Of The Colonies
And Its Makers

Francis Hill Bi^elow

YALE UNIVERSITY
ART LIBRARY

HISTORIC SILVER OF THE COLONIES

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
.."";" ^NEW*7DRK"> BOSTON - CHIC?lS<J -~1>\CLAS-
VJ ^ ATLANT^-^AN^FgAN^SCQ. _ j
MACMILLAN & CO., Limited
LONDON - BOMBAY • CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.
TORONTO

Governor Winthrop Cup
London, 1610-11. H. nf in.

HISTORIC SILVER
OF THE COLONIES
AND ITS MAKERS
By FRANCIS HILL BIGELOW

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK PUBLISHERS MCMXXV

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Copyright, 1917,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published October, 1917.
New and cheaper edition, September, 1925.

J. 8. dishing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

TO
MY BROTHER-IN-LAW
CHARLES HENRY DAVIS, CE.
IN RECOGNITION OF
HIS UNSELFISH EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE
"NATIONAL HIGHWAYS"
IN ORDER TO
"BIND THE STATES TOGETHER IN A COMMON
BROTHERHOOD AND THUS PERPETUATE
AND PRESERVE THE UNION "

ILLUSTRATIONS STANDING CUPS
London 1610-11. First Church Boston, Massachusetts Frontispiece PAGE
1. London 1607-08. Old South Church Boston, Massachusetts 36
2. London 1626-27. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 37
3. London 1631—32. Newman Congregational Church East
Providence, Rhode Island .  39
4. London 1639-40. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 40
5. Pricked Ornament. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 41
6. Pine-tree Shillings and Pence. Museum of Fine Arts Boston,
Massachusetts .... .... 42
7. Sanderson and Hull. Newman Congregational Church East
Providence, Rhode Island  43
8. Jeremiah Dummer. First Congregational Parish Milton,
Massachusetts .... ... 45
9. I. Clark. First Parish Church (Universalist) Saugus, Massa
chusetts  46
10. Colonial 1752. Second Presbyterian Church Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania  48
11. Daniel Henchman. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 49
12. London 1781-82. First Parish Watertown, Massachusetts 51
13. American 1796. Congregational Church Shrewsbury, Mas
sachusetts  52
BEAKERS
14. Amsterdam 1637. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 55
15. Haarlem 1643. Old South Church Boston, Massachusetts . 56
16. Flemish 1700. St. Mary's Church Burlington, New Jersey . 57
vii

viii Illustrations PAGE
17. Cologne 1610. Christ Church Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 59
18. Hamburg 1700. Old South Church Boston, Massachusetts 61
19. London 1671-72. First Congregational Church Marble-
head, Massachusetts ...... .64
20. Sanderson and Hull. First Church TJosfoiv Massachusetts 66
21. Edward Winslow. Congregational Church West Barnstable,
Massachusetts  67
22. Sanderson and Hull. First Congregational Church Marble-
head, Massachusetts . . . . . .... 69
23. John Hull. Newman Congregational Church East Provi
dence, Rhode Island . . ... 70
24. Ahasuerus Hendricks. First Reformed Church Albany, New
York . .  72
25. David Jesse. First Church Dorchester, Massachusetts . . 73
26. John Allen. First Congregational Church Ipswich, Massa
chusetts . .... 74
27. Andrew Tyler. First Parish Groton, Massachusetts . . 76
28. Edmund Milne. Mr. W. Lanier Washington ... 79
29. Edmund Milne's Bill. Mr. W. Lanier Washington . . 80
30. Samuel Vernon. First Congregational Church Groton,
Connecticut .  81
31. John Coney. Old South Church Boston, Massachusetts . 84
32. Massachusetts Bill. Massachusetts Historical Society
Boston, Massachusetts ....... 85
33. John Gardner. St. Luke's Chapel Berkeley Divinity School
Middletown, Connecticut ... ... 86
34. Simeon Soumaine. First Presbyterian Church Southold
Long Island, New York  87
35. Nicholas Roosevelt. Reformed Church Flatbush Long
Island, New York ... . . . 89
36. John Dixwell. First Congregational Church Norwich, Con
necticut ... ...... 90
37. Peter Van Dyck. Presbyterian Church Setauket, Long Island 92
38. Abel Buel. Congregational Church North Haven, Connecti-
cut • • • •  94
39. John Dixwell. First Congregational Church Exeter, New
Hampshire  or

Illustrations ix
PAGE
40. John Edwards. First Congregational Church Hatfield,
Massachusetts . .  96
41. Jeremiah Dummer. North Church (First Church of Christ
Congregational) Portsmouth, New Hampshire ... 98
42. Paul Revere. Mrs. John Campbell Robinson ... 99
TUMBLERS
43. Adrian Bancker. Mr. R. T. Haines Halsey . . . .103
CAUDLE CUPS
44. London 1667-68. Scroll and Key Society Yale College
New Haven, Connecticut  106
45. Sanderson and Hull. Second Church Dorchester, Massachusetts 107
46. John Coney. Congregational Church Stratford, Connecticut 108
47. Robert Sanderson. Hollis Street Church Boston, Massa
chusetts . . . . . . . . . .110
48. John Coney. Mrs. Dudley H. Bradlee  113
49. Thomas Savage. First Congregational Society (Unitarian)
Quincy, Massachusetts ... ... 114
50. Saunders Pitman. First Baptist (Clark Memorial) Church
Newport, Rhode Island .  116
51. Edward Winslow. First Congregational Church Milford,
Connecticut . ....... 116
52. London 1686-87. Scroll and Key Society Yale College New
Haven, Connecticut . . . . . .118
53. London 1686-87. Christ Church Bruton Parish Williams
burg, Virginia .... .... 118
54. George Hanners. First Congregational Church Woburn,
Massachusetts . . ..... 120
55. Jeremiah Dummer. First Congregational Society Chelmsford,
Massachusetts  . .121
56. London 1718-19. Dr. Denman W. Ross .... 122
57. William Cowell. Church of the Unity Neponset, Massa
chusetts  123

x Illustrations PAGE
58. London 1702-03. Scroll and Key Society Yale College New
Haven, Connecticut  124
59. London 1775-76. Scroll and Key Society Yale College New
Haven, Connecticut  125
60. Portuguese 1700. Dr. Theodore S. Woolsey . . . .126

TANKARDS
61. Stoneware 1590. American Antiquarian Society Worcester,
Massachusetts  128
62. London 1674-75. First Congregational Church South Ber
wick, Maine . . . . . . . . .130
63. Timothy Dwight. Dr. Frederick C. Shattuck . . .131
64. Jeremiah Dummer. South Parish Portsmouth, New Hamp
shire   133
65. Henry Hurst. Mr. Dudley L. Pickman  134
66. Peter Van Dyck. First Congregational Church Bridgeport,
Connecticut . . . .... 135
67. George Hanners. Mr. Dwight M. Prouty . . . 136
68. Joseph Kneeland. Harvard University Cambridge, Massa
chusetts .......... 137
69. London 1716-17. Mrs. Stanley Cunningham . . 139
70. John Edwards. First Parish Plymouth, Massachusetts . 140
71. Birmingham 1779-80. Baptist Church Warren, Rhode
Island .  141
72. London 1775-76. Mrs. James A. Garland . . . 142
73. Colonial? First Presbyterian Church Trenton, New Jersey . 143
74. Samuel Williamson. First Congregational Church Deerfield,
Massachusetts  144

FLAGONS
75. London 1649-50. Grace Church York-Hampton Parish
York County Yorktown, Virginia ..... 148
76. London 1694-95. Christ Church Cambridge, Massachusetts 149

Illustrations xi

77. London 1707-08. Presbyterian Church Hyattsville Prince
George's County, Maryland  151
78. London 1717-18. St. George's Parish (formerly Baltimore)
now Harford County, Maryland . . . . .152
79. Peter Oliver. Second Church Boston, Massachusetts . .154
80. Philip Syng. Christ Church Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 155
81. Simeon Soumaine. Immanuel Church New Castle, Delaware 156
82. William Cowell, Jr. Hollis Street Church Boston, Massa
chusetts  157
83. London 1767-68. First Congregational Society Salem,
Massachusetts ... ..... 159
84. John David. St. Peter's Church Lewes, Delaware . . 160
85. Ebenezer Chittenden. First Congregational Church Derby,
Connecticut ......... 162
86. Jesse Churchill. West Church Lynde St. Boston, Massa
chusetts .......... 163
87. I. W. Forbes. First Reformed Church Fishkill, New York . 165
88. Welles & Company. Grace Church Providence, Rhode Island 166
MUGS
89. Edinburgh 1682-83. Mr. Guy Warren Walker . . .168
90. London 1688-89. St- Michael's Parish Talbot County, Mary
land  169
91. John Coney. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . . 170
92. Jeremiah Dummer. First Baptist Church Boston, Massa
chusetts .  17°
93. William Cowell. Mr. Philip LerRngwell Spalding . . .171
94. John Coney. Mrs. Elizabeth Hooper Betton . . 171
95. William Cowell. Methodist Episcopal Church Hull, Massa
chusetts ...... . • I72
96. Benjamin Burt. First Parish Church (Universalist) Saugus,
Massachusetts  173
97. Allen and Edwards. First Baptist Church Boston, Massa
chusetts ....  J74
98. John Coney. Mrs. Charles H. Joy  175
99. Bartholomew Schaats. Mr. George S. Palmer . . • 175

xii Illustrations PAGE
ioo. Peter Van Dyck. First Presbyterian Church Southampton
Long Island, New York  176
101 . William Cowell. First Church of Christ Hartford, Connecticut 1 77
102. WiUiam Simpkins. Mr. William W. Vaughan . . . 177
103. Munson Jarvis. Congregational Church Greens Farms
Westport, Connecticut . . . . . . .178
104. Paul Revere. Mrs. Ellerton L. Dorr  179
105. Lewis Cary. The Misses Cruft  179
106. William Pollard. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 180
107. John Blowers. First Parish Church Beverly, Massachusetts 181
108. Daniel Boyer. Tabernacle Church Salem, Massachusetts. 182
109. London 1779-80. Congregational Church Hamilton, Mas
sachusetts  183
no. Samuel Soumaine. Presbyterian Church Rehoboth and
Pitts Creek, Maryland .  184
III. E.Davis. Mr. George S. Palmer  185
112. JohnPotwine. Mr. Alfred Bowditch  186
TWO-HANDLED CUPS
113. London 1677-78. Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New
York City  .188
114. Edward Winslow. Mrs. Lois B. Rantoul .... 190
115. London 1726-27. Christ Church Hartford, Connecticut . 191
116. London 1714-15. First Parish Medford, Massachusetts . 193
117. London 1725 ? Mr. Frederick Goddard May . . . 194
118. Peter Feurt. Miss Una Gray  196
119. London 1760-61. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
City ...  197
120. London 1770-71. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 198
121. Joseph Loring. Brattle Street Church Boston, Massa
chusetts  199
CHALICES
122. Gothenburg 1718. Holy Trinity Church Wilmington,
Delaware . j .  202

Illustrations xiii PAGE
123. London 1611-12. St. Peter's Church Perth Amboy, New
Jersey  204
124. London 1618-19. St. John's Church (Elizabeth City
Parish) Elizabeth City County Hampton, Virginia . . 206
125. English 1660. Christ Church Bruton Parish Williams
burg, Virginia  207
126. London 1694-95. Westover Parish Charles City County,
Virginia  ... 208
127. London 1722-23. St. Peter's Church Perth Amboy, New
Jersey  2IO
128. London 1731-32. Mapsico Church Charles City County,
Virginia . . . .  211
129. John Edwards. Christ Church Boston, Massachusetts . 212
130. John David. St. Peter's Church Lewes, Delaware . . 214
131. French 1650-1700. St. Mary's Church Burlington, New
Jersey  215
132. Paris 1675-1700. Old South Church Boston, Massa
chusetts  217

BAPTISMAL BASINS
133. Jacobus Van der Spiegel. South Reformed Church, New
York City . .  222
134. Jeremiah Dummer. First Parish (Unitarian) Cambridge,
Massachusetts .  223
135. Philip Syng. Christ Church Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 226
136. Jacob Boelen. First Reformed Church Tarrytown, New
York  . . . 226
137. John Potwine. New South Church Boston, Massachusetts . 228
138. Daniel Russell. Trinity Church Newport, Rhode Island , 230
139. London 1751-52. St. James's Parish (St. James's Church
Herring Creek) Anne Arundel County, Maryland . .231
140. London 1761-62. Christ Church Cambridge, Massa
chusetts . . . . . . . . . .232
141. -Freeman Woods. Congregational Church North Haven,
Connecticut  233

xiv Illustrations PAGE
142. Paul Revere. Hollis Street Church Boston, Massachusetts 235
143. Lows, Ball & Co. Second Parish Worcester, Massachusetts 236
PATENS AND SALVERS
144. Timothy Dwight. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . 238
145. London 1691-92. Northern Diocese of Virginia . . . 239
146. London 1698-99. St. John's Church (Elizabeth City Parish)
Elizabeth City County Hampton, Virginia . . . 240
147. Billious Ward. Trinity Church Southport (Fairfield) Con
necticut .......... 241
148. Samuel Minott. Brattle Street Church Boston, Massachu
setts  .... 244
149. Spanish 1690-1700. St. Philip's Church Charleston, South
Carolina .......... 245
150. London 1740-41. Mr. C. Hartman Kuhn . . 246
151. Jacob Hurd. Mr. Hollis French ... . . 246
152. Dublin 1720-21. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . 247
DRAM CUPS OR TASTERS
153. Sanderson and Hull. Dr. Samuel A. Green .... 250
154. Benjamin Sanderson. Mr. Dwight Blaney .... 250
155. Edward Winslow. Mr. Dwight Blaney .... 250
SALTS AND SALTCELLARS
156. London 1629? Harvard University Cambridge, Massa
chusetts .......... 253
lS7- J°hn Coney. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts 255
158. London 1706-07. Mr. Hervey E. Wetzel . . . 256
159. London 1764-65. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massa
chusetts ... ...... 2c6
160. Daniel Parker. Mrs. L. B. Taft  257
161. London 1766-67. Mr. Philip Leffingwell Spalding . . 257
162. Caleb Swan ? Worcester Art Museum Worcester, Massa
chusetts  258

Illustrations xv
SPOONS

PAGE

163. John Hull. Essex Institute Salem, Massachusetts . . 263
164. Colonial. First Baptist Church Boston, Massachusetts. 264
165. John Coney. First Parish Unitarian Tyngsboro, Massa
chusetts . . . . . 26c
166. John Edwards. First Church Boston, Massachusetts . . 266
167. John Coney. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . 267
168. Jeffrey Lang. Estate of Mrs . Sally Pickman Dwight . . 268
169. S. Barrett. Mr. Dwight Blaney  269
170. Jacob Hurd. Dr. Samuel A. Green  269
171. Thomas Skinner. Mr. Dwight Blaney  270
172. Joseph Edwards, Jr. Brattle Street Church Boston, Massa
chusetts  .... 271
173. English. Mrs. M. B. Jones  272
174. William Homes, Jr. Mr. Dwight Blaney .... 273
175. Joseph Loring. The Misses Parsons  273
176. Daniel Rogers. Mr. Dwight Blaney  274
177. Davis, Palmer & Co. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massa
chusetts . ....... 275
178. Edward Watson. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massa
chusetts  .... 276
179. Benjamin Burt. Mr. William S. Townsend .... 277
180. Jeffrey Lang? Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . . 278
181. Paul Revere. Second Church Boston, Massachusetts . . 278
182. London 1764-65. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . 279

LADLES
183. London 1793-94. Mr. Dwight Blaney .... 280
184. George Hanners, Jr. ? Mr. Dwight Blaney . . . .281

FORKS
185. John Coney ? Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . . 282
186. John Noyes. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts 282

xvi Illustrations

CANDLESTICKS
PAGE
187. Jeremiah Dummer. Mr. William A. Jeffries . . . 284
188. John Coney? Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . . 286
189. John Coney. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight . . 287
190. John Burt. Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 288
f London 1741-42. „, _ „. TT
191. { _, JJ Mrs. George W. Harrington . 289
[ Thomas Dane.
192. Sheffield 1783-84. Mrs. F. C. Martin  290
193. London 1777-78. Miss M. H. Jewell  291

SNUFFERS AND TRAYS
194. London 1725-26. Mr. Dwight M. Prouty . . . .293
195. John Burt. Miss Evelyn Sherburne  293

SCONCES
196. London 1705-06. Mrs. William W. Vaughan . . . 294
CANDLE BRACKETS
197. Knight Leverett. Mr. Francis Hill Bigelow .... 296

PORRINGERS
198. London 1637-38. Harvard University Cambridge, Massa
chusetts ... ..... 299
199. London 1682-83. Messrs. Crichton Brothers . . . 301
200. London 1691-92. Judge A. T. Clearwater .... 301
201. London 1701-02. Messrs. Crichton Brothers . . 302
202. London 1743-44. Worcester Art Museum Worcester, Mas
sachusetts .... .... 302
203. London 1780-81. Mrs. Charles H. Joy . . . .303
204. Jeremiah Dummer. Worcester Art Museum Worcester,
Massachusetts  j0r

Illustrations

xvu

205. Rene Grignon. Mrs. John Bertram Read
206. Peter Oliver. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight
207. B. F. Miss Edith D. Beck
208. Jeremiah Dummer. Mr. R. T. Haines Halsey
209. Jeremiah Dummer. Mrs. George E. Francis
210. Edward Winslow. Miss Harriet L. Clapp .
211. Samuel Vernon. Mrs. Trumbull Hartshorn .
212. John Coney. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight
213. John Coney ? Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
214. Andrew Tyler. Mr. Dwight Blaney
215. Andrew Tyler. Miss Helen Temple Cooke .
216. John Edwards. Mrs. T. D. Townsend
217. John Edwards. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight
218. Edward Winslow. Mrs. J. D. Brannan

PAGE 3°5306307307308308309309310312312
313
313
3H

CASTERS

London 1701-02. Miss Harriet L. Clapp
Garrett Onclebagh. Mr. George S. Palmer
John Edwards. Miss Frances M. Lincoln
William Cowell. Mr. Dwight M. Prouty
223. London 1702-03. Mrs. James A. Garland
224. John Burt. Mrs. L. B. Taft
225. London 1726-27. Judge A. T. Clearwater
226. Arnold Collins. Mr. George S. Palmer
227. Rufus Greene. Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Cunningham
228. London 1747-48. Mr. J. Templeman Coolidge .

219.
220. 221.
222.

3163173i8
319
320320321
322323
324

CHAFING DISHES

229.230.
231.232.233-

John Coney. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight
John Coney. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight
John Coney. Mr. Norman W. Cabot
John Potwine. Mrs. George F. Richardson .
London 1743-44. Estate of Mrs. Theodore Lyman

326
327327328
329

XV111

Illustrations

DISH CROSSES
234. London 1773-74. Judge A. T. Clearwater

PAGE 329

TEAPOTS

Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer ....
Clearwater Collection, Metropolitan Museum

235. Paul Revere.
236. John Coney.
of Art 
237. I. Ten Eyck. Mr. George S. Palmer ....
238. Josiah Austin ? Mrs. Robert N. Toppan
239. Colonial. By courtesy of the Towle Manufacturing Com
pany 
240. Jacob Hurd. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts
241. Paul Revere, Sr. Mrs. George W. Harrington
242. Nathaniel Hurd. Mrs. L. B. Taft
243. John Coburn. Estate of Mrs. Sally Pickman Dwight
244. London 1759-60. Mr. J. A. Lowell Blake .
245. Benjamin Burt. Mrs. Charles W. Lord
246. London 1780-81. Mrs. F. C. Martin
247. Paul Revere and Son. Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer .
248. Zachariah Brigden. Mr. Henry H. Edes
249. Newcastle 1799-1800. Mrs. Mary Isabella James Gozzaldi
TEA KETTLES
250. Jacob Hurd. Mrs. Stanley Cunningham ....

333334336
337
338339
33934i
342343
344345346
347
349

35i

TEA SERVICES
251. Paul Revere. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts 352

TEA URNS
252. London 1795-96. Mrs. H. A. Lamb  354
253. Paul Revere. Mr. Gamaliel Bradford  355
254. Dutch 1806. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts 357

Illustrations xix

TEA CADDIES
PAGE
255. London 1713-14. Mr. Dwight M. Prouty .... 358
256. London 1724-25. Mr. Norman W. Cabot .... 359
257. London 1758-59. Miss Ellen S. Bulfinch .... 360
258. London 1792-93. Mr. Dwight M. Prouty . . . .361

STRAINERS
259. London. Mrs. George W. Harrington  362
260. Daniel Parker. Mr. Vernon H. Hall  363
261. Samuel Edwards. Mrs. T. D. Townsend .... 364
262. Colonial. Mr. George S. Palmer  365

CHOCOLATE POTS
263. Edward Winslow. Clearwater Collection, Metropolitan
Museum of Art  368
264. John Coney. Mrs. Robert Soutter  370
265. London 1794-95. Dr. C. W. Townsend .... 371
266. Zachariah Brigden. Mr. William S. Townsend . . . 373

COFFEE POTS
267. Jacob Hurd. Mr. Munroe Chickering .... 374
268. London 1751-52. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massa
chusetts  375
269. Paul Revere. Mrs. Thomas Bailey Aldrich .... 376
270. Paul Revere. Mrs. T. D. Townsend  378
271. London 1773-74. Mrs. Robert Hale Bancroft . . . 379
272. Paul Revere. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massa
chusetts .  380
273. American. Mrs. F. P. Garvan  381

xx Illustrations
SPOUT CUPS
274. John Edwards. Worcester Art Museum Worcester, Massa
chusetts .......
275. Allen and Edwards. Mrs. Alexander Whiteside
276. Samuel Haugh. Miss Margaret C. Wyman .
277. Andrew Tyler. Mrs. T. D. Townsend
278. Nathaniel Morse. Mrs. F. C. Martin .
279. Moody Russell. Mr. Francis Hill Bigelow .

383385 386
387388389

TOBACCO BOXES
280. John Coney. Mr. William A. Jeffries  392
SNUFF BOXES
281. Jacob Hurd. The Misses Loring  393
282. William Whittemore. Mr. Francis Hill Bigelow . . . 394
283. London 1819-20. Mr. George E. Brown .... 395
NUTMEG BOXES
284. John Coburn. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts 396
285. Colonial. Mr. George S. Palmer  397
286. London 1792-93. Mr. J. D. H. Luce  397
SUGAR-BOXES BOWLS BASKETS
287. John Coney. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts 399
288. London 1728-29. Judge A. T. Clearwater . . . 400
289. John Coburn. The Misses Cruft . . . . 401
290. John Burt. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts . 401
291. Josiah Austin. Mr. Norman W. Cabot .... 402
292. Jacob Hurd. Miss Mary Weld Allen  403
293. Paul Revere. Miss Susanna Willard  4.04
294. Paul Revere. Mrs. Alfred Winsor  405

Illustrations xxi
SUGAR TONGS
PAGE
295. John Ball. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts . 406
296. John Hancock. Mr. Francis Hill Bigelow .... 407
297. American. Mr. Francis Hill Bigelow  407
PITCHERS
298. Josiah Austin ? Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Cunningham . . 408
299. Tobias Stoutenburgh ? Mrs. Nehemiah Perry . . . 409
300. London 1746-47. Miss Alice Hayes  410
301. William Swan. The Misses Parsons  411
302. Paul Revere. Miss Lucy W. Valentine . . . .412
303. London 1750-51. Mr. Marsden J. Perry .... 412
304. James Howell. Mrs. Lucretia Mott (Hallowell) Churchill . 413
305. Joseph Moulton 2d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Mas
sachusetts  414
SAUCE BOATS
306. London 1736-37. Dr. Samuel A. Green .... 415
307. John Burt. Miss Margaret C. Wyman .... 416
308. Benjamin Burt. Miss Alice C. Allyn ..... 417
309. London 1785-86. Mrs. Samuel Johnson .... 417
PUNCH BOWLS
310. Daniel Henchman. Dartmouth College Hanover, New
Hampshire  420
311. William Homes. Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massa
chusetts  421
312. Paul Revere. Mrs. Marsden J. Perry ..... 423
JEWISH SYNAGOGUE SILVER
313. Myer Myers. Jewish Synagogue Newport, Rhode Island . 428
314. Myer Myers. Jewish Synagogue Newport, Rhode Island . 429

xxii Illustrations PAGE
315. Hays & Myers? Jewish Synagogue Newport, Rhode Island 430
316. American 1810. Jewish Synagogue Newport, Rhode Island 430
317. American. Jewish Synagogue Newport, Rhode Island 431
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH SILVER
318. Italian 1500. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church Lan
caster, Pennsylvania . . . . . . -433
319. German 1725. Georgetown Roman Catholic University,
District of Columbia  434
320. Group. Georgetown Roman Catholic University, District
of Columbia  435
INKSTANDS
321. Philip Syng. City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . . . 437
STEW PANS
322. John Coney. Mr. Paul M. Hamlen  439
SIPHONS
f American. Mrs. L. B. Taft ...... 440
\ Thomas Hammersley. Mr. Lawrence Park . . . 440
COASTERS
324. London 1772-73. Mr. Francis Hill Bigelow .... 441
BREAD BASKETS
325. London 1767-68. Miss Alice A. Appleton .... 442

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Buck, J. H. Old Plate.
Burlington Magazine, The Various numbers.
Burns, Thomas Old Scottish Communion Plate.
Chaffers, W. Hall-marks on Gold and Silver Plate.
Connoisseur, The Various numbers.
Cripps, W. J. Old English Plate. Old French Plate.
Curtis, George Munson Early Silver of Connecticut
and its Makers.
Dawson, Nelson Goldsmiths' and Silversmiths' Work.
Encyclopedia Britannica " Plate. " (Comprehensive
bibliography.)
French, Hollis A List of Early American Silversmiths
and their Marks.
Gardner, John Starkie Old Silver-Work, Chiefly
English, from XV th to XVIIIth Centuries.
Hudson-Fulton Celebration Catalogue of an Exhi
bition Held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
I9°9-
Jackson, C. J. History of English Plate. English
Goldsmiths and their Marks.
Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition Catalogue
of the Massachusetts Colonial Loan Exhibit, 1907.
Jones, E. Alfred The Old Silver of American Churches.
The Gold and Silver of Windsor Castle. The Old
English Plate of the Emperor of Russia. The Old

xxiv Bibliography"
Royal Plate in the Tower of London. The Old
Plate of the Cambridge Colleges. Illustrated Cata
logue of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan's Collection of
Plate. Also other works.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Catalogue of
the Avery Collection of Spoons, 1909. Catalogue of
Silver used in New York New Jersey and the South,
191 1. Various Bulletins.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston American Silver, 1906.
American Church Silver, 191 1. Various Bulletins.
Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia Various Bulletins.
Rosenberg, M. Der Goldschmiede Merkzeichen.
Woolsey, Theodore S. Old Silver.
Worcester Art Museum, Worcester Exhibition of Old
Silver Owned in Worcester County, 1913.

HISTORIC SILVER OF THE COLONIES

CHRONOLOGY

Reformation .
Elizabeth
James I
Charles I
CommonwealthCharles II .
James II
William and Mary
William III .
Anne George I
George II
George III
Louis XIV .
Louis XV .
Louis XVI .

about 1540-16101 558-1603
1603-1625 1625-1649
1649-16601660-16851685-16891 68 9-1 694
1694-17021702-17141714-1727 1727-1760
1760-1820
1 643-171 5
171 5-1774
1 774-1 792

Historic Silver of the Colonies

FOREWORD
HAVING had so large a share in the mak
ing of "The Old Silver of American
Churches" I feel somewhat justified in
bringing out this smaller book in order to place
before a larger number of readers some of the
information imparted in Mr. E. Alfred Jones's
masterful introduction to that volume and to
illustrate and describe specifically some of the
many important examples belonging to the
churches, which he characterizes as "little
monuments of American history." It also gives
me the opportunity to include much of the
silver designed for purely domestic purposes —
many notable specimens discovered by me in
the past ten years in private hands ; and to
add brief historical accounts of the craftsmen
who made the vessels of both classes, as well as
of the donors or original owners. Many of
these bear the names or initials of men famous
as governors and soldiers, Puritan leaders and
prosperous merchants, leading citizens and emi
nent divines.
Rutgers College has conferred upon Mr.
Jones the degree of Master of Arts, in appre-

2 Historic Silver of the Colonies
ciation of his valuable services in compiling
an authentic catalogue of the early silver in
the churches of the Colonies and in so ably
describing the various vessels.
To my friend Mr. R. T. Haines Halsey must
be accorded the credit of having inspired me to
form the collection of American silver for the
Museum of Fine Arts at Boston in 1906; and
to his generosity is due the publication of the
catalogue of that exhibition, which is one of
the handsomest ever issued by any museum.
His attributions to the silversmiths of the marks
on these pieces has been invaluable in stimu
lating other investigations. Mr. Halsey char
acterizes it as "the finest exhibition of early
plate, American or European, yet held in this
country. To Americans it has a far deeper
interest in that it represents the artistic con
ception and craftsmanship of the fathers by
whose energy our country was developed and
our Republic founded."
The news of this exhibition reached London
and induced Mr. Jones, who had made a pro
found study of English and Continental plate,
to come to Boston to see what the American
craftsmen had produced. His high praise and
great interest in the subject led me to begin a
systematic search among the churches of Mas
sachusetts, while my friend the late Mr. George
M. Curtis of Meriden, Connecticut, under
took a similar search in that state. A wealth
of communion silver little dreamed of was

Foreword 3
revealed. Many of the churches never real
ized that their pieces were of silver or of any
great value. While some was in bank vaults,
most of it was carelessly kept in wooden houses ;
and it is to be regretted that much of value
has been destroyed by fire for lack of proper
protection. A very great deal of communion silver is
not now in use. The Museum of Fine Arts
at Boston having generously offered to store
such relics, with the privilege of exhibiting them
from time to time, many of the churches have
wisely availed of this offer, as it insures safety;
and some have presented their silver outright
to the museum so that its preservation may be
assured for future generations. By those who
value church silver for its association, if for no
other reason, some such precautions should
be taken in order to prevent its future sale
by those who may have no sentiment regarding
it. The Museum will gladly lend to the churches
from which derived, for special occasions, gifts
so made.
A second exhibition of over eleven hundred
pieces of silver from the New England churches,
held at the Museum of Fine Arts in 191 1, was
the result of this research. To the catalogue
of this collection Mr. Curtis contributed a most
interesting introduction on the Connectiajt-4
silversmiths. His volume on "Early Silver j
of Connecticut and its Makers" is a valuable
addition to the history of American silver, f

4 Historic Silver of the Colonies
I wish here to pay tribute to his warm friend
ship, which is a pleasant memory. His keen
interest in the pursuit of knowledge regarding
the silversmiths, not only of Connecticut but
of New England, has been most helpful and
inspiring to other investigators.
The necessity of permanently recording the
church silver of the Colonies seemed to me of
paramount importance ; and Mr. Jones's offer
to do this gratuitously led the Colonial Dames
to get together the church silver in other states.
To Mrs. Elihu Chauncey, as chairman of
the Silver Committee of the Colonial Dames of
New York, is due the credit of the successful
exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum
of Art at New York, also in 191 1. The labor of
gathering not only the church silver of that
state, but also much from states south of New
York, was an undertaking which merits the
highest praise. To the catalogue of this exhi
bition Mr. Halsey contributed a valuable fore
word on the New York silversmiths, which has
been freely quoted by me.
To the Colonial Dames of the other states
are due thanks for their efforts to locate the
church silver in order that the work might be
made complete.
To Mrs. Barrett Wendell, president of the
Massachusetts Society of the Colonial Dames,
cannot be accorded too high praise for her
efforts in carrying to a successful conclusion
the publication of the handsome volume com-

Foreword 5
piled by Mr. Jones. Her kind permission to
make use of the material in that book was
readily granted and is greatly appreciated.
To my friend Mr. E. Alfred Jones of London
I am under deep obligation for the very great
privilege of making free use of the text of "The I
Old Silver of American Churches" as well as of '
his numerous and valuable publications on
English plate ; so I have availed myself to the
fullest extent of this permission, and I have
not changed his wording in my text.
To Mr. Charles James Jackson, F.S.A., etc.,
of London, I am equally indebted for his kind
consent to make use of his important work
entitled "History of English Plate." In tracing
the development of the more purely domestic
silver this has been of inestimable value to me.
To Miss Florence V. Paull of the Museum
of Fine Arts I cannot adequately express my
thanks. Her deep interest in the subject of
American silver and her cooperation, alone
made possible the exhibitions in 1906 and
191 1. Her constant willingness to render as
sistance has encouraged me to undertake the
writing of this book.
The photographs of the New England
church silver used in the illustrations were
taken under my supervision for "The Old
Silver of American Churches" by my friend
the late Mr. William Stone of Boston. Those
of New York and the South were largely fur
nished by the Metropolitan Museum of Art,

6 Historic Silver of the Colonies
New York ; that these were supplied gratui
tously for "The Old Silver of American
Churches" was not known until after the pub
lication of that volume, which accounts for Mr.
Jones's failure to acknowledge the obligation.
To the museum and particularly to my friend
Mr. H. W. Kent I am indebted for other illus
trations and much information.
To my friend the late Dr. Edwin A. Barber
of the Pennsylvania Museum of Philadelphia
I desire to record my thanks for photographs
supplied by that museum.
Many of the photographs used to illustrate
the purely domestic pieces in this volume have
been taken, under my supervision, by Mr.
Ralph C. Smith of Boston ; some of these are
intended for Mr. E. Alfred Jones's volume "Old
American Domestic Silver" which will be issued
at a future date.
To the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, I
wish to express my appreciation of their cour
tesy in receiving the domestic silver on deposit
and in allowing me to have the photographs made
there. To my many friends and acquaintances who
have allowed me to examine their silver and
to use pieces for illustration I am much in
debted. To the late Mr. John H. Buck of New York
acknowledgment is due for his pioneer work
in compiling, as early as 1888, a volume en
titled "Old Plate," published by the Gorham

Foreword 7
Manufacturing Company, which contains a vast
accumulation of knowledge regarding Amer
ican church silver.
Also to my friend Dr. Theodore S. Woolsey
of New Haven should be accorded mention for
his article "Old Silver" contributed to Harper's
Magazine and reprinted in 1896 in pamphlet
form by John Wells esquire, of New York.
I am also indebted for much information
to the works of Samuel Adams Drake, Savage's
" Genealogical Dictionary " and Francis S.
Drake's "Dictionary of American Biography."
The late Mr. John Ware Willard deserves
recognition for much historical and genealogical
data on the Massachusetts silversmiths — a
labor undertaken for my special benefit.
To my friend the late Mr. Theodore F. Dwight
of Boston for his aid in revising and for many
helpful suggestions I am sincerely grateful.
FRANCIS HILL BIGELOW.
Cambridge, Massachusetts,
No. 4 Channing Street,
May 4, 1917.

INTRODUCTION
THE scope of this work must necessarily
be very limited, as the subject is almost
inexhaustible, and for a comprehensive
study of English plate the reader is referred
particularly to the various important works of
Mr. E. Alfred Jones and of Mr. Charles James
Jackson, in which may be seen prototypes of
the Colonial examples. In the bibliography are
other works which will be found valuable to the
interested reader. A more complete list will be
found in the last edition of the " Encyclopaedia
Britannica" under the article "Plate" written
by Mr. Jones.
"Plate" is the word most generally used in
England and on the Continent when referring
to articles made of the precious metals; and
during the first hundred years. or more in the
Colonies "plate" was naturally used: in wills
and inventories. Some confusion seems to exist
in our country regarding the word "plate,"
which perhaps arose from the invention of
"Sheffield plate." About the middle of the
eighteenth century it was discovered in Sheffield,
England, that a very thin plate of silver, laid
either side of a heavier plate of copper, could
be fused. By pressure between rollers the
8

Introduction 9
combination was so strengthened and hardened
that it could be wrought as solid silver was
wrought. Much genuine old Sheffield plate is
now in existence in our country, and it is often
difficult to decide, upon a casual examination,
whether it is silver or plated. Usually the rims,
the edges of the bases, or the bottoms of the
feet show traces of the copper where the silver
has been rubbed off by constant cleaning or
wear. Sheffield plate was produced to a con
siderable extent in New England, but undoubt
edly a- great deal was imported from England.
The word "silver" therefore has come to
be commonly used in our country ; and the
museums in general have sanctioned such use
of the word. The customary term applied in
England to the craftsman who worked in the
precious metals was "goldsmith"; and in our
country for a century or more the same desig
nation was used. By the middle of the eight
eenth century " silversmith " was used to some
extent, and it is now invariably applied in the
United States to workers in the white metal.
Dr. Theodore S. Woolsey in his article on the
subject says: "Old silver has a color, a touch,
a feeling, peculiar to itself. The genuineness
of a piece must be determined by a study of
these points, as well as of the style, the marks of
wear, and the history. It is only by the exami
nation, the handling if possible, of a large
number of specimens that one can gain accurate
knowledge of these qualities."

io Historic Silver of the Colonies
The silver which first came to the Colonies
was naturally of English workmanship ; and
many of these vessels were copied by the silver
smiths who came to New England in the early
days of its settlement. The first of whom we
have knowledge was John Mansfield (1601-74)
who came to Boston from London in 1634;
Robert Sanderson (1608-93) came to Hampton
in 1638, and his daughter Lydia is said to have
been the first white child baptized there ; he
had practised his trade in England and settled
at Boston in 1652, becoming the partner of
John Hull (1624-83) who had come to Boston
in 1635 but who learned his trade in New
England. The American silversmiths not only pursued
their craft with success but were also prominent
citizens and discharged many public duties.
Just as the silversmiths in the Old World were
versed in the other crafts so too were the silver
smiths in the Colonies. Many were notable
engravers of prints, book-plates and paper
money ; others seem to have discontinued their
craft and become merchants of distinction ;
a number of the Boston silversmiths were
members of the Ancient and Honorable Ar
tillery Company. There were silversmiths who
settled in Virginia as early as 1608, but for the
purpose of discovering gold and not to practise
their craft, as related by Captain John Smith.
Mr. R. T. Haines Halsey, in his introduction
to the catalogue of "American Silver," Museum

Introduction 1 1
of Fine Arts, Boston, 1906, pays tribute to the
ability and craftsmanship of these men thus :
"The silver is of the period when the ancient
geometrical shapes held sway among craftsmen :
when purity of form, sense of proportion and
perfection of line were preferred to elaborate
ness of design ; when dignity and solidity were
considered superior to bulk, and when the beau
tiful white metal was allowed to take its colors
from its surroundings rather than be made the
medium for the display of skill by workers in
metal. The early American silver, as in the
case of our early architecture and furniture, is
thoroughly characteristic of the taste and life
of the period in America. Simple in design
and substantial in weight, it reflects the classic
mental attitude of the people. Social condi
tions here warranted no attempt to imitate the
magnificent baronial silver made in England,
illustrations of which are to be found in all
English books on plate."
Much English silver came to the Colonies
as gifts, or to fill orders sent from our country.
It should be borne in mind that there were many
merchants in New England as well as in Vir
ginia whose principal trade was with the mother
country, and it was but natural to order goods
in return for those sent. Furthermore many
persons in those days were pro-English as they
are to-day, and undoubtedly preferred the im
ported article to anything that could be made
in the Colonies. Unfortunately this preference

12 Historic Silver of the Colonies
has been prevalent since the settlement of the
country, and doubtless if the opportunity offered
to purchase as cheaply and conveniently, most
persons would have been prone to secure the
English article. For art lovers it is fortunate
that the people as a whole were obliged to
patronize home talent, otherwise we should
not now possess the examples of silver, furni
ture, glass, miniatures and portraits which are
just beginning to be appreciated by our mu
seums and collectors.
Neither must it be forgotten that much silver
made by the Colonial craftsmen has gone to
England : some as gifts, but doubtless the larger
part was taken by the two thousand loyalists
when they left the country at the time of the
Revolution. The silver of King's Chapel in
Boston was carried off by Dr. Henry Caner,
the last royalist rector of this church. To be
sure this was largely the work of English gold
smiths and the gifts of the English sovereigns,
William and Mary, George II and George III ;
but doubtless there were also amongst it pieces
made by the Colonial silversmiths. The pieces
known to have been taken by Dr. Caner con
sisted of "six flagons, six cups, four large basins,
six dishes, two christening basins, six salvers
and four tankards, etc." As the estimated
weight of the silver carried off was 2800 ounces,
the pieces enumerated could have accounted
for only half this weight! Of what the "etc."
consisted we shall never know. In the records

Introduction 13
of King's Chapel in June, 1695, is this item :
"pd Cross for makeing 2 ps plate £3.0.0";
he was without doubt a Colonial silversmith.
The destruction in Europe of vast quantities
of priceless silver vessels of the earliest times,
on account of the intrinsic value of the metal,
was mostly for conversion into money in times
of war. At the Reformation the destruction
of ecclesiastical vessels of great historic and
artistic value was due to excessive Protestant
zeal. But in England, in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, the remodelling of older
plate, domestic as well as ecclesiastical, was
incredibly large. As each new fashion was
introduced in domestic plate the cost was largely
met by melting and transforming older vessels.
It would be impossible to picture the havoc
wrought by this unhappy custom to mediaeval,
Tudor, Elizabethan and Stuart plate, in the
eighteenth century. In a lesser degree the
same unfortunate custom prevailed in the Col
onies, especially as to church vessels. A long
list could be compiled of old silver which has
been destroyed to make way for new vessels
of a more "convenient" form or of a newer
fashion. The loss of many early vessels listed as be
longing to the Second Church, Boston, in 1730
is to be deplored and leads one to infer that the
loss sustained by other early churches may
have been as great. Much to be regretted is
the disappearance from this list of four cups

14 Historic Silver of the Colonies
given in 1620, 1624, 1639 and 1680; three
bowls in 1675, 1680 and 1681 ; and a flagon
given by Sir William Phips in 1689. In any
case they must have been of great interest ;
but if made by Colonial silversmiths they would
have added very materially to the relics of
New England art of the seventeenth century.
The temperance agitation of the nineteenth
century "brought cups and tankards into dis
repute ; silver forks became the fashion and the
housewife seizing the opportunity turned the
one into the other — a conversion afterwards
bitterly regretted." (t. s. w.)
France at two periods of her history suffered
almost more grievous losses in domestic plate
than any other country. First, towards the
close of the reign of Louis XIV, when the royal
treasure was converted into coin to meet the
financial embarrassments of the king, caused by
his personal extravagance and by the wars
against the Netherlands and England. Again,
at the time of the Revolution, the magnificent
services and ornaments of silver, wrought only
a few years before for the royal palaces of Louis
XV and Louis XVI by the noted silversmiths of
the times, were ruthlessly destroyed. The finest
examples of French plate of the eighteenth
century are in the royal collections of the Em
peror of Russia and of the kings of Portugal.
It is quite an easy matter to determine the
age of any piece of English silver, as the cus
tom prevailed after 1478 of using a date-letter

Introduction 15
to represent the year when made ; to prevent
confusion, different types of letters were sub
stituted every twenty years, on the 29th May.
Each article also bore the stamp of the silver
smith, usually his initials in some device :
Britannia or the lion passant denoting nation
ality ; the leopard's head showing the approval
of the London goldsmith companies authorized
to pass on the quality; and, after 1784, the1
sovereign's head. If the silver was not up to
the required standard, the articles were liable
to forfeiture ; when silver was brought by the
owner to be remade into other vessels the gold
smith escaped the obligation of having them
assayed and hall-marked, as there was no pen
alty. Consequently some genuine English plate
is without hall-marks.
Other cities had, instead of the leopard's
head, some other device. Mr. Charles J. Jack-i,
son's "English Goldsmiths and their Marks,"!
by which the marks in this book have been
identified, is the only complete work of the
kind. In our country it is only possible to give an
approximate date to a piece of silver ; and the
guiding factors must be the working period of
the silversmith, the form of the vessel, and
perhaps the date of gift. In the early days the
arrival of a "new fashion" in England, while
probably adopted in New England in due course,
did not apparently deter the silversmiths from
continuing to supply the older and perhaps

16 Historic Silver of the Colonies
better design and one which may have been
more pleasing to their customers. The length
of time that intervened between the rise of a
fashion in England and its adoption in New
England is impossible to tell : in some cases it
may have so happened that it was almost con
temporary ; while in others doubtless some years
elapsed, perhaps ten or even twenty, before the
new fashion was copied to any extent in our
country. The disinclination to adopt the newer fashions
is especially noticeable in the churches when
additional pieces were required. While there
was little uniformity in the vessels which they
received by gift, when ordering new silver the
preference always seemed to be to reproduce
some piece the church already possessed. A
notable instance is that of the old Barnstable
Church, which before the separation into the
East and West parishes in 1719 possessed several
of the early flat-bottomed beakers made by
Edward Winslow (1669-175 3) and by his
nephew Moody Russell (1694-1761). A divi
sion of the silver was made ; and as late as
April 8, 1815, an exact copy of these beakers
was made for the East Parish by Jesse Church
ill (1773-1819). Fortunately, in this case the
church records would have furnished the proof
had the maker's mark been missing ; never
theless this shows the difficulty that may be
met in determining the date from the form
alone.

Introduction 17
Reference is constantly made to a Colonial
silversmith becoming a "freeman" at a certain
date. "Before a member of society could
exercise the right of suffrage or hold any public
office he must be made a freeman by the general
or quarterly court. To become such he was
required to produce evidence that he was a
respectable member of some Congregational
church. 'This regulation was so far modified
by Royal order in 1664 as to allow individuals
to be made freemen who could obtain certifi
cates of their being correct in doctrine and
conduct from clergymen acquainted with them.'
In 163 1 a test was invented which required all
freemen to be church members. This was upon
the first appearance of a dissent in regard to
religious opinions. But even this test, in the
public opinion, required great caution, as in
1632 it was agreed that a civil magistrate
should not be an elder of the church." — New
England Historical and Genealogical Register,
Vol. III.
The most complete list of the American
silversmiths yet published is that in the cata
logue of "American Church Silver," Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston, 191 1 ; the dates of the
birth and death of many silversmiths are there
noted. The makers' marks on Colonial silver of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is an
interesting study. The earliest adopted natu
rally followed the contemporary English custom

1 8 Historic Silver of the Colonies
consisting of initials enclosed in a device, like
the following : ^— ^

In .the first quarter of the eighteenth century
some silversmiths placed a crown above their
initials — perhaps to make it appear that
they had enjoyed royal patronage — and a
device below, all being enclosed in a shaped
shield ; John Coney placed below his initials a
coney, as a rebus on his name.
With the prosperity of the Colonies
came an ever increasing number
of silversmiths ; and probably, largely as an
advertisement, many adopted the fashion of
using a stamp with the surname often preceded
by the initial of the Christian name which was
usually enclosed in a plain rectangle or in one of
irregular outline : at the same time a stamp
with initials only was often used for articles
like teaspoons, too small for the larger stamp;
both are frequently found on the larger pieces :
It was not customary to use separate devices
in conjunction with the makers' stamps, but
Cesar Ghiselin of Philadelphia, who died in
1733, stamped a star either side of his initials.
<s£) -j^ $&L Early in the nineteenth cen
t's *~£J Qr tury some of the silversmiths,
chiefly in New York and vicinity, added marks

Introduction 19
resembling those of the assay office in Bir
mingham, England, which would appear to
have been done with the intention of mak
ing their wares pass for English. rr*r=
These stamps depressed the sur- "Vr* $QQ®
face of the silver, leaving the 12180
letters raised. They were, as a rule, placed to
the left of the handle near the lip or on the
bottom of the piece and sometimes in both
places on the same piece ; but there are, of
course, exceptions. In the last quarter of
the eighteenth century some of the silversmiths
adopted a stamp which left the impression
incised : MOULTON
It must not be inferred, however, that any
particular form of mark can be fixed as of any
specific date ; some silversmiths appear never
to have had but one form of mark, while their
contemporaries may have had several different
devices. To attribute the marks, consisting of initials
only, is a comparatively easy matter for the
seventeenth century, as there were few silver
smiths with the same initials ;' and these attribu
tions have been made with satisfactory ac
curacy. But in the early eighteenth century
the difficulty begins and vastly increases, after
the middle of the century, with the growing
number of silversmiths. The positive proof
of identification is where these initials are
found in conjunction with the full name. The
mark, IN with a cross below in a shield, for

20 Historic Silver of the Colonies
John Noyes (i 674-1 749), on the flagon in
the Brattle Street Church, Boston, seems to
need no further proof, as he was a member
of that church and would have been likely
to be commissioned to make it ; and the same
initials in an oval, on a set of six beakers in
the Congregational Church, Newbury, Massa
chusetts, may be safely attributed to John
Noyes, for his grandfather the Rev. James
Noyes was the pastor of the church when
the beakers were ordered. Another instance
where sufficient proof exists is the mark IG
crowned, with a fleur-de-lis below, in a shield
for Joseph Goldthwaite (1706-80), on the
two-handled beakers in the Second Church,
Boston, and in the First Church, Lynnfield,
Massachusetts, as he was connected by mar
riage with both of the donors. The initials,
SG in a rectangle, attributed to Samuel Gil
bert who advertised in 1798 at Hebron in
Connecticut, is undoubtedly correct, for con
siderable silver with these initials was found
among the old families of that town by Mr.
Curtis. Where sets of spoons are in the same
family the stamp with initials on the small
spoons will usually be found to correspond to
the full name on the large ones. This appears
to be another satisfactory proof of identity.
These instances show the necessity of using
great care in the attributions of initials, as
some proof — other than simply fitting the initials
to the name of a silversmith which corresponds

Introduction 21
— is certainly required to convince the seeker
after truth.
A very important factor in determining the
maker, when other proofs are lacking, must
necessarily be the locality in which the original
owners lived. This is particularly difficult to
ascertain when once these pieces have passed
out of the family into hands not interested in
the identification of the marks. Doubtless
much silver still remains in the possession of
the descendants of the original owners, and it
is hoped that they will see fit to take these
heirlooms, for identification, to some of the
museums in the country now interested in this
subject. Reproduced in "The Old Silver of American
Churches" will be found facsimiles of the marks
of those American silversmiths whose crafts
manship is represented in that important vol
ume. Most of these marks were furnished by
my friend Mr. Hollis French of Boston, who
has in preparation a small volume containing
additional identifications with facsimiles of
marks, which will be issued under the auspices
of the Walpole Society.
One should not be too credulous in ac
cepting every piece of silver as American which
is stamped with initials in a rectangle, a form
so generally used in the eighteenth century,
unless these initials can be identified. Many
Dutch and Irish pieces are marked much like
the American. Spurious marks are also being

22 Historic Silver of the Colonies
put upon old unmarked pieces by unscrupulous
vendors ; and even modern pieces made of in
ferior metal have appeared with forged marks
which may easily deceive the unknowing.
Pieces of silver, so English in design as to de
ceive no one, appear from time to time with
all the marks erased except the stamp of the
maker. Some English hall-marked silver also
bears the stamp of the Colonial silversmith
through whose hands the pieces passed, like
the English candlestick of 1741-42 with the
mark of Thomas Dane (1724-96) of Boston.
The erasure of the English marks is not difficult
and judgment must be exercised in distinguish
ing between English and Colonial designs.
The Colonists followed the English custom
in placing upon silver their initials to denote
ownership. RH, in block letters, on the stand
ing cup in the First Church, Boston, was for
Robert Hull. Where the piece was jointly
owned by husband and wife it was customary
to place the first letter of the surname above
the first letters of the Christian names of hus-
"LT
band and wife, as . ^for Atherton and Elizabeth
Hough, on the standing cup in the First Church,
Boston. Towards the end of the eighteenth
century the marking was in script, with the
initials entwined, in the same order. These
would then appear c/(^3^and both styles
should be mentioned in this order. At this later
time, however, it was not uncommon to have a

Introduction 23
middle name, and the three initials may be
those of an individual and not of husband and
wife. This marking is by no means infallible how
ever. Jonathan Merritt by his will dated
June 19, 1738, left a legacy to the church at
Scituate, Massachusetts, to purchase a cup to
g
be marked -r -** : the S for Scituate and the IM
for Jonathan Merritt. In Christ Church, Phila
delphia, a beaker presented to John Kearsley
by that church was probably originally marked
IK for John Kearsley. His wife was named
Margaret, and the beaker which was presented
by her, after her husband's death, to the same
church is marked j ^- The letter M may have
been added during his life in order that his
wife might share in its ownership, or she may
have had this letter added before presenting it.
The initials -r> p are on five vessels in the First
Church, Boston : the English standing cup of
1626-27 given by Atherton Hough ; the English
cup of 1639-40 given by Jeremy Houchin ;
the cup made by Sanderson and Hull, given by
Thomas Clarke junior ; and on the two beakers,
with granulated bands, made by Sanderson and
Hull, which are dated 1659 and were probably
purchased by the church. It is incredible to
conceive of any common ancestor who could
have owned these five vessels, and the initials

24 Historic Silver of the Colonies
are without doubt for "The Boston Church,"
which . was ordinarily the designation applied
to this — the earliest church at Boston. This
theory is further borne out by the fact that the
First Church possesses three tall beakers and
a pair of spoons, made early in the eighteenth
century by John Edwards (1670-1746), marked
T
n P doubtless for "The Old Church," the name
by which the church is designated in the will
of James Everell, dated December 11, 1682,
and by which it was commonly distinguished
after the founding of the Second and Old South
churches. While the original initials on early silver
should always be identified when possible, as
the date of marriage is an important clew to
the date of the piece, still it does not always
furnish conclusive proof ; but usually it may be
relied upon. The two examples made by
Timothy Dwight (1654-91) of Boston bear the
initials of a later generation than that to which
these pieces originally belonged, and the prob
ability is that they were not marked with other
initials when made. An instance of their initials
being placed on silver after the death of both
husband and wife may be noted on the pair of
beakers made by Sanderson and Hull which
bear the initials of Thomas and Alice Lake ; in
his will dated October 25, 1678, Thomas Lake
directs "£5 to be laid out in plate with mine and
my wife's name engraved thereon" and given to

Introduction 25
the First Church, Dorchester. In the First
Church of Christ at New Haven a caudle cup
"n
bears the initials-rr ofor Henry and Sarah Ruther
ford who died respectively in 1668 and 1674. The
cup was made by John Dixwell, who was not born
until 1680 and doubtless did not make it before
1705. The probability is that their daughter
Mary Prout, who bequeathed it to the church
in 1724, had the cup made from earlier silver
belonging to her parents and wished to per
petuate their memory by marking it with their
initials. But these exceptions only prove the
rule, and it is to the church silver and the pro
bate court records that we are indebted for
the discovery of such discrepancies ; it seems
quite safe to rely upon the marking in most cases.
Neither can the dates found on early silver
be relied upon with impunity. A noticeable
instance is the date 1654 upon two tankards
made by John Coney belonging to the First
Parish (Unitarian) at Cambridge. William
Wilcocks died in 1654 leaving lands to that
church upon the death of his wife, which did
not come into its possession until many years
later. The church records show that it was
not until March 1705 that the sale of these
lands was authorized by the church, and that
the tankards were bought June 7, 1705, for the
sum of £22.8.2. Of course 1654 was a per
fectly proper date to put on the tankards inas
much as the gift was made in that year.

26 Historic Silver of the Colonies
It is unfortunate that many owners of old
silver think it necessary to have dates added to
their heirlooms without first ascertaining when
the silversmith could have made them. Refer
ence is made to this vagary because so many
instances have been noted when the date and
recent inscriptions (even in the churches) show
such glaring discrepancies. Perhaps one of the
most flagrant inconsistencies is shown in the
marking of a tankard which belongs to Harvard
University. It was made by Ephraim Cobb
(1708-75) of Plymouth, Massachusetts, a de
scendant of Henry Cobb, an early settler of
Barnstable ; he was undoubtedly apprenticed
to Moody Russell (1694-1761) of Barnstable;
his wife was Margaret Gardner of Yarmouth.
Upon the end of the handle is a Queen Anne
shilling struck at the Edinburgh mint in 1707-
08 : the date 1638 has been engraved, probably
by the donor's instructions, upon the handle ;
and below it, in succession, are the initials
E E M M ,, .
ttt-) tt-) ttt^ jt^. rurtner, it seems in
credible that four generations of males should
have had wives whose Christian names began
with the letter D. In all probability the D is
intended for the surname ; while no record exists
as to the donor, the initials are thought to be
those of the Dunster family.
Genealogists should find a new field in our
ancestral silver when pursuing their investiga
tions for missing ancestors. Rev. Theophilus

Introduction 27
Cotton bequeathed in 1726 a beaker to the
church at Hampton Falls, New Hampshire.
He married in 1708 Elizabeth Elliott of
Marblehead, widow of Andrew Diamond a
prosperous merchant of Ipswich in Massa
chusetts, after whom the "Diamond Stage," a
well-known wharf at the mouth of the Ipswich
River, was named. The beaker came into the
possession of Theophilus Cotton upon the
death of his wife in 1710; that it had belonged
to Andrew Diamond and a former wife is
proved by the initials « j. Who was she? As
he was born in 1641 it is only reasonable to
suppose that he had been married prior to
1705, the date of his marriage to Elizabeth
(Elliott) Diamond. Many clews may be found
in the initials on vessels described in "The
Old Silver of American Churches."
The Colonists in having silver engraved with
their arms followed a custom comparatively
common in the mother country in the seven
teenth century, which affords a further interest
ing clew in proving many marriages. The
baptismal basin in the Old South Church at
Boston given by Madam Mary Saltonstall,
who had formerly been the wife of William
Clarke, is engraved with the Clarke arms.
The same arms are engraved upon a tankard
given to the North Church, Salem, Massa
chusetts, by Mrs. Elizabeth Cabot in 1784.
She was the daughter of William Clarke,

28 Historic Silver of the Colonies
nephew of William Clarke the former owner of
the basin and tankard. The nephew inherited
the tankard from his uncle ; and at his death it
passed to his daughter Elizabeth who married
Francis Cabot.
The arms engraved upon the Richard Sprague
tankard in the Charlestown Church are those
of Chester, proving the marriage of Richard
Sprague to the daughter of Leonard Chester.
A tankard given to the First Church, Dor
chester, by Hopestill Clap is engraved with
the arms of Rogers, which confirms the mar
riage of his maternal grandmother to Captain
Rogers. The flagon given by Rev. William
Welsteed to the Second Church at Boston, is
engraved with the arms of Steer. Many ap
parent inconsistencies are noted in "The Old
Silver of American Churches," where all these
arms have been reproduced ; doubtless there
was some family relationship which justified
the use of the arms.
A few words of warning should be given to
the owners of old family silver. Never take it
to a jeweller to be cleaned without explicit
instructions not to "buff" it. These male
factors — for such they are — have no regard
for the beautiful blue color that only comes
with age ; and by buffing rare old pieces they
are practically ruined by the removal of the
surface and the obliteration of the makers'
marks which destroys the commercial value
at least one half. But they do succeed won-

Introduction 29
derfully in their ambition of making them look
like tin ! Silver that has been badly tarnished
can be cleaned by one or two applications of
some polish such as is used for harsher metals
(such as brass or copper) which will, with a
little patience, remove the worst of the dis
coloration ; afterwards a silver polish should
be used. Camphor put with silver when packed
away will prevent tarnish, but care should be
taken to procure tissue-paper wrapping which
contains no sulphur ; rubber bands also con
tain sulphur and should never be used.
The height noted below the illustrations is
that of the body of the vessel including the
finial ; but it does not take into account the
thumb-piece, or the handle which often projects
above the body.
The order of insertion of the illustrations is
not particularly satisfactory ; it was hoped
that the English prototype might be shown
with every Colonial example, but this was soon
found to be an impossibility, as such apparently
do not exist even in England ; and if by chance
they exist in our country, to find them would be
hopeless. Many of the English types shown
are considerably later in date than the Colonial ;
and, with the great difficulty of placing even
an approximate date on the latter, any attempt
at chronological order as to the period when
wrought has been abandoned. It is hoped,
however, that the illustrations will convey an
idea of the sequence of the various types that

30 Historic Silver of the Colonies
prevailed at different periods, even if the Colonial
examples were not made within that period.
This work has been extended beyond the
Colonial period up to the beginning of the nine
teenth century, after which date little worthy
of mention was produced by the silversmiths.
Blacksmiths often wrought the white metal
quite as skilfully as those who had been ap
prenticed to the craft. John Bridge, a black
smith, made the flagon given to the New North
Church, Boston, by Mrs. Mary Hunnewell ; also
that given to the Second Church by Rev.
William Welsteed. That their competition was
most objectionable to the silversmiths of Water-
bury and Farmington appears in an article in
the Connecticut Courant of August 31, 1767,
which ends : "it is to be wished that the Legis
lative Body would pass an act that no man
should set himself up at any trade without
having served a regular Apprenticeship of seven
years, and have a Certificate from his master.
Then we should not see every Blacksmith
and Tinker turn Goldsmith." (g. m. c.)

