and soon obtained $350, some of it in lumber and other material. Martin Perkins contracted to build it, and it was ready for service in 1853. In the meantime, Mr. El lis conducted lay service at his house, and had choir meet ings to develop the singing capacity. Before the edifice was completed, Bishop Kemper kindly came and rendered effi cient assistance in setting the society on its feet. Rev. Thomas Greene was the first rector, assisted by his brother, Rev. William Greene. Since that time, the following rec tors have been in charge here : Revs. Joseph Adderly, Ste phen C. Millett, J. B. Peddupe, A. P. Crouch, William Charles, William Hammann, C. J. Hendley, J. A. Daven port, Ebenezer Thompson and William Henry Watts, the present incumbent. Bishops Armitage and Hobart have also visited the parish. By great exertions, a very fine or gan was procured, and the church has since been enlarged. St. Stephen's Roman Catholic Church, under the Bishop of Green Bay. Rev. Father Nicholas July is the priest, as sisted by Rev. Father A. J. Aleb. There are 180 families worshiping here. The church was built about 1863, and is commodious and the interior properly embellished. The school is conducted by the Sisters of Notre Dame, at Mil waukee, the Mother Cardive being the Lady Superior. Five Sisters are detailed for the work here. St. Peter's Church, Polish. — Rev. J. Wolun is pastor. There are connected with their church 150 families. Their church edifice large and convenient, but although occupied, is still incomplete. The several churches of this denomination, in the town, will be here described : Sharon. — St. Martin's, about twenty-five families. The service is supplied from Stevens Point, and is in German. Stockton. — St. Patrick's. Their supply is from St. Ste phen's, and is in English. Forty families commune here. Buena Fista. — St. Peter's. Service from Stevens Point. About seventeen families attend. Lanark. — A mission attended from Stevens Point; t"-ere are about thirty-two families. Hull. — St. Casimere's has a resident pastor, Rev. J. Cyo- noski. There are 150 families who attend this church. Polonia. — Church of the Sacred Heart. Rev. Joseph Dambrowski, with 300 families depending upon the minis trations of their church. The Sisters of St. Felix have a school at Polonia, with 125 children. The first mass said in the county, since the settlement by the whites, was by Rev. Father Sale, at the house of Owen Feely, about seven miles from Stevens Point. The First Baptist Church. — On the twenty-second day of May, 1858, a meeting was held in the hall over N. P. Clem ent's store, and a regular Baptist Church was organized. The declaration of faith embraced XVIII articles, and the covenant, thirty lines of the journal. The following per sons subscribed to the document : Cortland Livingston, Eslie W. Vaughn, Peleg A. Dawley, Ira Vaughn, John B. Spaulding, Eliphalet H. Vaughn, Mercy C. Martin, Mary H. Vaughn. Rev. A. J. Ellis was the pastor; C. Living ston, clerk. At the end of 1858, there were twenty mem bers; thirteen were added in 1859 ; in 1861, one by letter ; 1867, four were added; in 1868, four; 1870, four; 1871, five; 1872, six; 1873, three. In 1874, as the result of union protracted meetings, twenty-two members were added to the church. In 1875, one; 1876, eleven; 1877, ten; 1878, two ; 1879, two; 1880, two. In 1881, to Octo ber, one member was received. The church edifice was built some years before. Evangelical Lutheran German Church. — Organized in 1871, with eighteen members. Rev. F. Lehe, of Grand Rapids, supplied until 1873, when the present pastor was HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 739 called to the work, Rev. W. C. Schilling. There are now twenty-two members. The church was built in 1872-3, at a cost of $800. It is 24x44, and is jointly owned by this church and the Norwegian Church. Rev. Mr. Schilling has a mission at Almont, organized eighteen years ago. Also at Amherst, where there is a building, and a society organ ized twenty years ago. The Norwegian Lutheran Church — Was organized in 1872 ; the Rev. N. Berge was the first pastor, and he was succeeded by Rev. N. Foerde. This society owns an un divided half of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church, where it worships. Methodist Episcopal Church. — This society has a good building, with 340 sittings, having been enlarged in 1876. It was originally built by J. Slowthomer, and donated to the Church. The Rev. Mr. Hurlburt preached here as early as 184^. Among the early workers were Mrs. Sarah West, Mrs. Julia Vaughn, Mrs. Mary Park, Mrs. Sarah Bean, Mr. A. B. Vaughn, C. Hungerford. A. S. Gottery is a prominent class leader. The following is a partial list of those who have been stationed here : Holt, Little, Bancroft, D. Rider, W. D. Ames, J. D. Cole, Thomas Peep, T. W. Smith, M. Evans and Joseph Anderson. Rev. S. N. Grif fith is the present pastor. Church of the Seventh Day Adventisis. — In 1878, Rev. H. W. Decker came to Stevens Point with a tent, which he pitched near the public square, and held services, lasting five weeks, which resulted in the organization of a society. A building was commenced, and so far finished as to be oc cupied, in 1879. It was completed in the Summer of 1881. Revs. N. M. Jordan, S. S. Smith, G. C. Tenney and J. J. Smith have supplied the pulpit since that time. Revs. Messrs. Cooley, Phillips, Sherman and Watts have been pastors of the Church. At present there is a tempo rary supply for the pulpit. First Presbyterian Church. — A meeting was held in the church on the 25th of January, 1865, for the purpose of or ganizing. Several clergymen were present : Rev. S. H. Ashman, of Rural; Rev. James Bassett, of Neenah — mem bers of a committee by the Presbytery of Fox River; also Rev. H. H. Kellogg, of Chicago, district secretary of home missions; Rev. G. B. Riley, synodical agent for home mis sions for the Synod of Wisconsin, and Rev. Edward F. Fish, minister of the congregation. Rev. Mr. Ashman preached a sermon from ist Peter, i. 1. The following per sons having presented satisfactory letters, were duly organ ized into a Church : Mr. Orrin Rood and his wife, Mis. A. Rood, Mr. David Dunlap and his wife, Mrs. Jessie Dunlap, Mr. George Gill, Mrs. Ellen E. Phillips, Mrs. Anna H. Fish. Rev. H. H. Kellogg also preached a sermon. At the evening session the Confession of Faith, embracing ten articles, and the Covenant, were read and subscribed. Fol lowing Mr. Fish were the following reverend gentlemen : J. Patch, Charles S. Wood, A. A. Joss, S. E. Vance and the present pastor, Cornelius Van Oostenbruzze. Since the organization of the Church, eighty members have been ad mitted. The society has a good edifice, recently repaired, with a large seating capacity, originally built for the Con- gregationalists, but transferred, as above recorded, in 1865. Schools. — The city schools are well up to the modern standards. They are well supplied with school-houses, the High School being particularly well provided, in this regard, with a commodious house with modern appliances. The City Superintendent of Schools is the principal of the High School — Prof. Frank L. Green. Miss Sarah E. Beach is first assistant in that department, with Miss Jennie Ferris and Miss Jessie M. Meyer in the grammar department. Second Ward Intermediate, Miss Mary McPeck. Third Ward Intermediate, Miss Lillian Arnott. Fourth Ward Intermediate, Miss Emma L. Richmond. First Ward Primary, Miss Florence Sanborn. Second Ward Primary, Miss Olive R. Jones and Teresa Quinn. Third Ward Primary, Miss Martha Maddy. Fourth Ward Primary, Mrs. M. C. Sherwood, assisted by Miss Abbie F. Wheelock. Mrs. M. Bliss, who was the first teacher in town, is still living. THE PRESS. The first newspaper started in the county was The Wis consin Pinery. A young printer, N. V. Chandler, came along, and A.G. Ellis sent him with his team to Oshkosh, to pro cure a press and type of Mr. Dinsmore, who had some old material for sale. The outfit was brought, and the first number was issued on the 14th of January, 1853. Chandler was put down as publisher, and Ellis editor. Strong & Ayers were afterward the printers. Tracy & Swaze subse quently became the publishers, with Mr. Ellis as editor. Finally, Mr. Swaze bought the paper, and still runs it. Gen. Ellis was long the editor, and a writer on the paper after his interest was extinguished. The States Rights, a Radical journal, was published by F. H. Stout, about the time of the war. Mr. Stout went into the army as an officer. The Wisconsin Lumberman was started by L. D. Connery and F. H. Stout, December 16, 1863. It had a brief exist ence. Stevens Point Journal was first printed by E. B. Northrop, a well known Milwaukee journalist, in 1869, who published it for four years, when it fell into the hands of Ed. Mc- Glachlin. It is an eight-column folio, at $2 a year, and is now published by McGlachlin & Simons. Portage County Gazette first saw the light on the 17th of July, 1878. Glennon, Krembs & Co. were the proprietors. On January 28, 1880, the firm was changed to Glennon & Cooper. It is published at $2 a year, and is Republican. It is a seven-column folio. Plover Times, H. G. Ingersol, proprietor. Real Estate Journal, G. W. Hungerford, a monthly com mercial sheet, published at Stevens Point. Stevens Point Democrat was first issued in February, 1879. It is a six-column quarto, at $2 a year, at present the official paper. H. W. Lee, the City Attorney aad attor ney for the Winnebago Indians, is editor. 740 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. SOCIETIES. Masonic. — Evergreen Lodge, No. 63, was first instituted June 9, 1858. In 1866, the lodge was burned, and a new char ter issued June 13, 1866, to John A. Walker, W. M., Stephen H. Alban, S. W., and David S. Butler, J. W. Present offi cers : John Cadman, W. M. ; John Stumpf, S. W. ; J. W. Sanborn, J. W.; A. F. Wyatt, Sec. Forest Chapter, R. A. M., instituted in Wausau, Sep tember 25, 1866. E. R. Chase, H. P. ; E. L. Jordan, K. ; N. T. Kelley, S. Moved to Stevens Point, February 3, 187 1. Present officers: D. L. Jones, H. P.; W. W. Buckingham, K. ; John W. Ball, S. The following gentlemen have also been H. P's. : H. S. Alban, Charles Chaffee and A G. Ham- aker. A new Masonic hall is about to be built. Odd Fellows. — Stumpf Lodge, No. 225, instituted Decem ber 5, 1873, with the following charter members: David Lutz, August Zimmer, Jacob Lutz, Charles Krembs, Andrew Lutz, John Zimmer, William B. Coppe, William Lauber. This lodge has a good list of members, and is still flourish ing. The Shaurette Lodge, No. 92, instituted December 5, 1872. Charter members: L. D. Conery, S. S. Walsworth, J. O. Wiswell, James S. Young, O. S. Bullock, C. Krembs, C. O. Pease, James B. Carpenter, Peter Jordan, James Van Ells. The order seems to be in good hands, and is in a prosperous condition. Monodnock Encampment, No. 59, instituted August, 1874. Charter members: J. Stumpf, L. A. Smith, August Timm, C. O. Pease, Leon Paradis, Th. Welsh, J. B. Carpen ter, M. W. Blanchard and Ch. Krembs. The Odd Fellows have a good hall, well furnished, with convenient ante rooms, on Main street. A. O. U. W. — Central City, No. 76. Instituted Dec. 22, 1879, with the following officers and charter members: Wm. McGinnis, Wm. J. DeVoe, Joseph J. Adams, Peter K. McMurray, E. B. Donaldson, James D. Lick, M.J. Wilson, Frank F. Nicholson, Wm. Lynch. The meetings are every alternate Saturday. Wm. J. DeVoe is master workman and C. F. Marsh, secretary. Good Templars. — Instituted June 21, 1870, by Rev. J. M. Walker. J. D. Cole, W. C. T.; Miss Tillie Agnew, W. V. T.; W. F. Atwell, W. S.; Miss Addie Slothower, W. T. North Star Lodge, No. 153. — Instituted Feb. 1, 1874. W. G. Winnan, W. C. T.; Mrs. L. M. Smith, W. V. T.; E. C. Sennitt, W. S.; Mary J. Meyron, W." T. These institutions change their officers so frequently that all sooner or later go through the chairs, so the present officers' names are not given. Good Templars' South Side Lodge. — Instituted July 18, 1876, with the following officers: C L. Bean, W. C. T.; Roxonia Page, W. V. T.; Frank Jackson, W. R. S.; Frank Redfield, W. F. S. Temple of Honor. — Organized November, 1874. Maj. Harren, W. B. Buckingham, D. L. Jones, George W. Hun gerford, P. C. Claflin, E. C. Owens, Rev. A. A. Joss, W. B. Barnes, J. B. Fletcher, John Shannon, G. B. Fletcher, Frank Perry and S. R. Lamb were among the most prom inent members. Ladies Benevolent Association is an active society ex emplifying Christianity in a practical way. Such ladies as Mrs. Chapin, Mrs. Walker and Mrs. McGlochlin are the active members. There is in town a Library Association with quite a library. It is open on Saturday afternoons. Driving Park. The city also boasts of a driving park association. The County Agricultural Society was organized early in the history of the early settlement. It was at first itin erant, holding fairs in various towns. In 1865 it was re organized. Twenty acres of ground was secured in Am herst, suitable provision made for holding fairs, and since that time annual exhibitions have been held there. The present officers of the society are, S. F. Devain, president; E. Turner, vice-president; Wm. C. Holly, treasurer; H. H. Hoffman, secretary; Robert Wilson, marshal. The society is in good condition. Portage County Farmers' Club. — This institution was or ganized Feb. 26, 1878. W. L. Arnot was the first presi dent, and H. J. Baker, secretary. Perhaps no better idea can be given of the character of the crops raised in the county than by presenting the actual figures of a late official report. The figures represent bush els. Wheat, 159,297 ; corn, 188,203 ; oats, 178,547 ; barley, 14,170; rye, 81,762; potatoes, 149,389 ; root crops, 12,641; cranberries, 1,335 > apples, 977. Besides these items there are the hops, flax, tobacco, butter, cheese, etc. The Professions. — There are twelve regular lawyers, em braced in ten law firms. In two offices two men are asso ciated together, in each. The other eight do an individ ual business. The Stevens Point Bar is well up in forensic ability, some of the older members having a wide reputation, while of some of the younger members it may be said that only the opportunity awaits distinguishing themselves as advo cates every way equal to their seniors in the profession. The following-named gentlemen represent the legal pro fession : Walter R. Barnes, George W. Cate, George L. Clark, James A. Felch, W. W. Hazeltine, F. L. Jackson, D. L. Jones, H. W. Lee, W. A. Packard, J. O. Raymond, A. W. Sanborn, John Stumpf. Of the medical and surgical profession, the city has five, four of them claiming to be regular, and the other Homoeop athic. All of them are skillful, and they command the confidence of the community. Unlike many western cities, the number of physicians is not out of proportion to the number of people. In New England, the ratio of doctors to the number of inhabitants to insure a fair support, was placed at one to eight hundred or a thousand, and it will be seen that this number is not exceeded here. John Phil lips, M. D., is one of the earliest settlers, and the oldest physician in the city. The others are: S. J. Coyne, M. D., W. W. Goff, M. D. (Homoeopathic), C. W. Remington, M. D., G. Rood, M. D. HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY, 74i The dental profession is presided over in Stevens Point by two competent men, Dr. E. P. Russ, who has a partner, and Dr. Jesse Smith, who have the requisite D.'s and S.'s at the end of their names. - Most of the ministers are mentioned by name in the ac count of the several churches, and while the number does not materially vary from year to year, the changes of loca tion are very much more frequent than with either of the other liberal professions, on account of the enforced itiner ancy of some of the denominations, and the voluntary changes in the others. The character of the pulpit here will compare favorably with sister cities. HISTORICAL ITEMS. Stevens Point had a debating club in 1858. E. S. Judd was president and William Weston, secretary. The Wisconsin Legislature in 1853 passed an act au thorizing the construction of a plank road between Green Bay and Stevens Point, and the road was put under con tract. The school census of Stevens Point in 1853 gave 145 scholars. From May 1, 1853 to September 30, 1853, the cash re ceipts of the land office at Stevens Point were $20,000. The place then had 600 people, at the age of six years as a settlement. Some time in June, 1854, a Division of the Sons of Temperance was instituted. J, H. Hunt, W. P.; H. H. Jacobs, W. A.; H. K. W. Ayers, R. S. In the Spring and early Summer, the land office re ceived $10,000 a week for cash sales. The first circus to visit the Point was " Col. Orton's Badger Circus," on the 6th and 7th of August, 1856. Every conceivable conveyance for scores of miles was put in requisition to carry people to the village. In April,i862,the little steamer, "City of Stevens Point," was put on the river above the city, to run to the falls above. Wm. Fellows was owner and E. Baker, captain. During the war, the great hotel was the Avery House, situated where the Mansion House now is. In May, 1863, it changed hands, Mr. Avery retiring, and George A. Spurr assuming control. On the 15th of June, 1863, there was considerable ap prehension and excitement over the sudden advent of about 1,000 Winnebago and Pottawatomie Indians. It seems that there was some kind of a misunderstanding, and a council was held in ancient form in Royce's Hall, and the pipe of peace was passed around and a dance indulged in, and the next day the dusky visitors returned to the woods. As a precaution against a warlike demonstration in the fut ure, a military company was organized. In the Winter of 1865, serious trouble was experienced in procuring tenements to live in ; a demand was made for more houses. On the 29th and 30th of May, 1865, a meeting of the lumbermen was held, and after a thorough canvass of the subject, an organization was effected, and named " The Wisconsin River Improvement and Lumber Protection Company." The following officers were chosen : Benja min Single, president; Nathaniel Kelly, secretary; John Week, treasurer; with nine directors. Jan. 18, 1866, G. S. Park was made secretary, and Matthew Wadleigh, treas urer. During the Winter of 1870, the question of returning the county seat to Plover was seriously agitated, the citi zens of that town making vigorous efforts to accomplish the transfer. In 1868 the change to Stevens Point had been made by 340 majority, in an election for that purpose, August 1. Wednesday, November 15, 1871, was a great day for Stev ens Point. It was the occasion of the arrival of the first train of cars on the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Early in the fifties railroad projects were sprung upon the people, and some of them were caught and seriously handled before they could extricate themselves. Finally a legitimate en terprise commanded attention and support. Hon. George Reed, Hon. A. Eaton, and Hon. Matthew Wadleigh, were accorded great credit for the success of their efforts. There is quite a latitude as to the time the river closes up in early Winter, and also as to the date of the breaking up and going out of the ice in the Spring. This has hap pened as early as March 1, and it has been as late as April 21. McCulloch's Hall was built in 1873. A large lynx was killed, by Eric Baker, in September, 1873, it being the third he had killed. The fire limits were established in 1873. On Sunday, Dec. 28, 1873, there was a very destruct ive fire. Loss, $40,000. Logging, in 1873: Little Eau Plaine, 3,700,000; Big Eau Plaine, 2,000,000 ; Wisconsin, 7,000,000 ; about Knowl ton, 1,000,000. Steam fire engine procured, in 1874, at a cost of $4,500. On the nth of October, 1875, a most terrible affair oc curred in the town of Buena Vista. The Sheriff of the county, Joseph H. Baker, securing a posse to execute a warrant for the arrest of Amos and Isaiah Cartwright — two brothers, who were resisting the execution of the law — went to the house where the brothers were barricaded, and on attempting to enter, was fatally shot, dying soon after. David Kameron was also dangerously wounded, at the same time. The murderers escaped at that time, but were subsequently arrested and placed in jail. For a few davs there was the most intense excitement, and every precau tion was taken to prevent lynching; but on the night of the 18th, a party of armed and masked men went to the jail with suitable appliances, broke into their cell, took them out to a convenient tree, where they were discovered the next morning hanging by the neck, dead. This is the only instance of the kind in the history of Portage County. The Literary Rooms first opened October 16, 1874. The celebration of the completion of the railroad to Wausau was celebrated in November, 1874. The Wisconsin Valley Lumbermen's Association organ ized November 4, 1875, at Stevens Point, William Weston, chairman, N. A. Thompson, secretary. 742 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. May 13, 1877, Knox Bros.' lumber yard and Copp's planing mill were burned ; loss $60,000, partially insured. The iron bridge across the Wisconsin was erected in July, 1877, by F. S. Jersey, of Milwaukee, under a contract for $9,000 for the bridge and $11.75 Per yard f°r the piers. The total cost was $17,604.31. It was opened for travel in November of that year. wega and Gill's Landing. Wheelock's stage line ran to Wausau. The assassination of President Garfield, on the 2d of July, 1881, provoked the deepest indignation and the most profound sorrow. Stevens Point, in common with all America, had a sad and gloomy 4th of July. On the receipt of the intelligence of his death, the business places spon- BOSWORTH & REILLY'S SAW-MILL AND LUMBER YARD. The building improvements in Stevens Point in 1877 aggregated $111,602. Of this sum, $83,534 was on private account, and $28,068 was public expenditure. A fire destroyed the mill of John Stumpf, on the last of June, 1881. Before the railroad reached the city, Dorris & Moore's line of stages was in successful operation. They embraced three lines : one to Grand Rapids, and thence to New Lis bon, connecting with the cars to Milwaukee; one to Berlin, connecting with the Horicon Railroad ; and one to Weyau- taneously closed, and the city was draped in black. The day of the last sad funeral rites, September 26, services were held in the Episcopal and Presbyterian churches, and all hearts were bowed in grief. MANUFACTURING. The Lumber Interest : Bosworlh & Reilly. — In 1874, a mill was built on the site of the present mill, by Knox Bros., who occupied and operated it two years, and then sold it to A. E. Bosworth and James Reilly, of Fond du Lac, who had i HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 743 operated twelve years on Wolf River, and were therefore practical lumbermen. The original cost of the mill and site was $35,000, their booming privilege occupying one-half a mile of river frontage and having a storage capacity of 4,000,000 feet of lumber. The mill has the latest improved machinery, and con tains one double rotary, one single rotary, one shingle mill and lath mill, a gang edger, patent trimmers, bolting and slabbing saws, thirteen, all told. Seventy hands are em ployed, at an expense of $2,500 a month, which is paid on the 16th of each month, in cash. The monthly product is 1,700,000 feet of lumber, 1,000,000 shingles, and 300,000 laths. The firm owns large tracts of pine lands, but con siderable stock has to be purchased. The investment ex ceeds $100,000. siding 12,000 per day. Employs fourteen men, and a capital of $7,000 in the mill and $12,000 in the general lumber busi ness, having lumber, shingles, moldings, pickets, cedar posts, etc., for sale, delivered from the yard on the cars. Simon Augustus -Sherman's Saw-mill was built at the mouth of the Big Plover, near the foot of Conant's Rapids, in 1854. Mr. Sherman operated it for many years, but the business is now carried on by his sons, C. A. and E. A. Wright <5>° Chafee manufacture sash, doors, blinds and moldings, screen doors, and other work of the kind. The shop is on the side track, near Clark's mill, and the firm does a good business. Herren &• Wadleigh' s Planing Mill was started by E. R. Herren and Henry Whitney in the Fall of 1874. Began running January, 1875. In 1878, Whitney withdrew, when a^ms^^^g elk JH. §§§Ij|§j|§§|j HERREN & WADLEIGH'S PLANING MILL. Sanford H. Karmer's saw-mill is above the city, on the west side, and was built in 1873. It has a capacity of 6,000,- 000 feet in a season. Twenty-five men are employed in the business of sawing, piling and handling. Median Bros. 6r* Co.'s saw-mill is located on the river, southwest from the Point. It was constructed in 1866, gives employment to 125 men, and cuts 6,000,000 feet a year. The firm was formerly P. & J. Meehan. N. L. An son is now a member. E. M. Copps &° Co.'s Planing Mill dresses 50,000 feet a day, and employs ten men, at a cost of $5,000 a year. The property is valued at $6,000. The mill was built in 1874, in company with Knox Bros. In 1877, Knox Bros, sold to Bos- worth & Reilly. The same year the mill was burned. It was rebuilt by E. M. Copps and E. J. Hildreth,who now operate the concern. Brown Brothers' Planing Mill was constructed in 1880, and has a capacity for surfacing of 50,000, matching 18,000, Herren was alone in the business until 1879, when Mr. Wad leigh went into the firm. The mill handles 10,000,000 feet a year, the dressing capacity being 8,000,000. Twenty-five men are employed in the mill and yard. The engine is 40- horse power, and the building is 84x36. The inclosure containing the mill and piling grounds has fifteen acres. In the Spring of 1877, on the first day of this firm's starting the mill, the contents of the yard was destroyed, including 4,- 000,000 feet of lumber, the loss falling on other parties. The planing mill, tracks and tramways, belonging to them, were destroyed. There are now elevated tracks. The shingle sheds will cover 4,000,00c feet, and the lath sheds, 1,500,000 feet. The Wisconsin Central side-track extends the whole length of the yard, and lumber is handled direct ly from under cover to the cars. Wisconsin River Lumber Company, A. H. Cronkite, presi dent ; John H. Walker, vice-president ; B. G. Plummer, treasurer; E. R. Herren, secretary. This institution was 744 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. organized in 1873, by L. S. Bargen, J. P. Krieger, W. C. The shingle manufactory for the season was 32,000,000 Wadsworth, S. S. Hobson,E. S. Davis andM. A. Wadleigh. feet. The planing mill is 64x56 ; the shingle mill, 64x32. A good The lumber business in 1875 ; shipped by railroad, lum- business is done, and the company has a good reputation. ber, 19,786,000 feet ; shingles, 37,500,000, or 2,000 car loads. In 1858-9, William Weston built a saw-mill at Stevens On the railroad above the Point, 17,364,000 feet of lumber Point, with a capacity of about 2,000 feet a day. The facil- was shipped, and 75,000,000 shingles. ities were gradually increased until he now cuts 30,000 feet The lumber market for 1877, was : Wisconsin Central of lumber a day, and 30,000 shingles. The present mill Railroad handled 66,500,000 feet ; on the river, above was built in 1872. It is located on the left bank of the Stevens Point, 113,900,000 feet. Wisconsin, near the business center of the city, and is oper- Flouring Mill. — Coleman, Jackson & Co., employ seven ated by steam-power. men, and run night and day, turning out through stones and Mat. Wadleigh built a saw-mill on the Big Plover, seven rolls, 100 barrels of flour a day. This firm owns mills in and one-half miles from Stevens Point, in 1857, and oper- Centralia, employing ten to fourteen men, and make 200 ated it for ten years. The mill is now owned by Wm. Redding, barrels of flour in twenty-four hours. The Webster Manufacturing Company, above the city, P.. Collins, manufacturer of buggies, cutters, etc., and has a saw-mill and hardwood manufactory near the boom general blacksmithing. on the river. J. W. Brown had charge of the construction, J. V. Bakens, general blacksmith and manufacturer of and the arrangement of all the machinery. The mill was light and heavy wagons, sleighs, cutters, logging sleds, with completed in the Fall of 1881, and is 32x123 feet, the boiler repairing. house, 20x60 feet. There are three boilers and an engine William L. Conel, manufacturer of an improved self-op- of 96-horse-power. The saw-mill proper has two slashing- erating saw-sharpening machine, which received the high- saws, a circular, edger, trimmer and two bolters. In addi- est and only premium award of the kind at the Centennial. tion, there are various other machines for re-sawing and pre- This machine is sold all over the world. paring lumber for wagon stuff and other special uses. The R. A. Cook & Co., machine shop and foundry. Seyler mill is situated so as to ship by the river or railroad. The & Cook began business June 15, 1877. In 1880, a new mill employs thirty or forty hands a day. The railroad com- shop was erected, Seyler selling his interest to George A. pany have established a station at that point, to be called Packard. Saw and grist-mill machinery is manufactured Nedister, and houses are at once to be built for the workmen, steam-fitting and brass goods, employing ten men. The so as to secure stable and permanent hands. Oak and ash shops turn out in new work $10,000 a year, besides $5,000 is used, and the prices paid at the mill are from $7 to $13 on repairs. per thousand feet. E. E. Winch is the superintendent in Adam Kuhl established a brewery in a small way in charge here. 1867 ; has enlarged with the increasing demand, to supply In addition to this establishment, the Webster Company the home market. has mills in Menasha, Pittsville, Cadot, DePere, and also Andrew Lutz began brewing, in connection with his hardwood sawing done in Marshfield. This hardwood man- brother, in 1866. Is now associated with his sons. ufactory is a very important interest for Northern Wiscon- George Lutz manufactured soda water. sin, and is only just in its infancy. W. W. Spraggon, steam bakery. This establishment The lumber mills in Portage County in 1874, and the was started in 1873, Mr. Spraggon having been in the busi- cut for that year, were as follows : ness before. He uses 600 barrels of flour a year. feet. Tohn Rice & Bro., machine shop and foundry. Estab- P. &J. Mehan 6,000,000 ,. , J , T , „ , r _, jj Knox Bros _. 9,000,000 lished July 1, 1873; employs ten to fifteen men, and does D. N. Bean 2,000,000 a business of $25,000 to $30,000 a year. Their building is J.Robinson ._ 6,000,000 . , ~. , . ,. , , Burns, Thompson & Co., at Owen Clark's mill. 6,000,000 72x100 feet. They make a specialty of gang edgers. McDill Bros 3,000,000 Daniel Seyler, maker of boilers, steam and mud drums, Walker & Wadleign"""-Il-'.".'.r."."^""^"".""." 4',5oo|ooo smoke-stacks and heaters, with repairing. Started in 1881. Reading & Van Order 1,000,000 Seth C. Doane & Co., carriage and wagon manufactur- D. C. McMillan 2,500,000 , r ,- 1 ^ j 1 j 1 ¦ 1, „„J N. Boyington ._ 2,500^00 ers, makers of light and heavy wagons and sleighs, and Burns, Thompson & Co., at S. A. Sherman's repairers. wesSnV w::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ISoo vuican Forge and wagon works, Tom. Adams, Propr.e- Wisconsin River Lumber Company 5,000,000 tor. Lumbering implements a specialty, with wagons, Karner & Stevens - 5,000,000 1 • 1 1 .-t.i. u..i..„:i.i,:n. Lester.... 1,000,000 sleighs, cutters, etc.; with blacksmithing. J.Hall.-. 4,000,000 J. Rice & Brother manufacture steam engines, mill gear- mna^^ad^d::::::::::::::::::::::::: IZ'Z m* shingle machines, gang edgers and trimmers' emery P. Lamoux 1,500,000 wheels and general jobbing. Corner First avenue and oiewroTsted::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 800,000 Clark street- . . A. H. Bancroft - 800,000 D. J. EHenwood rebuilds and repairs sewing-machines, _ t , ~ 77 and has machine supplies. Total - 79,900,000 rr HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 745 McAulay & Perkins, contractors, builders and movers. Bridges, churches, school-houses and public buildings a specialty. Banking. — H. D. McCulloch began a regular banking business in the Summer of 1866, having previously been doing an extensive exchange business. In 1880, the dis bursements of the bank were $750,000, nearly one-half of this being in the Spring. The bulk of this is required for lumber manufacturers. Prior to the time Mr. McCulloch began banking, Mr. S. F. Gall had been doing a banking business in the same place. The bank now has a capital of $20,000, with total resources of $70,000. Northwestern Bank. — This bank started in 1856, and has withstood the various financial panics and crashes since that time. Alonzo Wood is president, and W. W. Wood, cashier. The capital is $60,000. City Bank of Portage, capital, $25,000; surplus, $4,000. L. Breese, president. Bank of Stevens Point, H. Huyssen, president ; L. Schaf- fer, cashier. This bank was incorporated in 1857. In 1858, Huyssen withdrew and Louis Schaffer continued, but failed in 186 1. The Wisconsin Central Railroad repair shops are located here. Early in the history of the road there was a small repair shop here. The present structure, which is of brick, large and commodious, was erected in 1875. A large paint shop is now building, which will cover seven passenger coaches. All the repairs of the rolling stock for the six hundred miles of road are done here. There are forty-nine locomotives, twenty-six passenger coaches, and 1,500 freight cars in service. Everything is built that may be required except locomotives, and they are thoroughly overhauled and repaired, when necessary. The facilities for work are being constantly extended. J. B. Hennirig is the master- mechanic, and F. S. Nicholson, chief clerk. They employ 170 men. The round-house was built in 1871. This is an important station ; S. H. Vaughn is the company's agent. The passenger tickets sold averaged $2,600 a month. The amount of freight forwarded per month is 12,500,000 lbs.; received, 2,250,000 lbs. Between four and five thousand dollars are received monthly for freight. About 2,500 cars are weighed here every month. The amount of lumber shipped is from three to five hundred car loads a month. General Trade. — There are few cities the size of this, which are no older, that do not have the different kinds of business more generally separated than here. For there is hardly a grocery that does not have dry goods, and even the apothecaries have general merchandise, or at least two ¦ or three lines of goods besides drugs. So that it is difficult to give the number of business men in any special depart ment of trade. An approximation, however, will be pre sented, that the reader may have a fair idea of the extent of trade in the city. There are at least twenty-five stores where groceries are sold, none of them being confined to groceries alone. There are four drug stores in with other business. Twenty places sell dry goods, with other things. In hardware, there are three stores, confined quite closely to that branch of trade. Their sales may be from $40,000 to $50,000 a year. There are five tailor shops. Of watch makers and jewelers there are five. Several confectionery stores. Tobacco stores are common in the saloons and other stores. In stationery and fancy goods, two or three places. One book store, with drugs, etc. Two furniture establishments. In the line of milliners, there are at least nine. To supply meat, there are seven butcher shops. There is now but one photographer. Scattered over town are half a dozen barber shops. Five or six shoemaker shops. Blacksmith shops may be found in the usual num ber, in such a community, with wheelwrights and other me chanics. Agents for sewing machines, representing the most popular machines, are to be found here, and in fact, all the various kinds of business required by such a com munity, including musical instruments and other things in dicating an advanced state of civilization. In the city there are twenty-eight retail licensed liquor saloons, two of them with wholesale privileges. The fees for a retail saloon are $100, and $40 for a wholesale house. Besides this, one of the druggists has a license at a cost of $25. There is a public square across Main street and First avenue, which is a common market-place where numerous country teams will be found with hay and other productions in their season. Those drawn by oxen predominating. The city is well supplied with hostlery accommodations. The leading houses are the Curran House and the Man sion House, with the Adams House and the Lutz House near the depot, and Jacobs House, the Cabill House and others. All the public houses are kept well filled, and constant additions are being required. There are two regular omnibuses conveying passengers between the station and the hotels and residences, besides other carriages. Livery stables. — Of these necessary adjuncts to a thriv ing town, there are several very well appointed, at fair rates for hire. Book-bindery . — One of these institutions flourishes here. Stage routes. — There are two stage lines to Plover with a double daily service. The railroad, now grading, will soon supersede them. There is also a mail route still running as a reminder of the past. It goes to Alban via Ellis, Polonia and Boyington. J. Ellingson is the pro prietor. Post-office. — A new building is erecting on the north side of Main street to be occupied by the post-office. The present Postmaster is J. O. Raymond, with Don R. Chamberlain as assistant. Six thousand postal cards go off in a quarter, and between four and five hundred dollars' worth of stamps. There are three cemeteries, which do no discredit to the city, but on account of the comparative youthfulness of the town and its exceptional healthfulness, are more noted for their future rather than their past usefulness. The officers of the Union Cemetery Association are : H. B. Martin, 746 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. president; J. R. Kingsbury, secretary; L. D. Connery, treasurer. INDIAN BIOGRAPHIES. There have been several noted Indians who have hov ered around Stevens Point since its occupation by the white race. Wau-he-ke-nish, a few years ago was a most ancient speci men of aboriginal senility. Formerly he was large and plump and had the reputation of being overbearing and insolent, and one day, having made an assault on a white man, he was most unmercifully pounded, and, although he lived many years afterward, he never did quite re cover. His hair was bleached and he was shriveled and wrinkled, and his. form so doubled up that his appearance gave little suggestion that he was ever "big Ingun me," as was his former boast. He claimed in the most earn est way to be 140 years of age, but this must have been an exaggeration, although he had a son who was called "Big Papoose" who was an old man. They are both dead now. The old man would surround a large ration up to the day of his death. His skull was secured and it meas ures but twenty inches around, and only twelve and one- half over the top from ear to ear. Jake Batise, a Winnebago, was another character. He once got some kind of work, and went to a white woman to get her to bake some bread for him to live on while doing the job. She said, "No, Jake, you are a bad Indian ; I once loaned you two dollars, and you have never paid me as you promised. I shall tell everybody that you are not honest, and no one will trust you after this." "Ah," says Jake, "I never see it that way. Don't tell it that way, and I pay you." Which he did and got his bread baked. It seems that it had never occurred to him that wrong doing would injure his reputation. He was quite a good Indian afterward. A representative of the Winnebago tribe of much more than ordinary intelligence is Julia Mayrond, a daughter of Aug. Grignon, an early resident at Fort Winnebago, where Julia was born, in 1808, her mother being the sister of the chief De Kaury. She was a young woman when the Winne bago fort was built in 1828, under the command of Maj. Twiggs. She has a son, now in Minnesota, named David Twiggs. She lives at Stevens Point, and is the interpreter for H. W. Lee, the attorney for the tribe. She is a widow and looks much younger than she is. Her husband was John Mayrond, a son of John B. Mayrond, a celebrated In dian trader, who was formerly with the Hudson Bay Fur Company, and went into the employ of the American Com pany, when it succeeded to the rights of that ancient mo nopoly in this region, being the chief clerk and confidential agent of the company. The celebrated De Kaury line of Winnebago chiefs were the descendants of that charming young queen, who enter tained Jonathan Carver, near Green Bay, more than a cen tury ago, Ho-po-ko-e-kaw. Hole-in-the-day was the most celebrated chief of the Chippewas since the white settlement of the country. His courage was undaunted, and he was of commanding form, but his treachery was only limited by his skill. He was killed while crossing Flat River in 1847. His son suc ceeded him and was called Young Hole-in-the-day. While yet young, he controlled the tribe, managing the treaties and receiving the lion's share. He lived in great style near Crow Wing, Minn., at the reservation, with a white wife, for whom he had discarded several squaws. He was waylaid and murdered near home by three Pillager or Leech Lake Indians, June 27, 1868. His name in the Chippewa lan guage was Po-go-ne-shik. ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD. JOHN B. DuBAY. This remarkable man was born in Green Bay, July 10, 1810. In 1823, when fifteen years of age, he went to Detroit and to work for the sutler of the fort, where he rapidly developed a capac ity for usefulness. He was afterward employed by the fur company, going to Saginaw in that interest. Being familiar with the Indian dialect, he was the private interpreter for Gen. Cass, the Terri torial Governor. While an agent of the fur company, he built the first house ever erected on the Kalamazoo River, just below the pres ent town. In 1829, for some cause he "bolted" the fur company, and set up an opposition establishment on his own account at Sag inaw. This was conducted in such a lively way that in 1831 the com pany made overtures to buy him out of the business entirely. This offer was accepted, the company paying him $600 a year for six years not to be engaged in trade any more. He went right up to the Sault Ste. Marie and started a trading post, chartering a schooner to carry up his supplies, and remaining there. He made a tour of the lakes on a trading expedition among the British Possessions, and had many thrilling adventures, but finally got around all right. In 1834 he again engaged with the fur company, and for five years had charge of what was called the Flambeau district at a salary of $1,100 a year and expenses for himself and family. The headquarters were near the head waters of the Chippewa, where there had been a post for 100 years or' more. He was interpreter for Gov. Dodge at the treaty of Ft. Snellinge July 29, 1837, with Hole-in-the-day and other Chippewas. In 1839 lis left the fur company, and the next year bought the trading post of Ihl fur company at Ft. Winnebago and remained in business there unln 1851. Louis DuBay, his father, was a full-blooded Frenchman ; born ie Montreal and came to Wisconsin as a fur trader and spent a sing], Winter on the Wisconsin at what is still called DuBay's trading posl and where John B. still lives. John B. DuBay assisted Dousman and Burnett in procuring from the Chippewa Indians the privilege of build ing a mill at the Chippewa Falls, which arrangement was superseded by the treaty of 1837, in which he took a prominent part. At one of the councils with the Chippewas where DuBay was interpreter, all the chiefs acquiesced in the arrangement except Hole-in-the-day, who being impertinent to the interpreter, he was slapped across the mouth by DuBay when he quietly sat down and submitted to the majority. He was a great hunter, and always had fine dogs and splendid hunting outfits. It was said of him in his prime, only the celebrated Capt. Scott, of the regular army, could beat him with pistol or gun. Some time after he re tired from business at Ft. Winnebago, a party undertook to jump his claim on the place where he lived. He offered to sell at a reasonable rate, but his offer was rejected, and one day when he was out hunting with a party of Milwaukee gentlemen, he found on his return that the frame of a mill was already erected within his inclosure and partially boarded in. After supper he proceeded to cut it down, and a moment after it fell, a mob of about thirty men headed by Reynolds, one of the proprietors of the mill, appeared with axes, etc., to level his house to the ground ; he stood in the door with his double-barreled shot-gun. He pushed Reynolds away several times, but he at last seized a weapon and at the point of striking, DuBay fired, killing him instantly. He at once gave himself up to the Sheriff and was conveyed to jail. The mob gathered to lynch him. Judge Guppy harangued the crowd, and Sheriff Lewis told them he had armed DuBay and they better keep away from his cell, which they did. He was tried at Madison. Har low S. Orton and Moses M. Strong defended him, and three men who had been Governors of the State volunteered to testify in his behalf— Gov. Dodge, Gov. Dewey and Gov. Doty. He was acquitted. In the early history of the county he was prominent, particularly on road mat ters, and was one of the Commissioners to lay out a road from Madison to Wausau. During the Black Hawk war, in 1832, he was commis sioned as lieutenant-colonel by the Governor, but was so engaged he could only send forward half-breeds and other recruits. HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 747 CAPT. WILLIAM BREMMER, of the 18th Wis. Reg., died sud- denly near his residence in Plover," in December, 1873. He formerly lived in Stockton, and was well and favorably known. HON. SATTERLEE CLARK. Mr. Clark came to what was afterward Portage County, but now Columbia County, at a very early day, with his father, whose Christain name he bore. They arrived in Wis consin, at Green Bay, on the fourteenth day of April, 1828. Young Clark went with the troops to Fort Winnebago that same season, and was ap pointed sutler of the fort, by Gen. Jackson, President of the United States, although he was not yet quite of age. His career as a Democratic office holder, was thus early commenced. Since that time, among numerous other positions, he was employed by Gov. Dodge, to go with the Winne bago chiefs to Washington in 1837. And he was ten years State Senator. He was a most genial, man of boundless hospitality, and closely identified with the whole history of Wisconsin, from soon after its first settlement at Green Bay. At the time of his death, he was employed in the attor ney's department of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Com pany. He fell dead as he was leaving the Union depot in St. Paul, Sept. 20, 1881. He was born in the District of Columbia, in 1816. ABRAHAM BRAWLEY, was one of the early settlers, he was born in Meadville, Pa., in 1810. In 1839, he buit a mill on the creek, which is south of Stevens Point. In 1842, he built another mill on the Big Eau Claire. It is supposed that he built the first house at Stevens Point, in 1844, and removed his family from Mill Creek. He was in the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry during the war of 1861. Was a prisoner of war, and died in Richmond, February, 1865. He was long amember of the County Board and its Chairman, was Register of the Land Office, and held other offices. SAMUEL R. MERRILL, died Dec. 16, 1880, at Juneau, Dodge Co., aged seventy-five years. He was among the oldest lumbermen on the river, and was well and favorably known among all the old residents.' GEORGE STRONGER, an old citizen of Stevens Point, was * prominent member of the singing bund, and .a member of the fire com pany. He was universally respected by a wide circle of friends. His death was on the 25th of September, 1873. ORANGE R. ELLIS, son of Gen. A. G. Ellis, was born at Green Bay in 1840, and came to Stevens Point with his father's family. He filled various positions of trust and honor, and being a large-hearted man, he rapidly won the confidence and esteem of the people. In 1864, he removed to Stillwater, Minn., he there married Miss Sarah V. Noyes, April 30, i860. From Stillwater he moved to Muscatine, Iowa, where his health failed, and he finally went to Milwaukee, where he died, Feb. 3, 1874. His death was a severe loss to the whole community. WILLIAM SYLVESTER was a veteran of the war of 1812, hav ing been born in Hanover, Plymouth Co., Mass., in 1792. He died in Ripon, Wis., Nov. 30, 1875. He came West as far as Mackinaw in 1814. In 1835, he came to Wisconsin, locating in Green Bay. His name appears as a charter member of Ft. Winnebago Masonic Lodge. On his removal to Stevens Point, he became identified with the interests of the place. He was a man of high character and great moral worth, W. S. PATRICK. Mr. Patrick was a native of New York State, forty- six years of age at the time of his death, which took place on the 28th of January, 1877. He started the Central Bank in 1873, while a resident of Detroit, Mich. He was a large dealer in timber lands. In 1S75, he removed here, having previously lived in Flint, Mich., where he was at one time Mayor. Not long before his death, he removed to Minneapo lis, where an accident terminated his life. In a bank, he opened the wrong door, and fell to the basement. DR. L. S. McCULLOCH, born in New York State, Lima, Living ston Co., July 29, 1827. Spent his early boyhood in Rockport. By his own exertions, qualified himself for college, and at seventeeen entered Hamilton College. A severe hemorrhage from the lungs stopped his academic course. He first practiced dentistry in Castile, N. Y.; then at Wellington, and finally his health permitted his completing his regu lar medical studies in Cincinnati. He was married to Mrs. Mary Elli ott, in August, 1853, in Ohio. He was with his brother, H. D., here, and led a quiet, but useful, life. His death was on Dec. I, 1878, at the age of fifty-one. He was public spirited, and did more than any one else to establish the Public Library. HERBERT WOOD was in Portage County twenty-five years, hav ing arrived in 1852. For eight years, he carried on the tailoring busi ness here, but failing health sent him on to a farm. He was well and favorably known. CEPHAS SHEKELLS was in his eighty-fifth year when he died, on the 15th of May, 1877. He had lived in Stevens Point twenty-five years. He was born in Bladensburg, in 1772; went with his father's family to Geneva, N. Y., and in 1848 came to Milwaukee, having been married, in 1817, to Matilda J. Warner, who died in 1846, leaving five children. He was closely connected with the Episcopal Church, and was a fine and venerable old gentleman. MRS. D. P. BROWN was an early settler, appearing with her hus band in 1847. They kept the Phillips House. Mr. Brown died in Ga lena, in 1850, of cholera. She was seventy-seven years of age at the time of her death, June 30, 1877. She was the mother of Mr. D. C. Brown and of Mrs. Judge Cate. NATHANIEL F. BLISS was born June 5, 1809, in Pownal, Vt. Came to Stevens Point in 1846. He was a carpenter, and assisted in building many of the first houses in town. He married Miss Mundana Hale, of Smithfield, Pa., who was the first school teacher in town. They had nine children. Mr. Bliss was a prominent citizen, a Justice of 'he Peace and Police Justice, and was in the mercantile business. He died Oct. 5, 1876, aged sixty-nine. W. C. DAVENPORT was one of the early settlers, having come to the Point in 1850. He was engaged in lumbering, and afterward started the currier and tanning business. His establishment has burned since his death, which was on the loth of April, 1872, while away from home at Wausau, aged forty-eight years. He was married, April 10, 1855, to Julia Darrow. He was a native of Ohio. JOHN WHITE, born in England in 1820, came to America with his parents, and located in New York City, and afterward lived in White Plains, N.Y., and came to Wisconsin in 1855, remaining in Fond du Lac about one year, when he came to Stevens Point, going at first on to a farm, but soon entered into the hardware business, which he continued to follow. He returned to England in 1840, and was married to Eliz abeth Snook. They had five children. He was a good, enterprising citizen, highly respected by the community. His death was on the 30th of November, 1865. DR. ALFRED EARLL, was one of the earliest doctors locating here. He was born in New York State, in 1821. He studied medicine with Dr. Mann, of Mannville, N.Y., and married Miss Lorana Earll, on the 17th of September, 1846. In 1851, removed to Madison, remaining one year, when he came to Stevens Point. They had six children. At one time he was in mercantile business, and was Postmaster at the time of his death, which was on the 6th of May, 1871, while he was near Mil waukee on business. He was an active, public-spirited citizen. DR. WILLIAM SCHOFIELD was a native of Ohio, having been born in that State, in 1809. On arriving at a proper age, he qualified himself for a professional life by studying medicine and surgery. He first located in Joliet, in 1836, where he made hosts of friends. In 1847. he removed to Shullsburgh, and the next year came to Portage County. He selected a. beautiful spot on the Eau Claire, in Marathon County. and began lumbering. Fortune favored him. In 1856, this mill was burned, but it was soon reconstructed and running again. About this time he had taken up his residence at Stevens Point, with his family. He was a remarkably popular man, and was'unanimously elected the first Mayor of the city, serving two terms. Few men were more patri otic and self sacrificing than Dr. Schofield, whose loss was deeply felt. His death was on the 16th of December, 1863. HOMER DRAKE was a native of Cattaraugus Co., N.Y. When young, he went with his parents to Iowa, and afterward removed to the Wisconsin pinery. During the war he was captain of a company in the Seventh Regiment. He died in Plover, on the 18th of March, 1871, aged fifty-six years, leaving a wife, two sons and a daughter. WILLIAM WYATT came to Stevens Point in 1857. He was noted for his uprightness, affability and kindness, which gained the con fidence and respect of all. He was born in West Point, N.Y., in 1802, and, before coming to Wisconsin, lived some time in Erie, Pa. He left a large and interesting family at the time of his death, March 8, 1864, and was buried with Masonic honors. JUDGE MINER STROPE. Was born in Luzerne Co., Pa., in 1806. Was admitted to the Bar after studying in Albany, N. Y.. and practiced in the western part of the State. Married Mary A. Morton, of Erie, by whom he had three children. SJie died in 1846. In 1848, he married Ursula Wilmott. They came to Wisconsin and located in Plo ver, in June, 1850. He was a well-known lawyer, with a wide practice in this and adjoining counties. For several terms he was District At torney, and also for years County Judge. Three children were the re sult of the last marriage. His death was on the 31st of August, 1880. MISS LAURA V. ALBAN. Born Dec. 23, 1846, in Ohio. The daughter of W. R. and Rachel Alban, who soon after moved to Plover. Miss Alban was a very remarkable woman; a natural leader and teacher of children. Part of her education was at the Oshkosh Normal School, but she was largely self-educated. The extent of her reading among the best authors, and her familiarity with them, was marvelous. She was for six years the successful and honored principal of the Green Bay Grammar School. She could manage the most refractory boy without trouble; her simple honesty of purpose won all hearts. Her devotion to her parents was most unselfish, and her death, which was on Jan. 19, 1880, was indeed a sad event to a wide circle. REV, J. EDWARDS, pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Plover. He was a man of sterling integrity, with urbanity, and always main- 748 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tained a Christian deportment, with zeal and unremitting labors in the cause he loved so well. His death was on Feb. 6, 1866, at the age of forty-seven. THEODORE C. ELLIS, son of Gen. A. G. Ellis. Was a promis ing and genial young man, who had been well educated and had a spe cial talent for music. He died Jan. 23, 1871, aged twenty-one years. COL. JAMES S. ALBAN. A lawyer and a Judge; the colonel of the 1 8th Wis. V. I. He was an early settler. It was a public calamity when he fell, at the battle of Pittsburg Landing, in April, 1862. His re mains were brought to Plover on- the 26th of April, and sadly the peo ple laid them away on the 28th. He was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio; was twenty-five years in the State and eighteen years in the county. His age was fifty-one. E.L.PIKE. One of the early settlers. Died June 11, 1877. He was here as early as 1848, and engaged in the fur business. He left a wife and three children. DANIEL McAULIFF, of Co. G, 7th Wis. V. I. Served two years. Died Aug. 18, 1867. HON. LUTHER HANCHETT, M. D. Died in Stanton, Nov. 24, aged thirty-eight years, while a member of Congress. He was a re markably able man. CHARLES CALLAHAN. Was born in the county of Meath, Ire land, on the fifteenth day of January, 1830, and died on the 25th of Sep tember, 1881. With his parents, he came to this country when a lad, and in 1855 to Stevens Point, and has been connected Vith the lumber interest till near the time of his death, some of the time for himself. He was a kind-hearted, good-natured man, well known in the county. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. DAVID A. AGNEW, Jr., watch repairer and jeweler, Stevens Point. Mr. Agnew first settled in Stevens Point, with his parents, in the Spring of 1856. At a suitable age he attended the public school, at the above city, until he was sixteen years old, at which time he began and learned his trade as noted above, and has followed the same since. He was born in Butler, Butler Co., Pa., June 18, 1853. He was married, in In dianapolis, Ind., June 18, 1873. His wife's maiden name was Sarah L. Hoover; she was born in La Fayette, Ind., Aug. 8, 1853. They have one girl, named Mary L. Agnew. THOMAS ADAMS, general blacksmith, wagon making, etc., Stevens Point. Mr. Adams first settled in Stevens Point in September, 1879, and began his present business as above stated. He went to Dakota in 1879, and took a homestead and pre-emption, which he still holds.' He was born in, Glasgow, Scotland, Dec. 19, 1849. He was married in Montreal, Canada, June 30, 1875 ; his wife's maiden name was Flora A. Kyle ; she was born in Montreal, Canada, April 3, 1855. They have three children, named Mary L., Janet A., and Florence K, Adam. G. F. ANDRAE, merchant, Stevens Point, was born in Germany, Dec. 11, 1849; came to Mayville, Wis., in 1866; lived there until he came to Stevens Point, in 1869. . He was engaged in mercantile busi ness here from 1870 to 1874, in partnership with Henry Hoeffler; since then, he has carried on business alone ; he employs five clerks, and some years his sales have amounted to $85,000. This year (1881) he estimates his business at $70,000. Mr. A. was married, in Stevens Point, April 14, 1875, to Ada F. Anderson. She was born in the town of Stockton, in this county. GEORGE W. BAILEY, saw maker, and agent for Henry Diston & Sons' saws, Philadelphia, Pa., Stevens Point. He first settled in Oshkosh, Wis., in 187 1, coming from Boston, Mass.; he remained in Oshkosh five years, following the above business. He went to Stevens Point in 1876, and has been there since, engaged as above noted. He was born in West Cambridge, Mass., June 11, 1844. He was married, in Boston, Mass., Nov. 14, 1866. His wife's maiden name was Sarah F. Brooks • she was born in Marlboro, N. H., Dec. 2, 1846. They have six children, named Floretta E., Beatrice, Edna, Louise, now de ceased, Clara, George Henry, and Grace Bailey. VALENTINE B. BAKENS, proprietor restaurant, groceries, con fectionery, fruits, etc., Stevens Point. Mr. Bakens first settled at Stevens Point, May 8, 1868 ; he first engaged in farming, and the milk business, being the first that followed the latter business in the city ; he continued it rive years, at which time he began his present business, and has conducted that since. He was born in Bavaria, Europe, May 27 1823. He was married, October, 1850, in Ohio ; his wife's maiden name was Emily R. Ticknor, she was born in Kent, England. They have three children, named Emily B. Bakens, John V., and Walter W. W. Bakens. FREDERICK A. BANDOW, proprietor meat market on Water street, Stevens Point. Mr. B. first settled in Washington County, in 1847 and lived there one year, then he moved to Sugar Island, Dodge Co., in 1848, and he went to Stevens Point in 1850; he has followed lumbering, and running the Wisconsin River, and working at vari ous occupations ; he began in the meat market in 1870, and followed it until 1876, and closed it until 1879, tnen re-opened, and has followed it since. He was born in Prussia, October, 1828 ; he was married, in 1857, at Watertown, Wis.; his wife's maiden name was Emestina F. Radtke, she was born in Prussia, April, 1834. They have five children living, named Alexander W., Wilhelmina E., Louise C, Ida A., and Annettie Bandow. COUNT S. BIELSKI, City Marshal, Stevens Point, was born in Russia, Poland, March 23, 1845, and lived in Austria, Prussia, and France, being educated in Austria, Belgium, France, and in the Univer sity of Munich. He came to America in November, 1876, spent a few days in New York City, and then came to Stevens Point, where he has since lived, engaged in farming, until three years ago ; he has been City Marshal since April 5, 1881. Count Bielski was married, at Stevens Point, Jan. 20, 1877, to Anna Mary Stenger, who was born in New York State. They have two children, Waldemar Oscar and Richard Alphonse. WALTER R. BARNES, attorney and insurance agent, Stevens Point, was born in Weyauwega, Wis., May 5, 1853 ; lived there until the Fall of 1861, afterward resided in Davenport, Iowa, for two years, then located at Oshkosh, which was his home until he came to Stevens Point, in July, 1875 ; in the Spring of 1871, he entered the Military Academy, at West Point, where he remained for two years, when he resigned, in consequence of his father's death, and returned to Oshkosh, to attend to the settlement of his father's estate. In May, 1875, he was admitted to the Bar, having commenced the study of law soon after leaving West Point. Since coming to Stevens Point, he has been engaged in practice of his profession, and in February, 1881, he became associated with W. B. Buckingham, in fire insurance business, carrying that on in connec tion with his law business. Ir. November, 1875, he was married, at Oshkosh, to Miss Clara E. Parkinson, a native of that place. They have one child, Chester David. MARSHALL W. BLANCHARD, Stevens Point, son of Roswell C. and Lydia A. Newton Blanqhard, was born at Stevens Point, Aug. 26, 185 1, and that place has been his home ever since ; he has been engaged in .the furniture business since boyhood. His parents settled in Stevens Point in the Fall of 1849, an$ Jf ^(yvx^tAyy^^tyn rented an old saw-mill, in which he started the first successful planing- mill in that city, operating it one year, when he returned to Plover, where, orin that vicinity he has resided ever since. Mr. Sherman operates the mills at the mouth of Big Plover River. He commenced build ing where he is now located, in 1854, and got the mill in full operation two or three years later. Mr. Sherman has been Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors for the last four years, and is one of the most active members of the Board. He was married, in Rindge, N. H., April 22, 1857, to Rachel S. Jones, of that place. They have two children, Clar ence Augustus, born July 9, 1854, and Eugene Augustine, born in March, 1857. CLARENCE A. SHERMAN, now engaged with his father in his large saw-mill on the Plover, called Sherman's mills, was born in Plover, Wis,, July 9, 1854. He spent his school days principally at home, and attended the Lawrence University, at Appleton, Wis., for some time. After arriving at maturity, he went to work for his father in the saw-mill, and has made that his business since, excepting that he built a shingle mill on the Big Plover River in the Winter of 1876 and 1877, which he operated two years, sold out, and returned to his father's employ, and has since been there. He was married at Plover, on July II, 1876. His wife's maiden name was Myrta A. Downing ; she was born in Portage County, Aug. 10, 1857. They have three children, named Walter C, Frank A. and an infant, not yet named. EUGENE A. SHERMAN, engaged with his father, S. A. Sherman, in his saw-mill on Plover River. Mr. E. A. Sherman was born in Plover, Wis., March 28, 1857. After arriving at suitable age, he attended the public schools in his village, and began with his father at the age of six teen years, taking charge of the business several years since beginning work. He has also followed running the river for some time, and had a fleet of lumber run out of the river to the lower markets in the Spring of 1881. He was married in Linwood Tp., Portage Co., Feb. 1, 1881. His wife's maiden name was Ritie L.Andrews. She was born in the same town where they were married, Jan. 3, 1864. JOHN A. SLOTHOWER, dealer in diy goods, groceries and gen eral merchandise, of the firm of Slolhcver & Ham: cher, Sle\er,s Point, Wis. Mt. S. was born in La Fayelte Co., Wis., July 3, 1840, at which place he lived until he was fourteen years of age, and then went with his parents to Stevens Point. He first clerked in his father's store, Mr. John Slothower, two years, after that he was engaged in various kinds of busi ness, and in 1861, was engaged in a lumber yard at St. Louis, for his father. He returned, and followed various occupations until August, 1880, when he went into the mercantile trade as above noted. He was married, in Stevens Point, in 1865, to Miss Ella Orrick ; she died in 1866. He was married again, November, 1877. His wife's maiden name was Alice A. Morgan ; she was born in New Jersey in 1850. He had one daughter by first wife, named Anna W., born Jan. 6, 1866, at Stevens Point. JOHN SLOTHOWER, lumber manufacturer, Stevens Point. Was born in Menallen Township, two miles from Gettysburg, Pa., Dec. II, 1811. Lived there until he came to Galena, 111., in the Spring of 1836. In October of the same year, he removed to Wiota, Wis. He was en gaged in mercantile business, mining and farming there, and in that vi cinity, until 1840, when he commenced supplying the lumbermen of the pineries with produce, etc., dealing extensively with Bloomer, Campbell, and others in this region, which he continued until 184S. In that year he engaged in mercantile business at Stevens Point, in partnership with Matthew Campbell and Samuel R. Merrill. Mr. Campbell retired from the business in about two years, and Messrs. Slothower & Merrill con tinued together until 1856; also engaged in lumbering during this period. Built a steam saw-mill on Little Eau Claire in 1849, an(^ a few years later they bought the Weston mill, on the Big Eau Claire, and purchased another mill on the Little Eau Claire. Mr. Slothower continued mer chandising until i860; since then he has been in lumber business, manu facturing now. His family resided at Wiota until 1852, since then at Stevens Point, except three years in the town of O'PIaine, where Mr. Slothower's mill was located. During the time he lived there, he was Chairman of the B >ard of Supervisors. He has served seven years as one of the Aldermen •¦>{ Stevens Point. March 26, 1835, he was married, in Gettysburg, Pa., to Mary Ann Agnew, a native of that place ; she was born Feb. 12, 1812. They have two children living, John Alexander, born July 3, 1840 ; Adeline Rosella (now Mrs. E. L. Clark, of Menasha), was born Aug. 8, 1848. M. C. SLUTTS, Deputy Sheriff, Stevens Point. Was born in Fair field, Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, Sept. 30, 1825. Most of his life was spent in the Southern States, prior to his coming to Wisconsin, in 1844. He came to Galena, 111., by steamboat, and from that place he made his way to the pineries of Wisconsin on foot, arriving at Stevens Point the last of August, 1844 ; from here he went to Dubay's trading-post and Mosi nee. For a short time he was engaged in rafting for the contractors of John L. Moore, who was the owner of the Little Bull Mill. During a portion of four years, he was engaged in shaving shingles for himself in that vicinity ; running lumber down the river during the season for raft ing, he became a river pilot. After being in the Territory a year, he made his headquarters at Stevens Point, and was constantly engaged in lumbering from 1845 until 1873. For twenty-eight years he never missed making trips each year with lumber on the river. From 1850 to 1852, he also had lumber yards at Illinois Town (now East St. Louis), and Venice, the latter a town a little further up the Mississippi River. Mr. Slutts was also engaged in the hotel business in Stevens Point, in an early day, having purchased a half interest in the American House about the year 1850. He was married in Stevens Point, Nov. 20, 1856, to Mary C. Luce ; she died May 30, 1869. Five children survive her — Francis L., Charles M., Arnold D., Olive A. and Joseph J. Mr. S. relates ;the story of a remarkable escape which he had from drowning, about 1850. Having been thrown from a raft at Little Bull Falls, where many rafts men have lost their lives, Mr. Slutts being the only man who was ever thrown into the water there and escaped death. He was also one of a party of nine who were swamped at Pine Bluff, and only four were saved. He has been Deputy Sheriff most of the time for the last seven years. He has been Coroner of the county, and is now one of the Coun ty Supervisors, having served" one term prior to this time. DR. JESSE SMITH, surgeon dentist, Stevens Point, was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, England, March 12, 1850. Came to America in 1875. Located in St. Louis until he came to Stevens Point, July 3, 1880. He attended the Missouri Dental College two terms, and after ward entered the Western College of Dental Surgeons, of St. Louis, and graduated from the latter institution March 10, 1880. The doctor com menced the study and practice of his profession in his native place, in England, prior to coming to America. He was married at Rochdale, England, March 12, 1870, to Sarah A. Holt, also a native of that place. WILLIAM W. SPRAGGON, baker, Stevens Point, came to Wis consin in May, 1856, and stopped until November of that year with his brother, Robert R. Spraggon, in Adams County. Nov. 14, 1856, he came to Stevens Point and was employed in a bakery until 1859. He established himself in business in September, 1859, an<* has continued it since, keeping a bakery and dealing in fancy groceries and confection ery ; he has had a steam bakery since 1873. Mr. Spraggon was born in Rothbury, Northumberland Co., Eng., Nov. 30, 1836, and went to Lon don in the Winter of 1851-2, where he finished learning the bakei's trade, having commenced it in Rothbury. He arrived in New York 753 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. City in January, 1854, an(i was there and on Long Island until he came to Wisconsin, being in the bakery business all the time. He has man ufactured crackers since he started a bakery, and since 1873 has run a steam bakery. He manufactures from 500 to 600 barrels of flour into crackers, etc., each year. His sales amount to from $8,000 to $10,000. Mr. Spraggon was Alderman of the Second Ward from the Spring of 1864 until the Spring of 1866, and was afterward appointed but re signed. He was Mayor of the City from the Spring of 1878 to the Spring of 1881. He was married at Stevens Point, Sept. 12, 1858, to Bridget Masterson, who was born in Veldenstown, County of Meath, Ire land, and died April 17, 1881. She was a daughter of John Kinseller, and with her first husband was one of the early settlers at Stevens Point, arriving there about 1849. GEORGE STENGER, of the firm of Stenger & Betlach, proprie tors meat market, Stevens Point. Mr. S. was born in Fremont Tp., N. Y., Dec. 17, 1855. He left there in the Spring of 1857 and went to St. Louis, Mo., remained there about a year. His parents then traveled and lived in various portions of the West and finally located at Stevens Point in April, 1858, where he spent his youthful days and went into his present businessain 1874. He was married Jan. 9, 1879. His wife's maiden name was Margaret July. She was born at Green Bay, April I, 1857. They have two children, named George Stenger, Jr., and Gertrude Stenger. WASHBURN STONE, grocer, Stevens Point, was born in what is now the town of Waverly, Luzerne Co., Pa., June 6, 1843. Came to Wisconsin with his parents, Arnold and Orphie (Shaw) Stone, when he was about twelve years of age. His father died at Palmyra, Jefferson Co., Wis., in August, 1861. His mother still resides at Palmyra, where they first located in this State. In 1871, Washburn Stone removed to Stevens Point, coming here on the second passenger train which ever entered the town. For two years after coming here, he carried on meat market and grocery business ; since then engaged exclusively in grocery trade. Mr. S. was married at Palmyra, Wis., Dec. 25, 1862, to Irene B. Higgins, who was born at Fredonia, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and died April 6, 1881. One child, Jennie, survives her. JOHN STUMPF, attorney, Justice of the Peace and City Treas urer, Stevens Point, was born in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, Jan. 8, 1828. Came to the city of New York Oct. 22, 1847. Remained there until early in the Summer of 1848, when he came to Iowa Co., Wis. From there he came to Stevens Point, in the Springof 1849. Was employed by the month, doing such work as he could find to do, until he was elected, in 1852, Clerk of the County Board and Register of Deeds. The county seat being then located at Plover, he removed to that place in 1853, and continued to live there until 1874. In the latter year he returned to Stevens Point, where he has since continued to re side. From 1855 to 1857, he was Deputy Clerk of the County Board. In the Fall of 1856, he was again elected Register of Deeds, and after ward elected Clerk of the Circuit Court. Early in 1S62, he enlisted in Co. K, 18th Wis. V. I. Was captured at the battle of Shiloh, and was a prisoner for seven months. At the siege of Vicksburg, he was wound ed, and in consequence thereof was discharged from the service in the Spring of 1864, having been promoted to orderly sergeant and finally to lieutenant of his company. In the Fall of 1864, he was elected County Treasurer, and twice re-elected, serving the terms in that position. In 1873, he was elected County Judge. While serving as County Judge he was admitted to the Bar, and during a portion of the time was City Clerk. He is now serving his third term as Justice of the Peace, and also holding the office of City Treasurer for the third term. In 1828, he was married in the town of Stockton, to Harriet M. Richmond, who was born at Ft. Covington, N. Y. They have three children living — John H., Edwin O. and Albert M. Lost three children. CALEB SWAYZE, proprietor of the Pinery, Stevens Point, was born at Beemerville, N. J., Dec. 12, 1833, and learned the printer's trade at Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y., working in that county seven or eight years, until he came to Stevens Point, in April, 1856. He en gaged in newspaper business when he first came. Was superintentend- ent of the Pinery printing office, and has been sole proprietor of that paper since the iast of 1857. FRANK H. TAYLOR, foreman in Brown Bros, planing mill, Stevens Point. Mr. Taylor was born at Mt. Pleasant, Racine Co., Wis., Aug. 24, 1855. His parents lived there about one year after that date, and moved to Plover, Portage Co., where they still live. Mr. T. lived at home until he was twenty years of age. He worked in a shingle mill for C. A. Sherman, on the Plover River, a short time ; he afterward en gaged with Olin & Harvey, at Stevens Point, in a planing mill about nine months from there to Wight & Harvey's sash and door factory; was there a short time, then he went to work at his present place and has been there since. He was married at Plover, Wis., Oct. 3, 1877. His wife's maiden name was Alice Bell ; she was born in Plover, May 26, 1856. They have one daughter named Clara B. Taylor, born April 4, 1881. DAVID H. VAUGHN, proprietor furniture store, on Main street, Stevens Point, Wis. Mr. Vaughn has charge of the boom, and has a contract for the fourth season, including 1881. He has thirty men in his employ, sorting and delivering logs. Mr. V. first settled in Oregon Township, Dane Co., in 1847, witn His parents. They moved directly to Stevens Point in the Spring of 1854; he attended school and assisted his father until August, 1862, at which time he enlisted in Co. H, 3d Regt. Wis. Cav., and was mustered in the United States service, at Madi son, Wis .He served three years and was mustered out in St. Louis, Mo., July, 1865. He then returned to Stevens Point, and afterward began lumbering, logging and piloting and running lumber by the thousand. He has followed the above business, and labor connected with it, until the present writing. He purchased the furniture store Dec. 14, 1880, He was born in Saranac, Clinton Co., N. Y., Nov. 7, 1842. He was married, Dec. 25, 1870, at Stevens Point. His wife's maiden name was Jennie Brawley; she was born in Stevens Point, Wis., March 29, 1851. They have five children, named, Ma' tie E., Lulu, Virginia, D. Lynn and Charles Vaughn. Mrs. Vaughn's father, Abraham Brawley, is said to have built the first log house at what'is now the city of Stevens Point, her parents being the first white family that settled in that vicinity. Her mother's name was Sarah Brawley. STILES H. VAUGHN, ticket and freight agent of the Wisconsin Central Railway, Stevens Point. Was born in the town of Oregon, Dane Co., Wis., July 10, 1854. When he was an infant his parents, Eliphalet H. and Mary C. (La Fontaine) Vaughn, came to Stevens Point, where his mother died and his father still resides. Mr. S. H. Vaughn was County Surveyor four years, his last term expired Dec. 31, 1880. Since Dec. 25, 1878, he has also been employed as clerk in Stevens Point for the Wisconsin Central Railway, and as ticket and freight agent for the Wisconsin Central Railway Co., at that place since Jan. 1, 1881. Mr. Vaughn was married in Tomah, Wis., Dec. 25, 1878, to Harriet A. Phillipps, who was born in Dane Co., Wis. They have one child living, May C, and lost one son, Stanley S., who died Dec. 27, 1880, aged fifteen months. Mr.Vaughn is a member of the A..F.&A.M. HARVEY M. WADLEIGH, leal estate and lumber dealer, Stevens Point. Was bornin the town of Hatley, Stanstead Co., Lower Canada, May 16, 1845 ; lived there until he came to Wisconsin with his parents in May, 1858. In 1872, he engaged in business for himself, logging and furnishing railroad ties for the Wisconsin Central Railway Co.; con tinued that for a few years, then engaged in present business. He was married, in Stevens Point, Nov. 18, 1877, to Miss Lora B. Ellis, a native of Wisconsin. They have one child, Matthew F. MATTHEW WADLEIGH, lumber manufacturer, and also mem ber of the firm of Herren & Wadleigh, proprietors of planing mill, Stevens Point, is a son of Samuel and Mary Evans Wadleigh, and was born in Hatley, Stanstead Co., Lower Canada, Sept. 22, 1821. His father was born in Sutton, N. H., and his mother was a native of Hartland, Vt.; Matthew came to Wisconsin in the Spring of 1857 and has been a resident of this State ever since. He has been extensively engaged in the manufacture of lumber all the time since he came here. He was also engaged in mercantile business for thirteen years in part nership with J. R. Kingsbury. He has been Mayor, Alderman, member of County Board, etc. He has been a director of the Wisconsin Central Railway Company since its organization. Mr. Wadleigh was married in the town of Compton, two miles from the village of Hatley, Lower Can ada, to Judith M., daughter of Lemuel P. and Fletcher Harvey. She was born in the town of Compton. They have five children — Mary, Harvey M., Lucy, Lizzie and Eva. JOHN ALEXANDER FRAZER WALKER, lumberman, Ste vens Point, a son of John and Eliza Armstrong Frazer Walker, was born in County Down, five miles from Belfast, Ireland, April 21, 1828, and came to Canada, an orphan, in the Fall of 1845, having sailed from Europe Aug. 3, and arriving at Quebec, Sept. 6, 1845. He was in Leeds Co., Upper Canada until October, 1849, when he came to Wisconsin, and was employed at work by the month in Schofield's mill and in Goodhue's mill, at and near Wausau, until 1852. He was engaged in logging for himself in the Winters of 1852, 1853 and 1854. In the Fall of 1855 he purchased his first lumber, and has operated in lum ber ever since. In the Fall of 1858 he located at Stevens Point, and purchased what is known as the Valentine Brown property, which was Valentine Brown's second addition to the village (now city) of Stevens Point, which covered, perhaps, one-third or more of the then site of Stevens Point. Mr. Walker still owns a portion of the prop erty. He was for four years in partnership with D. R. Clements, dealing extensively in lumber, then for several years with Matthew Wadleigh, engaged in running saw-mills. Since coming to Stevens Point he has dealt extensively in lumber and real estate. He has been Sheriff two years and Alderman for the same length of time, and was one of the principal movers in the boom-building. Mr. Walker was married in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1859, to Lizzie C. Hedges, who was born in Mattewan, N.Y. They have two children llvin£> Jessie Louise and Mary Ada, and lost two who died in infancy. Mr. Walker, with his wife and daughter Jessie, visited Europe in 1869. WILLIAM WALKER, proprietor saloon and wholesale liquor dealer, Stevens Point. He first settled at Almond, Portage Co., in the Fall of 1865, and lived there with his parents until 1873, at which time HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 759 he went to California and was engaged in mining 'and farming about four years, after which he returned to Almond and followed farming a short time ; sold his place and moved to Stevens Point and engaged as above stated. He also carried on the livery business a short time. He was born in Canada West, Sept. 5, 1854. He was married at Almond, December, 1879. His wife's maiden name was Rose Felker ; she was born in Almond, March, 1862. They have one child, named Harry E. Walker SILAS S. WALSWORTH, lumberman, Stevens Point. Came to Plover, Wis., Aug. 20, 1844, and in the following October, came to Stevens Point and hauled logs for the first house built in this place, by Abraham Brawley. Mr.Walsworth engaged in loggingand teaming until 1845. being employed by his father, Silas Walsworth, who died in PortageCity Wis., in 1848. Mt. Walsworth, Jr., was engaged in farming in Iowa from 1845 to 1848, when he returned to Stevens Point where he has since resided, being in the lumber business most of the time, except four years, from 1852 to 1856, when he was engaged in mining in California. He was United States Deputy Collector at one time ; and was married at Stevens Point, May 22, 1856, to Mary J. Livingston, and has three children — Silas, Fred L., and Mary L. WILLIAM WALTON, Stevens Point. Was born in Rochester, N. ' Y., March 30, 1824. In 1832 his parents came to Pontiac, Mich., where he lived until 1842, then went to Chicago and remained there until 1844, when he came to Wisconsin and was located in Johnston, Rock ,Co., about one year ; May io, 1845, he came to the present site of Stevens Point, finding only one rough-board shanty here at that time. During the Winter of 1845-46 he worked by the month, at Wausau making shingles, and continued to work by the month in the pineries for four or five years ; afterward until 1861 he was engaged in mercantile business ; since then he has been engaged in lumbering, farming, and dealing in real estate. Dec. 22, 1854, he was married at Stevens Point, to Frances C. Copp, a native of New York. THOMAS WELCH, lumberman and liquor dealer, Stevens Point. Was born in County Down, Ireland, Aug. 15, 1853. Came to America in 1843. Resided for several years at Flushing, L. I.; was employed aboard steamboat running between Flushing and New York City for some time, afterward on steamboats running between New York and Southern ports. In the Spring of 1852 he came to Beloit, Wis., and to Stevens Point, Oct. 28, 1853. For five or six years he was employed in Goodhue's mill on the Big Eau Claire, and Springs rafting lumber until he lost a leg Aug. 29, 1859, at Grand Rapids, his leg getting fouled in cable while rafting, which resulted as stated. Ever since 1859 he has been dealing in lumber and shingles, and also running the "Star" saloon. He was married at Stevens Point, September, 1868, to Adelia M. Felker, she was born in Prussia. They have six children — Katie E., Alice G„ Nettie M., John T., Ada M., and Inez L. Mr. Welch has one son William M., by a former marriage. Mr. W. has served several years as Alderman. MAURICE WEISEN, harness maker and saddler, also dealer in all articles pertaining to the business of his trade, Stevens Point. Mr. W. was born in Scandinavia, Waupaca Co., Wis., Jan. I, 1857, where he lived with his parents until he was about fifteen years of age, when he went to Stevens Point, and first worked in the butcher business eight months. Then he returned to Waupaca and learned his trade, and there remained three years. Afterward went to Stevens Point and worked a short time at the harness business. Then ran the river, going to Louis iana, Mo. Returned to Weyauwega, Wis.; worked three and one-half months in a harness shop, and during the Winters of 1877-78, worked making railroad ties. From there he went near Fountain City, Wis., and remained until November, 1878. During the Winter and Spring, worked at lumbering, and the Winter of 1879, worked in a har ness shop at Plainfield, Wis., and in the following Spring began working in a harness shop at Stevens Point. Remained until July, 1880, and be gan business on his own account. GEORGE E. WERT, dealer in dry goods, staple and fancy, also groceries, provisions, flour and feed, Stevens Point. He first settled at Wiota, La Fayette Co., in 1850. He followed farming eighteen months, and in 1852 he went to Stevens Point, where he first engaged running lumber on the Wisconsin River. He followed lumbering about fifteen years. During the Winters, he kept a feed store, and in 1867-68, he be gan business with Mr. Hamacher in the same line. He continued in company about two and one-half years. He then built his present store, and has been doing business there since. Mr. Wert was born in Adams Co., Pa., Aug. 16, 1826. He was raised in Gettysburg, Pa. He was married in Wiota, Wis., Oct. 15, 1855. His wife's maiden name was Sarah E. Miller. She was born in Indiana, Jan. 22, 1833. They have five children, named George M., Clara J., Walter D., now deceased, Charles E. and Arthur A. CHARLES WESTON, saw filer in the mill of his father, William Weston, Stevens Point. He was born on Token Creek, Dane Co., Wis., June 2, 1851. His parents, with their family, moved to Stevens Point in the Fall of 1851. At a suitable age he attended the schools in the village, after which he attended the Geneva Normal School, Ohio. He began with his father soon after finishing at Geneva, and has worked in the mill in the Summer seasons and in the woods in the Winter, and during the three last Winters he has run a shingle mill in company with his brother, George Weston. The capacity of their shingle mill is about 5,000,000 per year; located on Mill Creek, five miles northwest of Ste vens Point. He was married in May, 1873. His wife's maiden name was Levena Maw. She was born in Portage City, Wis., in 1849. They have two children, named Fred R. and Alice E. WILLIAM WESTON, lumber manufacturer, Stevens Point. Was born in Leicester, England, July 3, 1815. Came to Vienna, Dane Co., Wis., in September, 1847. Engaged in farming there until June, 1851, when he came to Stevens Point. Was for a time in the employ of Judge Beem; then for about two years was agent for Strong & Ellis in their grist mill here; afterward, for a period of three years, he was engaged in steamboating between this point and Mosinee; then, after spending one year and a half in selecting pine land, he built (in 1858-59) a small saw-mill, with capacity for cutting 2,000 or 3,000 feet of lumber per day. He has since gradually increased the facilities, and at present (18S1) cuts 30,000 feet of lumber and about 30,000 shingles per day. His present mill was built in 1872-73. Mr. Weston was pro prietor of a machine shop here for six or seven years. He was for eight een or twenty years a member of the School Board here. Has been Su pervisor and member of the Common Council. He was married in Lei cester, England, April 15, 1843, to Elizabeth Clark. She was born in Leicestershire, England, Aug. 2, 1813. Their children are: William Rowland, born Feb. 5, 1844; Nathaniel, born April 5, 1846; Paul, born Nov. 4, 1848; Charles born June 2, 1851; George, born Nov. 23, 1853. William R. and Paul are residents of Alta, Iowa. The other sons re main with their father in the lumber manufacturing business. FRANK L. WHEELOCK, lumberman, Stevens Point. Mr. W. first settled at Marquette, Green Lake Co., with his parents, in 1859. His people still live there. He left home at the age of sixteen, and went to Utah Territory. Followed mining and teaming about one year. He also guarded a snow-shed on the Sierra Nevada Mountains for the Union Pacific Railroad a short time. He then returned to Jackson, Mich., and was there employed on the police force, as special policeman, and remained two years. In 1869 he went to Stevens Point, Wis., and followed working in the pineries, running the Wisconsin River. In 1874 he went to lumbering for himself. He was appointed by the city as policeman, in March, 1875, and served thirteen months. He was elect ed City Marshal in April, 1876, and served one year. In the Fall of 1875, he was appointed Deputy Sheriff, having charge of the County Jail. He served in that capacity two years, holding both positions at the same time. Since that time he has been engaged in the lumber business with his brother, A. B. Wheelock, until the Spring of 1881. He is at present on his own account. Mr. F. L. Wheelock was born in Frankford, Ohio, Oct. 21, 1850. He was married, September, 1874, at Stevens Point. His wife's maiden name was Mary Maddy. She was born in Stevens Point, Sept. 22, 1854. They had three children, named Charley B., died July 5, 1881, Lydia A., and an infant, not yet named. O. C. WHEELOCK, proprietor of livery stable and stage line, Stevens Point, was born in the town of Eden, Vt., Feb. 8, 1833 ; was reared in the town of Morristown, Vt., and resided there until he came to Wisconsin, and located at Stevens Point, April 5, 1856. He was em ployed as a clerk in the old City Hotel here for several years. From 1858 to 1862, he was proprietor of a stage line between this point and Wausau, and in 1861 and 1862 resided at Wausau. Since 1862 he has been engaged in livery business and lumbering. Was, for a short time, in mercantile business. Mr. Wheelock was Alderman for about ten years, member of County Board six years, Under Sheriff two years, Assessor for four years, and member of the School Board four years, being at present President of the Board. In December, 1859, ne was married, at Stevens Point, to Amanda Sturdevant, a native of Fairfield, Franklin Co., Vt. They have three children — Edward Bradley, Ab bie Fidelia, and Addie Olive. MRS. FIDELIA N. WHITE, Stevens Point, widow of Charles R. White, who came to Wisconsin in April, 1864, and was married in Waupaca, Aug. 28, 1865. Mrs. White's maiden name was Fidelia N. Miner. She was born in Allegany Co., N. Y., and is a daughter of Joel H. and Nancy Miner, and with them 'came to Dayton, Waupaca Co., Wis., in 1856, where her parents still reside. Mr. and Mrs. White moved to Plover, Portage Co., in April, 1866, and lived there until April, 1873, when they moved to Stevens Point, and he was engaged in mercantile business until April, 1880, when they moved to Appleton, where Mr. White died Sept. 6, 1880. Mrs. White returned to Stevens Point, Oct. 25, 1880, and the following November engaged in business. She has recently built a new store, on the corner of Division and Church streets. She has five children — Fred C, Olive P., Lottie E., Oscar F., and Arthur C, and lost two children, Mary Emma, who died June 12, 1872, aged nearly five years, and William Glenn, who died June 6, 1872, aged three years. THOMAS JEFFERSON WRIGHT, gunsmith and dealer in guns, pistols, pocket cutlery and sportsman's articles, Stevens Point. He first 760 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. located in Oshkosh, in 1858, with his parents, and lived there until the war began, and enlisted in Co. B, 3d Regt. Wis. V. I., April 21, 1861, and served until Dec. 21, 1863, at wnich time he re-enlisted in the same regiment and company, and served until July 12, 1865, and was mus tered out at Louisville, Ky. Mr. Wright never had but one furlough dur ing his service in the war, and that was after his re-enlistment. After the war closed, he returned to Oshkosh, and worked in a saw-mill and followed logging, lumbering, etc., for ten years. He went to Stevens Point, October, 1875, and engaged in his present business. He was born in the township Ulster, Bradford Co., Pa., Feb. 3, 1843. He was married in Oshkosh, August, 1865. His wife's maiden name was Eliza beth A. Skinner, born in Painted Post, N. Y., June, 1849. They have four children, named Adelbert C, William H., Claude A. and Frederick J. Wright. A. F. WYATT, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Stevens Point, was born in Wesleyville, Erie Co., Penn., May 7, 1843, lived there until he came to Stevens Point, in July, 1856. From 1857 to 1863, he was employed in the office of United States Register of Lands at this point. From 1863 to 1865 he was at La Crosse, in the Provost Marshal's office. From May, 1865, until the Fall of 1867, he was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for this district. During this period he engaged in mercantile business, which he continued until March, 1869. In the Winter of 1870, he entered McCulloch's bank as book-keeper, and con tinued there until November, 1871. At that time the Wisconsin Cen tral Railroad Company established a depot here, and Mr. Wyatt was ap pointed station agent, and held that position until May, 1877. After ward, for two years, in McCulloch's bank again, and one year with B. Burr & Son. Since Jan. 1, 1881, he has been Clerk of the Circuit Court. He is now a member of the School Board* has been Alderman of the Third Ward two years, and was re-elected this year ( 1881 ). At the time he was elected Clerk of the Court, he was a member of the County Board. He took the recent census of the Second and Third wards of Stevens Point. During the war he took the enrollment for the Northern District of Portage County. Sept. 4, 1876, was married, in Stevens Point, to Emma A. Redfield, a native of this place. They have had one son, William Franklin, who died Nov. II, 1880, aged twenty-three months. PLOVER. This little village was formerly the county seat of Portage, and was among the first places settled on the Upper Wisconsin, and at the time the vote of the county, selected it as the shire town, it was a stopping-place on the road up the river. It was called the Plover Portage, because, at this point, the canoes had to be taken from the river to go around Conant's Rapids, or across the country to the Wolf River on the east, and the Black River on the west. As to the location of this trail, it may be said that there were several going both ways from between the Big Plover and Little Plover, and at another point above Shaurett's Rapids. A party, coming from the Wolf, to go up, would strike the river above the Falls, if to go down, below Conant's Rapids. So in going to the Black River. As before intimated, Plover had a tavern on the road between Grand Rapids and Big Bull Falls, and, although nearly a mile from the river, it was on a direct line between the Grand Rapids and the eastern bend of the river, where the Little Plover comes in. John Batten was the landlord of the house, and being central, it was selected as the site of the county seat. Moses M. Strong laid out the village. in 1846. It is level and handsomely laid out, and kept on nourishing, so that in the Summer of 1857, not a house could be rented in town. With the removal of the county business, it began to decline, but with the building of the railroads, and the filling up of the country with farms, it is again coming up. The Portage'' division of the Wisconsin Central Rail road passes through this place, and the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul crosses it at right angles. This road is also con structing a branch road to Stevens Point, and it is hoped, that for the better accommodation of the public, a union depot will be established. The first records of the town of Plover begin in 1850. The Supervisors elected were : John H. Bachelor, Jacob L. Myers and H. H. Young. George W. Cate was Assessor; Caleb D. Ogden, Superintendent of schools ; Jonathan Wyatt, Clerk, and Justice of the Peace. Marquis Beach was Constable; William Dunton, Treasurer. The town- hall was built in 1867. The town offices of Plover, in 1881, are : Supervisors, H. H. Bourn, Chairman; Moses Buariea, M. H. Mouger; Town Clerk, Charles A. Lane, for the past fifteen years ; Treasurer, John Eckels ; Constables, W. H. Potts, Robert Morrison, John H. Morrison ; Justice of the Peace, A. J. Welton William R. Alban, L. B. Farr, Cyrus W. Dott. One of the most interesting and important establishments in town, is that of S. D. Clark, for the manufacture of sirup from sorghum. It was started in 1880, and 700 gallons were made the first year. In the season of 1881, about 3,000 gallons will be made. The farmers bring in the cane and it is made into a sirup, weighing from eleven to twelve pounds to the gallon, for twenty cents a gallon. The Minnesota early amber, is the variety mostly planted, and the yield varies from 75 gallons on an acre to 200 gallons. The average being perhaps 125 gallons. It now sells for domestic use, at fifty cents a gallon, so that the farmer realizes, as a rule, $37.50 gross earnings per acre for their crop. This is a pioneer mill in this business and the material is brought as far as fourteen miles. Along pan alternately subdivided, is used as an evaporator, the juice flowing in from the mill at one end, and the sirup drawn out at the other. No alkali is used to correct the slight acidity, which is by no means disagreeable to the taste. Mr. Clark also has a hay press operated in the Winter. He puts up 200 tons or more of tame, and fifty tons of marsh hay. The present business is represented by the following parties : William E. Shepard, manufacturer and dealer in furniture. Barr & Scott, manufacturers of boots and shoes. David Derby, wagon maker, repairing. A. A. Walbridge, general merchandise; everything want- able, from pins and needles, to stoves and lumber. The only place for dry goods in town. M. S. Pierce, drugs and medicines. J. D. Rogers, grocery — an old settler of thirty years. J. Prince, groceries. Smith & Co., and J. Waters, saloons. R. Thompson and Phillip Bremmer, blacksmiths. George Frayeser, shoemaker. F. H. Bohner & Bro., hardware, stoves, tin-ware, agri cultural implements, etc. Latterment & Morrison, meat market, groceries and provisions. Samuel Drake, cigars, confectionery, and restaurant. HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY. 761 Empire House, first opened in 1856; it has been kept by Joseph Bettis, George Hibbard, O. H. Lamoreaux, George Wilmot and others. T. F. Cooley is the present proprietor. Bigelow House, a quiet home-like hotel. The Plover Cornet Band, organized in June, 1879. F. H. Bohner, leader. Twelve pieces. At the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Station, where Ch. H. Shager is agent, the amount forwarded per month is 1,258,076 lbs. Received, 48,000 lbs. Passenger fare for one month, $508. Wisconsin Central, Morgan Danks, agent. The receipts fora month in the early Fall of 1881 was $598. There are two churches in the village. The Methodists were first in the field, and at one time there were five societies of different kinds in operation. The Methodists have a house of worship, erected in 1861, although there was a regular supply long before that time. The Presbyterian Church was organized in 1856. In February, 187 1, nine women, members of the Church met, and transformed themselves into Presbyterians, and organ ized with nineteen members, and that society has sinceused the church erected by the Presbyterians in 1862. Rev. R. M. Webster, was the first pastor. There is no pastor now. The legal profession is ably represented by W. R. Alban and O. H. Lamoreaux Plover Lodge No. 76, A., F. & A. M., was instituted in 1855. First officers : Luther Hanchett, W. D. Mclndoe, D.S.Sanders. Their hall was burned in 187 1. Itnowhas forty-seven members. The present officers are : L. M. Gregory, W. M. ; W. O. Lamoreaux, S. W. ; F. Halladay, J. W. The Good Templars also have a lodge in good con dition. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PHILLIP BREMMER, general blacksmith, Plover, Wis. Mr. B. was born in Whitewater, Wis., May 31, 1850, where they lived a num ber of years, after which they moved to Plover, and lived jintil l86g, then they went to Minnesota and lived about seven years, and Mr. B. followed blacksmithing, which trade he also followed at Plover, before moving to Minnesota. He returned to Plover in 1876, and has since lived there. He was married at Plover, in November, 1873. His wife's maiden name was Louisa A. Waters ; she was born in Plover. They have three children, named Etta B., Charles, and Bertha. LEVI M. GREGORY, practicing physician and surgeon, Plover, Wis. The doctor was born in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, Aug. 17, 1827, His parents settled at Whitewater, Wis., in 1847. He lived there with his parents a short time and went to Fort Atkinson, and began the study of medicine with Dr. H. M. Gregory, his brother. He remained until July, 1850. He graduated at the Cleveland, Ohio, Medical College in Febru ary, 1869. He also attended two courses at the Indiana Medical Col lege, in 1848 and '49, located at La Porte, Ind. ; he settled in Plover, July, 1850. He was married, at Marcellon, Columbia Co., Wis., Feb. 22, 1852. His wife's maiden name was Olive S. Babcock ; she was born in New York, Nov. 29, 1835. They have one daughter, born in Plover, July 27, 1855, named Frankie Gregory ; married, Sept. 14, 1876, to Dr. R. H. Darling, and living in Manitowoc, Wis. OLIVER H. LAMOREAUX, lawyer and farmer, Stevens Point, was born in Clockville, Madison Co., N. Y., April 22, 1824, and lived there until he came to Wisconsin. In 1849, he came to Wisconsin, prospect ing, but did not locate here until Oct. 22, 1851, when he came to Port age Co., Wis., living in Stockton from the following Spring until January, 1859, when he moved to the village of Plover, where he still lives, farm ing in that town, and in Buena Vista. Mr. Lamoreaux was admitted to the Bar in the State of New York, in the Fall of 185 1, and to practice in the Supreme Court of Wisconsin in 1858, and has been engaged in practice of law over twenty-five years. From 1861 to November, 1862, he practiced with J. O. Raymond and Luther Hanchett, at Plover. After the death of Mr. Hanchett, in November, 1862, Lamoreaux & Raymond continued in partnership until 1868. Mr. Lemoreaux was Chairman of the Town Board of Stockton when that town was first organized. He was also Justice of the Peace there. He was District Attorney first by appointment, and three times by election, and then engaged in enrolling under the commissioner system, and was afterward special Indian Agent for trie Winnebagoes, Pottawatomies and stray Indians, for four years. In 1871, he was elected to the Assembly. He was married, in Clockville, N. Y., Feb. 28, 1848, to Elizabeth C. Hall, a native of that place. They have four children — William O., Mary E., now Mrs. D. V. Bean, Boulder, Col.; Frank B., and Charles A. JERRY D. ROGERS, dealer in groceries, crockery, etc., Plover, Wis. He settled at Wausau in 1842, and followed lumbering eight years, after which he moved to Plover, and directly engaged in the mer cantile business, which he has since continued. He was elected Clerk of Court and Clerk of Board of Supervisors in November, i84g;held the offices one term, and in November, 1851, he was elected Register of Deeds, which he also held one term. He was appointed regimental quartermaster of 18th Reg. Wis. Vol. Inf., and was mustered into the United States service Jan. 6, 1862, and resigned on account of ill health, Aug. 31, 1862. Mr. R. has seen a good deal of pioneer life. He was born in Barnet, Vt., Sept. 8, 1823. Married to Miss Mary Conklin, Dec. 22, 1852, at Grand Rapids, Wis.; his wife was born in New York, Feb. 28, 1828. They had three children, an infant born March 24, 1854, died April 5, 1854 ; Sarah I., born July 23, 1855, now married and living in Watertown, D. T., and Arthur J., born May II, 1859, now Assistant Supervisor at In sane Asylum, Madison, Wis. HON. MINER STROPE, deceased. Was born in Wysox, Luzerne Co., Pa., May 11, 1806. Educational opportunities in that region were extremely limited when he was a youth, but he made the best of the chances presented, and acquired a good education. He studied law, and was admitted to practice in Western New York, in 1830. In 1841, he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of that State, and on the 6th day of June, 1843, he underwent an examination for admission as a solicitor in the Court of Chancery of the State of New York, and was admitted on that day, and up to the time of his removal from that State, he was in the active practice of law in all of those courts. Deciding to go West, Judge Strope, in June, 1850, came to Wisconsin, and located in Plover, where he resided continuously until his death, Aug. 31, 1880, Prior to coming to Plover, he resided, for a few months, in Watertown, Wis. At Milwaukee, in 1859, he was admitted to practice in the United States Courts. He held the office of District Attorney for both Portage and Wood counties, and was County Judge of Portage County for two terms. Judge Strope was one of the oldest, if not the oldest lawyer in the State at the time of his death. He was twice married. By his first wife, Mary E. Morton, he had six children, three of whom are married and survive him. By his second wife, Miss Lucilla Wilmot, he had three children, all now living. The Judge was a safe counselor and a success ful practitioner, courteous in his intercourse with his brothers of the Bar, but firm and determined in the presentation and argument of contro verted points ; his management was able, and he always tried his cases well, and in a manner satisfactory to his clients. In his business rela tions he was honorable, and his integrity was never called in question. JOHN W. STROPE, son of the late Hon. Miner Strope, of Plover, Portage Co., Wis. Was born in the town of.Villanova, Chautauqua Co., N. Y„ April 13, 1850. His father was born May 11, 1806, and when six teen years old, went with his parents to Erie Co., N. Y. His mother was also a native of New York State. When John W. was a few months old, his parents came to Watertown, Wis., remaining there but a couple of months, then removed to Plover. He commenced teaching at the age of eighteen ; taught ten terms in Portage County, afterward working as car penter and millwright. He studied law with his father for two years, and was then appointed route agent on the Wisconsin & Minnesota Rail road, Abbottsford & Eau Claire Mail Route. Mr. Strope was married in Plover, July 20, 1871, to Ada M. Alban, who was born in Stark Co., Ohio. They have one child, Etta Maude, born Aug. 10, 1875. WILLIAM B. SHEPARD, dealer in a general line of furniture, Plover, Wis. Mr. S. first settled in Plover, September, 1855. Mr. S. learned the carpenter and cabinet trade, and has made that his principal business. He has a small engine in his shop, with which he does many kinds of fancy and bracket work. He was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Aug. 12, 1837. He began business in 1876, at Plover. He was married at Buena Vista, Portage Co., Wis. His wife's maiden name was Helen M. Wales ; she was born in New York. They have one boy, named Frank, now living at home. ALLEN A. WALBRIDGE, dealer in general merchandise, Plover, Wis. Mr. W. settled at Plover, in 1865, and first clerked four years for J. H. Morgan, then he went in company with W. A. Perry and G. F. Hirvey, firm name of Walbridge, Perry & Harvey, in general merchan- 762 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. dise, which they operated three years, and Mr. P. sold his interest to his partners, and they operated one and one-half years, when Mr. Walbridge bought the entire interest, which he has since operated. Mr. W. was born in Cabot, Vt., April 2, 1843. He lived at home until he was twenty- one years of age. The father of the family died when the children were quite small, and the duty of bringing up the family fell upon the mother, which she did with credit to herself and children. Mr. W. was married in Cabot, Vt., Nov. 17, 1869. His wife's maiden name was Sarah J. Harvey ; she was born in Cabot, Vt., Dec. 6 1841. They have fourchil- dren living — Mary M., Fanny R., Carrie S. (Allen H., deceased) and Ernest L. SPRINGVILLE. This suburb of Plover is on the lower eastern land of the Wisconsin, on the Little Plover. The first grist-mill north west of the Fox River was erected here in 1850, by the Mitchell Bros. It formerly had shops and stores ; now three residences and a flour and feed mill, owned by J. C. Har vey. It has four run of stones and a double roller. McDILLVILLE. A little village, formerly called Big Plover, on the river of that name, near where it enters the Wisconsin. It has a saw-mill and a planing mill. The latter is called Potter's mill. The saw-mill is run by McDill. The logs are owned by George Mitchell, who has them cut by the thousand. There is a school-house, a store and hotel, with several fine residences. AMHERST. This village is on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, fifteen miles below Stevens Point. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad forms a junction with the Wisconsin Central about a mile northwest of the village, at which point is Amherst Junction post-office. It has 500 inhabitants, and is in the midst of good farming lands. E. Webster is the. Postmaster. There are several churches — Methodist Episcopal, German and Norwegian Lutheran. The school has two departments. Mr. Bancroft runs a planing mill, and J. & O. Iverson have a flouring mill. There are two blacksmith shops, one har ness shop and one wagon shop, with a number of stores for general merchandise, with other village accessories. The lawyer is A. J. Smith. The doctors are A. M. Guernsey and W. O. Kenyon. There is an Odd Fellows Lodge and a Temple of Honor. It is an enterprising place, with good hotels and comfortable business places and dwellings. