BULLETIN NO. 1

MUSEUM AND LIBRARY
of the
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
of
NORTH DAKOTA

BISMARCK. NORTH DAKOTA
1917

SAKAHAWEA
By Leonard Crunelle

BULLETIN NO. 1

MUSEUM AND LIBRARY
of the
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
of
NORTH DAKOTA

BISMARCK. NORTH DAKOTA
1917

Officers
Melvin R. Gilmore, Ph. D., Curator
Georgia B. Carpenter, Librarian
Mrs. M. H. Jewell, Assistant
Hours
Daily except Sunday and Holidays
9 A. M. to 12
1 :30 to S P. M.
Open at other times by special arrangement

Location
West wing of State Capitol
Telephone No. 416
Cp5|.8_ I

r

Copyrighted 1917

State Historical Society
of
North Dakota

The functions of the museum and library of the State Historical So
ciety are to collect, preserve, and make available for public instruction all
possible material, whether in the form of documents, relics, pictures, or
other objects which may have any bearing on the subject of archaeology,
history or ethnology. At the last session of the Legislature an earlier
law was reenacted which fixed the status of the State Historical Society
and provided for its management. The following extract from this law
is sufficient to indicate the general scope of its provisions:
"The State Historical Society of North Dakota shall be the trustee
of the state, and as such shall faithfully expend and apply all money re
ceived from the state to the uses and purposes directed by law, and shall
hold all its present and future collections and property for the state, and
shall not sell, mortgage, transfer or dispose of in any manner, or re
move from the historical rooms in the capitol at Bismarck, any article
therein without authority of law; provided, this article shall not prevent
the sale or exchange of any duplicates that the society may have or
obtain; and provided, that the secretary of the said society shall have
power to withdraw for temporary use such of the collections as shall be
needed for the compilation and editing of the publications of the so
ciety, and that such of the collections as may be needed for exhibition
purposes may be withdrawn for that purpose by the authority of the
board of directors. The governor, auditor, secretary of state, commis
sioner of agriculture and labor, and superintendent of public instruc
tion shall be ex officio members of the board of directors of said society,
and shall take care that the interests of the state are protected."
The museum is in addition organized to carry on original research
in the field. The State Historical Society aims to serve the public by
publishing and distributing volumes of Collections, by public addresses
and lectures, by answers to the questions of individual inquirers, and
by directions as to further sources of information.
In the developing of plans for a system of historical state parks, Dr.
Gilmore is contributing many new and valuable ideas. It is his hope
that we may have in this state local collections of the living plants and
animals known and used from the earliest days by the Indians and the
Spanish, French and English explorers and traders. Such living muse

urns would be a source of unending interest to everyone and would at
tract attention from outside the state. These parks would become also
community centers in the various sections and counties of the state and
serve to develop local interest in the history of the state and its future
progress along every line.
The Museum
Some of the noteworthy features of the museum are the following.
We have recently installed a collection of exhibits showing something
of the aboriginal agriculture and agricultural products of the Plains re
gion of pre-Columbian time and their bearing on present-day agriculture
of this country. Aboriginal agricultural tools and specimens of crops are
shown. Models are shown of both the temporary and permanent dwellings of
the tribes of this region. Articles illustrative of child life, such as cradles
from various tribes, child .clothing, children's toys and games are also
to be seen. A very good serial exhibit of the aboriginal fine art of por
cupine quill embroidery is to be found here.
Illustrative of methods of transportation in this region we have snow-
shoes, dog-sledge, travois, skin-boat, and the birch-bark canoe of the
eastern woodland region which borders on the eastern boundary of our
state. Also we have a collection of framed photographs showing the
evolution of transportation methods and facilities of this region from the
Red River cart to the present day rolling-stock of the transcontinental
railways. Of objects illustrative of the European immigration into the region
we have a small cannon formerly in place at Ft. Berthold trading post,
(see plate number 5) a spinning wheel, an ox-yoke, a boundary post
from the international Canadian-American boundary line. Antique cop
per utensils, and Icelandic and Norwegian costumes are to be seen in our
collection. The Earth-Lodge
The earth-lodge was the style of house used by the American tribes
dwelling along the Missouri River, including the Osage, Iowa, Kansa,
Oto, Omaha, Pawnee, Ponka, Yankton, Hunkpati, Mandan Hidatsa and
Arikara. In order to its construction a circle of the desired diameter was
stripped of the surface soil. Four tall, strong forked posts were set in the
center about 8 or 10 feet apart. Beams were laid in these forks. Outside of
the center posts a circle of shorter forked posts was set and beams laid
in the forks. Rafters were laid from the upper to the lower beams. A
wall of posts was leaned up against the lower beams. An opening was
left at the east, and here was made a vestibule 6 to 14 feet long.
Timbers were laid on the rafters, willows were laid on the timbers
and a thatch of dry grass on these willow poles. On the thatch was
laid a covering of sods and loose earth firmly tamped and 2 feet thick.