STANDING CUPS
THE earliest English communion vessels
in the Boston churches and in a few other
early New England churches were not
originally designed for such purposes, but in
many cases, if not in all, had been previously in
domestic use. It is probable that the owners of
these cups were in the habit of taking them to
the churches for use in the communion service
and that gradually they came to be looked upon
with veneration and as something sacred. "By
gift or bequest they came straight from secular
to sacramental use — from the table of the giver
to the table of the Lord." (t. s. w.)
This hypothesis would seem to be borne out
by the will of Hezekiah Usher, dated May n,
1676, in which he leaves to the Old South Church
" 1 peece of plate commonly called a Church
Cup." Some of these cups were doubtless given
during the lives of the donors ; but unfortunately
the church records as a rule have been very care
lessly kept, so that no proof is now available.
The Governor Winthrop cup, shown as the
frontispiece, is as characteristically English as
the contemporary pineapple cup (Ananaspokal)
is German. It doubtless had a cover sur-
31

32 Historic Silver of the Colonies
mounted by an obelisk, called a steeple, which
was derived from Elizabethan and Jacobean
architecture. These steeples are perforated or
solid ; when solid they are plain or engraved with
chevrons and plain lines. Many of them are
surmounted with figures of warriors, usually in
classical dress. The embossed or engraved deco
ration on these cups usually consists of acanthus
foliage and large fruit, roses and scrolls, plain
strap-work, trefoils, scallops and fleurs-de-lis,
bunches of grapes, pears, tulips and flutings, and
more rarely, as on the John Winthrop cup, of
panels of sea monsters. These panels of sea
monsters were chiefly employed in the decora
tion of Elizabethan and Jacobean plate between
the years 1580 and 1620, and have no counter
part in plate of any other European country.
The short baluster stems are invariably sup
ported by animal or scrolled brackets ; while
the high bases are bell-shaped, considerably
depressed in the middle. Three standing cups
with covers, by the unknown maker of the Win
throp cup, are illustrated in "Old English Plate
of the Emperor of Russia," by Mr. E. Alfred
Jones, 1909.
This variety of cup first made its appearance
in England at the end of the sixteenth century.
The earliest recorded example is dated 1599-
1600, in Charing Church, Kent, though not given
to that church until 1765 ; and another histori
cal specimen of the year 1604-05, made from
Queen Elizabeth's great seal of Ireland, is in the

Standing Cups 33
collection of the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan.
This is illustrated in Mr. Jones's catalogue of
that important collection. Of great interest is
a similar cup, dated 1618-19, at Emmanuel
College, Cambridge, for it was there that the
founder of Harvard College and other Puritans
were educated — a college which gave to New
England twenty-one Puritans, including Thomas
Hooker, John Cotton, Simon Bradstreet, Na
thaniel Rogers, Samuel Whiting, Zechariah
Symmes, Samuel Stone, Francis Higginson and
Thomas Shepard.
The Winthrop cup belongs to the First Church,
the mother church of Boston, and bears the
London date-letter for 1610-11 and the well-
known mark of a maker of this type of cup.
The baluster stem had originally three scrolled
brackets, two of which are missing ; the high
bell-shaped base is engraved with acanthus
leaves and fruit, the edge being stamped with
ovolo work. Around the lip is inscribed : "The
gift of Governor Jn° Winthrop to yc il Church
in Boston." The donor was one of the founders
of that church in 1630, with Governor Thomas
Dudley, Isaac Johnson and its first pastor, John
Wilson. He was the son of Adam Winthrop of
Groton Manor in Suffolk, and his name may
still be seen in the old register as having been
baptized January 16, 1587. He entered Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1602 and embarked at
Southampton on the Arbella, March 22, 1629-
30. One thousand persons came in the fleet,

34 Historic Silver of the Colonies
consisting of eleven ships, to Salem, Massachu
setts ; they shortly moved to Charlestown and
then to Shawmut which they named Boston.
John Winthrop was "the real founder of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony." He married four
times, his last wife being Martha Rainsborough,
the widow of Thomas Coytmore who com
manded the Trial, the first ship built at Boston,
which was completed in 1642. Adam Winthrop,
a great-grandson of Governor Winthrop, was
the donor, in 1706, of a baptismal basin, engraved
with the Winthrop arms, to the Second Church,
Boston, which was made by Edward Winslow
(1669-1753). A portrait of Governor Winthrop
is in the Massachusetts senate chamber at
Boston. A second variety of steeple cup has a tall
slender baluster stem without the bracket sup
ports, and also a low splayed base, similar to
those of the Jacobean cup of 1607-08 in the
Old South Church. A specimen of this variety,
with a steeple cover, dated 1611-12, is in the
church of Barford St. Martin, Wiltshire, which
has historical connection with New England in
that its incumbent was John Woodbridge. He
was the father of Timothy Woodbridge whose
wife, Abigail, was the donor of a mug to the
First Church of Christ at Hartford, Connecticut.
A third and much rarer variety of steeple cup
has a globular body, such as the two of 1605-06
and 1608-09 which are in the collection of the
Emperor of Russia, in the treasury of the Kremlin

Standing Cups 35
at Moscow. A plain cup of this variety with
out its cover (which has been lost) is in John
Winthrop's own college — Trinity College, Cam
bridge. It was made in 1615-16, and was given
by Thomas Neville, sometime master of that
college. The earliest English vessel in any American
church is the silver-gilt standing cup (Illus. 1) of
the time of James I, in the Old South Church,
Boston, with the London date-letter for 1607-08,
by an unknown maker. The oviform body is
appropriately decorated with grapes on a granu
lated ground ; the lower part having flat flutings.
It is supported by a tall baluster stem on a
splayed — flat and spreading — base which is
fluted like the body, the edge being stamped with
an ovolo. The decoration is done in flat chas
ing which Mr. Jackson describes thus : "it con
sists of surface decoration, composed of flat lines
incised, or rather depressed, with a mallet and
chisel without a cutting edge ; and differs from
engraving, in that the latter is executed with a
sharp-edged graver which, in being used, actually
cuts away a part of the metal surface worked
upon." It was in the Old South Church that
Benjamin Franklin was baptized. His printing
press is in the collection of the Bostonian Society
in the old State House. He was born on Milk
Street opposite the spot where the second meet
ing-house of that church, erected in 1729, still
stands at the corner of Washington Street ; in
this church it was that the British troops were

36

Historic Silver of the Colonies

i. London, 1607-08. H. 7\ in.

quartered in 1775
at the instance of
General John Bur
goyne. A cup of the
same shape, al
most identically
decorated and
made in 1614-15,
is in the pictur
esque and histori
cal little church of
Llanrhychwyn in
Carnarvonshire.Cups of the same
form were made
entirely plain or
with an ovolo deco
ration on the edge
of the base. It
was from a plain
cup of this variety
made in 1629-30,
now owned by the

Duke of Portland, that Charles I received the
last sacrament on the scaffold. An illustration
of this cup may be seen in Mr. Jackson's "His
tory of English Plate." The inscription on the
foot is: "King Charles the first received the
Communion in this Bowie on tuesday the 30th
of January 1648 being the day in which he was
Murthered." This sacred rite was administered

Standing Cups

37

by William Juxon,
Bishop of London,
and later Arch
bishop of Canter
bury, who was the
uncle of Nathaniel
Byfield — principal
settler of the town
of Bristol in Rhode
Island. Nathaniel
Byfield was the
donor of a baptis
mal basin made by
Jacob Hurd (1702-
58), engraved with
the Byfield arms, to
the First Church of
Boston ; and also in
1693 of a pair of
beakers made by
John Coney (1655-
1722) to the church
at Bristol.
Another type of
standing cup (Illus.
2) with the Lon
don date-letter for
1626-27 was made
by Fred Terry, the
maker of four his
torical cups illus
trated in "Old Eng-

2. London, 1626-27. H. 9 in.

38 Historic Silver of the Colonies
lish Plate of the Emperor of Russia." It has a
plain inverted bell-shaped body on a tall slender
baluster stem, which rests on a splayed base
with a moulded edge. It is pounced, or pricked
T
in dots, with the initials ^> p for The Boston
H
Church ; and a t- for Atherton and Elizabeth
Hough, who came to Boston with Rev. John
Cotton and in 1633 joined the First Church
to which the cup belongs. Atherton Hough had
been mayor of Boston in Lincolnshire, in 1628.
This class of cup would seem to have first come
into vogue in England early in the seventeenth
century. • Although occasionally found in use
as a communion cup in English churches, it is
purely a domestic cup for wine. One of the
earliest examples in ecclesiastical use, dated
1610- 11, is in St. Cybi's Church at Holyhead in
North Wales.
Another variety of standing cup, which first
appeared in England in the reign of Charles I,
was popular during the Commonwealth and con
tinued in vogue in a less degree for some few
years after the restoration of Charles II. A
specimen of this type (Illus. 3) with the London
date-letter for 1631-32, by an unknown maker,
has a plain bell-shaped body on a baluster stem
and a splayed base. It had undoubtedly be
longed to Rev. Samuel Newman, the compiler of
a Concordance of the Bible and the first pastor
of the Rebohoth Church. It is engraved with

Standing Cups

39

the' initials N N for Noah Newman, his son,
and is inscribed : "The Gift of our Revd Pastor
Mr. Noah New
man who went
to the Church
Triumphant Apr
16. 1678." This
church is now
known as the
Newman Congre
gational Church,
East Providence,
Rhode Island. A
set of six similar
cups of the same
date as the New
man cup belongs
to the French
Huguenot congre
gation which has
worshipped in
Canterbury Ca
thedral for over
three hundred and
fifty years, first
in Ernulf's large
crypt and now in the smaller chantry of the
Black Prince ; these cups bear the initials
of Jean Bulteel, who was pastor when they
were given, and of his wife Marie Gabry. Two
others, dated 1638-39, are in the Rijks Museum
at Amsterdam.

3. London, 1631-32. H. 7! in.

4°

Historic Silver of the Colonies

The standing
cup (Illus. 4) with
the London date-
letter for 1639-40,
by an unknown
maker, does not
differ, save in deco
ration, from the
cup previously de
scribed. A wide
granulated or
matted band sur
rounds the bell-
shaped body, leav
ing the lip and
base plain. The
splayed base has
the same granu
lated work as well
as the upper part
of the baluster
stem ; while the
lower part, sepa
rated by a bead-
4. London, 1639-40. H. 91 m. ing, is chased, with
rough foliage.
This granulated ornamentation originated in
the reign of Charles I and would seem to have
passed out of fashion with the death of Charles
II in 1685. One of the earliest specimens with
this decoration dates from the year 1636-37
and was given to Queens' College, Cambridge,

Standing Cups 41
by Lord Compton who was commander under
the royal banner in the Civil War. Some of
the later cups of this variety have high pointed
covers with various finials. The plain oval
panel on the bowl is pricked, in a scrolled
T
ornament, with the initials j, p for The Boston
Church ; the ornament and initials (Illus. 5)
were copied by Sanderson and Hull on a plain
cup of similar form given to the church by
Thomas Clarke, called .. „.
junior. Engraved on the "¦•''/ V''
lip are the initials I H $&.':'ff:f''% ^^'^ >%
for Jeremy Houchin a tan- 0T-'-:&£«. '-"'IT'*1 s^-'-^eS
ner, whose gift it was to '¦¦¦¦' *'''''¦>£¦'¦¦. /''^"^
the First Church which he £.;;•¦;'.. jr$ Cj. f, .:"} fJ-S
joined in 1640. Hisdaugh- '""' K"*,...J-.;.&*X&i~.^"'
ter Elizabeth married first ("!;'-:;l2^
the second John Endicott, ''$>,£4-}?-,:
and after his death she D n
. , _ _ ... 5. Pricked Ornament.
married Kev. James Allen
— one of the ejected ministers, the father of
John Allen the silversmith (1671-1760).
Without doubt these English standing cups
in the First Church served as models for our
earliest Boston silversmiths, Deacon Robert
Sanderson (1608-93) and John Hull (1624-83),
both members of that church when they formed
their partnership, in 1652, to coin the first silver
money of the Colonies in defiance of the royal
prerogative. These coins (Illus. 6) were known
as pine-tree shillings ; and the dies were made by

42

Historic Silver of the Colonies

our first iron founder, Joseph Jenks of Lynn,
who had his works at Saugus. There the Leon
ards, also iron founders, built about 1645 their
house, which recently has been acquired by Mr.
Wallace Nutting and restored under the super
vision of Mr. Charles Henry Dean. Jenks was
a pioneer inventor, and in 1654 he contracted with
the selectmen of Boston " for an engine to carry
water in case of fire " ; his grandson Joseph Jenks,
governor of Rhode Island, was the tallest man in
the state, standing seven feet two in his stockings.
When John Hull's daughter Hannah mar
ried Samuel Sewall, tradition says that she was
placed in one side of the scales and balanced by
a dower of pine-tree shillings. Five hundred

6. Pine-tree Shillings and Pence.

Standing Cups

43

pounds was the
amount which
John Hull prom
ised his daughter
upon her marriage,
so her weight in
pine-tree shillings
would have been
only one hundred
and twenty-five
pounds ! She is
said to have been
a very buxom lass
and her weight was
considered some
thing of a joke
among the inhab
itants. The story
is interestingly told
in Nathaniel Haw
thorne's "Grand
father's Chair."
The standing cup
(Illus. 7) was made
Sanderson and Hull.

7. Sanderson and Hull. H. 7J in.

by these silversmiths,
Except for a difference
in the baluster stem it is similar to the English
cup given to the same church by Noah New
man and which undoubtedly served as a model.
It belongs to the Newman Congregational
Church and was purchased in 1674 from the
legacy of £5 of Captain Thomas Willet, one
of the last of the Leyd^en Company to cross the

44 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Atlantic. His tombstone is inscribed: "1674
Here lyes ye body of wor. Thomas Willett Esq,
who died August 4 in 64th yr of his age, who was
the first Mayor of New York and twice did
sustain ye place." His daughter Esther mar
ried Rev. Josiah Flint of Dorchester.
Another Boston silversmith who made a simi
lar plain cup was Jeremiah Dummer (1645-1718).
who was apprenticed to John Hull in 1659 for a
period of eight years. He became an important
man in the Colony, serving in the Artillery Com
pany, as selectman, treasurer of the county,
justice of the peace, judge of one of the inferior
courts, and, in 1689, one of the Council of Safety.
He was the son of Richard Dummer of Newbury
and the father of William Dummer, lieutenant-
governor of Massachusetts, and of Jeremiah
Dummer, political writer and agent from 1710—
21 in London for Massachusetts. Jeremiah
Dummer was a deacon of the First Church of
Boston and married Hannah the daughter of
Joshua Atwater, whose daughter Mary married
John Coney : he printed the first paper money
for Connecticut in 1709-13, and presumably en
graved the plate for it.
The cup is engraved: "CC 1712" for Chebacco
Church — now the Congregational Church at
Essex, Massachusetts, and has historical. associa
tions with the Rev. John Wise, the first pastor
of the church from its foundation in 1683 until
his death in 1725. He was imprisoned by
Andros in 1688 for remonstrating against the

Standing Cups

45

grievance of taxes
imposed without
authority from the
Assembly, and was
one of the very few
ministers who fa
vored inoculation
for smallpox in
1721. A different va
riety of this type
of standing cup
(Illus. 8) made by
Jeremiah Dum
mer, has the lower
part of the body
spirally fluted ; the
baluster stem has
a beading and cast
foliage at the lower
part ; and the base
has a fluted or
gadrooned border.
These terms are
synonymous, but
gadroon is usually

Jeremiah Dummer. H. 8f in.

applied to the narrow borders or edges rather
than to the deeper fluting of the bodies. This
form of decoration was fashionable in England
toward the end of the reign of Charles II. The
cup was bought in 1701 from a legacy of £6 to
the First Church of Milton, Massachusetts, —

46

Historic Silver of the Colonies

now the First Con
gregational Parish,
— from William
Stoughton, the pre
siding justice in
the Salem witch
craft trials and
lieutenant-gover
nor of Massachu
setts. His portrait
hangs in Memorial
Hall, Cambridge.
William Stoughton
also bequeathed
two similar cups,
engraved with the
Stoughton arms, to
the First Church,
Dorchester. In the First
Parish Church,
Universalist, Sau-
gus, Massachu
setts, is a plain
standi n g cup
(Illus. 9) with a
bell-shaped body
on a very tall slen
der baluster stem.
It bears the maker's
mark, I. Clark. In a panel decorated with
acanthus leaves is inscribed : "The Gift of the

9. I. Clark. H.

Standing Cups 47
Honourable Theophilus Burrill Esq'. To the
third Church of Christ In Lynn." Colonel
Theophilus Burrill (1699-1737) also bequeathed
money, for the purchase of plate, to the Second
Church as well as to the First Church of Christ
at Lynn. In the latter is a tankard, a pair
of beakers and a baptismal basin, all made
by Jacob Hurd (1702-58), and engraved with the
Burrill arms. Colonel Burrill was a brother of the
distinguished John Burrill, also a donor of silver
to the First Church at Lynn, who fought in the
Indian wars, served the town as clerk, selectman,
treasurer, assessor, judge, as member of the house
of representatives for twenty-one years, during
ten of which he was speaker, and as member of the
governor's council under the Province charter.
A Colonial cup (Illus. 10) without a maker's
mark, in the Second Presbyterian Church at
Philadelphia, has a "bellied" or bulbous form of
body which first made its appearance in Eng
land about the middle of the eighteenth century.
It is inscribed: "Donum G: Tennent Eclesise
Sub cura ejus Anno D. 1752." Rev. Gilbert
Tennent, the donor, was born in 1703 in the
county of Armagh in Ireland ; at an early age
he emigrated to America and in 1743 founded
the church of which he became the first pastor.
He was a powerful preacher and one of the
most conspicuous ministers of his day, accom
panying Whitefield on some of his tours. In
1753 he went to England to solicit funds for
Princeton College, of which he was made head.

48

Historic Silver of the Colonies

In Bluff Presby
terian Church in
Cumberland Coun
ty, North Carolina,
is a pair of plain
standing cups with
bell-shaped bodies
on baluster stems
with splayed bases,
made by an un
known Colonial sil
versmith. They
areinscribed; "For
The Presbyterian
Congregations In
Cumberland Coun
ty North Carolina
Under the Care of
The Rev63 John
MacLeod Apr 21st
1775." They be
longed to the three
churches of Bluff,
Barbacue and Long
Street in North
Carolina, all founded in 1758, and served by Rev.
John MacLeod, who came from the Island of Skye,
Scotland, in 1770. This pastor was accompanied
by a large number of families from the Highlands,
who took up their residence upon the upper and
lower Little Rivers in Cumberland County in
that state. Flora Macdonald, the celebrated

10. Colonial, 1752. H. 8

Standing Cups

49

Jacobite heroine, who aided the escape of Charles
Edward the Young Pretender, was a member of
the church of Barbacue and also worshipped in
Long Street Church. Rev. John MacLeod
espoused the cause of the loyalists, as did Flora
Macdonald, and, imprisoned after the battle of
Moore's Creek, he
was liberated by
order of the Pro
vincial Congress
in 1777.
A cup (Illus. 11)
with a perfectly
plain stem is en
graved in a circu
lar panel deco
rated with foliage :
"The Gift of Mrs.
Lydia Hancock to
the first Church
of Christ in Bos
ton Sept. 4, 1773."
The donor was the
daughter of Daniel
Henchman — the
enterprising but
dishonest book
seller who caused
the first edition in
America of the
English Bible to
be printed with a

11. Daniel Henchman. H. 8f in.

50 Historic Silver of the Colonies
false titlepage to evade the right of the King's
printer ; she became the wife of Thomas Han
cock whose large estate was bequeathed to his
nephew John Hancock, the first signer of the
Declaration of Independence. The arms of
Hancock impaling those of Henchman are en
graved on the other side of the cup. The
maker of the cup was Daniel Henchman (1730-
75) of Boston, the son of Rev. Nathaniel Hench
man of Lynn, who married Elizabeth the
daughter of Jacob Hurd (1702-58) to whom
he was probably apprenticed ; he was second
cousin to Lydia Hancock. The competition
existing between the English and Colonial
silversmiths is shown in his advertisement in
the Boston Evening Post of January 18, 1773 :
Daniel Henchman
Takes this Method to inform his Customers
in Town & Country, That he still continues to
carry on the Gold and Silversmiths Business
at his shop opposite the Old Brick Meeting House
in Cornhill, where he makes with his own Hands
all Kinds of large and small Plate Work, in the
genteelest Taste and newest Fashion, and of the
purest Silver ; and as his work has hitherto met
with the Approbation of the most Curious, he
flatters himself that he shall have the Preference
by those who are Judges of Work, to those
Strangers among us who import and sell English
Plate, to the great Hurt and Prejudice of the

Standing Cups

Si

Townsmen who have been bred to the Business
— Said Henchman therefore will engage to those
Gentlemen and Ladies who shall please to em
ploy him, that he will make any kind of Plate
they may want equal in goodness and cheaper
than any they can import from London, with
the greatest Dispatch.

A cup (Illus. 12) made by Andrew Fo£
and Stephen Gil
bert, with the Lon
don date-letter for
1781-82, has an
oviform body em
bossed with large
acanthus leaves.
The slender stem
has a beaded
moulding around
the middle, and the
edge of the base is
also beaded — a
form of decoration
popular in England
between the years
1775 and 1815. It
was the gift in 1825
to the First Parish,
Watertown, Mas
sachusetts, of Mrs.
Nathaniel Amory,
the daughter of 12. London, 1781-82

elbei

6* in.

52

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Ebenezer Preble
and a niece of
Commodore Ed
ward Preble. A
plain cup with
beaded decora
tion, made by Silas
Sawin, was given
to the First
Church, Boston,
by Mrs. Joshua
Davis in 1811.
Belonging to the
Congregational Church at Shrews
bury, Massachu
setts, is a plain
American cup
(Illus. 13) without
a maker's mark,
inscribed : " The
Gift of the Hon1;!6
Artemas Ward,
Esq? to the Church of Christ in Shrewsbury,
1796." The donor was the first major-general
in the Revolutionary army and one of the
"glorious 92." He took an active part in
affairs at the time preceding the Revolution,
became commander-in-chief of the army, and
commanded at the siege of Boston until the
arrival of General Washington in July, 1776.
His son Artemas Ward, an eminent lawyer,

13. American, 1796. H. 6\ in.

Standing Cups 53
presented in 1834 a circular dish to the Church
in Federal Street, Boston, — now the Arlington
Street Church.
With the exception of the steeple cup of
Governor Winthrop, such cups as have been de
scribed were often designated as goblets, a term
commonly applied in our country to glass vessels
of similar form. The inventory of plate belong
ing to Hezekiah Usher junior, in 1689 speaks of
"a cover for a goblet." In England, hanap was
the earliest word applied to the standing cup.

BEAKERS
THE beaker was the next purely domestic
drinking vessel that appeared in the New
England churches. Thomas Nelson of
Rowley, Massachusetts, by his will of Decem
ber 24, 1645, leaves to his wife "a silver beaker."
It is the earliest form of drinking vessel known,
having been made of glass and doubtless of silver
by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Glass
beakers of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen
turies are in the British Museum and specimens
of the Venetian of the sixteenth century are in
many museums. Cylindrical beakers of the pre
cious metals were used at the banquet in 1352
when the Ordre de I'Etoile was instituted and at
the banquet given by Charles V of France to the
Emperor Charles IV in 1378. Beakers of gold
and silver are depicted in Flemish paintings of
the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.
In Holland at the Reformation the mediaeval
chalice was superseded by the beaker, which was
adopted as a communion cup throughout the
country. Most of the sixteenth century examples
have disappeared, but one dated 1592 is in St.
Bavo's Church at Haarlem. In shape these
beakers are cylindrical with the bases moulded ;
54

Beakers

55

and the lips usually engraved with a double
interlacing strap-band, enclosing conventional
flowers and leaves, from which depend sprays
of flowers. Some
are engraved with
symbolic figures.
The beaker be
came known in
Holland as the
"Lady's Cup."
Of this type is
the Dutch beaker
(Illus. 14) with the
mark of Amster
dam and the date-
letter for 1637. It
was a legacy in
1652 to the First
Church of Boston,
from the Rev.
John Cotton, the
most distinguished
divine who came
from England in
the early period
and a teacher of that church which he joined
in 1633. In his will he calls it "a silver tunn." S
Engraved on the bottom are the initials -p -p
probably those of some of the Story family, as
John Cotton's second wife was Sarah Story, a
widow of Boston in Lincolnshire. His portrait

14. Amsterdam, 1637. H. 6J in.

56

Historic Silver of the Colonies

is in the possession of Miss Adele Thayer of
Boston, a descendant.
Of much interest is a similar beaker (Illus. 15)
with the mark of Haarlem and the date-letter for
1643. In the three oval medallions are finely
engraved figures of
Justice, Prudence
and Temperance.
Engraved on one
side is: "Memento
Martha Saffin
obijt:il:Dec:78."
Martha Saffin was
the daughter of
Captain Thomas
Willett who gave
the standing cup
to the Rehoboth
Church, and the
wife of John Saffin
who was speaker of
the house, council
lor and judge. The
initials of the orig
inal owners are
engraved on the
bottom, jTT. It
seems not improbable that these may stand for
John and Helena Underhill ; he had served under
the great Dutch prince in the war of the Nether
lands and came in the fleet with Winthrop to

15. Haarlem, 1643. H. 7I in.

A ii iUUV.jA

Beakers 57
serve as captain of any military force that might
be employed. He with Captain John Mason and
seventy-seven Englishmen exterminated, in May
1637, the Pequot Indians who were in the stock
aded fort by the
Mystic River
near the pres
ent site of Ston-
ington in Con
necticut. Upon
the death of
Martha Saffin
this beaker ev
idently passed
into the hands
of Mrs. Re
becca Farr, as
her grandson
Farr Tollman,
a bookbinder,
bequeathed it
in 1 75 1 to the
Third or Old
South Church
at Boston.
The fine and
massive Dutch
or Flemish
beaker (Illus.
16) is an un
usual specimen
of about 170O. 16. Dutch or Flemish, 1700. H. 11 in.

58 Historic Silver of the Colonies
It has a low cover surmounted by a large open
crown composed of six beaded scrolls and acan
thus leaves, which is fixed on six plain wire
scrolls. The centre of the cover is spirally fluted
and the top is finely engraved with a hunts
man and three hounds hunting a stag : these
animals are running among scrolled foliage, on
one part of which a bird is sitting. The border
is spirally fluted and the edge is engraved with a
narrow band of foliage. The lip is engraved with
a double interlacing strap-band, enclosing foliage
and three birds ; the straight body is engraved
with cherubs' faces, large sprays of foliage,
clusters of fruit suspended from large knots, a
stork, a peacock, and an eagle attacking a ser
pent. Just above the moulded base is an applied
band of acanthus leaves. Engraved in one of the
intersections on the lip is a double monogram
T B R which has not been identified ; the same
monogram engraved at a later date in a different
style is on the body. The beaker was the gift
in 171 1 to St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New
Jersey, of Colonel Robert Quary, the donor of
vessels to Christ Church at Philadelphia, an
ardent and conspicuous churchman and sur
veyor general of the customs for the American
Colonies ; he succeeded Edward Randolph in
that important position in 1704. Among his
public offices were secretary and receiver, in
1685, of the Province of South Carolina, and
admiralty judge in New York and Pennsylvania.
In Germany this variety of drinking vessel

Beakers

59

became popular in the sixteenth, seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, a fact not surprising
in a beer-drinking country. One of the earliest
illustrations of a covered beaker is a design by
Albrecht Altdorfer, early in the sixteenth cen
tury. A beaker of pottery with a golden mount
is shown on the table in the German triptych
painted in 15 11
by the master of
St. Severin, in the
Museum of Fine
Arts at Boston.
Beakers of glass
and precious metals
are also displayed
in other pictures of
the early German
school. The cylindrical
beaker (Illus. 17)
made about 1610,
with the mark of
Cologne in Ger
many, is one of the
earliest examples
of old silver in an
American church.
Beakers of this va- 17. Cologne, 1610. H. 7I in.
riety were some
what popular among the Cologne silversmiths
of that period, a fact which is doubtless due to
the proximity of that city to Holland, where

60 Historic Silver of the Colonies
beakers were highly common at that time. The
moulded base is decorated with diamond work.
Engraved on the body are the figures of the six
apostles, inscribed: "S. Matthevs, S. Thomas,
S. Petrvs, S. Pavlvs, S. Ioannes, S. Iacobvs."
The beaker belongs to the historic Christ
Church at Philadelphia which, with its peal
of bells, is mentioned by Longfellow in the
closing scene of "Evangeline"; it was in use
when George and Martha Washington wor
shipped there between the years 1790 and 1796
and was doubtless a familiar object to Benja
min Franklin. It belonged to Dr. John Kearsley
a prominent layman of the Episcopal church in
America who was instrumental in the recon
struction of the present edifice of Christ Church.
In recognition of their indebtedness the beaker
was purchased at a cost of forty pounds and
presented to him on May 11, 1747, in the name
of the vestry and congregation. Dr. Kearsley
also had a part in the erection of Independence
Hall and bequeathed most of his property to
the united parishes of Christ Church and St.
Peter's, to be used to erect a building to be
called Christ Church Hospital, for the relief of
poor women of the Church of England. En
graved upon the beaker are the initials T ^
for Dr. Kearsley and his wife Margaret who
probably gave it to the church after the death
of her husband, which occurred in 1772. Rev.
William White, rector of Christ Church in 1779,

Beakers

61

was the first bishop of Pennsylvania. The
"Book of Common Prayer" was revised by him
and Bishop Seabury for the use of the Episcopal
church in this country.
A beaker (Illus. 18) wrought about 1700,
with the mark of Hamburg, is boldly embossed
with tulips. The
embossed decora
tion of flowers is
as typical of Ger
man plate of that
period as the en
graved decoration
is of the Dutch.
It is inscribed in
one line : " The
Gift of the Revd
Joseph Sewall,
D.D. to the South
Church in Boston
who was Ordained
Pastor of said
church Sep'. 16.
1713 & Dec? June
27, 1769 ^Etat 81."
Rev. Joseph Sewall
"was a man of great benevolence, a friend of
learning and a donor to Harvard College of a
fund to be appropriated to indigent scholars."
His portrait by John Smibert has been inherited
by Dr. Theodore S. Woolsey of New Haven.
Joseph Sewall's wife Elizabeth was the daughter

Hamburg, 1700. H. $i in.

62 Historic Silver of the Colonies
of the Hon. John Walley one of the principal
founders of the town and church of Bristol.
He was the son of Judge Samuel Sewall and his
first wife Hannah, the only child of John Hull.
A tankard made by John Edwards (i 670-1 746),
believed to have been given to commemorate
the membership of Samuel Sewall in the Old
South Church, is engraved with the Sewall
arms. Samuel Sewall was one of those who
shared in the general belief in witchcraft in
1692. In France, early beakers are rare. What is
perhaps the only French mediaeval covered silver
beaker extant today is the celebrated piece with
the Paris mark for the year 1462-63, which is at
Oriel College, Oxford. Early in the eighteenth
century a fashion arose in France for small
silver beakers. In shape they are like inverted
bells and the decoration followed that of con
temporary plate. A French beaker of that kind,
dating from about 1750, is in use as a com
munion cup in Kirk Barown Church in the Isle
of Man.
In England the beaker never became a popu
lar communion vessel in Post-Reformation
times, as it did in Holland and Scotland, although
it is occasionally found in country churches. It
is very similar in shape and decoration to the
Dutch beaker except that the symbolical figures
of Faith, Hope and Charity, and other sacred
subjects have not been copied. The earliest
English beaker known is the historical specimen

Beakers 63
of the fourteenth century at Trinity Hall, Cam
bridge, where Rev. Robert Hunt, chaplain of
the expedition to Virginia in 1607, was educated.
Another early English beaker of great historical
interest is one at Christ's College, Cambridge,
the alma mater of Milton, of many English Puri
tans and of Ezekiel Rogers the first pastor and
founder of the town of Rowley in Massachu
setts, and the donor of vessels to that church.
A set of six plain English beakers of great his
torical interest was made in the year 1654-55
for the Congregational church of the seaboard
town of Great Yarmouth, a church which is
closely associated with Puritan history. Iron
sides and regicides were members of that con
gregation and these beakers bear the initials of
prominent Puritans. A member of the com
munity was Daniel Bradford, a kinsman of
Governor Bradford. In the oldest Congrega
tional church in England, namely, the "Pilgrim
Fathers' Church" in the south-east of London
— so called because it furnished the London
contingent of the Pilgrim Fathers in 1620- —
are four English beakers. It was there that John
Lathrop was pastor before his departure for
New England where he became pastor of the
Scituate and Barnstable churches. As is the
case with the communion vessels of the churches
of St. Peter and St. Pancras at Leyden, where
the Pilgrim Fathers worshipped during their
exile in Holland, these vessels postdate that
period.

64

Historic Silver of the Colonies

The beaker (Illus. 19) made in the reign of
Charles II, probably in the year 1671-72, is
somewhat unusual in decoration for an English
beaker. It belongs to the First Congregational
Church at Marblehead, Massachusetts, the first
pastor of which was
Rev. Samuel Chee-
ver (163 9-1 724),
the son of Ezekiel
Cheever (1616-
1708) the famous
schoolmaster who
was one of the
founders of New
Haven and who had
charge of the Bos
ton Latin School
after 1670. A copy
of this beaker was
made in 1772 by
a Colonial silver
smith, (possibly
Joseph Smith of
Boston) by order of
the church, from the earlier gifts of 1730 of Will
iam Jones (1694-1730) a -silversmith of Marble
head, and of Ruth Wadlons the daughter of Rev.
Samuel Cheever, and the wife of Moses Wadlon.
There are but two other English beakers in
the American churches. Both are plain with
moulded bases. That made by Timothy Lee
in 1704-05 belongs to All Hallowe' Parish (All

19. London, 1671-72. H. 5i in.

Beakers 65
Hallows' Church, South River) Anne Arundel
County, Maryland ; the other with the London
date-letter for 1773-74 was the gift of Tacitus
Gaillard to the Parish of St. Matthew's, Orange
burg, South Carolina.
In the New England churches there are over
five hundred beakers of American workman
ship, and more than half of them were made
after 1750. This large number of beakers, as
well as of cups and other vessels, is accounted
for by the fact that, as in the Nonconformist
bodies in England, the intervention of a priest
or minister in the administration of the sacra
ment was deemed unnecessary. Several cups
were handed around at the communion service.
An English Nonconformist minute book of the
eighteenth century clearly explains the distinc
tion : "The administration of the ordinance of
the Lord's Supper did not exclusively belong to
the pastor of a church, but might and should
be attended to by a society of Christians, though
deprived of that office-bearer."
The earliest type of the New England beaker
(Illus. 20) has a straight body slightly curved at
the lip and a flat bottom ; a broad granulated
band encircles the body, leaving the lip and
base plain, as in the English standing cup of
1639-40. It was undoubtedly that very cup
which inspired Robert Sanderson (1608-93)
and John Hull (1624-83) of Boston, to copy
this form of decoration — as both were members,
at that time, of the First Church for which they

66

Historic Silver of the Colonies

^^¦B

... .. — 

20. Sanderson and Hull. H. 3 J in.

made this beaker.
In a plain shield
upon the matted
ground is engraved
the date 1659 and
also the initials
o p for The Bos
ton Church. A
straight-sided
beaker with the
same decoration,
wrought by John
Hull, is in that
church ; and a pair
made by Sander
son and Hull in the First Church, Dorchester,
engraved with the initials ry a for Thomas and
Alice Lake, was delivered to the Deacons on
January 6, 1679, by the donor's executor, Henry
Leadbetter — referred to as "two silver cups or
small beakers." English beakers with this same
band were made in small numbers in the Stuart
period between 1660 and 1690. Such form of
decoration was used in Scandinavia and Ger
many in the seventeenth century on tankards,
cups and other vessels and to a less degree in
Holland. Jeremiah Dummer (1645-1718) of Boston,
made a beaker, with the granulated band, to
which two solid flat handles were fitted at a

Beakers 6y
later date. It is inscribed : "The Gift of
Francis Skerry to the Church in Salem," now
the First Congregational Society. The donor
was a planter and died in 1684. Governor John
Endicott was sent in 1628 as the agent of the
Massachusetts Colony to make a settlement at
Naumkeag and there he laid the foundation of
the first permanent town in Massachusetts.
This he called by the Bible name of Salem —
"Peace." The Rev. Francis Higginson was the
first pastor of the church. Roger Williams,
who succeeded him in 1633, was one of the noblest
men of the time ; on account of his opinions he
was banished and in 1636 made his way through
the wilderness, in the winter time, and founded
Providence — so called because God's mercy
had provided for him. His first son, born
there, was named
Providence and his
daughter, Mercy.
Another type of
beaker made in
New England in
small numbers is of
the same shape,
with the flat bot
tom, but the body
is plain. The ear
liest example was
without doubt
made by Sanderson
and Hull and is in 21. Edward Winslow. H. 3* in.

68 Historic Silver of the Colonies
the Old South Church, Boston, where there is also
a similar beaker made by John Coney (1655-
1722); but neither is dated. A beaker (Illus. 21)
of this description was a legacy in 1693 to the
church in Barnstable, Massachusetts^1 now the
West Parish — from MaryHaughton the daughter
of Thomas Hinckley the last governor of Ply
mouth. It was made by Edward Winslow (1669-
1753) of Boston — the grandson of John Winslow,
who came in the Fortune in 1621, and of his wife
Mary Chilton. He was a great-grandson, on his
mother's side, of the famous Anne Hutchinson
— "a well-educated, bright and intelligent lady"
who had come from Lincolnshire in 1634. Her
teachings caused a violent theological discussion
in Boston called the " Antinomian Controversy,"
and in. 1636 she and her sympathizers were
driven from Massachusetts. Some became the
settlers of Exeter in New Hampshire, but Anne
Hutchinson with other friends settled Rhode
Island and founded the town of Portsmouth.
Edward Winslow held many important offices
and was judge of the inferior court of common
pleas at the time of his death ; he was colonel
of the Boston Regiment and captain of the
Artillery Company. His first wife was Hannah
the daughter of Rev. Joshua Moody, pastor of
the church at Portsmouth, and later assistant
pastor of the First Church, Boston. Two of
Edward Winslow's sons lost their lives at Louis-
burg. The inventory of his estate amounted to
£1083.18.5. no inconsiderable sum at that time.

Beakers

69

Another type of beaker, with a decorated
body and a moulded base, is less common in
New England than in New York where the
silversmiths were
inspired by the
greater number of
Dutch examples
before their eyes.
In the First Con-
gregationalChurchat Marblehead,
Massachusetts, is
one of the finest
New England
beakers of this va
riety (Illus. 22)
which was acquired
in 1728. The base
is stamped with
conventional ovolo
work. The early
Dutch beakers in
the First and Old
South churches
probably inspired
Robert Sanderson (1608-93) and John Hull
(1624-83) of Boston to make this beaker.
In the Newman' Congregational Church in
East Providence, Rhode Island, is a beautifully
engraved beaker (Illus. 23) made by John Hull
(1624-83) of Boston. The decoration is much
more conventional than that on similar beakers.

22. Sanderson and Hull. H. 6 in.

7°

Historic Silver of the Colonies

The donor was Daniel Perren who married Abi
gail Carpenter in 1706. It is one of the few
objects which bear the mark of John Hull
(1624-83) without that of his partner Robert
Sanderson (1608-93). John Hull came to Bos
ton in 1635 with
his father Robert
Hull who was a
blacksmith, and it
is probable that he
learned the rudi-
mentsofhisfather'strade which would
amply qualify him
to become a silver
smith. If he had
needed any special
instruction he very
probably acquired
it from John Mans
field (1601-74), a
brother-in-law of
Rev. John Wilson
and of Captain
Robert Keayne,
who was the only
silversmith known to have been in Boston before
John Hull entered into partnership, in 1652, with
Robert Sanderson, a practical silversmith, who
then came to Boston from Watertown in Massa
chusetts. With the coining of the pine-tree
shillings, upon which he received a large royalty,

23. John Hull. H. 61

Beakers 71
John Hull acquired wealth and became a shrewd
and prosperous merchant ; and it is as a mer
chant and never as a silversmith that he refers to
himself. The fact that it was to John Hull that
Jeremiah Dummer (1645-1718), Daniel Quincy
(1651-90) and others were apprenticed is quite
natural, for Hull was doubtless the moving spirit
in the partnership ; it is, however, more than
probable that the instruction was given by
Robert Sanderson. Daniel Quincy was the son
of John Hull's step-brother Edmund Quincy
junior and was sent to England in Hull's em
ployment, which may account for the fact that
no silver with Quincy's mark has been found.
John Hull's father married the widow of Ed
mund Quincy senior and John Hull married
Judith Quincy his step-sister ! John Hull was
active in public life, serving as town treasurer in
1660; representative from Wenham in 1668;
and treasurer of the Colony in 1676; he was
captain of the Artillery Company in 1675 ; a
member of the First Church and one of the
founders of the Third or Old South Church in
1669. In the First Reformed Church at Albany,
New York, is a tall cylindrical beaker (Illus. 24)
which is an exact copy of one in the same church
with the mark of Haarlem and the date-letter
for 1660. Below the intersections are three oval
panels engraved with figures of Faith, Hope and
Charity ; between the panels are large clusters
of fruit suspended from the interlacing band ;

72

Historic Silver of the Colonies

three birds on branches are engraved above the
moulded base. It was made in 1678 by Ahasu-
erus Hendricks the earliest local silversmith in
New York. "He was an old-world silversmith,
who sought to better himself by coming to New
York, where he
supplied the local
demand for jew
elry, rings, funeral
spoons, and beak
ers, and, as well,
fashioned the sil
ver spears, pikes,
and sword hilts
affected by the
militant burghers.
We first find his
name in New York
on the list of those
who swore alle
giance to the King
in 1675. His
house, in Smith
Street, appears on
the tax list in 1677.
He was one of those
appointed in 1686
to assist in giving the inhabitants of the city
better drinking water, and was, in that year,
ordered to take care of the public well near his
house. The position was one of honor and re
sponsibility." (r. t. h. h.)

24. Ahasuerus Hendricks. H. 7\ in.

Beakers

73

Another example of the decorated type (Illus.
25) is engraved with a band of scrolled foliage
from which depend acanthus leaves alternating
with Vandyke ornaments. It is engraved with
the initials p rp for Philip and Thankful With-
ington who were married in 1682. It was made
by that short-lived
silversmith David
Jesse (1670-1705)
of Boston and was
a legacy in 171 1 to
the First Church,
Dorchester, Mas
sachusetts. David
Jesse was born
at Hartford, Con
necticut, and mar
ried Mary, the
daughter of Phin-
eas Wilson a pros
perous merchant
who had come
from Dublin in
1675 and settled at Hartford. Mary Wilson's
step-sister Abigail Warren married Rev. Tim
othy Woodbridge. David Jesse was a member
of the Brattle Street Church, Boston, and in 1704
was chosen constable in place of Mr. John Noyes
who declined to serve ; he became a member of
the Artillery Company in 1700.
By far the largest class of the Colonial beaker

25. David Jesse. H. 4\

74

Historic Silver of the Colonies

is plain with a cylindrical body, curved at the
lip which is sometimes moulded, and supported
on a moulded base, similar in shape to those
made in Holland and England in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. Such were made for
a century for use in the churches of New Eng
land. One of the
earliest dated ex
amples of this plain
type (Illus. 26) be
longs to the First
Church — now the
Congregational —
at Ipswich, Mas
sachusetts, whose
first pastor was
Rev. Nathaniel
Rogers. It was a
gift in 1693 from
Captain John Ap
pleton of the ex
clusive Ipswich
horse troop, to
which none could
belong who did not pay a tax on £100 of estate.
John Appleton was one of the signers of the
loyalist petition of 1666. Judge Sewall in his
diary describes John Appleton as an "Israelite
indeed, a great Ornament of that Church and
Town." He married Priscilla, the daughter of
Rev. Jose Glover whose initials with those of his
wife are on the salt belonging to Harvard Uni-

26. John Allen. H. 5I in.

Beakers 75
versity. This beaker was made by John Allen
(1671-1760) of Boston — doubtless an apprentice
of Jeremiah Dummer (1645-1718) to whom hewas
related. John Allen's father Rev. James Allen
married Hannah the sister of Jeremiah Dummer ;
and, as his second wife — the mother of John
Allen — he married Elizabeth Houchin the widow
of the second John Endicott. This marriage
brought about a family connection with John
Edwards (1 670-1 746) which turned into a rela
tionship by the marriage of John Edwards's
sister Elizabeth to John Allen.
In the United Congregational Church, Little
Compton, Rhode Island, is a similar beaker
wrought by Arnold Collins of Newport, who
made the Rhode Island seal "Anchor and Hope"
in 1690. In 1729 he was one of the building
committee of the Seventh Day Baptist Society
whose meeting-house is now occupied by the
Newport Historical Society. Arnold Collins
died in 1735. The beaker was the legacy in
171 1 of Joseph Church, a carpenter of Hingham,
Massachusetts, the son of Richard Church who
came in the fleet with Winthrop and who built
the earliest church edifice in Plymouth. Colonel
Benjamin Church, a brother of Joseph Church,
distinguished himself in the Indian wars : he
was commander in August, 1676, of the party
which stormed the palisaded fortress in South
Kingston, Rhode Island, slaughtered the In
dians and killed King Philip and Canonchet.
The sword worn by Benjamin Church in that

76

Historic Silver of the Colonies

attack has been presented to the Massachusetts
Historical Society of Boston, by his great-
granddaughter Mrs. Anne Atwood of Taunton,
Massachusetts. From the minutes of Benja
min Church and under his supervision, his son
Thomas wrote a "History of Philip's War."
A plain beaker
(Illus. 27) was the
legacy in 1723 to
the First Parish at
Groton, Massachu
setts, of Jonas Pres
cott, the grand
father of Colonel
William Prescott
who was command
er of the Provincial
forces at the battle
of Bunker Hill.
Belonging to the
MassachusettsHistorical Society
of Boston are the
swords of Colonel
and of Captain John Linzee,
R. N., who commanded the British sloop-of-war
Falcon, while acting against the Americans at the
battle of Bunker Hill. Colonel William Prescott
was the grandfather of the historian William
Hickling Prescott, whose wife's grandfather was
Captain John Linzee. In the opening chapter of
"The Virginians " Thackeray thus speaks of these

27. Andrew Tyler. H. 4I in.

William Prescott :

Beakers 77
swords which he noticed when he visited Prescott
in 1852 at his house on Beacon Street in Boston :
— " On the library wall of one of the most famous
writers of America, there hang two crossed
swords, which his relatives wore in the great
war of Independence. The one sword was gal
lantly drawn in the service of the king, the other
was the weapon of a brave and honourable re
publican soldier. The possessor of the harmless
trophy has earned for himself a name alike
honoured in his ancestors' country and in his
own, where genius such as his has always a
peaceful welcome." The maker of the Prescott
beaker was Andrew Tyler (1692-1741) of Boston,
prominent in public affairs and having important
family connections. He married Miriam Pep-
perell, sister of Sir William Pepperell. Their
daughter Catherine married Sir Isaac Heard
and moved to London ; she had previously
married Captain David Ochterlony, and their
son was the distinguished baronet Sir David
Ochterlony, who was prominent as a British
general in the wars in India. Andrew Tyler's
house was situated on North Street, and after
the death of his widow it passed into the hands
of the Ochterlonys. There is a tradition con
nected with this house to the effect that when
Paul Revere was starting on his midnight ride,
an emergency arose for mufflers for his oars ;
upon calling at the house for some substitute he
was handed a "yet warm petticoat." *
* Mrs. Emma Elizabeth Brigham.

78 Historic Silver of the Colonies
In the First Congregational Society of the
historic town of Lexington, where the first battle
of the Revolution was fought, is a similar beaker
made in 1738 from the combined legacies of
Matthew Bridge, the first of that line born in
America ; and of Thomas Meriam whose mother
was a daughter of Gregory Stone of Cambridge.
John Cooper, the step-son of Gregory Stone,
built in 1657 in Cambridge the house now known
as the Cooper-Austin house, recently restored to
its original condition by the Society for the Pres
ervation of New England Antiquities, under
the supervision of Mr. Joseph Everett Chandler.
The Rev. John Hancock, styled "Bishop," the
first pastor of the church, was the grandfather of
John Hancock and the father of Thomas Han
cock. The maker of the Lexington beaker was
John Burt (1691-1745), son of William and
Elizabeth Burt, who was born in Boston Janu
ary 5, 1691-92, and married Abigail Cheever
in 1714. He was constable, tithingman and
clerk of the market and left an estate valued at
£6460.4.9. Three of his sons, William (1726-
52), Samuel (1724-54) and Benjamin (1729-
1805) followed in their father's footsteps and
became silversmiths.
One of the few pieces of silver wrought by
William Burt is the plain cylindrical flagon be
queathed to the Old South Church, Boston, in
1748 by Nathaniel Cunningham, a prosperous
merchant and the holder of many public offices
in Boston, including a captaincy in the Artillery

Beakers

79

Company. He married Ann Boucher daughter
of Louis and Sarah Boucher, the possessors
of silver described elsewhere. Ruth Cunning
ham, the donor's daughter, married James Otis
the patriot.
The plain beaker (Illus. 28) with a straight
body, a moulded base and lip, is engraved with
the initial W. It
is one of a set of
twelve camp cups
made for General
Washington by
Edmund Milne of
Philadelphia, as is
shown by the bill
dated 1777 (Illus.
29). It belongs to
Mr. W. Lanier
Washington the
great-great-grand
son of Colonel Wil
liam Augustine
Washington, the
only son of Wash
ington's eldest half-
brother Augustine Washington and one of the ex
ecutors of General Washington's will, the first of
his nephews mentioned. The battle-sword which
Washington wore during the Revolution is in
the State Department at Washington. Another
sword, in the State Library at Albany, New
York, is said to have been presented to Wash-

28. Edmund Milne. H. 3J in.

8o

Historic Silver of the Colonies

ington by Fred
erick the Great
with a message
"from the oldest
to the greatest
general in the
world." Washington's
will makes refer
ence to the four
swords which he
willed to his four
nephews: "These
swords are ac
companied by an
injunction not to
unsheath them
for the purpose of
shedding blood,
except it be for
self-defence or in
defence of their
country and its
rights ; and in
the latter, case,
to keep them un
sheathed, and
prefer falling
with them in
their hands to
the relinquish
ment thereof."

Beakers

81

In the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical
Society at Boston may be seen the gorget which
Washington wore at the defeat of Braddock's
army by the French and Indians in 1755. It
is of copper-gilt and it is engraved with the

30. Samuel Vernon. H. 4! in.
arms of Virginia. It is depicted in the por
trait of Washington by Charles Wilson Peale
(1741-1827) of Philadelphia, who was at one
time a silversmith.
Hollow handles have been added at a later
date to the plain beaker (Illus. 30) belonging to
the First Congregational Church, Groton, Con
necticut — where important events occurred

82 Historic Silver of the Colonies
during the Revolution, which are recorded on
the monument there : "This Monument was
erected under the patronage of the State of
Connecticut, a.d. 1830, and in the 55th year of
the Independence of the U. S. A., In Memory
of the Brave Patriots who fell in the massacre
of Fort Griswold, near this spot, on the 6th of
September a.d. 1781, When the British, under
command of the Traitor, Benedict Arnold,
burnt the towns of New London and Groton,
and spread desolation and woe throughout this
region." The beaker was purchased with the
sum of £6 presented in 1707 to the Church of
Christ at Groton, by Sir John Davie fifth baronet,
upon his departure for England where he died
in 1727. He was recorder or town clerk upon
the incorporation of Groton ; his stock and
lands were purchased by John Gardiner of the
Isle of Wight, now called Gardiner's Island.
He was a cousin of Sir William Davie of Creedy
in Devon, England, who died in 1707 without
male issue. Tradition says that John Davie,
barefooted and in his shirtsleeves, was hoeing
corn on his farm when the messenger arrived to
tell him of his good fortune and to salute him
as Sir John Davie. The maker of the cup was
Samuel Vernon (1683-173 7) of Newport, Rhode
Island, — great-grandson of Anne Hutchinson
and second cousin of Edward Winslow (1669-
1753). He was a merchant and "in 1730 was
one of a commission to have the care and over
sight of the people and goods that should be

Beakers 83
suspected to have come from Boston where
smallpox prevailed."
A beaker, fitted with two thin solid handles,
engraved on the shoulders, has a moulded base
surmounted with flat scalloped work. Similar
decoration was frequently used on tankards
made by the New York silversmiths at that
time. It was a gift in 1729 to the First Con
gregational Church of Milford, Connecticut,
from Mrs. Abigail Beech the wife of Samuel
Beach, who married for her second husband the
Rev. Samuel Andrew second rector of Yale
College. The maker of the beaker was Cornelius
Kierstead (1674-1753) whose "grandfather Hans
was the famous surgeon, and a very important
personage. He married Sarah Roelofse, the
daughter of Anneke Jans by her first husband.
Sarah was well acquainted with the Indian
language and acted as interpreter for Peter
Stuyvesant. It was at their wedding that
Governor Kieft, taking advantage of the condi
tion of the guests ' after the fourth or fifth drink,'
induced them to subscribe very liberally toward
a new church in the Fort. Rum and religion
went hand in hand in New Amsterdam. After
working in New York for a quarter of a century
Cornelius Kierstead migrated in 1772 to New
Haven." (r. t. h. h.)
The class of beaker with an inverted bell-
shaped body on a moulded base, came into
fashion later than those previously described.
The earliest is in the Old South Church, Boston,

84

Historic Silver of the Colonies

(Illus. 31) : it is
engraved with the
date 1715 and the
. . . , Mr
initials -itt p for
William and Phebe
Manley who were
admitted to that
church in 1689.
William Manley
was in King Philip's
War in 1675. The
beaker was made
by John Coney
(1655-1722) of
Boston who en
graved the plate
for the first paper
money for the Col
onies (Illus. 32). This bill belongs to the
Massachusetts Historical Society. The irregu
lar outline at the top exemplifies the term
" indenture " — commonly used in legal docu
ments when it was the custom to fold the paper
or parchment upon which they were engrossed.
It was then cut or indented as a sure means
of identification — the two parts fitting together
and furnishing the proof of the integrity of the
two copies. John Coney married in 1694, for
his second wife, Mary Atwater the widow of
John Clark and the sister of Jeremiah Dummer's
wife. He was a member of the Second Church,

31. John Coney. H. 5! in

Beakers

85

Boston, and among the pieces in the possession
of that church in 1730 was a tankard, given by
John Coney's heirs in 1725, which has dis
appeared ; he was a subscriber to the fund for

p
.0

I ll XBJS" IrJtcte&B-JL of %r •TUV" ''¦•
S'n U ( t.Hg 5 cute frcratke Maflackok',* -5
Colony to the.ft!TciIo-r AalLL'e Lsi-valuivsp
equal to rncrn.ey&'.inallLe, accoriin.Ti.y.^
accepted. Ly tiieTE-emjcor arulReceive -oo
fuL or cUnite -to him un. aHEtLlu]:. c ay ~-&-;.t :
and for airy Stock at any tim t "un iKe-atoc^
Ire afttty ]3 often, uu New-Er_gla<n.c! "
Ifebruary the third J^jJO By Order-
tha (2e/aeraJ Co tl/t +^-1^2*0

,f

32. Massachusetts Bill. John Coney.

86

Historic Silver of the Colonies

the erection of King's Chapel in 1689. John
Coney's mother was Elizabeth Nash, the daugh
ter of Robert Nash a butcher whose slaughter
house caused considerable trouble in Boston on
account of the careless disposition of his gar
bage. In 1647 "he was warned not to kill
beasts in the streets."
Formerly belonging to St. James's Church at
New London, Connecticut, on the Thames River
— names which the settlers in New England
adopted out of love for Old London and Father
Thames — is a beaker (Illus. 33) with a wide
splayed base. It was partially the gift in 1773
of Doctor Anthony
Yeldall, a loyalist
of Philadelphia
who advertised his
medicines in a New
London paper in
1775, and was used
in the celebration
of the sacrament by
the first Protestant-
Episcopal bishop
in America, Samuel
Seabury, whose
ashes repose in the
chancel of that
church. The beak
er was wrought
by John Gardner
(1734-76) of New

33. John Gardner. H. si in.

Beakers

87

London, son of Jonathan and Mary (Adams)
Gardiner and a descendant of the Gardiners of
Gardiner's Island.
It now belongs to
St. Luke's Chapel,
Berkeley Divinity
School at Middle-
town, Connecticut.
A plain beaker
(Illus. 34) on a trun
cated base belongs
to the First Pres
byterian Church at
Southold on Long
Island. "Southold
was settled in Sep
tember, 1640, by a
party of thirteen
under the leader
ship of the Rev.
John Youngs, who
crossed from New
Haven. The for
mation of the
church was coincident with the settlement of
the town. Very strict was the government in
this primitive community ; the laws of the
Bible were followed as a civil code and com
munion with the church was made a necessary
qualification for admission to the privileges of a
Freeman." The beaker is believed to have been
given by Hon. Ezra l'Hommedieu, who was a

34. Simeon Soumaine. H. 6 in.

88 Historic Silver of the Colonies
member of that church ; a delegate to the New
York Provincial Congress 1775-78 ; assisted in
forming the first state Constitution. He married
a sister of General William Floyd signer of the
Declaration of Independence and commander
of the Long Island militia at the Revolution.
His ancestor Benjamin l'Hommedieu was a
Huguenot who came from Rochelle, France, to
New York in 1687 and settled in Southold in
1690. The beaker was made about 1720 by
Simeon Soumaine of New York. The American
Weekly Mercury of March 23, 1727, contains the
following : "This is to give Notice to all Gentle
men and others, That a Lottery is to be drawn
at Mr. fohn Stevens in Perth Amboy, for £501 of
Silver and Gold work, wrought by Simeon Sou-
main of New York, Gold-Smith, all of the newest
Fashion. The highest Prize consists of an Eight
square Tea-Pot, six Tea-Spoons, Skimmer and
Tongues, Valued at £18 3s. 6d. The lowest
Prize consists of Twelve Shillings Value. There
is 278 Prizes in all, and their is only five Blank
to each Prize. Tickets are given out at Six
Shillings York money, or Seven Shillings Jersey
Money for each Ticket at the House of Mr.
fohn Stevens in Amboy, at Mr. Lewis Carrees in
Aliens Town, at Mr. folines, in Elizabeth Town,
at Mr. Cortlandts at Second River, by Mr. An
drew Bradford in Philadelphia, at Mr. Samuel
Clowse in famaica in Long Island, and by Simeon
Soumain in the City of New York, at which last
Place, the Goods so to be drawn are to be seen,

Beakers

89

and the said Goods are to be valued and apprised
by Mr. Peter Van Dyke, and Mr. Charles Leroux,
two GoldSmiths in the city of New York. And
said Lottery is to be drawn the 22nd day of May
next, anno. 1727.
If said Lottery be
full sooner, it will
be drawn before
the 22nd of May
next." (r.t. h.h.)
Belonging to the
Reformed Church
at Flatbush on
Long Island is a
beaker (Illus. 35)
of this descrip
tion with a much
taller body and the
upper part curv
ing outward to a
greater degree,
made by Nicholas
Roosevelt of New
York. This is in
scribed : " Spreek
Dat Waar is Eet

35. Nicholas Roosevelt. H. 7! in.

Dat Gaar is Em Drink Dat Klaar is. Boswyck.
Nov? 1763."
The bell-shaped beaker, on account of its
form, seemed to lend itself with special suit
ability to the solid flat scrolled handles with
which many of them are fitted : they undoubtedly

90

Historic Silver of the Colonies

were inspired by those on the caudle cup which
came into fashion at an earlier date ; having
two handles they were much more conveniently
passed by the communicants. Such a beaker
(Illus. 36) was a gift in 1722 to the Church of

36. John Dixwell. H. 5^ in.

Christ at Norwich in Connecticut, from Sarah
Knight noted for her now famous journey on
horseback from Boston to New York and return
in 1704. She was the wife of Richard Knight
of Boston where she kept a shop and also taught
school, having among her scholars Benjamin
Franklin and Samuel Mather. She was buried

Beakers 91
in New London where her only child Elizabeth,
the wife of Colonel John Livingston, resided.
Her father was Thomas Kemble who received
in 165 1 a shipload of Scotch prisoners who
were some of the captives of Dunbar sold into
slavery by Cromwell. These so-called white
slaves were generally sold for a specific term of
service and were used chiefly as farm laborers :
many were sent to North Carolina, and indeed
but few of the Colonies were without them.
The maker of the beaker was John Dixwell
(1680-1725), son of Colonel John Dixwell, the
regicide so closely associated with those other
regicides Goffe and Whalley, whose adventures,
pursuits and escapes form such interesting in
cidents in New England history. Colonel John
Dixwell fled to this country and settled in New
Haven where, as the "mysterious stranger,"
under the name of "James Davids," he lived in
retirement until his death. John Dixwell was
born at New Haven and married Mary Prout,
donor of the caudle cup, mentioned in the in
troduction, to the New Haven church : in 1698
he moved to Boston where he died from
inoculation of smallpox. He was a deacon
of the New North Church formed in 1714 by
"seventeen substantial mechanics unassisted
by the more wealthy part of the community
except by their prayers and good wishes."
John Dixwell was the donor to that church in
1717 of a similar beaker made by him, now be
longing to King's Chapel. Lieutenant Basil

92

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Dixwell (171 1-46) his son, a silversmith, died at
Louisburg. The handles on the New England beakers of
this type vary somewhat in the scrolling.
A beaker (Illus. 37) with two solid flat handles,
on which are notched rat-tails, originally had but
one handle, the other being added about the

37. Peter Van Dyck. H. 5 in.
year 1879 by Ford, a jeweller of New Haven,
Connecticut. It belongs to the Presbyterian
Church at Setauket on Long Island, of which
Nathaniel Brewster (Harvard College, 1642) was
at one time pastor. The maker of the beaker,
Peter Van Dyck (i 684-1 750) of New York, was
the father of Richard Van Dyck a silversmith,
and probably an apprentice of Bartholomew Le

Beakers 93
Roux who died in 1713, as he married Rachel
Le Roux the daughter.
"Peter Van Dyck was an active participant
in the factious strife which kept the city in a
state of political unrest during the administra
tion of Governor Cosby, and, along with his
fellow-silversmiths, Charles Le-Roux, Tobias
Stoutenburgh, and Philip Goelet, affixed his
name to the petition herewith ; which was
made in protest against the illegal election of
Adolph Phillipse in 1737, an election with the
same issues at stake, and as exciting as that of
the famous election at East Chester, in 173^.
To the Honour* GEORGE CLARKE Esq.
Leiv1 Governour & Command1 in Chief of New-
Yorke & Terriforys thereon Depending in
America. The Petition of the Subscribers Most
Humbly Sheweth That wee have this day seen or
heard of the most Barefaced Villany Committed
by Will™ Cosby Esqr present high Sheriff of this
Citty & County of New York in the Face of
the world in Declareing Adolphe Philipse to be
chosen Representative for this Citty and County
Contrary to the Duty of his Oath and office.
Wee therefore most Humbly pray that our
Lives Libertys and properties may no Longer
Remain Committed to the Said William Cosby ;
but that he may be forthwith removed from his
said Office and the Sd Adolph Philipse may not
be qualified to Sit as an Assembly man untill a
fair Hearing of the matter and yr Petitioners
shall Ever pray." (r. t. h. h.)