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HORACE ALLINGTON, dealer in general merchandise, Amherst Junction, Wis. Mr. A. first settled in the vicinity of Waupaca, with his parents in 1855 ; lived at home until he was nineteen years of age. He first clerked in a store two years for his father. He then clerked in a store one year on his own account, and June 17, 1874, he began in his present business, as above stated. He was born in Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1854. Married, to Miss Elizabeth A. Hanke, in Waupaca County, Aug. 13, 1876. His wife was born in Germany, Nov. 4, 1857. They have two children, named Mabel K. and Winnifred E. WILLIAM C. HOLLY, dealer in general line of furniture, Amherst. Mr. H. first located at Amherst, in Fall of 1855 ; lived there during the Winter and moved to Waupaca in Spring of 1856, and worked at his trade, carpenter and joiner, also took charge of building court house, and worked in the village until Fall of 1858, then he returned to Am herst and followed same occupation, building the first hotel building in that place ; he followed his trade until Fall of 1876 ; then he bought a furniture store, stocked the same, and began business as above noted. He was born in Wells, Bradford Co., Pa., Aug. 2, 1822, and was married in Troy, same county, Sept. 23, 1846. His wife's maiden name was Laura A. Houghton, born in Rutland, Vt., Dec. 27, 1827. There is one daughter, Hellen L., now married to Franklin Tyler, and living in Iowa. Mrs. Holly died April 5, 1872, at Amherst. Hewas again mar ried May 5, 1878. His wife's maiden name was Eliza L. Clark; she was born in Milwaukee, Wis., Feb. 27, 1849. ORLIN L, RICKARD, agent and operator, Amherst Junction. He was born in Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y,, Aug. 6, 1855. He settled at Augusta, Eau Claire Co., with his pirents in 1861 ; he lived at home until he was twenty-two years of age ; learned the art of operating at seventeen years of age, and worked at Augusta about three years, and in 1876 he went to Rusk, on the St. Paul & Minneapolis Railroad; and worked about four years as operator ; went to Amherst Junction, April 20, 18S1. He was married in Augusta, July 25, 1876. His wife's maiden name was Barbara Strong. She was born in Lowville, Lewis Co., N. Y. September, 1854. They have one boy, named Fay E., born Aug n' 1878, at Augusta, Wis. EDGAR STARKE, dealer in general line of drugs, medicines paints and oils, Amherst. Mr. S. settled with his father near Waupaca,' in Summer of 1854. He went to Amherst in Spring of 1855, and lived with his father and worked until he was nineteen years of age, at which time he enlisted in Co. B, 12th Reg. Wis. Vol. Inf., nth October, 1864 ; served until 16th of July, 1865, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ky.; he returned to Amherst and was sick for some time ; clerked in store ;' afterward went in company with Dr. A. H. Guernsey in drug business, which they followed five years, after which Mr. S. continued on his own account. He was born in Stavanger, Norway, Sept. 23, 1846. Married, at Amherst, Wis., October, 1872. Wife's maiden name Was Christina Peterson, born in Amherst. They have two children, named Franklin M. and Stella M. JOHNSIEVERTSON, general blacksmith and manufacturer of wag ons, buggies and sleighs, Amherst. He first settled at Amherst in 1866, since which he has lived at Stevens Point two years, working at his trade, and has worked at Amherst the balance of the time. He was born in Norway, March 11, 1841, and he was married, in his native country, in 1865. His wife's maiden name was Ann Knudson, born in same country, May 25, 1840. They have one daughter named Inga A. ENOCH WEBSTER, Postmaster, Amherst. Wis. Mr. Webster set tled at Lyons, Walworth Co., Wis., Aug. 24, 1845, and lived there two years, then moved to Rosendale, Fond du Lac Co., where he remained and followed farming until November, 1855, at which time he moved to Amherst, and has since followed farming. He was elected Justice of the Peace in the Spring of 1856, and has been re-elected and held the office ever since. He was appointed Postmaster March 4, 1874, and has held same since. He was born in Fryeburg, Oxford Co., Me., Sept. 20, 1813. He was married at Moscow, Me., Sept. I, 1838. His wife's maiden name was Lydia H. Fletcher. She was born in Moscow, Me., April 24, 1818. They had eight children, named Charles E., now married and living at Almond, Wis.; John N., living at home ; (Augustus A. and Augustine, deceased); Emily M., married, and living at Almond; Dora W. was married, but her husband is now dead, and she is living with her par ents ; William A. and Fred E., both at home. JUNCTION CITY. This village lies at the crossing of the Wisconsin Valley and Wisconsin Central Railroads. It has two schools, two hotels, one general store and a saw-mill, with unlimited hopes and expectations as to the future. About three miles north of Junction City is Runkel's Mills, with store and saw-mill. This is a station on the Wis consin Central. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GEORGE CLAYTON, operator and agent for C, M. & St. Paul R. R., at Junction City, Wis. Mr. Clayton was born in Waukesha, Wis., July 31, 1855, where he lived with his parents until 1865; they then moved to North Prairie, Racine Co., where he learned the art of teleg raphy, and remained five years. At the age of fifteen years he left home and went to Ishpeming, Mich., and worked at operating two years, then he went to New London and also followed operating two years, and from there he went to Junction City, where he is at present writing. He was married at New London, Feb. 24, 1876. His wife's maiden name was Glenah Ward. She was born in Illinois. FRANK RUSSEL, proprietor Central Hotel, grocery store and saloon, Junction City, Wis. Junction City is located at the crossing of the Wisconsin Valley and the Wisconsin Central railroads. Mr. Rus sel first located at Grand Rapids in 1856, and lived there until the Spring of 1881. When he first moved to the Rapids he worked by the month in the lumber business for three years. Then he followed the saloon business about eighteen months, after which he engaged in the grocery and wholesale liquor trade, which he followed until he moved to Junction City. Mr. Russel was one of the early pioneers of lhat covin- HISTORY OF PORTAGE COUNTY 7<53 try. He was born in Canada East, Jan. 22, 1826. He was married at Grand Rapids, July 27, 1863. His wife's maiden name was Eliza Rob- illard; she was born in Montreal, Canada, June 6, 1847. They have four children, named Mary Louisa, Frank F., Joseph A. O. and Selina M. Russel. OSWALD VOYER, proprietor hotel and saloon at Junction City, Wis. He also makes lumbering his principal business. He first settled in Grand Rapids, September, 1863, and clerked in a store about one year. Then he engaged with Mr. Frank Russel about six months, after which he enlisted in Co. I, 16th Reg. Wis. V. I., and'served from March until August, 1865, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ky. He then returned to Centralia, Wis., being sick for two years. After recovering he kept hotel about eight months. Then began running the Wisconsin River on rafts until 1867. He then went to look at land on the head waters of the Wisconsin River, being engaged eighteen months, buying land in the meantime, after which he began the lumber business and continued it until the panic of 1873, but kept a saloon and was engaged in logging. He then worked on his homestead, and furnished supplies to the railroad, in connection with lumbering, and located in Junction City, in June, 1878. He was born in Canada East, April, 1846. He was married October, 1872, at Grand Rapids, Wis. His wife's maiden name was Lena Lefebure. She was born in Bellevue, Iowa, Aug. 16, 1855. They have four children, named Amil O., Nathalie, Henry and an infant not yet named. MEEHAN. This station is located in the southwest corner of Section 26, Town of Plover, five miles west of Plover Village. It contains enterprising and prosperous men who will make of their little hamlet a thriving village. The usual mechan ical and manufacturing industries are here represented, while religious and educational matters are observed by the thoughtful citizens. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEONARD N. ANSON, lumberman and superintendent of the mill and lumber, and one of the firm of Meehan Brothers & Co., at Meehan, on Mill Creek. Mr. A. was born at what is known as Conant Rapids, on Wisconsin River, July 3, 1848. At a suitable age he attend ed the public schools of his vicinity, and finally attended Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College, Chicago, 111., and in the Spring of 1869 he went to work for the above firm as book-keeper in Dubuque, Iowa, where he remained two years, after which he removed to his present place of business and has lived there since. Mr. Anson has fairly dem onstrated to all with whom he is acquainted, that with a fair amount of energy and perseverance it is possible to build up a competence, such as older men might envy. He was married at Stevens Point, Wis., December, 1872. His wife's maiden name was Hanorah A. Meehan. She was born in Canada East, March, 1845. They have two children, named Mary T. and George M., also Henry, now deceased. WILLIAM HERRON, head sawyer in Meehan Bros, mills, Mee han, Wis. Mr. H. was born at Grand Rapids, Wis., July 5, 1851, and lived there until he was nineteen years of age, and attended the public schools there ; after which he went to Meehan's Mills and began work as above named. His parents yet live at Grand Rapids. His father's name is Martin Herron, and his mother's Christian name is Mary ; they are both natives of Ireland. ALEXANDER LOVE, head sawyer at Meehan's mills, Meehan, Wis. He first settled in Grand Rapids, November, 1867, and worked there two years in a saw-mill, after which he went to Meehan, and en gaged as above stated. He was born in Canada East, September, 1848 ; he was married in Stevens Point, Wis., Nov. 23, 1880. His wife's maiden name was Catherine O'Keefe ; she was born in Stockton, Portage Co., in July, 1858. JOHN McGUlRE, engineer and saw filer, and has charge of Mee han's mills, at Meehan, Wis. Mr. M. first settled at Grand Rapids, Wis., in 1857 ; he lived there about seven years and was engaged in lum bering, piloting on the Wisconsin River, etc.; in 1864, he moved to Mee han's mills, where he has since lived, and employed as above noted. He was born in Quebec, Canada, October, 1839. He was married, Sep tember, 1864, at Sauk City ; his wife's maiden name was Mary Meehan. She was born in Quebec, Canada, 1840. They have five children, named Catherine, Mary, Agnes, John and Charles McGuire. JAMES MEEHAN, lumber manufacturer, was born inTerboan Co., Canada East, July 7, 1834, and came from there to Milwaukee, Wis., in the Fall of 1854, and from there to Grand Rapids, where he lived until 1866, when he came to Meehan, and, in partnership with his brother, Patrick Meehan, built a saw-mill, which they conducted for several years under the firm name of P. & H. Meehan, now Meehan Brothers & Co., Mr. L. N. Anson being associated with them. They cut 10,000,000 feet of lumber this year, and employ about 125 men during Summer and Winter. They have one of the best farms in the county, and engage in farming as well as lumbering. Mr. Meehan has been a member of the County Board for thirteen years, and was a member of the Assembly from his district in 1878. He was married in the parish of St. Baziel, Canada, October, 1854, to Catherine Love, who was born in the same county as Mr. Meehan. They have six children living — Mary, James, Jr., Lizzie R., Lettie, Nora and Raymond W. MILO S. WOOD, proprietor of a saw-mill on Mill Creek, half a mile from Meehan's mills, on the Wisconsin River. His mills were erected about 1 860. The capacity is about 15,000 in twelve hours. He employs about twenty-eight men when in full operation. The mill is run by water-power. He first settled in Plainfield Township, in 1864 ; was there until the Spring of 1867, and followed farming, principally ; from there he went to his present place of business, and has lived there since. He was born in Liberty, Sullivan Co., N. Y., May 17, 1830. He was married, July 1850. His wife's maiden name was Harriet Robert son ; she was born in the same place, in New York, Dec. 21, 1831. They had six children, named, Alice R. Wood, now deceased ; Walter W., Lambert H., David B., Nettie N., now deceased ; Jessie E. Wood. Town of Lanark. THOMAS PIPE, deceased. Born, Sept. 24, 1827, in Dunyett, Som ersetshire, England. In 1850, accompanied by his brother, John V, Pipe, he came to America. John Pipe married, May 18, 1848, Miss Elizabeth Stickland. They were united in Varcomb Church, and came to America with two sons, John S. and Tom ; the brothers settled at Greece Center, N. Y. In October, 1850, Thomas Pipe came West and settled in Vinland, Wis. J. V. Pipe returned to England, on business, early in 1854, taking passage March 1, 1854, on the ill-fated " City of Glasgow ;" he went down in mid-ocean, with all who shared his company on the doomed steamer. He left four children, the two sons above named, and Frank and Mary E., both born in Greece Center, N. Y. After the death of his brother, Thomas Pipe sought the widow in her Eastern home, and she accompanied him to his Western one. They were married in Vinland, June 24, 1855. On the 29th of February, 1856, they located on a farm in Farmington. At the end of four years, Mr. Pipe removed, with his family, to Waupaca, where he engaged in stock buying, butchering, etc., for about eighteen years. While here he served as Chairman, Supervisor and Street Commissioner for years. In 1875, Mr. and Mrs. Pipe made a seven months visit to their native land. They located on the present homestead in Lanark, Portage Co., April 13, 1876. Here Mr. Pipe was honored with the office of Chairman three or four years. Few men could have been stricken by the grim de stroyer and left so hard a place to fill, as did the death of Thomas Pipe. He departed this life, Sept. 22, 1880, leaving three children — William E., Florence J. and Effie A. The eldest was born in Vinland, and the daughters in Waupaca. 704 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. PRICE COUNTY. The county of Price embraces within its limits thirty-five Government Townships of land, viz.: Townships 34 to 40 north of Ranges 1 to 3 east, and 1 and 2 west of fourth principal meridian. The soil is a sandy loam, with a sub-stratum of heavy clay, very rich and productive, and in every way admirably adapted for agricultural purposes. In time it is destined to be one of the best grain and dairy counties in the State, but until the present great wealth of pine is somewhat consumed, these industries will receive a secondary consideration. The surface of the county is slightly rolling, with fine strips of meadow land, and very pleasantly diver sified with numerous lakes and streams, which are most abundantly supplied with fish. Among the most prominent of these lakes is Elk Lake, located in Town 37, Range 1 east, on the beautiful banks of which is located the sprightly village of Phillips, the county seat. Butternut Lake, in Town 40, Range 1 west, and Pike and Round lakes, in Town 40, Range 3 east, are much larger than Elk, and contain, perhaps, better fishing. Each of these lakes is rapidly becoming quite popular Summer resorts. Taken as a whole, Price County presents a very at tractive inducement to the settlers. Its vast timber wealth, its productive soil, its ready markets, its salu brious climate, are all benefits to be enjoyed by those who cast their lot in Price County. LUMBERING. The region is very heavily timbered with pine, with occasional large tracts of small growth maple and basswood. The pine is being cut and run down the river to the Mississippi market, while the hard wood tracts are being rapidly taken by settlers, and cleared into farms. The amount of standing pine, now market able, in the county, is estimated at over 2,000,000,000 feet. It is the center of the great pine region of Northern Wisconsin, and the operations of a large army of lumbermen, engaged in getting out the pine, gives the county a life, activity and advancement, sel dom witnessed in a new country. The pine is mainly marketed on the Mississippi, to which market Price County annually sends about 100,000,000 feet of choice lumber. The main lumbering streams in the county are the Elk River, the Jump, and the North and South forks of the Flambeau River. Saw Mills. — Price County has but two saw-mills at present, though there is strong prospect of several more being erected in the near future. D. M. Holmes has in operation a saw-mill with a capacity for about 20,000,- 000 feet per year, at the village of Ogema. A. A. Adams has in operation a small water-pow er saw-mill on the Spirit River, in the town of Bran- nan, about ten miles east of the railroad. Its main business is to supply settlers with lumber. SETTLEMENT. Of the incidents connected with the first settle ment and organization of Price County, there are many cherished in the memory of its people which will grow doubly dear as time advances. In the strug gle that was made to open up the wild woods into pleasant homes, to organize society on an agreeable basis, to provide schools and instructors for the young, and to maintain the dignity and the force of the law, all the settlers took a willing part. Many of these incidents are trivial in their nature, and yet exerted a powerful influence for good or evil in the advance ment of the county. But few of them can ever find place in history, yet many of them will live for years in tradition after those of whose lives they were a part, have passed away. The first white settler in the territory now in the county of Price, was Major Isaac Stone, who located on the Spirit River, in the present town of Brannan in the Fall of 1860, and engaged in lumbering. Here he lived for about fifteen years before he had a white neigh bor nearer than forty miles. In this wilderness, where, for fifteen years, "there was not heard the sound of ax, hammer, or any tool of iron," excepting those in the employ of the major, he has built himself a com fortable home, and reared an intelligent, hardy and in teresting family. In 1873 the Wisconsin Central Railroad reached Price County, and brought with it several families from Oshkosh, who located on the Spirit River in the vicin ity of Major Stone's, starting what is now known as the Spirit River Settlement. The Wisconsin Central Railroad was started at Mena sha in the Spring of 1871, and built through to Stevens Point that Summer. From there it was continued north until the Fall of 1873, when it reached Worces ter, in Price County, 101 miles north of Stevens Point. Its terminus rested at this point, until the Summer of 1876, when it was pushed through, and made connec tion with the Ashland end of the road in the Spring of 1877, and regular trains commenced running from Mena sha to Ashland, on Lake 'Superior. The Central is a land-grant road, and received all of the land in every odd numbered section for ten miles on each side of the track that remained in the hands of the Government at the time the company was organized in 1870. Upon the completion of the road to Ashland in 1877, the Company received about 1,000,000 acres of land. Moses M. Strong, Assistant State Geologist, was drowned in the North Fork of the Flambeau River, in the town of Fifield, on the 18th day of August, 1877, while engaged for the State in exploring the head waters of the Flambeau River. Mr. Strong had served the State for over five years as geologist, and was, without doubt, one of the most scientific students HISTORY OF PRICE COUNTY. 765 in his profession to be found in the Northwest. At the time of the accident he was accompanied by a young friend from Mineral Point, Willis Gundy, and a guide, Jack Hawn, of Stevens Point. Mr. Strong and Gundy were attempting to pole a light skiff up one of the rapids of the river, when the boat became un manageable and capsized. Mr. Strong was swept into the eddy below the rapids and drowned, while his friend, Gundy, was saved bybeingsweptontoaprojectingrock. The body was recovered by A. D. Lunt and party who were engaged in examining railroad lands, and chanced to be near the scene of the accident at the time of its occurrence. The first school organized in the county was in Phillips. It was opened in a room prepared in Spauld ing's warehouse, June 11, 1877, and was taught by Miss Matilda Dunn. The number of names appearing on the school register for the term was twenty-seven. The second school organized was at Fifield, June 18, 1877, with Miss Carrie Gooddell as teacher. The number of scholars registered was eighteen. A lumberman's ware house served as school-room. The third school was or ganized in the county on the same date, June 18, 1877, at the North Fork Crossing, in a little log building, for merly used as a squatter's shanty. This school was taught by Miss Lizzie Kennedy. The first Protestant Church service held in the county was in the hall over Alexander's saloon, at Phillips, January 21, 1877, the Rev. Henry Galloway, of Medford, delivering the sermon. The service of the Roman Catholic Church was held about the same time at the residence of M. Nickolson, by the Rev. Father Schuttelhoffer. Newspapers. — The first newspaper published in the county of Price, was the Phillips Times, the first num ber of which appeared on the sixth day of January, 1877. The Times was owned and published from that date until the 1st of March, 1879, by F. W. Sackett. On the 1st of March, 1879, Mr. Sackett leased the Times to his former typo, W. H. Wilson, who has pub lished the paper in an able and -efficient manner ever since. The Times has a good circulation, and has been satisfactorily renumerative to its publishers. A new paper, called the Phillips Badge, has just been started by H. E. Darlington, at Phillips. ORGANIZATION. The county was organized by the Legislature, on the third day of March, 1879, and the first officers ap pointed by the Governor, William E. Smith, on the fourth day of March, 1879. The list of officers ap pointed were as follows : Treasurer, David O'Brien ; Clerk, F. W. Sackett ; Register of Deeds, Walter Brown ; Superintendent of Schools, Dr. J. D. Wyatt ; Coroner, Charles H. Raser ; Surveyor, William D. Gumaer. All of the foregoing were for the term ending in January, 1881. Willis Haner was appointed County Judge for the term end ing in January, 1882. The county of Price was organ ized out of territory taken from Chippewa and Lincoln counties — twenty-one townships of the former, and fourteen of the latter. The first bill introduced in the Legislature for the organization of the county, was in the Spring of 1877. This, as also one of like nature introduced in the Spring of 1878, was defeated. A bill introduced in the Spring of 1879, by the Hon. Hector McRae, member of Assem bly from Chippewa County, met with but little opposi tion, and the county was organized. Among the pioneers of Price County who were con- spicious in the fight made for the organization, are the names of David O'Brien, F. W. Sackett and Dr. J. D. Wyatt. Among the leading, active friends of the new county in the Legislature, were Lieut. Gov. J. M. Bing ham, Senators William T. Price and Thomas B. Scott, and the Hon. Hector McRae, of the Assembly. The county was named in honor of Senator W. T. Price. The first meeting of the County Board of Supervis ors was held on the 15th of March, 1879, at the office of David O'Brien, in what was known as the Campbell building, in the village of Phillips, the county seat. The Board was composed of the following members : Allen Jackson, David O'Brien and William Farrell. Allen Jackson was chosen Chairman. At this meeting the organization of the county was completed. There was but one organized town in the county, the town of Worcester. On the first day of April, 1879, the town of Brannan was created, composed of the south ten townships of the county. A. Adams was chosen Chairman of the Town Board. The next meeting of the County Board of Super visors was held on the 28th of October, 1879, at which time, William Farrell was elected Chairman. This Board had before them, the difficult task of settling with the old counties, from which the territory had been detached, and providing county buildings. To their credit, be it said, they succeeded most admirably. Much of their success was due to the intelligence and prac tical sense of the Chairman, Mr. Farrell. In settle ments with the old counties, about $15,000 in tax cer tificates, was secured by the new county, as her share of the assets. A site for a county building was secured and cleared, at an expense of about $1,500, and a commo dious court-house, 44x76 feet in size, was built, cost ing 17,000. In addition to the court-house, this Board caused to be erected, at the county seat, a small but sub stantial jail, fitted up with steel lattice-work cells. The entire improvements in way of county buildings and ground, cost the sum of $10,500. On the 2nd of April, 1880, the town of Fifield was organized by ordinance of the County Board, and con sisted, of the north ten townships of the county. The first election was held on that day, at which time Geo. A. Calhoun was elected Chairman and member of the County Board, and as a member of that body, took an active and prominent part in the erection of the county build ings, which were completed on the first day of Decem ber, 1880. Supervisor Adams, of the town of Brannan, was chairman of the building committee on county building, and in this capacity, served the county faith fully and well. The first elections in Price County, was held in No vember, 1880, at which time, the following county offi cers were chosen : Treasurer, David O'Brien ; Clerk, F. W. Sackett; Register of Deeds, William D. Gumaer; 766 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Surveyor, George A. Calhoun ; Superintendent of Schools, A. P. Marner ; Coroner, R. Slattery. In April, 1881, a judicial election was held, and Capt. E. W. Murray was elected County Judge. In March, 1881, the county poor system was adopted by the County Board, and Capt. E. W. Murray, ap pointed Superintendent. The population of the county, at the time of its or ganization, was not to exceed 300. The United States census taken the following year, showed to it be 700. PHILLIPS, the county-seat, is located near the geographical center of the county, on the south bank of Elk Lake. It is a flour ishing little place of about 300 inhabitants. It contains several fine residences, six large and well-stocked stores, four hotels, two printing offices, one boot and shoe factory, a wagon factory, a blacksmith shop, and four saloons. Its village plat was recorded September 23, 1876. The profes sions are represented by two lawyers and one doctor. The village has a large lumber trade. On the twentieth day of May, 1877, a destructive fire occurred in the village of Phillips, that swept away nearly the entire town leaving but seven buildings standing. Among the business houses destroyed were: J. H. Fennell, general merchandise; J. H. Lingren, boot and shoe store ; Messic & McConnell, groceries ; W. F. Turner, hotel, and Waddell Bros., hotel. The loss was estimated at $35,000, which, for a town of about six months' growth, was severe. The fire originated in one of the rooms of Waddell Bros. hotel, and burned from Lot 3, in Block 4^ to Lot 1, in Block 5. biographical sketches. A. ALEXANDER, saloon, Phillips, was born in Dane Co.. Wis., July 12, 1851. In 1868, he went to Sauk County, then to Monroe County, and later came to Stevens Point. He came to Worcester in 1876. He came to Phillips in 1877, where he has done business since. In 1877, he married Miss Jennie Cleveland, of Woodstock, 111. M. BARRY, attorney at law, Phillips, was born in Queenstown, Ire land, July 4, 1846; received a common school education and emigrated to the United States in Fall of 1867. He stayed for a short time at West Randolph, Mass., when he engaged in the boot and shoe business. He moved to Montello, Marquette Co., Wis., in Spring of 1868, where he remained for about one year ; from thence, moved to Bloomfield, Wau shara Co., to engage in book-keeping; remained at this point about nine months, when he moved to Fremont, Waupaca Co., and remained there until the Fall of 1877. During his stay in the latter place, followed va rious pursuits, principally, book-keeping; held the office of Justice of the Peace, and was elected Town Chairman in Spring of 1877. In the Fall of 1877, moved to Portage County, to engage in book-keeping ; there he stayed until February, 1879, when he moved to his present loca tion, for the purpose of opening a law office, having been admitted to the Bar the previous January. Has held various local offices ; was Deputy County Clerk during the first term of that office in the county, and is now Deputy County Treasurer, which position he conducts in connec tion with his professional business. W. H. BRIGGS, lumberman, Phillips, was born in Manson, Pis cataquis Co., Maine, Aug. 21, 1848. He was with his parents in Illi nois in '56, and then in Hortonville. His father was in the store, mill and farming business. He worked in a grist-mill, and in the woods, at times up to the time of his first coining to Phillips, having been on Elk Lake in 1869, locating pine timber. In his business of locating land, he came to where Worcester now stands in 1873, from there to Phillips in 1876, where he first worked at carpenter work, and in the Winter of '80 and '81, began lumbering. He also deals in real estate and pine lands, he being surveyor and practical woodsman. WALTER BROWN, dealer in pine lands, Phillips, was born on Fox Island, Maine, June 1, 1850 ; came with his parents to Columbia Co., Wis., in 1855. H's father was a seaman and captain, but came West and settled on a farm ; Walter attended school here, and when fifteen years of age went into the woods, and as woodsman, has traveled over most of the timbered counties of the State. Came to Price County in 1876, and located at Phillips, as dealer in pine lands ; in 1879, was ap pointed Register of Deeds. In 1880, he married Miss Johanna Muir, of Portage City. He is a member of Temple of Honor, and belongs to the Baptist Church. W. D. GUMAER, real estate and pine land agent, Phillips, was born in Fairfax Co., West Virginia, May 16, 1848. His parents came to Wisconsin in 1849, locating in Winnebago County, and establishing a trading post at Menomonee ; they remained there till i860, when they went to Juneau County. In 1873, he left home and went on to the Big Suamico, and took charge of an office as shipping clerk. In Novem ber, 1875, moved to Phillips, taking contract for right of way. He was one of the first Side Board elected ; he was County Surveyor, and, in 1880, was elected Register of Deeds. In December, 1873, he married Miss A. Howard, of Juneau, and they have three children — Prucilla, Richard, and an infant. WILLIS HAND, lawyer and County Judge, Phillips, was born in Columbia Co., Wis., May 1, 1849. B e was raised on the farm, and, when old enough, he attended common school. In 1866, he went to the Baraboo High School, afterward the Normal School of White Water, and commenced the study of law. In 1873, he entered the State Uni versity, and graduated from the law department in 1874. The Winter of 1874-5, he read in the office of J. B. Taylor, and then went to Neills ville, Clark Co., and practiced law till 1877, when he came to Phillips. He opened a law office, and when the county was organized, he received the appointment of County Judge from Gov. Smith. In 1878, he mar ried Miss Mary E. Muir, of Portage County. They have one child, Wheeler G. Judge Hand belongs to the Temple of Honor and to the I. O. O. F., of Neillsville. He and his wife are church members. His father, J. F. Hand, now Postmaster here, was a member of the Assembly in 1864-5, from the Second District, of Columbia County, and has held other offices of town and county. He has also been a church member for fifty years, and a Son of Temperance sixteen. W. S. HATTON, book-keeper, with J. H. Favell, Phillips, was born in Manchester, England, April 9, 1854, and came to America with his parents. In 1870, he learned telegraphy and went to Appleton, Stevens Point and Marshfield. In 1872, he was in the employ of the railroad company, and came to Phillips in 1876, to take charge of station here. In 1880, he was employed by J. H. Favell, as book-keeper and clerk. In 1879-80, he was Treasurer of the town, and is now a member of the Temple of Honor and of the I. O. O. F. W. D. KUHN, restaurant, Phillips, was born in Chautauqua Co., N.Y., July 9, 1854, and came with his parents to Winnebago and Fond du Lac, where he attended school. He began as a confectioner in Waupun, and was acting as drummer for- tobacco house there, when he first visited Phillips in 1877. He went into the Lake View House, as clerk, where he remained till 1879. That year he started a restaurant. In 1877, April 16, he married Miss Gertrude Batterson, of Nora Springs, Iowa. They have two children, Charles H., three years old, and Lulu. Mr. Kuhn is a member of the Temple of Honor. A. D. LUNT, land-examiner for the Wis. C. R. R., Phillips, was born in Oldtown, Penobscot Co., Me., Oct. 8, 1836. He came to Osh kosh, Wis., for the purpose of lumbering, and then commenced locating on Wolf River and on Mill Creek. In 1872, he went to work for the Wis. C. R. R., getting $2,000 a year, and expenses paid. Commencing at Stevens Point, he worked up the line just in advance of the railroad, having, in 1872, his office in Medford, Taylor Co., and in Phillips in 1880. He has sold in one year 466,000 acres of pine land for the com pany. Mr. Lunt is not married. He is a charter member of the Blue Lodge, of Grand Rapids, and belongs to the Forest Chapter, of Stevens point, also the Chippewa Commandery, of Eau Claire ; has been a Mason twenty years. JAMES McKINLEY, hotel, Phillips, was born in County Armagh, Ireland, June 2, 1837. Came early to America, and located in Renfrew Co., Canada, where he attended school. He then commenced lumber ing, and in 1868 came to Oconto, where he was engaged in the same business until 1869, when he went to Monroe Co,, Wis. In 1875, he located in Town 37, Range 2 west, of Price County, buying 160 acres for farming purposes. Having cleared fifty acres, he moved to Phillips, in 1876, and built the McKinley House, which he now keeps. He is also engaged in lumbering and farming. He was one of the Town Board first elected. In 1870, he married Miss M. J. McConnel, of Canada. They have one son, Charlie H. J. R. MEANS, restaurant, Phillips, was born in Waldo Co., Me., Feb. 19, 1859. He lived on the farm and attended school, and in 1878 left home and came to Stevens Point, Wis., where he worked in a saw mill. In 1881, opened his restaurant, in Phillips. In 1881, June 14, he married Miss Hannah R. Corrigon, of Buena Vista, Portage Co. Mr. Means belongs to the Temple of Honor, and is doing a business of about $4,000 per year. E. W. MURRAY, hotel, Phillips, was born in Philadelphia, April 8, 1843. Remained there till the death of his mother, when his father took HISTORY OF PRICE COUNTY. 767 him back to Ireland, County Sligo, where he lived until his father's death, when he returned to America with a relative. His home was in Rhode Island until 1859, when he came to Juneau Co., Wis. There he attended school. In 1862, he went South and enlisted in the Miss. Marine Bri gade. This organization went out of existence in 1865, but hewas in the department till 1866, when he returned to Juneau County, and en tered into a speculation there and on the river. He was employed by the Wisconsin Central Railroad in 1872. In the Fall of 1876, he came to Phillips and started a hotel and general store. In 1881, he opened his present hotel, which he is now enlarging. He has married three times: in New Orleans in 1865, his wife leaving three children — E. W., J. C. and Eugenia; he married again in 1876, his wife dying the same year, and in 1880 he married Miss Julia Chambers, his present wife. Mr. Murray is now Superintendent of the County poor, and County Judge elect for 1882. Has been Deputy County Treasurer and Secre tary of School Board. D. O'BRIEN, real estate, Phillips. County Treasurer of Price County for 1881. C. H. ROSER, hotel, Phillips. Was born in Bavaria, Germany July 31, 1838, and came, in 1855, with his parents to Baraboo, Sauk Co., Wis., where they located on a farm. In 1861, he enlisted in Co. A, 6th Wis. V. I. Served three years, and was mustered out in 1864. The next five years of his life were spent in various wanderings. In 1869, while fishing and looking up pine, he visited the place where Phillips now stands, and in August, 1876, came to Phillips to remain. On the first train that came was a car-load of lumber, with which he built his 16x32 boarding-house. His custom increased so fast that he sent for blankets to Milwaukee, and by giving each guest a blanket, he would find his own place. to sleep, oftentimes around camp-fires and on the ground. In October, he built his present house. In 1878, he mar ried Miss Jenette Micklejohn, of Weyauwega. They have one child, a girl named Pearl, aged twenty-one months. F. W. SACKETT. Was bornin Trumbull County, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1847. Was brought to Wisconsin by his parents in 1852. Lived on a farm in the town of Osceola, Fond du Lac Co., until theSummerof 1863, when he enlisted as a private soldier in Co. A, 38th Wis. V. I. He served until the close of the war, and was in several engagements, commencing at the close of the " Wilderness " fight and ending at the surrender of Lee. Was on the advance line at the battle of " Hatch's Run," and again at the " Petersburg" fight. After being discharged from the serv ice, he entered the printing office of the Fond du Lac Journal, and after serving an apprenticeship of eighteen months, started in business with a fellow-typo, J. C. Walehon, and established the Weyauwega Times, in Waupaca County. The first number of the paper was issued Feb. 20, 1869. Mr. S. was nominated for member of Assembly in 1876, and made a very creditable run, receiving about five hundred more than his party vote. He sold his paper in Weyauwega in the Winter of 1876, and started the Phillips Times, in Price County, Jan. 6, 1877. Upon the formation of Price County in 1879, he was appointed County Clerk; served the balance of the term, and was elected by a large majority to the same position at the general election of 1880. C. H. SILVERNAIL, lumber, Phillips, was born in Pike Co., Penn., June 2, 1826. After his father's death he was sent to his grand parents in Columbia County, where he made his home, going to school until 1844, when he went to sea. After visiting most of the foreign countries, he came to New York and then to Boston, enlisting in the en gineer corps of sappers and miners, which made their quarters at West Point. He left the service and went to -Dutchess County, and while there he was married. He was on the Harlem Railroad as conductor, where he remained till 1855, when he came to Horicon, Wis. In 1861, enlisted in the 8th Iowa V. I.; was second sergeant ; he was taken pris oner at Shiloh, and was wounded while a prisoner ; was discharged in 1864, and went to St. Louis, where his wife and family visited him, and they lost two of the family from small-pox. He served in the city of St. Louis on the police force ; then came to Chicago and went into the furni ture business, but was burned out in 1871. He had a family of ten children, Emma, Charlie, Howard, Loren, deceased ; Winr.ie, Willie, Eva, Joseph, John and Rosa. He belongs to the Temple of Honor, be ing one of the charter members, and now W. C. T. ARTHUR STURLEY, with J. H. Fewell, Phillips, was born in Norwich, Norfolk Co., England, June 5, 1851. He lost his parents when he was twenty years of age, his father dying in 1870, and his mother in 1871. His father had served as cashier in the Bank of En gland, and when he found that he had sacrificed his health, he retired on a pension given him by the bank. Arthur came to New York, where he stayed only a few days, and from there to St. Paul, Minn., where his brother Edward was then living ; here he engaged in the crockery business. He then went to Marquette, Mich., where he was employed in a railroad office. He afterward went to St. Louis, Mo., then to Omaha, and again back to St. Paul. In Feb. 1875, he went into J. H. Fewell's employ. The business was moved to Phillips in 1876. He carries a stock of $ 10.000, and does a business of $75,000 a year. WILLIAM WADDELL, saloon, Phillips, was born in Upper Can ada, Aug. 20, 1855. On leaving home he went to Michigan, and com menced lumbering ; then went to Wolf River, then to Oconto, and finally, in the Fall of 1876, he came to Phillips and opened his present business. THOS. WINTER, railroad and express agent, Phillips, was born in Province of Ontario, Canada, Feb. 17, 1837, of English parentage. His father was a ship-builder in Hamilton. Thomas left home in 1850 ; he followed book-keeping for awhile, having learned under a clerk of Roth schild's. Later, he learned telegraphing and worked for the Grand Western Railroad. He then assumed the management of the Montreal Telegraph & American Express Co. until 1865, when he opened a pri vate bank. Meeting with reverses in 1869, he went to work for the Montreal Telegraph and Canadian Express. In 1875, he took the agen cy for the Montreal Telegraph Co., together with the Canadian and American Express Cos. In 1878, he came to Milwaukee, Wis., and from there to Stevens Point, and, in 1880, came to take charge of the railroad business at Phillips, as well as the American Express. In 1865, he married Miss Emma Calder, of Canada, who died in 1880, leaving one child, Charles M. Mr. Winter is a proficient swordsman, having ac quired the art while in Vol. Corps ; is also a member of the R. A. M.'s of Canada. J. D. WYATT, physician and surgeon, Phillips, was born in Moira, ' Franklin Co., N. Y., July 29, 1845. Until 1853, he remained there, go ing from thence to Stockholm, St. Lawrence Co. ; thence to Plainfield, 111. While here, he took classical course in Northwestern College. In 1869, he became local editor of the Aurora Herald in Kane County ; at the same time, was special for the old Chicago Republican. In '71, he came to Fond du Lac, where the firm of Wyatt Bros., insurance agents, was organized. Here he began reading medicine with a brother who was a physician, and in 1874 he went to the Keokuk College, graduating in 1876. He located at Stevens Point, where he was railroad physician. In 1877, he came to Phillips. He is company physician and has been Superintendent of Schools. WORCESTER. During the time the terminus of the railroad was at this point, Worcester was a stirring place. A village plat was surveyed, and two stores and two hotels were established, but upon the completion of the road the inhabitants moved, deserted the site, and located elsewhere. At present, there is but one family residing at Worcester. FIFIELD Is located on the South Fork of the Flambeau River, thir teen miles north of Phillips, and is a very stirring town of about 200 inhabitants. It has a good farming country around it, and is destined to be a place of no mean impor tance. It has four general stores, doing a large business, two good hotels, a blacksmith shop and three saloons. Its village plat was surveyed in September, and recorded on the seventeenth day of October, 1876. biographical sketches. H. J. BORHAM & J. FARR, general supply store, , Fifield, carry stock of $15,000 and. do a business of $25,000 a year. Mr. J Farr is manager of the business, and was born in Franklin Co., Me. His parents and self located on a farm in Walworth Co., Wis., as early as 1851, and moved to Waupaca in 1855, where they lived until 1875. and now are located in Iowa. J. Farr in 1855 started at work in the woods on the Wolf River and tributaries, and in 1864 enlisted in the 36th Wis. V. I., Co. B; was mustered out in 1864, and came to Wau paca. He first entered the mercantile business in Evanswood, Spring of 1879, and afterward came to Fifield, In 1861 he married Miss Cor nelia N. Starks. They have three children — Louella, Thera and Eugene, adopted. W. F. TURNER, hotel, Fifield. Born in Taberg, Oneida Co., N Y. March 29, 1844. His grand-father died on the day of his birth, aged 98. He came to Madison, Wis., in 1858. In 1861 he enlisted in the 2d Wis. V. I., Co. H ; was discharged on account of disability, but having recovered his lost health he went to South Bend, Ind., and en listed from there, in 1864, in the 155th V. I. ; was mustered out and went to Columbia Co., Wis. In the Fall of 1879 he came to Fifield and opened the Turner House. He now owns the new hotel besides two warehouses. In 1870 he married Miss Annie St. John, who died in 1877; he married again, Miss Mertie Sweet. Mr. Turner was the first Justice in Price County ; was elected Town Clerk in 1880, and is now on the Side Board and Justice. He belongs to the Temple of Honor. 768 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. W. F. HINZ, general store, Fifield, was born in R. B. Brombarg, Kries, Wirsitz, Germany, Sept. 26, 1848. In 1866 he came to Green Lake Co., Wis., where he located on a farm. In 1874 he opened a store in Colby. He has carried on business at Fifield since 1878- His Summer stock amounts to $10,000, and his business to $48,000 in one year. On the 25th of September, 1875, he married Miss Odelia Steinke, of Green Lake, Wis. Mr. Hinz was the first Town Treasurer of Fifield, and belongs to the Lutheran Church. EDWIN HORTER, trader, Fifield, was born in Washington Co., N. Y., April II, 1836. He left home when he was thirteen years of age, and after some wandering came to Green Bay, Wis., and engaged in lumbering. In 1876 he came to Fifield and commenced trading with the Indians ; had a trading post on the Manitosh Lake and one on Lake Flambeau. In 1876 he moved his family up and kept a hotel in Fifield. In 1853 he married Miss Mary J. Smith, of Cooper's Plains, Steuben Co., N. Y. They have had five children — Monroe, Ida, Carrie, Cora, who died June 29, 1881, and Eddie. GEORGE A. SINGLETON, general store, of firm of Singleton & Leonard, Fifield, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., July 8, 1854. He graduated at the Potsdam Normal School, taught some, and then stud ied law. In 1880 he came to Wisconsin and took the First Ward school in Chippewa Falls, which place he occupied until 1881. He then en gaged in erecting a store and warehouse. OGEMA Is located on the Wisconsin Central Railroad near the south line of the county. It is the trading point of a large colony of Swedes; located is the town of Brannan, by J. K. Ostergen, one of the members of the State Board of Im migration, who makes his home at this village. D. M. Holmes has in operation here a large saw-mill, giving employment to about 100 men. Ogema has two stores and two hotels. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. A. M. BYRNES, general store, Ogema, was born in London, En gland, Aug. 6, 1844. His parents came to America in 1846. In the Spring of 1847 they came to Oshkosh, Wis., locating on a farm where they have remained for thirty years. A. M. helped clear the farm, and enlisted in the 17th Wis. V. I., Co. B, Feb. 11, 1862 ; was wounded in the second battle of Corinth, and received his discharge May 6, 1863 ; he re-enlisted Jan. 19, 1864, in the 3rd Wis. Cav., Co. I ; was mustered out as sergeant in 1865. In 1876 he went to Medford and took a con tract on the county road and bridges. Coming to Omega, he built a store and dwelling house ; he now carries a stock of $2,000, and does a business of $10,000 a year ; also deals in real estate. In 1863 he mar ried Miss Anna M. Stretch, her parents being among the pioneers of Oshkosh. They have one child, Rufus Melvin. Mr. Byrnes has been Clerk of the School District and Postmaster, which position he resigned in June, 1880. He is a member of the Catholic Church. FRED W. GRAVES, agent for Wisconsin Central Railroad, Oge ma, was born in Calumet Co., Wis., June 10, 1859. He lived in Grays- ville and attended the Chilton High school in his native county. In 1873 he went to Colby, Clark Co. In 1876-7 he learned telegraphy and was sent to Bancroft Station. In 1878 he removed to Auburndale. Later he accepted the position of night operator at Plymouth, from there was promoted to Ogema. In 1880 he married Miss Nellie Perry. They have one child. Mr. Graves is a member of the Episcopal Church. MACKEY BROTHERS are proprietors of hotel in Ogema, erect ed in July, 188 1, and called the Mackey House. The brothers John and William, were born in Canada in the years 1847 and 1857, respectively. John left home in 1870 and William in 1875, coming to Wisconsin. They lumbered at Green Bay, and finally came to Ogema. In 1879 John married Miss Catherine Lawler, of Brown County, and they have one child, Cora Ann. He is now Assessor for 1881. William is unmarried, and is Constable. SHAWANO COUNTY. GENERAL HISTORY. Shawano County is one of the extreme northeastern counties of the State, situated south and west of Ocon to and Marinette counties. In early days, it was a portion of that great and unexhausted region of pine, which has proved the foundation of wealth to half the capitalists of Wisconsin. Much valuable timber land still remains along the banks of the Wolf and Embar rass rivers, but a majority of the logs cut find their way to the large mills at Oshkosh. There are a num ber of small mills still scattered through Shawano County, however. The soil varies from a rich black loam to the barren sand plains on the highlands of the Wolf. As a rule, when cleared of timber and culti vated, the land is productive. It is estimated that about sixty per cent of the county is still wooded — pine along the streams, hemlock, oak and hickory on the uplands. The territory embraces thirty-six town ships and two Indian reservations — the Menomonee and Stockbridge. These tribes took possession of their reservations before the organization of the coun ty and a brief sketch of their territories would not be out of place at this point. THE RESERVATIONS. Menomonee Reservation comprises eight and one- half townships, situated in the northern and northeast ern part of the county. In 1848, the Government ob tained the title to all lands held by the Menomonees in the State of Wisconsin. In 1852, they were removed to their reservation, which afterward extended into Shawano County. Its principal village is Keshena, which contains a number of stores and a saw and grist mill, the property of the Menomonees. The reserva tion contains 231,680 acres of land, much of it good farming and timber property. Considerable attention is paid to farming, and a commendable improvement in the condition of the people is noted. The popula tion is 1,460. The Wolf River flows through the res ervation from north to south, the old military road fol lowing the eastern bank for most of the way. Keshena is situated in the southern part, and many of its peo ple, as well as those in other portions of the reserva tion are earnest supporters of school and church. The Stockbridge Reservation is situated to the southwest of the Menomonee Reserve, and includes but half a township — 11,520 acres. The remainder of the original two townships, was sold to the General Govern ment, for 1200,000, and afterward became the town of Herman.' The population, about 125, is concentrated, principally in the settlement on the Red River. The Stockbridges and a few Munsees were removed from Calumet County, in 1856. By referring to the history of that county, it will be seen that the tribe were granted citizenship, in 1843, and also that quite a power ful faction, called the Indian-party, were opposed to anything but tribal relations. Many of these located West of the Mississippi, in the Chippewa country. Afterward they desired to return to Wisconsin, but had not changed their minds in regard to citizenship. HISTORY OF SHAWANO COUNTY. 769 The Government therefore purchased two townships of the Menomonees, in 1856, and there located the Stock- bridges. The latter afterward sold to the Government, all but the half a township they now occupy. At present the Stockbridges are divided into the same two parties that agitated them in 1842-43, while they lived in Calu met County — the citizen's party and the Indian party. SETTLEMENT. The first settlement in Shawano County and the city of Shawano, dates from May, 1843, when Charles Wescott, a sturdy young New Yorker, became one of a party which set out from Green Bay, to build a saw mill, for Samuel Farnsworth. The mill was completed, this being the first improved water power on the Wolf River. The building was situated nearly upon the site of J. D. Kast's saw and grist mill. Mr. Wescott re mained as the first permanent settler, operating the mill which was owned afterward by J. C. Lewis, for eight years. He located upon his present property in 1848, when his wife joined him. In the Fall of 1843, F. B. Moore, of Fond du Lac, became a two-thirds partner with Mr. Farnsworth, in the mill property and a general store was opened, so that when Mrs. Wescott and James and William Grimmer arrived in 1848, the settle ment had commenced to take on the aspect, "promis ing." Mr. Farnsworth had entered eighty acres of land, the first in the county. Philetus Sawyer and other lumbermen of Oshkosh were patronizing the little mill. The steamer "Manchester" was puffing up and down with supplies, and the firm of Farnsworth & Moore was happy. New settlers, therefore, they looked upon as interlopers, and it was only by using his position as against their authority, that Mr. Wescott managed to sell Mr. Grimmer enough lumber to build his house. This spirit went so far, that the owners of the prop erty in 1851, refuse to allow any logs to be rafted to the market below. This so incensed a Red River lumberman, that he pitched one of the proprietors into the mill pond, ordered his men to break away the dam and his raft went through. Thereafter the monopo lists were more accommodating. Prominent also in the annals of these early business days, were Philetus Sawyer and George Andrews, who owned at one time, nearly the entire site of the city of Shawano. Capt. William Powell, who established a trading post on the east side of the river in 1844, and operated it four or five years, and Strong & Co., at one time, owners of much of the pine property in Shawano, Joseph Gau- thier, A. L. Koon, R. W. Lambert, and C. M. Upham, are names with which the early settlers are familiar. But the past of history, gradually and surely grows in to the present, therefore the city of Shawano, as it is, comes up for dissection, and even while this task is being performed, the future of a more thriving life is making history of itself. COUNTY ORGANIZATION. Shawano County was organized by legislative act, February 16, 1853, and joined to Outagamie County for judicial purposes, the county seat being located on the southeast corner of Section 6, fraction of Section 7, east of Wolf River, in Township 26, Range 16 east. At the first election, held in November, 1853, at the 48 « " Shawano Mills House," occupied by Charles Wescott, forty -seven votes were cast, and Elias Murray, Charles D. Wescott and Elisha Alexander chosen Supervisors (the county consisting but of the town of Shawano) ; Julius A. Murray, Clerk of the Board ; John Wiley, School Superintendent ; J. A. Murray, Register of Deeds, and E. F, Sawyer, County Surveyor, In No vember, 1855, by popular vote (eighty-four votes), it was resolved to locate the county seat at Shawano, after December 15. In January, 1856, the county was fairly organized for town purposes. The voters of the town of Richmond were to meet at Hiram Wescott's; those of the town of Waukechon, at James Semple's ; those of the town of Shawano, at the office of the County Clerk, E. F. Sawyer. The election, held in November, 1856, after full town and county organiza tion had been effected, resulted as follows : A. B. Everts, Sheriff; T. R. Hudd, District Attorney; William Grimmer, Coroner; Ogden Brooks, County Clerk; Julius A. Murray, Register of Deeds ; John Wiley, County Treasurer ; Daniel Olmstead, Surveyor ; S. Ryan, Jr., Clerk of the Court. Shawano County was fully organized for judicial purposes, January 1, 1861, and made a part of the Tenth Circuit, S. R. Cotton, Judge. Its present fine court-house was erected in 1879-80, at a cost of $17,000. It is a two-story and basement structure, built of red brick, and makes quite an imposing and, certainly, a sightly appearance. The county officers, for 1881, are: Johm M. Schweers, Sheriff; August Koeppen, Treasurer ; D. E. Wescott, Clerk ; Ed. Sommers, Register of Deeds ; C. A. Rais- ler, Clerk of Court ; K. M. Phillips, District Attorney ; H. Klosterman, County Judge ; William Sommers, County Superintendent of Schools; J. H. Grimmer, Surveyor. The encouraging prospects of the city and county of Shawano, in obtaining railroad communication through the Eastern Grand Trunk and a Clintonville extension of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western, have already been noted. The county is drained in its western portions by the Embarrass, Red and West Wolf rivers, and by the Shioc, Oconto and Pensaukee, in the east. The Wolf River runs north and south through its central portion, and is navigable to Shawano. Streams flow in every direction, so that logs are easily floated to their desti nation. The travel of the county, however, is over the numerous roads that cut it from point to point. The bulk of the travel is over the roads from Green Bay and Clintonville. The old military road, which also passes from Shawano north toward Lake Superior, is also a great thoroughfare to and from the Menomonee Reservation. SHAWANO. Shawano, the county seat, is situated about two miles southwest of Lake Shawano, on the Wolf River. It con tains a population of 900 people, who require only a rail road to be fashioned into most thriving prosperity. The railroad survey of the Eastern Grand Trunk, the proposed line between Chippewa Falls, Wausau and Oconto, is al ready on its way hitherward, and it is probable that the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western will, erelong, make 770 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. an extension from Clintonville. The people of Shawano are greatly in favor of this latter undertaking. Shawano is the center of supplies for a large district of Northeastern Wisconsin. Besides supplying an extensive lumbering district, it meets the demands of the Menomonee and Stockbridge reserves. The bulk of general trade is transacted by the solid firm of Upham & Russell, whose business runs up into the hundreds of thousands. With the building of railroads the limits of the city's trade will be extended. The beauties of her situation will be brought more to the general attention of travelers. Shawano Lake is already becoming known as a prime body of water for regattas, and, if pushed into notice, there is no reason why Shawano should not grow into quite a Summer resort. Al though possessing one of the oldest water-powers on the Wolf River, the lumber industries of the city have virtually been in the possession of a large number of parties. Mr Rockwell retained his place as editor, and subsequently as publisher, until 1868, various parties being associated with him. M. H. McCord then assumed control until 1874, when H. M. Loomer took possession until 1879, when it came into the hands of its present owners. As might be supposed, with its various changes of ownership, its polit ical preferences have changed. Started as a Whig paper, afterward Republican, then Democratic, and now Independ ent, it has been the organ of almost every phase of political sentiment. There are quite a number of churches and societies in Shawano. The Rev. Father Engelhart is the priest in charge of the Catholic Church, having also a mission at Keshena, in the Menomonee Indian reserve. The most nourishing Protestant church is the Methodist Episcopal, -/'-'; ¦I$£s3$ la .- ;'¦ ¦•.- ¦-.¦¦."- -: trig®® ' m ~~ M/tPfetfrr^Ti m Hii-m 11 Pgf .^-sfiT rf tPBP mem ¦ mMm£g*kmWk&mmW$ 5S «-_ -i„— * SHAWANO. died out, with the clearing away of the surrounding for ests. In 1867, J. D. Kast established his grist mill in connec tion with his planing mill. It has three run of stone. He is also building a grain elevator. The old planing mill, owned by E. F. Sawyer, is not at present in operation. M. Miller runs a small saw-mill, with a capacity of about 8,000 feet daily. Shawano was incorporated as a city March 12, 1874, and the provisions of the usual city charter went into effect. It is divided into two wards. The fire department is at present unorganized. The city school is under the man agement of L. D. Roberts, and has an average attendance of 140. The building is a frame structure, erected in 1870, its cost, with that of the property, being $3,000. The press of the city and of the county is represented by the Shawano Journal, which was established in the month of January, 1859, by W. C. Tompkins, of Weyauwega. The first editor was A. G. Rockwell, of Oshkosh. The name for the first six months was J he Fenture, and when it was found to be a success its name was changed to the Journal. During the twenty-two years of its existence the paper has of which the pastor is Rev. E. B. L. Elder. It has a mem bership of about 70, and property valued at $3,000. The Lutherans worship in a small chapel under the care of Rev. E. F. Ebert. The Presbyterians have no church building, the Rev. J. H. R. Rogers being their pastor, while the Epis copalians have no settled minister. The Masons, Odd Fellows and Good Templars have or ganizations, but the Temple of Honor is the leading lodge, mustering a membership of over 100. In the Summer of 1881, the Temple built a tasteful hall, which is a credit to the city. It will thus be seen that Shawano has all the advantages — natural and acquired — for the formation of an impor tant interior city. The only thing lacking — a railroad — is coming. With that, a good farming country, much of which is in its immediate vicinity, will be made more directly trib utary to it. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. H. H. ANDREWS, general merchandise, Shawano, was born and reared in Washington Co., N. Y. In 1866 he came to Keshena, and engaged in the mercantile business, in connection with the Indian post- tradership, to which he was soon after appointed, and controlled until 1 879, when he opened the present business, which he has successfully conducted since. HISTORY OF SHAWANO COUNTY. 771 ASA HICKS, Mayor of Shawano. The subject of our sketch was born and reared in Ashtabula Co., Ohio. In 1845 he went to Stephen son Co., 111., and, after a few years, returned to Ohio, only to come to Oshkosh, Wis., 1850, where he carried on the mercantile business till i860, in the meantime prosecuting the lumbering industry, which he finally adopted in i860. In 1865 he came to Shawano ( which was in corporated as a city March 19, 1874) and has been actively identified with its developing industries since. ARTHUR M. JONES, proprietor of Wescott House, Shawano, stands prominent as one of the enterprising business men of Shawano. Mr. Jones has chosen the present place for his trade, which, at the present, is very abundant in way of traveling men, lumbermen, pleasure-seekers, land-seekers and tourists. It is located in the most central part of the city, and has ample accommodations for both man and beast, as a beau tiful stabling is in connection with the house. His motto is, reasonable terms, good accommodations, and strict attention to business. The travelling public will find it to their interest to give him a call. JOHN DAVID KAST, flour milling, Shawano, is a native of Baden, Germany. In 1853 he came to Akron, Ohio, at the age of twenty-eight, where he carried on his trade of millwright and miller for a few years, after which he came to Portage Co., Wis., and followed his trade for five years. He then built a mill of his own in Waupaca Coun ty, in 1861, which he carried on till 1874, when it burned down. In the meantime he built his present mill, which, after the burning of his mill in Waupaca County, he has carried on exclusively since, enlarging upon it so as to run a turning lathe, planers and siding mill. In 1876 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for this district, in which he took an active part in the educational improvement of the State. In 1853 he was married to Miss Margaret Beyer, in Schleswig Holstein, Germany. They have a family of two sons and three daughters. HENRY KLOSTERMAN, County Judge of Shawano County, Shawano, was born and reared and educated in Oldenburg, Germany. In 1856 he came to this country, and after following his natural taste as machinist for three years, he came to Shawano and engaged in the land speculation, which he followed until 1868, when he was elected Register of Deeds, which office he held till 1872, when his people elected him their Judge, and have continued him in that honorable office since. In 1861 he was married to Miss Fink Ernstein. She was born in Meck lenburg, Germany. They have a family of one son, George H. Mr. Klosterman is an able and efficient Judge, and an active citizen, devoted to the development of his adopted State and county. AUGUST KOEPPEN, Treasurer of Shawano County, Shawano, was born and reared in Germany, and came to Dodge Co., Wis., in 1853, and took up the vocation of farming, but subsequently left it and trav eled through the Southern States. In 1861, he enlisted in Co. D, 4th Wis. C, and after an active service, during which he was wounded, he was honorably discharged in 1862. After his services in the war, he turned his attention again to the agricultural industry, and came to Shawano, where he has been prominently identified since. In 1870, he was elected Circuit Court Clerk of his county for 1871-2. In 1879, he was elected County Treasurer and has been continued in office since. He has held a membership on the County Board from 1870 to 1878. In 1862, he was married to Miss Caroline Frailing, who was born in Ger many and reared in Wisconsin. They have a family of two sons, Charles Emil and Herman August. Mr. Koeppen is one of the active, enterpris ing men of Shawano County. JOSEPH MAURER, attorney and counselor-at-law, Shawano, was born, reared and educated in Prussia. In 1849, he came to Wisconsin, and after stopping about two years in Jefferson and Winnebago counties, he came to Shawano. In 1852, began as pioneer here and built the first house in the present corporate limits of Shawano, which still stands, the talisman of his early advent here. Mr. Maurer busied himself with the organization of the county, and was one of the first Peace Justices elected in the county, which office he held for seventeen years. Was the first County Judge of the county, elected in 1859, which he held for eight years. In 1871, the June term, he was admitted to the Bar of the State, since which time he has devoted his talents to the profession, in the meantime conducting agricultural operations on his homestead, where he now lives. H. NABER, merchant, Shawano, is one of the enterprising business men of Shawano. Mr. Naber came to this country from Oldenburg, Germany, in 1848, in company with three others, with the view of pros pecting it for settlement. In 1850, he returned to his country and re ported favorably, whereupon, in 185 1, quite a. number of his country- people came and settled in the State. He stayed in Dodge County un til 1858, when he came to Shawano and opened a mercantile business, which he has successfully conducted since, in the meantime taking an active part in the development of the place. He represented his district in the State Assembly in 1864, '75 and '80 ; has also been Mayor of the city twice. He is at present the vice-president of the Great Northern Timber Belt Railroad, and managing director of the Eastern Division, which was chartered, March, 1881. K. M. PHILLIPS, District Attorney for Shawano County, Sha wano. Mr. Phillips was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., but was reared and educated in Calumet Co., Wis, After a thorough course of four years study in law, he was admitted to the Bar of the State, and came here and opened a practice, which was soon followed by his appointment to his present official position, 1873, to which the people have attested their confidence in his ability by electing him the incumbent for each consec utive term, save one, since. CHARLES A. RAISLER, Clerk of the Circuit Court of Shawano County, was born in Prussia, 1848. In 1857, his people came to Wau paca County, where he was reared and educated. In 1868, he came to Shawano and engaged in the cabinet making business, which he carried on until 1874, when he engaged in the mercantile business, which he car ried on for three years. In 1874, he was elected to his present official position, which he held for two consecutive terms, until 1878, when he made a trip to the Pacific coast, visiting the States of California and Oregon, and Washington Territory, with the view of locating there, but concluded to return to his adopted State, where the people attested to their confidence in him by electing him, in 1880, for the terms 1881 and 1882. J. M. ROBINSON, farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 6, Chairman of the Board, town of Richmond, came here from Essex Co., N. Y., 1855. In 1862, he responded to the call of patriotism, and enlisted in Co. I, 32d Wis. V. I., and remained in the service till the end of the war. Was honorably discharged, June 12, 1865. After his services in the war, he turned his attention to the lumbering industry here, and has successfully conducted it since. In 1870, he started the first livery business of Sha wano, and was active in the political life of the place. Held the office of Sheriff for two years, having previously acted as Deputy ; was the first City Marshal of Shawano, and was extra active in that capacity. In 1870, he was married to Miss Phcebe Gorham, who was born in Green Bay. H. C. RUSSELL,.the junior member of the firm of Upham & Russell, is a native of Vermont, and came to Wisconsin about 1850, where, after a course of study in the high school of Racine.-he began the practice of book-keeping, which he prosecuted for a few years, when he entered upon the Chicago Board of Trade, where, after an active service upon the Board for two years, he engaged in the present, 1870. Has been successfully connected with it since. CAPT. JOHN M. SCHWURS, Sheriff of Shawano County, was born and reared in Germany. In 1856, at the age of nineteen he came to Wisconsin and settled in Dodge County. When his country called her citizens to arms, he responded to the call and enlisted in Co. E, 3d Wis. V. I., May 2, 1861, as second sergeant. After an active service, he was honorably discharged as first lieutenant Co. A, 3d Wis. V. I. He however, re-enlisted as veteran in the same company, retaining his rank, and remained in the service till the end of the war, retiring from the service with the rank of captain of Co. H. After his war services, he turned his attention to the tinsmithing business which he established here in 1865, and which he still conducts. In 1872, he was elected County Clerk of Shawano County, and filled the office for three consecu tive terms. In 1880, he was elected to the Shrievalty of the county for the terms 1881-82. In 1864, he was married to Miss Theressa Krueger who was born in Germany. They have a family of two sons, John and Frank, and one daughter, Mary. The captain is an active and enterprising citizen and a reputable soldier, devoted to the development of his adopted State and county. WILLIAM SOMMERS. County Superintendent of Schools, Shawano County, Shawano, was born in Germany, but was reared and educated in the schools of Sheboygan Co , Wis. Mr. Sommers was born a scholar, and although laboring under almost every disadvantage to develop his talent, he has eventually succeeded in establishing for himself his present reputation as an official and a position of no minor importance as a teacher. He was elected County Superintendent of this county in 1877, and the people have attested to their confidence in his ability by electing him for each consecutive term since. Mr. Som mers is one of the few men we meet who sees no discouragement in the object of his pursuit. EDWARD SOMMERS, Register of Deeds, Shawano County, Shawano. Mr. Sommers was born and reared in Sheboygan Co., Wis., 1853. In 1870 he came here and engaged in the lumbering and milling business, which he followed a few years, after which he started a hotel and conducted it up to last year, in the meantime filling the present official position, to which he was elected in 1876, and to which the peo ple have attested to his ability by continuing him in the office since. On May 29, 1874, he was married to Miss Anna Luecke, who was born in Germany. They have a family of two little girls, Emma and Ida. UPHAM & RUSSELL, merchants, Shawano. Mr. Upham came here in 1858 with a small stock of assorted merchandise and began the mercantile business which to-day forms so important a part in the busi ness interests here. After a series of minor changes in the manage ment, Mr. H. C. Russell joined it in 1870, and the firm has since been known as above stated. Their trade in merchandise averages $200,000 772 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. per annum, patronized by the'^demands of the rapidly growing agricult ural country surrounding, and the lumbermen of this vicinity, whose ex tensive interests demand a respectable position among their patrons. Mr.'Upham is a native of Massachusetts, and came to this State in 1851. After pursuing a course of schooling and experience as clerk in the mer cantile business in different parts of the State, he came here and has stood by this enterprise with the energy of the pioneer and has succeeded. HIRAM WESCOTT, Sr., farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 30, town of Richmond. Mr. Wescott was born and reared in St. Lawrence Co., N. York. In 1853, he came here from Allegany Co., N. Y.; for the first few years engaged in the lumbering and milling interests of this place. In 1855, he built the Wescott House, in Shawano (the first hotel there), and conducted it till 1871, when he moved on the farm, arid has con fined his energy to it principally since. In 1843, he was married to Miss Sarah A. Olmstead, in Bradford Co., Penn.; she was born and reared in Delaware Co., N. J. They have a family of four sons and two daugh ters, all grown to man's and woman's estate. Mr. Wescott is one of the enterprising pioneer men of Shawano County. CHARLES D. WESCOTT, farmer and stock-raiser, and lumber man, Sec. 23, town of Richmond, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. In 1843, he came to Menasha, aud after a stay of two years, he came here and engaged in the lumbering and milling business, to which he devoted the first eight years of his life here ; he then added the agricult ural industry to his list, and developed that industry here. He was the first Postmaster here, which he held up to i860, and was active in the organization of the county. On Jan. 6, 1848, he was married to Miss Jane Drasbauch, who was born in Livingston Co., N. Y. They have a family of three sons and two daughters, all grown to man's and woman's estate. Mr. Wescott is the oldest pioneer man of the county, enterpris ing and active in the development of the many industries of the State and county. , DAYN E. WESCOTT, County Clerk of Shawano Co., Shawano, was born in Oshkosh, Dec. II, 1850, and removed with his people here 1851 ; he received his education in the public schools of his county ; at the age of twenty-one, he was elected as Register of Deeds for his coun ty, and was continued in the incumbency for two terms, at ihe same time taking at) interest in the abstract of title, insurance, and general land agency business, which he still conducts. In 1878, he was elected County Clerk, and has been continued in the office for each term since. In 1874, he was married to Miss Harriet E. Coon, in Friendship, N. Y. She was born and reared there. They have a family of two little boys, Edward Arthur and Bernard Dayn. Mr. Wescott is one of the active public men of Shawano County. SETTLEMENTS. Hartland, Bonduel and Tigerton are quite thriving lit tle settlements, of about 150 population. At Whitcomb, just above Tigerton, are the extensive coal kilns of the Chi cago Rolling Mills, while at the settlement'itself is the saw mill of Newbold & Livingston, lately built, which has a capacity of 12,000,000 feet per season. ' A grist mill is also run in connection with it. An establishment of business importance to the village is the veneer factory of Grundy & Brigham. Above Whitcomb is the station Wittenberg, which has a small saw-mill, a Lutheran Church, Orphan Asylum and Seminary. These three stations are on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western line, which cuts through the south western' part of the county on its way to Wausau. Hartland and Bonduel are on the stage route between Green Bay and Shawano, in the town of Hartland. At the former place, besides the general stores, is a saw-mill, oper ated by A. J. Fullerton, and a saw and grist mill by C. Schmall. There is a saw-mill near Bonduel, which place does a fair general trade. Several other mills are scattered at different points throughout the city, among which may be mentioned the saw-mill, six miles southeast of Shawano, owned by A. K. Porter ; the grist mill in the town of Grant, operated by C. H. Buettner, and the grist mill at Pulcifer, in the town of Green Valley, run by the Oconto Company. The town of Green Valley was organized in 1873, W. G. Donaldson being the first Chairman. Pulcifer post-office was established about the same time. In 1872, work „was commenced by the Northwestern Improvement Companion a dam across the Oconto Riven on Government Lot, No. 3, in Section 6, for the purpose of moving and sluicing logs and timber. The dam was built by A. Winguist, who had previously homesteaded the land. It was his intention to build a saw-mill, and one year later, in company with Charles A. Noyes and O. A. Risum, the mill was built. It was a wooden-wheel mill, and its capaci ty for making lumber very limited. Mr. Winguist also built a bridge across the river near the dam. O. A. Risum, formerly of Rock County, built a store on the above described lot, in the Spring of 1873, and has also kept the post-office there since. Starting in with a very small capital, the outlook for doing business was rather dark, as the roads (if such they could be called), were al most impassable, and the few families that had come to set tle were poor ; but by hard work and perseverance, Mr. Risum is now doing a prosperous business, increasing it with every year. As yet there is]no other store, but one is contemplated before long. Messrs. Schwarz & Bergner, of Fort Howard, bought out the water-power, and erected, in the Winter of 1880, a grist-mill, run by two of Leffel's newest improved water-- wheels ; they also put in a cockle separator, middlings puri fier, two run of stones, and a pair of middlings stones. They started the mill in the Spring of 1881, and are doing good work. This mill is a great benefit to the farmers of this and surrounding country, who had often to go from fifteen to twenty-five miles to grind their grain. They contemplate improving the old saw-mill with a new turbine wheel, circu lar saw and planer. A hotel is being built by Charles Poul, who is also build ing a blacksmith and wagon shop. In 1880, a surveying party, sent out by the Grand Trunk Railroad Company, ran a line across the Oconto River,. about one and one-half miles north of Pulcifer post-office. A mail is run twice aweek from Oconto to Pulcifer, and return, and once a week from Shawano and return. A new mail route is contemplated from Black Creek to Pulcifer and return. HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 945 ST. CROIX COUNTY. PHYICAL FEATURES. St. Croix County seems to have been the headquarters for the lodgment of drift, as there are immense beds of sand and gravel, representing turbulence in their deposition, with occasional beds of clay, which denote a placid period. In some places, the rivers have cut their way through sharply defined banks ; but, as they get down lower, the banks become wider apart. There are several quite well- defined trap-ledges crossing the St. Croix River above the county, with a direction E. N. E. and W. S. W. A prominent rock is the Potsdam sandstone, which was deposited in the ancient Silurian Sea, and has since been raised without commotion, as the layers are found in a horizontal position, even over the upturned edges of rocks of a crystalline character. This sandstone is represented as being nowhere more than 900 feet thick, while the Superior sandstone is thought to be at least 4,000 feet in thickness. There is in the county some croppings of the St. Peters sandstone, and the Lower Magnesian limestone, with a little Trenton and Galena limestone, but none of the Niagara limestone found in the eastern part of the State. The details of the geology of the county have not been elaborated, and the promises for scientific or mineral reward are not flattering ; but, as to the practical question regarding the capability of the soil to support inhabitants, a part of it, as already indicated, is exceptionally good ; and where the vegetable mold is apparently deficient, it has the basis for satisfactory productiveness, and will treat the cultivator with the same liberality that he bestows upon it. The county has an area of about 460,000 acres. Ten miles below Hudson, the river gradually expands until opposite the city, it is perhaps a mile wide ; it then gradu ally contracts, and, when a few miles above Stillwater, assumes the regular width of the river. This expansion, which has a channel mostly on the west side, is called Lake St. Croix. The bluffs, above the western hank of the river, are somewhat broken and irregular. The eastern bank more regular in its slope toward the river. The western tier of towns is more hilly than the others, the central tiers are undulating prairie, and better adapted to agricultnre than any other part of the county- The eastern tier, from north to south across the county, is the hardwood section, which meets the great pine region near the center of Dunn County. The varieties of wood are hickory, butternut, red, black and white oaks, with rock maple, and in the northeast corner of the county there is pine. Among the rivers, the most important, after the St. Croix, are the Willow and the Apple ; the former, going into the St. Croix in the northwestern part of the county, and the latter at Hudson. Hay River, which forms the west branch of the Red Cedar in Dunn County, rises near the head- waters of the Apple River, and runs in an opposite direction. Most of the rivers which abound in the county arise rather abruptly from springs, which furnish remarkably pure water, and, as the waters accumulate in the rivers, fine, although limited, water-powers are furnished, which seldom fail even in a dry time. The Rush, Kinnickinnic and Eau Galle rise in the southern part of the county, and find their way respectively into Lake Pepin, Lake St. Croix and the Chippewa. There are several small lakes, among them Bell, Twin, Bass, Perch and Cedar. THE INDIANS. The greatest trouble with the Indians was caused by their importunate begging and thieving propensities. Visi tations were made from the Dakotas or Sioux on tne West, and from the Ojibways or Chippewas on the East. Each tribe had its peculiarities, and there was a remarkable sameness in the form, size and general appearance of each one of the same tribe. The one «ould be readily dis tinguished from the other; the Sioux were lighter colored than the Chippewas; the Sioux had dug-outs, the Chippewas birch bark canoes like those still made by the Oldtown Indians near Bangor, in Maine. The moccasin of the Sioux was sewed in front from the toe up, the Chippewas had a band of foxing around the upper part of the mocca sin. "As to the belt, that indispensable adjunct to every Indian wardrobe, and which he has to buckle up as he gets hungry, and let out as he gormandizes, the Sioux had a plain, unornamented affair, while the Chippewa had porcu pine quills, beads and whatever trinkets he could obtain to embellish his girdle. The Sioux wore skins, the Chippewas fabrics. A band on leaving a point, would stick a bush in the ground or plant it in the stream, and an expert would tell at once whether it was left by the Chippewas or Sioux. The Chippewa's wigwam was covered with bark, the Sioux with skins. To show the character of the warfare indulged in by these two, hostile tribes, an account of an affair wit nessed by a man who was several hours held as a prisoner to prevent his giving information of the movement, will be related : On the west bank of the Mississippi below St. Paul, some time in 1842 or 1843, was located an Indian village, with perhaps 200 braves. On the opposite side ot the river was a trader who had a Sioux squaw for a wife. Several hundred Chippewas came down and ranged them selves on either side of a ravine leading to the river, in ambush. They then sent about twenty warriors to the river, who, finding the trader's squaw in the garden, shot her. After securing her scalp, the murderers indulged in a war dance on the bank of the river ; the Sioux rallied to a man ; the river was soon black with their canoes coming over. The Chippewas, waiting until their foes were on the point of landing, fled up the ravine followed by the Sioux to receive the effective fire of the Chippewas. Those who survived this onslaught fled and bravely attempted with the re-enforcements constantly arriving, to flank their enemies, by going up another ravine ; this contingency had been pro- 946 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. vided for by the crafty Chippewas, who had a reserve sta tioned there, and the deathly experience of the first attack was again their lot. Of course, their only safety was in flight across the river, but the remorseless Chippewas swarmed on the bluff, and, few indeed, succeeded in cross ing the river to tell the tale. The place where this occurred is still called Bloody Run. Long before the garrison at Fort Spaulding arrived, the Chippewas, loaded with scalps and other trophies of their prowess, had returned to their own ground to relate their daring deeds. The Sioux once had a Chippewa chief — Hole-in-the- Day — corraled in a tamarack swamp, of about one acre ; this they guarded day and night for three days, to find to their disgust that he had escaped. They alleged that he had turned into a snake and thus crawled out. The Sioux subsequently played a like game on the Chippewas near the eastern edge of the " bloody ground " with equal success, leaving the account very evenly balanced. EARLY HISTORY. St. Croix Falls was visited by Father Hennepin while he was held a prisoner by the Sioux Indians in 1680 ; and he gave it a name from his extensive calendar of Saints. The peninsula formed by the St. Croix on the east and the Mississippi on the west was very sharply defined neutral ground between the Sioux on the west and the Chippewas on the east, and the early history of the settlement of what was once Northwestern Wisconsin, but is now Eastern Min nesota, was comparatively free from Indian depredations. Neither tribe deemed it prudent to occupy this territory, excepting in the most temporary way, and therefore it was a safe place for settlement, and was early occupied by farm ers, scattered widely over the whole domain. On account of the safety of the location, Laurient Barth with his family, Jacques Porlier and Charles Reaume established a trading station here on the St. Croix in 1793, returning down the river loaded with furs, in the spring. In 1839, a company was formed at St. Louis to go into the lumbering business on the St. Croix. A party was sent up, and by the spring of the following year were well under way at the Falls, in charge of Mr. Holcombe. The firm was called the St. Louis Lumber Co. The mill was built, and, in a reconstructed form, still stands. On the 1st of May, 1840,- W. H. Crosby came up the river from below on the Indian Queen, bound for the Falls, but was grounded on a bar where Stillwater now is, and on account of a want of knowledge of the channel, was three days in getting up to the Falls. In 1841, Capt. Frasure was sent up in charge, instead of Holcombe. James Perrington came in 1843, and re lieved Frasure. He remained two years, when, in 1845, Holcombe returned and took his former position, which he retained several years. Holcombe came up at first in 1839, but was driven off by the Indians. He, however, returned the same year and resumed operations. The very first settler in Hudson was Peter Bouchea, in the spring of 1841 ; he had a French father and a Chip pewa mother, and was a man of character, who often boasted of being the first white resident. Soon after came a half-breed of French extraction, whose real surname is lost, but his nickname was Joe La Grue, so called from his crane-like form. That is still re tained as the family name. These men had been connected with the Northwestern American Fur Company, at La Pointe, and found their way down here from there. The next cabin of which we have any knowledge, lo cated within the limits of the present county, was that of Louis Massa, a French Canadian by birth, who had mar ried a sister of Bouchea, named Fransis. Massa had, in obedience to his nomadic taste, wandered west to the Apos tle Islands, where he met his future wife. They came down with a couple of canoes lashed together when in the water, with a few household effects, having to make several portages. The old man and his wife are still living. Mr. Crosby, above referred to, came down the river, and located opposite Hudson, at Lakeville, and assisted Bouchea, La Grue and Uncle Massa (as he was called) in erecting their log houses. George Clark, another early comer, also lent a hand to help build the huts. He was accidentally drowned in the Kinnickinnic the same fall, and furnished the first case for the Coroner of the county, who was David Hone. Mr. Crosby, who is still alive and in active business, lived at Cottage Grove and on Bole's Creek. Henry S. Crosby was born on the 18th of June, 1846, on Bole's Creek. The family came to Hudson to remain, in March, 1868. After William Holcombe, who is really the earliest pio neer, may be mentioned Phineas Lawrence, Joseph Has kell, Ph. Prescott, James S. Norris, Joseph R. Brown, Andrew McKey, M. Moore and Mrs. Hannah Crosby, who came in the spring of 1844. David Hone, Sam Buckalo, Orange Walker, William Dibble, Hiram Bucker and others were a little later. The founder of Hudson was Joseph Perrington, who built a dam and saw-mill at the mouth of the Willow River. Stillwater, which was at first apart of the county, was settled by John McKorich, Calvin Leach, Elias McKean, Jacob Fisher, Elam Greeley and Jesse Taylor. A saw-mill was erected in 1842. Joseph Haskell was the first farmer. He broke the soil in 1840. J. S. Norris soon after, but this was on the other side of the river, which was quite well settled when the present county began to fill up. The Territory of Minnesota was organized in 1849, and included Minnesota and Iowa. Several towns in the St. Croix Valley, then in the county, will be alluded to. Afton was settled in 1840, by Andrew McKey and Mr. McHattees. John and Martin Moore founded Arkola. Mo line was started by S. Buckalo, D. Hone, O. Walker, Will iam Dibble and H. Berkley, in 1841. Christopher Columbus discovered and founded Vassa ! William Kean, William Mahoney and Alnan D. Heaton built a saw-mill at Oceola, in 1842. Taylor's Falls was so called from Jesse Taylor, who, with Mr. Baker, built a mill, in 1840. St. Croix Falls, was the scene of the early operations of the St. Louis Lumber Co., under the superintendence of William Holcombe. Returning to the limits of the present county : In 1846, Mr. Page and his family arrived from Nauvoo, 111., and as sisted Mr. Perrington in building his mill the following year. If Henry F. Crosby was the first white boy born here, Abigail Page was the first girl. This was in 1846. The Noble brothers came about this time, followed soon after by their father, who was a retired clergyman. He occasionally had religious service. HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 947 The year following, in 1847, there was quite an influx of new-comers, among them Amah Andrews, Philip Aid- rich, Joseph Mears, Moses Perrin, James Stone and James Sanders. James Hughes opened a law office. A store was built for general merchandise, and Moses Perrin built a hotel. Several frame buildings were put up for dwellings and other purposes. In the fall, a tract of thirty acres was laid out near the Willow River as the site of the future city. The proprietors were Philip Aldrich, Ama Andrews, Joseph Mears and James Sanders, who gave the city the then popular name of Buena Vista. In 1 850, the new city having meantime only slowly grown, twenty acres more, adjoining but down the lake, were added by Messrs. Moses S. Gibson, John 0. Henning, F. P. Catlin, Bouchea, Stone and Crowns, who boldly discarded the Mex ican cognomen and gave it the Saxon name of Willow River, which soon superseded tbe other. Otis Hoyt, M. D., settled here in 1850. The distances he had to go to see some of his patients would seem incred ible if stated, and the time he had to wait for some of his fees has not expired yet. E. P. Pratt was the first school teacher, and the school was opened in 1852. In 1854, the Baptists succeeded in building the first church. Rev. Catlin was the pioneer preacher. Meantime other places in the county were being settled, and, in 1855, there were more than two thousand people in the county. ORGANIZATION. St. Croix County, when first set off from Crawford County by the Territorial Legislature in the winter of 1840, embraced a part of Pepin, Dunn and Chippewa Counties, and Bayfield, Douglas, Burnett, Barron, Polk and Pierce Counties, as well as a part of Minnesota, and formed the whole western boundary of the Territory, from what was then called Porcupine River, on Lake Pepin, on a line run ning west, and on the north to Montreal River, and from the .Montreal River westinto Minnesota. On the first Monday in August, 1840, an election was authorized. A vote was to determine the location of the county seat. Two places struggled for the distinction — "Prescott's Claim," at the lower end of Lake St. Croix," and "Brown's Warehouse," at the upper end of the lake, the present site of Stillwater. The polls were opened at two points — the Falls of Chaumakan, on the St. Croix, and at La Pointe. Some idea of the extent of the population at that time, or the interest manifested in the election, may be realized by remembering that the whole number of votes polled was 58, 45 being for Brown's Warehouse, and 13 for Prescott's Claim. The returns were made to the Clerk of the County Commissioners of Crawford County, at Prairie du Chien. Hazen Mears, Samuel Buckalo and Calvin A. Tuttle were chosen Commissioners. The tract of land described in J. R. Brown's claim was sold to him by the Commissioners for $800 cash, reserving one-half acre for county purposes. Arrangements were also made with Mr. Brown to furnish suitable buildings for the use of the county for four years. At this election the county officers chosen were Joseph R. Brown, Treasurer, Register of Deeds and Surveyor; Orange Walker, Joseph Haskell and Philander Prescott, Assessors; Phineas Lawrence, Collector; and J. S. Norris, Coroner. C. J. Learned, of Crawford County, certified to the election. In April, 1814, an act was approved making the county a Probate District, and appointing Philip Aldrich Judge. In 1845, the county was reduced in size by creating the county of La Pointe, leaving it with 11,000 square miles and the Mississippi as the western boundary. The popula tion was then estimated at 1,500 — one person in seven and one-third square miles. When in 1846 Congress passed an act permitting the Territory of Wisconsin to become a State on condition that the people would adopt a constitution and accept certain boundary lines, there was considerable opposition in the St. Croix Valley to the suggestion that the St. Croix and not the Mississippi should be the western boundary for the upper part of the State. And in the Constitutional Con vention of 1847, a vigorous effort was made to have this line changed. The delegate from St. Croix was William Holcombe, and he was Chairman of the committee to con sider this question. In his report, it was urged that the line should be in the middle of the Mississippi. This line was not accepted by Congress, but in 1848, Wisconsin, with her present territory and boundary lines, was admitted as a State into the Union. This division took from St. Croix the county seat, by placing everything west of the river in Min nesota, and really destroyed the couuty organization. Previous to this (in 1846), the Territorial Legislature had added two more election precincts — St. Paul and Still water — the latter being designated as the county seat. In 1847, the county was endued with judicial functions and all the rights of other counties. Mr. W. H. Crosby states that he voted in the Territory and State of Wisconsin, and in the Territory and State of Minnesota, at the same place and in the same box, all within a few years. He lived in Stillwater. The requirement for a new county seat was met by the Legislature in an act approved June 8, 1848, which located it on Sections 4 and 5, at the mouth of Willow River. In August of the same year, this act was amended by desig nating Section 20 as the present site of Hudson. The St. Croix County Court was held for the last time at Stillwater in 1848. Aaron Goodrich was on the bench ; Harney Wilson was Clerk ; A. M. Mitchell, United States Attorney ; H. Le Moss, Attorney for the County ; and John Morgan, Sheriff. The special election required by the new order of things was held in August, and a new list of officers were selected. Philo Aldrich, Ama Andrews and W. H. Morse were the Canvassing Board. Returns were also to be made to the Clerk of Crawford County, who was empowered to issue certificates of election. The county was again, and for the last time, reduced in size, through an act of the^Legislature, in March, 1852, by the creation of Polk County on the north and Pierce on the south, Hudson remaining the shire town. The county is twenty-four miles from north to south, and thirty from east to west. It is bounded on the north by Polk, east by Chip pewa and Eau Claire, on the south by Pepin, and on the west by the St. Croix River, the boundary of Minnesota. The county has no debt, although it once voted $25,000 in aid of a railroad project, but for some reason the bonds were not executed. The taxes in 1871 were— State, $8,387.86; county, $14,242.25. St. Croix County valuation in 1880, $5,381,- 948 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 192. State tax, $10,928.33. Population— 1850, 625; 1855, 2,040; 1860, 5,391; 1865, 7,255; 1870,11,039; 1875, 14,956; 1880, 18,838. The present county officers are : County Judge, S. C. Simonds ; Treasurer, William Whewell ; County Clerk, Robert Dinsmore ; Clerk Circuit Court, S. J. Bradford ; District Attorney, H. F. Woodard ; Sheriff, Joseph Kelly ; Under Sheriff, R. Hodgins ; County Superintendent, Betsey M. Clapp ; County Physician, E. S. Farnsworth ; Surveyor, John T. Conductor ; Chairman County Board, Guy W. Daily. The court house was built in 1857, and . cost $30,000 or more. The Hudson Post Office is a third-class office, the Post master being appointed by the President at a salary of $1,600. The other offices in the county are as follows : Boardman, Baldwin, Bouchea, Brookville, Cylon, Deer Park. Emerald, Hammond, Hersey, Jewett Mills, New Center ville, New Richmond, Pleasant Valley, Somerset, Star Prairie, Warren, Wilson and Woodside. As it is slack- water up to the Falls of St. Croix, in Polk County, regular lines of steamers constantly ply between the Mississippi and Stillwater, a few miles above Hudson, and other points. Barges and rafts are thus handled with safety whenever the river is open. The West Wisconsin Railroad was con structed through the county, and the Northern Wisconsin branches here near Hudson. These roads, having passed through many vicissitudes, are now in the hands of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Company. The officers of this company are H. H. Porter, President; Philetus Sawyer, Vice President ; C. W. Porter, Secretary. There are two passenger trains east and two west daily. The Northern Wisconsin branch is well up in Bayfield County, and will, at no distant day, be extended to Lake Superior. Hudson (f River Falls Railway. — This company was organized September 6, 1878. The directors from Hudson were John Comstock, T. E. Williams, C. L. Hall and A. D. Andrews, and Mr. Stevens from River Falls. The road was opened for travel October 26, 1878, and the event was duly celebrated by an excursion, addresses, dinner and toasts. This road runs from River Falls to Stillwater, with connections to St. Paul by the road from there, as well as connecting with the through line of the C, St. P., M. & O. road, which now owns the road. River Transportation. — The importance of the St. Croix River, the western boundary of the county and State, cannot be overestimated. There have been several vexatious bars that have always interfered with navigation more or less. An appropriation to remove snags, leaning trees, old cribs and other obstructions to the channel has been judiciously used by Maj. Allen, of the United States Engineers, and by next season there will be a great improvement, so that the annoying delays often witnessed by loaded boats will be avoided. About $27,000 will have been recently expended on the river by the close of 1881. About 12,000 passengers were carried on the river in 1880, and this number must constantly increase. The logging and lumber business is the principal item of freight ; and, as this wanes, manufactured hard-woods must more than supply its place, and the wheat which is largely raised in the county may find itself afloat here, not to leave the water route until landed in Europe. In this county, wheat is the great staple commodity, and, in 1880, the acreage of wheat sown was 104,671, and the yield 1,114,171 bushels, or about 10J bushels to the acre, which is below the average. In 1881, when the thrashing is well under way, a careful estimate places the number of bushels for the county 1,307,137, or about Vl\ bushels to the acre. At present prices, this will give a million or more dollars to the farmers for their wheat. The acreage, on other leading growths for 1881, is : Oats, 27,212 ; corn, 8,000 ; potatoes, 1,150 ; barley, 1,601 ; rye, 520. Of hay, the yield is 22,500 tons ; number of fruit trees in the county, 14,000 ; and the number of milch cows 8,000. These figures, which are a close approximation to correctness, will show the character and extent of farming operations in the county, and will be valuable for future comparison. The county agricultural society, which has been a great benefit in developing the agricultural resources of the county, was organized as early as 1858, and the interest has been well kept up. A society also exists in New Richmond, which takes in the northern part of the county. There are in the whole county 100 schoolhouses, with 106 rooms, and, while in some places in the county the dis tance is quite great, the average attendance is well up, in proportion to the number cf scholars enrolled. Betsey M. Clapp is the County School Superintendent, and the management of the schools shows painstaking judgment and care. The school fund belonging to St. Croix in 1880 was $2,720.74. A teachers' association meets once a month. St. Croix County furnished its full quota of sturdy men for the war. Several years ago the survivors formed a St. Croix Valley Soldiers' Association, Dr. King, President; Gen. Harriman, First Vice President ; Maj. Fulton, Second Vice President; Dr. Johnson, Corresponding Secretary; Capt. Kelly, Recording Secretary ; Capt. Spencer, Treas urer. The association attended the re-union in Milwaukee, in June, 1880. In the early times, with Prairie du Chien as the nearest seat of justice, and only a single magistrate, with a limited jurisdiction, it is easy to believe that justice was often dis pensed with in a most remarkable way. At one time a man made an assault upon another and beat him to a jelly, as the witnesses testified. This was up the river some seventy-five miles. The man was arrested and the complaining witness came down with a party of his friends. They procured five gallons of whisky, and went down to Cottage Grove to try the case before Esquire J. S. Norris. The court was duly opened, a jury of six men em paneled, and, about the time the jug was empty a verdict was found fining the man $300 and costs, or, in default, to go to jail at Prairie du Chien. The prisoner had no money, and, as it would cost the county at least $100 to get hiin down there, the finding was finally changed to placing the man under bonds to keep the peace for one year in the penal sum of $300, and the complaining witness and the Justice jointly went on the bond ! thus patriotically saving the county the expense of further proceedings. In the year 1849, and for several years, Hudson seemed destined to outstrip St. Paul as a metropolis of the North west, on account of the obstruction of the navigation of the Mississippi at " Pig's Eye " Bar. Minnesota was organized as a Territory in March, 1849, and the village of Hudson, HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 949 being on the Wisconsin side of the river, the residence of the Governor was established at St. Paul, and Hudson, with all its advantages of river communication, was compara tively lost sight of by men seeking homes in that region. A land office was established in Hudson in 1849, F. P. Catlin, Register, M. S. Gibson, Receiver. John 0. Hen- ning was afterward Receiver and Dr. Otis Hoyt, Register. In 1861, the office was removed to the Falls of St. Croix. There were twenty tax-payers in 1849, owning property valued at $4,949. and eighteen voters only could be mus tered. The assessment roll a few years later was, 1852, $25,513; 1853, $32,238 ; 1855, $45,000; 1856, $140,000. The land office entries for the first eight years were as follows: 1849, 16; 1850, 15; 1851, 148; 1852, 79; 1853, 371; 1854, 1,576; 1855, 2,440. They very rapidly increased in 1856, which was a year of great prosperity and growth for the city and county. Money was quite plenty, and could be had, on undoubted security, at 3 to 5 per cent a month ! line, carrying it from a direct line to the north, across Wil low River on a high trestle, and by a long curve bringing it back to cross the St. Croix at the mouth of the Willow. This improvement will be an obvious advantage to Hudson as well as to the railroad. At North Hudson, there is the railroad station, the head quarters of the land department of the railroad, the round house and repair shops, and a post office, John Richardson, Postmaster. The mills of Comstock, Clark & Co. are lo cated here, and this firm also has a cooper-shop here. There is also a log boom on the Willow River. A city government was organized May 4, 1857. A. D. Gray was Mayor, Octavius Bell, City Clerk. The following-named gentlemen have been Mayors of the city to the present time : A. D. Grav, Alfred Day, Silas Staples, John Comstock, S. H. Clough^ A. D. Richardson, C. R. Coon, H. F. Hum phrey, J. H. Brown, Simon Hunt, L. North, C. H. Lewis, Henry L. Wilson, A. J. Goss, P. Q. Boyden, D. C. Ful ton, M. A. Fulton and Samuel Hyslop, since 1878. City CITY OF HUDSON. HUDSON. This city is beautifully situated, just below the mouth of Willow River, on the east side of Lake St. Croix, an expan sion of the river at that place. The city occupied a series of terraces along the lake bank, affording from the upper ones a fine view of the lake, and the hills of Minnesota with the spires and outlying portions of Stillwater. There are three prominent peaks arising in the southeast part of the city, the highest being 232 feet above the surface of the lake. The city is handsomely laid out, with streets of con venient width and blocks of suitable size. Formerly the business street was near the river ; that is now occupied by the railroad, and the present business is on the street above, Second street. The depot of the River Falls branch is at the foot of Walnut street, on the lake shore. The trunk line depot is at North Hudson, as it is called ; changes now going on in the location of the line will make it more convenient. Per sonal and local interest had deflected the road from a straight Clerks — Octavius Bell, Henry A. Wilson, Joseph Green, A. W. Hall, L. S. Seymour, seven years, and J. A. Bunker for twelve years. The present city officers are : Mayor, Samuel Hyslop ; Treasurer, Th. Ryan ; Assessor, J. D. Chubbuck ; Police Justice, W. S. Evans; City Clerk, J. A. Bunker; Presi dent of Council, Horace Barlow. The city has one steam fire engine, procured in 1872. The first engineer was Samuel Whitehead. George Willis was his successor, and J. E. Harrington is the present en gineer in charge. There is now a volunteer corp of assist ants. There have been several notable fires in Hudson. On Friday, May 3, 1872, there was a very extensive fire, de stroying the Chapin Hall House, valued at $50,000, and $35,000 worth of property besides. On the 14th of the same month another fire burned 30,000 bushels of wheat and other property, including the furniture of the Chapin Hall House, which had been saved from the previous fire. Previous to these fires, on the 19th of May, 1866, the 95° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. whole business part of the village on Second street was completely swept away. Churches. — Hudson is quite well supplied with churches, and its clergy will compare favorably with other places of like size. Methodist. — In the latter part of 1852, the Rev. Mr. Richardson, a one-armed man, was stationed here, and, in 1853, a church was organized. The following is the list of ministers to the present time : Revs. William Hamilton, A. J. Nelson, T. M. Fullerton, Isaac Springer, E. S. Har ris, E. S. Havens, J. E. Irish, H. Goodell, A. D. Dexter, J. S. Thompson and M. C. Benson, the present Pastor. A new church was built, and dedicated on the 12th of September, 1875. Rev. M. Chaffee and Rev. Mr. Mooney were present and assisted in the service, Rev. H. Goodell being the Pastor. The present membership is eighty- five. The Presbyterian Church was organized on the 22d of December, 1855, under the care of Rev. Charles Thayer, with ten members. The Erst chapel, now used as a hall, was built in 1857, at a cost of $800, including lot. The present edifice was erected in 1874, at a cost of $9,000. The parsonage has ten rooms, and was built in 1860. The following clergymen have been connected with this church since its organization : Charles Thayer, William Speer, John C. Caldwell, H. A. Humphrey, J. Stewart Reed, D. H. Rogan, James Agnew, Bradley Phillips, Sanford C. Fisher and Walter R. Frame, the present Pastor, who came November 11, 1879. Ruling Elders, from the first : Sampson Hartman, L. Humphrey, D. C. Fulton, John M. Nash and George Slater. The total membership has been 181, and there are 100 on the list now. Congregationalist. — The first church of this denomina tion was organized in 1861. Through the instrumentality of Rev. Mr. Marshall, a church was erected that year, at a cost of $2,000. The following ministers have occupied the pulpit since that time : Regan, Thorp, Woodruff, Foster, Safford, Ayers, Brown and Rev. Mr. Corwin, now here. First Regular Baptist. — This society was organized in 1852, under the pastoral care of Rev. Samuel T. Catlin, from Maine. He was followed by Rev. A. Gibson, Rev. Mr. De Bois, D. F. Gross, William F. Nelson and T. E. Keeley, who remained nearly eight years, and the present Pastor, William Hartley, who has been here nine years. The first church was built in 1855. The present one in 1866, at a cost of $6,000. The parsonage was' purchased in 1876. • There are ninety-six members. St. Patrick's Catholic. — The first church was built in 1856. The corner-stone of the present building was laid on Sunday, August 23, 1874, by the Right Rev. Michael Heiss, Bishop of La Crosse. The following Rev erend Fathers have been stationed here : J. J. Magee, A. Godfert, N. Mignault, N. Stehle, Charles Verweyst, Peter J. Larin, M. Conley and T. A. Kelly, the present Pastor, who came in June, 1875. There are 200 families worship ing at this church. A building formerly used as the Hinckley Military School has passed into Catholic hands, and is now occupied by the Sisters for a school. Norwegian Lutheran Church. — This society took an organic form in 1876, when the present edifice was erected, although there had been service in town long before this. Rev. O. J. Hazestad, supplied from Pierce Co. The Rev. H. J. G. Keroy is the present Pastor. The church cost $2,000, and twenty families worship there. Willow River Cemetery. — Amah Andrews presented four acres for a cemetery, which has been all sold, and five acres have recently been added. Educational. — Hudson is fully abreast of the times in the matter of education. There are three schoolhouses. That in First Ward has a single school-room. The Second Ward house has six rooms and accommodates the High School and the lower grades. The Third Ward house has two rooms. Nine teachers in all are employed. A. B. Dudgeon is the Principal of the High School. The Su perintendent is N. H. Clapp. Banking. —The early banking operations of Hudson were not on a large scale. The issue of currency based upon a certain numher of kegs of nails, with layers of Mex ican dollars on top, were not very extensive. The St. Croix Valley Bank was organized in 1855. It was a bank of issue, and the currency purported to be pay able at Gordon, the headquarters of the bank. Search to find the place has been as fruitless as that to find a North west Passage. This institution did not survive the panic of 1857. The Hudson City Bank, organized in 1855. John O. Henning, President; W. S. Gibson, Cashier. It went out of business in December, 1861. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, started in the summer of 1857. It was a State bank, and went out late the same fall. The First National Bank was organized in 1863. Capi tal $50,000. John Comstock, President; Alfred J. Goss, Cashier. The present officers are John Comstock, Presi dent ; A. E. Jefferson, Cashier ; J. A. Andrews, Assistant Cashier. It now has a surplus of $25,000, and $10,000 undeclared dividends. The foundation for this bank was laid by Alfred Goss, who had a private bank from some time in 1856, which was not a bank of issue, but did a legitimate banking business. The Hudson Savings Bank, organized in 1870. Alfred Goss, President ; A. J. Goss, Cashier. Does a general banking business. Hotels. — The principal hotels are the Chapin Hall House and the Commercial. A new one near the Commer cial is in process of erection. The Chapin Hall House was first built in 1867. In 1872, it was burned. It passed through various hands ; was rebuilt and opened in August, 1879. H. A. Taylor is the owner, and James F. Spencer is proprietor. The Seeley House is a substantial hotel, and there are several others under foreign auspices. Newspapers. — Quite a number of newspaper enterprises were started as early as 1850 Among them was the St. Croix Enquirer, by Sexton & Johnson. The Hudson Journal started in the winter of 1850. W. B. Schaffer had charge of this until 1854, when he sold to Col. Hughes. In 1856, this paper had become the Chron icle, and, during that campaign, Col. Hughes published the Pathfinder in the interest of Fremont. The Hudson Republican was started by Col. James Hughes, Aug. 31, 1854. Only a single number was issued. The North Star. — This journal appeared above the horizon of Hudson on November 18, 1856. Edward Thwing was editor. This continued to shine until absorbed by the Times, in 1864. The Shield and Banner was in existence a certain time about 1856. HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 9Si On the 13th of July, 1860, H. A. Taylor bought the Chronicle, which had fallen into the hands of Beal & Dens- more, and started the Hudson City Times. On the 13th of September, 1864, the Star was absorbed, and the paper be came the Star and Times. C. A. Clewell became associ ated with Mr. Taylor, remaining until 1879, when he was alone. In January, 1879, B. J. Price became associated with him. Now Mr. Taylor goes to Marseilles, as United States Consul, and Mr. Price remains in charge. The True Republican came into existence November 1, 1871, under the management of D. C. Fulton & Bro. January 1, 1875, it was sold to John E. Glover and G. L. Sharretts. In 1876, the firm became Sharretts & Cline. December 1, 1878, James Cogswell bought Sharretts' inter est, and he, with G. D. Cline, now publishes the paper. Fraternal Societies. — St. Croix Lodge, A., F. & A. M., No. 56, instituted 15, 1855. Benjamin Allen, Otis Hoyt and Edward B. Singleton, first officers. The lodge has a written charter signed by G. W. M. H. M. Billings and William R. Smith, Grand Secretary. Present officers— William Beggs, W. M. ; C. F. King, S. W. ; C. T. Peterson, J. W. ; G. R. Hughes, Secretary. St. Croix, R. A. Chapter, No. 44 ; instituted February 17, 1874. First officers— W. Herrick, D. C. Fulton and T. E. Williams. Present officers — G. L. Sharretts, H. P. ; C. F. King, K. ; M. D. White, S. ; William Beggs, C. of H. ; C. L. Catlin, P. S. ; M. Herrick, Secretary. St. Croix Commandery ; instituted August 28, 1879. William H. S. Wright was E. C. Present officers— A. L. Clarke, E. C. ; A. E. Jefferson, G. ; D. F. Harding, C. G. ; C. L. Catlin, P. ; D. C. Fulton, J. W. A. 0. U. Workmen ; instituted November 10, 1880, with fourteen members. A. N. Priester, P. M. W. ; W. T. Blum, M. W. ; M. A. Hall, Secretary. Present officers — Z. C. Holmes, P. M. W. ; A. J. Craig, M. W. ; J. W. Priester, Recorder. Now has thirty-six members. Odd Fellows — Colfax Lodge, No. 85 ; instituted January 22, 1855. C. R. Jones and Fred Durand were among the first officers. The lodge flourished until the war of 1861, when it suspended. Reinstated January 16, 1868, by M. F. Gallop, H. S. Clapp, J. M. Whaley and others- Present officers — F. E. Harrington, N. G. ; James Weston, V. G. ; Oscar Lucks, R. S. ; H.~ W. Crosby, P. S. ; P. Q. Boyden, T. Silver Encampment, No. 46 ; instituted December 6, 1871. Charter members — J. J. Lucks, Th. Porter, J. II. Houghton, J. H. Brown, Simon Hunt, J. H. Childs and George Watson. Rebecca Lodge, instituted November 19, 1871, has a large membership. Hudson City Lodge, No. 486, I. 0. G. T., has had a membership of 108; now has 56 active members. The officers now are Mrs. 0. P. Dyer, W. C. T. ; Miss Olive Churchill, V. T. ; Miss Delia Childs, Secretary; Robert Hughes, F. S. ; Miss Jennie Nash, T. ; M. C. Benson, Chaplain ; Charles Otis, M. The Patrons of Husbandry flourished for a time. A council was organized January 7, 1874, with the following officers : A. C. Poor, Asa Parker, E. B. Holmes and G. M. Street. St. Croix Valley Horticultural Society was organized several years ago ; but has been allowed to decline. Boat Club, organized May, 1881. It has twenty active members ; James Cogswell, President ; F. 0. Craid, Secre tary and Treasurer. The St. Croix Bible Society. — This society was orga nized early in the history of the county, and its character and operations have not been unlike that of Bible Societies everywhere. The present officers are W. Herrick, Presi dent ; W. H. Crowe, Treasurer ; J. A. Andrews, Secretary. Old Settlers' Club. — J. 0. Hennings, President ; Simon Hunt, Secretary. Building and Loan Association, organized March I, 1877. with the following Board of Directors : D. C. Ful ton, M. Herrick, J. M. Childs, G. B. Hunt, C. Y. Denni son, A. J. Buel, Matthew Ellis ; M. Phipps, Secretary, and William H. S. Wright, Treasurer. Young Men's Christian Association, instituted in Octo ber, 1865. William E. Safford, Vice President, and C. F. Burdick, Secretary. Now has twenty-four members. Present officers — H. C. Baker, M. Herrick, Vice President ; J. A. Andrews, Corresponding Secretary; F. M. Gibson, Recording Secretary ; Frank Nye, Treasurer. Their read ing room is open daily. Ladies' Library Association. — This institution has a valuable library, which is loaned to the Young Men's Chris tian Association, on condition that the room is kept open, and supplied with periodicals. The best women in Hudson are interested in this society. Mrs. Fred Goss is the Presi dent ; Miss Ella Richardson, Financial Secretary and Treas urer ; Mrs. J. W. Bashford, Recording Secretary ; Mrs. P. Q. Boyden, Mrs. Horace Barlow and Mrs. Alfred Day are prominent members, there being twenty-five in all. Miss Ella Richardson is Librarian. Industrial Enterprises. — Hudson Thrashing Machine Co.; incorporated November 10, 1880, with the following officers: P. B. Lacy, President; A. L. Clark, Secretary ; A. J. Goss, Treasurer. Executive Committee, William G. Swan, Terrence Kenney and the President. The company manufactures a thrashing machine called the " Wisconsin Governor," which claims a variety of improvements. The present President and Manager of the company is J. C. Snyder. The machine is patented by Sullivan Chris- tofferson. Comstock, Clark & Co. — Their flouring-mill was first established Baldwin & Son. It has thirteen run of stones, and turns out two to three hundred barrels of flour a day. Mr. Clark is the Superintendent. The firm also has a flour, grain and feed store, under the charge of Mr. Isman. In 1879, the firm expended $15,000 on their mills in improve ments. Hudson Manufacturing Company. — This is a new com pany, just organized, with the following Directors and offi cers : J. C. Schneider, President; W. H. Phipps, Vice President ; A. A. Kelly, D. C. Fulton, C. R. Jones, John H. Humbir, C. R. Coon and Thomas Hughes. Wagon, Carriage and Blacksmithing. — S. Hyslop has a manufactory for wagons, carriages, etc. He began in 1868, and turns out good work that finds a ready sale. He is a practical man, and deals in a square, honorable way. S. H. Williams also manufactures buggies, sleighs, etc. Furniture. — Beard & Co. succeeded to the business of Nash & Co., in 1870. Do good work and have a growing business. The city is not wanting in dry goods dealers, groceries, clothiers, millinery, hardware, boot and shoe stores, sad dlery, book and stationery dealers. Agricultural implement depots are in full competition, and in fact almost anything 95* HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. required for subsistence, comfort and convenience, or luxury, can be procured in Hudson. Among the doctors the senior is Otis Hoyt, who is still in business. All the schools are well represented. There are the usual number of lawyers, who stand high in their profession. For dental operations no one has to go out of town. On the north side of Willow River was found by the early settlers a macadamized road, leading from the river, upon which trees were growing, hundreds of years old. It evidently antedated the Indian race. The city of Hudson is between 44° and 45° north lat itude, and its mean temperature is said to be a little over 46°. It is twenty-two miles from the Mississippi. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. COL. JAMES HUGHES. The Colonel was a native of Virginia, having been born at Prince Edward Court House in 1803. He graduated at Hampden Sidney College, and studied law with William Wirt, and was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. He removed to Jackson, Ohio, and started the Standard, a paper still published there, and he was for twelve years a member of the Ohio Legislature. In the spring of 1849, he removed to St. Paul, and published the Chronicle; in the fall he came to Hudson, which had more brilliant prospects than St. Paul, on account of obstructions in the river above the mouth of the St. Croix. He published the first newspaper printed here. He was married in Ohio in 1838 to Miss Elizabeth Mather. They had seven sons and four daughters, all living but one son. The Colonel was a prominent man, and was, some time in the 50's, a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of the State. His death was in August, 1873. ALFRED DAY, came to Hudson in 1351. Was widely known and fully identified with the interests of the community. He died suddenly, leaving a wife and six children, in November, 1880. He was born in Vermont in 1817, and was married in Hudson to Miss Medora Anderson. He was engaged in general merchandising and in the livery business. For six years he was County Treasurer, and held other positions. He gave the name of Hudson to his adopted residence. MRS. MARY SANDERS. This lady was among the early settlers, having come as early as 1845. She was the wife of James . Sanders, and died on the 21st of July, 1873, aged 56 years. Those who now live surrounded by the comforts and luxuries everywhere found, can hardly realize the extent of the toil and privation of pioneer life, and we can hardly pay the merited tribute to their courage, heroism and self-sacrifice which could only be endured through the confidence inspired by the most ardent hope. R. A. GRIDLEY. Mr. Gridley was a native of New York State, where he was born in 1822. While still a young man, he moved to Illinois, and from there came to Wisconsin, engaging in business in various parts of the State, finally turning his attention to farming near this city. He was an energetic business man, improving whatever he handled. His eyesight finally failed. He was twice married, and left six children in all. He was patient and resigned under his affliction. His death was in July, 1878. DANIEL ANDERSON was an eany settler, coming in 1850. He engaged in lumbering on Willow River; he kept the leading hotel in Hudson, which was burned in 1854; he rebuilt and went on until 1866; his hotel again burned with no insur ance. In 1876, 1877 and 1878, he was City Treasurer. He died July 8, 1878, very highly respected by the people of Hud son and a large circle of acquaintances. T. DWIGHT HALL. Mr. Hall was born in Perry, N. Y., Sept. 3, 1830; while preparing for college, he taught school to work his way through Yale. He arrived in Hudson in 1855, and established himself in the practice of the law. He was a good writer, an eloquent speaker and had an inherent love of truth. He was editor of the Chronicle and had an influence in the community. His death was on the 19th of October, 1875. MRS. JENNIE HUMPHREY, the beloved wife of Judge Humphrey, M. C. ; lived twenty-three years in Hudson, was well known and enjoyed a life of usefulness. She left five children three daughters and two sons. J. B. JONES, Hudson, ex-Sheriff of St. Croix County, came to Hudson in 1851, and built what is now known as the Jones homestead ; had to go twelve miles for every mouthful of flour with no neighbors but Chippewa Indians, who swarmed about his home. Married when 21 to a daughter of Rev. William Egbert of Hammond, and followed farming until the fall of 1872, when he was elected County Treasurer for two years, then went into the employ of the McCormick Company as general agent, where he has been up to the present time ; appointed by the Governor, Bridge Commissioner for the county ; elected in the fall of 1874 Superintendent of the Poor for three years, also County Agent. Has a fine farm of 400 acres, 240 under the plow in the town of Troy, and a beautiful residence in the city of Hudson. Is a leading member of the Methodist Church ; is a class leader and an earnest worker. Married in 1862 to Maria L. Egbert; they have five children — Albert E., Charles E., Myra, Freeman and Bertha. NEAV RICHMOND. This is a thriving village with 730 residents, located on the Willow River, and on the old North Wisconsin Railroad, about eighteen miles from Hudson. It is the point for trade for the towns of New Richmond, Stan ton, Erin Prairie and Star Prairie, which corner near the station. The village is on a plain, regularly laid out, and rather compact in its business portion. Henry Russell was among the early settlers, and in 1857 laid out the village, owning the whole site from the main street west. The first people to settle near here were Eben Quimby, near the mouth of Paper Jack Creek, in 1852, and Wheeler Barnum, with J. D. Johnston and families, in 1853. Timothy Oakes and James Taylor soon followed, Harvey Low built a blacksmith-shop in 1855, and Linden Coombs a hotel. After the village was laid out, and up to 1863, there were but eleven buildings within one mile. And not until a year after this, when the railroad reached the town, did the real hum of activity commence. Since that time the growth has been steady, and it must continue with the development of the agricultural resources of the country. Some idea of the business of the village may be gathered from the amount of freight received and forwarded by rail road. The tonnage forwarded on an average month is 1,266,260 pounds. The freight received 12,058,260. The amount of wheat received in 1880 was 150,000, which will be increased in 1881. The improvements in the vil lage in 1880 were to the extent of $45,400. Two passenger trains, one from each direction, stop here for dinner. G. A. Gault is station agent. At certain seasons a large part of the incoming freight is agricultural machinery. New Richmond was organized as a village in the spring of 1879. Oscar Brown was the first President, Frank B. Chapman the second, and Silas Staples is the present President. James McChesney is Clerk, and John McNeider Deputy. The village is a quiet and orderly one. No licenses to sell liquors have usually been given. The HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 953 present year the hotels are granted licenses. The various branches of trade are well represented. The Bank of New Richmond, organized in 1878 with a capital of $25,000, R. A. Guy, President ; F. W. Bartlett, Vice President ; J. W. McCoy, Cashier ; W. T. Lambden, Assistant Cashier. The bank has a most excellent build ing, with a stone vault, directors' parlor, watchman's room, and other conveniences. The deposits average $60,000, and the disbursements amount to $30,000 a day. It has a surplus of $7,000. Anew saw-mill near the depot has just been erected by L. Jacobs, John Glover and James Johnson. The firm have a large amount of lumber up the river, and in the mill will have a circular saw, a shingle and lath mill, as well as a planer. The railroad company is laying a spur- track to the mill. There is an elevator at the depot which handles 125,000 bushels of wheat a year. A. R. Kibbie operates it. Comstock, Clark & Co., of Hudson, also have an ele vator near the river, and buy large amounts of grain. L. Libby has a planing mill. Thomas Porter manufactures carriages and wagons. Peter Scherer does a general carriage and wagon manu facturing business, and sells farm machinery. The Methodist Episcopal denomination was quite early in the field, and has a good building and parsonage. Among those who have supplied and have been Pastors here were Revs. William Egbert, William Hamilton, T. M. Fullerton, Stout, Irish and Lake (under whose care the church was built), Havens, Mooney, Holt and H. W. Bush nell, the present Pastor. The church was organized in 1863, while Rev. Chauncey Hobart was Presiding Elder. Catholic. — Church of the Immaculate Conception. Serv ices began on the first Sunday in April, 1880. A church edifice, veneered with brick, is now well under way. The size is 54x132 feet. It will cost $15,000. Rev. Dr. P. A. DeParadis is the Pastor. The Baptist Church was organized in 1859, but was suffered to subside. In 1868 it was re-organized by Elder Green, a State missionary. Harrison W. Stearns is now the Pastor, he also preaches at Roberts' Station. There are forty members. Congregational. — This society was organized on Satur day July 21, 1866, J. P. Bartlett, President. Rev. Mr. Wells organized the society with sixteen members. Since then, there have been several Pastors, among them W. W. Norton, J. H. Cameron, A. Livermore and E. P. Chitten den. There are now sixty members, and the society has a good church edifice. St. Thomas Episcopal Mission was established in 1867, by Rev. A. B. Peabody, Rev. H. Langlois, present mission ary. The society has a lot but no church as yet. It has twenty members. There are several fraternal societies in existence here. New Richmond Lodge, A., F. & A. M., No. 195, was in stituted in 1874 with William II. Kent, M.; T. Seems, S. W. and J. L. Ruttey, J. W. The present officers are T. Johnson, M.; C. Scribner, S. W.; J. B. Hicks, J. W.; B. Powell, Secretary. A Chapter has been petitioned for. New Richmond Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 216, was insti tuted December 5, 1873. The first officers were F. P. Chapman, S. N. Hawkins, Alex Ross, T. W. Rowe. The present officers are L. C. Tatro, N. G.; J. F. Kenil, V. G.; F. G. Smith, Sec; Th. Porter, P. S. New Richmond Lodge, I. O. G. T., No. 89, was insti tuted March 7, 1873, H. Pierce, W. C. T.; B. C. B. Fos ter, W. V. T.; Alex C. Van Meter, W. S. A lodge was first established in 1865, but was suffered to lapse. The Juvenile Temple was instituted in 1878, with M. S. Wells, Superintendent, George Carr, C. T.; E. W. Clapp, V. T.; Earl Dawley, Sec. The Ladies' Temperance Union was organized in the spring of 1881, by the leading women of the village. The Postmaster is M. J. Aldrich ; Assistant, Mrs. M. J. Aldrich. It is a money order office, and stamps are sold .to the extent of $550 per quarter. There is a daily mail stage line to Star Prairie, W. Fay, proprietor. There are several hotels, among them The Nicolet, Cen tral and Thompson's. New Richmond has five or six physicians and as many lawyers. The St. Croix Republican has been published by A. C. Van Meter since August 14, 1869. Mr. Charles Seymour being at first associated with him. It is in all respects a good newspaper. In August; 1 878, The Greenbacker was started in New Richmond, it was subsequently transformed into the New Richmond Democrat. It died of some infantile disease in the spring of 1881. The Mechanical and Agricultural Association holds annual fairs, in which the people generally are interested. The officers are J. C. Salien, Pres.; O. W. Mosher, Sec; F. J. Smith, Treas. There is an active Hook and Ladder Company under the following officers : F. P. Chapman. Foreman ; S. S. Covey, First Assistant ; J. C. Salien, Second Assistant ; C. W. Jones, Secretary. This is a volunteer organization. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FRANK P. CHAPMAN, lawyer, New Richmond ; was born in Starks, Somerset Co., Maine, Sept. 13, 1846 ; wentto sea atl3 years of age. Was one of four brothers who served in the war of the rebellion. Entered the service at 14 in Co. F, 14th Maine V. I.; was in several engagements and was in the battle of Baton Rouge, and was mentioned in the general orders for bravery at that engagement. Was wounded, and returned home for a time ; re-enlisted in Co. K, 2d Maine V. C. Was promoted ; participated in several battles ; was in the Red River expedition ; was captured by the enemy near Marianna, Fla., and was re-cap tured while on his way to Andersonville ; served till the close of the war and was honorably discharged. Received Gov. Chamber lain's testimonial for faithful service. Went to Lowell, Mass., and attended Commercial College ; graduated at Eaton School. Taught high school in New Portland, Maine. Came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1870, and was principal of the New Richmond School three years ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of the town of Star Prairie in 1871 ; Superintendent of Schools for St. Croix Co. for two terms, from 1874 to 1S78. Was admitted to the bar in 1873 ; has been Village Attorney since 1878. Was President of the village in 1880. Is now actively engaged in the practice of his profession. REV. EZRA PORTER CHITTENDEN. Born in West- brook, Conn., 1851. Descended from the pioneers of the Puritan colony. Is a son of Rev. Albert Chittenden. He removed to Ripon in 1859. Remained until 1*74, completing his course there that year. He studied theology at Yale College, spending one year with the church in Vermont ; then went to Germany, and completed his education at the university in Borm. Returning, came to New Richmond and took charge of the First Congrega- 954 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tional Church in 1879, where he has since been. His grand father was Cornelius Chittenden, an acquaintance of George Washington. He was a farmer and lived on " Horse Hill," an eminence overlooking Long Island for a distance of three miles, where the subject of this sketch was born. The grandfather died at the age of 94 years. Mr. C.'s father married Patience Lorrine Jones, of Westbrook, Conn., to whom eight children were born, all now living, two sons clergymen, two lawyers, and one a mer chant. When young, he studied for the Methodist ministry. During the anti-slayery movement, seceded from the church, and allied himself with the Wesley Methodist Church, of which he was Pastor for many years. In 1859, he changed his residence to Ripon, Wis., taking all his family excepting one son, who was then studying in Heidelberg, Germany. There being no Wesley Church in Ripon, he joined the Congregational Church. He bought a farm in the suburbs of Ripon, educating his children at the college there. Sold his estate in 1875, moving to Boulder, Colo., where he died. His son, Rev. A. J. Chittenden, took his place, and served for five years. Began attending college at Ripon at sixteen years of age, working vacations upon the farm, until twenty, when he began attending regularly. He graduated a classical student. He entered Yale Seminary in 1874. In the summer of 1875, was employed by the Maine Home Missionary Society doing work in Markesan. In 1876, was licensed to preach by the New Haven East Association for four years. Finished his studies successfully, and delivered an oration on the Peshito version of the New Testament, he having taken studies in Syriac, which enabled him to do it. He supplied a church in Vermont, and received a call from Barton Landing, and Brownington. Was ordained at Barton Landing Aug. 29, 1877. In August, 1878, preached his farewell sermon, and sailed for Glasgow from New York Sept. 14, 1878. He went to Borm on the Rhine, on the 11th of October, where he remained ten months, studying German literature and philosophy. He returned to New York on the 10th of October, 1879. REV. DR. P. A. De PARADIS. Pastor of the Immaculate Conception Church of New Richmond and attached missions as far north as Burnett Co. Born in Rome in 1842 ; came to Amer ica in 1878, and soon settled in New Richmond; commenced building a fine church, which is now nearly completed ; has built up a large society- He speaks seven different languages fluently ; is a gentleman of large experience and ripe culture, loved and respected by the whole town. B. C. B. FOSTER, New Richmond. Born in October, 1815, in Somerset Co., Me.; came to Hudson in 1 854, and to New Richmond in 1855, and located where he now lives, and put up the first saw mill and first building, excepting the house or shanty in which he lived with his wife and two children, Laura and Hiram A.; the shanty in which he lived was the first one, except one, on the southwest cor ner of his now beautiful lawn. Mr. Foster commenced to build the dam for his mill on Willow River in July, and the following August commenced the saw-mill, which was completed and ready to run on the 1st of November, but for want of logs stood idle until spring. During the winter, he put teams in the woods, cut pine logs and floated them to his mill in spring, when he ran the mill himself, and furnished the lumber for most of the settlers who came to New Richmond and Erin Prairie, cutting the first season about three hundred thousand feet. The mill was an old-fashioned sash-gate ; he operated it eight or ten years, then sold it to Silas Staples. Mr. Foster entered at the land office seven forties, and purchased one of Mr. Russell at the same price, provided he would build a mill, taking a bond for a deed ; at that time, his nearest neighbor was about a mile, and his next nearest neighbor was at Brown's Mills, a distance of about teu miles, with no roads except prairie tracks. His house was open to all, and all found a friendly welcome under his hospitable roof until the L part of the present Nicollet Hotel was built in 1857. The first shanty was burned in October, 1858, and in one month from that time the house they now live in was completed and they moved in. In 1856, they employed Amanda Dayton, from New York, to come to the house and teach their children, which was the first school taught in the town. The second Sabbath after comiug here, they held Sabbath-school in their house or shanty, led by a Mr. Lam bert, which was the first Sabbath-school ever taught in the town. The first town meeting was held at his house ; the first sermon that was ever preached in the town was at their house, by the Rev. Mr. Thayer (Presbyterian) from Hudson ; the first school meeting for the organization of the school districts — in fact, all the preliminary meetings were held at his house or shanty. Mrs. Foster (Charlotte Gilman) was born in Fairfield, Somerset Co., Me., in 1818 ; daughter of Samuel Gilman. S. N. HAWKINS, who is the youngest child in a family of sixteen, twelve of whom lived to become men and women, was born in County Galway, Ireland, Dec. 26, 1846, and was removed by his parents while yet a mere child to America, where they set tled in Connecticut, in the "city of Meriden (then only a village), where they lived for several years, and where young Stephen first attended school and showed such an aptitude for learning as char acterized his whole after life. His father, Lawrence Hawkins, who had a fine education, and his mother, Cecily Joyce, both belonged to highly respected families in their native land, and when that dire famine came in 1846, which scourged Ireland so fearfully, they were obliged to emigrate to America, where they could rear and educate their children in accordance with the ele vated notions and dignity which their families always strove to maintain. After remaining in Connecticut for several years they moved to the growing and busy West, settling in Dane Co., Wis., not far from the city of Madison, where they settled upon a farm and remained several years, till, as the family began to grow up and require something to do, and as their farm was only small, again they took up the Hue of march Westward, arriving in St. Croix Co., Wis., June 4, 1855, where they pitched their tents upon a little eminence close by a dense forest, in what was after ward called the town of Pleasant Valley, and which place was and still is, in 1881, known as the Hawkins Settlement. For many years they suffered many privations, no schools, no churches, no markets nearer than Prescott twenty-two miles distant, from which place they hauled their flour and other necessaries for sev eral years. Settling as they did in the midst of a dense thicket of black oak and poplar trees and underbrush, it was some time before they began to raise anything from the soil, and while there were many around and about them who were sending to their friends in the East and other places for assistance, and many, who, not able to stand the privations of a frontier life, were leav ing in disgust and returning to their former homes ; yet, although many times in want, and pinched with cold and hunger, the Haw kins family braved the storm and are to-day among the well-to-do citizens of the St. Croix Valley. Stephen's mother having died when he was only seven years old, and being placed away in the Catholic cemetery in Madison, he was cared for by a kind and loving sister with whom he lived till fifteen years of age. His chances for education in those pioneer days were very poor, and being far distant, three to four miles, from even the rudest school- house, our young hero might be seen with only a spelling book, reader, arithmetic and an ancient geography under one arm and his lunch under the other, fighting his way through the blinding snow and over the snow drifts, arriving at the schoolhou&e many times as the last class in the forenoon were taking their places to recite ; and thus he struggled through several winters, to procure an edu cation in this way while he was nine, ten and eleven years of age. As for the summer schooling, he got none worthy of mention, as his people needed his services at home while they were felling trees, piling and burning brush and endeavoring to clear a farm. Whenever it was too blustery to go to school and he was allowed a short time from work, he would sit by the fire-place and study the old books which he had brought with him from Connecticut (they had no stoves in those days), and he "would fit down on the stone flag by the side of the fire at night, and with his back to HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 955 the chimney, read those antiquated pages, some of which he now keeps in his library as a record of the by-gone days. At the age of fifteen years, he went forth into the world to make a living among strangers, working upon a farm in the summar-time and doing chores for his board in the winter and goinyi to school. When only sixteen, he bought one half interest in a breaking team and worked at that one summer, sold his iaterest in the fall and again went to school during the winter ; the next season he went to Stillwater, Minn., and engaged to work in a saw mill where, from a common work-hand about the yard, he worked his way up through different gradations until he finally became one of the best lath-sawyers in the mill all in one season. As soon as the war broke out he enlisted, but being considered too young to stand the hardships of a soldier's life, his friends prevailed on him not to go ; this was before he left home. When only seventeen years of age, he made a trip to Milwaukee and engaged as a deck hand, on one of what was known as the Black Steamers, sailing between the cities of Milwaukee and Grand Haven, and had his comrades' health permitted he might have remained upon the boat and obtained a good situation, but not wishing to part from his friends he left the boat at Grand Haven and together they traveled in search of employment footsore and weary, over the sandy roads, and although he was offered employment several times as a lath-sawyer, he would not accept unless his two friends were employed also. When they did find employment in a saw mill at Lake Muskegon, Mich., he rapidly rose from one place to another till at last he was installed as head sawyer in one of the largest mills on the lake, where he remained working faithfully eighteen hours a day, as there was a scarcity of help ; he made every week's work count nine days until he was taken sick with the ague and was obliged to quit and leave the place. When only eighteen years of age, one of his brothers died, and as all the rest of the family had enough to do in caring for their own families, he was selected to manage and settle up the estate which he did in an admirable and skillful manner, thus showing his financial ability at an early age. After settling up his brother's estate, and having by dint of perseverance and hard study ob tained what education he could in the common schools, he, at the solicitation of such men as Prof. Weld and others, went to the academy at River Falls and fitted himself as a teacher. While at the academy, he won the esteem of his teachers and school mates, and when it became necessary to select a person to deliver the farewell address at the close of the term, he was unanimously elected to the position by his classmates and the whole school, and when it was announced that he was to declaim Sheridan's Ride at the battle of Winchester, the schoolroom was packed to its utmost capacity by the villagers, and even for a distance around. Sheridan's Ride was one of his favorite pieces. Before completing his studies as fully as he desired, the war still contin uing and the demand for men being very great, he again enlisted, accompanied this time by his brother Peter, and they bade farewell to their friends and associates and started, as they supposed, for the seat of war, but this being in the spring of 1865, the war soon came to an end and they were honorably discharged and mustered out at Milwaukee, Wis., and once more returned to their homes in St. Croix. An incident occurred while in the army which serves to illustrate the generous disposition of our subject. A movement was made to have him Second Lieutenant of the company, but he declined on account of his youth and inexperience, and then the Captain informed him that he would give whim a Corporal's berth, but again he declined in favor of his brother Peter who was older, saying, "I know if I remain here that I can force my way to the front, but you had better take this to start with." Afterward he again went into the lath- sawing business at Hudson, Wis., and in the fall of 1865, engaged a? a raftsman, making a trip from Siillwater, Minn., to St. Louis, during which time he amused the crew by his speeches to such an extent that he was called by his comrades, Stephen A. Douglass and Phil Sheridan. Upon receiving his pay in St. Louis, he did not do as many of his comrades did, spend it foolishly in saloons. because he had been taught while young to respect temperance, and while others went their several ways to enjoy their earnings and lay up fur the winter, he accepted a position as clerk on one of the large steamboats running between St. Louis and New Orleans, but on being told that it was very sickly there that sea son, he changed his clerkship down the river for a position as a man of all work or " roust-about," as the boys call them, on a steamer going up the river, and soon got a position as deck hand and later as Third Clerk, at a salary of $ 100 per month, which he held till the boat laid up for the winter, after which he went to the city of Madison, visited his mother's grave, and after roam ing over the old play-grounds of his childhood and viewing once more the old schoolhouse around which clustered so many pleasant associations, he turned his footsteps homeward once more, and in due time was receiving the hearty welcome of his aged father, to whom he always brought a present, however trifling, on each such occasion. After coming home, he taught some of the hardest schools in St. Croix and Pierce Counties, always giving entire satisfaction to his patrons, many of whom gave him excellent testimonials expressive of their friendship toward him as a friend, a citizen, a scholar, and a successful teacher. At all of the teachers' associations, he was a leading spirit, and the teachers of St. Croix County well know that he was ever ready to assist them on those occasions, and as a writer and debater he had but few equals. In 1869, he taught school in Iowa, after having spent some time in traveling through portions of Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri, whither he had gone to learn the ways of the world, and during his stay there was elected by his fellow-teach ers as the president of the debating society in Dubuque County Iowa, over and in preference to older members, some of whom had been members of the Iowa Legislature. After closing his school, he remained in the city of Dubuque in the office of M. H. Waples, County Physician, and studied medicine and surgery seven months, and the letters which he received from the doctor and the County Superintendent on his departure show the high esteem in which he was held by the people of the city of Du buque. Ho also studied medicine and surgery with Dr. Otis Hoyt, of Hudson, Wis., an old surgeon of the Mexican war, who stated that if he would continue he would make onj of the best surgeons in the Northwest. After leaving Dubuque, and before returning home again, he prepared a lecture upon his travels in Southern Iowa, and made a trip to Chicago, stopping at Galena, where he visited the resi dence of Gen. Grant and ex- Minister E. B. Washburne, gather ing as he went valuable scraps of information, an account of which he kept in a diary for the entertainment of his friends on his return home, and when in Chicago he delivered his lecture in several places to the laboring classes, and sought to induce them to move West and obtain homes for themselves, where they might be the employers instead of the employed, and thus did he labor at that early age to improve the condition of the laboring classes. After being obliged to leave off his medical studies in Du buque for want of funds, and after making the trip to Chicago, as above mentioned, he again returned to the St. Croix Valley, and engaged in teaching school at advancad prices, receiving then $62 per month, which was more than was paid in any other common school in the county. To illustrate the appreciation in which he was held as a teacher, we will mention only one instance out of many. After closing his school of five months, the electors assembled and, without a dissenting voice, agreed to give him an advance of $5 per month more than had been con tracted for during the entire term. This was in the town of Troy, St. Croix County, Wis. He taught school two years in a Scandinavian settlement, and hence has many warm friends among that nationality ; taught five terms in Erin Prairie and Emerald among the Irish, and among whom he has many weil- wishers; taught in Warren, St. Croix County, Wis., and in Dubuque County, Iowa, in an exclusively American district, where ho gave equal satisfaction to all concerned, and in 1872, 956 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. when the Principal of the Military Academy in Hudson, Wis., was called away to attend other duties as Superintendent of Schools for several weeks, Mr. Hawkins was selected as a proper person to preside over and take charge of the institution in a school which required a corp.s of four teachers, and acquitted himself creditably in the management thereof. Having, at the solicitation and advice of friends, abandoned the study of medicine, he now began the study of the law, aud while engaged as a teacher his spare hours were devoted to its pages, but again his many friends persuaded him to embark iu the mercantile trade, which he did in the spring of 1872, and con tinued therein till 1876, a period of four years, during which time no merchant was evermore untiring in his labors than he, and had his management prevailed and counsel been followed, he and his partners would to-day, no doubt, be among the wealthiest merchants of the St. Croix Valley, but it was destined to be other wise, and after striving eighteen months to keep up the financial credit of two mercantile houses of which he was a member, he was obliged to wind up his business, and when he did so, in May, 1875, there was a mortgage upon his homestead of over $2,700, and other outstanding indebtedness, making an aggregate of $4,900. He does not like to refer to his mercantile troubles, but if we are allowed to j udge, we feel safe in saying it was no fault of his, for not only had he the confidence of the wholesale dealers with whom he traded, but the entire confidence and re spect of the community in which he lived, having, during those years, been elected by the people of his village Director of the School Board, and once, twice, and even even three times ap pointed and eleeted Town Clerk, on account of his accuracy and faithfulness in keeping the records, and in 1875 was elected by a very large majority as Chairman of the Town Board of Super visors. When there was a desperate struggle in the Legislature over the St. Croix Land Grant, in 1873, and his townsmen being interested, on account of having bonded the town, he was se lected as a proper person to go to Madison and guard, if possible, their interests, which ho did, and his letter, prophesying the re sult of the struggle in advance, was published in supplemental form and scattered throughout the county, and time has shown, even to those who were of a different opinion, the correctness of his position on that occasion. In 1876, he again renewed his law studies, and, after a period of six months, be was admitted to the bar after passing a highly creditable examination, which elicited very flattering commenda tions from such men as Col. J. C. Spooner and even Judge Humphrey, who was Presiding Judge, as they did not think it possible for a man to obtain such a knowledge of law in so short a time. While engaged as a merchant, in 1872, he married Mar garet Ellen Early, a native of Allegany Co., N. Y., a young lady of eighteen summers, and by whom he has had four children, the oldest of whom — Arthur I.. — died at the age of fourteen months; the other three are still living, and are fine, promising children — Frederick S., aged seven years, Robert V., aged five years, both of whom are attending school, and Camilla Cecily, a mere babe yet, constitute his family. After closing the mercantile trade, his case seemed hopeless — a weakly wife, who was entirely unable to assist him ; business gone; credit ruined ; homestead mortgaged; other debts hanging over him ; popular feeling somewhat against him on account of his financial failure — -all these combined to make "Jordan a very hard road to travel." He is a brave and resolute man, bold and fearless whenever he believes that he is right. One instance of many of a similar kind may be mentioned : When the country at large was over run by what was popularly termed tramps, among other places the village of New Richmond, where Mr. Hawkins now makes his home, had its share, and that, too, in a rough who came in the guise of a laborer, who, after getting drunk, went into the barber shop, snatched an open razor from the shelf, and went out upon the street, uttering horrid imprecations, and entering the hotels and other places of business, driving men and women and chil dren before him in terror. The Constable, aided by two others, sought to apprehend him, but in vain ; he slashed about him with the open razor, when they, too, fled in fear, when Hawkins, who was then Chairman of the town, seized the revolver held by one of the officer's assistants, and pursuing him into a hotel, whither he had gone to butcher its inmates, met him on the threshold of an inner door, and alone and unaided, held him at bay till assist ance came who handcuffed him. For that act alone the people of New Richmond feel very grateful toward Mr. Hawkins; and when their village was incorporated, he was elected as the first Super visor to represent the people. After commencing the practice of the law, he settled in New Richmond, where he met his financial troubles, and, as he said, " to retrieve his fortune where he had lost it, and restore himself again to the respect of the people, as his financial disaster was no fault of his." By close application to business, by careful and honest dealing with the people and hard work in his profession, he has to-day become one of the lead ing commercial lawyers of the Northwest, and has built up a col lection practice second to none in the county ; has paid off the mortgage upon his homestead ; paid all his other debts, and is in possession of flattering letters from all his former creditors; has moved from a small room close by a blacksmith shop, and for two years has occupied three elegant rooms as his office over the Bank of New Richmond, and employs a clerk all the time and some times two. He is an excellent presiding officer and a good par liamentarian ; is an impulsive speaker and a fine orator ; has de livered several Fourth of July orations, several effective temperance speeches, and, though not a pronounced Prohibitionist, yet he has for several years labored for the success of the temperance cause. He delivered the first address in Now Richmond upon the anniver sary of Odd Fellowship in America, of which lodge he was the first presiding officer in his village. In politics, he is now an In dependent; having been brought up in the school of the " Douglas Democracy," it seemed very hard to leave the old party, but when the Democrats sought to fasten the " fiat money " upon the people, and Gen. Bragg was hooted at by the Democra3y for asserting his rights as a Union soldier, then Hawkins left his office and stumped the county, traveling night and day, speaking in every village hall and country schoolhouse ; and in a county that gave a Democratic majority of over four hundred, he, with the assistance of a few others who worked with him, changed the result to a majority of over four hundred the other way. Since that time he has acted with the Republican party, but claims, however, the privilege of voting for principles rather than party measures. He was tendered the appointment of Village Attorney, but declined on account of his large civil practice ; was also tendered the nomination of Dis trict Attorney by the Republican Convention in 1881, but de clined that, also, for similar reasons. He did consent, however, and did act as Village Attorney during the absence of the regular attorney on a two months' visit to his friends in the East. He is now a member of nearly all the leading commercial mercantile and collecting associations in the country, and has the confidence and is the regular attorney for such firms as Seymour, Sabin & Co., of Stillwater, Minn., St. Paul Harvester Works, Hoosier Drill Co., Milburn Wagon Co., and many others too numerous to mention. He is generous, too ; he gives of his earnings to all parties coming to him for relief; all the churches, societies and benevolent insti tutions find in him a contributor, and on many occasions when poor people come to his office to draw up securities for obtaining seed wheat or the like, he has drawn the papers free of charge, and sent them on their way feeling better toward the legal profession. He would rather talk on philosophy than religious topics, although he entertains a very high respect for church organizations ; yet when pressed close upon the subject, he says " that his wife attends to the praying business for the family, and he attends to the law de partment." He loves to tell of the pioneer days in St. Croix Co.; of the time when, only a boy, he was called upon to conduct the services at the grave of a neighbor's child, when there were no ministers in the country, and no priest nearer than Stillwater, Minn.; of the hardships endured by those people in those early days, when the father used to see the wife putting the last loaf of HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 957 bread before the fire in a rude iron kettle to bake, not knowing where the next loaf was to come from ; of the families he saw who stripped the inner bark from the elm trees and mixed it with the pounded corn or corn ground in a coffee-mill ; of the wives who swept their rude log huts and mud floors with a bunch of willows for a broom ; of the persons who burned a rag dipped in tallow or lard for light ; of the family who cried over the death of their only cow, which was their only support during the chilling blasts of spring, and many other such incidents, and then wind up by saying, "I saw all of that myself; it ocourred in my day and generation, in what is now the flourishing valley of the St. Croix." He is a great lover of his home ; he never spends an evening away from his family unless on business, for his wife and children are very dear to him. A kind father and a loving husband ; a great lover of good order in the community in which he resides ; very systematic in his business, amounting almost to oddity.; desires to have everything in its own proper place ; he claims that his financial success as a lawyer is due mainly to his exactness in keep ing papers and accounts in a systematic manner ; the order in his office resembles very much a banking system; and, upon the whole, we think that if he lives he is destimed to become a repre sentative man in the State, as he is now and has been for many years a representative and influential man in St. Croix Co. HENRY M. MURDOCK, M. D., was born in Antwerp, N. Y., in October, 1823 ; moved to Gunning and attended school until 15 years of age ; moved to Pulaski, N. Y., is son of Dr. Hiram Murdock, with whom he studied medicine until 19, when he went to Castleton, Vt., and attended medical lectures, and grad uated in May, at the age of 21 years ; left for Dexter, and practiced medicine for three years. Married during this time Miss Cornelia A. Sanford, daughter of Dr. Sanford (from a family of doctors) ; moved to Pulaski and went into partnership with his father, and opened a drug store ; this he followed until 1854, when declining health obliged him to go West. He came to Stillwater and bought the drug store and business of Dr. Carli, where he re mained until 1858; from there went to Taylor^ Falls and prac ticed medicine, and, the following year, started a drug store, and sold it ; in the spring of 1860, removed to Hudson, and formed a partnership with Dr. Hoyt, where he remained until the fall of 1861, when he took the position of Assistant Surgeon in the 8th Wisconsin, which he held until 1865. He suffered with typhoid fever, when in camp, for four weeks, when he joined his regiment at Haines' Bluff ; was at the siege of Vicksburg, and every three or four nights went into the trenches on guard duty ; was the first ,-in the streets of Vicksburg after the surrender ; was in the battle of Yazoo City and Mechanicsburg, June 4, 1863. Came home on a furlough ; remained until October, when he returned to Vicksburg on the 28th following ; went from there to Memphis, remaining the winter at LaGrange and Salisbury. Was in the Red River expedition with Banks; went with Gen. Smith and attacked Fort Derusy, the key to the Red River, in the night, and stormed the fort, taking three or four hundred prisoners. June 18, 1864, appointed Brigade Surgeon, by order of Maj. Gen. A. J. Smith. August 4, went home on veteran furlough ; remained at home until Sept. 16, when he returned to Memphis ; took charge of convalescent camp until Nov. 17, 1864. Sept. 1, 1865, started for home, arriving at Madison, Wis., Sept. 16; paid off and left for Taylor's Falls. Married, in the winter of 1865, to Capt. Allan's daughter, Sarah J. Moved to New Richmond in February, 1866, and practiced medicine for two years, when he bought out the business of Gibson, and the business kept increas ing, obliging him from time to time to enlarge ; this he sold four years ago last fall. On account of a disease contracted on the Yazoo River, he has been in the receipt of a pension, and is now retired from business, but with an eye on it all ; he owns a farm of 1,000 acres. He has two children — Cornelia A., Henry A.; Estell died in 1852, at Pulaski, N. Y. In the spring of 1849, started for the West, landing at Chicago, where, at that time, there was only ten miles of railroad from the town ; took a satchel, and, on foot, went to Janesville, Watertown, Oshkosh, and, not likiDg the country, while in Chicago was offered about five acres of land with a shanty on it for $300, where now stands the most populous part of the city. When he started in life, had an old mare and a sulky, a box of medicine and $8 in money, and he located in Dex ter. When in Taylor's Falls, walked twenty-six miles on foot to visit a sick patient too poor to buy a horse. SILAS STAPLES, New Richmond. Born in Lisbon, Maine, Sept. 18, 1814 ; followed lumbering, and remained there for twenty-two years; he came to Hudson, Wis., in 1854, to take charge of the Willow River Mills ; he conducted this business for two or three years; in the fall of 1854, he bought a quarter in terest in the mill at $20,000, including 5,000 acres on W'illow River, which he explored and entered at the Land Office in Hud son ; he cut about 2,000,000 feet a season, shipping it to St. Paul by team, Red Wing and Cannon Rivers ; he sold his interest to Jewell & Bodie, of Brunswick, Me., for $55,000, and went to Hudson and went into the banking business, in 1856, where he remained for three years; in the fall of 1859-60 he moved to New Richmond, to where the Nicollet now stands; he remained one winter, and moved back to Hudson in 1861, put up a shingle and lath mill in connection with his saw-mill, which he bought in 1860; in 1864, built the first flour-mill in the village of New Richmond, in Star Prairie. The first time he came to New Rich mond there was not a soul in the place but himself and a Mr. Talbot, who came with him ; he completed his flour-mill in 1864, and ground his first grist October following ; put in the first dam at Buckhart's Mill in 1863, for the purpose of driving logs at the falls ; in 1863, built two large dams at the head of Willow River, for driving logs ; continued lumbering on the river until the spring of 1868 ; that summer he lived in Lakeland, and, in the fall, went to Canada, building a new mill on Collins' Inlet, Georgian Bay ; this he managed for four years, returning to Hudson in 1872, and to a farm ; was also engaged in the mercantile business with Mr. M. S. Gibson, for three years; he sold his interest to Mr. Gibson, and went on to his farm, on Hudson Praiiie, now the Isman place ; exchanged his farm in the spring of 1873, for the one-half of the mill property, and moved back to New Richmond ; he operated the mill that season, then sold his interest in October following, to S. W. Turner ; in the summer of 1874, went to Stillwater, and took charge of his brother Isaac Staples' saw-mill ; in 1875, moved to Elk River, Minn., on a farm; remained one season and returned to New Richmond, and has remained here ever since ; he settled his family and went to Jeweltown, and bought a half interest in the saw and grist mill; built an elevator in 1879 with a capac ity of 20,000 bushels ; flour-mill capacity of 100 barrels per day ; the saw-mill, with a capacity of 2,000,000 feet; also a shingle and lath mill connected with the saw-mill. Married in 1837, to Miss Hannah Williams, of Bowdoinham, Me., who died in 1838. Married again in 1841, to Abigail Ann Rogers, of Oldtown, Me., who died in the spring of 1845. Married again in the fall of 1846, to Miss Nancy D. Gilman, who died in 1873. Married again to Mrs. Nancy B. Jamison, in the fall of 1874; has six children — Charles A., Silas G., Nellie B., Nettie, Edward P. and Lizzie G. CHARLES EDGAR SLEEPER, New Richmond ; born in Batavia, N. Y.; came to Wisconsin and located in Janesville, in 1853, and opened an insurance office; he clerked in a jewelry store for four years ; hi 1862 he moved to St. Croix Co.; then went to Colorado for two years ; spent one year in Wisconsin so liciting ; in 1862, came to Warren, St. Croix Co., and went to farming; in 1863, went into the insurance business; in the fall of 1874, he moved to Hudson ; in 1878 came to New Richmond, and bought the City Hotel, where he has been ever since ; has conducted his farm all this time ; also, the insurance business, until within one year. HAMMOND. This is a village in the town of the same name, on the railroad. It occupies an elevated position, giving a view of fields and farms for miles around. The whole town con- 95* HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. tains 1,418 inhabitants. The village has 416 inhabitants. It is a great point for the shipment of wheat, and for the distribution of agricultural implements. A Boston firm had secured the land upon which Hammond is built, but it was transferred to Mann, Hammond & Co., in July, 1855. The town organization was effected in the fall of 1856. A. G. Peabody was the first Chairman, and K. G. Folger, Clerk. The first actual settlers were John Nelson and John Peabody, who came in 1855. R. G. Folger and wife were the first couple married in the town. G. M. Street was the first school teacher. The town was named in honor of R. B. Hammond, of Wau kesha, who took all the school land certificates in the township. Rev. George Spaulding and Rev. William Egbert were the first ministers, coming in the summer of 1856. Luther Adams and Merritt Clark were early comers. A picnic dinner was served on the Fourth of July, 1856, and before the company were out of sight the big gray wolves were contending for the fragments. The village was incorporated in 1880. The first meet ing of the Board was on 4he 22d of September. J. B. Fithian, President ; John H. Owen, Clerk. Officers elected in 1881, Ed. Gardiner, President; A. Jenness, Clerk. Total valuation of the village in 1881, $35,425. Churches. — The Methodist Church was organized in 1857 by Rev. William Egbert, with twenty members. Lu ther Adams was Class Leader. Rev. Miles Lewis was the next Pastor, William Hamil ton, Charles Irish, Rev. Mr. Russell, W. D. Atwater, I. W. Carr, A. L. Dexter and the present Pastor, William R. Irish, have been stationed here. The present church was erected in 1874. The present Congregational Church was organized in July, 1858, with fifteen members. The whole number to the present time being 139. There have been seven regu lar ministers : Revs. George Spaulding, T. B. Hurlburt, J. W. Miller, M. A. Gould, 0. L. Dowd, J. S. Norris and W. C. Hicks, now in his fifth year. In 1864 a parsonage was built, and the second floor was used as a meeting-house. The present edifice was completed in 1873, at a cost of $3,000. Mrs. S. Thayer presented a fine bell to the church. The membership is now fifty-nine. Catholic. — The Church of the Immaculate Conception, organized in 1866, by Rev. Father Verruyst, of Hudson. The present building is 40x80, and was constructed in 1877. There are 100 families who worship here. William White is the present Pastor. There is an Odd Fellows' Lodge in the village, and Lodges of Temples of Honor and Good Templars. John Thayer came in the spring of 1856; started a hotel. He was the first, and is still the Postmaster. There are several manufacturing establishments, in a small way. Among them C. B. Norms, who manufactures carriages, wagons, sleighs and does repairing. A. Jennes, also a like business. Alexander Cummings and Remier Bros., blacksmithing. Amos Plumb, shoemaking. Ham mond boasts of four doctors, and only one lawyer. The Gardiner House is the leading hotel. There are the usual number of drug stores, hardware, furniture, gro cery and general merchandise, etc. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. E. L. BOOTHBY, M. D., Hammond ; was born in York Co., Me., in 1849; he took an academic course at Wilbraham, Mass.; graduated at the Medical Department of Dartmouth College in 1874 ; he was engaged in practice during the last year of his course ; came West in the fall of 1874, and located in Hammond, June, 1875. His wife was Alice A. Wilcox, born in Illinois1 They have two children — Carleton F. and Jonathan. ANSON J. GOLDEN, M. D., Hammond ; was born in Can ada East in 1847 ; he removed to Vermont when thirteen years of age ; received his literary education at Andover and at Derby Academy, Vermont; began the study of medicine in 1867 ; grad uated at the Medical Department of the University of Vermont in 1873 ; practiced at Lowell, Vt., two and a half years ; a part of this time was previous to his graduation. He came West and located at River Falls, Wis., in 1874 ; came to Hammond in 1880 ; since his graduation, Dr. Golden has traveled considerably for the benefit of his health ; he went to Florida in November, 1879, where he passed the following winter. His wife was Clara H. Hooey, born at Alden, Vt.; they have two daughters — Verna and Laura E. EDWARD GARDINER, proprietor of Gardiner House, Hammond ; was born in Kingston, Upper Canada, in 1841 ; he removed to Kenosha Co., and thence to St. Croix Co. in November, 1857, where he has since lived ; he was engaged in farming many years ; began keeping the hotel known as the Pioneer House, July 18, 1871 ; this house was burned March 18, 1877; Mr. Gardiner built his present hotel on the site of the Pioneer House, in 1879 ; he now has a good hotel, which is a credit to the vil lage of Hammond ; the cost of the building was $4,500. His wife was a native of Canada; they have three children, one son and two daughters. Mr. Gardiner has a good livery in connec tion with his house. HENRY A. GOULD, Hammond; was born in Norridge- wock, Somerset Co., Me., in 1823, where he lived till sixteen years of age, when he went to Massachusetts ; he learned the trade of a machinist at North Chelmsford in that State ; he worked at his trade till 1855 ; he removed to Cottage Grove, Minn., in the fall of 1855, and engaged in farming ; he was long engaged in mis sionary work in connection with the Congregational Church ; it was in the service of this church that he was induced to come to Hammond as a lay minister ; he came here in December, 1868, and was ordained the following year. The Congregational Church at Hammond owes much to Mr. Gould for its establishment and support in the days of its infancy. The present edifice was built under his ministry, in 1873. He was Pastor of the church five years. The cost of the present edifice was about $4,000, of which he raised $2,700 by subscription ; he also performed much manual labor in its erection, hauling the stone himself for the foundation on which it is built. He has also given considerable attention to the homoeopathic system of medicine, in the practice of which he has been engaged since 1 870. His wife was Lucy W. Hale, born in the same town as her husband, in 1824 ; they have had five children, two of whom are living — William A., of Minneapolis, and Henrietta, now Mrs. Herbert W. Dodge. A daughter, Carrie R., died in October, 1880, in her eighteenth year ; two died in infancy. JOHN THAYER, Postmaster, Hammond ; is one of the most prominent early settlers of St. Croix Co.; -he was born in Worcester Co., Mass., in 1809 ; he lived in his native State and Connecticut till twenty-five years of age, when he removed to Fayette Co., Ohio; he came to Hammond from Seneca Co., Ohio, in 1856, and purchased a farm which included that part of the village of Hammond known as Thayer's Addition, on which he built a shanty, his first residence, on the present site of the Gardiner House ; he built a hotel in 1858, which he called the Pioneer House ; he kept this as a hotel until the advent of the railroad to this place. He was the first Postmaster of Hammond, and still holds that office, which he has held since 1857. He was prominently connected with the early history of this town, and has always taken a commendable pride in religious and educa tional interests. He was Justice of the Peace for about twelve HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 959 yr FRANZ MOESMER, Somerset; came to America July 3, ' 1880 ; was educated in Munich at the Seminary, a business college ; followed milling while in Germany, running his own mill in Ba- , varia ; landed in New York City, where he remained for a few days ; went from there to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he remained a few days ; thence to Milwaukee for two weeks ; thence to Winona in a flouring mill ; then to Minneapolis, in the Crown Roller Mill for eight months ; thence to Somerset, and engaged in the manu facture of flour, doing both a merchant and custom business ; the mill has a capacity of sixty barrels per day; married July 19, 1875, to Miss Therese Kircher, of Bavaria ; they have two chil dren — Franz and Otto ; his father is a Superintendent of Roads, Rivers and Buildings in Bavaria ; has held the office for the last forty years, and now receives a pension from Bavaria ; Mr. Moes- mer was a soldier in the Bavarian Army ; was Lieutenant in the army : was in the battle of Sedan ; in active service three years. FRANK X. MONTBRIAND, Somerset ; was born in Lower Canada, Sept. 20, 1856 ; lived with his parents twenty-one years; then went to Buffalo, N. Y., for seven months ; came to Eau Galle Mills in 1857, where he remained for two years; thence lo Stillwater, Minn., for a short time; then to Somerset, and bought a farm of 155 _ acres of the^jG^^riimaat.-fla.-wJ' i ch he now lives home ot James Parnelf, anaTtevTlNapmeoh -*-,.«__^«-- rss~- first Pastor. The first marriage was Francis Parent to Miss Margaret Parent, by Rev. Mr. Fisher. The present church was built in Somerset Village in 1875. The first settler in the town of Somerset was Joseph Parent, who came in 1850. This old pioneer located on the spot where he now lives ; his only neighbors were Indians, wolves and catamounts. The first blacksmith-shop in the town was built by Frank H. Montbriand, who now works in it. The first store was built by Gen. Samuel Harriman, but his business demanded a larger one, and he built his present large and convenient one, in which everything a farmer or any one else can find all they need. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FRANK A. AMES, Somerset, was born in Orland, Hancock Co., Mo., July 6, 1850 ; spent most of his time on the sea in the summer on the Grand Banks fishing, and in the winter lumber ing on the Union River, until he came to Wisconsin, in the spring of 1872. While on his way home from his fishing one season he narrowly escaped a shipwreck. He married Miss Mary E. Ben ner, of Ellsworth, Me., Sept. 13, 1872. They have three chil dren — Jennie C, Willie F. and Mary. HENRY BERGESON, Somerset, was born in Lanorare, Canada, April 8, 1828, where he remained until sixteen years of age, farming ; went to Whitehall and remained for two years, thence to New York City ; returned to Canada and worked at lumbering for sixteen years, then to Granite Falls, N. H., where he remained for eight months ; returned to Canada and worked in the copper mines six months ; came to Somerset in 1866, where he has remained since. He was married, in 1860, to Julia Har- vieux. They have five children — William, August, Odile, Henry and Joseph. AUGUSTINE BELISLE, Somerset, was born in Quebec ; he was engaged on a farm and in sailing on the St. Lawrence River three years ; came to Somerset in June, 1855 ; worked on Apple River and in the woods, and in a few years bought a farm of 300 acres ; has sold 60 acres ; was elected Supervisor ; was also Road Surveyor for a year. He was married in July, 1859, to Miss Elenor Germain. They have nine children — Alexander, Josephine, Elliot, Alvena, Eugene, Louise, Augustine, Ziphira and Silista. ISAAC BURTON, Somerset, was born in Russia in 1815. He carried on a dairy of 102 cows until his mother died ; lived on the line between Russia and Prussia and traded in merchandise of dif ferent kinds across the line, and after many bold and daring advent ures he moved to America, leaving his family behind, landing in New York in 1850. He went to Utica, where he remained for about eight years, selling goods ; moved from there to Chicago and engaged in selling goods for about nine years ; from there to Peoria, 111., remaining there about four years engaged in mer chandising, and from that point to Somerset. He located a farm of over 360 acres, where he now is with his family. He was married, in 1842, to Miss Sallie Jacobs. They have eight chil dren living — Barbara, Louie, Samuel, Anna, Elizabeth, Jacob, Barney and Mitchell. JOHN F. COMBACKER, Somerset, was born in Germany Dec. 4, 1825 ; came to America in 1846 ; enlisted in 1846 in Co. A, U. S. A. (Mexican war); was in the battles of Churubus o, Chapultepec and Contreras; served for two years, when he con- traced a disease from which he has not fully recovered ; went to Philadelphia for nine months, then to New York, then to Boston, for seven years, manufacturing .cigars and tobacco; then to Somer set, in 1855, and settled upon the land he now occupies ; was elected Assessor in 1869, for two years, and in 1861, elected Town Clerk, which office he has held up to the present time. In 1878, was elected County Surveyor and re-elected in 1880 i was also Chairman of the Town Board in 1878. He was married in 1851, to Mariah A. Fesline, of Boston. They have four chil dren — Josephine, Henry E., Albert and Emma. P. B. CREPE AU, Somerset, was bora in Montreal, Canada, May 2, 1838 ; he conducted a hotel for about seven years in that city; came to Somerset in 1866, and bought a farm ; moved to Chicago, keeping the Montreal House for ten years; left Chicago in 1876, after losing all he had by the great fire, and located in Stillwater, Minn., where he remained for four years, and during that time bought a fine farm in Somerset, and opened a livery stable and a saloon. In 1881 he was elected Justice of the Peace for two years. Was married to Miss Matilda Bonaventure, of Montreal, on June 30, 1863. They have one child, Matilda Crepeau. ALEXANDER GORDON, Somerset, was born in Nova Scotia, Aug. 11, 1825; moved to Boston and spent eight years; worked as ship carpenter for twelve years, and went to New Or leans on the ship Levant, thence to Havana and other ports ; moved to Milwaukee in 1857, working in a ship yard, and came to Somerset in the fall of 1857, where he now has 360 acres; when he came, there was but one house between him and Still water, a distance of nine miles, with no improvements excepting 4 acres of breaking. In the spring of 1859, was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, which office he held for about six years ; was also Commissioner to lay out the road through the Big Woods in Menomonee, and a county road, completing it in 1861. Has been largely connected with the political history of the town ; was elected Chairman of the Town Board, and has been Town Treasurer several years at different times ; is now on the Board of County Equalization appointed by the Chairman of the County Board. Was married in 1854, to Miss Harriett K. Evens; they have seven children — James A., Frederick A., Win- field S., M. M. P. Gordon, Harry K., Lewis T. and Otis H. CAPT. EDWARD GRANT is a native of North Carolina, in 1827; removed from that State in 1844, and came to St. Croix County in 1851 ; was in active service during ihe war, and also employed in bridge-building and repairing in the South at that time ; after an eventful life as a soldier, he returned home and remained about one year ; then returned to a former occupa tion, and assumed command of the steamer Dispatch on the Mis sissippi ; when he first began work on the river, all logs and lumber were f^jdi 'i"1 ^rst steamer for towing was put on in j^eived, and 405 forwarder, rw, fjrant ret,ains his w*. a month. E. L. Stark is station agent. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. h HANS BORCHSENIUS, grain dealer, real estate, etc., ^Baldwin. Born in Denmark in 1832. He came to this country En 1874, and settled at Madison. He published the Nord Stern Jnewspaper for the years 1858-59. He entered the army during 960 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. urer of a district in Somerset for eighteen years, and Supervisor of his town five vears. BRIG. GEN. SAML. HARRIMAN, Captain of 13th Wis. Vols., commissioned by Gov. Salomon, Aug. 25, 1862 ; enlisted asa private June 10, 1862, in Co. A, 30th Wis. Vols., and on the organi zation of the company was made Captain, which position he held until he was promoted for gallant services. Feb. 7, 1864, he was appointed Colonel of the 37th Wis. Vols., which he gallantly led to victory on many a hard-fought field, receiving personal congratu lations by letter from Brevet Maj. Gen. J. F. Hartramft, of Ten nessee ; Brevet Maj. Gen. 0. B. Wilcox ; John G. Park, Commander of the 9th Corps ; from the Regimental and Brigade Commander of the 9th Army Corps ; and from Brig. Gen. N. B. McLaughlin. In all the important commands which have been committed to his care, he has acquitted himself with that high soldierly bearing which called forth the hearty approval of Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, and the President of the United States, which resulted in his appointment by the President as Brigadier Genera!, which appoint ment was approved by the Senate for his gallant assault upon Ft. Sedgwick, Virginia, on the second day of April, 1865. Thus, step by step, he rapidly rose from the private to the Brigadier, and when the war was over, retired to the shades of private life which he so much longed for, amid the congratulations of all his old comrades, and letter after letter of regret came to him (the original letters, the writer has been permitted to see) from the highest officers with whom he associated. But his home and his family had attractions that a brilliant and successful war record could not allure him from ; and now in the peaceful pursuits of civil life, he is loved and respected by all. He has been appointed Notary Public by Gov. W. R. Taylor and re-appointed by Gov. Wm. E. Smith ; now engaged in a multitude of different kinds of business which he manages with the same consummate ability that so peculiarly marked his brilliant and successful war career. Among the various civil pursuits that now engages his attention may be mentioned, first, his large farm of 555 acres. He is a practical and scientific farmer and stock-raiser ; and is also engaged " in lumbering, cutting some 3,000,000 feet per year. One is a rotary saw mill, where he cuts his lumber and puts it on his own yard ; also a planing mill, lath and shingle mill in connection with his saw mill, all under one roof; has a merchant and exchange flour mill with six run of stone with a new device, called an end ing stone, which by an ingenious arrangement, cuts the fuzz and the end from the kernel of wheat, and is pronounced a success ; has a store, 24x70, two stories and basement, in which he keeps a general stock. The post office is located here. The basement of the building is laid up with white sandstone from a quarry on his own land that is of an excellent quality. The General has a cooper shop, where he makes his own barrels ; a ware house and blacksmith shop. This enterprising man was one of the founders and the platter of the village, building most of the houses, includ ing the hotel, the two stores on the east side of Apple River and all the dwelling houses on the west side of the river; has sold all the lots in the first plat of the village of Somerset and has now platted more on the south end of the village, to the number of 14 lots, sales of which are rapid. His business aggregates annually about $75,000. Was born in Orland, Hancock County, Maine, and came to Wisconsin in May, 1856 ; spent four years in California, engaged in mining and lumbering ; built the second canal in the State for sluicing purposes, which was a success; has been in Somerset ever since 1856. He has one child living, Mary Francis ; a son, Charles F., died in Madison while he was in the army, and is buried in Forest Hill Cemeterv - ^ny one lawyer. me u^.^iiid ixouse is the leading hotel. There are the usual number of drug stores, hardware, furniture, gro cery and general merchandise, etc. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. E. L. BOOTHBY, M. D., Hammond; was born in York Co., Me., in 1849 ; he took an academic course at Wilbraham, Mass.; graduated at the Medical Department of Dartmouth College in '' 1874 ; he was engaged in practice during the last year of his course ; came West in the fall of 1874, and located in Hammond, June, 1875. His wife was Alice A. Wilcox, born in Illinois' • They have two children — Carleton F. and Jonathan. d ANSON J. GOLDEN, M. D., Hammond ; was born in Can- ' ada East in 1847 ; he removed to Vermont when thirteen years of age ; received his literary education at Andover and at Derby Academy, Vermont; began the study of medicine in 1867 ; grad uated at the Medical Department of the University of Vermont in 1873 ; practiced at Lowell, Vt., two and a half years ; a part of this time was previous to his graduation. He came West and located at River Falls, Wis., in 1874 ; came to Hammond in 1880 ; since his graduation, Dr. Golden has traveled considerably for the benefit of his health ; he went to Florida in November, 1879, where he passed the following winter. His wife was Clara H. Hooey, born at Alden, Vt.; they have two daughters — Verna and Laura E. EDWARD GARDINER, proprietor of Gardiner House, I Hammond; was born in Kingston, Upper Canada, in 1841; he I removed to Kenosha Co., and thence to St. Croix Co. in November, W1857 where he1- "' -'--i-i— - -* ¦- - HlUNJRl G. HENATJLT, M. D., Somerset, was born in Three Rivers, Canada, Jan. 9, 1846 ; earned his course of classics in Nicolet College, Three Rivers, Canada ; read medicine with Dr. Drainville for one year at St. Bartholomew ; entered the uni versity at Quebec called Laval, chartered in 1852; left Quebec in 1867 on a journey to Rome, passing through the principal cities of Europe to join the Pope's forces engaged against Garibaldi, and served two years; returned to Canada, May, 1870, and re sumed his studies in the medical sciences at the Victoria College for two years and six months, graduating in the spring of 1872 ; after finishing his studies, he traveled in the different States and finally settled in Somerset. Was married June 29, 1876, to Miss Josephine Grant, daughter of Capt. Grant ; they have two children — Josephine and Mary Louisa. CONRAD KALER, Somerset; was born, in Germany, May 27, 1823, and worked on a form until 1870, when the war between France and Germany broke out, and he went into the German army ; came to America after the close of the war, and finally settled in Somerset, buying the farm of 180 acres on which he now lives. Was married, in 1851, to Miss Elizabeth Simon. They have four children — Simon K., Charley, Anna and Mary. JAMES KELLEY, Somerset ; was born April 16, 1847, in Ireland; came to America in 1865, and settled in the town of Somerset, where he has lived since, and owns a farm of 80 acres, also a village lot of 3 acres, on which he has built a saloon ; is also a dealer in tax-titles and horses to quite an extent. Was married, in August, 1871, to Miss Mary Jane Riley; they have seven children — Francis, James E., John W., Rosetta, Ann Jane, Emiline and Mary E. FRANK KING, Somerset; was born in Canada, June 6, 1822 ; lived with his parents twenty -one years ; came to Lake Superior and remained for five years, carpentering; came to Somerset in September, 1855, and entered 40 acres; lived on the land a few years; went to Saginaw, Mich., where he remained six months ; then returned to Somerset, and bought another farm, on which he has lived since, until he concluded to build for himself a comfortable home in the village of Somerset, owning the farm at the same time. Was married in Detroit, Mich., July 28, 1847, to Miss Julia Defore ; they have one child, Frank King, Jr. PAUL LIBERTY, Somerset ; was born in Canada, July 12, 1826 ; lived with his parents for twenty-one years ; came to Wis consin in 1849, and settled on the Eau Galle River, for a time; hence to Somerset, and settled on the place where he now lives ; has 200 acres. Was married in 1857, to Miss Anna S. Parent; they have five children — Susanna, Mary, Tripley, Alexander and John. HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 961 FRANZ MOESMER, Somerset; came to America July 3, 1880 ; was educated in Munich at the Seminary, a business college ; followed milling while in Germany, running his own mill in Ba varia ; landed in New York City, where he remained for a few days ; went from there to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he remained a few days ; thence to Milwaukee for two weeks ; thence to Winona in a flouring mill ; then to Minneapolis, in the Crown Roller Mill for eight months ; thence to Somerset, and engaged in the manu facture of flour, doing both a merchant and custom business ; the mill has a capacity oe sixty barrels per day; married July 19, 1875, to Miss Therese Kircher, of Bavaria ; they have two chil dren — Franz and Otto ; his father is a Superintendent of Roads, Rivers and Buildings in Bavaria ; has held the office for the last forty years, and now receives a pension from Bavaria ; Mr. Moes- mer was a soldier in the Bavarian Army ; was Lieutenant in the army : was in the battle of Sedan ; in active service three years. FRANK X. MONTBRIAND, Somerset ; was born in Lower Canada, Sept. 20, 1856 ; lived with his parents twenty-one years; then went to Buffalo, N. Y., for seven months ; came to Eau Galle Mills in 1857, where he remained for two years; thence 10 Stillwater, Minn., for a short time ; then to Somerset, and bought a farm of 155 acres of the Government, on which he now lives and built a blacksmith shop, and in about two years went to the flour mill, working nights in the mill and days in the blacksmith shop. Was married in January, 1853, to Mary Ann Parent; they have nine children — Edward, Amelia, Soulia, Emily, Roslia, Frank, Alexander, Ellen and Alfred. He built the first black smith shop in the village of Somerset, and built the second house in the village; was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1857 ; also Side Supervisor for four years. THOMPSON NELSON, Somerset ; was born in Mason Co., Va., in 1811, where he remained for twenty-two years, farming; moved to Wabash Co., Ind., and remained for about twenty years, farming; came to Somerset in the fall of 1854, and located where he now lives ; at that time it was a wilderness ; his nearest neigh bor was in the village of Somerset, six miles distant, where he got his supplies, doing most of his trading at Hudson, twenty-two miles, and sixteen miles to Stillwater, going with oxen, taking two days to make the trip, taking loads of deer to both places, and getting good prices ; has been Town Clerk and Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for several years, and member of the Board for nine years ; three years a member of the County Board ; also, Overseer of Highways for several years. Married in 1833, Miss Mary Ann Greenlee, of Virginia ; they have five children — James C, Susan, John G., Mary F. and William T. CHARLES PARENT, Somerset, was born in Quebec, Can ada, April 12, 1855. Worked on farm until twenty-three years old ; learned the wagon-maker's trade and followed it for two years. Went to Oswego, N. Y., and worked on a farm ; thence to Detroit, Mich., and worked at his trade for five and a half years. Came to Somerset in May, 1856, and twelve years ago came to his present home, locating where he now has 520 acres. Was married in September, 1869, to Mrs. Angeline Parent. They have seven children — Mary, Delia, Joseph, Charlie, Rosalie, Addie and Alfonzo. He owns a steam threshing machine, and, with his active boys, he threshes a large amount of grain each year. JOSEPH PARENT, Somerset, was born in Three Rivers, Canada, Oct. 10, 1816. Was engaged in farming. Came to Somerset in 1850, and located his farm of 160 acres. Was mar ried in June, 1863, to Miss Bridget Ring. They have no chil dren.* Mr. Parent states that the "Otter'' was the first steam boat run on the St. Croix River, Capt. Harris, Commander. THOMAS PARNELL, Someret. Born in Canada East, District of St. Francis, April 21, 1818, and engaged in farming until he came to Somerset in 1852. At that time there was but one house in the town, now occupied by David German, who then lived two miles distant. There w^s not a surveyed road in the town, and all his traveling was done by marked trees. He brought all his supplies on his back from 'Hudson, a distance of twenty- two miles. Has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for 61 several years, Clerk of the district school five years, and Director two years. Was married Jan. 24, 1848, to Miss Angeline Parent. They have seven children — William, Oliver, Frederick, Elizabeth, Lawrence, John and Mary. DANIEL PHILLIPS, Somerset. Was born in Rochester, Wis., Dec. 28, 1848. Lived on a farm until sixteen years old, when he learned the trades of carpenter, joiner and mason ; has worked at the trades about eleven years. During this time, he worked two years in La Salle Co., 111., six years iu Iowa, and the balance of the time in St. Croix Co., and is conceded to be one ot the best mechanics in this part of the State. Is not married. JERRIE REVORD, Somerset, is a native of Canada. Came to Somerset in June, 1855, and located where he now lives. Owns 180 acres. Was married in April, 1860, to Miss Mary Martell. They have twelve children — Jerrie S., Francis D., Louis N., Israel, Adelphus, Jerry R., Joseph N., Mary L., Mary E., Mary R. and Mary. BALDWIN. This is a manufacturing village on the railroad in the town of the same name. It is near the edge of the hard wood lumber region, and on the other three sides has good farming land. Ove Oleson, H. C. Thompson, Amos Crip- pen, Syner Nelson and others were the first comers. D. R. Bailey laid out the village, and has been untiring in his endeavors to build it up. The village was incorporated December 4, 1874. D. R. Bailey was the first President, T. W. Giasspool, Clerk, which position he still occupies. He was also the first Police Justice. L. M. Bailey was Constable. Amos Crip- pen, S. E. Farnsworth, J. M. Bartlett and A. Taylor have since been Presidents. D. R. and L. M. Bailey started the business now car ried on by Bartlett & Robinson, including the saw and flouring mills. A stave-mill was started by Capt. Allyne in 1875. It is now owned and operated by the Hall & Dunn Barrel Co. of Minnesota, who got their material here and at other places in Wisconsin. O. A. Dahlburze is the owner of a tannery, and is doing a good business. C. J. Woolsey has a new custom flouring-mill. ' Hill, Kilsing & Co. have a capacious elevator, which has been enlarged this season. There are several stores of each variety found in a country village, and the village is in all respects an active one. There are three churches — Episcopal, Presbyterian and Norwegian Lutheran — with good buildings. There is a Masonic Lodge, No. 192, in a flourishing con dition, a lodge of Odd Fellows, No. 235, with a good membership, and a Good Templars' Lodge. The Baldwin Bulletin was first printed by Ed. Bur- churdt, January, 1873. It has been edited by several parties, but for some time has been under D. R. Bailey's control. The firm name is now Bailey & Peachman. It is a first-class. Republican paper. An average month shows ninety-eight tons of freight received, and 405 forwarded. Receipts from passengers, a month. E. L. Stark is station agent. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HANS BORCHSENIUS, grain dealer, real estate, etc., Baldwin. Born in Denmark in 1832. He came to this country in 1874, and settled at Madison. He published the Nord Stern newspaper for the years 1858-59. He entered the army during 962 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. the rebellion as Adjutant of the 15th Wis. Reg. He served about one year, when, his health failing, he resigned. He was in the State Land Department at Madison for tix years ; was elected County Clerk of Dane County in 1868, and again in 1870. Mr. Borchsenius has been a Republican since the war. He bought the Capitol House at Madison, which he kept for some years, when he sold ; was appointed United States Gauger, a position which he held one year. He was State Agent for the Protection of Railroad Lands, and served five years in that capacity. He attended the law school at Madison one year and was admitted to the bar in 1876. He came to Baldwin in April, 1877 ; has been engaged here in grain buying, real estate business, loaning money, etc. His wife was Martha M. Bukke. born in Norway. Her parents settled in Dane County in 1849. They have three children, two sons and one daughter. Their oldest son, William 0., is Cashier for Knapp, Stout & Co., at Rice Lake. Their other children are Dora fl. and George W. SILAS E. FARNSWORTH, M. D., Baldwin. Dr. Farns worth was born in the town of Bakersfield, Franklin County, Vt., in 1837, where he was brought up. He began the study of medicine in 1860. He enlisted in 1862, as a private in Co. F, 10th Vt. V. I.; was in the service three years. He graduated at the Medical Department of the University of Vermont in 1867. He began practice to his graduation ; came to Baldwin in November of the latter year, where he is favored with a large practice and is a popular and successful physician. His wife is a native of Vermont ; has one daughter, Lou. The Doctor is also Local Surgeon for the eastern division of the C, St. P., M. & 0. R. R. REV. JOHN HOFFMAN, Pastor of Presbyterian Church, Baldwin, was born in Holland, Ottawa Co., Mich., in 1849. He was educated at Hope College, where he graduated in 1871 ; took a course at the theological department of that college, graduating in 1874 : began preaching in the Reform Church at Oostburg, Wis.; was pastor of that church for nearly seven years ; came to Baldwin August, 1871. He married Everdina Snitseler, born in Ottawa Co., Mich. They have three children — Lawrance S., Lucia Minnie and James Julius. DR. J. L. IRWIN, Baldwin, was bora in St. Louis, Mo., May 31, 1837, but was brought up in Illinois. He began the study of medicine when, seventeen years of age, at St. Louis. He was Surgeon of the 122d 111. V. I., during the rebellion. After the war he practiced in Illinois about seven years, during the last four of which he was located at Quincy. He came to Wisconsin in 1877, and located at Janesville ; thence to Cannon Falls, Minn., one year; settled in Baldwin November, 1880. Dr. Irwin lost his first wife at Pleasant Hill, 111. His present wife was Mrs. Sarah Kennedy of Arkansaw, Wis. The Doctor has a son and daughter at St. Louis. HARTSON F. WOODARD, attorney, Baldwin, was born in the town of Dunham, in the province of Quebec. He studied law at St. Albans, Vt.; was admitted to the bar in 1869; began the practice of his profession at Richford, Franklin Co.,Vt., where he remained five years. He studied law in the office of D. R. Bailey, Esq., now of Baldwin. Before beginning the prac tice of law he was engaged for some time in teaching ; was also Superintendent of Schools. He located in Baldwin in 1874. He is present District Attorney of St. Croix Co., elected in 1879. His wife was Miss Eunice E. Whitney, daughter of Alloway Whitney. They have one daughter, May. HERSEY. This village is located on about the highest point reached by the railroad between St. Paul and Chicago, although the village itself is in a slight depression. The name was given in honor of a gentleman now living in Stillwater, who owned large tracts of land both north and south of the village. The village plat was owned by S. T. Adams, and, although the mills were established here several years ago, it was not until within two years that the idea of a village seemed to have taken form. Now, there are about 340 people in town, with five stores of various kinds, and quite a number of fine resi dences surrounded with fences, ornamental trees and flowers. The streets are regularly laid out ; but, on account of the numerous stumps, locomotion through them is by devious ways. On the outskirts of the village, the primeval forest still stands in a somewhat straggling way. There is no village organization ; it is still a part of Springfield, the town in which it is located. There is a good schoolhouse, which is also used as a meeting-house by several religious denominations, who make a missionary field of the new village. E. S. Austin is the proprietor of a mill for the manu facture of soft and hard lumber. It has a circular saw which turns out from forty to fifty-five thousand feet a day. Fifty thousand shingles and twelve thousand lath is the product of a day in those articles. Felloes, plow-beams and other irregular sawing is done. A barrel stave-mill is owned by Henry Peters. This mill turns out staves and headings. The logs are first sawed into proper-sized blocks, which are then thoroughly steamed, and the staves slashed off with great rapidity, and after being seasoned are jointed and packed in bundles containing enough for a barrel and a half each. The headings are mostly of basswood, and are packed in immense stacks to dry. W. A. Durrin is proprietor of a head-linings and basket factory, which is a busy place. These establishments are rapidly denuding the land of the pine and hardwood, and it is evidently a question of time as to their removal or transformation into shops putting more work into the material, and using less than at present. Already the hauling is quite a distance for the most desirable timber, and it is done in winter when the snow renders this kind of transportation easy and inexpensive. R. Adams is Postmaster. Stamps to the amount of $60 a month are sold. The amount of freight forwarded is 1,722 tons a month ; received, 80 tons ; passenger tickets, $230 a month. Two stage lines run from Hersey, a tri-weekly to Maiden Rock and intermediate points ; a semi-weekly to Clear Lake. There is one hotel, kept by S. Woodworth. If the owners of the timber lands, when the lumber is exhausted, exercise a liberal policy to induce settlement for farming purposes, the country will be likely to quietly fill up, and thus preserve and, enlarge these mill villages ; but if not, they must decline or remain at a standstill for years to come. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SARLES TRAVERS ADAMS, Hersey; was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., May 21, 1812. His grandfather, Gilbert Adams, immigrated from Massachusetts to New York in 1770; he was in the French and Indian war, and also served under Wash ington in the Revolution; died in September, 1826. Philip Adams, the father of S. T., was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., in October, 1776 ; immigrated to Ohio in the fall of 1824 ; settled in Warren Co., thirty miles north of Cincinnati; remained there until December, 1832, when he moved north into Miami Co., four miles west of where Piqua now stands. Philip Adams died in his ninetieth year, and Pheba Adams, his wife, died when about ninety years of age. S. T. Adams purchased a farm in Miami Co., in the year 1835, but, owing to the exceeding hard times, HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 963 he was obliged to labor incessantly, and, by his labors, managed to pay for his farm and improve it ; in 1856, he sold the old home and purchased another near Troy, in the same county, but, tiring of the locality, he again sold out there and purchased a splendid farm of 80 acres ten miles west of Piqua, in Darke Co. He was married to Mary Harrison, daughter of Richard Harrison, in the year 1832, and his family were all born on the old homestead in Miami Co. In 1866, his family being grown up and married but four, and wishing to procure homes, they started for Wiscon sin in May, 1866. The family consisted in all of eleven chil dren, viz.: Richard, Albert, John T., Hannah, Pheba, Mary E., Sarah J., David, Louisa, Reuben and Tamer L.; all the children, except the four youngest, came to Wisconsin in May, 1866, S. T. and the balance of the family arriving in the present town of Springfield on Nov. 23, 1866. Richard Adams was the first per manent settler of the town of Springfield ; he took a homestead on Sec. 22, and, having erected a bark shanty, moved his family into the then dense forest on May 25, 1866 ; his family consisted of himself, his wife and two children ; his whole family numbers seven children, two having died previous to his coming to Wis consin and the rest having been born in Wisconsin. The children now living are Thomas A., Mary F. (Devore) and A. Lawrence, all residing in the town of Springfield. Albert Adams also took a homestead on Sec. 22 in the same town, and has made the same his permanent home ; he now has the best cultivated farm in the town ; his family is a wife and two children — Anderson Grant and Anna Belle. Thomas J. Ross, the husband of Mary E. Adams, F. M. Liuton, the husband of Hannah Adams, atid William Ran dolph, the husband of Sarah J. Adams, all came to Wisconsin in May, 1866, taking homesteads and making homes for their fam ilies. S. T. Adams, the father of the Ohio Settlement (as it was called), purchased 80 acres of land in the same town with his children, and commenced improving, and, with his sons and sons- in-law, to develop the country, clearing- land, cutting roads, build ing, etc., etc. In 1868, he bought a half interest in a saw-mill with Mr. L. L. Curtiss, who afterward became his son-in-law, by marrying Louisa Adams. The mill was erected where Hersey own stands. S. T. Adams, in 1876, became full owner of the mill, running it in this wise until the fall of 1877, when the prop erty was sold to a Mr. W. L. Spooner; after this, the mill was soon after consumed ; was rebuilt and burned again, and, on being rebuilt once more, went into the hands of Mr. E. S. Austin, Mr. Adams was quite a heavy loser in the burning of the mill, not having received the purchase money in full for the property. Mr. Adams had two sons, Richard and John T., in the late war. John returned from the army, but survived but a short time, dying from the effects of the service to his country. Richard was hon orably discharged, but received such injuries as to almost ruin his health for life. Losina was married to W. W. Hopkins, who has since invented the Hopkins Calculator and the Hopkins Wagon Scale, which he is now manufacturing at Thorntown, Ind. David Adams, having married, has one child — Albert A. Adams. Is a first-class workman (carpenter and joiner), now residing in Her sey. Reuben Adams married Miss Hattie Erb ; has two chil dren — R. Durand and Lilly. He worked for his father around the mill for several years, finally keeping his books, and is now Postmaster and Notary Public in the village of Hersey. The family have ever clung together as seldom a large family do, ever ready to aid in a brotherly manner. They have done much to develop the country, in which they have taken great pride, always making their mark by their cleanliness and tidiness in their work and the thorough manner in which it is done. The family are direct descendants of the old Adams family — John and John Quincy — and still hang to that determined American principle for which the family have long been noted. C. D. LAMPORT, bookkeeper for Mr. Henry Peters, Her sey ; he was born in Lake Co., Ohio, in 1841. His parents re moved to Chicago, 111., in 1845 ; thence to La Salle Co. They removed to Crawford Co., Wis., in 1856. His father afterward removed to Pierce Co., where he died in 1880. C. D. was en gaged for many years in teaching in Crawford Co.; he taught there not less than seventeen winter terms, and was usually en. gaged in a lumber mill in the summer. He went to Pierce Co in 1875, and came to Hersey in 1879 ; taught the village school here in the winter of 1879-80, and engaged with Mr. Peters in the following spring. His wife was Susan J. Sherman ; they have three children. HENRY PETERS, manufacturer, Hersey ; Mr. Peters en gaged in the manufacture of lumber, also of staves and heading ; was born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, in 1834. He came to this country when sixteen years of ago ; lived in Pennsylvania four or five years, then removed to Minnesota; he lived at Mendota, St. Paul and Hastings, where he was engaged in barrel-making ; after ward located at Ellsworth, where he kept a lumber yard for a time; came to Hersey in 1873 and engaged in his present bus iness ; he makes about 75,000 set of staves and heading per year, and saws about 2,000,000 feet of hard timber. His wife was La- setta Schraeder, of La Crosse, a native of Germany ; they have three children. STEPHEN WOODWORTH, proprietor of Woodworth House, Hersey; was born in Massachusetts in 1834; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1856, and located at Manitowoc, where he was engaged in the lumber business for about three years ; he then removed to the Chippewa Valley, where he was engaged in lumbering about four years ; afterward engaged in farming. He removed to Chippewa Falls, where he kept hotel one year, but re turned to farming. He came to Hersey in May, 1879, and en gaged in keeping present house. Married Anna Bell Wheeler, daughter of Volentine Wheeler ; they have four daughters ; lost a son and daughter. WILSON. This is the last town on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne apolis & Omaha Railroad. It is in the town of Springfield and has no village organization. The earliest settlers were S. T. Adams, Henry Mathews, Frank Devine, Thomas Carroll and Thomas .Riley, who came in 1865, 1866 and 1867. It was not, however, until October, 1872, when Wilson, Van Vliet & Co. built a saw-mill and a stave and heading factory, that the place assumed any importance. Several years afterward the stave and heading mill was sold to La Pointe & Co., but now both mills are operated by Wilson, Van Vliet & Co. They cut up about 5,000,000 feet a year of hard wood lumber into staves, headings, head linings, felloes and other stock for manufacturing pur poses. The supply of lumber within reasonable distance, will last for ten years or more at the rate it is now cut up. The capital stock of the company is $100,000. The store oper ated by the company does a business of $80,000 a year. The station agent is John H. Fleming. He reports the amount of freight received at 105 tons per month. The amount forwarded, 865. Passenger business, $300 per month. The population is about 450 at the present time. As the timber disappears, the land is taken by farmers, and there seems to be no reason why the place should not con tinue prosperous. The cereals grow finely and potatoes are a most excellent crop. There is a good-sized Catholic Church at Wilson which is used as a mission under the care of Rev. Father White, of Hammond. It was erected in 1880. The wells for domestic purposes are sunk to the depth of 100 feet or more, and the water is hard. 964 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. R. E. ARNOLD, book-keeper for Wilson, Van Vliet & Co., Wilson. Bornin Corning, Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1844. Removed with his parents to Wabasha, Minn., when twelve years of age. He has been engaged for a uumber of years as accountant and book-keeper. He was a student for a time at Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College, Chicago. He was accountant for a time for the railroad company at Red Wing, and at St. Paul, in the State agency of the Northwestern Life Insurance Company for about two years. Previous to this time had some experience as a drug and prescription clerk. Was also for a time cashier in a bank at Wabasha. Came to Wilson and assumed his present position in 1876. WILLIAM L. HUNTER, filer for Wilson, Van Vliet & Co., Wilson. Born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1842. Went to Minnesota when twenty years of age. Enlisted in the 5th W. V. I., and served two and a half years during the war. Was at the battle of Iuka, both battles of Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, etc. Was also in Sherman's march to the sea. Came to Wisconsin after the war, and engaged in the furniture business at Durand, for the firm of Scott & Harding, thence to Baldwin, where he filed one year for Bailey & Bartlett. Afterward bought a shingle mill at Wilson, which was burned in 1876 ; has been engaged with present firm since that time. Married Elizabeth Stockman, bora in Indiana. They have three children. COL.' GEORGE W. LA POINTE, Wilson. Bora in Mon roe, Mich., in 1842. He enlisted in April, 1861, in the 7th Mich. V. I. He was in active service in the field during nearly the whole of the late war and his rapid promotion from the ranks to Colonel by brevet in the volunteer service of the United States proves him to have been a gallant and worthy soldier. The date of his promotions were as follows : He was made a Sergeant Nov. 1, 1861 ; Second Lieutenant Sept. 18, 1862 ; First Lieutenant May 20, 1863 ; Captain Sept. 21, 1863 ; Lieutenant Colonel Oct. 12, 1864, and Colonel Nov. 18, 1864 ; and Colonel by brevet in the volunteer service of the United States April 2, 1865, for gal lant service in front of Petersburg. At the time of his last pro motion he was only about twenty-two years of age. He was in McClellan's peninsular campaign, participating in all its battles. His regiment was connected with the second corps, commanded by Gen. Sumner, afterward by Gen. Hancock. He was severely wounded in one of his legs the day following the battle of Gettys burg, from the effect of which he has not recovered. After the close of the war he returned to Michigan. In 1866, he went to Detroit, where he was connected with the custom house for seven years. Came to Wisconsin in 1874, and soon after engaged in the manufacture of staves at Wilson. He is also engaged in the real estate business and as railroad agent. His wife was Jennie H., daughter of Capt. William Wilson, of Menomonee. They have two boys — George W. and William W. JAMES W. VAN VLIET, of the firm of Wilson, Van Vliet & Co., Wilson. Born in Vermont in 1839. Removed with his parents to Racine Co., Wis., in 1845. In 1856, removed to Lake City, Minn. He was engaged there in the book and stationery business for a number of years. Was afterward railroad agent at that place for several years. Came to Wilson in Decem ber, 1872, and engaged in present business. His wife was Mari etta Wilson, a sister of his partner, Mr. J. A. Wilson. They have two children — Elizabeth and Julia. J. A. WILSON, of the firm of Wilson, Van Vliet & Co., Wilson. Born in Oakland, Henry Co., Iowa, in 1847. His father, James Wilson, was a brother of Capt. Wilson, of Menom onee. His father died in Iowa. He afterward removed with his mother to Pennsylvania ; thence to Minnesota in 1865. He came to Wilson in 1872, and engaged in business as a member of this firm. His wife is a native of Detroit. They have three children — James Perry, Alice and Hattie. STAR PRAIRIE. This little village is on Apple River five miles from New Richmond, and in the midst of a wheat-growing region. It was settled in 1855 by T. and T. B. Jewell, with J. R. Barnhart and others. It has a single business street with the usual number of stores for a village of 300 people, which it contains. It has a good hotel. There are two churches — Episcopal and Congregational. Thomas Jewell is Postmaster. Silas Staples has a saw-mill and flouring-mill. Charles Dowie has a custom mill. Millard, Bro. & Co. have a foundry, machine shop, etc., make plows, fanning-mills and other implements. North Star Masonic Lodge at Star Prairie, was insti tuted several years ago. The officers are D. H. Minier, W. M.; S. S. Coney, S. W.; H. E. Smith, J. W.; B. F. Powell, Secretary. The mills are run by water-power which very rarely fails. The rivers in the county are mostly fed by springs and the rains do not affect them verv sensibly. This village has the elements of prosperity. A brick yard is in operation by J. T. Fuller. C. F. Millard man ufactures a patent plow. / BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. J. R. BURNHART, Star Prairie; was born in St Lawrence Co., N. Y., 1812; worked in his father's mills until the spring of 1854, when he went to Davenport, Iowa; remained a few months and in the spring of the same year came to Hudson, and in August following came to Star Prairie and entered 160 acres of land, and the following spring broke a few acres, paying $12 per acre, and in the fall following built his log house, lathed and plastered it, and in January following moved his family into it. Was obliged to go to Hudson, a distance of 25 miles, for every article he used in his family. He had no neighbors near him, but was full of pluck, courage, and with an indomitable will, and now in his old age is enjoying the fruits of his hard-earned fortune. Helped build the first grist-mill in Huntington. Helped to organize the first school ; was the first Road Overseer and built the first road in the town. The first preaching by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Armitage was held in his house. E. B. CROMMETT, M. D., Star Prairie, was born in Sebec, Me., Nov. 20, 1838, the youngest of nine children, father now living at the age of 86. He lived with parents four or five years after maturity; enlisted in 1864, as private; was in the battle of Cold Harbor ; after two months went into the hospital, sick, where he remained until discharged. Came to Star Prairie in 1870, remained one year, then returned and took a full course of lectures at Bowdoin Medical College. Came back and formed a partner ship with Dr. Hoyt, of Hudson ; remained one year, when he went to Chicago, took another course and graduated. Practiced one year in Cottage Grove, Minn., when he returned to Star Prairie. Married Miss Hannah B. Kidder, of Star Prairie. . They have one child, Herbert B. CHARLES DOWIE, Star Prairie, was born Nov. 20, 1817, in Fife Co., Scotland, emigrated to America in 1849 ; came to Hudson, St. Croix Co., in 1850, and worked at carpentering, building the first saw-mill in the town ; remained in Hudson until the spring of 1855, when he engaged in farming and speculations of various kinds, until 1868, when he sold his farm and engaged in buying and selling lands, in which he was very successful. In June, 1879, came to Star Prairie and bought a half interest in the saw-mill, also a half interest in the Star Prairie flour-mill. HISTORY OF ST. CROIX COUNTY. 965 J. FRANK FULLER, Star Prairie, was bora in Waldo Co., Me., in 1833; worked on a farm for 23 years; moved to Still water, Minn., in 1857 ; in the spring of 1859, moved to Star Prairie and worked at coopering and carpentering, until five years ago, when he opened a drug store which he built himself. In 1879, started his son in a general merchandising business at Cum berland, on the North Wisconsin R. R., where he is now doing a business of over $20,000 annually, in connection with it has a large brick yard at Barronett, eight miles further up the road, where a first-class article is made. Has three lots in Star Prairie, three in Cumberland and several in Barronett. Was elected Town Clerk of Star Prairie for two years, School Clerk three years, nine vears Justice of the Peace. Voted for Horace Greeley and is proud of it. Has one child by his first wife, Ai Deforest, and by his second (Sydia E. Nicholson, of Providence, R. I.,) Willie E. and Elmer Bret Hart. THOMAS BICKFORD JEWELL, Star Prairie, was born in Warner, N. H., Jan. 30, 1809 ; learned the carpenter and machinist trade at Fisherville, N. H., came to Hudson, June, 1854, worked at St. Croix Palls as master mechanic in a saw null for one year; moved to Star Prairie, Oct. 1855, and entered 320 acres, including the spot he now lives on ; made his house of tama rack poles, hauling the boards and shingles from St. Croix Falls, a distance of 32 miles. At that time there was not a single house in what is now the Star Prairie ; he had the wolf, the deer and the Indians for company ; he lived in his old house for about nine years, when he built his present large and substantial mansion ; with his brother, built the first grist and saw mill in the Star Prairie. Married in 1 835, to Miss Mary G. Peasley, of Ware, N. H. They have two children, Alonzo P. and Trueworthey. Was appointed Postmaster, holding the office ten years ; Chair man of the Board of Supervisors, for three years ; Captain of the 6th Co., 40th Reg., of Militia, in the State of New Hampshire, 4th Brigade, 3d Division. TRUE WORTHY JEWELL, Star Prairie, was born in Bradford, N. H., March 9, 1807 ; moved to Lowell, Mass., when twenty years of age, and engaged in the grain trade ; thence to Hopkinton, N. H., in charge of a saw mill, then to Lynn, Mass., in the fishing business three years; I hen to Lowell for a short time, and Sharon, N. H., in charge of a steam saw mill for three years ; then back to Lowell, and engaged in railroading, having charge of the bonded goods for Canada, and conducting trains for four years; came to Wisconsin, in 1852, visiting St. Croix Falls and other locations in the St. Croix Valley; returning by way of Burlington, Iowa, met his brother coming up the river, who persuaded him to return and re-look the country over. He re mained all winter lumbering, and returned to Lowell in the spring, and went to railroading again. In June, 1854, he moved his fam ily to Hudson, and came to Star Praiiie and located 400 acres, including the present village of Star Prairie, and built a saw and feed mill, which he operated until 1863. Since that time has devoted most of his time to his landed interests. He brought into this place the first American white woman, on an ox-cart ; went on foot fifty-two miles to get a plow, and when it came it cost $90 ; built his rude house, and with his wife entertained, with true New England hospitality, all who called, having, at that early day, little society but the Indians, wolves and deer. Was Chair man of the first town board, also Town Treasurer, and has filled many offices of honor and trust with fidelity. Married Dec. 14, 1833, to Miss E. A. Barnard, of Lowell, Mass. They have four children, Ann E., Emeline A., Martha J., Charles O. ABNER P. MUZZY, Star Prairie, was bora in Henuiker, N. H., Aug. 19, 1824, came to Star Prairie, St. Croix Co., in 1854, one of the first settlers in that then wild region. He has a good home; has a fine trout pond which he has made himself, bringing them thirty-six miles on foot, in a pail, in a single day; now the speckled beauties swim in clear, pure waters in thousands. Also has a mineral spring of great celebrity, which is valuable for its medicinal qualities, and is known as the " New Saratoga Springs," and is visited by thousands yearly. WILLIAM OSGOOD, Star Prairie, was born in Essex Co., N. Y., Feb. 8, 1791 ; came to New Richmond in 1857, and lo cated on the spot where Joseph Kibbie now lives. There were only five buildings in New Richmond at that time. Moved to Star Prairie about three years ago ; is a man of originality of thought, invented " Osgood's Repeating Rifle," a fine arm, also "Osgood's Wind Mill" for pumping water. Is now in his ninetieth year.hale and vigorous, walks without a cane, and reads without glasses. MARK WALTON, Star Prairie, was bora in England; came to Beloit, when Wisconsin was a Territory, in 1846; re mained a few months ; enlisted in Chicago for the Mexican war, in Co. G, 16th Regular Vols.; was in the battles of Metamoras, Camargo, Monterey and Buena Vista ; was wounded in the head and leg; honorably discharged in 1848, and in the spring of 1849 started overland for California ; was four months on the way. Engaged in mining two years; went to Oregon City, and worked in a flouring mill four months ; returned to mining again, made some money, and started for the States, and landed in Milwaukee ; went thence to Osceola and worked at milling until 1861, when he enlisted again in the 10th Wis. Battery, Capt. Y. V. Beebe, of Gen. Kilpatrick's command, where he remained until the close of the war ; was at the Grand Review ; was the man who sent home the last cartridge, which was the signal for the hosts to start on their review, and also the last gun of the war. Returned to Os ceola and remained a few weeks, thence to Star Prairie, and en gaged in milling, where he now remains. Was presented with a massive gold-headed cane, by vote of the people of Star Prairie, at a festival, in 1877, as the most popular man in the place. Married, Dec. 25, 1857, to Miss Pheba A. White, of Massachu setts. They have four children — Lewis M., Charles P., Etta and Clare. ERIN. Michael Lynch of Jonesville, a surveyor, informed some of his friends of the fine farming lands to be found here. Accordingly, John Casey, James, Michael and Thomas Mc- Namara came up and entered land in 1854. Patrick Ring came soon after. It now has one hundred residents. The Rev. Father McGee had service here in 1856. A church was afterward built. The Rev. Dr. Quigley was the pastor some time. Rev. M. Conolly is. the present priest. The Willow River runs through the town of Erin Prairie where the village is located, and twenty years ago, S. A. Jewett built a saw and flour mill and had a post office called Jewett's Mills, now Erin. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. THOMAS WALSH, Erin Prairie, was born in Westport; Ireland, Dec. 11, 1837. He moved with his parents to Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1840, and to Rock Co., Wis., in 1855 ; thence to Texas, remaining two years, and, in 1857, removed to Hudson, St. Croix Co., where he followed lumbering and steamboating. At the breaking out of the war he was in New Orleans and im mediately returned North to his home in Hudson, and went at once into the Government employ steamboating, carrying supplies from point to point on the river. He passed through many nar row escapes from the sinking and exploding of boats on the Mis sissippi River. At the close of the war he moved to Erin Prairie, and, in 1867, bought the farm where he now lives. He was elected Chairman of the Town Board four years consecutively, also a member of the County Board in the fall of 1875 ; elected High Sheriff of St. Croix Co., receiving every vote in his own town; in 1878, elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ; re-elected again in 1879-80 ; had the office tendered him in 1881, which he declined on account of his own private business. He 966 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. was married Dec. 2, 1862, to Miss Bridget Connolly of Allegany Co., N. Y. They have ten children — -William, Patrick H., Mary, Edward J., Thomas. Richard, Michael J., Winnie, Frank and Owen. NEW CENTERVILLE. This place has about 200 inhabitants and is located on Rush River. It has a store, blacksmith shop and harness maker. A flour mill is now building by Ford & Gossman. It has a Scandinavian Methodist Church organized twenty years ago. Rev. N. Christopherson was the first Pastor. Since the church was built, several years ago, Rev. P. B. Smith has been the Pastor. CADY. D. C. Davis has a saw-mill, shingle, picket and lath- mill, with planing machinery. It is three miles south of Hersey and has a population of sixty. ROBERTS. A little station on the railroad a few miles west of Ham mond. It has an elevator, a blacksmith shop, several stores and other village appurtenances. About one hundred people live there. ERIN CORNERS. This is a little place with sixty souls. It has a store, a blacksmith shop and a large Catholic Church, presided over by Rev. M. Conolley. WOODVILLE. Has a saw-mill as a nucleus for future growth. WARREN. Is distinguished by having a town library of three hun dred volumes. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. RICHARD JOYCE, Warren, was born in Ireland in 1837; came to America in 1854, and located in Erin Prairie in 1857, when there was but three white settlers in the town. He was Chairman of the first Board of Supervisors for five years ; was County Commissioner for two years ; was the first Superintendent of Schools and the first teacher, and the first Justice of the Peace, holding the office for seven years ; Superintendent of Schools five years ; Town Treasurer two years ; first Postmaster, for four years ; has held every office of honor and trust with abil ity and fidelity in Erin Prairie, and for the past few years has lived in the town of Warren. He was married Dec. 25, 1861, to Bridget O'Connell. They have nine children — Letitia M., Ellen, Harrv P., Margaret, Nora, Bridget, Redmond, Joseph, Alice. CHARLES STUART, farmer, came from Canada to Wiscon sin in 1854, and for the first two years worked for Carson, at Eau Galle ; and in 1856 moved on to a farm in Pepin Co,, on Sec. 12, Town 25, Range 14. This was heavily timbered with hard wood mostly, which he cleared and cultivated many years, then went to Cady Township, St. Croix Co., near Hersey, where he now lives on a farm. He was married, May 12, 1854, to Miss Catharine Thompson, of Little Falls, N. Y. They have eight children liv ing — Mary Ann, Samuel, Wm. I., Charles J., Oliver Milton, Maggie Jane, Clara Belle, Lovina Winifred and Walter Arthur. He has been a member of the School Board many terms and Con stable of Waterville Township. His grandfather, Charles Stuart, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, but afterward moved into Ireland, where his father, John Stuart, was born. In 1839 his father moved to Canada, where he died. HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 967 SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. PHYSICAL FEATURES. Sheboygan County is delightfully situated on the west ern shore of Lake Michigan, whose waters form the eastern boundary of the State of Wisconsin. This county lies about midway between the southern and northern limits of the State, on the eastern border, and is the fifth in the lake shore tier of counties, reckoning from the southern line of the State. Two principal points of land beautifully indent the lake here, forming the bay at the mouth of the Sheboy gan River, which has been improved by the construction of an excellent harbor. The county embraces towns 13 to 16 north, inclusive, and Ranges 20 to 23 east, inclusive. It is composed of fifteen towns, nine of which are the usual size of six miles square, and six are fractional. Two of the latter are larger than standard measurement, and four are smaller. About 515 square miles, or nearly -330,000 acres are embraced by the boundaries of the county, comparatively little of it being unproductive land. A large marsh in the northwestern section is be ing reduced to use by drainage. The Kettle range of hills, which traverse the eastern border of the State, cross the western portion of the county obliquely, abruptly break ing the generally undulating surface. Glacial action trended evidently toward these hills on either side, the lines deflect ing in a southerly direction. Several small lakes dot the landscape in different sections of the county, the principal of which are Sheboygan, Elkhart, Cedar and Random Lakes. Some of these are attracting attention as places of summer resort. The county is abundantly supplied with streams of water, the most important of which are the Sheboygan, Mullet, Onion and Pigeon Rivers, with many tributary creeks. The courses of the streams are generally very cir cuitous, flowing in all directions of the compass. Good water-power is supplied by many of the streams, which is utilized for manufacturing purposes. Timber was origin ally very abundant, both of pine and hard woods. The pine has been sawed into lumber, and most of the hard wood timber suited to manufacturing uses has been appropriated. The soil, with the exception of the gravel hills before men tioned, is rich and fertile, and adapted to a varied agricult ural industry. The cultivation of the cereals yields liberal returns, while experience shows that no section of the State serves better for the production of dairy products. Sheep- raising has also proved remunerative in the past. A pecu liar quality of soil and condition along the shore of Lake Michigan is its capacity of producing a very superior article of green peas, which are eagerly sought by the markets of East and West, and of which thousands of barrels are an nually shipped. Their production in standard quality seems to be limited to a comparatively narrow belt near the shore of the lake. Handsome cream-colored brick, of fine quality, are made from red clay in certain localities. Lime stone is quarried and burned in the valley of Pigeon River, at a point about three miles northwest of the city of She boygan. It is of a blue tint, very hard, free from fossils, and makes a very pure article of lime. The geological formation is accurately shown by the boring of the artesian well in the park in Sheboygan, which was sunk to a depth of 1,475 feet. The surface drift reaches 92 feet in depth, and is underlaid by 719 feet of Niagara limestone, 240 feet of Cincinnati shale, 213 feet of Trenton and Galena lime stone, and 212 feet of St. Peter sandstone. Water of a strongly saline character, tinctured with various mineral substances, was here found in abundance, with a pressure sufficient to carry it more than a hundred feet above the top of the ground. Other investigation shows that beneath the St. Peter sandstone lie strata of Lower Magnesian lime stone and Potsdam sandstone, resting upon the original Archaean formation. Lake Michigan lies 578 feet above the ocean. The surface of the ground at Lighthouse Point is forty-six feet above the lake, and at the post office in She boygan, fifty-three feet above. Higher altitudes are reached, receding from the lake, the highest point being in the town of Sherman, where a height of 473 feet is attained. PREHISTORIC REMAINS. Within the limits of the county are found scattered traces of the work of that ancient and little known people which have been designated the "Mound Builders." The evidences of their work in this locality, though fewer in number than in other portions of the State, have been the subject of some study. About two miles west of the city of Sheboygan, is found a group of eight mounds, one of which is in the form of a deer in a reclining posture, and is twenty feet in length, with an average height of from four to six feet. The remaining seven mounds are arranged as sides of a rectangular inclosure, are from eight to ten feet in height, and have the appearance of an abandoned fortifi cation. That these mounds are of considerable age, is shown by the fact of several large trees, apparently several centuries old, growing upon them. A few years ago one of the mounds was examined into, and a number of fragments of bone taken from it. Although these mounds so closely resemble works in other localities which have been shown to establish the fact of an ancient, prehistoric race, as to lead to a reasonable inference that they belong to the same class of evidences ; yet further examination is needed to posi tively establish their character. THE NAME. It is to the Indian occupants of the county that Sheboy gan owes its name. The derivation and meaning of the word has never been satisfactorily settled. The most favor ably received tradition is that the Indians applied the name, Sheub-wau-wau-gun, to the river, meaning where the water disappears under the ground, because of the idea conceived by them that the stream now known as Sheboygan River contained no more water below the confluence of the Mullet and Onion Rivers than above it. Others incline to the opinion that the name indicates a water connection between 968 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. lakes, as the Sheboygan River has its source near Lake Winnebago and flows into Lake Michigan. Still others un derstand the term to have signified rumbling water, the In dians conceiving that they could hear a roar or rumbling of waters upon placing the ear to the ground. The modifica tion of Sheub-wau-wau-gun (other spelling being Sheub- wau-wa-gum and She-wau-wau-gun) with Ship-wa-gun, and finally contracted into the present Sheboygan, presents an easy transition. THE INDIANS. Sheboygan County formed part of the territory to which the Chippewa Indians laid claim, but it was never one of their favorite camping grounds. At certain seasons of the year, a number of lodges would set up their wigwams on the bluffs by the lake, or on the high banks along the rivers, and engage in catching and smoking the white fish which were found in great numbers. When the dam was being built for the first saw-mill, three or four hundred Indians came and protested against it, because they feared that it would keep the fish from going up the river, and it was only after a prolonged argument that they consented to its com pletion. The relations between the early settlers of the county and the Indians were always of a friendly nature. For years previous to the first permanent settlement, Green Bay fur traders occasionally came here to engage in the Indian trade, and it is in that capacity that William Farns worth, afterward the leading pioneer settler, came here as early as 1818. In 1835, the Indians had already ceded the land to the Government, but there were still about one thousand of them living in the county. There were about one hundred wigwams on the bank of the Sheboygan River near its mouth, a large town east of Cascade, in the present town of Lyndon, another two miles south of it, and one or two farther west. A number of different tribes were repre sented, but the Chippewas were most numerous. For a dozen years after the first permanent settlement, it was not an unusual thing for twenty or thirty lodges of Indians, with their ponies, squaws and papooses, to bring in their peltry and exchange it for blankets, tobacco and whisky, the prime necessities of Indian life. After a few days spent in conviviality, they would disappear as suddenly as they came, and not be seen again for months. SETTLEMENT. The first known visit of white men to the present county of Sheboygan was in the year 1818. It was in this year that Gov. Cass, of Michigan, who was exploring this part of the then Michigan Territory, landed here with his fleet of canoes. In the same year, William Farnsworth, a pioneer of the first settlement, resided here a few months as trapper and Indian trader. During the same year (1818), a Frenchman, Andrew Vieux by name, built a hut on the east side of the Sheboygan River near its mouth, and had born to him there the first white child born in this county. Nothing is known of his subsequent history. The first permanent settlement was made in the fall of 1834, when William Paine and a man named Crocker came up from Chicago, built a saw-mill near the junction of the Mullet and Sheboygan Rivers, midway between the pres ent village of Sheboygan and Sheboygan Falls, and began to cut off the forests which covered nearly the whole county. Paine and Crocker becoming sick of the undertaking, sold out in September, 1835, to William Farnsworth, the Green Bay fur trader, who had visited the place as early as 1814, and spent a few months here in 1818. When the land had been surveyed, it was offered for sale at Green Bay, in No vember, 1835, and Farnsworth became owner of a half-in terest in the village plat of Sheboygan. A sixteenth of that interest he subsequently sold during the "land craze "of 1836-37, for the nominal sura of $30,000, and another six teenth brought him $25,000. While in Chicago for the purpose of engaging help to carry on his lumbering interests, Mr. Farnsworth met Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Follet, of Cleveland, and engaged their services, Mr. Follet to work in the mill and Mrs. Follet to cook for the men engaged there. They came from Cleve land in the fall of 1835, and occupied a log house at the mill. Mrs. Eliza Follet was the first white woman to become a permanent resident of the county, and did not see another white woman until the following year. At that time the only white settlers in the county were those at the mill. Mr. Follet entered land near by and remained upon it. The first frame house in the county was erected near Farnsworth's mill, and was kept as a boarding-house for mill hands. It also served as a tavern for the accommoda tion of travelers to and from the Green Bay region. Early in the summer of 1836. Mr. Charles D. Cole and family settled on the present site of the city of Sheboygan. About the same time, Mr. A. G. Dye was engaged in Chi cago by William Farnsworth to come to Sheboygan and build a warehouse. He brought his family and several car penters to assist in the work. They came on the Michigan, first going to Green Bay, and were .nearly a month making the voyage. In the fall of the same year, William Ashby came from Green Bay on foot to engage in lumbering at the mill. In December of that year also came the Gibbs brothers — John D., James H. and Benjamin L., and set tled in the present town of Lima. They were eight days in cutting their way through the woods from Milwaukee, a distance of fifty miles. In the winter of 1836-37, the first school in the county was assembled in Sheboygan, and taught by F. M. Rublee. Provisions were very scarce during this winter, and had to be brought from Milwaukee and Green Bay. A load of condemned provisions from the latter place, arriving during the winter, was considered a Godsend by the settlers. The year 1837, witnessed a gratifying influx of people. A map of the county made at this time represents the river as navigable to its source, vessels sailing its entire length, and a city laid out with streets and avenues where Sheboy gan now stands. Corner lots were valued at from $8,000 to $15,000, and actually sold for those prices in New York City. At the close of 1837, the embryo city contained seventeen or twenty buildings, including a school-house, two large warehouses, two stores and a blacksmith shop. The population was steadily increasing. The bubble burst at this time, however, and the publication of Jackson's famous "specie circular" caused a financial crash, which nearly proved a death blow to the young city. All busi ness stopped. Those who could remove to other places did so, and those who could not, moved on to land previously purchased. At one time the city of Sheboygan contained only one man — Capt. Thorp. Many of the buildings were torn down and taken to Milwaukee. Tiie only people in the county, in the early part of 1840, were James Farnsworth and family, within the limits of the present city of Sheboygan, which contained eight or ten HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 969 unoccupied houses, built during the land speculations of 1836-37. John Johnson and family lived near the present cemetery. Two miles up the river, at the saw-mill built by William Farnsworth, there lived Alvin Rublee, Adonikan Farrow and William Ashby. At Sheboygan Falls a saw mill and three houses had been built. The inhabitants were Mr. Palmer, Col. Silas B. Steadman, C. D. Cole, a shoemaker named McNish and David Giddings, who was a member of the Territorial Legislature. William Trow bridge and his son Benjamin lived two miles west of the Falls. Southwest of the Falls, in what is now the town of Lima, lived A. G. Dye, Benjamin Firman, J..D. Gibbs, B. L. Gibbs, James Gibbs and Dr. Hoffman. At this time the nearest neighbors on the north were at Manitowoc Rapids. On the south, with a single exception in Wash ington County, there were no inhabitants until within six miles of Milwaukee. On the west and northwest there were no signs of civilization nearer than Lake Winnebago and Green Bay. Supplies were mostly obtained from Mil waukee, and brought in an Indian canoe. A little wheat was raised in 1840, but there was no mill for grinding it. The only blacksmith in the county was Deacon Trowbridge at Sheboygan Falls. He was also the only preacher, and a blast from his long tin horn called the people together for religious worship. At this time there was neither school nor store in the county. There were no wagons nor car riages. There was one horse and about a dozen cows. Two years later, in 1842, Mr. George C. Cole came to Sheboygan, and enumerates the following persons as then residents in the county ; in Sheboygan and along the lake in this town, Capt. N. W. Brooks, wife and girl, Stephen Wolverton, wife, son and daughter, Joshua Brown and wife, John Glass and wife, Don Fairchild, David Wilson and family, Alvah Rublee and family, David Evans and wife, now of Oshkosh, Hiram G. D. Squires, William Ash- by and wife, Aaron Ritter and family (stayed only a few months), A. Farrow, Wentworth Barber. At the Dye set tlement, Asahel G. Dye and family, the Widow Farmin and son Benjamin, Newell Upham and wife, Chauncey Hall and family, Wendell Hoffman and wife, Elizabeth Cady, spinster, and brother Edward. At Gibbsville, John D. Gibbs and family, James H. Gibbs and wife, Benjamin L. Gibbs and wife, John Johnson, wife, sons George, Michael, Robert, John and William, and daughters Ann and Maria, Peter Palmer and wife, William Palmer, Leroy Palmer, Allen W. Knight and wife. At Sheboygan Falls, Albert Rounseville, wife and two children, Benjamin C. Trow bridge, wife and family, including Alvira O'Cain, Maria Dieckmann, Seth Morse, Samuel Rounseville, Harmon Pierce, Nelson Bradford, George 0. Trowbridge, all of the above living in one house, Silas Stedman and wife, David Giddings and wife, Charles D. Cole, wife and family, and George T., William H. and James R. Cole, afterward his mother and three sisters, and his brother George C. lived with Chas. D. Cole. On the Trowbridge farm, William Trowbridge, his wife and sons William S., James T., Thaddeus and John. All the sons are now dead except James T. Chas. D. Cole was Postmaster, the mail being carried every week between Milwaukee and Green Bay by a Frenchman on an Indian pony. C. D. Cole was one of the earliest dealers in mer chandise in Sheboygan, and at the Falls Mr. Hoffman per formed the duties of doctor, though the people were so healthy he had not much to do. William Trowbridge, being what was called in the East a whitesmith, did the black smithing for the neighborhood. H. Pierce was a miller ; Benjamin L. Gibbs did a little tailoring, and James H. did something in shoemaking. Thus were the particular gifts of individuals utilized in early days. A settlement of Fourierites was begun in the town of Mitchell in 1846, by a -colony from the State of New York, but failing to secure a charter from the Legislature, it broke up, some of the members joining the similar settlement at Ceresco, near Ripon, in this State, and only three families remaining here. In the same year, the Dutch settlement, in the town of Holland, was begun, G. H. TeKolste being the pioneer of that nationality. The number of settlers gradually increased each year, but it was not until about ten years after the first settle ment of the county that there was any rush of new comers. From 1845 to 1850, rapid strides were made, and many who have had an active part in developing the county and city of Sheboygan and building up the institutions which the present generation are enjoying the advantages of, came during those years to make homes here. Dr. J. J. Brown was one of the pioneers of this time, and from a list of over one hundred names of people living here at the time above mentioned, carefully compiled by him, the following, not before mentioned, are taken : Dr. S. M. Abbott, Henry S. Auable, Daniel Brown, E. Fox Cook, H. H. Conklin, Rev. L. W. Davis, Evan Evans, A. H. Edwards, Judge William R. Goesline, Gen. II. C. Hobart, Thomas C. Horner, J. F. Kirkland, A. P. Lyman, Rev. H. Lyman, John Maynard, Dr. Jairus Rankin, H. N. Ross, William Seaman, H. N. Smith, J. R. Sharpstein, Judge David Taylor, D. C. Vos- burg, George M. Gillett, Frank Stone, John H. Roberts. It was about this time that the Germans began to settle in the county in considerable numbers. This movement was inaugurated by H. C. Heide, of Milwaukee, and a brother of his with Deidrich Logeman, George Theirman and Deidrich Bartles were the first Germans residents, settling in the town of Sheboygan Falls. This industrious class of people increased steadily until they became the predominant nationality, and remain so still. The State Immigrant Agent reports that during the summer of 1853, 13,400 immigrants landed at Sheboygan. The following figures, taken from the census returns, shows the growth of the county in population from 1840 to the present time. In 1840, there were 133 people in the county ; in 1842, 227 ; in 1846, 1,637 ; in 1847, 5,580 ; in 1850, 8,370 ; in 1860, 26,875 ; in 1870, 31,773 ; in 1880, 34,221. ORGANIZATION. The materials from which to compile an accurate his torical account of the formation and organization of the county are, unfortunately, extremely meager, all the records of the first twenty-five years of its existence having been destroyed by fire on the first day of January, 1860. It is known, however, that the county was created by an act of the Territorial Legislature, which was approved December 7, 1836. The organization for county purposes was not completed till two years later, when the first election for county and town offices was held, on the first Monday in March, 1839, in pursuance to a Legislative act of the previous December. Section thirty-three of this act pro vides that: "All that district of country lying within the present limits of Sheboygan County, shall be a separate town by the name of Sheboygan, and elections shall be 97° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. holden in said town at the school-house in Sheboygan, and at ' Gidding's mill.' ' From its earliest organization, the County of Sheboygan has embraced the same territory as at present, and for the first ten years after its formation, the town of Sheboygan occupied all the territory included in the county. As new towns were formed they were all " set off " from the town of Sheboygan. The present city of Sheboygan has always been the county seat. For nearly ten years after the organization of the county it was joined to Brown County for judicial purposes, but on the 1st day of May, 1846, in accordance with an act of January 22, of the same year, it started on an in dependent career. From that time to the present there has been a constant increase of prosperity, and the county compares favorably with any county in Northern or Central Wisconsin. The judicial history of the county dates from the morning of June 1, 1846, when the court was called to meet for its first term, in the schoolhouse in the village of Sheboygan. The county at this time belonged to the Third Judicial District, and courts were held twice a year — on the first Monday in May and the third Monday in September. The story of the first meeting of the County Court is an especially interesting one. The Judge failing to appear on the day appointed, June 1, 1846, the court was adjourned to the following day. On June 2, the first court was or ganized by Judge Andrew G. Miller, Associate Justice of the Territory. John S. Rockwell was United States Marshal ; William P. Lynde, United States District At torney ; D. U. Harrington, Territorial District Attorney; James Rankin, Clerk; Silas Stedman, Sheriff; Thomas C. Horner, Crier. It is a remarkable fact that at this first session of the court the jury, no doubt impressed by the importance and responsibility of their position, failed to agree in a single case that was brought before them. The place for holding the sessions of the court changed with nearly every sitting till, in 1868, it took possession of its present convenient quarters in the court house, first occupied at that time. An enumeration of some of the dif ferent places in which the court has held its sittings, as gleaned from calls for different sessions, gives some idea of the frequency of its migrations. Among other places men tioned are : The Schoolhouse, the Academy, the Congre gational Church, B. Teyn's Assembly Rooms, the Presby terian Meeting-House, the basement of the New York Block, the Turner Hall, and Zaegel's Block. The county officers for the year 1881 are as follows : County Judge, Bille Williams, of Sheboygan ; Clerk of Court, Felix Benfey, of Plymouth ; Sheriff, W. Pfeil, of Sheboygan ; District Attorney, J. Q. Adams, of Sheboygan Falls ; County Clerk, Fred Hoppe, of Rhine ; Treasurer, George W. Bradford, of Plymouth ; Register of Deeds, Valentine Detling, of Sheboygan ; Surveyor, L. Bode, of Sheboygan ; Coroner, Julius Breitzmann (now deceased), Lotte appointed ; Superintendent of Schools, B. R. Gro- gan, of Elkhart Lake. An account of the county expenses for the year 1844, taken from the report of the County Commissioners for that year, is of interest as giving a good idea of the county at that early day. Following is the list of charges : For county officers, 'printing, etc., $395.40 ; support of poor, $14.75; support of schools, $220.92; road"s and bridges, $311.20; contingent expenses, $70.96; county tax, $1,- 018.69; amount in treasury January 1, 1844, $892.20 ; total expenditure for the year, $2,000.90. This account bears the signatures of Sylvanus Wade, B. R. Farmin and A. W. Knight, County Commissioners, and W. W. Kel- log, Clerk. In 1852, the county of Sheboygan voted $20,000 in aid of the harbor improvement at the mouth of Sheboygan River. Bonds were issued to that amount, the last install ment on which was paid in 1865. In the year 1855, the county purchased $100,000 of the stock of the Sheboygan & Mississippi Railroad Company, issuing its bonds to that amount, to run twenty years. In 1864, three year's interest being due, the amount was consolidated with the principal, and one hundred new bonds of $1,280, to fall due in 1883, and bearing interest at the rate of 7 per cent per annum, were issued. In 1871, bonds were issued for the purchase of $80,000 of stock in the Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company. These bonds fall due August 1, 1886, and bear 7 per cent interest. A total indebtedness for these purposes was thus contracted, amounting to $228,- 000. This has been reduced by payments from the sinking fund, for which $19,600 is annually raised, to $117,000, January 1, 1881. The bonded indebtedness of the city of Sheboygan at the same date was $230,000 ; that of the town of Lyndon, $16,200 ; town of Plymouth, $13,520 ; town of Sherman, $520. The first jail was built in the summer of 1851, on the ground now occupied by the court house. In 1853, a brick building for the accommodation of a portion of the county offices, was built on Seventh street, near Center, on lands leased of Judge David Taylor. After the fire of 1860, in which many of the county archives were destroyed, offices were built on the corner of Pennsylvania avenue and Hick ory street. The present court house was completed in November, 1868, at a cost of $65,000. The county is building an asylum for the incurably insane, on land bought of the town of Sheboygan, and situ ated one-half of a mile west of the city limits. The build ing is to be of brick ; 120 feet long by 45 feet in width, and of fine architectural appearance. The grounds will contain nineteen acres, and the total cost of building and grounds will not be far from $20,000. The building is to be com pleted May 1, 1882, and will have accommodations for forty inmates. H. C. Kock & Co., of Milwaukee, are the archi tects, and Luecke & Roder and Mueller & Ackerman are the builders. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. For a number of years after the first settlement of the county, connection with the outside world was maintained only by means of boats on the lake, which occasionally touched at Sheboygan. The arrival of the mail was the event of the week, though it occasionally happened — particu larly in the winter season — that the place was cut off from all communication with the outside world for months at a time. The trip from Milwaukee was occasionally made by land ; but so difficult was it that it was seldom undertaken by loaded teams. The overland trip was often made along the beach and near the shore of the lake. The two earliest roads in the county were established by the Territorial Legislature of 1838-39. One of these was made to run from Sheboygan by way of Hustis Rapids, on Rock River, near Horicon, to Madison, and the other was laid out from Sheboygan to Sheboygan Falls, and thence to Fond du Lac. The commissioners for the former were B. L. Gibbs, of Sheboygan ; James L. Thayer, of Mani- HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 971 towoc, and John Hustis, of Milwaukee ; and, for the latter, Charles D. Cole and David Giddings, of Sheboygan, and John Bannester, of Fond du Lac. A Government appro priation of $3,000 was expended on the Fond du Lac road in 1845. Of plank roads, the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac road was chartered in 1851, and completed in July, 1852. The Sheboygan & Calumet plank road was incor porated two years later ; completed to Howard's Grove in 1856, and built to Kiel, Manitowoc County, in 1859. September 4, 1852, the Sheboygan River Plank Road Company was organized at Sheboygan Falls- J. F. Seely was chosen President ; S. B. Ormsbee, Secretary, and John Kelley, Treasurer. That the early settlers were alive to the importance of having good roads, is shown by the fact that in a local town -meeting, when it was proposed to raise $100 for roads and $1,000 for schools, the voters reversed the sums giving the $1,000 to the roads. The means of communication between different parts of the county and with the outside world, are now equaled by few counties in the State. Two lines of railroad — the Mil waukee, Lake Shore & Western and the Milwaukee & Northern — traverse it from north to south, and the Sheboy gan & Fond du Lac brings it into easy communication with the central part of the State. Add to this its thirty miles of lake coast, a good harbor, passenger boats touching daily and all kinds of freight boats constantly loading and unload ing in its harbors, and you have a county that can be sur passed by few in its facilities for both land and water com ¦ munication. Railroads. — In the same year that the improvement of Sheboygan's harbor facilities was actively engaged in, the necessity of railroad connection with the interior was impressed upon leading citizens of the county. At a meet ing held in the city of Sheboygan September 6, 1852, to talk over the matter of a railway to Milwaukee and thence to Chicago, the conclusion was arrived at that inasmuch as water communication existed to these points already, it would be wiser to first turn attention to the building of a road back into the interior of the State, and across it to the Mississippi River. The Sheboygan & Mississippi Rail road Company had been incorporated, on the 8th of March of that year, and books opened for the subscription of stock, but the company was not organized until the follow ing year. At a meeting in Sheboygan, held for this pur pose April 5, 1853, J. F. Kirkland was elected President, and M. J. Thomas, Secretary. Work was actually begun on the construction of the road June 4, 1856, by the con tractors, Edward Appleton & Co. The road was completed to Sheboygan Falls in January, 1859, to Plymouth June 6, of the same year, and to Gienbeulah March 29, 1860. This was as far as the above-mentioned contract extended. The road suffered the fate of most new enterprises of this character, and, after foreclosure of mortgage, the company was re-organized. The new organization was known as the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad Company, and its officers were S. P. Benson, President, and J. 0. Thayer, Secretary and Treasurer. Finally, the road was completed to Fond du Lac February 14, 1869. It was subsequently pushed on to Princeton, in Green Lake County, which point was reached in the fall of 1871. The road is now under the management of the Chicago & North- Western Railroad Company. The Milwaukee & Northern. — The Milwaukee & North ern Railroad Company was incorporated February 24, 1870, and the contract let for the construction of a road from Milwaukee to Green Bay. The road runs through the western portion of the county, crossing the Fond du Lac road at Plymouth, which point was reached early in the year 1872. The road was, in the year 1874, leased to the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western — The import ance to the city of Sheboygan of obtaining railroad com munication to the South, connecting it with Milwaukee & Chicago, became so manifest as time went on that when a movement for a lake shore road was started, leading busi ness men at once took a deep interest in the project. On the 10th of March, 1870, the Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company was organized and work at once commenced. Interruptions occurred, and it was No vember 21, 1872, when the first passenger train was run between Milwaukee and Sheboygan. December 10, 1875, the road was sold under foreclosure of mortgage, and in re organization the present name, Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western was adopted. It has always done a thriving busi ness. The Sheboygan & Fond du Lac and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western received liberal aid from the city and county of Sheboygan in the purchase of stock, and the Wisconsin Central from several of the towns through which it passes. Postal Facilities. — A post office was established in She boygan as early as the autumn of 1836, James Farnsworth being appointed Postmaster. In 1839, this office was dis continued for the reason that the Postmaster's family was the only one then living in the place. An office was also established at Sheboygan Falls in 1837, George B. Babcock receiving the appointment of Postmaster. The first mail carrier, named Griswold, committed suicide by hanging in 1837. The mails were brought overland, and were slow, so that Eastern newspapers were very old when they reached here It was not until 1849 that this condition of things was greatly bettered. In June of this year the matter having been brought to the attention of the Postmaster General, the mails were ordered to be brought from Milwaukee by the steamer Champion, which came regularly into this port three times a week. By this arrangement, mails were received two days in advance of the previous delivery. Up to this time, it had taken as long to get the mails from Mil waukee as they were in coming from Buffalo to Milwaukee. By the new order mails reached here from Buffalo in about fifty hours. This was regarded as a substantial gain by the business interests of Sheboygan. The following is the list of post offices in the county at the present time, numbering twenty-eight in all. Ada, Adell, Beechwood, Cedar Grove, Cascade, Dacada, Edwards, Elkhart Lake, Franklin, Gibbs- ville, Gienbeulah, Howard's Grove, Hingham, Johnsonville, Our Town, Onion River, Oostburg, Plymouth, Random Lake, Rathbun, Rhine, Scott, Sheboygan, Sheboygan Falls, Silver Creek, Winooski. A telegraph line was run along the lake shore from Milwaukee to Sheboygan in 1851, but was sold for taxes and taken down. LEGISLATIVE. Sheboygan County was first associated with Brown, Fond du Lac and Manitowoc Counties, for representation in the Territorial Council and House of Representatives, and was so represented in the session of 1840-41 . In the Leg islature of 1841-42 Portage was united with the counties 972 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. already named. In the next Legislature (that of 1842-43), Brown, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Marquette, Portage, Sheboygan and Winnebago were associated for rep resentative purposes. This organization was maintained until the session of 1847, when Washington and Sheboygan Counties were coupled for representation, and so remained until the State organization. During this time, Sheboygan County was represented by resident members in the Legis latures of 1840-41 and 1841-42 by Hon. David Giddings, and by Hon. Harrison C. Hobart in the session of 1847. F. M. Rublee, of this county, was Sergeant-at-Arms of the House in the session of 1840-41. In the first Constitu tional Convention, in its sessions of 1846, Sheboygan County was represented by Hon. David Giddings. In the second Constitutional Convention, in its seesions of Decem ber 15, 1847, and February 1, 1848, Sheboygan and Mani towoc Counties were represented by Silas Steadman. The political history of the county since the State organization cannot better be recorded than by giving the names of those who have been elected to seats in the Legislature from year to year : 1848 — Senate, Harrison C. Hobart, Sheboygan. Assem bly, Charles E. Morris, Sheboygan ; Jedediah Brown, She boygan Falls. 1849 — Assembly, Harrison C. Hobart (elected Speaker), Jedediah Brown. 1850 — Assembly, Horatio N. Smith, Sheboygan ; Fran cis G. Manney, Linden. 1851 — Assembly, Albert D. La Due, Sheboygan; John D. Murphy, Sheboygan Falls. 1852 — -Assembly, James McMillan Shafter, Sheboygan (elected Speaker) ; David B. Conger, Greenbush. 1853 — Senate, Horatio N. Smith, Sheboygan. Assem bly, David Taylor, Sheboygan ; Charles B. Coleman, Green- bush. 1854 — Senate, Horatio N. Smith, Plymouth. Assembly, Adolph Rosenthal, Sheboygan ; John Mattes, Rhine. 1855 — Senate, David Taylor, Sheboygan. Assembly, Joseph Schrage, Sheboygan; Luther H. Cary, Greenbush. 1856 — Senate, David Taylor. Assembly, William Wip- perman, Mosel ; Reed C. Brazelton, Scott. 1857 — Senate, E. Fox Cook, Sheboygan. Assembly, Zebulon P. Mason, Sheboygan ; Robert H. Hotchkiss, Plymouth ; Glenville W. Stone, Winooski. 1858 — Senate, E. Fox Cook. Assembly, Zebulon P. Mason, William H. Prentice, Sheboygan Falls ; Abraham H. Van Wie, Cascade. 1859 — Senate, R. H. Hotchkiss, Plymouth. Assembly, William N. Shafter, Sheboygan ; James Little, Sheboygan Falls ; Stephen D. Littlefield, Sheboygan Falls. 1860 — Senate, R. H. Hotchkiss. Assembly, James T. Kingsbury, Sheboygan ; Erastus W. Stannard, Greenbush ; Oran Rogers, Cascade. 1861 — Senate, Luther H. Cary, Greenbush. Assembly, John Gee, Sheboygan ; John Bredemeyer, Edwards ; Cad. W. Humphrey, Cascade (seat successfully contested by W. F. Mitchell, of Gibbsville). 1862 — Senate, Luther H. Cary. Assembly, Godfrey Stamm, Sheboygan ; John E. Thomas, Sheboygan Falls ; Samuel D. Hubbard, Scott; Benjamin Dockstader, Plymouth. 1863 — Senate, John E. Thomas, Sheboygan Falls. Assembly, Carl Zillier, Sheboygan ; Charles Oetling, How ard's Grove; Henry Hayes, Cascade; Benjamin Dock stader. 1864— Senate, John E. Thomas. Assembly, Carl Zil lier, Louis Wolf, Sheboygan Falls ; Michael Winter, Adell ; Mark Martin, Onion River. 1865 — Senate, John A. Bentley, Sheboygan. Assem bly, Joseph Wedig, Sheboygan ; Cephas Whipple, Sheboy gan Falls ; Charles Rogers, Hingham ; Edwin Slade, Gien beulah. 1866 — Senate, John A. Bentley. Assembly, Bille Williams, Sheboygan ; Samuel Rounseville, Sheboygan Falls; John P. Carroll, Adell; Julius Wolff, Rhine. 1867 — Senate, Van Epps Young, Sheboygan. Assem bly, Joseph Wedig, Sheboygan ; R. B. Van Valkenburg, Greenbush ; George S. Graves, Sheboygan Falls. 1868 — Senate, R. H. Hotchkiss, Plymouth. Assembly, Joseph Wedig, John A. Smith, Gienbeulah ; George S. Graves. 1869 — Senate, David Taylor, Sheboygan (seat unsuc cessfully contested by Otto Puhlmann). Assembly, Thomas Blackstock, Sheboygan ; Sylvester Caldwell, Cascade ; George S. Graves. 1870 — Senate, David Taylor. Assembly, Horatio G. H. Reed, Sheboygan ; J. Henry McNeel, Greenbush ; Jacob Blanshan, Scott. 1871 — Senate, John H. Jones, Sheboygan. Assembly, Charles Oetling, Howard's Grove; Enos Eastman, Plymouth ; Hiram Smith, Sheboygan Falls. 1872 — Senate, John II. Jones. Assembly, George W. Weeden, Sheboygan; Patrick H. O'Rourk, Cascade; Major Shaw, Hingham. 1873 — Senate, P. H. O'Rourk, Cascade. Assembly, Julius Bodenstab, Howard's Grove ; Samuel D. Hubbard, Onion River ; Louis Wolf, Sheboygan Falls. 1875 — Senate, Enos Eastman, Plymouth. Assembly, Joseph Wedig, William Noll, Cascade; Louis Wolf. 1877 — Assembly, Joseph Wedig, Samuel D. Hubbard, Ambrose D. DeLand, Sheboygan Falls. 1878 — Senate, Louis Wolf, Sheboygan Falls. Assem bly, Gust. A. Willard, Sheboygan ; James W. White, Ran dom Lake ; J. L. Shepard, Sheboygan Falls. 1879— Senate, Louis Wolf. Assembly, Wilbur M. Root, Sheboygan ; La Fayette Eastman, Plymouth ; James Allen, Jr., Adell. 1880 — Senate, Patrick H. Smith, Plymouth. Assem bly, Wilbur M. Root, Eugene Mclntyre, Waldo; John Ruch, Boltonville. 1881 — Senate, Patrick H. Smith. Assembly, August Selsemeyer, Howard's Grove; M. D. L. Fuller, Plymouth ; Roswell H. Tripp, Hingham. SCHOOLS. The contrast to the little school of a dozen pupils in 1836, supported by subscription, the citizens of Sheboygan County point with pride to the generous provision which has been made for the education of the children within her borders. In 1870, there were 117 schoolhouses in the county, and 12,384 children entitled to draw money from the State School Fund. In his annual report for 1880, the County Superintendent of Schools reports that 125 teachers are required to teach the schools of the county. The number of teachers employed during the year was 190. The average wages of male teachers was $41.06 per month, and of female teachers, $22.71. The average number of days of school taught during the year, per district, was 146. There were in the county, 2,331 children between the ages HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 973 of 4 and 7 years, of these, 1,293 attended school ; of chil dren between 7 and 15 years of age, there were 5,257, and of these, 4,272 attended school ; there were 3,140 children between the ages of 15 and 20 years, and of these 971 at tended school. The average attendance was 60 per cent of the time. There was spent for all school purposes $32,- 242.04, and the value of school property was $64,892. AGRICULTURAL GROWTH. For some years after the first settlement of Sheboygan County, not enough provisions were raised in the county to subsist the people. Then the agricultural resources were sufficiently developed so that the staple productions had no longer to be imported. Gradually a surplus for shipment was acquired, until 1867 the surplus products of the soil amounted to a $1,500,000. Wheat, then the main crop, was produced of so fine a quality that Sheboygan County wheat had acquired a reputation in all the principal markets of this country, and enjoyed the distinction of a special quo tation in Milwaukee, Chicago, Buffalo and New York. Rye, barley and oats of fine quality were also produced. A re markable fact is stated by old residents, in reference to the prosperity of agricultural interests of the county, namely that there has never been a failure of crops, such as has oc casionally been witnessed in many localities. At this time (1867), the wool interest was a large and profitable one in the county. In an early day, some of the finest blood of Vermont was brought to Sheboygan County, and the quality of wool improved until the product of this county sold in the markets of New England at an advance over that of old Vermont herself. It was about this time that the great dairy interests, which now make Sheboygan known in all the leading markets of America and Europe, began to assume a permanently important character. The first premium awarded for cheese made in this county was awarded to N. C. Harmon, of Lyndon, at the fair of the Sheboygan Agricultural Society held at Sheboygan Falls, September 24 and 25, 1857. The next year, John J. Smith procured the first cheese vat and began to manufact ure on the co-operative plan, collecting curd of his neigh bors-. It was not until 1859, however, that a regular cheese factory was started, in which year Hiram Smith took milk from his patrons and paying cash or manufacturing for a percentage of the cheese. A dairy board was first organ ized at Sheboygan Falls, in 1872, which has held regular meetings each season since for the sale of cheese. When John J. Smith first exhibited Sheboygan cheese in Chicago, dealers would not look at them, and he had to offer to pay a man for his time if he would examine them. But he sold the cheese, and in 1875, the export trade had reached 50,000 boxes, while buyers from Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal and Liverpool were present at the meetings of the dairy board. In 1867, Sheboygan County" cheese sold at better prices in Milwaukee and Chicago than Ohio and New York products. In the best days of hop culture, Sheboygan County produced an article not sur passed anywhere. Other evidences of the prosperity of the agricultural sections of the county were multiplied of a better character than even the superior quality of the pro ductions, we mean the organization of schools and churches and building houses for the use of these objects. The as sertion is ventured by a careful observer of that time " that in proportion to the area and population of the county, we have a greater number of schoolhouses, churches and mills than any county in the State." This is certainly a flatter ing statement in view of composite character of the people who had settled in the county, coming as they did from many different States of the Union, and nearly all the principal nations of Europe. In 1870, there had been erected 120 schoolhouses, and more than fifty churches, besides many schoolhouses being used for church purposes. A statement of the productions of the county carefully com piled for the year 1870, indicates what advancement had been made in agriculture from small beginnings. There were then owned in the county 6,518 horses ; 22,204 neat cattle and cows ; 38,378 sheep; 8,904 swine, and 94 asses, which, as some facetiously observe, was a '' remarkably small number for a population of 30,000." There was pro duced of the cereals, 570,665 bushels of wheat; 90,824 bushels of rye; 126,651 bushels of corn; 425,374 bushels of oats ; 56,427 bushels of barley. Other productions were 139,057 bushels of potatoes ; 134,240 pounds of wool ; 710,088 pounds of butter ; 85,565 pounds of cheese ; 39,- 424 tons of hay. There was received for pork in that year about $50,000, and about the same amount for peas. The raising of fruit has not been made a specialty in the county, but a careful estimate of the production of apples in the town of Plymouth alone, in the year 1869, placed the pro duction at 15,000 bushels. A similar statement of agri cultural products a decade later gives as the production of the soil in 1880, wheat, 236,104 bushels; corn, 312,418 bushels; oats, 544,280 bushels; barley, 230,077 bushejs ; rye, 67,607 bushels ; potatoes, 168,031 bushels ; root crops, 66,716 bushels ; apples, 221,503 bushels ; clover seed, 1,287 bushels ; timothy seed, 626 bushels ; hops, 14,- 620 pounds; tobacco, 345 pounds; hay, 36,616 tons. There were 18,688 cows owned in the county, valued by the Assessors at $333,793. The dairy products amounted to 419,711 pounds of butter, and 4,294,509 pounds of cheese. The yield of peas was estimated by dealers at from 50,000 to 60,000 bushels. There were owned 9,125 horses; 31,522 neat cattle; 25,214 sheep, and 10,109 swine. The figures here given showing the production of cheese in 1880, are taken from the reports made by As sessors on file in the office of the Clerk of the Board of Su pervisors. But the German Bank, through which most of the transactions were made, kept a record of sales which shows that 4,768,110 pounds were shipped by the Lake Shore road alone in that year. Shipments by other routes and careful estimates made in reference to the yield in the western part of the county, placed the total production of cheese in 1880 at not less than 6,000,000 pounds. The Sheboygan County Agricultural Society was or ganized July 4, 1851. The annual fair is held at the fair grounds, of which the society has a permanent lease, one mile west of the village of Sheboygan Falls. The grounds are fenced and have buildings suitable for carrying on the fair. A half-mile track is used for the exhibition of horses. The society is free from debt. A liberal premium list draws out good exhibits in every department. The officers of the society are: President, C. H. Pape, of Sheboygan; Sec retary, J. Q. Adams, of Sheboygan ; Treasurer, J. W. Hanford, of Sheboygan Falls ; Vice Presidents, G. A. Willard, of Sheboygan, William Chaplin, of Plymouth, and William Wonsor, of Holland ; Executive Committee, G. N. Gilbert, of Sheboygan Falls, R. R. Wilson, of Plymouth, M. Guyett, of Sheboygan Falls, Asa Carpenter, of Plym outh, and J. E. Thomas, of Sheboygan Falls ; Discretionary 974 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Committee, N. C. Farnsworth, I. Adriance and G. W. Peck, all of Sheboygan Falls. Fairs were held in Sheboygan under the auspices of the German Agricultural and Industrial Society, as long ago as the year 1868. They grew from small beginnings, and it was not until August 13, 1872, that the society was for mally organized according to the plan under which it has since worked. The principal movers in the organization and in drafting the constitution, were F. Stoesser, F. Muel ler, G. Pieper, A. Froehlich and J. Dengel. The first offi cers elected by the new organization were M. Trimberger, President ; F. Stoesser, Secretary ; C. Reich, Treasurer. The first Board of Directors consisted of F. Zimmerman, A. Froehlich, G. Pieper, J. Dengel and N. Mueller. About 120 members participated in this organization. The pres ent grounds, in the northern part of the city, were pur chased, and the main building at once erected. Other buildings, sheds, etc., have been added from time to time. The society now numbers 350 members, and offers premi ums to the amount of about $400 for exhibits at its fair for 1881. The present officers are, President, Charles Wipperman ; Vice Presidents, W. Froehlich, August Zsch- etzsche ; Secretary, Joseph Bast ; Treasurer, Carl Reich. As it was the lumbering interests which first brought business enterprise into Sheboygan County, so there has always been manifested a commendable interest in the de velopment of the resources of this region in the direction of general manufactures. In 1849 there were in the county one flouring-mill, carrying four run of stone, two custom mills, one steam saw-mill, seventeen saw-mills, running by water-power, and two foundries. In 1858, there had been added in Sheboygan, two steam flour-mills, one steam saw mill, a planing and siding mill, two more foundries, four or five wagon shops, thirteen cooper shops, a fanning-mill shop, three ship yards, two of them with steam machinery, and two brick yards were turning out from 300,000 to 800,000 beautiful cream brick annually. In 1870 there were seven teen grist-mills and twenty-six saw-mills. The value of leather manufactured was $200,000; wagon stuff shipped, $30,000; cooper's stuff, $30,000. The immense strides which have been made in manufacturing, covering a large range of products, will be noted with justifiable pride, as shown in the portion of this history devoted to the city of Sheboygan and the several towns respectively. In taking the land in a state of nature and improving it until the " wilderness shall blossom as the rose," a vast amount of wealth is created — wrought out by hard toil and careful economy. This is the most substantial form of wealth, and is the truest political economy. After a quarter of a century of growth, Sheboygan County con tained, in 1860, a population of 27,082, residing in 5,469 dwelling-houses. The value of the real estate was $5,211,- 021, and the number of acres of improved land was 107,- 245. The value of personal property was $1,542,532. The value of agricultural products was $562,403, and of manufactured articles, $722,140. In 1870, 31,759 people lived in 5,738 dwellings, and owned real estate to the amount of $11,366,540, of which 150,093 acres was im proved land, and possessed personal property to the amount of 4,252,611. The value of agricultural products was $2,076,892, and of manufactured articles, $1,765,953. In the year 1880, the population numbered 34,221. The re sults of the census of that year are not yet published, re lating to the enumeration and valuation of property, but a fair estimate, calculated upon the basis of the assessed valu ation, shows a real property valuation of $14,318,528, and personal property amounting to $4,686,822. The state ment of agricultural products given elsewhere, shows a large increase of value over 1870 in some articles, notably in the immense production of cheese. The value of man- factured articles in above figures does not include the prod ucts of the manufactories, but only articles owned and used by the people of the county. When to the figures already given are added the values of all manufactured prod ucts of the great factories now in operation, and the prop erty exempt from taxation, it will readily be seen that the wealth of Sheboygan reaches vast proportions. THE WAR PERIOD. Sheboygan County bore bravely its portion in that great struggle, the war of the rebellion, and a large proportion of men, in the strength of their prime and vigor of young man hood, devoted themselves to the cause of their country, while those who stayed to care for the business interests at home showed their loyalty and patriotism in other ways, No sooner had the news of the fall of Fort Sumter reached Sheboygan, than her citizens were roused at once in patri otic indignation, and rallied immediately to respond to the call of President Lincoln for the handful of troops with which it was thought to quell rebellion and restore the stars and stripes to the ascendancy on rebel soil. On Sunday, April 14, 1861, meetings were held in Sheboygan and throughout the county to urge the enlistment of volunteers, and on the following Sunday, the 21st of April, the first company was organized under Capt. Edmund B. Gray, afterward known as Company C, Fourth Wisconsin Volun teer Infantry, which regiment was subsequently re-organ ized as a cavalry regiment. This regiment went into camp at Racine, and on the 28th of June Company C was ordered to Milwaukee, to aid in quelling a riot, where the first She boygan man was killed in the performance of his duties as a soldier. W. V. Reed is reported on the muster roll as accidentally killed in the State service on the 29th of June, 1861. On the 15th of July, this company left with its regiment to go into active duty at Baltimore. The company saw severe service, and very many of its number lost their lives in the service of their country. The First Regiment Wisconsin Infantry, as re-organized after its three months' service, contained two companies from Sheboygan County — Company H, Capt. Eugene Cary, and Company I, Capt. Orrin Rogers. In the Eighth Regi ment, Company B, Capt. D. B. Conger, was raised in this county. This company afterward enjoyed the honor of being the largest veteran company in the regiment. Com pany A, Capt. Frederick Aude, known in the service as the " Sheboygan Tigers," belonged to the first exclusively Ger- 'man regiment which wrent into the war from Wisconsin, the Ninth Infantry. In the Fourteenth Regiment was Company H, Capt. C. M. G. Mansfield, enlisted in this county. Company E, of the Seventeenth Regiment, was raised here, and commanded by Capt. Peter Feagan. Sixty men from Sheboygan County were enrolled in Company H, of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, and were accompanied by Lieut. Joseph Wedig. The Twenty-seventh Regiment, of which Conrad Krez, of Sheboygan, was Colonel, and Dr. J. J. Brown, Lieutenant Colonel, contained four companies of Sheboygan County volunteers, namely, Company B, Capt. E. W. Stannard ; Company C, Capt. Fred Schnellen ; Com- HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 975 pany E, Capt. Alfred Marschner ; Company F, Capt. S. D. Hubbard. Sheboygan County was well represented in Company E, Capt. Jerome Brooks, Thirty-sixth Regiment; also in Company D, Capt. Andrew Patcher, Thirty-ninth Regiment, which was enlisted for 100 days. Besides the companies named, Sheboygan County men were scattered through many other regiments, many enlist ing as recruits in old companies. Some of these regiments were the First and Fourth Wisconsin Cavalry, the Sixth, Nineteenth, Thirty-seventh and Fifty-second Infantry. A statement furnished by the Adjutant General of the State shows that Sheboygan County furnished 2,215 sol diers for the war, of which number only 479 were drafted. There were, then, 1,736 volunteers, besides those who enlisted outside the county, and for which the county did not get credit. The population of the county was 27,082 in 1860. Separate but of the population, the men capable of military duty, and the 2,215 who actually went into the war, would certainly exceed one-half the whole number capable of bearing arms. No further commendation is needed of the patriotism of the citizens of Sheboygan County than such a statement. The number who did not return, and who sealed their devotion with their lives, was large. Many of the companies enumerated above were in the thickest of the fight, and some of them suffered exceptionally. Hundreds of homes in Sheboygan County could testify with tears to the havoc of war. Very many of those who served their country from this county were not born on American soil, or were sons of those who were citizens of the United States by adoption only. But here as elsewhere, through out the nation, foreign-born citizens showed their love for the land which had given them homes by being in the fore front of battle. The so-called "Indian scare," was a memorable event in the history of the county. On September 3, 1832, the rumor started that the Indians had begun an uprising, and that the whole county was in danger. Mounted messengers spread the report of burned and sacked villages, and the whole population was thrown into a state of intense excite ment. People gathered together in the villages, armed with pitch-forks, scythes and such other weapons as could be found. At Sheboygan, the draw to the bridge was taken up and the whole city guarded. At Gienbeulah a railroad train was kept in readiness to carry off the terrified inhab itants in case of attack. All through the county people secured their valuables and took measures for their personal safety. Many hundreds of people left their homes expect ing to never again see them. It was a number of days before the excitement died away. How and where this "scare " originated, is unknown, but the public excitement over the Indian atrocities at New Ulm and Mankato, led people to ignore the utter impossibility of such scenes being enacted here. TORNADO OE 1873. The most severe tornado which ever visited this region swept over Sheboygan County on the 4th of July, 1873. A dense fog prevailed, accompanied with a chilly wind from the lake. About 11 o'clock in the forenoon, a violent storm of wind and rain, accompanied by terrific lightning and thunder arose and raged with fearful force for the space of twenty minutes before its power began to wane. Short as the time was, it was long enough to cause much damage in the destruction of trees, the overthrow and unroofing of houses, the prostration of growing crops and in many other ways. In the city of Sheboygan, trees fifteen or sixteen inches in diameter were snapped off like reeds, and a large number were prostrated to the ground, oftentimes doing damage to houses, fruit trees and fences in their fall. Nu merous chimneys were thrown down, and injuries done to dwellings by their fall in several cases. Turner Hall and the court house as well as private residences suffered from this cause. Tin roofs were rolled up or torn entirely off. The smoke stacks of the two chair factories, Freyberg's mill, Bertschey's elevator, Vollrath & Co.'s steel foundry, Look, Waechter & Co.'s box factory, and Zschetsche & Heyer's tannery were blown down. About one-third of the roof of the latter building was carried away with a quantity of bark. The roof of the large Empire tannery was raised over a foot in height and dropped down without further damage. The frames for two dwelling houses on Niagara street were prostrated, and the engine house of the Lake Shore Railroad was laid flat. The sails of several vessels in the harbor were torn in shreds, even when closely furled. Vessels were torn from their moorings and three were driven against the Eighth street bridge, one of them moving the south end several feet from its position and necessitating repairs. In one instance a two-inch oak plank, fourteen feet long was taken up by the wind and thrust through the side of a box car. The roofs of the buildings belonging to the Sheboygan Manufacturing Company's chair works were stripped clean of their gravel and cement covering. Whole piles of lumber were sent flying. The aggregate loss in the city was considerable, but fortunately the injury to life was limited to the breaking of a woman's arm, in the Third Ward, from the falling of a shop on the premises. Outside of the city, several buildings were blown down on Judge Taylor's farm, as were most of the barns along the gravel road to Sheboygan Falls. Sixteen buildings were reported blown down or unroofed on the Fond du Lac road before reaching Plymouth. Forty-two barns are said to have suf fered from the hurricane in the town of Rhine. At Elk hart Lake and at Howard's Grove, several buildings were blown down, including three dwellings. At Plymouth, buildings were unroofed, and a maple grove laid low. Al together, it was such a celebration of the national anniver sary by the elements as this section does not care to witness again. SHEBOYGAN. A gentleman who made the trip from Green Bay to Chicago by steamer, as long ago as 1845, wrote a com munication to an eastern paper, in which he spoke of She boygan as follows : " This I found to be a place about which not so much has been said, yet one of the most romantic and promising villages on the entire lake. More natural advantages center here to make this, in time, a large and splendid city, than any other place within my knowl edge." "There is no city on the lakes more pleasantly located than Sheboygan." So said the leading newspaper of Wisconsin a decade ago, and the truthfulness of the statement is indorsed by every visitor of to-day. The She boygan River enters the city at a point a little south of the middle point of the western boundary line, runs in a north easterly direction nearly to the northern limit of the orig inal plat, curves to the east, then makes a broad sweep to the southeast, reaching a point several blocks below a middle line run from east to west across the city, when it curves 976 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. sharply to the north for a few blocks and turning east empties itself immediately into the lake, affording two miles of navigation within the city limits. On the beautiful ele vated plateau north and east of the river, undulated along the lake and dotted with fine groves (giving to it the name of " Evergreen City "), is situated the residence and main busi ness portion of the city. Most of the great manufacturing interests are located on the south and west banks of the The city is admirably located, geographically, for river. commerce and manufacturing, and its facilities for com munication, both by rail and water, are complete. The town of Sheboygan is No. 15 north, Range 23 east. The original plat of the village comprised fractional Section 23, east half of Section 22, northeast quarter of Section 27 plat of the village was surveyed. The owners of the prop erty were George Smith, Daniel Whitney, William Bruce and Seth Rees, all non-residents, to which fact was due, in part, at least, the delay in the permanent growth of the place at the outset. In August, of 1836, Charles D. Cole and family settled here and were soon followed by other families, as related in the record of the early settlement of the county. A charter was granted incorporating the vil lage of Sheboygan, by the Legislature of 1846, and an election for choosing officers was held on the 9th of Feb ruary of that year. The result was as follows : President, H. H. Conklin; Trustees, Warren Smith, J. L. Moore, William Farnsworth, R. P. Harriman ; Clerk, D. U. Har rington; Treasurer, Van Epps Young; Assessor, Stephen '¦flliUvis. CITY OF SHEBOYGAN. and fractional north half of Section "26. Additions were made from time to time on the north and on the south, the present legal boundaries being as follows : Commencing on the lake shore in east and west section line of Section 14, running west on quarter-section line of Sections 14 and 15 to the center of Section 15, thence south on north and south quarter section lines of Sections 15, 22 and 27 to south quarter post of Section 27, thence east on section lines of 27 and 26 to the lake shore, thence north along lake shore to beginning, embracing about 1,850 acres. In 1835, William Paine and Wooster Harrison built cabins within the limits of the present city of Sheboygan, but as they stayed only a short time, they can hardly be called the first residents. In the winter of 1835-36, the Wolverton; Constable, Robert Watterson. The city of Sheboygan was incorporated by act of the Legislature March 19, 1853, chapter 94, private and local laws of 1853. The first election under the charter was held on Tuesday April 5, 1853. The following officers were elected: Mayor, H. H. Conklin; Clerk, C. E. Morris; Treasurer, Kasper Guck ; Superintendent of Schools, J. J- Brown ; Marshal, George Throop ; Police Justice, D. Man ville. The city was divided into two wards, and the Alder men elected were : First Ward, G. H. Smith, Jas. Fagan, John Deitzel; Second Ward, Jas. Hogan, Joseph Schrage, John Gee. The following is the list of Mayors who have been elected from the organization to the present time with dates of their service: H. H. Conklin, from April, 1853, HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 977 to August, 1855 ; F. R. Townsend, August, 1853, to April, 1854; J. F. Kirkland, 1854 to 1855; E. Fox Cook, 1855 to 1857; Z. P. Mason, 1857 to 1858; W. N. Shafter, 1858 to 1859 ; Z. P. Mason^ 1859 to 1860 ; Bille Williams, 1860 to 1862; Godfrey Stamm, 1862 to 1863; J. L. Moore, 1863 to 1867; J. 0. Thayer, 1867 to 1868; Francis Geele, 1868 to 1870; Thos. M. Blackstock, 1870 to 1871; William Elwell, 1871 to 1872; T. M. Black- stock, 1872 to 1873; James Bell, 1873 to 1874; B. Will iams, 1874 to 1875 ; George End, 1875 to 1876; F. Geele, 1876 to 1879; George End, 1879 to 1880 ; F. Geele, 1880 to 1881. The present city officers are : Mayor, William H. Seaman ; Clerk, W. Kunz ; Comptroller, M. H. Wilgus ; Treasurer, J. H. Abrahams; City Attorney, Conrad Krez ; Assessor, Joseph Bast; Marshal, Louis Otte. The School Commissioners are L. D. Harvey, Superintendent, Joseph Bast and James Bell. The city now embraces five wards, each represented by three Aldermen. For the purpose of obtaining a permanent water supply, the city of Sheboygan determined, in the spring of 1875, to bore an artesian well in the park. The contract was let to John Dobyns, who completed it to the depth of 1,475 feet in October following. An abundant supply of water was found at this depth, with a pressure of 52J pounds to the square inch, sufficient to raise a column 114 feet above the surface of the ground. The well cost the city about $5,000. A tasteful house, octagon in shape, and surmounted by a bronze statue of Hebe, was erected at a cost of $1,600, and a large and handsome fountain in the center of the park, at a further outlay of $700 more. The water is richly impreg nated with mineral salts, possessing medicinal value, as shown by the following analysis made by Prof. C. F. Chandler, Ph. D., of the Columbia College School of Mines, New x oric : GRAINS. Chloride of Sodium 306.9436. Chloride of Potassium 14.4822. Chloride of Lithium 0.1062. Chloride of Magnesium 54.9139. Chloride of Calcium 27.8225. Bromide of Sodium 0.1873. Iodide of Sodium Trace. Sulphate of Lime 169.8277. Sulphate of Baryta Trace. Bi-carbonate of Lime 13.6585. Bi-carbonate of Iron 0.5944. Bi-carbonate of Manganese 0.1742. Phosphate of Lime , 0.0383. Biborate of Soda Trace. Alumina 0.1283. Silica 0.4665. Organic Matter Trace. Total 588.2536. Density 1.0093. The medicinal effect of the water seems to be laxative, diuretic and tonic. Physicians recommend its use for dys pepsia, rheumatism, faulty action of the liver and functional derangements of the kidneys and bowels. The water is very saline to the taste ; but becomes grateful after frequent use. Its value in the bath is undoubted. It is put up for ship ment, under a lease from the city, by the Sheboygan Min eral Water Company, composed of E. R Richards, H. H. Kuentz and E. W. Koch. The water is put up in its natural state in lined kegs or barrels, and also is artificially charged with carbonic acid gas, giving it the healthful sparkle of seltzer, and put up in quart bottles and stone jugs. The park and well are in chargo of a Board of Commissioners, consisting of Mayor William H. Seaman, Chairman ; Frank 62 Geele, Conrad Krez, Christian Fricke and Gustav Mitwede. Col. Krez, who labored industriously to secure the digging of the well, is Clerk of the Board. The protection of the city against fire was early con sidered by the citizens of Sheboygan, and a hand fire engine was purchased about twenty-five years ago. Ten years later, another hand engine was provided, and, in 1872, the present steam fire engine was purchased. The fire depart ment has received appropriations from the city treasury for many years, and, since the purchase of the steamer, it may be said that Sheboygan has had a paid fire department in the usual acceptance of that term. The department now consists of a steam fire engine, attended by an engineer and a fireman ; the Steamer Hose Company, consisting of 10 men ; the Sherman Engine Company, 38 men ; the Union Fire Company, 27 men, and a hook and ladder company, 15 men. Henry Boyle is Chief Engineer. These facilities for protection against fire are supplemented by the artesian well, from which 3,086 feet of pipe have been laid along the principal streets. The mains are tapped by ten hydrants, to which hose can be attached, the pressure of the water in the pipes being sufficient to carry it higher than the highest buildings. Thus the city is well protected. The business of the banks of a city fairly indicate the growth of its prosperity. Sheboygan is well served in this respect, and the increase of business done through the banks speaks well of the enterprise and thrift of the city. The first bank in the city was the Bank of Sheboygan, established in 1851, by F. R. Townsend, which was after ward incorporated. It has done a large business from the commencement. The first officers were W. W. King, Pres ident ; F. R. Townsend, Cashier. In 1873, this bank organized under the national banking system, with the title First National Bank, and issued $50,000 of currency, all of which has now been redeemed. The bank has a capital of $50,000, and its deposits amount to $200,000. The present officers are F. R. Townsend, President ; H. F. Piderit, Cashier. The German Bank was organized June 25, 1856, and began business July 1 of that year. The original capital was $25,000, which was increased to $50,000, November 26, 1856. After the first half year's business, the demand deposits amounted to $24,492.82, and loans and discounts to $29,966. On July 4, 1881, the demand and time deposits of this bank amounted to $744,951.27, and the loans and discounts to $458,115.50. The business of the bank is about evenly divided between the manufacturing and agricultural interests. The first officers were John Ewing, President ; James H. Mead, Cashier. The follow ing year, George C. Cole was elected Vice President, and held the position until 1865, when he was elected President. This position he held until 1875, when the present officers were elected, namely, J. H. Mead, President; Fritz Karste, Cashier ; George Heller, Assistant Cashier. The Sheboygan Merchants' Association was organized January 24, 1874, and incorporated February 14 of the same year. The first officers were : Thomas M. Black- stock, President ; Ernest Lohman, Secretary ; and Joseph End, Treasurer. The object of the association is buying and selling wheat and other produce. It owns and uses the Holstein elevator in its business. The present officers are the same as when the association was organized. The officers, with John H. Plath and Fred Koehn, form the Board of Directors. 978 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. CHURCHES. The First Congregational Church of Sheboygan was organized August 17, 1845, embracing members from all parts of the county. A house of worship was built in 1847, the frame being once blown down while building, and was dedicated in November of that year. It was lo cated on Seventh street, near Center. A bell, weighing 925 pounds, was purchased and first rung in September, 1849. In 1852, the church was enlarged by the erection of a new front and tower. In 1867, the building was re moved to its present site on Seventh street, between Niagara and Ontario streets. Here extensive repairs and improve ments were made, and the edifice rededicated December 18, 1867. A small school building was joined on to the rear of the church in 1870, to be used for the social meetings of the church and for Sunday-school purposes. A kitchen was also built on. In 1847, eighteen members were dis missed to form a church at Sheboygan Falls. In 1849, Rev. H. Lyman and three ladies withdrew, and, with others, formed a Presbyterian Church, which was in 1852 dis solved, the members again joining the Congregational Church. In the year 1872, a library of miscellaneous and and standard literature was organized under the auspices of the church, and devoted to general use. This library, com prising about seven hundred volumes, was transferred to the Sheboygan Library Association in the year 1880. Rev. Stephen Peet, of the American Home Missionary Society, assisted in the organization of the church, and public services were at once begun by Rev. H. Lyman. He remained as pastor until October, 1848. Rev. W. S. Blanchard officiated from November, 1848, to November, 1850. From that time until November, 1852, Rev. Thomas H. Rood served the church as its pastor. Rev. C. W. Camp was then called to the pastorate, and commenced his labors March 13, 1853, being installed November 30 of that year. May 23, 1864, he resigned, and preached his farewell sermon July 3, following. On the 1st of January, 1866, Rev. N. A. Millerd began to preach in this church, and closed his labors February 28, 1869. In the year following a call was extended to Rev. 0. C. McCulloch, which was accepted, and he began his service as pastor July 10, 1870. His resignation was accepted July 18, 1877. Rev. J. B. Bidwell preached from January 18, 187/8, until June 1, 1881, since which time the church has been without a pastor. The First Baptist Church was organized in the summer of 1847, a similar society having previously transferred their location to Sheboygan Falls. In 1848, the erection of a church edifice was begun on Wisconsin street, between Seventh and Eighth, and the first service was held in the basement March 25, 1849. In the month of November of that year, a bell, weighing 1,039 pounds, was put into the tower. The building was dedicated May 20, 1851. On the 12th of August, 1850, the church was re-organized, and a new statement of belief and important items con nected with the history of the church put upon record, because the previous records had been destroyed by fire. Rev. P. Work was the first Pastor, and sustained this rela tion to the church until the summer of 1858, when he was succeeded by Rev. O. D. Taylor, who remained one year. September 1, 1859, Rev. Aaron Potter began preaching, and received a call to become Pastor of the church, which he accepted October 6, and remained one year. Rev. P. Work was again called to the pastorate, beginning his sec ond term of service December 29, 1861, and resigned May 15, 1864. A call was extended to Rev. Simpson Todd September 18, 1866, and he preached his last sermon July 31, 1870. Occasional services were held, and the Germans had the use of the church to hold meetings, until in 1876 the Americans and Germans united in a call to Rev. Carl Jurgensen, who came July 3, 1876, since which time the services have been held in the English and German lan guages alternately. Mr. Jurgensen tendered his resignation August 4, 1879, to take place October 1. Rev. A. H. P. Wilson was called to the pastorate, and began his labors November 1, 1880, and is now the Pastor. Grace Episcopal Church was organized April 4, 1847. Rev. L. W. Davis was the first Rector, and was present at the organization of the church, and began his ministrations* immediately. In May, 1856, Rev. J. B. Pratt was called to the rectorship. He was succeeded by Rev. A. B. Pea body. Rev. Robert W. Blow, the present Rector, came to the church as its Rector April 6, 1863. In 1869, the present edifice was erected, and consecrated in July, 1870. The Church of the Holy Name, Catholic, started as a mission about the year 1816, ministered to by Rev. Mr. Berhl. In 1849, a priest, Rev. Francis Etschmai, was regularly stationed here. The first church was built in 1850, and is now used as the priest's residence. Three years later, the church which is now used as a school build ing was erected. Rev. Michael Haider, the present Pastor, came to Sheboygan in 1862. The erection of the present massive stone edifice, with its two towers 170 feet in height, was entered upon, and in 1872 the church was dedicated. The membership has increased, and the regular attendance is 900 at the present time. The German Lutheran Church of the Trinity was organized in 1853, with a membership of about twenty-five, and a church building bought in the same year. A pipe organ was obtained for the church in 1863. The present handsome church edifice was built in 1869, and a chime of bells placed in the tower. A school of 250 scholars and four teachers is supported by the church. The church is free of debt, and has a membership of about 225. The Pastors of the church, in the order of their succession, have been as follows : Revs. Eisfeld, F. Steinbach, A. D. Stecker, P. Spehr, C. M. Zorn and Rev. J. G. Goehringer. St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized and a church built in 1872. At that time there were 33 voting members. At present there are 69 voting members, and a total membership of 274. Rev. L. Niet- mann has been Pastor from its first organization. The can non from which the bell of the church was made was captured from the French at Sedan, and presented directly to the congregation by the Emperor William of Germany. The first Methodist preacher to locate here was Rev. J. S. Prescott, who came in 1846. Services were at first held in the schoolhouse. A church building was erected on Eighth street in 1849. In 1880, the church was removed to the corner of Seventh and Ontario streets, and remodeled. The present Pastor is Rev. John Elliott. The German Methodist Church was organized in 1850. Their church edifice, on the corner of Seventh and Erie streets, was built in 1851. The present membership is about eighty- five. Rev. A. Kellner was the first Pastor of the church, and Rev. William Hohle is the present one. The Evangelical Association was formed in 1848. The church, on the corner of Ninth and Erie streets, was built HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 979 about fifteen years ago, and is called Immanuel Church. The present Pastor is Rev. J. G. Kern. The Norwegian Methodist Church was built in 1867. The first Pastor was Rev. E. H. Johnson, and the present one is Rev. Mr. Houge. The Norwegian Lutheran Church was organized and a church built in 1867. Rev. Mr. Margelson is the present Pastor. SOCIETIES. The first pioneer gathering met at the Warren House, Sheboygan, on Tuesday evening, January 22, 1867. One hundred and seventy-five persons were present, being invited and entertained by Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Gibbs. After talking over old times, it was proposed to organize a pioneer association, which was effected by the election of Hon. David Taylor, President ; A. G. Dye and John John son, Vice Presidents, and H. N. Ross, Secretary. The annual gatherings of this society have been exceedingly pleasant occasions. The present officers are George End, President, J. 0. Thayer, Secretary. Sheboygan is favored with the usual quota of various secret orders, and is especially well provided with benevo lent, mutual aid and insurance organizations, as the follow ing list shows : Harmony Chapter, No. 10, R. A. M., was organized in 1845, with six charter members. It numbers forty-three members at the present time, and the officers are J. L. Mal- lory, H. P.; L. Smith, Jr., Secretary. Sheboygan Lodge, No. 11, A., F. & A. M., was char tered May 29, 1847. Present membership, fifty-four. Offi cers: G. L. Holmes, W. M. ; H. W. Kalk, Secretary. Evergreen Encampment, No. 41, I. 0. 0. F., was insti tuted April 1, 1871, by five charter members, and has a present membership of fifty. The officers are Charles Oehler, G. P. ; L. Boettie, H. P. ; F. Hoppe, Scribe. Sheboygan Lodge, No. 13, I. 0. 0. F., was originally organized in 1846, but was re-instituted under its present charter January 23, 1877, with five charter members. Sixty-three members are now on the roll. William Braasch is N. G. ; L. Wolfsen, V. G. ; H. N. Ross, Secretary. Schiller Lodge, No.- 68, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted May 26, 1852. Its present membership is about one hundred. Officers: Peter Schueller, N. G. ; William Apel, V. G. ; F. Reis, Secretary. The Sheboygan Turnverein Society was organized in 1878, and prospered for some years. At present, although the society has not disbanded, it is not in active opera tion. The Gesang- Verein Concordia, organized February 9, 1860, with eight members. The society now has on its roll forty-eight active members, thirty-five gentlemen and thir teen ladies, and forty passive members. The Musical Director is William Nehrlich, President, Henry Wiehn, Secretary, Joseph Behrens. Home Lodge, No. 397, Knights of Honor, was organized November 11, 1876, with twenty-three charter members, now increased to forty-five. Officers : Alfred Marschner, D., A. Rabe, Jr., Rep. Oak Council, No. 509, Royal Arcanum, organized Au gust 12, 1880, with eighteen charter members. Present membership, twenty-five. William Braasch, Regent; Will Fairweather, Secretary. St. Bonifacius Society, branch of the Central Society, was organized in August, 1873. The original membership was fifteen, and present number, ninety-six. Anton Hammes, President, Frank Gottsacker, Secretary. Guttenburg Lodge, No. 68, Ancient Order United Workmen, was organized in June, 1879, with twenty-two charter members. The society has a present membership of forty-three. Fritz Feigner, M. W., Fred Augspurger, Foreman ; Herman Buchheim, Secretary. Sheboygan Haine, No. 10, Druids, organized in 1872, with fifteen charter members, has now fifty-five members. W. Grothe, President, John Hameleau, Secretary. Armenia Lodge, No. 26, Sons of Hermann, established December 29, 1874. Charter members, twenty. Present number, sixty-five. C. H. Harms, President ; August Look, Secretary. Sheboygan Gegenseitiger Arbeiter Unterstuetzungs- Verein, or Laborers' Association, organized in April, 1877, with eight charter members. Present membership, seventy- eight. Frank Gottsacker, President ; William Treick, Secretary. Sheboygan Gegenseitiger Kranken Unterstuetzungs- Verein, or Mutual Benefit Association, organized December 27. 1868. Charter members, fifteen ; present number, about one hundred. Abraham Moser, President ; Henry Schilder, Secretary. NEWSPAPERS. In the year 1845, several numbers of a paper called the Sheboygan Gazette, were issued by Thomas C. Horner & Co., and printed in the East. It was designed to adver tise the town, and to let the people of the East know what there was here to invite settlers, and served the purpose well. The first regular newspaper published in Sheboygan, was one established by J. M. Gillett, called the Sheboygan Mer cury, the first number of which appeared in February, 1847. George W. Gillett was the publisher of the paper, and G. Morrison Gillett edited it until the autumn following. March 1, 1848, H. N. Ross took editorial charge and wrote for it until after the fall election, at which he was elected Probate Judge. George W. Gillett continued to run the Mercury until after election in 1852, when the office was sold to Henry F. Eastman. On the 1st of January, 1853, the- name of the paper was changed to the Sheboygan Chronicle. About that time, Rev. H. Lyman purchased an interest in the office and edited the paper about six months, when he withdrew and Eastman continued it the balance of the year. On the 1st of February, 1854, H. N. Ross pur chased the concern, and after putting the paper in a new dress of type, issued his first number February 24, under the name of the Evergreen City Times, and is still, after more than twenty-seven years, its editor and proprietor. On the 1st of January, 1869, the paper was enlarged and the name Sheboygan substituted in the place of Evergreen City, in the title. The Times is Republican in politics and has been an active element in the growth of Sheboygan. A paper called the Spirit of the Times was started in the summer of 1847, by Frank Goodrich. The office was burned after the first number was nearly ready for the press. The paper was published about one year. The above was succeeded, in 1848, by the Sheboygan Democrat, published by A. D. La Due. The paper lived a few years, a daily issue being printed for a brief period. The concern was taken to La Crosse from here. In 1850, Jacob Quintus started in the city of Sheboy gan, the first paper printed in the United States in the 980 ISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Dutch language. It was called the Nieuwsbode. He subse quently published also an English paper, called the Secretary, for a short time. About the year 1858, the paper was sold to August Pott, who, in 1860, discontinued the Nieuwsbode and started a German paper called the Zeitung. The pub lication of the latter was continued until December, 1872, Mr. Pott having died about three months previously. The Wisconsin Republikaner was started by A. Marsch ner, in 1851. After six years, the establishment was pur chased by Carl Zillier, who issued from the office the first number of the National Demokrat on the 26th of Septem ber, 1857, and has continued its publication to the present time. It has taken an active political stand, its editor hav ing served on the County Board for many years, and repre sented his district in the Legislature several terms. Mr. Zillier also published an English paper called the Lake Shore Advocate, in 1859. It was continued nearly a year. In the year 1852, F. J. Mills started a Democratic paper called the Lake Journal, which was continued for some years, intermittently. Mr. Mills subsequently started a paper called the News, which was removed to Sheboygan Falls. September 1, 1867, Luther B. Noyes established the Herald, at Sheboygan Falls. Two years later, J. L. Marsh purchased an interest in the paper, and it was removed to Sheboygan. In 1870, Mr. Noyes sold his inter est, and the paper was continued by J. L. & George Marsh. May 1, 1881, the Herald was purchased by the present proprietors, A. Marschner & Son, also publishers of the Tribune. The Herald is Republican in politics. The Tribune, a German-Republican newspaper, was established in Fond du Lac by A. Marschner, August 14, 1874. It was removed to Sheboygan in April, 1875. In the autumn of that year, Mr. Marschner died, and the busi ness was continued by his widow. On April 1, 1880, her son Alfred Marschner, became a partner in the business, which was carried on under the firm name of A. Marschner & Son. The Sheboygan Zietung, a German Republican news paper, was established July 1, 1880, by A. W. Pott, who is the present editor and publisher. LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. A meeting of the citizens of Sheboygan was held No vember 6, 1880, to consider the advisability of organizing a library association. A committee was appointed, which reported to an adjourned meeting, held on the 8th of the same month, favoring the formation of a joint-stock com pany, with a capital of $3,000. The report was adopted, and articles of association filed with the Secretary of State. The officers elected were, President, William H. Seaman ; Vice President, George End ; Secretary, L. D. Harvey ; Treasurer, A. Rabe, Jr. Frank Stone was appointed Li brarian. One hundred and twelve shares, of $10 each, are paid up. Several hundred volumes, turned over by the Congregational Church, formed a nucleus for a library, which has been increased to one thousand volumes of stand ard literature. The Association also provides reading rooms where reviews, magazines, illustrated, literary and daily newspapers are supplied. Literary and musical entertain ments are a feature each Monday evening. The rooms are open every evening, and Saturday and Sunday afternoons. Any proper person may enjoy the use of the library and reading-rooms on the payment of 50 cents every three months. Stockholders pay the same fees, but have given them a ticket admitting a person to the privileges of the reading-room, which is transferable. The families of stock holders have free use of the reading-room, and persons in troduced by stockholders. The library is already becoming popular as well as useful, as are also the tables of the read ing-rooms, and it is expected the institution will develop eventually into a free public library. SCHOOLS. One of the first things the first settlers of Sheboygan thought about, after a few families had gathered here, was the establishment of a school. In a few months after the first residents had got settled in their homes, in the winter of 1836, a school was started by F. M. Rublee. Twelve pupils attended, and it was supported by subscription. In 1845, an academic institution was added to the educational facilities. The academy was opened by D. C. Vosburg, on the third Monday in August of that year, and an advertise ment of the school at that time names as references the leading men of not only Sheboygan, but Fond du Lac, Milwaukee (or Milwaukie, as the uniform spelling then was). The first regular school building was erected twenty-seven years ago. When the city charter was granted, there was but one school building in the citv, and the school consisted of four classes, with about sixty pupils in each class. There were also, then in operation two church schools, one Catho lic and one Lutheran, each having about ninety pupils. About the year 1862, a school building was erected in the Third, now the Fifth, Ward. Five years later another was built in the Fourth Ward, and in 1874 another in the present Third Ward. These are in use at the present time, and also one church. The city maintains a High School and three ward schools, employing twenty teachers. The attendance in these schools during the year 1880, was 1,190. There are in the city of school age, over four years of age and under twenty, 3,073. The expense of supporting the schools last year amounted to $10,500. A good grade of scholarship is maintained, and scholars are prepared to enter the State University. The principal of the High School is B. R. Grogan. L. D. Harvey is City Superintendent of Schools. Private or church schools have for many years been maintained in Sheboygan. There are two Lutheran schools, one Catholic, one Dutch Reformed and one Kinder garten, now in operation. They have an attendance of 665 pupils, taught by six teachers. The Sheboygan Telephone Exchange was put in opera tion in June, 1881, by C. H. Haskins & Co., of Milwaukee, and has thirty-nine subscribers. J. L. Mallory is the local manager. A large business is done at the Sheboygan agency of the American Express Company. The shipments consist of general merchandise, and products of the manufactories. J. L. Mallory is the agent of the company. An average business of $2,000 per quarter is done at the Sheboygan Post Office. J. L. Marsh is Postmaster. A military company was organized in Sheboygan, No vember 4, 1874, and re-organized as a part of the State militia in March, 1877, under the name of the Evergreen City Guards. Ninety-two names are now on the muster- roll. The officers are Captain, Charles A. Born ; First Lieutenant, IT. W. Trester ; Second Lieutenant, Robert Sym. Capt. Born is also Major commanding the Second Battalion Wisconsin Militia, so that when on duty the com- HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 981 mand of the Guards falls to Lieut. Trester. The company have a fine armory, and are proficient in drill. The Beekman House, D. W. Halsted proprietor, is located near the business center, and is the largest hotel in the city! It is a favorite stopping-place for summer visit ors and commercial traveling men. The Park Hotel, E. G. Fosgate, proprietor, located op posite the public park, with its mineral well, also entertains summer visitors, as well as the general public. The Pape House, Hotel Abrahams, Washington House, Wisconsin House and one or two others furnish accommoda tions for local trade and the traveling public. FISHING. Since an early day, the catching of white fish, which are found in the waters of the neighborhood, has been an im portant industry at Sheboygan. As early as 1845, four extensive fisheries were in operation at Sheboygan and vicinitv. Immense quantities of fish are caught in pound- nets, between the point south of the city and Amsterdam, in the same county. At Sheboygan, F. Koehn, Sr., is the oldest fisherman who has regularly followed the business, beginning in ajs'mall way, with hooks, in 1853. Now he employs the tug Hoffnung and half-a-dozen hands in gill- net fishing. He places his annual catch at 200,000 pounds. Most of the fish are shipped to Chicago fresh, though Mr. Koehn also smokes and cures some. Feagan & Fairchild also do a large business in fishing. Thev use the tug Maggie Lutz, just newly refitted. Their average shipment amounts to 9,000 pounds per month. E. Sonnemann & Co. prosecute gill-net fishing with the yacht Smuggler, and their monthly average is placed at from 8,000 to 9,000 pounds this season. They ship the fish while fresh to Chicago. Adam Schraut has been in the business twelve years. He uses the yacht Alberdin, and ships 4,000 pounds per month. Ole M. Ellison uses hooks exclusively, keeping 1,000 in the water during the season, and catches 3,000 pounds per month. A few others, some using pound-nets, swell the above product to a very large total yield for this point. MANUFACTURING. The motto of the first newspaper ever issued in Sheboy gan, the Sheboygan Gazette, a few numbers of which were sent out to inform the world of the abundant promise for the future held out by Sheboygan to induce settlement here, was "Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce — united they stand." In few localities in the West can the three great industries of the world be so appropriately linked to gether as right here. The interests of agriculture and com merce are treated elsewhere, and, as we take up manufact ures, a large field opens before us, for the productions of Sheboygan factories are known in the leading markets of the world. In the production of bent chair stock, in par ticular, Sheboygan leads the world. The Sheboygan Manufacturing Company commenced business in 1868, and was incorporated March 10, 1869. The corporators were S. M. Barrett, John Bertschy, S. B. Lyman, J. B. Corson, Henry Ocorr, William Elwell and John Sondrak. The authorized capital of the company is $200,000, but it began business with $19,000, paid up, and now has $100,000 paid up. Work was begun with twenty- five hands ; now employment is given to about four hundred hands, with a pay roll of $8,000 monthly. The company also own mills located at Pine Lake, Mich., where fifty men are employed, and where the principal part of the material used in the manufacture of their chairs is cut. The business is confined exclusively to the making of bent stock chairs, of which they manufacture 450 styles, from toy chaira to the finest office chairs They also manufact ure seating material for public buildings. The sales amount to $200,000 per annum, extending all over the United States, and to some extent to foreign countries. The sales are almost exclusively made to jobbers, the retail trade not being sought. No traveling salesmen are employed. Mr. S. M. Barrett, of Cincinnati, a large manufacturer, is Pres ident of the company, and it was largely due to his sug gestions and energy that the business was started. He retains a large interest in the business, although residing in Cincinnati. G. L. Holmes, is Vice President and Superin tendent, F. R. Townsend, Treasurer, and H. A. Barrett, Secretary. E. R. Holmes, with the officers named, form the Board of Directors. All are residents of Sheboygan except S. M. Barrett. The factory uses about four million feet of lumber per annum, and turns out about twelve hun dred chairs per day, which is about the number they made per month when the business was commenced. The com pany is unable to fill all its orders, and expects soon to about double the present facilities in order to be able to meet the demand. The Phoenix Chair Company was incorporated May 3, 1875. The first Board of Directors chosen consisted of Thomas M. Blackstock, James H. Mead, Francis Geele, John H. Plath and Fred Koehn. J. H. Mead was chosen President and T. M. Blackstock, Secretary. A year later, T. M. Blackstock was elected President and Gen eral Manager; J. H. Mead, Secretary. The capital stock of the company is $50,000, all paid up when the bus iness commenced. At first, 75 men were employed, now 370 are on the pay-roll, which amounts to from $7,000 to $8,000 per month. The business is exclusively the manu facture of bent stock chairs, of which over 400 varieties are made, the product averaging about 1,200 daily. About 3,000,000 feet of lumber are used annually. The sales amounted, in 1876, to $70,000; now they foot up about $200,000 per annum. The present Board of Directors con sists of T. M. Blackstock, J. H. Mead, F. Geele, J. H. Plath, Christian Neumeister. Large additions to the fac tory are being made, to enable the company to keep up with its trade. The Crocker Chair Company was incorporated March 31, 1880, and commenced business under the management of a Board of Directors, consisting of J. H. Mead, W. D. Crocker, A. D. Crocker, R. E. Crocker, W. J. Rietow. The officers elected were : J. H. Mead, President ; W. D. Crocker, Superintendent; J. D. Stearns, Secretary; W. J. Rietow, Treasurer. A. D. Crocker has charge of the fin ishing department, and R. E. Crocker of the wood- working department. Capital, $30,000. About 50 hands were at first employed, and the number has now been increased 175. The factory turns out about 750 bent and sawed stock cane and wood seat chairs per day. The sales amount to $150,- 000 per annum. George B. Mattoon commenced business in his furniture factory July 5, 1881, and employs fifty hands. He manufact ures principally bedsteads, tables and washstands, and turns 982 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. out about 3,500 bedsteads per month. This is the only bed stead factory in this region. E. B. Garton and John Griffith employ from twenty to twenty-five hands in their planing-mill and toy manufac tory. Their principal business, beside planing, is making toy express wagons, etc. They do a business of about $15,000 annually, their sales being made principally in the Southern and Western States. A plaster-mill is operated by William Elwell, the ala baster being brought from Saginaw Bay. His machinery is capable of turning out seventy-five tons per day, and is operated about four months in the year. Ten men are em ployed during that time. His sales amount to about $18,000 per year. In 1853, C. T. & William Roenitz commenced the business of tanning, and continued together until the death of William Roenitz, which occurred in 1873. The business was continued by C. T. Roenitz until January 1, 1881, when he took into partnership with him his sons Frank L. and Charles H., under the firm title of C. T. Roenitz & Sons. When the brothers commenced business, in 1853, they had but one assistant ; now there are forty men em ployed, who work up about 600 sides per week. They make harness, upper, kip and calf leather. Christian Heyer commenced business in 1855, with capital of $400, and employed six men. In 1859, he be gan work in the present location with $2,000 capital, in partnership with Theodore Zschetzsche. After fourteen years the partnership was dissolved. Mr. Heyer now em ploys about forty men and works up 100 sides a day. He makes harness, upper, kip and calf leather, all finished on the premises. The sales amount to about $150,000 per annum, reaching to all parts of the country. No goods are shipped on consignment. Theodore Zschetzsche commenced business as a tanner, in 1859, in company with Christian Heyer. After fourteen years he withdrew, and began business for himself. His son, Carl L., is now in partnership with him, and the firm is now Theodore Zschetzsche & Son. They employ about 200 men, and have a capacity in their large and well-ap pointed establishment of 240 sides, and from 500 to 600 skins per day. Their sales extend all over the United States, and amount to about $600,000 per annum. About the year 1866, Adam Harsch commenced the business of tanning. He works 120 sides a week, making all kinds of leather, principally finished work. Eight hands are generally employed. J. F. A. Heyn began tanning in 1868. From 1873 to 1875 George End was a partner in the business ; since that time, Mr. Heyn has carried on the business witliout a part ner. About 300 sides per week are worked up into upper, kip and calf leather, all finished. He also tans harness leather, but does not finish it. In the tannery of Adam Schneider, started in 1877, ten men are employed, working from 150 to 200 sides per week. Upper, kip and calf leather is made, and most of it finished in his own establishment. Sales are made prin cipally in Chicago, New York and Boston. Kohler, Hayssen & Stehn, proprietors of the Sheboygan Agricultural Works, commenced business in their present location in June, 1880. The firm has been in existence since 1878, their shops being first located on the corner of Ninth and St. Clair streets, where they were burned out April 4, 1880. They manufacture straw cutters, feed mills, horse powers, small threshing machines, lawn, cemetery and other iron fences, general machinery and foundry work. Thirty men are employed, and a business is transacted of from $30,000 to $40,000 per year. Mr. Kohler com menced business with a partner, Mr. Silberzahn, in 1873, with only six workmen in the shop. When the business of Foeste & Meyer was begun in 1861, six men, including the partners, were engaged in it. They now employ twenty-five men. They manufacture threshing machines, feed cutters, thimble skeins, mill machinery, steam engines, plows, scrapers, wagon castings, kettles, etc. Their sales are principally made in the North west. David Jenkins commenced the business of manufactur ing machinery in 1876 with one man to help him. Now he employs eight men and devotes most of his attention to chair factory machinery and repairs. He also makes machines for turning wagon and buggy hubs. He has just entered a new shop, one of the most elegant and perfect in the State. Jacob J. Vollrath commenced to make enameled hollow ware with six men to assist him. In August, 1881, he employed forty men, and, in November, 1881, when his new building is completed he expects to employ one hundred hands. The sales before the new shops went into operation amounted to $50,000 per annum, and with increased facili ties he expects to more than double his business. He uses gas for fuel, making it himself, and is the first manufacturer in the State to use gas extensively for fuel in running machinery. There are three brick yards in the city, with facilities for turning out three million's of brick annually. The largest one, that of Joseph Keller, began operations in 1875. Its production is estimated at 1,500,000, and a large part of them are shipped by railroad and boat for use at other places. The grinding and pressing of the clay is done by steam. About twenty men are constantly employed. Charles Froehlich began the manufacture of brick in 1871. He employs twelve hands, making yearly 900,000 brick, which are largely sold in the city. The brick-yard of Fred Zurrheide has a yearly pro duction of 500,000, and has been in operation for some years. H. E. Roth has five kilns located about three miles northwest of the city, where an excellent quality of lime is produced. The kilns have a capacity for burning 200 bar rels per day. The stoneware factory of Theodore Gunther was started in 1863, employs ten men and turns out 8,000 gallons of ware per month. The clay is brought from Whitehall, 111. Mies & Walters commenced the manufacture of stone ware six years ago. In April, 1881, the firm changed to Diedrich, Mies & Co. The institution is called the North western Stoneware Manufactory. Jars, jugs, churns, milk pans, milk pitchers, tomato jugs, etc., are turned out. The product of the factory is 4,000 gallons every fourteen days. Although the manufacture of wagons, carriages and sleighs is not carried on in Sheboygan on an extensive scale, yet the united products of the nine or ten shops, measurably meet the local demand, and export some of their goods. The following are some of the concerns in operation. HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 9§3 J. Jung began business in 1855, and has enlarged his facilities from time to time. He employs nine hands, and does a business of $10,000 annually. John Balzar began to make wagons and carriages about twenty-five years ago. Five workmen are employed. The firm of Alday & Duenkel began business in 1876. Four men are employed, and turn out about twenty wagons yearly. William Kruger started in business fourteen years ago, and built the present shop in 1876. His work is all ordered in advance. Three hands are employed. A. Beutel started about three years ago, and employs three hands in the wagon-shop, and two blacksmiths. C. B.. Henschel started in the business of manufacturing fanning-mills about twenty years ago, and has made in all nearly 12,000 mills. At the beginning of the present year', he added the manufacture of cigar-box lumber to his other business. Steam machinery is used, and nine hands are employed. W. H. & C. E. Burk started a general wood-working shop about three years ago. Steam power is used. Konrad Schrier built his present brewery in 1854. He employs seventeen men, and produces 7,000 barrels of beer per annum. Two other concerns are also employed in brewing. A large aggregate production of cooperage is turned out from quite a number of shops, employing from one man to six men each. Charles Grasse has been about fifteen years in business, and employs six hands. He runs two shops, and turns out about 3,000 barrels a year. John Kroeff started twenty-five years ago, works six hands, and turns out 1,200 pork barrels, and 2,000 tierces. Louis Grube employs five hands, and makes about 5,000 flour and pea barrels, and 1,000 pork barrels and tierces annually. He has been in business fifteen years. Charles Oehler makes beer kegs, in which three men are employed. He started in business about twenty-five years ago. Joseph Landgraf, John Flaig, Joseph Keller, Fred Rakow, Fred Moebius and a few others, employ one or two hands or work alone, and make pork barrels and tierces. The repair shops of the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad have been running in Sheboygan ever since the road has been running. In 1874, they were burned and re-built. ' About forty men are employed. John Hickey, the present master mechanic has been here seven years. MARINE INTERESTS. The natural advantages existing at the mouth of the Sheboygan River for the construction of a good harbor at tracted early attention. In 1836, Government officers pros ecuted surveys and soundings, from which a chart was made of the mouth of the river and the bay. These results were reported to the War Department by Col. Albert in 1838. About the year 1840, a lighthouse was built on Sheboygan Point, and first kept by Mr. Wolverton. The present light house was constructed in 1860, and is kept by Mrs. E. Pape. The first pier was built by William Farnsworth in 1841, at the foot of Center street, north of the mouth of the river. In 1845, this pier was extended to a total length of 800 feet, and doubled back to give greater capac ity. In 1847, Kirkland's Pier, south of the river, was begun, and finished in 1848. In the spring of 1852, a fierce gale swept away both piers. The north one was im mediately reconstructed, and the south one was made ready for business in the spring following. These lasted until the harbor made them no longer necessary. At the session of Congress in the winter of 1844-45, an appropriation of $25,000 was carried through for the improvement of navi gation over the bar at the mouth of Sheboygan River, but it was killed by President Tyler's withholding his signa ture. In 1849, a committee of citizens of Sheboygan pre pared a memorial to Congress setting forth various and im perative reasons why a harbor should be constructed at this point. They showed, among other things, that every vessel owned at this port had been wrecked or stranded, and thus a loss of property occasioned approximating to the cost of a harbor. A list of nine schooners is given which were wrecked while lying in the bay. Several lives were lost in these disasters. As showing that the shipping business had as sumed sufficient importance to demand better facilities, it was shown that in 1847 the arrivals and departures of steamers alone, without noting sail vessels, was 423, and in 1848 the number was 525. The arrivals of immigrants at the port of Sheboygan was 1,417 in 1845, 4,380 in 1846, 4,228 in 1847, and 6,200 in 1848. The imports of mer chandise in 1848 amounted to 2,859 tons, estimated value $571,800. The exports included 986 barrels of fish and 5,015 bushels of wheat, besides lumber and shingles, wool, ashes, etc. On the 5th of January, 1852, a meeting of cit izens of Sheboygan was held, to discuss what measures should be adopted to secure the construction of a harbor. W. R. Gorsline was Chairman of the meeting and Edward Gilman Secretary. It was decided to call a delegate con vention, which was done, 131 delegates responding in a meeting held January 22, 1852, and representing the lake shore and adjacent towns, fourteen in all. Silas B. Sted- man was President of this convention, and Vice Presidents and Secretaries were chosen from the various towns. The result of the conference was that the General Government should be requested to appropriate $30,000, the county of Sheboygan $20,000, and the city $10,000, for the improve ment of the harbor. The Congress then in session made the desired appropriation, and the Legislature also passed an act to authorize the county and city to raise and appro priate the amounts named. A. P. Lyman, Henry Stock, Charles D. Cole, Jonathan F. Seeley, A. G. Dye, Reed C. Brazelton and John Gove were appointed Harbor Commis sioners, and, on February 20, 1852, the contract was let for the work. These appropriations were supplemented, from time to time, by additional sums of money, until up to the present time there has been expended upon the harbor nearly $275,000, of which sum the United States has furnished $201,000. The length of the piers is now about fourteen hundred feet, and the harbor has a width at its mouth of 270 feet. The bar at the mouth still causes so much trouble to loaded vessels that the Government has decided to extend the piers 1,000 feet further, and the work is already in progress. It is expected that it will take about four years to complete it. A lighthouse was placed upon the north pier of the harbor, and first lighted December 1, 1873. It was burned March 17, 1880, and rebuilt soon after, so that it was lighted June 20. John H. Roberts is Light Keeper ; J. L. Mallory is Deputy Collector of Customs. The arrivals at this port for 1880 were 394 side-wheel steamers, with tonnage of 281,852 ; 268 propellers, tonnage 154,266; 371 schooners, tonnage 23,925. Clearances the 984 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. same. Thirty-four schooners and four tugs are owned at Sheboygan. The Goodrich Transportation Company's line of steamers stop at Sheboygan daily, going both north and south. E. P. Ewer is the company's agent. One of the most appalling disasters of early days on the lakes was the burning of the propeller Phoenix a few miles off Sheboygan in the fall of 1847. The engineer had been warned of the danger, but he with others of the crew were carousing and paid no attention to the repeated warn ings. Suddenly the flames broke forth, and as the boat was heavily loaded with emigrants and other passengers, the scene which ensued was one of horror. Two hundred lives were lost. By the bursting of the boilers of the propeller Kenosha in July, 1860, while lying in this port, twenty or more people were scalded or injured, and six or eight lives were lost in consequence. In this connection may be mentioned the raging of the cholera in 1852. The disease, complicated with ship fever, was brought to Sheboygan by emigrants, and for a few weeks the fatality was terrible. About one hundred and twenty-five persons perished, many of them with extreme suddenness. A United States Life Saving Station, No. 16, was established at Sheboygan, and a building erected in Febru ary, 1876. The following year a surf boat was provided and manned with a volunteer crew. July 1, 1879, a paid crew was put in charge of the station with a full equipment. The house now contains a patent life-boat, costing $4,000, capable of righting herself up if swamped, and emptying herself of water, a new surf boat, a life car, a breeches buoy, a boat cart, a beach apparatus cart, one Lyle gun, one mortar, signal flags, pump, lines, shot lines, and other appliances. The cost of the station and its equipment was about $11,000, and is maintained for eight months of the year at an expense of about $3,200. The crew consists of Capt. Ole Groh and seven men, who are required to drill regularly, keep a lookout during the day, and patrol the beach at night from point to point of the bay. They have been instrumental in rescuing a number of lives within a year, besides saving property, and resuscitating several per sons apparently drowned. BUSINESS INTERESTS. Although so favorably located, Sheboygan was tardy in inaugurating the conditions of its present substantial business success. Many reasons conspired to this result. For many years, commerce was entirely confined to lake traffic, and during a portion of this time the pierage charges were equal to the freights from Buffalo. Notwithstanding its drawbacks, a large amount of business was doneby way of the lake in early days. During the month .of Septem ber, in 1852, the imports at this port amounted to 401 tons. In the same month in the following year they in creased to 683 tons, and in September, 1854, to 2,144 tons. The steamboat arrivals during the same month were 96, and of sailing vessels, 26. The number of passengers arriving, 2,687. In the list of exports for the same month are noted : Number of passengers departed, 1,187 ; bush els of wheat shipped, 3,527 ; bushels of barley, 300 ; bushels of grass-seed, 209 ; bushels of potatoes, 850 ; bushels of cranberries, 50 ; barrels of flour, 655 ; lumber, 283,000 feet; lath, 368,000; shingles, 289,000; staves, 395,000; half barrels of beer, 251 ; half barrels of fish, 531 ; empty barrels, 754 ; tons saleratus, 14 ; brick, 167,- 000 ; and other articles. During one week in October of the following year, one firm received daily an average of 10,000 bushels of wheat. The same firm shipped about 20,000 bushels of wheat, besides several hundred tons of other produce, the same week. In running through the list of exports for the year 1858, leading articles only are noted, as follows : Bundles of chair-stuff, 2,704 ; hoops, 40,000 ; bushels of wheat, 114,612 ; barley, 1,937 ; oats, 35,141; grass-seed, 2,564; potatoes, 1,260; half barrels of fish, 5,778 ; barrels of flour, 17,532 ; half barrels of beer, 13,437; lumber, 663,000 feet; staves, 10,000; casks of ashes, 377 ; empty barrels, 25,347 ; bundles of wagon-stuff, 10,851 ; cords of wood, 21,542 ; shingles, 2,500,000; lath, 231,000. The arrivals and departures were each: Steamboats, 312; propellers, 164; sail ves sels, 283. Seventeen schooners were owned in Sheboygan in that time, and many were built there. A statement pre pared about ten years later shows that 1,114 crafts of all classes entered and cleared at Sheboygan, and also the re markable fact that for the seven years preceding 1868, there had not been a single week without an arrival and clearance being regularly reported. During the year there was exported 430,000 bushels of wheat, 13,000 barrels of flour, 167,060 pounds of wool, 20,000 pounds of butter, and 50,000 dozens of eggs. A similar statement for the year 1870 showed less wheat shipped and more flour, and included 37,551 bushels of peas, 15,446 bundles of wagon- stuff, 28,404 packing barrels, 4,935 barrels of lime, and other articles. A more complete statement of the import, and more particularly the export, trade by lake and by railroad for the year 1880, is here given. The record of receipts is not kept by the railroad offices. The receipts by boat were: 10,000 cords of bark, 800 barrels of cement, 8,000 tons of coal, 20,000 bushels of corn, 5,600 tons of general merchandise, 250,000 hides, 200,000 lath, 40,- 000,000 feet of lumber, 1,000,000 pickets, 3,000 tons of gypsum or plaster rock, 6,000 posts, 10,000 barrels of salt, 5,500,000 shingles, 2,000 cords of slabs, 100 barrels of stucco, 2,000 cords of wood. There was shipped by lake in 1880 of Sheboygan and Sheboygan County productions 40,000 bushels of barley, 10,000 bushels of beans, 1,500,, 000 brick, 120,000 pounds of butter, 1,500 tons of cast ings, 900 cattle, 850,000 chairs, 6,106,485 pounds cheese, 500,000 dozens eggs, 1,000 tons feed, 550,000 pounds fish, 20,000 barrels of flour, 5,300 tons general merchandise, 200 tons of grass-seed, 1,000 hogs, .800 horses, 2,500 tons land plaster, 1,600,000 pounds leather, 8,000 barrels lime, 80,000 bushels peas, 30,000 pork barrels and tierces, 7,000 bushels of potatoes, 10,000 bushels of rye, 800 sheep, 300,000 bushels of wheat, 500 tons of wooden ware, 40,000 pounds of wool, 50,000 bushels of oats, 1,000 tons of hay. The following shipments were made over the Lake Shore Railroad in 1880, the record being invariably in pounds : Wheat, 2,257,170; barley, 663,390; corn, 8,640; rye, 404,130 ; flour, 251,260 ; beef and pork in brine, 1,560 ; beans, 92,620 ; butter, 71,400 ; cheese, 4,778,470 ; dressed hogs, 15,390 ; eggs, 130,760 ; fresh fish, 389,350 ; salt fish, 7,060; potatoes and garden roots, 186,700; peas, 1,605,920; salt, 105,030 ;- land plaster, 913,550; agricult ural implements, 203,680 ; barrels, tierces, casks and kegs. 3,131,980 ; chairs and furniture, 2,048,510 ; leather, 1, 315,960; machinery, 141,140; wagon stock, 2,800 wooden ware, 386,050; horses, 25,000; horned cattle HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 9»5 400,000; lumber, timber and lath, 726,240; hemlock bark, 142,180 ; shingles, 40,000 ; manufactured iron, 480,744; iron scrap, 65,980 ; lime, 1,383,420; coal, 541,- 210; ale and beer, 62,150; bran and mill-feed, 680; dry goods and miscellaneous merchandise, 816,380 ; grass-seeds, 193,240 ; hides, skins and pelts, 40,530 ; household goods, 212,950; malt, 106,100; wool, 17,740; rags, 77,980; miscellaneous freight, 1,839,240— total, 26,286,950. The amount of freight forwarded by the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad during 1880 was 7,793,620 pounds ; amount of freight received over the same road, 10,787,500 pounds. The amount received for passenger fares was $3,630.70. When we add to the immense manufacturing business of Sheboygan, its large commerce as shown above, though not in its completeness, and supplement the result by the busi ness done in its 150 retail establishments, beside the business done by its very ample supply of saloons, we begin to get an idea of its real wealth-producing power. Among these retail stores, almost every branch of trade is repre sented, including some fourteen dry goods stores, twenty groceries, half as many each of meat markets and flour and feed stores, a dozen boot and shoe stores, half as many hard ware, about the same number of jewelry stores, an equal number of drug stores, more than this of clothing stores, and several each of tobacconists, confectionery, stationery and book stores, bakeries, barber shops, harness shops, blacksmith shops, marble works, livery stables, photograph galleries, millinery establishments, lumber yards, furniture stores, sewing machine agencies, etc. Nearly a dozen law yers, about the same number of doctors, and half as many dentists, receive their share of business. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHRISTIAN ACKERMANN of Mueller & Ackermann, contractors, masons and builders, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1873; located at Sheboygan City and been engaged in partner ship with Fred. D. D. Mueller since that time. Born in Germany, Sept. 4, 1850; learned trade of mason there; came to America in 1869 ; lived at Chicago, 111., for four years and was employed as mason. Married at Sheboygan, Nov. 15, 1874, to LenaEhler; born in Germany. They have three children — Annie, Charles and Ada GEORGE ALLEN, farmer, P. O. Sheboygan. Came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; located at Sheboygan with parents ; was engaged teaming and also employed as carpenter for some ten years, then went to Holland, Sheboygan Co., and farmed there for some nine years. Came on to present farm in town of Sheboygan about 1865, and has been engaged as a farmer since ; owns 73 acres of improved land. He was born at Chautauqua, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1827. Married at Holland, Wis., Nov. 23, 1852, to Susan L. Green, now deceased, leaving two children — George and Merritt ; re-married at Wilson, Wis., May 1, 1864, to M. L. Jackson, new deceased, leaving one child — Frederick. Married again at Plymouth, Wis., June 20, 1878, to Mary E. Giffin ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y. WILLIAM ASHBY, farmer, P. O. Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in 1835 ; lacated in Menomonee and was engaged farm ing for a year ; came to town of Sheboygan in 1836 ; was engaged in lumbering and conducting a saw-mill up to 1846, then owned and ran a pier in company with William Farnsworth for two years, and since then has been engaged conducting a farm ; owns 106 acres of land ; was Cou.ity Commissioner for two years, and County Treasurer from 1S72 to 1876, and was also Chairman of Town for sixteen years ; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., May 4, 1816. Married at town of Sheboygan Falls, Wis., in March, 1843, to Harriet Walker ; born in State of Virginia. They have three children — Elizabeth, Hattie and Frank. HARRY A. BARRETT, Secretary of Sheboygan Manufact uring Company, Sheboygan ; born at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 30. 1853; began business life in branch of the Sheboygan Manufact> uring Company store at Cincinnati, Ohio, as salesman for several years, and afterward manager for two years ; came to Sheboygan in 1876, and has been Secretary of Sheboygan Manufacturing Company since that time. Married at Sheboygan in the fall "of 1878, to Julia Townsend ; born at Sheboygan. Is a son of S. M. Barrett, President of the company, residing at Cincinnati, Ohio. JAMES BELL, toys, francy goods and confectionery, She boygan ; came to Wisconsin, July, 1851, and located at Sheboygan, where he commenced present business with his father, Wm. Bell, who died in April, 1879, and since then, James Bell has carried on the business alone. In 1869, he was appointed School Com missioner for one year ; was Alderman of the Second Ward in 1868, 1869 and 1870, and in 1873, was elected Mayor of the city; was chosen Alderman again in 1875 and 1876, also Super visor and Superintendent of the Poor; was Alderman 1879, and Superintendant of the city schools in 1880, also 1879 ; was elected School Commissioner for three years and is also Chairman of Board of Public Works. He was born in Canada, in 1835 ; came to the United States in 1848, and was employed for some time sailing on the lakes. WILLIAM E. BENDLER, foreman of carpenter and finish ing department of Phoenix Chair Company, Sheboygan ; born at Sheboygan Falls, Sheboygan Co., Wis., Dec. 13, 1853 ; came to She boygan City in 1864; commenced business life at fifteen years of age ; learned trade of house carpenter, and was engaged at it some two years ; then in the employ of Crocker, Bliss & Co., for some years ; entered the employ of the Phoenix Chair Company in 1874 ; was engaged making fine chairs up to January, 1880, when he commenced in present capacity. Married at Sheboygan, July 30, 1876, to Jennie Keller; born at Sheboygan Falls. They have two children — Louisa and Augusta. JOHN BERTSCHY (retired), Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located at Milwaukee ; kept hotel for five years ; afterward engaged in flouring mill business for some nine years; was con nected with the Eagle Mills ; came to Sheboygan in 1859, and was engaged in flouring mill and grain business up to 1878 ; after ward was a warehouseman and dealer in coal for one year ; then also engaged in the mineral water business for several years, in partnership with J. O. Thayer; owns two schooners, sailing on lake Michigan, " The Granger" and the " J. O. Thayer" ; born at Alsatia, in Germany, July 17, 1822; learned milling business there ; came to America in 1840; resided at Syracuse, N. Y., for about five years and was engaged in the production of salt. Married at Milwaukee in 1856, to Kate Bertschy; born at Alsatia, Ger many. They have six children — John L., Jacob P., Kate, Jennie, Frederick and Ellen. AUGUST. BENTROP, groceries, saloon and marble factory, Sheboygan, was born in Chicago, 111., May 25, 1857 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents the fall of 1857 ; located at Sheboy gan ; learned the trade of a " molder " and was employed at it some seven years; then at Chicago, 111., for eighteen months, en gaged as molder ; returned to Sheboygan and was employed at trade of molder for a short time. He commenced grocery business and saloon in 1877, in partnership with H. Mehrtens. They con tinued together for eighteen months, and since then Mr. Bentrop has been alone. He has also been engaged in dealing in marble since the spring of 1881 ; employs two men in that business. He was married a Sheboygan, Nov. 11, 1879, to Lena Ecke, born in Sheboygan. They have one child, Amanda, aged six months. THOMAS M. BLACKSTOCK, President and General Man ager of the Phoenix Chair Company, was born in County Armagh, Ireland, of Scotch descent ; came to Canada in the fall of 1848 ; resided there until the spring of 1849, then came to Sheboygan ; was in drug business 1850-56 ; afterward, for four years, he was 986 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Superintendent of the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Plank Road ; for a short time he superintended a wood and lumber business. In 1861 he returned to the drug business and is still interested in it. Since 1860 he has also been engaged in farming to a considerable extent. When the Phoenix Chair Company was organized, in 1875, he was one of the most active promoters of the enterprise, and was elected Secretary of the company, and about a year later he was elected President and General Manager. He has twice held the position of Mayor, and served as Alderman seven years. In 1869 he was a member of the State Legislature. While he was Mayor, and afterward, he was instrumental in successfully settling the city indebtedness, being one of the Commissioners of Public Debt. Mr. Blackstock was married at Sheboygan in No vember, 1860, to Bridget Denn. She was born in the city of Waterford, Ireland. LOUIS BODE, knitting factory, Sheboygan, came to Wis consin in 1873 ; located at Sheboygan and commenced present business in 1875 ; was elected City Surveyor in 1878, for two years, and was elected County Surveyor in 1880. He was born in Germany in 1833, and came to the United States in 1873. WILLIAM BRECHTEL, tinner, Sheboygan, came to Wis consin in 1851 ; located at Sheboygan with his parents; learned a trade at sixteen years of age and was employed at it some years; was then at Chicago, 111., two years, and six years in New York, employed at trade ; returned to Sheboygan in 1878, worked at trade for some time, and in present business since the spring of 1881. He was born in Germany in 1850 ; came to America in 1851. He was married at Plymouth, Wis., in February, 1881, to Theresa Fischer, born in Plymouth, Wis. He has been a mem ber of f 0. O. F. for one year and the Royal Arcanum for over a year. GEORGE W. BRADFORD, County Treasurer, was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Nov.* 7, 1845 ; came to Plymouth, Wis., in October, 1846, with his parents, Ira A. and Sarah G. (Sweeting) Bradford. They still reside in that town. George W. held the office of Clerk of the town of Plymouth for three years ; was elected County Treasurer in November, 1880. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. and Royal Arcanum. Dec. 26, 1867, he was married, in Plymouth, to Sarah A. Brezee. She was born in Jef ferson Co., N. Y., and died May 16, 1881, leaving two children, Alice M. and Elmer M. HERMAN BUCHHEIM, groceries, notions, music and toys, Sheboygan, came to Winconsin in 1857 ; located at She boygan ; commenced a bakery and carried it on for two years and opened in present business April 1, 1860, with Alexander Lupinsky. They continued together up to April 1, 1875, and since that time Mr. Buchheim has been alone. He was born in Prussia March 5, 1834 ; was engaged in mercantile business for some years; came to America in 1857. He was married at She boygan, July 24, 1862, to Dora Minckner, born in Hanover, Ger many. They have six children — Albert, Matilda, Emil, Hedwig, Herman and Dora. WILLIAM H. BURK, of the firm of W. H. & C. E. Burk, manufacturers] of tanks, cisterns, etc., Sheboygan, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1848 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857 ; located with parents at Sheboygan ; went to Chicago, 111., in 1865, and was employedjas book-keeper for a short time ; returned to She boygan and was appointed Deputy Register of Deeds — engaged in that capacity for a short time only ; then at Lake Superior, Mich., engaged in forwarding and shipping business for two years ; then at Sheboygan, Wis., in same business for two years, and at Chicago, 111., engaged as book-keeper for five years ; returning to Sheboy gan; commenced present business in 1878 in partnership with his brother, Chas. E. Burk, and continued in it since. Is a son of John Burk, builder, who settled in Sheboygan in 1857. NATHAN COLE, insurance and real estate, Sheboygan, born at Sheboygan Falls, Wis , Nov. 22, 1842. Attended school up to 1861, when he enlisted in 4th W. V. I.; served in that regiment eighteen months, and during that time promoted to rank of Com pany Sergeant and also acted as Color Sergeant. In September, 1862, was commissioned as Lieutenant in 20th W. V. I.; served in that capacity to Dec. 2, 1862, when he was wounded in right arm at battle of Prairie Grove, Ark.; was disabled for six months, afterward was commissioned to 1 5th Veteran Reserve Corps; served up to the early part of 1865, and afterward transferred and appointed Captain of 20th Veteran Reserve Corps, and in that ca pacity was at Milwaukee, Fort Snyder, etc ; was afterward gazet ted Brevet Major, and had command of Columbus and Washing ton Counties, Ark., and was located in Arkansas up to July, 1867 ; resigned in that month. Returned to Sheboygan Falls, Wis., and ran a flouring mill a year. Came to Sheboygan City, in 1869; was elected Register of Deeds for two years' term, 1889 to 1871 ; then appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for Sheboygan County, and filled that position for some time, and afterward for several other counties until office was abolished in May, 1873 ; was then appointed Deputy Col lector of Internal Revenue, for, Sheboygan, Ozaukee, Dodge and Fond du Lac Counties ; served in that capacity up to June 14, 1881. Has been engaged in business of insurance and real estate since 1871. Married, at Sheboygan, in 1864, Harriet A. Man ville, born in State of New York. They have five children — Sarah C., Annie M., Charles D., George C.,Dorathea. CHAS. A. DEAN, attorney at law, Sheboygan; born at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., Aug. 2, 1851 ; was engaged teaching school for some years ; went to Port Washington, Wis., at the age of twenty -six ; studied law with Geo. W. Foster for some four years. Was admitted to the bar, at West Bend, Washington Co., April 7, 1879, and afterward practiced law at Port Washington, Wis., for one year. Came to Sheboygan City, April 1, 1881, and has since been engaged in practicing law, in partnership with Den nis T. Phaler, who was admitted to the bar at Sheboygan City. Mr. Dean was married at Ozaukee County, Wis., Nov. 17, 1879, to Emma Ruhmer, born in Milwaukee. They have one child, Julia. Is a son of A. F. Dean, of Sheboygan Falls, who settled at that place in 1845. PAUL DIEHL, foreman of seat department of Sheboygan Manufacturing Company. Came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located at Plymouth with parents, then at Rhine, Sheboygan Co., Wis., for two years, afterward at Gienbeulah, Wis., for some eighteen months ; farmed some, then farming at Herman, Wis., for five years. In the fall of 1864 went to Lake Superior, Mich , and was engaged in stamp mills for eighteen months, and at Portage Lake, Mich., in same capacity, for a year; returned to Gienbeu lah, Wis., and employed as carpenter for two years. Came to Sheboygan City in 1870, and commenced with Sheboygan Manu facturing Company, engaged in different capacities, and has been in present capacity for eighteen months. Has been foreman of fire company for three years. Born in Germany Jan. 23, 1849 ; came to America in 1855. Married at Sheboygan, Nov. 17, 1872, to Annie Eickmeyer, born in Sheboygan. They have two children, Lucy C. and William J.; one deceased. JOHN N. ELLIOTT, Pastor of Methodist Church, She boygan. Came to Wisconsin in October, 1880 ; was engaged lecturing through the State. Came to Sheboygan in February, 1881, and has had charge of Methodist Church since then. The church has a congregation of 150 and is the only English Methodist Church in the town. Mr. E. was born in Canada, in 1832 ; came to America in 1848 ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio ; ordained into the ministry, in 1860, at St. Mary's, Canada, by Bishop Smith, and was employed in the service of the Methodist Church, in Canada, up to the spring of 1880. Married in Can ada, in February, 1851, to Phoebe J. Bouck, a native of Canada. They have four children, George W., an engineer; Augustus M., a telegraph operator ; Dudley S., a druggist ; Louisa J., now Mrs. Newton. OLE M. ELLISON, fisheries, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1866 ; located at Milwaukee; was engaged sailing on the lakes during the summer and fishing during the winter, for some seven HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 987 years ; came to Sheboygan in 1873 ; engaged one year sailing on Lake Michigan ; since then in present business ; employs about one thousand hooks ; average shipment offish, per month, 3,000 pounds ; born in Norway, Sept. 3, 1841 ; engaged with father, fishing, etc., for some years; came to America in 1866. Married at Milwau kee, Wis., Nov. 29, 1871, Matilda Armeson ; born in Norway. They have four children — Oscar, Martin, Herman, Lillie. ALPHEUS E. ELVIN, of the Evergreen City Business College, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in September, 1876 ; located at Elkhorn and was engaged teaching school fur one year, then engaged in teaching book-keeping and penmanship in Eastern and Southern Wisconsin for three years, and during that time he had in his classes, 600 to 700 scholars ; came to Sheboygan in May, 1881, and opened the Evergreen City College ; has now thirteen pupils ; having passed eleven others through the college since May, 1881 ; employs what is known as the " Dow System ;" was born in Canada, in October, 1848 ; graduated at the Normal School in Toronto. Canada, in 1871, and taught school for three years; learned book-keeping and penmanship at Belleville, Canada. WM. ELWELL, plaster manufacturer, was born in Towanda, Bradford Co., Pa., Dec. 6, 1834; came from there to Fond du Lac, in September, 1853 ; remained there until the spring of 1854, then removed to Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., where he was em ployed as a clerk in the mercantile establishment of H. N. Smith. In 1858 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and came to Sheboygan to live. In January, 1861, he returned to Plymouth and purchased the business of his former employer, H. N. Smith, and engaged in mercantile business iu partnership with P. H. Smith, they continued together until 1868, when Mr. Elwell sold out and came to Sheboygan and built a plaster-mill. Since 1874 he has also been engaged in grain trade, in connection with his plaster business. He was one of the projectors of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad ; he was superintendent of con struction, and he was superintendent of the road, after it was built, for about three years. He was Mayor at the time the road was commenced ; he has been interested in nearly all the public enterprises started in Sheboygan since he came here ; he is a member of the Board of Supervisors and has served several years as a member of that board ; he has also held the position of Alder man. Mr. E. was married at Towanda, Pa., Feb. 12, 1861, to Helen M. Spaulding, a native of Athens, Bradford Co., Pa. They have four children — Helen M., Wm. S., Robert S. and Henry S, JOSEPH END, merchant; was born in Milwaukee Nov. 8, 1846; lived there until 1855, then resided in Mayville, Dodge Co., until 1861, when he came to Sheboygan. He was employed as a clerk until 1870, when he engaged in mercantile business for himself, in partnership with his present partuer, Joseph F. Kent. July 2, 1868, he was married, in this city, to Miss Josephine Kent, who was born in Sheboygan. They have two children — William George and Edgar Alban. GEORGE" END, capitalist ; was born on the Cold Spring farm (now part of the city of Buffalo), in Erie Co., N. Y., Jan. 10, 1830; came to Joliet, 111., with his parents in 1838; came to Milwaukee in 1840, and to Sheboygan in 1854; prior to coming here, for four years, he had been engaged in the mercantile busi ness in Milwaukee. After locating at Sheboygan, he carried on mercantile business until 1872. From 1873 to 1875, he was engaged in tannery business. From 1875 to 1879, he was Mayor of Sheboygan. In 1880, he was one of the Republican Presi dential Electors ; he is now Alderman of the Second Ward. Mr. End was married, in Chicago, Sept. 25, 1854, to Mary Augusta Schuller ; she was born in the city of Mannheim, Baden, Germany. They have seven children — Clara, Mary Louise, Sarah Josephina, Anna E., Joseph W., Kate and Henry George Augustus. E. P. EWER, agent for Goodrich line of steamships, Sheboy gan; came to Wisconsin in 1856; located at Sheboygan ; resided with his parents ; clerked in dry goods business for ten years ; afterward agent for Goodrich's Express Company for on? year ; engaged on Lake Michigan for three years as clerk on steamboats. In 1871, was appointed agent of the Goodrich line of steamers, and has been engaged in that capacity since. Born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., April 25, 1845. Married in Sheboygan, Feb. 2, 1870, to Maggie Ryan, bora in Syracuse, N. Y. They have three children — Eva, Chester, Nellie. EVAN EVANS, retired farmer ; P. O. Sheboygan ; born in Wales Oct. 5, 1821 ; came to America in 1844; located at Racine, Wis.; resided there with parents for one year ; came to Sheboygan City in 1845 ; was employed as carpenter and joiner for many years ; afterward toll-keeper on Sheboygan & Fond du Lac plank road; then farmed in town of Sheboygan up to 1875 ; since then has not been engaged in any business. He was Clerk of town of Sheboygan for a year, and Superintendent of Town Schools for one year. Married at Racine, Wis., in September, 1847, to Jane Jones, born in Wales. They have one child — -Annie, now Mrs. Henry C. Humphrey. ALBERT FAIRCHILD, merchant, came to Sheboygan, Wis., with his parents in 1846 ; engaged in the fishing business when a youth and has continued in it ever since. For the last ten years, he has been engaged in the mercantile business in partnership with Mr. Feagan. They also do a large fishing business. Mr. Fairchild is a native of Rock, Erie Co., N. Y.; born Jan. 31, 1842. He was married in Winneconne, Wis., Feb. 1, 1873, to Maria L. Jackson. She is a native of Sheboygan. They have three chil dren — Hattie M., Eleanor and Watner. Mr. Fairchild is a mem ber of the I. O. O. F. His parents, Joseph and Harriet Fair- child, reside in the town of Wilson, five miles from Sheboygan. PETER FEAGAN, of Feagan & Fairchild, groceries and fish eries, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; located at Sheboy gan ; engaged in farming with parents for about two years, then went to California and was engaged mining eleven months, and carried on a restaurant in Marysville, Cal., for nearly two years, and afterward was express mail rider for eleven months ; returned to Sheboygan and farmed for four years; enlisted in 1861 in 17th W. V. I.; was Lieutenant for eight months, acting as Quarter master of the regiment for eighteen months and afterward Cap tain of Co. E, 17th W. V. I. ; served altogether three years and ten months ; returning again to Sheboygan, commenced grocery and fishery in partnership with A. M. Leigh and continued in that firm for seven years ; entered present business with Albert Fairchild May 1, 1872; ran the tug Maggie Lutz in the fishery business; average shipments offish, 9,000 pounds per monih. He was born in Ireland in 1836 ; came to America with his parents when quite young. He was married in Sheboygan in 1861, to Josephine Thomas, born in the State of New York. They have three children — Sherman, Mary and Thaddeus. REINHARD B. FIRZLAPF, boots and shoes, Sheboygan, was born in Sheboygan June 21, 1854; commenced business life as a fisherman ; was engaged in that capacity for one season ; then learned the trade of shoemaker ; engaged at it eighteen months ; was at Escanaba, Mich., employed at his trade for one and a half years, and at Cleveland, Ohio, for nearly a year ; returned to She boygan for a short time ; then at Hancock, Mich., for three months ; also at Prince Arthur's Landing, Canada, for two years, and in State of Minnesota for some years ; returned to Sheboygan Dec. 23, 1880, and been in present business since. He was married at Sheboygan, May 26, 1881, to Jennie Kaufmann, born in Ger many. HENRY J. FISCHER, blacksmith, Sheboygan, was born in Sheboygan April 28, 1858 ; went to Plymouth, Wis., with parents when quite young ; learned his trade there and was em ployed at it some two years, and in business on his own account for one year; returned to Sheboygan in the spring of 1881, and commenced present business. He was married at Sheboygan May 26, 1881, to Louisa Hilmert, born in State of Wisconsin. He is a son of Hartnian Fischer, farmer in Sheboygan Co. JOHN FLAIG, cooper-shop and dealer in barrels, Sheboy gan ; came to Wisconsin in 1852; located at Sheboygan; was engaged in farming for some time, and in various capacities up to 988 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1870, when he learned the cooper trade and was employed at it some two years ; commenced present business in 1872, and has been engaged at it since. Born in Germany, Aug. 14, 1846 ; eame to America in 1852. Married at Sheboygan, April 25, 1869, to Caroline A. Buchen, born in Germany ; they have six children — -Henry, Caroline, Bertha, Mina, Augusta and John. CAPT. JOHN M. FOLGER, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1859; located at Sheboygan; was engaged in the lumbering business with A. L. Weeks, Charles S. Norton and D. E. Swine- ton, and also had a general store called "The Three Captains; " retired from that business in 1865 ; then ticket agent of the S. & F. R. R. Co. for four years, and dealt in real estate ; was then in Cal ifornia for a few months; returned to Sheboygan, and has been since engaged in gardening and agricultural pursuits. Was City Assessor for the years 1875-76. Born at Nantucket, Mass., Nov. 12, 1818, and at thirteen years of age commenced active life as cooper ; was engaged on a whaling vessel as cooper for over three years ; then as harpooner on a whaler for four years ; afterward mate for four years ; then as captain for eight years ; was then farming in Ohio from 1854 to 1858. Married at Nantucket, Mass, in July, 1841, to Eliza B. Upham, born there. HENRY FOESTE, manufacturer, Sheboygan ; came to She boygan in 1847; was born in Herford, Prussia, May 17, 1828- Mr. F. was married in Sheboygan, ¦ 27, 1849, to Mary Prange> a native of Hanover, Germany ; they have five children — Emma F. (now Mrs. H. Rakow, of Milwaukee), Sophia H., Otto W., Ar thur H. and Alvina M.; all except the married daughter reside in Sheboygan ; Otto has recently returned from Switzerland, where he spent two and a half years at school. GEORGE M. GEARLDS, farmer, P. 0. Sheboygan ; born in Sheboygan City, Wis., Dec. 20, 1858. His father, Edward Gearlds, moved on the present farm in the town of Sheboygan in 1863. George resides with his father, and assists him in conduct ing the farm. Edward Gearlds settled in Sheboygan Oct 25, 1853 ; he owns 80 acres of land, all improved. FRANK GEELE, hardware merchant, Sheboygan ; was born in Prussia March 15, 1825 ; came to Milwaukee, Wis., in Au gust, 1846 ; employed as a tinsmith in the establishment of Gov. Farwell ; came to Sheboygan in November, 1847 ; he worked in the tinshop of Orrin S. Camp for about two years ; he then bought the business of Mr. Camp, and since then has been engaged in business for himself. He has been County Supervisor two terms, County Treasurer four years, City Treasurer several years, Mayor five years, and is now Alderman of the First Ward. He was one of the promoters and organizers of the Phoenix Chair Co., and is still interested in the company as a stockholder. Mr. G. was mar ried, in Sheboygan, to Gertrude Trilling ; she was born in Prus sia ; they have six children — Matilda (now Mrs. R. Hoeh, of Mar quette, Mich.), Henry, Frank, Tony, Willis and Emma. REV. JOHN G. GOEHRINGER, Pastor of Evangelical, Lutheran Trinity Church, Sheboygan. Born at Accident, Md., March 20, 1848; received his classical education at Concordia Col- lge, Ft. Wayne, Ind., from 1863 to 1869, then took up his theolog ical course at Concordia College, St. Louis, Mo., and graduated there in June, 1872; was then at Mascoutah, St. Clair Co., 111., in charge of the Evangelical Lutheran Zion Church for nine years ; came to Sheboygan, Wis., Aug. 13, 1881, and entered into pres ent duties, Aug. 18, 1881; married at St. Louis, Mo., June 15, 1873, to Fredrika Pogenpohl, born in Germany. They have two "living children — George and Dora, and one deceased. E. B. GARTON, manufacturer, was born in the Province of Ontario, Aug. 16, 1841 ; lived there until he came to Sheboygan Co. in the fall of 1864. For eight years he carried on a hat factory at Sheboygan Falls. He then resided at Chilton for two years. In 1874, he came to Sheboygan, and four years he was foreman in one of the departments of Sheboygan Manufacturing Company. Since then he has been in planing-mill business. About twenty months ago, commenced the manufacture of toys in connection with the other business. He was married at Sheboy gan Falls in January, 1865, to Nancy J. Goodell. She is a native of Illinois. They have two children living — Edith May and Clar ence Edwin ; lost three children — Mary E., Eva C. and Harry E. JOHN GRIFFITH, manufacturer. Was born in Wales April 3, 1826. Came to America in 1831 with his parents Griffith and Ann Griffith. They settled in Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Penn., where John lived until he was fifteen years of age when he went to sea, and was engaged in ocean sailing until 1856, when he came to Sheboygan. He was engaged in sailing on the lakes until the fall of 1880, when he formed a partnership with E. B. Garton, in planing mill. Mr. Griffith was married at Rock land, Maine, in 1855, to Ardelle C. Packard, a native of that place. They have four children living — Agnes, Nellie, Bessie and Kittie ; they have lost two sons — Alfred and Charles. BERNARD R. GROGAN, Principal of High Schools, She boygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1863; located at Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan Co.; was educated at the Normal School, at Oshkosh, Wis; attended there for some four years, and graduated in 1876; was then at State University, Madison, Wis., for one term, and afterward pursued studies in private ; had charge of High School at Stockbridge, Calumet Co., Wis., for eighteen months; was then elected Superintendent of County Schools in fall of 1877, and re-elected in 1879, and resigned that position to assume the principalship of Sheboygan High School ; was born in Le Roy, N. Y., in 1850; is a son of Matthew Grogan, farmer, at Elkhart, Wis., who settled there in 1853. GEORGE M. GROH, of G. M. Groh & Bros., photographers, Sheboygan. Born in Sheboygan July 14, 1855. Began business life at seventeen years of age, as musician in a theatrical troupe, for one year. Learned trade of photographer in State of Ohio, and St. Louis, Mo., and was engaged at it some four years. Was in Sedalia, Mo., for a short time. Returned to Sheboygan in fall of 1875, and commenced present business in partnership with his brother, Edward Groh. Is a son of George Groh, resident of Sheboygan. Has been a member of the Royal Arcanum for one year. OLEY GROH, Captain of Life Saving Station, Sheboygan; born at Galveston, Tex., in 1847; came to Wisconsin in 1850; located at Sheboygan ; at thirteen years of age, he began active life as a sailor before the mast; was mate in 1864 ; in 1865, was made Captain of the schooner Gazelle, afterward Captain and part owner of schooner Jennie ; then owned and ran the schooner Pride up to 1873, when he took and ran the tugboat F. Geele up to the year 1879, then had the tugboat W. C. Tillson, for a short time, after which owned and ran the tugboat Triad for two months ; is now superintending the dredging of the Sheboygan River for the city of Sheboygan ; has been Captain of Life Sav ing Station since 1876; married at Sheboygan, Wis., in 1870, to Odelia Freyburg — now deceased — leaving four children — Hattie, Clara, Emma and Laura. WILLIAM GRUBE, of Grube Bros., coopers, Sheboygan. Came to Wisconsin in 1860, and located at Sheboygan at the age of fifteen years. Learned the trade of shoemaker, and was employed in that capacity for four years. Then learned coopering business, and was employed at it some seven or eight years. Com menced present business in partnership with his brother, Louis Grube, in 1878, and they have continued together since. Manu facture 1,500 pork barrels and tierces per annum, and 7,000 pea barrels. They employ four men in shop. Born in Germany Feb. 9, 1850; came to America in 1860. Married at Sheboygan, August, 1874, to Bertha Nuemeister, born in Germany. They have four children — Meta, Alfred, William and Augusta. THEODORE GUNTHER, stoneware factory, Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in 1859 ; located at Milwaukee and was em ployed in stoneware factory for some four years. Came to She boygan in 1863, and commenced manufacturing stoneware in com pany with P. Berns ; they continued together in that line of bus iness two and a half years ; since that time he has carried on a stoneware factory alone ; employs ten men, and manufactures HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 8,000 gallons of stoneware monthly. -Was Alderman of the Second Ward for the years 1867-68-69 and 1870, and was also Poormaster in the years 1869 and 1870. Was born in France, Sept. 6, 1826 ; learned trade there and in Germany. Came to America in 1855, and was engaged in manufacturing stoneware at Detroit, Mich., for some three years. Married, at Detroit, Mich., Nov. 1, 1859, to Bertha Schaeffer, born in Germany; they have two children — William, studying medicine at Rush Medical Col lege, Chicago, 111., and Emil. HENRY GUENTHER, contractor and builder, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1849; located at Sheboygan City, and has been engaged in building and contracting for carpentering work since he came here ; was Assessor of Fourth Ward for two years ; born in Prussia, April 15, 1817 ; learned trade of carpenter and was employed at it some years; came to America in 1849 ; mar ried in Germany in 1845, to Augusta Schitzenmeister, born there. They have three children — Theresa, Mary and Joseph. HENRY GUTSCH, saloon, Sheboygan. Came to Wiscon sin in 1865. Located at Sheboygan. Was employed in brewery of Leopold Gutsch for ten years. Commenced present business in 1875, and has been engaged in it since. Born at Chicago, 111., June 13, 1852. Learned trade of machinist, and worked at it some two years. Married at Sheboygan, Wis., May 23, 1876, to Antonia Gutsch, born at Sheboygan, Wis. They have three chil dren — Josephine, Leopold and Olga. ADOLPH F. GUTSCH, bottler of L. Gutsch's ! ager Beer, Sheboygan. Born at Sheboygan, Wis., Sept. 17, 1858. Learned brewing business with his father, Leopold Gutsch, and was employed with him some six years. Commenced present business in the spring of 1870. Bottles about 600 barrels of beer per annum, employs three men and two delivery wagons. Married at Sheboygan, Wis., Feb. 3, 1880, to Charlotte Henschel, born at Sheboygan. They have one son — Alfred O. WILLIAM HALBACH, retired merchant, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1848 ; located in town of Herman, Sheboygan Co.; was engaged farming up to 1852, when he came to Sheboygan and conducted a blacksmith-shop for two years ; re turning to Herman, was employed as foreman and engineer in saw- saw- mill for two years ; from 1856 to 1879 he was engaged in general store business, and also engaged in conducting a saw mill in company with Henry Mueller from 1866 to 1873 ; there for three years in same business in company with E. Prome. Returned to Sheboygan in 1879 and has not since en gaged in business. He was Postmaster at Howard's Grove, town of Herman, for some six years, and also Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace at that place for six years. Was born in Germany June 10, 1821 ; was employed as a machinist in that country. Came to America in 1848. Married, in Germany, in 1846, to Mary Mennenolh, born there ; they have seven children — Will iam, Albert, Lucy, Bertha, Laura, Charles and Rudolph. CHARLES H. HALBACH, of Halbach & Co., photo graphers, Sheboygan ; was born at Howard's Grove, Sheboygan Co., Oct. 10, 1861 ; was educated there ; came to Sheboygan City in 1876 ; employed some two years with Groh & Bros., photo graphers ; then at Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., employed in photographing business for some two years ; they had a gallery at Clear Lake, Wis., for a few months ; returned to Sheboygan in July, 1881. Commenced business Aug. 1, 1881, in partner ship with Joseph M. Koerner. Is a son of William Halbach, who is a retired farmer, residing in Sheboygan. De WISNER HALSTED, proprietor of the Beekman House ; was born in the town of Woodville, Calumet Co., Wis., May 24, 1845. He was married, at Charles City, Iowa, March 11, 1866, to Mary G. Stearns, a native of Oneida Co., N. Y.; she died in May, 187,1, leaving one son — John D. Mr. Halsted's present wife was Bertha K. Balzer ; she was born in Sheboygan ; they have two children — Aurel F. and an infant son. Mr. H. enlisted, in October, 1861, in Co. A, 2d Wisconsin Cavalry; he was wounded at the battle of Prairie Grove ; mustered out Feb. 24, 1863. Before entering the army he had been engaged in farm ing, and when he left the service he returned to Calumet Co. and resumed farming, which he continued until February, 1865, when he re-enlisted in Co. I, 3d U. S. Veteran Volunteers ; served until February, 1866 ; he then returned to Wisconsin and engaged in the manufacture of lumber and staves, in addition to his farming operations, which he continued until 1872, when he came to She boygan and engaged in hotel business, which he has continued ever since ; he was proprietor of the Park Hotel for two years, balance of the time running the Beekman House. His father, De Wis- ner Halsted. was born in Niagara Co., N. Y.; he was the first Postmaster in the town of Woodville, Calumet Co., Wis.; he served in the Black Hawk war ; he was at first Corporal and afterward Sergeant in the 5th Regt. U. S. Infantry ; he was connected with that branch of the army which opened the old military road from Fort Winnebago to Green Bay. His business in Calumet Co. was lumber manufacturer and farmer ; he first came to Sheboygan in 1837 ; one year later he went to Green Bay, where he remained until he located in Calumet Co. in 1841 ; he died in 1859. His wife was Rachel Turner ; she was born in Dundas, Canada ; she died in March, 1863. The first post office in Woodville, Calumet Co., she named Dundas, after her native place. The Beekman House is located in the business center of the city, being the largest hotel in the city ; it is the favorite summer resort for vis itors from all parts of the country. L. D. HARVEY, lawyer; was born in Deerfield, Rocking ham Co., N. H., Nov. 23, 1848; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1850 ; they located in the town of Fulton, Rock Co. ;, L. D. was educated at Milton College ; graduated from that insti tution in 1872 ; he taught one term of select school at Spring Prairie, Walworth Co. ; then he taught a graded school at Albany, Green Co., one term ; afterward, for two years he was Principal of the Mazomanie School in Dane Co. ; in 1875, he came to Sheboy gan ; he was Principal of the High School here until July, 1880, and had practical charge of the city schools during this period ; in October, 1880, he was admitted to the bar, having commenced the study of law some time before he discontinued teaching ; he is now a member of the School Board and also Superintendent of the city schools ; he is Secretary of the Sheboygan Library Asso ciation. Dec. 25, 1874, he was married to Miss Lettie Brown, a native of Illinois ; they have three children — Leeta, Alice, Helen, and an infant daughter. CHRISTIAN HEYER, proprietor of tannery; was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, Feb. 15, 1827 ; in 1840, he became a tanner's apprentice ; in 1851, he came from his native country to Milwaukee; worked in a tannery there until the fall of 1855, when he came to Sheboygan and engaged in business for himself ; commenced with a capital of $400 ; worked about six men ; in 1859, he commenced in his present location with a capital of $2,000, and employed ten men ; now he gives employment to about forty ; for fourteen years, Theodore Zschetzsche was a part ner with him. Mr. Heyer was married at Milwaukee in May, 1853, to Rosina Hofsas ; she is also a native of Wurtemburg, Germany. Mr. H. has been Alderman. ANDREW HIGBY, insurance agent, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; located at Kenosha ; was engaged in mercan tile business in company with J. B. Griffin for six months; then at Beloit, Wis., for some years, and a short time at Columbus, Wis. ; came to Sheboygan in 1852 ; was engaged in mercantile business as clerk for some nine years ; in 1861, engaged in insur ance business, and has followed it since; from 1876 to 1879, was in partnership with his son, Charles F. Higby ; now in Milwaukee with Goodrich Transportation Company ; was at one time Treas urer of School Board for about a year ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y. ; Nov. 18, 1815, went to Detroit, Mich., at twenty years of age; clerked for some time, and was engaged in the hardware business for some years. Married, at Beloit, Wis., Jan. 3, 1848, to Maria R. Hunt, born at Troy, N. Y., now deceased ; they have living one boy — Charles F. Married again at Sheboygan October 99° HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. 1875, to Bertha J. C. Bechly, born in Germany; they have one son — -Anson W. JOHN HICKEY, foreman of shops of C, N. W. R. R. Co., Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1873, and located at Sheboy gan, and has been engaged in present capacity since ; born in Chicago, 111., in 1842, learned the trade of machinist and engineer at Cleveland, Ohio ; was then employed as engineer on the M., H. & 0. R. R. at Marquette, Mich., for three years ; then at Chicago, 111., on the C, R. I. & P. R. R. as machinist for one year, afterward with the C, B. & Q. R. R. as engineer and ma chinist for nine years. Married at Marquette, Mich., September, 1867, to Mary Melody, born in Detroit, Mich.; they have six children — Daniel, Frederick, Charles, William, Ella and Joseph. G. L. HOLMES, Vice President and Superintendent of the Sheboygan Manufacturing Company, was born in Canaan, Somer set Co., Maine, Dec. 28, 1843 ; resided there until he was nine teen years of age, then went to Boston, and prior to his removal to Sheboygan, he was employed as salesman for a Boston furniture establishment. In the fall of 1867 he came to Sheboygan ; after coming here he was with the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railway Co., most of the time, until he became connected with the She boygan Manufacturing Company, in August, 1869 ; for three or four years he worked in various departments of this company, then for three years was employed as traveling salesman for them. In January, 1876, he was elected Vice President and Superintendent ; he has served as Alderman for two years. Mr. H. was married in Sheboygan, April 28, 1880, to Belle, daughter of Benjamin H. Gibbs, an early settler of this county, she was born in Gibbsville, Sheboygan Co., Wis. FREDERICK HILDEBRAND, builder, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1848, located at Sheboygan ; was engaged in farming for some three years ; then employed as carpenter some six years, and since that time has been engaged as contracting builder ; built the Lutheran Church in 1869, and some of the prominent business and dwelling houses. Born in Germany, Oct. 31, 1829 ; learned the trade of carpenter and builder, and was em ployed at it some years ; came to America in 1848 ; married at Sheboygan, Wis., Nov. 13, 1853, to Amelia Wissbroecker, born in Germany ; they have three children — Ernst, carpenter, em ployed with his father ; Bertha and Lina ; three children de- JACOB HILPERTSHAUSER, contractor and builder, Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in 1855; located in the town of Herman, in Sheboygan Co., Wis., and was engaged in contract ing carpenter work, etc., for some years ; came to Sheboygan City in 1863; was employed in ship-building for about a year; enlisted in 1864 in the 45th Wisconsin Infantry, served for seven months, returned to Sheboygan and was employed for over a year at ship-building ; then engaged in present business for some four years alone, then in company with Fred Hildebrand for ten years, and since that time has been alone ; was a sub-con tractor on the County Court House, built in 1868 ; has been principally engaged in erecting business and private bnildings ; was also engaged in building the Episcopal and Lutheran Churches. Born in Switzerland, May 26, 1830 ; learned the trade of car penter, and was employed at it some years ; came to America in 1854; resided at St. Louis, Mo., engaged as carpenter for four teen months. Married in Switzerland, Sept. 1, 1851, to Annie Schweitzer, born there ; they have five children — Kate, Charles, employed with his father ; Jacob, William and George. FREDERICK HAHN, M. D., Sheboygan, came to Wiscon sin in fall of 1847 and located in Sheboygan Co. ; was engaged in farming and practicing medicine for some five years ; came to Sheboygan City in 1853, and has been engaged in practicing med icine since ; was Justice of the Peace for a short time and was City Physician for several years ; born in Buttstadt, Thuringen, Germany, Feb. 5, 1815 ; was educated there and graduated in June, 1842, and passed State examination at Weimar, in Thurin gen, in same year ; practiced there for five years ; came to Amer ica in 1847. Married in Germany in 1847 to Josephine Kind; born there; died in 1872, leaving five children — Lena, Louisa, Mary, Adolph, Gustave. JACOB IMEG, boots and shoes, Sheboygan, came to Wis consin in 1851 ; located with parents at Sheboygan ; at fifteen years of age learned the trade of shoemaker and was employed at it some three years ; then employed at trade in Chicago, 111., for five years ; then went to New York City and enlisted in the United States Navy ; was appointed as cook on United States torpedo boat ''Naubuck." and was engaged in that capacity for six months ; then on receiving ship for six months ; was then dis charged ; then employed at trade in Chicago, 111., for one year ; returned to Sheboygan in 1866, and commenced boot and shoe business in partnership with J. M. Heinzelman ; continued with him for five years, and since that time has been in present business alone ; was Alderman of Second Ward for the years 1875, '76, '77 and 1879 ; was President of the Calumet plank road for the the year 1880, and was also Superintendent of Poor for 1879 and '80 ; born in Germany in 1843 ; came to America in 1851. Married at Sheboygan, August, 1869, to Rosa Gutsch, born in Sheboygan. They have six children — Hugo, Alma, Leopold, Adolph, Lulu, Theckla. DAVID JENKINS, proprietor of machine shops, was born in South Wales, June 24, 1834; came to America with his parents in 1841 ; they located in Utica, N. Y., and resided there until the fall of 1 844, when they came to Racine, Wis., where they remained until the spring of 1845 ; then came to Sheboygan. Price Jenkins, father of David, carried on the business of gun smith here until he died. David commenced working at machin ist's trade when he was only fourteen years of age, and he has worked at same trade ever since ; engaged in business for himself since the spring of 1876, and has the finest shop of its size to be HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 991 found in Wisconsin. He was married at Sheboygan, Oct. 29, 1855, to Mary E. Crocker, a native of the town of Schroon, Essex Co., N. Y. They have three children living — Edward W., DeWitt and Henry. They have lost eight children. Mr. Jenkins is a member of the A., F. & A. M. PETER JOHNSON, foreman of sanding department of the Phoenix Chair Company, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1872 ; located at Sheboygan ; was employed as sailor before the mast for several years, and afterward, as mate of schooner sailing on the lakes ; has been in the employ of the Phoenix Chair Company for four years, and in present capacity since January, 1879 ; born in Norway in 1837 ; was engaged as mate of vessels on the ocean for twelve years; came to America in 1872. Mar ried in Canada, Oct. 3, 1871, to Mary Blake, born in Canada. They have four children— Ellen H., Robert J. O, William T. and Henry M. FR. KARSTE, Cashier of the German Bank, Sheboygan, was born in Baderslaben, Prussia, April 27, 1837 ; came to She boygan from his native country May 22, 1854 ; worked in brick yard the first two summers after coming here ; winters employed at wood chopping ; afterward, for one year, he was employed in teaming between Sheboygan and Fond du Lac ; he was employed for awhile in a saw-mill at Howard's Grove, seven miles from Sheboygan ; then for three years he was employed in the hard ware store of Geele & Plath ; for one year he carried on mercan tile business at Gienbeulah, Wis., in partnership with Gerhard Buensow ; June 19, 1861, he became connected with the Ger man Bank of Sheboygan, as book-keeper ; six years later he was appointed Assistant Cashier, which position he held until he was elected Cashier, in 1871. Mr. K. was married in Sheboygan, May 24, 1862, to -Eva Simmer; she was born in Hesse-Darm stadt. They have four children — Fred, Otto, Bertha and Emma. Mr. Karste has been Alderman. JOHN G. KERN, Pastor of the Evangelical Association, Sheboygan, was born in Germany, in 1850 ; came to America in 1870 ; located at Greenfield, Wis.; was employed as wagon- maker for two years ; then at Port Washington for ten months, and at Neenah for one year, connected with the Evangelical As sociation ; was at Ripon, Wis , for a year ; then for two years at Milwaukee in charge of a German Church ; was ordained a clergy man in 1876; attended college in Illinois; was in Kansas for ten months, and Montpelier, Wis., for a year ; came to Sheboy gan in 1880, and has been employed in his present capacity since then ; also at Plymouth, Centerville and Herman. JOSEPH F. KENT, merchant, Sheboygan, was born in Erie, Pa., Feb. 25, 1842 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents, Alban and Wallburga Kent, in October, 1844; they stopped a short time in Milwaukee ; then came to Sheboygan the same year ; for twenty-two years Joseph F. was employed as a clerk in the store of George End ; afterward for eighteen months he was in the hardware business. In 1870, he engaged in business for himself, with his present partner, Joseph End : in August, 1862, he en listed in Company E, 27th Wis. Vol. Infantry ; he went out as Quartermaster Sergeant, and served in that capacity for sixteen months ; afterward he was Quartermaster of the Regiment. June 15, 1869, he was married in Plymouth, Wis., to Amelia Zerler, a native of Germany. They have three children living — Flora, Gustav and George ; they have lost one daughter, Cora. JACOB KEMPF, boots and shoes, Sheboygan, came to Wis consin in 1850 ; located at Sheboygan ; was employed at shoe- making for one year ; commenced present business in 1853, and continued in that since that time ; born in Germany in 1830 ; learned trade of shoemaker in that country ; came to America in 1849; worked one year at trade in Buffalo, N. Y.; married at Sheboygan in 1852, to Henrietta Knutz, born in Germany ; they have eleven children — Charles, John, George, Lena, Edward, William, Emma, Albert, Frank, Julia, Clara. AUGUST KESEWETER, butcher and dealer in live stock, Sheboygau, born at Sheboygan, Wis., Sept. 4, 1856; at twelve years of age assisted his father in butcher business, and was em ployed with him, altogether, some twelve years; commenced butchering business on his own account in February, 1880, and engaged in dealing and shipping live stock for about one year ; resides with his father, Andrew Keseweter, who came to She boygan in 1857, and was engaged in butcher business for some thirty yeais ; is sixty-eight years of age. NORRIS W. KILTON, of Laing & Kilton, wagon and black smith shop, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in April, 1866 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; was employed one year at trade of blacksmith ; commenced business with Walter Hawkins in 1867, in horseshoeing establishment, and they carried on that business up to the spring of 1873. Mr. Kilton then came to Sheboygan City; owned and sailed the schooner Exchange on Lake Michigan for a few months; then entered into present business with John Laing and continued with him since ; was a member of the Board of Supervisors of Sheboygan Falls in 1870. He was born in Jonesboro, Washing ton Co., Me., July 13, 1827; was for some years engaged in farming and sailing on the Atlantic Ocean, aud employed in ship building, and afterward had a blacksmith shop for fourteen years. He was married at Jonesboro, Me., Jan. 1, 1848, to Miss Annie Steele, born in Jonesport, Me. They have three children — George W., Milicia (now Mrs. Frank, at Sheboygan) and Manning. JOSEPH KELLNER (deceased), came to Wisconsin in 1856, and was employed in various capacities for some six years ; then commenced the cooper business and continued it up to Sept. 6, 1881, when he died, leaving six children — Joseph, John, Frank, Mary, George and August. The cooper business is now carried on by Joseph, John and Frank Kellner, born at Sheboygan, Wis., Nov. 27, 1857, Oct. 5, 1859, and Aug. 27, 1862, respectively. Joseph was married at Sheboygan June 14, 1881, to Johanna Bartzen; John was married at Sheboygan, Wis., May 17, 1880, to Mary Schuester. They have one child, Kate. The firm man ufactures 2,000 barrels and tierces per annum. LOUIS A. KEPPLER, foreman of bending-room, Phcenix Chair Company, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1849 ; located in Sheboygan Co.; engaged in farming up to 1862, when he en listed in the 27th W. V. I.; served some two years and seven months, and from 1865 to 1868 was employed as carpenter in Sheboygan Co. He came to Sheboygan City in 1868 ; was em ployed for two years in Sheboygan Manufacturing Company ; then with Crocker & Bliss, chair factory, for two years, aud since that time has been engaged in present capacity. He was born in Ger many in 1836 ; came to America in 1849 ; was married at Madi son, Wis., in 1865, to Miss Mary Bauer, born in Germany. They have seven children— Amelia, Henry, William, Adelaide, Caroline, Louis and Arthur. FREDERICK. KOEHN, Sr., fisheries, Sheboygan. Came to Wisconsin July 9, 1853 ; located at Sheboygan ; employed some two years in various capacities, and commenced fishing in a small way on Sheboygan River ; continued it for five years, then commenced fishing in Lake Michigan, and has continued it since ; is also engaged in curing and smoking fish. Owns and runs the tug Hoffnung in connection with fisheries ; average yearly yield of fish about 200,000 pounds ; employs twelve to fourteen men ; born in Germany Oct. 30, 1811 ; was a millwright there for some years. Married in Germany in 1832, Anna E. Balke, born in Germany; came to America in 1853. They have two children — Frederick and Mary. JOHN M. KOHLER, manufacturer, was born in Austria, Nov. 3, 1844; came to America with his parents, John M. and Mary Ann Kohler; they first located in St. Paul, Minn., where he lived until 1865, when he went to Chicago and engaged in clerking until 1868. From 1868 to 1873 he was employed as a traveling salesman, selling goods in the Western country. In 1871 his family came to Sheboygan to reside, and, in May, 1873, he came here and engaged in business for himself in foundry and machine shops. Mr. Kohler was married here July 5, 1871, to Lillie, daughter of Jacob J. Vollrath ; she was born in Chicago. 992 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. They have six children, Evangeline, Robert, Walter, Marie, Lillie and Carl. Mr. Kohler is serving second term as a member of the County Board of Supervisors; he is a member of the A., F. & A. M. and I. 0. 0. F. JOHN KROEFF, cooper-shop and dealer in barrels, Sheboy gan. Came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located at Sheboygan ; com menced present business and has continued it since ; employs three men; makes 1,500 barrels and tierces per annum. Was Alderman of Fourth Ward from 1869 to 1872, and also from 1875 to 1879. Born in Germany in 1830; was employed in that country as a slater; came to America in 1852. Learned cooper trade in Chicago, 111. Married at Sheboygan, June 19, 1856, to Ursula Sommersperger, born in Germany. They have eight children — -Mary, Annie, Josephine, Johnnia, John, Mar garet, George, Frank. GEN. CONRAD KREZ, lawyer, was born in Bavaria, April 27, 1827. In January, 1851, he came to America as a political refugee ; he resided in the city of New York until he came to Sheboygan, Wis., Aug. 27, 1854. He has been engaged in practice of law ever since he came here ; he was, for twelve years, District Attorney, and now holds the position of City Attorney, having held that office several terms. He is Water and Park Commissioner. The artesian well is largely the result of his labors in that interest, being Alderman at that time. Aug. 21, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, and raised the 27th W. V. I. ; before going to camp he was commissioned Colonel of the regiment. He participated in all battles of his command, and was only absent thirty days during his term of service ; he served until Aug. 29, 1865 ; he commanded his brigade and was made a Brevet Brigadier General. The General is a poet of considerable distinction ; he is a prominent contributor to German literature. In December, 1852, he was married at New York to Adelphina, daughter of Judge Stemmler ; she is a native of the city of New York. They have seven children — Paul T., associated with his father in practice of law, Josephine, Louise, Cornelia, Gertrude, Albert and Alfred. JAMES LAMPMAN, builder, Sheboygan ; came to Wiscon sin in 1837; located at Waukesha; was engaged as a builder for eighteen years; afterward in farming in the town of Lyndon, She boygan Co., Wis., for two years, and in same capacity at Ocono mowoc, Wis., for seven years. Was then engaged in conducting a grist-mill at Hingham, town of Lima, Sheboygan Co., for some time alone, and for two years in partnership with P. II. Delavan ; in 1873, went to the town of Sheboygan, Wis., and was engaged in farming up to July, 1881, and also had the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Toll Road up to 1878; came to Sheboygan City in July, 1881, and has been engaged in his present capacity since. Owns 100 acres of land in the town of Sheboygan. Was Justice of the Peace in the town of Sheboygan for three years. Born in Madi son Co., N. Y., Dec. 23, 1818. Married at Brookfield, Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1841, to Eliza Van Bleck, born in Madison Co., N. Y.; they have two children -Frank and Alice. FRANCIS LAWRENCE, hardware merchant, Sheboygan ; came to Sheboygan in the spring of 1854 ; he has been engaged in the hardware business ever since he came here ; since 1879, he has also carried on a grocery, and also has a fruit house ; in the latter establishment he packed about four hundred and fifty cases of eggs last year. Mr. L. is a native of Monroe, Mich., born Nov. 7, 1830. He was first married at Sheboygan, Nov. 29, 1856, to Eliza A., daughter of Daniel Wheeler, an early settler here ; she died Jan. 12, 1869 ; Mr. Lawrence was again married, to his present wife, in Monroe, Mich., Oct. 6, 1870 ; she was Martha L., daughter of Laac Lewis, of Monroe ; she was born in that place ; they have three children living — Fannie L., Francis W. and Mary S.; they have lost two sons ; Henry died at the age of four months, and Lewis R. died when twenty months old. JOHN LAING, of Laing & Kilton, blacksmith and wagon shops, Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in 1860; located at She boygan Falls ; was employed in blacksmith-shop up to June, 1863, when he enlisted in the Mechanics Corps, U. S. A.; was stationed at Nashville, Tenn.; served one year. Returned to Sheboygan Falls and carried on a blacksmith business some eight years- came to Sheboygan City in 1872 and commenced present business alone ; in 1873, was joined by N. W. Kelton, and they have con tinued business together since. Born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Aug. 20, 1836 ; learned the trade of blacksmith there, and was em ployed at it some years. Married at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., in 1862, to Emma Hubbard, born in the State of New York; they had two children — Charles and Annie. EMIL LIEBERMAN, manager for M. Lieberman, produce dealer, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1857, and resided with his parents at Milwaukee ; came to Sheboygan in 1860, and was employed for some time with his father, M. Lieberman, in general mercantile business ; went to Chicago and was engaged in com mission business there for three years ; returned to Sheboygan in 1878, and has been engaged in his present capacity since. Mr. L. was born in Austria in 1841 ; came to America in 1857. Was married at Chicago in 1872, to Elise Stein, born in Austria ; they have four living children — William, Emma, Julia and Ernst. ADOLPH F. ST. SURE LINDSFELT, physician, She boygan; came to Wisconsin in 1840; located at Pine Lake; engaged practicing medicine and farming for four years ; came to Sheboygan in 1844, and practiced medicine up to 1861 ; when he was appointed Surgeon of the 15th W. V. I., and served with that regiment until the close of the war, then returned to Sheboygan, and has been engaged in practicing since ; was born in Finland May 9, 1806 ; was engaged in the French Revolution in 1830 ; came to America in 1840 ; graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, 111., in 1852. Married in Sweden, in 1835, to Baroness Elise Von Krasow; they had eight children — Charles W., Josephine, George, Frank, William, Emma, Amanda and Clara. Married again at Cincin nati, Ohio, in 1864, Elizabeth Conway, born in the State of New York. AUGUST LOESING, lumber-yard and planing-mill, Sheboy gan ; came to Wisconsin in 1853; located at Sheboygan City; employed as teamster for ten years ; then hauling and dealing in lumber for himself, and, since 1874, has had a lumber-yard. En listed in the 51st W. V. I., in 1865 ; served six months. Owns the schooner Rose ; employs it in his lumber business ; handles 1,000,000 feet per annum ; the planing-mill is six-horse power, and produces 100,000 feet per annum; was Alderman of the Fourth Ward for 1874 and 1876; born in Germany Jan, 1, 1832; learned the carpenter trade, and was employed at it some years; came to America in 1852; resided one year in Geneva Co., N. Y., engaged in farming. Married at Sheboygan, in 1857, to Rose Frosina ; born in Germany; they have seven children — Herman, Albert, August, Louisa, Ida, Fredericka and Meta. CHARLES LUTZE, contractor and builder, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and located at Sheboygan ; was employed at carpentering for about ten years, and has been engaged in contract ing and building for about fifteen years ; built several additions to K. Schreier's brewery, and about one hundred dwellings in the Third and Sixth Wards, and some business houses. Was elected Alder man of Fifth Ward in 1877; re-elected in 1879, and again in 1881. Was Roadmaster some nine years ago. Born in Prussia, Feb. 15, 1839 ; learned the trade of carpenter there, and was employed at it some two years. Came to America in 1856. Mar ried at Sheboygan, Wis., in July, 1867, to Lena Pulmann; born at Sheboygan. They have four children — Sophia, Annie, Ida and Emma ; two deceased. WORTHY McKILLIP, retired farmer and merchant, She boygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1840; located at Milwauke; en gaged in harness making business for over a year ; came to Sheboy gan in 1842 ; was engaged in the lumber business in company with Henry Conkling for three years ; then in the mercantile business in company with John S. Harvey for three years ; afterward in the same business alone up to 1860 ; then engaged in farming HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 993 four miles west of Sheboygan City for twenty years ; he then retired from business ; was Deputy Sheriff for one year, and Register of Deeds for one term ; was County Commissioner for several years ; President of Sheboygan Village one year, and was Alderman of the Second Ward for 1859 ; born in Washington Co., Md., Jan. 13, 1813; learned the trade of harness and sad dle-maker, and was employed at it some time. Married at She boygan, Wis., Oct. 31, 1850, to Arethusa Jackson, born in Rochester, N. Y. ; they have two children — Elizabeth (now Mrs. John Paine), and Frank (a machinist). GUSTAVUS M ALLMANN, foreman of the Sawing Depart ment of the Phoenix Chair Company, Sheboygan ; was born at Sheboygan City, Wis., Dec. 17, 1854; commenced active life at fourteen years of age ; was employed in the Sheboygan Manufact uring Company for three years and two months, engaged in vari ous capacities ; then in the Crocker & Bliss Factory for two years ; went to Clinton, Iowa, and was employed in the Clinton Chair Factory one year, in machine department, then foreman of sawing department for eighteen months. Returned to Sheboygan City Sept. 16, 1877, and was in the employ of the Phoenix Co. for eighteen months. Then again at Clinton, Iowa, employed in sash, door and blind factory for some two years ; then returned to Sheboygan, and has been engaged in present capacity since. Mar ried, at Clinton, Iowa, Jan. 26, 1880, to Mary C. Kreim, born at Davenport, Iowa ; they have one child — Henry W., four months of age. Is a son of Henry Mallmann, farmer, who settled in She boygan Co. in 1852. AUGUST MALLMANN, foreman of saw department and also of lumber yard Sheboygan Manufacturing Co.; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; located with parents at Sheboygan ; was engaged farm ing for three years ; commenced with Sheboygan Manufacturing Company in present capacity in 1871, and continued in it since. Was born in Prussia in 1853 ; came to America in same year. Married, at Sheboygan, Dec. 16, 1877, to Lillie Mack, born in Sheboygan ; they have one child — William, two years of age. ANTON J. MALLMANN, of Fessler & Mallmann, flour, feed and produce, Sheboygan ; was born at Sheboygan March 7, 1855 ; was employed with his father in flour and feed business for some twelve years or more, and, about six months ago, was admitted as partner in the concern, which is composed of Peter Fessler, A. J. Mallmann and J. Mallmann. Married, at Sheboygan, Feb. 2, 1881, to Ella J. Barrett, born in Canaan, Me. Is a son of John Mall mann, who founded the firm in 1854, and died some fourteen years ago, and was at one time City Treasurer for two terms. WILLIAM MALLMANN, contractor and builder, Sheboy gan ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; located at Sheboygan and, at seventeen years of age, learned the trade of cabinet-maker and was employed at it some four years ; then learned trade of carpenter and was employed at it up to 1876, when he commenced con tracting and building, in partnership with Fred Schmidt, and con tinued with him some two years, and since that time has been alone. Built fire-engine house and also a large portion of Phoenix Chair Company's building, besides some prominent business and private dwellings. Was born in Germany in 1847. Came to America iu 1853. Married, at Sheboygan, Oct. 6, 1871, to Mar garet Knoepfel, born in Germany ; they have four children — Henry Laura, Mary, Anton. GEORGE B. MATTOON, furniture manufacturer, came to Sheboygan Falls in the fall of 1865. He was engaged in the fur niture business there for four years, then came to Sheboygan to reside and carried on the furniture business here, at the Falls and at Plymouth ; continued business in these points until 1 875, when he sold out his Plymouth store ; in 1879 he sold his Sheboygan Falls establishment, and continued his store in Sheboygan until he sold it iu January, 1881. On Jan. 5, 1881, he engaged in manufacturing bedsteads, tables, etc.; employs fifty men and man ufactures about 3,500 bedsteads per month. This is the only bedstead manufactory in this region. Mr. Mattoon is a native of Troy, N. Y. He was born Feb. 27, 1848. When he was five 63 years of age he was taken charge of by an aunt, in Massachu setts, his mother having died. He resided in Northfield, Mass., unti' 1861, when he enlisted in Co. F, 1st Vt. V. C. He was in forty-three battles and never was wounded, although he had two horses shot from under him ; was never for a single day off duty during the period of his service of three years and two months, He was married in Sheboygan July 11, 1878, to Miss Nellie F., daughter of Warren Smith. She was born at Sheboygan Falls. They have lost one son, who died in infancy in August, 1881. EARNEST MARSHALL, of Baartz & Marshall, boots and shoes, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; located as She boygan and resided with parents until he went to Lake Superior, Mich., was some five years, mining in that country ; returned to Sheboygan and learned trade of shoemaking ; was at Oshkosh, Wis., for some five years, employed at trade ; then again at She boygan, employed at trade ; commenced present business February, 1881, in company with August Baartz. Was born in Prussia in 1849. Came to America in 1856. Married, in Winnebago Co., Wis., in the fall of 1875, to Augusta Drews, born in Germany ; they have two children — George and Clara. JAMES H. MEAD, President of the German Bank, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Dec. 6, 1831 ; came to Sheboygan in April, 1856, having lived in Cleveland and Findlay, Ohio, for five years prior to coming to Wisconsin. He had been engaged in the bunk ing business for two years at Findlay, and came to Sheboygan to remain permanently June 14, 1856, having made arrangements in April of that year to engage in the banking business here. He organized the German Bank June 25, 1856, and commenced business July 1, 1856. He was one of the organizers of the Phoenix, being the first President of that company ; he is now Secretary of the company. He is also one of the incorporators of the Crocker Chair Company, and is President of that corpo ration. HERMAN MEHRTENS, grocery, crockery and saloon, She boygan, came to Wisconsin in April, 1877 ; located at Sheboygan and commenced present business, in partnership with August Bentrop, and they continued together for one .year. Since that time he has been alone. He was born in Germany in 1847 ; came to America in January, 1866 ; was then engaged as Clerk in mercantile business in New York City and Chicago, 111., for eleven years ; then employed at St. Joe, Mich., as carpenter, for two years. He was married at Sheboygan, Wis., in October, 1876, to Miss Frederika Bentrop, born at Sheboygan. They have two children — Frederick and Herman. PHILLIP MEYER, manufacturer, Sheboygan ; came to America in 1845 ; lived at Albany, N. Y., until 1847, when he came to Milwaukee, Wis.; spent one summer there, then for about two years lived in Chicago ; resided for a short time in Washing ton Co., Wis.; then, in 1853, he came to Sheboygan. He com menced working at the molder's trade in his native country when he was only fifteen years of age; from 1853 to 1861, he was in the employ of Shafton & Co., of Sheboygan ; since then he has carried on business for himself, being now associated with Henry Foeste in the foundry and machine-shops. He was married at Chicago, Feb. 17, 1851, to Wilhelmina Barneck, a native of Prus sia ; they have six children — Matilda (now Mrs. August Ort- meyer, of Freeport, 111.), Minnie, John, Lydia, Sarah and Will iam. JOHN W. MORGENEIER, photographer, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; located at Sheboygan in that year, Aug. 26 ; was employed as ship-carpenter, and in various other capacities, for some years, then as house carpenter for four years ; enlisted in 1861 in the 9th W. V. I., as First Sergeant of Co. A; served fifteen months ; at time of discharge was Color Sergeant ; returned to Sheboygan in 1862, and was book-keeping, etc., for sometime; commenced in present business in May, 1863, and continued in it since. He was born in Bavaria Jan. 15, 1825 ; engaged in mercantile business for two years; then learned cabinet- making, and was emyloyed at it some nine years, and afterward 994 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. learned photography. He came to America in 1853 ; resided at Rochester, N. Y., for one year, employed as a mechanic; was married in Germany, March 2, 1848, to Miss Elizabeth Brether, born in Germany. They have four children — Georgine, Sophia (now Mrs. Dr. Erb, of Appleton, Wis.), Robert and Augusta. Four deceased. JOHN MOGENSEN, insurance agent and dealer in real estate, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1873 ; located at She boygan, and has been engaged in present business since ; born in Norway, May 22, 1847; was employed there as carpenter for some years ; came to America Aug. 23, 1869 ; was engaged as carpenter at Chicago, 111., for some three years ; married at She boygan, Wis., Feb. 12, 1877, to Josephine Hendrickson, born in Sheboygan, Wis. They have one child — Julian M. S. FRED D. D. MUELLER, of Mueller & Ackermann, ma sons, builders and contractors, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; at fifteen years of age, learned trade of bricklaying, etc., and was employed at it some years ; in 1874, commenced present business in partnership with Christian Ackerman, and they have continued together since ; have been' engaged in building some of the most prominent business and private buildings ; built the Evergreen City Hotel, National Hotel building, and a part of the Sheboygan Manufacturing Company's building, and also a large portion of the Phoenix Chair Company's building, and they are now engaged in adding a large addition, and also engaged on the County of Sheboygan Insane Asylum building, besides many other contracts; employs at present some thirty men ; bornin Prussia, April 3, 1852.; came to America in 1854; married at Sheboygan Nov. 14, 1874, to Anne Wedell, born in Sheboygan, Wis.; is a son of Fred D. Mueller, residing at Sheboygan, and employed with him. CARL MUTH, physician and surgeon, Sheboygan ; was born in Sandhof, Province of Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, Sept. 29, 1842 ; came to America with his parents, William and Elizabeth Knobelauch Muth, in 1846 ; they lived in Cleveland nearly one year, then in 1847 came to Sheboygan. Carl was educated in the public schools of Sheboygan and in the German Academy of Mil waukee ; his medical education was acquired at Rush Medical College, in Chicago (from which he graduated in 1868), and in the medical department of the University of Goettingen, in the Province of Hanover ; he was for several years engaged in the drug business here, prior to commencing practice of his profession in 1870, also two years afterward interested in the business; he spent about two years (1873 and 1874), in giving particular attention to the study of pathology and anatomy. The doctor was married at Sheboygan, May 9, 1876, to Teckla Lupinski, a native of this place. They have two children — Carl and Lud- miller. HENRY MUTH, hardware and agricultural implements, Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; located at Sheboygan ; resided with parents ; farmed for about two years ; then learned trade of tinner ; was engaged at it some three years ; employed as clerk for F. Geele in hardware business ; commenced in hard ware business for himself, May 11, 1867, in partnership with John Bauman ; continued with him six months ; in partnership then with Joseph Kent, for sixteen months ; afterward with his brother Fred Muth, up to April 17, 1876 ; since that time car ried on alone ; born in Germany, 1843, Nov. 17 ; came to Amer ica in 1847 ; married at Sheboygan, in 1866, to Ernstena Fregt, born in Germany. They have four children — William, Hattie, Clara and Emma. JACOB P. NYTES, contractor and builder, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1846; located with parents at town of Wilson, Sheboygan Co.; learned trade of Carpenter, and came to city of Sheboygan, in 1852 ; was employed at his trade until 1862, wheh he enlisted in 26th W. V. I., served two years and three months as Orderly Sergeant; was promoted at battle of Resaca, May 15, 1864, to Lieutenant; afterward made a Captain, and had charge of Co. I, 45th W. V. I.; served in that capacity one year. Returned to Sheboygan in 1865; was employed at trade up to 1871, and since that time has been engaged in present ca pacity. He assisted in building some of the largest business houses in the city, and has now the contract for the carpenter work on the Sheboygan County Insane Asylum. Born in Ger many, Nov. 30, 1832 ; came to America Nov. 4, 1846. Married at Sheboygan, Sept. 6, 1856, to Mary Shriner, born in Germany. They have one child — William J. ARTHUR O'NEIL, foreman of finishing department, Geo. B. Mattoon Furniture Factory, Sheboygan, born at Plymouth, Wis., June 9, 1859 ; went to Sheboygan Falls, with parents, when quite young ; at the age of fourteen years, was employed in a box factory, and continued at that employment for four years ; then at Kalamazoo, Mich., for one year, employed at painting ; afterward at Minneapolis, Minn., engaged as house painter, for eighteen months. Came to Sheboygan City, in May, 1881, and was employed in finishing furniture for some time, and in present capacity since Aug. 1, 1881. Is a son of D. E. O'Neil. CHARLES OEHLER, cooper-shop, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin, 1854 ; located at Sheboygan ; employed one year at trade, and in business on own account for twenty-six years ; employs two or three men in shop. Born in Germany, May 18, 1831. Learned trade in that country; came to America, in 1853, and was employed for some years at trade in the Eastern States. Married at Sheboygan, Aug. 27, 1855, to Elizabeth Richvine, born in Germany. They have six children — Louisa, Charles, Otto, August, Louis, Etta. GEORGE OLSON, groceries, Sheboygan, born at Sheboy gan, Oct. 30, 1854. Began business life as a clerk in dry goods and grocery business ; continued in that line for eight years and ten months ; then engaged in sailing on Lake Michigan, as Cap tain of schooner, during the summer, and clerked in dry goods business during the winter, for four years. Commenced present business Nov. 29, 1880. Is son of John Olson, ship carpenter at Sheboygan. (Is the first Norwegian born in Sheboygan County.) FREDERICK PAPE, proprietor Pape House, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1848; located at Sheboygan; was em ployed as fireman for two and a half years, and eight and a half years as locomotive engineer, on the L. S. & M. S. R. R. ; from 1863 to 1869 was agent for Goodrich Transportation Company, and during that period was also agent, for some three years, of Merchants' Union Express Co.; also had agency for Inman Line of steamers, and was connected with the Goodrich Express Com pany. March 15, 1869, he commenced in present business, and continued in it ever since. Hotel has accommodations for fifty guests, and stabling attached for sixty horses. This hotel was first opened in 1849, and was continued under different styles until Mr. Pape took it in 1869. He was born in Hanover, Ger many, in 1833. Came to America, in 1848. Married at Erie, Penn., Dec. 15, 1854, to Matilda Veight, born in Germany. They have three children — Mary, now Mrs. Wm. Schlicht; Henry, clerk in mercantile business, and Ida. C. HENRY PAPE, dairy farmer ; P. 0. Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1848; located at Sheboygan City; was engaged as clerk in the mercantile capacity up to 1865, when he entered the dry goods business in company with Joseph Keseberg, and they continued together for four years ; in 1869, he moved on to present premises in the town of Sheboygan ; has been engaged in dairy farming since. Mr. Pape is also quite an extensive breeder of blooded cattle ; he was born in Germany Dec. 22, 1839; came to America in 1848. Married at Rantoul, 111., Dec. 22, 1863, to Lizzie J. Van Arnam, born in the State of New York; they have four children — George N., Mattie W., Jennie M. and Carrie L. JOHN H. PLATH, merchant ; came to Sheboygan in June, 1847 ; engaged in farming one year; then for one summer and a winter he was employed as a teamster ; afterward he went to the the Lake Superior mining region in Michigan, where he worked until 1850, when he returned to Sheboygan, and, in a short time, HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 995 went to Chicago, and was there employed for one summer as agent for a wood-shipper ; he spent the following winter and part of the succeeding summer at Davenport, Iowa; in the fall of 1851, he returned to Sheboygan and engaged in hardware trade in partner ship with Frank Geele and Edward Gredtner; two years later Mr. Gartner retired from the firm and Geele & Plath carried on the business until 1865, when they purchased the mercantile business formerly carried on by George End, Mr. Plath taking charge of the general store, and Mr. Geele looking after the hardware establishment; in 1867, Mr. Plath sold out and engaged in the foundry business, which he continued for over seven years, although he had purchased an interest in the dry goods business in 1871 ; for the last three years he has carried on the latter business without a partner : he was born in Kiel, Hol stein, Germany, Jan. 25, 1821. He was married in Sheboygan, Feb. 1, 1857, to Anna Blocki, a native of Piussia ; they have five children — Emma, Madge, Olga, Hilda and John. Mr. Plath was for several years Superintendent of the city schools ; he now holds the office of Deputy United States Revenue Collector. WILLIAM PFEIL, Sheriff ; came to Wisconsin in 18401 located at Milwaukee ; resided there for nine years with his parents J was employed in farming and in wagon -shop ; came to Sheboygan in 1848 ; was employed in various capacities for one year, then purchased a farm in Sheboygan County, and was farming up to 1852 ; then went to California and was engaged in mining and hotel business, and also had a restaurant at Forest Hill, El Dorado Co., Cal. ; was also employed as a carpenter ; was in that State some fourteen years, then at Franklin, Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1865, opened a brewery in company with H. Leidemann, and continued with him three years, and afterward carried it on alone for four years, then came to Sheboygan City and purchased a saloon, and ran it for three years, sold out out and commenced manufacturing soda water ; was in that business six years ; was elected Sheriff of Sheboygan County in 1880, and entered on duty in January, 1881 ; born in Germany June 1, 1829 ; came to America in 1840. Married, at Franklin, Sheboygan Co., Wis., March 13, 1862, to Arena Liedemann, born in Germany ; they have five living children — Ida, Lilly, Leona, Hattie, Walter ; three children deceased. WILLIAM L. PIERCE, farmer, and dealer in ca'.tle and cheese, Sheboygan Falls ; born in Alexandria, Jefferson Co, N. Y., March 13, 1843; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1844; resided for eighteen months in the city of Sheboygan ; then in the town of Lima, Sheboygan Co.; resided there with his parents for sixteen years ; afterward was employed in his father's mill at , Onion River, Sheboygan Co., for three years. Enlisted, Sept. 12, 1864, in Co. G, 2d W. V. C; was discharged June 14, 1865. He then opened a general store at Gibbsville, Wis., and conducted it for nearly two years ; in January, 1867, he engaged in saw and grist mill business, in company with B. F. Heald, at Onion River, Wis., and continued with him until October, 1867 ; then engaged in mercantile business, alone and in company with Henry Horniman, at Sheboygan Falls and Onion River, for about a year ; was engaged conducting a steam grist-mill at Pecatonica, 111.-, for four years ; then milling at Newark, Wis., for some four years ; oame to the town of Sheboygan Sept. 16, 1878, and commenced in present business ; also engaged, since the spring of 1881, in manufacturing cheese in Manitowoc Co., Wis., in company with his brother, Charles W.; they have two factories, and make about ten thousand pounds of cheese per month. Mr. Pierce was appointed Postmaster at Gibbsville, Wis., Nov. 15, 1865, and held it for nearly two years, and also had the office at Onion River, Wis., for five months. He was married, at Onion River, Sheboy gan Co., Jan. 4, 1866, to Helen F. Bingham, born in Warren Co., Penn. WILLIAM J. PIERCE, farmer, P. 0. Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1844 ; located at the city of Sheboygan ; was en gaged in building for some eighteen months ; afterward in farming at Lima, Sheboygan Co., Wis., for some sixteen years; in 1861, went to Onion River, Sheboygau Co., and conducted a saw and grist mill for some four years ; afterward was in mercantile busi ness in company with Henry Horniman for three years ; afterward had an iron foundry at Sheboygan Falls for eighteen months ; came to the town of Sheboygan in 1871, and has been engaged in farming and dairying since. Was Assessor of the town of Lima for one year, and member of the Town Board of Supervisors a year, also Trustee of the village of Sheboygan Falls for two years. Born in England, Aug. 14, 1820 ; came to America in July, 1831 ; resided in Utica, N. Y., and was engaged in the confectionery business until he came to this State. Married at Alexauder Bay, N. Y., in 1833, to Mary A. Roberts, born in Maine ; they have four children — William L., Charles W., Clarence S. and Elbret E. HENRY M. PUGH, farmer, P. O. Sheboygan ; came to Wis consin in June, 1849 ; located in the city of Sheboygan ; was for one year engaged in mercantile business ; then farming in the towns of Lyndon and Lima, Sheboygan Co., Wis., for some years ; for the past fifteen years, he has been engaged in conducting his present farm in the town of Sheboygan ; he owns 40 acres of land. He was born in England May .16, 1826 ; oame to America in 1849. He was married, in the town of Sheboygan, Wis., in 1855, to Dora Schrage, born in Germany ; they have three children- Philip H., Elijah D. and Georgiana. BERNARD RENZELMANN, contractor and builder, She boygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; located at Sheboygan ; was employed as carpenter and joiner for seven years ; then two years engaged in building threshing machines. In ] 862, enlisted in the 27th W. V. I.; served for two years, and was discharged on ac count of sickness. Returned to Sheboygan in 1864 ; was em ployed again in making threshing machines for several years, and since that time has been engaged in building principally by con tract ; he had the contract for the carpenter work on the Catholic Church, and built the .steeples ; also was contractor for several large business and hotel buildings. He was Alderman of the Third Ward for two years, Justice of the Peace of the Third Ward for four years, and was elected Justice of the Peace for the Fifth Ward in the spring of 1880. He was born in Prussia May 23, 1836 ; came to America Jan. 3, 1851 ; learned the trade of carpenter in Buffalo, N. Y.; was employed at it some two and a half years. He was married, at Sheboygan, Feb. 2, 1858, to Gertrude Hiebring, born in Prussia ; they have nine living chil dren — John T. (chair maker), Angelina, Johanna, William, Ger trude, Nellie, Bernard, John and Engelbert — and one deceased. C. T. ROENITZ, tanner, Sheboygan; was born in Saxony May 15, 1823 ; came to America in 1850 ; resided six months in Milwaukee and eighteen months in Racine, then came to Shebov- gan, and, with his brother William, commenced business as tan ners in 1853 ; they continued together until the death of William in 1873 ; then C. T. continued the business without partners until Jan. 1, 1880, when his sons, Frank L. and Charles H., became as sociated with him in the business ; Mr. R. has worked at the tan ner's trade since he was eighteen years of age. He was married, in Milwaukee, July 6, 1852, to Lena Maas ; she was born in Hol stein, Germany ; they have five children living — Frank L., Charles H., Emma, Ida and Louis ; they have lost three children. HENRY E. ROTH, limekilns and farming, Sheboygan. Came to Wisconsin in 1851. Located at Sheboygan, and was engaged as a mason and builder for ten years. During that time built the Sheboygan High School building, Beekman Hotel and several large business houses and residences. Then engaged in general store business for two years, one year of which was in partnership with John Pfeiler. Has been running limekiln since 1854 ; has also been farming for past six years. The limekilns are located two miles northwest of the city. They produce 20,000 barrels of lime per annum. His farm of 100 acres adjoins kilns. Was Chairman of the Board of Aldermen of Fourth Ward from 1 858 to 1866. Was County Commissioner for two terms ; City Treas urer from 1867 to 1868, and from 1857 to 1865 was President of Calumet Plank Road. Born iu Germany in 1824. Learned trade 996 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. of masen, and was employed there at it for many years. Came to America in 1850, and resided in Buffalo, N. Y., for a year. Mar ried at Sheboygan, in 1852, to Caroline Kanitz, born in Germany. They have twelve children — Louisa, Henry (in lime business in Minneapolis), Annie, Adolph (with his father), Amelia, Louis (gas-fitter in Minnesota), Wiliiam, Caroline, Herman, Hattie. Anton and Elfreda. THEODORE ROEDER, of Luecke & Boeder, masons and builders, Sheboygan. Came to Wisconsin in 1857. Located at Sheboygan. Was employed as mason for six years. Then com menced present business in company with William Luecke. Were sub-contractors for the County Court House, built in 1868. Built poor-house in 1877, and most of the prominent business and pri vate buildings in the city. They are now building the County Insane Asylum, and a large business building for Fred Koehn, merchant. Was City Treasurer for two years, 1873 and 1874, and Alderman of First Ward for three terms. Born in Germany in 1827. Learned trade of mason, and was employed at it some years. Came to America in 1856. Was in Livingston Co., Mich., engaged in farming for about a year. Married at Decola, Mich., in 1856, to Mary Prossow, born in Germany. They have six children — Armena Lena, Mary, Henry, William and Annie. HERVEY E. ROBERTS, shipping clerk for George B. Mat toon furniture factory, Sheboygan. Born in Milwaukee, Wis.' Feb. 19, 1858. Went with parents to Chicago, 111., in 1862- Resided there for nine years. Came to Sheboygan fall of 1871- Was employed in the drug business in the year of 1872 and part of 1873. Then employed on steamboats on Lake Michigan for some four years. Afterward employed with the " Goodrich Transportation Company," as clerk in warehouse for three years, and in present capacity since May, 1881. Is a son of J. H. Roberts, in charge Sheboygan Pier Light. FRITZ ROSENTHAL, grocer, Sheboygan. Came to Wis consin in 1853 ; located in Sheboygan ; was employed in various capacities for some years ; then as drayman for fifteen years, three years of which he was also farming, and also owned and ran the schooner Liberty, on Lake Michigan for some time ; commenced present business in the autumn of 1875, and has conducted it since; he was born in Germany, April 8, 1829; was employed as a drayman in that country ; came to America in 1853 ; married at Sheboygan, Sept. 3, 1854, to Ernestine Kuck, born in Germany. They have ten children — Louis, Frank, Fred, Otto, Emma, Laura, Elizabeth, Ida, Annie and Hattie. FREDERICK C. RUNGE, surgeon dentist, Sheboygan; born at Manitowoc Rapids, Manitowoc Co., Wis., March 1, i855 ; went to Milwaukee in 1869; was engaged on steamboats on the lakes in various capacities for three years, and employed in vari ous other positions up to January, 1878, when commenced the study of dentistry with Prof. C. Koho, and continued in the capacity for fourteen months, and afterward practiced for a few months ; came to Sheboygan City in December, 1879, and been engaged in practicing dentistry since ; married at Manitowoc Rap ids, Wis., Oct. 6, 1877, to Christinia Hintze. They have two children — Frederick and Walter ; is a son of J. F. Runge, for merly of Manitowoc Rapids, Wis., who settled in that place in 1848. HENRY SCHEELE, dealer in marble, stone, cements and stucco, Sheboygan. Born at Sheboygan, Wis., Feb. 8, 1,854; commenced business life at the age of seventeen years as clerk in agricultural implements business ; continued in that capacity for two years, then went to Chicago, 111., and was engaged in same business for two years; returned to Sheboygan fall of 1874, and was employed by his father in present business up to Feb. 1, 1880, when he took the business and has continued it since; employs five men in marble and stone factory, cutting 280,000 pounds of stone and marble per annum. Is a son of Henry Scheele, house mover at Sheboygan, and who founded, in 1874, the marble business in company with Henry Hoffman. JOHN SCHMIDT, of Schwitzgoebel & Schmidt, cigar manu facturers, Sheboygan. Born in New York June 18, 1854; came to Wisconsin when quite young; located at Sheboygan; was cigar making for two years. Learned cabinet-making and was employed at it some two and a half years, afterward in various capacities for some years, then employed as cigar maker for six years, and commenced present business in February, 1881, in company with Jacob Schwitzgoebel. Married at Sheboygan in June, 1877, to Elizabeth Landgraff, born in Sheboygan. They have one child — Hugo. JACOB O. SCHMIDT, painter, Sheboygan ; born at She boygan April 7, in 1860. Learned trade at thirteen years of age; was employed at it some years and commenced business on own account Oct. 13, 1878, and continued since. Is a son of Albert Schmidt, employed in Crocker's chair factory. THOMAS SCHLACHTER, brewer and saloon, Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in 1856; located in Sheboygan County; was engaged in farming some twelve years, then came to Cheboygan City and commenced in present business. Brews between 400 and 500 barrels of beer per annum. Born in Germany in 1830 ; came to America in 1855 ; resided for one year in New York. Married in Germany in 1855 to Josephine Drandley, born there. They have nine children — John, Gerhard, Nicholas, Michael, Catherine, Helen, Agnes, Louisa and Clara. ADAM SCHRAUT, fisheries, Sheboygan ; came to Wiscon sin in 1849 ; located at Sheboygan ; was employed for some years in fishing, coopering, teaming, etc., and for past twelve years has been engaged in fisheries on own account. Owns and runs the fishing smack, Alberdin. Average shipments of fish 4,000 pounds per month. Born in Germany Nov. 19, 1829; came to America in 1849. Married at Sheboygan July 18, 1855, to Albridin Durow, born in Germany. They have ten children — Amelia, now Mrs. Stupp, of Chicago ; Frederick A., engineer on barge Au gusta; Louisa, now Mrs. Kolberg, of Chicago; Bertha; George, employed with father ; Louis, Otto, Edward and Metta. KONRAD SCHREIER, brewer, Sheboygan ; came to Wis consin in 1843; resided near Milwaukee for fourteen years, and was engaged in farming ; came to Sheboygan in 1856, and com menced present business in partnership with S. Schlicht; con tinued with him up to 1871, and since then has carried it on alone. Brewery was built in 1854; it is a brick building; em ploys seventeen men, and brews 7,000 barrels of beer per annum. Born in Germany, Jan. 5, 1830; came to America in 1843; married, in Washington Co., Wis., Jan. 13, 1851, to Elisabeth Schaetzel, born in Germany; they have three children — Mary, now Mrs. Testruide; Herman, in California, and Emma. JOSEPH SCHRAGE, proprietor of livery stable; was born in Westphalia, Prussia, Dec. 12, 1818; came to America in the fall of 1842; remained in New York until 1843, then came to Wisconsin, and engaged in farming near Milwaukee for a period of four years. In i847, he came to Sheboygan ; about six months after coming here, he engaged in the grocery trade, which he con tinued for two years ; then he built the Wisconsin House, and conducted it for several years ; afterward for two years in the gro cery business, and four or five years he carried on the dry goods business ; two years engaged in manufacturing and dealing in lumber. For the last eight years, he has been in the livery busi ness. Mr. S. was one of the incorporators of the bank of Sheboy gan. In 1855, he was a member of the Legislature. He has been Alderman two or three terms, and he has also served as Sheriff of the county. He was married near Buffalo, N. Y., in July, 1843, to Marianna Stamm, also a native of Westphalia, Prussia. They have four children living — William, Gustavus, Amelia and Jennie. They have lost three children — Joseph, Ida and Adolphina. WILLIAM SEAMAN, deceased, came to Milwaukee in 1841 ; lived there about one year; then went to New Berlin, and resided there less than a year ; returned to Milwaukee, and soon afterward went to Ceresco, being one of the earliest members of the Fourierite Association, which located at that point ; he re mained there until the fall of 1845, or spring of 1846, when he HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 997 came to Sheboygan Co.; located at the Pigeon, where he remained one year ; then came to Sheboygan ; he was engaged in the busi ness of harness-maker here for ten years, and in grocery business about two years ; then he went to Central America, and was agent of the American Transit Company, Nicaragua route, being located at the central part of the route ; he spent two years in that position, and then returned to Sheboygan. In 1866, he re moved to Grand Rapids, Mich., where he died, Jan. 16, 1877. He was born at Catskill, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1805 ; he was married Sept. 5, 1831, to Arelisle Crane, who was born at Canton, Mass., Aug. 14, 1811 ; she is living, and resides with her daughter, Mrs. Van E. Young, at Grand Rapids, part of the time, and with her son, William H., at Sheboygan, a portion of the time. She was always a leader in all movements for the advancement of society, the amelioration of the condition of those classes demand ing the attention of benevolent-minded people, and, during the entire period of the war, served with distinction as President of a a Sanitary Commission, which effected so much good at a time when such services were invaluable. Their family consisted of three children ; one son, Charles, was connected with Quarter masters' Department, Army of the Cumberland, and died at Chat tanooga, Tenn., May 31, 1864, aged nineteen years; their only daughter, Arelisle Crane, is now the wife of Van E. Young, of Grand Rapids, Mich., and Wm. H. is an attorney, and present Mayor of Sheboygan. WM. H. SEAMAN, lawyer, son of William and Arelisle Crane Seaman, was born in New Berlin, Wis., Nov. 15, 1842 ; came to Sheboygan with his parents when he was about four years of age. His first business was that of a printer, for two years in the office of the Sheboygan Times, studying law at the same time with Crosby W. Ellis; Sept. 16, 1861, he enlisted in Co. H, 1st W. V. I. ; he was in active service with his company for one year, then he was on detached duty at the headquarters of Gen. Thomas for two years ; from October, 1864, to Sept. 1, 1866, he was Chief Clerk in the Quartermaster's Department, stationed at New Orleans, Mobile, Nashville, etc. In September, 1866, he returned to Sheboygan, and resumed the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1868. He was City Attorney four years, resigned that position owing to his extensive practice. He is now Mayor of the city. He has drawn all the articles of incorporation of the various stock companies which have been or ganized here since he commenced practice, and is attorney for all the corporations. He was one of the most active men in getting the Phoenix Chair Co. started, and is a stockholder of that com pany, also of the Sheboygan Manufacturing Co. He was married at Glens Falls, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1868, to Mary A. Peat ; she was born in Albany, N. Y. ; they have three children — Arelisle J., Charles and Mary. Mr. S. is a member of the A., F. & A. M., Lodge No. 11, and Harmony Chapter; he is one of the oldest members of the present lodge ; his father was one of the charter members. SHEBOYGAN MINERAL WATER COMPANY. This company was organized in May, 1880, and was composed of E. R. Richards, E. W. Kock and H. H. Kuentz ; they carried on the business up to Nov. 1, 1881, when the concern changed hands, and is now composed of E. R. Richards and Messrs. Stuart and Harvey. They have a privilege from the city of Sheboygan to use the water up to 1886. Employ some eight hands bottling the water; daily consumption about 500 gallons. E. R. Rich ards manages the business. He was born at Roxbury, Wis., Feb, 27, 1851 ; came to Sheboygan in 1876. Has been engaged as a traveling salesman, and since 1880 as manager of above com pany. LAMBERT SMITH, book-keeper; came to Sheboygan in 1855; until 1856, worked at the printer's trade; from 1856 to 1870, he was book-keeper and teller in the bank of Sheboygan ; since then with the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railway Company ; three years in the German Bank. After a trip to Europe, he was Assistant Postmaster, holding that office from Jan. 26, 1874, until January, 1878 ; Deputy Register of Deeds about nine months, and with C. T. Roenitz & Sons since Jan. 15, 1880. Mr. S. was born in Leeuwarden, Holland, Dec. 28, 1821. EARNEST A. SONNEMANN, fisheries, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1858; located at Sheboygan; was employed on Lake Michigan for two years, as porter, etc., and for three years in fisheries on Lake Michigan, and has been engaged in present business since 1874 ; owns and runs the fishing smack " The Smuggler." Monthly average of fish shipped during the season, some 8,000 to 9,000 pounds; employs three men. Born in Ger many, in 1858. Has been a member of the Ancient Order of Odd Fellows since February, 1881. Is the son of Christopher Sonnemann. HENRY D. SQUIRE, homoeopathic physician, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin Sept. 1, 1873 ; located at Sheboygan, and has been engaged in practicing medicine since that time; was City Physician from May, 1880, to May, 1881. Born at Riverhead, Suffolk Co., N. Y., Sept. 6, 1839. Resided with parents', in Chi cago, III., from 1848 to 1849; then in Rockford, 111., was em ployed in post office as clerk for two years. Was educated in medi cine at Hahnemann College, Chicago, 111., and graduated at Hospital College, at Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 25,1864; then resided at "Mc Gregor, Iowa; practiced there and at Prairie du Chien, Wis., for some ten years. Married at McGregor, Iowa, Nov. 28, 1866, to Maria E. Watson, born in Sheboygan Co., Wis. They have seven children — Henry D., Mary C, Sarah B., Charles A., Carrie H., Arthur B. and Alice. F. R. TOWNSEND, President of the Bank of Sheboygan, and Treasurer of the Sheboygan Manufacturing Company ; was born in Troy, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1813 ; resided there until he came 99§ HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. to Racine, Wis., in July, 1844; engaged in the produce business there until 1851, when he came to Sheboygan ; after coming here he dealt extensively in produce, and continued in that business until a few years ago ; for many years he was the largest dealer in grain in this region ; he engaged in the banking business soon after he came here, and has been interested in it most of the time since ; he has been prominently identified with the promotion of the public interests of this city ; he rendered valuable assistance in the construction of the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railway, and was Secretary and Treasurer of that company ; he was the first Mayor after the city organization ; for several terms he has been Alderman ; he has been School Commissioner and City School Superintendent for a number of years, being always greatly