Yale University Library

39002028023563

iian Farmers i

in

The United States

By

T. A. HOVERSTAD

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HANS lERVELL PUBLISHING CO.
FARGO, N. DAK.

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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

T. A. HOVERSTAD
Author of the Article
Agricultural Commissioner of Soo liine

Mr. Hoverstad "was the flrst student to enter the
Minnesota School ot Agriculture and the fiirsf gradu
ate of the Minnesota College of Agriculture.
In 1906, he with Prof. J. J. Sha-w, judged the 100
farms in the J. J .Hill contest in Minnesota, North
and South Dakota.
Prom 190 6 he was superintendent of the Farmers
Institutes in North Dakota. The Dakota Farmer
makes the following statement: "Superintendent T.
A. Hoverstad of the North Dakota Farmers Institute
has so long been connected with this and experimen
tation work in the northwest that bis name is per
haps sooner a household word in agricultural than
that of any other single man similarly employed."

The Norwegian Farmers
in
The United States

BY T. A. HOVERSTAD

ILUSTRATED

HANS JERVELL PUBLISHING GO.
Fargo, North Dakota.

Copyright 1915
By Hans Jervell Publishing Co.
Fargo, North Dakota.

PROM AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, PARGO, N. D.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I. — ^The Norwegian Farmers in the United
States.
II. — ^The Norwegian Farmers in North Dakota.
ni. — ^The Descendents of the Norwegian Emi
grants.
rV. — Experience of the Norwegian Pioneer in
America.
V. — Departments of Farming.
VI. — ^The Norwegian Farmers as Business Men.
VII. — ^Norwegian Farmers as Mechanics.
VIII. — The Norwegian Farmer and Natural
Science.
IX. — The Norwegians as Laborers.
X. — ^The Character of the Norwegian Farmers.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
T. A. Hoverstad.
From Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D.
Fingal Enger, Hatton, N. D. — Pioneer, Steele
County, N. D.
Fingal Engers Farm, Hatton, N. D.
Einar Hoel, Christine, N. D. — Pioneer, Richland
County, N. D.
Elnar Hoels flrst home.
P. O. Borderuds flrst house, Norman, N. D.
M. Habberstads first house, Kindred, N. D.
M. Habberstads farm. Kindred, N. D.
John Bakkens first house, Milton, N. D.
John Bakkens farm, Milton, N. D.
Kristen K. Rensla, Towner, N. D.
S. H. Nelsons first house, Cooperstown, N. D.
S. H. Nelsons farm, Cooperstown, N. D.
T. T. "Vigesaa, Cooperstown, N. D.
R. C. Aasen, Aneta, N. D.
W. S. Christensen, Aneta, N. D.
I. G. Gunderson, Aneta, N. D.
Sven Ulsaker, Kindred, N. D.
Agricultural School, Park Riyer, N. D.
Senator M. N. Johnson, Petersburg, N. D.
Senator A. J. Gronna, Lakota, N. D.
Pioneers, Churches Ferry, N. D.
Old Peoples Home, Northwood, N. D.
P. N. Korsmo, Northwood, N. D.
High School, Hatton, N. D.

FINGAL ENGER, HATTON, N. D.
Pioneer Steele County, N. D.

EINAR HOEL, CHRISTINE, N. D.
Pioneer Richland County, N. D.

0sten Pladsen, Hatton, N. D. — House built of
trees he himself has planted.
Gunder Stavens, Hatton, N. D.
Andrew Stavens, Hatton, N. D.
O. Eielsen, Hatton, N. D.
M. Soliah, Hatton, N. D.
Ivar Thompson, Hatton, N. D.
Nicolai Berg, Hatton, N, D.
I. L. 'Wambheim, Hatton, N. D.
O. T. Andrews, Mayville, N. D.
Mrs. Hans Johnson, Mayville, N. D.
Ole S0nderland, Petersburg, N. D.
J. K. Svee, Devils Lake, N. D.
C. T. Studness, Churches Perry, N. D.
Ole Leit, Webster, N. D.
Hon. J. L. Hjorth, Reeder, N. D.
Halvor Boe, Edmore, N. D.
Knut R. Boe, Adams, N. D.
Knut O. Nestegaard, Ramsey, N. D.
Math. GuUicksen, Cando, N. D.
John Steffensen, Reeder, N. D.
L. J. Glomseth, Bottineau, N. D.
G. Gundersen, Mohall, N. D.
Henry Lee, Gsafton, N. D.
Hans J. Grustad, Tunbridge, N. D.
Sam Aandahl, Litchville, N. D.
G. C. Bjone, Litchville, N. D.
T. J. Gudmestad, Litchville, N. D.
Ole Gilbertsen, Towner, N. D.
Christ Moen, Bisbee, N. D.
View from Port Ransom, N. D.
Jens S0rby, Fort Ransom, N. D.
John Hendrlckson, Fort Ransom, N. D.