94

Historic Silver of the Colonies

A, beaker (Illus. 38) with the same type of
body, supported by a short thick stem, belongs
to the Congregational Church at North Haven,
Connecticut. It was made in 1797 by Abel
Buel (1 742-1 825) of New Haven, an apprentice of
Ebenezer Chittenden (1726-18 1 2) of East Guil
ford, Connecticut, whose daughter he married.
Abel Buel is believed to have constructed the
first lapidary machine used in this country ; at
the age of twenty he was convicted of counter
feiting but released on account of his youth ; to
the day of his death he bore the scars of cropped
ears and branded forehead, (g. m. c)

38. Abel Buel. H. 4! in.

Beakers

95

The remaining
class of New Eng
land beaker, has a
fluted surbase, sim
ilar to that of the
Stoughton stand
ing cup, and was
made in small num
bers by the Boston
silversmiths who
derived this fluting
from English plate
of the last quarter
of the seventeenth
century. Of this
type is the beaker
(Illus. 39) with

39. John Dixwell. H. 4! in.

vertical flutings made by John Dixwell (1680-
1725) and belonging to the First Congregational
Church, Exeter, New Hampshire. It was bought
in 1710 with a legacy of £5 from David Lawrence
"to be layed out by them for a silver cupp to
be used at the Sacrament." He was one of the
early settlers of Exeter.
An interesting example (Illus. 40) with two
handles belongs to the First Congregational
Church, of Hatfield, Massachusetts. It was
bought in 1713 with a legacy of £4 from Lieu
tenant Daniel White who came to Boston in
the Lion in 1632 and settled at Hatfield in 1662.
Just above the fluted surbase is a row of punched
acorns with pellets between them. The beaker

96 Historic Silver of the Colonies
was made by John Edwards (1670-1746) who
came to Boston from Limehouse, now a part
of London, as did his father John Edwards a
chirurgeon and taxpayer of Boston in 1688 who
is mentioned in Sewall's diary in 1689. John

40. John Edwards. H. si in.
Edwards married in 1694 Sybil daughter of Rev.
Antipas Newman ; she was the granddaughter
of the second John Endicott, as well as the
step-daughter of Zerubbabel Endicott son of
Governor Endicott. John Edwards's sister
Anna married John Endicott son of Zerubbabel

Beakers 97
Endicott. This relationship explains why John
Edwards applied for the privilege to make use
of the late Governor Endicott's tomb in the
South Burying place (Granary) for his family.
The Boston Selectmen's minutes of March 5,
1722: "Granted that the Said John Edwards
has Liberty to Improve the Said Tomb until a
person of Better Right to it appears to claim it."
That John Edwards was a man of education is
shown by his appointment on a committee to
visit " the Wrighting School at the Southerly End
of Boston" and to examine the scholars under
the teaching of Mr. Ames Angier. He was
prominent in town affairs, holding many public
offices, and became 4th sergeant of the Artillery
Company in 1704. He married in 1740 Abi
gail Fowle widow of William Smith of Charles
town ; his step-son Rev. William Smith married
Elizabeth daughter of Colonel John Quincy,
and their daughter Abigail Smith was the wife
of President John Adams. John Edwards's son
Samuel Edwards (1705-62), a silversmith, had
previously married the daughter of the widow
Smith ; another son Thomas Edwards (1701-55)
and a grandson Joseph Edwards junior (1737-
83) were also silversmiths. The estate of John
Edwards amounted to £4840.
The beaker (Illus. 41) is one of a set of four
made in 1705 by Jeremiah Dummer (1645-1718)
of Boston for the North Church, Portsmouth,
New Hampshire. It has a spirally fluted sur
base above which is a rosette and scalloped orna-

98

Historic Silver of the Colonies

ment. The upper
part of the body
is encircled with
an embossed or ga-
drooned band which
came into fashion
in England at the
end of the seven
teenth century.
From the ab
sence of any great
number of beakers
in the early inven
tories and from the
fact that so few
made prior to the
Revolution are
found amongst old
family plate it may be inferred that as a domes
tic vessel its popularity was not comparable to
its use as a communion cup. In the last quarter
of the eighteenth and early in the nineteenth
century the fashion was revived to some extent.
They were frequently barrel-shaped but more
often cylindrical.
Belonging to Mrs. John Campbell Robinson
is a cylindrical beaker (Illus. 42) with straight
sides divided into twenty-one sections. In a
wreath are the initials BSR for Benjamin
Russell and his wife Sarah Guest, widow of John
Campbell of New York. Colonel Benjamin
Russell, a mechanic born in Boston September

41. Jeremiah Dummer. H. 5f in.

Beakers

99

13, 1761, learned the trade of a printer with
Isaiah Thomas and in 1784 began the publica
tion of the Columbian Centinel; he served in the
Revolutionary army ; was representative to the
general court many years and held other posi
tions of importance. The beaker is one of a
set of six presented to Benjamin Russell as a
wedding gift in 1803 by the maker, Paul Revere
(173 5-1 8 1 8) the best known of any of the Boston
silversmiths, for his name has been immortalized
by Longfellow in "The Midnight Ride of Paul
Revere." He was the son of Apollos Rivoire
(1702-54) a silversmith who died when Paul
Revere was nineteen years of age but amply
qualified to carry on his father's business. Not
only did he become r 
proficient in the
art of fashioning
silver vessels of all
sorts and descrip
tions but as an
engraver of crests,
arms, panels and
inscriptions upon
such vessels he
was unequalled :
he also engraved
book-plates and
prints ; he made
many of the carved
wood frames for
Copley's portraits; 42. Paul Revere. H. 3! in.

ioo Historic Silver of the Colonies
cast bells and cannon at his foundry and was
the dentist who repaired Washington's teeth
when he was in Boston ! The following adver
tisement appeared in The Boston Gazette and
Country Journal, August 20, 177°-
"ARTIFICIAL-TEETH"
"Paul Revere, Takes this Method of return
ing his most sincere Thanks to the Gentlemen
and Ladies who have employed him in the care
of their Teeth, he would now inform them and
all others, who are so unfortunate as to lose their
Teeth by accident or otherways, that he still
continues the Business of a Dentist, and flatters
himself that from the Experience he has had
these Two Years (in which Time he has fixt
some Hundreds of Teeth) that he can fix them
as well as any Surgeon-Dentist who ever came
from London, he fixes them in such a Manner
that they are not only an Ornament, but of real
Use in Speaking and Eating : He cleanses the
Teeth and will wait on any Gentleman or Lady
at their Lodgings, he may be spoke with at his
Shop opposite Dr. Clark's at the North End,
where the Gold and Silversmith's Business is
carried on in all its Branches."

TUMBLERS
THE small silver cup which came into
vogue in England towards the end of the
seventeenth century was called a tumbler.
This was the only drinking vessel without
handles which was made to any considerable ex
tent at that time. The rounded bottom of these
cups was what gave to them the designation of
"tumbler." Mr. Jackson says: "because the
extra thickness and weight of silver in the base
makes them roll or tumble from side to side
when tilted until they finally rest in an upright
position. The term 'tumbler' applied to the
modern glass vessel is a misnomer and was prob
ably derived from the silver vessel because both
were used for the same purpose." Inform, the
straight or tapering beakers bear greater re
semblance to the glass tumblers of to-day.
Belonging to Mr. R. T. Haines Halsey is a
tumbler (Illus. 43) made by Adrian Bancker
(1703-61) of New York, son of Evert Bancker
mayor of Albany, the maker in 1744 of a plain
baptismal basin engraved with the seal of the
Collegiate Church, New York, to which the basin
belongs. An inscription on the rim of this basin
in Dutch, translated is :

102 Historic Silver of the Colonies
" To inherit eternal life in after life, O man,
Be cleansed in Christ's blood, and thus before death die.
Who in God's Son does live, life everlasting has,
And lives through the true faith, who in that iove does
live."
Perhaps Hezekiah Usher junior referred to
one of these small cups in his will of August 17,
1689. He had not been particularly happy in his
marriage to Bridget, the widow of Leonard Hoar
president of Harvard College, and she left for
England never to return to Boston. His will
contained the following bequest, with its quaint
observation on heraldry : "As to her daughter,
Bridget, I do give her the tumbler with the
Armes of a Spread Eagle with two heads, but I
think one head for a body is enough." Heze
kiah Usher senior, one of the founders of the
Old South Church, was the donor to that church
of a plain English standing cup of about 1650
similar in shape to that with the granulated
band. He was the first bookseller in New Eng
land, and a prominent member of the Ancient
and Honorable Artillery Company. In the
winter of 1657-58 he went to England as the
agent of the Commissioners of the United Colo
nies and bought with money furnished by the
"Corporation in England for the Propagation
of the Gospel among the Indians in New Eng
land" a press, several fonts of type and other
printing material. These he set up in 1659
and gave them in charge of Samuel Green at
Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1661 the New

Tumblers

103

Testament "in the Indian language was finished,
printed and set forth" at this press. Hezekiah
Usher died May 14, 1676, "a pious and useful
merchant," leaving an estate of £15,000.

43. Adrian Bancker.
H. if in.

CAUDLE CUPS
CAUDLE was a warm drink, consisting of
thin gruel mixed with wine or ale and
sweetened and spiced. Pepys in his
diary in 1659-60 says that he "went to bed and
got a caudle made for me and slept upon it very
well." An earlier instance of the drinking of
caudle at Merton, the most ancient of the Oxford
Colleges, is given by Antony a Wood, the anti
quary, who states that the freshmen of that
college entertained the other undergraduates to
a brass pot "full of cawdel" on Shrove Tuesday
in 1648. He describes how "every freshman
according to seniority, was to pluck off his
gowne and band and if possible to make himself
look like a scoundrell. This done, they con
ducted each other to the high table, and there
made to stand on a forme placed thereon ; from
whence they were to speak their speech with an
audible voice to the company ; which if well
done, the person that spoke it was to have a
cup of cawdle and no salted drink ; if indiffer
ently, some cawdle and some salted drink ; but
if dull, nothing was given to him but salted
drink or salt put in college beere, with tucks to
boot." 104

Caudle Cups 105
The caudle cup is of purely English origin
and was frequently called a porringer in Eng
land. A gourd-shaped cup with two handles
can be traced to the reign of Henry VIII. An
elaborately decorated cup of this shape, dated
1533-34, is at Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
having been given by Robert Morwent who
secreted and saved the priceless plate of that
college from destruction in the troublous times
of Edward VI. An illustration of this, the
earliest known English cup of that shape, is in
Mr. H. C. Moffatt's "Oxford Plate," 1906.
The great popularity of the caudle cup came
in the reign of Charles II when it was considered,
next to the tankard, an indispensable possession
of every English household. Most of the early
cups of that period were gourd-shaped, fitted with
two scrolled solid cast handles which often have
human heads on the shoulders to serve as thumb-
pieces. The embossed (or repousse) decoration
consists of tulips and other flowers frequently
interspersed with animals — lions and unicorns,
stags and boars and hounds. Another popular
scheme of decoration for about twenty-five years
consisted of Chinese figures and trees, as on the
mugof 1688-89 m St. Michael's Parish, Maryland.
Belonging to the Scroll and Key Society of
Yale College is a caudle cup (Illus. 44) with
the date-letter for 1667-68 and the maker's
mark E G in a rectangle. The lower part of
the gourd-shaped body is embossed with four
large tulips ; on the shoulders of the solid cast

io6

Historic Silver of the Colonies

handles are human heads. It forms part of the
choice collection of English cups bequeathed in
1884 by Mr. Charles Wyllys Betts to the society

44. London, 1667-68. H. 3! in.
of which he was a member. He was a descendant
of Thomas Betts, one of the founders in 1639 of
Guilford in Connecticut.
Caudle cups are rarely seen in use as com
munion vessels in the Church of England.
Over fifty important examples are, however, pre
served among the Nonconformist bodies in
England. It is somewhat strange that no Eng
lish caudle cup is to be found in an American
church, but that this designation was used in
New England at an early date is shown by the
will of William Paddy, dated September 8, 1658,
in which he leaves to his wife " a new silver cawdell
cup"; and that she apparently received such a
cup is confirmed by the inventory of her estate

Caudle Cups 107
January 29, 1676-77, in which appears the item
"silver bowl and four small spoons £3.10.0."
English caudle cups may have been brought to
New England at an early date, or the design
may have been introduced by John Hull upon
his return from England in 1663. There is no
evidence to show that they were made in the
Colonies prior to that date, and Robert Sander
son (1608-93) and John Hull (1624-83) of
Boston wrought the earliest known. The floral
designs on some of these bear a resemblance to
the decoration on the chests and other furniture
of New England of the last quarter of the seven
teenth century.
Probably the earliest example is the gourd-
shaped caudle cup (Illus. 45) made by these

45. Sanderson and Hull. H. 3 in.
silversmiths and now belonging to the Second
Church at Dorchester, Massachusetts, to which
it was presented by the First Church of that

io8

Historic Silver of the Colonies

town. The lower part of the body is decorated
with six varieties of flowers in scrolled compart
ments ; the base has a twisted moulding ; the
two short cast handles are scrolled and notched.
Pricked on one of the flowers are the initials
C
a 17 for Augustin and Elizabeth Clement who
settled at Dorchester as early as 1635. By his

46. John Coney. H. 3f in.
will of January 30, 1671, Augustin Clement
left his wife his "plate to dispose of as she
shall see most meet after her death." He died
October 1, 1674, and his inventory shows "6 sil
ver spoons and drinking cup £4.10.0." This is
doubtless the cup which the records of the First
Church of Dorchester show as having been re
ceived from his widow November 17, 1678.
Belongingto the Congregational Church, Strat
ford, Connecticut, is a caudle cup (Illus. 46)
with a gourd-shaped body decorated with

Caudle Cups 109
square panels of punched ornaments between
two punched lines. The decoration suggests
that the maker, John Coney (1655-1722) of
Boston, had seen an English saucer dish with
similar work, which originated in the reign of
Charles I and went out of fashion shortly after
the restoration of Charles II.
Because of the difficulty of obtaining the
metal in the disturbed period of Charles I, the
English goldsmiths devised a scheme of making
vessels much thinner than theretofore. "These
were ornamented, and at the same time
strengthened, by being embossed with some
what crude designs composed of lobes and dots
struck with a hammer and round-ended punches
on the outside of the object, forming a series of
depressions, which appeared as raised dots on
the inside. These dots were arranged in patterns
of various kinds, such as lobes, leaves, flowers,
scrolls and concentric circles." (c. j. j.)
A caudle cup (Illus. 47) decorated with six
flat flowers on a matted ground, enclosed in
compartments separated by plain flat vertical
bands, has above and below the flowers a row
of punched dots ; the restored base is ribbed.
The initials no engraved on the bottom are
those of John Foster and of his niece Silence
Baker. The date "19th Septr 81" engraved
upon it is that of the death of John Foster, the
ingenious printer and mathematician who de
signed the arms for the Colony of Massachusetts

no Historic Silver of the Colonies
— -an Indian with a bow and arrow. Silence
Baker married Joseph Eliot whose grandfather
was a brother of the celebrated apostle to the
Indians. The caudle cup was given, at Silence
Eliot's death in 1744, to the Hollis Street

47. Robert Sanderson. H. 3I in.
Church, Boston, which is not now in existence.
The entire service of sixteen pieces from this
church has been fittingly placed in the Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston, as a permanent loan.
The Eliot cup is one of the few pieces which
bear the mark of Robert Sanderson (1608-93)
without that of his partner John Hull (1624-83).
To Robert Sanderson should be given the title
of father of the New England silversmiths,
hitherto borne by John Hull. He and his wife
Lydia in 1638 settled at Hampton, where she
died. In 1642 he moved to Watertown, where
his nephew William Sanderson was living.

Caudle Cups in
There he married the widow of John Crosse
and moved to Boston in 1652 to join Hull in
coining the pine-tree shillings. That John Hull
got the lion's share of this profitable busi
ness is not to be doubted ; but Robert Sander
son, a practical silversmith when he went to
Hampton, was doubtless responsible for the in
struction given to the apprentices in their em
ploy. To him, therefore, we owe a debt of
gratitude for the many beautiful examples of his
own craftsmanship as well as of his apprentices.
Deacon Robert Sanderson of the First Church
seems always to be mentioned with much affec
tion. He is invariably referred to as a gold
smith, and in his will of July 18, 1693, he so
designates himself and names as an overseer "his
loving friend Jeremiah Dummer." His three
sons Joseph (1643-67), Benjamin (1649-78) and
Robert (1652-1714) were silversmiths, and the
latter may have been the maker of this and of
the following cup.
Belonging to the First Congregational Society,
Quincy, Massachusetts, is a similar caudle cup
by the same maker, slightly embossed with
sprays of flowers and leaves on a matted surface
between two rows of punched dots. This cup
is illustrated upon the cover ; it was the gift
of Joanna Yorke to the Braintree Church, which
received it February 20, 1685-86. Quincy
was a part of Braintree until 1793 when that
portion was named for Colonel John Quincy
(1689-1767). It was in that church that John

112 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Adams and his son John Quincy Adams — two
of the presidents of the United States — wor
shipped and are buried.
The decoration on these Colonial cups only
remotely resembles the ornament on English
plate of the second half of the seventeenth cen
tury. The flat flowers have been derived from
the English caudle cups of the early years of
the reign of Charles II.
In England such caudle cups were often fitted
with covers having a single reel-shaped handle
which also acts as a foot, evidently derived from
the paten-cover of the contemporary communion
cup. A plain caudle cup of this description
with the London date-letter for 1662-63 is at
Queen's College, Oxford, having been presented
by Thomas Smith bishop of Carlisle and chap
lain to Charles II. The Rev. John Oxenbridge,
pastor of the First Church, Boston, to which he
bequeathed three standing cups wrought by
Sanderson and Hull, mentions in his will in
1674 a "caudle cup and cover."
John Coney (1655-1722) of Boston made a
covered cup (Illus. 48) with a reel-shaped
handle-foot, and scrolled beaded handles with
female heads. It is engraved with the arms of
Addington and on the bottom : "Ex dono I. L."
These initials are for Sir John Leverett (1616-
79), "among the most illustrious of the fathers
of New England, " who was created knight and
baronet by Charles II in 1676. His father had
been alderman of Boston in Lincolnshire in

Caudle Cups 113
1633. He was the grandfather of John Leverett,
president of Harvard College, and great-grand
father of Knight Leverett the silversmith (1703-
53). It is through the marriage of Sir John
Leverett's daughter Mary to Paul Dudley, the

48. John CoWey. H. 61 in.
son of Governor Dudley, that the caudle cup has
descended to the present owner Mrs. Dudley H.
Bradlee. Plain cups with gourd-shaped bodies were very
popular in England between the years 1660
and 1730. The earliest plain Colonial cup with
a gourd-shaped body, made by John Coney, is
engraved with the date 1676 and was the gift
of Margaret Bridges of Finglas, Ireland, to the
First Parish, Concord, Massachusetts. It was
in that historic town that Henry David Thoreau,
the naturalist, lived ; where Nathaniel Haw-

114 Historic Silver of the Colonies
thorne took up his abode in the "Old Manse"
which adjoins the first battlefield of the Revolu
tion ; and where lived Ralph Waldo Emerson,
whose lines recall that event of American
history :
" Here once the embattl'd farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world."
Belonging to the First Congregational Society,
Quincy, Massachusetts, is a caudle cup (Illus.
49) of this description engraved with the Quincy

3 fin-

arms and : "BC 1699 "for Braintree Church. It
was a bequest from Edmund Quincy, son of the
emigrant Edmund Quincy whose widow married
Robert Hull the father of John Hull. The
donor was the father of Daniel Quincy (1651-90)
the silversmith; and of Edmund Quincy who
married Dorothy Flint, the "Dorothy Q" of the
poem of ' Oliver Wendell Holmes. The Old
Quincy home at Quincy has been permanently

Caudle Cups 115
preserved and appropriately furnished by the
Massachusetts Society of the Colonial Dames.
The maker of the cup was Thomas Savage
( 1 664-1 749) of Boston, a great-grandson of
Anne Hutchinson, who married Mehitable
Phillips, a cousin of Timothy Dwight (1654-91)
a silversmith of Boston. His uncle Ephraim
Savage married Mary the sister of Daniel
Quincy (1651-90). As both Dwight and Quincy
were apprenticed to Hull and Sanderson it is
likely that Thomas Savage learned his craft
from the same source. He was a member of
the Artillery Company in 1693 ; clerk of the
market 1694; constable 1697 ; sealer of weights
and measures from 1725 to 1735. In 1738 he
was dismissed from the First Church to a church
at Newbury. Arthur Savage, his cousin, gave
to Christ Church, Boston, in 1732 a christening
basin, engraved with the Savage arms, made by
Jacob Hurd (1702-58) of Boston. A similar
plain cup in the First Congregational Church,
Deerfield, Massachusetts, was the gift of Hannah
Beaman, the first schooldame, who died in 1739.
In the attack on Deerfield by the French and
Indians in 1694 she narrowly escaped with her
pupils. It was made by William Pollard (1690-
1746) of Boston.
A caudle cup of less pronounced gourd-shape
(Illus. 50) in the First Baptist (Clark Memorial)
Church at Newport, Rhode Island, was made in
1803 by Saunders Pitman (173 2-1 804) of Provi
dence, Rhode Island.

n6

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Of Unusual shape is the plain caudle cup
(Illus. 51) with a deep neck and a reeded lip,
belonging to the First Congregational Church,

50. Saunders Pitman. H. 4} in.
Milford, Connecticut. It was made by Edward
Winslow (1669-175 3) of Boston, who evidently
derived its form from some English mug such

51. Edward Winslow. H. 4I in.

Caudle Cups 117
as that of 1688-89 in St. Michael's Parish,
Maryland, which has a globular body decorated
with Chinese subjects.
In the reign of Charles I a small caudle cup
with a straight body was introduced. A rare
example, dated 1641-42, decorated with flat
burnished foliage, is in Pitt Chapel at Rusholme,
Lancashire. Caudle cups of both shapes were
made during the Commonwealth — necessarily
in small numbers in that disturbed period of
English history when the progress of the Arts
was virtually at a standstill. Among the earliest
examples of caudle cups with straight bodies
is the covered pair of 1659-60 at Gonville
and Caius College, Cambridge, illustrated in
"Old Plate of the Cambridge Colleges" by
Mr. E. Alfred Jones. They were the gift of a
member of the college, Francis Glisson the
great English physiologist of the seventeenth
century. Between 1670 and 1695, a popular decoration
in England consisted of embossed vertical acan
thus and palm leaves along the base, as on the
caudle cup (Illus. 52) from the Betts collection
belonging to the Scroll and Key Society of Yale
College. It bears the London date-letter for
1686-87 and the maker's mark WA in a mono
gram. A decoration found on English plate between
the years 1660 and 1690 and in isolated examples
as late as 1720 frequently consists of applique
foliage or "cut-card" work, resembling in effect

Ii8

Historic Silver of the Colonies

52. London, 1686-87. H. 3 J in.
that of a pattern cut out of cardboard and
applied. Cut foliage of this kind may be seen
on New England Colonial furniture of the last
quarter of the seventeenth century, especially in
Connecticut. Of the same shape and with " cut-card " deco
ration is the silver-gilt caudle cup with cover

<v>>

in

¦i uM

wfrSx

S3. London, 1686-87. H. 4i in.

Caudle Cups 119
(Illus. 53) in Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Will
iamsburg, Virginia. It was made in London in
1686-87 by Pierre Harache, a Huguenot refugee
silversmith, who wrought one of the few pieces
of English gold plate extant — namely a " tazza "
dated 1691-92, bearing the cipher of William
III, which forms part of the great treasure of
the kings of Hanover, now the property of the
Duke of Cumberland. The arms engraved on
this cup are those of William Stanton and his
wife Margaret Gavell. Their daughter Rebecca
married William Gooch, created a baronet in
1746, who saw much active service in the British
army during the wars of Queen Anne's reign.
He became colonel of an American regiment in
1740 and in 1742 served in Admiral Vernon's
unsuccessful attack on Carthagena, where he was
wounded ; in honor of Admiral Vernon, Law
rence Washington named his estate Mount
Vernon. In memory of her son Lady Gooch
in her will of August 12, 1773, bequeathed to
William and Mary College, Williamsburg: "as
a small token of my Remembrance to the place
of his education my Gilt Sacrament Cup."
The cup was in use as a sacramental vessel in
the chapel of William and Mary College, the
burial place of Sir John Randolph and Nor-
borne, Lord Botetourt. The historic church
of Bruton Parish is a fitting repository for so
priceless a relic of Virginian history, for it was
there that the donor's husband, Sir William
Gooch, worshipped during his governorship of

120 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Virginia, to which office he had been appointed
in 1727 by George I.
In the First Congregational Church at Wo-
burn, Massachusetts, is a plain caudle cup
(Illus. 54) with a bell-shaped body and two
solid scrolled handles which are notched on the
shoulders. It was a legacy in 1726 from Colonel

54. George Hanners. H. 5 in.
Eleazer Flegg, the son of Lieutenant Gershom
Flagg, who was born in Woburn August 1, 1670.
He was selectman and held various military
positions from 1708 until his death. The maker
of the cup was George Hanners (1 696-1 740) of
Boston, the son of Robert and Hannah (Matson)
Hanners, who married Rebecca Peirson and left
an estate valued at £2667.11.11. George Han
ners (1721-60), his son, was also a silversmith.
-- In England^.. toward the end of the reign of

Caudle Cups 121
Charles II, a straight-sided caudle cup appeared
with a spirally fluted surbase, a style followed
up to the accession of Queen Anne. In St.
Saviourgate Presbyterian Chapel at York are
two specimens dated 1 680-81.
In the First Congregational Society, Chelms
ford, Massachusetts, is a Colonial caudle cup
(Illus. 55) of this description, with vertical flut-

1

r^

1 iiffe..r.

^0 |

1 1 1

ill

55. Jeremiah Dummer. H. 3} in.
ings, which is fitted with scrolled handles
foliated and beaded. It was made by Jeremiah
Dummer (1645-1718) of Boston. The body
and its fluting are similar to that of the stand
ing cup by the same maker and exactly like
three cups on tall baluster stems wrought by
him, and the gift of James Everell in 1705 to the
First Church, Boston. The diameter of each
is the same, \\ inches, which would suggest that
Dummer had made up bowls of this kind and
fitted handles to some as caudle cups and stems

122 Historic Silver of the Colonies
to others as standing cups, according to the
requirements of his customers. Engraved on
F
the bottom are the initials T j for John and
Lydia (Fletcher) Fisk who were married in 1666.
He was the son of Rev. John Fisk first pastor of
the church. Rev. Sampson Stoddard, its third
pastor, grandson of Anthony Stoddard called
by Sewall "the ancientest shopkeeper in Town,"
bequeathed to the church in 1740 a plain flat-
topped tankard made by Thomas Millner (1690-
1745) of Boston.
A little later an embossed fluted or corded
band was added just below the lip, to the same
kind of English fluted cup which also became

London, 1718-19. H. 3! in.

somewhat taller. An example of this type
(Illus. 56), belonging to Dr. Denman W. Ross,
has the London date-letter for 1718-19.

Caudle Cups

123

A very fine Colonial example (Illus. 57) of
this type was the gift of Ebenezer Withington
May 22, 1721 to the First Church, Dorchester,

57. William Cowell. H. \\ in.
which has presented it to the Church of the
Unity, Neponset, Massachusetts. It was made
by William Cowell (1682-1736) of Boston, the
son of John Cowell a blacksmith of Boston,
who married Elizabeth Kilby. William Cowell
held various town offices ; constable, overseer of
shingles, scavenger, and clerk of the market.
His estate amounted to £3309.19.4. Sewall, in
his diary, under the date of June 21, 1707 notes :
"Billy Cowell's shop is entered by the Chimney,
and a considerable quantity of Plate stolen. I
give him a Warrant to the Constable, they find
James Hews hid in the Hay in Cabal's Barn on
the Back side of the Comon ; while they was
seising of him under the Hay, he strip'd
off his Pocket which was quickly after found,

124 Historic Silver of the Colonies
and Cowell's silver in it." His son, William
Cowell junior (1713-61), was also a silversmith.
The next stage in the progress of the caudle
cup is that which shows the same fluted body
and band, with the embellishment of a large oval
panel surrounded by scrolls and acanthus foli
age. Its introduction in England would seem
to coincide with the accession of Queen Anne
during whose reign and that of George I it
was exceedingly popular. An historical cup of
this kind, dated 1721-22, was given by Josiah
Wedgwood, the famous potter, tothe Old Meeting
House at Newcastle-under-Lyme, of which he was
a trustee and member. Hogarth shows a similar
cup in the picture, " Death of the Countess," in
his celebrated series, "Marriage a la Mode."

58. London, 1702-03. H. 4 in.
Belonging to the Scroll and Key Society of
Yale College is a caudle cup (Illus. 58) from the
Betts collection, with the London date-letter for

Caudle Cups 1 25
1702-03, which exemplifies the type. It was
made by Robert Peake who wrought the service
in St. Philip's Church, Charleston, South Caro-

59. London, 1775-76. H. \\ in.
lina, that was presented by Colonel William
Rhett, churchwarden. The donor was captain
of the merchant ship Providence, and there is a
tradition that he had captured the silver in 1718
from the privateer Stede Bonnet, who was
hanged at Charleston.
This variety of cup was revived towards the
end of the third quarter of the eighteenth cen
tury in England. It, however, had a higher
base and the decoration was apt to be even
more ornate. Of this period is a caudle cup
(Illus. 59) also from the Betts collection, with
the London date-letter for 1775-76, probably
made by Thomas Wynne. Neither of these^
varieties seems ever to have been copied by the

126 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Colonial silversmiths as doubtless the ornateness
did not appeal to them.
The caudle cup was rarely made on the con
tinent of Europe. A Portuguese cup (Illus. 60)
belonging to Dr. Theodore S. Woolsey, dates
from the early part of the eighteenth century.
It shows a very marked difference from the Eng
lish and Colonial cups. The upper part of the
body is plain
but scalloped in
t% cy, °ctdioii shaPe;
V1-- - -t«m- nmmLnmmrs~M/'' ? ' the lower part
a diaper pat-
1 1 f /£, ; ; .-'•' [\ :; C tern ; the small
scrolled handles
extend above
¦- the lip and the
60. Portuguese, 1700. H. 3 J in. base is low and
plain.
That so comparatively few caudle cups are
found in the old families may be accounted for
perhaps by the fact that most of the earliest
made were given to the churches upon the
decease of the owners ; they were more conven
ient to pass at the communion service than the
standing cup or beaker : consequently when the
churches required more vessels they ordered cups
with handles. Probably the caudle cup thus
came to be looked upon more conventionally as a
communion cup rather than as a cup for secular
use. During the corresponding period the tank-

Caudle Cups 127
ard was being made in New England more gen
erally than theretofore ; and for domestic use
this superseded the caudle cup, as the caudle
cup had superseded the beaker and the beaker
the standing cup.

T

TANKARDS
HE tankard enjoyed great popularity as
a drinking vessel in the beer drinking
countries of Northern Europe during the
sixteenth, seven
teenth and eight
eenth centuries.
Its unsuitability
for a wine vessel
was against its
adoption among
the Latin nations
of Europe. The
earliest form of the
tankard was globu
lar, usually heavily
embossed, while
the shape had been
derived from the
pottery jugs so
often mounted by
the Elizabethan
silversmiths. One
of these silver
mounted German
jugs (Illus. 61)
61. Stoneware, 1590. H. sf in. dated I59O Was
128

Tankards 129
given to Governor John Winthrop's father in
1607 by his sister Lady Mildmay. It came
into the possession of the American Antiquarian
Society of Worcester in 1825, upon the death of
William Winthrop, "the seventh proprietor in
direct lineal descent," who also gave a tankard,
made by Josiah Austin (1719-80), to St. Mary's
Church, Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts.
A very rare variety of English tankard was
small in size with a plain tapering body from
which the moulded lip and base, inseparable
in later tankards, is absent ; the cover is quite
flat and the wide scrolled thumb-piece has been
copied from those on the Jacobean flagons.
One dated 1635-36 is at Trinity Hall, Cam
bridge. This type of Charles I tankard was
succeeded in the Commonwealth by a larger
tankard also devoid of decoration. The low
flat-topped cover is in two stages, while the base
is wide and splayed like those of the tall flagons
of the reign of Charles I. With the restoration
of the monarchy in 1660, and the more settled
condition of the country, the English silversmiths
were busily engaged in making tankards in that
luxurious period.
An example (Illus. 62) has the London date
letter for 1674-75 and the maker's mark W C.
It has a plain cylindrical body with a narrow
moulded lip and base ; a flat-topped cover
pointed in front ; a large scrolled handle and a
thumb-piece, or purchase as it is often called,
formed of two semi-globular or cupped discs,

13°

Historic Silver of the Colonies

62. London, 1674-75. H. 5i in.

flanking a pear-
shaped hollow.
Pounced on the
handle is the date
1674 below which
are the initials
j -p undoubtedly
those of some of the
Frost family. It
was bequeathed in
1 724 to the Church
at Berwick, Maine,
by Major Charles
Frost; he was a son
of Major Charles

Frost who was killed by the Indians on his way
home from that church July 14, 1697. His
second wife was Jane Eliot widow of Andrew
Pepperell, a brother of Sir William Pepperell.
A very rare type of tankard made in England
in the last quarter of the seventeenth century is
the "peg" tankard, which was introduced from
Denmark, of which not more than eight English
examples are known. It was so called from the
row of eight pegs fixed vertically inside, where
the handle is attached ; it was from this drink
ing vessel that the expression "taking down a
peg" was derived. A very fine peg tankard
made by John Plummer of York in 1684-85 is
in the collection of the late Mr. J. Pierpont
Morgan : and an illustration of one by the same

Tankards

131

maker, dated 1681-82, presented to William IV
by Lord Ducie, is shown in "Gold and Silver
of Windsor Castle," 191 1. This tankard is
cylindrical, delicately engraved with sprays of
tulips and other flowers, and stands on three
pomegranate feet. The plain scrolled handle
terminates in a shield and the thumb-piece is
formed of two pomegranates. The slightly
domed cover is engraved with tulips and fruit.
Of similar decoration to the English caudle
cup of 1686-87 is the tankard (Illus. 63) with a
surbase of acanthus leaves, a variety of orna
ment popular on English plate between 1670
and 1695. The flat cover engraved with tulips

63. Timothy Dwight. H. 6 in.

is in two stages ; a long V-shaped support,
pierced with a trefoil, is on the body where the

132 Historic Silver of the Colonies
handle is affixed ; the spout was added at a later
date. Engraved on the front is a full-rigged
c
ship and the initials Tvrp. „t? for William Downes
and Elizabeth (Edwards) Cheever who were
married in 1749. It belongs to Dr. Frederick
C. Shattuck, a descendant. This fine tankard
was made by one of the earliest of the second
generation of Boston silversmiths, Timothy
Dwight (1654-91), whose father Captain
Timothy Dwight of Dedham married for his
third wife Anne Flynt the niece of Edmund
Quincy : he was apprenticed to John Hull with
out doubt. Timothy Dwight's half-brother
Nathaniel was the great-grandfather of Timothy
Dwight president of Yale College. There is no
record of this tankard prior to the date 1749,
but it is supposed to have come into the Cheever
family through Elizabeth Edwards — daughter
of Thomas Edwards (1701-55), the silversmith,
whose first wife was Sarah Burr of Charlestown.
John Stedman came to Cambridge in 1638 as
steward or general superintendent in the affairs
of Rev. Jose Glover who left "his faythful ser
vant, John Stedman, the sum of fifty pounds."
John Stedman, the son, to whom was granted
the monopoly of the fur trade for Cambridge in
1658, was treasurer of the county for twenty-six
years and was prominent in military affairs.
He died December 16, 1693, at the age of 92.
His eldest daughter Elizabeth married, as her
second husband, Henry Thompson a merchant

Tankards

133

of Boston ; their daughter Dorothy Thompson
married Nov. 16, 1692 Samuel Shove of Boston,
by whom she had a daughter Sarah who took
the name of Burr upon her mother's second
marriage to Samuel Burr. The latter's will,
probated in 1719, contains the following clause:
"to my daughter Sarah my silver tankard wch
was her Great Gd
fathers Stedman."
This is without
doubt the Dwight
tankard. A tankard (Illus.
64), wrought by
Jeremiah Dummer
(1645-1718), has a
flat cover serrated
in front, with a
fluted shoulder and
applied on the top
is a flat cut tulip.
A similar flower is applied on the body where
the lower part of the handle is affixed ; the
thumb-piece is a double scroll. The applied
foliage, or "cut-card" work, is a familiar decora
tion on English plate between the years 1660
and 1690, as has been noted on the caudle cup
of 1686-87. The tip of the handle is missing,
but undoubtedly it was either a cherub's face
or a plain shield. It was the gift to the South
Parish, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, of Mrs.
Mary Shurtleff, widow of Rev. William Shurtleff

64. Jeremiah Drummer. H. 5I in.

134

Historic Silver of the Colonies

second pastor of that parish, and sister of Theo
dore Atkinson. Engraved on the bottom are
S
the initials m e for William and Susanna Shurt
leff, the parents of Rev. William Shurtleff, who
were married in 1683.
An unusually fine tankard (Illus. 65) with a
fluted shoulder, has a cover which is serrated
on either side of the hinge as well as in front.
The flat top is encircled with an engraved border
of leaves and flowers ; the handle is embossed
with fruit, terminating in a leaf; a cherub's
head, cast and chased, is on the tip, and the
thumb-piece is a
mask between two
dolphins. It was
made by Henry
Hurst (1665-1717)
of Boston. The
original initials en
graved on the bot-
T
torn ry< tt- cannot be
identified, but the
initials AL are for
AbigailLindall who
married on October
26, 1704, Benjamin
65. Henry Hurst. H. Si in. Pickman of Salem,
the great-great
grandfather of the present owner, Mr. Dudley
L. Pickman.

Tankards

135

itn-

In the First Parish (Unitarian) Cambridge,
Massachusetts, where the Rev. Thomas Shepard
was pastor, is a pair
of plain tankards
wrought by John
Coney(i655-i722)
of Boston. They
are similar to the
Hurst tankard ex
cept in the twisted
thumb-piece, and
have been referred
to in the introduc
tion as the gift of
William Wilcocks
in 1654. They are
additionally inter
esting from the fact
that presidents of
Harvard College
and other distinguished men of past generations
have received the sacrament from them. These
flat-topped tankards appear to have been made
in New England from about 1690 to 1730.
Belonging to the First Congregational Church,
(Old Stratfield) Bridgeport, Connecticut, is a
tankard (Illus. 66) made by Peter Van Dyck
(1684-1750) of New York. The moulded base
has a border of cut acanthus leaves and a zigzag
wire applied — forms of decoration frequently
found upon objects wrought by the silversmiths
of New York. The flat-topped cover has an

wm

66. Peter Van Dyck. H. 6i in.

136 Historic Silver of the Colonies
elaborate serrated front and the thumb-piece is
a horizontal twist. The handle has an applied
cherub's face surrounded by ornamentation from
which depends fruit ; and upon the flat serrated
disc on the end of the handle a cherub's face is
also applied. Lieutenant Richard Hubbel of
Stratfield, a wealthy and influential planter, by his
will dated November 12, 1734, gives : "my Silver
Tankard to the Church of Christ in Stratfield for
ye use of ye Lords Tabell." This tankard, it will
be observed, does not differ in form from the flat-
topped tankards made by the New England sil
versmiths. It is purely English in origin and not
Dutch ; and is typical of the tankards wrought
by the New York silversmiths, who were not in
fluenced by the changing fashions in England.
A tankard with a domed cover came into
accession of Queen
not abandoned un-
ance in New Eng-
67. George Hanners. H. 7\ in. land about 1 71 5.

Tankards

137

68. Joseph Kneeland. H. 6J in.

A plain tankard
(Illus. 67) of this
description, made
by George Han
ners (1696- 1 740)
of Boston, belongs
to Mr. Dwight
M. Prouty. It is
engraved on the
bottom with the
date 1738 and the
initials p ^r for
Philip and Mehit
able Pollard of
Nantucket. The
tip of the handle
is a Queen Anne shilling. George Hanners also
made five tall beakers for the Congregational
Church at Greenland, New Hampshire, one of
which has been generously given to the Museum
of Fine Arts at Boston.
A moulded band encircles the body of the
plain tankard (Illus. 68) made by Joseph Knee-
land ( 1 698-1 760) of Boston, which is one of a
pair given to Harvard College in 1729 by John
and William Vassall who were graduated there
in 1732 and 1733 respectively. This tankard
was the gift of John Vassall, who was born in the
West Indies in 171 3, and who married Elizabeth
the daughter of Lieutenant-Governor Spencer
Phipps. He built the house on Brattle Street in

138 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Cambridge now known as the residence of the
poet Longfellow. At the time of the Revolu
tion he fled with his family to England and his
estate was confiscated ; the house then became
the headquarters of General Washington. The
father of John and William Vassall was Leonard
Vassall, a conspicuous churchman, who gave to
Christ Church, Boston, in 1730 a plain paten
engraved with the Vassall arms enclosed in a
panel similar to that on the tankards. The
paten bears the London date-letter for 1715-16
and was made by John Read the maker of the
service of 1710-11 in St. Michael's Parish,
Talbot County, Maryland.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century,
the lower part of the English tankard was occa
sionally spirally fluted, like the contemporary
caudle cup. The type with the domed cover
was so made and also had a fluted border on
the cover. Tankards with this decoration do
not appear to have been made by the Colonial
silversmiths. Of the latter variety is the tank
ard (Illus. 69) with the London date-letter for
1716-17, made by Seth Lofthouse, and engraved
with the Lowell arms. It belongs to Mrs. Stan
ley Cunningham — a granddaughter of James
Russell Lowell, who had previously owned it
during his life at "Elmwood." This fine house
was the residence in Revolutionary times of
Thomas Oliver, the last of the lieutenant-gov
ernors appointed by the king : his wife was
the daughter of John Vassall. In September,

Tankards

139

1774, in compliance with the commands of four
thousand people who surrounded the house, he
signed his resignation and took refuge with the
British soldiers in Boston. Benedict Arnold
and his Connecticut company were quartered
at Elmwood upon their arrival in Cambridge
just after the battle of Lexington, and after the
battle of Bunker
Hill the house be
came a hospital.
Comparatively
few tankards with
domed covers are
found without
finials, which seem
to have been a
product of the
New England sil
versmiths, as were
too the cherubs'
heads and masks
so frequently found
on the terminations of the handles. Such finials
and tips are rarely found on English tankards.
Some of these finials are similar to those found
on New England furniture.
In the First Parish, Plymouth, Massachusetts,
founded in 1620, is a plain tankard (Illus. 70)
that has a domed and moulded cover with a
turned finial, a scrolled thumb-piece and a
plain boss on the end of the handle. It was
made by John Edwards (1670-1746) of Boston,

69. London, 1716-17. H. 7! in.

140 Historic Silver of the Colonies

70. John Edwards. H. 7 in.

and was a gift from
Priscilla Faunce ; she
was the daughter of
ElderThomas Faunce
(1647- 1 746) who, by
his long life of ninety-
nine years, served as
a connecting link be
tween the Pilgrims —
many of whom he had
known in boyhood —
and later generations.
The traditions with
relation to Plymouth
Rock were derived
from him.
The only English tankard (Illus. 71) of this
description in an American church has a plain
moulding encircling the body, a heart termina
tion on the end of the handle, and a finial which
on an English tankard is very unusual. It was
a bequest to the Baptist Church of Warren,
Rhode Island, from Nicholas Campbell, whose
monument in the North cemetery bears the fol
lowing inscription: "Sacred to the memory of
Mr Nicholas Campbell who was born on the
Island of Malta Dec. 24, 173. and came to this
country previous to the American Revolution
and died in this town July 21, 1829 in the 97th
year of his age. He was one of the ever memo
rable Boston Tea Party who performed one of
the first acts of Resistance to the British oppres-

Tankards

141

sion by the destruction of a Cargo of Tea in the
Harbour of Boston ; and commenced that
glorious struggle which terminated in our Na
tional Independence. He faithfully discharged
all the duties of a good citizen and has ever
been highly respected for his industry benevo
lence and integrity of character." The tankard
bears the Birmingham date-letter for 1779-80
and the makers' marks for James Fothergill and
Matthew Boulton. The latter was a manufac
turer of plated goods and steel in Birmingham
and became the partner of James Watt, through
whose wise and vigorous management the
steam-engine was made a success. To his father
James Watt wrote
from Birmingham
in December, 1774 :
" The business I
am here about has
turned out rather
successful ; that is
to say, that the
fire-engine I have
invented is now
going, and answers
much better than
any other that has
yet been made,
and I expect that
the invention will
be very beneficial
tO me." Such was 71. Birmingham, 1779-80. H. 8J in.

142

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Watt's modest announcement of the practical
success of the greatest invention of the eight
eenth century ! When Boswell visited him in
1776 Boulton remarked : "I sell here, sir, what
ail the world desires to have — Power." Boulton
and Watt were employed by the British govern
ment to recoin the
copper specie of the
kingdom. These
massive large cop
per pennies with
their raised rims
and incised letter
ing weighed fully
an ounce and effec
tively checked the
great outburst of
tokens at that time
appearing. In the middle of
the eighteenth cen
tury the tankard
with a "bellied"
or bulbous body, a
domed cover and a high moulded foot, with and
without a moulding encircling the body, came
into vogue in England, and its popularity was
greatest in the third quarter of that century.
Of this type is the tankard (Illus. 72) with
the London date-letter for 1775-76, made by
Charles Wright. It belongs to Mrs. James A.
Garland and was given to Martin Hern by the

72. London, 1775-76. H. 8 in.

Tankards

143

two London parishes of St. Giles-in-the-Fields
and St. George, Bloomsbury, for "having laud
ably assisted in bringing forward a number of
volunteers which
these parishes had
to raise for His
Majesty's army in
December 1796."
A massive tank
ard of this descrip
tion (Illus. 73) has
gadrooned borders
on the base and lip.
The maker's ini
tials J A in script,
are perhaps those
of some Boston
silversmith, al
though the Co
lonial silversmiths
seldom made this
variety of tankard.
The borders are
derived from such
a piece of English
plate as the covered caudle cup at Williams
burg. The scrolled thumb-piece has a fluted top.
Engraved in front are the entwined initials
B M D for Barnt and Mary De Klyn ; he was
born in Boston and moved to a farm near Tren
ton in 1784. It was presented in 1857 to the
First Presbyterian Church of Trenton in New

73. Colonial? H. 9 in.

144

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Jersey, by their daughter Catherine Beatty
widow of General John Beatty who was taken
prisoner at Fort Washington. In 1780 John
Beatty settled at Princeton as a physician ; he
was a member of the convention that adopted
the Federal Constitution and from 1795 to 1805
was secretary of state for New Jersey. Tankards, both
barrel-shaped and
cylindrical, and
hooped like a bar
rel, were made in
large numbers in
England at the
end of the eight
eenth and at the
beginning of the
nineteenth cen
tury. Of the latter
type is the tankard
(Illus. 74) pre
sented in 1832 to
the First Congre
gational Church,
Deerfield, Massachusetts, by John Williams a
prominent tory at the time of the Revolution.
The domed cover is surmounted by an eagle
and the thumb-piece is pierced. It was made
by Samuel Williamson of Philadelphia. In
scribed on one side is : "Presented by the
Directors of the Banks of the United States,
North-America & Pennsylvania To John Wil-

74. Samuel Williamson. H. 8J in.

Tankards 145
Hams Esquire, of Deerfield in the State of Massa
chusetts Justice of the Peace, in consideration of
Services rendered their Institutions a.d. 1801."
The National Bank of North America, Phila
delphia, was the first bank to take a charter
under the National Banking Act. The donor's
grandfather Rev. John Williams, first pastor of
Deerfield, was among the inhabitants carried
into captivity when the Indians burned the
town in 1704; his wife was murdered on the
way to Montreal where he was held for two
years ; upon his return he wrote a narrative of
his adventures in "The Redeemed Captive."
In the churches are more than one hundred
and thirty tankards that have been used, not as
flagons to hold the wine, but as sacramental cups.
Flagons were used in England for "Church
Ales" and for serving hot spiced drinks at
funerals. In New England similar hospitable
customs prevailed and liquor was supplied at
the cost of the parish. At the funeral of Mary
Norton, widow of Rev. John Norton minister of
the First Church, Boston, over fifty-one gallons
of best Malaga wine were consumed by the
mourners. In 1742 the General Court of Massa
chusetts forbade the use of wine and rum at
funerals. A long-cherished delusion is that the ends of
most of the handles of the tankards after 1660
are fitted with "whistles," for the purpose of
whistling for a further supply of liquor. But
these are in reality "blow-holes," which insure

146 Historic Silver of the Colonies
equality between the internal and external pres
sure of the air and, therefore, prevent any de
formations of the metal which may be softened
as the result of the changes of temperature
occurring during the process of soldering.
Many an early tankard was saved from the
melting pot by adding a spout, at the time of
the temperance movement. In a way, this en
abled the possessor to eat his cake and have
it too ! A spout in no way interfered with its
customary use ; nor, for that matter, was any
thing gained — the early flagons pour readily ;
but the tankard assumed a more respectable
appearance in the eyes of the envious neighbor
who did not possess one and the fortunate owner
eased his conscience by the reflection that
"things are not what they seem."

FLAGONS
THE development of the flagon was the
same as that of the tankard and both
were used for the same purpose. The
earliest type was of globular form, but the tall
cylindrical flagons were first wrought in Eng
land towards the close of Queen Elizabeth's
reign. Examples of both the globular and
cylindrical forms made in 1594-95 are illustrated
in Mr. E. Alfred Jones's book on the old Eng
lish plate of the Emperor of Russia, whose col
lection of early cylindrical flagons is unrivalled.
In the church of St.' Mary Woolnoth in Lon
don — the burial place of Sir William Phipps,
governor of Massachusetts — is a pair of cylin
drical flagons dated 1587-88 ; and in St. Mary's
Church, Great Brington, in Northamptonshire,
the burial place of Robert Washington and his
wife Elizabeth, is a plain flagon dated 1605-06.
The shape of these flagons was retained through
out the seventeenth century, while the Jacobean
decoration was abandoned about 1620. The
flagons of Charles I and of the Commonwealth
tend to become less in height and greater in
width, while the short moulded bases of the
earlier flagons are superseded by wide splayed
147

148

Historic Silver of the Colonies

bases. These plain
cylindrical flagons
with their bright
surfaces reflecting
light and shade are
unsurpassed indig
nity and in purity
of form.
The cylindrical
flagon (Illus. 75)
of the Common
wealth period, with
the London date-
letter for 1649-50
and the maker's
mark TG, with the
thumb-piece bro
ken, is inscribed :
"Hampton parrish in Yorke County in Ver-
ginia." It belongs to Grace Church, York-
Hampton Parish, York County, at Yorktown,
Virginia, where the surrender of Lord Corn-
wallis occurred in 1781.
This shape of flagon was generally adopted
by the churches in England, at the restoration
of Charles II, to take the place of the vessels
destroyed during the Civil War a few years
previously. A pair of plain flagons of the year
1660-61 in the private chapel of the Archbishops
of Canterbury at Lambeth Palace is of great his
toric interest ; these were in use at the consecra
tion services in 1787 of the bishops of the Ameri-

75. London, 1649-50. H. 10 in.

Flagons

149

can Episcopal church — William White rector of
Christ Church, Philadelphia, and Samuel Provoost
rector of Trinity church at New York. They also
figured in 1790, in the consecration of James
Madison as bishop of Virginia, the last of the
American bishops to be consecrated in England.
The tall plain cylindrical flagons, with flat-
topped covers, remained the conventional type
throughout the reigns of William and Mary
and of Queen Anne. One of the finest cylin
drical flagons of the
reign of William
and Mary is that
of 1691-92 in the
Tower of London ;
it is decorated with
cherubs' faces and
festoons of flowers
and fruit in a man
ner suggestive of
the influence of the
carvings of Grin-
ling Gibbons, and
of the sculptured
work of Sir Chris
topher Wren.
In Christ Church,
at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, is
a flagon (Illus. 76)
with an X-shaped
thumb-piece, and 76. London, 1694-95. H. ni

150 Historic Silver of the Colonies
the London date-letter for 1694-95. It is in
scribed :— "The gift of K William & Q Mary to
ye Reved Sam11 Myles for yc use of their Majties
Chappell in N : England : 1694." Rev. Samuel
Myles, son of Rev. John Myles first pastor of the
Baptist Church at Swansea in Massachusetts,
was rector and the virtual founder of King's
Chapel in Boston, to which this flagon and a
chalice with a paten-cover were originally given
by William and Mary, whose cipher and royal
arms are engraved upon them. It was in Christ
Church that Washington worshipped when he
came to Cambridge to take command of the
American army in July, 1775 ; he lived in the
Craigie house, later the residence of the poet
Longfellow. The flagon was wrought by Francis
Garthorne the maker of the large service pre
sented by Queen Anne to Trinity Church, New
York, and of the flagon given by William III
to St. Anne's Parish, Annapolis, Maryland. He
was also the maker of vessels dated 1711-12 at
St. Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia, which
are of historical and sentimental interest, for they
were used by the American loyalists and by
Charles Inglis, the first English Colonial bishop
of Nova Scotia and the last British rector of
Trinity Church, New York.
In the Presbyterian Church at Hyattsville,
Prince George's County, Maryland, is a plain
cylindrical flagon (Illus. 77), made by Matthew
Lofthouse, with a domed cover and a scrolled
thumb-piece, bearing the London date-letter for

Flagons

ISI

1707-08. It was the gift of Colonel Ninian
Beall originally to the old Presbyterian Church
at Patuxent, or Upper Marlborough, for which
he had given the site. He was born in 1625 in
Scotland and fought against Cromwell in the
battle of Dunbar
in 1650; there he
was taken prisoner
and transported to
Barbados and
thence to Mary
land. In 1692 he
was made "colonel
and commander-
in-chief of all their
Majesty's forces or
militia of horse and
foot in Calvert
County." He was
elected in 1696 one
of the first two
Burgesses ; in 1703
he received from
Lord Baltimore a
grant of 795 acres
called the "Rock of Dumbarton," which includes
much of the ground on which Georgetown in the
District of Columbia now stands. A similar
flagon in Hungars Parish, Northampton County,
Virginia, with the London date-letter for 1736-
37 and an unknown maker's mark, HL, was the
gift in 1 741 of John Custis Esq. of Williamsburg.

77. London, 1707-08. H. 11 in.

152

Historic Silver of the Colonies

He married in 1706 Frances daughter of Colonel
Daniel Parke secretary of the Colonial coun
cil ; their son Daniel Parke Custis married in
1749 the beautiful Martha Dandridge, after
wards the wife of George Washington. In his
will of 1749 John Custis leaves explicit instruc
tions about his tombstone and the inscription
to be placed upon it, which ends: "Aged —
years and yet lived but seven years which was
the space of time he kept a Batchelors House at
Arlington on the Eastern Shoar of Virginia."
In St. George's Parish, formerly Baltimore
(now Harford) County in Maryland, is a tall
flagon (Illus. 78)
with a turned finial
which is unusual on
an English flagon ;
it bears the Lon
don date-letter for
1717-18 and was
made by Thomas
Langford. A plain English
flagon with a
domed cover, dated
1763-64, is in St.
George's German
Lutheran Church
in Goodman's
Fields, London, E.,
whose first pastor,
Gustave Anthony

78. London, 1717-18. H. 13 in.

Flagons 153
Wachsel, will be remembered for the part he
played in 1764, when the incident of the six
hundred Wurtzburgers and Palatines took place.
These unfortunate Germans had been induced,
by an adventurer named Stumple, to leave their
homes in Germany under the promise that they
would be permitted to settle in the islands of St.
John and St. Croix, in America ; but as soon as
they had been shipped for England, their so-
called benefactor deserted them and they reached
London in a destitute condition. This worthy
pastor, however, with much energy and benevo
lence, succeeded in interesting King George III
and the people of London in their unhappy con
dition, and, mainly owing to his efforts, their
immediate wants were alleviated by public sub
scription and other material support, while
their future was assured by means of the King's
grant of land in South Carolina. It is believed
that the flagon was used when the communion
was administered to many of these unhappy Ger
mans, just before their departure for America.
The introduction of silver flagons into the
Puritan churches of New England is not only a
sign of the growing material prosperity of the
people, but also marks the gradual decline in the
repugnance to vessels which were common in
the Church of England, and which would have
been regarded by the early emigrants as osten
tatious if not ritualistic. The use of such costly
accessories of the communion table confirms
in some degree Daniel Neal's remark in 1720

154 Historic Silver of the Colonies
that the Colonists "affect to be as English as
possible." One of the earliest Colonial flagons (Illus. 79)
belongs to the Second Church of Boston. It
has the tall cylin
drical body with
mouldings encir
cling the body be
low the moulded
lip and above the
moulded base ; the
moulded cover has
a flat top with a
turned finial, and
the thumb-piece is
formed of two
cupped discs.
Within the large
foliated panel is in
scribed : "Mrs. Eliz
abeth Wensley to
the Second Church
of Christ In Boston
171 1." She was the daughter of William Paddy
who went to Plymouth in 1635 and later moved
to Boston, where she married John Wensley a
mariner. The flagon was made by Peter Oliver
(1682-1712) of Boston who married March 1,
1712 the donor's daughter Hopestill Wensley.
Peter Oliver had previously married Jerusha,
daughter of Increase Mather, who died Decem
ber 30, 1710. He was the son of John Oliver,

79. Peter Oliver. H. I2j in.

Flagons

155

a merchant of Boston, and of his wife Susanna
Sweet. His mother's sister Mary Sweet married
David Edwards, and they were the parents of
Susanna Edwards who married John Noyes
(1674-1749) the maker in 171 1 of a similar
flagon for the Brattle Street Church. Three
other similar flagons are in the same church ;
one dated 171 1, made by Nathaniel Morse
(1685-1748) ' of
Boston ; one 1712,
by John Edwards
( 1 670-1 746), and
one 1713 made
by Edward Win-
slow (1669-1753).
They are now the
property of the
Museum of Fine
Arts at Boston.
Theearliestflag-
on (Illus. 80) made
south of New
York is in Christ
Church, Philadel
phia, and is a copy
of the Queen Anne
flagon of 1708 in
that church. This
was the gift in
1 71 2 of Colonel
Robert Quary, do
nor to St. Mary's

80. Philip Syng. H. ii in.

156 Historic Silver of the Colonies

Church at Burlington, New Jersey, of the cov
ered beaker. The maker was Philip Syng
(1676-1739) of Philadelphia; he was the proba
ble maker and joint donor of a silver paten in
Holy Trinity Church at Oxford, Pennsylvania,
whose son Philip Syng (1703-89) made the
silver inkstand used
at the signing of the
Declaration of In
dependence. Belonging to Im
manuel Church at
New Castle, Dela
ware, is a small
plain flagon (Illus.
81) with a low flat
cover, a scrolled
thumb-piece and a
moulded band en-
ircling the body.
It was made by
Simeon Soumaine
of New York.
There is a tradition, which still survives, that it
was the gift of Queen Anne.
A flagon (Illus. 82) with a domed and moulded
cover and a cherub in relief upon an oval disc
on the end of the handle, made by William
Cowell junior (1713-61) of Boston, is dated
1753. It is engraved with the Dummer arms
and inscribed: "Presented to the Church of
Christ in Hollis-Street under the Pastoral care

81. Simeon Soumaine. H. 7 in.

Flagons

157

of the Revd Mather Byles, D.D. By the Honor
able William Dummer, Esqr Late Lieu' Governor
and Commander in
Cheif of the Massa
chusetts." A por
trait of the donor,
painted by Sir
Godfrey Kneller,
and also a gold
snuff box that be
longed to William
Dummer, are in the
possession of the
Misses Loring. The
Rev. Mather Byles
had decidedly pro
nounced tory pro
clivities and the
church records un
der date of August
9, 1776 state that
Rev. Dr. Byles had
joined the British
after the siege of
Boston "against the liberties of the country."
He was a noted wit and of him a contemporary
wrote these lines :

82. William Cowell, Junior.
H. 13 i in.

'' There's punning Byles provokes our smiles,
A man of stately parts ;
Who visits folks to crack his jokes,
That never mend their hearts.

158 Historic Silver of the Colonies
With strutting gait and wig so great,
He walks along the streets,
And throws out wit, or what's like it,
To every one he meets."
Governor Belcher gave the land upon which
the church was built ; but the street was
named for Thomas Hollis, the benefactor of
Harvard College, whose nephew gave the bell
to that church.
A flagon similar to that in the Hollis Street
Church, belonging to the Old South Church,
was made by Joseph Moulton 2d (1740-18 18)
of Newburyport, Massachusetts, whose father
William Moulton and grandfather Joseph Moul
ton (1680-1756) were silversmiths. It was the
gift in 1804 of Hon. William Phillips a deacon
of the church. He was a son of Rev. Samuel
Phillips, first pastor of the South Church at
Andover, Massachusetts, and married Abigail
daughter of Edward and Abigail (Coney) Brom-
field. Engraved upon it are the arms of Phillips
impaling those of Bromfield. Lieutenant-Gover
nor William Phillips was his son. He and his
brothers Samuel and John and his nephew Lieu
tenant-Governor Samuel Phillips (the donor of a
silver flagon to the South Church at Andover)
were the founders of Phillips Academy. Samuel
Phillips (1658-1722), a silversmith of Salem and
Boston, was the grandfather of the donor, and
also the great-grandfather of John Phillips, who
was the first mayor of Boston and the father
of Wendell Phillips the orator and abolitionist.