interested in the educational interests of the place. Mr. Townsend was married in Galesville, Washington Co., N. Y., Oct. 17, 1337, to Caroline M. Gale, a native of that place; they have one child — Julia G. (now Mrs. Harry A. Barrett). WILLIAM E. TALLMADGE, agent C. & N. W. R. R., Sheboygan, born at Byron, Wis., Dec. 14, 1852; at ten years of age, went with parents to Fond du Lac, Wis.; learned telegraphy, and was employed by the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac R. R. Co., as baggage master; then agent for that railroad company, for four years, at Sheboygan Falls. Came to Sheboygan City, March 22, 1878, and engaged in present capacity since. Is a son of Mont gomery W. Tallmadge, farmer, residing at Fond du Lac. GEORGE THIES, music teacher ; came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; located at Sheboygan ; was employed as clerk in the mer cantile business some eleven years ; was elected Sheriff of the county of Sheboygan in the autumn of 1858, and served two years; was then a year in Germany; returned to Sheboygan and was employed as clerk for a year or so, after which was teaching music for several years; was then County Clerk for 1873 and 1874; since then has been engaged as music teacher; born in Hanover, Germany, March 24, 1815 ; was school teacher in that country for fourteen years; came to America in 1846; resided one year in the State of Illinois ; engaged in various capacities. Married at Sheboygan, Wis., June 28, 1849, to Wilheminia Zoermen ; born in Germany ; they have one child — Wilheminia (now Mrs. H. Scheer). ADAM TRESTER, clothing house, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin, July 6, 1852 ; located at Port Washington and farmed for three months ; then at Milwaukee for two years, employed at tailoring, etc.; was at Portage City, Wis., two years, engaged as cutter in the clothing house ; came to Sheboygan in 1856, and re mained for a short time ; then eugaged in Milwaukee as cutter for over a year ; afterward at Monitowoc, Wis., for four months ; returned to Sheboygan in 1858, and commenced present business. He was Alderman of Fourth Ward in 1871, and Supervisor of city in 1872. He was born in Prussia in 1828; learned his trade there; came to America June 30, 1852; was married at Sheboygan July 5, 1856, to Miss Anna Kroeff, born in Prussia. They have nine children — Henry W., John G., Charles A.. Chris- tinia, Anna, Frances, Adam, Kate and William. They have four deceased. JACOB J. VOLLRATH, manufacturer of enameled hol low ware ; was born in the village of Dorrebach, Kr. Krenznach, Coblenz, Rhein-Prussia, Sept. 19, 1824; came to New York City Dec. 25, 1842 ; was there a short time, then went to Albany, N. Y., where he resided two years, then came to Milwaukee and lived there four or five years ; afterward located in Chicago, where he remained about five years, then came to Sheboygan ; he worked at iron molder's trade in Albany, Milwaukee and Chi cago ; in the latter place he carried on business in partnership with Frederick Letz ; when he came to Sheboygan he was engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements for two years, then for three years manufactured steam engines ; later he manufact ured caststeel plows for four or five years ; in 1874, he sold out that business and engaged in his present business. Mr. V. was married in Milwaukee, in 1847, to Elizabeth Margaret Fuchs ; she was born March 24, 1821, in the village of Pferdsfeld-Kr. Krenznach, Coblenz, Rhein-Prussia; they have six children — Lillie (now Mrs. John M. Kohler, of Sheboygan), Andrew. J., Minnie, Mary (now Mrs. John R. Reiss, of Milwaukee), Carl, August W. and Nahidy Deborah. Mr. Vollrath is a member of the A., F. & A. M. ; in 1880, he was the Republican candidate for member of the Assembly from his district. ANDREW J. VOLLRATH, molder and enameler; is a son of Jacob J. Vollrath, and was born in Milwaukee Jan. 20, 1850. He was married at Sheboygan Sept. 24, 1879, to Annie M. Liebl, who was born here Nov. 17, 1859 ; they have one son — Carl J. J. CARL VOLLRATH, molder and enameler ; was bom at She boygan Feb. 26, 1859 ; he has always been employed in the man ufacturing business carried on by his father, Jacob J. Vollrath. JOHN WATSON, Superintendent and Secretary of the Sheboygan Gas Company, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1868 ; located at Milwaukee ; learned trade of steam and gas-fitter, and was employed at it some five years ; was then employed by the Milwaukee Gas Co. two years iu the works, and for four years as Inspector for the company ; came to Sheboygan City Sept. 1, 1879, and engaged in present capacity ; born in Scotland Oct. 29, 1850, and was employed as gas-fitter for three years ; came to America in 1868; married at Milwaukee Sept. 30, 1875, to Alena Bridge, born at Bay City, Mich. They have two children — John H. and Edna S. ARVIN L. WEEKS, architect and builder, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in May, 1848 ; located at Sheboygan ; was engaged for ten years as contracting builder ; built a saw-mill at Meeme, Wis., in 1858, in company with D. Wheeler and Capt. Charles Norton ; they ivere burnt out about two and a half years later; in 1861, built another saw-mill in company with Capt. Charles Norton and John M. Folger; they ran the mill for some years ; then the firm changed to Weeks & Co., the company being J. O. Thayer ; they continued for some time together ; then Mr. Weeks took the business, and ran it alone up to 1875; then had a lumber yard for three years, and in 1878 commenced in present business ; was Architect and Superintendent of County Court House, and also built the first schoolhouse, besides some of the most prominent business and private buildings ; was Superintendent of Sheboygan Harbor for seven years, and was at one time member of School Board for three years ; born in Massachusetts in 1811 ; learned business there ;~was engaged io building at Lynn, Mass., for some years ; afterward at Charleston, S. C, Augusta, Ga.; at the latter place was engaged in car building for two years; then at Manchester, N. H., building churches, etc., for two years, and at various other places in the Eastern States; married in Massachusetts in 1840, to Elizabeth Cottle, born in that State. They have eight children — Sophronia, Ellen G., Catherine, Arvin L., in lumber business, Elizabeth C., William C, Sarah, Agnes J. — three children deceased. FREDERICK WELLER, contractor, plasterer and mason, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1861; located at Sheboygan, and has been engaged in present business for twenty years ; built Fire Hall and the foundation of the Catholic Church, and some large business and private buildings ; born in Prussia Feb. 24, 1820 ; was employed as mason and plasterer for some years ; then came to America in 1861 ; married in Germany in 1850 to Amelia Hilleng, born there. They have six children — Matilda, Hedwig, Frederick, Bruno, Felix and Emil. JOSEPH WEDIG, Justice of the Peace, came to Wisconsin on May 19, 1849 ; located at Sheboygan ; was employed in mer cantile capacity up to 1 853 ; was elected Justice of the Peace in that year, and hasi held the office since, and in 1854 and 1855 was also Police Justice; in" 1858 and 1859 was Alderman of First Ward, and also Overseer of the Poor for 1859, and in 1865- 66-67-68 and 1869, represented the First District in the Legis lature at Madison ; also held the office of City Attorney for eleven years, from 1865, and was twelve years Court Conimis- HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 999 sioner; born in Hanover, Germany, April 26, 1826; was in administrative government there; came to America in 1849; married at Sheboygan in 1850, to Earnestina Gosse, born in Germany. They have one child — Ferdinandinia. OTIS P. WHEELER, Superintendent of George B. Mattoon's furniture factory, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in March, 1868 ; located at Menasha for one year engaged as a mechanic ; came to Sheboygan in June, 1869 ; was employed in chair manufactories for some years. In fall of 1877 opened a shop, and was engaged in making ladders and employed some at turning furniture ; con tinued in that business up to Jan. 1, 1880 ; since that time, have been engaged in present capacity. Born in Hubbardstown. Worcester Co., Mass., March 10, 1846 ; learned trade of chair maker at Gardner, Mass., in 1865, aud was employed at it some three years. Married at Sheboygan Sept. 24, 1871, to Mary Pelton, born in Ohio. They have one child — Mabel T. AUGUST H. P. WILSON, Pastor of First Baptist Church, Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in November, 1880; located here and been engaged in his present capacity since. Mr. Wilson was born in Germany Feb. 10, 1848 ; educated in Hanover ; came to America in 1869 ; was engaged in a mercantile capacity for two years in Pennsylvania ; was ordained at Germantown, Ohio, in 1872; was at Crestline, Ohio, for three years, and had charge of a German Lutheran Church ; was ordained into the Baptist Church at Manchester, Mich., in 1878, and had charge of First Baptist Church there for over a year, then officiated at Clay ton, Mich., up to November, 1880. He was married at Eaton Rapids, Mich., December 25, 1871, to Alice Lewis, who was born in Michigan. They have two children — Catherina T. and Martha O. MICHAEL WINTER, lumber, Sheboygan, came to Wis consin in 1842 ; located at Milwaukee ; ran saw-mills for some twelve years in and about Milwaukee ; ran, in 1843, the first gang saw-mill run in the State ; was then at Herman, Sheboy gan Co., engaged in farming, and carried on a general store for some twelve years ; came to Sheboygan City in 1866 ; was Sheriff of the county for two years, 1866-67. In 1867 he engaged in the lumber business for three years, with Henry Klue, and since 1870 has been alone ;, was also, for a short time, in the coal busi ness with J. J. Sneyder; quit that business in 1874; also deals in stucco, cement, etc.; was elected to the Legislature of Wisconsin in 1864; was at one time Alderman of the First Ward for several years, and City Supervisor for one year. He was born Prussia in 1825 ; came to America in 1839 ; was employed for some years on the canal at Buffalo, N. Y.; was married at Milwaukee, Wis., in April, 1848, to Miss Bertha Benter, born in Germany. They have five children— William, Arthur, Jesse, Augusta (now Mrs. Koepsel) and Louisa. WILLIAM M. WINTER, manager for Michael Winter, dealer in lumber, cement and Stucco, Sheboygan ; born in Mil waukee, Wis., Oct. 13, 1851. Came to Sheboygan in 1864, and has been in the employ of his father, M. Winter, since that time. Married at Sheboygan, Wis., July, 1874, to Minnie Raab, born there. They have three children — Erwin, Alfred and Frank. LOUIS "WOLFF, foreman of binding department "She boygan Manufacturing Company," Sheboygan ; born in Herman, Sheboygan Co., Oct. 19, 1859 ; resided with parents up to Octo ber, 1871, when he came with them to Sheboygan City. In 1874, commenced with Sheboygan Manufacturing Companyj employed six years with father in carpenter-shop. In present capacity since April, 1880. Is the eldest son of Jacob H. Wolff, in the employ of Sheboygan Manufacturing Company. - JACOB HENRY WOLFF, Foreman of machine depart ment of Sheboygan Manufacturing Company, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; located in Sheboygan County, and was engaged as carpenter and millwright for twelve years, and four years in same business at Manitowoc Co., Wis. ; came to Sheboy gan City, October, 1871, and engaged in present capacity since. Born in Germany in 1833 ; learned trade of cabinet-maker, and was employed at it for some years ; came to America in 1856 ; resided in New York for four years employed as cabinet-maker. Married at New York Sept. 19, 1855, to Kate Pusch, a native of Germany. They have five children — Mary, now Mrs. Van Schwent Skofski ; Louis, Henry, Lizzie and William W. LUDWIG WOLFSEN, surgeon and dentist, Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsinrin 1873; located at Green Lake; was a Congrega tional clergymen and had charge of First Congregational church for two years; then at Plymouth, Wis., had charge of church there for two years, and at same time studied dentistry ; went to Milwaukee and graduated in dentistry with Dr. D. W. Perkins ; returning to Plymouth, Wis. ; preached for some eighteen months; came to Sheboygan City in May, 1879, and been practicing den tistry since that time; born in Germany, October, 1840; came to America in 1861 ; enlisted in 87th New York Infantry in 1861 ; served in that regiment up to second battle of Bull Run, in which the regiment participated, and was afterward, in the 40th New York Infantry ; in May, 1863, was wounded at battle of Chancel- lorsville (thigh fractured) and was left on the battle field for fourteen days; was discharged in October, 1864; was at Andover, Mass., studied for ministry; graduated in 1871; was in Fergus Falls, Minn., employed on missionary staff. Married at Sears- mont, Maine, in 1864, to Louisa Brown, now deceased. They had one child— Herbert. Married again at Searsport, Dec. 2, in 1867, to Clara M. Small, of that place. They have two children — Edith and Ludwig. FREDERICK ZIMMERM ANN, retired farmer and merchant, Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1848; located at town of Wilson, in Sheboygan Co., and was engaged farming for four teen years, and during that time held the following offices : School Director three years, Town Treasurer two years, Chairman of Board of Supervisors for three years, Town Clerk for one year, and one year Assessor ; in the autumn of 1862, came to Sheboygan City ; was elected County Clerk in 1862 ; re-elected in 1865, and again elected in 1867. In spring of 1869, entered into the boot and shoe business with J. Ohde, and was in that business for four years ; was afterward, an insurance agent for four years ; since 1877, has been engaged on his farm, and during 1880, was em ployed as Census taker; born in Prusssia, Nov. 24, 1825; was employed as gardener for some years ; came to America May 5, 1848. Married at Wilson, Wis., September, 1852, to Christinia Brehm, born in Germany. They have five children — Edward, Minnie, William, Bertha and Amelia. THEO. ZSCHETZSCHE, tanner, was born in Saxony, Jan. 10, 1820; came to America in 1850; located at Sheboygan; he was engaged in carpenter and joiner business until 1859, when he engaged in tannery business in partnership with Christian Heyer ; continued with him until 1872, when the present firm of Theodore Zschetzsche & Son, was organized. Mr. Z.'s wife, Frederika Gerlach, was also born in Saxony. CARL L. ZSCHETZSCHE, of the firm of Theodore Zschetz sche & Son, tanners, was born in Saxony, Aug. 20, 1847 ; came to America with his parents in 1850. He was married at St. Paul, Minn., May, 20, 1872, to Emma Stahlman, a native of Cin cinnati, O. They have four children — Theodore, Lulu, Frederick and Emilie. SHEBOYGAN FALLS. On March 29, 1835, the upper half of Section 36, on which the village is now located, was conveyed by the United States Government to Randolph B. Marcy, who thus became the first owner of land in the village and town of Sheboygan Falls. Mr. Marcy, however, never settled here, and Ool. Silas B. Stedman, of Massachusetts, who bought a part of Mr. Marcy's interest on December 1, 1835, was the first to settle within the town limits. Col. Sted man, with a view to utilize the valuable water-power which the Sheboygan River here affords, contracted to have a saw- HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. mill finished for him by June, 1836, but on moving here with his family at that time, he found it incompleted, and it was not till the following winter that it was ready for use. On March 10, 1838, David Giddings, who had superin tended the building of the mill, bought the northeast quar ter of Section 36. In 1839, Charles D. Cole, with his family, moved to Sheboygan Falls, but it was several years before the settlement contained any considerable number of inhabitants. A list of people in the town in 1840 would include Charles D. Cole and family, Silas B. Stedman and family, Quincy Hall and family, David Giddings, Albert Rounse ville, John McNish, and on a farm west of the village, Wm. Trowbridge and Wm. S. Trowbridge with their families. The first frame house was built in 1837, and occupied by John McNish. The first marriage was that of Samuel Ashby in 1840 ; the first white woman to die in the county was Dorothy, wife of William Trowbridge, who died June 1, 1844, and was the first person buried in the town. In 1841, Herman Pierce and Samuel Rounseville joined the settlement. The village at that time contained four dwellings and about twenty-five inhabitants. The first grist-mill was built in 1842, but a rude set of stones had previously been in operation in Col. Stedman's saw-mill. In 1844, a double saw-mill was built on the west side of the river, where G. H. Brickner's woolen-mill now stands, and owned by A. J. Littlefield and David Giddings. The first German settlement in the county was made in the spring of 1845, under the auspices of Henry C. Heide, of Milwaukee, and included N. Heide, George Theirman, Deidrich Bartles, E. Logerman and others. George How ard, William Whiffen, Newton Goodell, Henry Williams and W. Peck also settled here in 1845. A post office was established in 1837, with George B. Babcock for first Postmaster. A list of Postmasters in the order of their succession would include about the following names : George B. Babcock, Charles D. Cole, W. H. Prentice, L. M. Marsh, J. E. Thomas, Col. S. B. Sted man, James T. Bridgeman, Emmett A. Little, James T. Bridgeman and Charles A. Spencer. The agricultural resources of the town assure it a place in the first rank of farming towns in the county, while the business industries of the village have acquired for it an en viable reputation for prosperity and enterprise among busi ness men. The village received an independent organization in 1854. On May 1st of that year, the first charter election was held. The number of votes cast was 47, and the fol lowing officers were chosen : President, John Keller ; Trustees, George Trombull, A. Skinner. J. E. Thomas and W. D. Kirkland; Treasurer, H. S. Marsh; Clerk, Will iam H. Cole ; Marshal, William C. Eastwood. The num ber of votes cast in recent elections has been about 280, and the present village officers are: President, J. E. Thom as ; Trustees, J. H. Reysen, M. Guyett, William Rensis Thomas Relfe ; Clerk, J. W. Hanford ; Treasurer, D. P. Rounseville ; Marshal, N. S. Goodell ; Justices of the Peace, N. S. Pierce and D. F. Cogswell ; Assessor and Street Commissioner, David Goodell. A high standard has always been maintained in the public schools, and a liberal system pursued with reference to them. The present handsome graded school building was begun on October 6, 1870, and completed in April, 1872, at a cost of about $11,000, including grounds. It contains seven well ventilated and convenient rooms, and all the schools in the village are gathered into it. Newspapers. — The first newspaper in the village was called the Free Press. It started about 1851, with J. A. Smith for editor and proprietor. After about a year, it removed to Fond du Lac, where it became the Common wealth. The Herald was started by Littlefield & Connor in 1868, and after about two years was removed to Sheboy gan, where it is dtill published. The Sheboygan County News was moved from Sheboygan in May, 1878, and pub lished by F. J. Mills, Sr. In September, 1878, John E. Thomas became proprietor. The editors are John E. Thomas and Miss Mary E. Thomas, W. C. Thomas busi ness manager. The paper is a six-column quarto, Inde pendent in politics, and has a large circulation in the county. It is the official organ of the dairying interests. Manufacturing. — The first tannery was built by J. D. Gould in 1855. In 1866, he was succeeded by Charles S. Weisse, who still carries on the business. The present large tannery building was put up in 1880. From twenty to twenty-five hands are employed, and the yearly business is estima'ted at $100,000. This village is the only place in the county where woolen goods are manufactured. The Sheboygan Falls Woolen Mills were started on the east side of the river about 1861 by William H. Prentice. The different firm names have been William H. Prentice, Prentice & Farnsworth, Prentice & Heald, Brickner & Heald, and, since 1872, G. H. Brick- ner. The present mill on the west side of the stream was built in 1879-80, and first operated in April, 1880. Em ployment is given to thirty or forty hands, and a business of about $75,000 done yearly. The Riverside Woolen Mills were built in 1865. O. Treadwell & Co. bought the mills and began operating them in the spring of 1875. The manufacture of shawls is exclusively followed, and the mills have facilities for turn ing out 11,000 shawls per month. About forty hands are employed, and the business is estimated at $80,000 yearly. The creamery and cheese factory of H. K. Loomis is one of the largest in the county. Twelve thousand pounds of milk are received daily, and the value of the yearly produc tion is about $20,000. The factory is provided with all the modern conveniences for making butter and cheese. The first foundry in the village was built in 1846 by Horace Trowbridge. For some years this was the only one in all the region between Milwaukee and Green Bay. The present foundry building was erected in 1850. B. E. San ford bought the business in 1875, and has since carried it on under the name of the " Phoenix Iron Works." The principal business is the manufacture of plows and water- wheels — the Walsh double turbine. From twelve to fifteen men are constantly engaged in the business. The foundry of Demand & Huyck, near the depot, was built in 1881. All kinds of iron work are done. The manufacture of rakes was begun about 1859 by E. Quinlan. The business was taken up in 1871 by George Spratt, who still carries it on in the saw-mill built by Col. Silas Stedman in 1836. It is the only place in the county where the same kind of manufacturing is done. About ten hands are employed, and the business amounts to $10,000 annually. HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. William Servis began the manufacture of wagons and carriages in 1854, and has steadily enlarged his business from the start. A large brick block and several other buildings are used for the manufacturing. About fifteen men are employed, and fifty sleighs and one hundred car- 1 riages turned out yearly. The annual business is estimated at $15,000. The work of this factory has taken first pre mium at six successive State Fairs. H. Schuman began carriage making in 1869. He employs from from six to eight men in making carriages and sleighs, of which his yearly production is about fifty. He works on orders largely, and does a business of about $5,000. The first mill on the site of the present Rock Mills was built in 1848, and began running in the spring of 1849. Since then the mill has been several times rebuilt and enlarged. Heald, Reysen & Co., the present owners, do a large merchant and custom business* estimated at $50,000 yearly. The hub and spoke factory of Hill & Clark was burned in 1865, and that of Mr. Skinner in the same year. In 1868, a business block was burned ; in 1869, Joseph Osthel- der's brewery ; in 1875, Owen M. Sprague's fanning-mill and pump factory; in 1877, Henry Dicke's brewery; in 1879, Odd Fellows' Block; in 1880, G. H. Brickner's grist-mill and Taylor Bros, sash and blind factory. A hook and ladder company was organized in 1867, with Joseph Osthelder for Foreman. A hand engine was bought, and an engine company organized in 1869, with Charles Miller for Foreman. The present Foreman of the hook and lad der and engine companies are Joseph Guyett and A. G. Maulich, respectively. A branch office of the German Bank, of Sheboygan, was opened at Sheboygan Falls in December, 1847. A close connection is maintained with the German Bank. John C. Fairweather is the Cashier. Mineral Spring. — While sinking an artesian well on the farm of Harvard Giddings, in the spring of 1881, water was reached at a depth of 1,200 feet, which was found to exhibit marked mineral and medicinal qualities. The dis charge of water fills a four-inch pipe, and shows no sign of diminishing in quantity or quality. An analysis of the water proves it to be very similar to the far-famed Congress water obtained at Saratoga. One gallon of water is found to contain the following substances : ORAINS. Chloride of Sodium 210.9334. Chloride of Potassium 5.8617. Chloride of Magnesium 44.9982. Chloride of Calcium 31.0401. Sulphate of Lime 148.5297. Bicarbonate of Lime 30.6481. Bromide of Sodium 4937. Bicarbonate of Iron 5967. Alumina 3256. Silica 1-5385. Churches.— The Baptist Church is the oldest church organization in the county and in the State. The church was organized at Sheboygan, on February 11, 1838, with a membership of five. These were William Trowbridge, A. G. Dye, William S. Trowbridge, Dorothy Trowbridge and Sarah W. Cole. William S. Trowbridge was chosen Clerk, and William Trowbridge, Deacon. Meetings were held at the schoolhouse and in private houses, and "Father" Trowbridge officiated with great power. The revulsion of 1839 scattered the church, hut meetings were still held in different neighborhoods. It was about this time that the church was removed to Sheboygan Falls. In 1840, Albert Rounseville and his wife, Lucy, and Elvira O'Cain, after ward wife of William S. Trowbridge, were admitted to the church by letter. Elder Hitchcock began to preach in 1845. At a meeting held this year, it was voted that "our church be called the Sheboygan Falls Baptist Church, and that Sheboygan Falls be our place of meeting." In 1846, J. H. Dennison and his sister Louisa, Martha Parish and Adaline Dye were added to the church. Abner Lull was called to preach May 30, 1847, on a salary of $75 a year and a parsonage. A church edifice was built at a cost of about $1,600, and dedicated on December 12, 1850. The present membership of the church is one hundred and four, and Rev. H. H. Beach is the Pastor. The Methodist Church was organized in 1846, with a membership of about thirty. Rev. I. S. Prescott was the first Pastor. The church edifice was erected in 1852. The present membership is one hundred and fifteen, and Rev. G. F. Reynolds is the Pastor. The Congregational Church was organized with thirteen members, on June 12, 1847. The first minister was Rev. Hiram Marsh, and the first meeting was held in the old district schoolhouse. The church edifice was dedicated in the fall of 1854. The church has had six regularly in stalled Pastors, and the whole number ever received into membership is two hundred and fifty. The first Episcopal service, of which there is any record, was held in " Free Hall," on the first Sunday after Easter, in the spring of 1864. After a time the place of holding service was changed to the schoolhouse, and later to Cham berlain's Hall. The corner-stone for the church edifice was laid byBishop Kemper, on June 8, 1869, and the first serv ice washeld in it on January 16, 1870. The church is a mission station, and the mission preachers have been : Rev. J. G. McMurphey. Rev. Mr. Upjohn and Rev. R. W. Blow. The German Lutheran and Dutch Reformed churches have church buildings. A school is carried on in connec tion with the Lutheran Church. Secret Societies. — The first temperance society in the State was organized here, on September 30, 1847. The name of the society was the " Sons of Temperance, No. 1," and the charter was obtained from New York. This organ ization was succeeded by the Sheboygan Falls Lodge of Good Templars, No. 1. The present society is called the " Alliance Lodge of Good Templars." Fidelity Lodge, No. 34, of Odd Fellows, was organized March 7, 1849. A re-organization was effected in 1871, with N. P Hotchkiss as Noble Grand. In 1879, they erected the block in which their lodge room is situated, on the site of one previously burned. The lodge has a present membership of sixty-two, and the officers are: H. A. Pitcher, N. G.; J. M. Holden, V. G.; L. Constance, R. S.; Charles Sherwood, P. S.; Lewis Wolf, T. St John's Lodge, No. 24, of Masons, was organized September 6, 1849, with a membership of ten. The first officers were : Harrison C. Hobart, W. M.; L. W. Davis, S. W.; L. B. Brainard, J. W.; V. Young, S.; William Trowbridge, T.; G. H. Smith, S. D.; S. Roberts, J. D.; Thomas I. Graham, Tiler. The present membership is thirty-five. The lodge rooms are in the Falls Bank block. The society is officered as follows ; J. L. Shepard, W. M.; W. P- Heule, S. W.; F. N. Strong, J. W.; S. Weisse, T.; HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. A. B. Chandler, S.; J. C. Farwell, S. D.; T. Mandle, J. D.; J. Williams, Tiler. The Royal Arcanum Insurance and Secret Society was organized August 21, 1880. It has a membership of eighteen. The officers are as follows : Joseph Guyett, R.; T. T. Bemis, V. R.; C. W. Sherwood, Secretary. Board of Trade. — The Sheboygan Falls Dairy Board of Trade was organized in 1873, and has a present member ship of eighty-six. Weekly meetings are held in the board of trade rooms, attended by cheese manufacturers and buy ers. Telegraphic quotations of the price of cheese at New York and Liverpool, together with the receipts and exports of the previous week, are received at these meetings. The weekly offerings of cheese average 5,000 boxes. The officers of the Board are: President, G. W. Weeden ; Secre tary and Treasurer, W. C. Thomas ; Executive Committee, Hon. Hiram Smith, H. J. Bamford and F. N. Strong. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ISAAC ADRIANCE, capitalist, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wis consin in 1846 ; located at Town, of Eden, Fond du Lac Co. ; re mained for a short time, returning to New York ; wen t to California in January, 1852 ; engaged in staging and farming, also had a mail con tract; returned to Eden, Wis., in December, 1856, and was engaged farming up to 1 873, when he came to Sheboygan Falls, and has been engaged in loaning money, etc., since. While at Eden, was Jus tice of the Peace four years and Supervisor of town four years. Iu 1875, was Trustee of village of Sheboygan Falls; President of village in 1876, and has been School Director for past four years, and was also appointed one of three commissioners to review the assessment made of the Manitowoc Co., Wis., for 1880. He was born at Fishkill, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1823, and previous to coming to Wisconsin, was engaged with his father in farming. Married at Eden, Wis., January, 1858, to Lorette E. Lee; born in Ver mont. They have one daughter — Emily. BENJAMIN F. ANDERSON, Principal of High School, She boygan Falls; born at Tolland, Conn., July 12, 1845; came to Wisconsin in spring of 1857, and located with parents at Vienna. In spring of 1859, went to Rochester, Wis. ; attended preparatory schools at Milwaukee, from fifteen years to seventeen years of age, then studied at Milwaukee Classical Gymnasium for a year ; after ward resided on farm with parents at Rochester, Wis., for some six years, then taught school for a short time at that place, and afterward, at Honey Creek, Wis., part of 1871 and 1872 ; at Rochester Seminary, for 1873 and 1874, and at Jefferson, Wis., for part of 1874 und 1875 ; came to Sheboygan Falls in summer of 1875, and has been engaged in present capacity since. In July, 1 874, Mr. Anderson received a life certificate, certifying competency as teacher in schools of Wisconsin. There were fourteen applicants, and only one certificate was granted by the examiners. In the fall of 1875, he received the nomination of the Republican party, at Union Grove, Wis., for Superintendent of Schools of Racine County. GEORGE F. ARNOLD, dealer in eggs, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in June, 1847 ; located at Plymouth, Sheboygan Co. ; resided with parents and was engaged farming ; came to Sheboy gan Falls in 1850 ; was employed in saw mill with his father for some four years; then in mill at Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co., Wis., for three years ; afterward engaged in conducting a saw mill in company with John P. Carroll, at Sherman, Wis., for some five years ; then returned to Sheboygan Falls and was employed as carpenter up to 1872, when he commenced present business; he was born in Windham Co., Vermont, Nov. 14, 1831. Married at Sherman Wis., in February, 1852, to Sylvia Arnold ; born in State of New York. They have one child — Elliot E. HIRAM ASHCROFT, farmer, P. O. Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin in 1858 ; located at Town of Lima, Sheboygan Co., and was engaged farming for some ten years ; came to town of Sheboygan Falls in 1868, and has been engaged farming since- owns eighty acres of land, nearly all improved ; he was Superin tendent of Schools of town of Lima, for 1859, and Town Clerk for 1860, and was once Chairman of Board of Supervisors of town Sheboygan Falls ; he was born at Machias, N. Y., July 31, 1829, and previous to coming to this State, was engaged farming and teaching school. Married at Hinsdale, N. Y., July 14, 1856, to Matilda Webster; born at Fabius, N. Y. They have two children — Edith L. and Inez M. LOUIS BALLSCHMIDER, cigar factory, grocery and hotel (City Hotel), Sheboygan Falls; came to Wisconsm in 1860; lo cated at Plymouth, Wis., and run a hotel for two years. Enlisted in 1862, in 27th W. V. I., served three years ; was employed as clerk in commissariat department for the last two years ; then had hotel again at Plymouth, Wis., for one year; came to Sheboygan Falls in 1866 ; purchased City Hotel and has run it since. In 1869, opened cigar factory, now enploys five men ; manufactures 30,000 cigars per month; opened grocery business in February, 1881; born in Germany Sept. 25, 1838; was engaged in hotel business there for some years. Married at Plymouth, Wis., Sept. 13, 1862, to Minnie Pohr, born in Germany. They have seven children — Louisa, Amelia, Meda, Otto, Minnie, Edwin and Aino. ANDREW C. BASSUENER, manufacturer and dealer in har ness, saddlery, etc., Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; located in town of Sheboygan Falls. At 17 years of age, learned trade of harness-maker at Sheboygan City, and was employed at it some three years ; afterward employed at trade in Chicago, 111., Muskegon, Mich., and several places in Wisconsin for some years. Came to Sheboygan Falls May 1, 1874; was employed at trade up to March 24, 1880, when he purchased the present business, and has been engaged in conducting it since. Born in Prussia, Germany, March 28, 1850 ; came to America in 1856. Married at Sheboygan Falls March 29, 1875, to Augusta Troger, born there. They have three children — Otto, Annie and Ida. JOSEPH BENEDICT, blacksmith, Sheboygan Falls; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; commenced active life at 16 years of age; employed in lathe-mill for a year; then teamster for five years ; afterward learned trade of blacksmith, and was employed at it some four years; then at Onion River, Wisconsin, for six months ; then employed with his brother, J. F. Benedict, for some sixteen years; commenced present business in Nov. 2, 1878; born in Bennington Co., Vt., Jan. 26, 1831. Married at Ripon, Wis., Sept. 26, 1854, to Eunice Ricker, born in Maine. ERASMUS" P. BRYANT, drugs, stationery, etc., Sheboygan Falls; born at Racine, Wis., March 29, 1845 ; came to Sheboygan Falls when quite young. Enlisted in 39th W. V. I.; served for thir teen months ; commenced drug business in September, 1864, in company with John R. Bryant; they continued together for one year ; afterward was employed in the drug business for some seven years ; commenced present business in February, 1872, and con tinued it since. Was Trustee of village for 1878. Married at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., to Frances E. Brown. They have two children — Jesse R. and Helen L. CHARLES O. CADY, physician, Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; located at Dartford, Green Lake Co.; resided there with his parents up to 1858 ; then at Ripon, Wis., employed in drug business up to 1861 ; when he went to Worcester, Ohio, and was employed in wholesale and retail drug business seven years ; graduated at Ann Arbor, Mich., from Michigan University in 1869 ; commenced the practice of medicine at Brandon, Wis., and was there up to 1872 ; when he came to Sheboygan Falls, and has been engaged in the practice of his profession since. Has been Village Physician for some seven or eight years ; born in Vernon, Oneida Co., N. Y. Married at Brandon, Wis., in Oct. 18, 1870, to Adelia Pride, born there. They have one son — Charles M., ten years of age. EDWIN CLARK, attorney at law, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1872 ; located at Sheboygan Falls and has been en- HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1003 gaged in the practice of his profession ever since. He was Jus tice of the Peace in 1873. He was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., in 1825 ; studied with Edwin Countryman at Cherry Valley for two years; was admitted to the bar at Binghamton, N. Y., in 1859 ; practiced at Cherry Valley, N. Y, for three years, in partnership with N. C. Moak ; enlisted, in 1862, as Captain of Co. G, 121st N. Y. I. ; resigned in February, 1863, on account of ill health, and for several years was incapacitated from transact ing business. He resided at Williamsburg, Va., for one year. In August, 1867, he went to Jefferson City, Mo., and in the follow ing September was appointed Assistant Superintendent of Schools, and filled that position up to January, 1872. During a portion of that time he was Secretary of the Board of Regents of State University and Normal Schools. At the expiration of his super intendency he was appointed State Attorney for reclaiming of swamp lands, and filled the position up to August, 1872. In June, 1871, he received the degree of A. M. from the State Uni versity of Missouri. He was married at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1848, to Kate Reed. She died at Sheboygan Falls, Sept. 25, 1879, and he married again at Sheboygan City, Wis., May 4, 1881, to Kate Reed, born in New Jersey. DAVID F. COGSWELL, wagon maker, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1841 ; located at Brookfield, Milwaukee Co. ; resided there some six years, engaged in millwrighting, wagon mak ing, etc.; then at Pewaukee, Wis., for some six years, conducting a saw-mill ; afterward went to New York, remaining there only a short time ; then to Canada, remaining there from 1850 to 1865 ; was en gaged on the G. W. R. R. for some three years ; afterward em ployed in saw-mill and tannery for some years, and on steamboats, as engineer, for two years ; was then at Detroit, Mich., for five years engaged in handling a patent right for boiler cleaning. Then at Pewaukee, Wis., engaged at wagon-making, up to the fall of 1879, when he came to Sheboygan Falls and opened in present business ; was Chairman of Supervisors of town of Brookfield for two years. He was born in Bennington Co., Vt., Sept. 27, 1817. He was married at Pewaukee, Wis., Nov. 9, 1849, to Mary Jane Potter, born in Massachusetts. They have two children— Frank P. (painter) and Laura E. LEONARD P. DEAN, of L. P. Dean & Son, undertakers and dealers in furniture, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; located at Sheboygan Falls and has been engaged as carpenter and joiner since, also contractor and builder. He commenced present business in January, 1879, in company with his son, Phileo R. Dean, and they have continued the business since. He was Town Clerk for one year and Village Assessor for two years. He was born in Turin, N. Y., June 13, 1822; learned the trade of carpenter and joiner and was employed at it some years; was married at Sheboygan Falls, March, 1849, to Mary E. Hanford, born in New York. They have seven children — Dighton D., Sarah, Henry, Alvanus, Phileo R., Helen and Morris. CONRAD DeLONG, farmer, P. 0. Sheboygan, came to Wisconsin Sept. 5, 1849; located at Ripon, Fond du Lac Co.; was employed teaming for a year, then traveling for some six years. In 1855 he went to town of Lima, Sheboygan Co., and was engaged farming there up to 1878, when he came to Sheboy gan Falls and has been engaged in conducting present farm ever since ; owns 167 acres of land, mostly all improved. He was bornin Canada May 11, 1824, and previous to coming to this State was engaged farming there. He was married at Sheboygan Falls Nov. 22, 1856, to Annie Michael, born in Canada. They have four children — Charles D. S., Hattie V., Curtis S. and Stanton B. JOHN DIETSCH, Sr., farmer and carpenter, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin May 4, 1850 ; located at Lyndon, Sheboygan Co.; was employed for two years on farm ; came to town of She boygan Falls in 1853, and since that time has been engaged in farming, and also has done considerable building and carpenter work ; owns 95 acres of land ; was Chairman of Town Board of Supervisors in 1880. He was born in Germany May 24, 1824 ; came to America in 1848 ; was employed in New York, and also in State of Ohio, for two years previous to coming to this State. He was married in Ohio May 28, 1849, to Kuny Waltz, born in Germany. They have three children — John, Charles and Henry. WILLIAM Y. DAVIS, farmer ; P. O. Sheboygan ; came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; located in town of Sheboygan Falls, and since that time has been engaged in farming; owns 127 acres of land, mostly all improved. Hewas born at Milton, Vt., Dec. 18, 1821, and, previous to coming to this State, was engaged farming. Mar ried, at Colchester, Vt., in October, 1848, to Ellen Allen, born there ; they have two children — Arthur and Judd A. FRED EDLER, of Edler Bros.' cheese-factory, Sheboygan Falls ; born in town of Sheboygan Falls Oct. 8, 1 859 ; at the age of 1 6 years, learned the trade of carpenter, and was employed at it some four years; commenced present business in spring of 1881, in partnership with his brother William Edler ; they manufacture about thirteen thousand pounds of cheese per month. JOHN C. FAIRWEATHER, Cashier and General Manager of the Sheboygan Falls Bank. Born at Sheboygan April 18, 1852 ; was educated at Sheboygan High School, and attended commercial college at Milwaukee for one winter ; was employed for eight years on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, and several years as check clerk, telegraph operator, and station agent for four months at Rosedale, Fond du Lac Co., Wis.; came to Sheboygan Falls in 1874, and has been engaged in present capac ity since. Married, at Berlin, Wis., in December, 1875, to Lizzie Evans, born there; they have two children — John E. and Earl C. HARVARD GIDDINGS, proprietor mineral spring and farm er ; P. O. Sheboygan Falls ; born at Sheboygan Falls April 4, 1844 ; he has resided at that place ever since, with the exception of two years in Fond du Lac, Wis., during which time he was engaged farming, and also two years attending school in the State of New York. Married, at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., Oct. 6, 1864, to Genevieve Parker, born in Vermont; they have five children — John, Harry, William, Dora and Jessie. Mr. Giddings has an artesian well on the grounds of his residence, of mineral water ; depth of well, 1,200 feet. Is a son of David Giddings, of Fond du Lac, who settled in Green Bay, Wis., in 1825. HENRY F. HABIGHORST, farmer; P. O. Sheboygan. Born in town of Sheboygan Falls, Sheboygan Co., Wis., Feb. 22, 1851 ; resided with his father until he was 21 years of age, and was engaged farming, and for two years of the time was engaged in cheese-making. In 1876, began farming on his own account, and has continued since ; owns 160 acres of land, 100 of which are improved ; ha9 been Clerk of district school for past four years. Married, at Sheboygan Falls, April 28, 1876, to Dora Schakel, born there ; they have two children — Hattie and Odelia. HEALD, REYSEN & CO., proprietors Rock Flouring Mills, and dealers in grain and produce, Sheboygan Falls. This firm is composed of Benjamin F. Heald and John H. Reysen ; the mill has a capacity of some fifty barrels per day. Mr. Heald came to Wis consin in 1863 ; located at " Onion River," and was engaged in conducting a flouring-mill for four years, in company with Mark Martin and other partners; came to Sheboygan Falls in 1868; was engaged in woolen-mill business for some four years ; com menced present business in 1874; conducted the business alone for about a year, and then entered into partnership with B. H. Riebel ; they carried on the mills up to May, 1880, when Mr. R. retired, and John H. Reysen came into the concern. Mr. Heald was bcrn in Sumner, Me., in 1831 ; previous to coming to Wis consin, was engaged in milling and in various other capacities. Enlisted, in September, 1861, in 9th Me. V. I.; served one year, and at time of discharge (on account of ill health), held the rank of 1st Lieutenant. Was at one time Trustee of village of She boygan Falls for two years. Married, at Onion River, Wis., in 1865, to Mary E. James, born at Eagle, Waukesha Co., Wis.; they have two children — Abner O. and Charles F. 1004 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Mr. Reysen came to Wisconsin in 1854 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; was employed for some two years in grist-mill ; afterward engaged in flour and feed business, in partnership with E. Batch- elder, for a few months, then conducted the business alone for eighteen months ; was engaged in flouring-mill business in differ ent parts of the State up to May, 1880, when he joined Mr. Heald. He was elected Trustee of village of Sheboygan Falls in 1879, re elected in 1880, and again elected in 1881. Born in Germany in 1831 ; learned milling trade there. Came to America in 1852, and, previous to coming to Wisconsin, was engaged in a mercantile capacity East. Married, at Sheboygan Falls, in November, 1855, to Flora Englemeyer, born in Germany; they have eight children — Henry, Dora, Emma, Walter, George, Flora, Albert and Matilda. JOACHIM JOHANN, manufacturer of wooden pumps, She boygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1863 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; was employed in pump manufactory of A. M. Little & Co. for five years ; bought an interest in the firm in 1868 ; firm continued until 1876, then it changed to Johann & Meier; they carried on the business four years, and since that time Mr. Johann has been alone; manufactures 1,000 to 1,200 premium pumps per annum; em ploys three men ; was bornin Germany Nov. 28,1831; wasemployed as a mechanic ; came to America in November, 1863 ; married, in Germany, in November, 1863, to Caroline Steinfeldt, born there ; they have one child — William, and two deceased. WALTER M . LITTLE, dealer in agricultural implements, sash doors, blinds, etc., Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; located with parents in the town of Sheboygan Falls ; was engaged farming with his father for some time, and afterward several years on his own account; had a hotel at Plymouth, Wis., for one year ; again farming for a short time. In 1868, came to Sheboygan Falls and ran a livery stable for a year, then engaged as a travel ing salesman for some years ; commenced present business in Jan uary, 1881. Was born in State of New York Sept. 12, 1840. Married, at town of Sheboygan Falls, May, 1867, to Sarah Col lins, born there; they have two children — Elner and Le Roy. HENRY K. LOOMIS, butter and cheese factory, Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in March, 1880 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; was engaged in farming for about a year ; purchased the present factory in March, 1881, and has been engaged in carrying it on since. The factory was started by Pierce & Strong in 1871, run by them for some time, and afterward by W. G. Pierce until Mr. Loomis took it. Manufactures about 5,000 pounds of cheese per week, and some 600 pounds of butter ; employs fourmen ; factory is run by steam power. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in January, 1845. In 1868, went to Canton, Miss.; was in the employ of the United States Government as Assessor of Internal Revenue for four years and Collector for about a year ; afterward, for a short time, engaged in building the M. & O. Railroad in com pany with his brother ; returned to Cleveland, Ohio, and was engaged as traveling salesman. In 1877, commenced fancy goods business in company with his brother, B. S. Loomis, at Jackson, Mich., and was engaged in it some three years. Married, at She boygan Falls, Wis., Oct. 17, 1877, to Lizzie M. Smith, who was born there. FRANK C. MATHER, of Mather Bros., farmers and man ufacturers and dealers in cheese ; P. O. Sheboygan ; came to Wis consin in 1855 ; located at city of Sheboygan with his parents ; came to town of Sheboygan Falls in 1857, and has been engaged in present business some fifteen to twenty years ; has been in part nership with his brother, C. G. Mather since about 1873; they manufacture about 74,000 pounds of cheese per annum. Frank C. Mather enlisted Aug. 22, 1862, in 1st W. V. I.; served nine months ; re-enlisted in 1864, in same regiment, and served until the close of the war. He was born at Leicester, Mass., June 15, 1846. CHARLES A. MAURER, Postmaster, general store, cheese factory and hotel, Sheboygan Falls ; born in the town of Rhine, Sheboygan Co., Wis., Jan. 16, 1851 ; came to Johnsonville, Wis., in 1867 ; was employed for three years in a saw-mill and two years in a grist-mill ; afterward in grist-mill at Plymouth, Wis. for a year, and at Hingham, Wis., in same capacity for two years; returned to Johnsonville and was employed in grist-mill several years ; then opened a cheese factory and has continued it since ; makes 45,000 pounds of cheese per annum ; has been conducting general store and hotel since Jan. 15, 1881. Was appointed Post master Jan. 20, 1881 ; was School Treasurer for town of Sheboy gan Falls for 1878-79 and 1880. Married, at Johnsonville, Wis., Feb. 7, 1877, to Minnie Roethen, born in town of Meeme, Man itowoc Co., Wis.; they have two children — Ida and Laura. Mr. Maurer's father built a custom flour-mill in 1867, at Johnsonville ; ran the same, in company with others, up to August, 1874, when he died. The widow has his interest in the mill, and her son, Will iam Maurer, has been representing her interest since the fall of 1880. AMANDUS J. MAULICK, carriage ironer, Sheboygan Falls; came to Wisconsin in 1860; located at Princeton, Green Lake Co., Wis., with parents ; was for some time engaged in hotel business with his father ; then in Fond du Lac, Wis., for three years ; learned trade there and was employed at it ; came to Sheboygan Falls in 1871 ; was employed three years at trade ; then, in same capacity, in Sheboygan City for three years ; afterward was in business at Fall Creek, Wis., for about eighteen months ; returned to Sheboygan Falls, and has been engaged in present business for some two years. Was born in Germany in 1854 ; came to America in 1860. Married, at Sheboygan Falls, in September, 1878, to Lissette Wolf, who was born there ; they have two children — ¦ Amanda and Louis. AUGUST F. MEIER, manufacturer of fanning mills, pumps, etc., Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1849 ; located at Mil waukee; was employed as wagon-maker for two years ; then at Addi son, Wis., employed in same capacity for some fourteen years; afterward had a saw mill at the town of Herman, Dodge Co., Wis., for three years ; came to Sheboygan Falls in spring of 1867 ; was employed for two years in fanning mill factory ; then engaged present business with A. M. Little and J. Johann, they carried on the business for six years, then Mr. Little withdraw and the two remaining partners continued the business lip to spring of 1881, and since that time Mr. Meier has been alone ; was Village Trustee for 1878; born in Germany in 1829; learned trade of wagon-maker there ; came to America in 1849. Married at Addison, Wis., in 1852, to Charlotte Meier. She died in 1856, leaving one child — William. Mr. Meter married again at Addi son, in 1857, to Caroline Lierman ; born in Germany. They have six children — Augusta, Charles, Frederick, Otto, John and Emil. JOS. OSTHELDER, saloon, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wis consin in 1852 ; located at Sheboygan City; came to Sheboygan Falls; in 1861 enlisted in 4th Wisconsin Infantry ; served three years ; returned to Sheboygan Falls in 1864 ; commenced brewery in company with his mother ; they carried on the business together for a year ; he was then in same business for some years with his brother and other- partners, and alone from 1870 to 1875, since which time he has been engaged in conducting a saloon ; was a member of Village Board of Trustee for several years, and was appointed Deputy Sheriff of Sheboygan Co.; born in Germany, Sept. 18, 1840. Married at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., in 1866, to Gertrude Miapeter. They have four children — Joseph, Oscar, Alma and Louis. GEORGE W. PECK, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1846 ; located in Lyndon, Sheboygan Co. ; was engaged farming there up to 1867, when he moved to town of Sheboygan ; farmed there some four years, and in 1871, came on to present farm in Sheboygan Falls, and has been engaged conducting it since ; owns 1 63 acres of land ; he was Clerk of town of Lyndon for two years ; Justice of Peace town of Sheboygan two years, and Trustee of village of Sheboygan Falls for one year ; born at Sand Lake, N. Y., in 1822 ; previous to coming to this State, was HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1005 engaged farming. Married at Lima, Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1853, to Amy S. Kent, born in State of Vermont. CHAS. W. PIERCE, manufacturer and dealer in cheese, Sheboygan Falls ; born in town of Lima, Sheboygan Co., Wis., Aug. 5, 1848 ; was employed with his father, farming, for some years, then in his father's store at Sheboygan Falls, and afterward in his foundry for some eighteen months ; in 1873, commenced cheese factory in partnership with I. N. Strong, and they carried on the business for four years ; firm then changed to Pierce & Son, and was conducted by them up to spring of 1881. Chas. W. Pierce is now interested with his brother, William L. Pierce, in two cheese factories in Manitowoc Co., Wis., and is also engaged in buying cheese at this place. Married at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., Oct. 5, 1871, to Alice Cary; born in Oswego Co., N. Y. They have one son — William C. LEVI H. PIERCE, farmer, P. 0. Sheboygan, was born at Plym outh, Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1847 ; was engaged farming with parents for some years ; enlisted in October, 1864, in the 1st Wis. H. A., and served until the close of the war ; then farmed for some time in Outagamie Co., Wis. ; afterward engaged as travel ling photographer in State of Iowa for some eighteen months. In 1872 he came on to the present farm in town of Sheboygan Falls ; owns 130 acres of land, 60 acres of which are woodland. He was married in Outagamie Co., Wis., in March, 1868, to Mary Turner, born in State of Ohio. They have two children — Edna I. and Sydney C. HENRY A. PITCHER, M. D., and surgeon dentist, Sheboy gan Falls, was born at Fond du Lac, Wis., May 22, 1845 ; was em ployed some four years as pattern-maker in " Novelty Iron Works ' at Fond du Lae ; was a student for one year with Dr. Patchen. In 1867 he went to Chicago, 111., and was a student at Hahnemann College for two terms ; was also, during that time, a student for one year with Dr. Pierce, of Green Bay ; graduated at Hahne mann College, Chicago, 111., in 1869 ; practiced medicine at Green Bay for several years, then at Ahnapee, Wis., for two years ; dur ing that time was United States Examining Surgeon for Pensions for the Door and Kewannee Cos. district. Then practiced at Joliet, 111., over three years in company with M. B. Ogden ; came to Sheboygan Falls in 1876, and has been engaged in the prac tice of his profession since. He was married at Fond du Lac, Wis., in 1869, to Alma Pitcher, born there. They have one child, Leslie E., three years of age. OWEN PLATT, Superintendent of Riverside Woolen Mills, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1866 ; located at Raciue ; was employed in Racine Mills for some three years as foreman of department, afterward Superintendent for seven years. He came to Sheboygan Falls in June, 1876, and been engaged in present capacity since. He was born in England in 1841 ; learned his trade there ; came to America in 1857 ; was employed in woolen mill, Utica, N. Y., for a short time, then at North Vassalboro, Me., as overseer in woolen mills ; was there for five years ; again at Utica for two years, and afterward at Cleveland, Ohio, em ployed in some capacity for four years. He was married at Kent's Hill, Reedfield, Me., in August, 1872, to Mary A. Worthley, born in Maine. She died April 13, 1880, leaving four children — Charles A., William H., Owen Frederick and Laura Mildred. He was married again at Racine, Wis., Nov. 25, 1880, to Mar garet Geddes, born in Cleveland, Ohio. HENRY PRANGE, contractor and builder, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; located in town of Sheboygan Falls. At sixteen years of age he learned the trade of carpenter and was employed at it up to Sept. 17, 1861, when he enlisted in the 9th W. V. I. and served one year, afterward served eighteen months in the 6th V. R. C; returned to town of Sheboygan Falls in the Autumn of 1864, and since then has been engaged in present business. He owns 38 acres of land, which his brother farms for him. He was Supervisor of town of Sheboygan Falls in 1873- 74, and elected Town Clerk in the Spring of 1881. He was born in Germany March 30, 1841 ; came to America in 1846 ; was married in town of Sheboygan Falls in 1875, to Barbara Specht, born there. They have four children — Arthur, Theodore, Otto and Anthony. HON. W. H. PRENTICE (deceased), was born in Aurora Co., N. Y., Aug. 6, 1813. He was married at Concord, Erie Co., N. Y., to Mary A. Sibley, born there. Mr. Prentice was one of the earliest settlers in Sheboygan Falls, and was for many years engaged in the manufacture of fanning mills. In 1862, in com pany with N. C. Farnsworth, he started the first woolen mill in Sheboygan Co., and was engaged in that business for some years. Mr. Prentice had retired from active business some years previous to his death, Sept. 25, 1881. He represented the Second District of Sheboygan Co.; was in the Assembly for the year 1858, and he had also filled some of the town offices. EDMUND QUINLAN, rake manufacturer, Sheboygan Falls, came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; located in town of Greenbush, Sheboy gan Co.; was engaged farming six months ; came to Sheboygan Falls in 1851 ; was employed as a wocd-turner, etc., -for eighteen months ; then in the chair-turning business, in company with H. W. Clark, for five and a half years ; afterward engaged in the manufacture of spokes and ax handles for two years ; has been engaged in the manufacture of rakes for the past twenty years. Since 1878 he has been making a patent rake of his own inven tion. He was a member of the Town Board of Supervisors for six years. He was born in Ulster Co., N. Y., Aug. 12, 1822, and previous to coming to this State was engaged in the wood- turning business at Binghamton, N. Y. He was married in Sul livan Co., N. Y., in 1848, to Weltha Huntington. She died in 1852, leaving one child, Alfred E. He was married again at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., in 1859, to Matilda M. Richardson, born in Massachusetts. They have two children — Hattie M. and Elsie L. JACOB RAMAKER, brickyard, Sheboygan Falls ; born at Holland, Sheboygan Co., May 7, 1854 ; at 15 years of age learned the trade of brickmaker, and has been employed at it some five years, then ran a yard in company with his father, J. A. Ra- maker, for one year ; afterward at Milwaukee for three years ; was foreman in brickyard there ; came to Sheboygan Falls in .1878 ; purchased present business, and has been engaged in it since. Married at Lima, Sheboygan Co., Wis., Feb. 20, 1877, to Jane W., Damkot, born there ; they have three children — Josephine, Annie and Jennie. RICHARDSON BROS., custom saw-mill, planing mill and cheese box factory ; manufacturers of patent farm gates, moldings, brackets, etc., and dealers in pine lumber, lath, pickets and shingles, Sheboygan Falls ; this firm is composed of William H. and Egbert Richardson ; they came to Wis consin and located at Sheboygan Falls with their father, Joseph Richardson, in 1845 ; the mill property is owned and was formerly operated by J. Richardson & Sons, but, since 1876, has been conducted under the firm name of Richardson Bros. The enterprise was originally inaugurated over thirty years ago, consisting at that time of a saw mill alone ; in 1857, a lath mill was attached to the concern, and, in 1864, a circular saw, with cutting capacity of 1,000 feet per hour, was added. Four years later the planing mill was put in place, and, in 1870, the saw-mill department was entirely rebuilt. The concern employs some fifteen to twenty men, and they manufacture some 60,000 cheese boxes annually ; they also do a general line of cus tom work, such as sawing, planing, turning, etc., and manufacture wood work of every description, such as water tanks, hay racks and farm gates.- W. H. Richardson was born at Roscoe, Winne bago Co., 111., Jan. 1, 1841 ; Oct. 8, 1861, he enlisted in 1st W. V. I. ; was wounded at the battle of Chickamauga in the left heel and disabled for four months ; served in all some three years. Egbert Richardson was born at Roscoe, 111., March 22, 1842. Married at Shell Rock, Butler Co., Iowa, April 29, 1879, to Sarah Fairweather, born in England ; they have one child. EDWARD L. SARGENT, farmer; P. O. Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin in May, 1847 ; located at the town of Sheboy- ioo6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. gan Falls, and since that time has been engaged farming. Owns a farm of fifty acres ; he was born at Hopkinton, N. H., Jan. 31, 1820, and previous to coming to this State was engaged in farming, and also taught school for a time. Married, at Canterbury, N. H., April 18, 1847, to Mary C. Colby, born in that State. They have two children — Sarah E. and Emma F. J. L. SHEPARD, physician anddentist, Sheboygan Falls; born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in October, 1833 ; was employed in the drug business for several years ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; was educated at Ann Arbor University, Mich. ; afterward at Rush College, Chicago, 111., where he graduated in 1864 ; he then enlisted in the 32d W. V. I. as Assistant Surgeon, and served until the close of the war ; returned to Sheboygan Falls July 4, 1865, and followed the practice of his profession up to 1867 ; then in La Grange Co., Ind.. for about two years, where he practiced medicine, and also carried on a drug business for about one year; returned to Sheboygan Falls in 1869, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession ; the Doctor was at one time in general store business at Cascade, Wis., for a year, and also carried on a drug business at Sheboygan Falls for several years. He was United States Examining Sur geon for Pensions for seven years, and a member of the Assembly at Madison for the Second District of Sheboygan Co. for 1877. He married in Fond du Lac Co., Wis., in 1857, to Sarah A. Watson, born in Ohio; they have three children — Guy B., dentist at Fond du Lac, Wis., John L. and Clarence E. HON. HIRAM SMITH, farmer and cheese-buyer; P. 0. She boygan Falls; came to Wisconsin in July, 1847; located on present farm in town of Sheboygan Falls, and has been engaged in farm ing, etc., since; and, since about 1872, has also been engaged in purchasing cheese for houses in New York. He owns 212 acres of land, mostly all improved. He was a member of " The Assem bly" at Madison for Second District of Sheboygan Co. in 1871, and, since 1876, has been a member of the Board of Regents of State University of Wisconsin. Born in Bucks Co., Penn., in February, 1817. When quite young, went to Lewis Co., N. Y., and was for some years engaged with his father in farming and manufacturing plows ; afterward, ran the business for two years on his own account. Married in Lewis Co., N. Y., to Catherine A. Conoven ; born there. They have one living child — -Lizzie M., now Mrs. H. K. Loomis, and one son deceased. GEORGE SPRATT, manufacturer of rakes, handles, etc. ; Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; located at Waldo, Sheboygan Co. ; resided with parents, and was employed on farm with them up to 1863 ; then enlisted in the 48th W. V. I. ; served fourteen months ; held rank of Sergeant of Co. F at time of dis charge. Came to Sheboygan Falls in 1865, and was employed as carpenter and joiner up to 1871; then commenced in present business in company with G. F. Arnold. They carried on the business for one year. Mr. Arnold then disposed of his interest to E. Quinlan, and he retired after one year. Since then, Mr. Spratt has been in business alone. Employs some eight to twelve men. Factory is run by water-power. Born in England in 1844 ; came to America in 1851. Married at Sheboygan Falls, Sept. 13, 1868, to Mary J. Nichols, born in England. They have two children — John R. and Clara S. ; one deceased. CHARLES A. SPENCER, Postmaster ; also dealer in station ery and fancy goods, Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1858 ; located at Madison; resided with parents; enlisted in 1864, in 40th W. V. I., in Capt. Allen's University Company ; served for three months; re-enlisted in 47th W. V. I., in January, 1865, as First Lieutenant, and was promoted to Captain in the following July, and served up to October, 1865. Came to Sheboygan Falls in November, 1865 ; engaged in drug and grocery business ; car ried it on three years alone ; then in partnership with brother, R. H. Spencer, for three years ; then engaged as traveling sales man for some ten years ; was appointed Postmaster in April, 1880, and engaged in stationery and book business a few weeks later. Has also been express agent since April, 1880. Was Deputy United States Assessor for 1869-70, and resigned in 1871. Born in Perry Co., Ohio, Jan. 20, 1846. Married at Sheboygan Falls, Wis., in September, 1867, to Charlotte A. Cole ; born' at Sheboy gan, Wis. They have two children — Clara C. and Mary. ORRIN TREAD WELL, of O. Treadwell & Co., proprietors, River Side Woolen Mills, Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; located at Beaver Dam ; resided there one year ; was engaged loaning money, etc. ; then at Plymouth, Wis., engaged farming and dealing in grain up to 1875, when he came to Sheboygan Falls, and has been engaged in present capacity since. The mill was built in 1865, and run by Hills & Clark up to 1875, when the German Bank of Sheboygan took it. Mr. Treadwell pur chased an interest at that time, and the mill is now run under his management. They employ about forty hands ; manufacture shawls and ladies' dress goods. Production, 1,200 double shawls, and 500 yards of dress goods per month, consuming from seventy- five to eight thousand pounds of wool per annum. Mr. Treadwell was born at Oneida, N. Y., May 8, 1819; commenced business life at Utica, N. Y. ; was employed in a mercantile capacity some five years ; afterward, in New York City, engaged as traveling salesman for five years. Married at Cortland, N. Y., in 1850, to Elizabeth C. Brusie; born in Connecticut. They have two children — Ella and Mary. JAMES L. TROWBRIDGE, farmer, P. O. Sheboygan; came to Wisconsin Sept. 8, 1837 ; located at Sheboygan Falls ; was employed in lumber business some three years, and since that time has been engaged in farming. Owns a farm of 160 acres. Born at Worcester, Mass., Aug. 18, 1822. Married at Sheboy gan, June 15, 1846, to Mary Cole ; born in State of New York, died in 1848. Married again at the same place Nov. 2, 1853, to Mary L. Cobb, born in State of New York. They have three children — -Thaddeus, Sarah and Charles. CARL L. G. WEDEPOHL, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes Sheboygan Falls ; came to Wisconsin in 1853 ; located at Sheboygan Falls, and was employed as shoemaker for one year, then commenced present business, and has carried it on since ; born in Germany in 1825 ; learned trade there and was employed at it for some years ; came to America in 1853 ; married in Sheboygan County (Town of Lima) September, 1855, to Jane Tendolle, born in Holland. They have seven children — John G., Gertrude, Will iam (molder), Charles (printer), -Hannah, Louisa and Edward. D. H. WENGER, attorney, Sheboygan Falls; born at Ligonier, Ind., March 28, 1854; was educated at Hillsdale College, Hills dale, Mich., then taught school in La Grange and Noble Counties, Ind., for five years. Was a student with James A. Frazer, attorney, Warsaw, Wis., for two years; was admitted to the bar at that place in 1879, and practiced there for a year, then at She boygan for a few months ; came to Sheboygan Falls in January, 1881, and has been engaged in the practice of his profession since. LOUIS WOLF, boots and shoes, Sheboygan Falls. Came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; located at Sheboygan ; was engaged in boot and shoe business and continued up to spring of 1851, when he came to Sheboygan Falls, and commenced present business in April, 1851, and has carried it on since. Was a member of the Assembly at Madison for the Second District of Sheboygan County for the years 1864, 1874 and 1876. Represented the Twentith District of Wisconsin in the Senate at Madison for the years 1878 and 1879. Born in Germany in 1825 ; came to America in 1837 ; resided at Utica, N. Y., for eleven years. Learned trade of shoemaker there and was employed at it some years. Married at Utica, N. Y., in 1845, to Augusta Kaestner, born in Germany. They have five children— Barbara, William, Christinia, Lissette and Louis. PLYMOUTH. The town of Plymouth is finely located for farming purposes, and has become justly noted for the extent of its dairying interests. The Potash Kettle range of hills HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1007 crosses the western part of the town, and forms a section on which wheat is chiefly raised. The Mullet River fur nishes numerous water-powers, which are utilized for mill ing and manufacturing purposes. The first survey of the town was made in 1835, by United States Engineer Mullet, after whom the river, flowing through the town, was named. When the land was offered for sale in 1836, the first purchaser was John Law, of London, England, who bought part of Section 1, on August 13, of that year. On August 23, Thomas Mar grave of London, bought Section 5, which still belongs to heirs of the original purchaser. The first sale for actual settlement was made to Cyrus Johnson, on June 7, 1845. The first settlers came here from Tioga County, Penn., in May, 1845 Their names were William Bowen, Isaac, John and Rensellaer Thorpe. In the fall of the same year, Henry P. Davidson came from Hartford, Conn., with his family, and built a log tavern near the Cold Springs, in the west part of the present city. It was on the road from Sheboygan to Fond du Lac, and well patronized by emi grants to the central and western part of the State. By the close of 1845, the following persons, in addition to those already mentioned, had become residents : Avery Childs, Thomas Davidson, Cyrus Johnson, John D. Briggs, James De Groff, Bradbury Robinson, Abner Walton, Jacob Mantz, Ezra Andrews and Almon Andrews. The first frame house was built by Martin M. Flint, in the fall of 1846. The first white child born in the settlement was a daughter to Cyrus Johnson, on February 8, 1846. The first death was that of an infant son of Jacob Mantz, in September, 1846. Religious services were held in Isaac Thorpe's cabin by "Father " Cole, an English Methodist, as early as the sum mer of 1845. Occasional services were also conducted by "Elder" Hitchcock, the Baptist preacher at Sheboygan Falls. The first Postmaster, Thomas I. Davidson, was ap pointed in September, 1846, and kept the office in his log tavern. The receipts of the office for the first quarter, were $2.50. It is supposed that the first school in town was taught by Miss Piautina Stone, in Reuben Clark's house. A school district was organized in the fall of 1847. The first marriage was that of S. V. R. Thorpe and Jane Van Patton, on March 12, 1847. The first saw-mill was built by Henry I. Davidson, and began running July 1, 1848. Organization for town purposes did not take place till April 3, 1849, and the list of the first town officers is as follows : Supervisors :. Elon W. Baldwin, Daniel Hyatt and Francis Krackenberger ; Clerk, James Cleveland; Treasurer, Hi ram Bishop; Superintendent of Schools, Franklin Bond; Justices of the Peace, J. F. Moore, Erastus C. Sessians, Henry Giffen and Julius Wolf. Ninety votes were cast. The city of Plymouth is pleasantly located in the val ley of the Mullet River, near the center of the town and at the junction of the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac and Wis consin Central Railroads. It has excellent water privileges and is conveniently situated for shipping its manufactured and natural products to markets elsewhere. It forms a natural center for the western part of Sheboygan County. The census of 1880, showed the population at that time to be 1,052, largely Germans. The organization under a city form of government, was effected in 1877, when the present charter was adopted. A complete list of all who have held offices under the city gov ernment is as follows : Mayors, H. H. Huson and Otto Puhlmann; Clerks, D. M. Jackson, L. K. Howe and L. T. Bishop ; Treasurers, E. A. Dow, H. C. Laack and H. C. Bade: Police Justices, G. W. Barnard and Adam Wolf; Councilmen, B. L. Nutt, C. Baker, William Frentel, D. S. Bagley, F. J. Detling, G. Weber, H. W. Fischer, P. H. Smith and August Scheibe ; Supervisors, J. W. Taylor, William Schwartz, H. W. Fischer and G. W. Barnard ; Marshals, H. H. Bowers, Conrad Fischer and William Fischer; Assessors, William Schwartz and Carl Schwartz; Street Commissioners, W. W. Huson, William Schwartz, Jacob Keuper and Paul Fischer ; Justices of the Peace, H. E. Cottle, G. W. Bannard, Adam Wolf and J. Rooney. Newspapers. — There are two weekly newspapers pub lished in the city. The Plymouth Reporter was established in 1872, by A. F. Warden, the present editor and proprie tor. It is a six-column quarto, and is the only English Democratic paper published in the county. It has a circu lation of 600 copies. The first issue of the Plymouth Sun was printed Sep tember 6, 1879, by L. K. Howe, who still continues to be its editor and proprietor. The paper is independent in pol itics. A large job business is carried on in connection with it. Dairying. — The dairying interests of the town and city are of great importance, and it is thought that more cheese is manufactured here than in any other town in the county. There are about a dozen factories within the limits of the town. The largest of these is situated in the city of Plym outh, and owned and operated by F. A. Streblow. This factory takes the milk of 500 cows, and turns out twenty- five cheeses per day, or about a ton in weight. S. H. Conover & Co. do a business of over half a million dollars per year in buying cheese and exporting it. Their trade is largely with Liverpool. A dairy board of trade has been in successful operation for several years. Weekly meetings, with telegraphic mar ket reports from New York and Liverpool, are held and attended by buyers from all over the country. The offer ings from Calumet, Manitowoc and Sheboygan Counties amount to about 3,500 boxes or 200,000 pounds weekly. The present organization of the board of trade is as fol lows : President, Enos Eastman ; Secretary, A. F. War den ; Treasurer, Charles Delo. Churches. — The Congregational Church was organized about the year 1848, in the town of Lyndon, and had, at first, a membership of eleven. The church was transferred to the city of Plymouth about ten years after its organiza tion. In 1859, the present church edifice was built, and the parsonage was completed in 1868. The church mem bership is about fifty, with eighty in the Sunday school. Rev. Gilbert Rindell has been Pastor of the church for about two years and a half. The first Episcopal service held in the town was con ducted by Rev. L. W. Davis, of Sheboygan, in 1851. St. Paul's Church was organized October 28, 1857, with a membership of nine. Semi-monthly services were, at first, held in the village schoolhouse. The church edifice was consecrated December 4, 1858, by Bishop Kemper, and the first confirmation was in the previous April. Rev. William Gardam is the present Rector, and the communicants num ber about fifty. ioo8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. St. John's German Lutheran Church was dedicated January 16, 1859, and has a present membership of seventy-five with a congregation of about 500. There is connected with the church a school of about ninety children. The Pastor of the church is Rev. John Herzen. There are two other German Churches and one Roman Catholic, making a total of six in the city. There are three large flouring-mills in the city of Plymouth. That owned by Otto Puhlmann was started soon after the settlement of the town, and has been con stantly operated since that time. All the flour is made by the " roller process," and a large merchant business is carried on. The business of this mill is estimated at between $400,000 and $500,000 annually. The mill of Oberreich & Moersch was built in 1867 by William Schwartz. It does a large amount of custom grinding. Brickbaur & Klumb, of the South Plymouth Mills, do a business of many thousand dollars in buying grain, sell ing flour and general custom work. The bank of Plymouth was organized in 1873, with a cash capital of about $15,000. The officers of the bank are: President, J. W. Dow, and Cashier, E. A. Dow. This is the only bank in the city. A chair factory was started in 1879 by Obed Mattoon. He employs about fifteen hands, and sells his goods largely in Kansas, Nebraska and the West. William Schwartz does a lumber business of about $25,000 per year. Carl Schwartz started a foundry in 1867, and employs six or seven hands in making machinery and castings of all kinds. The Hub Club, a literary and amateur dramatic society, widely and favorably known, was organized in 1870. A library of several hundred volumes is maintained by the club. Plymouth Union Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 71, was organ ized here in 1855. The lodge has about seventy-five mem bers, and is in a prosperous condition. They are the owners of the finest business block in town, in which their magnificently furnished lodge room is also situated. The officers of the lodge at present are W. J. Brier, N. G. ; E. Drury, R. S. ; Otto Puhlmann, A. F. Warden and August Scheide, Trustees. A musical society was organized in September, 1856, with a membership of eight. It has been kept up ever since and now has about twenty members. A Turnverein was established in August, 1856, but soon died out. The present society was organized in May, 1870, and admitted to the Grand Lodge of Turners in May, 1872. The German Lyceum was organized in 1864. In 1869, the hall occupied by the society was burned. In the same year, the society re-organized under a State charter and built the present "Lyceum Hall" at a cost of about $5,500. The " Plymouth Fire Company " was organized in 1867. The company is uniformed, and the engine kept in a convenient engine house, which also has a fire bell. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GEORGE W. BARNARD, merchant, Plymouth ; was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., July 13, 1823 ; came to Wisconsin when it was a Territory, in 1846, and stopped for that winter in Wauke sha County, also locating a farm in the town of Plymouth, She boygan Co. ; in the spring of 1847, returned to New York, got his wife and came back to Wisconsin, and settled on his home stead, in September, 1847, when he commenced to improve it and work for the interest of settling up the country. He lived there five years, when he took a trip back East, which he had promised his wife, if she would consent to come West, and on his return to Plymouth, he sold out his farm and moved to the village and started to work at carpentering and building; also starting a nursery, which business he followed until 1865, then starting a merchandise store, which he has followed ever since. In 1850, he was elected to the office of Town Treasurer, and has since held the offices of County Supervisor, Justice (fifteen years), Town Clerk and various other offices. He was married, in 1846, to Miss Hannah C. Gildersleeve, of New York, by whom he has two children — one son and one daughter. HIRAM BISHOP, farmer, on Sec. 22; P. O. Plymouth ; was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., on the 26th of January, 1823 ; is the son of Morris W. and Olive Bishop, the latter dying, in New York, in 1849, the former, in 1855. The subject of this sketch came West and landed in Milwaukee, in the fall of 1845, settling on the farm where he still lives, during the same year, which he purchased from the Government for $1.25 per acre. He was married, in 1846, in New York, after returning from entering his claim, to Miss Amanda Baldwin, by whom he has three children, viz., Ira J., Lester T., now City Clerk of Plymouth, and Hiram F. Mr. Bishop is a member of the I. O. O. F., Plymouth, Union Lodge No. 71 ; also of the Union Encampment, No. 52, at Plym outh, and has served three years as District Deputy Grand Patriarch of his district. He was a sailor on the lakes before coming West, for a number of years, having been First Mate on the steamer George Clinton ; also on two or three other different boats. IRA A. BRADFORD, farmer, on Sec. 23; P. O. Plym outh ; was born in Vermont on the 27th of February, 1820. His father, Joseph Bradford, was killed by a falling tree, when the subject of this sketch was only 13 years old, and, in October, 1846, moved to Wisconsin, settling on a farm in the town of Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., having previously visited Wisconsin, in 1842, but only stayed about six months. He enlisted in the late war, in February, of 1864, in the 26th, Company E, W. V. I., serving until July, of 1865, being Sergeant when discharged. Mr. Bradford has been Supervisor of the Town Board, and was married, in November, 1843, to Miss Sarah Sweeting, by whom he has six sons, all of whom are school teachers, viz., George W., now County Treasurer of Sheboygan County ; Dewitt A., Princi pal of Hartford School, Washington County ; Charles M., Martin E., Frank J. and William N. ASA CARPENTER, farmer, on Sec. 34; P. O. Plymouth; was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., on the 26th of December, 1829 ; he was raised on a farm, which occupation he followed until 1851, when he came to Wisconsin, settling in the town of Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., where he worked by the month for two and a half years, after which he bought the farm on which he now lives. He was elected Chairman of the Town Board, in 1857, and was Assessor for three years, and in the winter of 1876 was a juror on a whisky suit in the United States Court, at Milwaukee. He was married, in April, of 1854, to Harriet M. Wilson, daughter of Ezra Wilson, who became a settler of the town of Plymouth, in 1849. CHARLES DELO, of the firm of Conover & Co., wholesale cheese dealers, Plymouth; this firm is one of the largest shipping and exporting firms in cheese in the State of Wisconsin ; they shipped in the year 1880 over fifty thousand boxes of cheese to Liverpool, averaging 55 lbs. each, all of which was manufactured in Sheboygan and Manitowoc Counties ; this firm was the first that started the manufactory of cheese in Sheboygan County, at Plymouth, Mr. Hiram Conover being then the proprietor of the factory, working by the month ; they being young and industrious HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1009 men, had saved enough capital to buy the factory in 1877, which they sold out in 1879, and started to buy and expurt cheese, and will this season (1881), pay over $250,000 for cheese, all of which will go to Liverpool. Mr. Delo was born Oct. 9, 1853 ; was mar ried in March, 1880, to Ida Conover, daughter of Hirahm Con over, of Plymouth. EDWARD DREWRY, farmer, Plymouth; was born in Canada, June, 1835 ; came with his parents to Wisconsin, in 1846, who located at Milwaukee, and remained there until the spring of 1847, then moving to Sheboygan County, and settled on a farm in the town of Plymouth, a mile and a half south of the village. His father, Edward B., died in January, 1849. The subject of this sketch remained at home, working on the home farm and going to school, teaching, etc., until he reached the age of 22 years, then bought himself a farm of 80 acres near the homestead, which he continued to work until 1865, when he was elected to the office of County School Superintendent ; he served as Town Clerk seven years ; in 1869 moved with his family to the State of Michigan ; lived there two years, then returned to Wisconsin, and s40-- bought a farm in the town of Lyndon, where he resided until 1877, when he moved back to Plymouth, Wis. ; married Nov, 14, 1861, to Martha A. Dockstader, she being born in New York; he is a member of I. O. O. F. of Plymouth, Union Lodge No. 67, also the A., F. & A. M., Cassia Lodge, No. 167, of Plymouth. HON. ENOS EASTMAN, farmer, Plymouth; was born Oct. 27, 1821, in the State of New York; he remained at home with his parents, working on the farm and going to school until 21 years of age, during which time he received an academic edu cation, and at that age he bought himself a small farm of 50 acres, which he worked until 1849, when he sold out and came West to the State of Wisconsin, and located on the farm where he now lives, in May, 1849, which had been pre-empted and some little improvements made on ; he then set to work further im proving his farm and buying more land with his annual earnings from his farm, and finally erecting himself a fine brick residence. Mr. E. has always taken an active part in the welfare of the county, holding various county and town offices ; he was Repre sentative to the Legislature from his county in 1871, and in the Senate in 1875-6 ; was married in New York to Miss Miriam 64 Carpenter in 1844, by whom he has five children, viz. : Vasti L., now Mrs. R. Gardner ; Miriam E., now Mrs. A. F. Warden ; Lillie M., now Mrs. G. W. Zerler ; Charles D. and Enis E., also one daughter, Sarah M., who died in 1869. CONRAD FISCHER, livery stable, Plymouth; was born in Germany on the 4th of March, 1842 ; came to the United States with his parents, Christopher and Catherine F., who settled in the town of Plymouth on a farm. The subject of this sketch was married at the age of 25, to widow Mile, nee Juliet Miller, and then started to farm for himself, at which he continued until 1876, when he sold out, moving into the city of Plymouth, where he started a livery stable; he was City Marshal in 1879. M. D. L. FULLER, lawyer, Plymouth ; was born in Alle gany Co., N. Y. ; came to Wisconsin in 1854 with his parents, who settled in Dane County; graduated at Milton College, Wis., in 1871 ; was Principal of Sheboygan Falls High School in 1871- 72 ; was Superintendent of Schools for Sheboygan County in 1874-75 ; represents said county in the Second Assembly District ; at present Legislator ; is one of the largest law firms in the county, opening said office in 1875, at Plymouth; was married in the spring of 1874. HENRY GILMAN, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Plymouth; was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., May 24, 1815 ; is the son of Solomon and Polly Gilman. His father serving as Musician in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch was married, in 1838, to Polly Bard, who was born is State of New Haven. They moved West to Sheboygan Co., Wis., in the fall of 1845, and entered 160 acres of land in Sec. 35, town of Plymouth. Here they lived two years; then moved on the farm where "thew now live, and, at the time Mr. G. first settled in town of Plymouth, there was only the fol lowing persons living in what is now that township : Johnson, generally known as Jack Johnson, Samuel Patten, S. V. Thorp, Bradford, Jacob Mance, James T. Flint and Bradbery Robinson, all of whom Mr. G. has survived. He has reared a family of nine children, six sons and three daughters. Chester M. of this num ber, was a soldier in the war of rebellion, enlisting in 1862 in 27th W. V. I., Co. B; died at Halena, Ark., August, 1863, after one year and three days' service. Auther also enlisting twice, the latter time in 1864, in 27th W. V. I., Co. B, and served until the close of the war. GUSTAVE KARPE, Postmaster, Plymouth ; was born in Germany on the 26th of September, 1836. Came to America with his parents in 1852, settling in town of Plymouth, Wis., on a farm, which land was all heavily timbered. The subject of this sketch lived at home until 1864, when he enlisted in the rebellion, in the 4th Wisconsin Cavalry, Co. C. He was discharged on be ing disabled for further service, and then returned home ; and, in 1869, was appointed Postmaster, which position he has held ever since. He is a membor of the A. & A. M., Cassia Lodge, No. 167, and of the Harmony Chapter, and also of the I. 0. 0. F., Plymouth Union Lodge, No. 75. Mr. Karpe was married, in 1857, to Miss Frederica Porth, who was born in Germany, her parents still living there. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. FREDRICH KINRENSCHILD, furniture and undertaker, Plymouth ; was born in Prussia Nov. 23, 1822. Came to America in 1853, and located at Milwaukee, where he lived but a short time; then moved to Plymouth, his present home, where he first engaged to work at the carpenter trade, which he followed a little over one year; then built himself a shop and bought a small stock of furniture, and every year adding to his stock with an increased trade up to the present time. Was married in Prussia to Au gusta Starm, who was a native of the same State, by whom he has one daughter — Emelia, now Mrs. William Sebald. RUDOLPH KRAUSS, brick-yard, Plymouth ; was born in Germany March 17, 1825. Emigrated to United States in spring of 1847, and settled in town of Rhine, Sheboygan Co., Wis., where he bought a farm of the Government consisting of 160 acres, be- in" all heavy timbered land. Here he lived improving his farm, HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. etc., until 1873, when he started the brick-yard . at Plymouth, which he run in connection with his farm until 1867 ; then mov ing his family to Plymouth, renting his farm and giving his full attention to brick making. Mr. K. held several important town offices is town of Rhine, such as Assessor, Treasurer, Clerk, Super visor, etc. In the spring of 1849, was married to Dorathea Pricknor, who is also a native of Germany, by whom he has five children, all of whom are living, viz., Alford L., Annie, Lucy, Otto and Lena. SAMUEL1W. MEAD, M. D., Plymouth ; was bom in Put nam Co., N. Y., Aug. 15, 1849. He received a common-school education in his native State, and started to read medicine in Brooklyn, N. Y., with Mr. Dr. R. B. Welton, after which he com menced his college course at Long Island College Hospital, where he was a graduate in high standing as M. D., and was appointed Resident Physician in the Long Island Hospital for one year; then moving to Wisconsin in 1878, and located at the above place, where he began his first practice. He is a member of Royal Ar canum of Plymouth. Was married, Jan. 1, 1879, to Miss Francis E. Drewry, of Plymouth, by whom he has one daughter — Iren W. JOHN F. MEHRMANN, merchant, Plymouth ; was obrn in Germany Sept. 2, 1809 ; came to the United States in 1854, and located in Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., and in 1855 started a store where he now is. He was married, in 1858, to the widow of Cyrase Johnson, one of the first settlers in the town of Plym outh ; she was born Feb. 20,1829, in Schenectady Co., N. Y., who settled in town of Plymouth in spring of 1845, her daughter, An nie, now Mrs. John Knowd, being the first white female child born in town of Plymouth, in month of February, 1846 ; her husband, Mr. Knowd, has been station agent for the railroad since it was constructed, at Plymouth, except six months, when he was in the war. ROBERT OBERREICH, proprietor of Central Flour and Feed Mill, Plymouth ; was born in Germany Jan. 17, 1846. He started to learn the milling trade in his native country at the age of 14, which business he followed there until 1871, when he emi grated to the United States and located in town of Plymouth, She boygan Co., Wis., and worked first for three months at carpenter's trade, after which time he went to Manitowoc and started to work in a mill for Fred Sull, where he remained nearly two years, then returning to Sheboygan Co., and worked in a country mill in town of Plymouth until 1879, when he leased the mill where he now is, and, in the spring of 1881, bought it ; this mill has a capacity of fifty barrels per day, besides grinding feed, etc.; it was erected in 1867, by William Schwartz. He was married, in 1872, to Miss Ernistens Piletz, who was born in Prussia, by whom he has chil dren — Osker and Willie. CHARLES W. PRESCOTT, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Plym outh, was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., June 19, 1825. He came to Wisconsin in 1844, first going to Milwaukee, and the same year going back East to Ohio, where he remained until June of 1846 ; he then came back to Wisconsin and worked in Prairiesville, Washington Co., at the carpenter's trade. In 1847, he entered some land in Fond du Lac Co., and, during the same year, oper ated a saw-mill, and then went up Wolf River, where he was fore man of a saw-mill until 1851 ; he then returned to Osceola and commenced improving his land, on which he lived until 1862, at that time being elected County Clerk of Fond du Lac Co., and holding that position four years. In the meantime, he sold his farm, and, in January of 1867, at the expiration of his clerkship, bought the farm on which he now lives. He was married, in 1852, at Osceola, to Miss Julia E. Cannin, by whom he has two children, his wife dying in 1855. OTTO PUHLMANN, proprietor of Plymouth Roller Mill ; was born in Germany June 12, 1838 ; emigrated to the United States in December, 1859, and located at Plymouth, Wis., where he engaged to work by the month in the mill of which he now is owner. In 1861, he went to Milwaukee to attend the commercial college, where he graduated the same year, and returned to Plym outh, there enlisting in Co. C, 4th W. V. I., and served until Jan uary, 1865; he was promoted while in service, first to Captain, and afterward to Adjutant General, and served in most of the principal battles in the rebellion ; was wounded twice — once in the left arm and once in the left leg. After the war, he returned to Plymouth, where he resumed his position in the mill, and, in 1866, he became a partner with R. H. Hotchkiss, who died in 1878, Mr. Puhlmann since continuing the business, and this mill is furnished with a complete set of rollers and all of the late im provements, and has a capacity of 125 barrels per day. He is also engaged in buying and shipping grain and seeds, etc. He was elected to the Legislature in year of 1872, and has served as Mayor of city of Plymouth four years, which office he now holds. Was married, in 1866, to Miss Anna T. Moore, of Plymouth. SIMON A. RICKMEIER, cheese-factory. Born in Sheboy gan Falls Dec. 17, 1855. And at the age of 18 years, learned carpenter trade, and was employed at it some four years. Then employed in cheese factory for one year. Has been engaged in present business since fall of 1878. Manufactures about nine thousand pounds of cheese per month. Is a son of Simon Rick- meir, who settled in Sheboygan Falls in 1853. AUSGUST SCHMIDT, merchant, Plymouth, was born in Germany, Aug. 4, 1845 ; emigrated to America with his parents in 1848, who located in town of Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., on farm where he resided until 1 856, when they moved to the village, the subject of this going to school and living at home until 1861, when he enlisted in the war of rebellion at the age of 15 years, in Co. C, 4th Wis. Vol. Infty. and served until 1866 ; when he returned to Plymouth, where he remained but a short time, then going to State of Alabama to help his brother run a large planta tion ; stayed there one season and came back to Plymouth, and commenced to clerk for his brother-in-law, where he remained until 1875, when he started in business for himself in the build ing where he now is. Was married in 1872, to Miss Barbra Schermack, of Sheboygan, being born in Germany. WILLIAM SEBALD, retail liquor dealer, Plymouth, was born in Prussia, Dec. 14, 1843 ; emigrated to the United States with his parents, in 1848, who settled in Sheboygan Co., on farm ; the subject of this sketch left home at the age of 12 years and went to the city of Sheboygan, where he worked by the month, and in 1865 enlisted there in the 45th W. V. C. I., and served until the close of the war ; then returned to Sheboygan and engaged as clerk in wholesale liquor house ; and afterward was traveling agent, and finally, located at Plymouth in 1868, and started his present business, which he has followed since. Was married in 1868 to Miss Emelia Kinrenschild, of Plymouth, by whom he has four children living — Rosa, Benno, Emilia and Wella. ANDREW J. SPEAR, Plymouth, Deputy Sheriff of She boygan Co., was born in Vermont, Nov. 26, 1831 ; came to Wis consin in fall of 1852, and worked at millwright trade; afterward running on the lakes as clerk ; then working at the State prison three years, with his father-in-law, who was Warden at Waupun, Wis. ; afterward moving to Fond du Lac, where he bought a saw mill and ran that and the lumber business until he moved to Plym outh, where he started lumber yard, where he has lived since. FERDINAND A. STREBLOW, proprietor of Plymouth cheese factory, was born in Germany, Feb. 15, 1853 ; emigrated to United States with his parents in 1858, who resided in New York until 1862, when he came to the State of Wisconsin and bought a farm in town of Plymouth, Sheboygan Co. ; there he lived, working the farm and also built a cheese factory in town of Rhine, in 1877, and ran that until 1879, when the subject of this sketch moved to village of Plymouth and bought the factory where he now is, of S. H. Conover, this factory having a capacity of twenty- five cheeses per day, which is the largest factory in Sheboygan Co. The cheese made at this factory is shipped to Liverpool, which amounts to 5,000 sixty-pound boxes per annum. He was mar ried in 1875, to Miss Louisa Klopf, who died in February, 1881, by whom he had two children. HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. ion HENRY STOCKS, of the firm of H. Stocks & Co., hard ware dealers, Plymouth. This firm was established in 1878, and while yet a young firm they do about $8,000 per annum. Mr. Stocks is an experienced hardware merchant, having served for a number of years with the well known firm in Milwaukee, John Nazro & Co., and also John Pritzlaff, previous to starting in busi ness at Plymouth. He enlisted at Sheboygan in 1861, Co. A, 9th W. V. I., and served three years ; was promoted three times — Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant and thence to Captain. He was born in Mobile Ala., Jan. 14, 1841 ; was married in Sheboy gan in 1869, to Miss Tena Teyne, of Sheboygan. His father settled at Sheboygan in 1846 ; was a lumber merchant at that place and was one of the Harbor Commissioners appointed to make improve ments there. He died in 1856. JOHN W. TAYLOR, farmer, P. 0. Plymouth, was born in Genesee, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1816. He is the son of Elisha and Tirzah, nee Holbrook, daughter of Silas Holbrook, who was a Sergeant Mate in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch left his native State in 1836 and made his first trip West to Chicago, III., and as far north as Root River, Wis., where the city of Racine now is. He was very favorably impressed with the country, but as the land was not much in the market at that time he returned to the State of Michigan, then went to Fort Wayne, Ind., and entered a tract of 800 acres of land in La Grange Co., then returned East- stopped but a short time. Relating his views of the country to his father, he induced him to take a trip with him West again, by team, which they made as far west as White Pigeon, Mich., but failing in health, by exposure, etc., camping out, was compelled to return home again. This time remaining until 1846, when he came West to stay, and located the land where his home now stands, there being but three or four settlers in the vicinity where the city of Plymouth now is. He com menced to build him a log cabin, in which he kept a public house for a number of years, at the same time operating in real estate, etc. He was commissioned Notary Public under Gov. Dewey in 1848 ; he also was Postmaster. He has always been an active partisan in political circles ; was a candidate for State Senator in 1852, on the Whig ticket, and was defeated ; also for the Assem bly in 1866, on the Republican ticket, and was defeated by only fourteen votes. He was married in 1839, to Miss Caroline Col- man, of New York, by whom he has reared a family of three daughters. ADAM WOLF, Police Justice and insurance agent, Plymouth, was born in Germany Oct. 15, 1835 ; emigrated to America in the year 1844, with his parents, who settled in Washington Co., Wis., where they bought a farm of the Government. The sub ject of this sketch remained at home helping his parents until 1857, when he was married to Miss Phebe Stutzmann, who was born in New York City. He then commenced to work at the carpenter trade, which he followed until 1865, when he enlisted Co. A, 51st W. V. I., and served until the close of the war. Then, coming back to Wisconsin, he started to work at his trade again, which he followed until 1870, when he moved to town of Greenbush, Sheboygan Co., where he first engaged in the insur ance business. He was also elected Side Supervisor. Here he lived until 1874, then moving to Plymouth, continued his insur ance business, and has since been elected to the office of Police Justice, which position he now holds. He has been a member of I. O. 0. F. since 1856. He has a family of four children, two sons and two daughters. GREENBUSH. The history of the town of Greenbush goes back to 1844, when Sylvanus Wade, with his wife and nine children, located at the present village of Greenbush. Their nearest neighbor lived at Fond du Lac, seventeen miles distant, on the west, and the nearest house on the east was that of Dea con Trowbridge, at Sheboygan Falls. After keeping hotel in a log house for six years, Mr. Wade built the " Wade House" in 1850, which is still occupied (1881) by one of his sons. Mr. Wade was a County Commissioner, Director of the plank road, and the first Justice of the Peace in Greenbush. The town of Greenbush was organized and named in the summer of 1845. The following year, a large number of people joined the settlement, among whom were Orrin Lamb, Joseph Babcock and Thomas Cole. The first religious meeting was held in 1846, and Rev. Thomas Cole officiated. The Methodist Church was built in 1855, and the Baptist in the following year. Rev. Mr. Fox was the first Pastor of the Methodist Church, and Rev. H. F. Knight is the present one. The Christians, or Camp- bellites, have a church in the north part of the town, as also do the Baptists. A German Lutheran Church has been recently organized, but has no church edifice. The first school was taught in 1848, in Mr. Wade's sugar-house, by Miss Betsy Roberts. / , All of the town, excepting the eastern portion, which is in the Potash Kettle region, is admirably adapted to farm ing purposes. Large quantities of barley, wheat and corn are raised. Dairying is profitably carried on. There are six cheese factories in the town, and a careful estimate of all the cheese produced puts it at about 225,000 pounds, or $25,000 worth yearly. E. Montgomery, who began the manufacture of cheese in 1875, operates two factories, tak ing the milk of 250 cows at each, and making about 60,000 pounds of cheese each season. A grist-mill, with two runs of stones, and doing a large amount of custom grinding, is owned by J. Avery, and sit uated a short distance west of the village. The village has a hotel, saw-mill, wagon-shop, two stores, post office, and no saloon. There are five doctors living within the town limits. GLENBEULAH. Gienbeulah has a beautiful situation in the valley of the Mullet River, and among the clustering hills which form part of the Potash Kettle Range. The village, though not large, has a general appearance of enterprise and thrift. There are to be found here a large wooden-ware manufact uring establishment, a flouring mill, a saw-mill, two black smith-shops, three saloons, two stores, three hotels, two wagon-makers, three shoemakers, one harness maker, one butcher and two warehouses. H. P. Clark and one Pool settled in the village as farm ers in 1852, but no steps were taken toward improving the water-power and building up a village till 1857. In that year, Swift, Dillingham & Co., composed of Joseph Swift, Stephen Dillingham, J. T. Dillingham and Edwin Slade, came here, and, having bought land and the two water-powers, began to build. A flouring-mill, saw-mill and store were put up at once. The first house was built by Joseph Swift, and occupied July 4, 1857. Stephen Dil lingham built the "Glen House" the same summer, and it was used as a boarding-house for men at work on the dam for the flouring-mill. It was opened as a public house in 1858, by Gilbert Stannard. F. D. Ladenberger built a blacksmith-shop in 1857. The first post office was opened here on February 7, 1860, being moved at that time from Elkhart. Edwin Slade, E. O. Taylor and J. T. Dillingham have been Post masters. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. The first railroad train reached the village March 20, 1860, and this was for some time the western terminus of the road. The Roman Catholic Church was built in 1862 ; the schoolhouse, containing both common and high schools, in 1865, and Lyceum Hall in 1873, at a cost of $2,000. The firm of Dillingham & Co. carries on the only im portant manufacturing enterprise in the village. The firm was organized in 1866. All kinds of wooden-ware are manufactured, such as hubs, felloes, cheese-boxes, butter- boxes, measures, barrel-covers, broom racks, cheese-cases, etc. About sixty men and boys are employed, and a busi ness of $75,000 done yearly. A saw-mill is operated in connection with the mill. The finished goods are sold at New York, Chicago and all through the West. The flouring-mill of Bauernfeind & Metcker is situated in the village. It has three runs of stones, and does a large business, principally in custom grinding. The name Gienbeulah was first applied to the village by Edward Appleton and Harrison Barrett, members of the land company who first purchased the site of the village. It was named after Mr. Appleton's mother, whose name was Beulah (which means land of rest, or flowery land), to which was prefixed Glen, from its situation among hills. The population of the village in 1860 was 111 ; the present population is about 500. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. A. D. BARROWS, foreman in Dillingham & Co.'s bent woodenware factory, Gienbeulah ; was born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 13, 1847 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents, who settled at Plymouth in 1848 ; he resided at home, going to school and working with his father until 1867, when he moved to -Gien beulah and commenced to work for Dillingham & Co., first as engineer in the grist mill, which position he held four years, then going to work in the woodenware factory in different branches of the work until 1877, when he took charge as foreman, which position he has held since ; he also owns half interest in the saw mill at St. Cloud, of Dillingham & Co. Was married in May, 1871, to Miss Ellen Brown, of Gienbeulah. Is a member of the I. O. O. F., Swift Lodge, No. 115, and is now District Deputy of that Order in District No. 5, at present. CHARLES A. CORBETT, merchant and Assistant Post master, Greenbush; was born in Rutland Co., Vt., Nov. 21, 1840 ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1855, with his parents, Peter and Malinda Corbett, who first settled in the town of Greenbush, Sheboygan Co., where they bought a farm, where his father still resides, and is now the oldest man in the town of Greenbush, being the age of 84 years; his mother died in 1876. The sub ject of this sketch lived at home, working on the farm and going to school until June, 1861, when he enlisted in the war of the rebellion in the 8th W. V I., Co. B, and served three years in what is known as the Live Eagle Regiment, and, in 1864, he re-enlisted in the same regiment and served until the close of the war ; he had his right leg shot off at the battle of Old River Lake or Chicot, Ark., June 6, 1864, but did not receive his dis charge until 1865; after returning home in 1866, took a course at the Commercial College, Milwaukee, then returned to Fond du Lac and started a store at Forest; also established the Banner Post Office in 1867 ; here he resided a short time, sold out and moved to Greenbush, where he continued the merchandising, and has resided since. Was married in the year 1870, in June, to Miss Jennie M. Lewis, of Greenbush. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., Greenbush Lodge, No. 78. JOHN DENNIS, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. Gienbeulah; was born in New York Feb. 14, 1828; is the son of Walter C. and Rose D. Dennis, of Niagara Co., N. Y. ; his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. The subject of this sketch learned the trade of carriage-making, which business he followed up to 1859 in his native State; then moved to Wisconsin and bought the farm where he now lives, and now owns 240 acres ; he is now Chairman of the town of Greenbush ; has also held the office of Assessor, and since he resided at Gienbeulah has taken an active part in all public enterprises. Was married in his native State to Miss Sarah M. Baker in 1849, she also being a native of New York, by whom he has five children, three sons and two daughters. JAMES T. DILLINGHAM, manufacturer of bent wooden ware, etc., Gienbeulah; was born in Barnstable Co., Mass., Febru ary, 1833; came to Wisconsin in May, 1857, and located at Gienbeu lah, starting in trade in general merchandise store in company with Slade & Swift, where he remained until 1866, and also erected a grist-mill at that place and saw-mill, which he operated until 1872, since which time he has given his time in improving and enlarging the bent woodenware factory, where he now employs fifty men the year round ; is the largest and only bent wooden ware factory in the State that makes Masner butter boxes, etc. ; they ship their goods all over the United States ; they have in connection a saw-mill at St. Cloud, where they saw most of their own timber. This factory was started in the year of 1865 as a small stave mill in a small way, adding the improve ments, etc., at different times, and enlarging the business to what it is now. Mr. Dillingham was married, in 1854, to the daughter of Capt. Joseph Swift, now of Gienbeulah. DR. C. M. HAMILTON, of Greenbush, Wis., was born in Vermont August 6, 1810 ; after receiving a common school education, he attended the Dartmouth Medical College in New Hampshire, where he graduated in 1835 ; he came West to Dayton in 1838, and here first practiced his professioa, and remained until 1844; he then removed to Palestine, Crawford Co., 111., and, in 1851, changed his place of resi dence to Greenville, Bond Co., where he practiced until 1861, at which time he enlisted as a private in the 22d 111. V. I., Co. E, being commissioned as First Lieutenant, and afterward as Quar termaster of his regiment. He was the first man to enlist in Crawford Co., and organized the Companies D and E, having two sons, Charles B. and Henry L., who enlisted at the same time with himself, aged, respectively, twenty-two and thirteen years, the latter going as drummer boy in the same regiment as his father. The subject of this sketch was discharged after serving two years and nine months, being disabled for further service, and then returned to Greenville, 111., where he made his home until 1868, at that time removing to Sheboygan Falls, Wis. Here he lived for one year, and then went to Greenbush, where he has made his home ever since. Dr. Hamilton was married to the widow of T. D. Butler, daughter of C. Wade, the first settler in the town of Greenbush, she being one of the lady nurses with the 22d 111. V. I., and was with them over a year. EDWARD HEYN, hotel, Gienbeulah, was born in Germany June 21, 1825. Came to United States in 1851. and settled at Sheboygan, Wis., where he commenced work by the day, but did not remain there long when he moved up to Lake Superior, where he engaged at mining. Here he was engaged five years, then moved back to Sheboygan, and bought a farm. Ran that three years, then moved back to Lake Superior. Started a saloon and traded in live stock, and this time stayed six years, and came back to Sheboygan, where he continued the live stock business until 1865 ; then moved to Gleubeulah, and started to keep the house where he now is. Was married in Germany, in the year 1850, to Bertha Schlogclmich, by whom seven children were born — Lebertha, Albert, Edmond, Lena, Molly, Alma and Rosetta. CONRAD C. LADENBERGER, foreman of measure and butter box department of Dillingham & Co.'s factory, Gleubeulah, was born in Germany, March 29, 1840. Emigrated to United States with his parents in 1848. Is brother of F. D. Ladenberger, HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1013 of Gienbeulah. The subject of this sketch followed farming until the year 1869, when he engaged with the above firm, and has had charge of that department since, which he runs under contract, furnishing his own men. Was married to his first wife, Miss Cornelia 0. Andrews, of Plymouth, in May, 1873, who died in February, 1880, by whom he had two children, viz., Willard S. and Clarance B. Married his second wife, Miss Ida C. Griesbach, of town Greenbush. He is a member of I. 0. 