T% '

Plate No. 2
Two Mandan Villages
Three Hidatsa Villages

All structural timbers were fastened by tying with ropes of raw hide
or of basswood or elm fiber.
An opening was left at the top of the dome for a skylight and for
the smoke to escape. The fireplace was at the center of the earth floor;
the sleeping compartments were ranged round the wall. The altar was
at the west, opposite the doorway.
The diameter of the house was from 30 to 60 feet; the height from
il5 to 20 feet. This was a family domicile and not a community house.
This was the style of house of the Missouri River tribes, used by them
as a permanent dwelling. The tipi was used as a temporary and portable
dwelling in traveling.
The earth-lodge probably originated with tribes of the Caddoan
stock, that is, Pawnee and Arikara, and was adopted by the Siouan tribes
on their entrance into the Missouri River region. 1
The Pawnee had very elaborate ceremonies and traditions connected
with the earth-lodge. The earlier star cult of the Pawnee is recognized
in the signification attached to the four central posts. Each stood for a
star — the Morning and Evening stars, symbols of the male and female
cosmic forces, and the North and South stars.
In the rituals of the Pawnee the earth-lodge is made typical of man's
abode on the earth; the floor is the plain, the wall the horizon, the dome
the arching sky, the central opening the zenith, dwelling-place of Tirawa,
the invisible power which gives life to all created beings.
In the poetic thought of the Pawnee the earth was regarded as
Mother and was so called because from the earth's bounty mankind is fed.
To their imagination the form of the earth-lodge suggests the figure of
speech of these human dwellings as the breasts of Mother Earth, for here
man is nourished and nurtured, he is fed and sheltered and blessed with
the tendernesses of life. Here he knows love and warmth and gentleness.
Below is given a metrical translation of an ancient Pawnee ritualistic
hymn. This hymn is extracted from the ritual of a ceremonial of great
age in the Pawnee nation, and there were similar ceremonials among all
the tribes of the Plains area. The full ritual is to be found in the 22nd
Ann. Rept. of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2.
Hymn to the Sun
1
Now behold; hither comes the ray of our father Sun; it cometh over all
the land, passeth in the lodge, us to touch, and give us strength.
II
Now behold, where alights the ray of our father Sun; it touches lightly
on the rim, the place above the fire, whence the smoke ascends on
high. Ill
Now behold; softly creeps the ray of our father Sun; now o'er the rim
it creeps to us, climbs down within the lodge; climbing down, it
comes to us.
1. See plates 1 and 2 for structure of earth-lodge and arrangement of
lodges In a village.