Nils Olsgaard, Kindred, N. D.
Anton Dahlen, Kindred, N. D.
Peter Trana, Kindred, N. D.
HalTor Nelson, Kindred, N. D.
Rustadfarm, Norman, N. D.
B. C. Andersen, Hickson, N. D. — First Nor'weglan
settler on farm, N. D.
E. J, Stafne, Abercrombie, N. D.
Science School, 'Wahpeton, N. D.
Ibsen Bust, Science School, Wahpeton, N. D.
Lutheran Bible School, Wahpeton, N. D.
Indians. St. Lukes Hospital, Fargo, N. D.
State Capitol, Bismarck, N. D.
Enderlln, N. D.
Goose River, near Mayville, N. D.

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FINGAL ENGERS FARM, HATTON, N. D.

The Norwegian Farmers in The United
States
In 1910 there were in the United
States 155,570 farmers, born in Norway,
Sweden and Denmark. Of these 59,742
were born in Norway, and more than
ninety-nine per cent now live in the
North Central States. Seventy per cent
lives in the states of Minnesota, Wiscon
sin and North Dakota. Their distribu
tion in the three States are as follows:
Minnesota 19,206, Wisconsin 11,485, and
North Dakota 10,886. The only other
states having more than 1000 foreign
born Norwegian farmers are South Da
kota, with 5, 381, Iowa with 4, 614 and
Washington 2,038. Montana doubtless
has more than 1000 Norwegian born
farmers now, as the influx has been very
great the last three years. There were
854 Norwegian born farmers in Montana

8 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN V. 3.
in 1910. Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska,
Kansas, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado,
Utah, Oregon and California have also
quite a large number. The Canadian
provinces have had a very large immi
gration from Norway, the last few years.
It will be noted that these emigrants lo
cated almost wholly in the northern
states having a climate resembling that
of Norway. It is of interest to learn
that Norway has given to the United
States more farmers than any other Eu
ropean country except Germany and
Sweden. The four European countries
contributing the largest number of farm
ers are as follows:
Germany _  221,800 or 33.13 per cent
Sweden  67,453 or 10.07 per cent
Norway  59,742 or 8.92 per cent
England  39,728 or 5.93 per cent

EINAR HOELS FIRST HOUSE

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 9
The Norwegian Farmers in Northi
Dakota.
The total population in North Dako
ta is 577,056. Of these 156,157 or 27
per cent, are foreign born. These are
quite evenly distributed over the state.
In six counties, out of forty-nine, more
than 50 per cent, are foreign born, and in
twenty-nine, more than 25 per cent. By
far the largest number of foreign born
farmers in North Dakota come from
Norway. The countries contributing
the largest number of farmers to the
state are as follows :
Norway  29.4
Russia  20.4
Germany  10.6
Sweden  7.8
Denmark  3.4
If we add together the number of
foreign born and also the descendants
having one or both parents of foreign
birth we have the following percentages*..

10 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
Norway  30.3 per cent.
Russia  — 15.3 per cent.
Germany  14.7 per cent.
Sweden  6.6 per cent.
Denmark  3.10 per cent
The rate of increase in population in
North Dakota the past ten years is very
large. Statistics show this increase to
be about 80 per cent. This is almost
four times the rate of increase of the
United States. In spite of this great
growth of population the state is yet
only one person to every 87 acres of land
in the state. The Norwegians went into
the country districts to becomes farmers.
Many were at first farm laborers and be
came farmers later. The number that
went on to farms is very much larger
than those that located in the cities.

p. O. BORDERUDS FIRST HOUSE, NORMAN, N. D.