0. F., Swift Lodge, No. 115. FREDRICH D. LADENBERGER, blacksmith and wagon- maker, Gienbeulah, was born in Germany Jan. 4, 1834. Is son of Phillip and Margaret Ladenberger, who emigrated to United States in the year 1848, and settled in Sheboygan Co., Wisconsin, town of Greenbush. Died in 1879. In the year 1854, the sub ject of this sketch started to work at the blacksmith trade at Fond du Lac by the day. In spring of 1855, moved to Greenbush Village, and continued to work by the day until 1857, when he moved to Gienbeulah, where he started a shop for himself, where he has remained since. Mr. Ladenberger and Hdzolline are pro prietors and inventors of the self-acting wagon brake, which is the only complete self-acting brake now patented in the United States, and only a glance at its working and simplicity will con vince any person that it is a success, and in time will be adopted on all wagons as the brake. He is a charter member of the I. 0. 0. F., Swift Lodge, No. 115, which was organized in 1866, and is also a member of the Grand Encampment of Wisconsin. Was married in 1858, at Gienbeulah, to Miss Sarah M. Tiffany, of Pennsylvania, who died January 11, 1881, leaving him three children. EMILE MONTGOMERY, full cream cheese factory at Greenbush, was born in Chicago, 111., on the 25th of November, 1848. He came with his parents to Wisconsin in the spring of 1856, first settling in the town of Mitchell, Sheboygan Co., on a farm, where the subject of this sketch made his home until twenty-one years of age. He then moved to Greenbush in the same county, where he clerked in a store until 1874, at that time buying the cheese factory, which was established by A. E. Stod dard in 1871, having a capacity for making fourteen cheeses per day. He is also proprietor of a cheese factory in the western part of the town of Greenbush, which has a capacity of sixteen per day, and also of another one at Armstrong Corners, Fond du Lac Co., of about the same capacity. Mr. Montgomery has been Town Treasurer of Greenbush, and was married February 9, 1874, to Miss Annie Webb, a native of New York State. MICHAEL METZGER, flouring and sugar cane, Gienbeu lah, Wis., was born in Germany March 5, 1844. His parents emigrated to United States the same year, and located at Buffalo, N. Y., and in May, 1861, the subject of this sketch enlisted in the war of the rebellion, in 17th N. Y. V. I., Co. K, and served two years. Re-enlisted in 8th N. Y. Heavy Artillery in 1864- and served until close of the war, after which he returned to New York, and lived there until the year 1872, when he moved with his family to Wisconsin, locating at Gienbeulah, and started to work for Dillingham & Co., where he continued until 1879. Then he bought an interest in the mill where he now is. The flouring- mill has a capacity of 40 barrels per day, and the cane mill has a capacity of making 400 gallons sirup per day. He was married in New York to Miss Permelia Dumas, who was born in France, by whom has two children, viz., Alberbus and George B. He is a member of I. 0. 0. F., Swift Lodge, No. 115, at Gienbeulah. JAMES SHUFFLE BOT HAM, retired farmer; P. 0. Gien beulah; was born in Cheshire, England, Jan. 23, 1821. In his native country he learned the trade of machinist, and followed it, working at his trade there, until 1848, when he came to America, and continued to follow it, working at his trade one year after in the State of New Jersey, and, in 1849, he came to Wisconsin and settled in Sheboygan County, locating his family in the town of Greenbush, on a small farm of 80 acres of land, which he pur chased from the Government, for $1.25 per acre, and consuming his entire capital. He then went off to work at his trade, to raise a little more money, which he succeeded in doing by engaging as engineer on a line of steamboats running on the lake, and, after one year's work, returned to his family with his earnings, which he spent on improving his farm, and, as the country became more settled, there was a demand for building bridges, houses, etc., so he started to work at the carpenter trade at the various villages, by which he earned considerable money, with which he purchased more land, until ho owned 400 acres ; then he commenced to farm in earnest, improving, etc., and oftentimes walking to Sheboygan from his place, in the town of North Greenbush, now Russell, for family provisions, and carried them home, on his back, from fifty to eighty pounds at a time. Here he lived until the year 1866, when he sold out that farm and bouglit another, in the town of Greenbush, which was partly improved, starting over again to make another farm in the timber, by chopping and clearing the land, and continued there until 1874, then moving to the village of Gienbeulah, his present residence. He has held various town offices, such as Justice, Assessor, etc., and aided very much in improving the village of Gienbeulah, by first building a grain elevator, etc., and working always for the interest of the town in whieh he lived. He was married iu his native country, in 1844, to Miss Mary Ann Cottrili, his first wife, who died April 10, 1876, and had born him sixteen children, seven of whom are now living — four sons and three daughters ; was married to his second wife, Isebell McTaggart, 1878, by wlnni he has two children, only one of whom is living. Mr. Shufflebotham is the oldest settler now living of the town of Russell, and owns 900 acres of land in five differ ent farms. JAMES R. SHUFFLEBOTHAM, saw-filer for the firm of Dillingham & Co., Gienbeulah; is the son of James Shuffle botham, who was one of the first settlers of the town of Russell, Sheboygan Co.; was born in Sheboygan County, April 4, 1854. He learned the trade of blacksmithing, and was married, at the age of 20, to Miss Mary Vaukusen, of Fond du Lac ; then started a blacksmith shop for himself, in the village of Greenbush, where he lived three years, when he sold out and moved to Knoxville, Penn. ; ramained a short time ; thence moved to Kansas ; remained there awhile and came back to Greenbush, and opened a shop there again ; ran that awhile and sold out, and engaged with the above firm, where he has been since. EDWIN SLADE, general merchandise, Gienbeulah ; was born at Westport, Bristol Co., Mass., March 25, 1826 ; the only son of Nathan and Phoebe Slade, of Westport. The subject of this sketch lived in Massachusetts and Providence, R. I.; engaged in the boot and shoe trade until 1857, when he came to Wiscon sin and settled at Gienbeulah, and started a general merchandise store, in company with Swift & Dillingham, said firm continuing until 1866, when Swift & Dillingham retired, Mr. Slade remain ing in trade. He was appointed Postmaster the same year, which position he has held since, except during President Johnson's administration. He was a member of the Legislature in 1865 from the Second Assembly District; was Secretary and Director of the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, from 1866 to 1880 ; held the office of Town School Superintendent of Greenbush, under the old system, and was the last to serve under that law. He has taken the lead in most of the public enterprises of the village, and has been an earnest worker for the welfare of his town. He was married, in 1853, in Massachusetts, to Miss Eliz abeth G. Swift, daughter of Joseph Swift, who still resides at Gienbeulah at the advanced age of eighty years. HENRY VOLQUARTS, merchant, Gienbeulah; was born in Germany, May 17, 1825 ; came to America in the spring of 1848, and settled in Calumet Co., Wis., and was one of the first settlers in the town of Holstien, where he bought 160 acres of land for the sum of $2.28 ; here he resided, improving his farm and working in the interest of settling up the country, and holding various town offices, such as Town Supervisor, Assessor, Town Clerk, etc., and at that time the settlers of that part of the coun- 1014 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. try had to go to Sheboygan Falls for most all of their provisions, and to mill for flour ; Mr. V. remained on his farm until 1863, when he moved to Gienbeulah and started to clerk in the store for his brother-in-law, G. M. Buensen, and in 1869 bought out the store, and has since run the business himself, this store being the second one started at Gleubeulah ; in the year 1852 he went back to Germany, and w;>s there married to Dora Buensen, by whom he has two children living and three dead. TOWN OF MOSEL. Mosel forms the northeast corner of the county, and is the smallest town in it, containing only eighteen full and six fractional sections. The population is entirely agricult ural, there being neither a village nor mill of any descrip tion in the entire town. The soil is fertile, and the people prosperous. The first settlers came in 1847, and were Nicholas Feld, Daniel Welch, Jacob Demend, Peter Brust, Fritz and Jacob Weiskopf, S. E. Foesterling and Charles Lauterbach. The town was a precinct of Sheboygan until 1853, when it was organized under its present name. The first School District was formed in October, 1849, and the first school taught by Tryphina Taylor. A post office was established in 1869, and A. C. Foester ling appointed Postmaster, which office he continues to hold. The town at present contains one blacksmith-shop, four churches and six cheese-factories. TOWN OF HERMAN. The first settlement was made in 1846, by German emi grants, who located in the east part of the town, and from that time to the present nearly the entire population has been German. The names of the first settlers were E. W. Schlichting, H. Mahlstedt, F. Binder and Christian Wiehe. A little later, came F. Beckfield, F. Prigge, P. Meyer, D. Nordholz, Charles Oetking, B. Howard and H. G. Miller. In 1847-48, many more came, and the land was rapidly brought into a suitable condition for farming purposes. The first child born was Johanna Binder, in 1846 ; the first marriage was that of Fred Stock and Emelie Reineking, in 1848 ; the first school was taught in a log house by Eva L. Atwood, in 1848 ; the post office was established in 1848, and B. Howard was first Postmaster. In 1850, the town was detached from Sheboygan Falls, and organized under the name of Howard. In 1851, the name was changed to Herman. The town contains four churches. The German Reformed Church was organized in 1847, and the first church building erected in 1850. The first Pastor was Rev. Casper Pleuss, and the present one is Rev. Charles Martin. The other churches are the German, Lutheran, Evangelical and Bethel. The Reformed Church has a German College and Theo logical Seminary in the central part of the town. This institution was established in 1862 ; has sixty students, six college buildings, six instructors, a library of 2,500 volumes and is the only German College and Theological Seminary in the United States. The President of the institution is Rev. James Bossard. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HENRY G. MUELLER, flour mill and box factory ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, and located in the town of Herman; com menced active life as an employe in saw-mills ; was for some six years foreman of " Keseberg's " mill at Howard's Grove, Wis. ; built a saw-mill in company with W. Halbach, in 1868, in the town of Herman, and they conducted the mill together up to 1873, then Mr. Mueller ran it alone for two years; he built his present flour mill in 1875, and has been engaged conducting it since ; also runs a cheese-box factory, and manufactures 50,000 boxes per annum ; he was born in Germany, May 27, 1836 ; came to Amer ica in 1847 ; married in town of Herman, in April, 1861, to Min nie Damrow, born in Germany; they have ten children — Albert, Louis, Emma, Henry, Adele, Otto, Minnie, Ellen, Hedwig and William . GUSTAYE ROEBER, general store, Franklin; came to Wisconsin in June, 1848 ; located in town of Rhine, Sheboygan county ; was engaged in farming for three years, then in same capacity at Lake Superior, Mich., for three years ; afterward ran a hotel at Sheboygan City for some three years ; came to Frank lin in 1857; purchased present business and has conducted it since ; is also engaged in general merchandise business in com pany with A. Mesch, at Kiel, Manitowoc Co., Wis. ; born in Ger many, in May, 1832 ; came to America in 1848 ; married at Franklin in August, 1857, to Julia Keiser, born in Germany; they have eleven children — -Gustave, Herman, Otto, Annie, Louis, William, Frederick, Charles, Ernst, Emil and Meta. HOWARD'S GROVE. A grist-mill was built on the Pigeon River in 1853, but it was soon burned and a saw-mill built on its site, in 1856, by F. Beckfield. The mill was remodeled in 1875, by Halbach & Frome, and bought by August Frome in 1878. It is now operated as a saw-mill and cheese-box manufac tory. Fifteen hands are employed, and a business of about $9,000 done yearly. The saw-mill of H. G. Miller, a mile south of Howard's Grove, was built in 1857. A grist-mill with three run of stone was built by him in 1875. Cheese-box manufactur ing is carried on. Twelve men are employed and a yearly business of about $10,000 transacted. The village contains two stores, two blacksmith-shops, two wagon -shops, two taverns, two shoemakers, a harness- maker, a tailor and a doctor. There are ten cheese factories in town ; that of J. Schu macher, in this village, was built in 1877. About 5,500 pounds of milk are received at it daily. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. AUGUST FROME, saw mill, blacksmith and wagon-shop, Howard's Grove, came to Wisconsin in 1856 ; located at Sheboy gan City and was employed as blacksmith one year ; theu at Lake Superior, Mich., was employed there as blacksmith nine years, seven years of which he was fireman of a copper mine ; came to Howard's Grove in 1866, and opened a blacksmith and wagon- making shop and continued that business since ; commenced a saw mill in 1876, in company with William Halbach, they continued the business up to the fall of 1880, and since that time Mr. Frome has conducted the business alone ; employs some twelve men ; manufactures some fifty thousand feet of lumber weekly, and about sixty thousand cheese boxes per annum ; born in Germany in 1833; learned trade of blacksmith there; came to America in 1854, and was engaged in as a blacksmith in New Orleans and in St. Louis, previous to coming to this State. Married at Howard's Grove in 1861, to Augusta Karl ; born in Germany. They have four children — August, Reinhardt, Louis and Lucy. EMIL STOLSENBTJRG, general store and Postmaster, Howard's Grove ; came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; located with parents at town of Sheboygan Falls ; resided there for some years, farm ing with his father, and employed in saw mill ; came to Howard s Grove in 1876; was emyloyed in saw mill for over a year; he purchased the present business from Mr. William Halbach in HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1015 1879, and has conducted it since; was appointed Postmaster in September, 1879 ; born in Germany in 1846 ; came to America in 1851. Married at Howard's Grove, Wis., Oct. 25th, 1877, to Johanna Dreyer, born there. They have one child — Laura. ERNST W. SCHLICHTING, proprietor of Washington Hotel, Howard's Grove, came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; located in town of Herman and was engaged farming for some twelve years ; came to Howard's Grove in 1858 and commenced in hotel busi ness in 1860, and has continued it since ; born in Germany in 1815 ; was employed in that country at farming ; came to America in 1846. Married in Germany in 1837, to Henrietta E. D. Hanson, born there. They have three children — Mary, Hedwig and Elsbet. FRANKLIN. Franklin is on the Sheboygan River, which furnishes power to run a saw-mill and grist-mill. The grist-mill was built in 1853, by Arpke, Schulenberg & Dirchos. It has since been enlarged to a building 40x70, and three stories high. It was bought by the present owner, F. Arpke, in 1877. The first saw-mill was built hy F. Arpke, in 1853. It was made over, and a planing-mill added, in 1868. A blacksmith-shop and a store were built in 1854. The first Postmaster was Peter Meuer. The village contains two taverns, two stores, two coop er-shops, a pottery, cheese factory and wagon-shop. TOWN OF RHINE. The first settler in the town of Rhine was F. D. Spald ing, who came from Buffalo, and located on Section 31, in the southeast corner of the town, in 1850. The entire pop ulation of the town, with the exception of a few families about Elkhart Lake, consists of Germans from along the Rhine. Among the pioneer settlers were Julius Wolff, Rudolph and Herman Krauss, John Mattes and Peter Bub. The town was set off from Plymouth, in 1852, and or ganized with the selection of the following officers : Chair man of Supervisors, W. C. Wren ; Town Clerk and Super intendent of schools, Julius Wolff. The first school dis trict had been organized so early as the spring of 1849. The people are frugal and industrious farmers, and many of them have amassed considerable property. Dairy farm ing is profitably carried on, and there is a creamery in suc cessful operation, in addition to a large number of cheese factories. The Wisconsin Central Railroad crosses the town from north to south. Elkhart Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, a mile and one-half long, hy a mile wide, situated in the southeast part of the town of Rhine, is rapidly becoming a favorite sum mer resort. Every season so many as 250 people are per manently located about the lake. Measures are being taken for the erection of a large summer hotel, at no distant day. Elkhart Station is a growing village, with several stores, a post office, blacksmith-shop and the only grain elevator in the town. TOWN OF RUSSELL. Russell is situated in the northwest corner of the county, being bounded on the north by Calumet County, and on the east by Fond du Lac County. The town is the smallest but one in the county, having only twenty-four sections, and one-third of these situated in a marsh, where they are nearly valueless for cultivation. Sheboygan Lake, the source of Sheboygan River, lies partly within the town. The popu lation is entirely agricultural, and Gienbeulah and Plymouth are the nearest markets. The first settler wa3 Lewis Odell, who settled on Section 13, about the year 1848. The town was organized in 1852, and named after John Russell, who lived on Section 4. The first election for town officers was held in the spring of 1854, and the number of votes cast was 14. Michael Byrne was chosen Chairman, and J. L. Sexton, still living (1881), Clerk. TOWN OE LIMA. The first settlement in the town of Lima was made at an earlier day than that of any other place in the county, with the exception of Sheboygan and Sheboygan Falls. In the fall of 1836, John D., James H. and Benjamin L. Gibbs came to Sheboygan from New York, and after staying there a few weeks removed to the present village of Gibbsville, early in January, 1837. The trip from Milwaukee to She boygan was made overland, and the party was eight days in cutting a road through the woods. For nearly two years, this was the only settlement in the town, and it was not till the financial revulsion of 1839, led the people of Sheboygan to try to gain a subsistence from the soil, that any number of people settled here. Benjamin Farmin came in the fall of 1838, and Newel Upham in the winter of 1839. In the spring of 1839, A. G. Dye moved out from Sheboygan, and located on Section 8, which was long known as the " Dye Settlement." During tlie years from 1840 to 1850, a large number of settlements were made, and, in the latter year, the town, which had up to this time been a precinct of She boygan Falls, received a separate organization. The first town meeting was held at Gibbsville, on April 2, 1850. S. Roberts was chosen Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ; J. D. Parish, Clerk, and Thomas Currier, Superintendant of Schools. Rev. Isaac Lewis conducted the first religious service held in the town, at the Gibbsville Schoolhouse, in the fall of 1840. Elder Hitchcock, of the Sheboygan Falls Baptist Church, conducted a service on January 2, 1847, in A. G. Dye's house at " Wakefield," as the town was then called. This is supposed to have been the first Baptist service held in the town. The first birth was a daughter to John D. Gibbs, in 1839 ; the first marriage was that of James H. Gibbs anp Clarissa Terry, in 1842. The population of the town is about evenly divided between those of foreign and American parentage. The foreigners are chiefly Hollanders. The dairying interests of the town are prominent, and eight cheese factories are in successful operation. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BALDWIN & DELAVAN, proprietors Hingham Custom Flour Mills, Hingham. The firm is composed of Levi H. Baldwin and Patrick H. Delavan. Mr. Baldwin was born in town of Sherman, Sheboygan Co., Wis., July 19, 1851 ; resided with par ents and was engaged farming ; came to Hingham in 1869, was engaged farming, etc., up to 1874, when he commenced in present business with Mr. Delavan. He married at Hingham, Wis., Sept. 27, 1877, to Flora Gifford, born in town of Lima, Wis. They have one danghter — Jessie. P. H. Delavan, of this firm, came to Wisconsin in 1846; located in Milwaukee; was employed in flour mill for about four years, afterward in different mills in vari- ioi6 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ous parts of the State; came to Hingham in 1869; commenced in present mill in company with James Lampman, and had other partners up to 1874, when Levi H. Baldwin came into the con cern, and since then they have conducted the mill together. Mr. Delavan was born in Ireland in 1833; came to America in 1839 ; married at Boltonville, Wis., in 1859, to Abbe M. Long, born in Ireland. They have two children — Margaret and John. ALFRED T. BLACKBURN, physician and surgeon, Hing ham ; born at Oak Creek, Milwaukee Co., Wis., March 7, 1853 ; was employed as a school teacher in various parts of the State for some years, during which time he also studied medicine. He served six months in Mercy Hospital, Chicago, 111.; graduated at Chicago Medical College, Chicago, 111., March 29, 1881, and has been en gaged in the practice of his profession at Hingham since ; also car ries on a drug business ; married at Fond du Lac, Wis., in 1876 ; his wife died in 1877 ; he again married at Onion River, Sheboy gan Co., Wis., May 27, 1881, to Ella E. Hutchinson, born in Sheboygan Co., Wis. LYMAN T. COLLER, M. D. and dentist, Hingham ; born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., in March, 1845; came to Wisconsin in 1846, located with his parents at Fond du Lac; was engaged farm ing there for some years, then practiced medicine at Cascade, Wis., for a year; came to Hingham in 1867 and has been engaged prac ticing medicine for fourteen years and dentistry for some five years ; married at Hingham, July 4, 1870, to Mary S. Pierce, born in the State of New York. They had one son — -Cleon. CHARLES KELLER, general store, Hingham ; came to Wisconsin in 1854; located at Milwaukee; was employed as a wood-turner for a year; then at Newburg, Washington Co., Wis., in same capacity for three years, afterward in general store busi ness in company with E. Frankenburg for five years ; then had a hotel and general store eight miles from Milwaukee for two years; came to Hingham in 1868; commenced general store in company with F. A. Balch ; they conducted business together for two years ; since then Mr. Keller has been alone. He was born in Bavaria in 1827 ; was employed there as a wood-turner; came to America in 1854; married at Newburg, Wis., in 1861, to Emma Geceke, born in Germany. They had five children — • Emil, Alma, Minnie, Flora and Lena. PAUL ROSSMANN, proprietor Hingham House Hotel and blacksmith shop. Came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; located at town of Rhine, Sheboygan Co. ; was employed farming for a few years ; learned trade of blacksmith at Plymouth, Wis., and was employed at it some three years ; enlisted in September, 1861, in 9th W. V. I.; served three years ; was then employed at his trade in various parts of the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, up to May 3, 1880, when he came to Hingham, purchased present hotel and has been engaged conducting it since ; has carried on a blacksmith shop since March 17, 1881. He was born in Germany March 16, 1842; came to America in 1851; married in town of Rhine, Sheboygan Co., Wis., March 12, 1865, to Annie Russler, born in Germany. They have seven children — William, Lydia, Lilly, Alfred, Paul, Thusneldy and Olga. ADOLPH W. SCHRAMM, general store, Our Town; born in Our Town, W7is., in November, 1856 ; learned trade of car riage maker at Milwaukee, Wis., and was employed at it there for some three years, afterward in same capacity for six years at Sheboygan Falls, Wis.; returned to Our Town in August, 1878 ; erected store building and has been engaged in conducting present business since; married at Our Town, Wis., March 2, 1876, to Sophia Thieman, born in town of Herman. They have three children — Oscar, Arthur and William. ROWELL H. TRIPP, farmer, Our Town; came to Wiscon sin in 1846; located at Milwaukee, resided there with his parents up to 1848, then went to town of Holland, Sheboygan Co., Wis.; was engaged farming. In 1862, enlisted in 27th W. V. I.; served two years as a non-commissioned officer, and one year as Lieutenant of Co. B, in same regiment ; returned to Holland and farmed up to 1873 ; in the month of February of that year, he came into town of Lima,and has been engaged conducting present farm since ; owns 120 acres of land; was Supervisor for town of Lima for 1879 and 1880, and was elected to the Assembly for Third District, She boygan Co., in November, 1880, term of office expires Dee. 31 1881. He was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Jan. 20, 1840; married at town of Lima, Wis., April 28, 1867, to Charlotte Daharsh, born there. They have three children — Elenora, Ruby and Gordon. TOWN OF HOLLAND. Holland is in the southeast corner of the county, being bounded on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Ozaukee County. It contains forty full and six frac tional sections of land, having thus the greatest area of any town in the county, with the exception of Greenbush. The population is mainly composed of Hollanders, and numbers 3,012 people. The soil is clay, sand, black muck and marsh, The surface is generally rolling, though in the extreme west it is hilly and uneven. The raising of grain and dairy farming are the branches of agriculture most pursued. There are eleven cheese factories in the town. Along the shore of the lake, a large number engage in the fishery business, and the annual receipts from this industry alone are estimated at from $40,000 to $50,000. The first white family to settle in the town, was that of Mr. Ellsworth, who in 1841 moved into the frame house built by David Giddings, of Sheboygan Falls, in that year. G. H. Smith with his family came in 1844, and settled in the southeast part of the town, near the lake. The Wilcox family and John Owen were others of the early settlers. The first Hollander to settle in the county was G. H. Kolste, who located here in 1846. The first school was taught in a log house in 1845. The town organization was not effected till the spring of 1849, and the number of votes cast at this time was 65. Following is a list of the officers chosen : Supervisors, Edwin Palmer, William Mitchell and Peter >ouffrouw ; Clerk, Joseph Palmer ; Superintendent of Schools, William Mitchell ; Assessor, David Cook ; Treasurer, John Pool. The town officers for the present year (1881) are Super visors, E. C. Oliver, J. P. Smith and P. Schecker; Clerk, H. Walvoord ; Treasurer, P. Zeeveld ; Assessor, Benja min Schreurs. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HENRY WALVOORD, farmer and cheese factory; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1848 ; located in the town of Holland, Sheboygan Co., and has been engaged in farming since ; owns 130 acres of land ; built a cheese factory in 1879, and has conducted it since ; manufactures some 50,000 pounds of cheese per annum ; was Supervisor of town from 1875 to 1878 ; was elected Town Clerk in 1880, and re-elected in 1881 ; born in Pittsburgh, Penn., Nov. 4, 1847. Married in the town of Holland, Dec. 5, 1866, to Henrietta E. Eggerichs, born in Germany ; they have eight chil dren — Annie M., Frederick, Gertrude, Gerrett J., Henry E., William, Meta M., Elizabeth H. CEDAR GROVE. The first post office in the town of Holland was estab lished at Cedar Grove in 1848, with Sweezy Burr for Post master. A complete list of the Postmasters in the order of their succession is as follows : Sweezy Burr, C. Van Altena, C. Kock, G. H. Kloste, A. L. Monteba, A. C. Walvoord and C. Prinsen. HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1017 The first store — that of H. J. Traas — was built in 1847. The village now has three dry-goods and grocery stores, three shoemaker shops, two harness shops, two hardware stores, two hotels, a saloon, a cigar factory and two grain elevators. The Presbyterian Church was organized in 1853, and the present church edifice built about 1865. The first Pastor was Rev. J. P. Zonne, and the present one is Rev. E. Bos. The membership is about two hundred. The Dutch Reformed Church was organized in 1856. The first church was built in 1861, and the present one about 1870. The membership is about one hundred and sixty. The first Pastor was Rev. Van Leuwen, and the present one is Rev. H. Borgers. The first physician was C. Van Altena, who came in 1850. The present one is L. Van Altena. The steam grist-mill of W. M. Stroups & Co. was built in 1876. It has three runs of stones, and grinds an average of fifty bushels per day. A business of about $18,000 per year is done. The grain warehouse of William Sweemer was built in 1878. A business of $10,000 is done annually in buying grain and shipping it to Milwaukee. The Phoenix elevator was built in 1875, by G. Lammers. The business done amounts to about $10,000 annually. A cheese factory was built in the village in 1880, by J. Van Dewall ; 3,000 pounds of milk are received daily, and the annual production of cheese is about $4,500 worth. The first railroad train reached the village in November, 1872, since which time there has been a steady growth in population and amount of business done. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CHRISTIAN W. HOLLE, hardware, stoves, etc., Cedar Grove; came to Wisconsin in 1818; located at Milwaukee; re sided there some twenty-five years ; learned trade of tinner, and was employed at it up to 1873, when he oame to Cedar Grove and opened present business, which he has conducted since. He was born in Germany Oct. 10, 1840 ; came to America in 1848. Mar ried, at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1861, to Julia Breen, born in Hol land; died in June, 1869, leaving two children — Frederick and Minnie. Married again, at Milwaukee, March 11, 1871, to Mar garet Guequiere, born in Holland ; they have four children — Annie, William, Sarah and Jacob. CORNELIUS PRINSEN, Postmaster, and general store, Ce dar Grove ; came to Wisconsin in the autumn of 1866 ; located at Waupun ; remained there six months ; came to Cedar Grove in 1867 and opened a general store, which he has conducted since ; was appointed Postmaster in 1874, and was Assessor of town of Holland for one year. Born in Holland in 1830 ; was a farmer in that country; came to America in 1855, and previous to com ing to this State, engaged in nursery business in Rochester, N. Y. Married, at Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1858, to Madeline Patist ; they have eight children — Antoinette, John A. A., Margaret C. J., Lydia, William A., James, Edward, Maria C. OOSTBURG. Oostburg is in the northeast part of Holland, and a sta tion of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad. The village has sprung up since the building of the railroad in 1872. In it are located a post office, two general stores, two hotels, two shoemaker shops, a furniture shop, a harness- maker and a cooper. A grain elevator and a grist-mill are owned and operated by Peter Daane. The mill has been in operation since 1879, and merchant business and custom grinding are both car ried on. The cheese factory of Ferdinand & Jankon was built in 1878. The milk of 260 cows is used in making about 80,- 000 pounds of cheese annually. The Christian Reformed Church is the only one in the village. It was organized in 1875, and Rev. J. De Rooy is the pastor. A Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed Church are situated about one and a half miles from the village. The fishery business has been carried on for five years by L. Slater, who does a business of about $3,000 annually. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PETER DAANE, grist-mill, elevator and general store, Oostburg, came to Wisconsin in 1847 ; located in the town of Holland, Sheboygan County; was engaged in farming for some twenty years. In 1862, he enlisted in the 27th Wisconsin In fantry ; served two years as a private and one year as Lieutenant of Company F, same regiment ; commenced general store busi ness in 1868, and has continued it since. In 1869, he opened an elevator, and has conducted it since. In 1878, built a grist mill, which he also runs in connection with other business. He was Town Assessor for two years, and Chairman of Supervisors some fourteen years, and in 1873 served in the Assembly, being elected from the Third District, Sheboygan County, and has been Postmaster since 1867. He was born in Holland March 26, 1833; came to America in 1840; married in town of Hol land, Wis., in 1855, to Susan Eernisse, born in Holland. Their children are : Susan, Nellie, Peter, Apiline, Jacob, Elizabeth, Matthew, Jennie, Gerrett A. D. G. WIKKERINK, general store, Oostburg, came to Wis consin some -time about 1850; located in Milwaukee; was em ployed there as a machinist up to 1875, when he came to Oost burg and opened in present business in company with J. S. Janssen. They continued the business for a short time, and since then Mr. Wikkerink has been alone. He has one son, Benjamin J., who manages the business. AMSTERDAM. Amsterdam is on the shore of Lake Michigan, and the fishery business gives employment to most of the inhabit ants. G. H. Smith & Sons have carried on the business for about thirty years. They use a dozen nets, and the yearly catch of fish amounts to about 450,000 pounds, or $20,000 worth. White fish and trout are most abundant, and Chicago is the principal market. G. H. Smith & Sons also carry on an extensive lumber business. The Holland Trading Company built a pier in 1851, which has since been destroyed. At that time boats touched here, and a lively shipping business was carried on. The recently-built cheese factory of Henry Walvoord receives about 4,200 pounds of milk per day. TOWN OF WILSON. Twenty-two full and six fractional sections include all the land in this town. The soil is productive, and the in habitants, chiefly German, are thrifty and enterprising farmers. Dairy farming, as elsewhere in the county, is the kind commonly pursued. Fishing is followed, to some extent, by those living near the lake. The first settler was David Wilson, who came from Ohio and located on Section 11, in the spring of 1840. His family did not come till two years later. In 1845, James and Leonard Osgood settled on Section 14. In the ioi8 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. following year, Joseph Fairchild also settled on Sec tion 14. The town of Wilson was a precinct of Sheboygan until its organization, about 1846. The town takes its name from that of its first settler. The first birth was a son to David Wilson, in 1843 ; first marriage, that of James R. Brown and Louisa Wilson, in 1844; first death, that of Waterman Jackson, in the fall of 1847. The first school was taught in the winter of 1846-7, by Milo Chamberlain. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEVI GEORGE, farmer and fruit raiser, came to Wisconsin in April, 1 850 ; located at Sheboygan FaLU ; was employed three years in a saw-mill; came to town of Wilson, Sheboygan Co., in 1853, and been engaged farming since, and also been engaged in fruit growing for past twelve years; owns 81 acres of land. Has been Treasurer for district school for six years, and has held various other school offices. Born in Ilillsboro Co., N. H., Dec. 25, 1816, and, previous to coming to this State, was engaged in saw mill. Married at Brownville, Jefferson Co., N. Y., in April, 1839, to Diana Worden, born in New York. They have five children — -Marion P., Nancy J. (now Mrs. Fuller), Eugene, Marcia and Eurana. ALVIN WARNER, fisheries, came to Wisconsin in fall of 1863 ; located in town of Wilson, Sheboygan Co., and has been en gaged in present business since. Ships some 10,000 pounds of fish per month. He was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Oct. 25, 1838; previous to coming to this State, was engaged farming and fishing in State of New York. Married in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in Sep tember, 1859, to Caroline Austin, born in State Michigan. They have six children — Viola, Minnie, Netta, Lilly, Cyrus, William. TOWN OF LYNDON. The first white man to attempt to make a home in the town was Albert Rounseville, who, with his family, settled at Winooski, in the north part of the town, on the banks of the Onion River, in 1840. In the spring of 1841, he moved to Sheboygan Falls. It was not until the summer of 1844 that the first perma nent settlement was made. Three families came at that time. Dr. Joseph Mallory, from New York, settled upon rich burnt openings, on the Onion River. Thaddeus Har mon, with his family, located by a spring in the northeast part of the town. Cyrus Webster, a pioneer from Massa chusetts, settled in the southeast part of the town. During the two following years, there was a large influx of settlers. A number came from Ohio. Among those who came about this time were Ira and Truman Strong, William Thompson and the Shadbolt brothers. The first death in town was that of Gilbert Lyman ; the first marriage that of Charles Tyler and Ruth Smith, and the first birth that of a daughter to D. S. Mclntyre, on Oct. 16, 1847. The first mail route was established from Sheboygan Falls to "Spring Farms," with Albert Rounseville, on foot, for the weekly carrier. The first election, under the precinct arrangement, was held in Mr. Shadbolt's log house. Elections and town meetings were afterward held in the cabin of Leonard Rood ; they are now held at the village of Waldo. The general surface of the town is uneven and rolling, but the soil has great fertility, and is skillfully cultivated. In the excellence of its farming lands, taken as a whole, this town yields superiority to few. Dairy farming is the leading interest of the town, and its importance can be judged of, from the fact that there are nine cheese factories, which, at a moderate estimate, produce annually $75,000 worth of cheese. The entire population is 1,703, about equally divided between Germans, Americans and Irish. The town contains four important villages — Cascade, Waldo, Onion River and Winooski. CASCADE. This thriving village, of 250 inhabitants, was laid out and settled, in 1846, by James Preston and Rev. Hunting ton Lyman. The present village plot of forty acres was surveyed and bought by them. A saw-mill and a number of houses were built the first year, and the village grew rapidly. A large number came from Canada and joined the settlement. A grist-mill was built, in 1848, by Mcin tosh & Noonan, on the site of the present Cascade mills. In 1856, the Forest mills were built, on the site of the saw mill put up in 1846. Before the advent of railroads, the place was situated on the stage road, and was an important center for travel and Western trade. A destructive fire, in the fall of 1866, blotted out the business portion of the village, and inflicted a blow upon its business interests, from which it has not yet recovered. The village has at present two hotels, one saloon, three dry goods and grocery stores, one drug store, one hardware store, three blacksmith-shops, one cheese factory, two grist mills and three churches. The East Branch of the Milwau kee River furnishes power to run the grist-mills. The Roman Catholic Church was built in 1854. The church of the United Brethren was built in 1872, and Rev. J. Frye is the Pastor. The German Lutheran Church was built in 1874, and has a membership of about thirty. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. L. C. BARTLETT, druggist, Cascade, came to Cascade in 1856; he was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., April 10, 1835; remained there until of age. He was married April 10, 1856, to Miss Frances E. Reed; she died in 1867, leaving one child; he enlisted April 19, 18111, Co. G, 4th Wis. Vols.; veteranized; received the commission of 2d Lieutenant, and afterward that of 1st Lieutenant. His regiment was most of the time in Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, and was the first to reach New Orleans when it was taken. He was in seventeen engagements, besides skirmishes. In the fight at Port Hudson, his regement was very badly cut up ; he reached home from the war July 2d, 1865. He was married in March, 1868, to Miss Melissa Thomas, of Scott ; he commenced teaching at seventeen years of age, and continued to teach for many years, chiefly in Cascade and Batavia ; also taught select school ; he was Town Superintendant of Schools under the old system, and has been Town Clerk and Supervisor of the town of Lyndon ; he commenced the business of druggist in 1873, and deals also in books, groceries and millinery. EDWARD HULEE, merchant, Cascade, was born in Gessen, Germany, Jan. 30, 1833, and was brought up in the mercantile business, having served a four years apprenticship thereat; he came to the United States in 1857, and located in Sheboygan, Wis., Sept. 12, of the same year ; clerked in a store at Sheboygan Falls in 1858, and May 25, 1859, came to Cascade; he clerked for I. R. Beae, and on June 24, 1864, commenced business for himself in a general stock store, which business he has con tinued to the present time. He was married in 1868, to Miss Elizabeth Snyder, of Sheboygan. They have two children- Edward and William. HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1019 GOODWIN T. LOOMIS, physician and surgeon, Cascade, was born in Portage Co., 0., March 23, 1847 ; he received his educational training in the academy at Atwater, 0., and at Cold- water, Mich. ; and his professional training in the medical department of the University of Michigan, where he was gra duated in the class of 1869. The same year he commenced the practice of medicine at Merton, Waukesha, Co., Wis., and in 1873, came to Cascade. He was married Oct. 31, 1873, to Miss Clara A. Ainsworth, of Merton, Wis. They have three children. HON. WILLIAM NOLL, merchant, Cascade, came to Cas cade in 1865, and engaged in the hardware business, and after ward, in the manufacture and sale of dairy supplies ; he also deals largely in furniture, both at Cascade and at Sherman, where he has a branch store; he was born in Huebengen, Nassau, Ger many, Mareh 23, 1834; he came to the United States in 1851, and settled in Milwaukee ; removed to Kiel, Manitowoc Co., in 1859, thence to Cascade in 1865. He was married Aug. 19, 1855, to Miss Catharine Ruppenthal, of Milwaukee ; she died July 26, 1866, leaving five children. Oct. 14, 1868, he was married to Miss Amelia Hinz, of Cascade ; he was elected Town Clerk of Lyndon in 1871, Supervisor in 1875, and member of the Assem bly in 1876, for the second district, Sheboygan Co. ; he is Post master at Cascade, having received his appointment Jan. 1, 1880. WALDO. Of the four principal villages in Lyndon, Waldo, with its population of 160, comes second in number of inhabit ants and importance of business interests. Ten years ago, a single house was the only building in this thriving village, and the greater part of the village plat was black-ash swamp. The coming of the railroad, and the location of the depot at this point, gave the first impetus to the young village. In the spring of 1871, Harmon & Mclntyre, both of them early settlers in the town, built a grain elevator near the station. In the course of the same year, T. Freihardt built the Wisconsin House, and John Jordan built the first store. In 1872, Henry Jordan had erected the "Jordan House," the second hotel to spring up in the village. Dealing in grain and flour is the most important busi ness, and thousands of dollars worth of these commodities are annually sent to markets elsewhere by the single firm of Harmon & Mclntyre. There are two hotels for the enter tainment of travelers, two dry-goods and grocery stores, a hardware store, wagon-shop, establishment for the manu facture of hearses, furniture dealer, butcher, barber, drug gist and tailor. There are two halls, which are used for public gatherings — Sibley's and Jordan's. The religious society of " Bible Christians " holds weekly meetings in Sib ley's Hall. The post office was moved here from Onion River in April, 1878, and Mr. Lawson, the Postmaster, keeps it in his store. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WM. T. ARMSTRONG, general merchandise store, Waldo ; was born in the town of Lima, Sept. 27, 1856 ; son of Wm. Arm strong, who settled in Sheboygan County the same year the sub ject of this sketch was born ; he received a common school educa tion, and has since been engaged at teaching and farming, etc., until March, of 1881, when he was married to Miss Betsy A. Lawson, daughter of Robert Lawson, Sr., who settled in the town of Lyndon ; born in 1846, and died in March, 1877. A. C. CHAMBERLIN & CO., manufacturers of hearses, Waldo; commenced the manufacture of hearses in 1878; Aaron Chamberlin, the senior member of the firm, was born March 26, 1811 ; his father, Moses Chamberlin, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war ; he was married to Miss Samantha B. Townsend, of Orono, Me., in October, 1832 ; moved to Lowell, Mass., in 1849 ; to Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1855, and to Sheboygan County in 1858 ; he was engaged several years in the furniture business, and then made a specialty of hearse- making ; he has had four children, only two of whom are living ; Miranda died in Lowell, Mass., and Henry (a member of Co. D, 8th Wis. Vols.) was killed in battle near Nashville, November, 1864 ; his two living sons served three years each in Co. H, 1st. Wis. Infantry — Albert C. enlisting in October, 1861, and Luther M. in August, 1862 ; Albert C. Chamberlain, the junior member of the firm, was born in Brighton, Somerset Co., Maine, June 17, 1845, and was married Oct. 21, 1880, to Mrs. S. E. Jones, of Plymouth, Sheboygan Co., Wis. ; he is a member of " Waldo Lodge," No. 244, of the Good Templars. H. CLAY HUMPHREY, cheese factory at Onion River, P. 0. Waldo ; this factory was established in the year 1873, by A. Dye, and the subject of this sketch bought out the above firm ; when he first purchased the factory they were working up but 8,000 ,bs. of milk per day, but they have since increased it to 11,000 lbs., making now 1,000 lbs. of cheese daily, nearly all of which is shipped to Liverpool ; the subject of this sketch was born in the town of Lima, Sheboygan Co., Wis., Dec. 18, 1847 ; H. Clay was married in 1879 to Miss Annie Evans, of Sheboy gan, he having been educated at Lawrence University, Appleton, and graduated in 1869; Mr. Humphrey's factory is next to the largest in the county, and the sale of cheese for 1881 will amount to over $20,000. ROBERT W. LAWSON, merchant, Waldo ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Aug. 19,1845; his father, Robert Lawson, came to the United States and settled in the town of Lyndon, Sheboygan Co., Wis., in 1846, where he lived until his death in March, 1877 ; his mother, Mrs. Ann (Auckland) Lawson, is still living in Waldo, with her youngest daughter ; they have ten chil dren, all living — Thomas, George, Charles, Abraham, Robert W., Eliza (Mrs. McCain), Caroline (Mrs. Fairweather), Mary Ann (Mrs. Lee), Emma (Mrs. Sharpe), and Betsey (Mrs. Armstrong). Robert W. was married April 20, 1876, to Miss Isadora T. Pad dock, of Lyndon, formerly of Rochester, N. Y. ; he commenced business as a merchant in 1873, and was appointed Postmaster at Waldo in April, 1877, a position he still holds. LEVI H. PELTON, M. D., Waldo ; was born in the town of Lyndon, Sheboygan Co., Wis., July 10, 1848 ; his father, Rus sel Pehon, moved from Trumbull Co., Ohio, to Lyndon, Sheboy gan Co., Wis., in 1846, and has resided here ever since, on the same farm he selected when he came ; his son, Levi H., received most of his professional education at the Rush Medical College, at Chicago, but was graduated in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1873; he practiced three years at St. Cloud, Fond du Lac Co., and at Waldo since 1876 ; he was married July 23, 1873, to Miss Kate Ellen Brown, of Plymouth, Wis. : she died May 13, 1880. HENRY J. ROBINSON, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. Waldo ; was born in the State of New York, Sept. 28, 1824 ; son of Noah and Huld Robinson, who came to Wisconsin in 1847, and settled in the town of Sherman, Sheboygan Co. ; the latter died Sept. 18, 1860 ; the former died, February, 1879, the subject of this sketch remaining on the home farm until 1853 ; then bought a farm for himself, and, in 1855, was married to Miss Mary E. Baldwin, daughter of Eliarda and Susan Baldwin, who were among the first settlers in the town of Sherman, from New York, by whom he has one son— Eliarda B. Henry J.'s parents were very poor when they settled in Wisconsin, the subject of this sketch and his brother chopping cordwood for 50 cents per cord, and only receiving one-fouth cash, the balance in provisions, etc. ONION RIVER. The first white person to permanently settle within the village limits was H. L. Hutchinson, who, with his family, HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. located here in June, 1846. It was some time later that a saw-mill was built on the valuable water privilege which the Onion River furnishes at this point. A post office was established about the year 1852, but after twenty-five years it was removed to Waldo in 1878. The large and con venient grist-mill of Harmon & Mclntyre was built in 1854. The mill is entirely employed in merchant business, and is worked to the extent of its capacity for production. The Methodist Church is a finely-proportioned brick edifice, and was erected in the summer of 1870. Rev. Mr. Cook officiates as Pastor. The present store building was built in 1871, on the site of one previously burned. One of the leading enterprises of the village is the manufacture of cheese, and the conveniently arranged fac tory of H. C. Humphrey, built in 1874, is exceeded in quantity of production by only one factory in the county — that of F. A. Streblow, at Plymouth. This factory takes the milk of about 450 cows and makes fifteen cheeses per day. The yearly production amounts to about 216,000 pounds, or $20,000 worth. In addition to the business enterprises already men tioned, there are in the village a wagon-shop, blacksmith- shop and two hotels. The population of the village is about eighty. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WENTWORTH BARBER, farmer, Sec. 25, P. O. Wal do ; was born in Franklin Co., Vermont, on Dec. 18, 1819; he followed farming in his native State until 1840, when he came West to Wisconsin, locating in Sheboygan County, where he fol lowed the lumbering business for four years, and then moved to the town of Lyndon, where he entered some land, and has re mained there engaged at farming ever since ; when the subject of this sketch moved to Lyndon there were only five other families in the town. ANDREW J. WHIFFEN, merchant at Onion River ; P. O. Waldo; was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., March 4, 1845. His parents, William and Mary Whiffen, were formerly from England, and moved West, to Sheboygan Co., Wis., the same year that the subject of this sketch was born. Here they purchased a farm from the Government, and their son, Andrew J., worked at home, on the farm, until 1869, with the exception of six months, which he spent in Chicago. In 1869, he removed to Onion River, where he started a store, remaining there ever since. He was appointed Postmaster, holding that office until 1877, when the office was moved to Waldo. Mr. Whiffen was married, March 4, 1880, to Miss Viola Mead, of Onion River. VILLAGE OF WINOOSKI. This pleasant little village is situated on the Onion River in the midst of the farming region in the northern part of the town. The first settlement was made in 1848, and the village now contains a store, post office, grist-mill and cheese factory. The census of 1880 found the popula tion of the village to number fifty-six. TOWN OF SHERMAN. Sherman is the middle town of the southernmost tier of towns in the county, Holland being between it and Lake Michigan on the east, and Scott separating it from Fond du Lac County on the west. Numerous tributaries of the Milwaukee River serve for irrigation. Random Lake is the only considerable body of water in the town. The town is largely agricultural, and raising of grain is the leading branch of farming followed. Dairy farming, however, is carried on to a considerable extent, and there are seven cheese factories in successful operation. The first settlement was made in 1846, on Section 10, in the north part of the town, by J. V. Bassett, a native of New York. In the two following years, a large number of people took up their residence here. Among others, were the Abbotts, S. W. Bradley, J. E. Mitchell, James Kin- seler, M. Schrantz (still living at the age of ninety) and the Zeingler family. The town was organized in 1849 under the name of Scott. In the following year, the township was divided, the western half retaining the name Scott, and the eastern half taking the name of Abbott. This name was retained for fifteen years, till in 1865 it was changed to the present name of Sherman. RANDOM LAKE. This village is situated at the extreme south of the town, on the west side of a lake of the same name, and on the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. The first set tlement at the present village was made by J. P. Carroll, who came here in 1848. The location of a railroad station here in 1870 was the signal for the formation of the village. The first building put up was the depot. This was shortly followed by the present post office building, the Union House and a house for the station agent. The completion of a successful village was now assured. Growth has been constant and rapid, and the population is now 260. The village has a public school, three hotels, one livery stable, one lumber-yard, one saloon, one wagon-shop and two blacksmith-shops. John Stimminger does a large business in the manufacture and sale of household furniture. A large trade in farm machinery has been built up in this and adjoining towns by M. O'Grady. He is estimated to do a business of $75,000 a year. Three grain warehouses take the grain of the surrounding region, and are owned by D. S. Bagley, of Plymouth, R. D. Butler and N. C. Oswald. There are five large ice-houses near the village, owned by Milwaukee parties, from which ice is shipped to that city. The village was first named Greenleaf, in honor of E. D. Greenleaf, the financial agent of the railroad, but was changed in a few months to the present name. The Sherman House was burned on April 2, 1881, and the building, valued at $2,500, was a total loss. The officers of the town for the present year are : Supervisors, James White, John Marshall and Charles Stra- dell ; Clerk, Frederick Melcher ; Assessor, J. F. Morrol ; Justices of the Peace, W. H. Foley and J. P. Carrol. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. R. D. BUTLER, dealer in grain, lumber, etc., Random Lake ; is the son of Comchin Butler, who came to Milwaukee in 1838, where he ran a boot and shoe store for two years, but not liking the business he sold out, and, in 1840, moved to Granville, where he bought a half section of land, on which he lived for two years, but, concluding to go North, he again sold out and started for Sheboygan County. Shortly after crossing the line of Ozaukee County, he came to a beautiful lake (since named Random Lake), and, being very much pleased with the situation, he concluded to make his home there. He at once purchased 600 acres of land from the Government, and built him a log shanty, into which he moved his family, the inhabitants around him being all Indians, HISTORY OF SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. and here he reared a family of six boys and four girls. He kept selling off his land from time to time, at a small profit, till there is now but 120 acres left, which his son, R. D. Butler, keeps in successful operation. He remained at home, with his father, until twenty years old, when he spent two years looking around the country, and then returned home and took charge of his father's farm, and, in 1874, bought the grain and lumber business of Albert Gistrand, at Random Lake, where he now does a successful business. JOHN P. CARROLL, hotel-keeper and farmer, Random Lake, was born in Ireland March 7, 1820. After living there until eighteen years old, he came to the United States in May, 1838, first living in Rhode Island, where he was engaged in the Cranston Print Factory. After continuing in this employment until 1848, he moved to the State of Wisconsin, settling in the town of Sherman, Sheboygan Co., on a farm, where he resided until 1875, at which time he removed fo the village of Random Lake, having four years previous to this time started a lumber yard there, which was the first one in the village. Mr. Carroll has held several local offices in his town, having been Justice of ths Peace since 1849, Town Treasurer for five years, and Assessor one year ; has also been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and was one of the organizing nlembers of the Catholic Church there in 1852, being the first man to start the village of Random Lake. He was married,. Feb. 13, 1850, to Miss Teresa Mooney, who was born in Lancashire, England, and by whom he has seven children, three sons and four daughters. WILLIAM H. FOLEY, of the firm of Foley & Oswald, general merchants and grain dealers, Random Lake ; was born in New York State, on the 18th of March, 1842; came West, with his parents, in 1844, locating in New Hartford, Washington Co., on a farm which his father, William Foley, purchased from the Government. Here the subject of this sketch remained until June, of 1874, when he came to Random Lake, Sheboygan Co., where he opened a store, it being the first one in the village. Mr. Foley and his partner, John Murphy, continued to run it for five years, when the latter retired and Mr. Oswald took his place, their mercantile business amounting to about $15,000 per annum; they also handle grain and produce. Mr. Foley is Notary Public, and, also Justice of the Peace, and was married, in Washington County, Oct. 15, 1872, to Ellen Murphy. NICHOLAS C. OSWALD, of the firm of Foley & Oswald, merchants, and proprietor of the Union House, Random Lake ; was born in Germany, in February, 1843. He came to the United States, with his parents, Dominick and Francis Oswald, in the year 1850, locating in the town of Belgium, Ozaukee Co., Wis. Here the subject of this sketch first started to work by the month, and afterward farmed for himself until 1871, when he moved to Random Lake and started the first hotel in the village, which he is still running. Mr. Oswald is also engaged in the farm machinery business, with Mat Frederick, and started to build the first house in the village, excepting the railroad building, it being destroyed by fire the same year. He was married, in Ozau kee County, in 1866, to Miss Elizabeth Hanson. SHERMAN STATION. Sherman Station is situated on Section 2, at the extreme north of the town. A post office, two stores, blacksmith-shop, hotel and about fifteen houses, make the greater part of the village. A Roman Catholic Church is situated about two miles east of the village. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. DANIEL STEUERWALD, proprietor of American, Hotel, and dealer in groceries and lumber, Sherman Station, P. O. Odell, was born in Germany March 30, 1840 ; came to the United States with his parents in 1842, settling first in New York State, where they lived for a short time, then going West to Wisconsin, locating in Milwaukee in 1844, and in 1846 moved on a farm in Washington Co. In 1856 Daniel went to Michigan, and in 1857 went South, returning in 1859 to Wisconsin. He then started to farming, which he followed until 1 862, when he enlisted in the late war in Co. G, 26th W. V. I., serving for two years and nine months. Then he returned home and rented his farm, at the same time buying a grist-mill, and in 1874 went to Saukville, where he bought a saw-mill, which he operated until 1877, when he came to Sherman and started the hotel of which he is now pro prietor. He was married in 1860 in Milwaukee, to Margaret BIoss, by whom he had two children and who died Oct. 15, 1867; was married to his second wife, Miss Emma Burns, of Wash ington Co., Aug. 21, 1868. SILVER CREEK. Three miles west of Random Lake, on the main road to Scott, is situated the busy little village of Silver Creek. Here is found a hotel, post office, distillery and brewery. The Dutch Reformed and Methodist Churches both have neat church edifices in the village. A short distance east of the village is a Roman Catholic Church. TOWN OF MITCHELL. The first settlement was made in 1846, when eleven families located in the town. Becoming impressed with the advantages of Fourierism, they, in the following winter, petitioned the Territorial Legislature for a charter under the name of the "Spring Farm Phalanx." This was re fused, and many of the families left the town. The first organization was in connection with Lyndon. The town was organized separately in 1850, under the name of Olio. At this time, the number of votes cast was 47. The first set of town officers consisted of the following per sons : Chairman, Patrick Donahoe ; Supervisors, William F. Akin and William Austin ; Treasurer, Stephen Gray ; Assessor, Peter Preston; Clerk and Superintendant of Schools, C. W. Humphrey. The town is situated on the Potash Kettle Range, and is entirely agricultural. The population, with a few excep tions, is Irish. There is no store, post office, tavern, saw mill, grist-mill, lawyer, doctor or priest within the limits of the town. TOWN OF SCOTT. Scott is the southeast corner town of the county, Fond du Lac County being on its western boundary, and Wash ington County on its southern. Several tributaries of the Milwaukee River flow through the town, and agricultural pursuits are successfully followed. The first settlement was made in 1847 by John Cleaves, who came from New York. Ezra Floyd and the Brazeltons were other early settlers. A school was established in 1849. R. C. Brazelton was Chairman of the first town meeting, which was held in April, 1860. Batavia, the only village in the town, is in the eastern central part of it. It has two stores, a grist-mill, hotel and a number of dwelling houses. The nearest railroad station is at Sherman. HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. TAYLOR COUNTY. The early history of this compact county of Northern Wisconsin and its latest history and present condition are not so far asunder as to require separate treatment. The county, although strong and vigorous, is not yet in its "teens," and it has thus far escaped the inflictions inci dent to youthful municipalities, which often breaks out in the form of bonded indebtedness for alleged internal or other improvements. The act incorporating the county was approved March 4, 1875, by William R. Taylor, Governor of the State. It has for its neighbors Chippewa and Price on the north, Lin coln and Marathon on the east, Marathon and Clark on the south, and Chippewa on the west. The county was taken from territory formerly belonging to Clark, Chippewa, Lincoln and Marathon. Ten town ships were taken from Clark, ten from Chippewa, six from Lincoln and one from Marathon — twenty-seven townships — making a fair sized county, forty-two miles long from east to westa, nd twenty-four from north to south. It is a reg ular parallelogram, with a single township wanting in the southeast corner, where it is impinged by Marathon County. Gov. Taylor, in accordance with the act creating the county, on the 25th of March, 1875, appointed the first officers of the county, as follows : County Judge, E. R. Prink ; District Attorney, J. K. Parish ; Sheriff, E. C. Thomas ; Clerk Circuit Court, W. E. Lockerby ; County Clerk, Alfred Dodge ; Register of Deeds, W. B. Jeffers ; Treasurer, F. A. Healy ; Coroner, Enoch Honeywell ; School Superintendent, 0. N. Lee. The first town organization was that of Medford, which is supposed to have been named in honor of a thriving town in Massachusetts, near Boston, noted for a specific man ufacture. The first election was held on the 6th day of April, 1875, with the following result : Board of Supervisors — G. W. Adams, Chairman; Isaac Biscornet, C. C. Palmer. Treasurer, W. W. Fry ; Clerk, A. E. Harder. Assessors — M. B. Peterson, Samuel Barry, Peter Liberty. Justices — G. S. Phelps, 0. N. Lee. Under the provisions of the law, the Town Board of Su pervisors of Medford constituted the County Board, with full power until the election on the 3d of April, 1876. At the general election, on the 2d of November, 1875, the following persons were duly chosen as officers for Taylor County : District Attorney, J. K. Parish ; Sheriff, Henry Grant ; Clerk Circuit Court, T. G. Jeffers ; Treasurer, F. A. Healy ; Coroner, Rasmus Peterson ; Superintendent of Schools. 0. N. Lee. The acting County Board, on the 3d of September, 1875, by resolution, provided for the organization of three ad ditional towns — Chelsea, Little Black and Westboro. On the 3d day of April, 1876, at the regular town meet ing, the following officers were duly elected : Supervisors — A. E. Harder, Chairman ; Joseph Nor ton, William Seeger. County Judge, G. S. Phelps. Asses sor, Dennis Needham. Justices — William Smith, Ch. W. Cleveland. Constables — Patrick Dolan, John Danielson, P. H. Mulalley. The very first actual settler in the. county was Alvin E. Harder, who located a homestead in Milford on the 5th of December, 1872, so that Mr. Harder is the pioneer of Tay lor County. The first lawyer was C. W. Cleveland, and S. B Hub bell the first physician. The first frame building was the railroad depot, erected in September, 1873, by the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. The next frame was by Silas Buswell, who built a hotel, and, having been appointed Postmaster, the place was also used as a post office. When the county was organized, there was a large amount of Government land unsold in the county. The first marriage in the county was that of Mr. George Matteson with Miss Mary Carr, on the 3d of April, 1875. Joseph Norton cast the first vote in Medford. He also was the first to pay a tax ; was on the first jury, and it may be added that when the bank was established, he made the first deposit, and he is the first man in town in point of avoirdupois, and in all respects a leading citizen. At the first election in the county, there was but one polling-place, which was at Medford, and there were 197 votes cast. Lots in Medford in 1875 were laid out 50x150, and sold by the railroad company and the mill company, who were owners, for $25 each. William Seeger, it is said, was the first man to set an example of neatness, and clean up the rubbish about his house. Legal business at first was not very brisk. Here is a justice's court record : Town of Medford, \ Taylor County. J A. vs. B., April 3, 1875. Summons duly served, and parties notified to appear at 10 o'clock, April 9th. At 11 o'clock neither parties appearing, whereupon the court went about its own business. Attest : . A. F. F. Jensen was the first settler in what is now Little Black, in 1873, and he lived in two different counties and in four different towns in four consecutive years on the same spot. At first it was Beaver, Clark County. In 1874, it was changed to May ville, in 1875 to Taylor County, Medford, in 1876. to Little Black. In 1875, the people of Medford donated the work of putting in a turn-table for the railroad company, to make this a terminus of a freight division, the company supply ing the material. The lumber shipped from Medford in 1875, was as fol lows : Lumber 1,549,588 Shingles 11,071 Number of cars used 291 Amount paid for freight $12,130.36 HISTORY OF TAYLOR COUNTY. 1023 In 1876, Charles McNaughton, C. H. Gearhart and C. Sidel were engaged in building town roads. The first station agent was W. B. Jeffers, in 1873. In the fall of 1874, T. G. Jeffers came here, and went into the real estate and abstract business. Joseph Norton came early and opened a place two miles east of the village, erected a cabin and did his own house work. When the County Board went out to lay out the road, he gave them a specimen of his New England cook ing, which was eaten from the head of a barrel. The Wisconsin Central Railroad runs through the county from south to north east of the center of the State, and all the villages are on the railroad, which is the point d'appui upon which the county was organized, and its business is supported. The company owned nearly every alternate section in eighteen townships in the county, and they are now rapidly selling, and the time is not very far distant when these lands will be in the hands of actual settlers, and Taylor County will be supporting a large population. The villages, as you enter the county from the south, are Stetson ville, where there is a mill, owned by E. K. Buttrick, with a capacity of 30,000 lumber and the same of shingles per day. Then comes Medford, seven miles from the county line ; six miles above this is Whittlesey, a sim ple side track, and a gravel pit, with a single resident, with homesteaders about there. Chelsea comes next, six miles from the northern boundary of the county, and Westboro two miles from the county line. Eight miles east of Med ford is Mink Creek settlement, made in 1879. There are now fifteen families, mostly Bohemians. There is a good school, etc. There are no large rivers in the county, but it is well supplied with small streams, many of them with a log-driv ing capacity and with mill privileges. There is no prairie in the whole county ; it is sclid forest, with pine, maple, elm, ash, oak, bass, butternut, cedar, hemlock, spruce, tamarack, balsam birch — white and yellow, etc. In the town of Chel sea, iron ore has been found, and is reported to be valuable. Kaolin is also reported in a workable bed, several miles from Medford. It is said to be remarkably fine and free from grit. THE CENTENNIAL YEAK. On the 4th of July, 1876, C. W. Cleveland, at the centennial celebration of American independence, delivered an address, presenting the history and condition of the shire, town and county, which was sixteen months old on that day. Nearly all trades, professions and occupations were there represented. Two newspapers were catering for puhlic favor, and it may be said were struggling for existence — the News and the Star. Four steam saw mills were running, one in each village, and one planing mill at Medford. There were seven hotels, four at Medford, one at Chel sea and two at Westboro. One physician, S. B. Hubbell ; five lawyers — G. W. Adams, C. W. Cleveland, S. A. Corning, John A. Ogden and J. K. Parish. There were three abstract and real estate offices and seven saloons. Twelve general stores, one hardware and one drug store supplied the wants of the people in their several directions. COUNTY OFFICERS. 1877-District Attorney, J. K. Parish ; County Treasurer, W. W. Fry ; County Clerk, P. Doyle ; County Sheriff, D. W. Weedham ; Clerk of Court, Peter McCourt ; Register of Deeds ; T. G. Jeffers ; Superintendent of Schools, 0. N. Lee ; Surveyor, H. Ripley ; Coroner, R. Peterson. 1879 and 1880— District Attorney, J. K. Parish; County Treasurer, S. B. Hubbell ; County Clerk, Peter Doyle ; Sheriff, Eli L. Urquhart ; Clerk of Court, Peter McCourt; Register of Deeds, Isaac Biscornet ; Superintend ent, J. B. Anderson ; Surveyor, A. S. Russell ; Coroner, I. S. Haskins. Chippewa and Taylor Counties were the Assemby Dis tricts in 1876, and were represented by Cadwalader J. Wiltze, of Chippewa Falls. In 1877, the Assembly District became Clark, Lincoln, Taylor and Wood Counties. Freeman D. Lindsay, of Neills ville, was the Representative. In 1878, Solomon L. Nason, of Nasonville, was in the Assembly. N. H. Wither, of Neillsville, had that honor in 1879 and 1880. The Congressional District in which Taylor County is situated embraces the northern counties of the State with nearly one-half its whole territory. The judicial circuit is Lincoln, Marathon, Price, Portage, Taylor, Waushara, Waupaca and Wood Counties. G. H. Park is the Judge. Valuation of the countv in 1880, by the State Board, $1,502,474. Total taxes for all purposes, $44,625. The county has 635,600 acres ; 31,500 acres of school lands. ' E. F. Blowning, of New York, owns 25,000 acres. It is stated that the land will yield per acre as follows : wheat, 27 bushels ; corn, 47 bushels ; oats, 50 bushels ; barley, 30 bushels ; potatoes, 230 bushels ; turnips, 400 bushels ; carrots, etc., 200 bushels ; millet, 3 tons ; hay, 2 tons. This has actually been done. The population of the county in 1875 was 849. In 1880— Chelsea, 301 ; Deer Creek and Little Black, 766 ; Medford, 1,017 ; Westboro, 230. Total, 2,314. In 1880, the amount of lumber shipped on the Wiscon sin Central Railroad was 130,000,000 feet. As the war closed ten years before the county was organ ized, there is no war record, but here are the names of resi dents of the county who were in the army : Lewis Brown, Co. I, 7th W. V. I., millman, Medford, Wis.; M. W. Ryan, Co. I, 3d W. V. C, late Town Treasurer. Medford; Joseph Norton, Jr., Co. D, 7th Maine V. I., pro prietor hotel, Medford ; Patrick Mallaley, Co. C, 17th W. V. I., farmer, Medford; George Warner, Co. H, 15th N. Y. Engineers, farmer, Medford; Fred. Williams, Co. I, 50th W. V. I., farmer, Chelsea; G. W. Norton, Co. K, 10th W. V. I., farmer, Chelsea ; Patrick Gallagher, Co. K, 17th W. V. I., farmer, Chelsea ; Lawrence Chametzkey, Co. L, 4th W. V. C, farmer, Medford; Patrick Gaghen, Co. B, 3d W. V. I., laborer, Medford; John Nelson, Co. B, 11th Maine V. I., farmer, Little Black; John Chrisman, Co. G, 36th W. V. I., farmer, Medford; L. Hardkey, Co. D, 12th W. V. I., farmer, Medford ; William Seeger, Co. C, 4th W. V. C, proprietor hotel, Medford; Valentine Chametzkey, Co. E, 26th W. V. I.; W. J. Robinson, Co. B, 3d W. V. I., farmer, Medford ; William Perry, Co. F, 7th O. V. I., farmer, Medford ; William Mars, Co. A, 21st 1024 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. W. V. I., farmer, Medford; Charles Roberts, Co. A, 35th W. V. I., farmer, Medford ; A. King, Co. H, 16th N. Y. V. I., grocer, Medford; C. H. Gearhart, 6th Battery, pro prietor hotel, Chelsea ; Fred. Merhine, Co. C, 53d W. V. I., farmer, Brennen, Price Co.; Ira Penney, Co. H, 47th W. V. I., farmer, Chelsea ; Martin Gordinier, Co. G, 21st W. V. I., farmer, Chelsea ; John Worthington, Co. B, 1st W. V. C, trapper, Chelsea; Dan. Walrath, Co. K, 38th W. V. I., farmer, Medford; G. W. Adams, Co. C, 16th W. V. I., attorney at law, Medford ; Vincent Hirsch, Co. H, 32d W. V. I., farmer, Little Black; James Ness, Co. G. 12th W. V. I., farmer, Medford; S. A. Cook, Co. A, 2d W. V. C, grocer, Unity, Wis.; Isaac Claggett, Co. A, 2d W. V. C, farmer, Colby, Wis.; James Garnett, Co. A, 2d WT. V. C, farmer, Unity, Wis.; H. R. Crowell, Co. A, 2d W. V. C, farmer, Spencer, Wis.; George S. Phelps, Co. A, 2d Wr. V. C, druggist, Medford, Wis. T. G. Jeffers and Peter Doyle, Co. Q, 8th Missouri Regulars. They live in Medford j Wis., and want to go along. Most of the buildings are substantial and in good taste. Several are veneered with brick. There are good facilities for drainage, and the place must continue to be healthy. It is constantly improving. The second Monday in November, 1875, was the oc casion of the first Circuit Court in Taylor County, held by Judge Park. One week in April, 1875, the amount for freight re ceived in Medford by the railroad company was $1,770.83. In 1875, the railroad company gave the county a lot for the court house, 316x500 feet, a whole block. The house of Mrs. Cranney was destroyed by fire on the 24th of June, 1876. About the same time the Medford House was burned, with C. Donaldson's building, occupied as a saloon, with a loss of $1,500. Donaldson at once began to rebuild. In the early history of Medford and Taylor County, there was a bitter and uncompromising fight over the location of the court house. In writing cotemporaneous history, it is ^^^^^^^oiii V2*f * ME FORD. MEDFORD, The shire town of Taylor County, is on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, at a point where it touches the Black River, which runs through the village from north to south. The railroad here is on the bottom lands, and on the east the ground rises quite abruptly, so that that part of the town is much higher than the west side, which also is higher than the depot and mill. The railroad runs 20° or so west of north, and the streets correspond in this respect. On the east side, the streets beginning at the north, at right angles with the track, are named Pine, Taylor, Broad, Broadway, Clark, Ogden and South streets. Parallel with the railroad the streets on the east side are Front, Second, Third, etc. On the west side, the cross streets are Elm, Cedar, River, Spruce and Division streets. The longitudinal streets on that side are Wheelan avenue, Water, West Second, etc. Good water is obtained at variable depths. improper, as it is impossible, to characterize such a con troversy, as it will be designated at some future time, when the parties to the contest shall have passed away and the personal interests involved shall have become obliterated. The question was whether the court house should be on the east side, where the mill-owners, McCartney and Whelen, owned the land, or on the west side, on the hill, where the railroad company owned the land. To secure it on the west side, the mill company, with the concurrence of the advocates of that location, erected a building, had it inclosed and roofed-in. That building stood unfinished for several years, and was finally removed. Meantime the County Board, who were committed to the east side plan, had the subject referred to a vote of the county, and, notwitstanding it was overwhelmingly in favor of the west side project, they proceeded to contract for its construction on the square donated by the railroad com pany. In February, 1876, the contract for its construction was let to E. Perrine & Co. for $5,200, and assigned to HISTORY OF TAYLOR COUNTY. 1025 Royal Green, of Waupaca, who proceeded to build, and completed the structure, an injunction procured to prevent the work having been dissolved by Judge Park. So the court house was thus located, leaving many wounds, none of which healed by first intention, but the gradual process of granulation is going on, and in due time only the cica trices will remain as an evidence of the conflict which in volved side issues, and in which the merits of the case were often lost sight of amidst the smoke of the battle. In the summer of 1876, hemlock bark began to be shipped as a commodity from Chelsea and other stations in the county. May 8, 1877, the house of John Herbst was destroyed by fire, most of the contents being saved. In the early autumn of 1877, the Medford Post Office was made a money-order office. June 14, 1877, the house of T. T. Mulcahy was de stroyed by fire. At 1 o'clock, April 19, 1878, a fearful tornado passed through the county a mile north of Medford, laying every thing low for a hundred rods wide, unroofing houses, kill ing cattle and* doing other damage. The total amount of land sold in Taylor County in 1878 Was 19,802 acres, at an average price of $3.45. In the fall of 1878, a fine dramatic company was or ganized with the following personnel : James E. Clancy, Ch. Clancey, F. A. Healy, Ed. T. Wheelock, Charles Wade, Miss Delia Keating, Miss Mamie Wheelock and Miss Nellie Patterson. They gave the citizens such plays as " The Drunkard's Warning," " Fruits of the Wine Cup," "The Serious Family," "The Loan of a Lover," and "Paddy Miles' Boy." The company still exist, and is a popular corps. In 1878, Medford had 125 scholars attending school, where five years before was an Indian camping ground. In March, 1879, a fine deer was killed within three- fourths of a mile of Medford. • At the spring election in 1879, 584 votes were cast in the county. In May, 1879, Medford began to feel metropolitan ; in one week, there was a jewelry peddler, a photographic ex hibition, a traveling photograph gallery, a phrenologist and a book agent, and the town was threatened with a minstrel troupe from Spencer ! In the summer of 1879, the young ladies of Medford organized an "anti-gum chewing society," and seriously in terfered with the gum trade. September 3, 1879, there was a fire, John Taggart, W. E. Lockerby, Mr. Russell and Mr. Craney were inconsid erable sufferers. The great flood: June 12, 1880, this flood, spoken of so frequently in this work, had its little frolic here. The dam overflowed and carried out a 100,000 feet of logs, sweeping away the River street bridge. The boom broke, but the logs formed a jam in the canal and remained. The water rose to the level of the floor of the Forest House. There were three washouts on the railroad near here. The first tent show in the form of a fragmentary circus struck Medford on the 23d of August, 1881. The whole number of votes cast in Taylor County in the election of 1880 was 574 ; of these, 300 were for the Repub lican candidates, and 274 for the Democratic. The southwest corner township in the county is Deer Creek. The other towns in that tier constitute Little Black. 65 The next tier across the county is Medford ; the next Chel sea, and the upper row Westboro. The last three contain seven townships each. Little Black contains five, and Deer Creek one. J. A. King is the pioneer merchant, who began business near the depot in a small way. A saloon was early established, and its successor, with several competitors, which have come in from time to time, still continue to meet the demand in their direction. On the 11th of June, 1873, the first tree on the right of way of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, in the county of Taylor, was cut by Frank Chase. At that time, Taylor County was a howling wilderness ; that is, when the wind blew, or the wolves were in tune. The woodman's ax had not yet resounded through her for ests, except arouad the lonely and solitary cabin of a single adventurer. What it now is, after eight years of labor bestowed upon refractory stumps and stubble, by an accu mulating population, inspired with industrial ideas, with brawny arms and stout hearts, will be shown in the remainder of this sketch of Taylor County. Medford has a cemetery containing seven acres, two of which have been set apart for the Catholics. It is located a mile east of the town, on the State road, and is not very thickly inhabited. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company, in the sum mer of 1881, built an emigrant house near the track in the upper part of the village, containing seven rooms and con veniences for newly arrived emigrants. C. J. Fay is station agent. The monthly amount received for incoming freight averages about $1,500 ; out going, $2,000 ; passenger, $300. Banking- — Exchange Bank of Medford, a private bank, started business August 10, 1881, with a cash capital of $5,000. The Milwaukee correspondent of the bank is the First National Bank. The New York correspondent is Kountze Bros. The bank is agent for the Hamburg-Ameri can Packet Company. S. B. Hubbell is President, and J. H. Wheelock, Cashier. Newspapers. — The county has but one newspaper, the Taylor County Star and News, a six-column quarto of the Republican persuasion. Ed Taylor Wheelock is editor and proprietor, a practical printer with a decided newspaper genius ; but, he has as yet been unable to determine whether the county was named after him, Abram Taylor, of Chel sea, or Gov. William R. Taylor, or some other straggling member of the Taylor family. The present paper is the result of a consolidation of the Star and the News, the history of which is as follows : The News was first published on Wednesday, March 31, 1875, Ogden Bros., editors and proprietors. January 6, 1876, J. E. Ogden became editor, and F. E. Ogden, publisher. July 6, 1876, J. A. Ogden, editor and publisher. March 22, 1877, J. A. Ogden and George M. Patchen, editors and pub lishers. September 29, 1877, Patchen disposed of his interest. October 6, 1877, H. K. Pitcher bought a half interest. Ogden & Pitcher sold the whole concern to S. B. Hubbell, who at the time owned the Star, and the two were consolidated. The Star was first brought out March 18, 1876. G. L. Loope was imprinted as publisher, and George M. Patchen, editor. Loope sold the paper to E. R. Prink May 20, 1876. January 1, 1877, Corning & Cross took charge of the paper for Judge Prink in the summer of 1877, when E. B. Morley leased the paper and ran it until Novem- 1026 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. ber, when it was purchased by Dr. S. B. Hubbell. The Star and News is well printed and well edited, and cer tainly deserves the support it receives from the people of the county. Schools. — Medford has good schools, kept in a good building, with two departments. Miss D. E. Damp is the Principal, with Mamie Whee lock as assistant. Miss Belle Cleveland is the teacher of the primary department. There is a general attendance of the enrolled pupils, and the training is thorough, comparing well with schools anywhere. In other parts of the county the interests of education are as carefully attended to as the sparseness of the popula tion will admit. Churches. — The history of the early struggles of the different church denominations in Medford is a counterpart of like efforts in almost all the other recently settled North ern Wisconsin villages. The Catholics were the first to get up their church, which they did in 1877. The Methodists came next with their edifice in 1879. The Episcopal Church was built in 1880, and the German Lutheran the same year. The Scan dinavian Lutheran was erected in 1881. These buildings are all small, but neat, and of a varied style of architecture. They are all on the west side of the town, except the Ger man Lutheran, which is on the hill on the east side. Most of these pulpits have supplies instead of local Pastors, although frorja present appearances they will, erelong, have the ability to support their preachers without outside assist ance. At present only Rev. J. W. Wells, of the Methodist, and Rev. B. Wugrodt, of the German Lutheran, are resident ministers. The lumber and shingle-mill in the midst of the village has quite an eventful history. It was built by James Sem ple in the spring of 1874, who soon sold an interest to Messrs. Whelen & Roberts. Semple died, and Whelen succeeded to his interest. The firm was then Roberts & Whelen. David McCartney bought Roberts' interest, and it became McCartney & Whelen. On the death of Whelen in September, 1870, it became David McCartney. In the fall of 1881, McCartney sold the whole establishment to Ferguson Bros, who, it is understood, are supported by W. H. Butterfield, of Columbus The mill is a good one, the logs being taken from a pond on the Black River. W. W. Fry has a mill which is now idle. Hardware — T. B. McCourt. General Merchandise — Dodge & Healy, Ferguson Bros., F. W. Mclntyre, J. B. Thompson. Groceries Sp Provisions — Lewis Brown, Peter Doyle, S. H. Keeler, M. W. Ryan. Dry Goods, Etc. — Blumberg & Shapiro. Drugs, Paints and Oils — George S. Phelps, Marsh & Bailey. Meat Markets — Lewis Brown, John Carstens. Flour and Feed— Gh. E. Williams, S. H. Rider. Manufacturers of Boots and Shoes — Nick Shafer, William Seidel. Blacksmiths — Lewis Shepke, Hans Anderson, Gus. Lupinski. The mills also operate blacksmith shops. Lawyers. — J. K. Parish, District Attorney ; G. W. Adams, S. A. Corning. Physicians.— W. F. Abbott, S. B. Hubbell. Clergymen. — Rev. J. W. Wells, Rev. B. Wugrodt. Saloons. — There are five in Medford. Hotels — Exchange Hotel, M. W. Ryan, proprietor ; Mrs. M. W. Ryan, housekeeper ; First National Hotel, S. Burwell, proprietor ; Forest House, D. McCartney, pro prietor ; Central House, J. M. Meyer, proprietor. Medford has the usual number of fraternal orders, and they attract the average number of adherents. Masonic. — Medford Lodge, instituted 1881 ; Eli L. Urquhart, W. M.; W. W. Fry, T. G. Jeffers, Sec; J. B. Hull, J. K. Parish, H. J. Grennell, A. Dodge, A. J. Per kins, S. B. Hubbell. Meet, second and fourth Thursdays of each month. Odd Fellows.— -Medford Lodge, No. 292, instituted December 23, 1879. Charter members — A. J. Perkins, P. G.; Eli Urquhart, N. G.; R. M. Williams, S. B. Hub bell, Solomon Keeler. Present officers — T. G. Jeffers, N. G.; J. H. Wheelock, V. G.; S. H. Keeler, Treas.; E. L. Urquhart, Sec. Meets Tuesday evenings. A. 0. U. IF.— Medford Lodge, No. 78, instituted January 22, 1880, with the following officers :'F. A. Healy, P. M. W.; Alfred Dodge, M. W.; T. B. McCourt, F. G.; S. A. Anderson, R.; W. D. Smith, 0.; J. Biscornel, F.; S. H. Keeler, J. B. Anderson, S. B. Hubbell, Trustees. Present officers E. L. Urquhart, M. W. Ryan, William Sey- er, Alfred Dodge, F. A. Healy. Meets Wednesday evenings. Temple of Honor. — Wheelen, No. 211, instituted March 29, 1879. W. F. Atwill, C. T.; G. W. Adams, P. C. T.; A. C. Stevens, V. T.; E. T. Wheelock, R. Present officers— G. W. Adams, C. T.; J. 0. D. Coleman, V. T.; Peter Danielson, R. Meets on Saturday evenings : fifty- two members. Two several organizations of the Good Templars have been instituted here, but they died of the diseases incident to childhood. The Timber Belt Railroad is projected to run through Medford. A local committee has been appointed to look after its interests, consisting of F. A. Healy, T. B. Mc Court, D. McCartney, S. B. Hubbell and William Seeger. Should this line be constructed, it will cut the county from east to west, and materially assist in settling it up. The death of President Garfield was appropriately noticed with the closing of business and memorial services in Music Hall, with a general mourning display. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. W. F. ATWELL, physician and surgeon, Medford; was born in New York City, Feb. 27, 1849 ; when ten years of age he went to Boonton, N. J., where he remained a short time, and then went to Orange Co. ; in 1869 he came to Stevens Point, where he began the study of medicine with Dr. Phillips ; he also studied at Weyauwega, but his health failing, he started on a sur vey with Capt. Pike. In 1872 he went to the Ohio Medical College, then to the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and graduated in 1873 ; commenced practice in Weyauwega. In October, 1877, came to Medford, and built a drug store together with his brother ; he now has a practice of $4,000 a year. He married in 1873, but lost his wife, and married again in 1875 to Miss Relief Grover, a daughter of Peter Grover, one of the pioneers of Portage Co. They have two children— Willie G. and Fern C. Mr. Atwell belongs to the I. 0. 0. F. Encampment and Temple of Honor. CHARLES A. ATWILL was born in New York State, and educated as a druggist. He came to Medford in 1878, and estab- HISTORY OF TAYLOR COUNTY. 1027 fished himself as a druggist. He was a fine, honorable business man, although very retiring. He died in Stevens Point, April 16, 1880, aged 29 years. He was there under the treatment of his uncle, Dr. Phillips. G. W. ADAMS, attorney, Medford, was born in Oxfordshire, Kngland, March 4, 1846. His parents came to Wisconsin in 1851, and located at Beaver Dam, when that place was nothing but a trading post. He had no advantages for an education, and went to school when about fourteen years of age for the first time. He enlisted in the 16th Wis. V., Co. C. Four of his brothers were in the army, and one was killed at the battle of Ailanta, July 22, 1864. He was mustered out in 1865, and made a visit to Minnesota, but came home to Dodge Co., Wis., where his parents are living yet. He next went to Waterloo, and entered Prof. Hall's Academy, and then attended the Lake Mills High School, in Jefferson County. He worked during the Summer at farm work, to get the means with which to go to the Beaver Dam University. In 1868-9, he went to the Madison University till he had advanced to the senior year, but on account of his health was obliged to discontinue his studies at that time. He returned, however, in 1873, and graduated from the law department, and that Winter taught school in the town of Lowell, where he com menced his career. He went from Stevens' Point to Waupaca, where he entered the law office of Judge Ogden, when he and the Judge's son came to Medford and edited the Taylor County News. He opened a law office, and is now in the real estate and general law business. In 1877 he married Miss Augusta Stewart, of Danville, Dodge Co. They have had two children — Ellen Maud, who died when ten months old, and Florence Ethel, born in 1880. Mr. Adams was the first Chairman of the County and Town Boards here, and has been Court Commissioner for six years. He belongs to the Temple of Honor and the Colby Lodge of I. 0. 0 P. He has a fine farm on Sec. 35, of 120 acres; also owns town property. ISAAC BISCORNET, Register of Deeds, Medford; was born in Canada, some twenty miles from Montreal, Feb. 18, 1845. When twenty years of age he went to Dstroit, Mich., and. at a place named New Baltimore engaged in lumbering till 1867, when he went to Green Bay. In 1873, he came upon his present farm, near Little Black, where he has 80 acres. In 1874, he served on the County Board, and at the same time on the Town Board as Supervisor, of which, in 1877, he was Chairman on both ; he is now Town Clerk for Little Black, and in 1880 was elected Register of Deeds. In 1880, he married Miss Maggie Sheff, of Fond du Lac ; they have one child — Harrie Paul. Mr. Biscornet attends the Catholic Church, and belongs to the I. O O. F. and the A. O. U. W. BLUMBERG & SHAPIRO, Medford; established Dec. 10, 1879 ; carry a stock of $4,500 in dry goods, furnishing goods and groceries, and do a business of between $10,000 and $12,000 a year. Jacob Shapiro was born in Poland, Dec. 25, 1851, and emigrating to America in 1871 ; while in New York engaged at carpenter work till 1875; then went to Milwaukee, Wis., to Chicago, and, finally, to Medford. In 1881, he married Miss Bertha Prank, of Paris. Mr Shapiro belongs to the Jewish Church. FRANK BRODOUSKY, saloon, Medfird; was born in Poland, Oct. 4, 1852; arrived in New York in 1871 ; went from there to Detroit, Mich., and after various changes finally reached Berlin, Green Lake Co., where he opened a saloon. In 1874, he went to Wolf River; and, in 1876, came to Medford; and in the spring of 1880 started his present business. March, of 1881, he married Miss Minnie Dupke, of Germany. LEWIS BROWN, grocer and butcher, Medford ; was born in Minchen, Germany, May 1, 1847; arrived in Baltimore in 1856 ; went to Chicago, wherehe was engaged as a freight agent on the C. & N. W. R. R. In 1861 enlisted in the 7th W. V. I., Co. I. In the battle of Antietam he was wounded in the arm, and was sent to the hospital in Jackson Square, Baltimore ; was discharged, and sent to Columbus and re-enlisted in the 38th Wis., Co. H, and was mustered out in 1865; he worked in Columbus, Ohio, and on a farm for two years ; then with wagon ahd family, emi grated to Oconto, where he suffered from that great fire that swept the pineries in 1871 ; he had little left, but stayed till 1874, when he came to Medford. The mill company sent him to Duluth, Minn., and established a yard there, they also sent him to Green Bay. When he came back, he went into his present business. In 1869, he married Miss Hart ; she died in 1876. In|1878, he married Miss Cleaiber; Frank and George are by the first marriage, and Lewis and Viola, by the second. Mr. Brown was Supervisor in 1877 and '78, School Clerk for two years, and Town Treasurer for 1880 and '81 ; he belongs to the Odd Fellows and the Working- men ; his family attend the Episcopal Church . C. D. BRUNS, jeweler, Medford; was born in Sheboygan Co., Wis., Sept. 25, 1853; lived there till 1877. He went to Milwau kee in 1872 and worked at jeweler's trade. He came to Medford in 1877, where he opened in business and is building a fine store and residence. In 1879 he married Miss Clara Springer, of She boygan Co. Mr. Bruns lost his father in 1865 ; his mother still lives in Sheboygan. He belongs to the Lutheran Reform Church. S. BUSWELL, proprietor of First National Hotel, Medford ; was born in Penobscot Co., Maine, Nov. 22, 1836; was reared on a farm, and was engaged in trading and lumbering before coming West. He came to Medford Oct. 20, 1873, bought two lots and built a house, 18x26, " which, from the fact that it was the only house in the place, besides the station," became a hotel and was well filled by lumbermen and homesteaders. This was called the Black River House; afterward he built the "National." In 1863, Dec. 19, he married Miss Bell Carpenter, of Maine. They have one daughter — Clara Louisa. He has been Chairman of the County Board, 1880; Chairman Town Board; Justice; was the first Postmaster in Medford, and belongs to the I. O. O. F. and Temple of Honor. He attends the Episcopal Church, and is now Treasurer of the school funds for 1881. JOHN CARSTEN, butcher, Medford ; was born in Schleswig Holstein, Germany, Nov. 21, 1840. In 1862 he landed in New York, and after a stay of nineteen months came to Fond du Lac, Wis., and went into his present business. He visited various parts 1028 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. of the country, and in 1872 went to New Holstein, in Calumet Co., Wis., where he remained till the spring of 1881, when he came to Medford. In June of that year he paid a visit to his fatherland. In 1861 he married Miss Swartz, of Fond du Lac ; they have had seven children — Theodore, Rosa, Levi, Emma, Mena, Lillie, Tena and Henry, deceased. Mr. Carsten belongs to the I. 0. 0. F. ELIAS CLEVELAND, farmer, Sec. 26, P. 0. Medford ; born in New Brunswick, Canada, Dec. 12, 1815; he went to Oshkosh in 1857, and from there came to Medford in spring of 1874, and moved on a homestead which he had already taken. His family came in 1876 ; he is now engaged in farming. Married Miss Elizabeth Walters, of New Brunswick ; she is of English descent. They have five children — Anna, Belle, Alma, Nellie and Frank. The son was born in Oshkosh, April 15, 1860, and there attained his education ; he came to Medford with the family and lived on the farm till he went to work in the planing mill, and later in the printing office. In 1878 he began clerking in the same place he now occupies. He belongs to the Temple of Honor. JUDSON A. CLEVELAND, with M. W. Ryan, Medford ; born in Oshkosh, Wis., July 27, 1860. When six years of age his parents, Samuel F. Cleveland and Anna Cleveland, moved to Dupere, where he lived till 1874, when he came to Medford, his father buying a house and lot here, and also a homestead of 120 acres on Sec. 26. Judson was a clerk for Dodge & Healy for six years, then went to assist his father on the farm ; has lately en tered his present position. He belongs to the Temple of Honor, of which he is Financial Recorder. ALFRED DODGE, of the firm of Dodge & Healy, general store, Medford, was born in Addison, Steuben Co. N. Y., Jan. 25, 1839. In 1856 he came to Dodge Co., Wis., and began farming near Hustisford. Shortly afterward he moved to Grand Rapids. Between these two places he continued to do a variety of business for a number of years. In the Fall of 1860 he went to Galena, but returning home, attended the Horicon High School. He taught school in the Winters of 1861 and 1862. then went to Milwaukee and entered the Commercial College, where he grad uated. Soon after, he commenced keeping books for the Victory Mills. From this he worked at millwrighting, and then learned dentistry. In 1874 he came to Medford, where he worked first in the mill, then as book-keeper. He was appointed County Clerk, and in 1875 was re-elected. That same year he entered upon his present business. The firm carry a stock of $9,000, and do a business of about $36,000. He was married Jan. 16, 1874, to Miss Emma Houstoo, of Dexterville, Wood Co., daugh ter of L. A. Houston. Their children are Irving L. and Liston. They lost one child named Alfred. In addition to the County Clerk's office, he has held the position of School Clerk, and is now master of the A. O. U. W., belonging also to the Masonic lodge. PETER DOYLE, saloon and grocery, Medford, was born in Province of Ontario, Canada, Sept. 28, 1851. He learned the carpenter trade. In 1875 he came to Medford and built the house he now occupies. In 1876, with a partner, he kept the Forrest House ; in 1877 was elected County Clerk on the Inde pendent ticket ; re-elected in 1879, and still holds that office. In 1878 he married Miss Stella H. Hanifin, of Grand Rapids. They have three children — Mary, Vincent E. and Leila E. Mr. Doyle belongs to the workingmen and is a member of the Catholic Church. W. W. FRY, shingle-mill and farmer, Medford, was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., July 26, 1846. He came to Waupaca Co., Wis., with his mother, having lost his father in the Lake Erie ; he lived there till 1862, and then went to Fond du Lac, where he learned engineering, which he adopted for his business. July 5, 1874, he came to Medford and opened a saloon. He bought the Black River House, which he managed till 1876, when he built a house of his own. In 1880 he built a shingle-mill, with a capac ity of 30,000 a day. He owns 200 acres of land. In 1875 he married Miss Katie Thompson, of Dorchester. They have three children — Laura B., Robert Moore and Frank W. He was first Town Treasurer before the precincts were formed ; was re-elected in 1879-80, and belongs to the Masonic Lodge. F. A. HEALY, of the firm of Dodge & Healy, Medford, was born in Markesan, Green Lake Co., Wis., Aug. 11, 185L When four years of age his parents moved to Horicon, where he remained until his eighth year, when the family removed to Fond du Lac. There he went to the graded school, and in 1868 to Ripon Uni versity. In 1871 he was a clerk at Ft. Howard, and came to Medford with Mr. Wheelon, by whom he was employed until he began his present business in 1875. He was the first County Treasurer of Taylor, being appointed by Gov. Taylor, and re-elected in 1876. In 1874 he married Miss Sarah J. Williams, of Colum bia County. They have three children — Edna (deceased), Maud E. and Ada M. He belongs to the I. O. O. F., the Workingmen and the T. of H. Mr. Healy's father, Joseph Walter Healy, was one of the pioneers of Green Lake County, having come there in HISTORY OF TAYLOR COUNTY. 1029 1845, and as a millwright built mills at Markesan, Fairwater, Horicon, Kekoskee and Fond du Lac. He was of English descent, and in 1879 died, leaving six boys, of whom F. A. is the oldest. S. B. HUBBELL, physician and surgeon, Medford, was born in Milwaukee, Wis., April 27, 1854. In 1870 he began the study of medicine. He commenced practice in Fond du Lac, and then went to New York City and entered the Medical College, taking full courses, and graduated from the Bellevue Hospital. In 1875 returned to Fond du Lac, and from there came to Med ford. He is now railroad physician on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, examining physician for pensions, and has accepted the office of County Treasurer for Taylor County, term of 1881 ; is also the originator of the S. B. Hubbell & Co. Exchange, of Med ford, which opened July 15, 1881. He belongs to the most of the lodges. T. G. JEFFERS, real estate, Medford, was born in Oneida . Co., N. Y., July 22, 1833. He, with his parents, removed to Jefferson Co., where he attained an education. He sailed on the lakes till 1857, when he came to Wisconsin to his father's farm in Waupaca Co. Here he taught school. He married Miss Adeline M. Severance, of Portage Co. After farming awhile, he came to Medford and opened an abstract office, in company with Samuel Miles. He served, under appointment in his brother's place, as Register of Deeds, in 1876 ; before the term expired he was elected Clerk of Court, and has filled town offices at different times ; was Superintendent of Schools in Waupaca Co. He be longs to the I. 0. 0. F.; is N. G. elect; he also belongs to the Masons in Medford. S. H. KEELER, Postmaster and merchant, Medford, Was born in Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., April 3, 1851. In 1868 he was employed in a store in Chicago, but after the great fire he left for Grand Haven, Mich., where he went into business with his brother. On the death of his brother, he went to Chilton, Wis., and later to Oshkosh, where he kept books. He then came to Medford, where he clerked in the Medford House. In 1876 he was appointed Under Sheriff, and before the expiration of his service he received the appointment of Postmaster, with which he combined the business of stationery. He now has a stock of $1,500 and a business of $15,000 a year. In 1874 he married Miss Emma J. Harsh, of Stockbridge, Wis. They have had two children — Gracie May, deceased, and Harry B. Mr. Keeler be longs to the A. O. U. W. and the I. 0. 0. F. and the Temple of Honor. His father was a Representative in 1875. DAVID MCCARTNEY, lumberman, Medford, was born in County Down, Ireland, Sept. 14, 1815 ; emigrated, in 1821, to Ohio, with his parents; located in Belmont Co., and began busi ness. He afterward engaged in the mercantile and milling inter ests and in railroad business. In 1856 he went to Oshkosh, and in 1864 he moved to Fort Howard, which is still his home. In 1874 he bought into the firm of Roberts & Wheelan, saw-mill. He has also a store of general merchandise and the Forrest House Hotel in Medford, as well as the branch office in Fort Howard. The mills in Medford are producing daily 50,000 feet of lumber, 100,000 shingles, 6,000 laths and 800 pickets. The planing-mill has a full set of new machinery, and is now running a full capac ity. The store has a stock of some $8,000. The entire estab lishment does a business of $140,000 a year. In 1834 he married his first wife. She died, leaving three children — William, Ellen and Thomas. He married again in 1845, to Miss Harris, of Belmont. They have three children — Lizzie, Emma and Viola. Mr. McCartney has never aspired to public office, but always re fused to serve. During the war, while in Belmont Co., he was Provost Marshal. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. F. W. MoINTYRE, general merchandise, Medford, was born in Fond du Lac, Wis., June 4, 1853; his fir.>t business venture was keeping a restaurant ; he came to Medford and opened a meat market with firm of King & Mclntyre; in fall of 1880, put up his own building and opened his present business, and does a busi ness of about $15,000 a year. In 1872 he married Miss Sadie Simmonds, of Winnebago Co. They have four children — Edith, Geneva, Freddie and Viola. T. B. McCOURT, hardware, Medford, was born in Buffalo, Erie Co., N. Y., Feb. 21, 1848 At six years of age he came with his parents to Oshkosh, Wis., where he received his educa tion. In the Spring of 1876 he came to Medford and opened his hardware store. At first was the only one interested in the busi ness, but the firm now is T. B. McCourt & Bros. They crrry a stock of $3,500, and do a business of $15,000 per annum. In 1869 he married Miss Frances J. Tarbell, of Weyauwega. They have three children — John, Genevieve and Paul R. Mr. McCourt held the office of Chairman of Town and County Board in 1877 and 1878; was Deputy Clerk of the Court from 1878 to the next January of 1882, and is the County Judge for Taylor County in 1882 and 1883. He opened the first business house on the west side of town. He is master of the A. O. U. W. and treasurer of the Temple of Honor ; also a member of the Catholic Church. A. J. PERKINS, real estate dealer, Medford, was born in Windsor Co., Uermont, Dec. 27, 1830 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1853, stopping in Jefferson Co., where he taught school; later he worked as carpenter and joiner ; he was at one time foreman of the Wisconsin Manufacturing Company; in 1874, he was elected County Clerk ; was re-elected in 187n ; moved to Medford in 1878 ; he owns a farm of eighty acres, having cleared forty ; he has a grocery which is managed by his only son, Frank M. In 1859 he was married to Miss Charlotte M. Winterling, of Germany ; he belongs to the I. O. O. F. and the Masons. GEORGE S. PHELPS, druggist, Medford, was born at Alburg Springs, Vt., Nov. 19, 1839; he came with his father to Wisconsin in 1855, and settled on a farm in|Pond du Lac? Co., on about 800 acres; in 1862, enlisted in the 2d Wis. Cav.; was mustered out of the service in 1865, as 2d Lieutenant; he then returned home to the farm, where he found his father raising fine stock ; in November, 1874, he came to Taylor Co., and located at Westboro ; in the spring of 1875, was elected Justice of the Peace ; moved to Medford, and opened his office ; became interested in the drug business with Dr. Hubble, until 1 877 ; the firm was G. S. Phelps & Co.; in 1879, he bought the entire business, which is worth $2,000 a year; in 1878, he was made Judge. In 1879, he mar ried Miss Eleanor Miller, of Greenbush, Wis., at the residence of 1030 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. W. P. Bartlett, in Eau Claire, Rev. E. E. Clough, performing the ceremony ; she was at that time a teacher in the High School of that place.; he and his wife belong to the M. E. Church, which they have helped to build up ; he has a land agency for some 25,- 000 acres, on which to locate the emigrants coming into and build ing up the State. JUDGE E. R. PRINK, farmer, Sec. 22, P. 0. Medford, was born in New York, March 12, 1824; he was reared near the Hud son River, where he had only common school education, and where he learned the carpenter trade, which he has followed together with farming and lumbering all his life. In 1845, he was married Miss Eleanor Brado, of Columbia Co.; he engaged in the lumber ing business at Albany, and in farming in Columbia Co.; in 1868, he went to Oshkosh, Wis., and worked at carpenter work till 1874, when he came to Medford and took 120 acres of Government land, which he now owns and farms; in 1876, he bought the Taylor County Star, but afterward, sold it ; he was appointed County Judge of Taylor Co. in 1874, and again in 1876, by Gov. Lud ington; hejwas in the mercantile business in 1878, but is now living on his farm ; he has three children — Jane, deceased ; Uretta A. and Edwin P. While Judge Prink was District Treasurer, he was the one that aided in putting up the fine school of Medford, securing the loan necessary to build. Mr. Prink was not in the army, but four of his brothers were. M. W. RYAN, restaurant and boarding-house, was born in Burlington, Vt., Dec. 10, 1847 ; moving to Bristol, Conn., went to school there, and came to Milwaukee. He received his early schooling in Waukesha, Wis., where his mother now lives. In 1860, he went on to the Lakes, and in 1861 attempted to go with the 28th Reg. W. V. I., as drummer boy. In 1863, in spite of his youth, he enlisted in Co. D, 3d W. V. C. He served till 1865, and was mustered out. In 1866, went to Oshkosh, then to Ft. Howard, and, in 1874, came to Medford; in 1877, he was elected Town Treasurer, which office he held for three years, and in 1878 and 1879 was Deputy Sheriff. In 1880, he opened his restaurant. He is now building a house on Front street, 60x26, at a cost of $2,000, to accommodate his increased business. In 1842, he married Miss Mary Wagner, of Waukesha. They have three children — Maggie, Mary E. and Nellie. He was the first Treasurer of both the I. O. 0. F. and the A. 0. U. W., and be longs to the Temple of Honor. WILLIAM SEEGER, livery stable, Medford, was born in Tonawanda, Erie Co., N. Y., March 7, 1842. He went with his parents to Sheboygan County in 1855, where they settled on a farm, in the town of Lina ; in 1857, he went to Manitowoc, and learned the butcher's trade. He enlisted, in 1861, in the 4th Wisconsin Cavalry, Co. C, and served till 1863, when he re-en listed, and was wounded at the battle of Morgana; was on the gunboat, Albatross, for six weeks, and returning to his regiment, on the 17th of November, 1864, was taken prisoner, but was paroled; went to Vicksburg anl then home, on sick furlough ; was mus tered out, at Madison, Wis.; returned to Sheboygan, and resumed his trade. In 1867, he married Miss Amelia Knoublack, of Sheboygan. On Nov. 15, 1874, he came to Medford and opened a butcher-shop, then kept the Central House, and finally began his present business. He has a branch at Spencer, Marathon Co. He was the first German settler in Taylor Co. They have three children — Artie, Lewis and William. He belongs to the United Workmen and the Odd Fellows; has been Supervisor and Deputy Sheriff. W. D. SMITH, furniture, Medford; was born in Tioga Co., Penn., August 27, 1830. The family moved to Tompkins Co , N. Y., in 1841, where he learned cabinet maker's trade. In 1862 he camo to Dane Co., Wis., and went into the employ of Govern ment, manufacturing officers' desks, etc. In 1 864 he losated in Columbia Co. and opened hotel in Cambria. A fire destroyed all he had, when he came to Medford and opened furniture store ; his wife having started a milliner shop. In 1855 he married Miss H. N. Murdot-k. They have two children — Josephine, now Mrs. Price, and Solomon. Mr. Smith has been School Treasurer for four years ; belongs to A. 0. U. W. and owns a farm of 40 acres. JAMES SEMPLE. Mr. Semple built the first mill in this county, in March, 1874. He got the mill in operation, and ran it until July 20, when Messrs. Whelen & Robinson were admitted as partners. Mr. Semple was born in Lower Canada, near Montreal and went to Granby to school. The family afterward moved to Massachusetts, and finally to Oshkosh, where the brothers and mother still reside. He was a man very much liked by his men and, had he lived, would have been a leading citizen. He died in September, 1874. J. B. THOMPSON, general store, Medford; was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., Oct. 2, 1847. His father, in 1856, moved the family to Racine, Wis., where he remained till 1861, when they went to Milwaukee ; here he learned the shoe maker's trade. In 1865 he went to Waupaca Co. and opened a wagon factory with his father. Later he went to Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Missouri, returning to Milwaukee. In 1879 he came to Medford, opening business as Van Ornum & Thompson. In 1881 assumed the business himself; his stock amounts to about $2,500 and his business $10,000 a year. In 1870 he married Miss Betsy Ann Rowen, of Norihport, Waupaca Co. They have three children — Ida May, Chester Levi, and Luna Ann. Mr. Thompson belongs to the Temple of Honor. E. L. URQUHART, Sheriff of Taylor Co., Medford; was born in Canada, Jan. 15, 1846. He went to McGill College, and in 1865 removed to Franklin Co., N. Y., and engaged in farming for awhile; he next went to Michigan and lumbered in Muskegan. In 1876 he eame to Westboro, Taylor Co., where he was engaged in the same business till 1880. 