IV
Now behold; nearer comes the ray of our father Sun; it reaches now the
floor and moves within the open space, walking there, the lodge about.
V
Now behold where has passed the ray of our father Sun; around the
lodge the ray has passed and left its blessing there, touching us,
each one of us. VI
Now behold; softly climbs the ray of our father Sun; it upward climbs,
and o'er the rim it passes from the place whence the smoke ascends
on high. VII
Now behold on the hills the ray of our father Sun.; it lingers there as-
loath to go, while all the plain is dark. Now has gone the ray from us.
VIII
Now behold; lost to us the ray of our father Sun; beyond our sight the
ray has gone, returning to the place whence it came to bring us
strength. Description of the TIPI
The word "tipi" is the word in the Dakota language, from the root
word ti "to dwell", and pi, "used for" This was the ordinary conical skin
temporary dwelling of the Plains tribes, and the only form of dwelling of
some of those living farther northwest.
It commonly had about 20 poles averaging 25 feet in length. The
poles were set firmly in the ground in a circle about IS feet in diameter,
held together above by a hide rope wound round the whole bunch about
4 feet from the upper ends. Three poles were first tied together, then the
others were laid in the forks of these, then the rope was passed around
all of them and tied. The cover was of from IS to 18 buffalo hides cut
and fitted so that when sewn together with sinew thread, they formed a
single large sheet nearly semi-circular in shape. This was lifted into
place by a special pole at the back of the structure, then the ends were
brought around to the front and fastened by means of 8 or 10 small
wooden pins at intervals from the door to the crossing of the poles.
The bottom was kept in place by pegs about 2 feet apart around the
circle. The doorway faced the east, the door being usually a piece of
skin stretched over an elliptical frame.
By means of movable flaps on each side of the smoke-hole the draft
could be regulated as the winds shifted, the flaps being kept in place
by 2 poles oustide of the tipi. The fire-pit was in the center of the tipi.
The beds were at the sides and the back of the tipi. Decorated cur
tains above the beds kept off any drops of rain which might come through
the smoke-hole in rainy weather. The ground was the floor, the part
near the beds sometimes cut off from the open space by a hedge of in
terwoven twigs.
In warm weather the bottom of the tipi was raised to allow the
breeze to pass through. In cold weather the bottom was banked with

grass to keep out the wind.
On account of its exact adaptability to prairie life, the tipi was taken
as the model of the army tent which bears the name of Gen. Sibley, and
is used now by our army. Toy Tipi
(See Plate No. 3)
Little girls of all the tribes of the region of the Great Plains where
the cottonwood tree grows made toy tipis of Cottonwood leaves and set
them in circles in their play, like the tribal circles. The leaf was torn a
little down the midrib, then across the edges a little to turn back -for the
smoke-flaps, and then the edges were brought round and pinned with a
splinter or thorn. Skis
(See Plate No. 3)
Swedish and Finnish models. Made from 4 feet up to 10 feet long,
very narrow, always made of birch. Used more for practical traveling
on the level over lakes, marshes and plains. Most graceful ski made,
much handwork, individuality of patterns. Greater arch springs than
Norwegian, also wider grooves on bottom, square grooves, Norwegian
have round grooves.
Norwegian Telemark pattern, most common in Norway, and in Alps.
For hill climbing and coasting. Most common all over the world, in
Alaska, etc. Preferably made of Norway ash or American hickory or fat
Norway pine, J4 sawed. Adult size 7% feet to 7J4 feet up to 8 feet.
Measure taken by reaching to tip with tip of finger above the hand. Used
with harness or only toe-strap. Arch-spring of 2 inches in 6 feet. Pre
ferably made from 2 inch stock. More narrow at middle than at ends.
Holes mortised through middle for fastening.
Toys
(See Plate No. 4)
A coasting sled made from buffalo ribs. Such sleds were commonly
made by boys of all the tribes in the buffalo country wherever there was
snow for coasting.
Little boy's bow and arrows. Little boys among all the tribes in the
Plains region played with bows and arrows like this. The arrow is made
from a joint of the native grass (Andropogon scoparius) commonly call
ed Bluejoint or Bluestem. Note that a part of the blade is broken off,
leaving a part for the plume of the arrow.
Boy's top made from the tip of a buffalo horn. It is kept spinning
by means of the whip made with a handle 18 to 24 inches long and two
thongs about 8 inches long. It is said boys could keep it spinning for a
half hour or more if they were persistent and skillful enough in whip
ping it.
A child's buzzer. Children of the American tribes made buzzers of a