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. H
The Descendents of the Norwegian
Emigrants.
There are no available figures at
hand from the census of 1910 to show the
relatiave percentage of the second gen
eration of Norwegians that live on the
farms. The census of 1900 shows that 63
percent of the second generation live in
rural communities. This is an increase
of more than 13 per cent, over the first
generation. From the data at hand it
is hard to give satisfactory explanation
of these figures. They indicate, how
ever, that there is not among the young
people an increasing tendency to move
from the country to the city. There is
a larger percentage of farmers in the
second generation, that is, the children
of Norwegian emigrants, than that of
the second generation of any other na
tionality. The percentages for each na
tionality are as follows:

12 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
Norwegians  54.3 per cent.
Danes  44.0 per cent.
Swiss  39.3 per cent.
Bohemians  35.4 per cent.
Swedes  32.6 per cent.
Germans  28.0 per cent.
Canadian (English). 26.2 per cent.
French  24.6 per cent.
English and Welsh  22.3 per cent.
Scotch  21.1 per cent.
Canadian (French)  16.7 per cent.
Irish  15.3 per cent.
Poles  12.2 per cent.
Russians  11.5 per cent.
Austrians  9.6 per cent.
Italians  6.2 per cent.
Hungarians  3.5 per cent.
The Norwegians came first to south
ern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. As
the lands settled westward the immi
grants followed the moving frontier in
to Iowa and Minnesota, North and South
Dakota and they are now moving into

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NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 13
Montana, the coast states, and Western
Canada. The tendency at present is to
settle in the newer sections of North Da
kota, Northern Minnesota and Northern
Wisconsin. The sons of the Norwegian
emigrants, as a rule, remained on the
fathers farm, got a farm in the neighbor
hood or moved to get a farm on the new
land on the frontier. It shows that the
love of country life did not disappear
with the first generation.

Experiences of the Norwegian Pioneer
in America.
The early pioneers who came to Am
erica had to endure many unpleasant ex
periences. They had to go through all
the experiences of pioneer life. In the
developmnt of any new country there are
five stages the pioneers have to go
through. The Norwegians have gone
through all these five stages in the devel-

14 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
opment of the Northwest. The first
stage is the "Savage stage." In Am
erica, the savage that the pioneer had to
meet, was the Indian. A complete re
cord of the emigrants' encounter with the
Indians would make very thrilling his
tory. Kindness, rather than hostility,
characterized their attitude toward the
aboriginees. The Indians were steadily
pushed westward and the emigrants fol
lowed and commenced to make homes.
The farmers had to organize for self de
fence frequently in the early settlements.
The second state is the "hunting and
trapping stage." In the Northwest the
game hunted was mainly the buffalo, but
there were also smaller herds of ante
lopes, deer, and moose. The number of
buffalos that were killed by the early
emigrants is very great, tt was carried
on to such an extent that the buffalos be
came almost extinct. This stage took
place while the country was in charge of
the savages. The hunter lived from the

M. HABBERSTADS FARM, KINDRED, N. D.

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 15
same game like the savages did. The
change of the country in the two stages
was that the white hunter took the place
of the savage hunter, the food remaining
the same. The third stage is the "ranching
stage." Here the inhabitant remains
the same as in the hunting stage but the
food changes. As the buffalo, antelope
and other game decreased the rancher
brought in the domestic cattle, sheep and
horses to occupy the country where the
game had disappeared. North Dakota
and Montana were famous ranch terri
tories. The short buffalo grass cured
on the plains. It could be grazed winter
and summer. It was very nutritious.
The ranch cattle were sent to the market
in the best market condition even if there
had never been a pound of grain given
them or having been housed a day.
Great fortunes were made in ranching.
This stage is disappearing. Only a few
ranches now remain on the plains. The

16 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
Norwegians had their share in the ranch
ing stage of the western frontier.
The fourth stage is the "bonanza
farming stage." The ranching stage
can continue only when the land area is
very large and the population sparse.
As population becomes more dense the
rancher must give place to the farmer.
The land must be made to produce more
than the native grass does, and there
must also be a variety in the products.
The bonanza farming stage differs from
the ranching stage preceding in this, that
the native grass and the stock disappear,
and in its place develops great fields of
grain. The land is plowed in large fields,
big machinery is used, and everything is
done on a large scale. Only one, or very
few crops are raised. This stage is
somewhat brief. It is an exploiting sys
tem of farming. The bonanza farmer
tries to get everything possible out of the
land at the very least expense. Some
Norwegians were very prominent bonan-

JOHN BAKKENS FIRST HOUSE, MILTON, N. D.