Flagons

159

A flagon of
the ewer-shape
(Illus. 83) with
the London
date-letter for
1767-68, made
byW.&J.Priest, has a bulbous or
"bellied" body.
It was bought
with a legacy of
£70 to the First
CongregationalSociety, Salem,
Massachusetts,in 1 73 1 from

Colonel Samuel
Browne who was
the most promi
nent merchant
of his time in Es
sex County. He
was representa
tive at the general court ; first town treasurer
of Salem ; judge of the superior court ; colonel
of the regiment, and a councillor. The flagon
was not purchased until thirty-six years after
his death, when a committee of the church was
appointed to apply for a fulfilment of the legacy.
A shield of arms is engraved upon it. In 1769
a duplicate of this flagon was made for the same
church by John Andrew (1747-91) a silversmith

83. London, 1767

H. 13 in.

160 Historic Silver of the Colonies

of Salem, at the sign of the "Golden Cup." He
was the grandfather of John A. Andrew known
as the "war governor" of Massachusetts.
The old house at Salem in which Nathaniel
Hawthorne was born is still standing; and
the "House of the Seven Gables," restored to
its former condition by Miss Emmerton, is of
much historic interest. The desk which Haw
thorne used in the Custom House and upon
which he began to write the "Scarlet Letter"
is in the Essex Institute at Salem. Belonging to St.
Peter's Church at
Lewes, Delaware, is
a flagon (Illus. 84)
with a cone-shaped
body, and a domed
cover which has
an arched thumb-
piece. It was made
by John David
(1736-98) of Phila
delphia, whose
father Peter David
was also a silver
smith. It is in
scribed as the gift
in 1773 of the Hon.
John Penn who was
the grandson of
William Penn the
John David. H. io in. founder of Penn-

Flagons 161
sylvania ; but it was in reality purchased with
funds received by him, as governor of the Three
lower counties, from the estate of Henrietta
Sims "who died without any relations or known
kindred." A tankard engraved with the Penn
arms, made by Joseph Anthony of Philadelphia
and belonging to Captain W. L. Willey, is in
scribed: "Presented by John Penn Junr- & John
Penn Esq" to Mr. Charles Jarvis as a Respectful
acknowledgment of his Services 1788." Charles
Jarvis, a distinguished physician of Boston, was
the son of Colonel Leonard Jarvis whose wife was
a granddaughter of Colonel Benjamin Church;
he was a patriot at the time of the Revolution
and was appointed by Thomas Jefferson surgeon
of the Marine Hospital, Chelsea.
In the First Congregational Church, Derby,
Connecticut, is a flagon (Illus. 85) with a long
pear-shaped body on a high moulded base,
and a domed cover with a vase-shaped finial.
The inscription within double branches is :
" A Gift to the first Church of Christ in Derby
by NL French 178 1." The donor Nathaniel
French was the son of Francis French junior
and was born at Derby in 1717. He took the
oath of freeman and loyalty to the Colony in
1777 and 1778 and died in 1781. His will con
tains the following legacy: "I give one hun
dred pounds lawful money unto the First
Ecclesiastical Society in Derby Forty pounds
of which to be put into the Bank for the support
of the Gospel in sd Society & Forty pounds of

162 Historic Silver of the Colonies

which sd sum to purchase a silver Flaggon for
the Church in sd Society & the remaining
Twenty pounds to purchase small Bibles for the
poor in sd Society
sd Bibles to be
purchased & dis
tributed at the dis
cretion of my Ex
ecutors." This
flagon was not or
dered until later.
The church records
state: "April 5th
1800. The busi
ness was completed
according to the
appointment and a
silver Flagon pro
cured of the value
of 40 Pounds L
Money — which
was made by Mr.
Ebenezer Chitten
den of New haven
who was upwards
of 70 years of age."
Ebenezer Chitten
den (1726-18 1 2)
was born at Madi
son in Connecticut,
and worked at his
85. Ebenezer Chittenden. H. i7i in. trade in that place ;

Flagons

163

he moved to New
Haven about 1770.
In the second
half of the eigh
teenth century the
classical revival in
Europe exerted a
great influence and
manifested itself
in various ways. A
change took place,
in England, in the
shapes and decora
tion of the gold
smiths' work in the
third quarter of
the century when
"consequent upon
the discoveries
made in the course
of excavations at
Herculaneum and
Pompeii, classical
formswereadoptedin place of the ro
coco designs of the
preceding period."
Jesse Churchill
(1773-18 19) of Boston made a pair of flagons
for the West Church at Boston. The son of
their first pastor, Rev. William Hooper, was
a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

86. Jesse Churchill. H. 151 in.

164 Historic Silver of the Colonies
These are of the quasi-classical shape with
reeded edges and an engraved border of leaves
and flowers. It was probably from some such
cup as the English one of 1781-82 in the First
Parish, Watertown, that the shape of the body of
the flagons was derived. The handles are square-
shaped and the domed covers have pineapple
finials. The inscription : " The Property of the
Church at West Boston" is engraved within an
oak wreath. That church was discontinued in
1892 and the building is now used as a branch
of the Boston Public Library. Most of its
silver was presented at that time to the Museum
of Fine Arts. John Smibert, who came to
Boston in 1728 with Dean Berkeley, attended
that church with his wife Mary Williams whom
he married at Boston ; he painted most of the
contemporary worthies of New England and the
only known portrait of Jonathan Edwards the
greatest of American metaphysicians. In 1806
Rev. Charles Lowell, the father of James Russell
Lowell, became minister of the church.
A flagon of similar shape with a handle formed
of two flat wires joined together by an oval
ring, was made by Rufus and Henry Farnam of
Boston. The bill dated Oct. 15, 1805, is in the
possession of the First Baptist Church, Salem,
Massachusetts, which has generously presented
the flagon to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
In the First Reformed Church, Fishkill, New
York, is a flagon (Illus. 87) made by I. W.
Forbes of New York, decorated with bands of

Flagons

165

classical honeysuckle. It is inscribed: "Pre
sented by Samuel Verplanck Esqr- To the
First Reformed Church in the Town of Fishkill
To commemorate Mr. Eglebert Huff by birth
a Norwegian, in
his life-time at
tached to the Life
Guards of the
Prince of Orange
(afterwards King
William III of
England), he re
sided for a number
of years in this
country, and died
with unblemished
reputation at Fish
kill, 21, March,
1765, aged 128
years Fishkill Jan
uary 1820." In
his " Pictorial Field
Book of the Revo
lution," Benson
John Lossing, who
was at one time a silversmith, says : "it is re
lated of Huff that when 120 years old he made
love to a pretty girl of twenty. She already
had an accepted lover of her own age, and of
course rejected the suit of the Nestor. The old
suitor was indignant at the refusal. He thought
he had the best right to claim the heart and

87. I. W. Forbes. H. I2i in.

1 66

Historic Silver of the Colonies'

hand of the maiden, for he had a hundred years
more experience than 'the foolish boy,' and
knew better how to treat a wife than the inter
fering stripling." Fishkill has great historic
associations connected with the Revolution : a
place chosen as a depository for military stores
and for the confinement of tory and other
prisoners; and there the "Constitution of the
State of New York" was printed in 1777 by
 Samuel Loudon.
That vicinity is the
scene of many of
the most thrilling
events portrayed
by Cooper in "The
Spy : a Tale of the
Neutral Ground."
In Grace Church,
Providence, Rhode
Island, is a com
plete communion
service of six pieces
which was made by
Welles and Com
pany of Boston, of
which firm George
Welles (1784-1827)
had been a part
ner. The flagon is here reproduced (Illus. 88).
These pieces are decorated with a band of classi
cal ornament applied in relief, a fashion prevailing
in England and derived from the designs of John

Flagons 167
Flaxman " a gifted English artist who was deeply
influenced by this classical revival, the sculptor
of many notable monuments." He was engaged
by Wedgwood at the age of twenty-two to copy a
head of Medusa after an antique gem and later
entered his employ. How far-reaching was his
influence in effecting a change in the design of
English silver is apparent from the "old-
fashioned" vessels that were cast aside to make
way for the new passion for classical design.
The ."Shield of Achilles," with subjects from
the eighteenth book of the Iliad, at Windsor
Castle, was designed by him. An illustration of
this shield, as well as of other objects designed
by Flaxman, is in Mr. E. Alfred Jones's " Gold
and Silver of Windsor Castle," 191 1. The Elgin
marbles, brought to England in 1801-03, had
much effect in directing the public taste into
classical channels.

MUGS

WHILE mugs followed the forms of the
tankard and flagon, it will be seen that
the caudle cup and beaker influenced
the silversmiths as well.
A mug (Illus. 89) made by Alexander Forbes,
with the Edinburgh date-letter for 1682-83,
belongs to Mr. Guy Warren Walker. The
shape of the body, and the notched handle
also, has been derived from the earlier made
English caudle cups. The vertical strap-work
on the lower part of the body would seem to be
a glorified form in relief of the flat sort of fluted
ornamentation such as that on the English
standing cup of
1607-08 in the
Old South Church,
Boston. The deco
ration is similar to
the applied flutings
and leaves with
which the Hugue
not silversmiths,
who fled to Eng
land after the
revocation of the

Edinburgh, 1682-83. H.

3 m.
168

Mugs

169

90. London, i

H. 4 in.

Edict of Nantes in
1685, embellished
their work, as on
the English two-
handled cup with
cover of 1726-27.
In St. Michael's
Parish, Talbot
County in Mary
land, is a mug
(Illus. 90), the gift
in 1728 of Mary
Peck, that bears
the London date-
letter for 1688-89. It was made by John Jackson
and is of a rare class which originated in England
towards the end of the reign of Charles II and
derived its globular body and reeded neck from
the German stoneware jugs of the sixteenth
century, so extensively mounted by the English
silversmiths. The handle is reeded. The mug
is decorated with Chinese subjects such as were
popular on English plate from about 1670 until
1695. It was doubtless this shape that was
referred to by Colonel William Byrd of Virginia
when ordering the "new-fashioned silver mug"
from his merchant in London in 1684. Mugs
of this kind were copied in Chinese porcelain
for the English market in the eighteenth cen
tury and were also made in England early in
that century of Elers ware and Nottingham
stoneware.

170 Historic Silver of the Colonies

mm

i "-:•>"¦ ¦ 3

*
1 A
§g»
¦IL. ff
Wm!{
- ^ t'i
¦ 1
% 0
id ~£
91. John Coney. H. 3^ in.
Of this variety is
the Colonial mug
(Illus. 91) made by
John Coney (165 5-
1722) of Boston,
engraved with the
initials MW for
MaryWilloughby, who was born in
1676 at Salem, a
granddaughter of
Francis Willough-
by who was the
deputy governor
from 1665 to 167 1 ;
she was an ancestor of Mrs. Sally Pickman
Dwight to whose estate the mug belongs. The
fluted decoration is similar to that of other
vessels of contemporary date already described ;
the handle is notched.
An early form of mug made in the Colonies
was gourd-shaped,
copied from the con
temporary caudle
cup. Such is the
plain mug (Illus.
92) made the latter
part of the seven
teenth century by
Jeremiah Dummer
(1645-1718) of Bos
ton. The very thin, 92. Jeremiah Dummer. H. 3! in.
Mugs

171

initials

for

93. William Cowell. H. 3J in.

solid flat handle
terminates in a
trifid end, similar
to that on the end
of the stem of
the contemporary
spoon. It is en
graved with the
F
IE
John and Eliza
beth Forland, and was given to the First Bap
tist Church, Boston, in 1729 by John Forland,
a tobacconist who was born in 1650; his wife
became a member of that church in 1686.
Belonging to Mr. Philip Leffingwell Spalding
is a mug (Illus. 93) similar to the straight-sided
caudle cup with the same fluted base and corded
band ; it was wrought by the same maker Wil
liam Cowell (1682-1736) of Boston.
Another early type of mug (Illus. 94), made
by John Coney, is of the same shape as the con
temporary class of the
New England beaker with
the flat bottom. It has
a notched rat-tail on the
handle and as it is very
small it may have been
used as a dram cup. En
graved on the bottom is :
"S. Russell" for Samuel
94. John Coney. H. 2 j in. Russell who married Eliza-

172 Historic Silver of the Colonies

beth daughter of Thomas Elbridge ; he was the
donor in 1725 of a tankard to the First Congre
gational Church at Marblehead, Massachusetts,
which was made into a plain plate in 1852. His
brother-in-law John Elbridge, collector of the
port of Bristol, England, presented the old brass
chandelier to St. Michael's Church in the same
town. Also engraved upon the side is : " Eliza
Russell Treuett," for Samuel Russell's daugh
ter who married
Benjamin Trevett:
their grandson was
Captain Samuel
Russell Trevett who
so gallantly distin
guished himself at
the battle of Bun
ker Hill where he
commanded a com
pany of artillery.
The mug belongs
to Mrs. Elizabeth
Hooper Betton, the seventh in descent from
Samuel Russell.
Another of this type (Illus. 95), with a
moulded base, was made by William Cowell
(1682-1736) of Boston. It belongs to the Meth
odist Episcopal Church of Hull, Massachusetts,
and was originally given in 1724 to the Church
of Christ at Hull which was dissolved in 1789. It
is engraved with the initials ~ E doubtless for

95. William Cowell. H. 4 in.

Mugs

173

Edward and Experience Battles who were
married in 1707. Considering that this type
is simply the beaker of which so many speci
mens are in the New England churches, it seems
somewhat strange that so few fitted with handles,
as mugs, are to be found therein. As domestic
cups, however, they seem to have enjoyed great
popularity early in
the eighteenth cen
tury, judging from
the numbers that
are extant. They
vary considerably
in height, doubtless
being used for nu
merous purposes.
An inverted bell-
shaped mug (Illus.
96) typical of the
beakerof this shape,
belongs to the First
Parish Church, Uni-
versalist, at Saugus, Massachusetts, and was a
legacy to the Third Church of Christ at Lynn
in 1774 from Samuel Jenks. It was made by
Benjamin Burt (1729-1805) of Boston, a son of
John Burt (1691-1745), who married Joan the
daughter of John Hooton and Sarah Wye. The
inventory of his estate amounted to $4788.52 :
his will mentions Joseph Veazie, Caleb Swan
(1754-18 16) of Boston, Samuel Waters, and his
trusty friend Joseph Foster (1760-1839) of

96. Benjamin Burt. H. 5j in.

174

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Boston who was made executor. They were all
very probably his apprentices.
An early type of mug has a plain slightly
tapering cylindrical body, with or without a
moulding encircling the body ; this came into
vogue in England toward the end of the seven
teenth century and was in fact a copy of the
contemporary English tankard, of a smaller size
and without the
cover. The bases
and lips are usu
ally moulded.
Of this descrip
tion is the mug
(Illus. 97) with a
plain body and a
flat notched disc
upon the handle-
end, made by
John Allen (1671-
1760) and John
Edwards (1670-
1746) of Boston
who were brothers-in-law. It seems not improb
able, from the fact that it was given to the First
Baptist Church, Boston, by Mrs. Sarah Jeffers,
that the initials AC may be those of Anne
Clarke who married in 1713 David Jeffries.
Belonging to Mrs. Charles H. Joy is a mug
(Illus. 98) of the same shape, made by John
Coney, with an unusually wide reeded band
encircling the body and the base, which is char-

97. Allen and Edwards. H. 4I

Mugs

175

John Coney. H. 3 J in.

acteristic of the
cylindrical and
barrel-shaped mugs
that came into fash
ion at the end of
the eighteenth cen
tury. The thin flat
solid handle is
reeded and has
a notched rat-tail
running down the
back. The mug is
inscribed : " Ex
dono EL ad EG."
Mr. George S. Palmer owns the mug (Illus.
99) engraved with the name " M. Tucker," with
scalloped work above the moulded base. It was
made by a New York silversmith, Bartholomew
Schaats (1670-1758), "a descendant of that in
teresting character, Domine Gideon Schaats,
who, after being
ordained by the
Classis of Amster
dam, came to New
Amsterdam in 1652
in the ship Flower
of Guelder under
contract with the
patron Johannis
van Rennselaer
'to be missionary
99. Bartholomew Schaats. H. 3§ in. to the Indians,

176 Historic Silver of the Colonies

teacher of the catechism, and schoolmaster for
old and young,' and later, in 1657, became
minister of the church at Beverwyck (Albany),
which charge he held until his death in 1694." *
A mug (Illus. 100) made in 1739 by Peter Van
Dyck ( 1 684-1 750) of New York and belonging
to the First Presbyterian Church, Southamp
ton, on Long Is
land, has no mould
ing at the lip — a
characteristic not
seen in the New
England mug with
the tapering body
and one seldom a-
dopted by the New
York silversmiths.
The width of the
flat solid scrolled
handle is also un
usual. In the same
church is a pair of
similar mugs, made in 1729 by John Hastier
(admitted as freeman 1726), New York, having
the lips moulded, which served as a model for
that made by Peter Van Dyck.
William Cowell (1682-1736) of Boston made
a mug (Illus. 101) with a moulding encircling
the body, a gift in 1727 to the First Church
of Christ, Hartford, Connecticut, whose first
minister was Rev. Thomas Hooker. It is en-
* (r. t. h. h.)

100. Peter Van Dyck. H. si in.

Mugs

177

graved with the in
itials A W for Abi
gail Woodbridge
wife of the Rev.
Timothy Wood-
bridge, the minis
ter of the church
in 1687, at the time
Governor Andros
came to demand
the Charter of the
Colony and when
that document was

101. William Cowell. H. 5 in.

snatched from the deliberations in the meeting
house and hidden in the famous Charter Oak ;
he was one of the founders of Yale College.
This mug was sold in 1815 for fifteen dollars to
Dr. Jeremiah Bradford and was bought in 1883
from his grandson by Mr. William R. Cone who
presented it to the
church. Amug (Illus. 102)
of this type has a
double-scrolledhandle with an
acanthus leaf on
the shoulder and is
engraved with the
S
initials o T doubt
less for Samuel
102. William Simpkins. H. 4! in. Stevens, for his

178

Historic Silver of the Colonies

daughter Mary married Joseph Warren — father
of General Joseph Warren the noted physician
and ardent patriot killed at the battle of Bunker
Hill, "the first Revolutionary martyr of rank"
to fall. The initials EW engraved at a later
date are those of Judge Ebenezer Warren, a
brother of General Warren, from whom it has
descended to Mr. William W. Vaughan, a great-
grandson. It was
made by William
Simpkins (1704—
80) of Boston who
married Elizabeth
Symmes : he was
appointed consta
ble in 1743 but de
clined to serve and
paid the fine; 3d
sergeant of the
Artillery Company
1743, ensign 1757.
His son Thomas
Barton Simpkins
(1728-1804) of Boston was also a silversmith.
Belonging to the Congregational Church,
Greens Farms, Westport, Connecticut, is a mug
(Illus. 103) the legacy in 1765 of Mrs. Abigail
Couch, the daughter of Joshua Jennings of Fair
field one of the signers of the first covenant of
that church in 1715. It was made by Munson
Jarvis (1742-1825) a blacksmith of Stamford,
Connecticut, son of Samuel Jarvis also a black-

103. Munson Jarvis. H. 4} in.

Mugs

179

104. Paul Revere. H. 5J

smith. He was a
loyalist who fled
in 1783 to St. John
in New Brunswick,
where he passed
the remainder of
his life : he became
a vestryman of the
Episcopal church
and a member of
the Provincial As
sembly, (g. m. c.)
Mrs. Ellerton L.
Dorr is the owner of the cylindrical mug (Illus.
104) hooped like a barrel, made by Paul Revere
(1735-1818) of Boston. Similar mugs in the
shape of a barrel were common in England at
the end of the eight-
 1 eenth and at the
beginning of the
nineteenth cen
tury. A plain mug (Il
lus. 105) made by
Lewis Cary (1798-
1834) of Boston,
with a feather scroll
in relief on the
shoulder of the
handle, belongs to
the Misses Cruft.
105. Lewis Cary. H. 4j in. It was given to their

i8o

Historic Silver of the Colonies

grandparents, Edward and Elizabeth (Storer)
Cruft, by President John Adams when he went
from Quincy to attend the convention held in
Boston in 1820 which brought about the sepa
ration of Maine and Massachusetts : he was
the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Cruft at their house
on Pearl Street. It will be recalled that Abigail
Smith was the granddaughter of the second wife
of John Edwards
(1670-1746) and
married President
Adams. A different type
of mug made its
appearance in Eng
land early in the
eighteenth century
and is seen in large
numbers in the col
leges of Oxford and
Cambridge. It has
a plain tapering body rounded at the bottom,
with a low moulded base. Of this variety is the
mug (Illus. 106) in the First Church at Boston.
William Pollard (1690-1746) of Boston wrought
the mug : he was the grandson of Anne Pollard
who came in the fleet with Winthrop to Charles
town. Upon the invitation of Blackstone (the
first settler of Boston who sold to the Town his
forty-four acres of land — now Boston Common)
Anne Pollard came in the first boat load and
was the first white woman to set foot on Boston

106. William Pollard. H. 4? in.

Mugs

181

soil. She lived to be 105 years old and her por
trait at the age of 103 belongs to the Massa
chusetts Historical Society. As William Pol
lard's uncle Jonathan Pollard married Mary
Winslow, it may be assumed that he was ap
prenticed to her brother Edward Winslow.
Belonging to
the First Parish
Church at Beverly
in Massachusetts,
is a mug (Illus. 107)
of the same de
scription but the
sides are more in
curved, giving it a
slightly bulbous or
"bellied" appear
ance. The mug is
inscribed: "The
legacy of the Revnd :
Mr- Tho : Blowers
To the First Church in Beverly decd : June the
17th 1729." Rev. Thomas Blowers was the
second pastor of the parish. The mug has a
hollow handle, and while it bears no maker's
mark it was probably made by his son John
Blowers (1710-48) of Boston who married Sarah
Salter. They were the parents of Sampson
Salter Blowers who, with Adams and Quincy,
was junior counsel in 1770 in the defence of the
British soldiers concerned in the "Boston Mas
sacre," and who, as a loyalist, went to England

107. John Blowers

182

Historic Silver of the Colonies

in 1774 and returned to Boston in 1778 ; after
imprisonment at Boston he went to Halifax,
Nova Scotia, where he became chief-justice of
the supreme court and died October 25, 1842 at
the age of 100 years, 7 months, 4 days.
The type of mug with a " bellied " body was
first introduced into England about 1725 and
three, with the London date-letter for 1725-26,
made by William Fleming, are in the collection
of the Emperor of Russia. Mugs of this descrip
tion continued to be made throughout the cen
tury and the tendency was toward a more
bellied body and a higher moulded base, as
in the mug (Illus. 108) with a double scrolled
handle and an acanthus leaf on the shoulder ;
it is engraved with the Kitchen arms. Three
of these mugs are in the Tabernacle Church
and three belong to the South Church, at
Salem, Massachu
setts. That the
name "can" was
frequently applied
to this variety, and
possibly to other
shapes also, is evi
denced by Edward
Kitchen's will of
July 5, 1765: "I
will and bequeath
to the Church the
Revd Mr. Hunting
ton is ye Pastor of

108. Daniel Boyer. H. 5 in.

Mugs

183

109. London, 1779-80

six Silver Pint Cans
with the three half
Moons and the Sun
engraven thereon
wrote upon them
the Gift of Edward
Kitchen to said
Church." They
were all wrought
by Daniel Boyer
(1725-79) of Bos
ton, son of James
Boyer (1700-41) a
Huguenot silver
smith who came with the Sigourneys and Johon-
nots from La Rochelle, France,- and who married
the daughter of Daniel Johonnot. Daniel Boyer
was clerk of the market, 4th sergeant of the
Artillery Company in 1762 and a member of
the Old South Church : he married Elizabeth
daughter of John Bulfinch, and two of his
daughters married Joseph Coolidge junior
(1 747-1 821) a silversmith, an ardent Son of
Liberty and one of the "Boston Tea Party."
In the Congregational Church at Hamilton,
Massachusetts, is a mug (Illus. 109) with the
London date-ietter for 1779-80, made by J.
Denzilow. It was a gift from Hon. Symond
Epes whose widow Mary Whipple became the
third wife of Edward Holyoke president of
Harvard College. As a matter of fact Symond
Epes's bequest was a large tankard, which came

184 Historic Silver of the Colonies
into the possession of the church after his
widow's death in 1790; and in 1821 "on ac
count of its being a vessel exceedingly incon
venient for ye use of ye sisters of ye church "
the tankard was exchanged for "two silver cans."
His son the "young and pale Major Samuel
Epes" was the donor of three similar mugs,
made by Benjamin Burt (1729-1805) of Boston,
to the South Church at Ipswich, Massachusetts.
The house built about 1680 by Captain John
Whipple senior, and occupied by Symond Epes
from 171 5 to 1 74 1, is still standing at Hamilton
and now belongs to Mr. Nathan Matthews
whose wife was a collateral descendant. The
house has been re
stored and mod
ernized, but most
attractively so
under the skilful
hand of Mr. Nor
man Morrison
Isham. In the Presby
terian Church of
Rehoboth and Pitts
Creek in Maryland,
founded in 1683,
no. Samuel Soumaine. H. 4i in. was a mug (UluS.
1 10) made by Sam
uel Soumaine of Philadelphia which is now in
the rooms of the Presbyterian Historical Society
at Philadelphia. It is engraved with the initials

Mugs

185

K
-n j^ for Robert and Anne King. She married
for her third husband George Holden clerk of
the county court of Accomack in Virginia : it
was presented to
the church in 1780
by Anne Holden.
The donor was the
daughter of Rev.
Francis Makemie
the founder of or
ganized Presby-
terianism in the
Colonies. He had
come from Scot
land to Virginia
about 1682 and
engaged in the
West India trade ;
in 1707 he was ar
rested and imprisoned for preaching in New
York and he died in Boston in 1708.
One of the few mugs (Illus. in) of this
variety, with a moulded band encircling the
body, was made by E. Davis of Newburyport,
Massachusetts, and belongs to Mr. George S.
Palmer. Occasionally a mug (Illus. 112) with the
bellied body is found with a cover, but unless
the cover bears the maker's mark it seems ques
tionable as to whether it may not have been
added at a later date. The mug is engraved

in. E. Davis. H. 6J in.

1 86 Historic Silver of the Colonies

with the Storer arms and the initials -p ** for
Ebenezer and Mary (Edwards) Storer who were
married in 1723 : it belongs to Mr. Alfred Bow-
ditch. It was once owned by Miss Mercy
Shiverick Hatch,
a noted beauty,
whose portrait by
Stuart is in the
possession of Mr.
Charles P. Bow-
ditch. The maker
was John Potwine
( 1 698-1 792), the
son of John Pot
wine a physician
and Huguenot ref
ugee from Portou
in France who had
married Sarah, a
daughter of Ed
ward Hill. John
Potwine was born
in Boston ; he was
a member of the Old South Church and married
Mary Jackson April 20, 1721 ; he moved to
Hartford in Connecticut, in 1737; thence to
South Coventry, where his wife died, and where
he ran a general merchandise store, as he did
after he moved to East Windsor; he died in
Scantic where his son was pastor of the Congre
gational Church.

112. John Potwine. H. 6J in.

Mugs 187
Another of this type of mug with a cover,
belonging to Mrs. Charles W. Eliot, was made
by Benjamin Pierpont (1730-97) of Boston. He
was a nephew of Rev. James Pierpont the second
pastor at New Haven ; a member of the Brattle
Street Church in 1758 ; married to Elizabeth
Shepard March 29, 1759; he was clerk of the
market in 1766.

TWO-HANDLED CUPS
ILLUSTRATIONS of such early two-handled
cups as were made in England prior to the
Commonwealth period and still exist, may be
seen in Mr. Jackson's "History of English Plate."
The large silver-gilt cup and cover (Illus. 113),
with the London date-letter for 1677-78 and

113-

London, 1677-78. 188

H. 10 in.

Two-Handled Cups 189
the maker's mark RC, was presented to the
Cathedral of St. John the Divine at New York
by Mrs. George Bromley Ironside. It belongs
to a class of vessel which was highly popular
for hot drinks in England in the late Stuart
period. In form and decoration of the base it
is like the straight-sided caudle cup of 1687-88
previously described. It is inscribed : "The
guift of Edward Ironside Esquire In memory of
his name and Kindred To the Reverend ffather in
Christ Gilbert Ironside Lord Bishop of Bristoll
1661." The two shields of arms engraved upon
it are those of the see of Bristol impaling those
of Ironside, and the see of Hereford impaling
those of Ironside. The cup was bought in
1677-78 with a bequest of twenty pounds con
tained in Edward Ironside's will proved in 1663.
At Trinity College — where Governor John
Winthrop and the Puritan divine John Cotton
were educated — is a covered bowl with two
handles, with the London date-letter for 1697-
98, which is decorated with spiral fluting.
Edward Winslow (1669-1753) of Boston made
a two-handled cup with a cover (Illus. 114)
similar in shape and decoration to the inverted
bell-shaped beaker already described. The sur
base is vertically fluted ; the gadrooned borders
of the base and cover are fluted in the same
manner, as is also the band encircling the upper
part of the body. Engraved upon one side of
the cup are the Lowell arms, it having belonged
to James Russell Lowell and doubtless to his

190 Historic Silver of the Colonies

1? &

114. Edward Winslow. H. ii in.
forebears ; it is now owned by his grand
daughter Mrs. Lois B. Rantoul.
The two-handled English cup with cover
(Illus. 115), the gift of Samuel Ledlie to Christ
Church at Hartford, Connecticut, belongs to a
class of cup which was introduced into England
by the French Huguenot silversmiths who
sought refuge there after the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes in 1685. The type was fashion
able from about 1699 to 1740 and most of the

Two-Handled Cups

191

makers were of French origin or descent. This
specimen was made in 1726-27 by Isaac
Riboulau one of those Anglo-French crafts
men. The vase-shaped body is divided into
two sections by a plain moulding ; the applied
leaf and strap decoration on the lower part of

115. London, 1726-27. H. n in.

192 Historic Silver of the Colonies
the body and on the cover is much more re
strained than that of most cups of its kind, which
are often embellished with ornate vertical straps
characteristic of the Louis XIV school of metal
workers. An English cup with harp-shaped
handles made by Paul Crespin in the same year
1726-27, and almost identical with the Hartford
cup, is engraved with the crown and cipher of
the Empress Elizabeth the daughter of Peter
the Great. It is in the famous collection of the
Emperor of Russia in the Winter Palace, at
Petrograd. At the beginning of the eighteenth century
the earlier embossed decoration was practically
abandoned and the fashion turned to one of
greater simplicity in the reign of Queen Anne
— much silver being perfectly plain, and when
ornamented the decoration consisted of fluting,
gadrooning and "cut-card" work. The fashion
inclined toward greater ornamentation at the
end of the reign of George I.
Belonging to the First Parish, Medford, Mas
sachusetts, is a cup (Illus. 116) which may have
had a cover originally. It bears the London
date-letter for 17 14-15 and the maker's mark
for Joseph Clare. Qn one side are engraved the
arms of the Royall family and on the opposite
side is the inscription : "The Gift of the honb.'^
Isaac Royall Esqr to the Church of Christ in Med
ford." Colonel Isaac Royall, the well-known
loyalist, was representative from Medford to the
general court and for twenty-two years was a

Two-Handled Cups

193

116. London, 1714-15. H. 6 in.
member of the council ; he was appointed briga
dier-general in 1761, the first to bear that title in
America. His daughter Elizabeth married Sir
William Pepperell, second baronet. A portrait
group of the donor with his wife and child Eliza
beth, his sister Penelope Royall, and his wife's
sister Mrs. Mary Palmer, painted by Robert
Feke in 1741, hangs in the reading- rOom of
Austin Hall at Harvard University. Although
exiled from his home, he never forgot the coun
try which he left in 1775 "with great reluctance,"
and in his will he bequeathed 2000 acres of land
in Worcester county, Massachusetts, to found the
first law professorship at Harvard College. He
also left to the Church at Medford ten pounds
sterling to purchase a piece of plate, namely, the

194

Historic Silver of the Colonies

baptismal basin made by Benjamin Burt (1729-
1805). A baptismal basin made by Thomas Ed
wards (1701-55) was Isaac Royall's gift in 1747
to St. Michael's Church, Bristol, Rhode Island,
and is engraved in the centre with the Royall
arms. The interesting old Royall house built by
his father, the old Antigua merchant who came
to Medford in 1737, with its slave quarters

117. London, 1725 ? H. io|

Two-Handled Cups 195
has been restored by the Royall House Associa
tion which acquired it by purchase.
A cup with cover (Illus. 117) of this descrip
tion, made by George Wickes (entered at Gold
smiths' Hall in 1 721), is without a London date-
letter. It is engraved in a circular panel with
the arms of Hancock impaling those of Hench
man, as on the standing cup in the First
Church, Boston, — the gift of Lydia Hancock.
In her will dated October 30, 1765 and proved
November 21, 1777 Lydia Hancock bequeathed
to her mother, Elizabeth Henchman, her plate
"excepting a Silver Bowl, a Silver Spout Cup
and a large two Handled Silver Cup which I
give to my Nephew John Hancock Esq." It
belongs to Mr. Frederick Goddard May, a
descendant of John Hancock. There is a tradi
tion that the cup was once owned by Thomas
Hutchinson, the unpopular governor of Massa
chusetts, whose suspected actions in favor of the
king, shortly before the Revolution, led to the
sacking and burning of his mansion.
A Colonial example (Illus. 118), similar to the
Hancock cup, was made by Peter Feurt who
came from New York in 1727 and died in Boston
in 1737. It is referred to in the will of Edward
Mills junior dated May 24, 1732 : "to Henry
Hope a silver cup with his coat of arms and mine
engraved thereon." Upon one side are the arms
of Mills of Harscombe, as on the plate made by
Jeremiah Dummer which Edward Mills be
queathed, as "my salver," to John Merritt, by

196 Historic Silver of the Colonies

118. Peter Feurt. H. 9 in.
whom it was given to King's Chapel, Boston,
of which he was a vestryman. Below the
arms is the motto nemo sine crimine vivit
and engraved below this : "Ex Dono Henricus
Hope armiger." Above the moulded band
which divides the body is engraved : "The gift
of Mrs. G. Apthorp to her Great Grand Daugh-

Two-Handled Cups

197

ter Sarah Apthorp Morton." Grizzel Apthorp
was the donor to Christ Church at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, of the English baptismal basin.
Sarah Apthorp Morton a poet, called "the
American Sappho," married Perez Morton a
Revolutionary patriot; he was speaker of

Bk

Wf 2W«P

n^W^5' \-N? -

ilP^^^ PI '

L

*3«L:

^^^g|H|

119. London, 1760-61. H. 14^ in.

198

Historic Silver of the Colonies

the house, attorney-general of Massachusetts
181 1-3 2; and a delegate to the state Constitu
tional Convention in 1820. The cup belongs to
Miss Una Gray, a descendant.
The cup (Illus. 119) owned by the Metro
politan Museum of Art, New York, with the
London date-letter for 1760-61 and made by
Samuel Courtauld, illustrates the extravagant
ornamentation in the French rococo style of Louis
XV which was popular in England from 1725-60.
Fortunately, in the Colonies, the silversmiths did
not adopt extravagance in decoration, but it is
quite possible that they were not capable of ex
ecuting it. Occasionally some vessel is found,
like the embossed sugar bowl made by Paul
Revere, which is interesting and unique.
A cup (Illus. 120) bearing the London date-let
ter for 1770-
71, with an in
verted pear-
shaped body,
has a ga-
drooned edge
on the base.
It is inscribed :
"Given to The
First Church
in Boston by
Anne E. and
Caroline M.
Beale Easter
120. London, 1770-71. H. 6f in. Day Nineteen

Two-Handled Cups

199

Hundred April Fifteenth." Engraved upon one
side are the Beale arms and the date 1770.
A plain oviform cup (Illus. 121) with reeded
edges, a high cover with a vase-shaped finial,

121. Joseph Loring. H. nfin.
and two square-shaped handles, now belongs to
the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston. It is in
scribed : "The gift of Mr. William Johnson
to Brattle Street Church Boston 1707." It was

200 Historic Silver of the Colonies
made about 1790 from the original gift of silver.
The maker was Joseph Loring (1743-1815) who
was born in Hull, Massachusetts, but moved to
Boston, where he married Mary Atkins ; he lived
in Court Street and had his shop in Union Street.
He was 2d sergeant in the Artillery Company
in 1791. When ist lieutenant he was a prisoner
on Long Island for nine months but returned
to Boston in 1777. His son Henry Loring
(1773— 1818) of Boston was also a silversmith.

CHALICES
STRICTLY speaking, the chalice is the only
vessel in the Colonial churches never used
for domestic purposes. It is almost the
earliest ecclesiastical vessel known. It is quite
impossible to attempt an adequate description
of the English mediaeval chalice because of their
rarity, which arises from the great destruction
of all vessels associated with the Mass, at the
Reformation. The earliest piece of silver,
whether ecclesiastical or secular, with an English
hall-mark is the chalice with paten-cover at
Nettlecombe, Somerset, bearing the London
date-letter for 1479. To appreciate the various
shapes of the bowls, stems, knops and bases up
to the time of Queen Elizabeth, the numerous
books in bibliography must be referred to and
the illustrations studied.
In Holy Trinity Church, Wilmington, Dela
ware, is a chalice (Illus. 122) which, in an Ameri
can church, is the nearest approach of any in
shape, to the Pre-Reformation chalice. This,
however, was not made until about 1718 at
Gothenburg in Sweden. The bowl, gilt inside,
is supported on a plain hexagonal stem divided
by a round knop, separated into twelve horse-

202 Historic Silver of the Colonies
shoe-shaped sections engraved with foliage.
The inscription, translated, reads : " Take and
drink, this is my blood. The gift of the mining

122. Gothenburg, 1718. H. 9I

Chalices 203
company of Falun to Holy Trinity Church at
Christina in Pennsylvania, a.d. 1718. Assessor
and mine master, Andrew Swab. Magister Eric
Bjork, pastor of Falun, formerly at Christina in
Pennsylvania." Rev. Eric Bjork was the pastor
of that Swedish Lutheran church, built in 1698
and still standing, until he was recalled to
Sweden by Charles XII in 1713 when he became
pastor of the church at Falun in Sweden —
where are the oldest copper mines of Europe.
Each of the Post-Reformation chalices was
provided with a "cover of silver appointed also
for the ministration of the Communion bread."
This paten-cover has a circular foot, frequently
engraved with a date, which closely fits over the
rim of the body. There are, of course, depar
tures from this orthodox type of Post-Reforma
tion chalice but these are generally confined to
definite areas in England.
A marked departure from the orthodox type
of Elizabethan chalice may be seen in the his
torical vessel of St. Andrew's Church at Nor
wich in which many distinguished Puritans
received the communion. It was made in
1568-69 by Peter Petersen an accomplished
Dutch silversmith who had settled in that an
cient city and was buried in that church. It was
in this cup that such Puritans as John More,
Nicholas Bounde and Yates received the sacra
ment. Tradition also associates John Robin
son, the leader of the Puritans who crossed to
Leyden before their departure for America, as

204 Historic Silver of the Colonies

minister of the church, though this is unsup
ported by substantial evidence. Another Eliza
bethan chalice, made in Norwich in 1568, be
longs to Heachem
Church in Nor
folk in England,
where Captain
John Rolfe, the
Colonist who
married Poca
hontas, was bap
tized. Most of
the Elizabethan
chalices were
decorated with an
interlacing band
of strap-work
filled with ara
besques, which
Hans Holbein the
younger helped
by his designs for
silver-work to
popularize in
England ; such
may be seen in
every county in
England and
Wales. A chalice
of this kind, dated
1591-92, is in the
123. London, 1611-12. H. 8^ in. church of St.

Chalices 205
Mary Magdalene at Ecton in the county of
Northampton — the ancestral home of the
Franklins. In the reign of James I the chalice retained
its Elizabethan form, but displayed a tendency
to become larger and the engraved decoration
was frequently abandoned. Belonging to St.
Peter's Church, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, is a
chalice (Illus. 123) of that period, bearing the
London date-letter for 1611-12, which is the
earliest example in a Colonial church. It is
engraved: "E H 1612" and is thought to have
been presented nearly a century later by the
widow of Rev. John Talbot, rector of the church.
This and the next chalice follow the outline of
the Elizabethan chalice. The body is encircled
with a plain moulding ; in the middle of the
short stem is a compressed knop ; the edge of
the moulded base is stamped with an ovolo
ornament. The paten-cover is engraved with
the same band as the chalice and has a reel-
shaped handle-foot. The Perth Amboy chalice
is very like that of 1567-68 at Christ's College,
Cambridge, in which Milton and other famous
men received the sacrament.
In St. John's Church (Elizabeth City Parish)
Elizabeth City County, Hampton, Virginia, is a
plain chalice (Illus. 124) bearing the London
date-letter for 1618-19 and two patens of the
same date, with the maker's mark RG. These
have been used in the communion service for
nearly three hundred years — longer than any

206 Historic Silver of the Colonies

vessels in any other
American church.
There are a very
few vessels made at
an earlier date but
they did not come
into the possession
of the churches until
much later. The
deep bell-shaped
body of the chalice
is supported by a
short double reel-
shaped stem on a
moulded base ;
traces of the original
gilding are visible.
This is inscribed
" The Commvnion
Cvpp for Snt Marys
Chvrch in Smiths
Hvndred in Vir
ginia." The chalice
and two patens were
bought with a leg
acy of Mrs. Mary
Robinson of "Mark lane in the parish of St Olave
Hart Street, London" under her will of February
13, 1617 which reads : "I give and bequeath to
wards the helpe of the poore people in Virginia,
towards the building of a Churche & the reduce-
inge of them to the knowledge of God's word,

124. London, 1618-19. H. 85

Chalices

207

the sum of two hundred pounds, to be bestowed
at the discreation of my cozen, Sir John Wolsten-
holme, knight, with the advice and consent of
four others of the chiefest of the Virginia Com
pany, within two yeares next after my decease."
These vessels were originally in "Smith's hun
dred" so called from Thomas Smith treasurer of
the Virginia Company. It is not known how they
came into the possession of Hampton Church.
With the in
crease in popula
tion, the English
chalice became
larger in the time
of Charles II. The
same shape was re
tained — a beaker
or deep bell-shaped
body, supported
on a stem divided
by a compressed
knop — and it was
fitted with a paten-
cover. When not
plain the decora
tion followed that
of the contempo
rary domesticplate.
Decorated chalices
of that period are
in Westminster
Abbey. 125. English, 1660. H. 11} in.

208 Historic Silver of the Colonies

An English chalice (Illus. 125) of this type,
made about 1660, originally belonged to James
town Old Church in Virginia but is now in
Christ Church in
Bruton Parish at
Williamsburg. It
was the gift in
1 66 1 of Colonel
Francis Morrison
deputy- governor
of Virginia during
the absence in
England of the
governor Sir Wil
liam Berkeley. It
was in this chalice
that many gener
ations of Virgin
ians, conspicuous
in the history of
their state, re
ceived the com
munion. It is
appropriately in
scribed : " Mixe
not holy thinges
with profane."
A massive chal
ice with a paten-
cover (Illus. 126)
is spirally fluted
London, 1694-95. H. 9} in. at the base of the

Chalices 209
body like contemporary domestic vessels ; the
knop on the stem is fluted, as is also the edge of
the moulded base. The paten-cover is in two
stages, both spirally fluted, and has a plain reel-
shaped handle-foot. The chalice bears the Lon
don date-letter for 1694-95 and the maker's
mark R. It belongs to Westover Parish, Charles
City County, Virginia. Sarah Braine, the donor,
was a conspicuous figure in her day, as she was
in sympathy with the rebellion of Nathaniel
Bacon and the only woman excepted from the
free and general pardon granted by the General
Assembly in 1677. She was four times married,
first to Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Stegge the
younger, who was an uncle of William Byrd the
founder of the Byrd family in Virginia. Her
fourth husband was Edward Braine a wealthy
merchant of London. William Byrd refers in a
letter to the return of Mr. and Mrs. Braine
from England in 1685 with "30 servants and
£1,000 worth of goods."
Small silver chalices and patens for private
communion were seldom made in England prior
to the early years of the nineteenth century.
Probably the earliest are in the London church
of St. James's, Piccadilly, where there are three
dated 1683-84, one being for the use of the
rector and the other two for the curates. The
church of St. John's, Westminster, contains a
chalice and paten of 1729-30. These facts
render doubly interesting the little English
chalice and paten of 1722-23 (Illus. 127) for

2IO Historic Silver of the Colonies

private communion, in St. Peter's Church at
Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The chalice is also
notable because of the engraved representation
of the Crucifixion — an ex
tremely rare symbol on
English ecclesiastical ves
sels of Post-Reformation
times. It has a bell-shaped
body, gilt inside, on a high
stem with a moulded base
and is inscribed in a laurel
wreath on the bowl : "Hie
est Calix Sanguinis mei
Novi, et Eterni Testa-
menti, Mysterium Fidei,
Qui pro Vobis, et pro
Multis Effundetur, In Re-
missionen Peccatorum."
The base is inscribed :
"Sanguis Meus est Vere
Potus." The donor was
Mrs. Talbot, the widow of
Rev. John Talbot, who presented them in 1728.
The practice of engraving sacramental plate
and decorating church ornaments and vestments
with the sacred trigram was common in the
mediaeval church in England. It was abandoned
at the Reformation but revived on plate at the
end of the seventeenth century : throughout the
next century it became exceedingly common.
A chalice (Illus. 128) with this decoration be
longs to Mapsico Church, Charles City County,

127. London, 1722-23.
H. 4I in.

Chalices

211

Virginia. It has the London date-letter for
1731-32 and the maker was probably Thomas
Tearle. This was a legacy in 1727 from Colonel
Francis Lightfoot
of Sandy Point,
in Charles City
County, Virginia.
The Colonial sil
versmiths very sel
dom copied the
conventional
Post-Reformation English chalice
and paten-cover.
A chalice (Illus.
129) madeby John
Edwards (1670-
1746) of Boston,
was the gift in
1724 of Captain
Thomas Tudor to
Christ Church at
Boston. Tradi
tion says it was in
the belfry of that
church, erected in
1723 and still
standing in the
North End, that
the lanterns were
hung on the night
of the l8th of 128. London, 1731-32. H. iof in.

212 Historic Silver of the Colonies

129. John Edwards. H. 9 in.

April in 1775 as a
signal of the British
march to Lexing
ton and Concord :
"One if by land
and two if by sea."
William Dawes and
Paul Revere roused
the countryside
on that memorable
night. While the
silver wrought by
Paul Revere is al
ways sought for,
largely for the name
it bears, it should
not be forgotten
that the father of
William Dawes was
also a silversmith.
In: this connection
it may not be amiss
to insert the follow
ing poem :

WHAT'S IN A NAME
Helen F. More.
(Before the Battle of Lexington, Wilham Dawes and
Paul Revere were both despatched tojouse the country,
Dawes starting first.)

Chalices 213
I am a wandering bitter shade,
Never of me was a hero made,
Poets have never sung my praise,
Nobody crowned my brow with bays,
And if you ask me the fatal cause
I answer only, "My name is Dawes."
'Tis all very well for the children to hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere ;
But why should the name be quite forgot
Who rode as boldly, and well, God wot ?
Why should I ask ? The reason is clear :
My name was Dawes and his Revere.
When the lights from the Old North Church flashed out,
Paul Revere was waiting about,
But I was already on my way ;
The shadows of night fell cold and gray
As I rode, with never a break or pause,
But what was the use, when my name was Dawes ?
History rings with his silvery name ;
Closed to me are the portals of fame.
Had he been Dawes and I Revere,
No one had heard of him, I fear,
No one has heard of me, because
He was Revere, and I was Dawes.
The inverted bell-shaped chalice (Illus. 130)
with a high domed cover, a twisted finial and a
stem encircled with a moulding, was made by
John David (1736-98) of Philadelphia. It be
longs to St. Peter's Church, Lewes, Delaware,
and is inscribed as the gift of Hon. John Penn in
1773 ; it was, however, bought with money
realized from the estate of Henrietta Sims, at
the same time as the flagon already described.

214

Historic Silver of the Colonies

.)

;jA£fc»-

John Penn, called the "American Penn," was a
tory at the time of the Revolution and his estate
was the largest that was forfeited, the claim
amounting to £944,-
817. The Quakers,
as a body, while
generally passive
were thought to give
secret " aid and com
fort to the enemy,"
and very few of them
became refugees at
the close of the war.
Congress was, how
ever, suspicious of
them and in 1776
eleven of the leading
Quakers of Philadel
phia were banished
to Fredericksburg in
Virginia, as were
John Penn, the gov
ernor, and Benjamin
Chew. ^ In St. Mary's
Church, Burlington
in New Jersey, is a
French chalice (Illus.
131) of the second
half of the seven
teenth century, with
a plain bell-shaped

130. John David. H. 12 in.

Chalices

215

131. French, 1650— 1700. H. 9I in.
body enclosed in an ornate frame decorated
with acanthus leaves, three cherubs' faces in
relief and embossed symbols of the Passion,

216 Historic Silver of the Colonies
on a matted ground. The top of the baluster
stem is reel-shaped, with a cut ring in the middle ;
the decoration of the base is similar to that on
the frame ; the border is enriched with open
acanthus leaves, with a wire edge. The remains
of an old inscription are visible under the edge.
Inscribed in one line is : "The Gift of Mrs.
Cartherine Bovey of fflaxley in Gloucestersheire
to St Marys Church att Burlington in new
Iersey in America." Mrs. Catharina Boevey,
the remarkable and talented woman who gave
this chalice, was the daughter of John Riches a
wealthy merchant of London. She was born
in 1669 and at the age of fifteen married William
Boevey of Flaxley Abbey, in Gloucestershire, and
was left a widow, without children, at the age
of twenty-two. Catharina Boevey was the re
puted original of Sir Roger de Coverley's "Per
verse Widow" in the Spectator, written by Steele.
She was "a very learned, most exemplary, and
excellent woman" and after a life of good works,
died at Flaxley January 18, 1726; A monu
ment by James Gibbs, showing her medallion
portrait, was erected in Westminster Abbey by
her friend and executrix, Mrs. Mary Pope who
had lived with her for forty years. This chalice,
together with a plain English paten of about
1705, also the gift of Mrs. Boevey, was brought
from England in 1709 by the rector Rev. John
Talbot who had previously held the living of
Fretheme in Gloucestershire where he had come
in touch with the donor.

Chalices

217

The French chalice (Illus. 132) of the time of
Louis XIV was made at Paris in the last quarter
of the seventeenth century. The plain bell-

132. Paris, 1675-1700. H. ioj in.

218 Historic Silver of the Colonies
shaped body is enclosed in a frame of acanthus
leaves and supported by a tall baluster stem en
riched with oval bosses and acanthus leaves in
relief; the plain base is decorated with a border
of the same leaves. The acanthus leaves on the
bowl and base are characteristic of French ec
clesiastical plate of the second half, and es
pecially of the last quarter, of the seventeenth
century. It was a gift in 1758 to the Old South
Church, Boston, from Anthony Bracket the
well-known landlord of the famous Boston
tavern, the "Cromwell's Head" in School Street.
It was there that George Washington stayed for
two weeks in 1756 ; Paul Jones and Lafayette
were also guests at that tavern. It seems not
improbable that this chalice may have been a
piece of the communion silver of the little church
of the French Huguenots in School Street and that
it may have come into Anthony Bracket's posses
sion at the dissolution of the society in 1748.
A plain copy of this French chalice, made by
Paul Revere (173 5-1 8 18) of Boston, is inscribed
in a circular panel : "The Gift of the Revd Mr
Thos Prince to the South Church in Boston who
was Ordained Pastor of said Church Oct : Ith
1718 & died Oct: 22. 1758 IE 72." With allu
sion to the backsliding of some of his flock
during Whitefield's visit and to the coming ex
pedition to Louisburg, the Rev. Thomas Prince
thus expressed himself: "The heavenly shower
was over; from fighting the devil they must
turn to fighting the French."

Chalices 219
The donor was the son of Samuel Prince and
his second wife, Mercy, daughter of Governor
Thomas Hinckley ; he married Deborah Denny
from Coombs in England. As a youth he began
collecting public and private papers relating to
the civil and religious history of New England
and at his death had amassed a most valuable
collection which he bequeathed to the Old
South Church. It was stored in the church and
upon the occupation of the church by the
British, in 1775-76, many of these papers were
unfortunately destroyed. Rev. Thomas Prince's
only daughter, Sarah, married Lieutenant-Gover
nor Moses Gill the donor in 1796 of a pair of
plain standing cups to the First Congregational
Church at Princeton, Massachusetts — ¦ a place
where the worthy pastor was the largest owner
of land; when incorporated in 1759 it was
named Prince-town and later Princeton. Moses
Gill was active in public affairs ; representative
of the general court at Salem in 1774 ; execu
tive councillor ; lieutenant-governor of Massa
chusetts and acting governor from 1799 until his
death May 20, 1800. Portraits by Copley of
Moses Gill and his two wives are in the posses
sion of the Rhode Island School of Design, at
Providence.

BAPTISMAL BASINS
ONE sacred piece of furniture in the Eng
lish church which the Pilgrims and Puri
tans did not bring with them across the
Atlantic was the font, though they were believers
in the rite of baptism. In adopting baptismal
basins or bowls they were anticipating the
action of Cromwell's parliament which ordered
the use of basins and the removal of fonts from
the parish churches, in the hope that all sus
pected superstitions connected with the rite of
baptism would be suppressed. In lieu of fonts
the churches in America were provided with
basins, bowls or dishes. In the early days of
Christianity in New England, any domestic
vessel of wood, pewter, porcelain or glass was
requisitioned for use in the rite of baptism.
Basins or bowls of silver were introduced early
in the eighteenth century and, like the flagon,
they are significant of the growing prosperity
of the Colonists. The basins are shallow and
vary little in height which is seldom more than
three inches. The earliest were doubtless made
for domestic use, to take the place of the large
pewter chargers. The bowls made for baptismal
purposes were somewhat deeper. Very many

Baptismal Basins 221
of the churches never possessed baptismal basins
of silver.
None of the silver baptismal basins of the
Dutch churches in the State of New York fol
lowed a custom occasionally met with in the
Dutch Reformed churches in Holland. This
custom consisted of engraving or embossing a
representation of the Baptism of Christ upon
them. A basin so decorated, made by a Delft
silversmith in 1668, is in the Oude Kerk at
Delft. The Lutheran church at Haarlem con
tains a baptismal basin with the same sacred
subject done in relief; it was made in 1656 at
Haarlem by a silversmith believed to be an
Englishman, Thomas Rosewell.
In the South Reformed Church at New York
City, which was until 1812 the senior member of
the Collegiate Dutch church of New York, is
the earliest dated baptismal basin (Illus. 133) in
a Colonial church. It has a deep inverted cone-
shaped depression and a wide flat rim with
a moulded edge. The poetical verse, in Low
Dutch, in explanation of the inner meaning of
baptism, was composed by Dominie Selyns one
of the most eminent of the divines who came
from Holland to the early church. The basin
was bought by the congregation in 1694, at a
cost of sixty-three Holland guilders, and was
made by Jacobus Van der Spiegel, the earliest
native silversmith of New York. Mr. Halsey
says : "The plate made by Jacobus Van der
Spiegel carries with it memories of its maker's

222

Historic Silver of the Colonies

military services along the Albany frontier, as
well as of the days when fear of the capture of
New York by the French was ever terrifying to

133. Jacobus Van der Spiegel. D. ioJ in.
its citizens. We find his name on the list of
'ye people sent to Albany' on the 13th of
March, 1689, upon orders from Leisler to pro
tect the northern frontier against the impending
French invasion, also his commission as ensign
in Captain Walter's company in the same year."
The earliest baptismal basin (Illus. 134) in a
New England church is undoubtedly in the
First Parish (Unitarian) Cambridge, Massachu
setts, and was made by Jeremiah Dummer (1645-
1718) of Boston. It has a deep depression with
a domed centre, and a wide flat rim upon which

Baptismal Basins

223

is inscribed: "Ex dono Pupillorum 1695." It
was presented to Rev. William Brattle (who was
ordained pastor of that church November 25,
1696) undoubt
edly for domes
tic use, as is in
dicated in his
will of June 21,
1 7 16 which con
tains the fol
lowing clause :
" I bequeath
and present to
the Church of
Christ in Cam
bridge for a
baptismal basin,
my great silver
basin, an in
scription upon
which I leave
to the prudence of the Revd' President [John
Leverett] and the Rd Mr. Simon Bradstreet."
The inscription is : "A Baptismall Basin con
secrated, bequeathd & presented to the Church
of Christ in Cambridge, his Dearly beloved
Flock, by the Revd Mr Wm Brattle Pastr of the
Sd Church : Who was translated from his Charge
tohisCrown, Febr 15 : 1716/ 17." Thomas Brattle
principal founder of the Brattle Street Church at
Boston was a brother of William Brattle and
treasurer of Harvard College for twenty-five years.

134. Jeremiah Dummer. D. 14! in.

224 Historic Silver of the Colonies
A similar basin for domestic purposes, in the
Old South Church, Boston, made by John Coney
(1655-1722) of Boston, is engraved on the rim
with large foliated mantling and the arms of
Clarke. It had belonged to William Clarke
whose wife Mary Withington later became the
wife of Gurdon Saltonstall the well-known gover
nor of Connecticut. Gurdon Saltonstall occu
pies the unique position of a man for whom the
law of the Colony of Connecticut was repealed
in order that he might step from the pastorate
of a church to the governorship of the Colony,
succeeding Governor Winthrop upon his death,
November 27, 1707. In Madam Mary Salton-
stall's will of March 24, 1728 is this clause: "I
Give to the Brick South Church when built (at
its Dedication if I live not to see it and do it
myself) my Silver Basin on which it shall be
written that it is my Gift vizt or the Gift of
Mary Saltonstall to us." Two silver beakers,
made in 1794 from a tankard given by Governor
Gurdon Saltonstall, are in the First Congrega
tional Church, New London, Connecticut. The
maker was John Proctor Trott (1769-1852) of
New London a man of prominence in the com
munity, and the son of Jonathan Trott (1730-
18 1 5) of Boston who moved in 1772 to Norwich,
where he kept the Peck Tavern for a short time,
before settling in New London where he died.
An unusually large baptismal basin 17 inches
in diameter, made by John Coney, belonging to
the Second Congregational Society of Marble-

Baptismal Basins 225
head, Massachusetts, is like the Saltonstall
basin. The donor, John Legg, one of the 114
householders of Marblehead in 1674, died Octo
ber 8, 1718, aged 74. Rev. Edward Holyoke,
first pastor of the church, resigned in 1737 to be
come president of Harvard College, and held the
office for thirty-two years. In this basin was
baptized Agnes Surriage, a poor girl employed
at the "Fountain Inn" of Marblehead, whose
youth and beauty attracted Sir Charles Frank-
land collector of His Majesty's customs who
made her his mistress ; but during the great
earthquake in Lisbon she saved his life and he
then made her his wife. The story has been
related by Oliver Wendell Holmes in the poem,
"Agnes." The Marblehead Historical Society
owns the famous house of Colonel Jeremiah Lee
which was built in 1768 at a cost of ten thou
sand pounds. The house has one of the finest
panelled rooms in the country and the large
hall and fine stairway are still hung with the
original wall paper, in panels, representing Ro
man ruins.
The large deep baptismal basin (Illus. 135)
with a narrow flat rim, made by Philip Syng
(1676-1739) of Philadelphia, was the gift in
1712 of Robert Quary to Christ Church, Phila
delphia, with the flagon by the same maker and
two circular English plates of the last quarter
of the seventeenth century ; he also gave to
St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New Jersey, the
fine covered beaker, already described.

226 Historic Silver of the Colonies
A baptismal basin (Illus. 136) with a deep
body nearly hemispherical, on a plain flat base,

135. Philip Svng. D. 14I in.
belongs to the First Reformed Church of Tarry-
town, New York, at the entrance to " Sleepy Hol
low" made famous by Washington Irving in his
story of Ichabod Crane in the "Legend of Sleepy
Hollow." The donor of this basin, Fredryck
Flypse, lord of the manor of Philipsburgh, was
born in 1626 and died in 1702. His second wife

Jacob Boelen. D. 10$ in.

was Catharina Van Cortlandt and the church
bears a tablet which commemorates its erection in

Baptismal Basins 227
1699 by "Frederick Philipse and Catharine Van
Cortlandt." She was the donor to that church
of a beaker with the mark of Haarlem and the
date-letter for 1655 : her brother Jacobus Van
Cortlandt married Eva the adopted daughter of
Frederick Philipse her husband. In 1699
Frederick Philipse bought from his father-in-law
the fifty acres of land now included in Van
Cortlandt Park, the same,, land which was con
veyed to the city of New York . by the direct
descendant of Jacobus and Eva Van Cortlandt.
The present Van Cortlandt house, built by their
son Frederick Van Cortlandt, has been restored
and appropriately furnished by the New York
Society of the Colonial Dames. The basin was
wrought by Jacob Boelen of New York who
made in 1707 a pair of tall beakers, engraved
with the figures of Faith, Hope and Charity,
belonging to the New Utrecht Reformed Church,
Brooklyn. His son Hendrik Boelen made a
similarbeaker belonging tothe Reformed Church,
Flatlands, Long Island, and a pair in the Re
formed Church at Bergen, New Jersey.
A plain baptismal basin (Illus. 137) made by
John Potwine (1 698-1 792) of Boston, has a deep
depression with a rounded bottom and it seems
probable that the basin was supported by a
wooden frame when in use. The wide rim,
with a moulded edge, is inscribed in a foliated
panel : "The Gift of Capt Eleazar Dorby to
ye New South-Chh of Christ in Boston 1730."
The New South Church, founded in 1719, no

228

Historic Silver of the Colonies

137. John Potwine. D. 13 j in.

longer exists
and the com
munion service
has been gen
erously and
wisely given to
the Museum of
Fine Arts, at
Boston. Of the same
type, but with
a domed cen
tre, is the basin
in the First
Congregational Church at Kit-
tery, Maine, made in 1759 by Samuel Minott
(1732-1803) of Boston. The rim is engraved
with the Pepperell arms and inscribed : "The
Gift of the Honble Sir William Pepperrell Baronet,
Lieu* General of his Majesty's Forces, & of the
Province of the Masachusetts, &c. &c. to the
first Church in Kittery." Sir William Pepperell
was the celebrated victor in 1745 of Louisburg,
the "Dunkirk of America." The standards
which he captured from the French at Louisburg
were "borne in triumph from Kensington Palace
to the city and were suspended in St. Paul's
Cathedral, amidst the roar of guns and kettle
drums, and the shouts of an immense multi
tude." Sir William Pepperell was selected as
commander of that expedition by Governor

Baptismal Basins 229
William Shirley whose name is inscribed on the
silver service given by George II to Trinity
Church at Boston. It is said that he received
the appointment when George Whitefield, the
famous preacher, was a guest at his house.
Whitefield chose the motto, Nil desperandum
Christo duce, for the New Hampshire flag. Sir
William Pepperell was created a baronet by
King George II, in 1746. A portrait of him
by John Smibert is in the possession of Mrs.
Underhill A. Budd of New York and the sword
which he wore at Louisburg is in the rooms of
the Massachusetts Historical Society of Boston.
Sir William Pepperell died July 6, 1759 and his
only son died in his father's lifetime. His
daughter Elizabeth married Nathaniel Sparhawk
and their son William was created a baronet in
compliment to his distinguished grandfather
whose name he assumed. A portrait by Copley
of William and Elizabeth Pepperell, two of the
children of the second baronet, hangs in the
Longfellow house at Cambridge.
The large plain baptismal basin (Illus. 138)
was made by Daniel Russell of Newport, Rhode
Island. Its shape is most unusual and the two
large rings at the ends are attached to loops.
It was the legacy of Nathaniel Kay in 1734 to
Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island. Na
thaniel Kay came from England as collector of
the royal customs and held that office for many
years after the accession of Queen Anne. He
appears to have been an innkeeper as well as

230

Historic Silver of the Colonies

138. Daniel Russell. L. 14J in.
collector of customs at Newport. He was one
of the signers of the petition to Queen Anne in
1713 by the "minister, churchwardens, and
vestry of the Church of England in Newport,"
praying that a bishop be appointed over the
Church of England in the Colonies. His tomb
stone (restored by the vestry in 1865) in the
graveyard of Trinity Church, is inscribed :
"This covers the dust of Nathaniel Kay, Esq.
collector of the King's customs in Newport,
whose spirit returned to God on the 14th day of
April a. d. 1734, after it had tabernacled here 59
years. He, after an exemplary life of Faith &
Charity, did by his last will, at his death, found
and largely endow two Charity Schools in New
port & Bristol within his collection." Nathaniel
Kay was the donor to St. Michael's Church
Bristol, Rhode Island, of a paten made by
Edward Winslow (1669-1753) ; also of a plain
chalice of Colonial make. He bequeathed to
St. John's Church (formerly King's Church) in

Baptismal Basins

231

Providence, Rhode Island, a tall cylindrical flagon
made by Jonathan Clarke of Newport which is
inscribed : "An Oblation from Nathaniel Kay
a publican for the use of the blessed Sacrament
in the Church of England in Providence Lux
perpetua Credentibus Sola 1734." A flagon by
the same maker was also bequeathed by him to
St. Paul's Church in Narragansett, now Wick-
ford, Rhode Island.
In St. James's Parish (St. James's Church,
Herring Creek) , Anne Arundel County, Maryland,
is a baptismal basin (Illus. 139) made by David
Hennell with the London date-letter for 1751-52.
It is chased with scrolls and flowers in the
rococo style so common on English plate be
tween 1725 and 1760; and is inscribed: "Ex
dono Gulielmi Lock Armigeri, a : d : 1732." and
in Greek is the last part of the fifth verse of St.
John, chapter
iii. William
Lockwas justice
of the Provin
cial court of
Maryland in
1727 and died
May 9, 1732.
His will con
tains the follow
ing legacy: "I give ten pounds sterling to St
James Parish to be laid out in Plate as the
Minister shall think most proper to be paid in a
twelve months time after my decease." His

139. London, 1751-52. D. gi in.

232 Historic Silver of the Colonies

140. London, 1761-62. D. 13 in.

legacy was not
fulfilled until
about twenty
years after his
death. William
Lock's daugh
ter Sarah mar
ried Samuel
Chew : her por
trait by Gusta-
vus Hesselius is
in the posses
sion of the fam
ily of her de
scendant, Miss
Elizabeth Chew
Williams.