bone on a sinew strung just as white children employ a button and string
for the like purpose. A stick fastened at each end for a handle. It will
be noted that some fond mother has given time and energy to decorate
this toy with porcupine quills for the delight of her darling. See drawing
for method of use. Sitting Bear's Suit
Porcupine quill embroidered buckskin suit of Sitting Bear last chief
of the Arikara tribe of North Dakota. Sitting Bear died in the year
1915. Before his death he bequeathed this suit to the museum of the
State Historical Society of North Dakota.
Minature Model of the Skin Boat
(See Plate No. 5)
This form of boat was used by all the tribes resident on the Missouri
River, for the purpose of ferrying across streams their goods, their little
children, their sick and old people.
Tribes which used such boats were the Arikara ,the fcfandan, the
Hidatsa, the Dakota, the Ponka, the Omaha, the Oto, the Iowa, the Osage
and the Missouri. Rope Braided from Buffalo Hair
This specimen is from the Osage tribe. All the tribes in the Plains,
the buffalo country, used buffalo hair in various ways. Such ropes as
this were not for ordinary use but for ceremonial uses. For instance,
when a bride was ceremoniously conveyed to her husband the horse on
which she rode was led by a buffalo hair rope. Dignity and worth and
something of mystical quality attaches to the buffalo and all the products
of the buffalo because of the many points of contact of the buffalo with
the life of the people of the Plains, furnishing as he did food, clothing,
shelter, and many other needs. Invitation Sticks
It was a custom among Indians of several different tribes, including
Dakotas, for the Council, when they wished to have the benefit of advice
in any matter under consideration, from men of recognized worth and
wisdom, but who were not members of the body or order of Councillors,
to invite such men to attend and speak in any particular meeting by send
ing a messenger to place one of these sticks in the ground at the door of
his lodge. This constituted his invitation and summons, and incidentally
he was expected to contribute to the feast which would be served at the
close of the council.
The world is indebted to aboriginal American (Indian) farmers for
the following crops.
1. Corn, in five types and innumerable varieties of these types. The
five types are: Dent Corn, Flint Corn, Flour Corn, Pop Corn, and Sweet
Corn.

2. Beans, of all kinds except the white or "navy" bean. We brought
the "navy" bean with us from Europe, but all others, including both pole
and bush beans, are American.
3. Pumpkins and squashes of all varieties.
4. Gourds.
5. Sunflowers. These are native and wild on the Plains and were re
duced to cultivation ages ago. From the American (Indian) tribes tame
sunflowers were obtained and introduced into Europe.
Mother Corn
A Pawnee Hymn
I
Mother with the life-giving power now comes,
Stepping out of far distant days she comes,
Days wherein to our fathers gave she food;
As to them, so now unto us she gives,
Thus she will to our children faithful be.
Mother with the life-giving power now comes!
II
Mother with the life-giving power is here,
Stepping out of far distant days she comes.
Now she forward moves, leading as we walk
Toward the future, where blessings she will give,
Gifts for which we have prayed granting to us.
Mother with the life-giving power is here!
Women's Tools
Sledge hammer made of stone. A groove is pecked out of the ham
mer-head, then a handle is attached by wrapping with wet rawhide. When
the rawhide dries it shrinks into the groove and holds the handle firm.
These large hammers were used to break bones to get the marrow, to
break ice, to drive tent-pegs, etc.
Before Europeans came the American tribes had no iron implements.
In the Plains region hoes were made from the shoulder blade of the elk
or of the buffalo. The specimen of the Wooden Hoe in the museum is
from Winnebago tribe. Iron was unknown to the American tribes before
the white men came. Implements were made from bone, shell, wood,
stone, etc. Porcupine Quill Decoration
When we consider the hardships connected with the primitive life of
the natives of North America, particularly the tribes of the great plains,
it at first seems hardly possible that the woman should have had either
the time or the inclination to devote to elaborate embroidery ;nevertheless
there is abundant evidence of the fact that many hours have been spent
on a single object in. the desire to give expression to esthetic concepts.