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 17
za farmers and many of the emigrants
were employed as laborels on such large
farms. This stage of farming has large
ly disappeared from the United States.
The fifth and last stage is that of
the "small farm," where the area is us
ually limited to the amount that a farm
er and his family can work without much
extra help. Besides growing grain the
farmer grows a variety of crops so there
is a succession of production through the
season. He also stocks his farm with
all the necessary domestic animals. Per
manent homes are built and the elements
of permanency and stability appear.
Churches and schools are developed, road
and bridges constructed. Cities and[
towns begin to dot the country. Rail
roading and manufacturing develop. A
permanent civilization is established. It
is in this last stage of the five that the
Norwegian emigrants took most active
part. There was enough of the Viking
blood left in the early emigrants to en-

18 NORWEGLAN FARMERS IN U. S.
joy the hunting stage among the savage
tribes, but the great bulk preferred the
quiet self-supporting, independent home
on the land in the neighborhood where
there could be companionship and co-op
eration in work, worship, and life.

The Departments of Farming.
Farming is a complex organization
of interlocking enterprises. A careful
analysis will show that farming may be
divided into several departments. The
farmers' activities can be put into sev
eral groups. The farmer must be a busi
ness man. Buying and selling are con
stant activities. He must be a mechanic.
It is only primitive man that works the
land without tools or machinery. He
must be a student of the phenomena of
plant and animal life. The man who
does not understand the fundamental
laws of biology can not succeed in farm
ing. He must be a skilled laborer. To

JOHN BAKKENS FARM, MILTON, N. D.

NORWBJGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 19
farm by "main strength and awkward
ness" is a thing of the past. He must be
an executive and know how to organize
his work to the best advantage. Any
farm operator who fails in any of the
above activities is lowering his chances
for success. How the Norwegians have
succeeded or failed, their own records
show.

The Norwegian Farmers as Busi
ness Men.
The farmer has to transact business
constantly. If he can not obtain a home
stead he must buy and pay for his land.
He must purchase material for building
and fences. His biUs for machinery
every year amounts to a great deal. He
must pay for labor and the commodities
he needs for his farm and family. He
must sell the surplus commodities he pro
duces on the farm. If he has any cash.

20 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. 8.
after the years business is done, he must
invest it in interest bearing securities.
It will be seen that the amount of busi
ness each farmer transacts in a year,
while not so very great, is still enough to
require some business talent.
How have the Norwegians transact
ed their farm business? Most of them
came from the mother country rather
poor in money. What they did have, they
earned by hard labor. They therefore
had learned the value of the dollar. They
had learned how to save their earnings.
Economy had become a habit with the
large majority. When farming com
menced every dollar saved was needed.
Borrowing money was avoided as much
as possible. Paying interest was done
only when very necessary. The mort
gage was paid off as soon as possible.
As a result of this spirit of care and econ
omy, 3477 farms belonging to Norweg
ians of first generations in North Dako
ta were free from mortgages in 1910, and

KRISTEN K. RENSLA, TOWNER, N. D.

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 21
a large number of the remainder had on
ly small indebtedness. Out of the total
of 10,886 Norwegian farm operators in
North Dakota, 9,562 own their lands.
When we consider how few years most of
the settlers have been in North Dakota,
this record is very excellent. Compara
tively few Norwegians borrow money to
speculate with. Many borrow money to
buy land to hold until the children grow
up so they can have homes of their own.
In planning their farm operations
the first consideration was to raise the
crops that would bring the highest re-
numeration. In planning buildings,
fences, and other structures the thing
that could be used to bring revenue was
the first considered. Any expensive orn
amental dwelling house was not erected
until the necessary things were provided.
In short, utility and remuneration stood
out prominent in planning their farm
business. Exceptions from this principle is

22 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
more common now than formerly. The
opportunities for profits in speculative
enterprises have made many less cau
tious of non-interest bearing securities
and low, many look more to profit from
wisely or cleverly handled capital.

Norwegian Farmers as Mechanics.
A farmer must, to a certain extent,
be a mechanic. He has to build fences
and bridges, and repair machinery and
buildings. He uses machinery in nearly
all enterprises on his farm involving la
bor. Carpenter and blacksmith tools are
invaluable on the farm. The village
blacksmith is not as common now as they
used to be. Time, is also beginning to be
such a great factor that even though the
blacksmith's bill would not be very great,
the time spent in going to and from the
shop is becoming an important item.
Each farmer has either a farm shop or
some place where he can do a great deal

S. H. NELSONS FIRST HOUSE, COOPERSTOWN, N. D.

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S. 23
of his repair work. The Norwegians
have always been skilled in handicraft.
His income in the mother country was so
low he could not purchase factory made
goods. For generations past the peasant
had to work in wood, iron, and stone un
til skill has become a national trait. The
skill in the use of machinery and tools
has been to him a great asset. Techni
cal training in shop work is now given in
our schools and greater skill is expected
to develop.