The plain baptismal basin (Illus. 140) with a
gadrooned edge, in Christ Church, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, with the London date-letter for
1761-62, was made by Daniel Smith and Robert
Sharp. It was a gift in 1761 from Grizzel
Apthorp, the widow of Charles Apthorp of
Boston, "the greatest and most noted merchant
in this continent," who was paymaster and com
missary of the British land and naval forces in
•America. He was warden of King's Chapel,
Boston, and his monument, done by Henry
Cheere of London, may still be seen there. A
portrait of Charles Apthorp by Robert Feke is
in "The Brook," a club of New York City, and
Mrs. Apthorp's portrait by the same artist be-

Baptismal Basins

233

longs to Mr. Isaac R. Thomas. Rev. East
Apthorp, rector of Christ Church from 1761 to
1765, was the son of Charles and Grizzel Ap
thorp. The house which he built at Cambridge
is still standing and was familiarly known as the
"Bishop's Palace," as he was thought to aspire
to the episcopate.
A baptismal basin (Illus. 141) made by Free
man Woods of New York, has a beaded edge, a
form of decoration found on English plate from
1775 to 1815. It is inscribed on the rim in
one line : "The Gift of the Revd Ezra Styles,
D.D. L.L.D. President Yal. Coll. to the Congre
gational Church in North Haven, 1794." Rev.
Dr. Ezra Stiles, son of Rev. Isaac Stiles pastor
of the church, was graduated at Yale in 1746 and
was a tutor of the college from 1749 until 1755.
He was ap- ps^
pointed presi
dent of Yale
College in 1777
and remained
in that office
until his death
May 12, 1795.
A silver tank
ard which was
given to Ezra
Stiles by his
pupils on Janu
ary 1, 1755 be
longed tO the 141. Freeman Woods. D. iof in.

234 Historic Silver of the Colonies
late Mrs. Kate Gannett Wells. It was made
by Samuel Casey (1724-73) of Newport, Rhode
Island, who moved to South Kingston about
1750 where he was presumably in business
with his brother Gideon Casey, a silversmith.
Samuel Casey was apparently a sober, indus
trious and respectable member of the com
munity and worked steadily at his trade in
which he was a skilled craftsman. After the
Spanish silver dollars came into use as currency,
imitations soon appeared and became so com
mon that a penalty of death was pronounced
upon any person who should counterfeit them
or knowingly put any such counterfeit in circu
lation. Great was the surprise of his fellow
townsmen when Samuel Casey with several
others was arrested October 6, 1770 for counter
feiting. There was grave doubt in the minds of
the jury as to his guilt; but by instructions of
the court he was sentenced to be hanged as
the principal culprit, and the others received
minor sentences. But his friends did not believe
him guilty and on the night of November 3,
1770, so disguised that they could not be recog
nized, they broke into the jail and liberated
him, and he escaped on horseback. Although
£100 reward was offered for his apprehension it
was never claimed nor was the culprit ever re
taken, (g. m. c.)
The plain basin (Illus. 142) made by Paul
Revere (173 5-1 8 18) of Boston, is mounted on a
low foot ; the rim is engraved with arms within

Baptismal Basins 235
a scrolled and foliated panel as on the flagon by
the same maker. Both were presented to the

142. Paul Revere. D. 14J in.
Hollis Street Church, Boston, the basin in 1761
and the flagon in 1773, by Zachariah Johonnot
a distiller and merchant. He was one of the
Sons of Liberty and died in 1784, aged 83.
His second wife was Margaret daughter of Rev.
Andrew LeMercier minister of the French
Protestant Church — the little church of the
French Huguenots — where until its dissolution,
the Johonnots, Boutineaus, Faneuils, Baudoins
and Sigourneys worshipped.
Early in the nineteenth century a small bap
tismal basin on a base was made both of silver
and Sheffield plate in New England. One of
this type, of silver, (Illus. 143) made by Lows,
Ball & Co. of Boston, has a classical border sur
rounding the base. It was a gift in 1804 to the
Second Parish, Worcester, Massachusetts, from
Mrs. Mary Thomas, the wife of the patriot
printer Isaiah Thomas who was born in Boston

236

Historic Silver of the Colonies

January 19, 1749. After serving an apprentice
ship to Zechariah Fowle he went to Halifax
and later was engaged by Robert Wells, princi
pal bookseller in the Carolinas, at Charleston,
where he married
Mary Dill. He
removed to Boston
in 1770 and issued
the first number of
the Massachusetts
Spy July 17, 1 77 1.
An active member
of the Sons of Lib
erty, he took part
in the battle of
Lexington and a
few days after that
event with the assistance of General Joseph
Warren, moved his printing outfit to Worcester,
where he became postmaster. Most of the
Bibles and school books used throughout the
country emanated from his press : he was the
founder of the American Antiquarian Society in
1812 and died April 4, 1831.

143. Lows, Ball & Co. D. 9 in.

PATENS AND SALVERS
THE English chalices, as noted, had paten
covers which fit closely over the lip to
serve as dishes for sacramental bread. A
separate paten was first made in England about
the year 1615. It had a narrow flat rim and a
shallow depression ; the foot was generally reel-
shaped in the earlier examples. The bases of
the later Stuart patens were frequently trumpet-
shaped and are sometimes called truncated. In
the reign of Charles II the form of the later
patens was adopted in a larger size with a wide
rim richly decorated in the style of the period,
and was used as a salver for domestic purposes ;
it is usually called a tazza.
An early Colonial tazza (Illus. 144) made by
Timothy Dwight (1654-91) of Boston, belongs
to the estate of Sally Pickman Dwight and is
engraved in a pricked ornament with the initials
ry* ^r for Thomas and Mary Barton who were
married in 1710. It rests on a trumpet-shaped
foot with a flat base ; the broad rim with a
moulded edge is richly engraved with a running
border of leaves, tulips and carnations inter
spersed with four animals, the elephant, lion,
237

238

Historic Silver of the Colonies

unicorn and camel. The combination of various
flowers and animals in decoration may be seen
in the .embossed ornamentation of the time of
Charles II. Belonging to the same estate is
a plate, or salver without a foot, made by John
Coney (1655-1722) of Boston. The broad rim

144. Timothy Dwight. D. ii J in.

with a moulded edge is engraved with three
cherubs' heads which spring from branches of
tulips and other flowers, while the initials /-, -&
are enclosed in similar branches.
To the Northern Diocese of Virginia was pre
sented in 1856 by Hugh Munroe of Mobile,
through the Rev. B. B. Leacock, a paten (Illus.

Patens and Salvers

239

145), bearing the London date-letter for 1691-
92, with a plain centre and an embossed ga-
drooned edge. The original inscription, which
surrounds the arms of Sir Edmund Andros, is :
"EX DONO DNI EDMUNDI ANDROS, EQUITIS, VIR
GINIA GUBERNATORIS ANNO DOM. MDCXCIV. IN

145. London, 1691-92. D. 11 in.
usum ecclesia iacobi polis." Sir Edmund
Andros, the donor of the paten to Old James
town Church in Virginia, was the able but un
popular Colonial governor, first, of the Province
of New York (1674-81), secondly, of the Prov
inces of New England (1685-89), and lastly, of
Virginia (1692-98). He was the son of Amias
Andros, marshall of the ceremonies to Charles

240 Historic Silver of the Colonies
I, born in 1637 and made gentleman-in-ordinary
in 1660 to the ill-fated Elizabeth, queen of
Bohemia. Major Edmund Andros succeeded
his father in 1674 as bailiff of Guernsey and in
168 1 was knighted by Charles II: he died
February 27, 1713-14 and was buried at St.
Anne's, Soho. This paten is used in the cele
bration of the Holy Communion at every dioce
san convention in Virginia, where it is taken by
the bishop.
A large plain paten (Illus. 146) with a trun
cated base and gadrooned borders, belongs to
St. John's Church (Elizabeth City Parish)
Elizabeth City County, Hampton, Virginia. It
bears the London date-letter for 1698-99 and
the maker's mark for Richard Syngin. A similar
paten made by John Allen (1671-1760) and
John Edwards (1 670-1 746) of Boston belongs
to Mrs. Richard H. Morgan and is engraved in

146. London, 1698-99. D. 9I in.
the centre in feathered mantling with the
Coffin arms.
A plain English paten of 1725-26 which has

Patens and Salvers 241
associations with America, is at Corpus Christi
College, Cambridge. This was the gift of an
American alumnus, James de Lancey of New

147. Billious Ward. D. 7i in.
York, who held such public offices as acting
governor of the Province of New York, lieu
tenant-governor and chief justice. The plain
paten (Illus. 147) with a moulded edge and sup
ported on a trumpet-shaped foot is inscribed :
"Trinity Church In Memory of Rev. Philo
Shelton Easter 1826." It belongs to Trinity
Church, Southport, in the town of Fairfield,
Connecticut, and as Trinity Church in the in
scription was engraved at an earlier date it
may be inferred that it was part of the original
communion service of that church presented in
1762 by that generous churchman St. George
Talbot. The silver was presumed to have been
carried off by the British when they destroyed
the church in 1779. St. George Talbot was a
resident of New York City and had business
relations in Stamford; he presented to St.

242 Historic Silver of the Colonies
John's Church of that town a paten with a
gadrooned edge and a high base, made by John
Coddington (1 690-1 743) of Newport, Rhode
Island, a grandson of Governor William Cod
dington, and a great-grandson of William and
Anne Hutchinson who were forced to leave
Boston at the time of the Antinomian Con
troversy. Rev. Philo Shelton was graduated at Yale
College in 1775 and at the first ordination, held
by Bishop Seabury August 3, 1785 at Middle-
town, Connecticut, he with three others received
deacon's orders. As the Bishop's hands were
laid upon him first, he enjoyed the distinction of
being the first clergyman episcopally ordained
in the United States of America. He died
February 27, 1825. The maker of the Southport
paten was Billious Ward (1729-77), the first
master of the Masonic Lodge of Guilford,
Connecticut, the son of William Ward (1705-61)
a silversmith who died of smallpox while visiting
his intimate friend, Rev. Samuel Andrews, rector
of the Episcopal Church at Wallingford. Will
iam Ward (1678-1767), the grandfather of
Billious Ward, was also a silversmith.
The conventional paten of the English Church,
used in most of the Episcopal churches of the
Colonies, was not generally adopted by the New
England churches. The vessels used for bread
in the sacrament are usually shallow plates or
circular dishes, such as were used as alms basins
in many churches : in size they do not differ

Patens and Salvers 243
and they may have been used for either purpose.
In St. Peter's Church at Albany, New York,
is a circular alms basin, 12 inches in diameter,
made by Francis Garthorne in 1711-12 which is
engraved with the cipher and royal arms of
Queen Anne. It is part of a service of five
pieces, given by her, and is inscribed : "The
Gift of Her Majesty, Ann, by the Grace of God,
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland and of
Her Plantations, in North America, Queen, to
Her Indian Chappel, of the Onondawgus." Be
sides the service of five pieces presented by
Queen Anne to Trinity Church, New York, she
was the donor of eleven chalices to Episcopal
churches in the states of New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
In the Second Church at Boston are two simi
lar basins, 15 inches in diameter, with curved
rims and moulded edges, dated 171 1, the gifts of
Thomas Hutchinson and of his half-brother Ed
ward Hutchinson, upon which are engraved
the Hutchinson arms. Thomas Hutchinson a
prosperous merchant was a conspicuous man in
the official and commercial life of Boston and
prominent in the Artillery Company : he was the
father of Governor Thomas Hutchinson. The
maker of the dishes was Edward Winslow (1669-
1753) of Boston whose father had allied himself
with the Hutchinson family by marriage.
A circular shallow dish (Illus. 148), belong
ing to the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston, is
inscribed: "The Gift of the Honble Thomas

244 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Hancock Esqr- to the Church in Brattle Street
Boston 1764." The donor married Lydia the
daughter of Daniel Henchman in whose book
shop he was employed and to whose business he

148. Samuel Minott. D. 13 i in.
eventually succeeded ; he left a large fortune to
his nephew John Hancock. The Hancock arms
are engraved upon the dish ; and also upon a pair
of beakers made by Nathaniel Hurd (1729-77)
of Boston, which Thomas Hancock bequeathed
in 1764 to the Lexington Church of which his
father, Rev. John Hancock, was pastor from
1698 to 1752. Samuel Minott (1732-1803) of
Boston, the maker of the dish, was a strong
tory, and an addresser of Hutchinson in 1774;

Patens and Salvers

245

he was arrested by order of the Massachusetts
council in 1776. He was a member of the Brat
tle Street Church and married Elizabeth Davis.
The heart-shaped dish (Illus. 149) is probably
Spanish, about 1690-1700. It has a gadrooned
rim of hollow flut
ings ; and inside of
this is a border, in
slight relief on a
matted ground, dec
orated with sprays
of foliage. The in
itials on the bottom
t -n , are probably
those of Captain
John Flavel and his
wife Rebecca. He
was a mariner and
apparently cruised
as a privateer, about
the year 1700, in the
West Indies and on
the Spanish main ;
This dish belongs

149. Spanish, 1690-1700. L. 12J in.

the inference is obvious.
to St. Philip's Church,
Charleston, South Carolina.
In the reign of George I the tazza or salver
with a foot was supplanted by the more or
thodox salver on three small feet. Of this type
is the circular salver (Illus. 150) with the London
date-letter for 1740-41 made by Robert Aber-
crombie and belonging to Mr. C. Hartman

246

Historic Silver of the Colonies

i

J%V\J ^*kfL >\^_

1

%

'w^1. 'iff

up

L ,¦- Afr

1

&7*9^m3m\

150. London, 1740-41. D. 6 :

Kuhn. Salvers are
seldom found in
the churches but
in the First Parish
at Weston, Massa
chusetts, is a small
salver with the
London date-letter
for 1766-67 made
by Ebenezer Coker
or Edward Capper;
and another, I2-|
inches in diameter,
of 1755-56, made
by Richard Rugg or Robert Rew. Both of these
were given by Mrs. Catherine Maria Barrell,
the daughter of Artemas Ward. He was the
donor of the circular dish to the Arlington Street
Church at Boston.
Such salvers were
made of various
size and shape. A
Colonial example
(Illus. 151) octag
onal in section, is
owned by Mr.
Hollis French. It
was made by Jacob
Hurd (1702-58) of
Boston, the son of
Jacob Hurd and
Elizabeth daugh- 151. Jacob Hurd. d. 6i in.

HHBBBHIB^^^^^^H^^^^^HHH^^^^^HI^^^^HH

^E3S3^-
^JffiMkW*^^^
/fjJSsL ''^Tv
1
: JfM£»B|
HkhSx^t*" — "
JEraaa^Ai/r^,^?'^
Patens and Salvers

247

ter of Captain Peter Tufts of Medford. He was
I st sergeant of the Artillery Company in 1 745 and
prominent in the militia, becoming captain of a
Boston company. His son Nathaniel Hurd (1729-
77) was a silversmith and eminent engraver ; his

152. Dublin, 1720-21. D. 8f in.
son Benjamin Hurd (1739-81) wrought the bap
tismal basin given in 1774 by Mr. John Morey
to the First Parish in West Roxbury, Massa
chusetts — over which society the famous Uni
tarian divine and abolitionist, Theodore Parker,
was settled in 1837. Captain John Parker, his
grandfather, commanded the company of minute-
men at Lexington who were fired upon by the
British on that memorable day — April 19, 1775.

248 Historic Silver of the Colonies
In the First Church at Boston, Massachu
setts, is a plain circular dish (Illus. 152) with a
scalloped edge divided into twenty parts. En
graved in the centre are the arms of Weld im
paling those of Harstonge, the original owners.
It is inscribed on the bottom: "Given to the
First Church in Boston by William F. Matchett
and Sarah A. Matchett 1905." The plate has
the Dublin date-letter for 1720-21 and was made
by Robert Harrison. It is the only piece of
Irish silver in a New England church. Such
dishes were made in large numbers by the Dublin
silversmiths in the early years of the eighteenth
century but examples by English silversmiths
are comparatively rare ; three made by the
latter are in the Spanish and Portuguese syna
gogue at London.

DRAM CUPS OR TASTERS
THESE small vessels were formerly used in
England for tasting and sampling ale,
wine and spirituous liquors. They varied
in size from less than a quarter of a pint to a
half pint which was merely a "taste." While
mention may be found of tasters in wills at the
latter end of the fourteenth century, no examples
are known of earlier date than one of the seven
teenth century, dated 1638-39, which is shown
in Mr. Jackson's "History of English Plate."
In New England wills they are occasionally
called wine tasters but usually "dram cups."
Richard Webb of Boston, by his will dated
July 1, 1659 bequeaths to his son Nehemiah
"one silver wine taster" ; Robert Sanderson
(1608-93) mentions in his will a "dram cup"
and John Clarke of Boston in his will of 1690
mentions "3 dram cups." This name may
have been derived from "dram" meaning as
much spirituous liquor as is usually drunk
at once; or from the word "drachm" which
is one-sixteenth of a pint. Both appear to be
applicable. Belonging to Dr. Samuel A. Green is a dram
cup (Illus. 153) made by Robert Sanderson
249

250

Historic Silver of the Colonies

153. Sanderson and Hull.
H. i in.

(1608-93) and John
Hull (1624-83) of Bos
ton, engraved with the
initials T a for Joseph
and Ann Gerrish who
were married prior to
1673. The Rev. Joseph
Gerrish succeeded Rev. Antipas Newman as
pastor of the Wenham church : he married the
daughter of Richard Waldron a major in the
Indian war 1675-76 and one of the councillors
for New Hamp
shire in 1680.
Mr. Dwight
Blaney is the owner
of adramcup (Illus.
154) with the in
itials o at made
by Benjamin Sanderson (1649-78) of Boston a
son of Robert Sanderson. The identity of the
maker's mark would seem to be established
beyond doubt by that on the standing cup
belonging to the First Church, Boston, the
gift of John Sun
derland, a parch
ment maker ; his
son John Sunder
land married Mary
Viall whose sister
155. Edward Winslow. H. i in. Mercy was the wife

154. Benjamin Sanderson. H. i in.

Dram Cups or Tasters 251
of Benjamin Sanderson. The latter would have
been likely to be commissioned to make the
cup. Edward Winslow (1669-1753) of Boston was
the maker of a dram cup (Illus. 155) with plain
scrolled handles which also belongs to Mr.
Blaney.

SALTS AND SALTCELLARS
" ^1 ALT was formerly obtained by the evapo-
^N ration of sea-water, and was, therefore,
^-^ a costly although indispensable com
modity. It has very generally been regarded
with veneration and together with bread, has
figured in the sacred rites of many nations.
Salt was formerly considered a safeguard against
witchcraft, and in ancient folklore was said to
be always absent from the unholy feasts and
orgies of witches and demons ; from this prob
ably came the notion that it was unlucky to spill
salt, a superstition illustrated in the painting of
the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci, who has
depicted the ill-fated Judas in the act of up
setting the salt." (c. j. j.)
The salt or saltcellar (the derivation of the
latter indicates that it should be spelled seller,
a salt holder ; hence the word salt is redundant)
was, in England during the Middle Ages, the
most important article of plate that was used
on the tables of the rich and noble. Examples
of great elaborateness and in a variety of de
signs most unusual, from the middle of the fif
teenth to the seventeenth century, are to be
found in all the books describing English plate.
252

Salts and Saltcellars

253

Mr. Jackson dwells at some length on the erro
neous tradition of the salt having been used to
divide the lord and his noble guests from the
inferior guests and menials. The salt was
placed in the middle of the high table where the
host was seated with his guests on his right
and left according to precedence ; consequently
when these seats were filled others were obliged
to sit at the tables below.
The English salt (Illus. 156) belonging to
Harvard University, is spool-shaped and bears

156. London, 1629? H. 3^ in.

254 Historic Silver of the Colonies
some resemblance in outline to the hour-glass
salt of the fifteenth and of the early sixteenth cen
tury. The diameter of the base is 6J inches, and
of the top 6 inches. The only ornamentation
is in the volutes of the three brackets which are
fixed on the broad rim for the purpose of sup
porting a napkin. The illustrations heretofore
shown of this particular salt have been upside
down, the brackets being shown as feet. The
initials T -p on the base are those of Jose and
Elizabeth Glover who were married about
1629. This salt had belonged to Mrs. Glover's
father Rev. Nathaniel Harris, canon of Here
ford. Rev. Jose Glover with his family sailed
from London in 1638 with the intention of setting
up the first printing press at Cambridge. He
had made a contract with Stephen Daye who
came on the same ship ; but Glover died on
the passage over, consequently Stephen Daye
achieved the honor of being the first printer in
America. Richard Harris was a brother of Mrs.
Glover and was graduated in 1640 at New
College, Oxford, for which he had been fitted at
Winchester College under the care of his uncle,
John Harris the warden. He came to America,
probably in the same ship with Henry Dunster,
who became president of Harvard College in
1640 and married Mrs. Glover in 1641. Richard
Harris was one of the first tutors of Harvard
College, and upon the death of his sister in 1643
the salt came to him and he bequeathed the

Salts and Saltcellars

255

"Great Salt" to the college, at his death in 1644.
This was the most common form of salt of the
time of Charles II and of particular interest is a
duplicate of the Harvard College salt, with the
London date-letter for 1664-65, which belongs
to Winchester College, where Richard Harris's
uncle was warden.
The earliest type of salt that appears to
have been made by the New England silver
smiths is called "trencher" as it was placed be
side the trencher. An Elizabethan plain circu
lar salt dated 1580 is not unlike the trencher
salt except that it is nearly twice the height of
the latter. Very few made prior to the time of
Charles II are extant : they were of various
shapes ; triangular, oval, round, octagonal and
quatrefoil. A circular trencher salt, with spiral
flutings similar to the borders on other contem
porary vessels, was made in England between
1690 and 1715. A Colonial example (Illus. 157)
made by John Coney (1655-1722) of Boston,
is engraved with
the initials S M for
Sarah Middlecott,
the daughter of
Richard and Sarah
(Winslow) Middle
cott, who married
Louis Boucher of
Boston March 26,
1702. He was a
merchant of dis- 157. John Coney. H. z\ in.

Jt'» ~

256

Historic Silver of the Colonies

158. London, 1706-07. H. ii in.

tinction and resided
part of the time in
Paris where he owned
considerable property:
he was lost at sea in
1715. The saltcellar
has been presented to
the Museum of Fine
Arts in memory of her mother Abigail Brigham
Hill, by Miss Harriet A. Hill, a descendant of
Sarah Middlecott. A portrait of Sarah Middle-
cott Boucher painted by Blackburn, is in the
possession of Mrs. Alexander S. Porter. An
oval trencher salt (Illus. 158) with the London
date-letter for 1706-07 and the maker's mark
illegible, belongs to Mr. Hervey E. Wetzel. A
similar pair made by John Burt (1691-1745)
belonging to Miss Emily Sever, was shown in
the 191 1 exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts,
at Boston.
A type of saltcellar made in England from
1740 to 1780, designated as "tripod," has a cir
cular bowl with a ___
rounded bottom
resting on three
feet. The termina
tions and shoulders
of the feet vary in
design ; but the
rim of the salt
cellar is usually
gadrooned and is 159. London, 1764-65. H. ilin.

Salts and Saltcellars

257

160. Daniel Parker. H. i| in.

everted. The salt
cellar (Illus. 159)
with the London
date-letter for
1764-65 made by
R. and D. Hennell,
is one of a pair
given to the Mu
seum of Fine Arts
by the Misses
Catharine Lang-
don Rogers and Clara Bates Rogers. The termi
nations of the feet are shells and the shoulders
are foliated. Belonging to Mrs. L. B. Taft is a
similar saltcellar (Illus. 160), with moulded feet
and shoulders, made by Daniel Parker (1726-85)
of Boston. He was one of the fifteen Sons of
Liberty whose names encircle the punch bowl
made by Paul Revere.
Pierced saltcellars fitted with colored glass
linings were made
in England be
tween the years
1760 and 1790.
They were pierced
in a variety of
pleasing designs
and they wereoften
overlaid with ro
settes and festoons,
after the style used
161. London, 1766-67. H. 2 in. in the decoration

258

Historic Silver of the Colonies

of furniture by the brothers Adam. The shapes
were usually oval or circular and the feet were of
various designs. An oval saltcellar (Illus. 161)
made by Richard Mills is one of a set of four,
with the London date-letter for 1766-67, belong
ing to Mr. Philip Leffingwell Spalding. The
rim is beaded and the four feet are claws grasp
ing balls — a type of foot very commonly used

162. Caleb Swan ? H. z\ in.
on furniture made in the second half of the
eighteenth century. This variety of English
saltcellar seems never to have been made in
the Colonies — very probably for the reason
that similar less expensive salts of Sheffield plate
found a ready sale here, if we may judge from
the number of examples extant. Pierced work
is more particularly mentioned under Other
Objects. The boat-shaped saltcellar (Illus. 162) was a
form commonly made in England between the

Salts and Saltcellars 259
years 1775 and 1820 ; many had rings suspended
from volutes instead of the slender loop-shaped
handles ; the bodies are shaped like a canoe and
the bases are oval. This pair belongs to the
Worcester Art Museum and was probably made
by Caleb Swan (1754-1816) of Boston.

SPOONS LADLES FORKS
THE spoon is a utensil of very great an
tiquity. The ancient Egyptians used
spoons made of pottery, wood, slate,
ivory and bone ; and spoons of bronze and the
precious metals were made by the Greeks and
Romans. The Lord commanded Moses to
make golden spoons for the Tabernacle.
Spoons of some sort were used commonly in
Christian and mediseval times : the bowl and
stem were wrought in one piece.
A very early Christian spoon, illustrated in
Mr. Jackson's "History of English Plate,"
belongs to the British Museum ; the bowl is
elliptical, while others of approximately this
period have a nearly circular bowl ; the stem
is quite flat and bears much resemblance to the
modern fiddle-pattern spoon except that the
angular shoulders which appear on the latter,
just above the bowl, are not seen in the early
Christian spoon.
A spoon of very great interest made at the
end of the twelfth century is the English medi
seval "Coronation Spoon" which forms part
of the regalia preserved in the Tower of London
and has been used at recent coronations for
260

Spoons Ladles Forks 261
the oil for anointing the sovereign. It is of
silver-gilt, io£ inches in length, and has been
used, in all probability, at the coronation of
the English sovereigns for seven hundred years.
Mr. E. Alfred Jones fully describes and illus
trates the spoon in his "Old Royal Plate in the
Tower of London" ; the bowl is more like that
of the spoon of Charles II, while the elaborate
stem terminates in a seal-shaped knop.
The bowls of the early spoons up to the
middle of the seventeenth century were, as a
rule, more or less fig-shaped with the narrowest
part next the stem ; the short stems were round,
square, hexagonal and sometimes quite flat ;
and most of the terminations were knops with
various designs, such as acorns, diamond-points,
owls, and other objects. A bust of the Blessed
Virgin, sometimes used to surmount the stem,
gave rise to the name "maiden head" spoons;
these were made up to the accession of Queen
Elizabeth in 1558.
The "Apostle" spoon was made to a consider
able extent in England in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. The stems were sur
mounted with figures of the twelve apostles
and sometimes a thirteenth was added which
was called the "Master" spoon. A complete
set of these, with the "Master" spoon, made in
1536-37 by one maker, is illustrated in Mr. E.
Alfred Jones's catalogue of the collection of the
late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan.
The "seal top" spoon enjoyed great popu-

V

262 Historic Silver of the Colonies
larity in England for a longer period than any
other type and appears to have been made
principally during the last half of the sixteenth
century and throughout the seventeenth cen
tury. The stems terminate in an ornamental
knop with a circular disc on the top, resembling
the article used for sealing letters with wax.
During the period when the seal top spoon
was made the bowl appears to have been
undergoing an almost imperceptible change.
This change, however, becomes more notice
able during the time of Charles I and of the
Commonwealth, when the bowl is broader next
the stem and narrower at the end, being quite
the reverse of the fig-shaped bowl but some
what more oval.
A spoon which is of more interest to Americans
was the "Puritan" spoon, sometimes called a
"slip-stem." This made its appearance in Eng
land during the Commonwealth period and on
account of its extreme simplicity undoubtedly
appealed to the Puritans. The bowl is ovoid
— a form that became firmly established at
the time of the Restoration in 1660 and has so
continued with only slight changes, such as
making the bowl somewhat more pointed at
the end ; the stem is quite flat with the end
stumped. A Puritan spoon (Illus. 163) made
by John Hull (1624-83) of Boston, is the
earliest known Colonial spoon and belongs to
the Essex Institute of Salem, Massachusetts.
On the back, where the stem and bowl meet, is

Spoons Ladles Forks

263

a horizontal ridge
and a short V-shaped
tongue on the bowl.
There is no record
of the original owner
ship but the initials
txt tt may be those
of William and Han
nah Brown of Salem
who were married in
1664. At the beginning
of the reign of
Charles II, a spoon
made its appearance
with a stem quite
flat and thin, and
much wider ; the
end, still wider and
thinner, was orna
mentally outlined by
being cleft into three
parts ; it is termed a
"trifid" or notched-
end spoon. The
clefts vary ; the end
is sometimes divided
into three nearly
equal parts ; sometimes the centre part is much
wider and turned forward. A long V-shaped
tongue extends down the back of the bowl : the

163. John Hull. L. 7 in.

Historic Silver of the Colonies
, " i tongues vary somewhat in
design but usually consist of a
: centre and two side ribbings ;
: this may be considered the pre
cursor of the rat-tail spoon
'which is less elaborate. A
Colonial example (Illus. 164)
belonging to the First Baptist
Church, Boston, is without a
maker's mark. The V-shaped
tongue is treated as the centre
stem of the acanthus leaf orna-
¦ ment. "The patterns appear
to have been raised on the sur
face by means of steel dies, with
which the spoons were stamped
when heated, after having been
shaped with the hammer."
jThis spoon was later in
scribed : " WS to the Baptist
jChurch 1727." The initials
are those of William Snell a
weaver of Boston who died
November 10, 1726 at the age
of 91. By his will he left a
legacy to that church, of which
he was a member, amounting
to "forty one pounds, together
with twelve ounces of Plate and twelve penny
weight." On May 8, 1727 the Church voted :
"that the twelve ounces of plate should be made
into a handsome Cup with his name upon it and

Colonial.
L. 6\ in.

Spoons Ladles Forks

265

as left by him to ye Church in his last will and
Testament. But one Spoon be Reserved with
his name upon it for ye use of ye Lord's Table."
The "cup" is a plain mug, with a tapering body
encircled with a moulded band, made by Ben
jamin Hiller (1687-1739) of Boston, a deacon of
the church in 1719. He was clerk
of the Artillery Company in 1716
and 4th sergeant in 1717 : he
married Elizabeth Russell, the
grand-daughter of Rev. John Rus
sell the second pastor. In the
church are two similar mugs made
by Benjamin Hiller, the gifts of
Joseph and Mary Russell, the
parents of his wife.
In the First Parish (Unitarian)
Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, is a
spoon (Illus. 165) made by John
Coney (1655-1722) of Boston,
with a different trifid end and a
bowl, with a ribbed V-shaped
tongue, decorated with scrolls
similar to the spoons made by
John Edwards. It is inscribed
on the stem: "ist Ch. T. by S.
Winslow, 1790." The initials
x rp are those of Joshua Winslow
and his wife Elizabeth Savage
who were married February 8, l6s. JohnConey.
1720-21 ; portraits of them are in L. 71 in.

266

Historic Silver of the Colonies

John Edwards. L. 7\ in.

graved

T
OC

for The

the possession of their
descendant, Mr. Arthur
Winslow. Sarah Win-
slow was the daughter
of Colonel Eleazer and
Sarah Tyng, for whose
family the town was
named, and married John
Winslow, the son of Ed
ward Winslow the silver
smith, and the brother
of Joshua Winslow.
A spoon made its ap
pearance in England at
the end of the seven
teenth century which
was similar to the trifid-
end spoon, but the clefts
were omitted and the
end was waved. A pair
of "wavy-end" spoons
(Illus. 166) made by
John Edwards (1670-
1746) of Boston, be
longing to the First
Church, Boston, is en-
Old Church. A long

V-shaped ribbed tongue extends down the centre
of the back of the bowl which is ornamented
with scroll-work in low relief. A wavy-end
spoon (Illus. 167) made by John Coney, has a

Spoons Ladles Forks

267

plain rat-tail which succeeded the more elabo
rate V-shaped tongue of the earlier spoon. This
form of rat-tail commonly obtained during the
first quarter of the eighteenth century in Eng
land but in our country is often found at a
much later date. The initials
MW are those of Mary Wil-
loughby of Salem who married
Thomas Barton in 1710 : the
spoon belongs to the estate of
Sally Pickman Dwight.
A change in the upper half of
the stem of the spoon, which
lasted for nearly three quarters
of a century, occurred in Eng
land in the eighteenth century,
about 1705. The end of the
stem became much thicker than
any other part and rounded, but
still turned forward ; a sharp
ridge runs down the centre of
the front for some distance mak
ing the sides concave; the lower
part of the stem is narrower than
in the earlier type of spoon. A
pair of spoons (Illus. 168) of this
description with a plain rat-tail
and the initials ry -** for Thomas
and Mary (Willoughby) Barton
who were married in 1710, be- l6;. JoHN CoNEY.
longs to the estate of Sally Pick- L. 71 in.

268

Historic Silver of the Colonies

man Dwight. They were made by Jeffrey
Lang (1707-58) of Salem, Massachusetts, whose
sons, Richard Lang (1733-1820) and Edward
Lang (1742-1830) were also silversmiths.
In the second quarter of the eighteenth cen
tury the stem-end underwent a further change
— -the ridge was shortened
and the concavities dis
appeared — as in the spoon
(Illus. 169) made about
1760 by S. Barrett of Nan
tucket. A double-drop is
on the back of the bowl ;
it is engraved: "Solomon
Gardner" and belongs to
Mr. Dwight Blaney.
Early in the reign of
George II the rat-tail dis
appeared and an ornament
was substituted resem
bling that on the front
end of the stem but on
a smaller scale ; this is
termed the "double-drop"
and was common up to the
middle of the eighteenth
century. A spoon (Illus.
170) with this ornament
on the bowl and with the
front ribbed like the Lang
spoons, was made by
r68. Jeffrey Lang. L. 8 in. Jacob Hurd (1702-58) of

Spoons Ladles Forks

269

Boston. It is engraved with the
Green crest and: "Joshua Green ";
he was born in 173 1 and was an
ancestor of the owner Dr. Samuel
A. Green.
Jacob Hurd stamped his mark
on a plain eighteenth
century French sil
ver spoon and fork,
which once belonged
to Esther Wheel
wright, the great-
granddaughterof the
Rev. John Wheel
wright, who was
captured when seven
years old by the
Abenakis tribe of
Indians at Wells in
Maine ; Esther was
placed by the French
governor, the Mar
quess de Vaudreuil,
in the celebrated
Ursuline Convent at
Quebec where these
are still preserved.
In "True Stories of New England
Captives" by Miss C. Alice Baker
is a graphic description of Esther
Wheelwright's captivity and a I?0 Jacob Hurd-
reference, probably to these very L. 8i in.

169. S. Barrett.
L. 8i in.

270 Historic Silver of the Colonies

articles. It seems that in January
I1754 Esther Wheelwright's nephew
from Boston went to see her and
gave her a miniature portrait of
her mother. According to the
records of the convent he pre
sented the community with some
"fine linen, a beautiful silver
flagon, and a knife, fork and
spoon, of the same material."
The front of the spoon (Illus.
171) marked T j , is like the Lang
spoons but shows a change in the
double-drop on the back of the
bowl ; the ribbing of the lower
drop is omitted. It was made
by Thomas Skinner (171 2-61) of
Marblehead, Massachusetts, and
belongs to Mr. Dwight Blaney.
Various forms of rococo orna
ment were used on the backs of
the bowls of spoons made in Eng-
171. L. 8i in. land about the middle of the
Thomas Skinner, eighteenth century, which were
probably introduced from France;
these consisted of shells and scrolls. A spoon
(Illus. 172) belonging to the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston, is inscribed : " Church in Brattle
Street " ; the front is ribbed like the Lang
spoons and the bowl shows the scallop-shell
ornament. "In the Dark Ages, a scallop shell

Spoons Ladles Forks

271

fastened to the hat was the accepted sign
that the wearer had made a pilgrimage to
the Holy Land." The spoon was wrought by
Joseph Edwards junior (1737-83) of Boston,
the son of Joseph Edwards a stationer; and
the grandson of John Edwards,
(1670- 1 746).
An unusual spoon, probably
never made in the Colonies, was
introduced into England before
the middle of the eighteenth
century and was fashionable for
about thirty years ; it is called
" scroll-headed " and is also
known as the "Onslow pattern"
— probably so called after Mr.
Arthur Onslow speaker of the
House of Commons in the reign
of George II. The end of the
stem is not turned forward as in
the spoons previously shown but
is curled back in the manner of
an Ionic volute, while the upper
side is moulded with a series of
quite deeply-cut curved members
which converge to a point part
way down the stem. A ladle
(Illus. 173) with the scroll-headed
stem, owned by Mrs. B. M. Jones,
bears some indistinguishable
marks. iy2. L. 8 in.
This turning back of the Stem- Joseph Edwards Jr.

272

Historic Silver of the Colonies

end, which for nearly three
quarters of a century had
turned forward, became a
1 general fashion in the reign
-1 of George III and has con
tinued to the present day;
the end was rounded, as in
the earlier examples. Spoons
of this form have become
known as the "Old English"
pattern. A pair of spoons
(Illus. 174) of this descrip
tion with a chased border of
short oblique lines, called
" feather-edged, " has a rococo
shell ornament on the bowl ;
it was made by William
Homes junior (1742-1825)
of Boston the son of William
Homes (1717-83) and be
longs to Mr. Dwight Blaney.
Other decorations used on
this type of spoon were the
bright-cut engraving and the
beaded edge.
A pair of spoons (Illus.
175) made by Joseph Loring
(1743-1815) of Boston, shows
a variation in the stem-end ;
this is pointed, a form common in Scotland and
Ireland. The decoration of "bright-cut" en
graving consists of indented or zig-zag lines —

173. English. L. ii

Spoons Ladles Forks

273

common on English plate
from Anglo-Saxon times.
On the back of the bowl
is a rococo scroll acanthus
leaf. The initials T E P
are those of Theophilus

174. William Homes Jr.
L. 8i in.

175. Joseph Loring. L. 9 in.
and Elizabeth (Greenleaf)
Parsons who were married
January 13, 1780, and to
whose granddaughters, the
Misses Parsons, the spoons

274

Historic Silver of the Colonies

belong. Theophilus Parsons was chief justice
of Massachusetts and by his 'contemporaries
was considered the most learned lawyer in the
country. A pint mug of the bellied shape, made
by John Coburn (i 725-1 803) of Boston, in the
First Parish Falmouth, now
Portland, Maine, was pre
sented in 1775 to the pastor
the Rev. Samuel Deane by
twenty-one young men of
the parish whose initials
are inscribed upon it ;
Theophilus Parsons was
one of the donors. Rev.
Samuel Deane was a poet
awarded by Harvard Col
lege in 1760 a prize for
having written the best
English ode on the death
of George II and the acces
sion of George III.
Spoons engraved with
a death's head and the
legends, "Live to Die" and
"Die to Live," came into
fashion in England shortly
after the Restoration ; they
were called "funeral"
spoons as they were pre
sented upon such occasions,
176. Daniel Rogers. not perhaps tO be used but
L. 8j in. in memory of the dead.

Spoons Ladles Forks

275

In New England wills bequests
of spoons are so common as to
lead one to think that the custom
was perpetuated in this manner
in the Colonies and that contem
porary spoons, intended for use,
were given. Made by Daniel
Rogers (1753-92) of Newport,
Rhode Island, is a pair of spoons
(Illus. 176) which appears to be
of a type purely Colonial in de
sign ; the stem-end is "clipped"
on the top and sides and resem
bles a coffin. This design may
have been introduced to exem
plify more clearly a funeral
spoon. One is inscribed : " Sam1
Gidds ob. 1777 IE 59 BG" and
the other : "Joanna Good h:e ob.
1775 JE 52 BG" ; they belong to
Mr. Dwight Blaney.
The "fiddle" pattern spoon
(Illus. 177) made its appearance
early in the nineteenth century :
the stem-ends were frequently 177- Davis, Palmer
plain and the shoulders, just L&8"i'
above the bowl, were often right-
angled ; the bowl is decidedly pointed. The
makers were Davis, Palmer & Co. of Boston.
A form of decoration, not unusual in America,
consisted of an embossed sheaf of wheat or a
basket of flowers, as on the spoon (Illus. 178)

276

Historic Silver of the Colonies

which has a scallop shell on the back of the
bowl ; it was made by Edward Watson of Bos
ton. Both spoons belong to the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Very long-stemmed spoons with
a correspondingly large bowl, made
in England late in the seventeenth
century, are sometimes called bast
ing spoons ; but more probably
they were hash spoons used for
serving stew or hashed meats when
it was customary to have such
dishes placed upon the table ; they
were undoubtedly used as ladles
also, as large spoons of this de
scription were often an accompani
ment to the punch bowl. The
earliest form of stem was tubular
but the varying stems followed the
patterns of contemporary spoons.
A spoon (Illus. 179) with a tubular
stem and a loose ring at the end,
made by Benjamin Burt (1729-
1805) of Boston, is engraved -p. ,
for Daniel and Anna Malcom who
were married about 1750. It be
longs to Mr. William S. Townsend,
a descendant ; at one time it was
owned by William Mackay one of the Sons of
Liberty whose name is inscribed on the punch
bowl made by Paul Revere.

178. L. 8i in.
Edward Watson

Spoons Ladles Forks

277

In England tea spoons were not
made until the end of the seven
teenth century. Spoons of that
size, somewhat heavier, were made
in small numbers early in the reign
of Charles II but were probably
used by children or for sweetmeats
or eggs : the intermediate size (now
called a dessert spoon) originated
at the same time ; both followed
the designs of the large spoons.
An interesting spoon made dur
ing the eighteenth century was
that with a pointed end which is
barbed ; the stem is round and the
bowls are pierced in various de
signs. They were made in Eng
land in the three sizes but only
the small size appears to have been
made to any extent in New' Eng
land. Mr. Jackson thinks that
they were not made as strainers
for tea nor the long pointed stem
used to free the spouts of teapots
of leaves ; but that they were used
to remove the cloves and lemon
seeds from punch, the stem being
used to spear the slices of lemon
which floated on the top. For
whatever purpose they were origi
nally made, it seems quite probable ,„ L l6 in_
that they must have been found Benjamin Burt.

278

Historic Silver of the Colonies

very convenient for removing any
leaves that chanced to get into the
tea cup ; and the stem will pene
trate, to a considerable extent, the
spouts of many teapots. Of this
description is the pierced spoon
(Illus. 1 80) made probably by Jef
frey Lang (1707-58) of Salem,
Massachusetts, which belongs to
the estate of Sally Pickman Dwight.
The only pierced spoons in an
American church are the pair (Illus.
181) made by Paul
Revere (1735-1818)
of Boston (or by his
father) belonging to
the Second Church, I
Boston, and acquired
after 1730 ; they were*
doubtless used to re-l
move sediment, or
180. L. si in. COI"k from the wine.
Jeffrey Lang? They have rat-tails^
on the backs of thei
bowls, and the stem-ends are?
turned forward and ribbed.
Caddy spoons, the bowls made |
in the shape of shells, leaves,
scoops and various other de-
signs, were used to transfer the
tea from the caddy to the tea- l8l. PaulR(VFRF
POt. L. 4f in.

Spoons Ladles Forks

279

A marrow scoop (Illus. 182) made
by Thomas Tolman, with the Lon
don date-letter for 1764-65, be
longing to the estate of Sally Pick-
man Dwight, was the common
form made in England ; but occa
sionally a stem of this kind had a
spoon termination.
Ladles for soup or punch with
plain hemispherical bowls, or often
in the shape of shells, had stems
similar to contemporary spoons ;
and ladles correspondingly smaller
were made for sugar and sauces.
A distinctive type of punch ladle,
made throughout the Georgian
period, had stems of turned hard
wood, such as ebony or chestnut ;
and later, delicate slender stems of
whalebone twisted and tipped with
silver. The bowls were of various
forms and sometimes a coin was
inserted in the bottom. Jacob
Marshe made the ladle (Illus. 183)
with the London date-letter for
1793-94 which has an oval bowl
with an everted lip at one side. It
belongs to Mr. Dwight Blaney as does also the
Colonial ladle (Illus. 184) perhaps made by
George Hanners junior (1721-60) of Boston; it
has a turned wooden stem rivetted into a silver
socket with two twisted supports for the bowl.

\;

182. L. 81 in.
London, 1764-65.

280 Historic Silver of the Colonies

Ewers and basins for
rose-water were an indis
pensable adjunct of the
dining-table before the
middle of the seventeenth
century, when the common
use of forks was unknown
and when meat and fish,
fowl and fruit, were con
veyed to the mouth by the
fingers, a proceeding which
necessitated frequent wash
ing of the hands. Shake
speare was familiar with
the use of these vessels,
for in "The Taming of the
Shrew" Gremio in speak
ing of his house describes
it as richly furnished with
plate and gold, and with
"basins and ewers to lave
her dainty hands." As the
custom of providing guests
with silver forks became
general after the restora
tion of Charles II the origi
nal use of silver rose-water
dishes and ewers declined,
and what was deemed a
necessity in Tudor and
Jacobean times became a luxury after 1660. It
was Swift who said : "Fingers were made before

183. London, 1793-94.
L. 14! in.

Spoons Ladles Forks

281

forks, and hands before knives." Forks were
made with two, three or four prongs, the num
ber of prongs being no cri
terion as to date ; though
at the end of the eighteenth
and the beginning of the
nineteenth century, most
of the silver forks had four
prongs. The stems fol
lowed the designs of con
temporary spoons ; occa
sionally a fork is found
with a spoon at the other
end. A spoon and a fork (Illus.
185) with wavy-ends, were
perhaps made by John
Coney (1655-1722) of Bos
ton, as they bear his initials
in a small rectangle. The
initials MW are those of
Mary Willoughby, born in
1676, an ancestor of Sally
Pickman Dwight to whose
estate they belong. The
front and back of the stems
are engraved in foliated
scroll-work suggestive of
the French decoration of
the Louis XIV period.
A pair of plain large forks l8+- George Hanners Jr. ?
(Illus. 186) with wavy-ends L. 14 in.

.^4

282 Historic Silver of the Colonies

bears the initials HA for Han
nah Arnold who married Rev.
Samuel Welles, September 15,
1 7 19. They constituted a por
tion of her wedding silver and
were presented to the Museum
of Fine Arts, Bos
ton, by the late Mr.
Winthrop Sargent,
a descendant. The
maker of the forks,
John Noyes (1674-
1749) of Boston,
was 4th sergeant
of the Artillery
Company in 1699,
ensign 1704; he
was elected con
stable April 19,
1704 but declined
to serve and David
Jesse (1670-1705) served instead.
Forks do not seem to have been
made to any extent by the Colonial
silversmiths and none of the suc
ceeding patterns which are repre
sented by the spoon stems have
come under the writer's observa
tion. Steel forks and knives with
bone, ivory or silver handles, were
doubtless_ in common use in the lS„ ,„„..,-,„,,
Colonies in the eighteenth century. L. 71 in.

John Coney ?
L. 41 in.

CANDLESTICKS SNUFFERS SCONCES
THE earliest candlesticks were surmounted
with a pricket and the candle was pressed
down over this projection which held it
upright. Cathedral candlesticks made of wood
and various kinds of metal are almost invariably
of that description. Only a few of the candle
sticks, made in England during the first half of
the seventeenth century have escaped the melt
ing pot ; but those illustrated in books on English
plate show them to have had cylindrical tubes
for holding the candles, and circular bases ; near
the middle of the- stem was a projecting pan for
catching the drippings. A pair of embossed
candlesticks of this description, with the London
date-letter for 1663-64, that formed part of the
gift of Charles II to the Czar Alexis in 1663 is
illustrated in "Old English Plate of the Emperor
of Russia " by Mr. E. Alfred Jones.
For a few years after the Restoration there
was a spasmodic revival of the quasi-Gothic
taste and candlesticks were made in the form
of clustered pillars — a style adapted from
mediaeval architecture. A pair of pricket candle
sticks, in Salisbury Cathedral, with the London
date-letter for 1663-64, is similar in the lower
283

284 Historic Silver of the Colonies
half to the candlestick (Illus. 187) made by Jere
miah Dummer (1645-1718) of Boston, with
eight engaged columns or shafts grouped to-

187. Jeremiah Dummer. H. io| in.

Candlesticks Snuffers Sconces 285
gether in the form of a square. A square pro
jecting nozzle surmounts the top and a similar
larger projecting flange masks the junction of
the column with the circular foot which rests
on a square moulded base. Upon the four
corners of the base are engraved the arms of
Jeffries, Lidgett, Clarke and Usher : and on the
bottom are the initials -y. y for David Jeffries,
a merchant of Boston and his wife Elizabeth
Usher whom he married September 15, 1686.
Elizabeth Usher was the grand-daughter of
Peter Lidgett (also a rich merchant of Boston
and partner in many voyages with John Hull)
and the daughter of John Usher lieutenant-
governor of New Hampshire. Tradition says
that the pair of these candlesticks was presented
by David and Elizabeth Jeffries to their son
John Jeffries upon his marriage in 17 13 to Anne
Clarke, when her family arms were added.
This candlestick belongs to Mr. William A.
Jeffries, the seventh in direct descent. The great-
grandson of David Jeffries was Dr. John Jeffries
surgeon-general of His Majesty's forces in
America at the time of the Revolution : in
1785 he made a notable balloon trip from Eng
land to France in company with Blanchard.
This was the first crossing of the English Chan
nel by air.
A candlestick (Illus. 188) with the maker's
mark IC in a small rectangle, shows great
similarity to the work of John Coney (1655-

286

Historic Silver of the Colonies

1722) of Boston. Were it not for the insertion
of the baluster stem it would resemble to a
greater degree the early English candlestick of
tubular form. The maker would appear to have
had in mind the dripping pan on such candle
sticks when he added the projecting fluting

John Coney F H. 6|

Candlesticks Snuffers Sconces

287

above the foot.
The fixed
nozzle is fluted
and at the
junction of the
tubular top
with the bal
uster stem is
a cut ring.
This candle
stick belongs
to the estate of
Sally Pickman
Dwight ; en
graved upon
the base are
the initials
RA. Towards the
end of the sev
enteenth cen
tury cast can
dlesticks with
a stem of the
baluster form
came into fa
vor in England, as they were more easily made
than those that had to be hammered.
One of a pair of candlesticks (Illus. 189) be
longing to the estate of Sally Pickman Dwight,
was made by John Coney. The tubular tops
were usually fitted with removable nozzles to

John Coney. H. 6\ in.

288 Historic Silver of the Colonies
catch the drippings, but in most instances they
have been lost. A candlestick (Illus. 190) is

190. John Burt. H. 7 in.
one of a pair made by John Burt (1691-1745)
of Boston. The baluster stem and domed base
are octagonal in section. The candlesticks

Candlesticks Snuffers Sconces

289

are inscribed: " Donum Pupillorum 1724" and
with much other silverware were given to
Nicholas Sever of
Kingston, Massa
chusetts, a tutor
at Harvard Col
lege from 1716 to
1728. The Rev.
William Warren
Sever, a descend
ant, presented the
candlesticks to
the college.
One of a pair
of candlesticks
(Illus. 191) with
the London date-
letter for 1741-42
and the maker's
mark for John
Gould, has a
baluster-shapedshaft with the
middle section in
the form of a
vase ; the fixed
nozzle is wavy in
outline. Of very
great interest is
the factthatthese
candlesticks also bear the stamp of Thomas
Dane (1724-96) of Boston. He did not make

191. London, 1741-42. H. 8| in.
Thomas Dane.

290 Historic Silver of the Colonies
them but he undoubtedly imported or perhaps
bought the pair from some loyalist who fled the
country at the time of the Revolution. With
no intention to
deceive, Dane
merely put his
stamp upon them
to show that
they had passed
throughhishands, and to serve as
an advertisement.
The candlesticks
are engraved with
the initials RGA
for Rufus Greene
Amory and are
owned by Mrs.
George W. Har
rington, his de
scendant. When
Queen Victoria's
father, the Duke
of Kent, visited
Boston he was
present at the
I wedding of Nancy
| Whitelock Geyer
to Rufus Greene
Amory, February
13, 1794-
192. Sheffield, 1783-84. H. nj in. In the latter

Candlesticks Snuffers Sconces

291

half of the eighteenth century, much taller
candlesticks were made in England. They
were often in the form of a Corinthian column
with the capital and base of that order. Many
others, designed in a variety of forms, were
decorated with festoons and medallions in the
Adam style. A candlestick (Illus. 192) with
a rectangular shaft tapering toward the square

,.#?». ,- ^.T^gs

193. London, 1777-78. H. 3I in.
base is surmounted by a vase to hold the candle ;
it is representative of a classical type common
in England. It bears the Sheffield date-letter
for 1783-84 with the makers' mark for John
Parsons & Co. and belongs to Mrs. F. C. Martin.
Small bedroom candlesticks were made in
England from the end of the reign of Charles II
up to the early part of the nineteenth century.
The conical extinguisher has, at the side, a hook

292 Historic Silver of the Colonies
which fits into a small eye attached to the inner
edge of the handle ; the snuffers, in the form of
scissors, fit into a slot in the middle of the stem.
The plain candlestick (Illus. 193) with beaded
edges has the London date-letter for 1777-78 and
the makers' marks for John Crouch and Thomas
Hannam. It belongs to Miss M. H. Jewell.
In early times the thick wicks of candles
were made of a soft material ; consequently a
pair of snuffers was indispensable. In the
nineteenth century a hard wick was invented
which was entirely consumed by the flame.
The earliest snuffers were quite flat throughout,
like scissors, and the two pans formed a heart ;
probably there were other shapes.
Belonging to Mr. Dwight M. Prouty is a pair
of snuffers (Illus. 194) with the London date-
letter for 1725-26, made by John Bignell. The
two limbs are of unequal length ; the longer,
having a pointed end for removing "thieves"
from the candle, contains the pan ; while the
shorter has the cutting edge, the shutter fitting
into the pan. The stand or tray bears the Lon
don date-letter for 1724-25 and the maker's
mark for Anthony Nelme who made a plain
paten in St. Mary's Church at Burlington, New
Jersey, the gift of Mrs. Catharina Boevey ; and
also a paten, the gift of Maximilian Boush to
Donation Church, Lynnhaven Parish, Princess
Anne County, Virginia. The snuffers and tray
are said to have been the property of Edward
Holland mayor of Albany, New York.

Candlesticks Snuffers Sconces 293

194. London, 1725-26. L. 7i in.
John Burt (1691-1745) of Boston made a pair
of snuffers and a tray (Illus. 195) as an accom-

195. John Burt. L. 7\ in.

294 Historic Silver of the Colonies
paniment to a pair of
candlesticks of balus
ter form which are
octagonal in section.
All the objects are
engraved with the in
itials -y. n for Daniel
and Sarah (Hill) War
ner who were married
December 15, 1720;
they belong to Miss
Evelyn Sherburne, a
descendant. Daniel
Warner was justice of
the peace 1740; and
councillor 1754-79.
In the reign of
George III, snuffers
were made with three
small feet which raised
them above the tray
and made it much
easier to take them
up with the thumb
and forefinger.
While silver candle
brackets and sconces
are known to have
been made at an early date, it was not until
the reign of Charles II that their use became
general in the great houses of England. After

196. London, 1705-06. H. 1 1 J in.

Candlesticks Snuffers Sconces 295
the accession of Queen Anne, the fashion of
lighting the walls of rooms by means of sconces
waned. On account of the destruction of so
much plate in England few sconces now exist.
One (Illus. 196) belonging to Mrs. William W.
Vaughan, with the London date-letter for 1705-
06, was made by Francis Garthorne. A hook,
affixed on the back, permits hanging it on
the wall ; scratched on the back is : " lames
Iarvis " and below the name is : " Wins." The
embossed ornamentation is on a matted ground.
It is an interesting illustration of Louis XIV
decoration on English silver. The form, copied
in tin, was made to a considerable extent in New
England in the early days ; and reproductions
are abundant in the antique shops.
One of a pair of candle brackets (Illus. 197)
belonging to the writer, is unusual. The cylin
drical tube for the candle is similar to that on
the candlestick with a baluster stem ; below it
the dripping-pan is affixed to the removable
stem which fits into a socket on the circular
plate. The brackets are attached to wooden
frames enclosing scrolls of paper quill-work and
flowers which sparkle in the candle-light. One
of these sconces is shown in the new edition of
"Furniture of the Olden Time" by Miss Frances
Clary Morse ; they were probably made by
Ruth Read as the initials RR with the date
1720 are engraved on the dripping-pans. She
was the daughter of John Read a distinguished
lawyer born in 1679 in Fairfield, Connecticut,

296

Historic Silver of the Colonies

who came to Boston in 1722 ; of him President
John Adams said : "he had as great a genius and
became as eminent as any man." The maker
of the silver bracket was Knight Leverett
(1703-53) of Boston, the great-grandson of

Governor John Leverett upon whom Charles II
conferred the order of knighthood, which fact
undoubtedly accounts for the Christian name of
the silversmith. John Leverett, president of
Harvard College, was the uncle of Knight
Leverett who was constable in 1728, scavenger
1742 and 3d sergeant of the Artillery Company
in 1736.

PORRINGERS
THE name applied in our country to the
shallow circular bowls with a single flat
handle suggests that their use was for
porridge. Some writers have held that the por
ringer was used for heating brandy and other liq
uors : that it was designed for any such purpose
is inconceivable for, putting it so near an open
fire would have been likely to damage the por
ringer, to say nothing of the impossibility of hold
ing the handle after the contents had become hot.
Furthermore the porringer is difficult to pour
from as the sides of the interior of the body are
concave ; besides a red-hot iron or poker was the
method invariably used in the early days of the
porringer for the purpose of heating liquors. It
is of course not improbable that porringers may
have been used over spirit lamps if an emergency
arose for heating something in a hurry. In all
probability they were used in the early days,
much as they are today, for children's food of a
soft nature ; and doubtless they were a con
venience in time of illness for serving broth and
other food. It is more than likely that by the
beginning of the eighteenth century they were
used in the Colonies as sugar bowls ; as were
297

298 Historic Silver of the Colonies
small bowls and caudle cups in England before
the covered sugar bowl became the fashion.
It has been noted under the subject of
caudle cups that in England the name porringer
was frequently applied to caudle cups, but it never
appears to have been used to designate what is
here called a porringer : there the name applied
to such vessels is surgeons' "bleeding-bowls,"
as they were used for catching the blood when
the custom prevailed in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries for surgeons to bleed their
patients. Mr. Jackson illustrates in his "His
tory of English Plate" one bearing the Norwich
hall-mark for 1689 on the handle of which are
pricked the initials IAW for John A. Worrell
who was master of the Barber Surgeons of Nor
wich in 1693. Whether bleeding-bowls were
ever in use in England for domestic purposes has
perhaps not been proved to the contrary but at
all events they do not seem to have been a
common article. Two of these porringers, dated
1696-97 and 1710-11, given to English churches
early in the nineteenth century, are used as alms
basins. It seems highly probable that some
surgeon, having one in the family, found it useful
for catching the blood ; it could be easily carried
in the pocket ; hence its adoption by the profes
sion. Would not this custom eventually lead to
the abandonment of their use for domestic pur
poses ? _ No one familiar with the unpleasant
associations would care to see them on the break
fast table !

Porringers

299

The very interesting small porringer (Illus.
198), 4-g- inches in diameter, bears the London
date-letter for 1637-38, the lion passant, the
leopard's head, and as the maker's mark a heart

198. London, 1637-38. L. if, W. if in.

enclosing three indistinct devices. The small
handle is trefoil in form ; the foils, pierced with
semi-circles, surround the centre trefoil pierc- D
HE

ing with a tiny circle below. The initials

300 Historic Silver of the Colonies
on the slightly domed bottom are those of
Henry Dunster the first president of Harvard
College and of his first wife Elizabeth Harris,
the widow of Jose Glover, whom he married in
1641. Henry Dunster died at Scituate Febru
ary 27, 1658-59 but no reference is made to the
porringer in his will and the inventory of his
estate only shows the item: "plate of divers
sorts £38.18.0." Mr. Charles H. Baker, the
grandson of Samuel Dunster of Attleboro a de-.
scendant of Henry Dunster, has fittingly pre
sented it to Harvard University. In his will
Henry Dunster directs that his body be taken
to Cambridge and placed by the side of his wife
in the old burying ground, which lies between
the First Parish and Christ churches and recalls
the lines of Oliver Wendell Holmes :
" Like Sentinel and Nun, they keep
Their vigil on the green :
One seems to guard, and one to weep,
The dead that lie between ; "
As the handle affords the best means for the
discrimination of porringers, their shapes being
alike though differing in size, the illustrations
are of the handle only : the English types are
shown first, as comparisons with the Colonial
handles can thus best be made. Belonging to
Messrs. Crichton Brothers is a porringer (Illus.
199), probably made by John Ruslin, which
bears the London date-letter for 1682-83 : it is
S
pricked with the initials j -, and the date 1693.