Porcupine quill work is especially interesting by reason of the re
markably fine stitches employed and the ingenuity displayed in the
manipulation of the quills to produce effective designs. Many specimens
show such skill as to deserve to be included among the fine arts, where
sewing and the selection of colors are important desiderata.
The materials for embroidery with porcupine quills are, first, the
quills themselves of the porcupine. These are sorted into four sizes by
the worker according to the character of the piece of work in hand.
Second, dyeing material; third, sinew used as thread; fourth, the tools,
which were a pouch of bladder for holding the quills, a bone marker for
tracing the designs, some awls, and a knife.
The case containing this display at the museum of the State His
torical Society is designed to give some information in the fine art of em
broidery with porcupine quills. It contains a piece of the skin of the ani
mal, quills, sorted and dyed, details of technique, with map showing the
habitat of the porcupine and the region outside the habitat of the animal
in which the quills were used in decorative work. Samples of work in
clude a child's dress, moccasins, tobacco pouch, pipestems and many
smaller articles. The Game of Double-Ball
This is a game played by young women. It was common to many
tribes in the Great Plains. The name of the game in the Omaha language
is wabasnade. By the girls of that tribe it was played as follows:
Two balls made of buckskin and filled with earth, grass, hair or fur,
were joined by a thong. At each end of the playground were two hills
of earth 12 or IS feet apart. Each pair of hills was the base of one of the
parties, and it was the aim of each party to pass the ball between their
own pair of hills, as that would win the game.
Each player has a small stick about S feet long, with which she tries
to pick up the balls by thrusting the end of the stick under the thong
which connects them. If she succeeds in this she throws the balls to
wards the goal of her party, and they are able to throw them far. Mem
bers of her own party try to catch the balls on their sticks and throw
them still farther toward their goal, while members of the opposite party
try to catch and throw it back toward their own goal. The bases or goals
are from 900 to 1200 feet apart. Foot-Ball
This is a game played by young women. Some tribes play it by let
ting the ball fall alternately on the foot or knee and then throwing it up
and catching it, thus keeping it in motion for a length of time without
letting it fall to the ground.
Among other tribes the player stands on one foot and placing the
ball on one toe kicks it up a few inches. As it falls she kicks it up again
as many limes as she can without letting it fall and without touching the
foot to the ground. When this happens the ball passes to another player.

The Library
The library contains a remarkably well chosen collection of works
on the early history of the Northwest, and on archaeological and ethnor
logical subjects. It is much used by the students of the high school in
their course of study. An expert from the U. S. Biological survey found
here valuable material on the former range of certain indigenous animals.
All the current newspapers of the state are on file in the library, and
are consulted every day, sometimes by many inquirers. The bound
volumes of back files of newspapers are often consulted for legal notices
which are not to be found on record elsewhere in the state. Members of
the legislature and other officers and employees of the state will find
their home papers in our reading room. A list of all the state papers
will be found at the end of this bulletin.
The work of cataloguing has been going steadily on. Our own pub
lication, Collections of the State Historical Society, four volumes, have
been analyzed, several hundred cards being made for each volume. The
Record, an historical publication issued by Col. Lounsberry at Fargo,
about twenty years ago has been thoroughly catalogued and has often
proved a valuable asset in answering questions in regard to the early
history of the state. Two hundred sixty new books and nearly 450 pam
phlets have been catalogued besides revising five or six hundred books
previously catalogued. Our large exchange list has been revised and the
books and pamphlets received from them catalogued. We have about 160
exchanges, of which 16 are with foreign countries including the Royal
Colonial Institute of London. There are 54 with learned societies and
educational institutions, 27 of these are with colleges. There are 80 ex
changes with state institutions and 10 with individuals. We receive about
600 publications including pamphlets from the exchanges in a year.
The books although ouly partly catalogued have been arranged in
groups, United States public documents by departments alphabetically:
i. e., Agricultural Department, Civil Service Commission, Commerce De
partment, etc.; State publications by states alphabetically, and miscellan
eous books by themselves.
The library has specialized in books dealing with the early history
of the northwest, including the life of the Indians before the coming of
the whites. In this collection much attention has been paid to Canadian
history, to the fur trade and river navigation^ and to early explorations
and settlement. Among sets of works of special value are the Jesuit Re
lations, 73 volumes, Early Western Travels, 32 volumes, and the Origin
al Journal of Lewis and Clark, 8 volumes. The great plains country is a
special topic of attention and all works dealing with this extensive re
gion, especially in the northern half, are added to the already rich collec
tion. It is realized that this entire group of states between the Missis
sippi river and the Rocky mountains is passing through a rapid evolution
along social, economic, and political lines. It is the desire of the secre
tary of the society as well as of the librarian to preserve as far as pos
sible an intelligible record of this transition period which has already
passed through the successive stages of the Indian period, the period of