1878 and '79 he was chairman of Town and County Board and resigned when elected Sheriff in 1879. In 1874 he married Miss Catherine Devereux, of Canada. They have three boys — Kenneth J., Lionel L. and Norman A. Mr. Urquhart is a Master of the Masonic Lodge and P. G. of the I. O. 0. F.; also a member of the A. 0. U. W. J. H. WHEELOCK, clerk, Medford; was born in Milwau kee, Wis., August 26, 1852. When ten years of age his parents moved to Washington Co. In 1858 they went to Waukesha Co., where he attended the school known as St. John's Hall. Going to Mineral Point he entered Dr. R. D. Pulford's drug store ; his health failing in 1865 he went South, and was employed on the railroads. He remained there ten years and then came to Green Bay, and from there to Medford in June, 1876. He was Town Clerk and Justice in 1877 and '78, and was connected with the news paper till Jan. 1, 1880, when he tojk the office of Deputy Treas urer for Taylor Co. He was married in 187 1, but lost his wife and was married again in 1880, to Miss Fannie Wheeler, of Wisconsin. Mr. Wheelock is an Odd Fellow, belongs to the Temple of Honor and is a member of the Episcopal Church. T. C. WHELEN ; born in New York State ; when a young man came to Oshkosh and afterward to Fort Howard, and from there to Medford in the spring of 1874, and went into the firm that was building the mill and was interested in it until his death, which was Sept. 27, 1876, at the age of thirty-one years. He had, six years before, married Lizzie, a daughter of David Mc Cartney, whom he left with a daughter. Mr. Whelen was an en terprising man and did everything in his power to build up the place, and had valuable plans for its improvement at the time of his death. He was a great loss to Medford. CHELSEA. This place was settled in 1874. It is eleven miles north of Medford on the railroad. It has between four hundred and five hundred inhabitants. The first settlers were inclined to be enterprising, and in 1875 offered to give away every second lot in the village to actual settlers. TT Among the early settlers were Abram Taylor, C. H. Gerhart, C. H. McNaughten, Daniel Shay, Ed Gerow, Roy HISTORY OF TAYLOR COUNTY. 1031 and Leon King, C. Hibbard, Adolphus Perry, J. T. Fre- dan, H. C. Shearer, A. Jadoine. The village is near the north line of the town. Mr. A. Taylor built the mill, which cuts thirty-five thou sand to forty thousand a day of lumber and shingles. The lumber mill is the basis of the village prosperity. Mr. Taylor is Postmaster, the office having been estab lished in 1877, and the first quarter the office realized $4.58. It now sells stamps to the amount of about $60a quarter. Railroad Business. — J. F. Crosby is station agent. Cash per month for frieght at $225 ; forwarded, $4,000 ; Passengers at $200. General Merchandise. — J. B. Anderson, Woodward & Morris, A. Taylor, L. W. Marshall. Hotels. — Chelsea House. C. H. Gearhart built a hotel in 1874, which he still occupies, with Mrs. Gerhart as matron. The Star Hotel started in 1877, L. A. Burley, proprietor. Blacksmith — W. II. Haight. Boots and Shoes. — Schriner & Co. Two saloons. Large quantities of ties, telegraph poles and hemlock bark are shipped here in addition to the lumber and shingles. The village is laid out east of the track with three blocks and six streets, Front, Second, up and down the railroad, and North, Pine, Hemlock and Taylor for cross streets. There are good schools, but, as yet, no churches, the town still being a missionary field for the home department. Within a radius of six miles of Chelsea there are 50,000 acres of heavily timbered hemlock lands, which will yield at least four cords of bark per acre, which would be 200,000 cords of tanning material. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN B. ANDERSEN, merchant, Chelsea, was loom in Livingston Co., N. Y., May 26, 1847 ; was engaged in teaching before leaving there. He enlisted in Co. G, 104th N. Y. V. I., and was wounded in the hip at the battle of Gettysburg. It was about two mouths before he was able to walk. In 1866 he went to Allegan, Mich., into a lumber-yard as salesman. From there he went to Chicago, in 1869, and entered the hardwood lumber business. In 1872 he commenced clearing the right of way for the railroad, where Auburndale now is, and went to scaling logs in the woods ; has worked for Mike Walters, for J. K. Hayward and McCartney. In 1875 he came to Chelsea and assisted in organ izing the town. In the fall of 1875 he was appointed Town Clerk on the occasion of the death of S. Berry ; held the office up to 1881 ; is now Justice of the Peace and Superintendent of Schools. In 1880 he built his store and dwelling; carries stock of $5,000, and does a business of $13,000 a year. In 1880 he was married to Miss A. Ripley, of Centralia, Wood Co. He is a mem ber of the I. O. O. F., the A. O. U. W. and the Temple of Honor. L. A. BURBEY hotel, Chelsea, was born in Lower Canada June 15, 1849. When a child he came with his parents to Manitowoc Co., where they lived on a farm. In 1870 he went to Medford, and from there went to Phillips, and soon after came to Chelsea. In 1877 he opened a hotel. He was appointed Deputy Town Clerk under Anderson, and was elected, in 1878, to the office. In 1879 he was elected Chairman of the Town Board, and of the County Board for 1880-81 ; has been Justice of the Peace. He is now dealing in bark. In 1879 he bought 160 acres of land. He raised a crop of potatoes there for his hotel use, and carried them on his back from the field to the hotel. His first wife died, leaving two children — Alfred A. and Lewis E. He was married again in 1875, to Miss Margaret Ellie, whose father was one of the first settlers of Manitowoc Co. They have had three children — Andrew, Mary Elizabeth and Clara (deceased). He belongs to the I. O. O. F., the A. O. U. W. and tlie Temple of Honor ; is a member of the Catholic Church. J. D. FURDUN, restaurant, Chelsea, was born in Sullivan Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1845. In 1862 he enlisted in Co. F, 143d N. Y. V. I., and was mustered out in 1865. His father had served in the same company and was discharged on account of his disability. They moved to Calumet, Wis., and then to Waushara Co. While here he was married, in 1868, to Miss Anna Purdun. In 1875 they came to Chelsea and took a homestead of 160 acres, which he traded for his town property. They have two children — Charles aud Ella May. Mr. Furdun has been on the Town Board of 1 880, and is a member of the Temple of Honor. C. H. GEARHART, hotel, Chelsea, was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., May 2, 1829. He remained on the farm until he came to Wisconsin to engage in milling. In February, 1855, he went to Portage Co., where he took a piece of Government land and farmed it in connection with milling. He remained here till 1863, when he enlisted in the 6th Wis. Battery Light Artillery; served till 1865, when he was granted a leave of absence on ac count of disability. He opened the Greenfield House in Plain- field. In 1874 he came to Chelsea and built the first hotel in the place, keeping his boarders in a shanty till it was completed. On Jan. 21, 1851, he married Miss Louisa Taber, of Livingston Co., N. Y. They have four children living, and have lost two — Charles B. and John F. Those living are— Albert A., Alfred Vinton, George L. and O. Nahaniel. Mr. Gearhart was the first Supervisor of the town ; was District Clerk when the school- house was built, and Justice. He belongs to the Temple of Honor, being the first member from Chelsea. W. H. HAIGHT, farmer, Sec. 12, P. O. Chelsea, was born in Toronto, Canada, April 10, 1846. In 1865 he came to Wiscon sin ; located at Green Bay, engaged in lumbering, and in 1876 he went to Westboro. where he opened the Central House of that place. In 1881 he came to his farm to recruit his lost health. In 1868 he married Miss Haight, of Canada. DAVID MONTOUR, saloon, Chelsea, was born in Upper Canada, Feb. 15, 1853. His parents came to Wisconsin in 1855, and located in DePere, Brown Co., where he attended school. His first employment was in lumbering. In 1874 he moved to Little Black, Taylor Co., and moved to Chelsea in 1876. He began his present business in 1880, and has just erected a house in the vil lage, 24x40 and two stories high, fur business and residence. In 1878 he married Miss Julia Sheff, of Medford. They have one child, Francis. He owns a farm of 75 acres. LEON' ROY, lumberman, Chelsea ; was born in Quebec, Canada, June 4, 1853. In 1870 he went to Detroit, Mich., then to Minnesota and finally to Portage Co. He belonged to a sur veying party and located in Chelsea, opening a grocery store, and after awhile began lumbering. He has been Assessor for four years past, and belongs to the A. O. U. W. H. C. SHEARER, farmer, Sec. 2, P. O. Chelsea ; was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., July 29, 1849. In 1866 he went to Kent Co., Mich., and engaged in lumbering. In 1871 he went to San Francisco but returned to Wisconsin and began lumbering in the northern part of the State. He then came to Chelsea and worked awhile in the mill and since has been lumbering and farm ing. He bought his farm of 101 acres in 1877, and another of 70 acres. He has about 20 acres cleared and improved. He was Chairman of the Town Board in 1876 and '77 ; Town Treasurer from 1878 to '81, and belongs to the Temple of Honor. In 1879, April 26, he married Miss Evalina Eastling, of Sauk Co. They have three children — Belle, Marden and an infant. ABRAM TAYLOR, lumberer and mill owner, Chelsea ; was born in Grafton Co., New Hampshire, August 29, 1822. His early life was passed on a farm; in 1855 he came to Wisconsin and has followed mercantile business since; he first settled in Ft. Howard, Brown Co. In 1874 he came to Chelsea and built his mill, living meanwhile in a car standing on the track, as there was no train through for weeks. The mill has a capacity of 40,000 of lumber and 80,000 of shingles a day. L. M. Marshall now has a share in the business. Mr. Taylor has a store in connection 1032 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. with the mill. In 1861 he enlisted in the 12th Wis. Vol., Co. H, and in 1862 was discharged on account of his disability, and re turned to Fort Howard ; he helped in organizing the town of Chelsea ; he has a homestead of 160 acres on Sec. 6, in the town of Chelsea, 42 acres clear and 31 under cultivation ; he is locating the emigrants as fast as they arrive, furnishing them with houses and work, and thus peopling this section of the State. In 1847 he married Miss Martha Young, of New Hampshire. They have one son — Carl I. Mr. Taylor is a member of the Masonic fraternity and also of the Baptist Church. WM. R. TUTTLE, farmer, Chelsea ; was born in Oswego Co, N. Y, Nov. 23, 1848. In 1869 he went to Sheboygan Co, and soon after to the mines in Michigan, where he worked at the trade of carpenter ; he then went to Green Bay, Wis., and began lum bering. In 1874 he came to Taylor Co., first to Chelsea, then to Westboro, and finally to Medford. In 1876 he married Mrs. Honeywell; in 1877 returned to Chelsea and took a homestead of 40 acres and bought 40 in the town of Westboro, and also house and lot in Chelsea. He works at the carpenter's trade and lum bering in connection with farming ; he belongs to the Temple of Honor. WESTBORO. A village near the northern boundary of the county, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad. The earliest settlers here were in 1874, C. C. Palmer, Peter Campbell, Nelson Salno. A mill was built by J. Duncan, William Taylor and James Richie. It subsequently fell into the sole ownership of J. Duncan. In 1876, H. Haight built a hotel, which he still occupies. C. C. Palmer kept a hotel for several years, but does not now entertain guests. John Duncan is Postmaster. There is a Temple of Honor in town, in good standing. There is a good school, taught by Miss Hattie Hull. Westboro is on the west side of the railroad, and has Front, Second and Hurd streets north and south, and North, Center and River streets east and west. Silver Creek runs through the southern part of the village. There are two saw-mills in Westboro, John Duncan's and C. C. Palmer's. General merchandise, John Duncan ; groceries and pro visions, C. H. Palmer. There are three saloons. Hotels, Central, G. Bonneville ; Star Hotel, N. Salno. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ALPHONSE BONNEVILLE, hotel, Westboro, was born at Brazier's Falls, N. Y, Jan. 12, 1842; while yet a boy he moved with his parents to the neighborhood of Montreal, upon a farm, where he remained till 1859, he then went into the woods and on the river ; in 1868, he went to Green Bay and built a hotel and lumbered some; June, 17, 1881, he opened his present hotel. In 1859, he married Lydia Bushoward, of Canada. They have six children — lida, Fredelevis, Almira, Leon, Sinda and baby Silia. They belong to the Catholic Church. PETER CAMPBELL, hotel, Westboro, was born in South Hampton, Mass., April 5, 1834; moved to Nova Scotia, where he was employed in a ship yard, and then to Wisconsin in 1852 ; in 1868, he began lumbering for himself, and in 1874, came to West boro and was occupied with various enterprises until 1877, when he opened the Campbell House, of which he is now proprietor. In 1875, he married Miss Gertrude E. Woodbridge, of Kenosha, Wis, then Mrs. Cone ; she has two children — Hattie and Oscar Cone ; he was Assessor in 1874, and belongs to the Masonic Lodge of Steven's Point. STERLING D. CONE, manufacturer of lumber, Westboro, was born in Dodge Co, Wis, Aug. 4, 1848; in 1874, was en gaged in'clerking, and then in a hotel with his father, after which he learned telegraphing and went into the employ of the Central Company, at Steven's Point ; in 1874, he took the station of West boro. being one of the first settlers of the village ; August, 1878, went into the mercantile business, and afterward built this mill, having a capacity of 30,000 feet of lumber and 35,000 of shingles. In 1870, he married Miss Mattie Morrison, of Ogdensburg, N. Y. They have had six children — Wm. D, deceased ; Harrie ; twin babes, deceased ; Winifred and the baby, not named. Mr. Cone has been Town Treasurer for two years, and Town Clerk since the town formed in 1876. JOHN DUNCAN, manufacturer, Westboro, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, June 9, 1826 ; came to Milwaukee in 1851, and worked as a machinist until 1867, when he went into the shops of the St. Paul, Chicago & Minneapolis R. R. ; while there sent out sixteen locomotives ; in 1870, he bought a share in a ma chine shop in Fort Howard; in 1876 he established himself in Westboro. He erected his large mill in the year 1874; it has a capacity of 100,000 shingles and 50,000 feet of lumber a day. In 1849, April 13, he married Miss Margaret McEwing, of Greenock, Scotland. They have had a family of six — Thomas, with his father ; Archibald, in the shop in Ft. Howard ; his twin brother, John, not living ; Wm, in the store, and Alexander, not living. Mr Duncan and wife are members of the Baptist Church. ANTOINE FOURINER, saloon, Westboro, was born in Franklin Co, N. Y, Oct. 9, 1855. He went to Collingwood, Canada, where he was engaged in lumbering, and then to Mar quette, Mich, where he worked about the mines. From there he went to Menominee, and thence to Oshkosh. He began his pres ent business in May, 1881. He is a member of the Catholic Church. JOHN B. JACOBS, Jr., book-keeper with J. Duncan, West boro, was born in Marinette, Wis, Jan. 17, 1849, where he lived with his parents until 1867. His grandmother settled there in 1830. He then went to Green Bay, where he acquired his edu cation, graduating at a Spencerian College. He entered the em ploy of Mr. Duncan eleven years ago ; was in the foundry till 1877, and then in Westboro, where he is book-keeper. Mr. Jacobs has been Town Treasurer, Deputy Treasurer and Chairman of the Board of Supervisors. He is a Catholic. C. H. PALMER, lumberman, Westboro, was born in Susque hanna Co., Penn.; was engaged in lumbering and farming, and came to Waukesha Co., Wis, in 1858, where he also engaged in farming. In 1872 he moved to Roxbury and kept a boarding- house, and in 1874 settled in Westboro, being the first settler in the village. He built a hotel and kept it till 1878, when he went into a saw-mill with S. D. Cone. In 1880 he sold his interest. He married Miss James, of Susquehanna Co, Penn. They have one son, Clarence, who was born in Waukesha Co., Wis, in 1859, where he attended school and finished at the Madison University in 1877. He now has control of the grocery store. NELSON SALVO, saloon, Westboro, was born in East Canada Aug. 9, 1848. There he remained till April 13, 1865, when he went to Green Bay and engaged in lumbering. In 1874 he came to Westboro, cleared trees and stumps from his lot and built and opened a saloon. He now has a boarding-house and farms, owning 160 acres in the town of Westboro and a farm in the adjoining town. Mr. Salvo was on the Town Board for three years ; was Town Treasurer for 1880, and held other offices. In 1877 he married Maria Thorson, of Steven's Point. They have two children — Laura L. and Edna M. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. STETSONVILLE is three miles from the southern boundary of the county, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad. It has a post office established in 1875. The present Postmaster is Peter Lib erty. The mill here is owned and operated by E. K. Buttrick. B. B. George has a store, as there also is with the mill. There are several residences, and there is plenty of room in all directions for growth. HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. 1033 TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. NATURAL FEATURES. This is one of the western tier of counties of the State, and is bounded on the north by Eau Claire County, on the east by Jackson County, on the south by La Crosse County and the Mississippi River, and on the west by Buffalo County. The surface of the county is almost equally diversified, being divided into high rolling prairie, level low lands, sharp, rocky bluffs and long ridges and ravines. Generally speaking, the county has excellent water-ways, being watered by Trempe aleau River, and Beayer and Elk Creek and their tributaries, on all of which superior mill power is afforded, that has been generally availed of for the erection of both saw and grist mills. Along these streams are narrow valleys of fertile land, smiling among the somber hills, upon which they fat ten by the aid of nature's perpetual washings. Upon the summit of these ridges, the land is not so fertile as in the valleys, but becomes so as it approaches the prairie, some of which is of large dimensions, and presents excellent oppor tunities to the husbandman. In addition to the streams mentioned, there are numerous springs, creeks and rivulets, which furnish drainage for the country through which they pass, and some of which afford slight water power. The county also contains mineral springs, the medicinal qualities of which have been exam ined and analyzed by chemical experts, who pronounce them superior. The soil is generally of a sandy loam interspersed with some swamp land, adapted to the growing of hay, and at certain points a clay loam. In some portions of the county there is an inconvenient destitution of timber, but is being rapidly grown, and will in time promise an abundance of material for building and other purposes. Wheat, corn, clover, etc., find their chosen home in the soil of its hillsides and valleys, and properly alternating, its fertility will doubtless he prolonged indefinitely. In fruits, the county is regarded as peculiarly favored, orchards having been suc cessfully established in all parts, apples, plums, etc., being grown in abundance. Two railroads cross the county in opposite directions, the Green Bay & Minnesota from west to east, and the Northwestern from north to south in the western part of the county, affording valuable means for the shipment of and the development of the internal wealth of the sections through which they pass. The apparent geological stratum is Potsdam sandstone. Along the streams it is cut into irregular forms and rises in places into jagged peaks and ridges between. Trem pealeau River and other streams have worn for themselves a winding bed, giving to some portions of the county scen ery both rugged and romantic. In some portions of the county azoic granite is the characteristic, with the underly ing rocks to a depth unknown of fossiliferous sandstone, resulting as already suggested in a sandy loam, very sandy in some places, and in others a clay loam, with here and there granite bowlders. The mounds visible at nearly every point of the compass produce a pleasing effect upon the landscape and where they have been excavated, prehistoric remains were thrown out. In 1860, one of the groups of mounds on Judge Gale's place, near Galesville, was excavated in the center to the surface of the surrounding prairie, when bone dust mixed with earth, and a small quantity of hair were found. At the same time Dr. Young excavated a small hole in one of the group and was rewarded by the discovery of a human skull. The excavation was enlarged, and upon digging deeper a skeleton was found which had evidently been bur ied in a kneeling position. These mounds are uniform in size and appearance, being from thirty to forty feet in diameter, three or four feet high, circular in plan and dome-like in elevation. In one of these groups there were four effigies discovered, three of ani mals and one of the human form. The animals were about sixty feet long, almost exactly alike in size and form, and laid with their heads to the east. That of the human form lay in a recumbent position with arms outspread, and was thirty- two feet in length. Another group a few yards distant con tained five figures of the animal above mentioned and a tur tle. On the grounds of Galesville University was a figure probably intended to represent a bear thirty-five feet long, and about forty rods north of this another figure resembling a horse seventy feet in length. The general prevalence in Wisconsin of the existence of these mounds have excited no inconsiderable interest in the minds of scientists since their discovery was first made. Nearly every county has these interesting vestiges of a nu merous people long since gone to rest, about whose history there pends a veil — an impenetrable mystery — of whom the later Indian tribes possessed neither knowledge, myth or tradition. Those in Trempealeau County are as numerous as elsewhere, and when opened have been found to contain spear and arrow heads, human bones and sometimes pot tery. They are so common it might be said as to excite little interest among those who have resided in the county for any length of time, and are driven over and plowed up as if but a rise in the ground, not all that remains of the history of a past race. To this country then did emigrants direct their wander ings at a day now almost fifty years gone by, to establish that which protects all and oppresses none — a home ; that sanc tuary of the human family which contains all of purity, all of government and all of religion in this world— a well ordered, God blessed home. SETTLEMENT. The first settlement of the present county of Trempea leau is to some extent shrouded in doubt. That traders visited this section at a period anterior to that upon which the first settlement alleged to have been perfected was un dertaken, no one can dispute. But that any came in to lo- 1034 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. cate permanently and devote their energies to the building- up of the county is still an open question. Tradition relates that as early as 1836 an -adventurous but educated gentleman came hither on a prospecting tour, and so well pleased was he with the the appearance of the country and its surroundings that he determined to locate and did locate on Trempealeau Lake. This, however, is not confirmed by evidence that can be termed irresistible. Two years later, it is claimed, Jean Baptiste Bouville located near the present village of Trempealeau. If these statements are founded upon fact, Gavin and Bouville pre ceded by two years what is universally received as the first settlement made in the county. In 1840, according to the best evidence of which the claim is susceptible, James Reed landed from his pirogue, in which he had floated down the Mississippi, and having made' fast the majestic boat, began an exploration of the region immediately contiguous to the subsequent village of Trempealeau. He was a Kentuckian, it is said, and prompted at an early age by that spirit of adventure inherited time out of mind by the natives of that historic commonwealth, fretted under the restraints imposed in the older settled regions, and fled to the wilderness of the West. After a continued residence among the Indians, trading and trapping, the desire to locate, to settle down as it were, seemed to have possessed him utterly, and while moved by these admoni tions he floated down the Father of Waters in quest of a locality where he would be able to realize his modest ambi tion. Under such circumstances, as the story goes, Mr. Reed, in the full flush of health and strength, though past the meridian of life, a man of indomitable will, wonder ful nerve, and of a quality of courage indigenous, it would seem, to those who excelled in the early history of the West, found himself opposite the present village in the spring of 1840. A canvass of the surroundings confirmed his inclination to remain, and accordingly he set his stakes and prepared to build a house, which was in time completed. It stood on the present site of Krebs' hardware store, and after service as the residence of its builder, and subsequently as the Washington Hotel, was taken down and its timbers applied to other uses. Mr. Reed, in his old age, removed to his farm further east from the river, where he died, having sur vived to witness the success which followed his efforts, and to see the wilderness blossom as the rose. There were no other arrivals during 1840, so far as can be ascertained. Indeed, during the decade beginning with that year, the arrivals were less numerous than can now be witnessed in a single month. Those who came confined their observations to the site of the future village of Trempealeau, and if one can, the efforts ' they made toward the development of the country by the reports which have been handed down in that behalf^ there was little accomplished. The fact of- the matter is, that about this time La Crosse was coming to the front, and no one was permitted to leave there who would listen to the persuasive eloquence of J. M. Levy or Scoots Miller. Some few of them slipped through, however, in spite of the periods of these silvery-tongued orators, but a majority went to Black River and began to court fortune in the lumber and logging camps. As a result, during the period above indicated, i. e., from 1850 until 1851, the arrivals embraced A. Chevevert, Paul Grig non, William Bunnell and Charles Perkins — a solitary quartette — who located at Trempealeau Village and began the struggle for life in that then frontier town. - It might here be observed that this struggle for life meant not only to provide means for the procurement of meat and drink, but also to estop the attacks of rattlesnakes of which there were an unaccountable number hidden in the weeds through which paths leading from the bluffs to the river were beaten — waiting for victims. From 1848 until 1851, the population of the county was not visibly increased. Occasionally a solitary trapper ran the gamut of its limits, and it is barely possible that some came in and entered, or rather possessed themselves of, lands in northern or western Trempealeau. But the record of permanent settlements during this interim is defi cient. Indeed the settlement of any portion of the county was comparatively slow, and it was not until 1870 that the last township in the county was defined by metes and bounds. In the latter year, the initial movement which culminated in the building-up of the county was begun with the arrival of B. F. Heuston, who settled in the present village of Trempealeau, and with Ira S. Hammond erected the first frame warehouse, it is believed, built in the county. It still stands on Front street opposite the river bank, though in a dilapidated condition, a ruined wreck, if such term can be to it applied, of days that were pregnant with promise as compared with days that since have come of the future and departed into the past. That winter, others came in, and among them was Mrs. A. A. Angell, the first white woman to become part of the population of the county. Throughout the summer, the accessions to the number of inhabitants were far from numerous, and all who came set tled at Trempealeau and in the vicinity. In the fall, James Reed, who was a Justice of the Peace, married Paul Grig non, his step-son, to Madeline, his own daughter. This was the first marriage in the county it is believed, as no one can be found who is familiar with another ceremony of a similar character either personally or by report. The following spring some arrivals were noted, though they were few and far between, and, settling about Trem pealeau, their names and the date of their arrivals will be found in the history of that village. In the summer of 1852, the monotony of the season was varied by the celebra tion of the national anniversary of American Independ ence, which took place at Trempealeau in the garret of Heuston & Hammond's warehouse, which was attended by the citizens of the county, who as already stated, re sided almost exclusively in the village. The ceremonies were of a character appropriate to the occasion, unattended by those dissipations which in subsequent years became prominent features of the day. This year the village of Trempealeau was formally laid out into lots in the belief that purchasers would arrive during the years immediately ensuing, and command ready sale at prices that should com pensate those who had been instrumental in procuring the survey. This year two came, Miss Catharine Davidson, the second young lady to visit the county, a young lady by the name of Mary Huff having- preceded her a few weeks; also the Rev. Mr. Watts, the first minister of the Gospel. He was assigned to this district by the Methodist Confer ence of Wisconsin, but if reports concerning his labors are to be taken as evidence of his value, Mr. Watts was neither as persuasive as his illustrious namesake, nor as successful a disciple of Wesley as that distinguished divine could have HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. i°35 wished. He is said to have scarcely undertaken the work set before him, though the harvest was ready, but employed his time in visiting portions of his circuit where the hard ships were comparatively light, and the needs of spiritual service comparatively limited. In the fall of 1852 a son was born to Isaac Noyes and wife, in the second story of Heuston & Hammond's ware house on Front street. The event is worthy of notice, inas much as the claim is made that the first birth in the county was Gilbert 0. McGiloray, a son of Alexander McGiloray. The subject was referred to at a meeting of old settlers convened a year or more since, and the verdict was rendered that the claim of Mr. McGil- vroy, Jr., to this distinguished honor was well founded. Further investigation, however, made by Mr. Heuston, serves to dissipate this conclusion and award the prize to the son of Mr. Noyes, born as above stated in the fall of 1852. In support of this conclusion the following statement of births in the first years of the county has been prepared by Mr. Heuston, and is submitted : A son to Isaac Noyes and wife, born in the fall of 1852, and now deceased. A son to Mr. and Mrs. Marshall, also of Trempealeau, born in the spring of 1853, also deceased. A girl to Mr. and Mrs. Alva Wood in the fall of 1853, about which time Gilbert P. McGilvroy was born, as also during the same fall were born Ella Heuston and a child to Mr. Culhety, both residing near Galesville, and Lizzie, a daughter to Jacob Holmes, of Trempealeau. The latter resides in California. Miss Heuston is deceased, and the others, it is believed, " still live." From this it will be seen that the claim made for McGil vroy is not entirely predicated upon premises altogether cor rect. The winter of 1852-53 was passed without the happen ing of any event worthy of mention as affecting ultimate results, or of speculation as to what might have been had the case been different. The population of the entire coun ty was less than three-quarters of a hundred with the dawn of New Year's Day, 1853, and throughout that year the situation as it existed on New Year's Day was not material ly changed. In February, B. F. Heuston and Catharine Davidson were married ; the first ceremony of the kind to take place among the white residents of the county. In the fall of the same year they removed to a cabin near the present village of Galesville, and were among the first, if not the first to settle permanently in the town afterward laid out and known as the town of Gale. This year also Judge Gale laid off the village of Galesville. In this connection it may be stated that the first ball ever known to have been given in the county occurred in the winter of 1853. Dr. Young, who was interested in procuring the location of the county seat at Galesville, was abroad on the prairie between the latter point and Trem pealeau, obtaining signatures to a petition for that purpose. The night was intensely disagreeable, and the cold blasts, laden with particles of sleet, beat fiercely in his face. Blind ed and bewildered by the fury of the storm, the Doctor lost his reckoning and for a brief period wandered aimlessly about the prairie. At this juncture his sense of hearing was greeted by notes of music borne on the wintry winds, which proceeded from the direction of Trempealeau. He turned him about at once, and upon tracing them to their source ascertained that they came from a "fiddle" execra bly manipulated by a settler who with bow in hand was keeping time to the steps of dancers in a log cabin on the old road to Trempealeau. The name of the host cannot be recalled, but the company assembled embraced the major portion of the population of the county, whites and half- breeds, who danced until daylight, and the doctor, for the time being forgetting his business in hand, became one of the merry-makers. ORGANIZATION. In 1853, Marvin James and Wesley Pierce, who were at MontQville, now Trempealeau, in 1852, established them selves at Waumandee, and at the extra session of the Leg islature in July, procured an act setting off Buffalo County from the west part of Jackson County. The citizens of Buffalo were in high glee at this ma neuver, arguing that Buffalo County was set off in such a manner as left no chance for the formation of a new county between it and La Crosse. But Judge Gale visited Madi son and perfected plans by which these conclusions were thoroughly overturned. The constitution provides that the Legislature shall not divide a county comprising less than nine hundred square miles. Buffalo was within that limit and stood directly in the way of the occomplishment of that scheme. To avoid this, Judge Gale, at the regular session of 1854, had a portion of Chippewa County on the north annexed to Buffalo, thus enlarging the latter to the desira ble area ; ho then appropriated its two eastern tiers of town ships, took one tier from Jackson and divesting La Crosse of its trans-Black River northwest corner, made the pres ent county of Trempealeau. The bill providing for its cre ation was adopted by the Legislature without delay, and in 1854 Trempealeau became a county de facto as also de jure. On March 11, of the same year, the town board of the town of Montoville convened with Horace E. Owen as chair man, Isaac Noyes and William Nicholls as Supervisors and Charles Cameron, Clerk. At this meeting the town of Gale was set off with the proviso that the first town meeting be held at the house of B. F. Heuston, on April first following ; it was also declared that all territory not of Gale be attached to the town of Montoville. At a meeting of the County Board, held in May, at which George Batchelder presided, William M. Young was appointed Clerk, and Charles Utter, Treasurer, the same to serve until the regular election, which was directed to be holden, in November following. Charles Utter was also appointed a Commissioner, to act with the Commissioner from Jackson County, in laying put roads from Montoville to Black River Falls, via Beaver Creek, and one to Doug lass' Mills, now North Bend. Thus was the towns of the county organized. In Sep tember, 1854, B. F. Heuston was elected County Judge, and in November, the following county officers were elected : Charles Utter, District Attorney; Ira E. Moore, Sheriff; George H. Smith, Clerk of the Court ; Charles Utter, Clerk of the Board; A. W. Armstrong, Register; Hollister Wright, Treasurer; George J. Turton, Surveyor; and William Adams, Coroner. There were forty-four votes cast, thirty-six in Montoville, and eight in Gale. George H. Smith appointed Dr. William M. Young Deputy Clerk, and Hollister Wright made John Nicholls his clerk, to perform the duties of County Treasurer. 1036 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Thus was the county organized. The appropriations made by the County Board at its first annual meeting, in November, 1854, aggregated $1,- 124.15, of which $500 were for bridges. The following year, $2,352.24 were appropriated for county expenses, in addition to a school tax of $69.21, and the valuation of property assessed at $71,038, was equalized by the State Board at $149,093. For fully one year, the towns of Montoville and Gale comprehended the entire county, but on November 24, 1855, the town of Preston was laid off, the subsequent town apportionments being as follows : Arcadia, November 21, 1856 ; Caledonia, November 11, 1857 ; also the town of Sumner ; Chase set off from the town of Sumner No vember, 1860 ; also the town of Lincoln ; Ettrick, December, 1862 ; Burnside, December, 1863 ; Hale, in February, and Chase, 1864 ; the latter, however, being subsequently vacated, and restored to Sumner ; Albion, June 20, 1870 ; Dodge and Pigeon, January 5, 1875, and Unity, November 20, 1877. The events of 1855, included the organization of a Board of Trustees for the building and government of Gale University, and settlements throughout various portions of the county, principally about Arcadia, Ettrick, Lincoln, etc. Improvements were completed as rapidly as lumber and service could be procured, and considerable progress, considering the length of time the county had been inhab ited, was being made in farming. In October of this year occurred what is believed to have been the first death in the county — an infant daughter of B. F. and Catharine Heuston, who were then residing near Galesville. During the winter of 1855-56, there were no arrivals nor changes in the condition of affairs as they had existed previously. In April, of the latter year, an election for Circuit Judge took place, at which 138 ballots were cast in Trempealeau County. On the 29th of the same month and year, the first term of the Circuit Court was held at Galesville, Wiram Knowlton presiding, with A. M. Brandenburg, Sheriff, and G. H. Smith, Clerk. The court sat one day and the pro ceedings were limited to the admission to practice of Ro- manzo Bunn, the first attorney in the county. The session was held in the lower part of the court house, then in proc ess of building, by Isaac Noyes and Amasa Webb. The premises were completed and accepted on July 23, of this year, and were first occupied for judicial purposes, on Octo ber 28 following, when Judge Knowlton began the October term of court. The docket contained two cases, one of which was non-suited, and the other continued. At the same session, John F. Brewin and Christian Schmitz were admitted citizens of the United States. The arrivals were numerous, particularly at Trempealeau, where a company from Pittsburgh located and began the building of a planing- mill on a scale which would compare favorably with those that have since been built in the lumber regions of Northern Wisconsin. Settlements were also made about Independ ence, Osseo, and at other points, while those already estab lished were prospering in a manner that must have been gratifying to the residents. This year the ubiquitous Mormon attempted a settle ment in Traverse Valley. The delegation included Dr. Traverse, the high priest, with John Raymond, Theodore Hutchins, Elder Post, Elder Ilickey, Nathan Daniels and Jesse and Lovell Kidder, saints. They are said to have practiced secretly what the sect now argue as indispensable to a complete communion with the deity of the Mormon Church, but in time began quarreling among themselves, and after burning their property disappeared. The year was without notable events, the good times continuing until 1857, when the financial stringency experienced in that year was sensibly felt in Trempealeau County. Pro visions rose in price beyond the reach of any but the more independent, and during the winter, in some portions, the inhabitants preferred game, which included bear, deer, elk, etc., to paying the extravagant prices asked for pork, bacon and other edibles which are classified under the head of "provisions." This year also the mill at Galesville was fully in operation, and the settlers who had previously obtained their flour at LaCrosse, Prairie du Chien and else where, were, able to secure accommodations nearer home. During 1858 and 1859, some progress was made in the de velopment of the internal resources of the county. Roads were built, farms opened, improvements completed, etc. Business became more general in the villages, and Trem pealeau became the shipping-point for wheat from this sec tion of the State. In the former year, the Trempealeau Times, the first paper to be published in the county, was established, a college building was commenced at Galesville, and the preparatory department opened in the spring of 1859. In the same year, the Trempealeau Agricultural Society was organized, and at the annual exhibition held in 1859, the Rev. Samuel Fallows, since elevated to the Bish opric of the Methodist Church, delivered the address. The war came, producing an effect similar to that to be observed in other portions of the country. Trempealeau County was prompt and liberal in responding to the calls made by the National Executive for men and money, but the material advancement of the county was retarded in conse quence. This, aggravated by the New Ulm massacre and consequent fright to settlers, particularly in the townships bordering upon the Mississippi, did much to prevent the rapid growth which was obtained in the past ten years. Many settlers in the town of Hale were obliged to seek safety in flight from their homes, and took refuge in the houses of the Markhams, Cripps, and others at points distant from the apprehended danger. The Winnebago Indians, it is believed, took part in this bloody emeute, for they left Trempealeau a short time prior to its happening, and upon their return were laden with powder, calicos, household utensils, etc. Soon after, they were removed, and though there are still representatives of the tribe residing in the county, the greater portion of them have since been re moved beyond the Mississippi. During the past ten years the growth and enrichment of the county has been gradual but substantial. The material interests of the county are carefully cultivated, agriculture has reached a degree of perfection commensurate with the labors and diligence employed in that behalf, the causes of religion and education are in a high state of advancement, and all things seem to combine to promote the growth of the county as also the independence of its inhabitants. The county seat remained at Galesville until 1876, when it was removed to Galesville, thence to Whitehall in 1877, where it still remains. The county buildings, which are really limited to a court house improvised out of the town hall, is regarded simply as a temporary resort ; should the permanence of the location at that point be established at a future election, buildings adequate to the purpose and of imposing appearance will be erected. HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. 1037 The County Agricultural Society, which was organized in 1858, is a leading association of the county, owning commodious exhibition grounds near Galesville, and holding fairs annually. The present officers are : Joshua Rhodes, President; H. L. Bunn, Secretary, and A. Kribs, Treasurer. THE PRESS. The first paper published in the county, it is claimed by Charles Utter, of Trempealeau, was the Trempealeau Times, issued in 1858 by F. A. and Charles Utter, for the purpose of publishing the Buffalo County tax list. This being accomplished, the Times suspended, and its material was disposed of to be used in the publication of the Trem pealeau Pioneer, established in 1859. The same year, the Trempealeau Representative, edited and published by Hast ings & Newland, was also started at Trempealeau, and dis puted with the Pioneer for precedence, until the spring of 1860. At that period, the Utters, who held a mortgage on the material of the latter sheet, foreclosed and sold the same out, a portion being purchased and taken to Neillsville, the remainder being taken to Galesville by G. S. Luce, with which he set up and prepared for publication, the first paper issued in that village, the Galesville Transcript, on Friday morning, March 16, 1860. The Transcript was a quarto of thirty-two columns, ably edited, and containing with each number the choicest literary selections. It continued in Galesville until October, 1867, when Charles A. Leith and A. F. Booth purchased the same and caused its re moval to Trempealeau, where, as a successor to the Repre sentative which expired in 1861, it was published under the name of the Record. In 1869, Mr. Leith sold his interest in the paper to his partner, Mr. Booth, and for a short time the Record was run with Newman & Booth, editors. The former withdrew, however, after a brief apprenticeship, and T. D. Stone purchased a half-interest, which he managed until the fall of 1872, when the good will of the paper was disposed of by Stone & Booth to George S. Luce, who had established the Galesville Journal at Galesville, in 1870, the materials being taken to Madison, to print the Wiscon sin Good Templar. In March, 1873, the Trempealeau County Republican was established at Trempealeau, by C. A. Leith, and in 1874, the Messenger and Journal Record was issued at White hall, by Bert E. Clark. To recapitulate briefly, it should be stated that, with the purchase of the good will of the Trem pealeau Record, by Luce & Powers of the Galesville "Jour nal, the latter's name was changed to Journal and Record. In 1871, Powers sold his interest in the concern to H. S. Bunn, who in turn sold to one Burt, but subsequently re- owned and again sold, this time to his partner, Mr. Luce, who, in 1874, as already stated, sold to Clark, by whom the Messenger, the first paper at Whitehall, was published. Clark remained at the helm of the Whitehall undertaking for about one year, when his interest was bought out by the citizens (because, it is alleged, of disputes relative to the location of the county seat), who organized the Whitehall Printing Association, and continued the publication of the Messenger with Dan Camp as editor. In 1874, the Independent, of Galesville was first issued, and in June, 1875, the Leader was started at Arcadia, by Messrs. Heuston & Hollenbeck, by whom its destiny was jointly directed, until March, 1876, when Heuston's moiety n the venture was purchased by the Hon. Noah D. Corn- stock, who published the paper in conjunction with Mr. Hollenbeck until March, 1877, when the latter with drew. In December of the same year, Mr. Comstock, who had been editing, publishing and managing the affairs of the Leader, solus, became wearied of the combined task, and sold out to C. A. Leith, who removed the Republican from Trempealeau to Arcadia, and consolidated it with his pur chase, since when the Republican and Leader has been published at Arcadia with considerable success. In 1878, N. P. Tucker established a small paper called the Free Press, at Trempealeau, where it was published for about one year, when its materials were removed to Gales ville, for the purpose of "setting up" the Trempealeau County Democrat. The latter journal survived a year, in the village of its birth, but gradually weakening, was taken to Arcadia, in the hope that a change of air, so to speak, would prove beneficial. But it was too late, and after a few spasmodic efforts at recuperation, it yielded up the ghost in the fall of 1880. On March 9, 1878, George E. Gilke issued the first number of the Independence Weekly News. Mr. Gilke remained as editor and publisher until February 26, 1880, when W. R. Allison assumed control, and changed the name of the sheet to the Weekly News Bulletin. Less than three months' experience were enjoyed by Mr. Allison before he sold the enterprise. Howe & Turnbull, the pur chasers, substituted the Weekly News, and conducted it one month, when H. I. Turnbull became sole proprietor, re maining so until June 24, 1880 (three weeks), at the ex piration of which period, J. R. Faulds was received as part ner, and in two months, or on August 8, 1880, absorbed his partner's interest, and assumed the entire responsibility of the venture, in which capacity he has since continued. In January of this year (1880), the Whitehall Printing Association was dissolved, and the Messenger and Journal, which, after- the retirement of Mr. Camp from the editorial tripod, had been managed by George Eads and E. B. Wag ner successively, was sold to F. E. Beach, who subsequently associated his brother, J. B. Beach, with himself in the publication of the paper. The paper is still owned and operated by these gentlemen, under the firm name of Beach Bros. From the above, it will be seen that journalistic births in Trempealeau County have been numerous. While all ' have not reached an age where they can be esteemed per manently secure, all have not fallen by the wayside, and those which have survived are worthy evidences of that suc cess which attends industry and perseverance. WHITEHALL, the capital of the county, and the quiet, unpretentious abode of wealth and intelligence, lies hidden among ihe verdure of trees which line its streets, and shrubberies, which deck the gardens of residents, presenting many features of rural felicity to its citizens not more than to the traveler, as he hurries through on his journeys of business and pleas ure. In October, 1873, the line of road which connects the Mississippi with Green Bay had been completed to subse quent Whitehall, and it was decided to establish a station at this point. This question being settled, Henry Ketchum, a land owner, appropriated sufficient for the purposes indi cated, which T. H. Earl laid out, platted and divided into io38 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. fourteen blocks. This being completed, that gentleman, who had built himself a house, arrived on the ground and "side-tracked," so to speak, on one of the most cheerless and unauspicious days of that wonderfully peculiar season, which is still remembered as one of the severest the annals of severe annuals give any account. On the day Mr. Earl was engaged in procuring a site for his house, the thermom eter marked thirty degrees below zero, and the freezing blasts and congealed atmosphere was propelled at a rate of miles per hour it was impossible to attempt resistance against. Notwithstanding these embargoes, the venture some pioneer resident of Whitehall established a home for his families, and rested. He was the first to decide to per- menently settle in the village, and his domicile the first to be raised within its limits. During the winter, no others came in, either to view the site of the town, purchase lots for residence or speculative purposes, or in any manner sought to identify themselves with the undertaking which was to develop within a brief period into one of the " loveliest villages of the plain." This was in part due to the inclemency of the weather, and in supply this deficiency, the Empire Hotel was erected by Mr. Stratton, and the Exchange by S. L. Alexander. Another residence was added to the town, the second built, being that of George Olds, the pioneer purchaser of lots after the village had been surveyed and platted. A Mr. Cook came in and became a dealer in furniture, building a store for the sale of stock at the corner of Main and Scranton streets. He was soon followed by Nelson Comstock in the same line of business, and was accompanied in his ventures by T. C. McDermot, who opened a hardware store, as also by C. E. Scott and L. H. Whitney in depots for the sale of dry goods, groceries and notions. Camp's Block was erected this year, and B. F. Wing became a general merchant. The cause of education was also consulted ; and, the old school- house, which had served its purposes in years gone by, was razed to give place to the edifice which has since obtained in which to teach the young idea how to read, write and study decimals. These included the improvements consummated during 1874. They were adapted to the uses which their building was sought to conserve, and some of them still exist, having WHITEHALL. part to other causes and combinations of causes, it would be difficult to designate or discover. Early in the spring of 1874, however, voyageurs from distant sections began to come hither, and, while many returned to the spot whence they hailed, there was not a few who remained, and have since grown into prominence with Whitehall — so named, by the way, after old Whitehall, a short distance above the present city, by Benjamin Wing and Ole Knudson. Among the first to settle permanently were H. E. Getts and C. J. Lambert, former residents of North La Crosse. The former opened the first merchandise store in the village and soon acquired prominence in commercial circles. Mr. Lambert became associated with Mr. Earl in the building of a warehouse, which still stands, and commenced handling grain. Soon after, Daniel L. Camp was acknowledged as a citizen of the village, when he purchased wheat in the capacity of agent for Kelly & Elmore, factors in this cereal at Green Bay. As spring advanced, and the warm days of summer followed in its wake, the accessions to the popula tion became more numerous. The insufficiency of accom modations for the traveling public was severely felt. To withstood the ravages of time and the elements, though during the summer a tornado swept over the village and unroofed the structures of Cook and Whitney, then in progress of construction. Though the village was in its infancy, it was deemed a desirable location for the publication of a weekly paper, and with a view to consulting the public needs, Bert E. Clark purchased the Galesville Journal and Recorder from George S. Luce, and transporting its furniture, tackle and apparel to Whitehall, began the issue of the Trempeleau Messenger. And here, it might be observed, was inaugu rated a policy regarding the location of the county seat, which has not yet entirely subsided. Business during the period herein mentioned, it might be observed, was "booming." The farmers found an accessible and available market for their crops, and the stores of merchants were thronged with cash customers. It is estimated that, including the crop of 1873, there had been shipped from Whitehall, at the close of the season of 1874, about 225,000 bushels of wheat, in addition to large quantities of oats, barley, corn, etc., etc. Such, then, was the outlook which greeted factor and HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. 1039 consignor as 1875 dawned upon the community ; and it may be observed that the anticipations born of this experi ence were fraught with realizations. When the spring suc ceeded winter, the arrivals of settlers were resumed, and gradually increased as the year advanced. Business, too, kept pace with the progress of events. Not the dilatory, devil-may-care quality to be observed to-day in some por tions of the country, but a hurrying, bustling, prosperous type, so apparent in flush times in a new country. The commercial community was increased in point of numbers, wealth and influence by the arrival of Melvin Johnson, who put up a store, as also a dwelling-house ; by the arrival of A. J. Cady and others. Rogerson & Warner entered an appearance as dealers in hardware, and other branches of trade also were represented in new ventures. The demand for mechanical skill attracted hither William Blodgett, Joseph Augustine, A. J. Roscoe and James Hiner, the latter dividing his time and services between the bench and the pulpit. About twenty-five dwelling-houses and stores were erected this year, it is estimated ; the new schoolhouse was made ready for occupation, and the Methodist and Baptist Churches were commenced. It should also be. added that Carpenter & Coates took charge of Eimon & Kelley's wheat interests, and the changes concluded were for the better. While there were many who came in, there were some who declined to remain, but their fortunes were in other directions. • The building requirements had by this time developed an immense lumber trade. So large, indeed, had this become that sometimes it was found difficult to supply the demand for home consumption without reference to the wants of country customers. As an illustration of this statement, it can be said that in the space of four years, or until 1877, one firm, T. H. Earl & Co., disposed of an amount aggregating in value the sum of $100,000. From these facts it will be seen that Whitehall had become a prosperous town, and its ambition to secure the permanent location of the county seat not entirely without substantial claims. But that object of special interest to rival villages in the county was not to be obtained without a contest. Galesville still preserved the county records in the county building in that village, and declined to pass them over without protest, and the citizens of Arcadia would not be comforted because they were made their custo dian. •When 1876 was ushered into existence, as it were, there were some changes among the established residents who disposed of their properties at an advance to new-comers and moved on to farming. This branch of industry, by the way, had not been neglected meanwhile, and the num ber of agriculturists who served in the field while the artisan, the merchant and the artificer builded the town, was gratifyingly large. This year, to supply an increased demand, Martin V. Allen built the Whitehall House, and W. T. Tesser became tha owner, by purchase, of the Empire House, which he en larged and improved. William Scott came in and offered his services as a carpenter ; Alonzo Tucker purchased the Ed. Cook House and advertised himself as a mason ; Eugene Webster and J. R. King severally opened livery stables ; M. C. C. Olsen was known as the village tailor and Edward Romander as the village harness-maker. This year, also, came R. G. Floyd, M. D., the first physician to locate per manently in Whitehall. A. S. Trow & Co. opened a lum ber-yard, and Decker & Lawton a store of general supplies. Business continued excellent and numerous improvements were made. Notwithstanding these facts the campaign "waxed hot," and the intensity of feeling displayed by supporters of rival candidates is said to have been radical to the last degree. This year, too, to contest for the county county seat took shape, though Whitehall took no part, pre ferring, in a tacit sort of a way, that Galesville retain the prize until its forces had been drilled and massed for active service. Another feature of excellence in connection with the location of Whitehall was the freedom of its inhabitants from malarious and other diseases. The general health was good, and this desideratum, to which can be attributed a modicum, at least, of the success which attended the vil lage, was during no year exceptional. The ensuing year opened auspiciously, and during 1877 the volume of business transacted was greater than dur ing any previous year, while the improvements were gen eral. It is estimated that not less than two hundred and fifty thousand bushels of wheat were shipped. This year the Whitehall Mills were commenced by a man named Gol den, who came in, as the sequel proved, with but about $500 in capital, and, enlisting the confidence of the com munity, involved several citizens, who, to save themselves, were obliged to take charge of the property, and by whom it has since been conducted with dispatch, if not with profit. This year a Norwegian paper, Der Nord Staed, was established, but survived the storms of journalistic experi ence but a year. A new boot and shoe store was added to the village, and A. G. Fossegaard established a tannery, which is still operated. The town hall was built in 1877, in anticipation, in fact, of securing the county seat. It is of frame, originally designed to be one story high. But the Odd Fellows subscribed $600 and the original plan was changed to make the building two stories high. It cost a total of $1,200, and was completed in time to be selected as a court house, when the county seat was finally removed from Arcadia to Whitehall by 600 majority on the popular vote. The three succeeding years have not been attended with that success prior experiences would justify, the belief would be requited unto those who labored. The repeated failure of the crops to a large extent prevented this, but the people, confident that the opposite to that produced by these causes, can be realized with a removal of the causes know that they also serve who wait. No prettier village can be found in the county, with its population of 400, and the utmost prosperity is its desert. The first school taught in the present village was by A. L. Sherwood, in a building that had always been used for that purpose, south of the court house. In 1874-75, the premises were removed and their absence supplied by the present structure, at a cost of $1,500. The school is graded, employing two teachers, and furnishing the means of educa tion to an everage daily attendance of 100 pupils. It re quires $1,200, for the annual support of the institution, derived in part by taxation on the basis of $1.50 on the $100, and although two-thirds of all taxes levied is willingly paid by property holders, to sustain a cause so meri torious. When George Olds erected the second private residence on Main street, in the village, a short distance from the 1 040 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. depot, his house was selected as the post office, and himself as Postmaster. These selections have not since been changed. Whitehall Mills were begun by William Golden, in 1877, and completed in 1878, by a party of capitalists, headed by T. P. Earl, who have since conducted and oper ated them. They are among the largest in the State, being of frame, three stories high, 36x48 and supplied with five run of stone, with a capacity for eighty barrels of flour every twenty-four hours. In this connection, it may be stated that there are three elevators in the village, one owned by H. E. Getts, erected by Earl & Lambert, in 1873, with a capacity for 10,000 bushels ; the Decker & Lawton elevator, with 5,000 bushels capacity ; and the Elmon & Kelly elevator, with 10,000 bushels capacity, both the latter being owned by Cargill & Van. Abundant means are furnished by these elevators, for the storage and shipment of grains, and these, as has been shown, have equaled 250,000 bushels in one year. The village is supplied with a Baptist and Methodist Church, both of which are commodious, handsomely situated and finished, and furnishing ample accommodations for worshipers. The former sect, it is stated, was organized in 1863, and from that date until 1875, worshiped at old Whitehall. In the latter year they disposed of to the Lutherans, and the present edifice erected at a cost of $1,500, and has since been occupied. The congregation is made up in a large degree of farmers of the surrounding country. The present pastor is the Rev. Mr. Dismon, and services are held semi monthly. The Methodist society was organized in 1867, though there had been preaching at intervals, from the year the country was first settled. The society held its meetings in schoolhouses, and formed part of the Arcadia charge until 1874, when it became a separate charge. The following year the present church was built in 1875, at a cost of $2,000. The present pastor is the Rev. W. H. Chynoweth, and the congregation numbers about 100 worshipers. Whitehall Lodge No. 15, N. W. B. A., was organized March 11, 1880, with fifteen members and the following officers : S. S. Miller, President ; F. E. Beach, Vice Pres ident; C. E. Scott, Past President ; L. H. Whitney, Secre tary ; O. J. Allen, Treasurer ; Joseph Augustine, Chaplain, and G. G. Graham, Conductor. The society is purely beneficial, the families of mem bers being the beneficiaries. After death of members de cedent's family is entitled to receive the sum of $2,000 from the society fund. At present there are seventeen members, with the fol lowing officers : O. J. Allen, President ; G. H. Olds, Vice President; G. G. Graham, Secretary, and C. E. Scott, Treasurer. Trempealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249, I. O. O. F., was organized August 27, 1875, with a compliment of members and the following officers : N. N. Green, N. G.; R. G. Floyd, V. G.; Daniel L. Camp, Secretary, and H. E. Getts, Treasurer. Since that day the membership has been increased to sixty -seven, with the following officers at present in service : W. L. Munson, N. G.; Andrew Benson, V. G.; Daniel L. Camp, Secretary, and H. E. Getts, Treasurer. Meetings are held weekly on Friday evenings, and the value of Lodge property is stated at $827. Lincoln Cemetery Association was organized in 1862, at which time two and one-half acres of ground southeast of the village were purchased for burial purposes. The So ciety was controlled by its regularly constituted officers until 1866, when the direction of its affairs was assigned to the town authorities, who retained possession until 1878, when they reverted to the assignors, by whom they have since been administered. The cemetery has been regu larly surveyed and platted and is adorned with much arti ficially as also by nature that will attract admiration. The present officers are: D. Wood, President; H. C. Stratton, Treasurer, and L. D. McVitt, Secretary. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. MATHIAS ANDERSEN, of the firm of Anderson & Lar sons, dealers in wines, liquors, etc.; came to America in 1872, having been born in Norway in 1843. He first worked at shoe making in the town of Trempealeau, and from there went to Lake City, Minn, where he remained for two years. In May, 1881, he came to Whitehall and started in his present business. He is a member of the I. O. O. F, Trempealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249. DANIEL L. CAMP, dealer in dry goods, groceries and drugs; was born in Waukesha Co., Wis, Feb. 28, 1841. He first started in the mercantile business in that county in 1860, where he continued until 1867, when he engaged in the employ of Ellmore & Kelly, as traveling agent for their commission house. In 1874 he came to Whitehall and remained in their employ for one year as grain buyer and station agent. In 1875 he started in his present business. He does a business of $'20,000 per annum. He was also editor and manager of the Trempealeau County Mes senger and Whitehall Times until January 1881, and was local editor of the Fort Howard Monitor during the year 1874; is a charter member of the Trempealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249, I. O. O. F. When he first came to Whitehall there was not a building here outside of the railroad buildings and two warehouses. CHARLES C. CRANE, farmer, Post-office Whitehall; was born in New York City, July 29, 1819. Left there in 1854 and came to Wisconsin, first going to Johnstown, Rock Co., where he worked at his trade, which was that of carpentering and building, until May 1856, at which time he removed to Trempealeau, and there remained until 1862. He worked on the first saw-mill which was built in the Village of Trempealeau ; also built the first church there, in 1851, for the Congregational Society; he well remem bers the big snow in the winter of 1856 and '57, when it was nearly three months that the roads were impassable between Trem pealeau and Galesville. In 1862 he moved on to his farm, con sisting of 120 acres, which he had entered in 1855, and where he still lives. In 1857 he saw a drove of nineteen elk on his place, this being the most of them that he ever saw together at one time. But other game was very plenty at that time, such as deer and prairie chickens, and fish were to be had in abundance from the river which runs through his farm. This stream used to be head quarters for some Indian tribe, and many relics have been found, such as arrow-heads, smoothing stones, etc. Mr. Crane was mar ried in 1843, by Rev. Robert Street, to Miss Hannah Wade, who was born in Elizabethtown, N. J, in 1823. Their family consists of six children — Julia A, now Mrs. Currier, of Minnesota; Anna M, now Mrs. Breed, of Whitehall; Sarah R, William A. E., Lillian J. and Charles E. W. He has held various offices in his town and county, having been County Coroner three terms ; a member of the Town Board of Lincoln, and School Clerk for sev enteen years ; Justice of the Peace seven terms, and Assessor for three terms, which office he still holds. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and was a charter member of the first lodge in the couuty. WILLIAM H. DAVIS, miller ; was born in Ontario, Can ada West, Nov. 17, 1854; came to Wisconsin in 1872 and went to Galesville, Trempealeau Co. and commenced clerking for W. HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. 1041 Davis & Co, and in October, 1878, left there and came to White hall, where he has been engaged ever since as miller. The White hall Flouring Mills have a run of five buhrs, and a capacity for making eighty barrels of flour per day. Mr. Davis is a member of the A, F, & A. M, Decorah Lodge, No. 177, at Galesville. also of the I. 0. 0. F. at the same place. THEODORE H. EARLE, dealer in agricultural implements and farmer; was born in Ohio, April 18, 1836; came to Apple- ton, Wis, in 1856, where he went to school, graduating from Lawrence University in 1861 ; he then went to New London, where he commenced teaching, at which he continued until 1863, when he was married to Miss M. L. Ketchum, who is a daughter of Henry Ketchum, President of the Green Bay & Minnesota R. R. for nine years. Mr. Earle began farming in the town of New London, at which he continued five years, when he was ap pointed General Purchasing Agent for the construction of the Green Bay Railroad. In 1873 he came to Whitehall, Trempealeau Co., where he erected the first dwelling house in the village, be ing engaged for the first three years of his residence there with Henry Ketchum, as superintendent of his lumber business, on the line of railroad from Merrillan to Marshland. In 1876 he en gaged with C. N. Paine & Co., and has had charge of their busi ness in Whitehall ever since ; said business having averaged since 1873 $20,000 per annum. Mr. Earle also owns an interest in the Whitehall Flouring Mills, and was Chairman of the Town Board of Lincoln for four years, having always taken an active part in all public enterprise of his town and county. JAMES ERVIN, retired farmer, was born Jan. 14, 1810, in New Jersey ; left his native State in 1852 and came to Wiscon sin, where he settled in Walworth Co., town of Richmond ; re mained there until 1858, at which time he sold his farm and moved to Trempealeau Co., town of Lincoln, then called Preston, where he bought 160 acres of land and commenced farming. At that time the Indians were very plenty in Trempealeau Co, and were very friendly to Mr. and Mrs. Ervin, who used to do a good deal of trading in the way of flour, pork, vegetables, etc. Their grain markets were Sparta, La Crosse and Trempealeau, and they sometimes hauled a load of grain to the pineries and exchanged it for lumber. Mr. Ervin was married to his first wife, Miss Eliza beth Crane, Jan. 21, 1833. She died in 1850, leaving three children — Emma L. (now Mrs. S. J. Beebe), Augusta E. [now Mrs. John Kinnie) and Isabella G. (now Mrs. L. D. Parsons). They also lost three children — Margaret H, died July 20, 1864 ; Annie E, died June 5, 1865, and Martha, who was Mrs. L. D. McNett when she died. He was married to his second wife, Mary E. Crane, a native of Elizabeth, N. J. She was born Oct. 21, 1816. DANIEL K. HAGESTAD, carpenter and contractor; was born in Norway, June 23, 1852 ; he came to America with his parents in 1854, andfirst settled in Columbia Co., Wis, where they remained for six years, and then removed to Beaver Creek Valley, Trempealeau Co., where his father pre-empted a claim from the Gov ernment, on which the subject of this sketch lived until 1879, when he came to Whitehall and was elected to the office of County Sheriff for the years 1879 and '80. He is at present Deputy Sheriff under N. L. Tolvstad. Mr. Hagestad built a saw-mill on Hardie's Creek in Trempealeau Co. during the spring of 1881, which was destroyed by fire about the time it was completed. He was married in May, 1878, to Miss Maggie Hagestad, who is also a native of Norway. She was born March 14, i860. They have one son — Carrol N. They are members of the Lutheran Church. While Mr. Hagestad was engaged in a saw-mill on Black River, at the mouth of Hardie's Creek, there was a ball found in a log, while sawing it, which was supposed to have been there fifty-four years. MOSES D. INGALLS AND F. W. INGALLS, farmers, Sec. 28, P. O. Whitehall. The former was born in Vermont Jan. 4, 1825. They came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1853, first living in Rock Co, and in tie summer of 1855 came to Trem- 66 pealeau Co., where they entered a farm of 220 acres, and in 1856 began to improve it, they being among the first settlers in the town of Lincoln. . Before the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad came through the village of Whitehall they used to market their grain in Trempealeau, La Crosse and Sparta. Moses D. was the first Chairman of the Town Board of Lincoln, and has been Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace. GEORGE McCANN, section boss of Sec. 29 of the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad at Whitehall, was born in England Dec. 5, 1849 ; left there in 1870, and went to Canada with his brother, where he remained one year working at constructing rail roads, and then came to the United States, where the engaged with the Green Bay Railroad Company, and has been with them ever since. Mr. McCann is a member of the I. O. O. F, Trem pealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249, and was married in 1875, to Miss Millie Tuttle. of Dexterville, Wood Co, Wis, who was born March 17, 1855. They have three children — Mary E, Annie M. and George H. Mr. McCann was in the British Navy for eight years, sailing, in 1862, around the Cape of Good Hope, and from there to the East Indies ; then back to Portsmouth, then back around the Cape of Good Hope to Hong Kong, China; then to the East Indies ; then to Ceylon, and was engaged in the Abyssinian war. SAMUEL S. MILLER, of the firm of Miller & Atwood, lawyers at Whitehall, was born in Utica, Dane Co., Wis, July 17, 1850. He received a common-school education and commenced tejching to get means to attend the Albion Academy, where he graduated in 1870. He then went to Iowa, where he engaged in the drug business, and from there to Grand Rapids, Wis, where he still continued to act as drug clerk ; but his health failing at this time, he was obliged to leave his position, and in 1872 he en tered the law class of the Madison University, where he graduated in 1873, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. In October, 1873, he went to Eau Claire, where he entered the law office of Neggett & Trull, remaining there until 1877, when he removed to Whitehall, where he has since practiced his profession. He was elected District Attorney of Trempealeau Co. in the fall of 1880, and still holds that office. GEORGE H. OLDS, Postmaster, Whitehall, was born in Chenango Co, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1834 ; is the son of William Olds, who was born in the town of Hillsdale, N. Y, March 1, 1799, and came with his family to Wisconsin in 1853, and settled on a farm in Trempealeau County, of which he bought the first 40 acres from William Cran, afterward buying some from the Gov ernment, and kept on adding to it until he has in all 520 acres. William had another son, James D, who came to Wisconsin two years previous to 1853 and located at Chippewa Falls, but came • to Trempealeau County to join his father after his arrival here. In 1857, the subject of this sketch went in company with his brother, James D, to Caledonia, when they commenced in the mer cantile business and farming. Here be remained until 1863, with the exception of a part of the year 1861, when he was in the war, and then moved on Pigeon Creek, and in the spring of 1874, came to Whitehall, where he was appointed to the position of Postmas ter, holding that office ever since. Mr. Olds bought the first house sold in the village of Whitehall and served the first papers as Deputy Sheriff, issued in the Trempealeau County Court in 1854, by Judge Gale. GEORGE QUACKENBUSH, farmer, Sec. 26, P. O. White hall, was born in Washington Co, N. Y, May 4, 1839. Came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1842, where they commenced farming in Waukesha County. They remained there until 1855, at which time they moved to Black Kiver Falls. Here he engaged in the lumber business in a mill owned by J. B. Mills. In 1862, he en listed in Co. C, 19th W. V. I. and served one year, when he was discharged on account of sickness and returned home Jan. 9, 1863. He re enlisted in Co. D, 25th W. V. I. and served two years more, when he returned home and worked at lumbering for three years at Pine Hill. He then came to Trempealeau County, where he 1042 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. bought a farm in the town of Hale. He remained here four years and then came to Whitehall. He now owns 160 acres of good farm land in sight of the village of Whitehall. He is a member of Trempealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249, I. 0. 0. E.; was married July 4, 1863, to Miss Josephine Boyce, who is a native of Dutch ess Co, N. Y. She was born Aug. 17, 1845. They have four children, Emma, Charles, Luther H. and Ester. CHRISTOPHER E. SCOTT, general merchandise, was born in Jefferson Co, N. Y, July 10, 1831 ; left his native State, in 1851 and came to Dane Co., Wis, where he worked on a farm. Then returned to New York, remaining there two years, after which he came West again, going to Jackson Co., Iowa. ; he then went back to New York and enlisted in Co. D, 10th N. Y. Artil lery and served until the close of the war, being in all of the prin cipal battles of the Potomac. In 1866, he came to Wisconsin and located at Whitehall, Trempealeau County, which has since been his home, he taking an active part in all public enterprises. BJr. Scott was married in 1854, in Michigan, to Miss Mary C. Miller, who was born in Illinois in 1834. Their family consists of four children, Walter, Fred, George S. and Harry. NELS. L. TOLVSTAD, County Sheriff of Trempealeau County ; P. 0. Whitehall ; was born in Norway, March 25, 1850 ; came to America with his parents in 1861, first going to Dodge County, where he lived on a farm with them until 1864, when they moved to the town of Ettrick, Trempealeau County, and bought a farm of 120 acres. The subject of this sketch received a common school education and attended the Galesville University for two terms ; held the office of Town Clerk, in the town of Et trick, during the years 1873-74, and was chairman of Town- board for the year 1879, being elected County Sheriff in 1880; is a member of the Luiheran Church and was married in 1874 to Miss Antoinette Lorson, she being born in Norway. They have three children — Ludvic, Martha and an infant daughter. EDWIN H. WARNER, dealer in hardware and stoves; was born in Madison, Wis, in 1853, being a son of H. M. Warner, surveyor of Dane Co. and Commissioner of the Poor. Here he lived with his parents until he came to Whitehall ; his was the first hardware store in the town, and was established in 1874 ; he does an annual business of $10,000 ; he is a member of the I. O. 0. P., Trempealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249, and was elected to a membership of the Town Board of Whitehall in 1881 ; he was married to Sarah J. Rogerson in 1875. She was born in Dane Co. in 1858 ; they have one daughter — Edith. DAVID S. WATSON, farmer, Sec. 24, town of Hale, P. 0. Whitehall; was bornin Perrysburg, Cattaraugus Co, N. Y. Left there at the age of twenty-one years and came West with his • parents, settling in Genesee, Waukesha Co., Wis, in 1842. He there worked at carpentering until 1861, with the exception of two years that he was in California mining. He held the office of Assessor in Waukesha Co, and was Town Clerk, Justice of the Peace and School Commissioner under the old Territorial laws. Mr. Watson moved to Trempealeau Co. on his farm, which he had entered previous to his moving there. He has held various offices in the town of Hale, having been Justice of the Peace, Clerk and Chairman of Town Board eight years, and Chairman of County Board two years; he is a member of A, F. & A. M, also of the I. 0. 0. F, Trempealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249. EUGENE D. WEBSTER, livery and sale stable ; was born in Green Co, Wis, June 12, 1846 ; he came to Whitehall in 1875 and engaged in his present business; he also has a farm of 177 acres, in connection with his stables; he has been Constable in Whitehall two years and is a member of the I 0. 0. F, Trem pealeau Valley Lodge, No. 249 ; he was married July 1, 1877, to Miss Blary A. Rogerson, who is a native of Wisconsin. They have one son — Albertie. LYMAN H. WHITELEY, proprietor of the American House, and furniture dealer; was born Dec. 12, 1810, in Des Moines Co., Iowa; came to Wisconsin with his parents is 1850, and settled at Burlington, Racine Co., and was there engaged with his father in teaming to Milwaukee, which he followed for one year, when he went to Emmet Co, Mich, where he engaged at lake fishing. At this he continued four years, and in 1856 moved to Black River Falls, Wis, his father having died the year pre vious ; he here commenced in the lumbering business and in 1873 went to Corral City, and started a general merchandise store. In 1874 he removed to Whitehall and opened a furniture store. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for six years in Whitehall, and has been Town Clerk ever since he came here, with the exception of one year; he is a member of the Northwestern Benefit Association. He was manied Jan. 1, 1861, to Miss Zilpha Wright, daughter of B. G. Wright, of Wrightsville ; she was born in Grant Co, Wis, August 4, 1842. Their family con sists of four children — Cora E, Phebe E., Fredrick W. and Win- nifred. JOSEPH WRIGHT, farmer, Sec. 20, town of Pigeon, P. 0. Whitehall; was born in the eastern part of Canada, Sept. 18, 1830, and in 1868 came to Wisconsin, locating in Trempealeau Co., town of Pigeon, then Lincoln. He owns 160 acres of land, which was a claim that he purchased from Orisan Lamberson and afterward pre-empted it as a homestead, living there ever since. Was side Supervisor of the town of Pigeon for 1880 and re elected in 1881 ; has been School Clerk of Joint District No. 1, in towns Pigeon and Lincoln for thirty-nine years. Mr. Wright was married in 1855 to Miss Anna Douglas, she being also a na tive of Canada. They have six children — Margaret E., Mary R, Thomas W, Agnes I, Lettia J. and James W. TREMPEALEAU. Most delightfully situated on the Mississippi River, in the southeast corner of Trempealeau Town, the village pre sents many features of excellence that have been availed of from time to time, and, until later years, promised superior advantages that have not, from a variety of reasons, been fully realized. It was in the vicinity of the village, as also in the vil lage itself, that the first settlement of Trempealeau County was undertaken and consummated. In 1840, James Reed settled in this county. In 1843, William Bunnell is reputed as having settled here, building a house on the present site of Jack McCar- ty's residence. He was followed in 1844, by Paul Grignon ; in 1845, by A. Chenevert ; in 1847, by Charles Perkins, and in 1848, by Edward Winkleman. These severally set tled in and about the present village, and the improvements, all of which, with the exception of the double log house erected by James Reed, near the present site of Krib's hardware store on Front Street, were of a character primi tive rather than elaborate. In October, 1851, B. E. Heuston, subsequently, and when the county was set apart as an independent constitu ency, the first County Judge, came into present Trempea leau Village from Black River, to locate permanently. He purchased a small story and a half house standing on Front street, below what has since been known as Melchior's Brewery, erected by J. B. Douville, and thus being vested with title, confirmed his decision to settle here by remaining. At that time, relates Mr. Heuston, the improvements of the future village were limited to the log cabins of those whose names are mentioned above. The coming of this gentleman was prompted by the apparent advantages that were possessed by the site as a shipping-point, and acting upon this conclusion, Heuston and Ira S. Hammond pro ceeded to the erection of a warehouse, that is still stand ing on Front street, third door east of the Utter House. HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. i°43 The fall of his arrival, ground was " broke " for the build ing, and before winter had become altogether an established fact, he had completed, with the assistance of A. A. Angell and others, the cellar, and run up the stone foundations. In the meantime, he procured lumber in the Black River country, floated it down the stream to the mouth of Beaver Creek (a small stream named by James Reed), carted it over to the building site, and in the spring completed the warehouse. It was 24x50, two stories high, and to-day, having served its purpose, is rapidly going to decay. Among those who came in the fall of 1851, was Mr. Charles Cameron and A. A. Angell, the latter's wife follow ing her husband during the winter, the first white woman, it is claimed by some, to settle here permanently. Others maintain, with equal vehemence, that it was Mrs. Michael Bebault. Horace E. Owen, who located what has since been known as the "Four Mile Farm," came this year, as also did Elezur Smith, etc. Early in February, 1852, N. B. Grover came hither from La Crosse, and opened a shoe- shop opposite the Utter House, in which he also sold notions,, etc., the first com mercial venture in the village. In May, of this year, George Batchelder and wife made their advent, and put up a house below Hammond & Heuston's warehouse ; later came Mrs. Charles Cameron, when herself and husband became occupants of the old Douville mansion, and kept boarders, the first to engage in that checkered, if profitable, business in Trempealeau ; a Mr. Marshall came in soon after, and put up a house near where McCarty now lives, above Big Spring ; also Israel Noyes, who boarded with the Camerons until October, when he was joined by his wife, and went to living in the second story of Hammond & Heuston's warehouse, where a child was born to them the same season, said to be the first birth in the village. Mar vin and James Pierce came in and built a small house on the north side of First street, above Melchior's brewery ; Ira E. Moor and Alvin Carter built a residence near the present location of Hoberton's blacksmith-shop. During this year, Alexander McMillan, latterly of La Crosse, put up a blacksmith-shop east of Bright's present store, the first in the village. These, with Alexander McGiloray, S. Seymour, Robert Farrington, Charles Holme3, Miss. Cath arine Davidson and possibly one or two others, compre hended the arrivals for 1852. Among the events was the opening of the first hotel in the village. Mrs. Batchelder was the hostess, and her cuisine is to-day recommended as among the pleasurable experiences of life at that period. Another was the celebration of the Fourth of July. The ceremonies took place in the second story of the Heus ton warehouse, and were usual to the occasion, Mr. Heuston reading the Declaration, and those in attendance, without special reference to precedence, orated. The chief event, however, and one in which succeeding generations would become more intimately interested, was the formal survey and platting of the village. On the 7th of April, William Hood, as Surveyor, laid off the present site, and at a meeting convened soon after, it was formally named Monteauville, but upon motion the name was changed to Montoville. It was laid off out of lands belong ing to James Reed and Hammond & Heuston, which had been claimed at an earlier date by Edward Winkleman, who was divested of the title, however, and came into market as the property of those cited, and others. No sooner had this been accomplished, and the preliminaries toward found ing a village complied with, than another survey was com pleted under the direction of F. M. Rublee, Timothy Burns and Benjamin B. Healy. This was on the 23d of the same month, and the name "Trempealeau" derived from " Mont-trempe-1-eau, the mountain that stands in the water," given to the re-surveyed premises. This year came also the Rev. Mr. Watts, a minister of the Gospel, and, as already stated, Catharine Davidson, one of the contracting parties to the first marriage between whites in the village, she being united to B. F. Heuston in February following. / During the succeeding two years, the arrivals were scarcely numerous, though inducements were offered in the price asked for lands, and the advantages assured to be within the reach of even modest men of enterprise with but moderate capital. But few came in though. La Crosse and the Black River country absorbed nearly all the arrivals into this portion of Wisconsin. Among those who were added to the populousness and importance of the village, in 1853, '54 and '55, were, A. M. Brandenburg, B. B. Healy, A. P. Webb, Romanzo Bunn, D. 0. Van Slyke, Patrick Duggan, Frank Duggan, Aaron Houghton, Joseph Gale, Gilbert Gibbs, Oscar Beardsley, John Gillis, Lewis Hutenhow, William Olds, Hiram Brown, Philo Beard, Chester and Chauncey Beard, Chase Wasson, Antoine Grignon, and possibly some few others. The im provements were hardly in keeping with this " rush " of settlers, and beyond the building put up by Grover, in the village limits, and residences on the prairie by H, Stewart and others, but little was done to add to the value or ap pearance of the place and vicinity. In 1856, the "flush times" of Trempealeau, it may be said, had a beginning. Up to that date, comparatively speak ing, very little had been done to aid in rendering the place architecturally, "splendid," and the population did not ex ceed forty, all told. Early in 1856, the lumber and shingle company of Bre- denthal, King & Co. was organized, and preparations were concluded to locate at some eligible point in the Upper Mis sissippi, where access to the lumber regions and pineries would be easy. The machinery was completed and shipped to the mouth of Black River, after which Bredenthal & King came West and halted at La Crosse. Here they were joined by J. M. Barrett, identified with them in the mill venture, and the three called on S. D. Hastings, the agent of Rublee, Healy, Batchelder and Utter, for the sale of lands in Trempealeau County, and upon his recommenda tion, decided, after a personal examination of the territory, to locate on a site given them for that purpose, south of the village. At the time this decision was made, water in the river was unusually high and superficial investigation sup plemented by the apparent liberality of Rublee et al., decid ed the company upon the location of its enterprise. Every nerve was therefore strained to build and complete the mill structure, set up its machinery, and get to work with the least possible delay. Meantime the water subsided and the owners of the mill began to realize that they were engaged in an investment that would, sooner or later, prove profit less. When they began to manufacture, these apprehen- ' sions were fully verified. Access to the mill property for logs was impossible, save in a round-about way. The raw material was conveyed to the saw by teams, and at an ex pense more than neutralizing the profits to be derived from 1044 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN*. an active, and gradually strengthening market. In short, the mill was a complete failure because of this oversight, and finally the company disbanded. The founders save Mr. Barrett, who is still a resident of Trempealeau, returned whence they came, and the mill was sold to the highest bidder and taken elsewhere. Notwithstanding these calamitous results to an under taking that was sought to be established under auspi cious surroundings, the effect produced upon Trempealeau and vicinity was identical with that hoped for from the completion of the mill. Property advanced along the line, in value and importance. Many were seeking in the West opportunities for the investment of capital that were denied them on favorable terms elsewhere. The town filled up with strangers; houses, cabins and shanties were built with surprising frequency, and people began to buy in all di rections. This demand created the utmost excitement, and the price of lots appreciated so rapidly that no one was able to predict a possible value in advance. In the spring, the most desirable lots could have been purchased for from $40 to $50. In May, when the building of the mill was ar ranged for, double this price was demanded, and when the mill was completed, as high as $1,000 was refused for the same pieces of property that could not have found a pur chaser a year previous. As an instance, it may be stated that while this scale of prices was maintained, a gentleman offered $2,100 for lots on the river bank opposite the Melchior House, and it was declined. They could not now be sold at anything like that figure. Among the prominent arrivals for 1856, were O. S. Bates, S. D. Hastings and family, Noah Payne and family, W. T. Booker, J. II. Crossen, J. P. Israel and family, S. F. Harris and family, Thomas Van Zant, Mr. Mills, Will iam Held, A. W. Hickox, C. W. Thomas, John Smith, Dennis Smith, D. W. Gilfillan, D. B. Phelps, C. C. Crane, the Hall boys, Mr. Jayne and many others. The improve ments consisted in part of the mill and a large house ad joining for the accommodation of hands employed therein; the Congregational Church put up under a contract with C. C. Crane, and numerous private buildings for residence and commercial purposes. Gilfillan built a hotel where Russell now lives. Hastings erected a residence opposite the public square. Robert Jones a brick residence on Third street, the first brick house in the village, now occupied by D. Coman, and the Rev. Mr. Hayes put up a frame on the hill. In addition to Gilfillan's tavern, C. S. Seymour was proprietor of the Trempealeau House, built in 1852, by A. A. Angell, and Frederick Harth occupied the old log house of James Reed, as the Washington Hotel. Jasper Kingsley maintained the only saloon in the village, and the commercial and marine interests were divided be tween J. P. Israel, W. T. Booker, Mills & Van Zant and N. B. Grover. J. A. Parker came in this year and built the house now occupied by Antoine Gugnon, he was the first lawyer in the village. Dr. Alson Atwood also came in and built a house, and is claimed by some as the first physician to settle in Trempealeau, though it is contended by others that this dis tinguished honor is legitimately the property of Dr. E. R. Utter. Dr. Bunnell came here at an early day, and located as already stated, but it is doubtful if he was a resident at the time whereof mention is now made. Money was plenty, it is said, and times unprecedentedly prosperous. Almost every steamer bore hither, as passengers, people who were out prospecting, ready to avail themselves of any opportunity that presented itself for purchase. The Fourth of July was celebrated with unusual pomp, the Baptist society was organized, and a terrible cyclone passed over the village in August, doing great damage. These are among the prin cipal events of 1856. The good times continued, it is said, until the fall of 1857, and were succeeded by "hard times," during which flour was $12 per barrel ; pork, $10 per hundred, and com modities generally in proportion. Elk, which at this late day herded among the brush of the bluffs, were killed and supplied the absence of beef; their antlers during this, pre ceding and succeeding years, until the game became extinct, being presented to the first steamboat to make Trempealeau with the resumption of navigation in the spring. When hardships and impoverishment followed in the wake of prosperity, it was thought that lands would depre ciate, and an opportunity be afforded those who came in to settle while they continued, but the opposite of this was the case. The extravagant valuation mentioned was main tained, and had the effect of lessening, in a material degree, the attractions, which at first blush, persuaded the visitor to this portion of the country to halt and investigate. Their investigations extended no further than to ascertain that lots and lands were held at prices, which to them, seemed fancy, whereupon, they retired and sought elsewhere what they were unable to obtain here of Healy and others who controlled the market. The "high prices " drove a num ber to La Crosse, Winona, St. Paul, etc., who would, but for this impediment, insist those familiar with the facts, have remained and assisted in resolving the village of Trempealeau into a city. As an example, it may be said that a jewelry manufacturer wishing to extend his field of operations, visited Trempealeau for the purpose of locating, and arranged for the purchase of lands upon which to erect a residence and manufactory. Before the negotiations were concluded, however, he became appalled at the price demanded, and returned to Lowell. Another instance is related of a capitalist from Pitts burgh, who came here at the solicitation of citizens, with a view to the erection of a hotel. He agreed and bound him self to put up one, first-class in every respect, and was ready to commence work, but the " high prices " of lands caused him to abandon the project and flee from the vicinity. This short-sighted policy, in the light of subsequent events, has since been regarded as one of the chief reasons for the decline of the village. Trempealeau came to a standstill for the time being, at least, and though it revived under an era of prosperity acquired as a shipping point, land owners seem not to have profited by their experience of 1857. Among those who settled here during that year were W. P. Heuston, R. W. Russell, N. W. Allen, Harvey Bowles, F. A. Utter and others, including Wilson Johnston, who established the first ferry from Trempealeau Village to the Minnesota shore. In 1858, wheat began to come in here in search of a market, and was readily purchased for shipment to Mil waukee, via Prairie du Chien, as also to St. Louis. During this year, it is estimated that fully 1,000 bushels were thus bartered, and the fading hopes of those who had centered in the village were revived. The absence of railroads in the interior, and the fact that Trempealeau was the most acces- HISTORY OF TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. 1045 sible point for farmers to merchant their produce, served to attract them in time, and they came in numbers so large that the streets lining theriver were often packed for hours by teamsters waiting an opportunity to unload. The trade, so to speak, inaugurated in 1857—58, increased in strength and vigor with succeeding years, and attained its maximum prior to the completion of railroad in August, 1871. Farmers coming in from Arcadia, Independence, Whitehall and other points in the county, as also from points in adjoining counties, and the sales are said to have averaged 5,000 bushels per diem for not less than 100 successive days. A vast amount of money was thus put in circulation, and an immense tonnage necessary to its transportation. In spite of these facts, there was no perceptible improvement in the policy of land owners, and scarcely any in the material interests of the city. When the road from Portage to La Crosse was completed, shipments were made via the latter place, and Trempealeau's value,, as a shipping point, was greatly enhanced. As a result, it was thought that the building of the La Orosse, Trempealeau & Prescott road would be a valuable adjunct, and its completion was antici pated with unalloyed pleasure. But the opposite of these anticipations have since been experienced. The line tapped the regions of country theretofore tributary to Trempealeau, and, thus handicapped, its history since has been as a tale that its told. H. Hoberton's wagon factory, the chief manufacturing establishment in the village, is located on the corner of Main and Second streets, where Mr. Hoberton began the building of vehicles in 1863. In 1868, he erected his present build ings, which are of brick, one 40x24, and the other 30x20, at a cost of $2,000, which he has since occupied. His line of manufacture embraces every description of wagon, buggy, carriage, etc., furnishing employment to five men, at a weekly compensation of $50, and doing an annual business of $5,000. Mail facilities were first enjoyed in Trempealeau, while yet that village was known as Montoville, with B. F. Heus ton as Postmaster, and the office on Front street. Since that date, the following officials have .served : Isaac Noyes, George Batchelder, Albert Booth and A. H. Touner, the present incumbent. Mails are received daily from east and west. Planing mill of W. & C. Church. Included in the manu facturing industries of the village, is this establishment, which owes its origin to the enterprise of John and Joseph Shaw, and was erected in 1869. Some time after its com pletion, the mill was sold to S. F. Harris, who, in turn, disposed of his interest to Boynton & Utter. These gentle men maintained possession until 1880, when they sold to the present owners for a nominal consideration. The mill is supplied with equipments usual to the trade, and possesses a capacity of 10,000 feet daily. The religious interests of Trempealeau supports three churches, though there are four church edifices within the vil lage limits. Of these the Methodist congregation was organ ized in 1856 by H. M. Hays, with Mr. and Mrs. Goodhue, Mr. and Mrs. Payne, and Mr. and Mrs. Kribbs as the con stituent members. In 1857 the present edifice was built at a cost of $1,300, and the society now claims a member ship of three hundred, with a property valued at $1,000. The Baptist Association was instituted in 1857, by the Rev. J. M. Winn, with twenty-three members. Until 1866 services were conducted in the schoolhouse and at a hall on Front street. In that year the present edifice was erected at a cost of $2,300. The organization still main tains an active existence, but since March, 1880, has been without a pastor. The Catholic Church was established in 1858 or 1859, and worship held in the houses of members until 1867, when the present church of brick was erected at a cost of $2,000. The parish is a mission attached to the diocese of La Crosse, and administered by Father J. B. H. Conroy, of Ettrick. The first school taught in the village was by Miss Su sannah Holbrook, in 1854, in a log house located then on Front street. This lady was subsequently succeeded by P. O. Vanslyke and Mrs. Romanzo Bunn. In 1856, Miss Harris taught in a frame on Third street south of the pres ent edifice. This was used until I860, but is now occupied as a Masonic Hall. In 1859 the present school building was commenced and finished as demands for accommoda tions increased. It is of brick, two stories high, 40x60, and cost $5,000. At first but two departments were needed, under the care of Mr. and Mrs. Dewey, but in 1862 a third department was added, and the school became graded and has so continued. In 1870, a primary school building was erected at a cost of $1,200, and the service now requires the services of a principal and two assistants. It requires an annual levy of fifteen mills on the dollar for school purposes, the fund thereby derived being disposed of by a Board of Trustees, composed of J. M. Barrell, Di rector ; A. Hoberton, Treasurer, and E. J. Hanke, Clerk. Trempealeau Lodge, No. 107, A., F. & A. M., was chartered June 14, 1859, with a total of twenty members, and the following officers : J. M. Erwin, W. M.; C. C- Crane, S. W., and S. F. Harris, J. W. Meetings were continued for a number of years in Noyes & Jones brick block on Front street, where the lodge remained until 1867 or 1868, when the present building on the same thoroughfare was purchased of C. W. Thomas, and fitted up in a handsome manner for permanent occupation. The present officers are : John Boyinton, W. M.; Henry Heller, S. W.; William Kribs, J. W.; H. Hoberton, Treasurer ; J. H. Crosen, Secretary; T. J. Seymour, S. D.; L.-G. Huntley, J. D.; C. C. Cribs, Tiler. Meetings are held on the first and third Tuesdays of each month, and the value of lodge property is stated at $1,000. The Trempealeau Cemetery Association was organized October 6, 1856, with S. D. Hastings as President ; D. W. Gilfillan, Secretary and Treasurer ; Noah Payne, S. F. Harris, J. Nichols, George Batchelder and Byron Veits, Trustees. A purchase of four acres of land was made for cemetery purposes, one mile northwest of the village, in Section 22, and has since been platted and laid out. The annual meeting is convened on the first Monday in October, and the present officers are : E. N. Trowbridge, Presi dent, and F. H. Kribbs, Secretary and Treasurer. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEONARD W. ADAMS, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Trem pealeau ; was born in Jefferson Co, N. Y, on the 11th of Janu ary, 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855, first settling in the town of Union, Rock Co, where he remained engaged at farming until 1859, then went back to New York, and, after staying there for four years, returned and bought the farm where he now lives, and, in 1864, moved on to it; he has been a member of the Board of Supervisors, and was married in the year 1870 to Miss 1046 HISTORY OF NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Mary Electa Blake, of Rock County, but formerly of New York ; their family consists of three children — Bessie C, Hattie M. and Charles B. FRANK ATWOOD, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Centerville ; was born in Vermont Nov. 17, 1840 ; he came to Wisconsin with his brother Almon in the year 184S, locating in Fond du Lac Co, where the subject of this sketch remained until 1859, at which time he removed to Trempealeau Co., and purchased the farm where he ni.w lives ; he is a member of the Riverside Grange, and also of the Farmers' Alliance at Galesville. He was married, in 1862, to Betsey Holbrook, of Trempealeau Co. ; they have seven children — Nellie, Emily, Laura, Angie, Lucy, Willie and Bertha. SAMUEL BARR, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Trempealeau; was born in New York State, Madison Co, March 18, 1818 ; leaving there in June of 1842, he came to Wisconsin, near Whitewater, where he pre-empted a claim from the Government; in 1856, removed to Trempealeau Co., and bought his present farm ; now has two creameries, keeping sixteen cows ; he has been a member of the Trempealeau Town Board. Was married in Dodge Co, in 1856, to Miss Caroline Lily, a native of New York State, by whom he has seven children — Eliza I, Ira A, Clara, Ervin R, Bessie, Ella and Rosa M. JAMES M. BARRETT, retired merchant, Trempealeau; came to that village in 1856 in the interest of a Pittsburgh lum bering company, to erect a mill for the purpose of manufacturing lumber, etc. ; after spending about $25,000, the enterprise finally became a failure, and the other members of the party, with the exception of John King and James Barrett, returned to their homes in the East ; the subject of this sketch becoming inter ested in the welfare of the town and county, concluded to make his home in the West, and, in 1857, was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of the town and also of the county, and immediately commemed laying out roads, and constructing bridges across the Trempealeau River, and, in the springof 1857, built the first steamboat dock at Trempealeau, which is still in use as the main landing ; in 1858, started in the merchandise trade in company with Abner Harris, their business also embracing grain dealing, and, in the fall of the same year, shipped their first wheat on the Mississippi, it being the first wheat ever sent from Trempealeau; Mr. Barrett afterward -discontinued the grain busi ness, but continued as a merchant until 1862, then engaged in the lumber trade ; he had previously bought and sold the first lumber raft at Trempealeau ; he also had, in connection with his lumber business, a line of agricultural implements and wagons, running them together until 1877, when he abandoned the lum ber trade, and is now machinist in connection with his farming ; he has held the office of Justice of the Peace in Trempealeau for fifteen years, and was elected to the Legislature for the year 1878 ; has also been connected with the School Board continually, and is a member of the Baptist Church, being the means of establishing that society at Trempealeau. James Barrett was born in New Hampshire April 13, 1835, and was married in Orleans Co, N. Y, to Miss Johanna Harris, a native of that State, in 1 853. ANSON BELL, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Centerville; was born in Medina Co., Ohio, April 9, 1818. He first came to Wis consin in the year 1837, and bought a farm from the Govern ment in Walworth County. He remained but a short time and returned to Ohio, but in 1839, brought his family with him and settled on his farm; in 1855, he removed to La Crosse County upon a farm in the town of Amsterdam, on which he lived until 1864, at which time came to Trempealeau County and bought the farm on which he now lives, first erecting a log cabin ; ho was married in Gilford, Ohio, on the 2d of February. 1842, to Eliza Chapman, whose parents were also very early settlers in this State. Th