Porringers

301

Judge A. T.
Clearwater is the
owner of the por
ringer (Illus. 200)
which is 3f inches
in diameter, made
by Timothy Ley,
with the London
date-letter for
1691-92. Another
porringer (Illus.
201) belonging to
Messrs. Crichton
Brothers, made by William Andrews, bears the
London date-letter for 1701-02; it is pricked
s

199. London, 1682-83. L. 2i, W. 2f in.

with the initials

TM'

One of a pair of porringers (Illus. 202) with
the London date-letter for 1743-44, was made by
Thomas Farren who wrought numerous vessels
described in "The Old Silver of American
Churches." They are en
graved with the initials
MS for Martha Salisbury
whose mother died in
London in 1743 and whose
husband was Nicholas
Salisbury. These were
bequeathed to the Wor
cester Art Museum by
200. London, 1691-92. Stephen Salisbury, a Bos-
L. i\, W. i\ in. ton merchant who moved

302

Historic Silver of the Colonies

201. London, 1701-02. L. 3, W. 2f in.

to Worcester about
1850 and gener
ously endowed that
museum. The porringer
(Illus. 203) belong
ing to Mrs. Charles
H. Joy, is one of a
pair made by Wil
liam Vincent and
bears the London
date-letter for

1780-81. The han
dle is much like those of scrolled pattern which
were so abundant in New England at that time.
On the bottom is : "B. Joy" for Benjamin Joy
a prominent phy
sician of Boston
and a subscriber to
the fund raised
among the mer
chants and other
citizens to build
the frigate Boston.
Benjamin Joy mar
ried the daughter
of Joseph Barrell,
an eminent Boston
merchant who built
in Somerville the
superb old mansion
designed by Bui- 202. London, 1743-44. L. %\, W. 2| ir

Po

rnngers

3°3

finch and supplied with glass from the first works
erected in Boston. Mrs. Joy has two tapestries
loaned by Mr. Barrell when Washington was
given a reception in Concert Hall at Boston
in November 1789; one was hung on the wall
as a background, the other served as a carpet
for Washington to
stand upon in re
ceiving the guests.
In New England
" three pewter por
ringers" are men
tioned in the will
of Olyvar Mellows
in 1638. Again we
have no means of
knowing whether
they were porrin
gers or caudle cups !
But in the will
of William Paddy
dated September 9, 1658 he leaves to his wife "a
new Silver Cawdell Cup and porringer" which
implies that a distinction was made between the
two articles in New England. It is greatly to be
regretted that no porringer made by the earliest
Colonial silversmiths exists : it may be assumed,
however, that the handles made by Jeremiah
Dummer would be likely to follow the designs of
those made by Robert Sanderson and John Hull
with whom he served his apprenticeship. As the
earlier caudle cups and tankards were somewhat

203. London, 1780-81.
L. 21, W. 2f in.

304 Historic Silver of the Colonies
smaller than those made later it seems only
natural that such would be the case with por
ringers, the handle being of a corresponding size.
It should not, however, be inferred that no small
porringers were wrought after the larger size
made its appearance. The centres of the
bottoms of nearly all porringers are domed to
add strength by making the surrounding portion
somewhat heavier and consequently less sus
ceptible to dents which would be likely to occur
in an entirely flat bottom, for an article that
was in such constant use.
To place a date on any particular Colonial
handle is futile, for it is merely guesswork ; and
to state when one variety of handle came
into fashion or disappeared is absurd. One can
only be guided by the working period of the
makers, aided by the initials of husband and wife.
The very charming handles pierced in a great
variety of designs are a most interesting study.
If a thousand porringers could be brought
together for examination, doubtless valuable
data could be derived which would be of great
importance. Very probably each maker used a
design differing slightly from his neighbor's ;
but apprentices might feel justified in copying
the designs of their masters.
Belonging to the Worcester Art Museum is a
Colonial porringer (Illus. 204) 4-1 inches in diam
eter, made by Jeremiah Dummer (1645-1718)
of Boston, a bequest to the museum from
Stephen Salisbury. Unfortunately the initials

Porringers

305

204. Jeremiah Dummer.
L. if, W. 2 in.

P
y a have not been identi
fied. The small size and
the light weight, together
with the signs of age,
would seem to show that
it was of earlier date than
the larger porringer with
the distinctly geometric
handle ; the dimensions
of the bowl and handle
are much the same as those of the English
porringer of 1637-38. The design would in
dicate that it was the prototype from which
was derived the scrolled handle commonly made
during the eighteenth century.
A similar porringer (Illus. 205), 4J inches in
diameter, was made by Rene Grignon who died
in 1 71 5 at Norwich, Connecticut. He was a
Huguenot silversmith who settled in East
Greenwich the later part
of the seventeenth cen
tury and in 1696 went
to Boston where he be
came elder of the French
Church. Benjamin Gri
gnon a silversmith, prob
ably his fatheror brother,
was in 1685 "not ad
mitted nor approved of
205. Rene Grignon. hY Y& Selectmen of Bos-
L. if, w. 2 in. ton to be an inhabitant

306

Historic Silver of the Colonies

of ye Towne" and settled at Oxford, Massa
chusetts. That there was some business con
nection between Rene Grignon and David Jesse
( 1 670-1 705) is shown by the payment of £5 to
the former by the administrator of the latter's
estate. The in-
itials -r y are prob
ably those of James
and Elizabeth
Rayner who were
married on October
25, 1692. The
porringer belongs
to Mrs. John Ber
tram Read, a de
scendant. Owned by the
estate of Mrs. Sally
Pickman Dwight
is the porringer
(Illus. 206) 4^
inches in diameter, with the initials ry ¦», for
Thomas and Mary Barton who were married in
1710. It was made by Peter Oliver (1682-1712)
of Boston and bears some resemblance, in out
line and in the piercings, to the English handles
of the late seventeenth century. f-
Made by an early Colonial silversmith with
initials BF; is a porringer (Illus. 207) 4-f inches
in diameter, belonging to Miss Edith D. Beck;

206. Peter Oliver. L. 2f, W. 2 in.

Porringers

3°7

207. BF. L. 2j, W. 2\ in.

the initials DH are
those of .Dorothy
Harben, probably
the mother of
Dorothy ; ; Harben
Forster who mar
ried Thomas Al-
leynein,;i,755. The
handle is ..,7 quite
similar in piercing
and outline to that
on the English
porringer of 1691-
92 ; the heart ap
pears in three of English design.
Mr. R. T. Haines Halsey is the owner of a
porringer (Illus. 208) 5-^ inches in diameter,
made by Jeremiah Dummer, with the initials
B
CMsemblance in pierc
ings or outline to
those of the Eng
lish porringers and
seems to be of
distinctly Colonial
design. By the same'"*
maker is a handle
(Illus. 209) almost ,
identical in design, ' 2o8_ Jeremiah DoMMER."
excepting that the L. 21, W. 3! in.

The "geometric" handle bears no re-

308 Historic Silver of the Colonies

initials

are

209. Jeremiah Dummer.
L. 2§, W. 3 in.

three upper circles
on each side have
been cut open thus
giving it a lighter
appearance. The
S
TR
those of Thomas
and Rebecca (El-
drige) Smith who
were married prior
to 1697 : Rebecca
Eldrige married (ii)
Josiah Sanders and at her death the porringer
was left to her granddaughter Rebecca Salisbury
who married Daniel Waldo. It belongs to
Mrs. George E. Francis, a descendant.
Almost an exact duplicate of this handle
(Illus. 210) was made by Edward Winslow (1669-
1753) of Boston.
The only differ
ence is that the
two middle circles
are not cut into
scrolls. The in-
itials j q, are those
of Louis Boucher
and his wife Sarah
Middlecott whom
he married March 2IO EwARD WmsL0W
26, 1702 ; the por- l. 2j, w. 31 in.

Porringers

309

211. Samuel Vernon. L. 2f, W. 3I in.

ringer may have
been a wedding gift
fromEdward Wins
low to Sarah Mid-
dlecott, his cousin.
It belongs to Miss
Harriet L. Clapp,
a descendant. Samuel Vernon
(1683-1737) of
Newport in Rhode
Island, a second
cousin of Edward
Winslow, made a porringer (Illus. 211) of the
same design, which belongs to Mrs. Trumbull
P
Hartshorn. The initials >r c are those of Na
thaniel and Sarah (Clark) Paine who were
married June 25,
1713. Nathaniel
Paine's sister mar
ried Samuel Ver
non in 1725.
Owned by the
estate of Mrs. Sally
Pickman Dwight is
a porringer (Illus.
212) made by John
Coney (1655-1722)
of Boston, with the
y>
initials rp -** for

212. John Coney. L. 2J, W. 3 in.

310 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Thomas and Mary Barton who were married
in 1710. Whi|e the general design is the same
as Mrs. Francis's porringer made by Jeremiah
Dummer, variations will be noted : the ovals
next the body are slightly scrolled ; the pair of
quatrefoils are "straight lines on three sides;
and the circle near the top is changed to a trefoil.
All the handles; made by John Coney, so far
noted, are exactly like this ; also one made by
David Jesse (1670-1705) and one dated 1740
made by Thomas Millner (1690-1745) of Boston.
Perhaps Jesse and Millner were Coney's appren
tices. An unusually large porringer with a cover
(Illus. 213) is 6f inches in diameter and while
it is without a maker's mark, it was probably
made by John Coney; the handle is like
that made by Coney except that the two usual
piercings at the outer edge of the broadest part

213. John Coney? L. 2f, W. 3! in.

Porringers 311 ¦p
of the handle are omitted. The initials ry ,*
are those of Thomas and Mary Burroughs of
Boston and the date 1680 is probably that of
their marriage : their daughter Mary born in
Jamaica, Long Island, married in 1718 Brinley
Sylvester, the grandson of Nathaniel Sylvester
who in 1659 settled at Shelter Island which he
and his brother Constant had purchased in 165 1
of Stephen Goodyear. Nathaniel Sylvester was
the son of the celebrated poet Joshua Sylvester
"translator of the divine rapsodies of Du Bartas
of whose fame, in the age of Elizabeth and James,
the Puritans were anxious guardians " : he
married Grizzle the daughter of Thomas Brinley
of Datchet, in the county of Bucks, the parish
well known to the readers of Shakespeare's
"Merry Wives of Windsor." To the Shattuck
and Southwick fugitives, Nathaniel Sylvester
gave protection and shelter from the bloody per
secutions in Massachusetts under the successive
rule of Governors Endicott and Bellingham,
whose zeal for the honor of God overcame all
tenderness for their fellow creatures. Mr.
Sylvester Dering, a direct descendant, has pre
sented the porringer to the Metropolitan Mu
seum of Art, New York.
Andrew Tyler (1692-1741) of Boston made a
porringer (Illus. 214) with a handle identical
with Coney's, excepting that he has substituted
a circle for the trefoil. It belongs to. 'Mr.
Dwight Blaney. By the same maker is_a .handle

312

Historic Silver of the Colonies

214. Andrew Tyler. L. 2f, W. 3 in.

(Illus. 215) of the
"scrolled" variety
which in its pro
portions is more
like the geometric
handles of Dum
mer, Winslow and
Vernon than the
more elongated
handles of Coney
and of Tyler. The
H
BM are
those of Benjamin

initials

and Mary Hammatt who were married May 9,
1734; on the bottom is : "Benjamin Pember-
ton" who was born March 13, 1696, the son of
Benjamin and Elizabeth (Dixie) Pemberton :
the latter became the wife of Edward Winslow
the silversmith in
1712. The porrin
ger is owned by
Miss Helen Temple
Cooke. A decided simi
larity is noticeable
in the handles of
three of the English
porringers and of
the handle (Illus.
216) made by John
Edwards (1670- 215. Andrew Tyler. L. 2f, W. 3 J in.

m
215. Andrew Tyler

Porringers

313

rs\

L
216. John Edwards. L. 2f, W. 2| in.

1746) of Boston
who undoubtedly
served his appren
ticeship in London
from 1684 to 1 69 1.
It is engraved :
"M: Storer 1724."
Mary Storer was
John Edwards's
daughter and the
wife of Ebenezer
Storer ; her first
child was born in
1724. As it bears the earliest mark used by
John Edwards it seems probable that the por
ringer had previously been used by his children.
It belongs to Mrs. T. D. Townsend, a descendant.
A handle (Illus.
217) by the same
maker, resembles
in its broadest part
those of the English
porringers. The
. . . , B
initials rp ¦»«- are
those of Thomas
and Mary Barton
who were married
in 1710; it is
owned by the
estate of Sally
217. John Edwards. L. 2f, W. 2f in. Pickman Dwight.

314 Historic Silver of the Colonies

Handles almost identical in design, with trifling
variations, were made by William Cowell (1682-
1736) and Andrew Tyler (1692-1741).
Edward Winslow (1669-1753) of Boston made
the scrolled handle (Illus. 218) with the
initials SG for Stephen Gorham (1683-1743)
who married Eliza
beth Gardner in
1703 : it belongs
to Mrs. J. D. Bran-
nan, a descendant.
-> A comparison with
the scrolled handle
made by Andrew
Tyler shows the
elimination of the
scroll at either side
of the broadest
part ; otherwise it
is the same. John
Edwards, Samuel
Vernon and a few
other silversmiths
made similar handles. Porringers with scrolled
handles were made in abundance throughout
the eighteenth century apparently by every
silversmith and the variations are not worth
noting. In later porringers the two centre
piercings next the bowl were usually omitted.
It requires a very vivid imagination to under
stand the application of " keyhole " to this de
sign ; the top piercing is like some escutcheons.

Edward Winslow.
L. 2f, W. 2j in.

CASTERS
THE caster appears to have received its
name from the act of "casting" salt (or
pepper) from the receptacle ; hence the
tops are pierced for that purpose. In the Eliza
bethan and Jacobean periods the large salts
were often provided with covers sometimes made
for pepper. As separate articles of plate, casters
do not appear to have been made in England
before the latter part of the seventeenth century.
The small caster, as well as the pepper box with
a handle, is often called a muffineer in England
as it was used to sprinkle salt on hot buttered
muffins ; the larger are called casters or dredgers.
The latter term is applied to similar receptacles
used in our kitchens for sprinkling flour over
meats and for other purposes. The earliest
form is cylindrical.
A caster (Illus. 219) of this shape is one of a
pair made by William Gamble bearing the Lon
don date-letter for 1701-02 and belongs to Miss
Harriet L. Clapp : the mate has been presented
by Miss Harriet A. Hill to the Museum of Fine
Arts at Boston. It has a gadrooned border
surrounding the very flat base ; the pierced
bell-shaped top has a fluted and turned finial
31s

3i6

Historic Silver of the Colonies

from which radiate leaves of "cut-card" work.
Below the gadrooned edge the cover is attached
to the body with a bayonet joint; fastened
to the cover, on opposite
sides, are two small
brackets so shaped as
to exactly fit the mould
ing surrounding the lip ;
a single opening in the
moulding permits the
insertion of a bracket
before turning to se
curely fasten the cover.
Both casters bear the
F
initials T o for John and
Sarah (Boucher) Foye
who were married Oc
tober 23, 1729. John
Foye was the grandson
of John Foye captain
of the Dolphin on the
voyage to London No
vember 26, 1687. As his
father John Foye mar
ried Sarah Lynde No
vember 16, 1699 it is
probable that the pair of casters originally be
longed to John Foye's parents. Sarah Boucher
was the daughter of Louis Boucher and Sarah
Middlecott whose initials are on the porringer
made by Edward Winslow. The Foyes lived

219. London, 1701-02. H. 6 i

Casters

317

at Charlestown where the Navy Yard now
is and in fitting up their bridal chamber they
sent to Paris for damask of orange color because
of their admiration for William of Orange. At
the burning of Charlestown by the British in
1775 the Foye house
was destroyed but
the silver was saved
by throwing it into
the well.
A fine Colonial ex
ample (Illus. 220) of
this type, owned by
Mr. George S. Palmer,
has a broad flat base
of bold gadrooning,
with a band of acan
thus leaves surround
ing the body; the
top is similarlyfluted.
The maker was Gar
rett Onclebagh of
New York, who
wrought in 1697, for
the Reformed Dutch
Church at Flatbush,
Long Island, a pair
of tall cylindrical beakers engraved with inter
lacing bands of flowers, and oval panels con
taining figures of Faith, Hope and Charity.
" He was of an old and socially prominent New
York family and an active member of the

220. Garrett Onclebagh.
H. si in.

318 Historic Silver of the Colonies

Dutch Church. His standing in the community
was high, for he was elected to the office of
assistant alderman for the successive years 1700-
03. Onclebagh became involved in certain fac
tional disputes and lost the favor of the people,
which he regained but fell from grace, as upon his
election to his former
office in 171 3 his col
leagues on the board
passed the following
resolution: 'Where
as Garrett Oncle
bagh who was lately
Elected to serve in
the Office of Assist
ant of the North
Ward of this City
for the year Ensue-
ing is A Person of
Evil fame and Repu
tation and hath been
Convicted of Coyn-
ing the Current
Money of this Prov
ince and since hath also been Convicted of Cham
perty, it is therefore the Opinion of this Court that
the said Garrett Onclebagh is not qualified to
serve in the said Office and it is order'd (Nemine
Contra Dicente) that the Mayor and Recorder
do refuse to swear him into Office.' " (r. t. h. h.)
John Edwards (1670-1746) made a plain
caster or pepper box (Illus. 221) with a scrolled

221.' John Edwards. H. 3! in.

Casters

319

handle which is notched.

The initials p q are

those of Charles and Sarah (Warren) Little who
were married at Plymouth October 9, 1712 ; it
belongs to Miss Frances M. Lincoln a descend
ant in the fifth generation. Sara.h Little njarried
November 21, 1728 at Kingston, as her, second
husband, Nicholas Sever to whom the" candle
sticks made by John
Burt were presented.
A similar caster
(Illus. 222) with a
pierced domed cover
and a plain scrolled
handle is owned by
Mr. Dwight Morti
mer Prouty and was
made by William
Cowell (168 2- 1 73 6)
of Boston. The in-
itials N are those
I- IVl 222. William Cowell. H. 2| in.
of Rev. John Norton
and his wife Mary Mason who were married
November 27, 1678 ; they were the parents of
Elizabeth Norton who married the Hon. John
Quincy. A tankard made by John Edwards
engraved with the Norton arms, the gift of
Elizabeth Quincy to her daughter Lucy Tufts,
wife of Dr. Cotton Tufts, belongs to the First
Congregational Society at Quincy, Massachu
setts, to which it was a gift in 1872 from Quincy

320 Historic Silver of the Colonies

223. London, 1702-03.
H. 4 in.
with the initials EH,
undoubtedly for
Elizabeth Hench
man whose daughter
Lydia was the wife
of Thomas Hancock.
It belongs to Mrs.
L. B. Taft.
Vase-shaped cast
ers were made in
England by the be
ginning of the eight
eenth century. The

Tufts the grandson of
Lucy Tufts.
Owned by Mrs.
James A. Garland is
an octagonal caster
(Illus. 223) with the
London date-letter for
1702-03. An octagonal caster
with a scrolled handle
(Illus. 224) made by
John Burt (1691-1745)
of Boston, is engraved
with the date 1732 and

UL.j --.1 - >j/<§

224. John Burt. H. 3f in.

Casters

321

lower part is hemispherical and the upper part
curves inward ; the tops are dome-shaped. A
caster (Illus. 225) owned by Judge A. T. Clear
water bears the Lon
don date-letter for
1726-27 : it was
made by Starling
Wilford. The body
is fluted and chased
in the style of the
rococo period.
A Colonial caster
(Illus. 226) of this
type, belonging to
Mr. George S. Palm
er, is octagonal in
section, like many
made in the eight
eenth century : it
was wrought by
Arnold Collins of
Newport in Rhode
Island. The initials
y. . are those of
Daniel and Anstis
Updike who were
married in 1720. A
chocolate pot of
pear-shaped outline
with the spout made
as an extension of 225. London, 1726-27. H. 7f in.

322 Historic Silver of the Colonies

the lip, and the London
date-letter for 1725-26,
was presented to Daniel
Updike of Newport, for
twenty-four years at
torney-general of the
Colony, by his friend
George Berkeley bishop
of Cloyne, "the professor
of an ideal philosophy
and the projector of
a Utopian scheme for
evangelizing and edu
cating the Indians."
Dean Berkeley (as he
then was) came to New
England in 1728 and
with him came John
Simbert the painter,
who planned the origi
nal Faneuil Hall at Bos
ton and infused the love
of his art into such men
as Copley and Trumbull.
These familiar lines were
written by Berkeley :
" Westward the course of empire takes its way ;
The four first acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day;
Time's noblest offspring is the last."
The caster (Illus. 227) owned by Mr. and Mrs.
Henry W. Cunningham was made ,by Rufus

226. .Arnold Collins. H. 6\ in.

Casters

323

Greene (1707-77) of Boston, the maker in 1729
of a pair of tall cylindrical flagons belonging to
Christ Church at Boston. The initials o t, are
those of Samuel and Ruth (Chapin) Jackson T
who were married in 1722 ; the later initials c ^
are those of Simon and Ruth (Jackson) Tufts
who were married June 11, 1747. A portrait in
water color of their daughter Ruth Tufts was
painted by Copley and belongs to her descendant,
Mrs. William Brewster. Captain Simon Tufts,
born in Medford, married as his second wife Re
becca Lloyd of Charleston.
At the time of the Revolu
tion he was living there as a
merchant and was in com
mand of a schooner when
the British fleet was off the
coast. At the battle in the
harbor in July 1776, when
General William Moultrie
commanded the land forces
on Sullivan's Island, Captain
Tufts and his schooner did
such effective work in help
ing to save the day that the
Provincial Congress of South
Carolina passed him a vote
of thanks.
Cruet frames were made 22? RuFUS Greene.
in the eighteenth century H. 4f in.

324

Historic Silver of the Colonies

to hold a pair of glass cruets for oil and vinegar,
two silver casters for Jamaica and Cayenne
pepper and a third for either sugar or salt.

228. London, 1747-48. H. 9^ in.

The cruet frame (Illus. 228) owned by Mr.
J. Templeman Coolidge bears the London date-
letter for 1747-48 and was made by Samuel

Casters 325
Woods. While the casters are plain, the stand
on three shell feet and the panel containing the
arms are in the rococo style.
Mrs. Isabella (James) Gozzaldi owns a cruet
frame with the London date-letter for 1761-62
made by Edward Aldridge and Company. The
casters are of glass as well as the three cruets
which bear silver labels marked " lemon,"
" soy " and " vinegar " ; the silver tops are
foliated.

CHAFING DISHES
STANDS with spirit lamps were used in
England as early as the reign of Queen
Anne. In New England wills and inven
tories the word applied to them is chafing dish.
They are now frequently called braziers.

229. John Coney. H. 3 in.
Belonging to the estate of Sally Pickman
Dwight is a pair of chafing dishes (Illus. 229)
made by John Coney (1655-1722) of Boston,
P
with the initials -^ y perhaps for William and
Elizabeth (Eastwick) Pickman who were married
in 1673. The cylindrical body with an everted
326

Chafing Dishes

327

lip is pierced in
a scrolled design ;
the three silver
claws originally
grasped wooden
balls. It has a
solid bottom with
a moulded rim
upon which rests
a circular pierced
disc (Illus. 230)
held in place by
a removable bolt
passing through
the centre piercing, and secured by a nut
screwed on the under side ; the flame came
through the piercings. By the same maker is
a chafing dish (Illus. 231) belonging to Mr.
Norman W. Cabot. Silver balls have undoubt
edly replaced those originally of wood.

230. John Coney. D. 4 in.

231. John Coney. H. 32 in.

328

Historic Silver of the Colonies

At a later date many were fitted with turned
wooden handles rivetted into silver sockets ; the
bodies continued to be wrought in the same
general shape as Mr. Cabot's chafing dish but
the lip became more everted. The principal
variations are in the piercings, in the scrolled
arms and in the feet. A chafing dish (Illus.
232) made by John Potwine (1698-1792) of

232. John Potwine. H. 3f in.
Boston, owned by Mrs. George F. Richardson,
has scrolled feet resting on wooden balls.
A chafing dish (Illus. 233) with shell feet, and
scrolled arms extending much further from the
body, is one of a pair owned by the estate of
Mrs. Theodore Lyman. It bears the London
date-letter for 1743-44 and was made by Richard
Gurney & Co. who wrought in 1759-60 a
bellied tankard belonging to the Independ
ent or Congregational Church at Charleston,
South Carolina. The tankard is engraved with

Chafing Dishes

329

233. London, 1743-44. H. 3J in.

the initials y ^r for Josiah and Mary Smith.
Josiah Smith, deacon of the church for forty
years, was a successful merchant and in 1775
made large loans to the government ; he was
appointed cashier of the United States Bank at
Charleston in 1790.
The dish cross (Illus. 234) with the London
date-letter for 1773-74, made by William Pen-
stone, belongs to Judge A. T. Clearwater. Such
were made in England during the latter half of

234. London, 1773-74. L. 12! in.

330 Historic Silver of the Colonies
the eighteenth century : the four horizontal
bars are joined to two circular revolving rings
which encircle the spirit lamp ; the shell feet
and bracket arms are furnished with pierced
sliding sockets fitting the bars, which enables
dishes of various sizes to rest on the arms.
Like the chafing dishes they served the purpose
of keeping the food hot and prevented injury to
the polished table.
The pierced Irish dish ring erroneously called
a potato ring, a common article in Ireland after
1750, "was used throughout the dinner to sup
port in turn the earthenware soup bowl, the
wooden potato bowl, the glass fruit dish and
the silver punch bowl."

TEAPOTS KETTLES URNS
SYDNEY SMITH said: "Thank God for
tea ! What would the world do without
tea ? — how did it exist ? I am glad I was
not born before tea."
"The earliest mention of tea by any English
man is believed to be contained in a letter from
Mr. Wickham, an agent of the East India
Company, written from Firando in Japan on
the 27th June 161 5, to Mr. Eaton, another agent
of the Company, resident at Macao, asking for
a pot of the best sort of Chaw : the term Chaw,
from the Chinese ch'a, being the expression
used at that time by Europeans in speaking of
tea. In Mr. Eaton's accounts of expenditure,
at a subsequent date, occurs the entry: 'three
silver porringers to drink chaw in.' It was not,
however, until the second quarter of the seven
teenth century that the use of tea began in
England. Upon its introduction it was drunk
exclusively on account of its medicinal proper
ties and the price ranged from £6 to £10 per
pound. In his diary of 1660 Pepys says that
he sent for a cup of tea, 'a China drink of which
I had never drunk before.'" (c. j. j.).
Teapots of Oriental ware were naturally the
331

332 Historic Silver of the Colonies
first to come into use in England and un
questionably the tea brewed in porcelain or
earthenware is best. They were more liable to
destruction and the wonder is that so many of
the charming little teapots made in England
and sent to America still exist; only because
they were treasured with so much care can
explain it. The Oriental teapots were copied by
the English craftsmen in silver.
At first apparently no difference in size was
made in the English teapot, coffee pot and
chocolate pot ; but after several years the teapot
was made lower and in later years broader. In
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century
teapots were made in many different shapes.
The earliest English silver teapots were of
tapering cylindrical shape and had the handles
at right angles to the tapering cylindrical spouts.
The single-scrolled wooden handles fitted into
silver sockets, to the upper one of which the con
ical cover was sometimes hinged. They were
tall and did not differ from the same objects in
tended for coffee and chocolate. It seems highly
probable that no distinction was made as to their ¦
use and that one of these pots answered all re
quirements ; how one chose to designate it was
decided by the use to which it was being put at
the moment. O that Alice's soliloquy "what does
it call itself, I wonder ?" could be answered !
In the Victoria and Albert Museum is a
teapot of this description which is 13-^ inches
in height ; it is the earliest example known and

Teapots Kettles Urns

333

bears the London date-letter for 1670-71. For
tunately an inscription enlightens us as to its
name : " This siluer tea : Pott was presented
to yc Comtte of ye East India Cumpany by yc
Right Honoe George Lord Berkeley of Berkeley
Castle A member of the Honourable & worthy
Society and A true Hearty Louer of them 1670."
The Colonial silversmiths do not appear to
have copied the tall early English teapots some
times called lantern-shaped ; the nearest ap
proach to them is the cylindrical coffee pot of
the middle of the eighteenth century.
The cylindrical teapot (Illus. 235) belonging
to Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer and made by Paul
Revere (173 5-1 8 18) of Boston, perhaps best

334

Historic Silver of the Colonies

illustrates the type that was likely to have been
evolved from the tall cylindrical teapot first
made in England. The straight spout and the
handle sockets are fluted ; the flat bottom, the
shoulder and the edge of the low domed cover
have gadrooned borders ; the hinge is affixed
to the cover and to the shoulder, forming a
right angle.
More in accordance with the modern idea of a
teapot were the smaller pots made in England

236, John Coney. H. 8 in

Teapots Kettles Urns 335
at the end of the seventeenth and early in the
eighteenth century; these had the handles at
right angles to the spouts which were in the
form of a duck's neck curving quite closely to
the body. The teapot (Illus. 236) engraved
with the arms of Perkins, made by John Coney
(1655-1722) of Boston, is pear-shaped in outline
— like the English pot of the early eighteenth
century. The domed cover with a turned finial
is hinged to the upper handle socket close to
the lip of the teapot ; the scrolled handle is
of wood and the spout is in the form of a duck's
neck. It is in the Clearwater collection at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
A very near approach to this Coney teapot
was made by the silversmiths of New York and
vicinity : it is quite typical of the English pots
made during the first quarter of the eighteenth
century. The lower part of the plain body is
more compressed and larger round ; the neck
has been lengthened and a moulded band divides
them. The teapot (Illus. 237) made by I.
Ten Eyck of Albany belongs to Mr. George S.
Palmer. The domed cover with a moulded
band is hinged to the outer part of the socket ;
the wooden knob is held in place by a silver
ornamental bolt ; the scrolled wooden handle
terminates in a tongue ; the duck-neck spout
extending further from the body is capped in
such a way as to give it the appearance of a
bird's beak. The caps on English teapots were
frequently hinged.

336

Historic Silver of the Colonies

237. I. Ten Eyck. H. 7 in.

A teapot of this variety (Illus. 238), made
perhaps by Josiah Austin (1719-80) of Charles
town, seems to fit in some particulars, between
the teapots just described. The outlines of
the body are unbroken as in the Coney teapot
but the neck is lengthened as in that by Ten
Eyck. The principal difference is in the domed
and moulded cover of undulating outline. The
wooden knob is missing and the ornamental
silver bolt has slipped down. It is engraved
with the Cushing arms and belongs to Mrs.
Robert N. Toppan.
A globular teapot on a moulded foot came into

Teapots Kettles Urns

337

238. Josiah Austin ? H. si in-

fashion in England early in the eighteenth
century, a variety made up to about 1770. A
gold Scotch teapot of that form, of about the
date 1735, belongs to Mr. Leopold de Rothschild ;
the spout is straight as in the earliest types.
Some teapots are literally globular but most of
those so designated are flattened at the cover
and base.
A Colonial specimen of the globular teapot
(Illus. 239) with a straight spout, has a detach
able cover with a wooden knob. The only
ornamentation is the gadrooned edge of the
base, and of_the shoulder and cover. Thejpho-

338

Historic Silver of the Colonies

tograph was kindly furnished by the Towle
Manufacturing Co. of Newburyport, Massa
chusetts. A teapot (Illus. 240) of this variety made by
Jacob Hurd (1702-58) of Boston, with a hinged
cover, is engraved on the shoulder with a narrow
border enclosing bellflowers ; on the side

are

239. Colonial.
the arms of Andrews ( ?). On the bottom is : "E.
Storer 1756" for Ebenezer Storer junior whose
mother was Mary Edwards the daughter of
John Edwards the silversmith. It belonged to
the late Miss Georgiana G. Eaton, a descendant,
but has been given to the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston, by her brothers, Messrs. Francis
S. and William S. Eaton.
The teapot (Illus. 241) owned by Mrs. George

Teapots Kettles Urns

339

240. Jacob Hurd. H. si in.

241. Paul Revere Senior. H. si in.

340 Historic Silver of the Colonies
W. Harrington is engraved with the initials
T
w r>. Surrounding the hinged cover with a
wooden knob, is an engraved border of scrolls
with an angel's head in front ; while the spout
is of the same general shape as that on the Hurd
teapot, the lower part of the opening is everted.
The maker was Apollos Rivoire (1702-54) a
Huguenot silversmith, born in Riancaud, France,
who came to Boston when thirteen years of age
and was apprenticed to John Coney ; he angli
cized his name to Paul Revere and was the father
of Paul Revere (1735-1818). A portrait of
the latter, painted by Copley, shows him holding
in his hands a teapot of this description which
he has apparently just finished.
Belonging to Mrs. L. B. Taft is a teapot (Illus.
242) with a hinged domed cover, surrounded by
engraved scrolls with a human mask in front ;
on the bottom is the date "1766"; the silver
handle has ivory insulators which act as non
conductors of the heat. It was made by Nathan
iel Hurd (1729-77) of Boston, the son of Cap
tain Jacob Hurd the silversmith ; he is better
known as an engraver of prints and book-plates.
The following advertisement appeared in the
Boston Evening Post, December "27, 1762 : "En
graved and Sold by Nath. Hurd, a striking
likeness of his Majesty King George the Third,
Mr. Pitt and General Wolfe, fit for a Picture,
or for Gentlemen and Ladies to put in their
watches." The Harvard College book-plate,

Teapots Kettles Urns

341

with the seal of the college, was engraved by
Nathaniel Hurd. A portrait of him, painted by
Copley, has recently been acquired by the Cleve
land Museum of Art, at Cleveland, Ohio.

242. Nathaniel Hurd. H. 5f in.
Owned by the estate of Sally Pickman Dwight
is a teapot (Illus. 243) made by John Coburn
(1725— 1803) of Boston. The wooden handle
has a scroll termination ; the spout has a large
shell support, and is much lengthened ; the
shoulder is engraved with a border of scrolls
and flowers. The Pickman arms are engraved
upon the side and on the bottom are the in
itials : "LP to MP" for Love Pickman to her
daughter-in-law Mrs. Mary (Toppan) PickmVrH.

342 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Love Rawlins became the wife of Benjamin
Pickman in 173 1. He was a successful mer
chant of Salem and' held many public offices ;
representative and councillor, judge of the
superior court, colonel of the Essex regiment
and a member of the Committee of War in 1745.

243. John Coburn. H. 6\ in.
His portrait painted by Greenwood is in the
Essex Institute at Salem. A tankard made by
Daniel Parker (1726-85) of Boston was given by
Benjamin Pickman to the First Church of
Salem in 1759 but was transferred to the North
Church in 1772 when he presented to the latter
a baptismal basin made by Joseph Edwards
junior (1737-83) of Boston. Mary Toppan
married Benjamin Pickman junior in 1762 : she

Teapots Kettles Urns

343

was the donor in 1802 to the North Church at
Salem of a pair of mugs made by Paul Revere
(1735-1818). Portraits of Benjamin and Mary
Pickman painted by Copley in 1763 are in the
possession of their great-great-grandson Mr.
George Peabody Wetmore.

L

244. London, 1759-60. H. 6\ in.

In England the form of teapot which came
after the globular type was an inverted pear-
shape. Of this description is the teapot (Illus.
244) with the London date-letter for 1759-60,
made by William Grundy the maker of many
vessels described in "The Old Silver of Ameri
can Churches." The hinged domed cover is spi
rally fluted, as is the lower half of the body;
gadrooned edges surround the mouth and

344 Historic Silver of the Colonies

245. Benjamin Burt. H. 75 in.
base. Inscribed on the base are the names of
the various owners : " Rebecca, daughter of
Thomas Amory and Rebecca Holmes born 1725
died 1796 married Edward Payne; Rebecca
Lowell 1771-1842; Anna Cabot Lowell 1808-
1894; Sarah Putnam Lowell Blake 1843-99."
The name of the present owner, John Amory
Lowell Blake, is inscribed inside the cover.
A plain Colonial teapot (Illus. 245) with a
somewhat taller body and a higher domed
cover, made by Benjamin Burt (1729-1805) of
Boston, is engraved with the date 1765 and the
S
initials p -p for Peter and Elizabeth (Wendell)

Teapots Kettles Urns

345

Smith and belongs to Mrs. Charles W. Lord, a
descendant. Elizabeth Wendell was the
daughter of Jacob Wendell. Peter Smith was
the son of Rev. Thomas Smith who went to
Falmouth in 1725 as chaplain of the troops.
He also preached to the inhabitants and be
came first pastor of the church, now the First
Parish, Portland, Maine, where he died in
1795. His interesting journal has been published.
A great many teapots made in the last quarter
of the eighteenth century were oval or octagonal
in plan, with flat bases, vertical sides and straight
tapering spouts. They were made of sheet
silver, soldered where the handle is affixed, and
were ornamented with bright-cut and -en
graved work consisting of bands of foliage,
medallions and festoons. Small stands with
four feet were frequently made to support

246. London, 1780-81. H. 4 in.

346

Historic Silver of the Colonies

teapots of this kind to protect the polished
tables from the heat. A teapot (Illus. 246) of
this variety, belonging to Mrs. F. C. Martin,
was made by William Vincent in 1780-81. It
is oval in plan with narrow vertical panels at
each side of the central serpentine panel ; the
fluted tapering spout is cylindrical ; the hinged
and flat cover is surmounted by a silver pine
apple with leaves — the emblem of hospitality ;
the silver handle has ivory insulators.
A Colonial teapot (Illus. 247) of much the
same outline, made by Paul Revere (1735-1818),

247. Paul Revere and Son. H. si in-
belongs to Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer. The orig
inal bill from Paul Revere and Son is dated
April 8, 1789. The initials in the medallion
MB are for Captain Moses Brown who died

Teapots Kettles Urns

347

at Newburyport, January i, 1804 at the age of
62. He commanded several of the largest
privateers during the Revolution and distin
guished himself on various occasions. At the

248. Zachariah Brigden. H. 6f in.
time the United States navy was established
the merchants of Newburyport built for the
government, by subscription, the ship Merri
mack and placed in command Moses Brown
who received his commission as captain Sep
tember 15, 1798.
An oval teapot (Illus. 248) ordered to com
memorate the opening of the Charles River
bridge between Boston and Charlestown —
both river and town named for Charles I
— was fittingly made by Zachariah Brigden

348 Historic Silver of the Colonies
who was born at Charlestown in 1734 and died
at Boston March 19, 1787, less than a year
after the making of the teapot. Engraved in
an oval panel is a representation of the bridge
and in a similar panel on the other side is
inscribed: "Presented to Capt. David Wood,
by the Proprietors of charles river bridge,
in Testimony of their entire Approbation of
his faithful Services, as a special Director
of that Work, begun a.d. 1785, and perfected
a.d. 1786." The Charles River bridge is partic
ularly worthy of mention as it was the longest
bridge in the world when it was built, and con
structed entirely of wood with the exception of
the abutments. The architect was Captain
John Stone of Concord but the credit of the
undertaking must be given to that ingenious
shipwright Lemuel Cox, the pioneer bridge
builder of the United States, who considered the
construction practicable. He not only built
the bridge to Maiden in 1787 and the Essex
bridge at Salem but was invited to go to Ire
land where he constructed the bridge over the
Foyle, at Londonderry. The teapot belongs
to a descendant of Captain David Wood, Mr.
Henry H. Edes. The bright-cut and engraved
borders and the festoons of flowers surrounding
the panels are considerably more elaborate than
is usual. The four ball feet were common on
teapots, sugar bowls and cream pitchers at the
beginning of the nineteenth century.
An oval teapot (Illus. 249) with curving body

Teapots Kettles Urns

349

and domed cover, bearing the Newcastle date-
letter for 1 799-1 800, made by Thomas Watson,
has a tray with the London date-letter for 1800-
1801 made by John Emes. These pieces were
part of a tea service originally belonging to a
magistrate of Sheffield, England, to whom they

249. Newcastle, 1799-1800. H. 6f in.
were presented by a mob which had attacked
and stoned his house through mistake during
some political strife, and desired to make amends.
They were presented to Mary Isabella (James)
Gozzaldi by the Hannah Winthrop Chapter of
the Daughters of the American Revolution
May 17, 1906.
Tea kettles at the time of Queen Anne were
made in the form of contemporary teapots,

350 Historic Silver of the Colonies
and had pear-shaped bodies with spouts of the
duck-neck type. The stand upon which the
kettle rests is fitted with a spirit lamp for
the purpose of boiling the water for use in the
teapot. They follow the changing fashions of
the teapot ; the only difference is in the posi
tion of the handle and spout ; and in the relative
size of the two. Many of the time of George I
and the early part of the reign of George II
were of globular form.
A Colonial kettle (Illus. 250) of this variety
was made by Jacob Hurd (1702-58) the maker
of many teapots of the same form. The duck-
neck spout with a moulded collar terminates in
a bird's beak ; the flat cover is surmounted by
an ivory knob resting on a silver base and held
in place by an ornamental bolt ; the hinged
handle is flat and solid ; the stand rests on four
scrolled claw feet from which spring four
narrow arched mouldings to support the spirit
lamp ; two long silver pins, affixed to the base
by chains, may be inserted into the rim of the
body to fasten the kettle and stand together. It
is engraved with the Lowell arms and owned by
Mrs. Stanley Cunningham, the granddaughter
of James Russell Lowell to whom it was a
familiar object and doubtless in use when he
received his literary friends at "Elmwood."
It was at "Elmwood" that Thomas Bailey
Aldrich lived during Mr. Lowell's visit to Spain
and where he wrote the delightful stories of
"Margery Daw" and "Prudence Palfrey."

Teapots Kettles Urns 351
Tea and coffee services, although made in Eng
land before the middle of the eighteenth century,
are rarely found before the accession of George III.

250. Jacob Hurd. H. 9! in.

352 Historic Silver of the Colonies

251. Paul kevere. H. j\ m.

251. H. 7

251. H. 9i in.

Teapots Kettles Urns 353
Belonging to the Museum of Fine Arts, Bos
ton, is a tea service (Illus. 251) which was made
by Paul Revere (173 5-1 8 18) of Boston, consist
ing of an oval pot and tray, a cream pitcher
on a square plinth base, and a vase-shaped
sugar bowl. It was the gift of Mr. James
Longley in 1896. The inscription is : "To
Edmund Hartt Constructor of the Frigate
Boston. Presented by a number of his fellow
citizens as a Memorial of their sense of his
Ability Zeal & Fidelity in the completion of
that Ornament of the American Navy. 1799."
Edmund Hartt, an original trustee of the
Mechanic Charitable Association, lived on Ship
Street in Boston opposite his shipyard which is
now known as Constitution wharf — as there
was built the famous Constitution the keel of
which was laid in November 1794. The frigate
Boston, so named because the funds were sub
scribed by the citizens of Boston, was built at
Hartt's Naval Yard and launched June 12,
1799. Tea urns took the place of kettles in the
third quarter of the eighteenth century. Some
were provided with spirit lamps while others
were fitted with a socket in the centre of the
urn into which was put a hot iron cylinder to
preserve the heat. The heated water was used
to replenish the teapot ; occasionally the urn
was filled with tea already made. An urn
(Illus. 252) with the London date-letter for
1795-96 engraved with the initials AC, for
2 A

354 Historic Silver of the Colonies

252. London, 1795

H. I2f in.

Madam Anna Craigie, was bought at the
sale of her effects by Mrs. Abbott Lawrence to
whose granddaughter, Mrs. H. A. Lamb, it

Teapots Kettles Urns

355

now belongs. The ring handles hang from the
mouths of lions' heads ; the border is bright-cut.
A plain vase-shaped urn (Illus. 253) with

253. Paul Revere. H. 19 in.

356 Historic Silver of the Colonies
looped handles, made by Paul Revere, is owned
by Mr. Gamaliel Bradford to whose great-grand
father it had belonged. It is inscribed: "To
Perpetuate The Gallant defence Made by Cap'
Gamaliel Bradford in the Ship Industry on the
8? July 1800 when Attacked by four French Pri
vateers in the Streights of Gibralter This Urn is
Presented to him by Samuel Parkman." Captain
Bradford was a descendant of William Bradford
the second governor of Plymouth Colony.
A Dutch urn (Illus. 254) with square-shaped
handles formed of two flat sections joined to
gether with rosettes of quatrefoil shape, is
inscribed in a circular panel: "To Charles
Bulfinch Esq. Presented by the Catholics of
Boston Jany 1. 1806." Charles Bulfinch, the
noted architect of the Capitol at Washington,
of the State House at Boston and of many
other fine buildings, furnished gratuitously the
plans for the Church of the Holy Cross built
in 1803 on Federal Street. It was the earliest
Roman Catholic church erected in the United
States, with the exception of that at Newcastle
in Maine founded by John Cheverus. The
church at Boston was built through the efforts
of Father Matignon and John Cheverus who
became bishop of the diocese — and later a
cardinal — a man as much beloved by the
Protestants who contributed largely to the
fund, as by the Catholics. The two doves on
the top of the urn are thought to typify the
peaceful relations existing between the sects.

Teapots Kettles Urns

357

Miss Ellen S. Bulfinch, a granddaughter of
Charles Bulfinch, has given the urn to the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

254. Dutch, 1806. H. 131 in.

TEA CADDIES

" /^>( ADDY (a corruption of catty from kati,
I the Malay word for a pound) the term
^ — applied to the small box, containing
about iilb., in which tea was originally imported
into England, is the
name in general use
for the box or can
ister in which tea
is kept for use." *
It was not until
early in the eight
eenth century that
tea caddies were
generally used in
England. The com
monest form in the
first quarter of the
century was plain
and of bottle shape;
sometimes they were made with a sliding bottom
so that they could be more easily filled. Ap
parently, the Colonial silversmiths did not make
them. A plain caddy (Illus. 255) rectangular in out-
* (C. J. J.)
358

255. London, 1713-14. H. 3! in.

Tea Caddies

359

line, made by William Ash, with the London
date-letter for 1713-14, belongs to Mr. Dwight
M. Prouty. The caddy is divided by a vertical
partition to hold two kinds of tea ; the sliding
top, in two sections, enables the removal of
either ; the lock and key show that great value
was placed on the
contents. Owned by Mr.
Norman W. Cabot
is a rectangular
caddy (Illus. 256)
of the bottle shape
with moulded cor
ners, bearing the
London date-letter
for 1724-25 ; the
sliding iid has a
removable cap ; a
shield of arms is
engraved upon it.
The caddy came
into Mr. Cabot's
possession through
an ancestor's mar
riage with the
Sewall family.
A caddy (Illus. 257) in the rococo style,
with the London date-letter for 1758-59 and
made by Pierre Gillois, was originally one of a set
of three — the centre caddy being of a larger
size. Such were frequently made in England

256. London, 1724-25. H. 5 in.

360 Historic Silver of the Colonies
for the purpose of holding three different kinds
of tea which were blended to suit the individual
taste. The arms engraved upon it are thought

257. London, 1758-59. H. si in.
to be the arms of Bulfinch impaling those of
Apthorp. The caddy at one time belonged to
Thomas Bulfinch, the author of "The Age of
Fable" and "The Legends of Charlemagne" :
it is now the property of Miss Ellen S. Bulfinch,
a descendant. A larger caddy (Illus. 258) with the London
date-letter for 1792-93, owned by Mr. Dwight
M. Prouty, is oval like the contemporary teapots
and sugar bowls ; it is decorated with garlands
and borders of bright-cut engraving. In a panel

Tea Caddies

361

is the inscription: "JBC to JLC." It was
made by Peter and Ann Bateman, the makers of
a mug, dated 1 799-1 800, which was the gift

London, 1792-93. H. 6| in.

of Mrs. Anne Waring of Tranquil Hall near
Summerville to the Congregational or Presby
terian Church (the "White Meeting") at Dor
chester, South Carolina.

STRAINERS

259. London. L. 10 in. 362

STRAINERS were made
to a con
siderable extent
in the Colonies
by the last half
of the eighteenth
century; the
bowls, about 4
inches in diame
ter, were pierced
in various designs
and the long
handles reached
across the lips of
bowls or pitchers
for straining
punch ; doubt
less they also
served as strain
ers for tea.
Belonging to
Mrs. George W.
Harrington is an
English strainer
(Illus. 259) upon
which the marks
are indistinct on

Strainers

363

account of the pierc
ings ; the handles are
rococo. Attached to
one side of the bowl
is a projecting leaf to
fit over the lip of a
vessel. A strainer (Illus.
260) with zigzag
handles, made by
Daniel Parker (1726-
85) of Boston is en
graved with the in-
itials r> it for Benja
min Hall and his wife
Hepzibah Jones whom
he married May 3,
1752. It belongs to
Mr. Vernon H. Hall,
a descendant. Another type of
handle, arched and
scrolled, is that on
the strainer (Illus.
261) made by Samuel
Edwards (1705-62) of
Boston, and engraved S

with the initials

v

' , feij

^ ^

/

IS.

¦

'
260
. Daniel Parker. L. ii|
IE-
It was probably a gift from the maker to his step
brother Isaac Smith upon the latter's marriage
364

Historic Silver of the Colonies

in 1 746 to Samuel Ed
wards's niece Eliza
beth Storer and it
is owned by Mrs. T.
D. Townsend, a de
scendant. Samuel
Edwards, the son of
John Edwards (1670-
1746), married Au
gust 23, 1733 Sarah
Smith of Charles
town, the daughter
of William and Abi
gail (Fowle) Smith ;
her mother became
the wife of John
Edwards in 1740.
Sarah Smith's sister
Mary married Eben
ezer Austin and they
were the parents of
Ebenezer Austin
(1733-1818) a silver
smith at Hartford
in Connecticut, after
1764. The value of
Samuel Edwards's
estate amounted to
£3816.12.11-^.
Belonging to Mr. George S. Palmer is an un
marked strainer (Illus. 262) with a single handle
similar to that of a porringer. Surrounding the

261. Samuel Edwards. L. ii in.

Strainers

365

centre ornament is pierced :
August 26, 1772." Captain
married July 11, 1772 in Providence, Freelove
daughter of Captain James Fenner.

"Silvanus Jencks
Silvanus Jencks

262. Colonial. D. 41 in.

COFFEE AND CHOCOLATE POTS
""V T EITHER coffee nor chocolate appears
1^^ to have been known in England before
the middle of the seventeenth century.
The use of coffee seems to have originated in
Abyssinia, whence it passed to Arabia and
Turkey; it is said to have been known in Ger
many in the latter part of the sixteenth century.
An entry dated loth May, 1637 in Evelyn's
Diary, refers to one Nathaniel Conopios, out of
Greece, from Cyrill, the patriarch of Constan
tinople, as the first he ever saw drink coffee
which custom came not into England till thirty
years after (thirty is said to have been written
in error for twenty). " (c. j. j.)
In " The Rape of the Lock " Pope wrote :
" Coffee, which makes the politician wise,
And see through all things with his half-shut eyes."
"Chocolate, a preparation of cocoa mixed
with sugar and some aromatic substance, such
as vanilla, was brought into England shortly
after the introduction of coffee. Columbus is
said to have been the first to bring a knowledge
of cocoa to Europe from the American continent,
but it was not until the second quarter of the
366

Coffee and Chocolate Pots 367
seventeenth century that chocolate was used as
a beverage in England. The earliest published
reference to the sale of it in London occurs in
the following announcement in the Public Ad
vertiser of the 16th June, 1657: 'In Bishopgate
Street, in Queen's Head Alley, at a Frenchman's
house, is an excellent West India drink, called
chocolate, to be sold, where you may have it
ready at any time, and also unmade, at reason
able rates.' In the course of half a century
from its introduction, chocolate became a very
fashionable beverage, but after the first quarter
of the eighteenth century it appears to have
fallen greatly out of favour." (c. j. j.)
Like the teapot, the earliest form of chocolate
pot and coffee pot was cylindrical, with the handle
fixed at a right angle to the spout which was
straight and tapering like the tall body, and some
times called lantern-shaped. In the Victoria
and Albert Museum is one of the earliest known
English coffee pots of this type ; it bears the Lon
don date-letter for 1681-82 and was a gift to the
East India Company. It does not differ ma
terially from the teapot made in 1670-71 except
that the handle is opposite the spout ; and it
was in all probability used for tea. The only
distinguishing feature of the chocolate pot seems
to be the hollow cylinder, on the cover, with a
removable cap, to permit the insertion of a stick
or brush to stir the contents that otherwise-
would thicken.
In the Clearwater collection at the Metropoli-

368

Historic Silver of the Colonies

tan Museum of Art, New York City, is a choco
late pot (Illus. 263) conical in outline, made by
Edward Winslow (1669-175 3) of Boston. It

is

263. Edward Winslow. H. gi in.

Coffee and Chocolate Pots 369
engraved with the arms of Hutchinson, a family
to which Winslow was closely related. The
fluted base is similar to that of contemporary
objects ; the wooden handle is at a right angle
to the duck-neck spout, the plain bulbous base
of which has a V-shaped tongue terminating in
a "cut-card" leaf; the domed cover, hinged and
fluted, has an open "cut-card" ornament sur
rounding the cylindrical top ; a removable cap
with an acorn finial is attached to a chain fas
tened at the other end to the handle.
Chocolate and coffee pots of the pyriform or
pear-shaped variety were made in England early
in the eighteenth century ; they were like the
contemporary teapot but the neck was elon
gated. John Coney (1655-1722) of Boston
made the chocolate pot (Illus. 264) belonging to
Mrs. Robert Soutter, a descendant of William
Downes and Elizabeth (Edwards) Cheever ;
C
their initials -^ y\_y in a panel of scrolls and
acanthus leaves were doubtless engraved at the
time of their marriage May 5, 1749; but the
pot was without doubt a part of the silverware
inherited from Elizabeth Edwards's mother,
the wife of Thomas Edwards the silversmith.
The duck-neck spout with a moulded collar
terminates in the form of a bird's beak ; a large
"cut-card" leaf ornament is on the body. The
finial is affixed to a small circular plate, made
to revolve on a pin, covering the opening for the
insertion of a stick. Constant wear evidently
2 B

37° Historic Silver of the Colonies

264. John Coney. H. gi in.
loosened the plate, for it is now soldered to the
cover. In England, somewhat later, the spout of the

Coffee and Chocolate Pots

371

chocolate pot was made as an extension of the
body at the lip. Such were also used for hot
water or milk. The covered jug (Illus. 265) of
this description, with the London date-letter for

265. London, 1794-95. H. 1 if in.

372 Historic Silver of the Colonies
1794-95, made by John Robbins, is wrought after
the fashion of a Roman vase and is decorated
with bright-cut engraving. It belongs to Dr.
C. W. Townsend. Many of this form were
embossed with festoons of flowers and laurel
leaves, tied with ribbons in the Adam style ; and
others were decorated with vertical acanthus
leaves on the lower part of the body.
Tall cylindrical silver pots continued to be
made in England during the second quarter of
the eighteenth century. Belonging to Mr. Wil
liam S. Townsend is a chocolate pot (Illus. 266)
of this variety with a tapering body and domed
cover, engraved with the Storer arms, and made
by Zachariah Brigden (1734-87) of Boston who
married Sarah the daughter of Thomas Edwards
the silversmith. The latter's sister Mary Ed
wards married Ebenezer Storer to whom the pot
originally belonged. The turned finial is affixed
to a small plate to which is soldered a cylindri
cal tube that closely fits into the opening in the
top of the cover, where the stick is inserted.
Of this description is the coffee pot (Illus. 267)
owned by Mr. Munroe Chickering and made by
Jacob Hurd (1702-58) of Boston. The Alleyne
arms in a scrolled and foliated panel were proba
bly engraved by Nathaniel Hurd who made a
book-plate for Thomas Alleyne (who married in
1755 Dorothy Harben Forster) to whom the
pot belonged.
In England in the middle of the eighteenth
century the cylindrical coffee pot was superseded

Coffee and Chocolate Pots 373

266. Zachariah Brigden. H. 9f in.
by a form of pot which approximated, in form,
the pear-shaped teapot of the reign of Queen
Anne ; the spouts were cast and extended much

374 Historic Silver of the Colonies

267. Jacob Hurd. H. 9 in.
further from the body ; it was popular through
out the Georgian period.
A coffee pot (Illus. 268) with its domed and
moulded cover, is cone-shaped in outline. It
bears the London date-letter for 1751-52 and
the makers' mark for William Shaw and William
Priest who made the tall cylindrical flagon and

Coffee and Chocolate Pots

375

pair of chalices with paten-covers belonging to
Stephney Parish, Somerset County, Maryland,
the gift in 1752 of Rev. Alexander Adams senior,
rector of that parish from 1704 until his death
in 1769. The plain body is engraved in scrolled
and foliated panels with the arms and crest of
Peter Faneuil, the wealthiest Bostonian of his

268. London, 1751-52. H. ioJ in.

376 Historic Silver of the Colonies

Paul Revere. H. nf in.

day, who gave to the town Faneuil Hall — the
"cradle of liberty." His sister Mary Faneuil
married George Bethune and gave to Christ
Church at Cambridge in 1791 a plain paten en
graved with the same arms. The coffee pot has
been given in the name of Mrs. Jane Bethune

Coffee and Chocolate Pots 377
(Craig) Hawkins to the Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston. A portrait of Peter Faneuil by Smibert
is in the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical
Society. The coffee pot (Illus. 269) made by Paul
Revere (1735-1818) of Boston, is more pear-
shaped in outline ; the edges of the base and
cover are gadrooned. It belongs to Mrs.
Thomas Bailey Aldrich whose husband depicted
his youthful life in "The Story of a Bad Boy."
His boyhood days were passed in the Nutter
house, acquired by the people of Portsmouth
as a memorial to the gifted author ; and his
wife and son have generously restored to it the
furnishings familiar to "Tom Bailey" — includ
ing the table upon which he wrote the story.
The coffee pot (Illus. 270) by the same maker,
owned by Mrs. T. D. Townsend, has a pro
nounced pear-shaped body with a rounded
bottom supported on three spreading shell feet ;
small cream pitchers with three feet were popu
lar in England between the years 1735-60.
A coffee pot (Illus. 271) belonging to Mrs.
Robert Hale Bancroft, with the London date-
letter for 1773-74, made by Francis Crump, is
similar in form to the inverted pear-shaped tea
pots and sugar bowls made during the second
half of the eighteenth century. The body, base
and cover are embossed with festoons of flowers ;
the edges are beaded ; the finial is an acorn in
the cup. Engraved on the long plain neck is a
shield of arms with the motto aime la vertu.

378

Historic Silver of the Colonies

270. Paul Revere. H. 12

Made by Paul Revere (i 735-181 8) is a coffee
pot (Illus. 272) of this variety with a gadrooned
border and edge on the circular foot ; the domed

Coffee and Chocolate Pots

379

cover has a gadrooned edge and a pine cone
finial. On one side are engraved the Warren
arms in a medallion suspended from a festoon of

271. London, 1773-74. H. 14! in.

38o

Historic Silver of the Colonies

272. Paul Revere. H. 132 in.

leaves and flowing ribbon with crossed branches
below; on the other side in a similar ornament
are the entwined initials JAW for Dr. John

Coffee and Chocolate Pots

381

Warren and his wife Abigail, the daughter of
Governor John Collins of Newport. Dr. Buck-
minster Brown, a grandson of John and Abigail

273. American. H. 13 i in.

382 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Warren, bequeathed the coffee pot to the Mu
seum of Fine Arts ; the tradition that it was
once owned by General Joseph Warren, killed at
Bunker Hill in 1775, is probably correct since
John and Abigail Warren were not married
until 1777 — -two years later.
In the last quarter of the eighteenth century
some coffee pots were wrought after the fashion
of the Roman vase. A plain coffee pot (Illus.
273) with this form of body and a long concave
neck, is supported by a high circular foot and
base resting on a square plinth ; the spout, base
and intersections are beaded — a popular decora
tion in England between the years 1775 and 1815.
It belongs to Mrs. F. P. Garvan, and is proba
bly American but without a maker's mark.

SPOUT CUPS
THESE interesting cups sometimes called
feeding cups are intended for use in time
of illness ; doubtless they were put to
many other uses. The books on English plate
do not comment on them and they may therefore
be of Colonial origin.
A spout cup (Illus. 274) made by John Ed
wards ( 1 670-1 746) of Boston, bears much re-

274. John Edwards. H. 51
3«3

384 Historic Silver of the Colonies
semblance in the outline of the body to an
Oriental vase. The duck-neck spout at a right
angle to the wooden handle and the "cut-card"
leaves surrounding the finial of the low domed
cover, indicate that it was wrought early in
the eighteenth century. A small circular hole,
with a tiny cover turning on a pin, permits the
insertion of a stick to stir the contents.
Inscribed on the bottom is: "Ex dono Dni c
Johannis George 1706" and the initials y, T,
doubtless those of Benjamin Colman, the first
pastor of the Brattle Street Church, and of his
wife Jane Clarke. John George, a merchant of
Boston, proposed in January 171 3 the "Erecting
of a Light Hous and Lanthorn on some Head
Land at the Entrance of the Harbour of Boston
for the Direction of Ships and Vessells in the
Night Time Bound into the said Harbour."
The General Court authorized the erection of a
lighthouse and it was completed September 14,
1716; for two hundred years Boston Light has
guided the mariner. John George married
Lydia Lee; after his death in 1714, she married
Rev. Cotton Mather ; by his will he leaves £5
to Rev. Benjamin Colman, in whose church he
owned a pew. By Benjamin Colman's will of
1747 he ordered to be sold what little plate he
had. The spout cup was undoubtedly purchased
by Martha Salisbury whose initials also are on it.
It was bequeathed to the Worcester Art Museum
by Stephen Salisbury. Except in decoration it

Spout Cups

385

does not differ from a chocolate pot shown by Mr.
Jackson ; perhaps it was used for a like purpose.
John Allen (1 671-1760) and John Edwards
( 1 670-1 746) of Boston made a spout cup (Illus.
275) similar to the little English mug of 1688-
89 ; the shape and reeded neck are derived from

275. Allen and Edwards. H. 5 in.
the stoneware jugs of the sixteenth century.
Engraved upon the side is a crest ; the initials

D
CM

are those of Caleb and Mary Davis who
were married in 1783 ; it belongs to Mrs. Alex
ander Whiteside, a descendant.