the hunter and trapper, and that of the rancher and is now well into the
agricultural stage of progress. The library accumulates letters, diaries,
and maps and makes transcripts of oral records as they are offered by old
settlers. In the four volumes of the Collections already published there
are recorded biographies or biographical notes covering the life and
work of over 270 of the early pioneers and settlers of this state and ter
ritory. A very considerable body of manuscript covering every phase of
pur early history is now awaiting publication in Volume V of the Col
lections. The complete history of two counties of the state, Cavalier and
Traill, are partly completed and will be published in the near future.

Plate No. 3
Skis and Dog-Sled
Toy Tipis

Plate No. 5

DAILIES

Place

Name

County

Bismarck

Bismarck Tribune

Burleigh

Devils Lake

Devils Lake Daily Journal

Ramsey

Fargo

Fargo Daily Courier News

Cass

Fargo

Fargo Forum

Cass

Grand Forks

Grand Forks Herald

Grand Forks

Jamestown

Jamestown Daily Alert

Stutsman

Jamestown

Jamestown Daily Capital

Stutsman

Mandan

Mandan Daily Pioneer

Morton

Minot

Minot Daily News

Ward

New Rockford

New Rockford State Center

Eddy

Valley City

Daily Times-Record

Barnes

SEMI-WEEKLY

Bismarck

Staats Anzeiger

Burleigh
WEEKLIES

Abercrombie

Abercrombie Messenger

Richland

Adams

Adams Standard

Walsh

Alamo

Alamo Farmer

Williams

Alexander

McKenzie County Chronicle

McKenzie

Alkabo

Alkabo Gazette

Divide

Ambrose

Ambrose Tribune

Divide

Amidon

Slope County News

Slope

Anamoose

Anamoose Progress

McHenry

Aneta

Aneta Panorama

Nelson

Antler

Antler American

Bottineau

Arnegard

Arnegard Call

McKenzie

Ashley

Ashley Tribune

Mcintosh

Baldwin

Baldwin Bulletin

Burleigh

Balfour

Balfour Messenger

McHenry

Bantry

Bantry Advocate

McHenry

Publisher
Tribune Publishing Co.
J. H. Bloom
Nonpartisan Publishing Co.
Forum Publishing Co.
Grand Forks Herald Co.
Alert Publishing Co.
Jesse B. Burgster
Pioneer Publishing Co.
Optic-Reporter Publishing Co.
New Rockford Publishing Co.
Greenwood & Houghtaling

Bismarck Printing Co.

H. Squires and W. L. Hanson
M. C. Lovestrom
Alamo Publishing Co.
J. H. McGarry
Simmons and Standeford
A. L. De Witt
Connolly Bros.
W. H. Sample
C. W. Baumann
Walter R. Lee
Mrs. Lee Jenkins
C. C. Lowe
F. Pfaff
Edwin J. Carlen
Charles F. Varty