The Norwegian Farmer and Natural
Science.
The farmer has to do with soils, crop,
animals, climate, water, etc. The suc
cess of the farmer is, in a measure, de
termined by the application of natural
science to the material with which he
deals. No farmer can comprehend fully
all there is to any one department of
farm life, let alone understanding them

24 NORWEGIAN, FARMERS IN U. S.
all, but he can and must understand
enough of each so he can operate each de
partment of his farm intelligently.
The Norwegian farmers have stud-'
ied the different departments of his work
carefully. The working of the soil and
the development of the various farm
crops have been given careful considera
tion. The relation of climate to crops, —
the relation of crops to the soil, — the re
lation of crops to market, etc., have all
been considered in planning the farm.
The Norwegians are good dairymen.
The Norwegians in the old country have
always had dairy herds. Thy have taken
intelligent hold of this industry in their
adopted country. No class of farming is
more sure of future success than dairy
ing intelligently conducted. When one
considers the influence dairying has had
in developing the Northwest, and what
proportion the Norwegians have contri-

¦.A

''^-¦^s

R. C. AASEN, ANETA, N. D.

NORWEGLAN FARMERS IN U. 8. 2&
buted, we can begin to appreciate their
influence. The Norwegians have studied!
dairying more than any other live stock:
industry. The growing of farm crops*
have been given deep study. To succeed
with an enterprise like crop growing,
whose success depends almost wholly to
agencies outside ones control, can not be
done without strenuous thought and in
telligent planning.

The Norwegians as Laborers.
The farmer who is to be a success
must, in nine cases out of ten, be a labor
er. To operate a farm with hired labor
entirely has been, and doubtless will con
tinue to be, very difficult. Farming is
a family enterprise. The size of land
that the family can take care of without
hired help is most sure to bring success.
The Norwegians have always been very
industrious. In Norway farm land is of
ten poor owing to the mountainous char-

26 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
acter of the country. Cautiousness In
employing help was necessary. Big la
bor bills could not be paid. Each farmer
had to work. This established the habit
of industry. This has become inherent
in the very fibre of the race. The farmer
who has the skill and the willingness to
work has a great asset.
Norway is located in the far north.
The winters are cold. The summers are
not very warm. A part of the population
live by fishing. Hard work, outdoor life,
and simple home grown food, together
with a quiet temperate life, has given
them a strong constitution. This consti
tution and willingness to work has made
them great laborers. In industrial pur
suits they are much sought after by em
ployers. Another factor in giving them in
dustrious habit is the mode of rearing
the children. The early education was
largely provided by the parents. The
companionship of the son with the father

T. T. VIGESAA, COOPERSTOWN, N. D.

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN XT. S. 27
and the daughter with her mother has
given the young growing children an op
portunity of mutual service and co-op
eration. This gave the children habits of
industry from early life. The boy likes
to do a man's job. A girl likes to do a
woman's work.
Another factor that has made the
Norwegians industrious is their religious
training. Not only did they have relig
ious services in the homes, but religion
was taught as a regular study in the
schools. Industry is one of the virtues
that is always held in high esteem by the
church. During the last thirty years of
the past century, there was not much
profit in farming, if the increase in land
values are eliminated. The use of labor
saving machinery had not been so much
introduced. Those farmers who depend
ed on hired help worked at a disadvan
tage. Those races that had the habit of
work were truly fortunate. The large
percentages of success of the Norweg-

28 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. S.
ians are in great measure, due to their
habits of industry.

The Character of the Norwegian
Farmers.
The Norwegian farmers have been
honest. They have preferred to "earn"
their living rather than to "make" their
living. To get a living from the sweat
of the brow of other people has not ap
pealed to them. There are dishonest peo
ple among the Norwegians. But as a
class they rank well in business honesty.
They have paid their mortgage ob
ligations promptly. They have not tried
to live beyond their means, thereby tax
their resources for unnecessaries. The
one virtue more to be appreciated more
than any other is the honesty of the peo
ple. It is hoped that the habits of in
dustry will continue to be a trait to be
preserved in the Norwegian character.
The Norwegians who came to America,