386

Historic Silver of the Colonies

A spout cup (Illus. 276) of the same shape,
without a cover, which may have been lost, is
engraved with the initials AS for Ann Simpson

276. Samuel Haugh. H. 35 in.
who married Nathaniel Glover in 1750: it be
longs to Miss Margaret C. Wyman, a descend
ant. The earlier initials T D cannot be identi
fied. It was made by Samuel Haugh (1675-
1717) of Boston, an apprentice of Thomas
Savage (1664-1749) ; his aunt Sarah Haugh
married Ephraim Savage, the uncle of Thomas
Savage, who had previously married Mary the
sister of Daniel Quincy (1651-90); his mar
riage to Margaret Cowell September 30, 1697

Spout Cups

387

brought him into close connection with William
Cowell (1682-1736). Samuel Sewall was his
guardian. Andrew Tyler (1692-1741) of Boston made a
spout cup (Illus. 277) of similar form ; the initials
S
t y are those of Isaac and Elizabeth (Storer)
Smith who were married in 1746; it belongs to
Mrs. T. D. Townsend, a descendant.

277. Andrew Tyler. H. 4! in.
Mrs. F. C. Martin owns the spout cup (Illus.
278) engraved with the Coffin crest. Its high
domed cover and pear-shaped outline resemble

388 Historic Silver of the Colonies
the Coney teapot. The maker, Nathaniel Morse
(1685-1748) of Boston, was probably apprenticed
to Coney and in 173 1 engraved the rare portrait
of Matthew Henry a Nonconformist divine.

278. Nathaniel Morse. H. si in.
The beaker-shaped spout cup (Illus. 279) be
longing to the writer, probably never had a
y
cover. The initials j ^ are probably those of

Spout Cups

389

John and Mercy (Prence) Freeman who were
married in 1650. Mercy Freeman died at Har
wich in 1 72 1 and the maker of the cup, Moody
Russell ( 1 694-1 761) of Barnstable, Massachu
setts, was the appraiser of her silverware. He
was a nephew of Edward Winslow (1669-1753)
to whom he was apprenticed. The Rev. John

279. Moody Russell. H. 3 in.
Russell, his grandfather, of Hadley, long con
cealed the regicides Goffe and Whalley at his
house where they died, and their bodies were
buried in his grounds, near the foundations of
the house; Eleazer Russell (1663-91), his uncle,
was a silversmith of Boston ; his sister Abigail
married Nathaniel Otis and their son Major
Jonathan Otis (1723-91) an ardent patriot, was
a silversmith who, at the capture of Newport
by the British in 1778, moved to Middletown,

39° Historic Silver of the Colonies
Connecticut, where he was active in aiding those
made destitute by the war. Moody Russell
made beakers for the Barnstable and Truro
churches ; in the First Parish Sandwich, Massa
chusetts, is a pair of beakers, also made by him
— the gift in 1719 of Shearjashub Bourne who
resided on the Marshpee plantation and carried
on a lucrative trade with the Indians.

TOBACCO SNUFF AND NUTMEG BOXES

A

CENTURY has brought about a change
since Cowper wrote :

" Pernicious weed ! whose scent the fair annoys,
Unfriendly to society's chief joys :
Thy worst effect is banishing for hours
The sex whose presence civilizes ours."
Sir Ralph Lane, appointed governor of Vir
ginia by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, abandoned
the Province in 1586 and returned to England
with Sir Francis Drake taking with him tobacco
and pipes. He appears to have been responsible
for the smoking habit which became popular
in England and rapidly spread throughout
Europe. Charles Lamb said: "For thy sake,
tobacco, I would do anything but die." Silver
boxes for holding tobacco were made in England
by the middle of the seventeenth century. .
An oval box (Illus. 280) made by John Coney
(1655-1722) of Boston, with a loose lid en
graved with the arms of Jeffries, belongs to Mr.
William A. Jeffries; it is inscribed: "Donum
RG 1701."
Mr. Jackson tells us that when the habit of
taking snuff followed that of smoking, the article
391

392

Historic Silver of the Colonies

was first made in long, hard dried rolls, called
"carottes", which were rubbed on a grater;
in the last quarter of the seventeenth century

280. John Coney. L. 3 J in.
it was sold grated. In the reign of Queen Anne
the habit of taking snuff became general among
all classes and snuff boxes of great variety were
fashionable. Goldsmith in " Retaliation " says of Sir
Joshua Reynolds :
" When they talk'd of their Raphaels, Correggios, and stuff,
He shifted his trumpet and only took snuff."

Tobacco Snuff and Nutmeg Boxes 393
Owned by the Misses Loring is a gold snuff
box (Illus. 281) made by Jacob Hurd (1702-
58) of Boston, engraved with the Dummer
arms and bequeathed by William Dummer in
his will of June 28, 1756 to his nephew William
Powell. Lieutenant-Governor William Dummer
was acting chief-magistrate for the greater part
of his term (1716-29) while Governor Samuel
Shute was absent : one of the principal events of
his incumbency of the office was the introduc
tion by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston of inoculation for
smallpox. In "Old Landmarks of Boston"
Mr. Samuel Adams Drake says : "This terrible
distemper which had scourged Boston with
great violence at different times was arrested

281. Jacob Hurd. L. 2| in.

by this simple expedient, which the Western
world owes to a woman. Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu accompanied her husband to the

394 Historic Silver of the Colonies

Porte, where he was ambassador, in 1716.
While there she witnessed the custom among the
Turks of 'engrafting' for smallpox. She at
once exerted her extraordinary epistolary powers
to procure the introduction of this great boon
into England and by great exertions happily
succeeded." William Dummer was the donor
in 1726 of a flagon made by John Edwards
(1670-1746) tothe First Church, Boston; of a
flagon, made by William Cowell junior (1713-61)
of Boston, to the Hollis Street Church and of
two cups, made by John Edwards, to the Byfield
Parish Church at Newbury, Massachusetts.
There may still be seen his farm and house as
well as Dummer Academy which he founded.
Jeremiah Dummer
the silversmith was
his father.
A silver snuff
box (Illus. 282)
inscribed : " S.
Smith" was made
by William Whit-
temore (1710-70)
of Portsmouth in
New Hampshire,
whose mother was
a sister of Sir William Pepperell. He was the
maker of three beakers given by his grandfather
William Pepperell to the First Congregational
Church, Kittery, Maine ; of a beaker belonging
to the Congregational Church, Newington, New

William Whittemore

Tobacco Snuff and Nutmeg Boxes 395

Hampshire, the gift of John Downing ; and of a
chalice in St. John's Church at Portsmouth
given by Captain Christopher Rymes.
A snuff box (Illus. 283) with the London date-
letter for 1819-20, belonging to Mr. George E.
Brown, has
in relief on
the hinged
cover a tav
ern scene
after Ten-
iers. It was
given by the
Duke of Sus
sex, son of
George III,
to Robert
Ball Hughes
the sculptor who, before coming to the United
States in 1829, had received for his busts of
royalty and nobility, all the honors the Royal
Academy could bestow. His statue of Alex
ander Hamilton — the first work executed in
marble in the United States — for the Mer
chants Exchange at New York was unfortu
nately destroyed by fire in 1835. His model
of an equestrian statue of Washington for the
city of Philadelphia was unanimously accepted
but the financial panic of 1837 prevented its.
erection in bronze ; the original clay model in
perfect preservation still exists.
Nutmeg boxes were small enough to be carried

283. London, 1819-20. L. 3! in.

396

Historic Silver of the Colonies

in the pocket so that one might season the food
when travelling. They did not come into fashion
in England before the eighteenth century.
Aaron Hill wrote these lines on a window in
Scotland :
"Tender-handed stroke a nettle,
And it stings you for your pains ;
Grasp it like a man of mettle,
And it soft as silk remains.
'Tis the same with common natures :
Use 'em kindly, they rebel ;
But be rough as nutmeg-graters,
And the rogues obey you well."
A cylindrical nutmeg box (Illus. 284) with a
loose cover encloses a cylindrical grater which
1 must be removed to grate the
nutmeg on to the food or drink ;
it has been presented to the
Museum of Fine Arts, at Boston,
by the Misses Rogers who are
descendants of the maker, John
Coburn (1 725-1 803) of Boston.
Owned by Mr. George S.
Palmer is a small box (Illus. 285)
circular in form, with a flat back
and a hinged cover. On the
back is inscribed : "The Rev1? G.
W. to M. D. " and on the front :
"Revd George Whitefield, Ob<
30 Sept. 1770 iEtatis 56." It
284. H. 3i in. belonged to Rev. George White-
John Coburn. field, the celebrated preacher and

Tobacco Snuff and Nutmeg Boxes 397

the founder of the Calvinistic
Methodists, who thrilled his
vast audiences by his eloquence
and powerful rich voice ; he
died at Newburyport, Massa
chusetts, and his body was in
terred before the pulpit of the
Presbyterian Church there.
A nutmeg box (Illus. 286) be
longing to Mr. J. D. H. Luce,
with the date-letter for 1792-93 and the maker's
mark RB, is oval in shape. When the top lid
is raised a grater, fixed to the box, is disclosed ;
the powder, caught in the box below, was

285. Colonial.
H. 1 1 in.

286. London, 1792-93. L. 2 J in.
emptied by opening the bottom lid which is
hinged at the narrow part of the oval, to pre
vent opening the wrong lid by mistake.

SUGAR-BOXES BOWLS TONGS
"X TERY little sugar was used in England
V/ before the latter part of the seventeenth
™ century. One of the earliest references
to it in Great Britain is in a record of the ship
ment of 100,000 pounds to London from Venice
in 13 19; the same year the Chamberlin of Scot
land purchased a quantity of sugar at the rate
of is.g^d. per pound, which, having regard to
the purchasing power of money in those days,
was a very high price. About the end of the
fifteenth century, the art of making loaf sugar
was invented, but throughout Europe sugar con
tinued to be a very costly luxury down to nearly
the end of the seventeenth century, when the
increasing consumption of tea and coffee brought
it into the list of food staples." (c. j. j.)
Confiture boxes for sweetmeats were made in
England at the time of Charles II and were
regarded as necessary articles in the houses of
persons of rank. In early New England wills
they are referred to as sugar-boxes. An oval
box (Illus. 287) made by John Coney (1655-
1722) of Boston, with a convex body slightly
everted at the rim, is embossed with twelve
plain oval lobes divided by flutings terminating
398

Sugar-Boxes Bowls Tongs

399

in conventional leaves ; it rests on four voluted
scrolled feet. The hinged cover, embossed and
chased, has a border of sixteen circular bosses ;
on a matted ground are oak leaves radiating
from the centre where is affixed an applied
ring in the form of a convoluted snake. A plain

M \,

s

287. John Coney. L. 8i in.
hasp pierced and serrated is hinged to the
moulded rim of the cover and is fastened to a
projecting staple on the body. It is inscribed :
"The gift of Grandmother Norton to Anna
Quincy born 1719." Rev. John Norton died
in 1 7 16 and his widow went to live with her
daughter Elizabeth who married John Quincy :
the box was given to their daughter Anna
Quincy and has descended to her great-great-

400

Historic Silver of the Colonies

granddaughter Mrs. Joseph R. Churchill who
has presented it to the Museum of Fine Arts at
Boston, as a memorial to her mother.
Small hemispherical bowls without covers
and vessels of the caudle cup form were probably
used in England when sugar was first placed
upon the table ; and in the Colonies the porringer
was doubtless used for such purposes. The next
type of the English
sugar bowl (Illus.
288) has a hemi
spherical body
which rests upon
a moulded circular
foot ; the saucer-
shaped cover with
the reel-shaped
handle-foot is simi
lar to that of the
paten-cover of a
chalice. It bears
the London date-

288. London, 1728-29. H. 35 in.

letter for 1728-29 with the maker's mark for
John Gammon ; and belongs to Judge A. T.
Clearwater. A similar sugar bowl (Illus. 289) made by
John Coburn (1725-1803) of Boston, is decorated
with an engraved border of acanthus leaves
S
I E
those of Isaac and Elizabeth (Storer) Smith who
were married in 1746. Elizabeth Storer was the

around the handle-foot. The initials

are

Sugar-Boxes Bowls Tongs

401

daughter of Eben
ezer and Mary (Ed
wards) Storer and
the granddaughter
of John Edwards
the silversmith. It
is called a sugar
dish in the inven
tory of the estate
of Isaac Smith ; it
is owned by the
Misses Cruft, his
descendants, who
also possess a por
trait of Elizabeth
Smith by Smibert.
John Burt (169
similar sugar bowl

290. John Burt. H
2 D

289. John Coburn. H. 4 in.
1-1745) of Boston made a
(Illus. 290) with a cover that
has a very decided
shoulder; it has
been given to the
Museum of Fine
Arts at Boston, by
Miss M. H. Hinck
ley a descendant
of Ebenezer and
Lucy (Davenport)
Turell who were
married in 1735
and whose initials
T
xr T are upon it.
4 in. th Li r

402

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Rev. Ebenezer Turell in 1759 gave to the church
of Christ in Medford, of which he was pastor,
an unusually large tankard pounced with the
c
initials ^j y which cannot be traced to any of
the Turell family. As these same initials are
on a plate in King's Chapel wrought by the same
maker, Jeremiah Dummer, and referred to in the
will of Edward Mills junior as having belonged
to his grandfather Nathaniel Cary (and his wife
Elizabeth), it seems not unlikely that the Turell
tankard maybe that bequeathed by Edward Mills
to his friend Jacob Wendell ; the estate was
insolvent and the tankard may have been pur
chased by Ebenezer Turell. The very early
turned chair with a wedge-shaped seat known at
Harvard University as the "President's Chair"
has been sung by
Oliver Wendell
Holmes in " Parson
Turell's Legacy";
an illustration of
this chair is in
Irving Whitall
Lyon's "Colonial
Furniture of New
England," 1891.
Owned by Mr.
Norman W. Cabot
is a sugar bowl
(Illus. 291) made
by Josiah Austin

291. Josiah Austin. H. 4I in.

Sugar-Boxes Bowls Tongs

403

292. Jacob Hurd. H. \\ in.

(1719-80) of Charlestown, with a body of simi
lar form supported on three feet ; the saucer-
shaped cover with
a pierced finial
is surmounted by
three lions.
A sugar bowl
(Illus. 292) oc
tagonal in section,
made by Jacob
Hurd (1702-58) of
Boston, belongs to
Miss Mary Weld
Allen. A plain sugar
bowl of the in
verted pear-shaped variety was made contem
poraneously with tea and coffee pots of similar
form. A sugar bowl (Illus. 293) of this type,
made by Paul Revere (1735-1818) of Boston,
embossed in the rococo style with festoons of
fruit and flowers, has a centre panel enclosing the
Chandler arms; it is inscribed: "B. Greene to
L. Chandler." Benjamin Greene (1712-76) and
his brother Rufus Greene (1707-77) were silver
smiths of Boston. Gardiner Greene, a wealthy
merchant of Boston and son of Benjamin Greene,
married Elizabeth Copley the daughter of John
Singleton Copley and sister of John Copley
who became Baron Lyndhurst and thrice lord
chancellor of England. Lucretia Chandler, the
sister-in-law of Benjamin Greene, was the

404

Historic Silver of the Colonies

daughter of Judge John Chandler, the "honest
tory "of Worcester, whose wife Hannah Gardiner
was a descendant of Lion Gardiner of Gardiner's
Island ; the seven Gardiner sisters were famed
for their beauty.
The sugar bowl was
given to Lucretia
Chandler upon her
marriage in 1761
to Colonel John
Murray a tory who
fled to the Prov
inces at the time
of the Revolution ;
upon his death his
daughter Lucretia
Murray returned
and made her home
with Mrs. Goodhue
the daughter of
Colonel Abijah
Willard a tory who
had also fled to
the Provinces ; Lu
cretia Murray gave

293. Paul Revere, h. 6f in.

it to Joseph Willard, a descendant of Major
Simon Willard of Colonial fame and an ancestor
in the direct line of two presidents of Harvard
College — Rev. Samuel Willard (1700-07) and
Rev. Joseph Willard (1 781-1804). The sugar
bowl belongs to Miss Susanna Willard, a de
scendant.

Sugar-Boxes Bowls Tongs

405

Pierced sugar bowls fitted with colored glass
linings were made in England in the second half
of the eighteenth century ; they were fre
quently vase-shaped with a high cover and
often basket-shaped with a hinged handle. In
the last quarter of the eighteenth century the
English silversmiths made a sugar bowl of the
basket shape but not pierced, which often
formed part of a tea service. Belonging to
Mrs. Alfred Winsor is an example of this type
(Illus. 294) made by Paul Revere. The bowl is
canoe-shaped with
wide concave flutes
radiating from the
base which rests
on a high spread
ing concave foot.
An example of a
vase-shaped sugar
bowl is that of the
tea service (Illus.
251) made by Paul
Revere. Sugar tongs do
not appear to
have been made
until the early part
of the eighteenth
century and are
of a variety of forms. Some are like scissors
with shell-shaped terminals ; and others in bird
form with long beaks to grasp the lump of

294. Paul Revere. H. 4I in.

406 Historic Silver of the Colonies

sugar, were made in England from about 1750
to 1780.
A pair of scissor tongs (Illus. 295) given to the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, by the Misses
Rogers, was made by John Ball who wrought
in 1762 a beaker given by
Captain James Eager and
Lieutenant William Hollo-
way to the First Church and
Society at Northborough,
Massachusetts ; also, five
beakers in 1761 the gift of
Mr. Joseph Brooks to the
First Congregational Church
at Lincoln, Massachusetts.
By far the largest number
are bow-shaped with limbs
like long-stemmed spoons,
connected by an arch which
has been so hammered that
the limbs are flexible and
spring open when the pres
sure is removed. A pair
(Illus. 296) owned by the
writer have acorn tips and
are decorated with bright-
cut engraving. They were made by John
Hancock the son of John Hancock and
Susanna Chickering, the granddaughter of Rev.
Zechariah Symmes junior; the latter's sister
Mary was the wife of Thomas Savage, the
grandfather of the silversmith. John Hancock

^S- JOHN bA„
L. 4f in.

Sugar-Boxes Bowls Tongs

407

married in 1760 Martha Sparhawk; her
grandfather was a brother of Rev. John Spar
hawk, pastor of
the church at
Bristol in Rhode
Island, to which
he gave a beaker
made by Knight
Leverett (1703-
53) of Boston.
Nathaniel Spar
hawk, his son,
became the hus
band of Eliza
beth Pepperell
the daughter of
Sir William Pep
perell ; their son,
William, as
sumed the name
of Pepperell and
succeeded to the
baronetcy. From 1750 to
1790 the limbs
were pierced and
chased in vari
ous designs.
Without a maker's mark is the pair of tongs
(Illus. 297) of this type, belonging to the writer.
In the late Georgian period the fiddle pattern
prevailed in the United States.

296. John Hancock.
L. 65 in.

297. American. L. si in.

PITCHERS AND SAUCE BOATS

PITCHERS are invariably called jugs in
England. When tea was first introduced
into England it was not customary to use
cream with it and not until the eighteenth cen
tury did small pitchers for this purpose come into
fashion. Cream pitchers with pear-shaped bodies, not
unlike those of the bellied mugs, were made in
England atthe beginning of the reign of George II.
Of this type is the small plain pitcher (Illus.
298) perhaps made
by Josiah Aus
tin (1719-80) of
Charlestown, with
a low circular foot ;
the open spout is
applied over a V-
shaped cut at the
lip. It is owned
by Mr. and Mrs.
Henry W. Cun
ningham. One of the most
popular cream
298. Josiah Austin ? H. 3f in. pitchers made in
408

Pitchers and Sauce Boats

409

England was that
with a pear-shaped
body supported on
three applied scroll
feet. Of this de
scription is the
pitcher (Illus. 299)
with a similar lip
and spout, owned
by Mrs. Nehemiah
Perry and made
perhaps by Tobias
Stoutenburgh, a
freeman of New
York in 1731.
The most com
mon form of this

299. Tobias Stoutenburgh ? H. 5 in.

type of pitcher had an undulating lip, a much
everted spout and a double scrolled handle. The
pitcher (Illus. 300) made by Andrew Killeck,
with the London date-letter for 1746-47, belongs
to Miss Alice Hayes. In England this type was
very popular between the years 1735 and 1760
but continued to be made for a longer period. A
plain Colonial pitcher (Illus. 301) of this variety,
with the initials HC for Hannah Chauncey, is
owned by the Misses Parsons. It was made by
William Swan (1715-74) of Worcester, Mas
sachusetts, who made the two-handled cup with
a cover now in the Essex Institute at Salem,
which is inscribed : "The Gift of the Prov
ince of the Massachusetts Bay to Benjamin

4io

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Pickman Esqf 1749." It was given to him in
recognition of his financial aid at the time of
the Louisburg expedition.
The pitcher (Illus. 302) made by Paul Revere
(173 5-1 8 1 8) of Boston, is of the inverted pear-
shaped variety which in England followed the
type with three
feet ; the high cir
cular foot is ga
drooned. The en
twined initials SDS
are those of Still-
man and Deborah
(Ellis) Smith who
were married in
1762; it belongs to
Miss Lucy W.
Valentine, a de
scendant. BelongingtoMr.
Marsden J. Perry
is a helmet-shaped
pitcher (Illus. 303)
made by Joseph Richardson, with the London
date-letter for 1750-51. It is decorated in the
rococo style : similar pitchers made earlier in
the century had three feet.
Cream pitchers in the shape of a cow with the
tail looped to form the handle and in the middle
of the back a small hinged cover with a bee in
relief, were made in England during the reign
of George II ; the cream was poured out

300. London, 1746-47. H. 3! in.

Pitchers and Sauce Boats

411

through the mouth of the cow. English ex
amples are not common but modern reproduc
tions, principally of Dutch make, are doubtless
familiar objects to many readers.
In the last decade of the eighteenth century,
a pitcher with a well-everted lip and a looped
handle had a coni
cal body with a
circular foot rest
ing on a square
plinth. Of this
type is the pitcher
belonging to the
tea service (Illus.
251) made by Paul
Revere. Thebodies
were wrought out
of sheet silver and
varied in shape, as
did the plinths.
Another type of
pitcher (Illus. 304)
made by James
Howell of Phila
delphia about 1 8 10, was common at the end of
the eighteenth century. The bottom is flat and
oval ; the everted spout and lip is strengthened by
a beaded band and the handle is square-shaped.
Engraved upon the side is the initial C for
Coffin. It belonged to Lucretia (Coffin) Mott
the famous preacher of the Quaker tenets —
obedience to the inward light and an adherence

301. William Swan. H. 3! in.

412

Historic Silver of the Colonies

302. Paul Revere. H. si in.

to principles of
peace — who was
active in organiz
ing the American
Antislavery So
ciety in Philadel
phia in 1833. As
a delegate to the
World's Anti-
slavery Conven
tion at London in
1840 she was ex
cluded from a seat,
a majority denying
the right of women
to take part in
public assemblies ; she was a strong advocate
of woman's rights. A maxim of hers : "Truth
for authority, not
authority for
truth " is worthy
of remembrance.
The pitcher is now
owned by a de
scendant, Mrs. Lu
cretia Mott (Hal-
lowell) Churchill.
Large pitchers
made in the late
eighteenth and
early nineteenth
century often had 303. London, 1750-51. H. 31 in.

Pitchers and Sauce Boats

413

covers and were probably used for cider or punch.
Joseph Moulton 2d (1740-18 18) of Newburyport
made the pitcher (Illus. 305) shaped and hooped
like a barrel ; a hinged strainer covers the spout.
Upon one side is inscribed : "To Mr. Isaac
Harris for his intrepid and successful exertions
on the roof of the
Old South Church
when on fire, De
cember 29th 1 8 10
the Society present
this token of their
gratitude. Bos
ton, January 29th,
181 1." A repre
sentation of the
fire is engraved
upon the other side
and in front are
the initials IH.
Isaac Harris is said
to have ascended
the steeple and extinguished the flames ; he
had worked as an apprentice in the mast yard
at Hartt's Naval Yard and had a share in the
building of the Constitution. It was he and
Samuel Bentley who first hoisted the stars and
stripes over "Old Ironsides"; this was done
contrary to orders while Commodore Nicholson,
who had intended to reserve the honor to him
self, was breakfasting. He put new masts in the
famous frigate in 181 2 and to him is attributed

304. James Howell. H. $ in.

414 Historic Silver of the Colonies

305. Joseph Moulton 20. H. io£ in.
the important improvement of making masts
in sections. The pitcher was presented to the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, by Mrs. Edward
Wyman, a descendant.
Sauce boats were made in England as early
as the first half of the eighteenth century..

Pitchers and Sauce Boats

415

Mr. Jackson thinks that they probably received
the name from their resemblance to the hull of
an oldfashioned boat. English sauce boats
sometimes had spouts at both ends with one
or two handles in the middle — a form quite
commonly seen in chinaware. The more usual
form had an everted spout at one end, the handle
opposite and the body supported on three feet.

306. London, 1736-37. H. si in.
Of this type is a sauce boat (Illus. 306) be
longing to Dr. Samuel A. Green, with the London
date-letter for 1736-37, which was made by
Robert Brown. A late inscription is: "From
Mrs. Anna Winslow to her Nephew Joshua
Green 1802."
Owned by Miss Margaret C. Wyman is one
of a pair of sauce boats (Illus. 307) made by
John Burt (1691-1745) of Boston. The initials

416 Historic Silver of the Colonies
AS

i75o

are those of Ann Simpson who married

Nathaniel Glover September 27, 1750.
A sauce boat (Illus. 308) made by Benjamin
Burt (1729-1805) of Boston has a row of

307. John Burt. H. si in.
punched beads surrounding the lip for the pur
pose of strengthening as well as decorating it.
In a circular panel are the entwined initials
NRP for Nathan and Rebecca Peirce who were
married in 1770. It belongs to Miss Alice C.
Allyn, a descendant.
A sauce boat (Illus. 309) with the London
date-letter for 1785-86 and the maker's mark
TR, is engraved with the Hancock arms : it

Pitchers and Sauce Boats

417

30S. Benjamin Burt. H. 4f in.

309. London, 1785-86. H. 3 in.

41 8 Historic Silver of the Colonies
belonged to John Hancock and was bought at
the sale of his effects by an ancestor of Mrs.
Samuel Johnson, the present owner.
Small tureens made at a later date were used
for sauce or gravy and, in all probability, for
serving soup to one or two persons.

PUNCH BOWLS
AMONG the numerous forms of drinking
vessels in use in England from the thir
teenth to the sixteenth century, that
most highly esteemed by all classes was the
common Mazer bowl. It was usually of maple
wood highly polished, with silver mounts often
wonderfully engraved and frequently gilt ;
sometimes it was fitted with a foot and stem.
They varied in diameter from five to nine
inches ; and in height from one and a half to
three and a quarter inches.
Silver bowls for mixing punch first appeared
in England during the reign of Charles II. An
early punch bowl in the collection of the late
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan bears the London date-
letter for 1685-86. It has eight scallops cut
into the rim to hold the stems of glasses which
were placed with the feet outward. At that
period a punch bowl came into fashion in Eng
land called a Monteith ; this had a removable
notched rim which held the glasses, and was so
named from a "fantastical Scot called Mon-
teigh" who wore a coat with a similar notched
border. 419

420 Historic Silver of the Colonies
The punch bowl (Illus. 3 10) belonging to Dart
mouth College is fitted with a removable rim
of this sort. It is inscribed : " His Excellency

310. Daniel Henchman. D. iof in.
John Wentworth Esqr. Governor of the Prov
ince of New Hampshire, And those Friends
who accompanied him to Dartmouth College
the first Commencement 1771. In Testimony
of their Gratitude and good Wishes, Present
this to the Revd Eleazer Wheelock, D.D.
President And to his Successors in that Office."
Sir John Wentworth, created a baronet in 1795,
gave its charter to Dartmouth College ; and
Rev. Eleazer Wheelock was its founder and
first president. The bowl was made by Daniel
Henchman (1730-75) of Boston but the inscrip-

Punch Bowls 421
tion was engraved by his brother-in-law Na
thaniel Hurd whose initials are in the scroll
below. A plain bowl (Illus. 311) engraved on one
side with the Dawes arms is inscribed on the
opposite side : "The gift of the Field Officers
and Captains of the Regiment of the Town of
Boston to Thomas Dawes Esqr. for his past
services as Adjutant to said Regiment Sept. 13,
1763." Thomas Dawes, an ardent patriot in the
Revolution, was the architect who designed and
built the Brattle Street Church in 1773 ; he
was also the builder of the State House on
Beacon Hill. The tories nicknamed him "Jona
than Smoothing-plane." He was a deacon of

311. William Homes. D. 9f in.

the Old South Church to which he bequeathed
in 1809 a plain cylindrical flagon made by
Joseph Moulton 2d (1740-1818) of Newbury-

422 Historic Silver of the Colonies
port in Massachusetts. Thomas Dawes be
queathed the bowl to his grandson Thomas
Dawes from whom it descended to Ambrose
Dawes whose widow has fittingly presented it
to the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston. It was
made by William Homes (1717-83) of Boston,
known as the "honest goldsmith," whose
mother was Mary Franklin sister of Benjamin
Franklin ; his wife was Rebecca Dawes an aunt
of Thomas Dawes. William Homes was a
member of the Old South Church in 1748 and
held many public offices; ist sergeant of the
Artillery Company in 1752, 4th sergeant 1754,
lieutenant 1761, captain 1765 ; he was clerk of
the market in 1753; warden 1764; fireward
1764-70; purchaser of grain 1766-69. His son

312. Paul Revere. D. ii in.

Punch Bowls

423

Paul Revere. H. si in-

William Homes (1742-1825) was also a silver
smith and succeeded to the business.
Probably of greater historic interest than any
other piece of Colonial silver is the plain bowl
(Illus. 312) made by Paul Revere (1735-1818) of
Boston which was ordered by the fifteen Sons of
Liberty whose names are inscribed around the
rim : John Marston, Ichabod Jones, John
Homer, Willm Bowes, Peter Boyer, Benja Cobb,
Caleb Hopkins, Nath1 Barber, John White,
Willm Mackay, Dan1 Malcom, Benjn Goodwin,
John Welsh, Fortescue Vernon, Dan1 Parker.
This bowl is of the same shape as the punch
bowl of Chinese porcelain in the British Mu
seum, on which are painted portraits of John
Wilkes and Lord Mansfield.

424 Historic Silver of the Colonies
On one side of the bowl is the inscription:
"To the Memory of the glorious ninety-
two : Members of the Hon" House of Rep
resentatives of the Massachusetts-Bay, who,
undaunted by the insolent Menaces of Villains
in Power, from a strict Regard to Conscience,
and the liberties of their Constituents, on
the 30th of June 1768, voted not to rescind."
"The Illustrious ninety-two recalls the defi
ance to the King given by the Massachusetts
House of Representatives in 1768. It was at
the time when the Ministry, forgetful of the
lessons taught by the Stamp Act, were again
attempting repressive measures against self
government in the colonies.
" The House of Representatives of Massa
chusetts early in 1768 had sent to London a
most vigorous protest against the policy of
the Ministry and one month later forwarded
a circular letter to the Assemblies of the sister
colonies, advising them of this measure and
suggesting some form of united action against
the policy of Parliament. The news of this
circular letter excited great indignation among
the Ministry, and the House of Representatives
of Massachusetts was peremptorily ordered
to rescind the letter. This they flatly refused
to do by a vote of ninety-two to seventeen.
This bold defiance awakened great joy through
out the Colonies. 'The Illustrious Ninety-
two' were glorified in song and toasted at all
political gatherings. The numerals 'ninety-two'

Punch Bowls 425
became a numerical symbol which appeared in
public decorations, a political symbol which left
no doubt as to the partisanship of the owner.
"The crude emblematical design on the oppo
site side testifies eloquently to the enthusiasm
aroused in these Sons of Liberty by the splendid
struggle John Wilkes was then making in Eng
land in defence of Constitutional Government.
The bowl was made at the time when Wilkes
was lying in the King's Bench prison, whither
he had been sent shortly after his election to
Parliament as a Representative from Middlesex.
Gifts and congratulatory letters were showered
upon him from all parts of England and America.
Among them was one from the Sons of Liberty
in Boston, in which Wilkes was informed :
'The friends of liberty, Wilkes, peace and good
order assembled at the Whig Tavern to the
number of Forty five, and upwards — took the
first opportunity to congratulate his country,
the British Colonies and himself, on his happy
return to the land worthy of such an inhabitant.'
"The letter besought Wilkes to use his efforts
in behalf of the Colonies, and humbly entreated
that a reply be sent addressed to John Marston
at the Whig Tavern. As Marston's name leads
the list of owners, the bowl was probably kept
at his long-time famous Tavern the 'Bunch
of Grapes' in King Street (State), which in
these times of excitement had gained the appella
tion 'Whig Tavern,' owing to its being the
gathering place of the Sons of Liberty.

426 Historic Silver of the Colonies
"The inscription, 'No. 45,' was the symbol
adopted by the supporters of Wilkes and was
derived from the 45th issue of his paper, the
North Briton, in which appeared the especial
attack upon the Royal policy which brought
down the Royal wrath. The torn parchment,
'Generall Warrants,' is symbolic of the illegal
warrant instigated by the King in 1763, which
had permitted Wilkes to be arrested, his house
to be searched and private papers stolen.
The flags labelled 'Magna Charta' and 'Bill of
Rights' were the emblems of Wilkes's fight for
Constitutional Government." (r. t. h. h.)
Encircling the body of the bowl just above
the moulded base is the following inscription :
"This bowl Commemorative of Events prior
to the American Revolution, was purchased of
the Associates whose names are inscribed
upon its surface, by wM mackay, one of their
number, from whom upon his decease in Jan5!
1801, it passed to wM mackay, his Son, and
upon the demise of the latter, in Feby 1832,
it became the property of wM mackay, his
Grandson in direct line, a Resident of the City
of New York. The Associates were citizens of
Boston." On the bottom is inscribed : "At
whose death in 1873 it passed into the hands of
his Brother Roty C. Mackay of Boston." "And
Robert C. Mackay on March 11, 1902 trans
ferred it to Marian Lincoln Perry of Providence
R. I. a great-great-granddaughter of John Mars
ton one of the fifteen Associates."

JEWISH SYNAGOGUE SILVER
THE oldest Jewish synagogue in the coun
try is that at Newport, Rhode Island,
which was founded in 171 3. As early as
1677 Hebrews had begun to settle on the island,
coming from Spain, Portugal and Holland.
Rabbi Isaac Touro was the first preacher and
came from Holland. His son Judah Touro was
born in Newport in 1775 and as a young man
emigrated to New Orleans ; in the war of
1812 he volunteered his services, enlisted under
General Andrew Jackson and was severely
wounded. Judah Touro was a wealthy mer
chant and a great philanthropist ; he contrib
uted quite as freely to Christian as to Hebrew
charities. Amos Lawrence an equally philan
thropic merchant of Boston promised $10,000
toward the completion of Bunker Hill monu
ment provided as much more was raised; Judah
Touro immediately sent his check of like amount.
When the dedication of the monument took
place June 17, 1843 in the presence of President
Tyler with Daniel Webster as orator, these
benefactors were commemorated in the following
verse : 427

428

Historic Silver of the Colonies

"Amos and Judah — venerated names,
Patriarch and prophet press their equal claims
Like generous coursers, running neck and neck,
Each aids the work by giving it a check.
Christian and Jew, they carry out one plan,
For though of different faith, each is in heart the same."

In the Jewish synagogue
at Newport are eight orna
ments, known as Crowns
of the Law ; they are used
as crowns for the wooden
rollers, " ez hayyim,"
around which is rolled the
Pentateuch which must be
written on a scroll of parch
ment — the skin of a clean
animal, whether beast or
fowl. One pair (Illus. 313)
having crowns and bells
is decorated with chased
acanthus leaves, open
flowers, strap ornaments
and beading ; and was
made by Myer Myers a
freeman of New York in
1746 and president of the
New York Silver Smiths'
Society in 1776. Another
similar pair (Illus. 314) by
the same maker is differ
ently decorated, the bodies
being engraved and

313-

Myer Myers.
H. 14 in.

Jewish Synagogue Silver

429

punched with flowers and
foliage ; the gilt bells are
suspended from brackets ;
they are engraved on the
stems Hays and Myers
from whom perhaps they
were a gift. A third pair
(Illus. 315) is hexagonal in
shape, some of the bells
being in arches, and six
others attached to chains ;
the tops are open and em
bossed with flowers ; the
names Hays and Myers
are engraved upon the
stems of these also. The
remaining pair (Illus. 316)
of different shape is chased
with flowers and foliage on
the upper parts ; the gilt
bells are suspended from
brackets. The pointer
(Illus. 317) is fluted diago
nally, a human hand form
ing the pointer.
In the synagogue are
five bronze chandeliers ; two given in 1760 by
Isaac Pollock and Napthali Hart Myers ; two
in 1765 by Jacob Rodreques Reveira and his
son Abraham, and the fifth by Aaron Lopez
in 1770. The synagogue was dedicated in
1763.

314. Myer Myers.
H. 14 in.

43 o

Historic Silver of the Colonies

In the oldest synagogue in London — the
Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue — founded
in the seventeenth century, the present building

315. Hays and Myers ?
H. 14 in.

316. American. H. 14 i

Jewish Synagogue Silver 431
dating from 1 701, are several pairs of old silver
Crowns of the Law, the earliest having been
made in London in 1712-13.
317. American. L. 12 in.
Belonging to the First Congregational Church
and Society at Northborough, Massachusetts,
is an inverted bell-shaped beaker without a
maker's mark. It is inscribed : "The gift of
M' Judah Monis Hebrew Professor of Harvard
College to the Second Church in Westborough
for the Use of the Communion Table Novr. 12th
a:d: 1760." The donor was professor of
Hebrew from 1722 to 1761 ; he was baptized by
Nathaniel Appleton March 27, 1722 as the
records of the First Church at Cambridge show :
" Mr. Judah Monis, a jew by birth and education
being converted to the Christian Faith owned yc
Covenant and was Baptised and Declared a
Member in full Communion with the Church of
Christ, after a prayer and Discourse made by
Mr. Coleman from John 5, 46, and a Discourse
of his own from Psal. 116, 10 answering the
common objections of the Jews against Christ's
being already come and giving confession of his
faith in the Close. Sang part of the no Psalm.
Which solemnity was performed in the College
Hall. Soli Deo Gloria." Judah Monis was a
brother-in-law of Rev. John Martyn, pastor of
the church at Northborough.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH SILVER
IF it were possible to make an examination
of the silver which belongs to the Catholic
churches of the country doubtless many
interesting and valuable vessels would be dis
covered. The illustration of an urn which was
presented by the Catholics of Boston to Charles
Bulfinch, may be seen under that heading.
In St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church at
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, founded in 1742, is an
Italian silver-gilt ciborium (Illus. 318) which is
the oldest piece of silver in any church in the
country; it dates from about 1500 but has been
restored in recent years. The high plain cover
is surmounted by a cross ; the plain body is en
closed in an open frame composed of vine and
corn extending half way up the body ; the stem
has a large ornamental knop with diamond-
shaped projections ; the lower part of the
stem and the base are enriched with Gothic
ornament. A ciborium of early nineteenth century Ameri
can make is in St. Joseph's Roman Catholic
Church at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The
shallow bowl, decorated with foliage, is sup
ported by a slender stem which rests on a
432

Roman Catholic Church Silver

433

moulded base.
The domed cover
is surmounted by
a plain cross.
The large sil
ver-gilt ciborium
(Illus. 319) is
German of about
1725. The coni
cal bowl is em
bossed, or deco
rated in repousse,
with cherub faces
and plain bosses
and scrolls, leav
ing the lip plain ;
the cover is in
two sections, the
upper is fluted
and the lower,
decorated with
large scrolls, has
a fluted edge ; a
plain cross sur
mounts the
cover. The stem
is ornamented
with scrolls,
acanthus leaves
and fluting. The eight panels on the top of the
base are enriched with figures of the Holy Virgin
and an ecclesiastic, as well as the Sacred Heart,

318. Italian, 1500. H. 14 in.

434

Historic Silver of the Colonies

alternating with scrolls. The octofoil border is
covered with plain bosses and scrolls on a matted
ground. In a heart affixed to the base is in-
^^^ scribed : " Char
lotte De Fursten-
berg Stulingen
Chamoinesse De
Munsterbilen 1725." As will
be observed from
this inscription,
the ciborium was
originally pre
sented by Char
lotte von Fiir-
stenberg-Stulin- gen to the chap
ter of canonesses
at Miinsterbilsen
in Limburg of
which she was a
member. It has
been deposited
in the museum
of Georgetown
Roman Catholic
University in the
District of Co
lumbia. Some old silver
vessels (Illus.
320) from Jesuit

319. German, 1725. H. 16 in.

Roman Catholic Church Silver 435
missions in Maryland may also be seen in that
museum. The plain old English chalice (No. 1)
of 1640-41 came from Newtown in Maryland.
The taller plain chalice (No. 2) has the Dublin
date-letter for 18 14. The pair of small silver-
gilt vase-shaped cruets (Nos. 3 and 5) with

320. Roman Catholic Church Silver.
covers and scrolled handles, decorated with
reeds and vines, is of French make of about 18 10.
A silver ostensorium (No. 4) with the top in the
form of a glory surmounted by a cross is prob
ably French of about 1700 and came from the
old Maryland mission of St., Thomas. A plain
silver chalice (No. 6) of the eighteenth century,
on a baluster stem, was used by the Rev. Samuel

436 Historic Silver of the Colonies
Barber on the Eastern Shore of Maryland ; it
was given to the museum by Rev. Joseph Foley.
The last chalice (No. 7) has a bell-shaped body
supported by a stem to which three cherub
heads are applied ; the base is hexafoil in out
line and engraved with a crucifix and a border
of foliage. It was probably made late in the
seventeenth century. This belonged to Rev.
Father McAleer who died in 1881 ; it was pre
sented to the Jesuit fathers by his niece Mrs.
James McSherry.

OTHER OBJECTS
AN object of very great interest is the his
toric inkstand (Illus. 321) in Independ
ence Hall made by Philip Syng (1703-89)
of Philadelphia in 1752 by order of the Assem
bly of Pennsylvania at a cost of £25.16.0. It
was used by Isaac Norris and successive speakers
until 1775, when it was relinquished to the Con-

321. Philip Syng. L. 10J in.
437

438 Historic Silver of the Colonies
tinental Congress : upon the signing of the
Declaration of Independence it was used by
every signer as he affixed his name. When
Washington presided over the convention which
framed the Constitution of the United States,
he too dipped his pen into this ink-pot. Trans
ferred to Harrisburg, it was used by the Penn
sylvania legislature until 1849 when it appears
to have been lost sight of : after many years'
search it was discovered in the possession of Mr.
Smull, former clerk of the house, in whose custody
it had been placed at that time. In 1875 the
inkstand was restored to Independence Hall on
June 7 — a day memorable in our annals.
On that day ninety-nine years previous, in 1776,
Richard Henry Lee offered his famous resolu
tion : "That these United Colonies are, and of
right ought to be, free and independent States ;
that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown ; and that all political con
nection between them and the State of Great
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
Independence Hall also cherishes another
object of great historic interest — the "liberty
bell." Originally brought from England in 1752,
it became cracked and was recast the following
year, in Philadelphia, by Pass and Stow with
these prophetic words surrounding the upper
part: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the
land unto all the inhabitants thereof."
Small sauce pans with wooden handles, for
mulling wine and other beverages, were fre-

Other Objects

439

quently used in the first half of the seventeenth
century. Larger stew pans of the same form,
or cylindrical in body, were made as early as the
time of Charles II for serving the boiled or
stewed viands when placed upon the table, after
preparation in the kitchen. A large stew pan

^K

^fiiF^-'-

-=H •

^

322. John Coney. H. 4 in.
(Illus. 322) made by John Coney (1655-1722) of
Boston, engraved with the Dummer crest, is in
scribed : "William Powell." It belongs to Mr.
Paul M. Hamlen, a descendant. William Powell
was the husband of Anne Dummer the daughter
of Jeremiah Dummer (1645-17 18). A portrait,
by Copley, of Anne Dummer is in the possession
of Miss Annette P. Rogers, a descendant.
440

Historic Silver of the Colonies

Siphons made in different sizes are frequently
found. The small one (Illus. 323) belonging to
Mrs. L. B. Taft was probably placed over the
lip of a porringer serving the same purpose as a
spout cup. Owned by Mr. Lawrence Park is a
larger siphon, used for filling bottles, which bears
the mark of Thomas Hamersly a freeman of
New York in 1756: it belonged to Benjamin
Bussey (1757-1842) a silversmith of Dedham,

323. Thomas Hamersly. L. i3f in. American. L. 41 in.
Massachusetts, who became a "soldier in the
Revolutionary army and was at the capture of
Burgoyne." Benjamin Bussey was a benefactor
of Harvard University ; the grounds of the
Arnold Arboretum are a portion of the gift.
Decanter stands were used when the fashion
prevailed in England of removing the table
cloth for dessert ; the decanters filled with wine
were placed in the stands and sent "coasting"
round the table in front of the guests who filled
their glasses -and passed the decanter. The

Other Objects

441

name "coaster" was thus applied to them. A
coaster (Illus. 324) one of a pair belonging to the
writer, made by Edward Lowe with the London
date-letter for 1772-73, is pierced, a form of
decoration fashionable in England late in the
eighteenth century, when all sorts of objects
were thus made.
English bread baskets of oval form became
popular from about 1740 and were produced in

324. LuNuON, 1772-73. U. 4f in.
large quantities throughout the century. They
were deemed a necessity on a well-appointed
table, so much so, that recourse was had to the
expedient of exchanging or melting older plate.
There was hardly a house in England, if it
boasted of any plate at all, without a silver
bread basket. They doubtless served for fruit
and cake, and in our country such baskets ap
pear to have been used principally for the latter
purpose. Many were wrought in pierced de
signs. An effect somewhat similar to that of pierced
work was obtained in the latter half of the

442 Historic Silver of the Colonies
eighteenth century by making the frames of
baskets of silver wire and fixing on the wire
ornamental hammered work formed as floral
branches. Similar work was wrought in
France at the same period. A wire-work

325. London, 1767-68. L. 13 f in.

basket (Illus. 325) of this description, with the
London date-letter for 1767-68, was wrought
by the unknown maker of the four sauce tu
reens in Holburn Museum at Bath, England.
The oval base is embossed with flutings alter
nating with rows of beading which radiate
spirally from the centre ; sprays of roses and

Other Objects 443
leaves, bunches of grapes and wheat-ears are
attached to the wires ; the edge is beaded and
the swinging handle is arch-shaped. The
basket belonged to Judge Theodore Atkinson
who was born at Newcastle, New Hampshire, in
1697. He was the son of Colonel Theodore
Atkinson and became secretary of the Colony
in 1741 ; chief justice in 1754; and major-
general of militia in 1769 : but the Revolution
deprived him of all these offices. He saw active
service in the French and Indian wars and was
collector of the port at Portsmouth. The basket
belongs to Miss Alice A. Appleton, a descendant.
Knee and shoe buckles were made by the
New England silversmiths in the eighteenth
century. On the title page is the illustration of
one of a pair of shoe buckles belonging to the
writer. The frame, made of bronze, is overlaid
on the front with silver ; at the top and bottom
are medallion portraits of Washington. At his
death, all sorts of objects commemorative of
Washington were made.
To form any adequate idea of the various
objects wrought in silver the reader must be
referred to such books as Mr. C. J. Jackson's
"History of English Plate" and to the various
volumes by Mr. E. Alfred Jones which contain
illustrations or references to important and
unique examples. In the luxurious reign of
Charles II (1660-85) that "Merry Monarch"
expended enormous sums on the apartments of
his mistresses. A magnificent bedstead and

444 Historic Silver of the Colonies
many extravagant ornaments of silver were pro
vided for Nell Gwyn. Tables and frames for
looking-glasses were also overlaid with plates of
silver. Fire-dogs, or andirons, massive wine
cisterns, sconces and chandeliers were made for
the rich and noble who could afford them.
Because of the extravagant and ostentatious
use of silver during the last quarter of the seven
teenth century in England that period is referred
to as the "silver age." A remarkable piece of
silver furniture is the large and richly decorated
throne and footstool of Peter the Great in St.
George's hall in the Winter Palace, Petrograd,
made by a London silversmith in 1713-14.
The Colonial silversmiths without doubt could
have made many objects which they did not.
They confined themselves to the ordinary re
quirements of their customers, making such
vessels as are herein illustrated, but doubtless
many other articles wrought by them have long
since gone into the melting pot.

INDEX TO SILVERSMITHS

Abercrombie, Robert 245
Aldridge, Edward & Co. 325
Allen, John 41, 75, 174, 240, 385
Andrew, John 159
Andrews, William 301
Anthony, Joseph 161
Ash, William 359
Austin, Ebenezer 364
Austin, Josiah 129, 336, 402, 408
B. F. 306
Ball, John 406
Bancker, Adrian 101
Barrett, S. 268
Bateman, Ann and Peter 361
Bignell, John 292
Blowers, John 181
Boelen, Hendrik 227
Boelen, Jacob 227
Boulton, Matthew 141, 142
Boyer, Daniel 183
Boyer, James 183
Bridge, John 30
Brigden, Zachariah 347, 372
Brown, Robert 415
Buel, Abel 94
Burt, Benjamin 78, 173, 184, 194,
276, 344. 4i6
Burt, John 78, 173, 256, 288, 293,
319, 320, 401,415
Burt, Samuel 78
Burt, William 78
Bussey, Benjamin 440

Capper, Edward 246
Cary, Lewis 179
Casey, Gideon 234
Casey, Samuel 234
Chittenden, Ebenezer 94, 162
Churchill, Jesse 16, 163
Clare, Joseph 192
Clark, I. 46
Clarke, Jonathan 23 1
Cobb, Ephraim 26
Coburn, John 274, 341, 396, 400
Coddington, John 242
Coker, Ebenezer 246
Collins, Arnold 75, 321
Coney, John 18, 25, 37, 44, 68, 84,
85, 86, 109, 112, 113, 135, 170,
171, 174, 224, 238, 255, 265, 266,
281, 285, 287, 309, 310, 311, 312,
326, 327, 335, 336, 340, 369, 388,
39i, 398, 439
Coolidge, Joseph junior 183
Courtauld, Samuel 198
Cowell, William 123, 124, 171,
172, 176, 314, 319, 387
Cowell, WilHam junior 124, 156,
394
Crespin, Paul 192
Cross 13
Crouch, John 292
Crump, Francis 377

Dane, Thomas 22, 289
David, John 160, 213

290

44S

446

Index to Silversmiths

David, Peter 160
Davis, E. 185
Davis, Palmer, & Co. 275
Dawes, William 212
Denzilow, J. 183
Dixwell, Basil 92
Dixwell, John 25, 91, 95
Dummer, Jeremiah 44, 45, 66, 71,
75. 84, 97. I", 121. 133, 170,
195, 222, 284, 303, 304, 307, 310,
312, 394, 402, 439
Dwight, Timothy 24, 115, 132,
133, 237
E.G. 105
Edwards, John 24, 62, 75, 96, 97,
•39, 155, 174, 180, 211, 240,
265, 266, 271, 312, 313, 314,
318, 319, 338, 364, 383, 385,
394, 401
Edwards, Joseph junior 97, 271,
342
Edwards, Samuel 97, 363, 364
Edwards, Thomas 97, 132, 194,
369, 372
Ernes, John 349
Farnam, Henry 164
Farnam, Rufus 164
Farren, Thomas 301
Feurt, Peter 195
Fleming, William 182
Fogelberg, Andrew 5 1
Forbes, Alexander 168
Forbes, I. W. 164
Ford 92
Foster, Joseph 173
Fothergill, James 141
Gamble, William 315
Gammon, John 400
Gardner, John 86

Garthorne, Francis 150, 243, 295
Ghiselin, Cesar 18
Gilbert, Samuel 20
Gilbert, Stephen 51
Gillois, Pierre 359
Goelet, Philip 93
Goldthwaite, Joseph 20
Gould, John 289
Greene, Benjamin 403
Greene, Rufus 323, 403
Grignon, Benjamin 305
Grignon, Rene 305, 306
Grundy, William 343
Gurney, Richard & Co. 328
H. L. 151
Hamersly, Thomas 440
Hancock, John 406
Hannam, Thomas 292
Hanners, George 120, 137
Hanners, George junior 120, 279
Harache, Pierre 119
Harrison, Robert 248
Hastier, John 176
Haugh, Samuel 386
Hays & Myers ? 429
Henchman, Daniel 50, 420
Hendricks, Ahasuerus 72
Hennell, David 231
Hennell, R. & D. 257
Hiller, Benjamin 265
Homes, William 272, 422
Homes, William junior 272, 423
Howell, James 41 1
Hull, John 10, 23, 24, 41, 42, 43,
44, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71,
107, no, m, 112, 114, 115, 132,
250, 262, 285, 303
Hurd, Benjamin 247
Hurd, Jacob 37, 47, 50, 115, 246,
268, 269, 338, 340, 350, 372, 393,
403

Index to Silversmiths

447

Hurd, Nathaniel 244, 247, 340,
341, 372, 421
Hurst, Henry 134, 135
J. A. 143
Jackson, John 169
Jarvis, Munson 178
Jesse, David 73, 282, 306, 310
Jones, William 64
Kierstead, Cornelius 83
Killeck, Andrew 409
Kneeland, Joseph 137
Lang, Edward 268
Lang, Jeffrey 268, 270, 278
Lang, Richard 268
Langford, Thomas 152
Lee, Timothy 64
LeRoux, Bartholomew 92
LeRoux, Charles 89, 93
Leverett, Knight 113, 296, 407
Ley, Timothy 301
Lofthouse, Matthew 150
Lofthouse, Seth 138
Loring, Henry 200
Loring, Joseph 200, 272
Lossing, Benson John 165
Lowe, Edward 441
Lows, Ball & Co. 235
Mansfield, John 10, 70
Marshe, Jacob 279
Millner, Thomas 122, 310
Mills, Richard 258
Milne, Edmund 79
Minott, Samuel 228, 244
Morse, Nathaniel 155, 388
Moulton, Joseph 158
Moulton, Joseph 2d 158, 413, 421
Moulton, William 158
Myers, Myer 428, 429

Nelme, Anthony 292
Noyes, John 20, 73, 155, 282
Oliver, Peter 154, 306
Onclebagh, Garrett 317, 318
Otis, Jonathan 389
Parker, Daniel 257, 342, 363, 423
Parsons, John & Co. 291
Peake, Robert 125
Peale, Charles Wilson 81
Penstone, William 329
Petersen, Peter 203
Phillips, Samuel 158
Pierpont, Benjamin 187
Pitman, Saunders 115
Plumber, John 130
Pollard, William 115, 180, 181
Potwine, John 186, 227, 328
Priest, W. & J. 159
Priest, William 374
Quincy, Daniel 71, 114, 115, 386
R. 209
R. B. 397
R. C. 189
R. G. 205
Read, John 138
Revere, Paul 77, 99, 100, 179,
198, 212, 213, 218, 234, 257,
276, 278, 333, 340, 343, 346,
353, 356, 377, 378, 403, 405,
410,411, 423
Revere, Paul & Son 346
Revere, Paul senior 99, 278, 340
Rew, Robert 246
Riboulau, Isaac 191
Richardson, Joseph 410
Rivoire, Apollos 99, 340
Robbins, John 372
Rogers, Daniel 275

448

Index to Silversmiths

Roosevelt, Nicholas 89
Rosewell, Thomas 221
Rugg, Richard 246
Ruslin, John 300
Russell, Daniel 229
Russell, Eleazer 389
Russell, Moody 16, 26, 389, 390
Sanderson, Benjamin in, 250, 251
Sanderson, Joseph 11 1
Sanderson, Robert 10, 23, 24, 41,
43, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 107,
no, m, 112, 115, 249, 250, 303
Sanderson, Robert junior 1 1 1
Savage, Thomas 115, 386, 406
Sawin, Silas 52
Schaats, Bartholomew 175
Sharp, Robert 232
Shaw, William 374
Simpkins, Thomas Barton 178
Simpkins, William 178
Skinner, Thomas 270
Smith, Daniel 23-2
Smith, Joseph 64
Soumaine, Samuel 184
Soumaine, Simeon 88, 156
Stoutenburgh, Tobias 93, 409
Swan, Caleb 173, 259
Swan, William 409
Syng, Philip 156, 225
Syng, Philip junior 156, 437
Syngin, Richard 240
T. G. 148
T. R. 416
Tearle, Thomas 211
Ten Eyck, I. 335, 336

Terry, Fred 37
Tolman, Thomas 279
Trott, John Proctor 224
Trott, Jonathan 224
Tyler, Andrew 77, 311, 312, 314,
387
Van der Spiegel, Jacobus 221
Van Dyck, Peter 89, 92, 93, 135,
176
Van Dyck, Richard 92
Veazie, Joseph 173
Vernon, Samuel 82, 309, 312, 314
Vincent, William 302, 346
W. A. 117
W. C. 129
Ward, Billious 242
Ward, William 242
Ward, William junior 242
Waters, Samuel 173
Watson, Edward 276
Watson, Thomas 349
Welles & Co. 166
Welles, George 166
Whittemore, William 394
Wickes, George 195
Wilford, Starling 321
Williamson, Samuel 144
Winslow, Edward 16, 34, 68, 82,
116, 155, 181, 189, 230, 243,
251, 266, 308, 309, 312, 314,
316, 368, 369, 389
Woods, Freeman 233
Woods, Samuel 325
Wright, Charles 142
Wynne, Thomas 125

GENERAL INDEX

Abenakis Indians 269
Acanthus leaves 51, 117, 135, 177,
218, 264
Adam, Robert and James 258, 291,
372
Adams, Abigail (Smith) 97, 180
Adams, Rev. Alexander 375
Adams, John 97, 112, 1 80, 181, 296
Adams, John Quincy 112
Addington, arms of 112
Albany, First Reformed Church 71
Albany, St. Peter's Church 243
Albany, State Library 79
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey 350
Aldrich, Mrs. Thomas Bailey 377
Alexis, Czar 283
Allen, Elizabeth (Edwards) 75
Allen, Rev. James 41, 75
Allen, Miss Mary Weld 403
Alleyne, Thomas 307, 372
Allyn, Miss Alice C. 416
Alms basins 242
Altdorfer, Albrecht 59
American Antiquarian Society 1 29,
236
American Antislavery Society 412
American Church Silver 17
American Revolution 12, 52, 78,
79, 82, 88, 98, 99, 114, 138, 140,
144, 161, 166, 178, 195, 197, 214,
285, 290, 323, 347, 349, 404, 421,
426, 440, 443
American Silver 10
American silversmiths, list of 17
Amory, Mrs. Nathaniel 51

Amory, Rebecca 344
Amory, Rufus Greene 290
Amory, Thomas 344
Amsterdam, mark of 55
Ananaspokal 3 1
Ancient and Honorable Artillery
Company 10, 44, 68, 71, 73, 78,
97, 102, 115, 178, 183, 200, 243,
247, 265, 282, 296, 422
Andirons, silver 444
Andover, South Church 158
Andrew, Gov. John A. 160
Andrew, Rev. Samuel 83
Andrews, arms of 338
Andrews, Rev. Samuel 242
Andros, Amias 239
Andros, Sir Edmund 44, 177, 239,
240
Angier, Ames 97
Annapolis, St. Anne's Parish 150
Anne, Queen 26, 119, 121, 124,
136, 137, 149, 150, 155, 156, 192,
229, 230, 243, 295, 326, 349,
373, 392
Antinomian Controversy 68, 242
Antislavery Convention, World's
412
Apostle spoons 261
Appleton, Miss Alice A. 443
Appleton, Capt. John 74
Appleton, Rev. Nathaniel 431
Applique foliage 117
Apthorp, arms of 360
Apthorp, Charles 232, 233
Apthorp, Rev. East 233

449

45o

General Index

Apthorp, Grizzel 196, 197, 232,
233
Arabesques 204
Arbella, ship 33
Arched handle 363
Arms denoting ownership 27, 28
Arnold Arboretum 440
Arnold, Benedict 82, 139
Arnold, Hannah 282
Atkins, Mary 200
Atkinson, Theodore 134, 443
Atwater, Joshua 44
Atwood, Mrs. Anne 76
Austin, Ebenezer 364
Austin, Mary (Smith) 364
Bacon, Nathaniel 209
Baker, Miss C. Alice 269
Baker, Charles H. 300
Baker, Silence 109, no
Ball feet 348
Baltimore, Lord 151
Baluster candlesticks 287
Baluster stem 35
Bancker, Evert 101
Bancroft, Mrs. Robert Hale 377
Baptismal basins 220
Baptism of Christ, representation
of 221
Barber, Edwin A. 6
Barber, Nathaniel 423
Barber, Rev. Samuel 436
Bariord St. Martin— Wiltshire 34
Barnstable Church 16, 63, 68, 390
Barrel shape 413
Barrell, Catherine Maria 246
Barrell, Joseph 302, 303
Barton, Mary (Willoughby) 237,
267, 306, 310, 313
Barton, Thomas 237, 267, 306, 310,
313
Basins, alms 242

Basins, baptismal 220
Basins, rose-water 280
Basting spoons 276
Battles, Edward 173
Battles, Experience 173
Baudoins 235
Bayonet joint 316
Beach, Abigail 83
Beach, Samuel 83
Beaded decoration 51
Beakers 54
Beale, Anne E. 198
Beale, Caroline M. 198
Beall, Col. Ninian 151
Beaman, Hannah 115
Beatty, Catherine 144
Beatty, Gen. John 144
Beck, Miss Edith D. 306
Bedroom candlesticks 291
Bedstead, silver 443
Belcher, Gov. Jonathan 158
Bell shape 38
Bellied 47
Bellingham, Gov. Richard 311
Bentley, Samuel 413
Bergen, Reformed Church 227
Berkeley, George 164, 322
Berkeley, Lord George 333
Berkeley, Sir William 208
Bethune, George 376
Betton, Mrs. Elizabeth Hooper 172
Betts, Charles Wyllys 106, 117,
124, 125
Betts, Thomas 106
Beverly, First Parish Church 181
Bible, Concordance of the 38
Bibliography of silver 8
Bigelow, Francis Hill 7, 295, 388,
406, 407
Birmingham, mark of 19, 141
Bjork, Rev. Eric 203
Blackburn, Jonathan 256