Bathgate Pink Paper ?e^bm^ „
Beach Beach Advance Golden Valley
Beach Golden Valley Chronicle Golden Valley
Beach Golden Valley Progress Golden Valley
Belfield Belfield Times Stark
Benedict Benedict Banner McLean
Bentley Bentley Bulletin Hettinger
Berthold Berthold Tribune Ward
Beulah Beulah Independent Mercer
Binford Binford Times Griggs
Bisbee Bisbee Gazette Towner
Bismarck Bismarck Tribune Burleigh
Bismarck Palladium Bur eigh
Bismarck Public Opinion Burleigh
Blaisdell Mountrail County Herald Mountrail
Bottineau Bottineau County News Bottineau
Bottineau Bottineau Courant Bottineau
Bowbells Bowbells Tribune ^ur,ke
Bowdon Bowdon Guardian Wells
Bowman Bowman Citizen Bowman
Bowman Bowman County Pioneer. Bowman
Braddock Braddock News Emmons
Brinsmade Brinsmade Star Benson
Buffalo Buffalo Express Cass
Burnstad Burnstad Comet Logan
Burt Burt Echo Hettinger
Buxton Buxton Outlook Traill
Calvin Calvin Times Cavalier
Cando Cando Herald Towner
Cando Cando Record Towner
Carpio Carpio Free Press Ward
Carpio Hartland Herald Ward
Carrington Carrington Record Foster
Carrington Foster County Independent Foster
Carson Carson Press Grant
Casselton Casselton Reporter Cass
Cavalier Cavalier Chronicle Pembina

F. A. Willson
Chas. I. Cook
C. T. Bolstad
Richard Bros.
Harry Dence
W. T. Cooper
Hazel Little
W. E. Krick
A. D. Brown
C. E. Peterson
J. M. Gores and A. Egeland
Tribune Publishing Co.
Palladium Publishing Co.
Northwestern Press Association
Mrs. Katherine McCann
F. C. Falkenstein
Bottineau Co-operative Publishing Co.
B. A. Stefonowicz
Wilford J. Burt
George A. Totten, Jr.
W. H. Workman
F. B. Streeter
John Lindelien
J. U. Pavlik
Wm. L. Jackman
Morton Little
J. G. Curtis
G. D. Arnold
George B. Denison
E. W. Spencer
M. J. Pavlik
M. J. Pavlik
H. C. Darland
George P. Collins
T. C. Bell
Potter & Potter
J. K. Fairchild

CayugaCenter Charbonneau Charleson Churches Ferry
Cleveland
Cogswell Columbus CooperstownCourtenay CraryCrosby CrosbyCrystalDavenport Dawson Dazey DeeringDenhoff Des Lacs
Devils Lake
Devils Lake
Dickey DickinsonDickinson Dickinson Dodge DogdenDonnybrookDouglas Drake Drayton Dunn Center
Dunn Center
Dunseith Edgeley Edinburg

Cayuga Citizen
Center Republican
Charbonneau Herald
McKenzie County Journal
Churches Ferry Sun
Stutsman County Leader
Cogswell Enterprise
Columbus Reporter
Griggs County Sentinel Courier
Courtenay Gazette
Crary Public Oinion
Crosby Review
Divide County Journal
Crystal Call
Davenport News
Dawson Press
Dazey Commercial
Deering Enterprise
Denhoff Voice
Des Lacs Obsever
Devils Lake Journal
Devils Lake World
Dickey Reporter
Dickinson Press
Nord Dakota Herold
Recorder Post
Dodge Dispatch
Dogden News
Donnybrook Courier
Douglas Herald
Drake News
Drayton Echo
Dunn Center Journal
Spring Valley Times
Dunseith Magnet
Edgeley Mail
Edinburg Tribune

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Bernhard Arnold
M. F. Flaherty

Plate No. 7
Mandan Women Playing Game
Game Pieces

Plate No. 8
Bear-on-the-Water and His Wife, Yellow-Nose, Mandans

Rogers Rolette
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H. E. Sievert
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Donald McCord

The Page Prlnterle, Inc., Orand Forks, N. D.

Plate No. 9
Arikara Woman Using Hide-Scraper
Stiikcs Two Tending His Tobacco (Arikara)

02802 5824