<1H<
m
<

«

NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. 3. 29
came to improve their condition and to
remain loyal, law abiding citizens in their
adopted country. They were country peo
ple in the old country. They moved onto
farms in this land. They intended to
make homes for themselves and their
children on their farm. When they filed
on homesteads it was a bona-fide inten
tion of making them their homes. They
did not plan to get the land and hold it
until deeded, and then sell out. Neither
do they move to the cities when they be
come so financed that they can do so. The
farm was the place intended for the per
manent abode and not a stepping stone to
something else. The emigrants came to
stay on the land. Their children remain
on their lands after them. It is a very
common experience for the father to
deed his land to his son. The second gen
eration remains on the farms and make
just as much success in farming as their
fathers did. The sons and daughters of
the Norwegian emigrants frequent the

30 NORWEGIAN FARMERS IN U. 8.
agriculturail schools and colleges. They
make good records. They are very often
among the honor students. They are as
a class highly respected. They go into
agricultural pursuits rather than busi
ness and the professions.
The Norwegian emigrants that came
to the Northwest have made a splendid
record. Norway can be proud of "Det
Udvandrede Norge." In North Dakota
alone they operate between four and five
million acres of land valued at about
$150,000,000.00 and the value of build
ings, machinery, stock, etc., will be worth
fully the same amount, making the val
ue of the property so operated by the
Norwegians in North Dakota worth at
least $300,000,000.00. They contribute
Hberally to the support of churches and
schools, to charity and benevolences, to
the state and the government. The best
we can say about a man is he is a good
citizen. This can be said about the Nor
wegian-American farmer.

W. S. CHRISTENSEN, ANETA, N. D.

NORWEGLAN FARMERS IN U. S. 31
The Norwegians become good Am
ericans but they do not forget their
mother coimtry. The Norwegian insti
tutions have been transplanted onto the
American soil. The history and tradi
tions are being preserved. Norwegian
culture and art will be preserved in this
country. There rests now one obligation
for the Norwegian- Americans and that is
to determine what they can do for the
country of their forefathers. Norway
gave to America her sons and daughters,
the most valuable and precious gift she
could give. The Exposition of 1914 will
familiarize the "Udvandrede Norge"
with old Norway. There will develop a
consciousness that there should be recip
rocal services between the two countries.
Talent, money, and services can be dir
ected to help to devlop the resources of
the old country for mutual benefit of
Norwegians in Norway and their decen-
dents in their adopted land.

O. EIELSEN, HATTON, N. D.

HALVOR BOE, EDMORE, N. D.

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NICOLAI BERG, HATTON, N. D,

HIGH SCHOOL, HATTON, N. D.

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T. J. GUDMESTAD, LITCHVILLE, N. D.

ANDREW STAVENS, HATTON N. D.

p. N. KORSMO, NORTHWOOD, N. D.

C. T. STUDNESS, CHURCHES FERRY, N. D.

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OLE LEIT, WEBSTER, N. D.

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O. T. ANDREWS, MAYVILLE, N. D.

MRS. HANS JOHNSON, MAYVILLE, N. D.

SENATOR A. J. GR0NNA,
LAKOTA, N. D.

KNUT R. BOE, ADAMS, N. D.

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IVAR THOMPSON, HATTON, N. D.

KNUT 0. NESTEGAARD, RAMSEY, N. D,

HANS. J. GRUSTAD, TUNBRIDGE, N, D

PSTEN PLADSEN, HATTON, N. D. — House Built ol Trees Hq
HifflseU Had pjaBted,

GUNDER STAVENS, HATTON, N. D.

G. C. BJONE, LITCHVILLE, N. D.

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SENATOR M. N. JOHNSON,
PETERSBURG, N. D.

PIONEERS, CHURCHES FERRY, N. D.

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OLE S0NDERLAND, PETERSBURG, N. D.

LUTHERAN BIBLE SCHOOL, WAHPETON N. D.

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B. C. ANDERSON, HICKSON, N. D. — First Nor-wegian Settler on
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IBSEN BUSTE, SCIENCE SCHOOL, WAHPETON, N. D.

PETER TRANA, KINDRED, N. D.

OLE GILBERTSON, TOWNER, N. D,

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VIEW FROM FORT RANSOM, N. D.

ANTON DAHLEN, KINDRED. N. D.

STATE CAPITOL, BISMARCK, N. D.

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JOHN HENDRICKSON, FORT RANSOM, N. D.

GOOSE RIVER, NEAR MAYVILLE, N. D.

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YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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