General Index

451

Blacksmiths 30, 70, 123, 178
Blackstone, William 180
Blake, John Amory Lowell 344
Blake, Sarah Putnam Lowell 344
Blanchard, Francois 285
Blaney, Dwight 250, 251, 268, 270,
272, 275, 279, 3"
Bleeding bowls 298
Blessed Virgin 261
Blowers, Sampson Salter 181
Blowers, Rev. Thomas 181
Boat shape 258
Boevey, Catharina 216, 292
Boevey, William 216
Bonnet, Stede 125
Book of Common Prayer 61
Boss 139, 399
Boston, Arlington Street Church
53, 246
Boston, Brattle Street Church 20,
73, 155, 187, 199, 223, 244, 245,
270, 384, 421
Boston, Christ Church 115, 138,
211, 213, 323
Boston, Church of the Holy Cross
356
Boston Church, The 24, 38, 41, 66
Boston Common 180
Boston, Concert Hall 303
Boston, Federal Street Church 53
Boston, First Baptist Church 171,
174, 264
Boston, First Church 22, 23, 24,
33. 37, 38, 41, 44, 49, 52, 55,
65, 68, 69, 71, in, 112, 115, 121,
145, 180, 195, 198, 248, 250, 266,
394
Boston, French Huguenot Church
218, 235, 305
Boston, frigate 302, 353
Boston, Hollis Street Church no,
156, 158, 235, 394

Boston, King's Chapel 12, 13, 86,
91, 150, 196, 232, 402
Boston Latin School 64
Boston Light 384
Boston— Lincolnshire 38, 55, 112
Boston Massacre 181
Boston, New North Church 30, 91
Boston, New South Church 227
Boston, Old South Church 24, 27,
31, 34, 35, 57, 61, 62, 68, 69, 71,
78, 83, 102, 158, 168, 183, 186,
218, 219, 224, 413, 421, 422
Boston, old State House 35
Boston Public Library 164
Boston Regiment 68, 421
Boston, Second Church 13, 20, 24,
28, 30, 34, 84, 154, 243, 278
Boston, siege of 52, 157
Boston, State House 356, 421
Boston Tea Party 140, 183
Boston, The Old Church 24, 266
Boston, Trinity Church 229
Boston, West Church 163, 164
Bostonian Society 35
Boswell, James 142
Botetourt, Lord 119
Bottle shape 359
Boucher, Ann 79
Boucher, Louis 79, 255, 308, 316
Boucher, Sarah (Middlecott) 79,
255, 256, 308, 309, 316
Bounde, Nicholas 203
Bourne, Shearjashub 390
Boush, Maximilian 292
Boutineaus 235
Bow shape 406
Bowditch, Alfred 186
Bowditch, Charles P. 186
Bowes, William 423
Boyer, Peter 423
Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel 393
Bracket, Anthony 218

452

General Index

Braddock, General 81
Bradford, Andrew 88
Bradford, Daniel 63
Bradford, Gamaliel 356
Bradford, Capt. Gamaliel 356
Bradford, Jeremiah 177
Bradford, Gov. William 63, 356
Bradlee, Mrs. Dudley H. 113
Bradstreet, Rev. Simon 33, 223
Braine, Edward 209
Braine, Sarah 209
Braintree Church III, 114
Brannan, Mrs. J. D. 314
Brattle, Thomas 223
Brattle, Rev. William 223
Braziers 326
Bread baskets 441
Brewster, Rev. Nathaniel 92
Brewster, Mrs. William 323
Bridge, Matthew 78
Bridgeport, First Congregational
Church 135
Bridges, Margaret 113
Brigham, Mrs. Emma Elizabeth 77
Bright-cut engraving 272
Brinley, Grizzle 311
Brinley, Thomas 311
Bristol, First Congregational
Church 37, 62, 407
Bristol, St. Michael's Church 194,
230
British Museum 54, 260, 423
Bromfield, Abigail 158
Bromfield, Abigail (Coney) 158
Bromfield, Edward 158
Brook, The 232
Brooklyn, New Utrecht Reformed
Church 227
Brooks, Joseph 406
Brown, Buckminster 381
Brown, George E. 395
Brown, Hannah 263

Brown, Capt. Moses 346, 347
Brown, William 263
Browne, Col. Samuel 159
Buck, John H. 6
Buckles 443
Budd, Mrs. Underhill A. 229
Buffing of silver 28
Bulbous 47
Bulfinch, Charles 302, 356, 357, 432
Bulfinch, Elizabeth 183
Bulfinch, Miss Ellen S. 357, 360
Bulfinch, John 183
Bulfinch, Thomas 360
Bulteel, Jean 39
Bunch of Grapes Tavern 425
Bunker Hill 76, 139, 172, 178, 382,
427
Burgoyne, Gen. John 36, 440
Burlington, St. Mary's Church 58,
155, 214, 216, 225, 292
Burr, Samuel 133
Burr, Sarah 132, 133
Burrill, John 47
Burrill, Col. Theophilus 47
Burroughs, Mary 311
Burroughs, Thomas 311
Burt, Elizabeth 78
Burt, William 78
Byfield, Nathaniel 37
Byles, Rev. Mather 157
Byrd, Col. William 169, 209
Cabot, Elizabeth (Clarke) 27, 28
Cabot, Francis 28
Cabot, Norman W. 327, 328, 359,
402
Caddies 358
Caddy spoons 278
Cake baskets 441
Calvinistic Methodists 397
Cambridge, Christ Church 149,
15°, 197, 232, 233, 300, 376

General Index

453

Cambridge, First Parish (Unita
rian) 25, 135, 222, 300, 431
Campbell, John 98
Campbell, Nicholas 140
Candle brackets 294
Candlesticks 283
Candle wicks 292
Caner, Dr. Henry 12
Canisters 358
Canoe shape 259
Canonchet 75
Cans 182
Canterbury Cathedral 39
Carrees, Lewis 88
Cary, Elizabeth 402
Cary, Nathaniel 402
Casters 315
Catalogue of an Exhibition of Silver
Used in New York New Jersey
and the South 4
Cathedral candlesticks 283
Caudle 104
Caudle cups 104
Chafing dishes 326
Chalices 201
Chandeliers, silver \\\
Chandler, John 404
Chandler, Joseph Everett 78
Chandler, Lucretia 403, 404
Charing Church — Kent 32
Charles I 36, 38, 40, 109, 117, 129,
H7, 239, 262, 347
Charles II 38, 40, 45, 64, 105, 109,
112, 121, 148, 169, 207, 237, 238,
240, 255, 261, 263, 277, 280, 283,
291, 294, 296, 398, 419, 439, 443
Charles IV, Emperor 54
Charles V 54
Charles XII 203
Charles Edward 49
Charleston, Independent or Con
gregational Church 328

Charleston, St. Philip's Church
125, 245
Charleston, United States Bank
329
Charlestown, First Parish 28
Charlestown Navy Yard 317
Charter Oak 177
Chasing, flat 35
Chasing, method of 35
Chauncey, Mrs. Elihu 4
Chauncey, Hannah 409
Chebacco Church 44
Cheere, Henry 232
Cheever, Abigail 78
Cheever, Elizabeth (Edwards) 132,
369
Cheever, Ezekiel 64
Cheever, Rev. Samuel 64
Cheever, William Downes 132,
369
Chelmsford, First Congregational
Society 121
Chelsea, Marine Hospital 161
Cherub's head 134
Chester, Leonard 28
Cheverus, Bishop John 356
Chew, Benjamin 214
Chew, Samuel 232
Chickering, Munroe 372
Chickering, Susanna 406
Chilton, Mary 68
Chinese decoration 169
Chinese porcelain 169, 423
Chocolate 366
Chocolate pots 366
Christian spoons 260
Christina, Holy Trinity Church
203
Christ's College — Cambridge 63,
205
Church Ales 145
Church, Col. Benjamin 75, 76, 161

454

General Index

Church, Joseph 75
Church, Richard 75
Church silver, preservation of 3
Church silver, search for 2, 4
Church, Thomas 76
Churchill, Mrs. Joseph R. 400
Churchill, Mrs. Lucretia Mott
(Hallowell) 412
Ciborium 432
Circular dishes 243
Clap, Hopestill 28
Clapp, Miss Harriet L. 309, 315
Clark, John 84
Clarke, Anne 174, 285
Clarke, Gov. George 93
Clarke, John 249
Clarke, Thomas junior 23, 41
Clarke, William 27, 28, 224
Classical revival 163, 167
Classical shape 164
Claw and ball feet 258
Cleaning of silver 29
Clearwater, A. T. 301, 321, 329,
335, 3^7, 4°°
Clefts 263
Clement, Augustin 108
Clement, Elizabeth 108
Cleveland Museum of Art 341
Clipped-end spoons 275
Clowse, Samuel 88
Coasters 441
Cobb, Benjamin 423
Cobb, Henry 26
Cocoa 366
Coddington, Gov. William 242
Coffee 366
Coffee pots 366
Coffee services 351
Coffin, arms of 240, 387
Collins, Gov. John 381
Colman, Rev. Benjamin 384, 431
Colman, Jane (Clarke) 384

Cologne, mark of 59
Colonial appreciation 12
Colonial Dames of Massachusetts
4, "5
Colonial Dames of New York 4,
227
Colonial Dames of Other States 4
Colonial period extended 30
Colonial silver, approximate date
of 15
Colonial silver in England 12
Columbus, Christopher 366
Combined Colonial and English
marks 22
Commonwealth 38, 117, 129, 147,
148, 188, 262
Competition, blacksmiths' 30
Competition, English 50
Compton, Lord 41
Concord, First Parish 113
Cone shape 374
Cone, William R. 177
Coney, Mary (Atwater) 44
Confiture boxes 398
Congregational Church— Great
Yarmouth 63
Connecticut silversmiths 3, 4, 20,
83, 86, 92, 94, 162, 178, 186, 224,
242, 3°5, 3°6, 364, 389
Conopios, Nathaniel 366
Constitution, frigate 353, 413
Cooke, Miss Helen Temple 312
Coolidge, J. Templeman 324
Cooper-Austin house 78
Cooper, James Fenimore 166
Cooper, John 78
Copley, Elizabeth 403
Copley, John 403
Copley, John Singleton 99, 219,
229, 322, 323, 340, 341, 343, 403,
439
Corinthian column 291

General Index

455

Cornwallis, Lord 148
Coronation spoon 260
Corpus Christi College— Cam
bridge 241
Corpus Christi College— Oxford
IOS
Cosby, Gov. William 93
Cotton, Rev. John 33, 38, SS, 189
Cotton, Rev. Theophilus 27
Couch, Abigail 178
Cow pitchers 410
Cowell, John 123
Cowell, Margaret 386
Cowper, William 391
Cox, Lemuel 348
Coytmore, Thomas 34
Craftsmanship, silversmiths' II
Craigie, Anna 354
Craigie house 150
Cream pitchers 408
Crichton Brothers 300, 301
Cromwell, Oliver 91, 151, 220
Cromwell's Head Tavern 218
Cross 433
Crosse, John III
Crowns of the Law 428, 431
Crucifixion, representation of 210
Cruet frames 323
Cruets 435
Cruft, Edward 180
Cruft, Elizabeth (Storer) 180
Cruft, The Misses 179, 401
Cumberland, Duke of 119
Cunningham, Mr. and Mrs.
Henry W. 322, 408
Cunningham, Nathaniel 78
Cunningham, Ruth 79
Cunningham, Mrs. Stanley 138,
35°
Cupped discs 129
Curtis, George Munson 2, 3, 20,
30, 94, 179, 234

Cushing, arms of 336
Custis, Daniel Parke 152
Custis, John 151, 152
Cut-card work 117
Cut ring 216
Cylindrical 54
Cylindrical, tapering 372
Dandridge, Martha 152
Danish silver 130
Dartmouth College 420
Dates, inaccuracies of 25, 26
Daughters of the American Revo
lution (Hannah Winthrop
Chapter) 349
Davie, Sir John 82
Davie, Sir William 82
Davis, Caleb 385
Davis, Elizabeth 245
Davis, Mrs. Joshua 52
Davis, Mary 385
Dawes, Ambrose 422
Dawes, Rebecca 422
Dawes, Thomas 421, 422
Dawes, William 212, 213
Daye, Stephen 254
Dean, Charles Henry 42
Deane, Rev. Samuel 274
Decanter stands 440
Declaration of Independence 50,
88, 156, 163, 438
de Coverley, Sir Roger 216
Deerfield, First Congregational
Church 115, 144
De Klyn, Barnt 143
De Klyn, Mary 143
de Lancey, James 241
Denny, Deborah 219
Derby, First Congregational
Church 161
Dering, Sylvester 311
Dessert spoons 277 . 

456

General Index

Destruction of silver 3, 13, 14, 201
de Vaudreuil, Marquess 269
Diamond, Andrew 27
Diamond, Elizabeth (Elliott) 27
Diamond work 60
Dill, Mary 236
Dish crosses 329
Dish rings 330
Dixwell, Col. John 91
Dolphin 134
Dolphin, ship 316
Domed cover, high 335
Domed cover, low 136
Dorby, Capt. Eleazar 227
Dorchester, Congregational or
Presbyterian Church 361
Dorchester, First Church 25, 28,
46, 66, 73, 107, 108, 123
Dorchester, Second Church 107
Dorr, Mrs. Ellerton L. 179
Double-drop 268, 270
Downing, John 395
Drake, Sir Francis 391
Drake, Francis S. 7
Drake, Samuel Adams 7, 393
Dram cups 249
Dredgers 315
Du Bartas, Guillaume 311
Dublin, mark of 248, 435
Ducie, Lord 131
Duck-neck spout 335
Dudley, Paul 113
Dudley, Gov. Thomas 33, 113
Dummer Academy 394
Dummer, Anne 439
Dummer, Hannah 75
Dummer, Hannah (Atwater) 44
Dummer, Jeremiah 44
Dummer, Richard 44
Dummer, William 44, 157, 393, 394
Dunkirk of America 228
Dunster, Henry 26, 254, 300

Dunster, Samuel 300
Dutch silver 21, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62,
66, 69, 71, 136, 221, 227, 356,411
Dwight, Nathaniel 132
Dwight, Mrs. Sally Pickman 170,
237, 267, 268, 278, 279, 281, 287,
3°6, 3°9, 313, 326, 341
Dwight, Theodore F. 7
Dwight, Timothy 132
Dwight, Capt. Timothy 132
Eager, Capt. James 406
Early Silver of Connecticut and its
Makers 3
East India Company 331, 333, 367
East Providence, Newman Con
gregational Church 39, 43, 69
Eaton, Francis S. 338
Eaton, Miss Georgiana G. 338
Eaton, William S. 338
Ecclesiastic 433
Edes, Henry H. 348
Edict of Nantes 169, 190
Edinburgh, mark of 168
Edward VI 105
Edwards, Anna 96
Edwards, David 155
Edwards, John 96
Edwards, Rev. Jonathan 164
Edwards, Joseph 271
Edwards, Sarah 372
Edwards, Susanna 155
Egyptian beakers 54
Egyptian spoons 260
Elbridge, Elizabeth 172
Elbridge, John 172
Elbridge, Thomas 172
Elers ware 169
Elgin marbles 167
Eliot, Mrs. Charles W. 187
Eliot, Jane 130
Eliot, Joseph 1 10

General Index

457

Eliot, Silence no
Elizabeth, Empress 192
Elizabeth, Queen 32, 147, 201,
261, 311
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 240
Elizabethan period 13, 32, 128, 203,
204, 205, 255, 315
"Elmwood" 138, 139, 350
Embossed decoration 61
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 1 14
Emmanuel College — Cambridge 33
Emmerton, Miss 160
Endicott, John 41, 75, 96
Endicott, Gov. John 67, 96, 97,
3"
Endicott, Zerubbabel 96
English Goldsmiths and their Marks
15
English hall-marks 15
English preference II
English silver, date-letters of 14,
15
English silver in the Colonies 10, II
Engraved decoration 55
Engraving, method of 35
Epes, Samuel 184
Epes, Symond 183, 184
Erasure of hall-marks 22
Essex, Congregational Church 44
Essex Institute — Salem 160, 262,
342, 409
Evelyn, John 366
Everell, James 24, 121
Ewer shape 159
Ewers 280
Exeter, First Congregational
Church 95
Exhibitions of silver 2, 3, 4, 5
Faith, Hope and Charity 62, 71
Falcon, sloop-of-war 76
Falmouth, First Parish 274, 345

Falun, Mining Company of 203
Faneuil Hall 322, 376
Faneuil, Mary 376
Faneuil, Peter 235, 375, 377
Farr, Rebecca 57
Faunce, Priscilla 140
Faunce, Thomas 140
Feather-edge 272
Feeding cups 383
Feke, Robert 193, 232
Fenner, Freelove 365
Fenner, Capt. James 365
Fiddle-pattern spoons 275
Fig-shaped bowl 261
Finials 139
Fire-dogs, silver 444
Fishkill, First Reformed Church
164, 165
Fisk, John 122
Fisk, Rev. John 122
Fisk, Lydia (Fletcher) 122
Flagg, Col. Eleazer 120
Flagg, Lieut. Gershom 120
Flagons 147
Flange 285
Flatbush, Reformed Church 89,
317
Flatlands, Reformed Church 227
Flat-topped cover 129
Flavel, Capt. John 245
Flavel, Rebecca 245
Flaxley Abbey — Gloucestershire
216
Flaxman, John 167
Flemish silver 57
Flint, Dorothy 114
Flint, Rev. Josiah 44
Flower of Guelder, ship 175
Floyd, Gen. William 88
Fluting, concave 405
Fluting, spiral 45
Fluting, vertical 95

458

General Index

Flynt, Anne 132
Flypse, Fredryck 226
Foley, Rev. Joseph 436
Fonts 220
Foreword 1
Forks 260
Forks, steel 282
Forland, Elizabeth 171
Forland, John 171
Forster, Dorothy (Harben) 307,
372
Fort Washington 144
Fortune, ship 68
Foster, John 109
Fountain Inn 225
Fowle, Zechariah 236
Foye, John 316
Foye, Capt. John 316
Foye, Sarah (Boucher) 316
Francis, Mrs. George E. 308, 3 10
Frankland, Sir Charles 225
Franklin, Benjamin 35, 60, 90, 205,
422
Franklin, Mary 422
Frederick the Great 80
Freeman, John 389
Freeman, Mercy (Prence) 389
Freeman, term 17, 87
French, Francis junior 161
French, Hollis 21, 246
French, Nathaniel 161
French silver 14, 62, 214, 217, 218,
269, 270, 281, 435, 442
Frost, Major Charles 130
Fruit baskets 441
Funeral spoons 274, 275
Gabry, Marie 39
Gadrooned band 98
Gadrooned border 45
Gaillard, Tacitus 65
Gardiner, Hannah 404

Gardiner, John 82
Gardiner, Jonathan 87
Gardiner, Lion 404
Gardiner, Mary (Adams) 87
Gardner, Elizabeth 3 14
Gardner, Margaret 26
Gardner, Solomon 268
Garland, Mrs. James A. 142, 320
Garvan, Mrs. F. P. 382
Gavell, Margaret 119
Genealogical clues 26, 27, 28
Genuineness of silver 9
Geometric handles 307
George I 120, 124, 192, 245, 350
George II 12, 229, 268, 271, 274,
350, 408, 410
George III 12, 153, 272, 274, 294,
34°, 351, 395
George, John 384
Georgetown Roman Catholic Uni
versity 434
Georgian period 279, 374, 407
German silver 31, 59, 61, 66, 433
German stoneware jugs 128, 169,
3«5
Gerrish, Ann (Waldron) 250
Gerrish, Rev. Joseph 250
Geyer, Nancy Whitelock 290
Gibbons, Grinling 149
Gibbs, James 216
Gidds, Samuel 275
Gill, Moses 219
Glisson, Francis 117
Globular 337
"Glorious 92" 52, 424
Glory 43 5 ^
Glover, Elizabeth (Harris) 254, 300
Glover, Rev. Jose 74, 132, 254, 300
Glover, Nathaniel 386, 416
Glover, Priscilla 74
Goblets 53
Goffe, William 91, 389

General Index

459

Gold and Silver of Windsor Castle
131, 167
Gold plate 119, 260, 337, 393
Goldsmith, Oliver 392
Goldsmith, term 9
Goldsmiths' Hall 195
Gonville and Caius College— Cam
bridge 117
Gooch, Lady Rebecca 119
Gooch, Sir William 119
Goodhue, Anna (Willard) 404
Goodhue, Joanna 275
Goodwin, Benjamin 423
Goodyear, Stephen 311
Gorham Manufacturing Co. 6
Gorham, Stephen 314
Gothenburg, mark of 201
Gothic taste 283, 432
Gourd shape 105
Gozzaldi, Mrs. Mary Isabella
(James) 325, 349
Granary Burying-Ground 97
Granulated or matted 40
Gray, Miss Una 198
Grecian beakers 54
Grecian spoons 260
Green, Joshua 269, 415
Green, Samuel 102
Green, Samuel A. 249, 269, 415
Greene, Gardiner 403
Greenland, Congregational Church
137
Greens Farms, Congregational
Church 178
Greenwood, John 342
Griswold, Fort 82
Groton, First Congregational
Church 81, 82
Groton, First Parish 76
Guest, Sarah 98
Guilford, Masonic Lodge of 242
Gwyn, Nell 444

Haarlem, mark of 56, 71, 221,
227
Halifax, St. Paul's Church 150
Hall, Benjamin 363
Hall, Hepzibah (Jones) 363
Hall, Vernon H. 363
Halsey, R. T. Haines 2, 4, 10, 72,
83, 89, 93, 101, 176, 221, 307,
318,426
Hamburg, mark of 61
Hamilton, Alexander 395
Hamilton, Congregational Church
183
Hamlen, Paul M. 439
Hammatt, Benjamin 312
Hammatt, Mary 312
Hampton, St. John's Church 205,
207, 240
Hampton Falls, First Congrega
tional Society 27
Hanap 53
Hancock, John 50, 78, 19s, 244,
406, 418
Hancock, Rev. John 78, 244
Hancock, Lydia (Henchman) 49,
50, 195, 244, 320
Hancock, Thomas 50, 78, 244, 320
Handle, shoulder of 177
Handle, termination of 139
Handle, tip of 134
Hanners, Hannah (Matson) 120
Hanners, Robert 1 20
Hanover, kings of 119
Harben, Dorothy 307
Harrington, Mrs. George W. 290,
34°, 362
Harris, Isaac 413
Hams, John 254
Harris, Rev. Nathaniel 254
Harris, Richard 254, 255
Harstonge, arms of 248
Hartford, Christ Church-190.

460

General Index

Hartford, First Church of Christ
34, 176
Hartshorn, Mrs. Trumbull, 309
Hartt, Edmund 353, 413
Harvard College 33, 61, 92, 102,
H3, 135, 137, 158, 183, 193,
223, 225, 254, 255, 274, 289,
296, 300, 340,404,431
Harvard University 26, 74, 193,
253, 300, 402, 440
Hash spoons 276
Hatch, Mercy Shiverick 186
Hatfield, First Congregational
Church 95
Haugh, Sarah 386
Haughton, Mary 68
Hawkins, Mrs. Jane Bethune
(Craig) 377
Hawthorne, Nathaniel 43, 113,
160
Hayes, Miss Alice 409
Hays and Meyer 429
Heachem Church— Norfolk 204
Heard, Sir Isaac 77
Heart-shaped dish 245
Helmet shape 410
Henchman, Daniel 49, 244
Henchman, Elizabeth (Gerrish)
195, 320
Henchman, Elizabeth (Hurd) 50
Henchman, Rev. Nathaniel 50
Henry VIII 105
Henry, Rev. Matthew 388
Herculaneum 163
Hern, Martin 142
Hesselius, Gustavus 232
Hews, James 123
Higginson, Rev. Francis 33, 67
Hill, Aaron 396
Hill, Abigail Brigham 256
Hill, Edward 186
Hill, Miss Harriet A. 256, 315

Hill, Sarah 186
Hinckley, Mercy 219
Hinckley, Miss M. H. 401
Hinckley, Gov. Thomas 68, 219
History of English Plate 5, 36, 188,
249, 260, 298, 443
Hoar, Bridget 102
Hoar, Leonard 102
Hogarth, William 124
Holbein, Hans 204
Holburn Museum— Bath 442
Holden, Anne 185
Holden, George 185
Holland, Edward 292
Hollis, Thomas 158
Holloway, Lieut. William 406
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 114, 225,
300, 402
Holmes, Rebecca 344
Holy Virgin 433
Holyoke, Rev. Edward 183, 225
Homer, John 423
Honeysuckle 165
Hooker, Rev. Thomas 33, 176
Hooper, Rev. William 163
Hooton, Joan 173
Hooton, John 173
Hope, Henry 195, 196
Hopkins, Caleb 423
Horizontal twist 136
Houchin, Elizabeth 41, 75
Houchin, Jeremy 23, 41
Hough, Atherton 22, 23, 38
Hough, Elizabeth 22, 38
Hour-glass shape 254
Hubbel, Lieut. Richard 136
Huff, Eglebert 165
Hughes, Robert Ball 395
Huguenot silversmiths 119, 168,
183, 190, 191, 305, 340
Huguenots 39, 88, 186, 218
Hull, Church of Christ 172

General Index

461

Hull, Judith (Quincy) 71
Hull, Methodist Episcopal Church
172
Hull, Robert 22, 70, 114
Hunnewell, Mary 30
Hunt, Rev. Robert 63
Huntington, Rev. John 182
Hurd, Elizabeth (Tufts) 246
Hurd, Capt. Jacob 246
Hutchinson, Anne 68, 82, 115,
242
Hutchinson, Edward 243, 369
Hutchinson, Thomas 243
Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas 195,
243,244
Hutchinson, William 242
Hyattsville, Presbyterian Church
150
Illustrations of silver 6, 29
Independence Hall 60, 437, 438
Indians 47, 57, 75, 81, 83, 102, 103,
115, 130, 145, 175,243,250,269,
322, 390, 443
Industry, ship 356
Inglis, Charles 150
Initials denoting ownership 22
Initials, inconsistencies of 23, 24,
26
Insulators 340
Interlacing strap-band 55
Introduction 8
Ipswich, First Congregational
Church 74
Ipswich, South Church 184
Irish silver 21, 248, 272, 330, 435
Ironside, Edward 189
Ironside, Mrs. George Bromley 189
Ironside, Gilbert 189
Irving, Washington 226
Isham, Norman Morrison 184
Italian silver 432

Jackson, Andrew 427
Jackson, C. J. 5, 8, 15, 35, 36, 101,
109, 188, 249, 252, 253, 260,
264, 277, 298, 331, 358, 366, 367,
385, 39i, 398, 41S, 443
Jackson, Mary 186
Jackson, Ruth (Chapin) 323
Jackson, Samuel 323
Jacobean period 32, 34, 129, 147,
280, 3 15
James I 3 5, 205, 311
Jamestown, Old Church 208, 239
Jans, Anneke 83
Jarvis, Charles 161
Jarvis, James 295
Jarvis, Col. Leonard 161
Jarvis, Samuel 178
Jeffers, Sarah 174
Jefferson, Thomas 161
Jeffries, David 174, 285
Jeffries, John 285
Jeffries, Dr. John 285
Jeffries, William A. 285, 391
Jencks, Capt. Silvanus 365
Jenks, Joseph 42
Jenks, Gov. Joseph 42
Jenks, Samuel 173
Jennings, Joshua 178
Jesse, Mary (Wilson) 73
Jesuit missions 434
Jewell, Miss M. H. 292
Jewish synagogue silver 427
Johnson, Isaac 33
Johnson, Mrs. Samuel 418
Johnson, William 199
Johonnot, Daniel 183
Johonnot, Zachariah 235
Jones, Mrs. B. M. 271
Jones, E. Alfred 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8,
32, 33, »7, 131, H7> i°7, 261,
283, 443
Jones, Ichabod 423

462

General Index

Jones, Paul 218
Joy, Benjamin 302
Joy, Mrs. Charles H. 174, 302, 303
Jugs 408
Justice, Prudence and Temperance
56
Juxon, William 37
Kay,. Nathaniel 229, 230, 231
Kearsley, John 23, 60
Kearsley, Margaret 23, 60
Keayne, Capt. Robert 70
Kemble, Thomas 91
Kensington Palace 228
Kent, Duke of 290
Kent, H. W. 6
Kettles 349
Kieft, Governor 83
Kierstead, Hans 83
Kilby, Elizabeth 123
King, Anne 185
King, Robert 185
Kirk Barown Church 62
Kitchen, Edward 182, 183
Kittery, First Congregational
Church 228, 394
Kneller, Sir Godfrey 157
Knight, Elizabeth 91
Knight, Richard 90
Knight, Sarah 90
Knop 201
Kremlin— Moscow 34
Kuhn, C. Hartman 246
Ladles 260
Lady's cup 55
Lafayette, Marquis de 218
Lake, Alice 24, 66
Lake, Thomas 24, 66
Lamb, Charles 391
Lamb, Mrs. H. A. 354
Lambeth Palace 148

Lancaster, St. Mary's Roman
Catholic Church 432
Lane, Sir Ralph 391
Lantern shape 333
Lathrop, Rev. John 63
Lawrence, Mrs. Abbott 354
Lawrence, Amos 427
Lawrence, David 95
Leacock, Rev. B. B. 238
Leadbetter, Henry 66
Ledlie, Samuel 190
Lee, Lydia 384
Lee, Col. Jeremiah 225
Lee, Richard Henry 438
Legg, John 225
l'Hommedieu, Benjamin 88
l'Hommedieu, Ezra 87
Leisler, Jacob 222
LeMercier, Rev. Andrew 235
LeMercier, Margaret 235
Leonard house 42
LeRoux, Rachel 93
Leverett, Mary 113
Leverett, John 113, 223, 296
Leverett, Sir John 112, 113, 296
Lewes, St. Peter's Church 160,
213
Lexington 78, 139, 212, 236, 244,
247
Lexington, First Congregational
Society 78, 244
Leyden Company 43
Liberty bell 438
Lidgett, Peter 285
Lightfoot, Col. Francis 211
Lincoln, First Congregational
Church 406
Lincoln, Miss Frances M. 319
Lindall, Abigail 134
Linzee, Capt. John 76
Lion, ship 95
Little, Charles 3 19

General Index.

4^3

Little Compton, United Congre
gational Church 75
Little, Sarah (Warren) 319
Livingston, Col. John 91
Llanrhychwyn Church — Carnar
vonshire 36
Lloyd, Rebecca 323
Lock, Sarah 232
Lock, William 231, 232
London, Tower of 149, 260
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
60, 99, 138, 150, 229
Longley, James 353
Looking-glass frames, silver 444
Looped handles 356
Lopez, Aaron 429
Lord, Mrs. Charles W. 345
Lord's Supper, administration of 65
Loring, The Misses 157, 393
Loudon, Samuel 166
Louis XIV 14, 192, 217, 281, 295
Louis XV 14, 198
Louis XVI 14
Louisburg 68, 92, 218, 228, 229,
410
Lowell, Anna Cabot 344
Lowell, Rev. Charles 164
Lowell, James Russell 138, 164,
189, 35°
Lowell, Rebecca 344
Loyalists 12, 49, 74, 86, 150, 179,
181, 192, 290
Luce, J. D. H. 397
Lutheran Church— Haarlem 221
Lyman, Mrs. Theodore 328
Lynde, Sarah 316
Lyndhurst, Baron 403
Lynn, First Church of Christ 47
Lynn, Second Church 47
Lynn, Third Church 47, 173
Lynnfield, First Church 20
Lyon, Irving Whitall 402

Macdonald, Flora 48, 49
Mackay, Robert C. 426
Mackay, William 276, 423, 426
MacLeod, Rev. John 48, 49
Madison, Bishop James 149
Maiden head spoons 261
Makemie, Rev. Francis 185
Makers' marks, attribution of 2,
19, 20
Makers' marks, Colonial 17, 18,
19
Makers' marks, facsimiles of 21
Malcom, Anna 276
Malcom, Daniel 276, 423
Manley, Phebe 84
Manley, William 84
Mansfield, Lord 423
Marblehead, First Congregational
Church 64, 69, 172
Marblehead Historical Society 225
Marblehead, St. Michael's Church
172
Marblehead, Second Congrega
tional Society 224
Marrow scoops 279
Marshpee plantation 390
Marston, John 423, 425, 426
Martin, Mrs. F. C. 346, 387
Martyn, Rev. John 43 1
Maryland, All Hallow's Parish 64
Maryland, Eastern Shore of 436
Maryland, Newtown 435
Maryland, St. George's Parish 152
Maryland, St. James's Parish 231
Maryland, St. Michael's Parish
105, 117, 138, 169
Maryland, St. Thomas's Mission
435
Maryland, Stephney Parish 375
Mask 134
Mason, Capt. John 57
Massachusetts, arms of 109

464

General Index

Massachusetts Historical Society
76, 81, 84, 181, 229, 377
Massachusetts Mechanic Chari
table Association 353
Master spoon 261
Matchett, Sarah A. 248
Matchett, William F. 248
Mather, Rev. Cotton 384
Mather, Rev. Increase 154
Mather, Jerusha 154
Mather, Rev. Samuel 90
Matignon, Rev. Father 356
Matted or granulated 40
Matthews, Nathan 184
May, Frederick Goddard 195
Mazer bowls 419
McAleer, Rev. Father 436
McSherry, Mrs. James 436
Medford, First Parish 192, 193,
402
Mediaeval period 13, 54, 62, 201,
210, 260, 283
Mellows, Oliver 303
Meriam, Thomas 78
Merrimack, ship 347
Merritt, John 195
Merritt, Jonathan 23
Merton College— Oxford 104
Metropolitan Museum of Art-
New York 4, 5,6, 198, 311, 335,
368
Middlecott, Richard 255
Middlecott, Sarah (Winslow) 255
Middletown, St. Luke's Chapel,
Berkeley Divinity School 87
Mildmay, Lady 129
Milford, First Congregational
Church 83, 116
Mills, Edward junior 195, 402
Milton, First Congregational
Parish 45
Milton, John 63, 205

Moffatt, H. C. 105
Monis, Judah 431
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley
393
Monteigh 419
Monteith 419
Moody, Rev. Joshua 68
Moore's Creek 49
More, Helen F. 212
More, John 203
Morey, John 247
Morgan, J. Pierpont 33, 130, 261,
419
Morgan, Mrs. Richard H. 240
Morrison, Col. Francis 208
Morse, Miss Frances Clary 295
Morton, Perez 197
Morton, Sarah Apthorp 197
Morwent, Robert 105
Mott, Lucretia (Coffin) 411
Moulded band 137
Moultrie, Gen. William 323
Mount Vernon 1 19
Muffineers 315
Mugs 168
Munroe, Hugh 238
Murray, Col. John 404
Murray, Lucretia 404
Museum of Fine Arts — Boston 2,
3. 5, 6, 11, 17, 59, no, 137,
155, 164, 199, 228, 243, 256,
257, 270, 276, 282, 315, 338,
353, 357, 377, 382, 396, 400, 401,
406, 414, 422
Myers, Napthali Hart 429
Myles, Rev. John 150
Myles, Rev. Samuel 150
Nash, Elizabeth 86
Nash, Robert 86
Neal, Daniel 153
Nelson, Thomas 54

General Index

4^5

Neponset, Church of the Unity 123
Neville, Thomas 35
Newbury, Byfield Parish Church
394
Newbury, Congregational Church
20
Newburyport, Presbyterian
Church 397
New Castle, Immanuel Church 156
Newcastle, mark of 349
Newcastle, Roman Catholic
Church 356
New College — Oxford 254
New England Historical and Genea
logical Register 17
New England silversmiths, early 10
New fashions 15, 16
New Hampshire silversmiths 394
New Haven, First Church of
Christ 25
Newington, Congregational
Church 394
New London, First Congregational
Church 224
New London, St. James's Church
86
Newman, Rev. Antipas 96, 250
Newman, Rev. Noah 39, 43
Newman, Rev. Samuel 38
Newman, Sybil 96
Newport, First Baptist Church
115
Newport Historical Society 75
Newport, Seventh Day Baptist
Society 75
Newport, Trinity Church 229, 230
Newton Lower Falls, St. Mary's
Church 129
New York, Cathedral of St. John
the Divine 189
New York, Collegiate Church 101,

New York, Merchants Exchange
395
New York silversmiths 4, 18, 69,
72, 83, 88, 89, 92, 93, 101, 135,
136, 156, 164, 175, 176, 195, 221,
227, 233, 317, 335, 409, 428, 440
New York Silver Smiths' Society
428
New York, South Reformed
Church 221
New York, Trinity Church 149,
/5°, 243
Nicholson, Samuel 413
Nonconformist 65, 106, 388
Norris, Isaac 437
Northborough, First Congrega
tional Church and Society 406,
431
North Carolina, Bluff Presbyterian
Church 48, 49
North Haven, Congregational
Church 94, 233
Norton, Elizabeth 319, 399
Norton, Rev. John 145, 319, 399
Norton, Mary (Mason) 145, 319,
399
Norwich, Church of Christ 90
Norwich, mark of 298
Notched-end spoons 263
Nottingham stoneware 169
Noyes, Rev. James 20
Nozzles 285
Nutmeg boxes 391
Nutter house 377
Nutting, Wallace 42
Ochterlony, Capt. David 77
Ochterlony, Sir David 77
Old American Domestic Silver 6
Old English pattern 272
Old English Plate of the Emperor
of Russia 32, 38, 283

466

General Index

Old Meeting House— Newcastle-
under-Lyme 124
Old Plate 6
Old Plate of the Cambridge Colleges
117
Old Royal Plate in the Tower of
London 261
Old Silver 7
Old Silver, of American Churches 1,
S, 6, 21, 27, 28, 301, 343
Oliver, John 154
Oliver, Gov. Thomas 138
Onondawgus, Indian Chapel of the
243
Onslow, Arthur 271
Orange, Prince of 165, 317
Orangeburg, St. Matthew's Parish
65
Oriel College— Oxford 62
Oriental teapots 331, 332
Oriental vase 384
Ostensorium 435
Other Objects 437
Otis, James 79
Otis, Nathaniel 389
Oude Kerk— Delft 221
OvaF s;poon-bowl 262
Oval teapots 345
Oviform 51
Ovolo decoration 35
Oxenbridge, Rev. John 112
Oxford, Holy Trinity Church 156
Oxford Plate 105
Paddy, William 106, 154, 303
Paine, Sarah (Clark) 309
Paine, Nathaniel 309
Palm leaf decoration 117
Palmer, George S. 175, 185, 317,
321, 335, 364, 396
Palmer, Mrs. Mary 193
Paris, mark of 63, 217 .

Park, Lawrence 440
Parke, Col. Daniel 152
Parke, Frances 152
Parker, Capt. John 247
Parker, Rev. Theodore 247
Parkman, Samuel 356
Parsons, Elizabeth (Greenleaf) 273
Parsons, The Misses 273, 409
Parsons, Theophilus 273, 274
Pass & Stow 438
Passion, symbol of the 215
Paten-covers 203
Patens 237
Patuxent, Presbyterian Church 151
Paull, Miss Florence V. 5
Payne, Edward 344
Pear shape 335
Pear shape, inverted 343
Peck, Mary 169
Peck Tavern 224
Peg tankard 130
Peirce, Nathan 416
Peirce, Rebecca 416
Peirson, Rebecca 120
Pemberton, Elizabeth (Dixie) 312
Pemberton, Benjamin 312
Penn, Gov. John 160, 161, 213, 214
Penn, John junior 161
Penn, William 160
Pennsylvania Museum— Philadel
phia 6
Pepper boxes 315
Pepperell, Andrew 130
Pepperell, Elizabeth 229, 407
Pepperell, Miriam 77
Pepperell, William 229, 394
Pepperell, Sir William 77, 130, 228,
229, 394, 407
Pepperell, Sir William 2d 193, 229,
407
Pepys, Samuel 104, 331
Pequot Indians 57

General Index

467

Perkins, arms of 335
Perren, Abigail (Carpenter) 70
Perren, Daniel 70
Perry, Marian Lincoln 426
Perry, Marsden J. 410
Perry, Mrs. Nehemiah 409
Perth Amboy, St. Peter's Church
205, 210
Peter the Great 192, 444
Pewter 220, 303
Philadelphia, Christ Church 23,
58, 60, 149, 155, 225
Philadelphia, Christ Church Hos
pital 60
Philadelphia, National Bank of
North America 144, 145
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bank
144
Philadelphia, St. Joseph's Roman
Catholic Church 432
Philadelphia, St. Peter's Church 60
Philadelphia, Second Presbyterian
Church 47
Philadelphia silversmiths 18, 79,
144, 156, 160, 161, 184, 213, 225,
4", 437
Philadelphia, United States Bank
144
Philip, King 75, 84
Philipse, Frederick 227
Phillips Academy 158
Phillips, John 158
Phillips, Mayor John 158
Phillips, Mehitable 115
Phillips, Samuel 158
Phillips, Rev. Samuel 158
Phillips, Wendell 158
Phillips, William 158
Phillipse, Adolph 93
Phipps, Elizabeth 137
Phipps, Spencer 137
Phipps, Sir William 14, 147

Photographs of silver 5, 6
Pickman, Benjamin senior 134
Pickman, Benjamin 342, 410
Pickman, Benjamin junior 342,
343
Pickman, Dudley L. 134
Pickman, Elizabeth (Eastwick) 326
Pickman, Love (Rawlins) 341, 342
Pickman, Mary (Toppan) 341,
342, 343
Pickman, William 326
Pierced spoons 277
Pierced work 257, 405, 407, 441
Pierpont, Rev. James 187
Pilgrim Fathers' Church— London
63
Pilgrims 63, 140, 220
Pineapple cups 31
Pine-tree shillings 41
Pitchers 408
Pitt Chapel — Rusholme 117
Pitt, William 340
Plate, term 8
Plates 238
Plinth bases 353
Plymouth, First Parish 139
Plymouth Rock 140
Pocahontas 204
Pointers 429
Pollard, Anne 180
Pollard, Jonathan 181
Pollard, Mehitable 137
Pollard, Philip 137
Pollock, Isaac 429
Pompeii 163
Pope, Alexander 366
Pope, Mary 216
Porringers 297
Porter, Mrs. Alexander S. 256
Portland, Duke of 36
Portland, First Parish 274, 345
Portsmouth, North Church 97

468

General Index

Portsmouth, St. John's Church
395
Portsmouth, South Parish 133
Portugal, kings of 14
Portuguese silver 126
Potwine, John 186
Pounced or pricked 38, 41
Powell, William 393, 439
Preble, Ebenezer 52
Preble, Edward 52
Presbyterian Historical Society—
Philadelphia 184
Presbyterianism, organized 185
Prescott, Jonas 76, 77
Prescott, Col. William 76
Prescott, William Hickling 76, 77
Pricked or pounced 38, 41
Pricket candlesticks 283
Prince, Samuel 219
Prince, Sarah 219
Prince, Rev. Thomas 218, 219
Princeton College 47
Princeton, First Congregational
Church 219
Prototypes of Colonial Examples
8, 29
Prout, Mary 25, 91
Prouty, Dwight M. 137, 292, 319,
359, 360
Providence, Grace Church 166
Providence, King's Church 230
Providence, St. John's Church 230
Providence, ship 125
Provoost, Rev. Samuel 149
Punch bowls 419
Punch ladles 276, 279
Punched lieads 416
Punched decoration 109
Purchases 129
Puritan spoons 262
Puritans I, 33, 63, 153, 189, 203,
220, 262, 311

Quakers 214, 411
Quary, Col. Robert 58, ISS. 225
Quebec, Ursuline Convent 269
Queens' College — Cambridge 40
Queen's College — Oxford 112
Quincy, Anna 399
Quincy, Edmund 71, 114, 132
Quincy, Edmund junior 71, 114
Quincy, Elizabeth (Norton) 319,
399
Quincy, First Congregational So
ciety in, 114, 319
Quincy house 114
Quincy, Col. John 97, in, 319, 399
Quincy, Josiah 181
Quincy, Mary 115, 386
Rainsborough, Martha 34
Raleigh, Sir Walter 391
Randolph, Edward 58
Randolph, Sir John 1 19
Rantoul, Mrs. Lois B. 190
Rat-tail spoons 267
Rawlins, Love 342
Rayner, Elizabeth and James 306
Read, John 295
Read, Mrs. John Bertram 306
Read, Ruth 295
Reeded 169
Reel-shaped handle-foot 205
Reformation 13, 54, 201, 210
Reformation, Post- 62, 203, 210,
211
Reformation, Pre- 201
Rehoboth and Pitts Creek, Pres
byterian Church 184
Rehoboth Church 38, 56
Repousse 105
Restoration 38, 109, 129, 148, 262,
274, 280, 283
Reveira, Abraham 429
Reveira, Jacob Rodreques 429

General Index

469

Reynolds, Sir Joshua 392
Rhett, Col. William 125
Rhode Island School of Design-
Providence 219
Rhode Island seal 75
Rhode Island silversmiths 75, 82,
115, 229, 231, 234, 242, 275, 309,
321, 389
Richardson, Mrs. George F. 328
Riches, John 216
Rijks Museum— Amsterdam 39
Ring handles 355
Robinson, Rev. John 203
Robinson, Mrs. John Campbell 98
Robinson, Mary 206
Rock of Dumbarton 151
Rococo style 163, 198, 231, 270,
272, 273, 321, 325, 359, 363, 403,
410
Roelofse, Sarah 83
Rogers, Miss Annette P. 439
Rogers, Miss Catherine Langdon
257, 396, 406
Rogers, Captain 28
Rogers, Miss Clara Bates 257, 396,
406
Rogers, Rev. Ezekiel 63
Rogers, Rev. Nathaniel 33, 74
Rolfe, Capt. John 204
Roman beakers 54
Roman Catholic Church, earliest
356
Roman Catholic Church silver
432
Roman spoons 260
Roman vase 372, 382
Ross, Denman W. 122
Rothschild, Leopold de 337
Rowley, First Congregational
Church 63
Royal Academy 395
Royall, Elizabeth 193

Royall House Association 195
Royall, Coh Isaac 192, 194
Royall, Penelope 193
Russell, Abigail 389
Russell, Col. Benjamin 98, 99
Russell, Elizabeth 265
Russell, Rev. John 265, 389
Russell, Joseph 265
Russell, Mary 265
Russell, Samuel 171, 172
Russia, Emperor of 14, 34, 147,
182, 192
Rutgers College I
Rutherford, Henry 25
Rutherford, Sarah 25
Rymes, Capt. Christopher 395
Sacred Heart 433
Sacred Trigram 210
Saffin, Martha 56, 57
Saffin, John 56
St. Andrew's Church -Norwich 203
St. Anne's — Soho 240
St. Bavo's Church— Haarlem 54
St. Cybi's Church-Holyhead 38
St. George — Bloomsbury 143
St. George's Lutheran Church—
Goodman's Fields 152
St. Giles-in-the-Fields 143
St. James's— Piccadilly 209
St. John's— Westminster 209
St. Mary Magdalene — Ecton 205
St. Mary's Church— Great Bring-
ton 147
St. Mary Woolnoth— London 147
St. Pancras— Leyden 63
St. Paul's Cathedral 228
St. Peter's — Leyden 63
St. Saviourgate Presbyterian
Chapel— York 121
Salem, Custom House 160
Salem, First Baptist Church 164

470

General Index

Salem, First Congregational So
ciety 67, 159, 342
Salem, North Church 27, 342, 343
Salem, South Church 182
Salem, Tabernacle Church 182
Salisbury Cathedral 283
Salisbury, Martha 301, 385
Salisbury, Nicholas 301
Salisbury, Rebecca 308
Salisbury, Stephen 301, 304, 384
Salt 252
Saltcellars 252
Salter, Sarah 181
Saltonstall, Gurdon 224
Saltonstall, Mary 27, 224
Salts 252
Salvers 237
Salvers with feet 245
Sanders, Josiah 308
Sanderson, Lydia 10, no
Sanderson, William no
Sandwich, First Parish 390
Sargent, Winthrop 282
Sauce boats 408
Sauce ladles 279
Sauce pans 438
Saucer dish 109
Saugus, First Parish Church (Uni
versalis!) 46, 173
Savage, Arthur 115
Savage, Elizabeth 265
Savage, Ephraim 115, 386
Savage, James 7
Savage, Thomas 406
Scalloped work 175
Scallop shell 270
Scandinavian silver 66
Scantic, Congregational Church
186
Schaats, Gideon 175
Scissor tongs 406
Scituate, First Parish 23, 63

Sconces 283
Scotch silver 26, 168, 272, 337
Scroll and Key Society 105, 1 17, 124
Scrolled porringer-handles 314
Scroll-headed spoons 271
Scroll work 266
Seabury, Samuel 61, 86, 242
Seal-top spoons 261
Seatauket, Presbyterian Church 92
Selyns, Dominie 221
Serrated 136
Sever, Miss Emily 256
Sever, Nicholas 289, 319
Sever, Rev. William Warren 289
Sewall, Elizabeth (Walley) 61
Sewall, Hannah (Hull) 42, 62
Sewall, Rev. Joseph 61
Sewall, Rev. Samuel 42, 62, 74, 96,
122, 123,359, 387
Shakespeare, William 280, 311
Shattuck, Frederick C. 132
Shattuck fugitives 311
Sheffield, mark of 291
Sheffield plate 8, 9, 235, 258
Shelton, Rev. Philo 241, 242
Shepard, Elizabeth 187
Shepard, Rev. Thomas 33, 135
Sherburne, Miss Evelyn 294
Shirley, Gov. William 229
Shoulder, fluted 133
Shove, Samuel 133
Shrewsbury, Congregational
Church 52
Shurtleff, Mary (Atkinson) 133
Shurtleff, Susanna 134
Shurtleff, William 134
Shurtleff, Rev. William 133, 134
Shute, Gov. Samuel 393
Sigourneys 183, 235
Silver age 444
Silver, term 9
Silversmith, term 9

General Index

471

Simpson, Ann 386, 416
Sims, Henrietta 161, 213
Siphons 440
Skerry, Francis 67
Slip-stem spoons 262
Smallpox 45, 83, 91, 242, 393, 394
Smibert, John 61, 164, 229, 322,
377, 4°i
Smith, Abigail (Fowle) 97, 364
Smith, Deborah (Ellis) 410
Smith, Elizabeth (Quincy) 97
Smith, Elizabeth (Storer) 364, 387,
400, 401
Smith, Elizabeth (Wendell) 345
Smith, Isaac 363, 387, 400, 401
Smith, Captain John 10
Smith, Josiah 329
Smith, Mary 329
Smith, Peter 344, 345
Smith, Ralph C. 6
Smith, Rebecca (Eldrige) 308
Smith, S. 394
Smith, Sarah 364
Smith, Stillman 410
Smith, Sydney 331
Smith, Thomas 207, 308
Smith, Bishop Thomas 112
Smith, Rev. Thomas 345
Smith, William 97, 364
Smith, Rev. William 97
Smith's Hundred, St. Mary's
Church 206, 207
Smoking habit 391
Smull, Mr. 438
Snell, William 264
Snuff 391
Snuff boxes 391
Snuffers 283
Society for the Preservation of
New England Antiquities 78
Sons of Liberty 183, 235, 236, 257,
276, 423, 425

Soup ladles 279
Southampton, First Presbyterian
Church 176
South Berwick, First Congrega
tional Church 130
Southold, First Presbyterian
Church 87
Southport, Trinity Church 241
Southwick, Lawrence 311
Soutter, Mrs. Robert 369
Spalding, Philip Leffingwell 171,
258
Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue
—London 248, 430
Spanish silver 234, 245
Sparhawk, Rev. John 407
Sparhawk, Martha 407
Sparhawk, Nathaniel 229, 407
Spirit lamps 326
Splayed base 35
Spool shape 253
Spoons 260
Spout cups 383
Spouts, tankard 146
Sprague, Richard 28
Spurious marks 21
Square-shaped handles 164
Stamford, St. John's Church 242
Stamp Act 424
Standing cups 31
Stanton, William 1 19
Stedman, Elizabeth 132
Stedman, John 132, 133
Stedman, John junior 132
Steele, Sir Richard 216
Steeple cups 32, 34
Steer, arms of 28
Stegge, Thomas 209
Stevens, John 88
Stevens, Mary 178
Stevens, Samuel 177
Stew pans 439

472

General Index

Stiles, Rev. Ezra 233
Stiles, Rev. Isaac 233
Stoddard, Anthony 122
Stoddard, Rev. Sampson 122
Stone, Gregory 78
Stone, Capt. John 348
Stone, Rev. Samuel 33
Stone, William 5
Storer, Ebenezer 186, 313, 372, 401
Storer, Ebenezer junior 338
Storer, Elizabeth 364, 400
Storer, Mary (Edwards) 186, 313,
338, 372, 401
Story, Sarah 55
Stoughton, William 46, 95
Strainers 362
Strap decoration 168, 191
Stratfield, Church of Christ 136
Stratford, Congregational Church
108
Stuart, Gilbert 186
Stuart period 13, 66, 189, 237
Stuyvesant, Peter 83
Sugar 398
Sugar baskets 405
Sugar bowls 398
Sugar boxes 398
Sugar dish 401
Sugar ladles 279
Sugar tongs 398
Summerville, Tranquil Hall 361
Sunderland, John 250
Sunderland, John junior 250
Surbase 95
Surriage, Agnes 225
Sussex, Duke of 395
Swab, Andrew 203
Swansea, Baptist Church 150
Swedish Lutheran Church 203
Swedish silver 201
Sweet, Mary 155
Sweet, Susanna 155

Swift, Jonathan 280
Sylvester, Brinley 311
Sylvester, Constant 311
Sylvester, Joshua 311
Sylvester, Mary (Burroughs) 311
Sylvester, Nathaniel 311
Symmes, Elizabeth 178
Symmes, Mary 406
Symmes, Rev. Zechariah 33
Symmes, Rev. Zechariah junior
406
Tables, silver 444
Taft, Mrs. L. B. 257, 320, 340, 440
Talbot, Rev. John 205, 210, 216
Talbot, Mrs. John 210
Talbot, St. George 241
Tankards 128
Tarnishing prevented 29
Tarrytown, First Reformed
Church 226
Tasters 249
Tazzas 237
Tea 331
Tea caddies 358
Tea kettles 331
Teapots 331
Tea services 351
Tea spoons 277
Tea urns 331
Teniers, David 395
Tennent, Rev. Gilbert 47
Thackeray, William Makepeace 76
Thayer, Miss Adele 56
Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel 333, 346
Thomas, Isaac R. 233
Thomas, Isaiah 99, 235
Thomas, Mary 235
Thompson, Dorothy 133
Thompson, Henry 132
Thoreau, Henry David 113
Throne and footstool, silver 444

General Index

473

Thumb-pieces 129
Tobacco 391
Tobacco boxes 391
Tollman, Farr 57
Toppan, Mary 342
Toppan, Mrs. Robert N. 336
Tories 144, 166, 214, 244, 404,421
Touro, Rabbi Isaac 427
Touro, Judah 427
Towle Manufacturing Co. 338
Townsend, Charles W. 372
Townsend, Mrs. T. D. 313, 364,
377, 387
Townsend, William S. 276, 372
Trefoil 299
Trencher saltcellars 255
Trenton, First Presbyterian
Church 143
Trevett, Benjamin 172
Trevett, Eliza Russell 172
Trevett, Samuel Russell 172
Trial, ship 34
Trifid-end spoons 263
Trinity College — Cambridge 33,
35, 189
Trinity Hall— Cambridge 63, 129
Tripod saltcellars 256
Trumbull, Col. John 322
Trumpet shape 237
Truncated 237
Truro, First Congregational
Church 390
Tubular candlesticks 286
Tubular-stemmed spoons 276
Tucker, M. 175
Tudor period 13, 280
Tudor, Capt. Thomas 211
Tufts, Dr. Cotton 319
Tufts, Lucy (Quincy) 319, 320
Tufts, Capt. Peter 247
Tufts, Quincy 320
Tufts, Ruth 323

Tufts, Ruth (Jackson) 323
Tufts, Capt. Simon 323
Tumblers 101
Tunn, silver 55
Tureens 418
Turell, Rev. Ebenezer 401, 402
Turell, Lucy (Davenport) 401
Two-handled cups 188
Two stages, cover in 131
Tyler, Catherine 77
Tyler, John 427
Tyng, Col. Eleazer 266
Tyng, Sarah 266
Tyngsboro, First Parish (Uni
tarian) 265
Underhill, Helena 56
Underhill, John 56
Updike, Anstis 321
Updike, Daniel 321, 322
Urns 353
Usher, Elizabeth 285
Usher, Hezekiah 31, 102, 103
Usher, Hezekiah junior 53, 102
Usher, John 285
Valentine, Miss Lucy W. 410
Van Cortlandt, Catharina 226, 227
Van Cortlandt, Eva 227
Van Cortlandt, Frederick 227
Van Cortlandt house, 227
Van Cortlandt, Jacobus 227
Van Cortlandt Park 227
Vandyke ornaments 73
Van Rennselaer, Johannis 175
Vase shape 355
Vassall, John 137, 138
Vassall, Leonard 138
Vassall, William 137, 138
Vaughan, William W. 178
Vaughan, Mrs. William W. 295
Venetian glass beakers 54

474

General Index

Vernon, Edward 119
Vernon, Fortescue 423
Verplanck, Samuel 165
Versatilities of silversmiths 10
Viall, Mary and Mercy 250
Victoria and Albert Museum-
London 332, 367
Victoria, Queen 290
Vinci, Leonardo da 252
Virginia, arms of 81
Virginia Company 207
Virginia, Donation Church 292
Virginia, Hungars Parish 151
Virginia, Mapsico Church 210
Virginia, Northern Diocese of 238
Virginia silversmiths 10
Virginia, Westover Parish 209
Volutes 254
Von Fiirstenberg-Stulingen, Char
lotte 434
V-shaped support 131
V-shaped tongue 263
Wachsel, Gustave Anthony 153
Wadlon, Moses 64
Wadlon, Ruth (Cheever) 64
Waldo, Daniel 308
Waldron, Major Richard 250
Walker, Guy Warren 168
Walley, John 62
Wallingford, St. Paul's Church 242
Walpole Society 21
Walter, Captain 222
Ward, Artemas 52, 246
Ward, Gen. Artemas 52
Waring, Anne 361
Warner, Daniel 294
Warner, Sarah (Hill) 294
Warren, Abigail (Collins) 381, 382
Warren, Baptist Church 140
Warren, Ebenezer 178
Warren, Dr. John 381, 382

Warren, Joseph 178
Warren, Gen. Joseph 178, 236, 382
Washington, Augustine 79
Washington, Capitol 356
Washington, Elizabeth 147
Washington, George 52, 60, 79, 80,
81, 100, 138, 150, 152, 218, 303,
395, 438, 443
Washington, Lawrence 119
Washington, Martha 60, 152
Washington, Robert 147
Washington, State Department 79
Washington, William Augustine 79
Washington, W. Lanier 79
Watertown, First Parish 51, 164
Watt, James 141, 142
Wavy-end spoons 266
Webb, Nehemiah 249
Webb, Richard 249
Webster, Daniel 427
Wedgwood, Josiah 124, 167
Weld, arms of 248
Welles, Rev. Samuel 282
Wells, John 7
Wells, Mrs. Kate Gannett 234
Wells, Robert 236
Welsh, John 423
Welsteed, Rev. William 28, 30
Wendell, Mrs. Barrett 4
Wendell, Jacob 345, 402
Wenham Church 250
Wensley, Elizabeth 154
Wensley, Hopestill 154
Wensley, John 154
Wentworth, Gov. John 420
West Barnstable, Congregational
Church 68
Westborough, Second Church 43 1
Westminster Abbey 207, 216
Weston, First Parish 246
West Roxbury, First Parish 247
Wetmore, George Peabody 343

General Index

475

Wetzel, Hervey E. 256
Whalley, Edward 91, 389
WKat's in a Name 212
Wheelock, Rev. Eleazer 420
Wheelwright, Esther 269, 270
Wheelwright, Rev. John 269
Whig Tavern 425
Whipple, Capt. John 184
Whipple, Mary 183
Whistles, tankard 145
White, Lieut. Daniel 95
White, John 423
White, Rev. William 60, 149
Whitefield, Rev. George 47, 218,
229, 396
Whiteside, Mrs. Alexander 385
Whiting, Rev. Samuel 33
Wickford, St. Paul's Church 231
Wilcocks, William 25, 135
Wilkes, John 423, 425, 426
Willard, Col. Abijah 404
Willard, John Ware 7
Willard, Joseph 404
Willard, Rev. Joseph 404
Willard, Rev. Samuel 404
Willard, Major Simon 404
Willard, Miss Susanna 404
Willet, Esther 44
Willet, Capt. Thomas 43, 44, 56
Willey, W. L. 161
William III 119, 150, 165, 317
William IV 131
William and Mary 12, 149, 150
William and Mary College 1 19
Williams, Miss Elizabeth Chew
232
Williams, Mary 164
Williams, John 144
Williams, Rev. John 145
Williams, Rev. Roger 67
Williamsburg, Christ Church,
Bruton Parish 119, 143, 208

Willoughby, Francis 170
Willoughby, Mary 170, 267, 281
Wilmington, Holy Trinity Church
201
Wilson, Mary 73
Wilson, Rev. John 33, 70
Wilson, Phineas 73
Winchester College 254, 255
Windsor Castle 167
Wine cisterns, silver 444
Winslow, Anna 415
Winslow, Arthur 266
Winslow, Hannah (Moody) 68
Winslow, John 68, 266
Winslow, Joshua 265, 266
Winslow, Mary 181
Winslow, Sarah 265, 266
Winsor, Mrs. Alfred 405
Winter Palace — Petrograd 192, 444
Winthrop, Adam 33, 34
Winthrop, Hannah (Chapter of the
D. A. R.) 349
Winthrop, Gov. John 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 53, 56, 75, 129, 180, 189
Winthrop, John junior 224
Winthrop, William 129
Wire work 442
Wise, Rev. John 44
Witchcraft 46, 62, 252
Withington, Ebenezer 123
Withington, Mary 224
Withington, Philip 73
Withington, Thankful 73
Woburn, First Congregational
Church 120
Wolfe, Gen. James 340
Wolstenholme, Sir John 207
Wood, Antony a 104
Wood, Capt. David 348
Woodbridge, Abigail (Warren) 34,
73, 177
Woodbridge, Rev. John 34

476 General Index
Woodbridge, Rev. Timothy 34, 73, X-shape 149
177
Woolsey, Theodore S. 7, 9, 14, 31, Yale College 83, 105, 117, 124, 132,
61, 126 177, 233, 242
Worcester Art Museum 259, 301, Yates 203
304, 384 Yeldall, Dr. Anthony 86
Worcester, Second Parish 235 Yorke, Joanna in
Worrell, John A. 298 Yorktown, York-Hampton Parish
Wren, Sir Christopher 149 148
Wye, Sarah 173 Youngs, Rev. John 87
Wyman, Mrs. Edward 414
Wyman, Miss Margaret C. 386, Zigzag handles 363
41,5 Zigzag wire 135

Printed in the United States of America.